,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,life ,,emile ,,durkheim ,! ,elem5t>y ,=ms ( ! ,religi\s ,life ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,by ,,joseph ,,w>d ,,swa9 ,m4,a4 ,,london ,,george ,,all5 ,,unw9 ,,ltd ,,rusk9 ,,h\se ,,museum ,,/reet ,,fir/ ,,publi%$ ,,9 #aiae ,,second ,,impression #aibf ,,?ird ,,impression #aied ,,f\r? ,,impression #aieg ,,fif? ,,impression #aifd ,?is book is copyright "u ! ,b]ne ,conv5tion4 ,ap>t f any fair deal+ = ! purposes ( private /udy1 rese>*1 criticism or review1 z p]mitt$ "u ! ,copyright ,act1 #aief1 no portion may be reproduc$ by any process )\t writt5 p]mission4 ,enquiry %\ld be made to ! publi%]4 ,george ,all5 ,unw9 ,ltd4 #aiae ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,holl5 ,,/reet ,,press ,,ltd ,,london ,w4#a ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,subject ,,( ,,our ,,/udy3 ,,religi\s ,,sociology ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,,page ,i4--,pr9cipal subject ( ! book3 analysis ( ! simple/ religion kn[n to det]m9e ! elem5t>y =ms ( ! religi\s life--,:y !y are m easily f\nd & expla9$ 9 ! primitive religions #a ,,ii4--,second>y subject ( rese>*3 ! g5esis ( ! fundam5tal notions ( ?\ght or ! categories--,reasons = believ+ t _! orig9 is religi\s & consequ5tly social--,h[ a way ( re/at+ ! !ory ( k is ?us se5 #i ,,book ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,que/ions ,,*apt] ,i ,,def9ition ,,( ,,religi\s ,,ph5om5a ,,& ,,( ,,religion ,usefulness ( a prelim9>y def9ition ( religion2 me?od to be foll[$ 9 seek+ ?is def9ition--,:y ! usual def9itions %\ld be exam9$ fir/ #bc ,i4--,religion def9$ by ! sup]natural & my/]i\s-- ,criticism3 ! notion ( my/]y is n primitive #bd ,,ii4--,religion def9$ 9 connection ) ! idea ( ,god or a spiritual be+4--,religions )\t gods--,rites 9 dei/ic religions :i* imply no idea ( div9ity #bi ,,iii4--,se>* = a positive def9ition--,di/9ction betwe5 beliefs & rites--,def9ition ( beliefs--,fir/ *>act]i/ic3 division ( ?+s betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane--,di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ?is def9ition--,def9ition ( rites 9 relation to beliefs--,def9ition ( religion #cf ,,iv4--,necessity ( ano!r *>act]i/ic to di/+ui% magic f religion--,! idea ( ! ,*ur*--,d individuali/ic religions exclude ! idea ( a ,*ur*8 #db ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lead+ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,religion ,i4--,animism ,di/9ction ( animism & naturism #dh ,i4--,! ?ree !ses ( animism3 ,g5esis ( ! idea ( ! s\l2 ,=mation ( ! idea ( spirits2 ,trans=mation ( ! cult ( spirits into ! cult ( nature #di ,,ii4--,criticism ( ! fir/ !sis--,di/9ction ( ! idea ( ! s\l f t ( a d\ble--,dreams d n acc\nt = ! idea ( ! s\l #ee ,,iii4--,criticism ( ! second !sis--,dea? does n expla9 ! trans=mation ( a s\l into a _s--,! cult ( ! s\ls ( ! dead is n primitive #fj ,,iv4--,criticism ( ! ?ird !sis--,! an?ropomorphic in/9ct--,sp5c]'s criticism ( x2 res]vations on ?is po9t--,exam9ation ( ! facts by :i* ?is in/9ct is said to be prov$--,diff]5ce betwe5 a s\l & ! spirits ( nature--,religi\s an?ropomorphism is n primitive #fe ,v4--,conclusion3 animism r$uces religion to no?+ m ?an a sy/em ( halluc9ations #fh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lead+ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,religion--7cont9u$7 ,,ii4--,naturism ,hi/ory ( ! !ory #ga ,i4--,exposition ( ,max ,mll]'s naturism #gc ,,ii4--,if ! object ( religion is to express natural =ces1 x is h>d to see h[ x has ma9ta9$ itself1 = x expresses !m 9 an errone\s mann]--,pret5d$ di/9ction betwe5 religion & my?ology #gh ,,iii4--,naturism does n expla9 ! division ( ?+s into sacr$ & pr(ane #hd ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,totemism ,,z ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,religion ,i4--,brief hi/ory ( ! "q ( totemism #hh ,,ii4--,reasons ( me?od = :i* our /udy w be giv5 specially to ! totemism ( ,au/ralia--,! place :i* w be giv5 to facts f ,am]ica #ic ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,beliefs ,,*apt] ,i ,,totemic ,,beliefs ,! ,totem z ,"n & z ,emblem ,i4--,def9ition ( ! clan--,! totem z "n ( ! clan--,nature ( ! ?+s :i* s]ve z totems--,ways 9 :i* ! totem is acquir$--,! totems ( phratries2 ( matrimonial classes #ajb ,,ii4--,! totem z emblem--,totemic designs engrav$ or c>v$ ^u objects2 tatoo+s or designs ^u ! body #aac ,,iii4--,sacr$ "* ( ! totemic emblem--,! *ur+a--,! nurtunja--,! wan+a--,conv5tional "* ( totemic emblems #aai ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,totemic ,,beliefs--7cont9u$7 ,! ,totemic ,animal & ,man ,i4--,sacr$ "* ( ! totemic animals--,prohibition to eat !m1 kill !m or pick ! totemic plants--,diff]5t mod]ations giv5 ^! prohibitions--,prohibition ( contact--,! sacr$ "* ( ! animal is less m>k$ ?an t ( ! emblem #abh ,,ii4--,! man--,8 relation%ip ) ! totemic animal or plant--,diff]5t my?s expla9+ ?is relation%ip--,! sacr$ "* ( ! man is m app>5t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! organism3 ! blood1 hair1 etc4--,h[ ?is "* v>ies ) sex & age--,totemism is n plant or animal wor%ip #acd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,totemic ,,beliefs--7cont9u$7 ,! ,cosmological ,sy/em ( ,totemism & ! ,idea ( ,class ,i4--,! classification ( ?+s into clans1 phratries & classes #ada ,,ii4--,g5esis ( ! notion ( class3 ! fir/ classifications ( ?+s take _! =ms f society--,diff]5ces betwe5 ! s5tim5t ( ! diff]5ces ( ?+s & ! idea ( class-- ,:y ?is is ( social orig9 #add ,,iii4--,religi\s significance ( ^! classifications3 all ( ! ?+s classifi$ into a clan p>take ( ! nature ( ! totem & its sacr$ "*--,! cosmological sy/em ( totemism--,totemism z ! tribal religion #adh ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,totemic ,,beliefs--7end7 ,! ,individual ,totem & ! ,sexual ,totem ,i4--,individual totem z a =5ame2 its sacr$ "*-- ,individual totem z p]sonal emblem--,bonds betwe5 ! man & 8 individual totem--,relations ) ! collective totem #aeg ,,ii4--,! totems ( sexual gr\ps--,resemblances & diff]5ces ) ! collective & individual totems--,_! tribal nature #afe ,,*apt] ,v ,,orig9s ,,( ,,^! ,,beliefs ,critical ,exam9ation ( ,prec$+ ,!ories ,i4--,!ories :i* d]ive totemism f a previ\s religion3 f ! ance/or cult 7,wilk5 & ,tylor72 f ! nature cult 7,jevons7--,criticism ( ^! !ories #afh ,,ii4--,!ories :i* d]ive collective totemism f individual totemism--,orig9s attribut$ by ^! !ories to ! individual totem 7,fraz]1 ,boas1 ,hill ,t\t7--,improbability ( ^! hypo!ses--,reasons %[+ ! priority ( ! collective totem #agb ,,iii4--,rec5t !ory ( ,fraz]3 conceptional & local totemism--,! begg+ ( ! "q ^u :i* x re/s--,! religi\s "* ( ! totem is d5i$--,local totemism is n primitive #ahj ,,iv4--,!ory ( ,lang3 t ! totem is only a "n--,difficulties 9 expla9+ ! religi\s "* ( totemic practices f ?is po9t ( view #ahd ,v4--,all ^! !ories expla9 totemism only by po/ulat+ o!r religi\s notions ant]ior to x #ahf ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,orig9s ,,( ,,^! ,,beliefs--7cont9u$7 ,! ,notion ( ! ,totemic ,pr9ciple1 or ,mana1 & ! ,idea ( ,=ce ,i4--,! notion ( ! totemic =ce or pr9ciple--,its ubiquity-- ,its "* at once physical & moral #ahh ,,ii4--,analog\s conceptions 9 o!r inf]ior societies--,! gods 9 ,samoa1 ! wakan ( ! ,si\x1 ! or5da ( ! ,iroquois1 ! mana ( ,melanesia--,connection ( ^! notions ) totemism--,! ,arunkulta ( ! ,arunta #aia ,,iii4--,logical priority ( imp]sonal =ce ov] ! diff]5t my?ical p]sonalities--,rec5t !ories :i* t5d to admit ?is priority #aih ,,iv4--,! notion ( religi\s =ce is ! prototype ( t ( =ce 9 g5]al #bjc ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,orig9s ,,( ,,^! ,,beliefs--7end7 ,orig9 ( ! ,idea ( ! ,totemic ,pr9ciple or ,mana ,i4--,! totemic pr9ciple is ! clan1 b ?\ght ( "u a m empirical =m #bje ,,ii4--,g5]al reasons = :i* society is apt to awak5 ! s5sation ( ! sacr$ & ! div9e--,society z an imp]ative moral =ce2 ! notion ( moral au?ority--,society z a =ce :i* raises ! individual outside ( himself-- ,facts :i* prove t society creates ! sacr$ #bjf ,,iii4--,reasons peculi> to ,au/ralian societies--,! two phases ?r\gh :i* ! life ( ^! societies alt]natively passes3 disp]sion1 conc5tration--,great collective eff]vesc5ce dur+ ! p]iods ( conc5tration--,examples--,h[ ! religi\s idea is born out ( ?is eff]vesc5ce #bad ,:y collective =ce has be5 ?\ght ( "u totemic =ms3 x is ! totem t is ! emblem ( ! clan--,explanation ( ! pr9cipal totemic beliefs #bai ,,iv4--,religion is n ! product ( fe>--,x expresses some?+ real--,its ess5tial idealism--,?is idealism is a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( collective m5tality--,explanation ( ! ext]nal "* ( religi\s =ces 9 relation to _! subjects--,! pr9ciple t ! "p is equal to ! :ole #bbc ,v4--,orig9 ( ! notion ( emblem3 emblems a necess>y condition ( collective repres5tations--,:y ! clan has tak5 its emblems f ! animal & vegetable k+doms #bcj ,,vi4--,! pron5ess ( ! primitive to conf\nd ! k+doms & classes :i* we di/+ui%--,orig9s ( ^! confusions--,h[ !y h blaz$ ! way = sci5tific explanations--,!y d n exclude ! t5d5cy t[>ds di/9ction & opposition #bcd ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,i4--,analysis ( ! idea ( ! s\l 9 ! ,au/ralian societies #bdj ,,ii4--,g5esis ( ?is idea--,! doctr9e ( re9c>nation accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill53 x implies t ! s\l is a "p ( ! totemic pr9ciple--,exam9ation ( ! facts collect$ by ,/rehl[2 !y confirm ! totemic nature ( ! s\l #bdf ,,iii4--,g5]ality ( ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation--,div]se facts 9 support ( ! propos$ g5esis #bef ,,iv4--,anti!sis ( ! s\l & ! body3 :at !re is objective 9 ?is--,relations ( ! individual s\l ) ! collective s\l--,! idea ( ! s\l is n *ronologically aft] t ( mana #bfb ,v4--,hypo!sis to expla9 ! belief 9 its survival #bfg ,,vi4--,! idea ( a s\l & ! idea ( a p]son2 imp]sonal elem5ts 9 ! p]sonality #bfi ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,spirits ,,& ,,gods ,i4--,diff]5ce betwe5 a s\l & a _s--,! s\ls ( ! my?ical ance/ors are spirits1 hav+ det]m9$ functions-- ,relations betwe5 ! ance/ral _s1 ! individual s\l & ! individual totem--,explanation ( ?is latt]--,its sociological significance #bgc ,,ii4--,spirits & magic #bha ,,iii4--,! civiliz+ h]oes #bhc ,,iv4--,! great gods--,_! orig9--,_! relations ) ! totemic sy/em--,_! tribal & int]national "* #bhe ,v4--,unity ( ! totemic sy/em #bie ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ritual ,,attitudes ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,negative ,,cult ,,& ,,its ,,functions ,,! ,,ascetic ,,rites ,i4--,! sy/em ( int]dictions--,magic & religi\s int]dictions--,int]dictions betwe5 sacr$ ?+s ( diff]5t sorts--,int]dictions betwe5 sacr$ & pr(ane--,^! latt] are ! basis ( ! negative cult--,lead+ types ( ^! int]dictions2 _! r$uction to two ess5tial types #bii ,,ii4--,! obs]vance ( int]dictions modifies ! religi\s /ate ( individuals--,cases :]e ?is efficacy is especially app>5t3 ascetic practices--,! religi\s efficacy ( sorr[-- ,social function ( asceticism #cji ,,iii4--,explanation ( ! sy/em ( int]dictions3 antagonism ( ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 contagi\sness ( ! sacr$ #cag ,,iv4--,causes ( ?is contagi\sness--,x _c be expla9$ by ! laws ( ! association ( ideas--,x is because religi\s =ces are outside ( _! subjects--,logical int]e/ 9 ?is prop]ty ( religi\s =ces #cba ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,positive ,,cult ,i4--,! ,elem5ts ( ,sacrifice ,! ,inti*iuma c]emony 9 ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia-- ,diff]5t =ms :i* x pres5ts #cbf ,i4--,! ,arunta ,=m--,! two phases--,analysis ( ! fir/3 visit to sacr$ places1 scatt]+ ( sacr$ du/1 %$d+ ( blood1 etc41 to assure ! reproduction ( ! totemic species #cbg ,,ii4--,second phase3 ritual consumption ( ! totemic plant or animal #ccc ,,iii4--,int]pretation ( ! complete c]emony--,! second rite consi/s 9 a communion meal--,reason = ?is communion #ccf ,,iv4--,! rites ( ! fir/ phase consi/s 9 oblations--,analogies ) sacrificial oblations--,! ,inti*iuma ?us conta9s ! two elem5ts ( sacrifice--,int]e/ ( ^! facts = ! !ory ( sacrifice #cdj ,v4--,on ! pret5d$ absurdity ( sacrificial oblations--,h[ !y are expla9$3 dep5d5ce ( sacr$ be+s ^u _! wor%ipp]s--,explanation ( ! circle 9 :i* sacrifice seems to move--,orig9 ( ! p]iodicity ( positive rites #cdd ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,positive ,,cult--7cont9u$7 ,,ii4--,imitative ,rites & ! ,pr9ciple ( ,causality ,i4--,nature ( ! imitative rites--,examples ( c]emonies :]e !y are employ$ to assure ! f]tility ( ! species #cea ,,ii4--,!y re/ ^u ! pr9ciple3 l produces l-- ,exam9ation ( ! explanation ( ?is giv5 by ! an?ropological s*ool--,reasons :y !y imitate ! animal or plant--,reasons = attribut+ a physical efficacy to ^! ge/ures--,fai?--,9 :at s5se x is f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce-- ,! pr9ciples ( magic are born 9 religion #cee ,,iii4--,! prec$+ pr9ciple consid]$ z "o ( ! fir/ /atem5ts ( ! pr9ciple ( causality--,social conditions ^u :i* ?is latt] dep5ds--,! idea ( imp]sonal =ce or p[] is ( social orig9--,! necessity = ! conception ( causality expla9$ by ! au?ority inh]5t 9 social imp]atives #cfb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,positive ,,cult--7cont9u$7 ,,iii4--,repres5tative or ,commemorative ,rites ,i4--,repres5tative rites ) physical efficacy--,_! relations ) ! c]emonies already describ$--,_! action is :olly moral #cga ,,ii4--,repres5tative rites )\t physical efficacy--,!y confirm ! prec$+ results--,! elem5t ( recreation 9 religion3 its importance2 its reason = exi/5ce--,! idea ( a fea/ #cgf ,,iii4--,ambiguity ( function 9 ! v>i\s c]emonies /udi$2 !y sub/itute !mselves = ea* o!r--,h[ ?is ambiguity confirms ! !ory propos$ #chc ,,*apt] ,v ,,piacul> ,,rites ,,& ,,! ,,ambiguity ,,( ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,sacr$ness ,def9ition ( ! piacul> rite #chi ,i4--,positive rites ( m\rn+--,description ( ^! rites #cij ,,ii4--,h[ !y are expla9$--,!y are n a manife/ation ( private s5tim5ts--,! malice attribut$ to ! s\ls ( ! dead _c acc\nt = !m ei!r--,!y correspond to ! /ate ( m9d 9 :i* ! gr\p happ5s to be--,analysis ( ?is /ate--,h[ x ends by m\rn+--,correspond+ *anges 9 ! way 9 :i* ! s\ls ( ! dead are conceiv$ #cif ,,iii4--,o!r piacul> rites2 aft] a public m\rn+1 a poor h>ve/1 a dr\ght1 ! s\!rn lights--,r>ity ( ^! rites 9 ,au/ralia--,h[ !y are expla9$ #djc ,,iv4--,! two =ms ( ! sacr$3 ! pure & ! impure--,_! antagonism--,_! relation%ip--,ambiguity ( ! idea ( ! sacr$--,all rites pres5t ! same "* #dji ,,conclusion ,to :at ext5t ! results obta9$ may be g5]aliz$ #dae ,i4--,religion re/s ^u an exp]i5ce t is well f\nd$ b n privileg$--,necessity ( a sci5ce to rea* ! reality at ! bottom ( ?is exp]i5ce--,:at is ?is reality8--,! human gr\ps--,human mean+ ( religion--,conc]n+ ! objection :i* opposes ! ideal society to ! real society #daf ,h[ religi\s individualism & cosmopolitanism are expla9$ 9 ?is !ory #dbd ,,ii4--,! et]nal elem5t 9 religion--,conc]n+ ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion2 x has to d solely ) ! speculative side ( religion--,:at ?is side seems de/9$ to become #dbg ,,iii4--,h[ has society be5 able to be ! s\rce ( logical1 t is to say conceptual1 ?\ght8 ,def9ition ( ! concept3 n to be conf\nd$ ) ! g5]al idea2 *>act]iz$ by its imp]sonality & communicability--,x has a collective orig9--,! analysis ( its cont5ts be>s witness 9 ! same s5se ,collective repres5tations z types ( ideas :i* individuals accept--,9 reg>d to ! objection t !y are imp]sonal only on condition ( be+ true--,conceptual ?\ght is coeval ) humanity #dca ,,iv4--,h[ ! categories express social ?+s--,! *ief category is ! concept ( totality :i* c\ld be sugge/$ only by society--,:y ! relations express$ by ! categories c\ld become consci\s only 9 society--,society is n an a-logical be+--,h[ ! categories t5d to deta* !mselves f geographically det]m9$ gr\ps #dci ,! unity ( sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( morals & religion on ! o!r--,h[ ! society acc\nts = ?is unity-- ,explanation ( ! rle attribut$ to society3 its creative p[]--,reactions ( sociology ^u ! sci5ce ( man #dde ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,religi\s ,,life ,,introduction ,,subject ,,( ,,our ,,/udy3 ,,religi\s ,,sociology ,,& ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,k ,9 ?is book we propose to /udy ! mo/ primitive & simple religion :i* is actually kn[n1 to make an analysis ( x1 & to attempt an explanation ( x4 ,a religi\s sy/em may be said to be ! mo/ primitive :i* we c obs]ve :5 x fulfils ! two foll[+ conditions3 9 ! fir/ place1 :5 x is f\nd 9 a society ^: organization is surpass$ by no o!rs 9 simplicity2#a & secondly1 :5 x is possible to expla9 x )\t mak+ use ( any elem5t borr[$ f a previ\s religion4 ,we %all set ourselves to describe ! organization ( ?is sy/em ) all ! exactness & fidelity t an e?nograph] or an hi/orian c\ld give x4 ,b our task w n be limit$ to t3 sociology raises o!r problems ?an hi/ory or e?nography4 ,x does n seek to "k ! pass$ =ms ( civilization ) ! sole end ( kn[+ !m & recon/ruct+ !m4 ,b r1 l e positive sci5ce1 x has z its object ! explanation ( "s actual reality :i* is ne> to u1 & :i* consequ5tly is capable ( affect+ our ideas & our acts3 ?is reality is man1 & m precisely1 ! man ( to-day1 = !re is no?+ :i* we are m int]e/$ 9 kn[+4 ,!n we are n go+ to /udy a v ar*aic religion simply = ! pleasure ( tell+ its peculi>ities & its s+ul>ities4 ,if we h tak5 x z ! subject ( our rese>*1 x is because x has seem$ to u bett] adapt$ ?an any o!r to lead to an und]/&+ ( ! religi\s nature ( man1 t is to say1 to %[ u an ess5tial & p]man5t aspect ( humanity4 ,b ?is proposition is n accept$ be=e ! rais+ ( /rong objections4 ,x seems v /range t "o mu/ turn back1 & be transport$ to ! v beg9n+s ( hi/ory1 9 ord] to arrive at an und]/&+ ( humanity z x is at pres5t4 ,?is mann] ( proc$ure seems p>ticul>ly p>adoxical 9 ! "q :i* conc]ns u4 ,9 fact1 ! v>i\s religions g5]ally pass z be+ q unequal 9 value & dignity2 x is said t !y d n all conta9 ! same quota ( tru?4 ,!n x seems z ?\gh "o c\ld n comp>e ! highe/ =ms ( religi\s ?\ght ) ! l[e/1 )\t r$uc+ ! fir/ to ! level ( ! second4 ,if we admit t ! crude cults ( ! ,au/ralian tribes c help u to und]/& ,*ri/ianity1 = example1 is t n suppos+ t ?is latt] religion proce$s f ! same m5tality z ! =m]1 t x is made up ( ! same sup]/itions & re/s ^u ! same errors8 ,?is is h[ ! !oretical importance :i* has sometimes be5 attribut$ to primitive religions has come to pass z a sign ( a sy/ematic ho/ility to all religion1 :i*1 by prejudg+ ! results ( ! /udy1 vitiates !m 9 advance4 ,!re is no occasion = ask+ "h :e!r or n !re are s*ol>s :o h m]it$ ?is reproa*1 & :o h made religi\s hi/ory & e?nology a weapon aga9/ religion4 ,9 any case1 a sociologi/ _c hold su* a po9t ( view4 ,9 fact1 x is an ess5tial po/ulate ( sociology t a human in/itution _c re/ ^u an error & a lie1 )\t :i* x c\ld n exi/4 ,if x 7 n f\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 x w\ld h enc\nt]$ 9 ! facts a resi/ance ov] :i* x c\ld nev] h triumph$4 ,s :5 we comm5ce ! /udy ( primitive religions1 x is ) ! assurance t !y hold to reality & express x2 ?is pr9ciple w be se5 to re-ent] aga9 & aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! analyses & discussions :i* foll[1 & ! reproa* :i* we make aga9/ ! s*ools f :i* we h sep>at$ ourselves is t !y h ignor$ x4 ,:5 only ! lett] ( ! =mul is consid]$1 ^! religi\s beliefs & practices und\bt$ly seem disconc]t+ at times1 & "o is tempt$ to attribute !m to "s sort ( a deep-root$ error4 ,b "o mu/ "k h[ to g und]nea? ! symbol to ! reality :i* x repres5ts & :i* gives x its mean+4 ,! mo/ b>b>\s & ! mo/ fanta/ic rites & ! /range/ my?s translate "s human ne$1 "s aspect ( life1 ei!r individual or social4 ,! reasons ) :i* ! fai?ful ju/ify !m may be1 & g5]ally are1 errone\s2 b ! true reasons d n cease to exi/1 & x is ! duty ( sci5ce to discov] !m4 ,9 reality1 !n1 !re are no religions :i* are false4 ,all are true 9 _! own fa%ion2 all answ]1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t ways1 to ! giv5 conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,x is und5iably possible to arrange !m 9 a hi]>*y4 ,"s c be call$ sup]ior to o!rs1 9 ! s5se t !y call into play high] m5tal functions1 t !y are ri*] 9 ideas & s5tim5ts1 t !y conta9 m concepts ) few] s5sations & images1 & t _! arrangem5t is wis]4 ,b h[soev] real ?is great] complexity & ?is high] ideality may be1 !y are n suffici5t to place ! correspond+ religions 9 diff]5t classes4 ,all are religions equally1 j z all liv+ be+s are equally alive1 f ! mo/ humble pla/ids up to man4 ,s :5 we turn to primitive religions x is n ) ! idea ( depreciat+ religion 9 g5]al1 = ^! religions are no less respectable ?an ! o!rs4 ,!y respond to ! same ne$s1 !y play ! same rle1 !y dep5d ^u ! same causes2 !y c also well s]ve to %[ ! nature ( ! religi\s life1 & consequ5tly to resolve ! problem :i* we wi% to /udy4 ,b :y give !m a sort ( pr]ogative8 ,:y *oose !m 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs z ! subject ( our /udy8--,x is m]ely = reasons ( me?od4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we _c arrive at an und]/&+ ( ! mo/ rec5t religions except by foll[+ ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 progressively compos$ 9 hi/ory4 ,9 fact1 hi/orical analysis is ! only means ( explanation :i* x is possible to apply to !m4 ,x alone enables u to resolve an in/itution into its con/itu5t elem5ts1 = x %[s !m to u z !y are born 9 "t1 "o aft] ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by plac+ e "o ( !m 9 ! condition :]e x 0 born1 x puts into our h&s ! only means we h ( det]m9+ ! causes :i* gave rise to x4 ,e "t t we und]take to expla9 some?+ human1 tak5 at a giv5 mom5t 9 hi/ory--be x a religi\s belief1 a moral precept1 a legal pr9ciple1 an /hetic /yle or an economic sy/em--x is necess>y to comm5ce by go+ back to its mo/ primitive & simple =m1 to try to acc\nt = ! *>act]i/ics by :i* x 0 m>k$ at t "t1 & !n to %[ h[ x develop$ & became complicat$ little by little1 & h[ x became t :i* x is at ! mom5t 9 "q4 ,"o readily und]/&s ! importance :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! po9t ( dep>ture has = ?is s]ies ( progressive explanations1 = all ! o!rs are atta*$ to x4 ,x 0 "o ( ,desc>tes's pr9ciples t ! fir/ r+ has a pr$om9at+ place 9 ! *a9 ( sci5tific tru?s4 ,b !re is no "q ( plac+ at ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce ( religions an idea elaborat$ aft] ! c>tesian mann]1 t is to say1 a logical concept1 a pure possibility1 con/ruct$ simply by =ce ( ?\ght4 ,:at we mu/ f9d is a concrete reality1 & hi/orical & e?nological obs]vation alone c reveal t to u4 ,b ev5 if ?is c>d9al conception is obta9$ by a diff]5t process ?an t ( ,desc>tes1 x rema9s true t x is de/9$ to h a consid]able influ5ce on ! :ole s]ies ( propositions :i* ! sci5ce e/abli%es4 ,biological evolution has be5 conceiv$ q diff]5tly ev] s9ce x has be5 kn[n t monocellul> be+s d exi/4 ,9 ! same way1 ! arrangem5t ( religi\s facts is expla9$ q diff]5tly1 accord+ z we put naturism1 animism or "s o!r religi\s =m at ! beg9n+ ( ! evolution4 ,ev5 ! mo/ specializ$ s*ol>s1 if !y are unwill+ to conf9e !mselves to a task ( pure erudition1 & if !y desire to int]pret ! facts :i* !y analyse1 are oblig$ to *oose "o ( ^! hypo!ses1 & make x _! />t+-po9t4 ,:e!r !y desire x or n1 ! que/ions :i* !y raise necess>ily take ! foll[+ =m3 h[ has naturism or animism be5 l$ to take ?is p>ticul> =m1 "h or !re1 or to enri* itself or impov]i% itself 9 su* & su* a fa%ion8 ,s9ce x is impossible to avoid tak+ sides on ?is initial problem1 & s9ce ! solution giv5 is de/9$ to affect ! :ole sci5ce1 x mu/ be attack$ at ! outset3 t is :at we propose to d4 ,besides ?is1 outside ( ^! indirect reactions1 ! /udy ( primitive religions has ( itself an imm$iate int]e/ :i* is ( prim>y importance4 ,if x is useful to "k :at a c]ta9 p>ticul> religion consi/s 91 x is /ill m important to "k :at religion 9 g5]al is4 ,?is is ! problem :i* has ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( philosoph]s 9 all times2 & n )\t reason1 = x is ( int]e/ to all humanity4 ,un=tunately1 ! me?od :i* !y g5]ally employ is purely dialectic3 !y conf9e !mselves to analys+ ! idea :i* !y make = !mselves ( religion1 except z !y illu/rate ! results ( ?is m5tal analysis by examples borr[$ f ! religions :i* be/ realize _! ideal4 ,b ev5 if ?is me?od ought to be ab&on$1 ! problem rema9s intact1 & ! great s]vice ( philosophy is to h prev5t$ its be+ suppress$ by ! disda9 ( s*ol>s4 ,n[ x is possible to attack x 9 a diff]5t way4 ,s9ce all religions c be comp>$ to ea* o!r1 & s9ce all are species ( ! same class1 !re are necess>ily _m elem5ts :i* are common to all4 ,we d n mean to speak simply ( ! outw>d & visible *>act]i/ics :i* !y all h equally1 & :i* make x possible to give !m a provisional def9ition f ! v outset ( our rese>*es2 ! discov]y ( ^! app>5t signs is relatively easy1 = ! obs]vation :i* x dem&s does n g b5ea? ! surface ( ?+s4 ,b ^! ext]nal resemblances suppose o!rs :i* are pr(\nd4 ,at ! f\ndation ( all sy/ems ( beliefs & ( all cults !re ought necess>ily to be a c]ta9 numb] ( fundam5tal repres5tations or conceptions & ( ritual attitudes :i*1 9 spite ( ! div]sity ( =ms :i* !y h tak51 h ! same objective significance & fulfil ! same functions ev]y:]e4 ,^! are ! p]man5t elem5ts :i* con/itute t :i* is p]man5t & human 9 religion2 !y =m all ! objective cont5ts ( ! idea :i* is express$ :5 "o speaks ( religion 9 g5]al4 ,h[ is x possible to pick !m out8 ,surely x is n by obs]v+ ! complex religions :i* appe> 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,e "o ( ^! is made up ( su* a v>iety ( elem5ts t x is v difficult to di/+ui% :at is second>y f :at is pr9cipal1 ! ess5tial f ! accessory4 ,suppose t ! religion consid]$ is l t ( ,egypt1 ,india or ! classical antiquity4 ,x is a confus$ mass ( _m cults1 v>y+ accord+ to ! locality1 ! temples1 ! g5]ations1 ! dyna/ies1 ! invasions1 etc4 ,popul> sup]/itions are !re confus$ ) ! pure/ dogmas4 ,nei!r ! ?\ght nor ! activity ( ! religion is ev5ly di/ribut$ among ! believ]s2 accord+ to ! m51 ! environm5t & ! circum/ances1 ! beliefs z well z ! rites are ?\ght ( 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"h !y are prie/s1 !re !y are monks1 else:]e !y are laym52 !re are my/ics & rationali/s1 !ologians & prophets1 etc4 ,9 ^! conditions x is difficult to see :at is common to all4 ,9 "o or ano!r ( ^! sy/ems x is q possible to f9d ! means ( mak+ a pr(itable /udy ( "s p>ticul> fact :i* is specially develop$ !re1 su* z sacrifice or prophecy1 mona/icism or ! my/]ies2 b h[ is x possible to f9d ! common f\ndation ( ! religi\s life und]nea? ! luxuriant vegetation :i* cov]s x8 ,h[ is x possible to f9d1 und]nea? ! disputes ( !ology1 ! v>iations ( ritual1 ! multiplicity ( gr\ps & ! div]sity ( individuals1 ! fundam5tal /ates *>act]i/ic ( religi\s m5tality 9 g5]al8 ,?+s are q diff]5t 9 ! l[] societies4 ,! slight] developm5t ( individuality1 ! small ext5sion ( ! gr\p1 ! homog5eity ( ext]nal circum/ances1 all contribute to r$uc+ ! diff]5ces & v>iations to a m9imum4 ,! gr\p has an intellectual & moral con=mity ( :i* we f9d b r>e examples 9 ! m advanc$ societies4 ,ev]y?+ is common to all4 ,movem5ts are /]eotyp$2 ev]ybody p]=ms ! same ones 9 ! same circum/ances1 & ?is con=mity ( conduct only translates ! con=mity ( ?\ght4 ,e m9d be+ drawn into ! same eddy1 ! individual type ne>ly conf\nds itself ) t ( ! race4 ,& :ile all is uni=m1 all is simple z well4 ,no?+ is de=m$ l ^! my?s1 all compos$ ( "o & ! same !me :i* is endlessly repeat$1 or l ^! rites made up ( a small numb] ( ge/ures repeat$ aga9 & aga94 ,nei!r ! popul> imag9ation nor t ( ! prie/s has _h ei!r ! "t or ! means ( ref9+ & trans=m+ ! orig9al sub/ance ( ! religi\s ideas & practices2 ^! are %[n 9 all _! nudity1 & (f] !mselves to an exam9ation1 x requir+ only ! slighte/ ef=t to lay !m op54 ,t :i* is accessory or second>y1 ! developm5t ( luxury1 has n yet come to hide ! pr9cipal elem5ts4#b ,all is r$uc$ to t :i* is indisp5sable1 to t )\t :i* !re c\ld be no religion4 ,b t :i* is indisp5sable is also t :i* is ess5tial1 t is to say1 t :i* we mu/ "k be=e all else4 ,primitive civilizations (f] privileg$ cases1 !n1 because !y are simple cases4 ,t is :y1 9 all fields ( human activity1 ! obs]vations ( e?nologi/s h frequ5tly be5 v]itable revelations1 :i* h r5ew$ ! /udy ( human in/itutions4 ,= example1 be=e ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ev]ybody 0 conv9c$ t ! fa!r 0 ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! family2 no "o _h dream$ t !re c\ld be a family organization ( :i* ! pat]nal au?ority 0 n ! key/one4 ,b ! discov]y ( ,ba*(5 came & upset ?is old conception4 ,up to v rec5t times x 0 reg>d$ z evid5t t ! moral & legal relations ( k9dr$ 7 only ano!r aspect ( ! psy*ological relations :i* result f a common desc5t2 ,ba*(5 & 8 successors1 ,mac,lennan1 ,morgan & _m o!rs /ill lab\r$ "u ?is misund]/&+4 ,b s9ce we h become acqua9t$ ) ! nature ( ! primitive clan1 we "k t1 on ! contr>y1 relation%ips _c be expla9$ by consangu9ity4 ,to return to religions1 ! /udy ( only ! mo/ famili> ones _h l$ m5 to believe = a long "t t ! idea ( god 0 *>act]i/ic ( ev]y?+ t is religi\s4 ,n[ ! religion :i* we are go+ to /udy pres5tly is1 9 a l>ge "p1 =eign to all idea ( div9ity2 ! =ces to :i* ! rites are !re address$ are v diff]5t f ^? :i* occupy ! lead+ place 9 our mod]n religions1 yet !y aid u 9 und]/&+ ^! latt] =ces4 ,s no?+ is m unju/ ?an ! disda9 ) :i* too _m hi/orians /ill reg>d ! "w ( e?nograph]s4 ,inde$1 x is c]ta9 t e?nology has frequ5tly br\ght ab\t ! mo/ fruitful revolutions 9 ! diff]5t bran*es ( sociology4 ,x is = ?is same reason t ! discov]y ( unicellul> be+s1 ( :i* we j spoke1 has trans=m$ ! curr5t idea ( life4 ,s9ce 9 ^! v simple be+s1 life is r$uc$ to its ess5tial traits1 ^! are less easily misund]/ood4 ,b primitive religions d n m]ely aid u 9 dis5gag+ ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( religion2 !y also h ! great advantage t !y facilitate ! explanation ( x4 ,s9ce ! facts !re are simpl]1 ! relations betwe5 !m are m app>5t4 ,! reasons ) :i* m5 acc\nt = _! acts h n yet be5 elaborat$ & d5atur$ by /udi$ reflection2 !y are ne>] & m closely relat$ to ! motives :i* h really det]m9$ ^! acts4 ,9 ord] to und]/& an halluc9ation p]fectly1 & give x its mo/ appropriate treatm5t1 a physician mu/ "k its orig9al po9t ( dep>ture4 ,n[ ?is ev5t is proportionately easi] to f9d if he c obs]ve x ne> its beg9n+s4 ,! long] ! disease is all[$ to develop1 ! m x evades obs]vation2 t is because all sorts ( int]pretations h int]v5$ z x advanc$1 :i* t5d to =ce ! orig9al /ate into ! backgr\nd1 & across :i* x is frequ5tly difficult to f9d ! initial "o4 ,betwe5 a sy/ematiz$ halluc9ation & ! fir/ impressions :i* gave x bir?1 ! di/ance is (t5 consid]able4 ,x is ! same ?+ ) religi\s ?\ght4 ,9 proportion z x progresses 9 hi/ory1 ! causes :i* call$ x into exi/5ce1 ?\gh rema9+ active1 are no long] p]ceiv$1 except across a va/ s*eme ( int]pretations :i* q trans=m !m4 ,popul> my?ologies & subtile !ologies h done _! "w3 !y h sup]impos$ ^u ! primitive s5tim5ts o!rs :i* are q diff]5t1 & :i*1 ?\gh hold+ to ! fir/1 ( :i* !y are an elaborat$ =m1 only all[ _! true nature to appe> v imp]fectly4 ,! psy*ological gap betwe5 ! cause & ! effect1 betwe5 ! app>5t cause & ! effective cause1 has become m consid]able & m difficult = ! m9d to leap4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is book w be an illu/ration & a v]ification ( ?is rem>k on me?od4 ,x w be se5 h[1 9 ! primitive religions1 ! religi\s fact /ill visibly c>ries ! m>k ( its orig9s3 x w\ld h be5 well-nigh impossible to inf] !m m]ely f ! /udy ( ! m develop$ religions4 ,! /udy :i* we are und]tak+ is !re=e a way ( tak+ up aga91 b "u new conditions1 ! old problem ( ! orig9 ( religion4 ,to be sure1 if by orig9 we are to und]/& ! v fir/ beg9n+1 ! "q has no?+ sci5tific ab\t x1 & %\ld be resolutely disc>d$4 ,!re 0 no giv5 mom5t :5 religion began to exi/1 & !re is consequ5tly no ne$ ( f9d+ a means ( transport+ ourselves ?i!r 9 ?\ght4 ,l e human in/itution1 religion did n comm5ce any:]e4 ,!re=e1 all speculations ( ?is sort are ju/ly discr$it$2 !y c only consi/ 9 subjective & arbitr>y con/ructions :i* are subject to no sort ( control4 ,b ! problem :i* we raise is q ano!r "o4 ,:at we want to d is to f9d a means ( disc]n+ ! ev]-pres5t causes ^u :i* ! mo/ ess5tial =ms ( religi\s ?\ght & practice dep5d4 ,n[ = ! reasons :i* 7 j set =?1 ^! causes are proportionately m easily obs]vable z ! societies :]e !y are obs]v$ are less complicat$4 ,t is :y we try to get z ne> z possible to ! orig9s4#c ,x is n t we ascribe p>ticul> virtues to ! l[] religions4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are rudim5t>y & gross2 we _c make ( !m a sort ( model :i* lat] religions only h to reproduce4 ,b ev5 _! grossness makes !m in/ructive1 = !y ?us become conv5i5t = exp]im5ts1 z 9 !m1 ! facts & _! relations are easily se54 ,9 ord] to discov] ! laws ( ! ph5om5a :i* he /udies1 ! physici/ tries to simplify ^! latt] & rid !m ( _! second>y *>act]i/ics4 ,= t :i* conc]ns in/itutions1 nature spontane\sly makes ! same sort ( simplifications at ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,we m]ely wi% to put ^! to pr(it4 ,und\bt$ly we c only t\* v elem5t>y facts by ?is me?od4 ,:5 we %all h acc\nt$ = !m z f> z possible1 ! novelties ( e sort :i* h be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution w n yet be expla9$4 ,b :ile we d n dream ( d5y+ ! importance ( ! problems ?us rais$1 we ?9k t !y w pr(it by be+ treat$ 9 _! turn1 & t x is important to take !m up only aft] ^? ( :i* we are go+ to und]take ! /udy at pres5t4 ,,ii ,b our /udy is n ( int]e/ m]ely = ! sci5ce ( religion4 ,9 fact1 e religion has "o side by :i* x ov]laps ! circle ( prop]ly religi\s ideas1 & !re1 ! /udy ( religi\s ph5om5a gives a means ( r5ew+ ! problems :i*1 up to ! pres5t1 h only be5 discuss$ among philosoph]s4 ,= a long "t x has be5 kn[n t ! fir/ sy/ems ( repres5tations ) :i* m5 h pictur$ to !mselves ! _w & !mselves 7 ( religi\s orig94 ,!re is no religion t is n a cosmology at ! same "t t x is a speculation ^u div9e ?+s4 ,if philosophy & ! sci5ces 7 born ( religion1 x is because religion began by tak+ ! place ( ! sci5ces & philosophy4 ,b x has be5 less frequ5tly notic$ t religion has n conf9$ itself to enri*+ ! human intellect1 =m$ be=eh&1 ) a c]ta9 numb] ( ideas2 x has contribut$ to =m+ ! intellect itself4 ,m5 owe to x n only a good "p ( ! sub/ance ( _! k1 b also ! =m 9 :i* ?is k has be5 elaborat$4 ,at ! roots ( all our judgm5ts !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( ess5tial ideas :i* dom9ate all our intellectual life2 !y are :at philosoph]s s9ce ,ari/otle h call$ ! categories ( ! und]/&+3 ideas ( "t1 space1#d class1 numb]1 cause1 sub/ance1 p]sonality1 etc4 ,!y correspond to ! mo/ univ]sal prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,!y are l ! solid frame :i* encloses all ?\ght2 ?is does n seem to be able to lib]ate itself f !m )\t de/roy+ itself1 = x seems t we _c ?9k ( objects t are n 9 "t & space1 :i* h no numb]1 etc4 ,o!r ideas are cont+5t & un/eady2 we c conceive ( _! be+ unkn[n to a man1 a society or an epo*2 b ^! o!rs appe> to be ne>ly insep>able f ! normal work+ ( ! intellect4 ,!y are l ! framework ( ! intellig5ce4 ,n[ :5 primitive religi\s beliefs are sy/ematically analys$1 ! pr9cipal categories are naturally f\nd4 ,!y are born 9 religion & ( religion2 !y are a product ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,?is is a /atem5t t we are go+ to h occasion to make _m times 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w4 ,?is rem>k has "s int]e/ ( itself already2 b "h is :at gives x its real importance4 ,! g5]al conclusion ( ! book :i* ! read] has be=e him is t religion is some?+ em95tly social4 ,religi\s repres5tations are collective repres5tations :i* express collective realities2 ! rites are a mann] ( act+ :i* take rise 9 ! mid/ ( ! assembl$ gr\ps & :i* are de/9$ to excite1 ma9ta9 or recreate c]ta9 m5tal /ates 9 ^! gr\ps4 ,s if ! categories are ( religi\s orig91 !y ought to p>ticipate 9 ?is nature common to all religi\s facts2 !y too %\ld be social affairs & ! product ( collective ?\ght4 ,at lea/--= 9 ! actual condition ( our k ( ^! matt]s1 "o %\ld be c>eful to avoid all radical & exclusive /atem5ts--x is all[able to suppose t !y are ri* 9 social elem5ts4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 ^! c be imp]fectly se5 9 "s ( !m4 ,= example1 try to repres5t :at ! notion ( "t w\ld be )\t ! processes by :i* we divide x1 measure x or express x ) objective signs1 a "t :i* is n a succession ( ye>s1 mon?s1 weeks1 days & h\rs6 ,?is is some?+ ne>ly un?9kable4 ,we _c conceive ( "t1 except on condition ( di/+ui%+ its diff]5t mom5ts4 ,n[ :at is ! orig9 ( ?is diff]5tiation8 ,und\bt$ly1 ! /ates ( consci\sness :i* we h already exp]i5c$ c be reproduc$ 9 u 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y pass$ 9 ! fir/ place2 ?us portions ( our pa/ become pres5t aga91 ?\gh be+ cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! pres5t4 ,b h[soev] important ?is di/9ction may be = our private exp]i5ce1 x is f> f be+ en\gh to con/itute ! notion or category ( "t4 ,?is does n consi/ m]ely 9 a commemoration1 ei!r p>tial or integral1 ( our pa/ life4 ,x is an ab/ract & imp]sonal frame :i* surr\nds1 n only our individual exi/5ce1 b t ( all humanity4 ,x is l an endless *>t1 :]e all duration is spread out be=e ! m9d1 & ^u :i* all possible ev5ts c be locat$ 9 relation to fix$ & det]m9$ guide l9es4 ,x is n my "t t is ?us arrang$2 x is "t 9 g5]al1 su* z x is objectively ?\ght ( by ev]ybody 9 a s+le civilization4 ,t alone is en\gh to give u a h9t t su* an arrangem5t ought to be collective4 ,& 9 reality1 obs]vation proves t ^! indisp5sable guide l9es1 9 relation to :i* all ?+s are temporally locat$1 are tak5 f social life4 ,! divisions into days1 weeks1 mon?s1 ye>s1 etc41 correspond to ! p]iodical recurr5ce ( rites1 fea/s1 & public c]emonies4#e ,a cal5d> expresses ! rhy?m ( ! collective activities1 :ile at ! same "t its function is to assure _! regul>ity4#f ,x is ! same ?+ ) space4 ,z ,hamel9 has %[n1#g space is n ! vague & indet]m9$ m$ium :i* ,kant imag9$2 if purely & absolutely homog5e\s1 x w\ld be ( no use1 & c\ld n be grasp$ by ! m9d4 ,spatial repres5tation consi/s ess5tially 9 a prim>y co-ord9ation ( ! data ( s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is co-ord9ation w\ld be impossible if ! p>ts ( space 7 qualitatively equival5t & if !y 7 really int]*angeable4 ,to dispose ?+s spatially !re mu/ be a possibility ( plac+ !m diff]5tly1 ( putt+ "s at ! "r1 o!rs at ! left1 ^! above1 ^? bel[1 at ! nor? ( or at ! s\? (1 ea/ or we/ (1 etc41 etc41 j z to dispose /ates ( consci\sness temporally !re mu/ be a possibility ( localiz+ !m at det]m9$ dates4 ,t is to say t space c\ld n be :at x is if x 7 n1 l "t1 divid$ & diff]5tiat$4 ,b :5ce come ^! divisions :i* are s ess5tial8 ,by !mselves1 !re are nei!r "r nor left1 up nor d[n1 nor? nor s\?1 etc4 ,all ^! di/9ctions evid5tly come f ! fact t diff]5t sympa!tic values h be5 attribut$ to v>i\s regions4 ,s9ce all ! m5 ( a s+le civilization repres5t space 9 ! same way1 x is cle>ly necess>y t ^! sympa!tic values1 & ! di/9ctions :i* dep5d ^u !m1 %\ld be equally univ]sal1 & t almo/ necess>ily implies t !y be ( social orig94#h ,besides t1 !re are cases :]e ?is social "* is made manife/4 ,!re are societies 9 ,au/ralia & ,nor? ,am]ica :]e space is conceiv$ 9 ! =m ( an imm5se circle1 because ! camp has a circul> =m2#i & ?is spatial circle is divid$ up exactly l ! tribal circle1 & is 9 its image4 ,!re are z _m regions di/+ui%$ z !re are clans 9 ! tribe1 & x is ! place occupi$ by ! clans inside ! encampm5t :i* has det]m9$ ! ori5tation ( ^! regions4 ,ea* region is def9$ by ! totem ( ! clan to :i* x is assign$4 ,among ! ,zui1 = example1 ! pueblo conta9s sev5 qu>t]s2 ea* ( ^! is a gr\p ( clans :i* has _h a unity3 9 all probability x 0 orig9ally a s+le clan :i* 0 lat] subdivid$4 ,n[ _! space also conta9s sev5 qu>t]s1 & ea* ( ^! sev5 qu>t]s ( ! _w is 9 intimate connection ) a qu>t] ( ! pueblo1 t is to say ) a gr\p ( clans4#aj ,?us1 says ,cu%+1 "o division is ?\ght to be 9 relation ) ! nor?1 ano!r repres5ts ! we/1 ano!r ! s\?1 etc4#aa ,ea* qu>t] ( ! pueblo has its *>act]i/ic col\r1 :i* symbolizes x2 ea* region has its col\r1 :i* is exactly ! same z t ( ! correspond+ qu>t]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory ! numb] ( fundam5tal clans has v>i$2 ! numb] ( ! fundam5tal regions ( space has v>i$ ) !m4 ,?us ! social organization has be5 ! model = ! spatial organization & a reproduction ( x4 ,x is ?us ev5 up to ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & left :i*1 f> f be+ inh]5t 9 ! nature ( man 9 g5]al1 is v probably ! product ( repres5tations :i* are religi\s & !re=e collective4#ab ,analog\s pro(s w be f\nd pres5tly 9 reg>d to ! ideas ( class1 =ce1 p]sonality & efficacy4 ,x is ev5 possible to ask if ! idea ( contradiction does n also dep5d ^u social conditions4 ,:at makes "o t5d to believe ?is is t ! empire :i* ! idea has ex]cis$ ov] human ?\ght has v>i$ ) times & societies4 ,to-day ! pr9ciple ( id5tity dom9ates sci5tific ?\ght2 b !re are va/ sy/ems ( repres5tations :i* h play$ a consid]able rle 9 ! hi/ory ( ideas :]e x has frequ5tly be5 set aside3 ^! are ! my?ologies1 f ! grosse/ up to ! mo/ reasonable4#ac ,!re1 we are cont9ually com+ ^u be+s :i* h ! mo/ contradictory attributes simultane\sly1 :o are at ! same "t "o & _m1 mat]ial & spiritual1 :o c divide !mselves up indef9itely )\t los+ any?+ ( _! con/itution2 9 my?ology x is an axiom t ! "p is wor? ! :ole4 ,^! v>iations ?r\gh :i* ! rules :i* seem to gov]n our pres5t logic h pass$ prove t1 f> f be+ engrav5 ?r\gh all et]nity ^u ! m5tal con/itution ( m51 !y dep5d1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ^u factors t are hi/orical & consequ5tly social4 ,we d n "k exactly :at !y are1 b we may presume t !y exi/4#ad ,?is hypo!sis once admitt$1 ! problem ( k is pos$ 9 new t]ms4 ,up to ! pres5t !re h be5 only two doctr9es 9 ! field4 ,= "s1 ! categories _c be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce3 !y are logically prior to x & condition x4 ,!y are repres5t$ z s _m simple & irr$ucible data1 imm95t 9 ! human m9d by virtue ( its inborn con/itution4 ,= ?is reason !y are said to be a priori4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 hold t !y are con/ruct$ & made up ( pieces & bits1 & t ! individual is ! artisan ( ?is con/ruction4#ae ,b ea* solution raises grave difficulties4 ,is ! empirical !sis ! "o adopt$8 ,!n x is necess>y to deprive ! categories ( all _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y are di/+ui%$ f all o!r k by _! univ]sality & necessity4 ,!y are ! mo/ g5]al concepts :i* exi/1 because !y are applicable to all t is real1 & s9ce !y are n atta*$ to any p>ticul> object !y are indep5d5t ( e p>ticul> subject2 !y con/itute ! common field :]e all m9ds meet4 ,fur!r1 !y mu/ meet !re1 = reason1 :i* is no?+ m ?an all ! fundam5tal categories tak5 toge!r1 is inve/$ ) an au?ority :i* we c\ld n set aside if we w\ld4 ,:5 we attempt to revolt aga9/ x1 & to free ourselves f "s ( ^! ess5tial ideas1 we meet ) great resi/ances4 ,!y d n m]ely dep5d ^u u1 b !y impose !mselves ^u u4 ,n[ empirical data pres5t *>act]i/ics :i* are diametrically oppos$ to ^!4 ,a s5sation or an image always relies ^u a det]m9$ object1 or ^u a collection ( objects ( ! same sort1 & expresses ! mom5t>y condition ( a p>ticul> consci\sness2 x is ess5tially individual & subjective4 ,we !re=e h consid]able lib]ty 9 deal+ ) ! repres5tations ( su* an orig94 ,x is true t :5 our s5sations are actual1 !y impose !mselves ^u u 9 fact4 ,b by "r we are free to conceive !m o!rwise ?an !y really are1 or to repres5t !m to ourselves z occurr+ 9 a diff]5t ord] f t :]e !y are really produc$4 ,9 reg>d to !m no?+ is =c$ ^u u except z consid]ations ( ano!r sort int]v5e4 ,?us we f9d t we h "h two sorts ( k1 :i* are l ! two opposite poles ( ! intellig5ce4 ,"u ^! conditions =c+ reason back ^u exp]i5ce causes x to disappe>1 = x is equival5t to r$uc+ ! univ]sality & necessity :i* *>act]ize x to pure appe>ance1 to an illusion :i* may be useful practically1 b :i* corresponds to no?+ 9 reality2 consequ5tly x is d5y+ all objective reality to ! logical life1 ^: regulation & organization is ! function ( ! categories4 ,classical empiricism results 9 irrationalism2 p]haps x w\ld ev5 be fitt+ to designate x by ?is latt] "n4 ,9 spite ( ! s5se ord9>ily atta*$ to ! "n1 ! apriori/s h m respect = ! facts4 ,s9ce !y d n admit x z a tru? e/abli%$ by evid5ce t ! categories are made up ( ! same elem5ts z our s5sual repres5tations1 !y are n oblig$ to impov]i% !m sy/ematically1 to draw f !m all _! real cont5t1 & to r$uce !m to no?+ m ?an v]bal artifices4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y leave !m all _! specific *>act]i/ics4 ,! apriori/s are ! rationali/s2 !y believe t ! _w has a logical aspect :i* ! reason expresses excell5tly4 ,b = all t1 x is necess>y = !m to give ! m9d a c]ta9 p[] ( transc5d+ exp]i5ce & ( add+ to t :i* is giv5 to x directly2 & ( ?is s+ul> p[] !y give nei!r explanation nor ju/ification4 ,= x is no explanation to say t x is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! human intellect4 ,x is necess>y to %[ :5ce we hold ?is surpris+ pr]ogative & h[ x comes t we c see c]ta9 relations 9 ?+s :i* ! exam9ation ( ^! ?+s _c reveal to u4 ,say+ t only on ?is condition is exp]i5ce itself possible *anges ! problem p]haps1 b does n answ] x4 ,= ! real "q is to "k h[ x comes t exp]i5ce is n suffici5t unto itself1 b presupposes c]ta9 conditions :i* are ext]ior & prior to x1 & h[ x happ5s t ^! conditions are realiz$ at ! mom5t & 9 ! mann] t is desirable4 ,to answ] ^! que/ions x has sometimes be5 assum$ t above ! reason ( individuals !re is a sup]ior & p]fect reason f :i* ! o!rs emanate & f :i* !y get ?is m>vell\s p[] ( !irs1 by a sort ( my/ic p>ticipation3 ?is is ! div9e reason4 ,b ?is hypo!sis has at lea/ ! "o grave disadvantage ( be+ depriv$ ( all exp]im5tal control2 ?us x does n satisfy ! conditions dem&$ ( a sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,m ?an t1 ! categories ( human ?\ght are nev] fix$ 9 any "o def9ite =m2 !y are made1 unmade & remade incessantly2 !y *ange ) places & times4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! div9e reason is immutable4 ,h[ c ?is immutability give rise to ?is incessant v>iability8 ,su* are ! two conceptions t h be5 pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r = c5turies2 & if ?is debate seems to be et]nal1 x is because ! argum5ts giv5 are really ab\t equival5t4 ,if reason is only a =m ( individual exp]i5ce1 x no long] exi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! p[]s :i* x has are recogniz$ b n acc\nt$ =1 x seems to be set outside ! conf9es ( nature & sci5ce4 ,9 ! face ( ^! two oppos$ objections ! m9d rema9s unc]ta94 ,b if ! social orig9 ( ! categories is admitt$1 a new attitude becomes possible1 :i* we believe w enable u to escape bo? ( ! oppos$ difficulties4 ,! fundam5tal proposition ( ! apriori/ !ory is t k is made up ( two sorts ( elem5ts1 :i* _c be r$uc$ into "o ano!r1 & :i* are l two di/9ct lay]s sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r4#af ,our hypo!sis keeps ?is pr9ciple intact4 ,9 fact1 t k :i* is call$ empirical1 ! only k ( :i* ! !ori/s ( empiricism h made use 9 con/ruct+ ! reason1 is t :i* is br\ght into our m9ds by ! direct action ( objects4 ,x is compos$ ( individual /ates :i* are completely expla9$#ag by ! psy*ical nature ( ! individual4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! categories are1 z we believe !y are1 ess5tially collective repres5tations1 be=e all else1 !y %\ld %[ ! m5tal /ates ( ! gr\p2 !y %\ld dep5d ^u ! way 9 :i* ?is is f\nd$ & organiz$1 ^u its morphology1 ^u its religi\s1 moral & economic in/itutions1 etc4 ,s betwe5 ^! two sorts ( repres5tations !re is all ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! individual & ! social1 & "o c no m d]ive ! second f ! fir/ ?an he c d$uce society f ! individual1 ! :ole f ! "p1 ! complex f ! simple4#ah ,society is a reality sui g5]is2 x has its own peculi> *>act]i/ics1 :i* are n f\nd else:]e & :i* are n met ) aga9 9 ! same =m 9 all ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,! repres5tations :i* express x h a :olly diff]5t cont5ts f purely individual ones & we may re/ assur$ 9 advance t ! fir/ add some?+ to ! second4 ,ev5 ! mann] 9 :i* ! two are =m$ results 9 diff]5tiat+ !m4 ,collective repres5tations are ! result ( an imm5se co-op]ation1 :i* /ret*es out n only into space b into "t z well2 to make !m1 a multitude ( m9ds h associat$1 unit$ & comb9$ _! ideas & s5tim5ts2 = !m1 long g5]ations h accumulat$ _! exp]i5ce & _! k4 ,a special intellectual activity is !re=e conc5trat$ 9 !m :i* is inf9itely ri*] & complex] ?an t ( ! individual4 ,f t "o c und]/& h[ ! reason has be5 able to g beyond ! limits ( empirical k4 ,x does n owe ?is to any vague my/]i\s virtue b simply to ! fact t accord+ to ! well-kn[n =mula1 man is d\ble4 ,!re are two be+s 9 him3 an individual be+ :i* has its f\ndation 9 ! organism & ! circle ( ^: activities is !re=e /rictly limit$1 & a social be+ :i* repres5ts ! highe/ reality 9 ! intellectual & moral ord] t we c "k by obs]vation--,i mean society4 ,?is duality ( our nature has z its consequ5ce 9 ! practical ord]1 ! irr$ucibility ( a moral ideal to a utilit>ian motive1 & 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght1 ! irr$ucibility ( reason to individual exp]i5ce4 ,9 s f> z he belongs to society1 ! individual transc5ds himself1 bo? :5 he ?9ks & :5 he acts4 ,?is same social "* leads to an und]/&+ ( ! orig9 ( ! necessity ( ! categories4 ,x is said t an idea is necess>y :5 x imposes itself ^u ! m9d by "s sort ( virtue ( its own1 )\t be+ accompani$ by any pro(4 ,x conta9s )9 x some?+ :i* con/ra9s ! intellig5ce & :i* leads to its acceptance )\t prelim9>y exam9ation4 ,! apriori/ po/ulates ?is s+ul> quality1 b does n acc\nt = x2 = say+ t ! categories are necess>y because !y are indisp5sable to ! function+ ( ! intellect is simply repeat+ t !y are necess>y4 ,b if !y really h ! orig9 :i* we attribute to !m1 _! asc5dancy no long] has any?+ surpris+ 9 x4 ,!y repres5t ! mo/ g5]al relations :i* exi/ betwe5 ?+s2 surpass+ all our o!r ideas 9 ext5sion1 !y dom9ate all ! details ( our intellectual life4 ,if m5 did n agree ^u ^! ess5tial ideas at e mom5t1 if !y did n h ! same conception ( "t1 space1 cause1 numb]1 etc41 all contact betwe5 _! m9ds w\ld be impossible1 & ) t1 all life toge!r4 ,?us society c\ld n ab&on ! categories to ! free *oice ( ! individual )\t ab&on+ itself4 ,if x is to live !re is n m]ely ne$ ( a satisfactory moral con=mity1 b also !re is a m9imum ( logical con=mity beyond :i* x _c safely g4 ,= ?is reason x uses all its au?ority ^u its memb]s to =e/all su* dissid5ces4 ,does a m9d o/5sibly free itself f ^! =ms ( ?\ght8 ,x is no long] consid]$ a human m9d 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 & is treat$ accord+ly4 ,t is :y we feel t we are no long] completely free & t some?+ resi/s1 bo? )9 & outside ourselves1 :5 we attempt to rid ourselves ( ^! fundam5tal notions1 ev5 9 our own consci5ce4 ,outside ( u !re is public op9ion :i* judges u2 b m ?an t1 s9ce society is also repres5t$ inside ( u1 x sets itself aga9/ ^! revolution>y fancies1 ev5 inside ( ourselves2 we h ! feel+ t we _c ab&on !m if our :ole ?\ght is n to cease be+ really human4 ,?is seems to be ! orig9 ( ! exceptional au?ority :i* is inh]5t 9 ! reason & :i* makes u accept its sugge/ions ) confid5ce4 ,x is ! v au?ority ( society1#ai transf]r+ itself to a c]ta9 mann] ( ?\ght :i* is ! indisp5sable condition ( all common action4 ,! necessity ) :i* ! categories are impos$ ^u u is n ! effect ( simple habits ^: yoke we c\ld easily ?r[ (f ) a little ef=t2 nor is x a physical or metaphysical necessity1 s9ce ! categories *ange 9 diff]5t places & times2 x is a special sort ( moral necessity :i* is to ! intellectual life :at moral obligation is to ! w4#bj ,b if ! categories orig9ally only translate social /ates1 does x n foll[ t !y c be appli$ to ! re/ ( nature only z metaphors8 ,if !y 7 made m]ely to express social conditions1 x seems z ?\gh !y c\ld n be ext5d$ to o!r realms except 9 ?is s5se4 ,?us 9 s f> z !y aid u 9 ?9k+ ( ! physical or biological _w1 !y h only ! value ( artificial symbols1 useful practically p]haps1 b hav+ no connection ) reality4 ,?us we come back1 by a diff]5t road1 to nom9alism & empiricism4 ,b :5 we int]pret a sociological !ory ( k 9 ?is way1 we =get t ev5 if society is a specific reality x is n an empire )9 an empire2 x is a "p ( nature1 & inde$ its highe/ repres5tation4 ,! social realm is a natural realm :i* diff]s f ! o!rs only by a great] complexity4 ,n[ x is impossible t nature %\ld diff] radically f itself 9 ! "o case & ! o!r 9 reg>d to t :i* is mo/ ess5tial4 ,! fundam5tal relations t exi/ betwe5 ?+s--j t :i* x is ! function ( ! categories to express--_c be ess5tially dissimil> 9 ! diff]5t realms4 ,if1 = reasons :i* we %all discuss lat]1#ba !y are m cle>ly dis5gag$ 9 ! social _w1 x is nev]!less impossible t !y %\ld n be f\nd else:]e1 ?\gh 9 less pron\nc$ =ms4 ,society makes !m m manife/ b x does n h a monopoly ^u !m4 ,t is :y ideas :i* h be5 elaborat$ on ! model ( social ?+s c aid u 9 ?9k+ ( ano!r dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,x is at lea/ true t if ^! ideas play ! rle ( symbols :5 !y are ?us turn$ aside f _! orig9al signification1 !y are well-f\nd$ symbols4 ,if a sort ( artificiality ent]s into !m f ! m]e fact t !y are con/ruct$ concepts1 x is an artificiality :i* foll[s nature v closely & :i* is con/antly approa*+ x /ill m closely4#bb ,f ! fact t ! ideas ( "t1 space1 class1 cause or p]sonality are con/ruct$ out ( social elem5ts1 x is n necess>y to conclude t !y are devoid ( all objective value4 ,on ! contr>y1 _! social orig9 r leads to ! belief t !y are n )\t f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ?+s4#bc ,?us r5ovat$1 ! !ory ( k seems de/9$ to unite ! oppos+ advantages ( ! two rival !ories1 )\t incurr+ _! inconv5i5ces4 ,x keeps all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! apriori/s2 b at ! same "t x is inspir$ by t positive _s :i* ! empirici/s h /riv5 to satisfy4 ,x leaves ! reason its specific p[]1 b x acc\nts = x & does s )\t leav+ ! _w ( obs]vable ph5om5a4 ,x affirms ! duality ( our intellectual life1 b x expla9s x1 & ) natural causes4 ,! categories are no long] consid]$ z prim>y & unanalysable facts1 yet !y keep a complexity :i* falsifies any analysis z ready z t ) :i* ! empirici/s cont5t !mselves4 ,!y no long] appe> z v simple notions :i* ! fir/ com] c v easily arrange f 8 own p]sonal obs]vations & :i* ! popul> imag9ation has unluckily complicat$1 b r !y appe> z priceless in/rum5ts ( ?\ght :i* ! human gr\ps h labori\sly =g$ ?r\gh ! c5turies & :]e !y h accumulat$ ! be/ ( _! intellectual capital4#bd ,a complete section ( ! hi/ory ( humanity is resum$ !re94 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t to succe$ 9 und]/&+ !m & judg+ !m1 x is necess>y to resort to o!r means ?an ^? :i* h be5 9 use up to ! pres5t4 ,to "k :at ^! conceptions :i* we h n made ourselves are really made (1 x does n suffice to int]rogate our own consci\snesses2 we mu/ look outside ( ourselves1 x is hi/ory t we mu/ obs]ve1 !re is a :ole sci5ce :i* mu/ be =m$1 a complex sci5ce :i* c advance b sl[ly & by collective lab\r1 & to :i* ! pres5t "w br+s "s fragm5t>y contributions 9 ! nature ( an attempt4 ,)\t mak+ ^! que/ions ! direct object ( our /udy1 we %all pr(it by all ! occasions :i* pres5t !mselves to u ( cat*+ at _! v bir? "s at lea/ ( ^! ideas :i*1 :ile be+ ( religi\s orig91 /ill rema9 at ! f\ndation ( ! human intellig5ce4 ,,book ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,que/ions ,,*apt] ,i ,,def9ition ,,( ,,religi\s ,,ph5om5a ,,& ,,( ,,religion#be ,if we are go+ to look = ! mo/ primitive & simple religion :i* we c obs]ve1 x is necess>y to beg9 by def9+ :at is meant by a religion2 = )\t ?is1 we w\ld run ! risk ( giv+ ! "n to a sy/em ( ideas & practices :i* has no?+ at all religi\s ab\t x1 or else ( leav+ to "o side _m religi\s facts1 )\t p]ceiv+ _! true nature4 ,t ?is is n an imag9>y dang]1 & t no?+ is ?us sacrific$ to a va9 =malism ( me?od1 is well %[n by ! fact t ow+ to 8 n hav+ tak5 ?is precaution1 a c]ta9 s*ol> to :om ! sci5ce ( comp>ative religions owes a great deal1 ,pr(essor ,fraz]1 has n be5 able to recognize ! pr(\ndly religi\s "* ( ! beliefs & rites :i* w be /udi$ bel[1 :]e1 accord+ to our view1 ! initial g]m ( ! religi\s life ( humanity is to be f\nd4 ,s ?is is a prejudicial "q1 :i* mu/ be treat$ be=e all o!rs4 ,x is n t we dream ( arriv+ at once at ! pr(\nd *>act]i/ics :i* really expla9 religion3 ^! c be det]m9$ only at ! end ( our /udy4 ,b t :i* is necess>y & possible1 is to indicate a c]ta9 numb] ( ext]nal & easily recognizable signs1 :i* w enable u to recognize religi\s ph5om5a :]ev] !y are met )1 & :i* w det] u f conf\nd+ !m ) o!rs4 ,we %all proce$ to ?is prelim9>y op]ation at once4 ,b to atta9 ! desir$ results1 x is necess>y to beg9 by free+ ! m9d ( e preconceiv$ idea4 ,m5 h be5 oblig$ to make = !mselves a notion ( :at religion is1 long be=e ! sci5ce ( religions />t$ its me?odical comp>isons4 ,! necessities ( exi/5ce =ce all ( u1 believ]s & non-believ]s1 to repres5t 9 "s way ^! ?+s 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we live1 ^u :i* we mu/ pass judgm5t con/antly1 & :i* we mu/ take into acc\nt 9 all our conduct4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ^! preconceiv$ ideas are =m$ )\t any me?od1 accord+ to ! circum/ances & *ances ( life1 !y h no "r to any cr$it :atsoev]1 & mu/ be rigor\sly set aside 9 ! exam9ation :i* is to foll[4 ,x is n f our prejudices1 passions or habits t we %\ld dem& ! elem5ts ( ! def9ition :i* we mu/ h2 x is f ! reality itself :i* we are go+ to def9e4 ,let u set ourselves be=e ?is reality4 ,leav+ aside all conceptions ( religion 9 g5]al1 let u consid] ! v>i\s religions 9 _! concrete reality1 & attempt to dis5gage t :i* !y h 9 common2 = religion _c be def9$ except by ! *>act]i/ics :i* are f\nd :]ev] religion itself is f\nd4 ,9 ?is comp>ison1 !n1 we %all make use ( all ! religi\s sy/ems :i* we c "k1 ^? ( ! pres5t & ^? ( ! pa/1 ! mo/ primitive & simple z well z ! mo/ rec5t & ref9$2 = we h nei!r ! "r nor ! logical means ( exclud+ "s & reta9+ o!rs4 ,= ^? :o reg>d religion z only a natural manife/ation ( human activity1 all religions1 )\t any exception :atsoev]1 are in/ructive2 = all1 aft] _! mann]1 express man1 & ?us c aid u 9 bett] und]/&+ ?is aspect ( our nature4 ,also1 we h se5 h[ f> x is f be+ ! be/ way ( /udy+ religion to consid] by pref]5ce ! =ms :i* x pres5ts among ! mo/ civiliz$ peoples4#bf ,b to aid ! m9d 9 free+ itself f ^! usual conceptions :i*1 ow+ to _! pre/ige1 might prev5t x f see+ ?+s z !y really are1 x is fitt+ to exam9e "s ( ! mo/ curr5t ( ! def9itions 9 :i* ^! prejudices are commonly express$1 be=e tak+ up ! "q on our own acc\nt4 ,i ,"o idea :i* g5]ally passes z *>act]i/ic ( all t is religi\s1 is t ( ! sup]natural4 ,by ?is is und]/ood all sorts ( ?+s :i* surpass ! limits ( our k2 ! sup]natural is ! _w ( ! my/]i\s1 ( ! unkn[able1 ( ! un-und]/&able4 ,?us religion w\ld be a sort ( speculation ^u all t :i* evades sci5ce or di/9ct ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,religions diametrically oppos$ 9 _! ov]t dogmas1 said ,sp5c]1 are p]fectly at "o 9 ! tacit conviction t ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 ) all x conta9s & all :i* surr\nds x1 is a my/]y call+ = an explanation2 he ?us makes !m consi/ ess5tially 9 ! belief 9 ! omnipres5ce ( some?+ :i* is inscrutable4#bg ,9 ! same mann]1 ,max ,mll] sees 9 religion a /ruggle to conceive ! inconceivable1 to utt] ! unutt]able1 a long+ aft] ! ,inf9ite4#bh ,x is c]ta9 t ! s5tim5t ( my/]y has n be5 )\t a consid]able importance 9 c]ta9 religions1 notably 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x mu/ also be said t ! importance ( ?is s5tim5t has v>i$ rem>kably at diff]5t mom5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re are p]iods :5 ?is notion passes to an inf]ior place1 & is ev5 effac$4 ,= example1 = ! ,*ri/ians ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 dogma _h no?+ di/urb+ = ! reason2 fai? reconcil$ itself easily ) sci5ce & philosophy1 & ! ?9k]s1 su* z ,pascal1 :o really felt t !re is some?+ pr(\ndly obscure 9 ?+s1 7 s little 9 h>mony ) _! age t !y rema9$ misund]/ood by _! contempor>ies4#bi ,x w\ld appe> some:at ha/y1 !re=e1 to make an idea subject to p>allel eclipses1 ! ess5tial elem5t ( ev5 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9 all ev5ts1 x is c]ta9 t ?is idea does n appe> until late 9 ! hi/ory ( religions2 x is completely =eign1 n only to ^? peoples :o are call$ primitive1 b also to all o!rs :o h n atta9$ a consid]able degree ( intellectual culture4 ,:5 we see !m attribute extraord9>y virtues to insignificant objects1 & p ! univ]se ) s+ul> pr9ciples1 made up ( ! mo/ div]se elem5ts & end[$ ) a sort ( ubiquity :i* is h>dly repres5table1 we are und\bt$ly prone to f9d an air ( my/]y 9 ^! conceptions4 ,x seems to u t ^! m5 w\ld h be5 will+ to resign !mselves to ^! ideas1 s di/urb+ = our mod]n reason1 only because ( _! inability to f9d o!rs :i* 7 m rational4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ^! explanations :i* surprise u s mu*1 appe> to ! primitive man z ! simple/ 9 ! _w4 ,he does n reg>d !m z a sort ( ultima ratio to :i* ! intellect resigns itself only 9 despair ( o!rs1 b r z ! mo/ obvi\s mann] ( repres5t+ & und]/&+ :at he sees ab\t him4 ,= him !re is no?+ /range 9 ! fact t by a m]e ^w or ge/ure "o is able to comm& ! elem5ts1 ret>d or precipitate ! motion ( ! />s1 br+ ra9 or cause x to cease1 etc4 ,! rites :i* he employs to assure ! f]tility ( ! soil or ! fecundity ( ! animal species on :i* he is n\ri%$ d n appe> m irrational to 8 eyes ?an ! te*nical processes ( :i* our agriculturi/s make use1 = ! same object1 d to ours4 ,! p[]s :i* he puts into play by ^! div]se means d n seem to him to h any?+ especially my/]i\s ab\t !m4 ,und\bt$ly ^! =ces are diff]5t f ^? :i* ! mod]n sci5ti/ ?9ks (1 & ^: use he tea*es u2 !y h a diff]5t way ( act+1 & d n all[ !mselves to be direct$ 9 ! same mann]2 b = ^? :o believe 9 !m1 !y are no m un9telligible ?an are gravitation & electricity = ! physici/ ( to-day4 ,moreov]1 we %all see1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 t ! idea ( physical =ces is v probably d]iv$ f t ( religi\s =ces2 !n !re _c exi/ betwe5 ! two ! abyss :i* sep>ates ! rational f ! irrational4 ,ev5 ! fact t religi\s =ces are frequ5tly conceiv$ "u ! =m ( spiritual be+s or consci\s wills1 is no pro( ( _! irrationality4 ,! reason has no repugnance a priori to admitt+ t ! s-call$ inanimate bodies %\ld be direct$ by intellig5ces1 j z ! human body is1 ?\gh contempor>y sci5ce accommodates itself ) difficulty to ?is hypo!sis4 ,:5 ,leibniz propos$ to conceive ! ext]nal _w z an imm5se society ( m9ds1 betwe5 :i* !re 71 & c\ld be1 only spiritual relations1 he ?\ght he 0 work+ z a rationali/1 & saw no?+ 9 ?is univ]sal animism :i* c\ld be (f5sive to ! intellect4 ,moreov]1 ! idea ( ! sup]natural1 z we und]/& x1 dates only f to-day2 9 fact1 x presupposes ! contr>y idea1 ( :i* x is ! negation2 b ?is idea is n at all primitive4 ,9 ord] to say t c]ta9 ?+s are sup]natural1 x is necess>y to h ! s5tim5t t a natural ord] ( ?+s exi/s1 t is to say1 t ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are b\nd toge!r by necess>y relations1 call$ laws4 ,:5 ?is pr9ciple has once be5 admitt$1 all t is contr>y to ^! laws mu/ necess>ily appe> to be outside ( nature1 & consequ5tly1 ( reason2 = :at is natural 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 is also rational1 ^! necess>y relations only express+ ! mann] 9 :i* ?+s are logically relat$4 ,b ?is idea ( univ]sal det]m9ism is ( rec5t orig92 ev5 ! greate/ ?9k]s ( classical antiquity nev] succe$$ 9 becom+ fully consci\s ( x4 ,x is a conque/ ( ! positive sci5ces2 x is ! po/ulate ^u :i* !y repose & :i* !y h prov$ by _! progress4 ,n[ z long z ?is 0 lack+ or insuffici5tly e/abli%$1 ! mo/ m>vell\s ev5ts conta9$ no?+ :i* did n appe> p]fectly conceivable4 ,s long z m5 did n "k ! immutability & ! inflexibility ( ! ord] ( ?+s1 & s long z !y saw !re ! "w ( cont+5t wills1 !y f\nd x natural t ei!r ^! wills or o!rs c\ld modify !m arbitr>ily4 ,t is :y ! miracul\s int]v5tions :i* ! anci5ts attribut$ to _! gods 7 n to _! eyes miracles 9 ! mod]n acceptation ( ! t]m4 ,= !m1 !y 7 beautiful1 r>e or t]rible spectacles1 or causes ( surprise & m>vel 7,greek3 ?amata1 mirabilia1 miracula72 b !y nev] saw 9 !m glimpses ( a my/]i\s _w into :i* ! reason _c p5etrate4 ,we c und]/& ?is m5tality ! bett] s9ce x has n yet completely disappe>$ f our mid/4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( det]m9ism is solidly e/abli%$ to-day 9 ! physical & natural sci5ces1 x is only a c5tury ago t x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ! social sci5ces1 & its au?ority !re is /ill conte/$4 ,!re are only a small numb] ( m9ds :i* are /rongly p5etrat$ ) ?is idea t societies are subject to natural laws & =m a k+dom ( nature4 ,x foll[s t v]itable miracles are believ$ to be possible !re4 ,x is admitt$1 = example1 t a legislator c create an in/itution out ( no?+ by a m]e injunction ( its w1 or trans=m "o social sy/em into ano!r1 j z ! believ]s 9 s _m religions h held t ! div9e w creat$ ! _w out ( no?+1 or c arbitr>ily transmute "o ?+ into ano!r4 ,z f> z social facts are conc]n$1 we /ill h ! m5tality ( primitives4 ,h[ev]1 if s _m ( our contempor>ies /ill reta9 ?is antiquat$ conception = sociological affairs1 x is n because ! life ( societies appe>s obscure & my/]i\s to !m2 on ! contr>y1 if !y are s easily cont5t$ ) ^! explanations1 & if !y are s ob/9ate 9 _! illusions :i* exp]i5ce con/antly belies1 x is because social ev5ts seem to !m ! cle>e/ ?+ 9 ! _w2 x is because !y h n yet realiz$ _! real obscurity2 x is because !y h n yet recogniz$ ! necessity ( resort+ to ! labori\s me?ods ( ! natural sci5ces to gradually scatt] ! d>kness4 ,! same /ate ( m9d is f\nd at ! root ( _m religi\s beliefs :i* surprise u by _! pseudo-simplicity4 ,x is sci5ce & n religion :i* has taught m5 t ?+s are complex & difficult to und]/&4 ,b ! human m9d1 says ,jevons1#cj has no ne$ ( a prop]ly sci5tific culture to notice t det]m9$ sequ5ces1 or a con/ant ord] ( succession1 exi/ betwe5 facts1 or to obs]ve1 on ! o!r h&1 t ?is ord] is frequ5tly upset4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! sun is sudd5ly eclips$1 t ra9 fails at ! "t :5 x is expect$1 t ! moon is sl[ to reappe> aft] its p]iodical disappe>ance1 etc4 ,s9ce ^! ev5ts are outside ! ord9>y c\rse ( affairs1 !y are attribut$ to extraord9>y exceptional causes1 t is to say1 9 f9e1 to extra-natural causes4 ,x is "u ?is =m t ! idea ( ! sup]natural is born at ! v outset ( hi/ory1 & f ?is mom5t1 accord+ to ?is au?or1 religi\s ?\ght f9ds itself provid$ ) its prop] subject4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 ! sup]natural _c be r$uc$ to ! un=ese54 ,! new is a "p ( nature j z well z its contr>y4 ,if we /ate t 9 g5]al1 ph5om5a succe$ "o ano!r 9 a det]m9$ ord]1 we obs]ve equally well t ?is ord] is only approximative1 t x is n always precisely ! same1 & t x has all k9ds ( exceptions4 ,if we h ev] s little exp]i5ce1 we are accu/om$ to see+ our expectations fail1 & ^! deceptions return too (t5 to appe> extraord9>y to u4 ,a c]ta9 cont+5cy is taught by exp]i5ce j z well z a c]ta9 uni=mity2 !n we h no reason = assign+ ! "o to causes & =ces entirely diff]5t f ^? ^u :i* ! o!r dep5ds4 ,9 ord] to arrive at ! idea ( ! sup]natural1 x is n en\gh1 !re=e1 to be witnesses to unexpect$ ev5ts2 x is also necess>y t ^! be conceiv$ z impossible1 t is to say1 irreconcilable ) an ord] :i*1 rightly or wrongly1 appe>s to u to be impli$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,n[ ?is idea ( a necess>y ord] has be5 con/ruct$ little by little by ! positive sci5ces1 & consequ5tly ! contr>y notion c\ld n h exi/$ be=e !m4 ,also1 9 :atev] mann] m5 h repres5t$ ! novelties & cont+5cies reveal$ by exp]i5ce1 !re is no?+ 9 ^! repres5tations :i* c\ld s]ve to *>act]ize religion4 ,= religi\s conceptions h z _! object1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 to express & expla91 n t :i* is exceptional & abnormal 9 ?+s1 b1 on ! contr>y1 t :i* is con/ant & regul>4 ,v frequ5tly1 ! gods s]ve less to acc\nt = ! mon/rosities1 fantasies & anomalies ?an = ! regul> m>* ( ! univ]se1 = ! movem5t ( ! />s1 ! rhy?m ( ! seasons1 ! annual gr[? ( vegetation1 ! p]petuation ( species1 etc4 ,x is f> f be+ true1 !n1 t ! notion ( ! religions co9cides ) t ( ! extraord9>y or ! un=ese54 ,jevons replies t ?is conception ( religi\s =ces is n primitive4 ,m5 comm5c$ by imag9+ !m to acc\nt = disord]s & accid5ts1 & x 0 only aft]w>ds t !y began to utilize !m 9 expla9+ ! uni=mities ( nature4#ca ,b x is n cle> :at c\ld h l$ m5 to attribute su* manife/ly contradictory functions to !m4 ,m ?an t1 ! hypo!sis accord+ to :i* sacr$ be+s 7 at fir/ re/rict$ to ! negative function ( di/urb]s is q arbitr>y4 ,9 fact1 we %all see t1 ev5 ) ! mo/ simple religions we "k1 _! ess5tial task is to ma9ta91 9 a positive mann]1 ! normal c\rse ( life4#cb ,s ! idea ( my/]y is n ( primitive orig94 ,x 0 n giv5 to man2 x is man :o has =g$ x1 ) 8 own h&s1 along ) ! contr>y idea4 ,?is is :y x has a place only 9 a v small numb] ( advanc$ religions4 ,x is impossible to make x ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( religi\s ph5om5a )\t exclud+ f ! def9ition ! majority ( ! facts to be def9$4 ,,ii ,ano!r idea by :i* ! attempt to def9e religion is (t5 made1 is t ( div9ity4 ,religion1 says ,m4 ,rville1#cc is ! det]m9ation ( human life by ! s5tim5t ( a bond unit+ ! human m9d to t my/]i\s m9d ^: dom9ation ( ! _w & itself x recognizes1 & to :om x delights 9 feel+ itself unit$4 ,x is c]ta9 t if ! ^w div9ity is tak5 9 a precise & n>r[ s5se1 ?is def9ition leaves aside a multitude ( obvi\sly religi\s facts4 ,! s\ls ( ! dead & ! spirits ( all ranks & classes ) :i* ! religi\s imag9ation ( s _m diff]5t peoples has populat$ nature1 are always ! object ( rites & sometimes ev5 ( a regul> cult2 yet !y are n gods 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,b 9 ord] t ! def9ition may embrace !m1 x is en\gh to sub/itute = ! t]m gods ! m compreh5sive "o ( spiritual be+s4 ,?is is :at ,tylor does4 ,! fir/ requisite 9 a sy/ematic /udy ( ! religions ( ! l[] races1 he says1 is to lay d[n a rudim5t>y def9ition ( religion4 ,by requir+ 9 ?is def9ition ! belief 9 a supreme deity 4441 no d\bt _m tribes may be exclud$ f ! category ( religi\s4 ,b su* n>r[ def9ition has ! fault ( id5tify+ religion r ) p>ticul> developm5ts4444 ,x seems be/ 444 simply to claim z a m9imum def9ition ( ,religion1 ! belief 9 ,spiritual ,be+s4#cd ,by spiritual be+s mu/ be und]/ood consci\s subjects gift$ ) p[]s sup]ior to ^? possess$ by common m52 ?is qualification is f\nd 9 ! s\ls ( ! dead1 g5iuses or demons z well z 9 div9ities prop]ly s-call$4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 to give our att5tion at once to ! p>ticul> conception ( religion :i* is impli$ 9 ?is def9ition4 ,! relations :i* we c h ) be+s ( ?is sort are det]m9$ by ! nature attribut$ to !m4 ,!y are consci\s be+s2 !n we c act ^u !m only 9 ! same way t we act ^u consci\snesses 9 g5]al1 t is to say1 by psy*ological processes1 attempt+ to conv9ce !m or move !m1 ei!r ) ! aid ( words 7invocations1 pray]s71 or by (f]+s & sacrifices4 ,& s9ce ! object ( religion is to regulate our relations ) ^! special be+s1 !re c be no religion except :]e !re are pray]s1 sacrifices1 propitiatory rites1 etc4 ,?us we h a v simple crit]ium :i* p]mits u to di/+ui% t :i* is religi\s f t :i* is n4 ,x is to ?is crit]ium t ,fraz]1#ce & ) him num]\s e?nograph]s1#cf sy/ematically makes ref]5ce4 ,b h[soev] evid5t ?is def9ition may appe>1 ?anks to ! m5tal habits :i* we owe to our religi\s education1 !re are _m facts to :i* x is n applicable1 b :i* app]ta9 to ! field ( religion nev]!less4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are great religions f :i* ! idea ( gods & spirits is abs5t1 or at lea/1 :]e x plays only a second>y & m9or rle4 ,?is is ! case ) ,buddhism4 ,buddhism1 says ,burn\f1 sets itself 9 opposition to ,brahmanism z a moral sy/em )\t god & an a!ism )\t ,nature4#cg ,z x recognizes n a god ^u :om man dep5ds1 says ,b>?1 its doctr9e is absolutely a!i/ic1#ch :ile ,old5b]g1 9 8 turn1 calls x a fai? )\t a god4#ci ,9 fact1 all t is ess5tial to ,buddhism is f\nd 9 ! f\r propositions :i* ! fai?ful call ! f\r noble tru?s4#dj ,! fir/ /ates ! exi/5ce ( suff]+ z ! accompanim5t to ! p]petual *ange ( ?+s2 ! second %[s desire to be ! cause ( suff]+2 ! ?ird makes ! suppression ( desire ! only means ( suppress+ sorr[2 ! f\r? enum]ates ! ?ree /ages ?r\gh :i* "o mu/ pass to atta9 ?is suppression3 !y are uprightness1 m$itation1 & f9ally wisdom1 ! full possession ( ! doctr9e4 ,^! ?ree /ages once trav]s$1 "o arrives at ! end ( ! road1 at ! deliv]ance1 at salvation by ! ,nirvna4 ,n[ 9 none ( ^! pr9ciples is !re "q ( a div9ity4 ,! ,buddhi/ is n int]e/$ 9 kn[+ :5ce came ! _w 9 :i* he lives & suff]s2 he takes x z a giv5 fact1#da & 8 :ole conc]n is to escape x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is "w ( salvation1 he c c\nt only ^u himself2 he has no god to ?ank1 z he _h previ\sly no god to invoke dur+ 8 /ruggle4#db ,in/ead ( pray+1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 in/ead ( turn+ t[>ds a sup]ior be+ & implor+ 8 assi/ance1 he relies ^u himself & m$itates4 ,?is is n say+ t he absolutely d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! be+s call$ ,indra1 ,agni & ,v>una2#dc b he believes t he owes !m no?+ & t he has no?+ to d ) !m1 = _! p[] c only ext5d ov] ! goods ( ?is _w1 :i* are )\t value = him4 ,!n he is an a!i/1 9 ! s5se t he does n conc]n himself ) ! "q :e!r gods exi/ or n4 ,besides1 ev5 if !y %\ld exi/1 & ) :atev] p[]s !y might be arm$1 ! sa9t or ! emancipat$ man reg>ds himself sup]ior to !m2 = t :i* causes ! dignity ( be+s is n ! ext5t ( ! action !y ex]cise ov] ?+s1 b m]ely ! degree ( _! advancem5t ^u ! road ( salvation4#dd ,x is true t ,buddha1 at lea/ 9 "s divisions ( ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*1 has sometimes be5 consid]$ z a sort ( god4 ,he has 8 temples2 he is ! object ( a cult1 :i*1 by ! way1 is a v simple "o1 = x is r$uc$ ess5tially to ! (f]+ ( fl[]s & ! adoration ( consecrat$ relics or images4 ,x is sc>cely m ?an a commemorative cult4 ,b m ?an t1 ?is div9ization ( ,buddha1 grant+ t ! t]m is exact1 is peculi> to ! =m kn[n z ,nor!rn ,buddhism4 ,! ,buddhi/ ( ! ,s\?1 says ,k]n1 & ! less advanc$ ( ! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s c be said1 accord+ to data kn[n to-day1 to speak ( _! f\nd] z if he 7 a man4#de ,( c\rse1 !y attribute extraord9>y p[]s to ,buddha1 :i* are sup]ior to ^? possess$ by ord9>y mortals2 b x 0 a v anci5t belief 9 ,india1 & "o t is also v g5]al 9 a ho/ ( diff]5t religions1 t a great sa9t is end[$ ) exceptional virtues2#df yet a sa9t is n a god1 any m ?an a prie/ or magician is1 9 spite ( ! sup]human faculties frequ5tly attribut$ to !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ! mo/ au?oriz$ s*ol>s1 all ?is !ism & ! complicat$ my?ology :i* g5]ally accompanies x1 are only d]iv$ & deviat$ =ms ( ,buddhism4 ,at fir/1 ,buddha 0 only reg>d$ z ! wise/ ( m54#dg ,burn\f says ! conception ( a ,buddha :o is some?+ m ?an a man arriv$ at ! highe/ /age ( hol9ess1 is outside ! circle ( ideas :i* =m ! f\ndation ( ! simple ,stras2#dh & ! same au?or adds else:]e t 8 humanity is a fact s inconte/ably recogniz$ by all t ! my?-mak]s1 to :om miracles co/ s little1 h nev] ev5 _h ! idea ( mak+ a god out ( him s9ce 8 dea?4#di ,s we may well ask if he has ev] really dive/$ himself completely ( all human "*1 & if we h a "r to make him into a god completely2#ej 9 any case1 x w\ld h to be a god ( a v p>ticul> "* & "o ^: rle 9 no way resembles t ( o!r div9e p]sonalities4 ,= a god is be=e all else a liv+ be+1 ) :om man %\ld reckon1 & ^u :om he may c\nt2 b ,buddha is dead1 he has ent]$ into ! ,nirvna1 & he c no long] influ5ce ! m>* ( human ev5ts4#ea ,f9ally1 :atev] "o may ?9k ( ! div9ity ( ,buddha1 x rema9s a fact t ?is is a conception :olly outside ! ess5tial "p ( ,buddhism4 ,buddhism consi/s prim>ily 9 ! idea ( salvation1 & salvation supposes only t "o "k ! good doctr9e & practise x4 ,to be sure1 ?is c\ld nev] h be5 kn[n if ,buddha _h n come to reveal x2 b :5 ?is revelation _h once be5 made1 ! "w ( ,buddha 0 accompli%$4 ,f t mom5t he ceas$ to be a factor necess>y to ! religi\s life4 ,! practice ( ! f\r holy tru?s w\ld be possible1 ev5 if ! memory ( him :o reveal$ !m 7 completely oblit]at$4#eb ,x is q ano!r matt] ) ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is inconceivable )\t ! ev]-pres5t idea ( ,*ri/ & 8 ev]-practis$ cult2 = x is by ! ev]-liv+ ,*ri/1 sacrific$ ea* day1 t ! community ( believ]s cont9ues to communicate ) ! supreme s\rce ( ! spiritual life4#ec ,all t prec$es c be appli$ equally well to ano!r great religion ( ,india1 ,janism4 ,! two doctr9es h ne>ly ! same conception ( ! _w & ( life4 ,l ! ,buddhi/s1 says ,b>?1 ! ,janas are a!i/s4 ,!y admit ( no creator2 ! _w is et]nal2 !y explicitly d5y ! possibility ( a p]fect be+ f ! beg9n+4 ,! ,j9a became p]fect2 he 0 n always s4 ,j z ! ,buddhi/s 9 ! nor?1 ! ,jani/s1 or at lea/ c]ta9 ( !m1 h come back to a sort ( deism2 9 ! inscriptions ( ,dekhan !re is m5tion ( a ,j9apati1 a sort ( supreme ,j9a1 :o is call$ ! prim>y creator2 b su* language1 says ! same au?or1 is 9 contradiction to ! mo/ explicit decl>ations extract$ f _! mo/ au?oriz$ writ+s4#ed ,moreov]1 if ?is indiff]5ce = ! div9e is develop$ to su* a po9t 9 ,buddhism & ,janism1 x is because its g]m exi/$ already 9 ! ,brahmanism f :i* ! two 7 d]iv$4 ,9 c]ta9 ( its =ms at lea/1 ,brahmic speculation end$ 9 a frankly mat]iali/ic & a!i/ic int]pretation ( ! univ]se4#ee ,9 "t1 ! num]\s div9ities :i* ! p ( ,india _h orig9ally le>n$ to adore1 came to m]ge !mselves into a sort ( pr9cipal deity1 imp]sonal & ab/ract1 ! ess5ce ( all t exi/s4 ,?is supreme reality1 :i* no long] has any?+ ( a div9e p]sonality ab\t x1 is conta9$ )9 man himself1 or r1 man is b "o ) x1 = no?+ exi/s ap>t f x4 ,to f9d x1 & unite himself to x1 "o does n h to se>* "s ext]nal support outside himself2 x is en\gh to conc5trate ^u himself & m$itate4 ,if 9 ,buddhism1 says ,old5b]g1 ! pr\d attempt be made to conceive a deliv]ance 9 :i* man himself deliv]s himself1 to create a fai? )\t a god1 x is ,brahmanical speculation :i* has prep>$ ! way = ?is ?\ght4 ,x ?ru/s back ! idea ( a god /ep by /ep2 ! =ms ( ! old gods h fad$ away1 & besides ! ,brahma1 :i* is en?ron$ 9 its ev]la/+ quietude1 highly exalt$ above ! de/9ies ( ! human _w1 !re is left rema9+1 z ! sole really active p]son 9 ! great "w ( deliv]ance1 man himself4#ef ,"h1 !n1 we f9d a consid]able portion ( religi\s evolution :i* has consi/$ 9 ! progressive recoil ( ! idea ( a spiritual be+ f t ( a deity4 ,"h are great religions :]e invocations1 propitiations1 sacrifices & pray]s prop]ly s-call$ are f> f hold+ a prepond]at+ place1 & :i* consequ5tly d n pres5t t di/9ctive sign by :i* "s claim to recognize ^? manife/ations :i* are prop]ly call$ religi\s4 ,b ev5 )9 dei/ic religions !re are _m rites :i* are completely indep5d5t ( all idea ( gods or spiritual be+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are a multitude ( int]dictions4 ,= example1 ! ,bible ord]s t a woman live isolat$ dur+ a det]m9$ p]iod ea* mon?2#eg a simil> isolation is obligatory dur+ ! ly+-9 at *ild-bir?2#eh x is =bidd5 to hit* an ass & a horse toge!r1 or to we> a g>m5t 9 :i* ! hemp is mix$ ) flax2#ei b x is impossible to see ! "p :i* belief 9 ,jahveh c h play$ 9 ^! int]dictions1 = he is :olly abs5t f all ! relations ?us =bidd51 & c\ld n be int]e/$ 9 !m4 ,z mu* c be said = ! majority ( ! dietetic regulations4 ,^! prohibitions are n peculi> to ! ,hebrews1 b !y are f\nd "u div]se =ms1 b ) sub/antially ! same "*1 9 innum]able religions4 ,x is true t ^! rites are purely negative1 b !y d n cease be+ religi\s = t4 ,also !re are o!rs :i* dem& active & positive s]vices ( ! fai?ful1 b :i* are nev]!less ( ! same nature4 ,!y "w by !mselves1 & _! efficacy dep5ds ^u no div9e p[]2 !y me*anically produce ! effects :i* are ! reason = _! exi/5ce4 ,!y d n consi/ ei!r 9 pray]s or (f]+s address$ to a be+ ^u ^: goodwill ! expect$ result dep5ds2 ?is result is obta9$ by ! automatic op]ation ( ! ritual4 ,su* is notably ! case ) ! sacrifice ( ! ,v$ic religion4 ,! sacrifice ex]cises a direct influ5ce ^u ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 says ,b]gaigne2#fj x is all-p[]ful ( itself1 & )\t any div9e influ5ce4 ,x is ?is1 = example1 :i* broke op5 ! doors ( ! cav]n :]e ! dawn 0 imprison$ & :i* made ! light ( day bur/ =?4#fa ,9 ! same way !re are special hymns :i*1 by _! direct action1 made ! wat]s ( heav5 fall ^u ! e>?1 & ev5 9 spite ( ! gods4#fb ,! practice ( c]ta9 au/]ities has ! same p[]4 ,m ?an t1 ! sacrifice is s fully ! orig9 ( ?+s p> excell5ce1 t !y h attribut$ to x n only ! orig9 ( man1 b ev5 t ( ! gods4444 ,su* a conception may well appe> /range4 ,x is expla9$1 h[ev]1 z be+ "o ( ! ultimate consequ5ces ( ! idea ( ! omnipot5ce ( sacrifice4#fc ,?us1 9 ! entire fir/ "p ( 8 "w1 ,m4 ,b]gaigne speaks only ( sacrifices1 :]e div9ities play no rle :atsoev]4 ,nor is ?is fact peculi> to ! ,v$ic religion1 b is1 on ! contr>y1 q g5]al4 ,9 e cult !re are practices :i* act by !mselves1 by a virtue :i* is _! own1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any god betwe5 ! individual :o practises ! rite & ! end s\ght aft]4 ,:51 9 ! s-call$ ,fea/ ( ! ,tab]nacles1 ! ,jew set ! air 9 motion by %ak+ will[ bran*es 9 a c]ta9 rhy?m1 x 0 to cause ! w9d to rise & ! ra9 to fall2 & x 0 believ$ t ! desir$ ph5om5on w\ld result automatically f ! rite1 provid$ x 7 correctly p]=m$4#fd ,?is is ! explanation ( ! fundam5tal importance laid by ne>ly all cults ^u ! mat]ial portion ( ! c]emonies4 ,?is religi\s =malism--v probably ! fir/ =m ( legal =malism--comes f ! fact t s9ce ! =mula to be pron\nc$ & ! movem5ts to be made conta9 )9 !mselves ! s\rce ( _! efficacy1 !y w\ld lose x if !y did n con=m absolutely to ! type consecrat$ by success4 ,?us !re are rites )\t gods1 & ev5 rites f :i* gods are d]iv$4 ,all religi\s p[]s d n emanate f div9e p]sonalities1 & !re are relations ( cult :i* h o!r objects ?an unit+ man to a deity4 ,religion is m ?an ! idea ( gods or spirits1 & consequ5tly _c be def9$ exclusively 9 relation to ^! latt]4 ,,iii ,^! def9itions set aside1 let u set ourselves be=e ! problem4 ,fir/ ( all1 let u rem>k t 9 all ^! =mul x is ! nature ( religion z a :ole t !y seek to express4 ,!y proce$ z if x 7 a sort ( indivisible entity1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is made up ( p>ts2 x is a m or less complex sy/em ( my?s1 dogmas1 rites & c]emonies4 ,n[ a :ole _c be def9$ except 9 relation to its p>ts4 ,x w be m me?odical1 !n1 to try to *>act]ize ! v>i\s elem5t>y ph5om5a ( :i* all religions are made up1 be=e we attack ! sy/em produc$ by _! union4 ,?is me?od is impos$ /ill m =cibly by ! fact t !re are religi\s ph5om5a :i* belong to no det]m9$ religion4 ,su* are ^? ph5om5a :i* con/itute ! matt] ( folk-lore4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are ! debris ( pass$ religions1 inorganiz$ survivals2 b !re are "s :i* h be5 =m$ spontane\sly "u ! influ5ce ( local causes4 ,9 our ,european c\ntries ,*ri/ianity has =c$ itself to absorb & assimilate !m2 x has giv5 !m a ,*ri/ian col\r+4 ,nev]!less1 !re are _m :i* h p]si/$ up until a rec5t date1 or :i* /ill exi/ ) a relative autonomy3 celebrations ( ,may ,day1 ! summ] sol/ice or ! c>nival1 beliefs relative to g5ii1 local demons1 etc41 are cases 9 po9t4 ,if ! religi\s "* ( ^! facts is n[ dim9i%+1 _! religi\s importance is nev]!less s great t !y h enabl$ ,mannh>dt & 8 s*ool to revive ! sci5ce ( religions4 ,a def9ition :i* did n take acc\nt ( !m w\ld n cov] all t is religi\s4 ,religi\s ph5om5a are naturally arrang$ 9 two fundam5tal categories3 beliefs & rites4 ,! fir/ are /ates ( op9ion1 & consi/ 9 repres5tations2 ! second are det]m9$ modes ( action4 ,betwe5 ^! two classes ( facts !re is all ! diff]5ce :i* sep>ates ?\ght f action4 ,! rites c be def9$ & di/+ui%$ f o!r human practices1 moral practices1 = example1 only by ! special nature ( _! object4 ,a moral rule prescribes c]ta9 mann]s ( act+ to u1 j z a rite does1 b :i* are address$ to a diff]5t class ( objects4 ,s x is ! object ( ! rite :i* mu/ be *>act]iz$1 if we are to *>act]ize ! rite itself4 ,n[ x is 9 ! beliefs t ! special nature ( ?is object is express$4 ,x is possible to def9e ! rite only aft] we h def9$ ! belief4 ,all kn[n religi\s beliefs1 :e!r simple or complex1 pres5t "o common *>act]i/ic3 !y presuppose a classification ( all ! ?+s1 real & ideal1 ( :i* m5 ?9k1 into two classes or oppos$ gr\ps1 g5]ally designat$ by two di/9ct t]ms :i* are translat$ well en\gh by ! words pr(ane & sacr$ 7pr(ane1 sacr74 ,?is division ( ! _w into two doma9s1 ! "o conta9+ all t is sacr$1 ! o!r all t is pr(ane1 is ! di/9ctive trait ( religi\s ?\ght2 ! beliefs1 my?s1 dogmas & leg5ds are ei!r repres5tations or sy/ems ( repres5tations :i* express ! nature ( sacr$ ?+s1 ! virtues & p[]s :i* are attribut$ to !m1 or _! relations ) ea* o!r & ) pr(ane ?+s4 ,b by sacr$ ?+s "o mu/ n und]/& simply ^? p]sonal be+s :i* are call$ gods or spirits2 a rock1 a tree1 a spr+1 a pebble1 a piece ( wood1 a h\se1 9 a ^w1 any?+ c be sacr$4 ,a rite c h ?is "*2 9 fact1 ! rite does n exi/ :i* does n h x to a c]ta9 degree4 ,!re are words1 expressions & =mul :i* c be pron\nc$ only by ! m\?s ( consecrat$ p]sons2 !re are ge/ures & movem5ts :i* ev]ybody _c p]=m4 ,if ! ,v$ic sacrifice has _h su* an efficacy t1 accord+ to my?ology1 x 0 ! creator ( ! gods1 & n m]ely a means ( w9n+ _! fav\r1 x is because x possess$ a virtue comp>able to t ( ! mo/ sacr$ be+s4 ,! circle ( sacr$ objects _c be det]m9$1 !n1 once = all4 ,its ext5t v>ies inf9itely1 accord+ to ! diff]5t religions4 ,t is h[ ,buddhism is a religion3 9 default ( gods1 x admits ! exi/5ce ( sacr$ ?+s1 namely1 ! f\r noble tru?s & ! practices d]iv$ f !m4#fe ,up to ! pres5t we h conf9$ ourselves to enum]at+ a c]ta9 numb] ( sacr$ ?+s z examples3 we mu/ n[ %[ by :at g5]al *>act]i/ics !y are to be di/+ui%$ f pr(ane ?+s4 ,"o might be tempt$1 fir/ ( all1 to def9e !m by ! place !y are g5]ally assign$ 9 ! hi]>*y ( ?+s4 ,!y are naturally consid]$ sup]ior 9 dignity & p[] to pr(ane ?+s1 & p>ticul>ly to man1 :5 he is only a man & has no?+ sacr$ ab\t him4 ,"o ?9ks ( himself z occupy+ an inf]ior & dep5d5t position 9 relation to !m2 & surely ?is conception is n )\t "s tru?4 ,only !re is no?+ 9 x :i* is really *>act]i/ic ( ! sacr$4 ,x is n en\gh t "o ?+ be subord9at$ to ano!r = ! second to be sacr$ 9 reg>d to ! fir/4 ,slaves are inf]ior to _! ma/]s1 subjects to _! k+1 soldi]s to _! lead]s1 ! mis] to 8 gold1 ! man ambiti\s = p[] to ! h&s :i* keep x f him2 b if x is sometimes said ( a man t he makes a religion ( ^? be+s or ?+s ^: em95t value & sup]iority to himself he ?us recognizes1 x is cle> t 9 any case ! ^w is tak5 9 a metaphorical s5se1 & t !re is no?+ 9 ^! relations :i* is really religi\s4#ff ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ n be lo/ to view t !re are sacr$ ?+s ( e degree1 & t !re are "s 9 relation to :i* a man feels himself relatively at 8 ease4 ,an amulet has a sacr$ "*1 yet ! respect :i* x inspires is no?+ exceptional4 ,ev5 be=e 8 gods1 a man is n always 9 su* a m>k$ /ate ( inf]iority2 = x v frequ5tly happ5s t he ex]cises a v]itable physical con/ra9t ^u !m to obta9 :at he desires4 ,he beats ! feti* ) :i* he is n cont5t$1 b only to reconcile himself ) x aga91 if 9 ! end x %[s itself m docile to ! wi%es ( its ador]4#fg ,to h ra91 he ?r[s /ones into ! spr+ or sacr$ lake :]e ! god ( ra9 is ?\ght to reside2 he believes t by ?is means he =ces him to come out & %[ himself4#fh ,moreov]1 if x is true t man dep5ds ^u 8 gods1 ?is dep5d5ce is reciprocal4 ,! gods also h ne$ ( man2 )\t (f]+s & sacrifices !y w\ld die4 ,we %all ev5 h occasion to %[ t ?is dep5d5ce ( ! gods ^u _! wor%ipp]s is ma9ta9$ ev5 9 ! mo/ ideali/ic religions4 ,b if a purely hi]>*ic di/9ction is a crit]ium at once too g5]al & too imprecise1 !re is no?+ left ) :i* to *>act]ize ! sacr$ 9 its relation to ! pr(ane except _! het]og5eity4 ,h[ev]1 ?is het]og5eity is suffici5t to *>act]ize ?is classification ( ?+s & to di/+ui% x f all o!rs1 because x is v p>ticul>3 x is absolute4 ,9 all ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght !re exi/s no o!r example ( two categories ( ?+s s pr(\ndly diff]5tiat$ or s radically oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,! traditional opposition ( good & bad is no?+ beside ?is2 = ! good & ! bad are only two oppos$ species ( ! same class1 namely morals1 j z sickness & heal? are two diff]5t aspects ( ! same ord] ( facts1 life1 :ile ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane h always & ev]y:]e be5 conceiv$ by ! human m9d z two di/9ct classes1 z two worlds betwe5 :i* !re is no?+ 9 common4 ,! =ces :i* play 9 "o are n simply ^? :i* are met ) 9 ! o!r1 b a little /rong]2 !y are ( a diff]5t sort4 ,9 diff]5t religions1 ?is opposition has be5 conceiv$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"h1 to sep>ate ^! two sorts ( ?+s1 x has seem$ suffici5t to localize !m 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! physical univ]se2 !re1 ! fir/ h be5 put into an ideal & transc5d5tal _w1 :ile ! mat]ial _w is left 9 full possession ( ! o!rs4 ,b h[soev] mu* ! =ms ( ! contra/ may v>y1#fi ! fact ( ! contra/ is univ]sal4 ,?is is n equival5t to say+ t a be+ c nev] pass f "o ( ^! worlds into ! o!r3 b ! mann] 9 :i* ?is passage is effect$1 :5 x does take place1 puts into relief ! ess5tial duality ( ! two k+doms4 ,9 fact1 x implies a v]itable metamorphosis4 ,?is is notably demon/rat$ by ! initiation rites1 su* z !y are practis$ by a multitude ( peoples4 ,?is initiation is a long s]ies ( c]emonies ) ! object ( introduc+ ! "y man into ! religi\s life3 = ! fir/ "t1 he leaves ! purely pr(ane _w :]e he pass$ 8 fir/ infancy1 & ent]s into ! _w ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,n[ ?is *ange ( /ate is ?\ght (1 n z a simple & regul> developm5t ( pre-exi/5t g]ms1 b z a trans=mation totius sub/antiae--( ! :ole be+4 ,x is said t at ?is mom5t ! "y man dies1 t ! p]son t he 0 ceases to exi/1 & t ano!r is in/antly sub/itut$ = x4 ,he is re-born "u a new =m4 ,appropriate c]emonies are felt to br+ ab\t ?is dea? & re-bir?1 :i* are n und]/ood 9 a m]ely symbolic s5se1 b are tak5 lit]ally4#gj ,does ?is n prove t betwe5 ! pr(ane be+ :i* he 0 & ! religi\s be+ :i* he becomes1 !re is a break ( cont9uity8 ,?is het]og5eity is ev5 s complete t x frequ5tly deg5]ates into a v]itable antagonism4 ,! two worlds are n only conceiv$ ( z sep>ate1 b z ev5 ho/ile & jeal\s rivals ( ea* o!r4 ,s9ce m5 _c fully belong to "o except on condition ( leav+ ! o!r completely1 !y are exhort$ to )draw !mselves completely f ! pr(ane _w1 9 ord] to lead an exclusively religi\s life4 ,h5ce comes ! mona/icism :i* is artificially organiz$ outside ( & ap>t f ! natural environm5t 9 :i* ! ord9>y man leads ! life ( ?is _w1 9 a diff]5t "o1 clos$ to ! fir/1 & ne>ly its contr>y4 ,h5ce comes ! my/ic asceticism ^: object is to root out f man all ! atta*m5t = ! pr(ane _w t rema9s 9 him4 ,f t come all ! =ms ( religi\s suicide1 ! logical work+-out ( ?is asceticism2 = ! only mann] ( fully escap+ ! pr(ane life is1 aft] all1 to =sake all life4 ,! opposition ( ^! two classes manife/s itself outw>dly ) a visible sign by :i* we c easily recognize ?is v special classification1 :]ev] x exi/s4 ,s9ce ! idea ( ! sacr$ is always & ev]y:]e sep>at$ f ! idea ( ! pr(ane 9 ! ?\ght ( m51 & s9ce we picture a sort ( logical *asm betwe5 ! two1 ! m9d irresi/ibly refuses to all[ ! two correspond+ ?+s to be conf\nd$1 or ev5 to be m]ely put 9 contact ) ea* o!r2 = su* a promiscuity1 or ev5 too direct a contiguity1 w\ld contradict too viol5tly ! dissociation ( ^! ideas 9 ! m9d4 ,! sacr$ ?+ is p> excell5ce t :i* ! pr(ane %\ld n t\*1 & _c t\* ) impunity4 ,to be sure1 ?is int]diction _c g s f> z to make all communication betwe5 ! two worlds impossible2 = if ! pr(ane c\ld 9 no way ent] into relations ) ! sacr$1 ?is latt] c\ld be good = no?+4 ,b1 9 addition to ! fact t ?is e/abli%m5t ( relations is always a delicate op]ation 9 itself1 dem&+ great precautions & a m or less complicat$ initiation1#ga x is q impossible1 unless ! pr(ane is to lose its specific *>act]i/ics & become sacr$ aft] a fa%ion & to a c]ta9 degree itself4 ,! two classes _c ev5 approa* ea* o!r & keep _! own nature at ! same "t4 ,?us we arrive at ! fir/ crit]ium ( religi\s beliefs4 ,und\bt$ly !re are second>y species )9 ^! two fundam5tal classes :i*1 9 _! turn1 are m or less incompatible ) ea* o!r4#gb ,b ! real *>act]i/ic ( religi\s ph5om5a is t !y always suppose a bip>tite division ( ! :ole univ]se1 kn[n & kn[able1 into two classes :i* embrace all t exi/s1 b :i* radically exclude ea* o!r4 ,sacr$ ?+s are ^? :i* ! int]dictions protect & isolate2 pr(ane ?+s1 ^? to :i* ^! int]dictions are appli$ & :i* mu/ rema9 at a di/ance f ! fir/4 ,religi\s beliefs are ! repres5tations :i* express ! nature ( sacr$ ?+s & ! relations :i* !y su/a91 ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) pr(ane ?+s4 ,f9ally1 rites are ! rules ( conduct :i* prescribe h[ a man %\ld comport himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! sacr$ objects4 ,:5 a c]ta9 numb] ( sacr$ ?+s su/a9 relations ( co-ord9ation or subord9ation ) ea* o!r 9 su* a way z to =m a sy/em hav+ a c]ta9 unity1 b :i* is n compris$ )9 any o!r sy/em ( ! same sort1 ! totality ( ^! beliefs & _! correspond+ rites con/itutes a religion4 ,f ?is def9ition x is se5 t a religion is n necess>ily conta9$ )9 "o sole & s+le idea1 & does n proce$ f "o unique pr9ciple :i*1 ?\gh v>y+ accord+ to ! circum/ances "u :i* x is appli$1 is nev]!less at bottom always ! same3 x is r a :ole made up ( di/9ct & relatively individualiz$ p>ts4 ,ea* homog5e\s gr\p ( sacr$ ?+s1 or ev5 ea* sacr$ ?+ ( "s importance1 con/itutes a c5tre ( organization ab\t :i* gravitate a gr\p ( beliefs & rites1 or a p>ticul> cult2 !re is no religion1 h[soev] unifi$ x may be1 :i* does n recognize a plurality ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ianity1 at lea/ 9 its ,ca?olic =m1 admits1 9 addition to ! div9e p]sonality :i*1 incid5tally1 is triple z well z "o1 ! ,virg91 angels1 sa9ts1 s\ls ( ! dead1 etc4 ,?us a religion _c be r$uc$ to "o s+le cult g5]ally1 b fa!r consi/s 9 a sy/em ( cults1 ea* end[$ ) a c]ta9 autonomy4 ,also1 ?is autonomy is v>iable4 ,sometimes !y are arrang$ 9 a hi]>*y1 & subord9at$ to "s pr$om9at+ cult1 into :i* !y are f9ally absorb$2 b sometimes1 also1 !y are m]ely re>rang$ & unit$4 ,! religion :i* we are go+ to /udy w furni% u ) an example ( j ?is latt] sort ( organization4 ,at ! same "t we f9d ! explanation ( h[ !re c be gr\ps ( religi\s ph5om5a :i* d n belong to any special religion2 x is because !y h n be51 or are no long]1 a "p ( any religi\s sy/em4 ,if1 = "s special reason1 "o ( ! cults ( :i* we j spoke happ5s to be ma9ta9$ :ile ! gr\p ( :i* x 0 a "p disappe>s1 x survives only 9 a dis9tegrat$ condition4 ,t is :at has happ5$ to _m agr>ian cults :i* h surviv$ !mselves z folk-lore4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 x is n ev5 a cult1 b a simple c]emony or p>ticul> rite :i* p]si/s 9 ?is way4#gc ,al?\gh ?is def9ition is only prelim9>y1 x p]mits u to see 9 :at t]ms ! problem :i* necess>ily dom9ates ! sci5ce ( religions %\ld be /at$4 ,:5 we believ$ t sacr$ be+s c\ld be di/+ui%$ f o!rs m]ely by ! great] int5sity ( ! p[]s attribut$ to !m1 ! "q ( h[ m5 came to imag9e !m 0 suffici5tly simple3 x 0 en\gh to dem& :i* =ces _h1 because ( _! exceptional en]gy1 be5 able to /rike ! human imag9ation =cefully en\gh to inspire religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,b if1 z we h s\ght to e/abli%1 sacr$ ?+s diff] 9 nature f pr(ane ?+s1 if !y h a :olly diff]5t ess5ce1 !n ! problem is m complex4 ,= we mu/ fir/ ( all ask :at has be5 able to lead m5 to see 9 ! _w two het]og5e\s & incompatible worlds1 ?\gh no?+ s5sible exp]i5ce seems able to sugge/ ! idea ( s radical a duality to !m4 ,,iv ,h[ev]1 ?is def9ition is n yet complete1 = x is equally applicable to two sorts ( facts :i*1 :ile be+ relat$ to ea* o!r1 mu/ be di/+ui%$ nev]!less3 ^! are magic & religion4 ,magic1 too1 is made up ( beliefs & rites4 ,l religion1 x has its my?s & its dogmas2 only !y are m elem5t>y1 und\bt$ly because1 seek+ te*nical & utilit>ian ends1 x does n wa/e its "t 9 pure speculation4 ,x has its c]emonies1 sacrifices1 lu/rations1 pray]s1 *ants & dances z well4 ,! be+s :i* ! magician invokes & ! =ces :i* he ?r[s 9 play are n m]ely ( ! same nature z ! =ces & be+s to :i* religion addresses itself2 v frequ5tly1 !y are id5tically ! same4 ,?us1 ev5 ) ! mo/ inf]ior societies1 ! s\ls ( ! dead are ess5tially sacr$ ?+s1 & ! object ( religi\s rites4 ,b at ! same "t1 !y play a consid]able rle 9 magic4 ,9 ,au/ralia#gd z well z 9 ,melanesia1#ge 9 ,greece z well z among ! ,*ri/ian peoples1#gf ! s\ls ( ! dead1 _! bones & _! hair1 are among ! int]m$i>ies us$ ! mo/ frequ5tly by ! magician4 ,demons are also a common in/rum5t = magic action4 ,n[ ^! demons are also be+s surr\nd$ ) int]dictions2 !y too are sep>at$ & live 9 a _w ap>t1 s t x is frequ5tly difficult to di/+ui% !m f ! gods prop]ly s-call$4#gg ,moreov]1 9 ,*ri/ianity itself1 is n ! devil a fall5 god1 or ev5 leav+ aside all "q ( 8 orig91 does he n h a religi\s "* f ! m]e fact t ! hell ( :i* he has *>ge is some?+ indisp5sable to ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,!re are ev5 "s regul> & (ficial deities :o are invok$ by ! magician4 ,sometimes ^! are ! gods ( a =eign p2 = example1 ,greek magicians call$ ^u ,egyptian1 ,assyrian or ,jewi% gods4 ,sometimes1 !y are ev5 national gods3 ,hecate & ,diana 7 ! object ( a magic cult2 ! ,virg91 ,*ri/ & ! sa9ts h be5 utiliz$ 9 ! same way by ,*ri/ian magicians4#gh ,!n w x be necess>y to say t magic is h>dly di/+ui%able f religion2 t magic is full ( religion j z religion is full ( magic1 & consequ5tly t x is impossible to sep>ate !m & to def9e ! "o )\t ! o!r8 ,x is difficult to su/a9 ?is !sis1 because ( ! m>k$ repugnance ( religion = magic1 & 9 return1 ! ho/ility ( ! second t[>ds ! fir/4 ,magic takes a sort ( pr(essional pleasure 9 pr(an+ holy ?+s2#gi 9 its rites1 x p]=ms ! contr>y ( ! religi\s c]emony4#hj ,on its side1 religion1 :5 x has n condemn$ & prohibit$ magic rites1 has always look$ ^u !m ) disfav\r4 ,z ,hub]t & ,mauss h rem>k$1 !re is some?+ ?or\ghly anti-religi\s 9 ! do+s ( ! magician4#ha ,:atev] relations !re may be betwe5 ^! two sorts ( in/itutions1 x is difficult to imag9e _! n be+ oppos$ some:]e2 & x is /ill m necess>y = u to f9d :]e !y are diff]5tiat$1 z we plan to limit our rese>*es to religion1 & to /op at ! po9t :]e magic comm5ces4 ,"h is h[ a l9e ( dem>cation c be trac$ betwe5 ^! two doma9s4 ,! really religi\s beliefs are always common to a det]m9$ gr\p1 :i* makes pr(ession ( adh]+ to !m & ( practis+ ! rites connect$ ) !m4 ,!y are n m]ely receiv$ individually by all ! memb]s ( ?is gr\p2 !y are some?+ belong+ to ! gr\p1 & !y make its unity4 ,! individuals :i* compose x feel !mselves unit$ to ea* o!r by ! simple fact t !y h a common fai?4 ,a society ^: memb]s are unit$ by ! fact t !y ?9k 9 ! same way 9 reg>d to ! sacr$ _w & its relations ) ! pr(ane _w1 & by ! fact t !y translate ^! common ideas into common practices1 is :at is call$ a ,*ur*4 ,9 all hi/ory1 we d n f9d a s+le religion )\t a ,*ur*4 ,sometimes ! ,*ur* is /rictly national1 sometimes x passes ! fronti]s2 sometimes x embraces an entire p 7,rome1 ,a!ns1 ! ,hebrews71 sometimes x embraces only a "p ( !m 7! ,*ri/ian societies s9ce ! adv5t ( ,prote/antism72 sometimes x is direct$ by a corps ( prie/s1 sometimes x is almo/ completely devoid ( any (ficial direct+ body4#hb ,b :]ev] we obs]ve ! religi\s life1 we f9d t x has a def9ite gr\p z its f\ndation4 ,ev5 ! s-call$ private cults1 su* z ! dome/ic cult or ! cult ( a corporation1 satisfy ?is condition2 = !y are always celebrat$ by a gr\p1 ! family or ! corporation4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ^! p>ticul> religions are ord9>ily only special =ms ( a m g5]al religion :i* embraces all2#hc ^! re/rict$ ,*ur*es are 9 reality only *apels ( a va/] ,*ur* :i*1 by reason ( ?is v ext5t1 m]its ?is "n /ill m4#hd ,x is q ano!r matt] ) magic4 ,to be sure1 ! belief 9 magic is always m or less g5]al2 x is v frequ5tly diffus$ 9 l>ge masses ( ! population1 & !re are ev5 peoples :]e x has z _m adh]5ts z ! real religion4 ,b x does n result 9 b9d+ toge!r ^? :o adh]e to x1 nor 9 unit+ !m into a gr\p lead+ a common life4 ,!re is no ,*ur* ( magic4 ,betwe5 ! magician & ! individuals :o consult him1 z betwe5 ^! individuals !mselves1 !re are no la/+ bonds :i* make !m memb]s ( ! same moral community1 comp>able to t =m$ by ! believ]s 9 ! same god or ! obs]v]s ( ! same cult4 ,! magician has a cli5tele & n a ,*ur*1 & x is v possible t 8 cli5ts h no o!r relations betwe5 ea* o!r1 or ev5 d n "k ea* o!r2 ev5 ! relations :i* !y h ) him are g5]ally accid5tal & transi5t2 !y are j l ^? ( a sick man ) 8 physician4 ,! (ficial & public "* ) :i* he is sometimes inve/$ *anges no?+ 9 ?is situation2 ! fact t he works op5ly does n unite him m regul>ly or m durably to ^? :o h rec\rse to 8 s]vices4 ,x is true t 9 c]ta9 cases1 magicians =m societies among !mselves3 x happ5s t !y assemble m or less p]iodically to celebrate c]ta9 rites 9 common2 x is well kn[n :at a place ^! assemblies ( wit*es hold 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,b x is to be rem>k$ t ^! associations are 9 no way indisp5sable to ! work+ ( ! magic2 !y are ev5 r>e & r exceptional4 ,! magician has no ne$ ( unit+ himself to 8 fell[s to practise 8 art4 ,m frequ5tly1 he is a recluse2 9 g5]al1 f> f seek+ society1 he flees x4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to 8 colleagues1 he always keeps 8 p]sonal indep5d5ce4#he ,religion1 on ! o!r h&1 is insep>able f ! idea ( a ,*ur*4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !re is an ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 magic & religion4 ,b :at is especially important is t :5 ^! societies ( magic are =m$1 !y d n include all ! adh]5ts to magic1 b only ! magicians2 ! laym51 if !y may be s call$1 t is to say1 ^? = ^: pr(it ! rites are celebrat$1 9 f9e1 ^? :o repres5t ! wor%ipp]s 9 ! regul> cults1 are exclud$4 ,n[ ! magician is = magic :at ! prie/ is = religion1 b a college ( prie/s is n a ,*ur*1 any m ?an a religi\s congregation :i* %\ld devote itself to "s p>ticul> sa9t 9 ! %ad[ ( a cloi/]1 w\ld be a p>ticul> cult4 ,a ,*ur* is n a frat]nity ( prie/s2 x is a moral community =m$ by all ! believ]s 9 a s+le fai?1 laym5 z well z prie/s4 ,b magic lacks any su* community4#hf ,b if ! idea ( a ,*ur* is made to ent] into ! def9ition ( religion1 does t n exclude ! private religions :i* ! individual e/abli%es = himself & celebrates by himself8 ,!re is sc>cely a society :]e ^! are n f\nd4 ,e ,ojibway1 z we %all see bel[1 has 8 own p]sonal manit\1 :i* he *ooses himself & to :i* he r5d]s special religi\s s]vices2 ! ,melanesian ( ! ,banks ,isl&s has 8 tamaniu2#hg ! ,roman1 8 g5ius2#hh ! ,*ri/ian1 8 patron sa9t & gu>dian angel1 etc4 ,by def9ition all ^! cults seem to be indep5d5t ( all idea ( ! gr\p4 ,n only are ^! individual religions v frequ5t 9 hi/ory1 b n[adays _m are ask+ if !y are n de/9$ to be ! pre-em95t =m ( ! religi\s life1 & if ! day w n come :5 !re w be no o!r cult ?an t :i* ea* man w freely p]=m )9 himself4#hi ,b if we leave ^! speculations 9 reg>d to ! future aside = ! mom5t1 & conf9e ourselves to religions su* z !y are at pres5t or h be5 9 ! pa/1 x becomes cle>ly evid5t t ^! individual cults are n di/9ct & autonom\s religi\s sy/ems1 b m]ely aspects ( ! common religion ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 ( :i* ! individuals are memb]s4 ,! patron sa9t ( ! ,*ri/ian is *os5 f ! (ficial li/ ( sa9ts recogniz$ by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 !re are ev5 canonical rules prescrib+ h[ ea* ,ca?olic %\ld p]=m ?is private cult4 ,9 ! same way1 ! idea t ea* man necess>ily has a protect+ g5ius is f\nd1 "u diff]5t =ms1 at ! basis ( a great numb] ( ,am]ican religions1 z well z ( ! ,roman religion 7to cite only ^! two examples72 =1 z w be se5 lat]1 x is v closely connect$ ) ! idea ( ! s\l1 & ?is idea ( ! s\l is n "o ( ^? :i* c be left entirely to individual *oice4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ! ,*ur* ( :i* he is a memb] :i* tea*es ! individual :at ^! p]sonal gods are1 :at _! function is1 h[ he %\ld ent] into relations ) !m & h[ he %\ld hon\r !m4 ,:5 a me?odical analysis is made ( ! doctr9es ( any ,*ur* :atsoev]1 soon] or lat] we come ^u ^? conc]n+ private cults4 ,s ^! are n two religions ( diff]5t types1 & turn$ 9 opposite directions2 bo? are made up ( ! same ideas & ! same pr9ciples1 "h appli$ to circum/ances :i* are ( int]e/ to ! gr\p z a :ole1 !re to ! life ( ! individual4 ,?is solid>ity is ev5 s close t among c]ta9 peoples1#ij ! c]emonies by :i* ! fai?ful fir/ ent] into communication ) _! protect+ g5iuses are mix$ ) rites ^: public "* is inconte/able1 namely ! rites ( initiation4#ia ,!re /ill rema9 ^? contempor>y aspirations t[>ds a religion :i* w\ld consi/ entirely 9 int]nal & subjective /ates1 & :i* w\ld be con/ruct$ freely by ea* ( u4 ,b h[soev] real ^! aspirations may be1 !y _c affect our def9ition1 = ?is is to be appli$ only to facts already realiz$1 & n to unc]ta9 possibilities4 ,"o c def9e religions su* z !y are1 or su* z !y h be51 b n su* z !y m or less vaguely t5d to become4 ,x is possible t ?is religi\s individualism is de/9$ to be realiz$ 9 facts2 b be=e we c say j h[ f> ?is may be ! case1 we mu/ fir/ "k :at religion is1 ( :at elem5ts x is made up1 f :at causes x results1 & :at function x fulfils--all que/ions ^: solution _c be =ese5 be=e ! ?re%old ( our /udy has be5 pass$4 ,x is only at ! close ( ?is /udy t we c attempt to anticipate ! future4 ,?us we arrive at ! foll[+ def9ition3 ,a religion is a unifi$ sy/em ( beliefs & practices relative to sacr$ ?+s1 t is to say1 ?+s set ap>t & =bidd5--beliefs & practices :i* unite into "o s+le moral community call$ a ,*ur*1 all ^? :o adh]e to !m4 ,! second elem5t :i* ?us f9ds a place 9 our def9ition is no less ess5tial ?an ! fir/2 = by %[+ t ! idea ( religion is insep>able f t ( ! ,*ur*1 x makes x cle> t religion %\ld be an em95tly collective ?+4#ib ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,lead+ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,religion ,i4--,animism ,arm$ ) ?is def9ition1 we are n[ able to set out 9 se>* ( ?is elem5t>y religion :i* we propose to /udy4 ,ev5 ! crude/ religions ) :i* hi/ory & e?nology make u acqua9t$ are already ( a complexity :i* corresponds badly ) ! idea sometimes held ( primitive m5tality4 ,"o f9ds !re n only a confus$ sy/em ( beliefs & rites1 b also su* a plurality ( diff]5t pr9ciples1 & su* a ri*ness ( ess5tial notions1 t x seems impossible to see 9 !m any?+ b ! late product ( a r long evolution4 ,h5ce x has be5 conclud$ t to discov] ! truly orig9al =m ( ! religi\s life1 x is necess>y to desc5d by analysis beyond ^! obs]vable religions1 to resolve !m into _! common & fundam5tal elem5ts1 & !n to seek among ^! latt] "s "o f :i* ! o!rs 7 d]iv$4 ,to ! problem ?us /at$1 two contr>y solutions h be5 giv54 ,!re is no religi\s sy/em1 anci5t or rec5t1 :]e "o does n meet1 "u diff]5t =ms1 two religions1 z x 71 side by side1 :i*1 ?\gh be+ unit$ closely & mutually p5etrat+ ea* o!r1 d n cease1 nev]!less1 to be di/9ct4 ,! "o addresses itself to ! ph5om5a ( nature1 ei!r ! great cosmic =ces1 su* z w9ds1 riv]s1 />s or ! sky1 etc41 or else ! objects ( v>i\s sorts :i* cov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 su* z plants1 animals1 rocks1 etc42 = ?is reason x has be5 giv5 ! "n ( naturism4 ,! o!r has spiritual be+s z its object1 spirits1 s\ls1 g5iuses1 demons1 div9ities prop]ly s-call$1 animat$ & consci\s ag5ts l man1 b di/+ui%$ f him1 nev]!less1 by ! nature ( _! p[]s & especially by ! peculi> *>act]i/ic t !y d n affect ! s5ses 9 ! same way3 ord9>ily !y are n visible to human eyes4 ,?is religion ( spirits is call$ animism4 ,n[1 to expla9 ! univ]sal co-exi/5ce ( ^! two sorts ( cults1 two contradictory !ories h be5 propos$4 ,= "s1 animism is ! primitive religion1 ( :i* naturism is only a second>y & d]iv$ =m4 ,= ! o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! nature cult :i* 0 ! po9t ( dep>ture = religi\s evolution2 ! cult ( spirits is only a peculi> case ( t4 ,^! two !ories are1 up to ! pres5t1 ! only ones by :i* ! attempt has be5 made to expla9 rationally#ic ! orig9s ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,?us ! capital problem rais$ by ! hi/ory ( religions is g5]ally r$uc$ to ask+ :i* ( ^! two solutions %\ld be *os51 or :e!r x is n bett] to comb9e !m1 & 9 t case1 :at place mu/ be giv5 to ea* ( ! two elem5ts4#id ,ev5 ^? s*ol>s :o d n admit ei!r ( ^! hypo!ses 9 _! sy/ematic =m1 d n refuse to reta9 c]ta9 propositions ^u :i* !y re/4#ie ,?us we h a c]ta9 numb] ( !ories already made1 :i* mu/ be submitt$ to criticism be=e we take up ! /udy ( ! facts = ourselves4 ,x w be bett] und]/ood h[ indisp5sable x is to attempt a new "o1 :5 we h se5 ! insuffici5cy ( ^! traditional conceptions4 ,i ,x is ,tylor :o =m$ ! animi/ !ory 9 its ess5tial outl9es4#if ,sp5c]1 :o took x up aft] him1 did n reproduce x )\t introduc+ c]ta9 modifications4#ig ,b 9 g5]al ! que/ions are pos$ by ea* 9 ! same t]ms1 & ! solutions accept$ are1 ) a s+le exception1 id5tically ! same4 ,!re=e we c unite ^! two doctr9es 9 ! exposition :i* foll[s1 if we m>k1 at ! prop] mom5t1 ! place :]e ! two div]ge f "o ano!r4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! elem5t>y =m ( ! religi\s life 9 ^! animi/ic beliefs & practices1 ?ree desid]ata mu/ be satisfi$3 fir/1 s9ce accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! idea ( ! s\l is ! c>d9al idea ( religion1 x mu/ be %[n h[ ?is is =m$ )\t tak+ any ( its elem5ts f an ant]ior religion2 secondly1 x mu/ be made cle> h[ s\ls become ! object ( a cult & are trans=m$ into spirits2 & ?irdly & f9ally1 s9ce ! cult ( ^! spirits is n all ( any religion1 x rema9s to be expla9$ h[ ! cult ( nature is d]iv$ f x4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! idea ( ! s\l 0 fir/ sugge/$ to m5 by ! badly und]/ood spectacle ( ! d\ble life !y ord9>ily lead1 on ! "o h&1 :5 awake1 on ! o!r1 :5 asleep4 ,9 fact1 = ! savage1#ih ! m5tal repres5tations :i* he has :ile awake & ^? ( 8 dreams are said to be ( ! same value3 he objectifies ! second l ! fir/1 t is to say1 t he sees 9 !m ! images ( ext]nal objects ^: appe>ance !y m or less accurately reproduce4 ,s :5 he dreams t he has visit$ a di/ant c\ntry1 he believes t he really 0 !re4 ,b he c\ld n h gone !re1 unless two be+s exi/ )9 him3 ! "o1 8 body1 :i* has rema9$ ly+ on ! gr\nd & :i* he f9ds 9 ! same position on awak5+2 ! o!r1 dur+ ?is "t1 has travell$ ?r\gh space4 ,simil>ly1 if he seems to talk ) "o ( 8 companions :o he kn[s 0 really at a di/ance1 he concludes t ! o!r also is compos$ ( two be+s3 "o :i* sleeps at a di/ance1 & ano!r :i* has come to manife/ himself by means ( ! dream4 ,f ^! repeat$ exp]i5ces1 he little by little arrives at ! idea t ea* ( u has a d\ble1 ano!r self1 :i* 9 det]m9$ conditions has ! p[] ( leav+ ! organism :]e x resides & ( go+ roam+ at a di/ance4 ,( c\rse1 ?is d\ble reproduces all ! ess5tial traits ( ! p]ceptible be+ :i* s]ves x z ext]nal cov]+2 b at ! same "t x is di/+ui%$ f ?is by _m *>act]i/ics4 ,x is m active1 s9ce x c cov] va/ di/ances 9 an in/ant4 ,x is m malleable & pla/ic2 =1 to leave ! body1 x mu/ pass out by its ap]tures1 especially ! m\? & nose4 ,x is repres5t$ z made ( matt]1 und\bt$ly1 b ( a matt] mu* m subtile & e!rial ?an any :i* we "k empirically4 ,?is d\ble is ! s\l4 ,9 fact1 x _c be d\bt$ t 9 num]\s societies ! s\l has be5 conceiv$ 9 ! image ( ! body2 x is believ$ t x reproduces ev5 ! accid5tal de=mities su* z ^? result+ f w\nds or mutilations4 ,c]ta9 ,au/ralians1 aft] hav+ kill$ _! enemy1 cut (f 8 "r ?umb1 s t 8 s\l1 depriv$ ( its ?umb also1 _c ?r[ a javel9 & rev5ge itself4 ,b :ile x resembles ! body1 x has1 at ! same "t1 some?+ half spiritual ab\t x4 ,!y say t x is ! f9] or m a]i=m "p ( ! body1 t x has no fle% nor bone nor s9ew2 t :5 "o wi%es to take hold ( x1 he feels no?+2 t x is l a purifi$ body4#ii ,also1 o!r facts ( exp]i5ce :i* affect ! m9d 9 ! same way naturally gr\p !mselves ar\nd ?is fundam5tal fact taught by ! dream3 fa9t+1 apoplexy1 catalepsy1 ec/asy1 9 a ^w1 all cases ( tempor>y ins5sibility4 ,9 fact1 !y all are expla9$ v well by ! hypo!sis t ! pr9ciple ( life & feel+ is able to leave ! body mom5t>ily4 ,also1 x is natural t ?is pr9ciple %\ld be conf\nd$ ) ! d\ble1 s9ce ! abs5ce ( ! d\ble dur+ sleep daily has ! effect ( susp5d+ ?\ght & life4 ,?us div]se obs]vations seem to agree mutually & to confirm ! idea ( ! con/itutional duality ( man4#ajj ,b ! s\l is n a _s4 ,x is atta*$ to a body :i* x c leave only by exception2 9 s f> z x is no?+ m ?an t1 x is n ! object ( any cult4 ,! _s1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh g5]ally hav+ "s special ?+ z its resid5ce1 c g away at w1 & a man c ent] into relations ) x only by obs]v+ ritual precautions4 ,! s\l c become a _s1 !n1 only by trans=m+ itself3 ! simple application ( ^! prec$+ ideas to ! fact ( dea? produc$ ?is metamorphosis q naturally4 ,= a rudim5t>y intellig5ce1 9 fact1 dea? is n di/+ui%$ f a long fa9t+ swoon or a prolong$ sleep2 x has all _! aspects4 ,?us x seems t x too consi/s 9 a sep>ation ( ! s\l & ! body1 analog\s to t produc$ e night2 b z 9 su* cases1 ! body is n reanimat$1 ! idea is =m$ ( a sep>ation )\t an assignable limit ( "t4 ,:5 ! body is once de/roy$--& fun]al rites h ! object ( ha/5+ ?is de/ruction--! sep>ation is tak5 z f9al4 ,h5ce come spirits deta*$ f any organism & left free 9 space4 ,z _! numb] augm5ts ) "t1 a population ( s\ls =ms ar\nd ! liv+ population4 ,^! s\ls ( m5 h ! ne$s & passions ( m52 !y seek to conc]n !mselves ) ! life ( _! companions ( ye/]day1 ei!r to aid !m or to injure !m1 accord+ to ! s5tim5ts :i* !y h kept t[>ds !m4 ,accord+ to ! circum/ances1 _! nature makes !m ei!r v preci\s auxili>ies or v r$\btable adv]s>ies4 ,ow+ to _! extreme fluidity1 !y c ev5 ent] into ! body1 & cause all sorts ( disord]s !re1 or else increase its vitality4 ,?us comes ! habit ( attribut+ to !m all ^? ev5ts ( life :i* v>y slightly f ! ord9>y3 !re are v few ( ^! = :i* !y _c acc\nt4 ,?us !y con/itute a sort ( ev]-ready supply ( causes :i* nev] leaves "o at a loss :5 9 se>* ( explanations4 ,does a man appe> inspir$1 does he speak ) en]gy1 is x z ?\gh he 7 lift$ outside himself & above ! ord9>y level ( m58 ,x is because a good _s is 9 him & animates him4 ,is he ov]tak5 by an attack or seiz$ by madness8 ,x is because an evil _s has ent]$ into him & br\ght him all ?is tr\ble4 ,!re are no maladies :i* _c be assign$ to "s influ5ce ( ?is sort4 ,?us ! p[] ( s\ls is increas$ by all t m5 attribute to !m1 & 9 ! end m5 f9d !mselves ! prison]s ( ?is imag9>y _w ( :i* !y are1 h[ev]1 ! au?ors & ! models4 ,!y fall into dep5d5ce ^u ^! spiritual =ces :i* !y h creat$ ) _! own h&s & 9 _! own image4 ,= if s\ls are ! giv]s ( heal? & sickness1 ( goods & evils to ?is ext5t1 x is wise to conciliate _! fav\r or appease !m :5 !y are irritat$2 h5ce come ! (f]+s1 pray]s1 sacrifices1 9 a ^w1 all ! app>atus ( religi\s obs]vances4#aja ,"h is ! s\l trans=m$4 ,f a simple vital pr9ciple animat+ ! body ( a man1 x has become a _s1 a good or evil g5ius1 or ev5 a deity1 accord+ to ! importance ( ! effects ) :i* x is *>g$4 ,b s9ce x is dea? :i* br\ght ab\t ?is apo!osis1 x is to ! dead1 to ! s\ls ( ance/ors1 t ! fir/ cult kn[n to humanity 0 address$4 ,?us ! fir/ rites 7 fun]al rites2 ! fir/ sacrifices 7 food (f]+s de/9$ to satisfy ! ne$s ( ! dep>t$2 ! fir/ alt>s 7 tombs4#ajb ,b s9ce ^! spirits 7 ( human orig91 !y int]e/$ !mselves only 9 ! life ( m5 & 7 ?\ght to act only ^u human ev5ts4 ,x is /ill to be expla9$ h[ o!r spirits 7 imag9$ to acc\nt = ! o!r ph5om5a ( ! univ]se & h[ ! cult ( nature 0 subsequ5tly =m$ beside t ( ! ance/ors4 ,= ,tylor1 ?is ext5sion ( animism 0 due to ! p>ticul> m5tality ( ! primitive :o1 l an infant1 _c di/+ui% ! animate & ! inanimate4 ,s9ce ! fir/ be+s ( :i* ! *ild comm5ces to h an idea are m51 t is1 himself & ^? ar\nd him1 x is ^u ?is model ( human nature t he t5ds to ?9k ( ev]y?+4 ,! toys ) :i* he plays1 or ! objects ( e sort :i* affect 8 s5ses1 he reg>ds z liv+ be+s l himself4 ,n[ ! primitive ?9ks l a *ild4 ,consequ5tly1 he also is incl9$ to end[ all ?+s1 ev5 inanimate ones1 ) a nature analog\s to 8 own4 ,!n if1 = ! reasons expos$ above1 he once arrives at ! idea t man is a body animat$ by a _s1 he mu/ necess>ily attribute a duality ( ?is sort & s\ls l 8 own ev5 to in]t bodies !mselves4 ,yet ! sph]e ( action ( ! two c\ld n be ! same4 ,! s\ls ( m5 h a direct influ5ce only ^u ! _w ( m53 !y h a m>k$ pref]5ce = ! human organism1 ev5 :5 dea? has giv5 !m _! lib]ty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s\ls ( ?+s reside especially 9 ^! ?+s1 & are reg>d$ z ! productive causes ( all t passes !re4 ,! fir/ acc\nt = heal? & sickness1 skilfulness or unskilfulness1 etc42 by ! second are expla9$ especially ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w1 ! movem5t ( wat]-c\rses or ! />s1 ! g]m9ation ( plants1 ! reproduction ( animals1 etc4 ,?us ! fir/ philosophy ( man1 :i* is at ! basis ( ! ance/or-cult1 is complet$ by a philosophy ( ! _w4 ,9 reg>d to ^! cosmic spirits1 man f9ds himself 9 a /ate ( dep5d5ce /ill m evid5t ?an t 9 reg>d to ! w&]+ d\bles ( 8 ance/ors4 ,= he c\ld h only ideal & imag9>y relations ) ! latt]1 b he dep5ds ^u ?+s 9 reality2 to live1 he has ne$ ( _! concurr5ce2 he !n believes t he has an equal ne$ ( ! spirits :i* appe> to animate ^! ?+s & to det]m9e _! div]se manife/ations4 ,he implores _! assi/ance1 he solicits !m ) (f]+s & pray]s1 & ! religion ( man is ?us complet$ 9 a religion ( nature4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] objects aga9/ ?is explanation t ! hypo!sis ^u :i* x re/s is contradict$ by ! facts4 ,x is held1 he says1 t !re is a "t :5 m5 d n realize ! diff]5ces :i* sep>ate ! animate f ! inanimate4 ,n[1 z "o advances 9 ! animal scale1 he sees ! ability to make ?is di/9ction develop4 ,! sup]ior animals d n conf\nd an object :i* moves ( itself & ^: movem5ts are adapt$ to c]ta9 ends1 ) ^? :i* are me*anically mov$ f )\t4 ,amus+ h]self ) a m\se %e has caught1 ! cat1 if x rema9s long /ation>y1 t\*es x ) h] paw to make x run4 ,obvi\sly ! ?\ght is t a liv+ ?+ di/urb$ w try to escape4#ajc ,ev5 ! primitive m5 c\ld n h an intellig5ce inf]ior to t ( ! animals :i* prec$$ !m 9 evolution2 !n x _c be = lack ( disc]nm5t t !y pass$ f ! cult ( ance/ors to ! cult ( ?+s4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c]1 :o ^u ?is po9t1 b ^u ?is po9t only1 diff]s f ,tylor1 ?is passage 0 c]ta9ly due to a confusion1 b to "o ( a diff]5t sort4 ,x 01 9 a l>ge "p at lea/1 ! result ( num]\s errors due to language4 ,9 _m inf]ior societies x is a v common cu/om to give to ea* individual1 ei!r at 8 bir? or lat]1 ! "n ( "s animal1 plant1 /> or natural object4 ,b z a consequ5ce ( ! extreme imprecision ( 8 language1 x is v difficult = a primitive to di/+ui% a metaphor f ! reality4 ,he soon lo/ sight ( ! fact t ^! names 7 only figures1 & tak+ !m lit]ally1 he end$ by believ+ t an ance/or nam$ ,tig] or ,lion 0 really a tig] or a lion4 ,!n ! cult ( :i* ! ance/or 0 ! object up to t "t1 0 *ang$ ov] to ! animal ) :i* he 0 !reaft] conf\nd$2 & z ! same sub/itution w5t on = ! plants1 ! />s & all ! natural ph5om5a1 ! religion ( nature took ! place ( ! old religion ( ! dead4 ,besides ?is fundam5tal confusion1 ,sp5c] signalizes o!rs :i* aid$ ! action ( ! fir/ f "t to "t4 ,= example1 ! animals :i* frequ5t ! surr\nd+s ( ! tombs or h\ses ( m5 h be5 tak5 = _! re9c>nat$ s\ls1 & ador$ "u ?is title2#ajd or aga91 ! m\nta9 :i* tradition made ! cradle ( ! race 0 f9ally tak5 = ! ance/or ( ! race2 x 0 ?\ght t m5 7 desc5d$ f x because _! ance/ors appe>$ com+ f x1 & x 0 consequ5tly treat$ z an ance/or itself4#aje ,b accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,sp5c]1 ^! accessory causes _h only a second>y influ5ce2 t :i* pr9cipally det]m9$ ! in/itution ( naturism 0 ! lit]al int]pretation ( metaphorical names4#ajf ,we _h to m5tion ?is !ory to h our exposition ( animism complete2 b x is too inadequate = ! facts1 & too univ]sally ab&on$ to-day to dem& t we /op any long] = x4 ,9 ord] to expla9 a fact z g5]al z ! religion ( nature by an illusion1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! illusion invok$ %\ld h causes ( an equal g5]ality4 ,n[ ev5 if misund]/&+s1 su* z ^? ( :i* ,sp5c] gives "s r>e illu/rations1 c\ld expla9 ! trans=mation ( ! cult ( ance/ors into t ( nature1 x is n cle> :y ?is %\ld be produc$ ) a sort ( univ]sality4 ,no psy*ical me*anism necessitat$ x4 ,x is true t because ( its ambiguity1 ! ^w might lead to an equivocation2 b on ! o!r h&1 all ! p]sonal s\v5irs left by ! ance/or 9 ! memories ( m5 %\ld oppose ?is confusion4 ,:y %\ld ! tradition :i* repres5t$ ! ance/or su* z he really 01 t is to say1 z a man :o l$ ! life ( a man1 ev]y:]e give way be=e ! pre/ige ( a ^w8 ,likewise1 "o %\ld h a little difficulty 9 admitt+ t m5 7 born ( a m\nta9 or a />1 ( an animal or a plant2 ! idea ( a simil> exception to ! ord9>y conceptions ( g5]ation c\ld n fail to raise active resi/ance4 ,?us1 x is f> f true t ! error f\nd a road all prep>$ be=e x1 b r1 all sorts ( reasons %\ld h kept x f be+ accept$4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[1 9 spite ( all ^! ob/acles1 x c\ld h triumph$ s g5]ally4 ,,ii ,! !ory ( ,tylor1 ^: au?ority is always great1 /ill rema9s4 ,8 hypo!ses on ! dream & ! orig9 ( ! ideas ( ! s\l & ( spirits are /ill classic2 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to te/ _! value4 ,fir/ ( all1 x %\ld be recogniz$ t ! !ori/s ( animism h r5d]$ an important s]vice to ! sci5ce ( religions1 & ev5 to ! g5]al hi/ory ( ideas1 by submitt+ ! idea ( ! s\l to hi/orical analysis4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ s _m philosoph]s & mak+ x a simple & imm$iate object ( consci\sness1 !y h mu* m correctly view$ x z a complex :ole1 a product ( hi/ory & my?ology4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t x is some?+ ess5tially religi\s 9 its nature1 orig9 & functions4 ,x is f religion t ! philosoph]s receiv$ x2 x is impossible to und]/& ! =m 9 :i* x is repres5t$ by ! ?9k]s ( antiquity1 if "o does n take into acc\nt ! my?ical elem5ts :i* s]v$ 9 its =mation4 ,b if ,tylor has _h ! m]it ( rais+ ?is problem1 ! solution he gives raises grave difficulties4 ,fir/ ( all1 !re are res]vations to be made 9 reg>d to ! v pr9ciple :i* is at ! basis ( ?is !ory4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t ! s\l is entirely di/9ct f ! body1 t x is its d\ble1 & t )9 x or outside ( x1 x normally lives its own autonom\s life4 ,n[ we %all see#ajg t ?is conception is n t ( ! primitive1 or at lea/1 t x only expresses "o aspect ( 8 idea ( ! s\l4 ,= him1 ! s\l1 ?\gh be+ "u c]ta9 conditions indep5d5t ( ! organism :i* x animates1 conf\nds itself ) ?is latt] to su* an ext5t t x _c be radically sep>at$ f x3 !re are organs :i* are n only its appo9t$ seat1 b also its outw>d =m & mat]ial manife/ation4 ,! notion is !re=e m complex ?an ! doctr9e supposes1 & x is d\btful consequ5tly :e!r ! exp]i5ces m5tion$ are suffici5t to acc\nt = x2 = ev5 if !y did enable u to und]/& h[ m5 h come to believe !mselves d\ble1 !y _c expla9 h[ ?is duality does n exclude1 b r1 implies a deep] unity & an intimate int]p5etration ( ! two be+s ?us diff]5tiat$4 ,b let u admit t ! idea ( ! s\l c be r$uc$ to ! idea ( a d\ble1 & !n see h[ ?is latt] came to be =m$4 ,x c\ld n h be5 sugge/$ to m5 except by ! exp]i5ce ( dreams4 ,t !y might und]/& h[ !y c\ld see places m or less di/ant dur+ sleep1 :ile _! bodies rema9$ ly+ on ! gr\nd1 x w\ld seem t !y 7 l$ to conceive ( !mselves z two be+s3 on ! "o h&1 ! body1 & on ! o!r1 a second self1 able to leave ! organism 9 :i* x lives & to roam ab\t 9 space4 ,b if ?is hypo!sis ( a d\ble is to be able to impose itself ^u m5 ) a sort ( necessity1 x %\ld be ! only "o possible1 or at lea/1 ! mo/ economical "o4 ,n[ z a matt] ( fact1 !re are m simple ones :i*1 x w\ld seem1 might h occurr$ to ! m9d j z naturally4 ,= example1 :y %\ld ! sleep] n imag9e t :ile asleep he is able to see ?+s at a di/ance8 ,to imag9e su* a p[] w\ld dem& less exp5se to ! imag9ation ?an ! con/ruction ( ?is complex notion ( a d\ble1 made ( "s e!rial1 semi-invisible sub/ance1 & ( :i* direct exp]i5ce (f]s no example4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t c]ta9 dreams r naturally sugge/ ! animi/ic explanation1 !re are c]ta9ly _m o!rs :i* are absolutely incompatible ) x4 ,(t5 our dreams are conc]n$ ) pass$ ev5ts2 we see aga9 ! ?+s :i* we saw or did ye/]day or ! day be=e or ev5 dur+ our y\?1 etc42 dreams ( ?is sort are frequ5t & hold a r consid]able place 9 our nocturnal life4 ,b ! idea ( a d\ble _c acc\nt = !m4 ,ev5 if ! d\ble c g f "o po9t to ano!r 9 space1 x is n cle> h[ x c\ld possibly g back & =? 9 "t4 ,h[soev] rudim5t>y 8 intellig5ce may be1 h[ c\ld a man on awak5+ believe t he _h really be5 assi/+ at or tak+ "p 9 ev5ts :i* he kn[s pass$ long be=e8 ,h[ c\ld he imag9e t dur+ 8 sleep he liv$ a life :i* he kn[s has long s9ce gone by8 ,x w\ld be mu* m natural t he %\ld reg>d ^! r5ew$ images z m]ely :at !y really are1 t is1 z s\v5irs l ^? :i* he has dur+ ! day1 b ones ( a special int5sity4 ,moreov]1 9 ! sc5es ( :i* we are ! actors & witnesses :ile we sleep1 x con/antly happ5s t "o ( our contempor>ies has a rle z well z ourselves3 we ?9k we see & he> him 9 ! same place :]e we see ourselves4 ,accord+ to ! animi/s1 ! primitive w\ld expla9 ?is by imag9+ t 8 d\ble 0 visit$ by or met ) ^? ( c]ta9 ( 8 companions4 ,b x w\ld be en\gh t on awak5+ he "q !m1 to f9d t _! exp]i5ces d n co9cide ) 84 ,dur+ ?is same "t1 !y too h _h dreams1 b :olly diff]5t ones4 ,!y h n se5 !mselves p>ticipat+ 9 ! same sc5e2 !y believe t !y h visit$ :olly diff]5t places4 ,s9ce su* contradictions %\ld be ! rule 9 ^! cases1 :y %\ld !y n lead m5 to believe t !re _h probably be5 an error1 t !y _h m]ely imag9$ x1 t !y _h be5 dup$ by illusions8 ,?is bl9d cr$ulity :i* is attribut$ to ! primitive is really too simple4 ,x is n true t he mu/ objectify all 8 s5sations4 ,he _c live long )\t p]ceiv+ t ev5 :5 awake 8 s5ses sometimes deceive him4 ,!n :y %\ld he believe !m m infallible at night ?an dur+ ! day8 ,?us we f9d t !re are _m reasons oppos+ ! !ory t he takes 8 dreams = ! reality & int]prets !m by means ( a d\ble ( himself4 ,b m ?an t1 ev5 if e dream 7 well expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( a d\ble1 & c\ld n be expla9$ o!rwise1 x w\ld rema9 a "q :y m5 h attempt$ to expla9 !m4 ,dreams und\bt$ly con/itute ! matt] ( a possible problem4 ,b we pass by problems e day :i* we d n raise1 & ( :i* we h no suspicion until "s circum/ance makes u feel ! necessity ( rais+ !m4 ,ev5 :5 ! ta/e = pure speculation is ar\s$1 reflection is f> f rais+ all ! problems to :i* x c\ld ev5tually apply itself2 only ^? attract x :i* pres5t a p>ticul> int]e/4 ,especially1 :5 x is a "q ( facts :i* always take place 9 ! same mann]1 habit easily numbs curiosity1 & we d n ev5 dream ( que/ion+ !m4 ,to %ake (f ?is torpor1 x is necess>y t practical exig5cies1 or at lea/ a v press+ !oretical int]e/1 /imulate our att5tion & turn x 9 ?is direction4 ,t is :y1 at e mom5t ( hi/ory1 !re h be5 s _m ?+s t we h n tri$ to und]/&1 )\t ev5 be+ consci\s ( our r5unciation4 ,up until v rec5t times1 x 0 believ$ t ! sun 0 only a few feet 9 diamet]4 ,!re is some?+ incompreh5sible 9 ! /atem5t t a lum9\s disc ( su* slight dim5sions c\ld illum9ate ! _w3 yet = c5turies m5 nev] ?\ght ( resolv+ ?is contradiction4 ,! fact ( h]$ity has be5 kn[n = a long "t1 b x is v rec5tly t ! attempt has be5 made to =mulate its !ory4 ,c]ta9 beliefs 7 ev5 admitt$ :i* r5d]$ x :olly un9telligible3 ?us 9 _m ,au/ralian societies ( :i* we %all h occasion to speak1 ! *ild is n physiologically ! (fspr+ ( its p>5ts4#ajh ,?is intellectual laz9ess is necess>ily at its maximum among ! primitive peoples4 ,^! weak be+s1 :o h s mu* tr\ble 9 ma9ta9+ life aga9/ all ! =ces :i* assail x1 h no means = support+ any luxury 9 ! way ( speculation4 ,!y d n reflect except :5 !y are driv5 to x4 ,n[ x is difficult to see :at c\ld h l$ !m to make dreams ! !me ( _! m$itations4 ,:at does ! dream am\nt to 9 our lives8 ,h[ little is ! place x holds1 especially because ( ! v vague impressions x leaves 9 ! memory1 & ( ! rapidity ) :i* x is effac$ f remembrance1 & consequ5tly1 h[ surpris+ x is t a man ( s rudim5t>y an intellig5ce %\ld h exp5d$ su* ef=ts to f9d its explanation6 ,( ! two exi/5ces :i* he successively leads1 t ( ! day & t ( ! night1 x is ! fir/ :i* %\ld int]e/ him ! mo/4 ,is x n /range t ! second %\ld h s captivat$ 8 att5tion t he made x ! basis ( a :ole sy/em ( complicat$ ideas de/9$ to h s pr(\nd an influ5ce ^u 8 ?\ght & conduct8 ,?us all t5ds to %[ t1 9 spite ( ! cr$it x /ill enjoys1 ! animi/ic !ory ( ! s\l mu/ be revis$4 ,x is true t to-day ! primitive attributes 8 dreams1 or at lea/ c]ta9 ( !m1 to displacem5ts ( 8 d\ble4 ,b t does n say t ! dream actually furni%$ ! mat]ials out ( :i* ! idea ( ! d\ble or ! s\l 0 fir/ con/ruct$2 x might h be5 appli$ aft]w>ds to ! ph5om5a ( dreams1 ec/asy & possession1 )\t hav+ be5 d]iv$ f !m4 ,x is v frequ5t t1 aft] x has be5 =m$1 an idea is employ$ to co-ord9ate or illum9ate--) a light frequ5tly m app>5t ?an real--c]ta9 facts ) :i* x _h no relation at fir/1 & :i* w\ld nev] h sugge/$ x !mselves4 ,god & ! immortality ( ! s\l are frequ5tly prov5 to-day by %[+ t ^! beliefs are impli$ 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( morality2 z a matt] ( fact1 !y h q ano!r orig94 ,! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght c\ld furni% num]\s examples ( ^! retrospective ju/ifications1 :i* c tea* u no?+ ( ! way 9 :i* ! ideas 7 =m$1 nor ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,x is also probable t ! primitive di/+ui%es betwe5 8 dreams1 & does n int]pret !m all 9 ! same way4 ,9 our ,european societies ! /ill num]\s p]sons = :om sleep is a sort ( magico-religi\s /ate 9 :i* ! m9d1 be+ p>tially reliev$ ( ! body1 has a %>pness ( vision :i* x does n enjoy dur+ wak+ mom5ts1 d n g to ! po9t ( consid]+ all _! dreams z s _m my/ic intuitions3 on ! contr>y1 along ) ev]ybody else1 !y see 9 ! majority ( _! dreams only pr(ane conditions1 va9 plays ( images1 or simple halluc9ations4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! primitive %\ld make analog\s di/9ctions4 ,codr+ton says di/9ctly t ! ,melanesians d n attribute all _! dreams indiscrim9ately to ! w&]+s ( _! s\ls1 b m]ely ^? :i* /rike _! imag9ation =cibly3#aji und\bt$ly by t %\ld be und]/ood ^? 9 :i* ! sleep] imag9es himself 9 relations ) religi\s be+s1 good or evil g5iuses1 s\ls ( ! dead1 etc4 ,simil>ly1 ! ,di]i 9 ,au/ralia %>ply di/+ui% ord9>y dreams f ^? nocturnal visions 9 :i* "s deceas$ fri5d or relative %[s himself to !m4 ,9 ! fir/1 !y see a simple fantasy ( _! imag9ation2 !y attribute ! second to ! action ( an evil _s4#aaj ,all ! facts :i* ,h[itt m5tions z examples to %[ h[ ! ,au/ralian attributes to ! s\l ! p[] ( leav+ ! body1 h an equally my/ic "*4 ,! sleep] believes himself transport$ into ! l& ( ! dead or else he conv]ses ) a dead companion4#aaa ,^! dreams are frequ5t among ! primitives4#aab ,x is probably ^u ^! facts t ! !ory is bas$4 ,to acc\nt = !m1 x is admitt$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead come back to ! liv+ dur+ _! sleep4 ,?is !ory 0 ! m readily accept$ because no fact ( exp]i5ce c\ld invalidate x4 ,b ^! dreams 7 possible only :]e ! ideas ( spirits1 s\ls & a l& ( ! dead 7 already exi/5t1 t is to say1 :]e religi\s evolution 0 relatively advanc$4 ,?us1 f> f hav+ be5 able to furni% to religion ! fundam5tal notion ^u :i* x re/s1 !y suppose a previ\s religi\s sy/em1 ^u :i* !y dep5d$4#aac ,,iii ,we n[ arrive at t :i* con/itutes ! v he>t ( ! doctr9e4 ,:]ev] ?is idea ( a d\ble may come f1 x is n suffici5t1 accord+ to ! av[al ( ! animi/s !mselves1 to expla9 ! =mation ( ! cult ( ! ance/ors :i* !y w\ld make ! initial type ( all religions4 ,if ?is d\ble is to become ! object ( a cult1 x mu/ cease to be a simple reproduction ( ! individual1 & mu/ acquire ! *>act]i/ics necess>y to put x 9 ! rank ( sacr$ be+s4 ,x is dea?1 !y say1 :i* p]=ms ?is trans=mation4 ,b :5ce comes ! virtue :i* !y attribute to ?is8 ,ev5 7 ! analogy ( sleep & dea? suffici5t to make "o believe t ! s\l survives ! body 7& !re are res]vations to be made on ?is po9t71 :y does ?is s\l1 by ! m]e fact t x is n[ deta*$ f ! organism1 s completely *ange its nature8 ,if x 0 only a pr(ane ?+1 a w&]+ vital pr9ciple1 dur+ life1 h[ does x become a sacr$ ?+ all at once1 & ! object ( religi\s s5tim5ts8 ,dea? adds no?+ ess5tial to x1 except a great] lib]ty ( movem5t4 ,be+ no long] atta*$ to a special resid5ce1 f n[ on1 x c d at any "t :at x =m]ly did only by night2 b ! action ( :i* x is capable is always ( ! same sort4 ,!n :y h ! liv+ consid]$ ?is uproot$ & vagabond d\ble ( _! =m] companion z any?+ m ?an an equal8 ,x 0 a fell[-creature1 ^: approa* might be inconv5i5t2 x 0 n a div9ity4#aad ,x seems z ?\gh dea? ought to h ! effect ( weak5+ vital en]gies1 in/ead ( /r5g!n+ !m4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a v common belief 9 ! inf]ior societies t ! s\l p>ticipates actively 9 ! life ( ! body4 ,if ! body is w\nd$1 x is w\nd$ itself & 9 a correspond+ place4 ,!n x %\ld gr[ old along ) ! body4 ,9 fact1 !re are peoples :o d n r5d] fun]al hon\rs to m5 arriv$ at s5ility2 !y are treat$ z if _! s\ls also _h become s5ile4#aae ,x ev5 happ5s t !y regul>ly put to dea?1 be=e !y arrive at old age1 c]ta9 privileg$ p]sons1 su* z k+s or prie/s1 :o are suppos$ to be ! possessors ( p[]ful spirits ^: protection ! community wi%es to keep4 ,!y ?us seek to keep ! _s f be+ affect$ by ! physical decad5ce ( its mom5t>y keep]s2 ) ?is end 9 view1 !y take x f ! organism :]e x resides be=e age c h weak5$ x1 & !y transport x1 :ile x has z yet lo/ no?+ ( its vig\r1 into a y\ng] body :]e x w be able to keep its vitality intact4#aaf ,s :5 dea? results f sickness or old age1 x seems z ?\gh ! s\l c\ld reta9 only a dim9i%$ p[]2 & if x is only its d\ble1 x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld survive at all1 aft] ! body is once def9itely dissolv$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! idea ( survival is intelligible only ) great difficulty4 ,!re is a logical & psy*ological gap betwe5 ! idea ( a d\ble at lib]ty & t ( a _s to :i* a cult is address$4 ,?is int]val appe>s /ill m consid]able :5 we realize :at an abyss sep>ates ! sacr$ _w f ! pr(ane2 x becomes evid5t t a simple *ange ( degree c\ld n be en\gh to make some?+ pass f "o category into ! o!r4 ,sacr$ be+s are n di/+ui%$ f pr(ane ones m]ely by ! /range or disconc]t+ =ms :i* !y take or by ! great] p[]s :i* !y enjoy2 betwe5 ! two !re is no common measure4 ,n[ !re is no?+ 9 ! notion ( a d\ble :i* c\ld acc\nt = s radical a het]og5eity4 ,x is said t :5 once fre$ f ! body1 ! _s c "w all sorts ( good or evil = ! liv+1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* x reg>ds !m4 ,b x is n en\gh t a be+ %\ld di/urb 8 neighb\rhood to seem to be ( a :olly diff]5t nature f ^? ^: tranquillity x m5aces4 ,to be sure1 9 ! s5tim5t :i* ! believ] feels = ! ?+s he adores1 !re always ent]s 9 "s elem5t ( res]ve & fe>2 b ?is is a fe> sui g5]is1 d]iv$ f respect m ?an f fright1 & :]e ! dom9at+ emotion is t :i* la maje/ inspires 9 m54 ,! idea ( maje/y is ess5tially religi\s4 ,!n we h expla9$ no?+ ( religion until we h f\nd :5ce ?is idea comes1 to :at x corresponds & :at c h ar\s$ x 9 ! m9d4 ,simple s\ls ( m5 _c become inve/$ ) ?is "* by ! simple fact ( be+ no long] inc>nate4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n by an example f ,melanesia4 ,! ,melanesians believe t m5 h s\ls :i* leave ! body at dea?2 x !n *anges its "n & becomes :at !y call a t9dalo1 a natmat1 etc4 ,also1 !y h a cult ( ! s\ls ( ! dead3 !y pray to !m1 invoke !m & make (f]+s & sacrifices to !m4 ,b e t9dalo is n ! object ( ^! ritual practices2 only ^? h ?is hon\r :i* come f m5 to :om public op9ion attribut$1 dur+ life1 ! v special virtue :i* ! ,melanesians call ! mana4 ,lat] on1 we %all h occasion to fix precisely ! mean+ :i* ?is ^w expresses2 = ! "t be+1 x w suffice to say t x is ! di/9ctive "* ( e sacr$ be+4 ,z ,codr+ton says1 x is :at works to effect any?+ :i* is beyond ! ord9>y p[] ( m51 outside ! common processes ( nature4#aag ,a prie/1 a sorc]] or a ritual =mula h mana z well z a sacr$ /one or _s4 ,?us ! only t9dalo to :i* religi\s s]vices are r5d]$ are ^? :i* 7 already sacr$ ( !mselves1 :5 _! proprietor 0 /ill alive4 ,9 reg>d to ! o!r s\ls1 :i* come f ord9>y m51 f ! cr[d ( ! pr(ane1 ! same au?or says t !y are nobodies alike be=e & aft] dea?4#aah ,by itself1 dea? has no deify+ virtue4 ,s9ce x br+s ab\t 9 a m or less complete & f9al fa%ion ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f pr(ane ?+s1 x c well re9=ce ! sacr$ "* ( ! s\l1 if ?is already exi/s1 b x _c create x4 ,moreov]1 if1 z ! hypo!sis ( ! animi/s supposes1 ! fir/ sacr$ be+s 7 really ! s\ls ( ! dead & ! fir/ cult t ( ! ance/ors1 x %\ld be f\nd t ! l[] ! societies exam9$ are1 ! m ! place giv5 to ?is cult 9 ! religi\s life4 ,b x is r ! contr>y :i* is true4 ,! ance/ral cult is n greatly develop$1 or ev5 pres5t$ "u a *>act]i/ic =m1 except 9 advanc$ societies l ^? ( ,*9a1 ,egypt or ! ,greek & ,lat9 cities2 on ! o!r h&1 x is completely lack+ 9 ! ,au/ralian societies :i*1 z we %all see1 repres5t ! l[e/ & simple/ =m ( social organization :i* we "k4 ,x is true t fun]al rites & rites ( m\rn+ are f\nd !re2 b ^! practices d n con/itute a cult1 ?\gh ?is "n has sometimes wrongfully be5 giv5 !m4 ,9 reality1 a cult is n a simple gr\p ( ritual precautions :i* a man is held to take 9 c]ta9 circum/ances2 x is a sy/em ( div]se rites1 fe/ivals & c]emonies :i* all h ?is *>act]i/ic1 t !y reappe> p]iodically4 ,!y fulfil ! ne$ :i* ! believ] feels ( /r5g!n+ & reaffirm+1 at regul> int]vals ( "t1 ! bond :i* unites him to ! sacr$ be+s ^u :i* he dep5ds4 ,t is :y "o speaks ( m>riage rites b n ( a m>riage cult1 ( rites ( bir? b n ( a cult ( ! new-born *ild2 x is because ! ev5ts on ! occasion ( :i* ^! rites take place imply no p]iodicity4 ,9 ! same way1 !re is no cult ( ! ance/ors except :5 sacrifices are made on ! tombs f "t to "t1 :5 libations are p\r$ !re on c]ta9 m or less specific dates1 or :5 fe/ivals are regul>ly celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,b ! ,au/ralian has no relations ( ?is sort ) 8 dead4 ,x is true t he mu/ bury _! rema9s accord+ to a ritual1 m\rn = !m dur+ a prescrib$ l5g? ( "t & 9 a prescrib$ mann]1 & rev5ge !m if !re is occasion to4#aai ,b :5 he has once accompli%$ ^! pi\s tasks1 :5 ! bones are once dry & ! p]iod ( m\rn+ is once accompli%$1 !n all is said & done1 & ! survivors h no m duties t[>ds _! relatives :o exi/ no long]4 ,x is true t !re is a way 9 :i* ! dead cont9ue to hold a place 9 ! lives ( _! k9dr$1 ev5 aft] ! m\rn+ is f9i%$4 ,x is sometimes ! case t _! hair or c]ta9 ( _! bones are kept1 because ( special virtues :i* are atta*$ to !m4#abj ,b by t "t !y h ceas$ to exi/ z p]sons1 & h fall5 to ! rank ( anonym\s & imp]sonal *>ms4 ,9 ?is condition !y are ! object ( no cult2 !y s]ve only = magical purposes4 ,h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes :i* p]iodically celebrate rites 9 hon\r ( fabul\s ance/ors :om tradition places at ! beg9n+ ( "t4 ,^! c]emonies g5]ally consi/ 9 a sort ( dramatic repres5tation 9 :i* are rehe>s$ ! de$s :i* ! my?s ascribe to ^! leg5d>y h]oes4#aba ,b ! p]sonages ?us repres5t$ are n m5 :o1 aft] liv+ ! life ( m51 h be5 trans=m$ into a sort ( god by ! fact ( _! dea?4 ,!y are consid]$ to h ex]cis$ sup]human p[]s :ile alive4 ,to !m is attribut$ all t is gr& 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tribe1 or ev5 ( ! :ole _w4 ,x is !y :o 9 a l>ge measure made ! e>? su* z x is1 & m5 su* z !y are4 ,! haloes ) :i* !y are /ill decorat$ d n come to !m m]ely f ! fact t !y are ance/ors1 t is to say1 9 f9e1 t !y are dead1 b r f ! fact t a div9e "* is & always has be5 attribut$ to !m2 to use ! ,melanesian expression1 x is because !y are con/itutionally end[$ ) mana4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no?+ 9 ^! rites :i* %[s t dea? has ! slighte/ p[] ( deification4 ,x _c ev5 be correctly said ( c]ta9 rites t !y =m an ance/or-cult1 s9ce !y are n address$ to ance/ors z su*4 ,9 ord] to h a real cult ( ! dead1 x is necess>y t aft] dea? real ance/ors1 ! relations :om m5 really lose e day1 become ! object ( ! cult2 let u repeat x once m1 !re are no traces ( any su* cult 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?us ! cult :i*1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ought to be ! pr$om9at+ "o 9 inf]ior societies1 is really nonexi/5t !re4 ,9 reality1 ! ,au/ralian is n conc]n$ ) 8 dead1 except at ! mom5t ( _! decease & dur+ ! "t :i* imm$iately foll[s4 ,yet ^! same peoples1 z we %all see1 h a v complex cult = sacr$ be+s ( a :olly diff]5t nature1 :i* is made up ( num]\s c]emonies & frequ5tly occupy+ weeks or ev5 entire mon?s4 ,x _c be admitt$ t ! few rites :i* ! ,au/ralian p]=ms :5 he happ5s to lose "o ( 8 relatives 7 ! orig9 ( ^! p]man5t cults :i* return regul>ly e ye> & :i* take up a consid]able "p ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two is s great t we may ev5 ask :e!r ! fir/ 7 n r d]iv$ f ! second1 & if ! s\ls ( m51 f> f hav+ be5 ! model ^u :i* ! gods 7 orig9ally imag9$1 h n r be5 conceiv$ f ! v fir/ z emanations f ! div9ity4 ,,iv ,f ! mom5t t ! cult ( ! dead is %[n n to be primitive1 animism lacks a basis4 ,x w\ld !n seem useless to discuss ! ?ird !sis ( ! sy/em1 :i* conc]ns ! trans=mation ( ! cult ( ! dead into ! cult ( nature4 ,b s9ce ! po/ulate ^u :i* x re/s is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 hi/orians ( religion :o d n admit ! animism prop]ly s-call$1 su* z ,br9ton1#abb ,lang1#abc ,rville1#abd & ev5 ,rob]tson ,smi? himself1#abe x is necess>y to make an exam9ation ( x4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! cult ( ! dead to all nature is said to come f ! fact t we in/9ctively t5d to repres5t all ?+s 9 our own image1 t is to say1 z liv+ & ?9k+ be+s4 ,we h se5 t ,sp5c] has already conte/$ ! reality ( ?is s-call$ in/9ct4 ,s9ce animals cle>ly di/+ui% liv+ bodies f dead ones1 x seem$ to him impossible t man1 ! heir ( ! animals1 %\ld n h _h ?is same faculty ( disc]nm5t f ! v fir/4 ,b h[soev] c]ta9 ! facts cit$ by ,sp5c] may be1 !y h n ! demon/rative value :i* he attributes to !m4 ,8 reason+ supposes t all ! faculties1 in/9cts & aptitudes ( ! animal h pass$ integrally into man2 n[ _m errors h _! orig9 9 ?is pr9ciple :i* is wrongfully tak5 z a prov5 tru?4 ,= example1 s9ce sexual jeal\sy is g5]ally v /rong among ! high] animals1 x has be5 conclud$ t x ought to be f\nd among m5 ) ! same int5sity f ! v beg9n+s ( hi/ory4#abf ,b x is well kn[n to-day t m5 c practise a sexual communism :i* w\ld be impossible if ?is jeal\sy 7 n capable ( att5uat+ itself & ev5 ( disappe>+ :5 necess>y4#abg ,! fact is t man is n m]ely an animal ) c]ta9 additional qualities3 he is some?+ else4 ,human nature is ! result ( a sort ( reca/+ ( ! animal nature1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! v>i\s complex op]ations :i* h br\ght ab\t ?is reca/+1 !re h be5 losses z well z ga9s4 ,h[ _m in/9cts h we n lo/8 ,! reason = ?is is t m5 are n only 9 relations ) ! physical environm5t1 b also ) a social environm5t inf9itely m ext5d$1 m /able & m active ?an ! "o ^: influ5ce animals und]go4 ,to live1 !y mu/ adapt !mselves to ?is4 ,n[ 9 ord] to ma9ta9 itself1 society frequ5tly f9ds x necess>y t we %\ld see ?+s f a c]ta9 angle & feel !m 9 a c]ta9 way2 consequ5tly x modifies ! ideas :i* we w\ld ord9>ily make ( !m = ourselves & ! s5tim5ts to :i* we w\ld be incl9$ if we li/5$ only to our animal nature2 x alt]s !m1 ev5 go+ s f> z to put ! contr>y s5tim5ts 9 _! place4 ,does x n ev5 g s f> z to make u reg>d our own individual lives z some?+ ( little value1 :ile = ! animal ?is is ! greate/ ( ?+s8#abh ,!n x is a va9 ent]prise to seek to inf] ! m5tal con/itution ( ! primitive man f t ( ! high] animals4 ,b if ! objection ( ,sp5c] does n h ! decisive value :i* its au?or gives x1 x is equally true t ! animi/ !ory c draw no au?ority f ! confusions :i* *ildr5 seem to make4 ,:5 we he> a *ild angrily apo/rophize an object :i* he has hit aga9/1 we conclude t he ?9ks ( x z a consci\s be+ l himself2 b t is int]pret+ 8 words & acts v badly4 ,9 reality1 he is q a /rang] to ! v complicat$ reason+ attribut$ to him4 ,if he lays ! blame on ! table :i* has hurt him1 x is n because he supposes x animat$ & intellig5t1 b because x has hurt him4 ,8 ang]1 once ar\s$ by ! pa91 mu/ ov]fl[2 s x looks = some?+ ^u :i* to dis*>ge itself1 & naturally turns t[>d ! ?+ :i* has provok$ x1 ev5 ?\gh ?is has no effect4 ,! action ( an adult 9 simil> circum/ances is (t5 z slightly reasonable4 ,:5 we are viol5tly irritat$1 we feel ! ne$ ( inveigh+1 ( de/roy+1 ?\gh we attribute no consci\s ill-w to ! objects ^u :i* we v5t our ang]4 ,!re is ev5 s little confusion t :5 ! emotion ( a *ild is calm$1 he c v well di/+ui% a *air f a p]son3 he does n act 9 at all ! same way t[>ds ! two4 ,x is a simil> reason :i* expla9s 8 t5d5cy to treat 8 play?+s z if !y 7 liv+ be+s4 ,x is 8 extremely int5se ne$ ( play+ :i* ?us f9ds a means ( express+ itself1 j z 9 ! o!r case ! viol5t s5tim5ts caus$ by pa9 creat$ an object out ( no?+4 ,9 ord] t he may consci\sly play ) 8 jump+-jack1 he imag9es x a liv+ p]son4 ,?is illusion is ! easi] = him because imag9ation is 8 sov]eign mi/ress2 he ?9ks almo/ entirely ) images1 & we "k h[ pliant images are1 b5d+ !mselves ) docility be=e e exig5cy ( ! w4 ,b he is s little deceiv$ by 8 own fiction t he w\ld be ! fir/ to be surpris$ if x sudd5ly became a reality1 & 8 toy bit him6#abi ,let u !re=e leave ^! d\btful analogies to "o side4 ,to f9d out if m5 7 primitively incl9$ to ! confusions imput$ to !m1 we %\ld n /udy animals or *ildr5 ( to-day1 b ! primitive beliefs !mselves4 ,if ! spirits & gods ( nature 7 really =m$ 9 ! image ( ! human s\l1 !y %\ld be> traces ( _! orig9 & br+ to m9d ! ess5tial traits ( _! model4 ,! mo/ important *>act]i/ic ( ! s\l is t x is conceiv$ z ! int]nal pr9ciple :i* animates ! organism3 x is t :i* moves x & makes x live1 to su* an ext5t t :5 x )draws itself1 life ceases or is susp5d$4 ,x has its natural resid5ce 9 ! body1 at lea/ :ile ?is exi/s4 ,b x is n ?us ) ! spirits assign$ to ! diff]5t ?+s 9 nature4 ,! god ( ! sun is n necess>ily 9 ! sun1 nor is ! _s ( a c]ta9 rock 9 ! rock :i* is its pr9cipal place ( habitation4 ,a _s und\bt$ly has close relations ) ! body to :i* x is atta*$1 b "o employs a v inexact expression :5 he says t x is its s\l4 ,z ,codr+ton says1#acj !re does n appe> to be any:]e 9 ,melanesia a belief 9 a _s :i* animates any natural object1 a tree1 wat]fall1 /orm or rock1 s z to be to x :at ! s\l is believ$ to be to ! body ( man4 ,europeans1 x is true1 speak ( ! spirits ( ! sea or ( ! /orm or ( ! =e/2 b ! native idea :i* !y repres5t is t gho/s haunt ! sea & ! =e/1 hav+ p[] to raise /orms & /rike a travell] ) disease4 ,:ile ! s\l is ess5tially )9 ! body1 ! _s passes ! major portion ( its "t outside ! object :i* s]ves z its base4 ,?is is "o diff]5ce :i* does n seem to %[ t ! second idea 0 d]iv$ f ! fir/4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 x mu/ be add$ t if m5 7 really =c$ to project _! own image into ?+s1 !n ! fir/ sacr$ be+s ought to h be5 conceiv$ 9 _! lik5ess4 ,n[ an?ropomorphism1 f> f be+ primitive1 is r ! m>k ( a relatively advanc$ civilization4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 sacr$ be+s are conceiv$ 9 ! =m ( an animal or vegetable1 f :i* ! human =m is only sl[ly dis5gag$4 ,x w be se5 bel[ t 9 ,au/ralia1 x is animals & plants :i* are ! fir/ sacr$ be+s4 ,ev5 among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! great cosmic div9ities1 :i* comm5ce to be ! object ( a cult !re1 are v frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 animal =ms4#aca ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! animal1 man & ! div9e be+1 says ,rville1 n )\t surprise1 is n felt 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 & g5]ally x might be said t x is ! animal =m :i* is ! fundam5tal "o4#acb ,to f9d a god made up entirely ( human elem5ts1 x is necess>y to advance ne>ly to ,*ri/ianity4 ,"h1 ,god is a man1 n only 9 ! physical aspect 9 :i* he is tempor>ily made manife/1 b also 9 ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i* he expresses4 ,b ev5 9 ,greece & ,rome1 ?\gh ! gods 7 g5]ally repres5t$ ) human traits1 _m my?ical p]sonages /ill _h traces ( an animal orig93 ?us !re is ,dionysus1 :o is (t5 met ) 9 ! =m ( a bull1 or at lea/ ) ! horns ( a bull2 !re is ,demet]1 :o is (t5 repres5t$ ) a horse's mane1 !re are ,pan & ,sil5us1 !re are ! ,fauns1 etc4#acc ,x is n at all true t man has _h su* an incl9ation to impose 8 own =m ^u ?+s4 ,m ?an t1 he ev5 comm5c$ by conceiv+ ( himself z p>ticipat+ closely 9 ! animal nature4 ,9 fact1 x is a belief almo/ univ]sal 9 ,au/ralia1 & v widespread among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 t ! ance/ors ( m5 7 bea/s or plants1 or at lea/ t ! fir/ m5 _h1 ei!r 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( c]ta9 animal or vegetable species4 ,?us1 f> f see+ be+s l !mselves ev]y:]e1 m5 comm5c$ by believ+ !mselves to be 9 ! image ( "s be+s f :i* !y diff]$ radically4 ,v ,f9ally1 ! animi/ic !ory implies a consequ5ce :i* is p]haps its be/ refutation4 ,if x 7 true1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t religi\s beliefs are s _m halluc9atory repres5tations1 )\t any objective f\ndation :atsoev]4 ,x is suppos$ t !y are all d]iv$ f ! idea ( ! s\l because "o sees only a magnifi$ s\l 9 ! spirits & gods4 ,b accord+ to ,tylor & 8 disciples1 ! idea ( ! s\l is itself con/ruct$ entirely out ( ! vague & inconsi/5t images :i* occupy our att5tion dur+ sleep3 = ! s\l is ! d\ble1 & ! d\ble is m]ely a man z he appe>s to himself :ile he sleeps4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 sacr$ be+s are only ! imag9>y conceptions :i* m5 h produc$ dur+ a sort ( delirium :i* regul>ly ov]takes !m e day1 ?\gh x is q impossible to see to :at useful ends ^! conceptions s]ve1 nor :at !y answ] to 9 reality4 ,if a man prays1 if he makes sacrifices & (f]+s1 if he submits to ! multiple privations :i* ! ritual prescribes1 x is because a sort ( con/itutional ecc5tricity has made him take 8 dreams = p]ceptions1 dea? = a prolong$ sleep1 & dead bodies = liv+ & ?9k+ be+s4 ,?us n only is x true1 z _m h held1 t ! =ms "u :i* religi\s p[]s h be5 repres5t$ to ! m9d d n express !m exactly1 & t ! symbols ) ! aid ( :i* !y h be5 ?\ght ( p>tially hide _! real nature1 b m ?an t1 beh9d ^! images & figures !re exi/s no?+ b ! nightm>es ( primitive m9ds4 ,9 f9e1 religion is no?+ b a dream1 sy/ematiz$ & liv$1 b )\t any f\ndation 9 reality4#acd ,!nce x comes ab\t t ! !ori/s ( animism1 :5 look+ = ! orig9s ( religi\s ?\ght1 cont5t !mselves ) a small outlay ( en]gy4 ,:5 !y ?9k t !y h expla9$ h[ m5 h be5 induc$ to imag9e be+s ( a /range1 vapor\s =m1 su* z ^? !y see 9 _! dreams1 !y ?9k ! problem is resolv$4 ,9 reality1 x is n ev5 approa*$4 ,x is inadmissible t sy/ems ( ideas l religions1 :i* h held s consid]able a place 9 hi/ory1 & to :i*1 9 all times1 m5 h come to receive ! en]gy :i* !y mu/ h to live1 %\ld be made up ( a tissue ( illusions4 ,to-day we are beg9n+ to realize t law1 morals & ev5 sci5tific ?\ght itself 7 born ( religion1 7 = a long "t conf\nd$ ) x1 & h rema9$ p5etrat$ ) its _s4 ,h[ c\ld a va9 fantasy h be5 able to fa%ion ! human consci\sness s /rongly & s durably8 ,surely x ought to be a pr9ciple ( ! sci5ce ( religions t religion expresses no?+ :i* does n exi/ 9 nature2 = !re are sci5ces only ( natural ph5om5a4 ,! only "q is to le>n f :at "p ( nature ^! realities come & :at has be5 able to make m5 repres5t !m "u ?is s+ul> =m :i* is peculi> to religi\s ?\ght4 ,b if ?is "q is to be rais$1 x is necess>y to comm5ce by admitt+ t !y are real ?+s :i* are ?us repres5t$4 ,:5 ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury made religion a va/ error imag9$ by ! prie/s1 !y c\ld at lea/ expla9 its p]si/5ce by ! int]e/ :i* ! sac]dotal class _h 9 deceiv+ ! p4 ,b if ! p !mselves h be5 ! artisans ( ^! sy/ems ( errone\s ideas at ! same "t t !y 7 its dupes1 h[ has ?is extraord9>y dup]y be5 able to p]petuate itself all ?r\gh ! c\rse ( hi/ory8 ,"o might ev5 dem& if "u ^! conditions ! words ( sci5ce ( religions c be employ$ )\t impropriety4 ,a sci5ce is a discipl9e :i*1 9 :atev] mann] x is conceiv$1 is always appli$ to "s real data4 ,physics & *emi/ry are sci5ces because physico-*emical ph5om5a are real1 & ( a reality :i* does n dep5d ^u ! tru?s :i* ^! sci5ces %[4 ,!re is a psy*ological sci5ce because !re are really consci\snesses :i* d n hold _! "r ( exi/5ce f ! psy*ologi/4 ,b on ! contr>y1 religion c\ld n survive ! animi/ic !ory & ! day :5 its tru? 0 recogniz$ by m51 = !y c\ld n fail to r5\nce ! errors ^: nature & orig9 w\ld ?us be reveal$ to !m4 ,:at sort ( a sci5ce is x ^: pr9cipal discov]y is t ! subject ( :i* x treats does n exi/8 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lead+ ,,conceptions ,,( ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,religion--cont9u$ ,,ii4--,naturism ,! _s ( ! naturi/ic s*ool is q diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is recruit$ 9 a diff]5t environm5t4 ,! animi/s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 e?nologi/s or an?ropologi/s4 ,! religions :i* !y h /udi$ are ! crude/ :i* humanity has ev] kn[n4 ,h5ce comes ! extraord9>y importance :i* !y attribute to ! s\ls ( ! dead1 to spirits & to demons1 &1 9 fact1 to all spiritual be+s ( ! second ord]3 x is because ^! religions "k h>dly any ( a high] ord]4#ace ,on ! contr>y1 ! !ories :i* we are n[ go+ to describe are ! "w ( s*ol>s :o h conc]n$ !mselves especially ) ! great civilizations ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,ev] s9ce ! "w ( ! ,grimm bro!rs1 :o po9t$ out ! int]e/ t !re is 9 comp>+ ! diff]5t my?ologies ( ! ,indo-,european peoples1 s*ol>s h be5 /ruck by ! rem>kable simil>ities :i* ^! pres5t4 ,my?ical p]sonages 7 id5tifi$ :o1 ?\gh hav+ diff]5t names1 symboliz$ ! same ideas & fulfill$ ! same functions2 ev5 ! names 7 frequ5tly relat$1 & x has be5 ?\ght possible to e/abli% ! fact t !y are n unconnect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,su* resemblances seem$ to be explicable only by a common orig94 ,?us !y 7 l$ to suppose t ^! conceptions1 s v>i$ 9 appe>ance1 really came f "o common s\rce1 ( :i* !y 7 only div]sifi$ =ms1 & :i* x 0 n impossible to discov]4 ,by ! comp>ative me?od1 !y believ$ "o %\ld be able to g back1 beyond ^! great religions1 to a mu* m anci5t sy/em ( ideas1 & to ! really primitive religion1 f :i* ! o!rs 7 d]iv$4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,v$as aid$ greatly 9 /imulat+ ^! ambitions4 ,9 ! ,v$as1 s*ol>s _h a writt5 text1 ^: antiquity 0 und\bt$ly exagg]at$ at ! mom5t ( its discov]y1 b :i* is surely "o ( ! mo/ anci5t :i* we h at our disposition 9 an ,indo-,european language4 ,"h !y 7 enabl$ to /udy1 by ! ord9>y me?ods ( philology1 a lit]ature z old z or old] ?an ,hom]1 & a religion :i* 0 believ$ m primitive ?an t ( ! anci5t ,g]mans4 ,a docum5t ( su* value 0 evid5tly de/9$ to ?r[ a new light ^u ! religi\s beg9n+s ( humanity1 & ! sci5ce ( religions c\ld n fail to be revolutioniz$ by x4 ,! conception :i* 0 ?us born 0 s fully dem&$ by ! /ate ( ! sci5ce & by ! g5]al m>* ( ideas1 t x appe>$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 two diff]5t l&s4 ,9 #ahef1 ,max ,mll] expos$ its pr9ciples 9 8 ,ox=d ,essays4#acf ,?ree ye>s lat] appe>$ ! "w ( ,adalb]t ,kuhn on ,! ,orig9 ( ,fire & ! ,dr9k ( ! ,gods1#acg :i* 0 cle>ly inspir$ by ! same _s4 ,:5 once set =?1 ! idea spread v rapidly 9 sci5tific circles4 ,to ! "n ( ,kuhn is closely associat$ t ( 8 bro!r-9-law ,s*w>tz1 ^: "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,my?ology1#ach foll[$ closely ^u ! prec$+ "o4 ,/e9?al & ! :ole ,g]man s*ool ( ,vlk]psy*ologie atta*$ !mselves to ! same movem5t4 ,! !ory 0 introduc$ into ,france 9 #ahfc by ,m4 ,mi*el ,bral4#aci ,x met s little resi/ance t1 accord+ to an expression ( ,gruppe1#adj a "t came :51 aside f c]ta9 classical philologi/s1 to :om ,v$ic /udies 7 unkn[n1 all ! my?ologi/s _h adopt$ ! pr9ciples ( ,max ,mll] or ,kuhn z _! po9t ( dep>ture4#ada ,x is !re=e important to see :at !y really are1 & :at !y are wor?4 ,s9ce no "o has pres5t$ !m 9 a m sy/ematic =m ?an ,max ,mll]1 x is ^u 8 "w t we %all base ! description :i* foll[s4#adb ,i ,we h se5 t ! po/ulate at ! basis ( animism is t religion1 at lea/ 9 its orig91 expresses no physical reality4 ,b ,max ,mll] comm5ces ) ! contr>y pr9ciple4 ,= him1 x is an axiom t religion reposes ^u an exp]i5ce1 f :i* x draws all its au?ority4 ,religion1 he says1 if x is to hold its place z a legitimate elem5t ( our consci\sness1 mu/1 l all o!r k1 beg9 ) s5su\s exp]i5ce4#adc ,tak+ up ! old empirical adage1 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non ante fu]it 9 s5su1 he applies x to religion & decl>es t !re c be no?+ 9 beliefs :i* 0 n fir/ p]ceiv$4 ,s "h is a doctr9e :i* seems to escape ! grave objection :i* we rais$ aga9/ animism4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x seems t religion ought to appe>1 n z a sort ( vague & confus$ dream+1 b z a sy/em ( ideas & practices well f\nd$ 9 reality4 ,b :i* are ^! s5sations :i* give bir? to religi\s ?\ght8 ,t is ! "q :i* ! /udy ( ! ,v$as is suppos$ to aid 9 resolv+4 ,! names ( ! gods are g5]ally ei!r common words1 /ill employ$1 or else words =m]ly common1 ^: orig9al s5se x is possible to discov]4 ,n[ bo? designate ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( nature4 ,?us ,agni1 ! "n ( "o ( ! pr9cipal div9ities ( ,india1 orig9ally signifi$ only ! mat]ial fact ( fire1 su* z x is ord9>ily p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses & )\t any my?ological addition4 ,ev5 9 ! ,v$as1 x is /ill employ$ ) ?is mean+2 9 any case1 x is well %[n t ?is signification 0 primitive by ! fact t x is cons]v$ 9 o!r ,indo-,european languages3 ! ,lat9 ignis1 ! ,li?uanian ugnis1 ! old ,slav ogny are evid5tly closely relat$ to ,agni4 ,simil>ly1 ! relation%ip ( ! ,sanskrit ,dyaus1 ! ,greek ,zeus1 ! ,lat9 ,jovis & ! ,zio ( ,high ,g]man is to-day unconte/$4 ,?is proves t ^! diff]5t words designate "o s+le & ! same div9ity1 :om ! diff]5t ,indo-,european peoples recogniz$ z su* be=e _! sep>ation4 ,n[ ,dyaus signifies ! bright sky4 ,^! & o!r simil> facts t5d to %[ t among ^! peoples ! =ms & =ces ( nature 7 ! fir/ objects to :i* ! religi\s s5tim5t atta*$ itself3 !y 7 ! fir/ ?+s to be deifi$4 ,go+ "o /ep f>!r 9 8 g5]alization1 ,max ,mll] ?\ght t he 0 prep>$ to conclude t ! religi\s evolution ( humanity 9 g5]al _h ! same po9t ( dep>ture4 ,x is almo/ entirely by consid]ations ( a psy*ological sort t he ju/ifies ^! inf]5ces4 ,! v>i$ spectacles :i* nature (f]s man seem$ to him to fulfil all ! conditions necess>y = ar\s+ religi\s ideas 9 ! m9d directly4 ,9 fact1 he says1 at fir/ sight1 no?+ seem$ less natural ?an nature4 ,nature 0 ! greate/ surprise1 a t]ror1 a m>vel1 a /&+ miracle1 & x 0 only on acc\nt ( _! p]man5ce1 con/ancy1 & regul> recurr5ce t c]ta9 features ( t /&+ miracle 7 call$ natural1 9 ! s5se ( =ese51 common1 intelligible4444 ,x 0 t va/ doma9 ( surprise1 ( t]ror1 ( m>vel1 ( miracle1 ! unkn[n1 z di/+ui%$ f ! kn[n1 or1 z ,i l to express x1 ! inf9ite1 z di/9ct f ! f9ite1 :i* suppli$ f ! e>lie/ times ! impulse to religi\s ?\ght & language4#add ,9 ord] to illu/rate 8 idea1 he applies x to a natural =ce :i* holds a r l>ge place 9 ! ,v$ic religion1 fire4 ,he says1 if y c = a mom5t transf] y\rselves to t e>ly /age ( life to :i* we mu/ ref] n only ! orig91 b likewise ! e>ly phases ( ,physical ,religion1 y c easily und]/& :at an impression ! fir/ appe>ance ( fire mu/ h made on ! human m9d4 ,fire 0 n giv5 z some?+ p]man5t or et]nal1 l ! sky1 or ! e>?1 or ! wat]4 ,9 :atev] way x fir/ appe>$1 :e!r ?r\gh lightn+ or ?r\gh ! friction ( ! bran*es ( trees1 or ?r\gh ! sp>ks ( fl9ts1 x came & w5t1 x _h to be gu>d$1 x br\ght de/ruction1 b at ! same "t1 x made life possible 9 w9t]1 x s]v$ z a protection dur+ ! night1 x became a weapon ( def5ce & (f5ce1 & la/1 n lea/1 x *ang$ man f a dev\r] ( raw fle% into an eat] ( cook$ meat4 ,at a lat] "t x became ! means ( work+ metal1 ( mak+ tools & weapons1 x became an indisp5sable factor 9 all me*anical & arti/ic progress1 & has rema9$ s ev] s9ce4 ,:at %\ld we be )\t fire ev5 n[8#ade ,! same au?or says 9 ano!r "w t a man c\ld n ent] into relations ) nature )\t tak+ acc\nt ( its imm5sity1 ( its inf9it5ess4 ,x surpasses him 9 e way4 ,beyond ! di/ances :i* he p]ceives1 !re are o!rs :i* ext5d )\t limits2 ea* mom5t ( "t is prec$$ & foll[$ by a "t to :i* no limit c be assign$2 ! fl[+ riv] manife/s an inf9ite =ce1 s9ce no?+ c exhau/ x4#adf ,!re is no aspect ( nature :i* is n fitt$ to awak5 )9 u ?is ov]:elm+ s5sation ( an inf9ity :i* surr\nds u & dom9ates u4#adg ,x is f ?is s5sation t religions are d]iv$4#adh ,h[ev]1 !y are !re only 9 g]m4#adi ,religion really comm5ces only at ! mom5t :5 ^! natural =ces are no long] repres5t$ 9 ! m9d 9 an ab/ract =m4 ,!y mu/ be trans=m$ into p]sonal ag5ts1 liv+ & ?9k+ be+s1 spiritual p[]s or gods2 = x is to be+s ( ?is sort t ! cult is g5]ally address$4 ,we h se5 t animism itself has be5 oblig$ to raise ?is "q1 & also h[ x has answ]$ x3 man seems to h a sort ( native incapacity = di/+ui%+ ! animate f ! inanimate & an irresi/ible t5d5cy to conceive ! second "u ! =m ( ! fir/4 ,max ,mll] rejects any su* solution4#aej ,accord+ to him x is language :i* has br\ght ab\t ?is metamorphosis1 by ! action :i* x ex]cises ^u ?\ght4 ,x is easily expla9$ h[ m51 be+ p]plex$ by ! m>vell\s =ces ^u :i* !y feel t !y dep5d1 h be5 l$ to reflect ^u !m1 & h[ !y h ask$ !mselves :at ^! =ces are & h made an ef=t to sub/itute = ! obscure s5sation :i* !y primitively _h ( !m1 a cle>] idea & a bett] def9$ concept4 ,b z our au?or v ju/ly says1#aea ?is idea & concept are impossible )\t ! ^w4 ,language is n m]ely ! ext]nal cov]+ ( a ?\ght2 x also is its int]nal framework4 ,x does n conf9e itself to express+ ?is ?\ght aft] x has once be5 =m$2 x also aids 9 mak+ x4 ,h[ev]1 its nature is ( a diff]5t sort1 s its laws are n ^? ( ?\ght4 ,!n s9ce x contributes to ! elaboration ( ?is latt]1 x _c fail to d x viol5ce to "s ext5t1 & to de=m x4 ,x is a de=mation ( ?is sort :i* is said to h creat$ ! special *>act]i/ic ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,?9k+ consi/s 9 arrang+ our ideas1 & consequ5tly 9 classify+ !m4 ,to ?9k ( fire1 = example1 is to put x into a c]ta9 category ( ?+s1 9 su* a way z to be able to say t x is ?is or t1 or ?is & n t4 ,b classify+ is also nam+1 = a g5]al idea has no exi/5ce & reality except 9 & by ! ^w :i* expresses x & :i* alone makes its individuality4 ,?us ! language ( a p always has an influ5ce ^u ! mann] 9 :i* new ?+s1 rec5tly le>n$1 are classifi$ 9 ! m9d & are subsequ5tly ?\ght (2 ^! new ?+s are ?us =c$ to adapt !mselves to pre-exi/+ =ms4 ,= ?is reason1 ! language :i* m5 spoke :5 !y und]took to con/ruct an elaborat$ repres5tation ( ! univ]se m>k$ ! sy/em ( ideas :i* 0 !n born ) an indelible trace4 ,nor are we )\t "s k ( ?is language1 at lea/ 9 s f> z ! ,indo-,european peoples are conc]n$4 ,h[soev] di/ant x may be f u1 s\v5irs ( x rema9 9 our actual languages :i* p]mit u to imag9e :at x 03 ^! are ! roots4 ,^! /ems1 f :i* are d]iv$ all ! words :i* we employ & :i* are f\nd at ! basis ( all ! ,indo-,european languages1 are reg>d$ by ,max ,mll] z s _m e*oes ( ! language :i* ! correspond+ peoples spoke be=e _! sep>ation1 t is to say1 at ! v mom5t :5 ?is religion ( nature1 :i* is to be expla9$1 0 be+ =m$4 ,n[ ^! roots pres5t two rem>kable *>act]i/ics1 :i*1 x is true1 h z yet be5 obs]v$ only 9 ?is p>ticul> gr\p ( languages1 b :i* our au?or believes to be pres5t equally 9 ! o!r l+ui/ic families4#aeb ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! roots are g5]al2 t is to say t !y d n express p>ticul> ?+s & individuals1 b types1 & ev5 types ( an extreme g5]ality4 ,!y repres5t ! mo/ g5]al !mes ( ?\ght2 "o f9ds !re1 z ?\gh fix$ & cry/alliz$1 ^? fundam5tal categories ( ! intellect :i* at e mom5t 9 hi/ory dom9ate ! entire m5tal life1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* philosoph]s h _m times attempt$ to recon/ruct4#aec ,secondly1 ! types to :i* !y correspond are types ( action1 & n ( objects4 ,!y translate ! mo/ g5]al mann]s ( act+ :i* are to be obs]v$ among liv+ be+s & especially among m52 !y are su* actions z /rik+1 pu%+1 rubb+1 ly+ d[n1 gett+ up1 press+1 m\nt+1 desc5d+1 walk+1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 m5 g5]aliz$ & nam$ _! pr9cipal ways ( act+ be=e g5]aliz+ & nam+ ! ph5om5a ( nature4#aed ,ow+ to _! extreme g5]ality1 ^! words c\ld easily be ext5d$ to all sorts ( objects :i* !y did n orig9ally include2 x is ev5 ?is extreme suppl5ess :i* has p]mitt$ !m to give bir? to ! num]\s words :i* are d]iv$ f !m4 ,!n :5 m51 turn+ t[>ds ?+s1 und]took to "n !m1 t !y might be able to ?9k ab\t !m1 !y appli$ ^! words to !m1 ?\gh !y 7 9 no way design$ = !m4 ,b1 ow+ to _! orig91 ^! 7 able to designate ! =ces ( nature only by means ( _! manife/ations :i* seem$ ! ne>e/ to human actions3 a ?und]bolt 0 call$ some?+ t te>s up ! soil or t spreads fire2 ! w9d1 some?+ t sighs or :i/les2 ! sun1 some?+ t ?r[s gold5 arr[s across space2 a riv]1 some?+ t fl[s1 etc4 ,b s9ce natural ph5om5a 7 ?us comp>$ to human acts1 ?is some?+ to :i* !y 7 atta*$ 0 necess>ily conceiv$ "u ! =m ( p]sonal ag5ts1 m or less l m54 ,x 0 only a metaphor1 b x 0 tak5 lit]ally2 ! error 0 inevitable1 = sci5ce1 :i* alone c\ld dispel ! illusion1 did n yet exi/4 ,9 a ^w1 s9ce language 0 made ( human elem5ts1 translat+ human /ates1 x c\ld n be appli$ to nature )\t trans=m+ x4#aee ,ev5 to-day1 rem>ks ,m4 ,bral1 x =ces u 9 a c]ta9 measure to repres5t ?+s f ?is angle4 ,we d n express an idea1 ev5 "o designat+ a simple quality1 )\t giv+ x a g5d]1 t is to say1 a sex2 we _c speak ( an object1 ev5 ?\gh x be consid]$ 9 a mo/ g5]al fa%ion1 )\t det]m9+ x by an article2 e subject ( a s5t5ce is pres5t$ z an active be+1 e idea z an action1 & e action1 be x transitory or p]man5t1 is limit$ 9 its duration by ! t5se 9 :i* we put ! v]b4#aef ,our sci5tific tra9+ enables u to rectify ! errors :i* language might ?us sugge/ to u2 b ! influ5ce ( ! ^w ought to be all-p[]ful :5 x has no *eck4 ,language ?us sup]imposes ^u ! mat]ial _w1 su* z x is reveal$ to our s5ses1 a new _w1 compos$ :olly ( spiritual be+s :i* x has creat$ out ( no?+ & :i* h be5 consid]$ z ! causes det]m9+ physical ph5om5a ev] s9ce4 ,b its action does n /op !re4 ,:5 words 7 once =g$ to repres5t ^! p]sonalities :i* ! popul> imag9ation _h plac$ beh9d ?+s1 a reaction affect$ ^! words !mselves3 !y rais$ all sorts ( que/ions1 & x 0 to resolve ^! problems t my?s 7 inv5t$4 ,x happ5$ t "o object receiv$ a plurality ( names1 correspond+ to ! plurality ( aspects "u :i* x 0 pres5t$ 9 exp]i5ce2 ?us !re are m ?an tw5ty words 9 ! ,v$as = ! sky4 ,s9ce ^! words 7 diff]5t1 x 0 believ$ t !y correspond$ to s _m di/9ct p]sonalities4 ,b at ! same "t1 x 0 /rongly felt t ^! same p]sonalities _h an air ( relation%ip4 ,to acc\nt = t1 x 0 imag9$ t !y =m$ a s+le family2 g5ealogies1 a civil condition & a hi/ory 7 inv5t$ = !m4 ,9 o!r cases1 diff]5t ?+s 7 designat$ by ! same t]m3 to expla9 ^! homonyms1 x 0 believ$ t ! correspond+ ?+s 7 trans=mations ( ea* o!r1 & new fictions 7 inv5t$ to make ^! metamorphoses intelligible4 ,or aga91 a ^w :i* _h ceas$ to be und]/ood1 0 ! orig9 ( fables design$ to give x a mean+4 ,! creative "w ( language cont9u$ !n1 mak+ con/ructions ev] m & m complex1 & !n my?ology came to end[ ea* god ) a biography1 ev] m & m ext5d$ & complete1 ! result ( all ( :i* 0 t ! div9e p]sonalities1 at fir/ conf\nd$ ) ?+s1 f9ally di/+ui%$ & det]m9$ !mselves4 ,?is is h[ ! notion ( ! div9e is said to h be5 con/ruct$4 ,z = ! religion ( ance/ors1 x 0 only a reflection ( ?is o!r4#aeg ,! idea ( ! s\l is said to h be5 fir/ =m$ = reasons some:at analog\s to ^? giv5 by ,tylor1 except t accord+ to ,max ,mll]1 !y 7 design$ to acc\nt = dea?1 r ?an = dreams4#aeh ,!n1 "u ! influ5ce ( div]se1 p>tially accid5tal1 circum/ances1#aei ! s\ls ( m51 be+ once dis5gag$ f ! body1 7 drawn little by little )9 ! circle ( div9e be+s1 & 7 ?us f9ally deifi$ !mselves4 ,b ?is new cult 0 ! product ( only a second>y =mation4 ,?is is prov5 by ! fact t deifi$ m5 h g5]ally be5 imp]fect gods or demi-gods1 :om ! p h always be5 able to di/+ui% f ! g5u9e deities4#afj ,,ii ,?is doctr9e re/s1 9 "p1 ^u a c]ta9 numb] ( l+ui/ic po/ulates :i* h be5 & /ill are v mu* que/ion$4 ,"s h conte/$ ! reality ( _m ( ! simil>ities :i* ,max ,mll] claim$ to h f\nd betwe5 ! names ( ! gods 9 ! v>i\s ,european languages4 ,! int]pretation :i* he gave !m has be5 especially d\bt$3 x has be5 ask$ if ^! names1 f> f be+ ! m>k ( a v primitive religion1 are n ! sl[ product1 ei!r ( direct borr[+s or ( natural int]c\rse ) o!rs4#afa ,also1 x is no long] admitt$ t ! roots once exi/$ 9 an isolat$ /ate z autonom\s realities1 nor t !y all[ u to recon/ruct1 ev5 hypo!tically1 ! orig9al language ( ! ,indo-,europeans4#afb ,f9ally1 rec5t rese>*es w\ld t5d to %[ t ! ,v$ic div9ities did n all h ! exclusively naturi/ic "* attribut$ to !m by ,max ,mll] & 8 s*ool4#afc ,b we %all leave aside ^? que/ions1 ! discussion ( :i* requires a special compet5ce z a philologi/1 & address ourselves directly to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! sy/em4 ,x w be important "h n to conf\nd ! naturi/ic !ory ) ^! controv]t$ po/ulates2 = ?is is held by numb]s ( s*ol>s :o d n make language play ! pr$om9at+ rle attribut$ to x by ,max ,mll]4 ,t m5 h an int]e/ 9 kn[+ ! _w :i* surr\nds !m1 & consequ5tly t _! reflection %\ld h be5 appli$ to x at an e>ly date1 is some?+ t ev]yone w readily admit4 ,co-op]ation ) ! ?+s ) :i* !y 7 9 imm$iate connection 0 s necess>y = !m t !y c\ld n fail to seek a k ( _! nature4 ,b if1 z naturism pret5ds1 x is ( ^! reflections t religi\s ?\ght 0 born1 x is impossible to expla9 h[ x 0 able to survive ! fir/ attempts made1 & ! p]si/5ce ) :i* x has ma9ta9$ itself becomes un9telligible4 ,if we h ne$ ( kn[+ ! nature ( ?+s1 x is 9 ord] to act ^u !m 9 an appropriate mann]4 ,b ! conception ( ! univ]se giv5 u by religion1 especially 9 its e>ly =ms1 is too greatly mutilat$ to lead to tempor>ily useful practices4 ,?+s become no?+ less ?an liv+ & ?9k+ be+s1 m9ds or p]sonalities l ^? :i* ! religi\s imag9ation has made into ! ag5ts ( cosmic ph5om5a4 ,x is n by conceiv+ ( !m "u ?is =m or by treat+ !m accord+ to ?is conception t m5 c\ld make !m "w = _! ends4 ,x is n by address+ pray]s to !m1 by celebrat+ !m 9 fea/s & sacrifices1 or by impos+ ^u !mselves fa/s & privations1 t m5 c det] !m f work+ h>m or oblige !m to s]ve _! own designs4 ,su* processes c\ld succe$ only v exceptionally &1 s to speak1 miracul\sly4 ,if1 !n1 religion's reason = exi/5ce 0 to give u a conception ( ! _w :i* w\ld guide u 9 our relations ) x1 x 0 9 no condition to fulfil its function1 & p w\ld n h be5 sl[ to p]ceive x3 failures1 be+ inf9itely m frequ5t ?an successes1 w\ld h quickly %[n !m t !y 7 foll[+ a false r\te1 & religion1 %ak5 at ea* in/ant by ^! repeat$ contradictions1 w\ld n h be5 able to survive4 ,x is und5iably true t errors h be5 able to p]petuate !mselves 9 hi/ory2 b1 except "u a union ( v exceptional circum/ances1 !y c nev] p]petuate !mselves ?us unless !y 7 true practically1 t is to say1 unless1 )\t giv+ u a !oretically exact idea ( ! ?+s ) :i* !y deal1 !y express well en\gh ! mann] 9 :i* !y affect u1 ei!r = good or = bad4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! actions :i* !y det]m9e h e *ance ( be+1 at lea/ 9 a g5]al way1 ! v ones :i* are prop]1 s x is easily expla9$ h[ !y h be5 able to survive ! pro(s ( exp]i5ce4#afd ,b an error & especially a sy/em ( errors :i* leads to1 & c lead to no?+ b mi/ak5 & useless practices1 has no *ance ( liv+4 ,n[ :at is !re 9 common betwe5 ! rites ) :i* ! believ] tries to act ^u nature & ! processes by :i* sci5ce has taught u to make use ( x1 & :i* we n[ "k are ! only efficaci\s ones8 ,if t is :at m5 dem&$ ( religion1 x is impossible to see h[ x c\ld h ma9ta9$ itself1 unless clev] tricks _h prev5t$ _! see+ t x did n give !m :at !y expect$ f x4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to return aga9 to ! ov] simple explanations ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#afe ,?us x is only 9 appe>ance t naturism escapes ! objection :i* we rec5tly rais$ aga9/ animism4 ,x also makes religion a sy/em ( halluc9ations1 s9ce x r$uces x to an imm5se metaphor ) no objective value4 ,x is true t x gives religion a po9t ( dep>ture 9 reality1 to wit1 9 ! s5sations :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature provoke 9 u2 b by ! bewit*+ action ( language1 ?is s5sation is soon trans=m$ into extravagant conceptions4 ,religi\s ?\ght does n come 9 contact ) reality1 except to cov] x at once ) a ?ick veil :i* conceals its real =ms3 ?is veil is ! tissue ( fabul\s beliefs :i* my?ology br\ght =?4 ,?us ! believ]1 l ! deliri\s man1 lives 9 a _w peopl$ ) be+s & ?+s :i* h only a v]bal exi/5ce4 ,max ,mll] himself recogniz$ ?is1 = he reg>d$ my?s z ! product ( a disease ( ! intellect4 ,at fir/1 he attribut$ !m to a disease ( language1 b s9ce language & ! intellect are insep>able = him1 :at is true ( ! "o is true ( ! o!r4 ,:5 try+ to expla9 ! inmo/ nature ( my?ology1 he says1 ,i call$ x a disease ( ,language r ?an ( ,?\ght4444 ,aft] ,i _h fully expla9$ 9 my ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght t language & ?\ght are insep>able1 & t a disease ( language is !re=e ! same ?+ z a disease ( ?\ght1 no d\bt ought to h rema9$ z to :at ,i meant4 ,to repres5t ! supreme ,god z committ+ e k9d ( crime1 z be+ deceiv$ by m51 z be+ angry ) 8 wife & viol5t ) 8 *ildr51 is surely a pro( ( a disease1 ( an unusual condition ( ?\ght1 or1 to speak m cle>ly1 ( real madness4#aff ,& ?is argum5t is n valid m]ely aga9/ ,max ,mll] & 8 !ory1 b aga9/ ! v pr9ciple ( naturism1 9 :atev] way x may be appli$4 ,:atev] we may d1 if religion has z its pr9cipal object ! expression ( ! =ces ( nature1 x is impossible to see 9 x any?+ m ?an a sy/em ( ly+ fictions1 ^: survival is incompreh5sible4 ,max ,mll] ?\ght he escap$ ?is objection1 ^: gravity he felt1 by di/+ui%+ radically betwe5 my?ology & religion1 & by putt+ ! fir/ outside ! second4 ,he claims ! "r ( res]v+ ! "n ( religion = only ^? beliefs :i* con=m to ! prescriptions ( a sane moral sy/em & a rational !ology4 ,! my?s 7 p>asitic gr[?s :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( language1 atta*$ !mselves ^u ^! fundam5tal conceptions1 & d5atur$ !m4 ,?us ! belief 9 ,zeus 0 religi\s 9 s f> z ! ,greeks consid]$ him ! supreme ,god1 fa!r ( humanity1 protector ( laws1 av5g] ( crimes1 etc42 b all t :i* conc]n$ ! biography ( ,zeus1 8 m>riages & 8 adv5tures1 0 only my?ology4#afg ,b ?is di/9ction is arbitr>y4 ,x is true t my?ology has an /hetic int]e/ z well z "o = ! hi/ory ( religions2 b x is "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! religi\s life1 nev]!less4 ,if ! my? 7 )drawn f religion1 x w\ld be necess>y to )draw ! rite also2 = ! rites are g5]ally address$ to def9ite p]sonalities :o h a "n1 a "*1 det]m9$ attributes & a hi/ory1 & !y v>y accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ^! p]sonalities are conceiv$4 ,! cult r5d]$ to a div9ity dep5ds ^u ! "* attribut$ to him2 & x is ! my? :i* det]m9es ?is "*4 ,v frequ5tly1 ! rite is no?+ m ?an ! my? put 9 action2 ! ,*ri/ian communion is insep>able f ! my? ( ! ,la/ ,supp]1 f :i* x d]ives all its mean+4 ,!n if all my?ology is ! result ( a sort ( v]bal delirium1 ! "q :i* we rais$ rema9s intact3 ! exi/5ce1 & especially ! p]si/5ce ( ! cult become inexplicable4 ,x is h>d to und]/& h[ m5 h cont9u$ to d c]ta9 ?+s = c5turies )\t any object4 ,moreov]1 x is n m]ely ! peculi> traits ( ! div9e p]sonalities :i* are det]m9$ by my?ology2 ! v idea t !re are gods or spiritual be+s set above ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( nature1 9 no matt] :at mann] !y may be repres5t$1 is ess5tially my?ical4#afh ,n[ if all t :i* app]ta9s to ! notion ( gods conceiv$ z cosmic ag5ts is blott$ out ( ! religions ( ! pa/1 :at rema9s8 ,! idea ( a div9ity 9 itself1 ( a transc5d5tal p[] ^u :i* man dep5ds & ^u :i* he supports himself8 ,b t is only an ab/ract & philosophic conception :i* has be5 fully realiz$ 9 no hi/orical religion2 x is )\t int]e/ = ! sci5ce ( religions4#afi ,we mu/ !re=e avoid di/+ui%+ betwe5 religi\s beliefs1 keep+ "s because !y seem to u to be true & sane & reject+ o!rs because !y %ock & disconc]t u4 ,all my?s1 ev5 ^? :i* we f9d ! mo/ unreasonable1 h be5 believ$4#agj ,m5 h believ$ 9 !m no less firmly ?an 9 _! own s5sations2 !y h bas$ _! conduct ^u !m4 ,9 spite ( appe>ances1 x is !re=e impossible t !y %\ld be )\t objective f\ndation4 ,h[ev]1 x w be said t 9 :atev] mann] religions may be expla9$1 x is c]ta9 t !y are mi/ak5 9 reg>d to ! real nature ( ?+s3 sci5ce has prov$ x4 ,! modes ( action :i* !y c\nsel or prescribe to m5 c !re=e r>ely h useful effects3 x is n by lu/rations t ! sick are cur$ nor by sacrifices & *ants t ! crops are made to gr[4 ,?us ! objection :i* we h made to naturism w\ld seem to be applicable to all possible sy/ems ( explanation4 ,nev]!less1 !re is "o :i* escapes x4 ,let u suppose t religion responds to q ano!r ne$ ?an t ( adapt+ ourselves to s5sible objects3 !n x w n risk be+ weak5$ by ! fact t x does n satisfy1 or only badly satisfies1 ?is ne$4 ,if religi\s fai? 0 n born to put man 9 h>mony ) ! mat]ial _w1 ! injuries :i* x has be5 able to d him 9 8 /ruggle ) ! _w d n t\* x at its s\rce1 because x is f$ f ano!r4 ,if x is n = ^! reasons t a man comes to believe1 he %\ld cont9ue to believe ev5 :5 ^! reasons are contradict$ by ! facts4 ,x is ev5 conceivable t fai? %\ld be /rong en\gh1 n only to support ^! contradictions1 b also ev5 to d5y !m & to keep ! believ] f see+ _! importance2 ?is is :at succe$s 9 r5d]+ !m in(f5sive = religion4 ,:5 ! religi\s s5tim5t is active1 x w n admit t religion c be 9 ! wrong1 & x readily sugge/s explanations :i* make x appe> innoc5t2 if ! rite does n produce ! desir$ results1 ?is failure is imput$ ei!r to "s fault ( execution1 or to ! int]v5tion ( ano!r1 contr>y deity4 ,b = t1 x is necess>y t ^! religi\s ideas h _! s\rce 9 ano!r s5tim5t ?an t betray$ by ^! deceptions ( exp]i5ce1 or else :5ce c\ld come _! =ce ( resi/ance8 ,,iii ,b m ?an t1 ev5 if m5 _h really _h reasons = rema9+ ob/9ate1 9 spite ( all _! mi/akes1 9 express+ cosmic ph5om5a 9 religi\s t]ms1 x is also necess>y t ^! be ( a nature to sugge/ su* an int]pretation4 ,n[ :5 c\ld !y h gott5 su* a prop]ty8 ,"h aga9 we f9d ourselves 9 ! pres5ce ( "o ( ^? po/ulates :i* pass z evid5t only because !y h n be5 criticiz$4 ,x is /at$ z an axiom t 9 ! natural play ( physical =ces !re is all t is ne$$ to ar\se )9 u ! idea ( ! sacr$2 b :5 we closely exam9e ! pro(s ( ?is proposition1 :i*1 by ! way1 are suffici5tly brief1 we f9d t !y r$uce to a prejudice4 ,!y talk ab\t ! m>vel :i* m5 %\ld feel z !y discov] ! _w4 ,b really1 t :i* *>act]izes ! life ( nature is a regul>ity :i* approa*es monotony4 ,e morn+ ! sun m\nts 9 ! horizon1 e ev5+ x sets2 e mon? ! moon goes ?r\gh ! same cycle2 ! riv] fl[s 9 an un9t]rupt$ mann] 9 its b$2 ! same seasons p]iodically br+ back ! same s5sations4 ,to be sure1 "h & !re an unexpect$ ev5t sometimes happ5s3 ! sun is eclips$1 ! moon is hidd5 beh9d cl\ds1 ! riv] ov]fl[s4 ,b ^! mom5t>y v>iations c\ld only give bir? to equally mom5t>y impressions1 ! remembrance ( :i* is gone aft] a little :ile2 !y c\ld n s]ve z a basis = ^! /able & p]man5t sy/ems ( ideas & practices :i* con/itute religions4 ,normally1 ! c\rse ( nature is uni=m1 & uni=mity c\ld nev] produce /rong emotions4 ,repres5t+ ! savage z fill$ ) admiration be=e ^! m>vels transports mu* m rec5t s5tim5ts to ! beg9n+s ( hi/ory4 ,he is mu* too accu/om$ to x to be greatly surpris$ by x4 ,x requires culture & reflection to %ake (f ?is yoke ( habit & to discov] h[ m>vell\s ?is regul>ity itself is4 ,besides1 z we h already rem>k$1#aga admir+ an object is n en\gh to make x appe> sacr$ to u1 t is to say1 to m>k x ) ^? *>act]i/ics :i* make all direct contact ) x appe> a sacrilege & a pr(anation4 ,we misund]/& :at ! religi\s s5tim5t really is1 if we conf\nd x ) e impression ( admiration & surprise4 ,b1 !y say1 ev5 if x is n admiration1 !re is a c]ta9 impression :i* m5 _c help feel+ 9 ! pres5ce ( nature4 ,he _c come 9 contact ) x1 )\t realiz+ t x is great] ?an he4 ,x ov]:elms him by its imm5sity4 ,?is s5sation ( an inf9ite space :i* surr\nds him1 ( an inf9ite "t :i* has prec$$ & w foll[ ! pres5t mom5t1 & ( =ces inf9itely sup]ior to ^? ( :i* he is ma/]1 _c fail1 z x seems1 to awak5 )9 him ! idea t outside ( him !re exi/s an inf9ite p[] ^u :i* he dep5ds4 ,& ?is idea ent]s z an ess5tial elem5t into our conception ( ! div9e4 ,b let u be> 9 m9d :at ! "q is4 ,we are try+ to f9d out h[ m5 came to ?9k t !re are 9 reality two categories ( ?+s1 radically het]og5e\s & incomp>able to ea* o!r4 ,n[ h[ c\ld ! spectacle ( nature give rise to ! idea ( ?is duality8 ,nature is always & ev]y:]e ( ! same sort4 ,x matt]s little t x ext5ds to inf9ity3 beyond ! extreme limit to :i* my eyes c rea*1 x is n diff]5t f :at x is "h4 ,! space :i* ,i imag9e beyond ! horizon is /ill space1 id5tical ) t :i* ,i see4 ,! "t :i* fl[s )\t end is made up ( mom5ts id5tical ) ^? :i* ,i h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,ext5sion1 l duration1 repeats itself indef9itely2 if ! portions :i* ,i t\* h ( !mselves no sacr$ "*1 :]e did ! o!rs get !irs8 ,! fact t ,i d n see !m directly1 is n en\gh to trans=m !m4#agb ,a _w ( pr(ane ?+s may well be unlimit$2 b x rema9s a pr(ane _w4 ,d !y say t ! physical =ces ) :i* we come 9 contact exce$ our own8 ,sacr$ =ces are n to be di/+ui%$ f pr(ane ones simply by _! great] int5sity1 !y are diff]5t2 !y h special qualities :i* ! o!rs d n h4 ,q on ! contr>y1 all ! =ces manife/$ 9 ! univ]se are ( ! same nature1 ^? t are )9 u j z ^? t are outside ( u4 ,& especially1 !re is no reason :i* c\ld h all[$ giv+ a sort ( pre-em95t dignity to "s 9 relation to o!rs4 ,!n if religion really 0 born because ( ! ne$ ( assign+ causes to physical ph5om5a1 ! =ces ?us imag9$ w\ld h be5 no m sacr$ ?an ^? conceiv$ by ! sci5ti/ to-day to acc\nt = ! same facts4#agc ,?is is z mu* z to say t !re w\ld h be5 no sacr$ be+s & !re=e no religion4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t ?is s5sation ( be+ ov]:elm$ 7 really able to sugge/ religi\s ideas1 x c\ld n h produc$ ?is effect ^u ! primitive1 = he does n h x4 ,he is 9 no way consci\s t cosmic =ces are s sup]ior to 8 own4 ,s9ce sci5ce has n yet taught him mode/y1 he attributes to himself an empire ov] ?+s :i* he really does n h1 b ! illusion ( :i* is en\gh to prev5t 8 feel+ dom9at$ by !m4 ,z we h already po9t$ out1 he ?9ks t he c comm& ! elem5ts1 release ! w9ds1 compel ! ra9 to fall1 or /op ! sun1 by a ge/ure1 etc4#agd ,religion itself contributes to giv+ him ?is security1 = he believes t x arms him ) ext5d$ p[]s ov] nature4 ,8 rites are1 9 "p1 means de/9$ to aid him 9 impos+ 8 w ^u ! _w4 ,?us1 f> f be+ due to ! s5tim5t :i* m5 %\ld h ( _! littl5ess be=e ! univ]se1 religions are r inspir$ by ! contr>y s5tim5t4 ,ev5 ! mo/ elevat$ & ideali/ic h ! effect ( reassur+ m5 9 _! /ruggle ) ?+s3 !y tea* t fai? is1 ( itself1 able to move m\nta9s1 t is to say1 to dom9ate ! =ces ( nature4 ,h[ c\ld !y give rise to ?is confid5ce if !y _h _h _! orig9 9 a s5sation ( feebl5ess & impot5cy8 ,f9ally1 if ! objects ( nature really became sacr$ because ( _! impos+ =ms or ! =ces :i* !y manife/1 !n ! sun1 ! moon1 ! sky1 ! m\nta9s1 ! sea1 ! w9ds1 9 a ^w1 ! great cosmic p[]s1 %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to be rais$ to ?is dignity2 = !re are no o!rs m fitt$ to appeal to ! s5ses & ! imag9ation4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 !y 7 div9iz$ b sl[ly4 ,! fir/ be+s to :i* ! cult is address$--! pro( w be f\nd 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[--are humble vegetables & animals1 9 relation to :i* m5 c\ld at lea/ claim an equality3 !y are ducks1 rabbits1 kang>oos1 liz>ds1 worms1 frogs1 etc4 ,_! objective qualities surely 7 n ! orig9 ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts :i* !y inspir$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,totemism ,,z ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,religion ,hi/ory ( ! ,"q4--,me?od ( ,treat+ x ,h[soev] oppos$ _! conclusions may seem to be1 ! two sy/ems :i* we h j /udi$ agree ^u "o ess5tial po9t3 !y /ate ! problem 9 id5tical t]ms4 ,bo? und]take to con/ruct ! idea ( ! div9e out ( ! s5sations ar\s$ 9 u by c]ta9 natural ph5om5a1 ei!r physical or biological4 ,= ! animi/s x is dreams1 = ! naturi/s1 c]ta9 cosmic ph5om5a1 :i* s]v$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture = religi\s evolution4 ,b = bo?1 x is 9 ! nature1 ei!r ( man or ( ! univ]se1 t we mu/ look = ! g]m ( ! gr& opposition :i* sep>ates ! pr(ane f ! sacr$4 ,b su* an ent]prise is impossible3 x supposes a v]itable creation ex nihilo4 ,a fact ( common exp]i5ce _c give u ! idea ( some?+ ^: *>act]i/ic is to be outside ! _w ( common exp]i5ce4 ,a man1 z he appe>s to himself 9 8 dreams1 is only a man4 ,natural =ces1 z our s5ses p]ceive !m1 are only natural =ces1 h[soev] great _! int5sity may be4 ,h5ce comes ! common criticism :i* we address to bo? doctr9es4 ,9 ord] to expla9 h[ ^! pret5d$ data ( religi\s ?\ght h be5 able to take a sacr$ "* :i* has no objective f\ndation1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t a :ole _w ( delusive repres5tations has sup]impos$ itself ^u ! o!r1 d5atur$ x to ! po9t ( mak+ x unrecognizable1 & sub/itut$ a pure halluc9ation = reality4 ,"h1 x is ! illusions ( ! dream :i* br\ght ab\t ?is transfiguration2 !re1 x is ! brilliant & va9 company ( images evok$ by ! ^w4 ,b 9 "o case z 9 ! o!r1 x is necess>y to reg>d religion z ! product ( a deliri\s imag9ation4 ,?us "o positive conclusion is arriv$ at z ! result ( ?is critical exam9ation4 ,s9ce nei!r man nor nature h ( !mselves a sacr$ "*1 !y mu/ get x f ano!r s\rce4 ,aside f ! human individual & ! physical _w1 !re %\ld be "s o!r reality1 9 relation to :i* ?is v>iety ( delirium :i* all religion is 9 a s5se1 has a significance & an objective value4 ,9 o!r words1 beyond ^? :i* we h call$ animi/ic & naturi/ic1 !re %\ld be ano!r sort ( cult1 m fundam5tal & m primitive1 ( :i* ! fir/ are only d]iv$ =ms or p>ticul> aspects4 ,9 fact1 ?is cult does exi/3 x is ! "o to :i* e?nologi/s h giv5 ! "n ( totemism4 ,i ,x 0 only at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! ^w totem appe>$ 9 e?nographical lit]ature4 ,x is f\nd = ! fir/ "t 9 ! book ( an ,indian int]pret]1 ,j4 ,long1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agia4age ,= ne>ly a half a c5tury1 totemism 0 kn[n only z some?+ exclusively ,am]ican4#agf ,x 0 only 9 #ahda t ,grey1 9 a passage :i* has rema9$ celebrat$1#agg po9t$ out ! exi/5ce ( :olly simil> practices 9 ,au/ralia4 ,f t "t on1 s*ol>s began to realize t !y 7 9 ! pres5ce ( a sy/em ( a c]ta9 g5]ality4 ,b !y saw !re only an ess5tially ar*aic in/itution1 an e?nographical curiosity1 hav+ no great int]e/ = ! hi/orian4 ,mac,lennan 0 ! fir/ :o und]took to atta* totemism to ! g5]al hi/ory ( humanity4 ,9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1#agh he set himself to %[ t totemism 0 n only a religion1 b "o f :i* 7 d]iv$ a multitude ( beliefs & practices :i* are f\nd 9 mu* m advanc$ religi\s sy/ems4 ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to make x ! s\rce ( all ! animal-wor%ipp+ & plant-wor%ipp+ cults :i* are f\nd among anci5t peoples4 ,c]ta9ly ?is ext5sion ( totemism 0 abusive4 ,! cults ( animals & plants dep5d ^u num]\s causes :i* _c be r$uc$ to "o1 )\t ! error ( too great simplicity4 ,b ?is error1 by its v exagg]ations1 _h at lea/ ! advantage1 t x put into evid5ce ! hi/orical importance ( totemism4 ,/ud5ts ( ,am]ican totemism _h already kn[n = a long "t t ?is =m ( religion 0 mo/ intimately unit$ to a det]m9$ social organization1 t its basis is ! division ( ! social gr\p into clans4#agi ,9 #ahgg1 9 8 ,anci5t ,society1#ahj ,lewis ,h4 ,morgan und]took to make a /udy ( x1 to det]m9e its di/9ctive *>act]i/ics1 & at ! same "t to po9t out its g5]ality among ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,at ne>ly ! same mom5t1 & ev5 foll[+ ! direct sugge/ion ( ,morgan1 ,fison & ,h[itt#aha e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( ! same social sy/em 9 ,au/ralia1 z well z its relations ) totemism4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! direct+ ideas1 obs]vations c\ld be made ) bett] me?od4 ,! rese>*es :i* ! ,am]ican ,bureau ( ,e?nology und]took1 play$ an important "p 9 ! advance ( ^! /udies4#ahb ,by #ahhg1 ! docum5ts 7 suffici5tly num]\s & significant to make ,fraz] consid] x "t to unite !m & pres5t !m to u 9 a sy/ematic =m4 ,su* is ! object ( 8 little book ,totemism1#ahc :]e ! sy/em is /udi$ bo? z a religion & z a legal in/itution4 ,b ?is /udy 0 purely descriptive2 no ef=t 0 made to expla9 totemism#ahd or to und]/& its fundam5tal notions4 ,rob]tson ,smi? is ! fir/ :o und]took ?is "w ( elaboration4 ,he realiz$ m cle>ly ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors h[ ri* ?is crude & confus$ religion is 9 g]ms = ! future4 ,x is true t ,mac,lennan _h already connect$ x ) ! great religions ( antiquity2 b t 0 m]ely because he ?\ght he _h f\nd "h & !re ! cult ( animals or plants4 ,n[ if we r$uce totemism to a sort ( animal or plant wor%ip1 we h se5 only its mo/ sup]ficial aspect3 we h ev5 misund]/ood its real nature4 ,go+ beyond ! m]e lett] ( ! totemic beliefs1 ,smi? set himself to f9d ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ^u :i* !y dep5d4 ,9 8 book ^u ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1#ahe he _h already po9t$ out t totemism supposes a lik5ess 9 nature1 ei!r natural or acquir$1 ( m5 & animals 7or plants74 ,9 8 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1#ahf he makes ?is same idea ! fir/ orig9 ( ! entire sacrificial sy/em3 x is to totemism t humanity owes ! pr9ciple ( ! communion meal4 ,x is true t ! !ory ( ,smi? c n[ be %[n "o-sid$2 x is no long] adequate = ! facts actually kn[n2 b = all t1 x conta9s an +5i\s !ory & has ex]cis$ a mo/ f]tile influ5ce ^u ! sci5ce ( religions4 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh#ahg ( ,fraz] is inspir$ by ^! same ideas1 = totemism1 :i* ,mac,lennan _h atta*$ to ! religions ( classical antiquity1 & ,smi? to ! religions ( ! ,semitic peoples1 is "h connect$ to ! ,european folk-lore4 ,! s*ools ( ,mac,lennan & ,morgan are ?us unit$ to t ( ,mannh>dt4#ahh ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! ,am]ican tradition cont9u$ to develop ) an indep5d5ce :i* x has kept up until v rec5t times4 ,?ree gr\ps ( societies 7 ! special object ( ! rese>*es :i* 7 conc]n$ ) totemism4 ,^! are1 fir/1 c]ta9 tribes ( ! ,nor?-we/1 ! ,tl9kit1 ! ,haida1 ! ,kwakiutl1 ! ,sali% & ! ,tsim%ian2 !n1 ! great nation ( ! ,si\x2 & f9ally1 ! ,pueblo ,indians 9 ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fir/ 7 /udi$ pr9cipally by ,dall1 ,krause1 ,boas1 ,swanton1 ,hill ,t\t2 ! second by ,dorsey2 ! la/ by ,m9deleff1 ,mrs4 ,/ev5son & ,cu%+4#ahi ,b h[ev] ri* ! h>ve/ ( facts ?us ga!r$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry may h be51 ! docum5ts at our disposal 7 /ill fragm5t>y4 ,?\gh ! ,am]ican religions conta9 num]\s traces ( totemism1 !y h pass$ ! /age ( real totemism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 obs]vations 9 ,au/ralia _h br\ght little m ?an scatt]$ beliefs & isolat$ rites1 initiation rituals & int]dictions relative to totemism4 ,x 0 ) facts tak5 f all ^! s\rces t ,fraz] attempt$ to draw a picture ( totemism 9 its entirety4 ,:atev] may be ! inconte/able m]it ( ! recon/ruction und]tak5 9 su* circum/ances1 x c\ld n help be+ incomplete & hypo!tical4 ,a totemic religion 9 complete action _h n yet be5 obs]v$4 ,x is only 9 v rec5t ye>s t ?is s]i\s defici5cy has be5 repair$4 ,two obs]v]s ( rem>kable ability1 ,baldw9 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,j4 ,gill51 discov]$#aij 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t a consid]able numb] ( tribes ^: basis & unity 0 f\nd$ 9 totemic beliefs4 ,! results ( _! obs]vations h be5 publi%$ 9 two works1 :i* h giv5 a new life to ! /udy ( totemism4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1#aia deals ) ! m c5tral ( ^! tribes1 ! ,arunta1 ! ,lurit*a1 & a little f>!r to ! s\?1 on ! %ores ( ,lake ,eyre1 ! ,urabunna4 ,! second1 :i* is entitl$ ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1#aib deals ) ! societies nor? ( ! ,urabunna1 occupy+ ! t]ritory betwe5 ,mac,donnell's ,range & ,c>p5t] ,gulf4 ,among ! pr9cipal ( ^! we may m5tion ! ,unmatj]a1 ! ,kaiti%1 ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,worgaia1 ! ,tj+illi1 ! ,b9b+a1 ! ,walp>i1 ! ,gnanji & f9ally1 on ! v %ores ( ! gulf1 ! ,m>a & ! ,anula4#aic ,m rec5tly1 a ,g]man mission>y1 ,c>l ,/rehl[1 :o has also pass$ long ye>s 9 ^! same ,c5tral ,au/ralian societies1#aid has comm5c$ to publi% 8 own obs]vations on two ( ^! tribes1 ! ,ar&a & ! ,loritja 7! ,arunta & ,lurit*a ( ,sp5c] & ,gill574#aie ,hav+ well ma/]$ ! language spok5 by ^! peoples1#aif ,/rehl[ has be5 able to br+ u a l>ge numb] ( totemic my?s & religi\s songs1 :i* are giv5 u1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! orig9al text4 ,9 spite ( "s diff]5ces ( detail :i* are easily expla9$ & ^: importance has be5 greatly exagg]at$1#aig we %all see t ! obs]vations ( ,/rehl[1 ?\gh complet+1 mak+ m precise & sometimes ev5 rectify+ ^? ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 confirm !m 9 all t is ess5tial4 ,^! discov]ies h giv5 rise to an abundant lit]ature to :i* we %all h occasion to return4 ,! works ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 especially h ex]cis$ a consid]able influ5ce1 n only because !y 7 ! olde/1 b also because ! facts 7 !re pres5t$ 9 a sy/ematic =m1 :i* 0 ( a nature to give a direction to lat] /udies1#aih & to /imulate speculation4 ,_! results 7 comm5t$ ^u1 discuss$ & int]pret$ 9 all possible mann]s4 ,at ?is same "t1 ,h[itt1 ^: fragm5t>y /udies 7 scatt]$ 9 a numb] ( diff]5t publications1#aii und]took to d = ! s\!rn tribes :at ,sp5c] & ,gill5 _h done = ^? ( ! c5tre4 ,9 8 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1#bjj he gives u a view ( ! social organization ( ! peoples :o occupy ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & a good "p ( ,que5sl&4 ,! progress ?us realiz$ sugge/$ to ,fraz] ! idea ( complet+ 8 ,totemism by a sort ( comp5dium#bja :]e w\ld be br\ght toge!r all ! important docum5ts :i* are conc]n$ ei!r ) ! totemic religion or ! family & matrimonial organization :i*1 rightly or wrongly1 is believ$ to be connect$ ) ?is religion4 ,! purpose ( ?is book is n to give u a g5]al & sy/ematic view ( totemism1 b r to put ! mat]ials necess>y = a con/ruction ( ?is sort at ! disposition ( s*ol>s4#bjb ,! facts are "h arrang$ 9 a /rictly e?nographical & geographical ord]3 ea* cont95t1 & )9 ! cont95t1 ea* tribe or e?nic gr\p is /udi$ sep>ately4 ,?\gh s ext5d$ a /udy1 :]e s _m div]se peoples are successively pass$ 9 review1 c\ld h>dly be equally ?or\gh 9 all its p>ts1 /ill x is a useful h&-book to consult1 & "o :i* c aid greatly 9 facilitat+ rese>*es4 ,,ii ,f ?is hi/orical rsum x is cle> t ,au/ralia is ! mo/ fav\rable field = ! /udy ( totemism1 & !re=e we %all make x ! pr9cipal area ( our obs]vations4 ,9 8 ,totemism1 ,fraz] s\ght especially to collect all ! traces ( totemism :i* c\ld be f\nd 9 hi/ory or e?nography4 ,he 0 ?us l$ to include 9 8 /udy societies ! nature & degree ( ^: culture diff]s mo/ widely3 anci5t ,egypt1#bjc ,arabia & ,greece1#bjd & ! s\!rn ,slavs#bje are f\nd !re1 side by side ) ! tribes ( ,au/ralia & ,am]ica4 ,?is mann] ( proc$ure is n at all surpris+ = a disciple ( ! an?ropological s*ool4 ,= ?is s*ool does n seek to locate religions 9 ! social environm5ts ( :i* !y are a "p1#bjf & to diff]5tiate !m accord+ to ! diff]5t environm5ts to :i* !y are ?us connect$4 ,b r1 z is indicat$ by ! "n :i* x has tak5 to itself1 its purpose is to g beyond ! national & hi/orical diff]5ces to ! univ]sal & really human bases ( ! religi\s life4 ,x is suppos$ t man has a religi\s nature ( himself1 9 virtue ( 8 own con/itution1 & indep5d5tly ( all social conditions1 & !y propose to /udy ?is4#bjg ,= rese>*es ( ?is sort1 all peoples c be call$ ^u equally well4 ,x is true t !y pref] ! m primitive peoples1 because ?is fundam5tal nature is m apt to be unalt]$ "h2 b s9ce x is f\nd equally well among ! mo/ civiliz$ peoples1 x is b natural t !y too %\ld be call$ z witnesses4 ,consequ5tly1 all ^? :o pass z be+ n too f> remov$ f ! orig9s1 & :o are confus$ly lump$ toge!r "u ! r imprecise rubric ( savages1 are put on ! same plane & consult$ indiff]5tly4 ,s9ce f ?is po9t ( view1 facts h an int]e/ only 9 proportion to _! g5]ality1 !y consid] !mselves oblig$ to collect z l>ge a numb] z possible ( !m2 ! circle ( comp>isons c\ld n become too l>ge4 ,our me?od w n be su* a "o1 = sev]al reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 = ! sociologi/ z = ! hi/orian1 social facts v>y ) ! social sy/em ( :i* !y =m a "p2 !y _c be und]/ood :5 deta*$ f x4 ,?is is :y two facts :i* come f two diff]5t societies _c be pr(itably comp>$ m]ely because !y seem to resemble ea* o!r2 x is necess>y t ^! societies !mselves resemble ea* o!r1 t is to say1 t !y be only v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,! comp>ative me?od w\ld be impossible1 if social types did n exi/1 & x _c be usefully appli$ except )9 a s+le type4 ,:at errors h n be5 committ$ = hav+ neglect$ ?is precept6 ,x is ?us t facts h be5 unduly connect$ ) ea* o!r :i*1 9 spite ( ext]ior resemblances1 really h nei!r ! same s5se nor ! same importance3 ! primitive democracy & t ( to-day1 ! collectivism ( inf]ior societies & actual sociali/ic t5d5cies1 ! monogamy :i* is frequ5t 9 ,au/ralian tribes & t sanction$ by our laws1 etc4 ,ev5 9 ! "w ( ,fraz] su* confusions are f\nd4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t he assimilates simple rites ( wild-animal-wor%ip to practices t are really totemic1 ?\gh ! di/ance1 sometimes v great1 :i* sep>ates ! two social sy/ems w\ld exclude all idea ( assimilation4 ,!n if we d n wi% to fall into ^! same errors1 in/ead ( scatt]+ our rese>*es ov] all ! societies possible1 we mu/ conc5trate !m ^u "o cle>ly det]m9$ type4 ,x is ev5 necess>y t ?is conc5tration be z close z possible4 ,"o _c usefully comp>e facts ) :i* he is n p]fectly well acqua9t$4 ,b :5 he und]takes to include all sorts ( societies & civilizations1 "o _c "k any ( !m ) ! necess>y ?or\ghness2 :5 he assembles facts f e c\ntry 9 ord] to comp>e !m1 he is oblig$ to take !m ha/ily1 )\t hav+ ei!r ! means or ! "t to c>efully criticize !m4 ,tumultu\s & summ>y comp>isons result1 :i* discr$it ! comp>ative me?od ) _m intellig5t p]sons4 ,x c give s]i\s results only :5 x is appli$ to s limit$ a numb] ( societies t ea* ( !m c be /udi$ ) suffici5t precision4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to *oose ^? :]e inve/igations h ! greate/ *ance to be fruitful4 ,also1 ! value ( ! facts is mu* m important ?an _! numb]4 ,9 our eyes1 ! "q :e!r totemism has be5 m or less univ]sal or n1 is q second>y4#bjh ,if x int]e/s u1 x does s be=e all because 9 /udy+ x we hope to discov] relations ( a nature to make u und]/& bett] :at religion is4 ,n[ to e/abli% ^! relations x is nei!r necess>y nor always useful to heap up num]\s exp]i5ces ^u ea* o!r2 x is mu* m important to h a few t are well /udi$ & really significant4 ,"o s+le fact may make a law appe>1 :]e a multitude ( imprecise & vague obs]vations w\ld only produce confusion4 ,9 e sci5ce1 ! s*ol> w\ld be ov]:elm$ by ! facts :i* pres5t !mselves to him1 if he did n make a *oice among !m4 ,x is necess>y t he di/+ui% ^? :i* promise to be ! mo/ in/ructive1 t he conc5trate 8 att5tion ^u ^!1 & t he tempor>ily leave ! o!rs to "o side4 ,t is :y1 ) "o res]vation :i* w be indicat$ bel[1 we propose to limit our rese>* to ,au/ralian societies4 ,!y fulfil all ! conditions :i* 7 j enum]at$4 ,!y are p]fectly homog5e\s1 = ?\gh x is possible to di/+ui% v>ieties among !m1 !y all belong to "o common type4 ,?is homog5eity is ev5 s great t ! =ms ( social organization are n only ! same1 b t !y are ev5 designat$ by id5tical or equival5t names 9 a multitude ( tribes1 sometimes v di/ant f ea* o!r4#bji ,also1 ,au/ralian totemism is ! v>iety = :i* our docum5ts are ! mo/ complete4 ,f9ally1 t :i* we propose to /udy 9 ?is "w is ! mo/ primitive & simple religion :i* x is possible to f9d4 ,x is !re=e natural t to discov] x1 we address ourselves to societies z slightly evolv$ z possible1 = x is evid5tly !re t we h ! greate/ *ance ( f9d+ x & /udy+ x well4 ,n[ !re are no societies :i* pres5t ?is *>act]i/ic to a high] degree ?an ! ,au/ralian ones4 ,n only is _! civilization mo/ rudim5t>y--! h\se & ev5 ! hut are /ill unkn[n--b also _! organization is ! mo/ primitive & simple :i* is actually kn[n2 x is t :i* we h else:]e call$ organization on a basis ( clans4#baj ,9 ! next *apt]1 we %all h occasion to re/ate its ess5tial traits4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh mak+ ,au/ralia ! pr9cipal field ( our rese>*1 we ?9k x be/ n to leave completely aside ! societies :]e totemism 0 fir/ discov]$1 t is to say1 ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! field ( comp>ison has no?+ ab\t x :i* is n legitimate4 ,und\bt$ly ^! p are m advanc$ ?an ^? ( ,au/ralia4 ,_! civilization has become mu* m advanc$3 m5 !re live 9 h\ses or "u t5ts1 & !re are ev5 =tifi$ villages4 ,! size ( ! society is mu* great]1 & c5tralization1 :i* is completely lack+ 9 ,au/ralia1 is beg9n+ to appe> !re2 we f9d va/ conf$]ations1 su* z t ( ! ,iroquois1 "u "o c5tral au?ority4 ,sometimes a complicat$ sy/em ( diff]5tiat$ classes arrang$ 9 a hi]>*y is f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ! ess5tial l9es ( ! social /ructure rema9 ! same z ^? 9 ,au/ralia2 x is always ! organization on a basis ( clans4 ,?us we are n 9 ! pres5ce ( two diff]5t types1 b ( two v>ieties ( a s+le type1 :i* are /ill v close to ea* o!r4 ,!y repres5t two successive mom5ts ( a s+le evolution1 s _! homog5e\sness is /ill great en\gh to p]mit comp>isons4 ,also1 ^! comp>isons may h _! utility4 ,j because _! civilization is m advanc$ ?an t ( ! ,au/ralians1 c]ta9 phases ( ! social organization :i* is common to bo? c be /udi$ m easily among ! fir/ ?an among ! second4 ,z long z m5 are /ill mak+ _! fir/ /eps 9 ! art ( express+ _! ?\ght1 x is n easy = ! obs]v] to p]ceive t :i* moves !m2 = !re is no?+ to translate cle>ly t :i* passes 9 ^! obscure m9ds :i* h only a confus$ & ephem]al k ( !mselves4 ,= example1 religi\s symbols !n consi/ only 9 =mless comb9ations ( l9es & col\rs1 ^: s5se x is n easy to div9e1 z we %all see4 ,!re are _m ge/ures & movem5ts by :i* int]ior /ates express !mselves2 b be+ ess5tially ephem]al1 !y readily elude obs]vation4 ,t is :y totemism 0 discov]$ e>li] 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,au/ralia2 x 0 mu* m visible !re1 ?\gh x held relatively less place 9 ! totality ( ! religi\s life4 ,also1 :]ev] beliefs & in/itutions d n take a some:at def9ite mat]ial =m1 !y are m liable to *ange "u ! influ5ce ( ! slighte/ circum/ances1 or to become :olly effac$ f ! memory4 ,?us ! ,au/ralian clans frequ5tly h some?+ float+ & ,protean ab\t !m1 :ile ! correspond+ organization 9 ,am]ica has a great] /ability & m cle>ly def9$ cont\rs4 ,?us1 ?\gh ,am]ican totemism is fur!r remov$ f its orig9s ?an t ( ,au/ralia1 /ill !re are important *>act]i/ics ( :i* x has bett] kept ! memory4 ,9 ! second place1 9 ord] to und]/& an in/itution1 x is frequ5tly well to foll[ x into ! advanc$ /ages ( its evolution2#baa = sometimes x is only :5 x is fully develop$ t its real signification appe>s ) ! greate/ cle>ness4 ,9 ?is way also1 ,am]ican totemism1 s9ce x has a long hi/ory beh9d x1 c\ld s]ve to cl>ify c]ta9 aspects ( ,au/ralian totemism4#bab ,at ! same "t1 x w put u 9 a bett] condition to see h[ totemism is b\nd up ) ! =ms :i* foll[1 & to m>k its place 9 ! g5]al hi/orical developm5t ( religion4 ,s 9 ! discussions :i* foll[1 we %all n =bid ourselves ! use ( c]ta9 facts borr[$ f ! ,indian societies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b we are n go+ to /udy ,am]ican totemism "h2#bac su* a /udy mu/ be made directly & by itself1 & _c be mix$ ) ! "o :i* we are und]tak+2 x raises o!r problems & implies a :olly diff]5t set ( special inve/igations4 ,we %all h rec\rse to ,am]ican facts m]ely 9 a supplem5t>y way1 & only :5 !y seem to be able to make u und]/& ,au/ralian facts to advantage4 ,x is ^! latt] :i* con/itute ! real & imm$iate object ( our rese>*es4#bad ,,book ,,ii ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,beliefs ,,*apt] ,i ,,totemic ,,beliefs ,! ,totem z ,"n & z ,emblem ,ow+ to its nature1 our /udy w include two p>ts4 ,s9ce e religion is made up ( intellectual conceptions & ritual practices1 we mu/ deal successively ) ! beliefs & rites :i* compose ! totemic religion4 ,^! two elem5ts ( ! religi\s life are too closely connect$ ) ea* o!r to all[ ( any radical sep>ation4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! cult is d]iv$ f ! beliefs1 yet x reacts ^u !m2 ! my? is frequ5tly modell$ aft] ! rite 9 ord] to acc\nt = x1 especially :5 its s5se is no long] app>5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are beliefs :i* are cle>ly manife/$ only ?r\gh ! rites :i* express !m4 ,s ^! two p>ts ( our analysis _c fail to ov]lap4 ,h[ev]1 ^! two ord]s ( facts are s diff]5t t x is indisp5sable to /udy !m sep>ately4 ,& s9ce x is impossible to und]/& any?+ ab\t a religion :ile unacqua9t$ ) ! ideas ^u :i* x re/s1 we mu/ seek to become acqua9t$ ) ^! latt] fir/ ( all4 ,b x is n our int5tion to retrace all ! speculations into :i* ! religi\s ?\ght1 ev5 ( ! ,au/ralians alone1 has run4 ,! ?+s we wi% to rea* are ! elem5t>y notions at ! basis ( ! religion1 b !re is no ne$ ( foll[+ !m ?r\gh all ! developm5t1 sometimes v confus$1 :i* ! my?ological imag9ation ( ^! peoples has giv5 !m4 ,we %all make use ( my?s :5 !y enable u to und]/& ^! fundam5tal ideas bett]1 b we %all n make my?ology itself ! subject ( our /udies4 ,9 s f> z ?is is a "w ( art1 x does n fall )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! simple sci5ce ( religions4 ,also1 ! intellectual evolution f :i* x results is ( too great a complexity to be /udi$ indirectly & f a =eign po9t ( view4 ,x con/itutes a v difficult problem :i* mu/ be treat$ by itself1 = itself & ) a me?od peculi> to itself4 ,among ! beliefs ^u :i* totemism re/s1 ! mo/ important are naturally ^? conc]n+ ! totem2 x is ) ^! t we mu/ beg94 ,i ,at ! basis ( ne>ly all ! ,au/ralian tribes we f9d a gr\p :i* holds a prepond]at+ place 9 ! collective life3 ?is is ! clan4 ,two ess5tial traits *>act]ize x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! individuals :o compose x consid] !mselves unit$ by a bond ( k9%ip1 b "o :i* is ( a v special nature4 ,?is relation%ip does n come f ! fact t !y h def9ite blood connections ) "o ano!r2 !y are relatives f ! m]e fact t !y h ! same "n4 ,!y are n fa!rs & mo!rs1 sons or daught]s1 uncles or nephews ( "o ano!r 9 ! s5se :i* we n[ give ^! words2 yet !y ?9k ( !mselves z =m+ a s+le family1 :i* is l>ge or small accord+ to ! dim5sions ( ! clan1 m]ely because !y are collectively designat$ by ! same ^w4 ,:5 we say t !y reg>d !mselves z a s+le family1 we d s because !y recognize duties t[>ds ea* o!r :i* are id5tical ) ^? :i* h always be5 incumb5t ^u k9dr$3 su* duties z aid1 v5geance1 m\rn+1 ! obligation n to m>ry among !mselves1 etc4 ,by ?is fir/ *>act]i/ic1 ! clan does n diff] f ! ,roman g5s or ! ,greek ,greek3 g5os2 = ?is relation%ip also came m]ely f ! fact t all ! memb]s ( ! g5s _h ! same "n1#bae ! nom5 g5tilicium4 ,& 9 "o s5se1 ! g5s is a clan2 b x is a v>iety :i* %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,au/ralian clan4#baf ,?is latt] is di/+ui%$ by ! fact t its "n is also ! "n ( a det]m9$ species ( mat]ial ?+s ) :i* x believes t x has v p>ticul> relations1 ! nature ( :i* we %all pres5tly describe2 !y are especially relations ( k9%ip4 ,! species ( ?+s :i* s]ves to designate ! clan collectively is call$ its totem4 ,! totem ( ! clan is also t ( ea* ( its memb]s4 ,ea* clan has its totem1 :i* belongs to x alone2 two diff]5t clans ( ! same tribe _c h ! same4 ,9 fact1 "o is a memb] ( a clan m]ely because he has a c]ta9 "n4 ,all :o be> ?is "n are memb]s ( x = t v reason2 9 :atev] mann] !y may be spread ov] ! tribal t]ritory1 !y all h ! same relations ( k9%ip ) "o ano!r4#bag ,consequ5tly1 two gr\ps hav+ ! same totem c only be two sections ( ! same clan4 ,und\bt$ly1 x frequ5tly happ5s t all ( a clan does n reside 9 ! same locality1 b has repres5tatives 9 sev]al diff]5t places4 ,h[ev]1 ?is lack ( a geographical basis does n cause its unity to be ! less ke5ly felt4 ,9 reg>d to ! ^w totem1 we may say t x is ! "o employ$ by ! ,ojibway1 an ,algonqu9 tribe1 to designate ! sort ( ?+ ^: "n ! clan be>s4#bah ,al?\gh ?is expression is n at all ,au/ralian1#bai & is f\nd only 9 "o s+le society 9 ,am]ica1 e?nograph]s h def9itely adopt$ x1 & use x to d5ote1 9 a g5]al way1 ! sy/em :i* we are describ+4 ,s*oolcraft 0 ! fir/ to ext5d ! mean+ ( ! ^w ?us & to speak ( a totemic sy/em4#bbj ,?is ext5sion1 ( :i* !re are examples en\gh 9 e?nography1 is n )\t inconv5i5ces4 ,x is n normal = an in/itution ( ?is importance to be> a *ance "n1 tak5 f a /rictly local dialect1 & br++ to m9d none ( ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! ?+ x designates4 ,b to-day ?is way ( employ+ ! ^w is s univ]sally accept$ t x w\ld be an excess ( purism to rise aga9/ ?is usage4#bba ,9 a v l>ge proportion ( ! cases1 ! objects :i* s]ve z totems belong ei!r to ! animal or ! vegetable k+dom1 b especially to ! =m]4 ,inanimate ?+s are mu* m r>ely employ$4 ,out ( m ?an #ejj totemic names collect$ by ,h[itt among ! tribes ( s\?-ea/]n ,au/ralia1 !re are sc>cely =ty :i* are n ! names ( plants or animals2 ^! are ! cl\ds1 ra91 hail1 fro/1 ! moon1 ! sun1 ! w9d1 ! autumn1 ! summ]1 ! w9t]1 c]ta9 />s1 ?und]1 fire1 smoke1 wat] or ! sea4 ,x is noticeable h[ small a place is giv5 to cele/ial bodies &1 m g5]ally1 to ! great cosmic ph5om5a1 :i* 7 de/9$ to s great a =tune 9 lat] religi\s developm5t4 ,among all ! clans ( :i* ,h[itt speaks1 !re 7 only two :i* _h ! moon z totem1#bbb two ! sun1#bbc ?ree a />1#bbd ?ree ! ?und]1#bbe two ! lightn+4#bbf ,! ra9 is a s+le exception2 x1 on ! contr>y1 is v frequ5t4#bbg ,^! are ! totems :i* c be spok5 ( z normal4 ,b totemism has its abnormalities z well4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! totem is n a :ole object1 b ! "p ( an object4 ,?is fact appe>s r r>ely 9 ,au/ralia2#bbh ,h[itt cites only "o example4#bbi ,h[ev]1 x may well be t ?is is f\nd ) a c]ta9 frequ5cy 9 ! tribes :]e ! totemic gr\ps are excessively subdivid$2 x might be said t ! totems _h to break !mselves up 9 ord] to be able to furni% names to ^! num]\s divisions4 ,?is is :at seems to h tak5 place among ! ,arunta & ! ,loritja4 ,/rehl[ has collect$ #ddb totems 9 ^! two societies1 ( :i* _m are n an animal species1 b "s p>ticul> organ ( ! animal ( ! species1 su* z ! tail or /oma* ( an opossum1 ! fat ( ! kang>oo1 etc4#bcj ,we h se5 t normally ! totem is n an individual1 b a species or a v>iety3 x is n su* & su* a kang>oo or cr[1 b ! kang>oo or cr[ 9 g5]al4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is a p>ticul> object4 ,fir/ ( all1 ?is is necess>ily ! case :5 ! ?+ s]v+ z totem is unique 9 its class1 z ! sun1 ! moon1 su* or su* a con/ellation1 etc4 ,x also happ5s t clans take _! names f c]ta9 geographical irregul>ities or depressions ( ! l&1 f a c]ta9 ant-hill1 etc4 ,x is true t we h only a small numb] ( examples ( ?is 9 ,au/ralia2 b ,/rehl[ does m5tion "s4#bca ,b ! v causes :i* h giv5 rise to ^! abnormal totems %[ t !y are ( a relatively rec5t orig94 ,9 fact1 :at has made c]ta9 geographical features ( ! l& become totems is t a my?ical ance/or is suppos$ to h /opp$ !re or to h p]=m$ "s act ( 8 leg5d>y life !re4#bcb ,b at ! same "t1 ^! ance/ors are repres5t$ 9 ! my?s z !mselves belong+ to clans :i* _h p]fectly regul> totems1 t is to say1 ones tak5 f ! animal or vegetable k+doms4 ,!re=e1 ! totemic names ?us commemorat+ ! acts & p]=mances ( ^! h]oes _c be primitive2 !y belong to a =m ( totemism t is already d]iv$ & deviat$4 ,x is ev5 p]missible to ask if ! meteorological totems h n a simil> orig92 = ! sun1 ! moon & ! />s are frequ5tly id5tifi$ ) ! ance/ors ( ! my?ological epo*4#bcc ,sometimes1 b no less exceptionally1 x is an ance/or or a gr\p ( ance/ors :i* s]ves z totem directly4 ,9 ?is case1 ! clan takes its "n1 n f a ?+ or a species ( real ?+s1 b f a purely my?ical be+4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 _h already m5tion$ two or ?ree totems ( ?is sort4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga & among ! ,tj+illi !re are clans :i* be> ! "n ( an ance/or nam$ ,?aballa :o seems to be gaiety inc>nate4#bcd ,ano!r ,w>ramunga clan be>s ! "n ( a huge fabul\s s]p5t nam$ ,wollunqua1 f :i* ! clan consid]s itself desc5d$4#bce ,we owe o!r simil> facts to ,/rehl[4#bcf ,9 any case1 x is easy en\gh to see :at probably took place4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( div]se causes & by ! v developm5t ( my?ological ?\ght1 ! collective & imp]sonal totem became effac$ be=e c]ta9 my?ical p]sonages :o advanc$ to ! fir/ rank & became totems !mselves4 ,h[soev] int]e/+ ^! diff]5t irregul>ities may be1 !y conta9 no?+ :i* =ces u to modify our def9ition ( a totem4 ,!y are n1 z has sometimes be5 believ$1#bcg diff]5t v>ieties ( totems :i* are m or less irr$ucible into ea* o!r or into ! normal totem1 su* z we h def9$ x4 ,!y are m]ely second>y & sometimes ev5 ab]rant =ms ( a s+le notion :i* is mu* m g5]al1 & !re is e gr\nd = believ+ x ! m primitive4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! "n is acquir$ is m important = ! organization & recruit+ ( ! clan ?an = religion2 x belongs to ! sociology ( ! family r ?an to religi\s sociology4#bch ,s we %all conf9e ourselves to indicat+ summ>ily ! mo/ ess5tial pr9ciples :i* regulate ! matt]4 ,9 ! diff]5t tribes1 ?ree diff]5t sy/ems are 9 use4 ,9 a great numb]1 or x might ev5 be said1 9 ! great] numb] ( ! societies1 ! *ild takes ! totem ( its "m1 by "r ( bir?3 ?is is :at happ5s among ! ,di]i & ! ,urabunna ( ! c5tre ( ,s\!rn ,au/ralia2 ! ,wotjobaluk & ! ,g\rndit*-,m>a ( ,victoria2 ! ,kamil>oi1 ! ,wiradjuri1 ! ,wonghibon & ! ,euahlayi ( ,new ,s\? ,wales2 & ! ,wakelbura1 ! ,pitta-,pitta & ! ,kurn&aburi ( ,que5sl&1 to m5tion only ! mo/ important names4 ,9 ?is case1 ow+ to a law ( exogamy1 ! "m is necess>ily ( a diff]5t totem f h] husb&1 & on ! o!r h&1 z %e lives 9 8 community1 ! memb]s ( a s+le totem are necess>ily disp]s$ 9 diff]5t localities accord+ to ! *ances ( _! m>riages4 ,z a result1 ! totemic gr\p lacks a t]ritorial base4 ,else:]e ! totem is transmitt$ 9 ! pat]nal l9e4 ,9 ?is case1 if ! *ild rema9s ) 8 fa!r1 ! local gr\p is l>gely made up ( p belong+ to a s+le totem2 only ! m>ri$ wom5 !re repres5t =eign totems4 ,9 o!r words1 ea* locality has its p>ticul> totem4 ,up until rec5t times1 ?is s*eme ( organization 0 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia only among ! tribes :]e totemism 0 9 decad5ce1 su* z ! ,n>r9y]i1 :]e ! totem has almo/ no religi\s "* at all any m4#bci ,x 0 !re=e possible to believe t !re 0 a close connection betwe5 ! totemic sy/em & desc5t 9 ! ut]9e l9e4 ,b ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h obs]v$1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( c5tral ,au/ralia1 a :ole gr\p ( tribes :]e ! totemic religion is /ill practis$ b :]e ! transmission ( ! totem is 9 ! pat]nal l9e3 ^! are ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,quanji1 ! ,umbia1 ! ,b9b+a1 ! ,m>a & ! ,anula4#bdj ,f9ally1 a ?ird comb9ation is ! "o obs]v$ among ! ,arunta & ,loritja4 ,"h ! totem ( ! *ild is n necess>ily ei!r t ( ! "m or t ( ! fa!r2 x is t ( a my?ical ance/or :o came1 by processes :i* ! obs]v]s rec\nt 9 diff]5t ways1#bda & my/]i\sly fecundat$ ! "m at ! mom5t ( conception4 ,a special process makes x possible to le>n :i* ance/or x 0 & to :i* totemic gr\p he belong$4#bdb ,b s9ce x 0 only *ance :i* det]m9$ t ?is ance/or happ5$ to be ne> ! "m1 r ?an ano!r1 ! totem ( ! *ild is ?us f\nd to dep5d f9ally ^u =tuit\s circum/ances4#bdc ,outside ( & above ! totems ( clans !re are totems ( phratries :i*1 ?\gh n diff]+ f ! =m] 9 nature1 mu/ none ! less be di/+ui%$ f !m4 ,a phratry is a gr\p ( clans :i* are unit$ to ea* o!r by p>ticul> bonds ( frat]nity4 ,ord9>ily ! ,au/ralian tribe is divid$ into two phratries betwe5 :i* ! diff]5t clans are di/ribut$4 ,( c\rse !re are "s tribes :]e ?is organization has disappe>$1 b ev]y?+ leads u to believe t x 0 once g5]al4 ,9 any case1 !re are no tribes 9 ,au/ralia :]e ! numb] ( phratries is great] ?an two4 ,n[ 9 ne>ly all ! cases :]e ! phratries h a "n ^: mean+ has be5 e/abli%$1 ?is "n is t ( an animal2 x w\ld !re=e seem t x is a totem4 ,?is has be5 well demon/rat$ 9 a rec5t "w by ,a4 ,lang4#bdd ,?us1 among ! ,g\rndit* 7,victoria71 ! phratries are call$ ,krokit* & ,kaput*2 ! =m] ( ! words designates ! :ite cockatoo & ! latt] ! black cockatoo4#bde ,! same expressions are f\nd aga9 among ! ,bu&ik & ! ,wotjobaluk4#bdf ,among ! ,wurunj]ri1 ! names employ$ are ,bunjil & ,waang1 :i* designate ! eagle-hawk & ! cr[4#bdg ,! words ,mukw>a & ,kilp>a are us$ = ! same purpose 9 a l>ge numb] ( tribes ( ,new ,s\? ,wales2#bdh !y designate ! same birds4#bdi ,x is also ! eagle-hawk & ! cr[ :i* h giv5 _! names to ! two phratries ( ! ,ng>igo & ! ,wolgal4#bej ,among ! ,ku9murbura1 x is ! :ite cockatoo & ! cr[4#bea ,_m o!r examples might be cit$4 ,?us we are l$ to reg>d ! phratry z an anci5t clan :i* has be5 dismemb]$2 ! actual clans are ! product ( ?is dismemb]m5t1 & ! solid>ity :i* unites !m is a s\v5ir ( _! primitive unity4#beb ,x is true t 9 c]ta9 tribes1 ! phratries no long] h special names1 z x seems2 9 o!rs :]e ^! names exi/1 _! mean+ is no long] kn[n1 ev5 to ! memb]s4 ,b !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is4 ,! phratries are c]ta9ly a primitive in/itution1 = !y are ev]y:]e 9 a /ate ( regression2 _! desc5dants ! clans h pass$ to ! fir/ rank4 ,s x is b natural t ! names :i* !y bore %\ld h be5 effac$ f memory little by little1 :5 !y 7 no long] und]/ood2 = !y mu/ belong to a v ar*aic language no long] 9 use4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t 9 _m cases :]e we "k ! animal ^: "n ! phratry be>s1 ! ^w designat+ ?is animal 9 ! curr5t language is v diff]5t f ! "o employ$ "h4#bec ,betwe5 ! totem ( ! phratry & ! totems ( ! clans !re exi/s a sort ( relation ( subord9ation4 ,9 fact1 9 pr9ciple ea* clan belongs to "o & only "o phratry2 x is v exceptional t x has repres5tatives 9 ! o!r phratry4 ,?is is n met ) at all except among c]ta9 c5tral tribes1 notably ! ,arunta2#bed also ev5 :]e1 ow+ to di/urb+ influ5ces1 ov]lapp+s ( ?is sort h tak5 place1 ! great "p ( ! clan is includ$ entirely )9 "o or ! o!r ( ! two gr\ps ( ! tribe2 only a small m9ority is to be f\nd 9 ! o!r "o4#bee ,z a rule !n1 ! two phratries d n ov]lap ea* o!r2 consequ5tly1 ! li/ ( totems :i* an individual may h is pr$et]m9$ by ! phratry to :i* he belongs4 ,9 o!r words1 ! phratry is l a species ( :i* ! clans are v>ieties4 ,we %all pres5tly see t ?is comp>ison is n purely metaphorical4 ,9 addition to ! phratries & clans1 ano!r second>y gr\p is frequ5tly met ) 9 ,au/ralian societies1 :i* is n )\t a c]ta9 individuality3 ^! are ! matrimonial classes4 ,by ?is "n !y designate c]ta9 subdivisions ( ! phratry1 ^: numb] v>ies ) ! tribe3 !re are sometimes two & sometimes f\r p] phratry4#bef ,_! recruit+ & op]ation are regulat$ by ! two foll[+ pr9ciples4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* g5]ation 9 a phratry belongs to diff]5t clans f ! imm$iately prec$+ "o4 ,?us1 :5 !re are only two classes p] phratry1 !y necess>ily alt]nate ) ea* o!r e g5]ation4 ,! *ildr5 make up ! class ( :i* _! p>5ts are n memb]s2 b gr&*ildr5 are ( ! same class z _! gr&p>5ts4 ,?us1 among ! ,kamil>oi1 ! ,kupa?9 phratry has two classes1 ,ippai & ,kumbo2 ! ,dilby phratry1 two o!rs :i* are call$ ,murri & ,kubbi4 ,z desc5t is 9 ! ut]9e l9e1 ! *ild is 9 ! phratry ( its "m2 if %e is a ,kupa?91 ! *ild w be "o also4 ,b if %e is ( ! ,ippai class1 he w be a ,kumbo2 if ! *ild is a girl1 h] *ildr5 w aga9 be 9 ! ,ippai class4 ,likewise1 ! *ildr5 ( ! wom5 ( ! ,murri class w be 9 ! ,kubbi class1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! ,kubbi wom5 w be ,murri aga94 ,:5 !re are f\r classes p] phratry1 in/ead ( two1 ! sy/em is naturally m complex1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! f\r classes =m two c\ples ( two classes ea*1 & ^! two classes alt]nate ) ea* o!r e g5]ation 9 ! mann] j indicat$4 ,secondly1 ! memb]s ( "o class c 9 pr9ciple#beg m>ry into only "o ( ! classes ( ! o!r phratry4 ,! ,ippai mu/ m>ry into ! ,kubbi class & ! ,murri into ! ,kumbo class4 ,x is because ?is organization pr(\ndly affects matrimonial relations t we give ! gr\p ! "n ( matrimonial class4 ,n[ x may be ask$ :e!r ^! classes d n sometimes h totems l ! phratries & clans4 ,?is "q is rais$ by ! fact t 9 c]ta9 tribes ( ,que5sl&1 ea* matrimonial class has dietetic re/rictions t are peculi> to x4 ,! individuals :o compose x mu/ ab/a9 f eat+ ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals :i* ! o!rs may consume freely4#beh ,are ^! animals n totems8 ,b dietetic re/rictions are n ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( totemism4 ,! totem is a "n fir/ ( all1 & !n1 z we %all see1 an emblem4 ,n[ 9 ! societies ( :i* we j spoke1 !re are no matrimonial classes :i* be> ! "n ( an animal or plant1 or :i* h an emblem4#bei ,( c\rse x is possible t ^! re/rictions are indirectly d]iv$ f totemism4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! animals :i* ^! int]dictions protect 7 once ! totems ( clans :i* h s9ce disappe>$1 :ile ! matrimonial classes rema9$4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y h a =ce ( endurance :i* ! clans d n h4 ,!n ^! int]dictions1 depriv$ ( _! orig9al field1 may h spread !mselves out ov] ! entire class1 s9ce !re 7 no o!r gr\ps to :i* !y c\ld be atta*$4 ,b x is cle> t if ?is regulation 0 born ( totemism1 x repres5ts only an enfeebl$ & d5atur$ =m ( x4#bfj ,all t has be5 said ( ! totem 9 ,au/ralian societies is equally applicable to ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! only diff]5ce is t among ^! latt]1 ! totemic organization has a /rictness ( outl9e & a /ability :i* are n f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ,au/ralian clans are n only v num]\s1 b 9 a s+le tribe _! numb] is almo/ unlimit$4 ,obs]v]s cite "s ( !m z examples1 b )\t ev] succe$+ 9 giv+ u a complete li/4 ,?is is because ! li/ is nev] def9itely t]m9at$4 ,! same process ( dismemb]m5t :i* broke up ! orig9al phratries & give bir? to clans prop]ly s-call$ /ill cont9ues )9 ^! latt]2 z a result ( ?is progressive crumbl+1 a clan frequ5tly has only a v small effective =ce4#bfa ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 ! totemic sy/em has bett] def9$ =ms4 ,al?\gh ! tribes !re are consid]ably l>g] on ! av]age1 ! clans are less num]\s4 ,a s+le tribe r>ely has m ?an a doz5 ( !m1#bfb & frequ5tly less2 ea* ( !m is !re=e a mu* m important gr\p4 ,b above all1 _! numb] is fix$2 !y "k _! exact numb]1 & !y x tell to u4#bfc ,?is diff]5ce is due to ! sup]iority ( _! social economy4 ,f ! mom5t :5 ^! tribes 7 obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t1 ! social gr\ps 7 /rongly atta*$ to ! soil1 & consequ5tly bett] able to resi/ ! dec5traliz+ =ces :i* assail$ !m4 ,at ! same "t1 ! society _h too ke5 a s5tim5t ( its unity to rema9 unconsci\s ( itself & ( ! p>ts out ( :i* x 0 compos$4 ,! example ( ,am]ica ?us enables u to expla9 ev5 bett] ! organization at ! base ( ! clans4 ,we w\ld take a mi/ak5 view1 if we judg$ ?is only on ! pres5t conditions 9 ,au/ralia4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 a /ate ( *ange & dissolution !re1 :i* is n at all normal2 x is mu* r ! product ( a deg5]ation :i* we see1 due bo? to ! natural decay ( "t & ! disorganiz+ effect ( ! :ites4 ,to be sure1 x is h>dly probable t ! ,au/ralian clans ev] _h ! dim5sions & solid /ructure ( ! ,am]ican ones4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ! di/ance betwe5 !m 0 less consid]able ?an x is to-day1 = ! ,am]ican societies w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 mak+ s solid a /ructure if ! clans _h always be5 ( s fluid & inconsi/5t a nature4 ,?is great] /ability has ev5 enabl$ ! ar*aic sy/em ( phratries to ma9ta9 itself 9 ,am]ica ) a cle>ness & a relief no long] to be f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,we h j se5 t 9 ! latt] cont95t ! phratry is ev]y:]e 9 a /ate ( decad5ce2 v frequ5tly x is no?+ m ?an an anonym\s gr\p2 :5 x has a "n1 ?is is ei!r no long] und]/ood1 or 9 any case1 x _c mean a great deal to ! native1 s9ce x is borr[$ f a =eign language1 or f "o no long] spok54 ,?us we h be5 able to inf] ! exi/5ce ( totems = phratries only f a few survivals1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 are s slightly m>k$ t !y h escap$ ! att5tion ( _m obs]v]s4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 ?is in/itution has reta9$ its primitive importance4 ,! tribes ( ! ,nor?-we/ coa/1 ! ,tl9kit & ! ,haida especially1 h n[ atta9$ a relatively advanc$ civilization2 yet !y are divid$ into two phratries :i* are subdivid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( clans3 ! phratries ( ! ,cr[ & ! ,wolf among ! ,tl9kit1#bfd ( ! ,eagle & ! ,cr[ among ! ,haida4#bfe ,& ?is division is n m]ely nom9al2 x corresponds to an ev]-exi/+ /ate ( tribal cu/oms & is deeply m>k$ ) ! tribal life4 ,! moral di/ance sep>at+ ! clans is v slight 9 comp>ison ) t sep>at+ ! phratries4#bff ,! "n ( ea* is n a ^w ^: s5se is =gott5 or only vaguely kn[n2 x is a totem 9 ! full s5se ( ! t]m2 !y h all its ess5tial attributes1 su* z w be describ$ bel[4#bfg ,consequ5tly1 ^u ?is po9t also1 ,am]ican tribes mu/ n be neglect$1 = we c /udy ! totems ( phratries directly !re1 :ile ,au/ralia (f]s only obscure ve/iges ( !m4 ,,ii ,b ! totem is n m]ely a "n2 x is an emblem1 a v]itable coat-(-arms ^: analogies ) ! arms ( h]aldry h (t5 be5 rem>k$4 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,au/ralians1 ,grey says1 ea* family adopt an animal or vegetable z _! cre/ & sign1#bfh & :at ,grey calls a family is inconte/ably a clan4 ,also ,fison & ,h[itt say1 ! ,au/ralian divisions %[ t ! totem is1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! badge ( a gr\p4#bfi ,s*oolcraft says ! same ?+ ab\t ! totems ( ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! totem is 9 fact a design :i* corresponds to ! h]aldic emblems ( civiliz$ nations1 & ea* p]son is au?oriz$ to be> x z a pro( ( ! id5tity ( ! family to :i* x belongs4 ,?is is prov$ by ! real etymology ( ! ^w1 :i* is d]iv$ f dodaim1 :i* means village or ! resid5ce ( a family gr\p4#bgj ,?us :5 ! ,indians ent]$ into relations ) ! ,europeans & contracts 7 =m$ betwe5 !m1 x 0 ) its totem t ea* clan seal$ ! treaties ?us conclud$4#bga ,! nobles ( ! feudal p]iod c>v$1 engrav$ & design$ 9 e way _! coats-(-arms ^u ! walls ( _! ca/les1 _! arms1 & e sort ( object t belong$ to !m2 ! blacks ( ,au/ralia & ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica d ! same ?+ ) _! totems4 ,! ,indians :o accompani$ ,samuel ,he>ne pa9t$ _! totems on _! %ields be=e go+ into battle4#bgb ,accord+ to ,*>levoix1 9 "t ( w>1 c]ta9 tribes ( ,indians _h v]itable ensigns1 made ( bits ( b>k fa/5$ to ! end ( a pole1 ^u :i* ! totems 7 repres5t$4#bgc ,among ! ,tl9kit1 :5 a conflict breaks out betwe5 two clans1 ! *ampions ( ! two ho/ile gr\ps we> helmets ov] _! heads1 ^u :i* are pa9t$ _! respective totems4#bgd ,among ! ,iroquois1 !y put ! sk9 ( ! animal :i* s]ves z totem ^u ea* wigwam1 z a m>k ( ! clan4#bge ,accord+ to ano!r obs]v]1 ! animal 0 /uff$ & set up be=e ! door4#bgf ,among ! ,wy&ot1 ea* clan has its own ornam5ts & its di/9ctive pa9t+s4#bgg ,among ! ,omaha1 & among ! ,si\x g5]ally1 ! totem is pa9t$ on ! t5t4#bgh ,:]ev] ! society has become s$5t>y1 :]e ! t5t is replac$ by ! h\se1 & :]e ! pla/ic arts are m fully develop$1 ! totem is engrav$ ^u ! woodwork & ^u ! walls4 ,?is is :at happ5s1 = example1 among ! ,haida1 ! ,tsim%ian1 ! ,sali% & ! ,tl9kit4 ,a v p>ticul> ornam5t ( ! h\se1 among ! ,tl9kit1 says ,krause1 is ! totemic coat-(-arms4 ,animal =ms1 sometimes comb9$ ) human =ms1 are engrav$ ^u ! po/s at ! sides ( ! door ( entry1 :i* are z high z #ae y>ds2 !y are g5]ally pa9t$ ) v bright col\rs4#bgi ,h[ev]1 ^! totemic decorations are n v num]\s 9 ! ,tl9kit village2 !y are f\nd almo/ solely be=e ! h\ses ( ! *iefs & ri* m54 ,!y are mu* m frequ5t 9 ! neighb\r+ tribe ( ! ,haida2 "h !re are always sev]al = ea* h\se4#bhj ,) its _m sculptur$ po/s aris+ on e h&1 sometimes to a great height1 a ,haida village gives ! impression ( a sacr$ city1 all bri/l+ ) belfries or little m9>ets4#bha ,among ! ,sali%1 ! totem is frequ5tly repres5t$ ^u ! int]ior walls ( ! h\se4#bhb ,else:]e1 x is f\nd ^u ! canoes1 ! ut5sils ( e sort & ! fun]al piles4#bhc ,! prec$+ examples are tak5 exclusively f ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is is because sculpture1 engrav+s & p]man5t figurations are n possible except :]e ! te*nique ( ! pla/ic arts has rea*$ a degree ( p]fection to :i* ! ,au/ralian tribes h n yet atta9$4 ,consequ5tly ! totemic repres5tations ( ! sort :i* we j m5tion$ are r>] & less app>5t 9 ,au/ralia ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,h[ev]1 cases ( !m are cit$4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 at ! end ( ! burial c]emonies1 ! bones ( ! dead man are int]r$1 aft] !y h be5 dri$ & r$uc$ to p[d]2 beside ! place :]e !y are deposit$1 a figure repres5t+ ! totem is trac$ ^u ! gr\nd4#bhd ,among ! ,m>a & ! ,anula1 ! body is plac$ 9 a piece ( holl[ wood decorat$ ) designs *>act]i/ic ( ! totem4#bhe ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,oxley f\nd engrav+s ^u ! trees ne> ! tomb :]e a native 0 buri$#bhf to :i* ,br\gh ,smy? attributes a totemic "*4 ,! natives ( ! ,upp] ,d>l+ c>ve totemic images ^u _! %ields4#bhg ,accord+ to ,coll9s1 ne>ly all ! ut5sils are cov]$ ) ornam5ts :i* probably h ! same significance2 figures ( ! same sort are f\nd ^u ! rocks4#bhh ,^! totemic designs may ev5 be m frequ5t ?an x seems1 =1 ow+ to reasons :i* w be discuss$ bel[1 x is n always easy to see :at _! real mean+ is4 ,^! diff]5t facts give u an idea ( ! consid]able place held by ! totem 9 ! social life ( ! primitives4 ,h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t1 x has appe>$ to u z some?+ relatively outside ( ! man1 = x is only ^u ext]nal ?+s t we h se5 x repres5t$4 ,b totemic images are n plac$ only ^u ! walls ( _! h\ses1 ! sides ( _! canoes1 _! arms1 _! ut5sils & _! tombs2 !y are also f\nd on ! bodies ( ! m54 ,!y d n put _! coat-(-arms m]ely ^u ! ?+s :i* !y possess1 b !y put x ^u _! p]sons2 !y impr9t x ^u _! fle%1 x becomes a "p ( !m1 & ?is _w ( repres5tations is ev5 by f> ! m important "o4 ,9 fact1 x is a v g5]al rule t ! memb]s ( ea* clan seek to give !mselves ! ext]nal aspect ( _! totem4 ,at c]ta9 religi\s fe/ivals among ! ,tl9kit1 ! p]son :o is to direct ! c]emonies we>s a g>m5t :i* repres5ts1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 ! body ( ! animal ^: "n he be>s4#bhi ,^! same usages are also f\nd 9 all ! ,nor?-,we/ ( ,am]ica4#bij ,!y are f\nd aga9 among ! ,m9nit>ee1 :5 !y g into combat1#bia & among ! ,indians ( ! ,pueblos4#bib ,else:]e1 :5 ! totem is a bird1 m5 we> ! fea!rs ( ?is bird on _! heads4#bic ,among ! ,i[a1 ea* clan has a special fa%ion ( cutt+ ! hair4 ,9 ! ,eagle clan1 two l>ge tufts are arrang$ on ! front ( ! head1 :ile !re is ano!r "o beh9d2 9 ! ,buffalo clan1 !y are arrang$ 9 ! =m ( horns4#bid ,among ! ,omaha1 analog\s arrangem5ts are f\nd3 ea* clan has its own head-dress4 ,9 ! ,turtle clan1 = example1 ! hair is all %av$ (f1 except six bun*es1 two on ea* side ( ! head1 "o 9 front1 & "o beh9d1 9 su* a way z to imitate ! legs1 ! head & ! tail ( ! animal4#bie ,b x is m frequ5tly ^u ! body itself t ! totemic m>k is /amp$3 = ?is is a way ( repres5tation )9 ! capacity ( ev5 ! lea/ advanc$ societies4 ,x has sometimes be5 ask$ :e!r ! common rite ( knock+ out a "y man's two upp] tee? at ! age ( pub]ty does n h ! object ( reproduc+ ! =m ( ! totem4 ,! fact is n e/abli%$1 b x is wor? m5tion+ t ! natives !mselves sometimes expla9 ! cu/om ?us4 ,= example1 among ! ,arunta1 ! extraction ( tee? is practis$ only 9 ! clans ( ! ra9 & ( wat]2 n[ accord+ to tradition1 ! object ( ?is op]ation is to make _! faces look l c]ta9 black cl\ds ) light bord]s :i* are believ$ to ann\nce ! spe$y arrival ( ra91 & :i* are !re=e consid]$ ?+s ( ! same family4#bif ,?is is a pro( t ! native himself is consci\s t ! object ( ^! de=mations is to give him1 at lea/ conv5tionally1 ! aspect ( 8 totem4 ,among ^! same ,arunta1 9 ! c\rse ( ! rites ( sub-incision1 c]ta9 ga%es are cut ^u ! si/]s & ! future wife ( ! novice2 sc>s result f ^!1 ^: =m is also repres5t$ ^u a c]ta9 sacr$ object ( :i* we %all speak pres5tly & :i* is call$ ! *ur+a2 z we %all see1 ! l9es ?us drawn ^u ! *ur+a are emblematic ( ! totem4#big ,among ! ,kaiti%1 ! euro is believ$ to be closely connect$ ) ! ra92#bih ! m5 ( ! ra9 clan we> little e>-r+s made ( euro tee?4#bii ,among ! ,y]kla1 dur+ ! initiation ! "y man is giv5 a c]ta9 numb] ( sla%es :i* leave sc>s2 ! numb] & =m ( ^! v>ies ) ! totems4#cjj ,an in=m] ( ,fison m5tions ! same fact 9 ! tribes obs]v$ by him4#cja ,accord+ to ,h[itt1 a relation%ip ( ! same sort exi/s among ! ,di]i betwe5 c]ta9 arrangem5ts ( sc>s & ! wat] totem4#cjb ,among ! ,indians ( ! ,nor?-,we/1 x is a v g5]al cu/om = !m to tattoo !mselves ) ! totem4#cjc ,b ev5 if ! tattoo+s :i* are made by mutilations or sc>s d n always h a totemic significance1#cjd x is diff]5t ) simple designs drawn ^u ! body3 !y are g5]ally repres5tations ( ! totem4 ,x is true t ! native does n c>ry !m e day4 ,:5 he is occupi$ ) purely economic occupations1 or :5 ! small family gr\ps scatt] to hunt or fi%1 he does n bo!r ) all ?is p>aph]nalia1 :i* is q complicat$4 ,b :5 ! clans unite to live a common life & to assi/ at ! religi\s c]emonies toge!r1 !n he mu/ adorn himself4 ,z we %all see1 ea* ( ! c]emonies conc]ns a p>ticul> totem1 & 9 !ory ! rites :i* are connect$ ) a totem c be p]=m$ only by ! m5 ( t totem4 ,n[ ^? :o p]=m1#cje :o take ! "p ( (ficiants1 & sometimes ev5 ^? :o assi/ z spectators1 always h designs repres5t+ ! totem on _! bodies4#cjf ,"o ( ! pr9cipal rites ( initiation1 by :i* a "y man ent]s into ! religi\s life ( ! tribe1 consi/s 9 pa9t+ ! totemic symbol on 8 body4#cjg ,x is true t among ! ,arunta ! design ?us trac$ does n always & necess>ily repres5t ! totem ( ! initiat$2#cjh b ^! are exceptions1 due1 und\bt$ly1 to ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! totemic organization ( ?is tribe4#cji ,also1 ev5 among ! ,arunta1 at ! mo/ solemn mom5t ( ! initiation1 :i* is its cr[n & consecration1 :5 ! neophyte is all[$ to ent] ! sanctu>y :]e all ! sacr$ objects belong+ to ! clan are pres]v$1 an emblematic pa9t+ is plac$ ^u him2 ?is "t1 x is ! totem ( ! "y man :i* is ?us repres5t$4#caj ,! bonds :i* unite ! individual to 8 totem are ev5 s /rong t 9 ! tribes on ! ,nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! emblem ( ! clan is pa9t$ n only ^u ! liv+ b also ^u ! dead3 be=e a corpse is int]r$1 !y put ! totemic m>k ^u x4#caa ,,iii ,^! totemic decorations enable u to see t ! totem is n m]ely a "n & an emblem4 ,x is 9 ! c\rse ( ! religi\s c]emonies t !y are employ$2 !y are a "p ( ! liturgy2 s :ile ! totem is a collective label1 x also has a religi\s "*4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 connection ) x1 t ?+s are classifi$ z sacr$ or pr(ane4 ,x is ! v type ( sacr$ ?+4 ,! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 especially ! ,arunta1 ! ,loritja1 ! ,kaiti%1 ! ,unmatj]a1 & ! ,ilpirra1#cab make con/ant use ( c]ta9 in/rum5ts 9 _! rites :i* are call$ ! *ur+a by ! ,arunta1 accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 or ! tjurunga1 accord+ to ,/rehl[4#cac ,!y are pieces ( wood or bits ( poli%$ /one1 ( a great v>iety ( =ms1 b g5]ally oval or oblong4#cad ,ea* totemic gr\p has a m or less important collection ( ^!4 ,^u ea* ( ^! is engrav$ a design repres5t+ ! totem ( ?is same gr\p4#cae ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ! *ur+a h a hole at "o end1 ?r\gh :i* goes a ?read made ( human hair or t ( an opossum4 ,^? :i* are made ( wood & are pi]c$ 9 ?is way s]ve = exactly ! same purposes z ^? in/rum5ts ( ! cult to :i* ,engli% e?nograph]s h giv5 ! "n ( bull-ro>]s4 ,by means ( ! ?read by :i* !y are susp5d$1 !y are :irl$ rapidly 9 ! air 9 su* a way z to produce a sort ( humm+ id5tical ) t made by ! toys ( ?is "n /ill us$ by our *ildr52 ?is deaf5+ noise has a ritual significance & accompanies all c]emonies ( any importance4 ,^! sorts ( *ur+a are real bull-ro>]s4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* are n made ( wood & are n pi]c$2 consequ5tly !y _c be employ$ 9 ?is way4 ,nev]!less1 !y inspire ! same religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,9 fact1 e *ur+a1 = :atev] purpose x may be employ$1 is c\nt$ among ! em95tly sacr$ ?+s2 !re are none :i* surpass x 9 religi\s dignity4 ,?is is indicat$ ev5 by ! ^w :i* is us$ to designate !m4 ,x is n only a sub/antive b also an adjective mean+ sacr$4 ,also1 among ! sev]al names :i* ea* ,arunta has1 !re is "o s sacr$ t x mu/ n be reveal$ to a /rang]2 x is pron\nc$ b r>ely1 & !n 9 a l[ voice & a sort ( my/]i\s murmur4 ,n[ ?is "n is call$ ! aritna *ur+a 7aritna means "n74#caf ,9 g5]al1 ! ^w *ur+a is us$ to designate all ritual acts2 = example1 ilia *ur+a signifies ! cult ( ! emu4#cag ,*ur+a1 :5 us$ sub/antively1 !re=e designates ! ?+ ^: ess5tial *>act]i/ic is sacr$ness4 ,pr(ane p]sons1 t is to say1 wom5 & "y m5 n yet initiat$ into ! religi\s life1 may n t\* or ev5 see ! *ur+a2 !y are only all[$ to look at x f a di/ance1 & ev5 ?is is only on r>e occasions4#cah ,! *ur+a are pi\sly kept 9 a special place1 :i* ! ,arunta call ! ertnatulunga4#cai ,?is is a cave or a sort ( cav]n hidd5 9 a des]t$ place4 ,! entrance is c>efully clos$ by means ( /ones s clev]ly plac$ t a /rang] go+ pa/ x c\ld n suspect t ! religi\s treasury ( ! clan 0 s ne> to him4 ,! sacr$ "* ( ! *ur+a is s great t x communicates itself to ! locality :]e !y are /or$3 ! wom5 & ! un9itiat$ _c approa* x4 ,x is only aft] _! initiation is completely f9i%$ t ! "y m5 h access to x3 !re are "s :o are n e/eem$ wor?y ( ?is fav\r except aft] ye>s ( trial4#cbj ,! religi\s nature radiates to a di/ance & communicates itself to all ! surr\nd+s3 ev]y?+ ne> by p>ticipates 9 ?is same nature & is !re=e )drawn f pr(ane t\*4 ,is "o man pursu$ by ano!r8 ,if he succe$s 9 rea*+ ! ertnatulunga1 he is sav$2 he _c be seiz$ !re4#cba ,ev5 a w\nd$ animal :i* takes refuge !re mu/ be respect$4#cbb ,qu>rels are =bidd5 !re4 ,x is a place ( peace1 z is said 9 ! ,g]manic societies2 x is a sanctu>y ( ! totemic gr\p1 x is a v]itable place ( asylum4 ,b ! virtues ( ! *ur+a are n manife/$ m]ely by ! way 9 :i* x keeps ! pr(ane at a di/ance4 ,if x is ?us isolat$1 x is because x is some?+ ( a high religi\s value ^: loss w\ld injure ! gr\p & ! individuals sev]ely4 ,x has all sorts ( m>vell\s prop]ties3 by contact x heals w\nds1 especially ^? result+ f circumcision2#cbc x has ! same p[] ov] sickness2#cbd x is useful = mak+ ! be>d gr[2#cbe x conf]s important p[]s ov] ! totemic species1 ^: normal reproduction x ensures2#cbf x gives m5 =ce1 c\rage & p]sev]ance1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x depresses & weak5s _! enemies4 ,?is latt] belief is s firmly root$ t :5 two combatants /& pitt$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 if "o sees t ! o!r has br\ght *ur+a aga9/ him1 he loses confid5ce & 8 defeat is c]ta94#cbg ,?us !re is no ritual in/rum5t :i* has a m important place 9 ! religi\s c]emonies4#cbh ,by means ( v>i\s sorts ( ano9t+s1 _! p[]s are communicat$ ei!r to ! (ficiants or to ! assi/ants2 to br+ ?is ab\t1 !y are rubb$ ov] ! memb]s & /oma* ( ! fai?ful aft] be+ cov]$ ) grease2#cbi or sometimes !y are cov]$ ) a d[n :i* flies away & scatt]s itself 9 e direction :5 !y are :irl$2 ?is a way ( dissem9at+ ! virtues :i* are 9 !m4#ccj ,b !y are n useful m]ely to individuals2 ! fate ( ! clan z a :ole is b\nd up ) !irs4 ,_! loss is a disa/]2 x is ! greate/ mis=tune :i* c happ5 to ! gr\p4#cca ,sometimes !y leave ! ertnatulunga1 = example :5 !y are loan$ to o!r gr\ps4#ccb ,!n foll[s a v]itable public m\rn+4 ,= two weeks1 ! p ( ! totem weep & lam5t1 cov]+ _! bodies ) :ite clay j z !y d :5 !y h lo/ a relative4#ccc ,& ! *ur+a are n left at ! free disposition ( ev]ybody2 ! ertnatulunga :]e !y are kept is plac$ "u ! control ( ! *ief ( ! gr\p4 ,x is true t ea* individual has special rights to "s ( !m2#ccd yet1 ?\gh he is _! proprietor 9 a s5se1 he _c make use ( !m except ) ! cons5t & "u ! direction ( ! *ief4 ,x is a collective treasury2 x is ! sacr$ ark ( ! clan4#cce ,! devotion ( :i* !y are ! object %[s ! high price t is atta*$ to !m4 ,! respect ) :i* !y are h&l$ is %[n by ! solemnity ( ! movem5ts4#ccf ,!y are tak5 c>e (1 !y are greas$1 rubb$1 poli%$1 & :5 !y are mov$ f "o locality to ano!r1 x is 9 ! mid/ ( c]emonies :i* be> witness to ! fact t ?is displacem5t is reg>d$ z an act ( ! highe/ importance4#ccg ,n[ 9 !mselves1 ! *ur+a are objects ( wood & /one l all o!rs2 !y are di/+ui%$ f pr(ane ?+s ( ! same sort by only "o p>ticul>ity3 ?is is t ! totemic m>k is drawn or engrav$ ^u !m4 ,s x is ?is m>k & ?is alone :i* gives !m _! sacr$ "*4 ,x is true t accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ! *ur+a s]ve z ! resid5ce ( an ance/or's s\l & t x is ! pres5ce ( ?is s\l :i* conf]s ^! prop]ties4#cch ,:ile decl>+ ?is int]pretation inexact1 ,/rehl[1 9 8 turn1 proposes ano!r :i* does n diff] mat]ially f ! o!r3 he claims t ! *ur+a are consid]$ ! image ( ! ance/or's body1 or ! body itself4#cci ,s1 9 any case1 x w\ld be s5tim5ts inspir$ by ! ance/or :i* fix !mselves ^u ! mat]ial object1 & conv]t x into a sort ( feti%4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 bo? conceptions1--:i*1 by ! way1 sc>cely diff] except 9 ! lett] ( ! my?1--h obvi\sly be5 made up aft]w>ds1 to acc\nt = ! sacr$ "* ( ! *ur+a4 ,9 ! con/itution ( ^! pieces ( wood & bits ( /one1 & 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance1 !re is no?+ :i* pr$e/9es !m to be consid]$ ! seat ( an ance/ral s\l1 or ! image ( 8 body4 ,s if m5 h imag9$ ?is my?1 x 0 9 ord] to expla9 ! religi\s respect :i* ^! ?+s inspir$ 9 !m1 & ! respect 0 n det]m9$ by ! my?4 ,?is explanation1 l s _m my?ological explanations1 resolves ! "q only by repeat+ x 9 slightly diff]5t t]ms2 = say+ t ! *ur+a is sacr$ & say+ t x has su* & su* a relation ) a sacr$ be+1 is m]ely to proclaim ! same fact 9 two diff]5t ways2 x is n acc\nt+ = !m4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ! av[al ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !re are "s *ur+a among ! ,arunta :i* are made by ! old m5 ( ! gr\p1 to ! k ( & be=e ! eyes ( all2#cdj ^! obvi\sly d n come f ! great ance/ors4 ,h[ev]1 except = c]ta9 diff]5ces ( degree1 !y h ! same p[] z ! o!rs & are pres]v$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,f9ally1 !re are :ole tribes :]e ! *ur+a is nev] associat$ ) a _s4#cda ,its religi\s nature comes to x1 !n1 f "s o!r s\rce1 & :5ce c\ld x come1 if n f ! totemic /amp :i* x be>s8 ,x is to ?is image1 !re=e1 t ! demon/rations ( ! rite are really address$2 x is ?is :i* sanctifies ! object ^u :i* x is c>v$4 ,among ! ,arunta & ! neighb\r+ tribes1 !re are two o!r liturgical in/rum5ts closely connect$ ) ! totem & ! *ur+a itself1 :i* ord9>ily ent]s into _! composition3 !y are ! nurtunja & ! wan+a4 ,! nurtunja1#cdb :i* is f\nd among ! nor!rn ,arunta & _! imm$iate neighb\rs1#cdc is made up pr9cipally ( a v]tical support :i* is ei!r a s+le lance1 or sev]al lances unit$ into a bundle1 or ( a simple pole4#cdd ,bun*es ( grass are fa/5$ all ar\nd x by means ( belts or little cords made ( hair4 ,above ?is1 d[n is plac$1 arrang$ ei!r 9 circles or 9 p>allel l9es :i* run f ! top to ! bottom ( ! support4 ,! top is decorat$ ) ! plumes ( an eagle-hawk4 ,?is is only ! mo/ g5]al & typical =m2 9 p>ticul> cases1 x has all sorts ( v>iations4#cde ,! wan+a1 :i* is f\nd only among ! s\!rn ,arunta1 ! ,urabunna & ! ,loritja1 has no "o unique model ei!r4 ,r$uc$ to its mo/ ess5tial elem5ts1 x too consi/s 9 a v]tical support1 =m$ by a long /ick or by a lance sev]al y>ds high1 ) sometimes "o & sometimes two cross-pieces4#cdf ,9 ! =m] case1 x has ! appe>ance ( a cross4 ,cords made ei!r ( human hair or opossum or b&icoot fur diagonally cross ! space includ$ betwe5 ! arms ( ! cross & ! extremities ( ! c5tral axis2 z !y are q close to ea* o!r1 !y =m a network 9 ! =m ( a loz5ge4 ,:5 !re are two cross-b>s1 ^! cords g f "o to ! o!r & f ^! to ! top & bottom ( ! support4 ,!y are sometimes cov]$ ) a lay] ( d[n1 ?ick en\gh to conceal ! f\ndation4 ,?us ! wan+a has ! appe>ance ( a v]itable flag4#cdg ,n[ ! nurtunja & ! wan+a1 :i* figure 9 a multitude ( important rites1 are ! object ( a religi\s respect q l t inspir$ by ! *ur+a4 ,! process ( _! manufacture & erection is conduct$ ) ! greate/ solemnity4 ,fix$ 9 ! e>?1 or c>ri$ by an (ficiant1 !y m>k ! c5tral po9t ( ! c]emony3 x is ab\t !m t ! dances take place & ! rites are p]=m$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! initiation1 ! novice is l$ to ! foot ( a nurtunja erect$ = ! occasion4 ,someone says to him1 ,!re is ! nurtunja ( y\r fa!r2 _m "y m5 h already be5 made by x4 ,aft] t1 ! initiate mu/ kiss ! nurtunja4#cdh ,by ?is kiss1 he ent]s into relations ) ! religi\s pr9ciple :i* resides !re2 x is a v]itable communion :i* %\ld give ! "y man ! =ce requir$ to support ! t]rible op]ation ( sub-incision4#cdi ,! nurtunja also plays a consid]able rle 9 ! my?ology ( ^! societies4 ,! my?s relate t 9 ! fabul\s times ( ! great ance/ors1 ! t]ritory ( ! tribe 0 ov]run 9 e direction by companies compos$ exclusively ( individuals ( ! same totem4#cej ,ea* ( ^! troops _h a nurtunja ) x4 ,:5 x /opp$ to camp1 be=e scatt]+ to hunt1 ! memb]s fix$ _! nurtunja 9 ! gr\nd1 f ! top ( :i* _! *ur+a 0 susp5d$4#cea ,t is equival5t to say+ t !y confid$ ! mo/ preci\s ?+s !y _h to x4 ,x 0 at ! same "t a sort ( /&>d :i* s]v$ z a rally+-c5tre = ! gr\p4 ,"o _c fail to be /ruck by ! analogies betwe5 ! nurtunja & ! sacr$ po/ ( ! ,omaha4#ceb ,n[ its sacr$ "* c come f only "o cause3 t is t x repres5ts ! totem mat]ially4 ,! v]tical l9es or r+s ( d[n :i* cov] x1 & ev5 ! cords ( diff]5t col\rs :i* fa/5 ! arms ( ! wan+a to ! c5tral axis1 are n arrang$ arbitr>ily1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! mak]s2 !y mu/ con=m to a type /rictly det]m9$ by tradition :i*1 9 ! m9ds ( ! natives1 repres5ts ! totem4#cec ,"h we _c ask1 z we did 9 ! case ( ! *ur+a1 :e!r ! v5]ation accord$ to ?is in/rum5t ( ! cult is n m]ely ! reflex ( t inspir$ by ! ance/ors2 = x is a rule t ea* nurtunja & ea* wan+a la/ only dur+ ! c]emony :]e !y are us$4 ,!y are made all ov] aga9 e "t t x is necess>y1 & :5 ! rite is once accompli%$1 !y are /ripp$ ( _! ornam5ts & ! elem5ts out ( :i* !y are made are scatt]$4#ced ,!y are no?+ m ?an images--& tempor>y images at t--( ! totem1 & consequ5tly x is on ?is gr\nd1 & on ?is gr\nd alone1 t !y play a religi\s rle4 ,s ! *ur+a1 ! nurtunja & ! wan+a owe _! religi\s nature solely to ! fact t !y be> ! totemic emblem4 ,x is ! emblem t is sacr$4 ,x keeps ?is "*1 no matt] :]e x may be repres5t$4 ,sometimes x is pa9t$ ^u rocks2 ^! pa9t+s are call$ *ur+a ilk9ia1 sacr$ draw+s4#cee ,! decorations ) :i* ! (ficiants & assi/ants at ! religi\s c]emonies adorn !mselves h ! same "n3 wom5 & *ildr5 may n see !m4#cef ,9 ! c\rse ( c]ta9 rites1 ! totem is drawn ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is is done be>s witness to ! s5tim5ts inspir$ by ?is design1 & ! high value attribut$ to x2 x is trac$ ^u a place t has be5 previ\sly spr9kl$1 & saturat$ ) human blood1#ceg & we %all pres5tly see t ! blood is 9 itself a sacr$ liquid1 s]v+ = pi\s uses only4 ,:5 ! design has be5 made1 ! fai?ful rema9 seat$ on ! gr\nd be=e x1 9 an attitude ( ! pure/ devotion4#ceh ,if we give ! ^w a s5se correspond+ to ! m5tality ( ! primitive1 we may say t !y adore x4 ,?is enables u to und]/& h[ ! totemic blazon has rema9$ some?+ v preci\s = ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica3 x is always surr\nd$ ) a sort ( religi\s halo4 ,b if we are seek+ to und]/& h[ x comes t ^! totemic repres5tations are s sacr$1 x is n )\t int]e/ to see :at !y consi/ 94 ,among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !y are pa9t$1 engrav$ or c>v$ images :i* attempt to reproduce z fai?fully z possible ! ext]nal aspect ( ! totemic animal4 ,! means employ$ are ^? :i* we use to-day 9 simil> circum/ances1 except t !y are g5]ally crud]4 ,b x is n ! same 9 ,au/ralia1 & x is 9 ! ,au/ralian societies t we mu/ seek ! orig9 ( ^! repres5tations4 ,al?\gh ! ,au/ralian may %[ himself suffici5tly capable ( imitat+ ! =ms ( ?+s 9 a rudim5t>y way1#cei sacr$ repres5tations g5]ally seem to %[ no ambitions 9 ?is l9e3 !y consi/ ess5tially 9 geometrical designs drawn ^u ! *ur+a1 ! nurtunga1 rocks1 ! gr\nd1 or ! human body4 ,!y are ei!r /raight or curv$ l9es1 pa9t$ 9 diff]5t ways1#cfj & ! :ole hav+ only a conv5tional mean+4 ,! connection betwe5 ! figure & ! ?+ repres5t$ is s remote & indirect t x _c be se51 except :5 x is po9t$ out4 ,only ! memb]s ( ! clan c say :at mean+ is atta*$ to su* & su* comb9ations ( l9es4#cfa ,m5 & wom5 are g5]ally repres5t$ by semicircles1 & animals by :ole circles or spirals1#cfb ! tracks ( m5 or animals by l9es ( po9ts1 etc4 ,! mean+ ( ! figures ?us obta9$ is s arbitr>y t a s+le design may h two diff]5t mean+s = ! m5 ( two diff]5t totems1 repres5t+ "o animal "h1 & ano!r animal or plant !re4 ,?is is p]haps /ill m app>5t ) ! nurtunja & wan+a4 ,ea* ( !m repres5ts a diff]5t totem4 ,b ! few & simple elem5ts :i* ent] into _! composition d n all[ a great v>iety ( comb9ations4 ,! result is t two nurtunja may h exactly ! same appe>ance1 & yet express two ?+s z diff]5t z a gum tree & an emu4#cfc ,:5 a nurtunja is made1 x is giv5 a mean+ :i* x keeps dur+ ! :ole c]emony1 b :i*1 9 ! la/ resort1 is fix$ by conv5tion4 ,^! facts prove t if ! ,au/ralian is s /rongly incl9$ to repres5t 8 totem1 x is 9 ord] n to h a portrait ( x be=e 8 eyes :i* w\ld con/antly r5ew ! s5sation ( x2 x is m]ely because he feels ! ne$ ( repres5t+ ! idea :i* he =ms ( x by means ( mat]ial & ext]nal signs1 no matt] :at ^! signs may be4 ,we are n yet ready to attempt to und]/& :at has ?us caus$ ! primitive to write 8 idea ( 8 totem ^u 8 p]son & ^u diff]5t objects1 b x is important to /ate at once ! nature ( ! ne$ :i* has giv5 rise to ^! num]\s repres5tations4#cfd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,totemic ,,beliefs--cont9u$ ,! ,totemic ,animal & ,man ,b totemic images are n ! only sacr$ ?+s4 ,!re are real ?+s :i* are also ! object ( rites1 because ( ! relations :i* !y h ) ! totem3 be=e all o!rs1 are ! be+s ( ! totemic species & ! memb]s ( ! clan4 ,i ,fir/ ( all1 s9ce ! designs :i* repres5t ! totem ar\se religi\s s5tim5ts1 x is natural t ! ?+s ^: aspect ^! designs reproduce %\ld h ?is same prop]ty1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! are animals or plants4 ,! pr(ane function ( vegetables & ev5 ( animals is ord9>ily to s]ve z food2 !n ! sacr$ "* ( ! totemic animal or plant is %[n by ! fact t x is =bidd5 to eat !m4 ,x is true t s9ce !y are sacr$ ?+s1 !y c ent] into ! composition ( c]ta9 my/ical repa/s1 & we %all see1 9 fact1 t !y sometimes s]ve z v]itable sacram5ts2 yet normally !y _c be us$ = ev]yday consumption4 ,:oev] ov]/eps ?is rule1 exposes himself to grave dang]s4 ,x is n t ! gr\p always int]v5es to puni% ?is infraction artificially2 x is believ$ t ! sacrilege produces dea? automatically4 ,a r$\btable pr9ciple is held to reside 9 ! totemic plant or animal1 :i* _c ent] into ! pr(ane organism )\t disorganiz+ x or de/roy+ x4#cfe ,9 c]ta9 tribes at lea/1 only ! old m5 are free f ?is prohibition2#cff we %all see ! reason = ?is lat]4 ,h[ev]1 if ?is prohibition is =mal 9 a l>ge numb] ( tribes#cfg--) c]ta9 exceptions :i* w be m5tion$ lat]--x is inconte/able t x t5ds to weak5 z ! old totemic organization is di/urb$4 ,b ! re/rictions :i* rema9 ev5 !n prove t ^! att5uations are n admitt$ )\t difficulty4 ,= example1 :5 x is p]mitt$ to eat ! plant or animal t s]ves z totem1 x is n possible to d s freely2 only a little bit may be tak5 at a "t4 ,to g beyond ?is am\nt is a ritual fault t has grave consequ5ces4#cfh ,else:]e1 ! prohibition rema9s intact = ! p>ts t are reg>d$ z ! mo/ preci\s1 t is to say1 z ! mo/ sacr$2 = example1 ! eggs or ! fat4#cfi ,9 /ill o!r p>ts1 consumption is n all[$ except :5 ! animal 9 "q has n yet rea*$ full maturity4#cgj ,9 ?is case1 !y und\bt$ly ?9k t its sacr$ "* is n yet complete4 ,s ! b>ri] :i* isolates & protects ! totemic be+ yields b sl[ly & ) active resi/ance1 :i* be>s witness to :at x mu/ h be5 at fir/4 ,x is true t accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill5 ^! re/rictions are n ! remnants ( :at 0 once a rigor\s prohibition n[ los+ hold1 b ! beg9n+s ( an int]diction :i* is only comm5c+ to e/abli% itself4 ,^! writ]s hold#cga t at fir/ !re 0 a complete lib]ty ( consumption & t ! limitations :i* 7 pres5tly br\ght are relatively rec5t4 ,!y ?9k !y f9d ! pro( ( _! !ory 9 ! two foll[+ facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z we j said1 !re are solemn occasions :5 ! memb]s ( ! clan or _! *ief n only may1 b mu/ eat ! totemic animal or plant4 ,moreov]1 ! my?s relate t ! great ance/ors1 ! f\nd]s ( ! clans1 ate _! totems regul>ly3 n[1 x is said1 ^! /ories _c be und]/ood except z an e*o ( a "t :5 ! pres5t prohibitions did n exi/4 ,b ! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( c]ta9 solemn c]emonies a consumption ( ! totem1 & a mod]ate "o at t1 is ritually requir$ 9 no way implies t x 0 once an ord9>y article ( food4 ,q on ! contr>y1 ! food t "o eats at a my/ical repa/ is ess5tially sacr$1 & consequ5tly =bidd5 to ! pr(ane4 ,z = ! my?s1 a some:at summ>y critical me?od is employ$1 if !y are s readily giv5 ! value ( hi/orical docum5ts4 ,9 g5]al1 _! object is to int]pret exi/+ rites r ?an to commemorate pa/ ev5ts2 !y are an explanation ( ! pres5t mu* m ?an a hi/ory4 ,9 ?is case1 ! traditions accord+ to :i* ! ance/ors ( ! fabul\s epo* ate _! totem are 9 p]fect accord ) ! beliefs & rites :i* are always 9 =ce4 ,! old m5 & ^? :o h atta9$ a high religi\s dignity are fre$ f ! re/rictions "u :i* ord9>y m5 are plac$3#cgb !y c eat ! sacr$ ?+ because !y are sacr$ !mselves2 ?is rule is 9 no way peculi> to totemism1 b x is f\nd 9 all ! mo/ div]se religions4 ,n[ ! ance/ral h]oes 7 ne>ly gods4 ,x is !re=e /ill m natural t !y %\ld eat ! sacr$ food2#cgc b t is no reason :y ! same privilege %\ld be aw>d$ to ! simple pr(ane4#cgd ,h[ev]1 x is nei!r c]ta9 nor ev5 probable t ! prohibition 0 ev] absolute4 ,x seems to h always be5 susp5d$ 9 case ( necessity1 z1 = example1 :5 a man is fami%$ & has no?+ else ) :i* to n\ri% himself4#cge ,a /rong] reason = ?is is f\nd :5 ! totem is a =m ( n\ri%m5t :i* a man _c d )\t4 ,?us !re are a great _m tribes :]e wat] is a totem2 a /rict prohibition is manife/ly impossible 9 ?is case4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 "h1 ! privilege grant$ is submitt$ to c]ta9 re/rictions :i* greatly limit its use & :i* %[ cle>ly t x goes aga9/ a recogniz$ pr9ciple4 ,among ! ,kaiti% & ! ,w>ramunga1 a man ( ?is totem is n all[$ to dr9k wat] freely2 he may n take x up himself2 he may receive x only f ! h&s ( a ?ird p>ty :o mu/ belong to ! phratry ( :i* he is n a memb]4#cgf ,! complexity ( ?is proc$ure & ! emb>rassm5t :i* results f x are /ill ano!r pro( t access to ! sacr$ ?+ is n free4 ,?is same rule is appli$ 9 c]ta9 c5tral tribes e "t t ! totem is eat51 :e!r f necessity or any o!r cause4 ,x %\ld also be add$ t :5 ?is =mality is n possible1 t is1 :5 a man is alone or ) memb]s ( 8 own phratry only1 he may1 on necessity1 d )\t an int]m$i>y4 ,x is cle> t ! prohibition is susceptible ( v>i\s mod]ations4 ,nev]!less1 x re/s ^u ideas s /rongly +ra9$ 9 ! m9d t x frequ5tly survives its orig9al cause = be+4 ,we h se5 t 9 all probability1 ! diff]5t clans ( a phratry are only subdivisions ( "o orig9al clan :i* has be5 dismemb]$4 ,s !re 0 a "t :5 all ! clans1 be+ weld$ toge!r1 _h ! same totem2 consequ5tly1 :]ev] ! s\v5ir ( ?is common orig9 is n completely effac$1 ea* clan cont9ues to feel itself unit$ to ! o!rs & to consid] t _! totems are n completely =eign to x4 ,= ?is reason an individual may n eat freely ( ! totems held by ! diff]5t clans ( ! phratry ( :i* he is a memb]2 he may t\* !m only if ! =bidd5 plant or animal is giv5 him by a memb] ( ! o!r phratry4#cgg ,ano!r survival ( ! same sort is ! "o conc]n+ ! mat]nal totem4 ,!re are /rong reasons = believ+ t at fir/1 ! totem 0 transmitt$ 9 ! ut]9e l9e4 ,!re=e1 :]ev] desc5t 9 ! pat]nal l9e has be5 introduc$1 ?is probably took place only aft] a long p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! opposite pr9ciple 0 appli$ & ! *ild _h ! totem ( 8 "m along ) all ! re/rictions atta*$ to x4 ,n[ 9 c]ta9 tribes :]e ! *ild inh]its ! pat]nal totem to-day1 "s ( ! int]dictions :i* orig9ally protect$ ! totem ( 8 "m /ill survive3 he _c eat x freely4#cgh ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( affairs1 h[ev]1 !re is no long] any?+ correspond+ to ?is prohibition4 ,to ?is prohibition ( eat+ is frequ5tly add$ t ( kill+ ! totem1 or pick+ x1 :5 x is a plant4#cgi ,h[ev]1 "h also !re are exceptions & tol]ations4 ,^! are especially 9 ! case ( necessity1 :5 ! totem is a dang]\s animal1#chj = example1 or :5 ! man has no?+ to eat4 ,!re are ev5 tribes :]e m5 are =bidd5 to hunt ! animals ^: names !y be>1 on _! own acc\nts1 b :]e !y may kill !m = o!rs4#cha ,b ! way 9 :i* ?is act is g5]ally accompli%$ cle>ly indicates t x is some?+ illicit4 ,"o excuses himself z ?\gh = a fault1 & be>s witness to ! *agr9 :i* he suff]s & ! repugnance :i* he feels1#chb :ile precautions are tak5 t ! animal may suff] z little z possible4#chc ,9 addition to ^! fundam5tal int]dictions1 c]ta9 cases ( a prohibition ( contact betwe5 a man & 8 totem are cit$4 ,?us among ! ,omaha1 9 ! clan ( ! ,elk1 no "o may t\* any "p ( ! body ( a male elk2 9 ! sub-clan ( ! ,buffalo1 no "o is all[$ to t\* ! head ( ?is animal4#chd ,among ! ,be*uana1 no man d>es to clo! himself 9 ! sk9 ( 8 totem4#che ,b ^! cases are r>e2 & x is natural t !y %\ld be exceptional1 = normally a man mu/ we> ! image ( 8 totem or some?+ :i* br+s x to m9d4 ,! tattoo+s & ! totemic co/umes w\ld n be possible if all contact 7 =bidd54 ,x has also be5 rem>k$ t ?is prohibition has n be5 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 b only 9 ^? societies :]e totemism has advanc$ f> f its orig9al =m2 x is !re=e probably ( late orig9 & due p]haps to ! influ5ce ( ideas t are really n totemic at all4#chf ,if we n[ comp>e ^! v>i\s int]dictions ) ^? ^: object is ! totemic emblem1 contr>ily to all t c\ld be =ese51 x appe>s t ^! latt] are m num]\s1 /rict]1 & m sev]ely en=c$ ?an ! =m]4 ,! figures ( all sorts :i* repres5t ! totem are surr\nd$ ) a respect s5sibly sup]ior to t inspir$ by ! v be+ ^: =m ^! figures reproduce4 ,! *ur+a1 ! nurtunja & ! wan+a c nev] be h&l$ by ! wom5 or ! un9itiat$1 :o are ev5 all[$ to cat* glimpses ( x only v exceptionally1 & f a respectful di/ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! plant or animal ^: "n ! clan be>s may be se5 & t\*$ by ev]ybody4 ,! *ur+a are pres]v$ 9 a sort ( temple1 ^u ^: ?re%old all noises f ! pr(ane life mu/ cease2 x is ! doma9 ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! totemic animals & plants live 9 ! pr(ane _w & are mix$ up ) ! common ev]yday life4 ,s9ce ! numb] & importance ( ! int]dictions :i* isolate a sacr$ ?+1 & keep x ap>t1 correspond to ! degree ( sacr$ness ) :i* x is inve/$1 we arrive at ! rem>kable conclusion t ! images ( totemic be+s are m sacr$ ?an ! be+s !mselves4 ,also1 9 ! c]emonies ( ! cult1 x is ! *ur+a & ! nurtunja :i* h ! mo/ important place2 ! animal appe>s !re only v exceptionally4 ,9 a c]ta9 rite1 ( :i* we %all h occasion to speak1#chg x s]ves z ! sub/ance = a religi\s repa/1 b x plays no active rle4 ,! ,arunta dance ar\nd ! nurtunja1 & assemble be=e ! image ( _! totem to adore x1 b a simil> demon/ration is nev] made be=e ! totemic be+ itself4 ,if ?is latt] 7 ! prim>ily sacr$ object1 x w\ld be ) x1 ! sacr$ animal or plant1 t ! "y initiate w\ld communicate :5 he is introduc$ into ! religi\s life2 b we h se5 t on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ solemn mom5t ( ! initiation is ! "o :5 ! novice ent]s into ! sanctu>y ( ! *ur+a4 ,x is ) !m & ! nurtunja t he communicates4 ,! repres5tations ( ! totem are !re=e m actively p[]ful ?an ! totem itself4 ,,ii ,we mu/ n[ det]m9e ! place ( man 9 ! s*eme ( religi\s ?+s4 ,by ! =ce ( a :ole gr\p ( acquir$ habits & ( language itself1 we are incl9$ to consid] ! common man1 ! simple believ]1 z an ess5tially pr(ane be+4 ,x may well happ5 t ?is conception is n lit]ally true = any religion2#chh 9 any case1 x is n applicable to totemism4 ,e memb] ( ! clan is inve/$ ) a sacr$ "* :i* is n mat]ially inf]ior to t :i* we j obs]v$ 9 ! animal4 ,?is p]sonal sacr$ness is due to ! fact t ! man believes t :ile he is a man 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 he is also an animal or plant ( ! totemic species4 ,9 fact1 he be>s its "n2 ?is id5tity ( "n is !re=e suppos$ to imply an id5tity ( nature4 ,! fir/ is n m]ely consid]$ z an outw>d sign ( ! second2 x supposes x logically4 ,?is is because ! "n1 = a primitive1 is n m]ely a ^w or a comb9ation ( s\nds2 x is a "p ( ! be+1 & ev5 some?+ ess5tial to x4 ,a memb] ( ! ,kang>oo clan calls himself a kang>oo2 he is !re=e1 9 "o s5se1 an animal ( ?is species4 ,! totem ( any man1 say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 is reg>d$ z ! same ?+ z himself2 a native once said to u :5 we 7 discuss+ ! matt] ) him1 ',t "o1' po9t+ to 8 photograph :i* we _h tak51 'is ! same ?+ z me3 s is a kang>oo' 78 totem74#chi ,s ea* individual has a d\ble nature3 two be+s coexi/ )9 him1 a man & an animal4 ,9 ord] to give a semblance ( intelligibility to ?is duality1 s /range = u1 ! primitive has inv5t$ my?s :i*1 x is true1 expla9 no?+ & only %ift ! difficulty1 b :i*1 by %ift+ x1 seem at lea/ to less5 ! logical sc&al4 ,) slight v>iations ( detail1 all are con/ruct$ on ! same plan3 _! object is to e/abli% g5ealogical connections betwe5 ! man & ! totemic animal1 mak+ ! "o a relative ( ! o!r4 ,by ?is common orig91 :i*1 by ! way1 is repres5t$ 9 v>i\s mann]s1 !y believe t !y acc\nt = _! common nature4 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 = example1 h imag9$ t c]ta9 ( ! fir/ m5 _h ! p[] ( trans=m+ !mselves into bea/s4#cij ,o!r ,au/ralian societies place at ! beg9n+ ( humanity ei!r /range animals f :i* ! m5 7 desc5d$ 9 "s unkn[n way1#cia or mix$ be+s1 half-way betwe5 ! two k+doms1#cib or else un=m$ creatures1 h>dly repres5table1 depriv$ ( all det]m9$ organs1 & ev5 ( all def9ite memb]s1 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( ^: bodies 7 h>dly outl9$4#cic ,my?ical p[]s1 sometimes conceiv$ "u ! =m ( animals1 !n int]v5$ & made m5 out ( ^! ambigu\s & innum]able be+s :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say repres5t /ages 9 ! trans=mation ( animals & plants into human be+s4#cid ,^! trans=mations are repres5t$ to u "u ! =m ( viol5t &1 z x 71 surgical op]ations4 ,x is "u ! bl[s ( an axe or1 if ! op]ator is a bird1 bl[s ( ! beak1 t ! human individual 0 c>v$ out ( ?is %apeless mass1 8 memb]s sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 8 m\? op5$ & 8 no/rils pi]c$4#cie ,analog\s leg5ds are f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 except t ow+ to ! m highly develop$ m5tality ( ^! peoples1 ! repres5tations :i* !y employ d n conta9 confusions s tr\blesome = ! m9d4 ,sometimes x is a leg5d>y p]sonage :o1 by an act ( 8 p[]1 metamorphos$ ! animal :o gives its "n to ! clan into a man4#cif ,sometimes ! my? attempts to expla9 h[1 by a s]ies ( ne>ly natural ev5ts & a sort ( spontane\s evolution1 ! animal trans=m$ himself little by little1 & f9ally took a human =m4#cig ,x is true t !re are societies 7! ,haida1 ,tl9kit1 ,tsim%ian7 :]e x is no long] admitt$ t man 0 born ( an animal or plant2 b ! idea ( an aff9ity betwe5 ! animals ( ! totemic species & ! memb]s ( ! clan has surviv$ !re nev]!less1 & expresses itself 9 my?s :i*1 ?\gh diff]+ f ! prec$+1 /ill reta9 all t is ess5tial 9 !m4 ,"h is "o ( ! fundam5tal !mes4 ,! ance/or :o gives 8 "n to ! clan is "h repres5t$ z a human be+1 b :o1 9 ! c\rse ( v>i\s w&]+s1 has be5 l$ to live = a :ile among ! fabul\s animals ( ! v species :i* gave ! clan its "n4 ,z ! result ( ?is intimate & prolong$ connection1 he became s l 8 new companions t :5 he return$ to m51 !y no long] recogniz$ him4 ,he 0 !re=e giv5 ! "n ( ! animal :i* he resembl$4 ,x is f 8 /ay 9 ?is my?ical l& t he br\ght back ! totemic emblem1 toge!r ) ! p[]s & virtues believ$ to be atta*$ to x4#cih ,?us 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs1 m5 are believ$ to p>ticipate 9 ! nature ( ! animal1 ?\gh ?is p>ticipation may be conceiv$ 9 slightly diff]5t =ms4#cii ,s man also has some?+ sacr$ ab\t him4 ,?\gh diffus$ into ! :ole organism1 ?is *>act]i/ic is especially app>5t 9 c]ta9 privileg$ places4 ,!re are organs & tissues t are specially m>k$ out3 ^! are p>ticul>ly ! blood & ! hair4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 human blood is s holy a ?+ t 9 ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 x frequ5tly s]ves to consecrate ! mo/ respect$ in/rum5ts ( ! cult4 ,= example1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! nurtunja is regul>ly ano9t$ f top to bottom ) ! blood ( a man4#djj ,x is ^u gr\nd all saturat$ ) blood t ! m5 ( ! ,emu1 among ! ,arunta1 trace _! sacr$ images4#dja ,we %all pres5tly see t /reams ( blood are p\r$ ^u ! rocks :i* repres5t ! totemic animals & plants4#djb ,!re is no religi\s c]emony :]e blood does n h "s "p to play4#djc ,dur+ ! initiation1 ! adults op5 _! ve9s & spr9kle ! novice ) _! blood2 & ?is blood is s sacr$ a ?+ t wom5 may n be pres5t :ile x is fl[+2 ! sight ( x is =bidd5 !m1 j z ! sight ( a *ur+a is4#djd ,! blood lo/ by a "y initiate dur+ ! v viol5t op]ations he mu/ und]go has v p>ticul> virtues3 x is us$ 9 v>i\s c]emonies4#dje ,t :i* fl[s dur+ ! sub-incision is pi\sly kept by ! ,arunta & buri$ 9 a place ^u :i* !y put a piece ( wood w>n+ pass]s-by ( ! sacr$ness ( ! spot2 no woman %\ld approa* x4#djf ,! religi\s nature ( blood also expla9s ! equal importance1 religi\sly1 ( ! r$ o*re1 :i* is v frequ5tly employ$ 9 c]emonies2 !y rub ! *ur+a ) x & use x 9 ritual decorations4#djg ,?is is due to ! fact t because ( its col\r1 x is reg>d$ z some?+ k9dr$ to blood4 ,_m deposits ( r$ o*re :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,arunta t]ritory are ev5 suppos$ to be ! coagulat$ blood :i* c]ta9 h]o9es ( ! my?ical p]iod %$ on to ! soil4#djh ,hair has simil> prop]ties4 ,! natives ( ! c5tre we> belts made ( human hair1 ^: religi\s functions we h already po9t$ out3 !y are also us$ to wrap up c]ta9 in/rum5ts ( ! cult4#dji ,does "o man loan ano!r "o ( 8 *ur+a8 ,z a sign ( ackn[l$gm5t1 ! second makes a pres5t ( hair to ! fir/2 ^! two sorts ( ?+s are !re=e ?\ght to be ( ! same ord] & ( equival5t value4#daj ,s ! op]ation ( cutt+ ! hair is a ritual act1 accompani$ by def9ite c]emonies3 ! individual op]at$ ^u mu/ squat on ! gr\nd1 ) 8 face turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! place :]e ! fabul\s ance/ors f :i* ! clan ( 8 "m is believ$ to be desc5d$1 are ?\ght to h camp$4#daa ,= ! same reason1 z soon z a man is dead1 !y cut 8 hair (f & put x away 9 "s di/ant place1 = nei!r wom5 nor ! non-initiat$ h ! "r ( see+ x3 x is "h1 f> f pr(ane eyes1 t ! belts are made4#dab ,o!r organic tissues might be m5tion$ :i* h simil> prop]ties1 9 v>y+ degrees3 su* are ! :isk]s1 ! =esk91 ! fat ( ! liv]1 etc4#dac ,b x is useless to multiply examples4 ,^? already giv5 are en\gh to prove t !re is some?+ 9 man :i* holds pr(ane ?+s at a di/ance & :i* possesses a religi\s p[]2 9 o!r words1 ! human organism conceals )9 its dep?s a sacr$ pr9ciple1 :i* visibly comes to ! surface 9 c]ta9 det]m9$ cases4 ,?is pr9ciple does n diff] mat]ially f t :i* causes ! religi\s "* ( ! totem4 ,9 fact1 we h j se5 t ! diff]5t sub/ances 9 :i* x inc>nates itself especially ent] into ! ritual composition ( ! objects ( ! cult 7nurtunja1 totemic designs71 or else are us$ 9 ! ano9t+s ^: object is to r5ew ! virtues ei!r ( ! *ur+a or ( ! sacr$ rocks2 !y are ?+s ( ! same species4 ,sometimes ! religi\s dignity :i* is inh]5t 9 ea* memb] ( ! clan on ?is acc\nt is n equal = all4 ,m5 possess x to a high] degree ?an wom52 9 relation to !m1 wom5 are l pr(ane be+s4#dad ,?us1 e "t t !re is an assembly1 ei!r ( ! totemic gr\p or ( ! tribe1 ! m5 h a sep>ate camp1 di/9ct f t ( ! wom51 & into :i* ^! latt] may n ent]3 !y are sep>at$ (f4#dae ,b !re are also diff]5ces 9 ! way 9 :i* m5 are m>k$ ) a religi\s "*4 ,! "y m5 n yet initiat$ are :olly depriv$ ( x1 s9ce !y are n admitt$ to ! c]emonies4 ,x is among ! old m5 t x rea*es its greate/ int5sity4 ,!y are s v sacr$ t c]ta9 ?+s =bidd5 to ord9>y p are p]missible = !m3 !y may eat ! totemic animal m freely &1 z we h se51 !re are ev5 "s tribes :]e !y are fre$ f all dietetic re/rictions4 ,s we mu/ be c>eful n to consid] totemism a sort ( animal wor%ip4 ,! attitude ( a man t[>ds ! animals or plants ^: "n he be>s is n at all t ( a believ] t[>ds 8 god1 = he belongs to ! sacr$ _w himself4 ,_! relations are r ^? ( two be+s :o are on ! same level & ( equal value4 ,! mo/ t c be said is t 9 c]ta9 cases1 at lea/1 ! animal seems to occupy a slightly m elevat$ place 9 ! hi]>*y ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,x is because ( ?is t x is sometimes call$ ! fa!r or ! gr&fa!r ( ! m5 ( ! clan1 :i* seems to %[ t !y feel !mselves 9 a /ate ( moral dep5d5ce 9 reg>d to x4#daf ,b 9 o!r1 & p]haps ev5 m frequ5t cases1 x happ5s t ! expressions us$ d5ote r a s5tim5t ( equality4 ,! totemic animal is call$ ! fri5d or ! eld] bro!r ( its human fell[s4#dag ,f9ally1 ! bonds :i* exi/ betwe5 !m & x are mu* m l ^? :i* unite ! memb]s ( a s+le family2 ! animals & ! m5 are made ( ! same fle%1 z ! ,bu&ik say4#dah ,on acc\nt ( ?is k9%ip1 m5 reg>d ! animals ( ! totemic species z k9dly associates ^u ^: aid !y ?9k !y c rely4 ,!y call !m to _! aid#dai & !y come1 to direct _! bl[s 9 ! hunt & to give w>n+ ( :atev] dang]s !re may be4#dbj ,9 return = ?is1 m5 treat !m ) reg>d & are nev] cruel to !m2#dba b ^! att5tions 9 no way resemble a cult4 ,m5 sometimes ev5 appe> to h a my/]i\s sort ( prop]ty-"r ov] _! totems4 ,! prohibition aga9/ kill+ & eat+ !m is appli$ only to memb]s ( ! clan1 ( c\rse2 x c\ld n be ext5d$ to o!r p]sons )\t mak+ life practically impossible4 ,if1 9 a tribe l ! ,arunta1 :]e !re is su* a ho/ ( diff]5t totems1 x 7 =bidd5 to eat1 n only ! animal or plant ^: "n "o be>s1 b also all ! animals & all ! plants :i* s]ve z totems to o!r clans1 ! s\rces ( food w\ld be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,yet !re are tribes :]e ! consumption ( ! totemic plant or animal is n all[$ )\t re/rictions1 ev5 to =eign]s4 ,among ! ,wakelbura1 x mu/ n take place 9 ! pres5ce ( m5 ( ?is totem4#dbb ,9 o!r places1 _! p]mission mu/ be giv54 ,= example1 among ! ,kaiti% & ! ,unmatj]a1 :5ev] a man ( ! ,emu totem happ5s to be 9 a place occupi$ by a grass-se$ clan1 & ga!rs "s ( ^! se$1 be=e eat+ !m he mu/ g to ! *ief & say to him1 ,i h ga!r$ ^! se$s 9 y\r c\ntry4 ,to ?is ! *ief replies1 ,all "r2 y may eat !m4 ,b if ! ,emu man ate !m be=e dem&+ p]mission1 x is believ$ t he w\ld fall sick & run ! risk ( dy+4#dbc ,!re are ev5 cases :]e ! *ief ( ! gr\p mu/ take a little ( ! food & eat x himself3 x is a sort ( paym5t :i* mu/ be made4#dbd ,= ! same reason1 ! *ur+a gives ! hunt] a c]ta9 p[] ov] ! correspond+ animal3 by rubb+ 8 body ) a ,euro *ur+a1 = example1 a man acquires a great] *ance ( cat*+ euros4#dbe ,?is is ! pro( t ! fact ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! nature ( a totemic be+ conf]s a sort ( em95t "r ov] ?is latt]4 ,f9ally1 !re is "o tribe 9 nor!rn ,que5sl&1 ! ,k>+bool1 :]e ! m5 ( ! totem are ! only ones :o h a "r to kill ! animal or1 if ! totem is a tree1 to peel (f its b>k4 ,_! aid is indisp5sable to all o!rs :o want to use ! fle% ( ?is animal or ! wood ( ?is tree = _! own p]sonal ends4#dbf ,s !y appe> z proprietors1 ?\gh x is q evid5tly ov] a special sort ( prop]ty1 ( :i* we f9d x h>d to =m an idea4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,totemic ,,beliefs--cont9u$ ,! ,cosmological ,sy/em ( ,totemism & ! ,idea ( ,class ,we are beg9n+ to see t totemism is a mu* m complex religion ?an x fir/ appe>$ to be4 ,we h already di/+ui%$ ?ree classes ( ?+s :i* x recognizes z sacr$1 9 v>y+ degrees3 ! totemic emblem1 ! animal or plant ^: appe>ance ?is emblem reproduces1 & ! memb]s ( ! clan4 ,h[ev]1 ?is li/ is n yet complete4 ,9 fact1 a religion is n m]ely a collection ( fragm5t>y beliefs 9 reg>d to special objects l ^? we h j be5 discuss+4 ,to a great] or less ext5t1 all kn[n religions h be5 sy/ems ( ideas :i* t5d to embrace ! univ]sality ( ?+s1 & to give u a complete repres5tation ( ! _w4 ,if totemism is to be consid]$ z a religion comp>able to ! o!rs1 x too %\ld (f] u a conception ( ! univ]se4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x does satisfy ?is condition4 ,i ,! fact t ?is aspect ( totemism has g5]ally be5 neglect$ is due to ! too n>r[ notion ( ! clan :i* has be5 preval5t4 ,ord9>ily x is reg>d$ z a m]e gr\p ( human be+s4 ,be+ a simple subdivision ( ! tribe1 x seems t l ?is1 x is made up ( no?+ b m54 ,b 9 reason+ ?us1 we sub/itute our ,european ideas = ^? :i* ! primitive has ( man & ( society4 ,= ! ,au/ralian1 ?+s !mselves1 ev]y?+ :i* is 9 ! univ]se1 are a "p ( ! tribe2 !y are con/itu5t elem5ts ( x &1 s to speak1 regul> memb]s ( x2 j l m51 !y h a det]m9$ place 9 ! g5]al s*eme ( organization ( ! society4 ,! ,s\? ,au/ralian savage1 says ,fison1 looks ^u ! univ]se z ! ,great ,tribe1 to "o ( ^: divisions he himself belongs2 & all ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 :i* belong to 8 class are p>ts ( ! body corporate :]e( he himself is a "p4#dbg ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 :5ev] ! tribe is divid$ into two phratries1 all kn[n ?+s are di/ribut$ betwe5 !m4 ,all nature1 says ,palm]1 9 speak+ ( ! ,bell+] ,riv] tribe1 is also divid$ into class phratry names4444 ,! sun & moon & />s are said 444 to belong to classes phratries j z ! blacks !mselves4#dbh ,! ,port ,mackay tribe 9 ,que5sl& has two phratries ) ! names ,yung>oo & ,woot>oo1 z d ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,n[ z ,bridgmann says1 all ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 are divid$ by ^! tribes into two classes1 nam$ ,yung>oo & ,woot>oo4#dbi ,nor does ! classification /op "h4 ,! m5 ( ea* phratry are di/ribut$ among a c]ta9 numb] ( clans2 likewise1 ! ?+s attribut$ to ea* phratry are 9 _! turn di/ribut$ among ! clans ( :i* ! phratry is compos$4 ,a c]ta9 tree1 = example1 w be assign$ to ! ,kang>oo clan1 & to x alone2 !n1 j l ! human memb]s ( ! clan1 x w h ! ,kang>oo z totem2 ano!r w belong to ! ,snake clan2 cl\ds w be plac$ "u "o totem1 ! sun "u ano!r1 etc4 ,all kn[n ?+s w ?us be arrang$ 9 a sort ( tableau or sy/ematic classification embrac+ ! :ole ( nature4 ,we h giv5 a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! classifications else:]e2#dcj at pres5t we %all conf9e ourselves to repeat+ a few ( ^! z examples4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! "o f\nd 9 ! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe4 ,?is tribe includes two phratries1 nam$ respectively ! ,kumite & ! ,kroki2 ea* ( ^!1 9 its turn1 is subdivid$ into five clans4 ,n[ ev]y?+ 9 nature belongs to "o or ano!r ( ^! t5 clans2#dca ,fison & ,h[itt say t !y are all includ$ )9 x4 ,9 fact1 !y are classifi$ "u ^! t5 totems j l species 9 _! respective classes4 ,?is is well %[n by ! foll[+ table bas$ on in=mation ga!r$ by ,curr & by ,fison & ,h[itt4#dcb ,,phratries4 ,,clans4 ,,?+s ,,class$ ,,9 ,,ea* ,,clan4 ,fi%-hawk ,smoke1 honeysuckle1 c]ta9 trees1 etc4 ,pelican ,blackwood-trees1 dogs1 fire1 fro/1 etc4 ,,kumite ,cr[ ,ra91 ?und]1 lightn+1 cl\ds1 hail1 w9t]1 etc4 ,black cockatoo ,! />s1 ! moon1 etc4 ,a non-poison\s snake ,fi%1 seal1 eel1 ! /r+yb>k-tree1 etc4 ,tea-tree ,duck1 crayfi%1 owls1 etc4 ,an edible root ,bu/>d1 quail1 a small ,,kroki kang>oo1 etc4 ,a :ite cre/less cockatoo ,kang>oo1 ! summ]1 ! sun1 w9d1 ! autumn1 etc4 ,details are lack+ = ! f\r? & fif? ,kroki clans4 ,! li/ ( ?+s atta*$ to ea* clan is q incomplete2 ,curr himself w>ns u t he has limit$ himself to enum]at+ "s ( !m4 ,b ?r\gh ! "w ( ,ma!ws & ( ,h[itt#dcc we h m ext5d$ in=mation to-day on ! classification adopt$ by ! ,wotjobaluk tribe1 :i* enables u to und]/& bett] h[ a sy/em ( ?is k9d is able to include ! :ole univ]se1 z kn[n to ! natives4 ,! ,wotjobaluk also are divid$ into two phratries call$ ,gurogity & ,gumaty 7,krokit* & ,gamut* accord+ to ,h[itt#dcd72 n to prolong ?is enum]ation1 we %all cont5t ourselves ) indicat+1 aft] ,ma!ws1 ! ?+s class$ 9 "s ( ! clans ( ! ,gurogity phratry4 ,9 ! clan ( ! ,yam are classifi$ ! pla9-turkey1 ! native cat1 ! mopoke1 ! dyim-dyim owl1 ! mallee h51 ! rosella p>rot1 ! peewee4 ,9 ! ,mussel#dce clan are ! grey emu1 ! porcup9e1 ! curlew1 ! :ite cockatoo1 ! wood-duck1 ! mallee liz>d1 ! /9k+ turtle1 ! fly+ squirrel1 ! r+-tail opossum1 ! bronze-w+ pigeon1 ! wijuggla4 ,9 ! ,sun clan are ! b&icoot1 ! moon1 ! kang>oo-rat1 ! black & :ite magpies1 ! opossum1 ! ng7urt hawk1 ! gum-tree grub1 ! wattle-tree grub1 ! planet ,v5us4 ,9 ! clan ( ! ,w>m ,w9d#dcf are ! grey-head$ eagle-hawk1 ! c>pet snake1 ! smok] p>rot1 ! %ell p>rot1 ! murrakan hawk1 ! dikkomur snake1 ! r+-neck p>rot1 ! mirudai snake1 ! %+le-back liz>d4 ,if we rememb] t !re are _m o!r clans 7,h[itt names twelve & ,ma!ws f\rte5 & adds t 8 li/ is incomplete#dcg71 we w und]/& h[ all ! ?+s 9 :i* ! native takes an int]e/ f9d a natural place 9 ^! classifications4 ,simil> arrangem5ts h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! mo/ div]se p>ts ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t2 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 9 ,victoria1 & 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 7among ! ,euahlayi#dch72 v cle> traces ( x are f\nd 9 ! c5tral tribes4#dci ,9 ,que5sl&1 :]e ! clans seem to h disappe>$ & :]e ! matrimonial classes are ! only subdivisions ( ! phratry1 ?+s are divid$ up among ^! classes4 ,?us1 ! ,wakelbura are divid$ into two phratries1 ,mall]a & ,wut>u2 ! classes ( ! fir/ are call$ ,kurgilla & ,banbe1 ^? ( ! second1 ,wungo & ,obu4 ,n[ to ! ,banbe belong ! opossum1 ! kang>oo1 ! dog1 honey ( little bees1 etc42 to ! ,wungo are attribut$ ! emu1 ! b&icoot1 ! black duck1 ! black snake1 ! br[n snake2 to ! ,obu1 ! c>pet snake1 ! honey ( /++ bees1 etc42 to ! ,kurgilla1 ! porcup9e1 ! turkey ( ! pla9s1 wat]1 ra91 fire1 ?und]1 etc4#ddj ,?is same organization is f\nd among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,zui h a sy/em ( classification :i*1 9 its ess5tial l9es1 is 9 all po9ts comp>able to ! "o we h j describ$4 ,t ( ! ,omaha re/s on ! same pr9ciples z t ( ! ,wotjobaluk4#dda ,an e*o ( ^! same ideas survives ev5 into ! m advanc$ societies4 ,among ! ,haida1 all ! gods & my?ical be+s :o are plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! diff]5t ph5om5a ( nature are classifi$ 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! two phratries :i* make up ! tribe j l m52 "s are ,eagles1 ! o!rs1 ,cr[s4#ddb ,n[ ! gods ( ?+s are only ano!r aspect ( ! ?+s :i* !y gov]n4#ddc ,?is my?ological classification is !re=e m]ely ano!r =m ( ! prec$+ "o4 ,s we may re/ assur$ t ?is way ( conceiv+ ! _w is indep5d5t ( all e?nic or geographic p>ticul>ities2 & at ! same "t x is cle>ly se5 to be closely unit$ to ! :ole sy/em ( totemic beliefs4 ,,ii ,9 ! pap] to :i* we h already made allusion sev]al times1 we h %[n :at light ^! facts ?r[ ^u ! way 9 :i* ! idea ( k9d or class 0 =m$ 9 humanity4 ,9 fact1 ^! sy/ematic classifications are ! fir/ we meet ) 9 hi/ory1 & we h j se5 t !y are modell$ ^u ! social organization1 or r t !y h tak5 ! =ms ( society z _! framework4 ,x is ! phratries :i* h s]v$ z classes1 & ! clans z species4 ,x is because m5 7 organiz$ t !y h be5 able to organize ?+s1 = 9 classify+ ^! latt]1 !y limit$ !mselves to giv+ !m places 9 ! gr\ps !y =m$ !mselves4 ,& if ^! diff]5t classes ( ?+s are n m]ely put next to ea* o!r1 b are arrang$ accord+ to a unifi$ plan1 x is because ! social gr\ps ) :i* !y comm+le !mselves are unifi$ &1 ?r\gh _! union1 =m an organic :ole1 ! tribe4 ,! unity ( ^! fir/ logical sy/ems m]ely reproduces ! unity ( ! society4 ,?us we h an occasion = v]ify+ ! proposition :i* we laid d[n at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is "w1 & = assur+ ourselves t ! fundam5tal notions ( ! intellect1 ! ess5tial categories ( ?\ght1 may be ! product ( social factors4 ,! above-m5tion$ facts %[ cle>ly t ?is is ! case ) ! v notion ( category itself4 ,h[ev]1 x is n our int5tion to d5y t ! individual intellect has ( itself ! p[] ( p]ceiv+ resemblances betwe5 ! diff]5t objects ( :i* x is consci\s4 ,q on ! contr>y1 x is cle> t ev5 ! mo/ primitive & simple classifications presuppose ?is faculty4 ,! ,au/ralian does n place ?+s 9 ! same clan or 9 diff]5t clans at r&om4 ,= him z = u1 simil> images attract "o ano!r1 :ile oppos$ ones repel "o ano!r1 & x is on ! basis ( ^! feel+s ( aff9ity or ( repulsion t he classifies ! correspond+ ?+s 9 "o place or ano!r4 ,!re are also cases :]e we are able to p]ceive ! reasons :i* inspir$ ?is4 ,! two phratries 7 v probably ! orig9al & fundam5tal bases = ^! classifications1 :i* 7 consequ5tly bifurcate at fir/4 ,n[1 :5 a classification is r$uc$ to two classes1 ^! are almo/ necess>ily conceiv$ z anti!ses2 !y are us$ prim>ily z a means ( cle>ly sep>at+ ?+s betwe5 :i* !re is a v m>k$ contra/4 ,"s are set at ! "r1 ! o!rs at ! left4 ,z a matt] ( fact ?is is ! "* ( ! ,au/ralian classifications4 ,if ! :ite cockatoo is 9 "o phratry1 ! black "o is 9 ! o!r2 if ! sun is on "o side1 ! moon & ! />s ( night are on ! opposite side4#ddd ,v frequ5tly ! be+s :i* s]ve z ! totems ( ! two phratries h contr>y col\rs4#dde ,^! oppositions are ev5 met ) outside ( ,au/ralia4 ,:]e "o ( ! phratries is dispos$ to peace1 ! o!r is dispos$ to w>2#ddf if "o has wat] z its totem1 ! o!r has e>?4#ddg ,?is is und\bt$ly ! explanation ( :y ! two phratries h frequ5tly be5 ?\ght ( z naturally antagoni/ic to "o ano!r4 ,!y say t !re is a sort ( rivalry or ev5 a con/itutional ho/ility betwe5 !m4#ddh ,?is opposition ( ?+s has ext5d$ itself to p]sons2 ! logical contra/ has begott5 a sort ( social conflict4#ddi ,x is also to be obs]v$ t )9 ea* phratry1 ^? ?+s h be5 plac$ 9 a s+le clan :i* seem to h ! greate/ aff9ity ) t s]v+ z totem4 ,= example1 ! moon has be5 plac$ ) ! black cockatoo1 b ! sun1 toge!r ) ! atmosph]e & ! w9d1 ) ! :ite cockatoo4 ,or aga91 to a totemic animal has be5 unit$ all t s]ves him z food1#dej z well z ! animals ) :i* he has ! close/ connection4#dea ,( c\rse1 we _c always und]/& ! obscure psy*ology :i* has caus$ _m ( ^! connections & di/9ctions1 b ! prec$+ examples are en\gh to %[ t a c]ta9 intuition ( ! resemblances & diff]5ces pres5t$ by ?+s has play$ an important "p 9 ! g5esis ( ^! classifications4 ,b ! feel+ ( resemblances is "o ?+ & ! idea ( class is ano!r4 ,! class is ! ext]nal framework ( :i* objects p]ceiv$ to be simil> =m1 9 "p1 ! cont5ts4 ,n[ ! cont5ts _c furni% ! frame into :i* !y fit4 ,!y are made up ( vague & fluctuat+ images1 due to ! sup]-imposition & p>tial fusion ( a det]m9$ numb] ( individual images1 :i* are f\nd to h common elem5ts2 ! framework1 on ! contr>y1 is a def9ite =m1 ) fix$ outl9es1 b :i* may be appli$ to an undet]m9$ numb] ( ?+s1 p]ceiv$ or n1 actual or possible4 ,9 fact1 e class has possibilities ( ext5sion :i* g f> beyond ! circle ( objects :i* we "k1 ei!r f direct exp]i5ce or f resemblance4 ,?is is :y e s*ool ( ?9k]s has refus$1 & n ) good reason1 to id5tify ! idea ( class ) t ( a g5]ic image4 ,! g5]ic image is only ! indi/9ctly-b\nd$ residual repres5tation left 9 u by simil> repres5tations1 :5 !y are pres5t 9 consci\sness simultane\sly2 ! class is a logical symbol by means ( :i* we ?9k di/9ctly ( ^! simil>ities & ( o!r analog\s ones4 ,moreov]1 ! be/ pro( ( ! di/ance sep>at+ ^! two notions is t an animal is able to =m g5]ic images ?\gh ignorant ( ! art ( ?9k+ 9 classes & species4 ,! idea ( class is an in/rum5t ( ?\ght :i* has obvi\sly be5 con/ruct$ by m54 ,b 9 con/ruct+ x1 we h at lea/ _h ne$ ( a model2 = h[ c\ld ?is idea ev] h be5 born1 if !re _h be5 no?+ ei!r 9 u or ar\nd u :i* 0 capable ( sugge/+ x to u8 ,to reply t x 0 giv5 to u a priori is n to reply at all2 ?is lazy man's solution is1 z has be5 said1 ! dea? ( analysis4 ,b x is h>d to see :]e we c\ld h f\nd ?is indisp5sable model except 9 ! spectacle ( ! collective life4 ,9 fact1 a class is n an ideal1 b a cle>ly def9$ gr\p ( ?+s betwe5 :i* int]nal relation%ips exi/1 simil> to ^? ( k9dr$4 ,n[ ! only gr\ps ( ?is sort kn[n f exp]i5ce are ^? =m$ by m5 9 associat+ !mselves4 ,mat]ial ?+s may be able to =m collections ( units1 or heaps1 or me*anical assemblages ) no int]nal unity1 b n gr\ps 9 ! s5se we h giv5 ! ^w4 ,a heap ( s& or a pile ( rock is 9 no way comp>able to t v>iety ( def9ite & organiz$ society :i* =ms a class4 ,9 all probability1 we w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( unit+ ! be+s ( ! univ]se into homog5e\s gr\ps1 call$ classes1 if we _h n _h ! example ( human societies be=e our eyes1 if we _h n ev5 comm5c$ by mak+ ?+s !mselves memb]s ( m5's society1 & also if human gr\ps & logical gr\ps _h n be5 confus$ at fir/4#deb ,x is also to be borne 9 m9d t a classification is a sy/em ^: p>ts are arrang$ accord+ to a hi]>*y4 ,!re are dom9at+ memb]s & o!rs :i* are subord9ate to ! fir/2 species & _! di/9ctive prop]ties dep5d ^u classes & ! attributes :i* *>act]ize !m2 aga91 ! diff]5t species ( a s+le class are conceiv$ z all plac$ on ! same level 9 reg>d to ea* o!r4 ,does someone pref] to reg>d !m f ! po9t ( view ( ! und]/&+8 ,!n he repres5ts ?+s to himself 9 an inv]se ord]3 he puts at ! top ! species t are ! mo/ p>ticul>iz$ & ! ri*e/ 9 reality1 :ile ! types t are mo/ g5]al & ! poore/ 9 qualities are at ! bottom4 ,nev]!less1 all are repres5t$ 9 a hi]>*ic =m4 ,& we mu/ be c>eful n to believe t ! expression has only a metaphorical s5se "h3 !re are really relations ( subord9ation & co-ord9ation1 ! e/abli%m5t ( :i* is ! object ( all classification1 & m5 w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( arrang+ _! k 9 ?is way if !y _h n kn[n be=eh& :at a hi]>*y 04 ,b nei!r ! spectacle ( physical nature nor ! me*anism ( m5tal associations c\ld furni% !m ) ?is k4 ,! hi]>*y is exclusively a social affair4 ,x is only 9 society t !re are sup]iors1 inf]iors & equals4 ,consequ5tly1 ev5 if ! facts 7 n en\gh to prove x1 ! m]e analysis ( ^! ideas w\ld reveal _! orig94 ,we h tak5 !m f society1 & project$ !m into our conceptions ( ! _w4 ,x is society t has furni%$ ! outl9es :i* logical ?\ght has fill$ 94 ,,iii ,b ^! primitive classifications h a no less direct int]e/ = ! orig9s ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,!y imply t all ! ?+s ?us class$ 9 a s+le clan or a s+le phratry are closely relat$ bo? to ea* o!r & to ! ?+ s]v+ z ! totem ( ?is clan or phratry4 ,:5 an ,au/ralian ( ! ,port ,mackay tribe says t ! sun1 snakes1 etc41 are ( ! ,yung>oo phratry1 he does n mean m]ely to apply a common1 b none ! less a purely conv5tional1 nom5clature to ^! diff]5t ?+s2 ! ^w has an objective signification = him4 ,he believes t alligators really are ,yung>oo & t kang>oos are ,woot>oo4 ,! sun is ,yung>oo1 ! moon ,woot>oo1 & s on = ! con/ellations1 trees1 plants1 etc4#dec ,an int]nal bond atta*es !m to ! gr\p 9 :i* !y are plac$2 !y are regul> memb]s ( x4 ,x is said t !y belong to ! gr\p1#ded j exactly z ! individual m5 make a "p ( x2 consequ5tly1 ! same sort ( a relation unites !m to ^! latt]4 ,m5 reg>d ! ?+s 9 _! clan z _! relatives or associates2 !y call !m _! fri5ds & ?9k t !y are made out ( ! same fle% z !mselves4#dee ,!re=e1 betwe5 ! two !re are elective aff9ities & q special relations ( agreem5t4 ,?+s & p h a common "n1 & 9 a c]ta9 way !y naturally und]/& ea* o!r & h>monize ) "o ano!r4 ,= example1 :5 a ,wakelbura ( ! ,mall]a phratry is buri$1 ! scaffold ^u :i* ! body is expos$ mu/ be made ( ! wood ( "s tree belong+ to ! ,mall]a phratry4#def ,! same is true = ! bran*es t cov] ! corpse4 ,if ! deceas$ is ( ! ,banbe class1 a ,banbe tree mu/ be us$4 ,9 ?is same tribe1 a magician c use 9 8 art only ^? ?+s :i* belong to 8 own phratry2#deg s9ce ! o!rs are /rang]s to him1 he does n "k h[ to make !m obey him4 ,?us a bond ( my/ic sympa?y unites ea* individual to ^? be+s1 :e!r liv+ or n1 :i* are associat$ ) him2 ! result ( ?is is a belief 9 ! possibility ( d$uc+ :at he w d or :at he has done f :at !y are do+4 ,among ^! same ,wakelbura1 :5 a man dreams t he has kill$ an animal belong+ to a c]ta9 social division1 he expects to meet a man ( ?is same division ! next day4#deh ,inv]sely1 ! ?+s attribut$ to a clan or phratry _c be us$ aga9/ ! memb]s ( ?is clan or phratry4 ,among ! ,wotjobaluk1 ea* phratry has its own special trees4 ,n[ 9 hunt+ an animal ( ! ,gurogity phratry1 only arms ^: wood is tak5 f trees ( ! o!r phratry may be us$1 & vice v]sa2 o!rwise ! hunt] is sure to miss 8 aim4#dei ,! native is conv9c$ t ! arr[ w\ld turn ( itself & refuse1 s to speak1 to hit a k9dr$ & fri5dly animal4 ,?us ! m5 ( ! clan & ! ?+s :i* are classifi$ 9 x =m by _! union a solid sy/em1 all ( ^: p>ts are unit$ & vibrate sympa!tically4 ,?is organization1 :i* at fir/ may h appe>$ to u z purely logical1 is at ! same "t moral4 ,a s+le pr9ciple animates x & makes its unity3 ?is is ! totem4 ,j z a man :o belongs to ! ,cr[ clan has )9 him some?+ ( ?is animal1 s ! ra91 s9ce x is ( ! same clan & belongs to ! same totem1 is also necess>ily consid]$ z be+ ! same ?+ z a cr[2 = ! same reason1 ! moon is a black cockatoo1 ! sun a :ite cockatoo1 e black-nut tree a pelican1 etc4 ,all ! be+s arrang$ 9 a s+le clan1 :e!r m51 animals1 plants or inanimate objects1 are m]ely =ms ( ! totemic be+4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! =mula :i* we h j cit$ & ?is is :at makes ! two really ( ! same species3 all are really ( ! same fle% 9 ! s5se t all p>take ( ! nature ( ! totemic animal4 ,also1 ! qualifi]s giv5 !m are ^? giv5 to ! totem4#dfj ,! ,wotjobaluk give ! "n ,mir bo? to ! totem & to ! ?+s class$ ) x4#dfa ,x is true t among ! ,arunta1 :]e visible traces ( classification /ill exi/1 z we %all see1 diff]5t words designate ! totem & ! o!r be+s plac$ ) x2 h[ev]1 ! "n giv5 to ^! latt] be>s witness to ! close relations :i* unite !m to ! totemic animal4 ,x is said t !y are its intimates1 its associates1 its fri5ds2 x is believ$ t !y are insep>able f x4#dfb ,s !re is a feel+ t ^! are v closely relat$ ?+s4 ,b we also "k t ! totemic animal is a sacr$ be+4 ,all ! ?+s t are classifi$ 9 ! clan ( :i* x is ! emblem h ?is same "*1 because 9 "o s5se1 !y are animals ( ! same species1 j z ! man is4 ,!y1 too1 are sacr$1 & ! classifications :i* locate !m 9 relation to ! o!r ?+s ( ! univ]se1 by t v act give !m a place 9 ! religi\s _w4 ,= ?is reason1 ! animals or plants among ^! may n be eat5 freely by ! human memb]s ( ! clan4 ,?us 9 ! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe1 ! m5 ^: totem is a c]ta9 non-poison\s snake mu/ n m]ely refra9 f eat+ ! fle% ( ?is snake2 t ( seals1 eels1 etc41 is also =bidd5 to !m4#dfc ,if1 driv5 by necessity1 !y d eat "s ( x1 !y mu/ at lea/ att5uate ! sacrilege by expiatory rites1 j z if !y _h eat5 ! totem itself4#dfd ,among ! ,euahlayi1 :]e x is p]mitt$ to use ! totem1 b n to abuse x1 ! same rule is appli$ to ! o!r memb]s ( ! clan4#dfe ,among ! ,arunta1 ! int]dictions protect+ ! totemic animal ext5d ov] ! associat$ animals2#dff & 9 any case1 p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ^! latt]4#dfg ,! s5tim5ts inspir$ by ! two are id5tical4#dfh ,b ! fact t ! ?+s ?us atta*$ to ! totem are n ( a diff]5t nature f x1 & consequ5tly h a religi\s "*1 is be/ prov$ by ! fact t on c]ta9 occasions !y fulfil ! same functions4 ,!y are accessory or second>y totems1 or1 accord+ to an expression n[ consecrat$ by usage1 !y are sub-totems4#dfi ,x is con/antly happ5+ 9 ! clans t "u ! influ5ce ( v>i\s sympa?ies1 p>ticul> aff9ities are =m+1 small] gr\ps & m limit$ associations arise1 :i* t5d to lead a relatively autonom\s life & to =m a new subdivision l a sub-clan )9 ! l>g] "o4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% & individualize itself1 ?is sub-clan ne$s a special totem or1 consequ5tly1 a sub-totem4#dgj ,n[ ! totems ( ^! second>y gr\ps are *os5 f among ! ?+s classifi$ "u ! pr9cipal totem4 ,s !y are always almo/ totems & ! slighte/ circum/ance is en\gh to make !m actually s4 ,!re is a lat5t totemic nature 9 !m1 :i* %[s itself z soon z conditions p]mit x or dem& x4 ,x ?us happ5s t a s+le individual has two totems1 a pr9cipal totem common to ! :ole clan & a sub-totem :i* is special to ! sub-clan ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,?is is some?+ analog\s to ! nom5 & cognom5 ( ! ,romans4#dga ,sometimes we see a sub-clan emancipate itself completely & become an autonom\s gr\p & an indep5d5t clan2 !n1 ! sub-totem1 on its side1 becomes a regul> totem4 ,"o tribe :]e ?is process ( segm5tation has be5 pu%$ to ! limit1 s to speak1 is ! ,arunta4 ,! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! fir/ book ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 %[$ t !re 7 "s sixty totems among ! ,arunta2#dgb b ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,/rehl[ h %[n ! numb] to be mu* l>g]4 ,he c\nt$ no less ?an #ddb4dgc ,sp5c] & ,gill5 did n exagg]ate at all :5 !y said1 ,9 fact1 !re is sc>cely an object1 animate or inanimate1 to be f\nd 9 ! c\ntry occupi$ by ! natives :i* does n give its "n to "s totemic gr\p4#dgd ,n[ ?is multitude ( totems1 ^: numb] is prodigi\s :5 comp>$ to ! population1 is due to ! fact t "u special circum/ances1 ! orig9al clans h divid$ & sub-divid$ inf9itely2 consequ5tly ne>ly all ! sub-totems h pass$ to ! /age ( totems4 ,?is has be5 def9itely prov$ by ! obs]vations ( ,/rehl[4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 cit$ only c]ta9 isolat$ cases ( associat$ totems4#dge ,/rehl[ has %[n t ?is is 9 reality an absolutely g5]al organization4 ,he has be5 able to draw up a table :]e ne>ly all ! totems ( ! ,arunta are classifi$ accord+ to ?is pr9ciple3 all are atta*$1 ei!r z associates or z auxili>ies1 to "s sixty pr9cipal totems4#dgf ,! fir/ are believ$ to be 9 ! s]vice ( ! second4#dgg ,?is /ate ( dep5d5ce is v probably ! e*o ( a "t :5 ! allies ( to-day 7 only sub-totems1 & consequ5tly :5 ! tribe conta9$ only a small numb] ( clans subdivid$ into sub-clans4 ,num]\s survivals confirm ?is hypo!sis4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t two gr\ps ?us associat$ h ! same totemic emblem3 n[ ?is unity ( emblem is explicable only if ! two gr\ps 7 at fir/ only "o4#dgh ,! relation ( ! two clans is also %[n by ! "p & ! int]e/ t ea* "o takes 9 ! rites ( ! o!r4 ,! two cults are /ill only imp]fectly sep>at$2 ?is is v probably because !y 7 at fir/ completely int]m+l$4#dgi ,tradition expla9s ! bonds :i* unite !m by imag9+ t =m]ly ! two clans occupi$ neighb\r+ places4#dhj ,9 o!r cases1 ! my? says expressly t "o ( !m 0 d]iv$ f ! o!r4 ,x is relat$ t at fir/ ! associat$ animal belong$ to ! species /ill s]v+ z pr9cipal totem2 x diff]5tiat$ itself at a lat] p]iod4 ,?us ! *antunga birds1 :i* are associat$ ) ! wit*etly grub to-day1 7 wit*etly grubs 9 fabul\s times1 :o lat] trans=m$ !mselves into birds4 ,two species :i* are n[ atta*$ to ! honey-ant 7 =m]ly honey-ants1 etc4#dha ,?is trans=mation ( a sub-totem into a totem goes on by imp]ceptible degrees1 s t 9 c]ta9 cases ! situation is undecid$1 & x is h>d to say :e!r "o is deal+ ) a pr9cipal totem or a second>y "o4#dhb ,z ,h[itt says 9 reg>d to ! ,wotjobaluk1 !re are sub-totems :i* are totems 9 =mation4#dhc ,?us ! diff]5t ?+s classifi$ 9 a clan con/itute1 z x 71 s _m nuclei ar\nd :i* new totemic cults are able to =m4 ,?is is ! be/ pro( ( ! religi\s s5tim5ts :i* !y inspire4 ,if !y did n h a sacr$ "*1 !y c\ld n be promot$ s easily to ! same dignity z ! ?+s :i* are sacr$ be=e all o!rs1 ! regul> totems4 ,s ! field ( religi\s ?+s ext5ds well beyond ! limits )9 :i* x seem$ to be conf9$ at fir/4 ,x embraces n only ! totemic animals & ! human memb]s ( ! clan2 b s9ce no kn[n ?+ exi/s t is n classifi$ 9 a clan & "u a totem1 !re is likewise no?+ :i* does n receive to "s degree some?+ ( a religi\s "*4 ,:51 9 ! religions :i* lat] come into be+1 ! gods prop]ly s-call$ appe>1 ea* ( !m w be set ov] a special category ( natural ph5om5a1 ?is "o ov] ! sea1 t "o ov] ! air1 ano!r ov] ! h>ve/ or ov] fruits1 etc41 & ea* ( ^! prov9ces ( nature w be believ$ to draw :at life !re is 9 x f ! god ^u :om x dep5ds4 ,?is division ( nature among ! diff]5t div9ities con/itutes ! conception :i* ^! religions give u ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ s long z humanity has n pass$ ! phase ( totemism1 ! diff]5t totems ( ! tribe fulfil exactly ! same functions t w lat] fall ^u ! div9e p]sonalities4 ,9 ! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe1 :i* we h tak5 z our pr9cipal example1 !re are t5 clans2 consequ5tly ! entire _w is divid$ into t5 classes1 or r into t5 families1 ea* ( :i* has a special totem z its basis4 ,x is f ?is basis t ! ?+s class$ 9 ! clan get all _! reality1 = !y are ?\ght ( z v>iant =ms ( ! totemic be+2 to return to our example1 ! ra91 ?und]1 lightn+1 cl\ds1 hail & w9t] are reg>d$ z diff]5t sorts ( cr[s4 ,:5 br\ght toge!r1 ^! t5 families ( ?+s make up a complete & sy/ematic repres5tation ( ! _w2 & ?is repres5tation is religi\s1 = religi\s notions furni% its basis4 ,f> f be+ limit$ to "o or two categories ( be+s1 ! doma9 ( totemic religion ext5ds to ! f9al limits ( ! kn[n univ]se4 ,j l ! ,greek religion1 x puts ! div9e ev]y:]e2 ! celebrat$ =mula ,greek3 panta plr !n 7ev]y?+ is full ( ! gods71 might equally well s]ve x z motto4 ,h[ev]1 if totemism is to be repres5t$ ?us1 ! notion ( x :i* has long be5 held mu/ be modifi$ on "o ess5tial po9t4 ,until ! discov]ies ( rec5t ye>s1 x 0 made to consi/ entirely 9 ! cult ( "o p>ticul> totem1 & x 0 def9$ z ! religion ( ! clan4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ea* tribe seem$ to h z _m totemic religions1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 z x _h diff]5t clans4 ,?is conception 0 also 9 h>mony ) ! idea curr5tly held ( ! clan2 9 fact1 ?is 0 reg>d$ z an autonom\s society1#dhd m or less clos$ to o!r simil> societies1 or hav+ only ext]nal & sup]ficial relations ) ^! latt]4 ,b ! reality is m complex4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! cult ( ea* totem has its home 9 ! correspond+ clan2 x is !re1 & only !re1 t x is celebrat$2 x is memb]s ( ! clan :o h *>ge ( x2 x is ?r\gh !m t x is transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 along ) ! beliefs :i* are its basis4 ,b x is also true t ! diff]5t totemic cults ?us practis$ )9 a s+le tribe d n h a p>allel developm5t1 ?\gh rema9+ ignorant ( ea* o!r1 z if ea* ( !m con/itut$ a complete & self-suffic+ religion4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y mutually imply ea* o!r2 !y are only ! p>ts ( a s+le :ole1 ! elem5ts ( a s+le religion4 ,! m5 ( "o clan nev] reg>d ! beliefs ( neighb\r+ clans ) t indiff]5ce1 scepticism or ho/ility :i* "o religion ord9>ily inspires = ano!r :i* is =eign to x2 !y p>take ( ^! beliefs !mselves4 ,! ,cr[ p are also conv9c$ t ! ,snake p h a my?ical s]p5t z ance/or1 & t !y owe special virtues & m>vell\s p[]s to ?is orig94 ,& h we n se5 t at lea/ 9 c]ta9 conditions1 a man may eat a totem t is n 8 own only aft] he has obs]v$ c]ta9 ritual =malities8 ,especially1 he mu/ dem& ! p]mission ( ! m5 ( ?is totem1 if any are pres5t4 ,s = him also1 ?is food is n entirely pr(ane2 he also admits t !re are intimate aff9ities betwe5 ! memb]s ( a clan ( :i* he is n a memb] & ! animal ^: "n !y be>4 ,also1 ?is community ( belief is sometimes %[n 9 ! cult4 ,if 9 !ory ! rites conc]n+ a totem c be p]=m$ only by ! m5 ( ?is totem1 nev]!less repres5tatives ( diff]5t clans frequ5tly assi/ at !m4 ,x sometimes happ5s t _! "p is n simply t ( spectators2 x is true t !y d n (ficiate1 b !y decorate ! (ficiants & prep>e ! s]vice4 ,!y !mselves h an int]e/ 9 its be+ celebrat$2 !re=e1 9 c]ta9 tribes1 x is !y :o invite ! qualifi$ clan to proce$ ) ! c]emonies4#dhe ,!re is ev5 a :ole cycle ( rites :i* mu/ take place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! assembl$ tribe3 ^! are ! totemic c]emonies ( initiation4#dhf ,f9ally1 ! totemic organization1 su* z we h j describ$ x1 mu/ obvi\sly be ! result ( "s sort ( an indi/9ct und]/&+ betwe5 all ! memb]s ( ! tribe4 ,x is impossible t ea* clan %\ld h made its beliefs 9 an absolutely indep5d5t mann]2 x is absolutely necess>y t ! cults ( ! diff]5t totems %\ld be 9 "s way adju/$ to ea* o!r1 s9ce !y complete "o ano!r exactly4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t normally a s+le totem is n repeat$ twice 9 ! same tribe1 & t ! :ole univ]se is divid$ up among ! totems ?us con/itut$ 9 su* a way t ! same object is n f\nd 9 two diff]5t clans4 ,s me?odical a division c\ld nev] h be5 made )\t an agreem5t1 tacit or plann$1 9 :i* ! :ole tribe p>ticipat$4 ,s ! gr\p ( beliefs :i* ?us arise are p>tially 7b only p>tially7 a tribal affair4#dhg ,to sum up1 !n1 9 ord] to =m an adequate idea ( totemism1 we mu/ n conf9e ourselves )9 ! limits ( ! clan1 b mu/ consid] ! tribe z a :ole4 ,x is true t ! p>ticul> cult ( ea* clan enjoys a v great autonomy2 we c n[ see t x is )9 ! clan t ! active f]m5t ( ! religi\s life takes place4 ,b x is also true t ^! cults fit into ea* o!r & ! totemic religion is a complex sy/em =m$ by _! union1 j z ,greek poly!ism 0 made by ! union ( all ! p>ticul> cults address$ to ! diff]5t div9ities4 ,we h j %[n t1 ?us und]/ood1 totemism also has x cosmology4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,totemic ,,beliefs--end ,! ,individual ,totem & ! ,sexual ,totem ,up to ! pres5t1 we h /udi$ totemism only z a public in/itution3 ! only totems ( :i* we h spok5 are common to a clan1 a phratry or1 9 a s5se1 to a tribe2#dhh an individual has a "p 9 !m only z a memb] ( a gr\p4 ,b we "k t !re is no religion :i* does n h an individual aspect4 ,?is g5]al obs]vation is applicable to totemism4 ,9 addition to ! imp]sonal & collective totems :i* hold ! fir/ place1 !re are o!rs :i* are peculi> to ea* individual1 :i* express 8 p]sonality1 & ^: cult he celebrates 9 private4 ,i ,9 c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes1 & 9 ! majority ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1#dhi ea* individual p]sonally su/a9s relations ) "s det]m9$ object1 :i* are comp>able to ^? :i* ea* clan su/a9s ) its totem4 ,?is is sometimes an inanimate be+ or an artificial object2 b x is g5]ally an animal4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 a special "p ( ! organism1 su* z ! head1 ! feet or ! liv]1 fulfils ?is (fice4#dij ,! "n ( ! ?+ also s]ves z ! "n ( ! individual4 ,x is 8 p]sonal "n1 8 =5ame1 :i* is add$ to t ( ! collective totem1 z ! pra5om5 ( ! ,romans 0 to ! nom5 g5tilicium4 ,x is true t ?is fact is n report$ except 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( societies1#dia b x is probably g5]al4 ,9 fact1 we %all pres5tly %[ t !re is an id5tity ( nature betwe5 ! individual & ! ?+2 n[ an id5tity ( nature implies "o ( "n4 ,be+ giv5 9 ! c\rse ( especially important religi\s c]emonies1 ?is =5ame has a sacr$ "*4 ,x is n pron\nc$ 9 ! ord9>y circum/ances ( pr(ane life4 ,x ev5 happ5s t ! ^w designat+ ?is object 9 ! ord9>y language mu/ be modifi$ to a great] or less ext5t if x is to s]ve 9 ?is p>ticul> case4#dib ,?is is because ! t]ms ( ! usual language are exclud$ f ! religi\s life4 ,9 c]ta9 ,am]ican tribes1 at lea/1 ?is "n is re9=c$ by an emblem belong+ to ea* individual & repres5t+1 "u v>i\s =ms1 ! ?+ designat$ by ! "n4 ,= example1 ea* ,m&an we>s ! sk9 ( ! animal ( :i* he is ! namesake4#dic ,if x is a bird1 he decorates himself ) its fea!rs4#did ,! ,hurons & ,algonqu9s tattoo _! bodies ) its image4#die ,x is repres5t$ on _! arms4#dif ,among ! nor?-we/]n tribes1 ! individual emblem1 j l ! collective emblem ( ! clan1 is c>v$ or engrav$ on ! ut5sils1 h\ses1#dig etc42 x s]ves z a m>k ( own]%ip4#dih ,frequ5tly ! two coats-(-arms are comb9$ toge!r1 :i* p>tially expla9s ! great div]sity ( aspects pres5t$ by ! totemic escut*eons among ^! peoples4#dii ,betwe5 ! individual & 8 animal namesake !re exi/ ! v close/ bonds4 ,! man p>ticipates 9 ! nature ( ! animal2 he has its good qualities z well z its faults4 ,= example1 a man hav+ ! eagle z 8 coat-(-arms is believ$ to possess ! gift ( see+ into ! future2 if he is nam$ aft] a be>1 !y say t he is apt to be w\nd$ 9 combat1 = ! be> is heavy & sl[ & easily caught2#ejj if ! animal is despis$1 ! man is ! object ( ! same s5tim5t4#eja ,! relation%ip ( ! two is ev5 s close t x is believ$ t 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 especially 9 case ( dang]1 ! man c take ! =m ( ! animal4#ejb ,inv]sely1 ! animal is reg>d$ z a d\ble ( ! man1 z 8 alt] ego4#ejc ,! association ( ! two is s close t _! de/9ies are frequ5tly ?\ght to be b\nd up toge!r3 no?+ c happ5 to "o )\t ! o!r's feel+ a reaction4#ejd ,if ! animal dies1 ! life ( ! man is m5ac$4 ,?us x comes to be a v g5]al rule t "o %\ld n kill ! animal1 nor eat its fle%4 ,?is int]diction1 :i*1 :5 conc]n+ ! totem ( ! clan1 all[s ( all sorts ( att5uations & modifications1 is n[ mu* m =mal & absolute4#eje ,on its side1 ! animal protects ! man & s]ves him z a sort ( patron4 ,x in=ms him ( possible dang]s & ( ! way ( escap+ !m2#ejf !y say t x is 8 fri5d4#ejg ,s9ce x frequ5tly happ5s to possess m>vell\s p[]s1 x communicates !m to its human associate1 :o believes 9 !m1 ev5 "u ! pro( ( bullets1 arr[s1 & bl[s ( e sort4#ejh ,?is confid5ce ( an individual 9 ! efficacy ( 8 protector is s great t he braves ! greate/ dang]s & accompli%es ! mo/ disconc]t+ feats ) an intrepid s]5ity3 fai? gives him ! necess>y c\rage & /r5g?4#eji ,h[ev]1 ! relations ( a man ) 8 patron are n purely & simply ^? ( dep5d5ce4 ,he1 on 8 side1 is able to act ^u ! animal4 ,he gives x ord]s2 he has influ5ce ov] x4 ,a ,kurnai hav+ ! %>k z ally & fri5d believes t he c disp]se ! %>ks :o m5ace a boat1 by means ( a *>m4#eaj ,9 o!r cases1 ! relations ?us contract$ are believ$ to conf] ^u ! man a special aptitude = hunt+ ! animal ) success4#eaa ,! v nature ( ^! relations seems cle>ly to imply t ! be+ to :i* ea* individual is ?us associat$ is only an individual itself1 & n a species4 ,a man does n h a species z 8 alt] ego4 ,9 fact1 !re are cases :]e x is c]ta9ly a c]ta9 det]m9$ tree1 rock or /one t fulfils ?is function4#eab ,x mu/ be ?us e "t t x is an animal1 & t ! exi/5ces ( ! animal & ! man are believ$ to be connect$4 ,a man c\ld n be unit$ s closely to a :ole species1 = !re is n a day nor1 s to speak1 an in/ant :5 ! species does n lose "s "o ( its memb]s4 ,yet ! primitive has a c]ta9 incapacity = ?9k+ ( ! individual ap>t f ! species2 ! bonds unit+ him to ! "o readily ext5d to ! o!r2 he conf\nds ! two 9 ! same s5tim5t4 ,?us ! entire species becomes sacr$ = him4#eac ,?is protector is naturally giv5 diff]5t names 9 diff]5t societies3 nagual among ! ,indians ( ,mexico1#ead manit\ among ! ,algonqu9s & okki among ! ,hurons1#eae snam among c]ta9 ,sali%1#eaf sulia among o!rs1#eag budjan among ! ,yu91#eah yunbeai among ! ,euahlayi1#eai etc4 ,ow+ to ! importance ( ^! beliefs & practices among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 "s h propos$ creat+ a ^w nagualism or manit\ism to designate !m4#ebj ,b 9 giv+ !m a special & di/9ctive "n1 we run ! risk ( misund]/&+ _! relations ) ! re/ ( totemism4 ,9 fact1 ! same pr9ciple is appli$ 9 ! "o case to ! clan & 9 ! o!r to ! individual4 ,9 bo? cases we f9d ! same belief t !re are vital connections betwe5 ! ?+s & ! m51 & t ! =m] are end[$ ) special p[]s1 ( :i* _! human allies may also enjoy ! advantage4 ,we also f9d ! same cu/om ( giv+ ! man ! "n ( ! ?+ ) :i* he is associat$ & ( add+ an emblem to ?is "n4 ,! totem is ! patron ( ! clan1 j z ! patron ( ! individual is 8 p]sonal totem4 ,s x is important t our t]m9ology %\ld make ! relation%ip ( ! two sy/ems app>5t2 t is :y we1 ) ,fraz]1 %all give ! "n individual totemism to ! cult r5d]$ by ea* individual to 8 patron4 ,a fur!r ju/ification ( ?is expression is f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 c]ta9 cases ! primitive himself uses ! same ^w to designate ! totem ( ! clan & ! animal protector ( ! individual4#eba ,if ,tylor & ,p[ell h reject$ ?is t]m & dem&$ diff]5t ones = ^! two sorts ( religi\s in/itutions1 x is because ! collective totem is1 9 _! op9ion1 only a "n or label1 hav+ no religi\s "*4#ebb ,b we1 on ! contr>y1 "k t x is a sacr$ ?+1 & ev5 m s ?an ! protect+ animal4 ,moreov]1 ! cont9uation ( our /udy w %[ h[ ^! two v>ieties ( totemism are insep>able f ea* o!r4#ebc ,yet1 h[soev] close ! k9%ip betwe5 ^! two in/itutions may be1 !re are important diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,:ile ! clan believes t x is ! (fspr+ ( ! animal or plant s]v+ x z totem1 ! individual does n believe t he has any relation%ip ( desc5t ) 8 p]sonal totem4 ,x is a fri5d1 an associate1 a protector2 b x is n a relative4 ,he takes advantage ( ! virtues x is believ$ to possess2 b he is n ( ! same blood4 ,9 ! second place1 ! memb]s ( a clan all[ neighb\r+ clans to eat ( ! animal ^: "n !y be> collectively1 "u ! simple condition t ! necess>y =malities %all be obs]v$4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! individual respects ! species to :i* 8 p]sonal totem belongs & also protects x aga9/ /rang]s1 at lea/ 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! de/9y ( ! man is held to be b\nd up ) t ( ! animal4 ,b ! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two sorts ( totems is 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are acquir$4 ,! collective totem is a "p ( ! civil /atus ( ea* individual3 x is g5]ally h]$it>y2 9 any case1 x is bir? :i* designates x1 & ! wi% ( m5 c\nts = no?+4 ,sometimes ! *ild has ! totem ( 8 "m 7,kamil>oi1 ,di]i1 ,urabunna1 etc472 sometimes t ( 8 fa!r 7,n>r9y]i1 ,w>ramunga1 etc472 sometimes ! "o pr$om9at+ 9 ! locality :]e 8 "m conceiv$ 7,arunta1 ,loritja74 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ! individual totem is acquir$ by a delib]ate act3#ebd a :ole s]ies ( ritual op]ations are necess>y to det]m9e x4 ,! me?od g5]ally employ$ by ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica is z foll[s4 ,ab\t ! "t ( pub]ty1 z ! "t = initiation approa*es1 ! "y man )draws into a di/ant place1 = example1 into a =e/4 ,!re1 dur+ a p]iod v>y+ f a few days to sev]al ye>s1 he submits himself to all sorts ( exhau/+ & unnatural ex]cises4 ,he fa/s1 mortifies himself & inflicts v>i\s mutilations ^u himself4 ,n[ he w&]s ab\t1 utt]+ viol5t cries & v]itable h[ls2 n[ he lies ext5d$1 motionless & lam5t+1 ^u ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes he dances1 prays & invokes 8 ord9>y div9ities4 ,at la/1 he ?us gets himself into an extreme /ate ( sup]-excitation1 v]g+ on delirium4 ,:5 he has rea*$ ?is p>oxysm1 8 repres5tations readily take on ! "* ( halluc9ations4 ,:51 says ,heckeweld]1 a boy is on ! eve ( be+ initiat$1 he is submitt$ to an alt]nat+ rgime ( fa/s & m$ical treatm5t2 he ab/a9s f all food & takes ! mo/ p[]ful & repugnant drugs3 at times1 he dr9ks intoxicat+ concoctions until 8 m9d really w&]s4 ,!n he has1 or ?9ks he has1 visions & extraord9>y dreams to :i* he 0 ( c\rse pr$ispos$ by all ?is tra9+4 ,he imag9es himself fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 advanc+ "u ! gr\nd1 jump+ f "o m\nta9-top to ano!r across ! valleys1 & fight+ & conqu]+ giants & mon/]s4#ebe ,if 9 ^! circum/ances he sees1 or1 z am\nts to ! same ?+1 he ?9ks he sees1 :ile dream+ or :ile awake1 an animal appe>+ to him 9 an attitude seem+ to %[ fri5dly int5tions1 !n he imag9es t he has discov]$ ! patron he await$4#ebf ,yet ?is proc$ure is r>ely employ$ 9 ,au/ralia4#ebg ,on ?is cont95t1 ! p]sonal totem seems to be impos$ by a ?ird p>ty1 ei!r at bir?#ebh or at ! mom5t ( initiation4#ebi ,g5]ally x is a relative :o takes ?is "p1 or else a p]sonage inve/$ ) special p[]s1 su* z an old man or a magician4 ,sometimes div9ation is us$ = ?is purpose4 ,= example1 on ,*>lotte ,bay1 ,cape ,b$=d or ! ,pros]p9e ,riv]1 ! gr&mo!r or "s o!r old woman takes a little piece ( umbilical cord to :i* ! plac5ta is /ill atta*$ & :irls x ab\t q viol5tly4 ,mean:ile ! o!r old wom5 propose diff]5t names4 ,t "o is adopt$ :i* happ5s to be pron\nc$ j at ! mom5t :5 ! cord breaks4#ecj ,among ! ,y>rai-kanna ( ,cape ,york1 aft] a too? has be5 knock$ out ( ! "y initiate1 !y give him a little wat] to r9se 8 m\? & ask him to spit 9 a bucket full ( wat]4 ,! old m5 c>efully exam9e ! clot =m$ by ! blood & saliva ?us spit out1 & ! natural object ^: %ape x resembles becomes ! p]sonal totem ( ! "y man4#eca ,9 o!r cases1 ! totem is transmitt$ f "o individual to ano!r1 = example f fa!r to son1 or uncle to nephew4#ecb ,?is me?od is also us$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 a case report$ by ,hill ,t\t1 ! op]ator 0 a %aman1#ecc :o wi%$ to transmit 8 totem to 8 nephew4 ,! uncle took ! symbol ( 8 snam 78 p]sonal totem71 :i* 9 ?is case 0 a dri$ bird's sk91 & bade 8 nephew brea! ^u x4 ,he !n blew ^u x also himself1 utt]$ "s my/ic words & ! dri$ sk9 seem$ to ,paul 7! nephew7 to become a liv+ bird1 :i* flew ab\t !m a mom5t or two & !n f9ally disappe>$4 ,paul 0 !n in/ruct$ by 8 uncle to procure t day a bird's sk9 ( ! same k9d z 8 uncle's & we> x on 8 p]son4 ,?is he did1 & t night he _h a dream1 9 :i* ! snam appe>$ to him 9 ! %ape ( a human be+1 disclos$ to him its my/ic "n by :i* x might be summon$1 & promis$ him protection4#ecd ,n only is ! individual totem acquir$ & n giv51 b ord9>ily ! acquisition ( "o is n obligatory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are a multitude ( tribes 9 ,au/ralia :]e ! cu/om seems to be absolutely unkn[n4#ece ,also1 ev5 :]e x does exi/1 x is frequ5tly optional4 ,?us among ! ,euahlayi1 :ile all ! magicians h individual totems f :i* !y get _! p[]s1 !re are a great numb] ( laym5 :o h none at all4 ,x is a fav\r giv5 by ! magician1 b :i* he res]ves = 8 fri5ds1 8 fav\rites & ^? :o aspire to becom+ 8 colleagues4#ecf ,likewise1 among c]ta9 ,sali%1 p]sons desir+ to excel especially ei!r 9 fight+ or 9 hunt+1 or aspirants to ! position ( %aman1 are ! only ones :o provide !mselves ) protectors ( ?is sort4#ecg ,s among c]ta9 peoples1 at lea/1 ! individual totem seems to be consid]$ an advantage & conv5i5t ?+ r ?an a necessity4 ,x is a good ?+ to h1 b a man c d )\t "o4 ,inv]sely1 a man ne$ n limit himself to a s+le totem2 if he wi%es to be m fully protect$1 no?+ h9d]s 8 seek+ & acquir+ sev]al1#ech & if ! "o he has fulfils its "p badly1 he c *ange x4#eci ,b :ile x is m optional & free1 individual totemism conta9s )9 x a =ce ( resi/ance nev] atta9$ by ! totemism ( ! clan4 ,"o ( ! *ief in=m]s ( ,hill ,t\t 0 a baptiz$ ,sali%2 h[ev]1 ?\gh he _h s9c]ely ab&on$ ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs1 & ?\gh he _h become a model cate*i/1 /ill 8 fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ! p]sonal totems rema9$ un%ak54#edj ,simil>ly1 ?\gh no visible traces ( collective totemism rema9 9 civiliz$ c\ntries1 ! idea t !re is a connection betwe5 ea* individual & "s animal1 plant or o!r object1 is at ! bottom ( _m cu/oms /ill obs]vable 9 _m ,european c\ntries4#eda ,,ii ,betwe5 collective totemism & individual totemism !re is an int]m$iate =m p>tak+ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*3 ?is is sexual totemism4 ,x is f\nd only 9 ,au/ralia & 9 a small numb] ( tribes4 ,x is m5tion$ especially 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales4#edb ,ma!ws1 x is true1 claims to h obs]v$ x 9 all ! p>ts ( ,au/ralia t he has visit$1 b he gives no precise facts to support ?is affirmation4#edc ,among ^! diff]5t peoples1 all ! m5 ( ! tribe on ! "o h&1 & all ! wom5 on ! o!r1 to :atev] special clan !y may belong1 =m1 z x 71 two di/9ct & ev5 antagoni/ic societies4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! two sexual corporations believes t x is unit$ by my/ical bonds to a det]m9$ animal4 ,among ! ,kurnai1 all ! m5 ?9k !y are bro!rs1 z x 71 ( ! emu-wr5 7,ye]7ung71 all ! wom51 t !y are z si/]s ( ! l9net 7,djeetg7un72 all ! m5 are ,ye]7ung & all ! wom5 are ,djeetg7un4 ,among ! ,wotjobaluk & ! ,wurunj]ri1 x is ! bat & ! nightj> 7a species ( scree*-owl7 respectively :o take ?is rle4 ,9 o!r tribes1 ! woodpeck] is sub/itut$ = ! nightj>4 ,ea* sex reg>ds ! animal to :i* x is ?us relat$ z a sort ( protector :i* mu/ be treat$ ) ! greate/ reg>d2 x is also =bidd5 to kill & eat x4#edd ,?us ?is protect+ animal plays ! same "p 9 relation to ! sexual society t ! totem ( ! clan plays to ?is latt] gr\p4 ,s ! expression sexual totemism1 :i* we borr[ f ,fraz]1#ede is ju/ifi$4 ,?is new sort ( totem resembles t ( ! clan p>ticul>ly 9 t x1 too1 is collective2 x belongs to all ! p ( "o sex indiscrim9ately4 ,x also resembles ?is =m 9 t x implies a relation%ip ( desc5t & consangu9ity betwe5 ! animal patron & ! correspond+ sex3 among ! ,kurnai1 all ! m5 are believ$ to be desc5d$ f ,ye]7ung & all ! wom5 f ,djeetg7un4#edf ,! fir/ obs]v] to po9t out ?is curi\s in/itution describ$ x1 9 #ahcd1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,tilmun1 a little bird ! size ( a ?ru% 7x is a sort ( woodpeck]71 is suppos$ by ! wom5 to be ! fir/ mak] ( wom54 ,^! birds are held 9 v5]ation by ! wom5 only4#edg ,s x 0 a great ance/or4 ,b 9 o!r ways1 ?is same totem resembles ! individual totem4 ,9 fact1 x is believ$ t ea* memb] ( a sexual gr\p is p]sonally unit$ to a det]m9$ individual ( ! correspond+ animal species4 ,! two lives are s closely associat$ t ! dea? ( ! animal br+s ab\t t ( ! man4 ,! life ( a bat1 say ! ,wotjobaluk1 is ! life ( a man4#edh ,t is :y ea* sex n only respects its own totem1 b =ces ! memb]s ( ! o!r to d s z well4 ,e violation ( ?is int]diction gives rise to actual bloody battles betwe5 ! m5 & ! wom54#edi ,f9ally1 ! really orig9al feature ( ^! totems is t !y are1 9 a s5se1 a sort ( tribal totems4 ,9 fact1 !y result f m5's repres5t+ ! tribe z desc5d$ z a :ole f "o c\ple ( my?ical be+s4 ,su* a belief seems to demon/rate cle>ly t ! tribal s5tim5t has acquir$ suffici5t =ce to resi/1 at lea/ to a consid]able ext5t1 ! p>ticul>ism ( ! clans4 ,9 reg>d to ! di/9ct orig9s assign$ to m5 & to wom51 x mu/ be said t its cause is to be s\ght 9 ! sep>ate conditions 9 :i* ! m5 & ! wom5 live4#eej ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ ! sexual totems are relat$ to ! totems ( ! clans1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ! ,au/ralians1 :at relations !re 7 betwe5 ! two ance/ors ?us plac$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! tribe1 & f :i* "o ea* special clan is believ$ to be desc5d$4 ,b ! e?nographical data at our pres5t disposal d n all[ u to resolve ^! que/ions4 ,moreov]1 h[ev] natural & ev5 necess>y x may appe> to u1 x is v possible t ! natives nev] rais$ x4 ,!y d n feel ! ne$ ( co-ord9at+ & sy/ematiz+ _! beliefs z /rongly z we d4#eea ,,*apt] ,v ,,orig9s ,,( ,,^! ,,beliefs ,critical ,exam9ation ( ,prec$+ ,!ories ,! beliefs :i* we h j summ>iz$ are manife/ly ( a religi\s nature1 s9ce !y imply a division ( ?+s into sacr$ & pr(ane4 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is no ?\ght ( spiritual be+s1 & 9 ! c\rse ( our exposition we h n ev5 _h occasion to pron\nce ! words1 spirits1 g5ii or div9e p]sonalities4 ,b if c]ta9 writ]s1 ( :om we %all h some?+ m to say pres5tly1 h1 = ?is reason1 refus$ to reg>d totemism z a religion1 x is because !y h an inexact notion ( :at religi\s ph5om5a are4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are assur$ t ?is religion is ! mo/ primitive "o t is n[ obs]vable & ev51 9 all probability1 t has ev] exi/$4 ,9 fact1 x is insep>able f a social organization on a clan basis4 ,n only is x impossible1 z we h already po9t$ out1 to def9e x except 9 connection ) ! clan1 b x ev5 seems z ?\gh ! clan c\ld n exi/1 9 ! =m x has tak5 9 a great numb] ( ,au/ralian societies1 )\t ! totem4 ,= ! memb]s ( a s+le clan are n unit$ to ea* o!r ei!r by a common habitat or by common blood1 z !y are n necess>ily consangu9e\s & are frequ5tly scatt]$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! tribal t]ritory4 ,_! unity comes solely f _! hav+ ! same "n & ! same emblem1 _! believ+ t !y h ! same relations ) ! same categories ( ?+s1 _! practis+ ! same rites1 or1 9 a ^w1 f _! p>ticipat+ 9 ! same totemic cult4 ,?us totemism & ! clan mutually imply ea* o!r1 9 s f>1 at lea/1 z ! latt] is n conf\nd$ ) ! local gr\p4 ,n[ ! social organization on a clan basis is ! simple/ :i* we "k4 ,9 fact1 x exi/s 9 all its ess5tial elem5ts f ! mom5t :5 ! society includes two prim>y clans2 consequ5tly1 we may say t !re are none m rudim5t>y1 z long z societies r$uc$ to a s+le clan h n be5 discov]$1 & we believe t up to ! pres5t no traces ( su* h be5 f\nd4 ,a religion s closely connect$ to a social sy/em surpass+ all o!rs 9 simplicity may well be reg>d$ z ! mo/ elem5t>y religion we c possibly "k4 ,if we succe$ 9 discov]+ ! orig9s ( ! beliefs :i* we h j analys$1 we %all v probably discov] at ! same "t ! causes lead+ to ! rise ( ! religi\s s5tim5t 9 humanity4 ,b be=e treat+ ?is "q = ourselves1 we mu/ exam9e ! mo/ au?oriz$ solutions ( x :i* h already be5 propos$4 ,i ,9 ! fir/ place1 we f9d a gr\p ( s*ol>s :o believe t !y c acc\nt = totemism by d]iv+ x f "s previ\s religion4 ,= ,tylor#eeb & ,wilk51#eec totemism is a special =m ( ! cult ( ! ance/ors2 x 0 ! widespread doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( s\ls t s]v$ z a bridge betwe5 ^! two religi\s sy/ems4 ,a l>ge numb] ( peoples believe t aft] dea?1 ! s\l does n rema9 dis9c>nate = ev]1 b pres5tly animates ano!r liv+ body2 on ! o!r h&1 ! l[] psy*ology1 draw+ no def9ite l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! s\ls ( m5 & ( bea/s1 c at lea/ admit )\t difficulty ! transmigration ( human s\ls into ! bodies ( ! l[] animals4#eed ,tylor cites a c]ta9 numb] ( cases4#eee ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! religi\s respect inspir$ by ! ance/or is q naturally atta*$ to ! animal or plant ) :i* he is pres5tly conf\nd$4 ,! animal ?us s]v+ z a receptacle = a v5]at$ be+ becomes a holy ?+1 ! object ( a cult1 t is1 a totem1 = all ! desc5dants ( ! ance/or1 :o =m ! clan desc5d$ f him4 ,facts po9t$ out by ,wilk5 among ! societies ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago w\ld t5d to prove t x really 0 9 ?is mann] t ! totemic beliefs orig9at$4 ,9 ,java & ,sumatra1 crocodiles are especially hon\r$2 !y are reg>d$ z b5evol5t protectors :o mu/ n be kill$2 (f]+s are made to !m4 ,n[ ! cult ?us r5d]$ to !m is due to _! be+ suppos$ to inc>nate ! s\ls ( ance/ors4 ,! ,malays ( ! ,philipp9es consid] ! crocodile _! gr&fa!r2 ! tig] is treat$ 9 ! same way = ! same reasons4 ,simil> beliefs h be5 obs]v$ among ! ,bant\s4#eef ,9 ,melanesia x sometimes happ5s t an influ5tial man1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 ann\nces 8 desire to re9c>nate himself 9 a c]ta9 animal or plant2 x is easily und]/ood h[ ! object ?us *os5 z 8 po/hum\s resid5ce becomes sacr$ = 8 :ole family4#eeg ,s1 f> f be+ a primitive fact1 totemism w\ld seem to be ! product ( a m complex religion :i* prec$$ x4#eeh ,b ! societies f :i* ^! facts 7 tak5 _h already arriv$ at a r advanc$ /age ( culture2 9 any case1 !y _h pass$ ! /age ( pure totemism4 ,!y h families & n totemic clans4#eei ,ev5 ! majority ( ! animals to :i* religi\s hon\rs are ?us r5d]$ are v5]at$1 n by special gr\ps ( families1 b by ! tribes z a :ole4 ,s if ^! beliefs & practices d h "s connection ) anci5t totemic cults1 !y n[ repres5t only alt]$ =ms ( !m#efj & are consequ5tly n v well fitt$ = %[+ u _! orig9s4 ,x is n by /udy+ an in/itution at ! mom5t :5 x is 9 full decad5ce t we c le>n h[ x 0 =m$4 ,if we want to "k h[ totemism orig9at$1 x is nei!r 9 ,java nor ,sumatra nor ,melanesia t we mu/ /udy x1 b 9 ,au/ralia4 ,"h we f9d nei!r a cult ( ! dead#efa nor ! doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,( c\rse !y believe t ! my?ical h]oes1 ! f\nd]s ( ! clan1 re9c>nate !mselves p]iodically2 b ?is is 9 human bodies only2 ea* bir?1 z we %all see1 is ! product ( "o ( ^! re9c>nations4 ,s if ! animals ( ! totemic species are ! object ( rites1 x is n because ! ance/ral s\ls are believ$ to reside 9 !m4 ,x is true t ! fir/ ance/ors are frequ5tly repres5t$ "u ! =m ( an animal1 & ?is v common repres5tation is an important fact = :i* we mu/ acc\nt2 b x 0 n ! belief 9 metempsy*osis :i* gave x bir?1 = ?is belief is unkn[n among ,au/ralian societies4 ,moreov]1 f> f be+ able to expla9 totemism1 ?is belief takes = grant$ "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is re/s2 t is to say1 x begs ! "q to be expla9$4 ,x1 j z mu* z totemism1 implies t man is consid]$ a close relative ( ! animal2 = if ^! two k+doms 7 cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 ! m9d1 m5 w\ld nev] believe t a human s\l c\ld pass s easily f "o into ! o!r4 ,x is ev5 necess>y t ! body ( ! animal be consid]$ its true home1 = x is believ$ to g !re z soon z x rega9s its lib]ty4 ,n[ :ile ! doctr9e ( transmigration po/ulates ?is s+ul> aff9ity1 x (f]s no explanation ( x4 ,! only explanation (f]$ by ,tylor is t m5 sometimes resemble 9 c]ta9 traits ! anatomy & physiology ( ! animal4 ,! half-human features & actions & *>act]s ( animals are wat*$ ) wond]+ sympa?y by ! savage1 z by ! *ild4 ,! bea/ is ! v inc>nation ( famili> qualities ( man3 & su* names z lion1 be>1 fox1 owl1 p>rot1 vip]1 worm1 :5 we apply !m z epi!ts to m51 cond5se into a ^w "s lead+ features ( a human life4#efb ,b ev5 if ^! resemblances are met )1 !y are unc]ta9 & exceptional2 be=e all else1 m5 resemble _! relatives & companions1 & n plants & animals4 ,su* r>e & que/ionable analogies c\ld n ov]come su* unanim\s pro(s1 nor c\ld !y lead a man to ?9k ( himself & 8 =efa!rs 9 =ms contradict$ by daily exp]i5ce4 ,s ?is "q rema9s unt\*$1 & z long z x is n answ]$1 we _c say t totemism is expla9$4#efc ,f9ally1 ?is :ole !ory re/s ^u a fundam5tal misund]/&+4 ,= ,tylor z = ,wundt1 totemism is only a p>ticul> case ( ! cult ( animals4#efd ,b we1 on ! contr>y1 "k t x is some?+ v diff]5t f a sort ( animal-wor%ip4#efe ,! animal is nev] ador$2 ! man is ne>ly its equal & sometimes ev5 treats x z 8 possession1 s f> is he f be+ subord9ate to x l a believ] be=e 8 god4 ,if ! animals ( ! totemic species are really believ$ to inc>nate ! ance/ors1 ! memb]s ( =eign clans w\ld n be all[$ to eat _! fle% freely4 ,9 reality1 x is n to ! animal z su* t ! cult is address$1 b to ! emblem & ! image ( ! totem4 ,n[ betwe5 ?is religion ( ! emblem & ! ance/or-cult1 !re is no connection :atsoev]4 ,:ile ,tylor d]ives totemism f ! ance/or-cult1 ,jevons d]ives x f ! nature-cult1#eff & "h is h[ he does s4 ,:51 "u ! impulse ( ! surprise occasion$ by ! irregul>ities obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( ph5om5a1 m5 _h once peopl$ ! _w ) sup]natural be+s1#efg !y felt ! ne$ ( mak+ agreem5ts ) ^! r$\btable =ces ) :i* !y _h surr\nd$ !mselves4 ,!y und]/ood t ! be/ way to escape be+ ov]:elm$ by !m 0 to ally !mselves to "s ( !m1 & ?us make sure ( _! aid4 ,b at ?is p]iod ( hi/ory m5 knew no o!r =m ( alliance & association ?an ! "o result+ f k9%ip4 ,all ! memb]s ( a s+le clan aid ea* o!r mutually because !y are k9dr$ or1 z am\nts to ! same ?+1 because !y ?9k !y are2 on ! o!r h&1 diff]5t clans treat ea* o!r z enemies because !y are ( diff]5t blood4 ,s ! only way ( assur+ !mselves ( ! support ( ^! sup]natural be+s 0 to adopt !m z k9dr$ & to be adopt$ by !m 9 ! same quality3 ! well-kn[n processes ( ! blood-cov5ant p]mitt$ !m to atta9 ?is result q easily4 ,b s9ce at ?is p]iod1 ! individual did n yet h a real p]sonality1 & 0 reg>d$ only z a "p ( 8 gr\p1 or clan1 x 0 ! clan z a :ole1 & n ! individual1 :i* collectively contract$ ?is relation%ip4 ,= ! same reason1 x 0 contract$1 n ) a p>ticul> object1 b ) ! natural gr\p or species ( :i* ?is object 0 a "p2 = m5 ?9k ( ! _w z !y ?9k ( !mselves1 & j z !y c\ld n conceive !mselves ap>t f _! clans1 s !y 7 unable to conceive ( any?+ else z di/9ct f ! species to :i* x belong$4 ,n[ a species ( ?+s unit$ to a clan by a bond ( k9%ip is1 says ,jevons1 a totem4 ,9 fact1 x is c]ta9 t totemism implies ! close association ( a clan to a det]m9$ category ( objects4 ,b t ?is association 0 contract$ ) a delib]ate design & 9 ! full consci\sness ( an end s\ght aft]1 z ,jevons w\ld h u believe1 is a /atem5t hav+ b little h>mony ) :at hi/ory tea*es4 ,religions are too complex1 & answ] to ne$s t are too _m & too obscure1 to h _! orig9 9 a prem$itat$ act ( ! w4 ,& :ile x s9s ?r\gh ov]-simplicity1 ?is hypo!sis is also highly improbable4 ,x says t m5 s\ght to assure !mselves ( ! aid ( ! sup]natural be+s ^u :i* ?+s dep5d4 ,!n !y %\ld pref]ably h address$ !mselves to ! mo/ p[]ful ( ^!1 & to ^? ^: protection promis$ to be ! mo/ b5eficial4#efh ,b q on ! contr>y1 ! be+s ) :om !y h =m$ ?is my/ic k9%ip are (t5 among ! mo/ humble :i* exi/4 ,also1 if x 7 only a "q ( mak+ allies & def5d]s1 !y w\ld h tri$ to make z _m z possible2 = "o _c be def5d$ too well4 ,yet z a matt] ( fact1 ea* clan sy/ematically cont5ts itself ) a s+le totem1 t is to say1 ) "o s+le protector1 leav+ ! o!r clans to enjoy _! own 9 p]fect lib]ty4 ,ea* gr\p conf9es itself )9 its own religi\s doma91 nev] seek+ to trespass ^u t ( its neighb\rs4 ,?is res]ve & mod]ation are inexplicable accord+ to ! hypo!sis "u consid]ation4 ,,ii ,moreov]1 all ^! !ories are wrong 9 omitt+ "o "q :i* dom9ates ! :ole subject4 ,we h se5 t !re are two sorts ( totemism3 t ( ! individual & t ( ! clan4 ,!re is too evid5t a k9%ip betwe5 ! two = !m n to h "s connection ) ea* o!r4 ,s we may well ask if "o is n d]iv$ f ! o!r1 &1 9 ! case ( an affirmative answ]1 :i* is ! m primitive2 accord+ to ! solution accept$1 ! problem ( ! orig9s ( totemism w be pos$ 9 diff]5t t]ms4 ,?is "q becomes all ! m necess>y because ( its g5]al int]e/4 ,individual totemism is an individual aspect ( ! totemic cult4 ,!n if x 0 ! primitive fact1 we mu/ say t religion is born 9 ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 t be=e all else1 x answ]s to individual aspirations1 & t its collective =m is m]ely second>y4 ,! desire = an undue simplicity1 ) :i* e?nologi/s & sociologi/s are too frequ5tly inspir$1 has naturally l$ _m s*ol>s to expla91 "h z else:]e1 ! complex by ! simple1 ! totem ( ! gr\p by t ( ! individual4 ,su*1 9 fact1 is ! !ory su/a9$ by ,fraz] 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh1#efi by ,hill ,t\t1#egj by ,miss ,flet*]1#ega by ,boas#egb & by ,swanton4#egc ,x has ! additional advantage ( be+ 9 h>mony ) ! conception ( religion :i* is curr5tly held2 ?is is q g5]ally reg>d$ z some?+ intimate & p]sonal4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! totem ( ! clan c only be an individual totem :i* has become g5]aliz$4 ,"s em95t man1 hav+ f\nd f exp]i5ce ! value ( a totem he *ose = himself by 8 own free w1 transmitt$ x to 8 desc5dants2 ^! latt]1 multiply+ z "t w5t on1 f9ally =m$ ! ext5d$ family kn[n z a clan1 & ?us ! totem became collective4 ,hill ,t\t believes t he has f\nd a pro( support+ ?is !ory 9 ! way totemism has spread among c]ta9 societies ( ,nor?-we/]n ,am]ica1 especially among ! ,sali% & c]ta9 ,indians on ! ,?ompson ,riv]4 ,individual totemism & ! clan totemism are bo? f\nd among ^! peoples2 b !y ei!r d n co-exi/ 9 ! same tribe1 or else1 :5 !y d co-exi/1 !y are n equally develop$4 ,!y v>y 9 an inv]se proportion to ea* o!r2 :]e ! clan totem t5ds to become ! g5]al rule1 ! individual totem t5ds to disappe>1 & vice v]sa4 ,is t n z mu* z to say t ! fir/ is a m rec5t =m ( ! second1 :i* excludes x by replac+ x8#egd ,my?ology seems to confirm ?is int]pretation4 ,9 ^! same societies1 9 fact1 ! ance/or ( ! clan is n a totemic animal2 ! f\nd] ( ! gr\p is g5]ally repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a human be+ :o1 at a c]ta9 "t1 _h ent]$ into famili> relations ) a fabul\s animal f :om he receiv$ 8 totemic emblem4 ,?is emblem1 toge!r ) ! special p[]s :i* are atta*$ to x1 0 !n pass$ on to ! desc5dants ( ?is my?ical h]o by "r ( h]itage4 ,s ^! p !mselves seem to consid] ! collective totem z an individual "o1 p]petuat$ 9 ! same family4#ege ,moreov]1 x /ill happ5s to-day t a fa!r transmits 8 own totem to 8 *ildr54 ,s if we imag9e t ! collective totem _h1 9 a g5]al way1 ?is same orig91 we are assum+ t ! same ?+ took place 9 ! pa/ :i* is /ill obs]vable to-day4#egf ,x is /ill to be expla9$ :5ce ! individual totem comes4 ,! reply giv5 to ?is "q v>ies ) diff]5t au?ors4 ,hill ,t\t consid]s x a p>ticul> case ( feti%ism4 ,feel+ himself surr\nd$ on all sides by dread$ spirits1 ! individual exp]i5c$ t s5tim5t :i* we h j se5 ,jevons attribute to ! clan3 9 ord] t he might cont9ue to exi/1 he s\ght "s p[]ful protector 9 ?is my/]i\s _w4 ,?us ! use ( a p]sonal totem became e/abli%$4#egg ,= ,fraz]1 ?is same in/itution 0 r a subt]fuge or trick ( w>1 inv5t$ by m5 t !y might escape f c]ta9 dang]s4 ,x is kn[n t accord+ to a belief :i* is v widespread 9 a l>ge numb] ( inf]ior societies1 ! human s\l is able1 )\t great inconv5i5ce1 to quit ! body x inhabits = a :ile2 h[soev] f> away x may be1 x cont9ues to animate ?is body by a sort ( deta*$ control4 ,!n1 9 c]ta9 critical mom5ts1 :5 life is suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly m5ac$1 x may be desirable to )draw ! s\l f ! body & lead x to "s place or into "s object :]e x w be 9 great] security4 ,9 fact1 !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( practices ^: object is to )draw ! s\l 9 ord] to protect x f "s dang]1 ei!r real or imag9>y4 ,= example1 at ! mom5t :5 m5 are go+ to ent] a newly-built h\se1 a magician removes _! s\ls & puts !m 9 a sack1 to be sav$ & return$ to _! proprietors aft] ! door-sill has be5 cross$4 ,?is is because ! mom5t :5 "o ent]s a new h\se is exceptionally critical2 "o may h di/urb$1 & consequ5tly (f5d$1 ! spirits :o reside 9 ! gr\nd & especially "u ! sill1 & if precautions are n tak51 ^! c\ld make a man pay de>ly = 8 audacity4 ,b :5 ?is dang] is once pass$1 & "o has be5 able to anticipate _! ang] & ev5 to make sure ( _! fav\r ?r\gh ! accompli%m5t ( c]ta9 rites1 ! s\ls may safely retake _! accu/om$ place4#egh ,x is ?is same belief :i* gave bir? to ! p]sonal totem4 ,to protect !mselves f sorc]y1 m5 ?\ght x wise to hide _! s\ls 9 ! anonym\s cr[d ( "s species ( animal or vegetable4 ,b aft] ^! relations _h once be5 e/abli%$1 ea* individual f\nd himself closely unit$ to ! animal or plant :]e 8 own vital pr9ciple 0 believ$ to reside4 ,two be+s s closely unit$ 7 f9ally ?\ght to be practically indi/+ui%able3 m5 believ$ t ea* p>ticipat$ 9 ! nature ( ! o!r4 ,:5 ?is belief _h once be5 accept$1 x facilitat$ & ha/5$ ! trans=mation ( ! p]sonal totem into an h]$it>y1 & consequ5tly a collective1 totem2 = x seem$ q evid5t t ?is k9%ip ( nature %\ld be transmitt$ h]$it>ily f fa!r to *ild4 ,we %all n /op to discuss ^! two explanations ( ! individual totem at l5g?3 !y are +5i\s fabrications ( ! m9d1 b !y completely lack all positive pro(4 ,if we are go+ to r$uce totemism to feti%ism1 we mu/ fir/ e/abli% t ! latt] is prior to ! =m]2 n[1 n m]ely is no fact br\ght =w>d to support ?is hypo!sis1 b x is ev5 contradict$ by ev]y?+ t we "k4 ,! ill-det]m9$ gr\p ( rites go+ "u ! "n ( feti%ism seem to appe> only among peoples :o h already atta9$ to a c]ta9 degree ( civilization2 b x is a species ( cult unkn[n 9 ,au/ralia4 ,x is true t "s h describ$ ! *ur+a z a feti%2#egi b ev5 suppos+ t ?is qualification 7 ju/ifi$1 x w\ld n prove ! priority :i* is po/ulat$4 ,q on ! contr>y1 ! *ur+a presupposes totemism1 s9ce x is ess5tially an in/rum5t ( ! totemic cult & owes ! virtues attribut$ to x to totemic beliefs alone4 ,z = ! !ory ( ,fraz]1 x presupposes a ?or\ghgo+ idiocy on ! "p ( ! primitive :i* kn[n facts d n all[ u to attribute to him4 ,he does h a logic1 h[ev] /range ?is may at times appe>2 n[ unless he 7 completely depriv$ ( x1 he c\ld nev] be guilty ( ! reason+ imput$ to him4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t he %\ld believe x possible to assure ! survival ( 8 s\l by hid+ x 9 a secret & inaccessible place1 z s _m h]oes ( my?s & leg5ds are said to h done4 ,b :y %\ld he ?9k x saf] 9 ! body ( an animal ?an 9 8 own8 ,( c\rse1 if x 7 ?us lo/ 9 space1 x might h a *ance to escape ! spells ( a magician m readily1 b at ! same "t x w\ld be prep>$ = ! bl[s ( hunt]s4 ,x is a /range way ( %elt]+ x to place x 9 a mat]ial =m expos+ x to risks at e in/ant4#ehj ,b above all1 x is inconceivable t a :ole p %\ld all[ !mselves to be c>ri$ into su* an ab]ration4#eha ,f9ally1 9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases1 ! function ( ! individual totem is v diff]5t f t assign$ x by ,fraz]2 be=e all else1 x is a means ( conf]r+ extraord9>y p[]s ^u magicians1 hunt]s or w>riors4#ehb ,z to ! k9%ip ( ! man & ! ?+1 ) all ! inconv5i5ces x implies1 x is accept$ z a consequ5ce ( ! rite2 b x is n desir$ 9 its & = itself4 ,!re is /ill less occasion = delay+ ov] ?is controv]sy s9ce x conc]ns no real problem4 ,:at we mu/ "k be=e ev]y?+ else is :e!r or n ! individual totem is really a primitive fact1 f :i* ! collective totem 0 d]iv$2 =1 accord+ to ! reply giv5 to ?is "q1 we mu/ seek ! home ( ! religi\s life 9 "o or ! o!r ( two opposite directions4 ,aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ,hill ,t\t1 ,miss ,flet*]1 ,boas & ,fraz] !re is su* an array ( decisive facts t "o is surpris$ t x has be5 s readily & s g5]ally accept$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we "k t a man frequ5tly has ! greate/ int]e/ n only 9 respect+1 b also 9 mak+ 8 companions respect ! species s]v+ him z p]sonal totem2 8 own life is connect$ ) x4 ,!n if collective totemism 7 only a g5]aliz$ =m ( individual totemism1 x too %\ld repose ^u ?is same pr9ciple4 ,n only %\ld ! m5 ( a clan ab/a9 f kill+ & eat+ _! totem-animal !mselves1 b !y %\ld also d all 9 _! p[] to =ce ?is same ab/5tion ^u o!rs4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 f> f impos+ su* a r5unciation ^u ! :ole tribe1 ea* clan1 by rites :i* we %all describe bel[1 takes c>e t ! plant or animal ^: "n x be>s %all increase & prosp]1 s z to assure an abundant supply ( food = ! o!r clans4 ,s we mu/ at lea/ admit t 9 becom+ collective1 individual totemism 0 trans=m$ pr(\ndly1 & we mu/ !re=e acc\nt = ?is trans=mation4 ,9 ! second place1 h[ is x possible to expla91 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! fact t except :]e totemism is 9 full decay1 two clans ( a s+le tribe always h diff]5t totems8 ,x seems t no?+ prev5ts two or sev]al memb]s ( a s+le tribe1 ev5 :5 !re is no k9%ip betwe5 !m1 f *oos+ _! p]sonal totem 9 ! same animal species & pass+ x on to _! desc5dants4 ,does x n happ5 to-day t two di/9ct families h ! same "n8 ,! c>efully regulat$ way 9 :i* ! totems & sub-totems are divid$ up1 fir/ betwe5 ! two phratries & !n among ! v>i\s clans ( ! phratry1 obvi\sly presupposes a social agreem5t & a collective organization4 ,?is is z mu* z to say t totemism is some?+ m ?an an individual practice spontane\sly g5]aliz$4 ,moreov]1 collective totemism _c be d$uc$ f individual totemism except by a misund]/&+ ( ! diff]5ces sep>at+ ! two4 ,! "o is acquir$ by ! *ild at bir?2 x is a "p ( 8 civil /atus4 ,! o!r is acquir$ dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 life2 x presupposes ! accompli%m5t ( a det]m9$ rite & a *ange ( condition4 ,"s seek to dim9i% ?is di/ance by ins]t+ betwe5 ! two1 z a sort ( middle t]m1 ! "r ( ea* possessor ( a totem to transmit x to :omsoev] he pleases4 ,b :]ev] ^! transf]s d take place1 !y are r>e & relatively exceptional acts2 !y _c be p]=m$ except by magicians or o!r p]sonages inve/$ ) special p[]s2#ehc 9 any case1 !y are possible only ?r\gh ritual c]emonies :i* br+ ab\t ! *ange4 ,s x is necess>y to expla9 h[ ?is pr]ogative ( a few became ! "r ( all2 h[ t :i* at fir/ impli$ a pr(\nd *ange 9 ! religi\s & moral con/itution ( ! individual1 0 able to become an elem5t ( ?is con/itution2 & f9ally1 h[ a transmission :i* at fir/ 0 ! consequ5ce ( a rite 0 lat] believ$ to op]ate automatically f ! nature ( ?+s & )\t ! int]v5tion ( any human w4 ,9 support ( 8 int]pretation1 ,hill ,t\t claims t c]ta9 my?s give ! totem ( ! clan an individual orig93 !y tell h[ ! totemic emblem 0 acquir$ by "s special individual1 :o !n transmitt$ x to 8 desc5dants4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be rem>k$ t ^! my?s are all tak5 f ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* are societies arriv$ at a r high degree ( culture4 ,h[ c\ld a my?ology s f> remov$ f ! orig9s ( ?+s aid 9 recon/itut+ ! primitive =m ( an in/itution ) any degree ( c]ta9ty8 ,!re are _m *ances = int]m$iate causes to h gravely disfigur$ ! recollection :i* ^! p h be5 able to reta94 ,moreov]1 x is v easy to answ] ^! my?s ) o!rs1 :i* seem mu* m primitive & ^: signification is q diff]5t4 ,! totem is !re repres5t$ z ! v be+ f :om ! clan is desc5d$4 ,s x mu/ be t x con/itutes ! sub/ance ( ! clan2 m5 h x )9 !m f _! bir?2 x is a "p ( _! v fle% & blood1 s f> are !y f hav+ receiv$ x f )\t4#ehd ,m ?an t1 ! v my?s ^u :i* ,hill ,t\t relies conta9 an e*o ( ?is anci5t conception4 ,! f\nd] :o gave 8 "n to ! clan c]ta9ly _h a human =m2 b he 0 a man :o1 aft] liv+ among animals ( a c]ta9 species1 f9ally came to resemble !m4 ,?is is und\bt$ly because a "t came :5 ! m9d 0 too cultivat$ to admit any long]1 z x _h =m]ly done1 t m5 might h be5 born ( animals2 s ! animal ance/or1 n[ become inconceivable1 is replac$ by a human be+2 b ! idea p]si/s t ?is man _h acquir$ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! animal ei!r by imitation or by "s o!r process4 ,?us ev5 ?is late my?ology be>s ! m>k ( a m remote epo* :5 ! totem ( ! clan 0 nev] reg>d$ z a sort ( individual creation4 ,b ?is hypo!sis does n m]ely raise grave logical difficulties2 x is contradict$ directly by ! foll[+ facts4 ,if individual totemism 7 ! initial fact1 x %\ld be m develop$ & app>5t1 ! m primitive ! societies are1 & inv]sely1 x %\ld lose gr\nd & disappe> be=e ! o!r among ! m advanc$ peoples4 ,n[ x is ! contr>y :i* is true4 ,! ,au/ralian tribes are f> beh9d ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 yet ,au/ralia is ! classic l& ( collective totemism4 ,9 ! great majority ( ! tribes1 x alone is f\nd1 :ile we d n "k a s+le "o :]e individual totemism alone is practis$4#ehe ,?is latt] is f\nd 9 a *>act]i/ic =m only 9 an inf9itesimal numb] ( tribes4#ehf ,ev5 :]e x is met ) x is g5]ally 9 a rudim5t>y =m4 ,x is made up ( individual & optional practices hav+ no g5]ality4 ,only magicians are acqua9t$ ) ! art ( creat+ my/]i\s relation%ips ) species ( animals to :i* !y are n relat$ by nature4 ,ord9>y p d n enjoy ?is privilege4#ehg ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 ! collective totem is 9 full decad5ce2 9 ! societies ( ! ,nor?-we/ especially1 its religi\s "* is almo/ gone4 ,inv]sely1 ! individual totem plays a consid]able rle among ^! same peoples4 ,a v great efficacy is attribut$ to x2 x has become a real public in/itution4 ,?is is because x is ! sign ( a high] civilization4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! explanation ( ! inv]sion ( ^! two =ms ( totemism1 :i* ,hill ,t\t believes he has obs]v$ among ! ,sali%4 ,if 9 ^? p>ts :]e collective totemism is ! mo/ fully develop$ ! o!r =m is almo/ lack+1 x is n because ! second has disappe>$ be=e ! fir/1 b r1 because ! conditions necess>y = its exi/5ce h n yet be5 fully realiz$4 ,b a fact :i* is /ill m conclusive is t individual totemism1 f> f hav+ giv5 bir? to ! totemism ( ! clan1 presupposes ?is latt]4 ,x is )9 ! frame ( collective totemism t x is born & lives3 x is an integral "p ( x4 ,9 fact1 9 ^? v societies :]e x is prepond]at+1 ! novices d n h ! "r ( tak+ any animal z _! individual totem2 to ea* clan a c]ta9 def9ite numb] ( species are assign$1 outside ( :i* x may n *oose4 ,9 return1 ^? belong+ to x ?us are its exclusive prop]ty2 memb]s ( o!r clans may n usurp !m4#ehh ,!y are ?\ght to h relations ( close dep5d5ce ^u ! "o s]v+ z totem to ! clan z a :ole4 ,!re are ev5 cases :]e x is q possible to obs]ve ^! relations3 ! individual aspect repres5ts a "p or a p>ticul> aspect ( ! collective totem4#ehi ,among ! ,wotjobaluk1 ea* memb] ( ! clan consid]s ! p]sonal totems ( 8 companions z be+ 8 own aft] a fa%ion2#eij s !y are probably sub-totems4 ,n[ ! sub-totem supposes ! totem1 z ! species supposes ! class4 ,?us ! fir/ =m ( individual religion met ) 9 hi/ory appe>s1 n z ! active pr9ciple ( all public religion1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z a simple aspect ( ?is latt]4 ,! cult :i* ! individual organizes = himself 9 8 own inn] consci5ce1 f> f be+ ! g]m ( ! collective cult1 is only ?is latt] adapt$ to ! p]sonal ne$s ( ! individual4 ,,iii ,9 a m rec5t /udy1#eia :i* ! works ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 sugge/$ to him1 ,fraz] has attempt$ to sub/itute a new explanation ( totemism = ! "o he fir/ propos$1 & :i* we h j be5 discuss+4 ,x re/s on ! po/ulate t ! totemism ( ! ,arunta is ! mo/ primitive :i* we "k2 ,fraz] ev5 goes s f> z to say t x sc>cely diff]s f ! really & absolutely orig9al type4#eib ,! s+ul> ?+ ab\t x is t ! totems are atta*$ nei!r to p]sons nor to det]m9$ gr\ps ( p]sons1 b to localities4 ,9 fact1 ea* totem has its c5tre at "s def9ite spot4 ,x is !re t ! s\ls ( ! fir/ ance/ors1 :o f\nd$ ! totemic gr\p at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 are believ$ to h _! pref]r$ resid5ce4 ,x is !re t ! sanctu>y is locat$ :]e ! *ur+a are kept2 !re ! cult is celebrat$4 ,x is also ?is geographical di/ribution ( totems :i* det]m9es ! mann] 9 :i* ! clans are recruit$4 ,! *ild has nei!r ! totem ( 8 fa!r nor t ( 8 "m1 b ! "o ^: c5tre is at ! spot :]e ! "m believes t %e felt ! fir/ symptoms ( approa*+ mat]nity4 ,= x is said t ! ,arunta is ignorant ( ! exact relation exi/+ betwe5 g5]ation & ! sexual act2#eic he ?9ks t e conception is due to a sort ( my/ic fecundation4 ,accord+ to him1 x is due to ! entrance ( ! s\l ( an ance/or into ! body ( a woman & its becom+ ! pr9ciple ( a new life !re4 ,s at ! mom5t :5 a woman feels ! fir/ trembl+s ( ! *ild1 %e imag9es t "o ( ! s\ls ^: pr9cipal resid5ce is at ! place :]e %e happ5s to be1 has j ent]$ into h]4 ,z ! *ild :o is pres5tly born is m]ely ! re9c>nation ( ?is ance/or1 he necess>ily has ! same totem2 ?us 8 totem is det]m9$ by ! locality :]e he is believ$ to h be5 my/]i\sly conceiv$4 ,n[1 x is ?is local totemism :i* repres5ts ! orig9al =m ( totemism2 at mo/1 x is sep>at$ f ?is by a v %ort /ep4 ,?is is h[ ,fraz] expla9s its g5esis4 ,at ! exact mom5t :5 ! woman realizes t %e is pregnant1 %e mu/ ?9k t ! _s by :i* %e feels h]self possess$ has come to h] f ! objects ab\t h]1 & especially f "o ( ^? :i* attract h] att5tion at ! mom5t4 ,s if %e is engag$ 9 pluck+ a plant1 or wat*+ an animal1 %e believes t ! s\l ( ?is plant or animal has pass$ into h]4 ,among ! ?+s to :i* %e w be p>ticul>ly incl9$ to attribute h] condition are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! ?+s %e has j eat54 ,if %e has rec5tly eat5 emu or yam1 %e w n d\bt t an emu or yam has be5 born 9 h] & is develop+4 ,"u ^! conditions1 x is evid5t h[ ! *ild1 9 8 turn1 w be consid]$ a sort ( yam or emu1 h[ he reg>ds himself z a relative ( ! plant or animal ( ! same species1 h[ he has sympa?y & reg>d = !m1 h[ he refuses to eat !m1 etc4#eid ,f ?is mom5t1 totemism exi/s 9 its ess5tial traits3 x is ! native's !ory ( conception t gave rise to x1 s ,fraz] calls ?is primitive totemism conceptional4 ,x is f ?is orig9al type t all ! o!r =ms ( totemism are d]iv$4 ,:5 sev]al wom5 _h1 "o aft] ! o!r1 felt ! fir/ premonitions ( mat]nity at ! same spot & "u ! same circum/ances1 ! place w\ld come to be reg>d$ z haunt$ by spirits ( a peculi> sort2 & s ! :ole c\ntry might 9 "t be dott$ ov] ) totem c5tres & di/ribut$ into totem di/ricts4#eie ,?is is h[ ! local totemism ( ! ,arunta orig9at$4 ,9 ord] t ! totems may subsequ5tly be deta*$ f _! t]ritorial base1 x is suffici5t to ?9k t ! ance/ral s\ls1 in/ead ( rema9+ immutably fix$ to a det]m9$ spot1 are able to move freely ov] ! surface ( ! t]ritory & t 9 _! voyages !y foll[ ! m5 & wom5 ( ! same totem z !mselves4 ,9 ?is way1 a woman may be impregnat$ by h] own totem or t ( h] husb&1 ?\gh resid+ 9 a diff]5t totemic di/rict4 ,accord+ to :e!r x is believ$ t x is ! ance/or ( ! husb& or ( ! wife :o ?us foll[ ! family ab\t1 seek+ occasions to re9c>nate !mselves1 ! totem ( ! *ild w be t ( 8 fa!r or "m4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 j ?is way t ! ,guanji & ,umbaia on ! "o h&1 & ! ,urabunna on ! o!r1 expla9 _! sy/ems ( filiation4 ,b ?is !ory1 l t ( ,tylor1 re/s ^u a begg+ ( ! "q4 ,if he is to imag9e t human s\ls are ! s\ls ( animals or plants1 "o mu/ believe be=eh& t m5 take ei!r f ! animal or vegetable _w :atev] is mo/ ess5tial 9 !m4 ,n[ ?is belief is "o ( ^? at ! f\ndation ( totemism4 ,to /ate x z some?+ evid5t is !re=e to take = grant$ t :i* is to be expla9$4 ,moreov]1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ! religi\s "* ( ! totem is entirely inexplicable1 = ! vague belief 9 an obscure k9%ip betwe5 ! man & ! animal is n en\gh to f\nd a cult4 ,?is confusion ( di/9ct k+doms c\ld nev] result 9 divid+ ! _w into sacr$ & pr(ane4 ,x is true t1 be+ consi/5t ) himself1 ,fraz] refuses to admit t totemism is a religion1 "u ! pretext t he f9ds 9 x nei!r spiritual be+s1 nor pray]s1 nor invocations1 nor (f]+s1 etc4 ,accord+ to him1 x is only a sy/em ( magic1 by :i* he means a sort ( crude & errone\s sci5ce1 a fir/ ef=t to discov] ! laws ( ?+s4#eif ,b we "k h[ inexact ?is conception1 bo? ( magic & ( religion1 is4 ,we h a religion z soon z ! sacr$ is di/+ui%$ f ! pr(ane1 & we h se5 t totemism is a va/ sy/em ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,if we are to expla9 x1 we mu/ !re=e %[ h[ x happ5$ t ^! ?+s 7 /amp$ ) ?is "*4#eig ,b he does n ev5 raise ?is problem4 ,b ?is sy/em is completely ov]?r[n by ! fact t ! po/ulate ^u :i* x re/s c no long] be su/a9$4 ,! :ole argum5t ( ,fraz] supposes t ! local totemism ( ! ,arunta is ! mo/ primitive we "k1 & especially t x is cle>ly prior to h]$it>y totemism1 ei!r 9 ! pat]nal or ! mat]nal l9e4 ,n[ z soon z ! facts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7 at our disposal1 we 7 able to conjecture t !re _h be5 a "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,arunta p :5 ! totems1 in/ead ( be+ atta*$ to localities1 7 transmitt$ h]$it>ily f "m to *ild4#eih ,?is conjecture is def9itely prov$ by ! new facts discov]$ by ,/rehl[1#eii :i* only confirm ! previ\s obs]vations ( ,s*ulze4#fjj ,9 fact1 bo? ( ^! au?ors tell u t ev5 n[1 9 addition to 8 local totem1 ea* ,arunta has ano!r :i* is completely indep5d5t ( all geographical conditions1 & :i* belongs to him z a bir?right3 x is 8 "m's4 ,?is second totem1 j l ! fir/1 is consid]$ a p[]ful fri5d & protector by ! natives1 :i* looks aft] _! food1 w>ns !m ( possible dang]s1 etc4 ,!y h ! "r ( tak+ "p 9 its cult4 ,:5 !y are buri$1 ! corpse is laid s t ! face is turn$ t[>ds ! region ( ! mat]nal totemic c5tre4 ,s aft] a fa%ion ?is c5tre is also t ( ! deceas$4 ,9 fact x is giv5 ! "n tm>a altjira1 :i* is translat$3 camp ( ! totem :i* is associat$ ) me4 ,s x is c]ta9 t among ! ,arunta1 h]$it>y totemism 9 ! ut]9e l9e is n lat] ?an local totemism1 b1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ h prec$$ x4 ,= to-day1 ! mat]nal totem has only an accessory & supplem5t>y rle2 x is a second totem1 :i* expla9s h[ x 0 able to escape obs]vation z att5tive & c>eful z t ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,b 9 ord] t x %\ld be able to reta9 ?is second>y place1 be+ employ$ along ) ! local totem1 !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 x held ! prim>y place 9 ! religi\s life4 ,x is1 9 "p1 a fall5 totem1 b "o recall+ an epo* :5 ! totemic organization ( ! ,arunta 0 v diff]5t f :at x is to-day4 ,s ! :ole sup]/ructure ( ,fraz]'s sy/em is und]m9$ at its f\ndation4#fja ,,iv ,al?\gh ,&rew ,lang has actively conte/$ ?is !ory ( ,fraz]'s1 ! "o he proposes himself 9 8 lat] works1#fjb resembles x on m ?an "o po9t4 ,l ,fraz]1 he makes totemism consi/ 9 ! belief 9 a sort ( consub/antiality ( ! man & ! animal4 ,b he expla9s x diff]5tly4 ,he d]ives x entirely f ! fact t ! totem is a "n4 ,z soon z human gr\ps 7 f\nd$1#fjc ea* "o felt ! ne$ ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! neighb\r+ gr\ps ) :i* x came into contact &1 ) ?is end 9 view1 x gave !m diff]5t names4 ,! names 7 pref]ably *os5 f ! surr\nd+ flora & fauna because animals & plants c easily be designat$ by movem5ts or repres5t$ by draw+s4#fjd ,! m or less precise resemblances :i* m5 may h ) su* & su* objects det]m9$ ! way 9 :i* ^! collective d5om9ations 7 di/ribut$ among ! gr\ps4#fje ,n[1 x is a well-kn[n fact t to ! e>ly m9d names1 & ! ?+s kn[n by names1 are 9 a my/ic & transc5d5tal connection ( rapport4#fjf ,= example1 ! "n ( an individual is n consid]$ z a simple ^w or conv5tional sign1 b z an ess5tial "p ( ! individual himself4 ,s if x 7 ! "n ( an animal1 ! man w\ld h to believe t he himself _h ! mo/ *>act]i/ic attributes ( ?is same animal4 ,?is !ory w\ld become bett] & bett] accr$it$ z ! hi/oric orig9s ( ^! d5om9ations became m remote & 7 effac$ f ! memory4 ,my?s arose to make ?is /range ambiguity ( human nature m easily repres5table 9 ! m9d4 ,to expla9 ?is1 !y imag9$ t ! animal 0 ! ance/or ( ! m51 or else t ! two 7 desc5d$ f a common ance/or4 ,?us came ! conception ( bonds ( k9%ip unit+ ea* clan to ! animal species ^: "n x bore4 ,) ! orig9s ( ?is fabul\s k9%ip once expla9$1 x seems to our au?or t totemism no long] conta9s a my/]y4 ,b :5ce comes ! religi\s "* ( ! totemic beliefs & practices8 ,= ! fact t a man consid]s himself an animal ( a c]ta9 species does n expla9 :y he attributes m>vell\s p[]s to ?is species1 & especially :y he r5d]s a cult to ! images symboliz+ x4--,to ?is "q ,lang gives ! same response z ,fraz]3 he d5ies t totemism is a religion4 ,i f9d 9 ,au/ralia1 he says1 no example ( religi\s practices su* z pray+ to1 n\ri%+ or bury+ ! totem4#fjg ,x 0 only at a lat] epo*1 :5 x 0 already e/abli%$1 t totemism 0 drawn into & surr\nd$ by a sy/em ( conceptions prop]ly call$ religi\s4 ,accord+ to a rem>k ( ,h[itt1#fjh :5 ! natives und]take ! explanation ( ! totemic in/itutions1 !y d n attribute !m to ! totems !mselves nor to a man1 b to "s sup]natural be+ su* z ,bunjil or ,baiame4 ,accept+ ?is evid5ce1 says ,lang1 "o s\rce ( ! 'religi\s' "* ( totemism is at once reveal$4 ,! totemi/ obeys ! decree ( ,bunjil1 or ,baiame1 z ! ,cretans obey$ ! div9e decrees giv5 by ,zeus to ,m9os4 ,n[ accord+ to ,lang ! idea ( ^! great div9ities arose outside ( ! totemic sy/em2 s ?is is n a religion 9 itself2 x has m]ely be5 giv5 a religi\s col\r+ by contact ) a g5u9e religion4 ,b ^! v my?s contradict ,lang's conception ( totemism4 ,if ! ,au/ralians _h reg>d$ totemism z some?+ human & pr(ane1 x w\ld nev] h occurr$ to !m to make a div9e in/itution out ( x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h felt ! ne$ ( connect+ x ) a div9ity1 x is because !y h se5 a sacr$ "* 9 x4 ,s ^! my?ological int]pretations prove ! religi\s nature ( totemism1 b d n expla9 x4 ,moreov]1 ,lang himself recognizes t ?is solution is n suffici5t4 ,he realizes t totemic ?+s are treat$ ) a religi\s respect2#fji t especially ! blood ( an animal1 z well z t ( a man1 is ! object ( num]\s int]dictions1 or1 z he says1 taboos :i* ?is comp>atively late my?ology _c expla94#faj ,!n :]e d !y come f8 ,"h are ! words ) :i* ,lang answ]s ?is "q3 ,z soon z ! animal-nam$ gr\ps evolv$ ! univ]sally diffus$ beliefs ab\t ! wakan or mana1 or my/ically sacr$ quality ( ! blood z ! life1 !y w\ld also develop ! v>i\s taboos4#faa ,! words wakan & mana1 z we %all see 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 involve ! v idea ( sacr$ness itself2 ! "o is tak5 f ! language ( ! ,si\x1 ! o!r f t ( ! ,melanesian peoples4 ,to expla9 ! sacr$ "* ( totemic ?+s by po/ulat+ ?is *>act]i/ic1 is to answ] ! "q by ! "q4 ,:at we mu/ f9d out is :5ce ?is idea ( wakan comes & h[ x comes to be appli$ to ! totem & all t is d]iv$ f x4 ,z long z ^! two que/ions rema9 unansw]$1 no?+ is expla9$4 ,v ,we h n[ pass$ 9 review all ! pr9cipal explanations :i* h be5 giv5 = totemic beliefs1#fab leav+ to ea* ( !m its own individuality4 ,b n[ t ?is exam9ation is f9i%$1 we may /ate "o criticism :i* addresses itself to all ^! sy/ems alike4 ,if we /ick to ! lett] ( ! =mul1 x seems t ^! may be arrang$ 9 two gr\ps4 ,"s 7,fraz]1 ,lang7 d5y ! religi\s "* ( totemism2 9 reality1 t am\nts to d5y+ ! facts4 ,o!rs recognize ?is1 b ?9k t !y c expla9 x by d]iv+ x f an ant]ior religion out ( :i* totemism develop$4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ?is di/9ction is only app>5t3 ! fir/ gr\p is conta9$ )9 ! second4 ,nei!r ,fraz] nor ,lang h be5 able to ma9ta9 _! pr9ciple sy/ematically & expla9 totemism z if x 7 n a religion4 ,by ! v =ce ( facts1 !y h be5 compell$ to slip ideas ( a religi\s nature into _! explanations4 ,we h j se5 h[ ,lang calls 9 ! idea ( sacr$ness1 :i* is ! c>d9al idea ( all religion4 ,fraz]1 on 8 side1 9 ea* ( ! !ories :i* he has successively propos$1 appeals op5ly to ! idea ( s\ls or spirits2 = accord+ to him1 totemism came f ! fact t m5 ?\ght !y c\ld deposit _! s\ls 9 safety 9 "s ext]nal object1 or else t !y attribut$ conception to a sort ( spiritual fecundation ( :i* a _s 0 ! ag5t4 ,n[ a s\l1 & /ill m1 a _s1 are sacr$ ?+s & ! object ( rites2 s ! ideas express+ !m are ess5tially religi\s & x is !re=e 9 va9 t ,fraz] makes totemism a m]e sy/em ( magic1 = he succe$s 9 expla9+ x only 9 ! t]ms ( ano!r religion4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! insuffici5cies ( animism & naturism2 s "o may n h rec\rse to !m1 z ,tylor & ,jevons d1 )\t expos+ himself to ^! same objections4 ,yet nei!r ,fraz] nor ,lang seems to dream ( ! possibility ( ano!r hypo!sis4#fac ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k t totemism is tightly b\nd up ) ! mo/ primitive social sy/em :i* we "k1 & 9 all probability1 ( :i* we c conceive4 ,to suppose t x has develop$ out ( ano!r religion1 diff]+ f x only 9 degree1 is to leave ! data ( obs]vation & ent] into ! doma9 ( arbitr>y & unv]ifiable conjectures4 ,if we wi% to rema9 9 h>mony ) ! results we h already obta9$1 x is necess>y t :ile affirm+ ! religi\s nature ( totemism1 we ab/a9 f d]iv+ x f ano!r diff]5t religion4 ,!re c be no hope ( assign+ x non-religi\s ideas z its cause4 ,b among ! repres5tations ent]+ into ! conditions f :i* x results1 !re may be "s :i* directly sugge/ a religi\s nature ( !mselves4 ,^! are ! ones we mu/ look =4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,orig9s ,,( ,,^! ,,beliefs--cont9u$ ,! ,notion ( ! ,totemic ,pr9ciple1 or ,mana1 & ! ,idea ( ,=ce ,s9ce individual totemism is lat] ?an ! totemism ( ! clan1 & ev5 seems to be d]iv$ f x1 x is to ?is latt] =m t we mu/ turn fir/ ( all4 ,b z ! analysis :i* we h j made ( x has resolv$ x into a multiplicity ( beliefs :i* may appe> q het]og5e\s1 be=e go+ f>!r1 we mu/ seek to le>n :at makes its unity4 ,i ,we h se5 t totemism places ! figur$ repres5tations ( ! totem 9 ! fir/ rank ( ! ?+s x consid]s sacr$2 next come ! animals or vegetables ^: "n ! clan be>s1 & f9ally ! memb]s ( ! clan4 ,s9ce all ^! ?+s are sacr$ 9 ! same way1 ?\gh to diff]5t degrees1 _! religi\s "* c be due to none ( ! special attributes di/+ui%+ !m f ea* o!r4 ,if a c]ta9 species ( animal or vegetable is ! object ( a rev]5tial fe>1 ?is is n because ( its special prop]ties1 = ! human memb]s ( ! clan enjoy ?is same privilege1 ?\gh to a slightly inf]ior degree1 :ile ! m]e image ( ?is same plant or animal inspires an ev5 m pron\nc$ respect4 ,! simil> s5tim5ts inspir$ by ^! diff]5t sorts ( ?+s 9 ! m9d ( ! believ]1 :i* give !m _! sacr$ "*1 c evid5tly come only f "s common pr9ciple p>tak5 ( alike by ! totemic emblems1 ! m5 ( ! clan & ! individuals ( ! species s]v+ z totem4 ,9 reality1 x is to ?is common pr9ciple t ! cult is address$4 ,9 o!r words totemism is ! religion1 n ( su* & su* animals or m5 or images1 b ( an anonym\s & imp]sonal =ce1 f\nd 9 ea* ( ^! be+s b n to be conf\nd$ ) any ( !m4 ,no "o possesses x entirely & all p>ticipate 9 x4 ,x is s completely indep5d5t ( ! p>ticul> subjects 9 :om x inc>nates itself1 t x prec$es !m & survives !m4 ,individuals die1 g5]ations pass & are replac$ by o!rs2 b ?is =ce always rema9s actual1 liv+ & ! same4 ,x animates ! g5]ations ( to-day z x animat$ ^? ( ye/]day & z x w animate ^? ( to-morr[4 ,tak+ ! words 9 a l>ge s5se1 we may say t x is ! god ador$ by ea* totemic cult4 ,yet x is an imp]sonal god1 )\t "n or hi/ory1 imman5t 9 ! _w & diffus$ 9 an innum]able multitude ( ?+s4 ,b ev5 n[ we h only an imp]fect idea ( ! real ubiquity ( ?is quasi-div9e entity4 ,x is n m]ely f\nd 9 ! :ole totemic species1 ! :ole clan & all ! objects symboliz+ ! totem3 ! circle ( its action ext5ds beyond t4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t 9 addition to ! em95tly holy ?+s1 all ^? attribut$ to ! clan z dep5d5cies ( ! pr9cipal totem h ?is same "* to a c]ta9 degree4 ,!y also h some?+ religi\s ab\t !m1 = "s are protect$ by int]dictions1 :ile o!rs h det]m9$ functions 9 ! c]emonies ( ! cult4 ,_! religi\sness does n diff] 9 k9d f t ( ! totem "u :i* !y are classifi$2 x mu/ !re=e be d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,s x is because ! totemic god--to use aga9 ! metaphorical expression :i* we h j employ$--is 9 !m1 j z x is 9 ! species s]v+ z totem & 9 ! m5 ( ! clan4 ,we may see h[ mu* x diff]s f ! be+s 9 :i* x resides f ! fact t x is ! s\l ( s _m diff]5t be+s4 ,b ! ,au/ralian does n repres5t ?is imp]sonal =ce 9 an ab/ract =m4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( causes :i* we mu/ seek1 he has be5 l$ to conceive x "u ! =m ( an animal or vegetable species1 or1 9 a ^w1 ( a visible object ,?is is :at ! totem really consi/s 93 x is only ! mat]ial =m "u :i* ! imag9ation repres5ts ?is immat]ial sub/ance1 ?is en]gy diffus$ ?r\gh all sorts ( het]og5e\s ?+s1 :i* alone is ! real object ( ! cult4 ,we are n[ 9 a bett] condition = und]/&+ :at ! native means :5 he says t ! m5 ( ! ,cr[ phratry1 = example1 are cr[s4 ,he does n exactly mean to say t !y are cr[s 9 ! vulg> & empiric s5se ( ! t]m1 b t ! same pr9ciple is f\nd 9 all ( !m1 :i* is _! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ic1 :i* !y h 9 common ) ! animals ( ! same "n & :i* is ?\ght ( "u ! ext]nal =m ( a cr[4 ,?us ! univ]se1 z totemism conceives x1 is fill$ & animat$ by a c]ta9 numb] ( =ces :i* ! imag9ation repres5ts 9 =ms tak51 ) only a few exceptions1 f ! animal or vegetable k+doms3 !re are z _m ( !m z !re are clans 9 ! tribe1 & ea* ( !m is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 categories ( ?+s1 ( :i* x is ! ess5ce & vital pr9ciple4 ,:5 we say t ^! pr9ciples are =ces1 we d n take ! ^w 9 a metaphorical s5se2 !y act j l v]itable =ces4 ,9 "o s5se1 !y are ev5 mat]ial =ces :i* me*anically eng5d] physical effects4 ,does an individual come 9 contact ) !m )\t hav+ tak5 prop] precautions8 ,he receives a %ock :i* might be comp>$ to ! effect ( an electric dis*>ge4 ,sometimes !y seem to conceive ( ^! z a sort ( fluid escap+ by po9ts4#fad ,if !y are introduc$ into an organism n made to receive !m1 !y produce sickness & dea? by a :olly automatic action4#fae ,outside ( m51 !y play ! rle ( vital pr9ciple2 x is by act+ on !m1 we %all see1#faf t ! reproduction ( ! species is assur$4 ,x is ^u !m t ! univ]sal life reposes4 ,b 9 addition to ?is physical aspect1 !y also h a moral "*4 ,:5 someone asks a native :y he obs]ves 8 rites1 he replies t 8 ance/ors always h obs]v$ !m1 & he ought to foll[ _! example4#fag ,s if he acts 9 a c]ta9 way t[>ds ! totemic be+s1 x is n only because ! =ces resid5t 9 !m are physically r$\btable1 b because he feels himself morally oblig$ to act ?us2 he has ! feel+ t he is obey+ an imp]ative1 t he is fulfill+ a duty4 ,= ^! sacr$ be+s1 he has n m]ely fe>1 b also respect4 ,moreov]1 ! totem is ! s\rce ( ! moral life ( ! clan4 ,all ! be+s p>tak+ ( ! same totemic pr9ciple consid] t ow+ to ?is v fact1 !y are morally b\nd to "o ano!r2 !y h def9ite duties ( assi/ance1 v5detta1 etc41 t[>ds ea* o!r2 & x is ^! duties :i* con/itute k9%ip4 ,s :ile ! totemic pr9ciple is a totemic =ce1 x is also a moral p[]2 s we %all see h[ x easily trans=ms itself into a div9ity prop]ly s-call$4 ,moreov]1 !re is no?+ "h :i* is special to totemism4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ religions1 !re is sc>cely a god :o has n kept some?+ ( ?is ambiguity & ^: functions are n at once cosmic & moral4 ,at ! same "t t x is a spiritual discipl9e1 e religion is also a means enabl+ m5 to face ! _w ) great] confid5ce4 ,ev5 = ! ,*ri/ian1 is n ,god ! ,fa!r ! gu>dian ( ! physical ord] z well z ! legislator & ! judge ( human conduct8 ,,ii ,p]haps someone w ask :e!r1 9 int]pret+ totemism ?us1 we d n end[ ! native ) ideas surpass+ ! limits ( 8 intellect4 ,( c\rse we are n prep>$ to affirm t he repres5ts ^! =ces ) ! relative cl>ity :i* we h be5 able to give to !m 9 our analysis4 ,we are able to %[ q cle>ly t ?is notion is impli$ by ! :ole sy/em ( beliefs :i* x dom9ates2 b we are unable to say h[ f> x is consci\s & h[ f>1 on ! contr>y1 x is only implicit & confus$ly felt4 ,!re is no way ( det]m9+ j :at degree ( cl>ity an idea l ?is may h 9 obscure m9ds4 ,b x is well %[n1 9 any case1 t ?is 9 no way surpasses ! capacities ( ! primitive m9d1 & on ! contr>y1 ! results at :i* we h j arriv$ are confirm$ by ! fact t ei!r 9 ! societies closely relat$ to ^! ,au/ralian tribes1 or ev5 9 ^! tribes !mselves1 we f9d1 9 an explicit =m1 conceptions :i* diff] f ! prec$+ only by %ades & degrees4 ,! native religions ( ,samoa h c]ta9ly pass$ ! totemic phase4 ,real gods are f\nd !re1 :o h _! own names1 &1 to a c]ta9 degree1 _! own p]sonal physiognomy4 ,yet ! traces ( totemism are h>dly conte/able4 ,9 fact1 ea* god is atta*$ to a gr\p1 ei!r local or dome/ic1 j z ! totem is to its clan4#fah ,!n1 ea* ( ^! gods is ?\ght ( z imman5t 9 a special species ( animal4 ,b ?is does n mean t he resides 9 "o subject 9 p>ticul>3 he is imman5t 9 all at once2 he is diffus$ 9 ! species z a :ole4 ,:5 an animal dies1 ! m5 ( ! gr\p :o v5]ate x weep = x & r5d] pi\s duties to x1 because a god inhabits x2 b ! god is n dead4 ,he is et]nal1 l ! species4 ,he is n ev5 confus$ ) ! pres5t g5]ation2 he has already be5 ! s\l ( ! prec$+ "o1 z he w be ! s\l ( ! "o :i* is to foll[4#fai ,s he has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! totemic pr9ciple4 ,he is ! totemic pr9ciple1 re-clo!d 9 a slightly p]sonal =m by ! imag9ation4 ,b /ill1 we mu/ n exagg]ate a p]sonality :i* is h>dly reconcilable ) ?is diffusion & ubiquity4 ,if its cont\rs 7 cle>ly def9$1 x c\ld nev] spread out ?us & ent] into su* a multitude ( ?+s4 ,h[ev]1 x is inconte/able t 9 ?is case ! idea ( an imp]sonal religi\s =ce is beg9n+ to *ange2 b !re are o!r cases :]e x is affirm$ 9 all its ab/ract purity & ev5 rea*es a high] degree ( g5]ality ?an 9 ,au/ralia4 ,if ! diff]5t totemic pr9ciples to :i* ! v>i\s clans ( a s+le tribe address !mselves are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 !y are1 none ! less1 comp>able to ea* o!r at bottom2 = all play ! same rle 9 _! respective sph]es4 ,!re are societies :i* h _h ! feel+ ( ?is unity ) nature & h consequ5tly advanc$ to ! idea ( a unique religi\s =ce ( :i* all o!r sacr$ pr9ciples are only expressions & :i* makes ! unity ( ! univ]se4 ,z ^! societies are /ill ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) totemism1 & z !y rema9 entangl$ 9 a social organization id5tical ) t ( ! ,au/ralians1 we may say t totemism conta9$ ?is idea 9 pot5tiality4 ,?is c be obs]v$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( ,am]ican tribes1 especially ^? belong+ to ! great ,si\x family3 ! ,omaha1 ,ponka1 ,kansas1 ,osage1 ,ass9ibo91 ,dakota1 ,i[a1 ,w9nebago1 ,m&an1 ,hidatsa1 etc4 ,_m ( ^! are /ill organiz$ 9 clans1 z ! ,omaha#fbj & ! ,i[a2#fba o!rs 7 s n long s9ce1 &1 says ,dorsey1 x is /ill possible to f9d among !m all ! f\ndations ( ! totemic sy/em1 j z 9 ! o!r societies ( ! ,si\x4#fbb ,n[ among ^! peoples1 above all ! p>ticul> deities to :om m5 r5d] a cult1 !re is a pre-em95t p[] to :i* all ! o!rs h ! relation ( d]iv$ =ms1 & :i* is call$ wakan4#fbc ,ow+ to ! prepond]at+ place ?us assign$ to ?is pr9ciple 9 ! ,si\an pan!on1 x is sometimes reg>d$ z a sort ( sov]eign god1 or a ,jupit] or ,jahveh1 & travell]s h frequ5tly translat$ wakan by great _s4 ,?is is misrepres5t+ its real nature gravely4 ,! wakan is 9 no way a p]sonal be+2 ! natives d n repres5t x 9 a det]m9$ =m4 ,accord+ to an obs]v] cit$ by ,dorsey1 !y say t !y h nev] se5 ! wak&a1 s !y _c pret5d to p]sonify x4#fbd ,x is n ev5 possible to def9e x by det]m9$ attributes & *>act]i/ics4 ,no ^w1 says ,riggs1 c expla9 ! mean+ ( ?is t]m among ! ,dakota4 ,x embraces all my/]y1 all secret p[]1 all div9ity4#fbe ,all ! be+s :i* ! ,dakota rev]es1 ! e>?1 ! f\r w9ds1 ! sun1 ! moon & ! />s1 are manife/ations ( ?is my/]i\s life & p[] :i* ent]s into all4 ,sometimes x is repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( a w9d1 z a brea? hav+ its seat 9 ! f\r c>d9al po9ts & mov+ ev]y?+3#fbf sometimes x is a voice he>d 9 ! cra%+ ( ! ?und]2#fbg ! sun1 moon & />s are wakan4#fbh ,b no enum]ation c\ld exhau/ ?is inf9itely complex idea4 ,x is n a def9ite & def9able p[]1 ! p[] ( do+ ?is or t2 x is ,p[] 9 an absolute s5se1 ) no epi!t or det]m9ation ( any sort4 ,! v>i\s div9e p[]s are only p>ticul> manife/ations & p]sonifications ( x2 ea* ( !m is ?is p[] se5 "u "o ( its num]\s aspects4#fbi ,x is ?is :i* made "o obs]v] say1 ,he is a protean god2 he is suppos$ to appe> to diff]5t p]sons 9 diff]5t =ms4#fcj ,nor are ! gods ! only be+s animat$ by x3 x is ! pr9ciple ( all t lives or acts or moves4 ,all life is wakan4 ,s also is ev]y?+ :i* exhibits p[]1 :e!r 9 action1 z ! w9ds & drift+ cl\ds1 or 9 passive endurance1 z ! b\ld] by ! wayside4#fca ,among ! ,iroquois1 ^: social organization has an ev5 m pron\nc$ly totemic "*1 ?is1 same idea is f\nd aga92 ! ^w or5da :i* expresses x is ! exact equival5t ( ! wakan ( ! ,si\x4 ,! savage man1 says ,hewitt1 conceiv$ ! div]se bodies collectively con/itut+ 8 environm5t to possess inh]5tly my/ic pot5ce 444 7:e!r !y be7 ! rocks1 ! wat]s1 ! tides1 ! plants & ! trees1 ! animals & man1 ! w9d & ! /orms1 ! cl\ds & ! ?und]s & ! lightn+s1#fcb etc4 ,?is pot5ce is held to be ! prop]ty ( all ?+s 444 & by ! in*oate m5tation ( man is reg>d$ z ! effici5t cause ( all ph5om5a1 all ! activities ( 8 environm5t4#fcc ,a sorc]] or %aman has or5da1 b z mu* w\ld be said ( a man succe$+ 9 8 ent]prises4 ,at bottom1 !re is no?+ 9 ! _w :i* does n h its quota ( or5da2 b ! quantities v>y4 ,!re are "s be+s1 ei!r m5 or ?+s1 :i* are fav\r$2 !re are o!rs :i* are relatively dis9h]it$1 & ! univ]sal life consi/s 9 ! /ruggles ( ^! or5da ( unequal int5sity4 ,! m int5se conqu] ! weak]4 ,is "o man m successful ?an 8 companions 9 ! hunt or at w>8 ,x is because he has m or5da4 ,if an animal escapes f a hunt] :o is pursu+ x1 x is because ! or5da ( ! =m] 0 ! m p[]ful4 ,?is same idea is f\nd among ! ,%o%one "u ! "n ( pokunt1 among ! ,algonqu9 "u ! "n ( manit\1#fcd ( nauala among ! ,kwakiutl1#fce ( yek among ! ,tl9kit#fcf & ( sgna among ! ,haida4#fcg ,b x is n peculi> to ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 x is 9 ,melanesia t x 0 /udi$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,x is true t 9 c]ta9 ( ! isl&s ( ,melanesia1 social organization is no long] on a totemic basis2 b 9 all1 totemism is /ill visible1#fch 9 spite ( :at ,codr+ton has said ab\t x4 ,n[ among ^! peoples1 we f9d1 "u ! "n ( mana1 an idea :i* is ! exact equival5t ( ! wakan ( ! ,si\x & ! or5da ( ! ,iroquois4 ,! def9ition giv5 by ,codr+ton is z foll[s3 ,!re is a belief 9 a =ce altoge!r di/9ct f physical p[]1 :i* acts 9 all ways = good & evil2 & :i* x is ( ! greate/ advantage to possess or control4 ,?is is ,mana4 ,i ?9k ,i "k :at our p mean by x4 444 ,x is a p[] or influ5ce1 n physical & 9 a way sup]natural2 b x %[s itself 9 physical =ce1 or 9 any k9d ( p[] or excell5ce :i* a man possesses4 ,?is mana is n fix$ 9 any?+1 & c be convey$ 9 almo/ any?+4 444 ,all ,melanesian religion consi/s1 9 fact1 9 gett+ ?is mana = "o's self1 or gett+ x us$ = "o's b5efit4#fci ,is ?is n ! same notion ( an anonym\s & diffus$ =ce1 ! g]ms ( :i* we rec5tly f\nd 9 ! totemism ( ,au/ralia8 ,"h is ! same imp]sonality2 =1 z ,codr+ton says1 we mu/ be c>eful n to reg>d x z a sort ( supreme be+2 any su* idea is absolutely =eign to ,melanesian ?\ght4 ,"h is ! same ubiquity2 ! mana is locat$ n[h]e def9itely & x is ev]y:]e4 ,all =ms ( life & all ! effects ( ! action1 ei!r ( m5 or ( liv+ be+s or ( simple m9]als1 are attribut$ to its influ5ce4#fdj ,!re=e !re is no undue tem]ity 9 attribut+ to ! ,au/ralians an idea su* z ! "o we h discov]$ 9 our analysis ( totemic beliefs1 = we f9d x aga91 b ab/ract$ & g5]aliz$ to a high] degree1 at ! basis ( o!r religions ^: roots g back into a sy/em l ! ,au/ralian "o & :i* visibly be> ! m>k ( ?is4 ,! two conceptions are obvi\sly relat$2 !y diff] only 9 degree1 :ile ! mana is diffus$ into ! :ole univ]se1 :at we call ! god or1 to speak m precisely1 ! totemic pr9ciple1 is localiz$ 9 ! m limit$ circle ( ! be+s & ?+s ( c]ta9 species4 ,x is mana1 b a little m specializ$2 yet z a matt] ( fact1 ?is specialization is q relative4 ,moreov]1 !re is "o case :]e ?is connection is made especially app>5t4 ,among ! ,omaha1 !re are totems ( all sorts1 bo? individual & collective2#fda b bo? are only p>ticul> =ms ( wakan4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ,indian's fai? 9 ! efficacy ( ! totem1 says ,miss ,flet*]1 re/$ ^u 8 belief conc]n+ nature & life4 ,?is conception 0 complex & involv$ two prom95t ideas3 ,fir/1 t all ?+s1 animate & inanimate1 7 p]meat$ by a common life2 & second1 t ?is life c\ld n be brok51 b 0 cont9u\s4#fdb ,n[ ?is common pr9ciple ( life is ! wakan4 ,! totem is ! means by :i* an individual is put into relations ) ?is s\rce ( en]gy2 if ! totem has any p[]s1 x is because x inc>nates ! wakan4 ,if a man :o has violat$ ! int]dictions protect+ 8 totem is /ruck by sickness or dea?1 x is because ?is my/]i\s =ce aga9/ :i* he has ?us set himself1 t is1 ! wakan1 reacts aga9/ him ) a =ce proportionate to ! %ock receiv$4#fdc ,also1 j z ! totem is wakan1 s ! wakan1 9 its turn1 sometimes %[s its totemic orig9 by ! way 9 :i* x is conceiv$4 ,9 fact1 ,say says t among ! ,dakota ! wahconda is manife/$ sometimes 9 ! =m ( a grey be>1 sometimes ( a bison1 a beav] or "s o!r animal4#fdd ,und\bt$ly1 ?is =mula _c be accept$ )\t res]ve4 ,! wakan repels all p]sonification & consequ5tly x is h>dly probable t x has ev] be5 ?\ght ( 9 its ab/ract g5]ality ) ! aid ( su* def9ite symbols4 ,b ,say's rem>k is probably applicable to ! p>ticul> =ms :i* x takes 9 specializ+ itself 9 ! concrete reality ( life4 ,n[ if !re is a possibility t !re 0 a "t :5 ^! specializations ( ! wakan bore witness to su* an aff9ity = an animal =m1 t w\ld be "o m pro( ( ! close bonds unit+ ?is conception to ! totemic beliefs4#fde ,x is possible to expla9 :y ?is idea has be5 unable to rea* ! same degree ( ab/raction 9 ,au/ralia z 9 ! m advanc$ societies4 ,?is is n m]ely due to ! insuffici5t aptitude ( ! ,au/ralian = ab/ract+ & g5]aliz+3 be=e all1 x is ! nature ( ! social environm5t :i* has impos$ ?is p>ticul>ism4 ,9 fact1 z long z totemism rema9s at ! basis ( ! cultural organization1 ! clan keeps an autonomy 9 ! religi\s society :i*1 ?\gh n absolute1 is always v m>k$4 ,( c\rse we c say t 9 "o s5se ea* totemic gr\p is only a *apel ( ! tribal ,*ur*2 b x is a *apel enjoy+ a l>ge indep5d5ce4 ,! cult celebrat$ !re1 ?\gh n a self-suffic+ :ole1 has only ext]nal relations ) ! o!rs2 !y int]*ange )\t int]m+l+2 ! totem ( ! clan is fully sacr$ only = ?is clan4 ,consequ5tly ! gr\ps ( ?+s attribut$ to ea* clan1 :i* are a "p ( x 9 ! same way ! m5 are1 h ! same individuality & autonomy4 ,ea* ( !m is repres5t$ z irr$ucible into simil> gr\ps1 z sep>at$ f !m by a break ( cont9uity1 & z con/itut+ a di/9ct realm4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x w\ld occur to no "o t ^! het]og5e\s worlds 7 diff]5t manife/ations ( "o & ! same fundam5tal =ce2 on ! contr>y1 "o might suppose t ea* ( !m correspond$ to an organically diff]5t mana ^: action c\ld n ext5d beyond ! clan & ! circle ( ?+s attribut$ to x4 ,! idea ( a s+le & univ]sal mana c\ld be born only at ! mom5t :5 ! tribal religion develop$ above t ( ! clans & absorb$ !m m or less completely4 ,x is along ) ! feel+ ( ! tribal unity t ! feel+ ( ! sub/antial unity ( ! _w awak5s4 ,z we %all pres5tly %[1#fdf x is true t ! ,au/ralian societies are already acqua9t$ ) a cult t is common to ! tribe z a :ole4 ,b if ?is cult repres5ts ! highe/ =m ( ! ,au/ralian religions1 x has n succe$$ 9 t\*+ & modify+ ! pr9ciples ^u :i* !y repose3 totemism is ess5tially a f$]ative religion :i* _c g beyond a c]ta9 degree ( c5tralization )\t ceas+ to be itself4 ,"o *>act]i/ic fact cle>ly %[s ! fundam5tal reason :i* has kept ! idea ( ! mana s specializ$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! real religi\s =ces1 ^? ?\ght ( 9 ! =m ( totems1 are n ! only ones ) :i* ! ,au/ralian feels himself oblig$ to reckon4 ,!re are also "s ov] :i* magicians h p>ticul> control4 ,:ile ! =m] are !oretically consid]$ heal?ful & b5efic5t1 ! second h x z _! especial function to cause sickness & dea?4 ,& at ! same "t t !y diff] s greatly 9 ! nature ( _! effects1 !y are contra/$ also by ! relations :i* !y su/a9 ) ! social organization4 ,a totem is always a matt] ( ! clan2 b on ! contr>y1 magic is a tribal & ev5 an int]tribal in/itution4 ,magic =ces d n belong to any special portion ( ! tribe 9 p>ticul>4 ,all t is ne$$ to make use ( !m is ! possession ( effici5t recipes4 ,likewise1 ev]ybody is liable to feel _! effects & consequ5tly %\ld try to protect himself aga9/ !m4 ,^! are vague =ces1 specially atta*$ to no det]m9$ social division1 & ev5 able to spread _! action beyond ! tribe4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable fact t among ! ,arunta & ,loritja1 !y are conceiv$ z simple aspects & p>ticul> =ms ( a unique =ce1 call$ 9 ,arunta ,arungquil?a or ,arnkulta4#fdg ,?is is a t]m1 say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ( some:at vague import1 b always associat$ at bottom ) ! possession ( sup]natural evil p[]4444 ,! "n is appli$ indiscrim9ately to ! evil influ5ce or to ! object 9 :i* x is1 = ! "t be+1 or p]man5tly1 resid5t4#fdh ,by arnkulta1 says ,/rehl[1 ! native signifies a =ce :i* sudd5ly /ops life & br+s dea? to all :o come 9 contact ) x4#fdi ,?is "n is giv5 to ! bones & pieces ( wood f :i* evil-work+ *>ms are d]iv$1 & also to poison\s animals & vegetables4 ,s x may accurately be call$ a h>mful mana4 ,grey m5tions an absolutely id5tical notion among ! tribes he obs]v$4#fej ,?us among ^! diff]5t peoples1 :ile ! prop]ly religi\s =ces d n succe$ 9 avoid+ a c]ta9 het]og5eity1 magic =ces are ?\ght ( z be+ all ( ! same nature2 ! m9d repres5ts !m 9 _! g5]ic unity4 ,?is is because !y rise above ! social organization & its divisions & subdivisions1 & move 9 a homog5e\s & cont9u\s space :]e !y meet ) no?+ to diff]5tiate !m4 ,! o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 be+ localiz$ 9 def9ite & di/9ct social =ms1 are div]sifi$ & p>ticul>iz$ 9 ! image ( ! environm5t 9 :i* !y are situat$4 ,f ?is we c see h[ ?or\ghly ! idea ( an imp]sonal religi\s =ce ent]s into ! mean+ & _s ( ,au/ralian totemism1 = x dis5gages itself ) cl>ity z soon z no contr>y cause opposes x4 ,x is true t ! arungquil?a is purely a magic =ce4 ,b betwe5 religi\s =ces & magic =ces !re is no diff]5ce ( k9d3#fea sometimes !y are ev5 designat$ by ! same "n3 9 ,melanesia1 ! magicians & *>ms h mana j l ! ag5ts & rites ( ! regul> cult2#feb ! ^w or&a is employ$ 9 ! same way by ! ,iroquois4#fec ,s we c legitimately inf] ! nature ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r4#fed ,,iii ,! results to :i* ! above analysis has l$ u d n conc]n ! hi/ory ( totemism only1 b also ! g5esis ( religi\s ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,"u ! pretext t 9 e>ly times m5 7 dom9at$ by _! s5ses & ! repres5tations ( _! s5ses1 x has frequ5tly be5 held t !y comm5c$ by repres5t+ ! div9e 9 ! concrete =m ( def9ite & p]sonal be+s4 ,! facts d n confirm ?is presumption4 ,we h j describ$ a sy/ematically unit$ s*eme ( religi\s beliefs :i* we h good reason to reg>d z v primitive1 yet we h met ) no p]sonalities ( ?is sort4 ,! real totemic cult is address$ nei!r to c]ta9 det]m9$ animals nor to c]ta9 vegetables nor ev5 to an animal or vegetable species1 b to a vague p[] spread ?r\gh ^! ?+s4#fee ,ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$ religions :i* h develop$ out ( totemism1 su* z ^? :i* we f9d among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ?is idea1 in/ead ( be+ effac$1 becomes m consci\s ( itself2 x is decl>$ ) a cl>ity x did n h be=e1 :ile at ! same "t1 x atta9s a high] g5]ality4 ,x is ?is :i* dom9ates ! entire religi\s sy/em4 ,?is is ! orig9al matt] out ( :i* h be5 con/ruct$ ^? be+s ( e sort :i* ! religions ( all times h consecrat$ & ador$4 ,! spirits1 demons1 g5ii & gods ( e sort are only ! concrete =ms tak5 by ?is en]gy1 or pot5tiality1 z ,hewitt calls x1#fef 9 individualiz+ itself1 9 fix+ itself ^u a c]ta9 det]m9$ object or po9t 9 space1 or 9 c5tr+ ar\nd an ideal & leg5d>y be+1 ?\gh "o conceiv$ z real by ! popul> imag9ation4 ,a ,dakota que/ion$ by ,miss ,flet*] express$ ?is ess5tial consub/antiability ( all sacr$ ?+s 9 language t is full ( relief4 ,e ?+ z x moves1 n[ & !n1 "h & !re1 makes /ops4 ,! bird z x flies /ops 9 "o place to make its ne/1 & 9 ano!r to re/ 9 its flight4 ,a man :5 he goes =? /ops :5 he wills4 ,s ! god has /opp$4 ,! sun1 :i* is s bright & beautiful1 is "o place :]e he has /opp$4 ,! trees1 ! animals1 are :]e he has /opp$1 & ! ,indian ?9ks ( ^! places & s5ds 8 pray]s to rea* ! place :]e ! god has /opp$ & to w9 help & a bless+4#feg ,9 o!r words1 ! wakan 7= ?is is :at he 0 talk+ ab\t7 comes & goes ?r\gh ! _w1 & sacr$ ?+s are ! po9ts ^u :i* x alights4 ,"h we are1 = once1 j z f> f naturism z f animism4 ,if ! sun1 ! moon & ! />s h be5 ador$1 !y h n ow$ ?is hon\r to _! intr9sic nature or _! di/9ctive prop]ties1 b to ! fact t !y are ?\ght to p>ticipate 9 ?is =ce :i* alone is able to give ?+s a sacr$ "*1 & :i* is also f\nd 9 a multitude ( o!r be+s1 ev5 ! smalle/4 ,if ! s\ls ( ! dead h be5 ! object ( rites1 x is n because !y are believ$ to be made out ( "s fluid & impalpable sub/ance1 nor is x because !y resemble ! %ad[ ca/ by a body or its reflection on a surface ( wat]4 ,lightness & fluidity are n en\gh to conf] sanctity2 !y h be5 inve/$ ) ?is dignity only 9 s f> z !y conta9$ )9 !m some?+ ( ?is same =ce1 ! s\rce ( all religiosity4 ,we are n[ 9 a bett] condition to und]/& :y x has be5 impossible to def9e religion by ! idea ( my?ical p]sonalities1 gods or spirits2 x is because ?is way ( repres5t+ religi\s ?+s is 9 no way inh]5t 9 _! nature4 ,:at we f9d at ! orig9 & basis ( religi\s ?\ght are n det]m9$ & di/9ct objects & be+s possess+ a sacr$ "* ( !mselves2 !y are indef9ite p[]s1 anonym\s =ces1 m or less num]\s 9 diff]5t societies1 & sometimes ev5 r$uc$ to a unity1 & ^: imp]sonality is /rictly comp>able to t ( ! physical =ces ^: manife/ations ! sci5ces ( nature /udy4 ,z = p>ticul> sacr$ ?+s1 !y are only individualiz$ =ms ( ?is ess5tial pr9ciple4 ,s x is n surpris+ t ev5 9 ! religions :]e !re are av[$ div9ities1 !re are rites hav+ an effici5t virtue 9 !mselves1 indep5d5tly ( all div9e int]v5tion4 ,x is because ?is =ce may be atta*$ to words t are pron\nc$ or movem5ts t are made j z well z to corporal sub/ances2 ! voice or ! movem5ts may s]ve z its vehicle1 & x may produce its effects ?r\gh _! int]m$iacy1 )\t ! aid ( any god or _s4 ,ev5 %\ld x happ5 to conc5trate itself especially 9 a rite1 ?is w become a creator ( div9ities f t v fact4#feh ,?is is :y !re is sc>cely a div9e p]sonality :o does n reta9 "s imp]sonality4 ,^? :o repres5t x mo/ cle>ly 9 a concrete & visible =m1 ?9k ( x1 at ! same "t1 z an ab/ract p[] :i* _c be def9$ except by its own efficacy1 or z a =ce spread out 9 space & :i* is conta9$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 9 ea* ( its effects4 ,x is ! p[] ( produc+ ra9 or w9d1 crops or ! light ( day2 ,zeus is 9 ea* ( ! ra9drops :i* falls1 j z ,c]es is 9 ea* ( ! %eaves ( ! h>ve/4#fei ,z a g5]al rule1 9 fact1 ?is efficacy is s imp]fectly det]m9$ t ! believ] is able to =m only a v vague notion ( x4 ,moreov]1 x is ?is indecision :i* has made possible ^! syncretisms & duplications 9 ! c\rse ( :i* gods are brok5 up1 dismemb]$ & confus$ 9 e way4 ,p]haps !re is n a s+le religion 9 :i* ! orig9al mana1 :e!r unique or multi=m1 has be5 resolv$ entirely into a cle>ly def9$ numb] ( be+s :o are di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r2 ea* ( !m always reta9s a t\* ( imp]sonality1 z x 71 :i* enables x to ent] into new comb9ations1 n z ! result ( a simple survival b because x is ! nature ( religi\s =ces to be unable to individualize !mselves completely4 ,?is conception1 to :i* we h be5 l$ by ! /udy ( totemism alone1 has ! additional recomm5dation t _m s*ol>s h rec5tly adopt$ x q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 z a conclusion f v diff]5t sorts ( /udies4 ,!re is a t5d5cy t[>ds a spontane\s agreem5t on ?is po9t :i* %\ld be rem>k$1 = x is a presumption ( objectivity4 ,z e>ly z #ahii1 we po9t$ out ! impossibility ( mak+ ! idea ( a my?ical p]sonality ent] into ! def9ition ( religi\s ph5om5a4#ffj ,9 #aijj1 ,m>rett %[$ ! exi/5ce ( a religi\s phase :i* he call$ preanimi/ic1 9 :i* ! rites are address$ to imp]sonal =ces l ! ,melanesian mana & ! wakan ( ! ,omaha & ,dakota4#ffa ,h[ev]1 ,m>rett did n g s f> z to ma9ta9 t always & 9 e case ! idea ( a _s is logically & *ronologically po/]ior to t ( mana & is d]iv$ f x2 he ev5 seem$ dispos$ to admit t x has sometimes appe>$ indep5d5tly & consequ5tly1 t religi\s ?\ght fl[s f a d\ble s\rce4#ffb ,on ! o!r h&1 he conceiv$ ! mana z an inh]5t prop]ty ( ?+s1 z an elem5t ( _! appe>ance2 =1 accord+ to him1 ?is is simply ! "* :i* we attribute to ev]y?+ out ( ! ord9>y1 & :i* inspires a s5tim5t ( fe> or admiration4#ffc ,?is practically am\nts to a return to ! naturi/ !ory4#ffd ,a little lat]1 ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 :ile attempt+ to =mulate a g5]al !ory ( magic1 e/abli%$ ! fact t magic z a :ole reposes on ! notion ( mana4#ffe ,! close k9%ip ( ! magic rite & ! religi\s rite be+ kn[n1 x 0 ev5 possible to =esee t ! same !ory %\ld be appli$ to religion4 ,?is 0 su/a9$ by ,preuss 9 a s]ies ( articles 9 ! ,globus#fff t same ye>4 ,rely+ *iefly ^u facts tak5 f ,am]ican civilizations1 ,preuss set out to prove t ! ideas ( ! s\l & _s 7 n develop$ until aft] ^? ( p[] & imp]sonal =ce1 t ! =m] are only a trans=mation ( ! latt]1 & t up to a relatively late date !y reta9 ! m>ks ( _! orig9al imp]sonality4 ,9 fact1 he %[s t ev5 9 ! advanc$ religions1 !y are repres5t$ 9 ! =m ( vague emanations dis5gag+ !mselves automatically f ! ?+s 9 :i* !y reside1 & ev5 t5d+ to escape by all ! ways t are op5 to !m3 ! m\?1 ! nose & all ! o!r op5+s ( ! body1 ! brea?1 ! look1 ! ^w1 etc4 ,at ! same "t1 ,preuss po9t$ out _! ,protean =ms & _! extreme pla/icity :i* p]mits !m to give !mselves successively & almo/ concurr5tly to ! mo/ v>i$ uses4#ffg ,x is true t if we /ick to ! lett] ( ! t]m9ology employ$ by ?is au?or1 we may believe t = him ! =ces h a magic1 n a religi\s nature3 he calls !m *>ms 7,zaub]1 ,zaub]krfte74 ,b x is evid5t t 9 express+ himself ?us1 he does n int5d to put !m outside ( religion2 = x is 9 ! ess5tially religi\s rites t he %[s _! action1 = example1 9 ! great ,mexican c]emonies4#ffh ,if he uses ^! expressions1 x is und\bt$ly because he kn[s no o!rs :i* m>k bett] ! imp]sonality ( ^! =ces & ! sort ( me*anism ) :i* !y op]ate4 ,?us ?is same idea t5ds to come to light on e side4#ffi ,! impression becomes m & m preval5t t ev5 ! mo/ elem5t>y my?ological con/ructions are second>y products#fgj :i* cov] ov] a sy/em ( beliefs1 at once simpl] & m obscure1 vagu] & m ess5tial1 :i* =m ! solid f\ndations ^u :i* ! religi\s sy/ems are built4 ,x is ?is primitive f\ndation :i* our analysis ( totemism has enabl$ u to rea*4 ,! v>i\s writ]s ^: /udies we h j m5tion$ arriv$ at ?is conclusion only ?r\gh facts tak5 f v div]se religions1 "s ( :i* ev5 correspond to a civilization t is already f> advanc$3 su* is ! case1 = example1 ) ! ,mexican religions1 ( :i* ,preuss makes great use4 ,s x might be ask$ if ?is !ory is equally applicable to ! mo/ simple religions4 ,b s9ce x is impossible to g l[] ?an totemism1 we are n expos$ to ?is risk ( error1 & at ! same "t1 we h an opportunity ( f9d+ ! initial notion f :i* ! ideas ( wakan & mana are d]iv$3 ?is is ! notion ( ! totemic pr9ciple4#fga ,,iv ,b ?is notion is n only ( prim>y importance because ( ! rle x has play$ 9 ! developm5t ( religi\s ideas2 x also has a lay aspect 9 :i* x is ( int]e/ = ! hi/ory ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,x is ! fir/ =m ( ! idea ( =ce4 ,9 fact1 ! wakan plays ! same rle 9 ! _w1 z ! ,si\x conceives x1 z ! "o play$ by ! =ces ) :i* sci5ce expla9s ! div]se ph5om5a ( nature4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n mean t x is ?\ght ( z an exclusively physical en]gy2 on ! contr>y1 9 ! next *apt] we %all see t ! elem5ts go+ to make up ?is idea are tak5 f ! mo/ div]se realms4 ,b ?is v composit5ess ( its nature enables x to be utiliz$ z a univ]sal pr9ciple ( explanation4 ,x is f x t all life comes2#fgb all life is wakan2 & by ?is ^w life1 we mu/ und]/& ev]y?+ t acts & reacts1 t moves & is mov$1 9 bo? ! m9]al & biological k+doms4 ,! wakan is ! cause ( all ! movem5ts :i* take place 9 ! univ]se4 ,we h ev5 se5 t ! or5da ( ! ,iroquois is ! effici5t cause ( all ! ph5om5a & all ! activities :i* are manife/$ ar\nd m54 ,x is a p[] inh]5t 9 all bodies & all ?+s4#fgc ,x is ! or5da :i* makes ! w9d bl[1 ! sun light5 & heat ! e>?1 or animals reproduce & :i* makes m5 /rong1 clev] & intellig5t4 ,:5 ! ,iroquois says t ! life ( all nature is ! product ( ! conflicts ar\s$ betwe5 ! unequally int5se or5da ( ! diff]5t be+s1 he only expresses1 9 8 own language1 ?is mod]n idea t ! _w is a sy/em ( =ces limit+ & conta9+ ea* o!r & mak+ an equilibrium4 ,! ,melanesian attributes ?is same g5]al efficacy to 8 mana4 ,x is ow+ to 8 mana t a man succe$s 9 hunt+ or fight+1 t g>d5s give a good return or t flocks prosp]4 ,if an arr[ /rikes its m>k1 x is because x is *>g$ ) mana2 x is ! same cause :i* makes a net cat* fi% well1 or a canoe ride well on ! sea1#fgd etc4 ,x is true t if c]ta9 phrases ( ,codr+ton are tak5 lit]ally1 mana %\ld be ! cause to :i* is attribut$ ev]y?+ :i* is beyond ! ord9>y p[] ( m51 outside ! common processes ( nature4#fge ,b f ! v examples :i* he cites1 x is q evid5t t ! sph]e ( ! mana is really mu* m ext5d$4 ,9 reality1 x s]ves to expla9 usual & ev]yday ph5om5a2 !re is no?+ sup]human or sup]natural 9 ! fact t a %ip sails or a hunt] cat*es game1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 among ^! ev5ts ( daily life1 !re are "s s insignificant & famili> t !y pass unp]ceiv$3 !y are n notic$ & consequ5tly no ne$ is felt ( expla9+ !m4 ,! concept ( mana is appli$ only to ^? t are important en\gh to cause reflection1 & to awak5 a m9imum ( int]e/ & curiosity2 b !y are n m>vell\s = all t4 ,& :at is true ( ! mana z well z ! or5da & wakan1 may be said equally well ( ! totemic pr9ciple4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is t ! life ( ! m5 ( ! clan & ! animals or plants ( ! totemic species1 z well z all ! ?+s :i* are classifi$ "u ! totem & p>take ( its nature1 is manife/$4 ,s ! idea ( =ce is ( religi\s orig94 ,x is f religion t x has be5 borr[$1 fir/ by philosophy1 !n by ! sci5ces4 ,?is has already be5 =ese5 by ,comte & ?is is :y he made metaphysics ! heir ( !ology4 ,b he conclud$ f ?is t ! idea ( =ce is de/9$ to disappe> f sci5ce2 =1 ow+ to its my/ic orig9s1 he refus$ x all objective value4 ,b we are go+ to %[ t1 on ! contr>y1 religi\s =ces are real1 h[soev] imp]fect ! symbols may be1 by ! aid ( :i* !y are ?\ght (4 ,f ?is x w foll[ t ! same is true ( ! concept ( =ce 9 g5]al4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,orig9s ,,( ,,^! ,,beliefs--end ,orig9 ( ! ,idea ( ! ,totemic ,pr9ciple or ,mana ,! proposition e/abli%$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] det]m9es ! t]ms 9 :i* ! problem ( ! orig9s ( totemism %\ld be pos$4 ,s9ce totemism is ev]y:]e dom9at$ by ! idea ( a quasi-div9e pr9ciple1 imm95t 9 c]ta9 categories ( m5 & ?+s & ?\ght ( "u ! =m ( an animal or vegetable1 ! explanation ( ?is religion is ess5tially ! explanation ( ?is belief2 to arrive at ?is1 we mu/ seek to le>n h[ m5 h be5 l$ to con/ruct ?is idea & out ( :at mat]ials !y h con/ruct$ x4 ,i ,x is obvi\sly n out ( ! s5sations :i* ! ?+s s]v+ z totems are able to ar\se 9 ! m9d2 we h %[n t ^! ?+s are frequ5tly insignificant4 ,! liz>d1 ! cat]pill>1 ! rat1 ! ant1 ! frog1 ! turkey1 ! bream-fi%1 ! plum-tree1 ! cockatoo1 etc41 to cite only ^? names :i* appe> frequ5tly 9 ! li/s ( ,au/ralian totems1 are n ( a nature to produce ^u m5 ^! great & /rong impressions :i* 9 a way resemble religi\s emotions & :i* impress a sacr$ "* ^u ! objects !y create4 ,x is true t ?is is n ! case ) ! />s & ! great atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 :i* h1 on ! contr>y1 all t is necess>y to /rike ! imag9ation =cibly2 b z a matt] ( fact1 ^! s]ve only v exceptionally z totems4 ,x is ev5 probable t !y 7 v sl[ 9 tak+ ?is (fice4#fgf ,s x is n ! intr9sic nature ( ! ?+ ^: "n ! clan be>s t m>k$ x out to become ! object ( a cult4 ,also1 if ! s5tim5ts :i* x inspir$ 7 really ! det]m9+ cause ( ! totemic rites & beliefs1 x w\ld be ! pre-em95tly sacr$ ?+2 ! animals or plants employ$ z totems w\ld play an em95t "p 9 ! religi\s life4 ,b we "k t ! c5tre ( ! cult is actually else:]e4 ,x is ! figurative repres5tations ( ?is plant or animal & ! totemic emblems & symbols ( e sort1 :i* h ! greate/ sanctity2 s x is 9 !m t is f\nd ! s\rce ( t religi\s nature1 ( :i* ! real objects repres5t$ by ^! emblems receive only a reflection4 ,?us ! totem is be=e all a symbol1 a mat]ial expression ( some?+ else4#fgg ,b ( :at8 ,f ! analysis to :i* we h be5 giv+ our att5tion1 x is evid5t t x expresses & symbolizes two diff]5t sorts ( ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ! outw>d & visible =m ( :at we h call$ ! totemic pr9ciple or god4 ,b x is also ! symbol ( ! det]m9$ society call$ ! clan4 ,x is its flag2 x is ! sign by :i* ea* clan di/+ui%es itself f ! o!rs1 ! visible m>k ( its p]sonality1 a m>k borne by ev]y?+ :i* is a "p ( ! clan "u any title :atsoev]1 m51 bea/s or ?+s4 ,s if x is at once ! symbol ( ! god & ( ! society1 is t n because ! god & ! society are only "o8 ,h[ c\ld ! emblem ( ! gr\p h be5 able to become ! figure ( ?is quasi-div9ity1 if ! gr\p & ! div9ity 7 two di/9ct realities8 ,! god ( ! clan1 ! totemic pr9ciple1 c !re=e be no?+ else ?an ! clan itself1 p]sonifi$ & repres5t$ to ! imag9ation "u ! visible =m ( ! animal or vegetable :i* s]ves z totem4 ,b h[ has ?is apo!osis be5 possible1 & h[ did x happ5 to take place 9 ?is fa%ion8 ,,ii ,9 a g5]al way1 x is unque/ionable t a society has all t is necess>y to ar\se ! s5sation ( ! div9e 9 m9ds1 m]ely by ! p[] t x has ov] !m2 = to its memb]s x is :at a god is to 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,9 fact1 a god is1 fir/ ( all1 a be+ :om m5 ?9k ( z sup]ior to !mselves1 & ^u :om !y feel t !y dep5d4 ,:e!r x be a consci\s p]sonality1 su* z ,zeus or ,jahveh1 or m]ely ab/ract =ces su* z ^? 9 play 9 totemism1 ! wor%ipp]1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 believes himself held to c]ta9 mann]s ( act+ :i* are impos$ ^u him by ! nature ( ! sacr$ pr9ciple ) :i* he feels t he is 9 communion4 ,n[ society also gives u ! s5sation ( a p]petual dep5d5ce4 ,s9ce x has a nature :i* is peculi> to itself & diff]5t f our individual nature1 x pursues ends :i* are likewise special to x2 b1 z x _c atta9 !m except ?r\gh our int]m$iacy1 x imp]i\sly dem&s our aid4 ,x requires t1 =getful ( our own int]e/s1 we make ourselves its s]vitors1 & x submits u to e sort ( inconv5i5ce1 privation & sacrifice1 )\t :i* social life w\ld be impossible4 ,x is because ( ?is t at e in/ant we are oblig$ to submit ourselves to rules ( conduct & ( ?\ght :i* we h nei!r made nor desir$1 & :i* are sometimes ev5 contr>y to our mo/ fundam5tal incl9ations & in/9cts4 ,ev5 if society 7 unable to obta9 ^! concessions & sacrifices f u except by a mat]ial con/ra9t1 x might awak5 9 u only ! idea ( a physical =ce to :i* we mu/ give way ( necessity1 in/ead ( t ( a moral p[] su* z religions adore4 ,b z a matt] ( fact1 ! empire :i* x holds ov] consci5ces is due mu* less to ! physical supremacy ( :i* x has ! privilege ?an to ! moral au?ority ) :i* x is inve/$4 ,if we yield to its ord]s1 x is n m]ely because x is /rong en\gh to triumph ov] our resi/ance2 x is prim>ily because x is ! object ( a v5]able respect4 ,we say t an object1 :e!r individual or collective1 inspires respect :5 ! repres5tation express+ x 9 ! m9d is gift$ ) su* a =ce t x automatically causes or inhibits actions1 )\t reg>d = any consid]ation relative to _! useful or injuri\s effects4 ,:5 we obey somebody because ( ! moral au?ority :i* we recognize 9 him1 we foll[ out 8 op9ions1 n because !y seem wise1 b because a c]ta9 sort ( physical en]gy is imm95t 9 ! idea t we =m ( ?is p]son1 :i* conqu]s our w & incl9es x 9 ! indicat$ direction4 ,respect is ! emotion :i* we exp]i5ce :5 we feel ?is int]ior & :olly spiritual pressure op]at+ ^u u4 ,!n we are n det]m9$ by ! advantages or inconv5i5ces ( ! attitude :i* is prescrib$ or recomm5d$ to u2 x is by ! way 9 :i* we repres5t to ourselves ! p]son recomm5d+ or prescrib+ x4 ,?is is :y comm&s g5]ally take a %ort1 p]emptory =m leav+ no place = hesitation2 x is because1 9 s f> z x is a comm& & goes by its own =ce1 x excludes all idea ( delib]ation or calculation2 x gets its efficacy f ! int5sity ( ! m5tal /ate 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,x is ?is int5sity :i* creates :at is call$ a moral asc5dancy4 ,n[ ! ways ( action to :i* society is /rongly en\gh atta*$ to impose !m ^u its memb]s1 are1 by t v fact1 m>k$ ) a di/9ctive sign provocative ( respect4 ,s9ce !y are elaborat$ 9 common1 ! vig\r ) :i* !y h be5 ?\ght ( by ea* p>ticul> m9d is reta9$ 9 all ! o!r m9ds1 & reciprocally4 ,! repres5tations :i* express !m )9 ea* ( u h an int5sity :i* no purely private /ates ( consci\sness c\ld ev] atta92 = !y h ! /r5g? ( ! innum]able individual repres5tations :i* h s]v$ to =m ea* ( !m4 ,x is society :o speaks ?r\gh ! m\?s ( ^? :o affirm !m 9 our pres5ce2 x is society :om we he> 9 he>+ !m2 & ! voice ( all has an acc5t :i* t ( "o alone c\ld nev] h4#fgh ,! v viol5ce ) :i* society reacts1 by way ( blame or mat]ial suppression1 aga9/ e attempt$ dissid5ce1 contributes to /r5g!n+ its empire by manife/+ ! common conviction ?r\gh ?is bur/ ( ard\r4#fgi ,9 a ^w1 :5 some?+ is ! object ( su* a /ate ( op9ion1 ! repres5tation :i* ea* individual has ( x ga9s a p[] ( action f its orig9s & ! conditions 9 :i* x 0 born1 :i* ev5 ^? feel :o d n submit !mselves to x4 ,x t5ds to repel ! repres5tations :i* contradict x1 & x keeps !m at a di/ance2 on ! o!r h&1 x comm&s ^? acts :i* w realize x1 & x does s1 n by a mat]ial co]cion or by ! p]spective ( some?+ ( ?is sort1 b by ! simple radiation ( ! m5tal en]gy :i* x conta9s4 ,x has an efficacy com+ solely f its psy*ical prop]ties1 & x is by j ?is sign t moral au?ority is recogniz$4 ,s op9ion1 prim>ily a social ?+1 is a s\rce ( au?ority1 & x might ev5 be ask$ :e!r all au?ority is n ! daught] ( op9ion4#fhj ,x may be object$ t sci5ce is (t5 ! antagoni/ ( op9ion1 ^: errors x combats & rectifies4 ,b x _c succe$ 9 ?is task if x does n h suffici5t au?ority1 & x c obta9 ?is au?ority only f op9ion itself4 ,if a p did n h fai? 9 sci5ce1 all ! sci5tific demon/rations 9 ! _w w\ld be )\t any influ5ce :atsoev] ov] _! m9ds4 ,ev5 to-day1 if sci5ce happ5$ to resi/ a v /rong curr5t ( public op9ion1 x w\ld risk los+ its cr$it !re4#fha ,s9ce x is 9 spiritual ways t social pressure ex]cises itself1 x c\ld n fail to give m5 ! idea t outside !mselves !re exi/ "o or sev]al p[]s1 bo? moral &1 at ! same "t1 efficaci\s1 ^u :i* !y dep5d4 ,!y mu/ ?9k ( ^! p[]s1 at lea/ 9 "p1 z outside !mselves1 = ^! address !m 9 a tone ( comm& & sometimes ev5 ord] !m to d viol5ce to _! mo/ natural incl9ations4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t if !y 7 able to see t ^! influ5ces :i* !y feel emanate f society1 !n ! my?ological sy/em ( int]pretations w\ld nev] be born4 ,b social action foll[s ways t are too circuit\s & obscure1 & employs psy*ical me*anisms t are too complex to all[ ! ord9>y obs]v] to see :5ce x comes4 ,z long z sci5tific analysis does n come to tea* x to !m1 m5 "k well t !y are act$ ^u1 b !y d n "k by :om4 ,s !y mu/ inv5t by !mselves ! idea ( ^! p[]s ) :i* !y feel !mselves 9 connection1 & f t1 we are able to cat* a glimpse ( ! way by :i* !y 7 l$ to repres5t !m "u =ms t are really =eign to _! nature & to transfigure !m by ?\ght4 ,b a god is n m]ely an au?ority ^u :om we dep5d2 x is a =ce ^u :i* our /r5g? relies4 ,! man :o has obey$ 8 god & :o1 = ?is reason1 believes ! god is ) him1 approa*es ! _w ) confid5ce & ) ! feel+ ( an increas$ en]gy4 ,likewise1 social action does n conf9e itself to dem&+ sacrifices1 privations & ef=ts f u4 ,= ! collective =ce is n entirely outside ( u2 x does n act ^u u :olly f )\t2 b r1 s9ce society _c exi/ except 9 & ?r\gh individual consci\snesses1#fhb ?is =ce mu/ also p5etrate u & organize itself )9 u2 x ?us becomes an integral "p ( our be+ & by t v fact ?is is elevat$ & magnifi$4 ,!re are occasions :5 ?is /r5g!n+ & vivify+ action ( society is especially app>5t4 ,9 ! mid/ ( an assembly animat$ by a common passion1 we become susceptible ( acts & s5tim5ts ( :i* we are incapable :5 r$uc$ to our own =ces2 & :5 ! assembly is dissolv$ & :51 f9d+ ourselves alone aga91 we fall back to our ord9>y level1 we are !n able to measure ! height to :i* we h be5 rais$ above ourselves4 ,hi/ory ab\nds 9 examples ( ?is sort4 ,x is en\gh to ?9k ( ! night ( ! ,f\r? ( ,augu/1 #aghi1 :5 an assembly 0 sudd5ly l$ to an act ( sacrifice & abnegation :i* ea* ( its memb]s _h refus$ ! day be=e1 & at :i* !y 7 all surpris$ ! day aft]4#fhc ,?is is :y all p>ties1 political1 economic or confessional1 are c>eful to h p]iodical reunions :]e _! memb]s may revivify _! common fai? by manife/+ x 9 common4 ,to /r5g!n ^? s5tim5ts :i*1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld soon weak51 x is suffici5t to br+ ^? :o hold !m toge!r & to put !m into clos] & m active relations ) "o ano!r4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! p>ticul> attitude ( a man speak+ to a cr[d1 at lea/ if he has succe$$ 9 ent]+ into communion ) x4 ,8 language has a gr&iloqu5ce t w\ld be ridicul\s 9 ord9>y circum/ances2 8 ge/ures %[ a c]ta9 dom9ation2 8 v ?\ght is impati5t ( all rules1 & easily falls into all sorts ( excesses4 ,x is because he feels )9 him an abnormal ov]-supply ( =ce :i* ov]fl[s & tries to bur/ out f him2 sometimes he ev5 has ! feel+ t he is dom9at$ by a moral =ce :i* is great] ?an he & ( :i* he is only ! int]pret]4 ,x is by ?is trait t we are able to recognize :at has (t5 be5 call$ ! demon ( oratorical inspiration4 ,n[ ?is exceptional increase ( =ce is some?+ v real2 x comes to him f ! v gr\p :i* he addresses4 ,! s5tim5ts provok$ by 8 words come back to him1 b enl>g$ & amplifi$1 & to ?is degree !y /r5g!n 8 own s5tim5t4 ,! passionate en]gies he ar\ses re-e*o )9 him & quick5 8 vital tone4 ,x is no long] a simple individual :o speaks2 x is a gr\p inc>nate & p]sonifi$4 ,beside ^! pass+ & int]mitt5t /ates1 !re are o!r m durable ones1 :]e ?is /r5g!n+ influ5ce ( society makes itself felt ) great] consequ5ces & frequ5tly ev5 ) great] brilliancy4 ,!re are p]iods 9 hi/ory :51 "u ! influ5ce ( "s great collective %ock1 social int]actions h become mu* m frequ5t & active4 ,m5 look = ea* o!r & assemble toge!r m ?an ev]4 ,t g5]al eff]vesc5ce results :i* is *>act]i/ic ( revolution>y or creative epo*s4 ,n[ ?is great] activity results 9 a g5]al /imulation ( individual =ces4 ,m5 see m & diff]5tly n[ ?an 9 normal times4 ,*anges are n m]ely ( %ades & degrees2 m5 become diff]5t4 ,! passions mov+ !m are ( su* an int5sity t !y _c be satisfi$ except by viol5t & unre/ra9$ actions1 actions ( sup]human h]oism or ( bloody b>b>ism4 ,?is is :at expla9s ! ,crusades1#fhd = example1 or _m ( ! sc5es1 ei!r sublime or savage1 ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4#fhe ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al exaltation1 we see ! mo/ m$iocre & in(f5sive b\rgeois become ei!r a h]o or a but*]4#fhf ,& s cle>ly are all ^! m5tal processes ! ones t are also at ! root ( religion t ! individuals !mselves h (t5 pictur$ ! pressure be=e :i* !y ?us gave way 9 a di/9ctly religi\s =m4 ,! ,crusad]s believ$ t !y felt ,god pres5t 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 enjo9+ !m to g to ! conque/ ( ! ,holy ,l&2 ,joan ( ,arc believ$ t %e obey$ cele/ial voices4#fhg ,b x is n only 9 exceptional circum/ances t ?is /imulat+ action ( society makes itself felt2 !re is n1 s to speak1 a mom5t 9 our lives :5 "s curr5t ( en]gy does n come to u f )\t4 ,! man :o has done 8 duty f9ds1 9 ! manife/ations ( e sort express+ ! sympa?y1 e/eem or affection :i* 8 fell[s h = him1 a feel+ ( com=t1 ( :i* he does n ord9>ily take acc\nt1 b :i* su/a9s him1 none ! less4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* society has = him raise ! s5tim5ts :i* he has = himself4 ,because he is 9 moral h>mony ) 8 comrades1 he has m confid5ce1 c\rage & boldness 9 action1 j l ! believ] :o ?9ks t he feels ! reg>d ( 8 god turn$ graci\sly t[>ds him4 ,x ?us produces1 z x 71 a p]petual su/5ance = our moral nature4 ,s9ce ?is v>ies ) a multitude ( ext]nal circum/ances1 z our relations ) ! gr\ps ab\t u are m or less active & z ^! gr\ps !mselves v>y1 we _c fail to feel t ?is moral support dep5ds ^u an ext]nal cause2 b we d n p]ceive :]e ?is cause is nor :at x is4 ,s we ord9>ily ?9k ( x "u ! =m ( a moral p[] :i*1 ?\gh imman5t 9 u1 repres5ts )9 u some?+ n ourselves3 ?is is ! moral consci5ce1 ( :i*1 by ! way1 m5 h nev] made ev5 a slightly di/9ct repres5tation except by ! aid ( religi\s symbols4 ,9 addition to ^! free =ces :i* are con/antly com+ to r5ew our own1 !re are o!rs :i* are fix$ 9 ! me?ods & traditions :i* we employ4 ,we speak a language t we did n make2 we use in/rum5ts t we did n inv5t2 we invoke rights t we did n f\nd2 a treasury ( k is transmitt$ to ea* g5]ation t x did n ga!r itself1 etc4 ,x is to society t we owe ^! v>i$ b5efits ( civilization1 & if we d n ord9>ily see ! s\rce f :i* we get !m1 we at lea/ "k t !y are n our own "w4 ,n[ x is ^! ?+s t give man 8 own place among ?+s2 a man is a man only because he is civiliz$4 ,s he c\ld n escape ! feel+ t outside ( him !re are active causes f :i* he gets ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( 8 nature & :i*1 z b5evol5t p[]s1 assi/ him1 protect him & assure him ( a privileg$ fate4 ,& ( c\rse he mu/ attribute to ^! p[]s a dignity correspond+ to ! great value ( ! good ?+s he attributes to !m4#fhh ,?us ! environm5t 9 :i* we live seems to u to be peopl$ ) =ces t are at once imp]i\s & helpful1 augu/ & graci\s1 & ) :i* we h relations4 ,s9ce !y ex]cise ov] u a pressure ( :i* we are consci\s1 we are =c$ to localize !m outside ourselves1 j z we d = ! objective causes ( our s5sations4 ,b ! s5tim5ts :i* !y inspire 9 u diff] 9 nature f ^? :i* we h = simple visible objects4 ,z long z ^! latt] are r$uc$ to _! empirical *>act]i/ics z %[n 9 ord9>y exp]i5ce1 & z long z ! religi\s imag9ation has n metamorphos$ !m1 we ent]ta9 = !m no feel+ :i* resembles respect1 & !y conta9 )9 !m no?+ t is able to raise u outside ourselves4 ,!re=e1 ! repres5tations :i* express !m appe> to u to be v diff]5t f ^? ar\s$ 9 u by collective influ5ces4 ,! two =m two di/9ct & sep>ate m5tal /ates 9 our consci\sness1 j z d ! two =ms ( life to :i* !y correspond4 ,consequ5tly1 we get ! impression t we are 9 relations ) two di/9ct sorts ( reality & t a %>ply drawn l9e ( dem>cation sep>ates !m f ea* o!r3 on ! "o h& is ! _w ( pr(ane ?+s1 on ! o!r1 t ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,also1 9 ! pres5t day j z mu* z 9 ! pa/1 we see society con/antly creat+ sacr$ ?+s out ( ord9>y ones4 ,if x happ5s to fall 9 love ) a man & if x ?9ks x has f\nd 9 him ! pr9cipal aspirations t move x1 z well z ! means ( satisfy+ !m1 ?is man w be rais$ above ! o!rs &1 z x 71 deifi$4 ,op9ion w inve/ him ) a maje/y exactly analog\s to t protect+ ! gods4 ,?is is :at has happ5$ to s _m sov]eigns 9 :om _! age _h fai?3 if !y 7 n made gods1 !y 7 at lea/ reg>d$ z direct repres5tatives ( ! deity4 ,& ! fact t x is society alone :i* is ! au?or ( ^! v>ieties ( apo!osis1 is evid5t s9ce x frequ5tly *ances to consecrate m5 ?us :o h no "r to x f _! own m]it4 ,! simple def]5ce inspir$ by m5 inve/$ ) high social functions is n diff]5t 9 nature f religi\s respect4 ,x is express$ by ! same movem5ts3 a man keeps at a di/ance f a high p]sonage2 he approa*es him only ) precautions2 9 conv]s+ ) him1 he uses o!r ge/ures & language ?an ^? us$ ) ord9>y mortals4 ,! s5tim5t felt on ^! occasions is s closely relat$ to ! religi\s s5tim5t t _m peoples h conf\nd$ ! two4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! consid]ation accord$ to pr9ces1 nobles & political *iefs1 a sacr$ "* has be5 attribut$ to !m4 ,9 ,melanesia & ,polynesia1 = example1 x is said t an influ5tial man has mana1 & t 8 influ5ce is due to ?is mana4#fhi ,h[ev]1 x is evid5t t 8 situation is due solely to ! importance attribut$ to him by public op9ion4 ,?us ! moral p[] conf]r$ by op9ion & t ) :i* sacr$ be+s are inve/$ are at bottom ( a s+le orig9 & made up ( ! same elem5ts4 ,t is :y a s+le ^w is able to designate ! two4 ,9 addition to m51 society also consecrates ?+s1 especially ideas4 ,if a belief is unanim\sly %>$ by a p1 !n1 = ! reason :i* we po9t$ out above1 x is =bidd5 to t\* x1 t is to say1 to d5y x or to conte/ x4 ,n[ ! prohibition ( criticism is an int]diction l ! o!rs & proves ! pres5ce ( some?+ sacr$4 ,ev5 to-day1 h[soev] great may be ! lib]ty :i* we accord to o!rs1 a man :o %\ld totally d5y progress or ridicule ! human ideal to :i* mod]n societies are atta*$1 w\ld produce ! effect ( a sacrilege4 ,!re is at lea/ "o pr9ciple :i* ^? ! mo/ devot$ to ! free exam9ation ( ev]y?+ t5d to place above discussion & to reg>d z unt\*able1 t is to say1 z sacr$3 ?is is ! v pr9ciple ( free exam9ation4 ,?is aptitude ( society = sett+ itself up z a god or = creat+ gods 0 nev] m app>5t ?an dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,at ?is "t1 9 fact1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! g5]al en?usiasm1 ?+s purely lacal by nature 7 trans=m$ by public op9ion into sacr$ ?+s3 ^! 7 ! ,fa!rl&1 ,lib]ty1 ,reason4#fij ,a religion t5d$ to become e/abli%$ :i* _h its dogmas1#fia symbols1#fib alt>s#fic & fea/s4#fid ,x 0 to ^! spontane\s aspirations t ! cult ( ,reason & ! ,supreme ,be+ attempt$ to give a sort ( (ficial satisfaction4 ,x is true t ?is religi\s r5ovation _h only an ephem]al duration4 ,b t 0 because ! patriotic en?usiasm :i* at fir/ transport$ ! masses soon relax$4#fie ,! cause be+ gone1 ! effect c\ld n rema94 ,b ?is exp]im5t1 ?\gh %ort-liv$1 keeps all its sociological int]e/4 ,x rema9s true t 9 "o det]m9$ case we h se5 society & its ess5tial ideas become1 directly & ) no transfiguration ( any sort1 ! object ( a v]itable cult4 ,all ^! facts all[ u to cat* glimpses ( h[ ! clan 0 able to awak5 )9 its memb]s ! idea t outside ( !m !re exi/ =ces :i* dom9ate !m & at ! same "t su/a9 !m1 t is to say 9 f9e1 religi\s =ces3 x is because !re is no society ) :i* ! primitive is m directly & closely connect$4 ,! bonds unit+ him to ! tribe are mu* m lax & m feebly felt4 ,al?\gh ?is is n at all /range or =eign to him1 x is ) ! p ( 8 own clan t he has ! greate/ numb] ( ?+s 9 common2 x is ! action ( ?is gr\p t he feels ! mo/ directly2 s x is ?is also :i*1 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 %\ld express itself 9 religi\s symbols4 ,b ?is fir/ explanation has be5 too g5]al1 = x is applicable to e sort ( society indiff]5tly1 & consequ5tly to e sort ( religion4 ,let u attempt to det]m9e exactly :at =m ?is collective action takes 9 ! clan & h[ x ar\ses ! s5sation ( sacr$ness !re4 ,= !re is no place :]e x is m easily obs]vable or m app>5t 9 its results4 ,,iii ,! life ( ! ,au/ralian societies passes alt]nately ?r\gh two di/9ct phases4#fif ,sometimes ! population is brok5 up into little gr\ps :o w&] ab\t indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 9 _! v>i\s occupations2 ea* family lives by itself1 hunt+ & fi%+1 & 9 a ^w1 try+ to procure its indisp5sable food by all ! means 9 its p[]4 ,sometimes1 on ! contr>y1 ! population conc5trates & ga!rs at det]m9$ po9ts = a l5g? ( "t v>y+ f sev]al days to sev]al mon?s4 ,?is conc5tration takes place :5 a clan or a "p ( ! tribe#fig is summon$ to ! ga!r+1 & on ?is occasion !y celebrate a religi\s c]emony1 or else hold :at is call$ a corrobbori#fih 9 ! usual e?nological language4 ,^! two phases are contra/$ ) ea* o!r 9 ! %>pe/ way4 ,9 ! fir/1 economic activity is ! prepond]at+ "o1 & x is g5]ally ( a v m$iocre int5sity4 ,ga!r+ ! gra9s or h]bs t are necess>y = food1 or hunt+ & fi%+ are n occupations to awak5 v lively passions4#fii ,! disp]s$ condition 9 :i* ! society f9ds itself results 9 mak+ its life uni=m1 langui%+ & dull4#gjj ,b :5 a corrobbori takes place1 ev]y?+ *anges4 ,s9ce ! emotional & passional faculties ( ! primitive are only imp]fectly plac$ "u ! control ( 8 reason & w1 he easily loses control ( himself4 ,any ev5t ( "s importance puts him q outside himself4 ,does he receive good news8 ,!re are at once transports ( en?usiasm4 ,9 ! contr>y conditions1 he is to be se5 runn+ "h & !re l a madman1 giv+ himself up to all sorts ( immod]ate movem5ts1 cry+1 %riek+1 roll+ 9 ! du/1 ?r[+ x 9 e direction1 bit+ himself1 br&i%+ 8 arms 9 a furi\s mann]1 etc4#gja ,! v fact ( ! conc5tration acts z an exceptionally p[]ful /imulant4 ,:5 !y are once come toge!r1 a sort ( electricity is =m$ by _! collect+ :i* quickly transports !m to an extraord9>y degree ( exaltation4 ,e s5tim5t express$ f9ds a place )\t resi/ance 9 all ! m9ds1 :i* are v op5 to outside impressions2 ea* re-e*oes ! o!rs1 & is re-e*o$ by ! o!rs4 ,! initial impulse ?us proce$s1 gr[+ z x goes1 z an avalan*e gr[s 9 its advance4 ,& z su* active passions s free f all control c\ld n fail to bur/ out1 on e side "o sees no?+ b viol5t ge/ures1 cries1 v]itable h[ls1 & deaf5+ noises ( e sort1 :i* aid 9 int5sify+ /ill m ! /ate ( m9d :i* !y manife/4 ,& s9ce a collective s5tim5t _c express itself collectively except on ! condition ( obs]v+ a c]ta9 ord] p]mitt+ co-op]ation & movem5ts 9 unison1 ^! ge/ures & cries naturally t5d to become rhy?mic & regul>2 h5ce come songs & dances4 ,b 9 tak+ a m regul> =m1 !y lose no?+ ( _! natural viol5ce2 a regulat$ tumult rema9s tumult4 ,! human voice is n suffici5t = ! task2 x is re9=c$ by means ( artificial processes3 boom]angs are beat5 aga9/ ea* o!r2 bull-ro>]s are :irl$4 ,x is probable t ^! in/rum5ts1 ! use ( :i* is s g5]al 9 ! ,au/ralian religi\s c]emonies1 are us$ prim>ily to express 9 a m adequate fa%ion ! agitation felt4 ,b :ile !y express x1 !y also /r5g!n x4 ,?is eff]vesc5ce (t5 rea*es su* a po9t t x causes unhe>d-( actions4 ,! passions releas$ are ( su* an impetuosity t !y c be re/ra9$ by no?+4 ,!y are s f> remov$ f _! ord9>y conditions ( life1 & !y are s ?or\ghly consci\s ( x1 t !y feel t !y mu/ set !mselves outside ( & above _! ord9>y morals4 ,! sexes unite contr>ily to ! rules gov]n+ sexual relations4 ,m5 ex*ange wives ) ea* o!r4 ,sometimes ev5 ince/u\s unions1 :i* 9 normal times are ?\ght abom9able & are sev]ely puni%$1 are n[ contract$ op5ly & ) impunity4#gjb ,if we add to all ?is t ! c]emonies g5]ally take place at night 9 a d>kness pi]c$ "h & !re by ! light ( fires1 we c easily imag9e :at effect su* sc5es ought to produce on ! m9ds ( ^? :o p>ticipate4 ,!y produce su* a viol5t sup]-excitation ( ! :ole physical & m5tal life t x _c be support$ v long3 ! actor tak+ ! pr9cipal "p f9ally falls exhau/$ on ! gr\nd4#gjc ,to illu/rate & make specific ?is necess>ily s*ematic picture1 let u describe c]ta9 sc5es tak5 f ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,"o ( ! mo/ important religi\s c]emonies among ! ,w>ramunga is ! "o conc]n+ ! snake ,wollunqua4 ,x consi/s 9 a s]ies ( c]emonies la/+ ?r\gh sev]al days4 ,on ! f\r? day comes ! foll[+ sc5e4 ,accord+ to ! c]emonial us$ among ! ,w>ramunga1 repres5tatives ( ! two phratries take "p1 "o z (ficiants1 ! o!r z prep>]s & assi/ants4 ,only ! memb]s ( ! ,uluuru phratry are qualifi$ to celebrate ! rite1 b ! memb]s ( ! ,k+illi phratry mu/ decorate ! actors1 make ready ! place & ! in/rum5ts1 & play ! "p ( an audi5ce4 ,9 ?is capacity1 !y 7 *>g$ ) mak+ a sort ( m\nd 9 advance out ( wet s&1 ^u :i* a design is m>k$ ) r$ d[n :i* repres5ts ! snake ,wollunqua4 ,! real c]emony only comm5c$ aft] nightfall4 ,t[>ds t5 or elev5 o'clock1 ! ,uluuru & ,k+illi m5 arriv$ on ! gr\nd1 sat d[n on ! m\nd & comm5c$ to s+4 ,ev]yone 0 evid5tly v excit$4 ,a little lat] 9 ! ev5+1 ! ,uluuru br\ght up _! wives & gave !m ov] to ! ,k+illi1#gjd :o _h int]c\rse ) !m4 ,!n ! rec5tly initiat$ "y m5 7 br\ght 9 & ! :ole c]emony 0 expla9$ to !m 9 detail1 & until ?ree o'clock 9 ! morn+ s++ w5t on )\t a pause4 ,!n foll[$ a sc5e ( ! wilde/ excitem5t4 ,:ile fires 7 light$ on all sides1 mak+ ! :it5ess ( ! gum-trees /& out %>ply aga9/ ! surr\nd+ d>kness1 ! ,uluuru knelt d[n "o beh9d ano!r beside ! m\nd1 !n ris+ f ! gr\nd !y w5t ar\nd x1 ) a movem5t 9 unison1 _! two h&s re/+ ^u _! ?ighs1 !n a little f>!r on !y knelt d[n aga91 & s on4 ,at ! same "t !y sway$ _! bodies1 n[ to ! "r & n[ to ! left1 :ile utt]+ at ea* movem5t a pi]c+ cry1 a v]itable yell1 ,yrr%6 ,yrr%6 ,yrr%6 ,9 ! meantime ! ,k+illi1 9 a /ate ( great excitem5t1 clang$ _! boom]angs & _! *ief 0 ev5 m agitat$ ?an 8 companions4 ,:5 ! procession ( ! ,uluuru _h twice gone ar\nd ! m\nd1 quitt+ ! kneel+ position1 !y sat d[n & comm5c$ to s+ aga92 at mom5ts ! s++ di$ away1 !n sudd5ly took up aga94 ,:5 day comm5c$ to dawn1 all leap$ to _! feet2 ! fires t _h gone out 7 relight$ & ! ,uluuru1 urg$ on by ! ,k+illi1 attack$ ! m\nd furi\sly ) boom]angs1 lances & clubs2 9 a few m9utes x 0 torn to pieces4 ,! fires di$ away & pr(\nd sil5ce reign$ aga94#gje ,a /ill m viol5t sc5e at :i* ^! same obs]v]s assi/$ 0 9 connection ) ! fire c]emonies among ! ,w>ramunga4 ,comm5c+ at nightfall1 all sorts ( processions1 dances & songs _h tak5 place by tor*light2 ! g5]al eff]vesc5ce 0 con/antly increas+4 ,at a giv5 mom5t1 twelve assi/ants ea* took a great light$ tor* 9 _! h&s1 & "o ( !m hold+ 8 l a bayonet1 *>g$ into a gr\p ( natives4 ,bl[s 7 w>d$ (f ) clubs & spe>s4 ,a g5]al mle foll[$4 ,! m5 leap$ & pranc$ ab\t1 utt]+ savage yells all ! "t2 ! burn+ tor*es cont9ually came cra%+ d[n on ! heads & bodies ( ! m51 scatt]+ light$ sp>ks 9 e direction4 ,! smoke1 ! blaz+ tor*es1 ! %[]s ( sp>ks fall+ 9 all directions & ! masses ( danc+1 yell+ m51 say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 =m$ altoge!r a g5u9ely wild & savage sc5e ( :i* x is impossible to convey any adequate idea 9 words4#gjf ,"o c readily conceive h[1 :5 arriv$ at ?is /ate ( exaltation1 a man does n recognize himself any long]4 ,feel+ himself dom9at$ & c>ri$ away by "s sort ( an ext]nal p[] :i* makes him ?9k & act diff]5tly ?an 9 normal times1 he naturally has ! impression ( be+ himself no long]4 ,x seems to him t he has become a new be+3 ! decorations he puts on & ! masks t cov] 8 face figure mat]ially 9 ?is int]ior trans=mation1 & to a /ill great] ext5t1 !y aid 9 det]m9+ its nature4 ,& z at ! same "t all 8 companions feel !mselves trans=m$ 9 ! same way & express ?is s5tim5t by _! cries1 _! ge/ures & _! g5]al attitude1 ev]y?+ is j z ?\gh he really 7 transport$ into a special _w1 entirely diff]5t f ! "o :]e he ord9>ily lives1 & into an environm5t fill$ ) exceptionally int5se =ces t take hold ( him & metamorphose him4 ,h[ c\ld su* exp]i5ces z ^!1 especially :5 !y are repeat$ e day4 = weeks1 fail to leave 9 him ! conviction t !re really exi/ two het]og5e\s & mutually incomp>able worlds8 ,"o is t :]e 8 daily life drags we>ily along2 b he _c p5etrate into ! o!r )\t at once ent]+ into relations ) extraord9>y p[]s t excite him to ! po9t ( fr5zy4 ,! fir/ is ! pr(ane _w1 ! second1 t ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,s x is 9 ! mid/ ( ^! eff]vesc5t social environm5ts & out ( ?is eff]vesc5ce itself t ! religi\s idea seems to be born4 ,! !ory t ?is is really its orig9 is confirm$ by ! fact t 9 ,au/ralia ! really religi\s activity is almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! mom5ts :5 ^! assemblies are held4 ,to be sure1 !re is no p among :om ! great solemnities ( ! cult are n m or less p]iodic2 b 9 ! m advanc$ societies1 !re is n1 s to speak1 a day :5 "s pray] or (f]+ is n address$ to ! gods & "s ritual act is n p]=m$4 ,b 9 ,au/ralia1 on ! contr>y1 ap>t f ! celebrations ( ! clan & tribe1 ! "t is ne>ly all fill$ ) lay & pr(ane occupations4 ,( c\rse !re are prohibitions t %\ld be & are pres]v$ ev5 dur+ ^! p]iods ( temporal activity2 x is nev] p]missible to kill or eat freely ( ! totemic animal1 at lea/ 9 ^? p>ts :]e ! int]diction has reta9$ its orig9al vig\r2 b almo/ no positive rites are !n celebrat$1 & !re are no c]emonies ( any importance4 ,^! take place only 9 ! mid/ ( assembl$ gr\ps4 ,! religi\s life ( ! ,au/ralian passes ?r\gh successive phases ( complete lull & ( sup]-excitation1 & social life oscillates 9 ! same rhy?m4 ,?is puts cle>ly into evid5ce ! bond unit+ !m to "o ano!r1 b among ! peoples call$ civiliz$1 ! relative cont9uity ( ! two blurs _! relations4 ,x might ev5 be ask$ :e!r ! viol5ce ( ?is contra/ 0 n necess>y to dis5gage ! feel+ ( sacr$ness 9 its fir/ =m4 ,by conc5trat+ itself almo/ entirely 9 c]ta9 det]m9$ mom5ts1 ! collective life has be5 able to atta9 its greate/ int5sity & efficacy1 & consequ5tly to give m5 a m active s5tim5t ( ! d\ble exi/5ce !y lead & ( ! d\ble nature 9 :i* !y p>ticipate4 ,b ?is explanation is /ill incomplete4 ,we h %[n h[ ! clan1 by ! mann] 9 :i* x acts ^u its memb]s1 awak5s )9 !m ! idea ( ext]nal =ces :i* dom9ate !m & exalt !m2 b we mu/ /ill dem& h[ x happ5s t ^! =ces are ?\ght ( "u ! =m ( totems1 t is to say1 9 ! %ape ( an animal or plant4 ,x is because ?is animal or plant has giv5 its "n to ! clan & s]ves x z emblem4 ,9 fact1 x is a well-kn[n law t ! s5tim5ts ar\s$ 9 u by some?+ spontane\sly atta* !mselves to ! symbol :i* repres5ts !m4 ,= u1 black is a sign ( m\rn+2 x also sugge/s sad impressions & ideas4 ,?is transf]5ce ( s5tim5ts comes simply f ! fact t ! idea ( a ?+ & ! idea ( its symbol are closely unit$ 9 our m9ds2 ! result is t ! emotions provok$ by ! "o ext5d contagi\sly to ! o!r4 ,b ?is contagion1 :i* takes place 9 e case to a c]ta9 degree1 is mu* m complete & m m>k$ :5 ! symbol is some?+ simple1 def9ite & easily repres5table1 :ile ! ?+ itself1 ow+ to its dim5sions1 ! numb] ( its p>ts & ! complexity ( _! arrangem5t1 is difficult to hold 9 ! m9d4 ,= we are unable to consid] an ab/ract entity1 :i* we c repres5t only labori\sly & confus$ly1 ! s\rce ( ! /rong s5tim5ts :i* we feel4 ,we _c expla9 !m to ourselves except by connect+ !m to "s concrete object ( ^: reality we are vividly aw>e4 ,!n if ! ?+ itself does n fulfil ?is condition1 x _c s]ve z ! accept$ basis ( ! s5tim5ts felt1 ev5 ?\gh x may be :at really ar\s$ !m4 ,!n "s sign takes its place2 x is to ?is t we connect ! emotions x excites4 ,x is ?is :i* is lov$1 fe>$1 respect$2 x is to ?is t we are grateful2 x is = ?is t we sacrifice ourselves4 ,! soldi] :o dies = 8 flag1 dies = 8 c\ntry2 b z a matt] ( fact1 9 8 own consci\sness1 x is ! flag t has ! fir/ place4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ?is ev5 directly det]m9es action4 ,:e!r "o isolat$ /&>d rema9s 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy or n does n det]m9e ! fate ( ! c\ntry1 yet ! soldi] all[s himself to be kill$ to rega9 x4 ,he loses sight ( ! fact t ! flag is only a sign1 & t x has no value 9 itself1 b only br+s to m9d ! reality t x repres5ts2 x is treat$ z if x 7 ?is reality itself4 ,n[ ! totem is ! flag ( ! clan4 ,x is !re=e natural t ! impressions ar\s$ by ! clan 9 individual m9ds--impressions ( dep5d5ce & ( increas$ vitality--%\ld fix !mselves to ! idea ( ! totem r ?an t ( ! clan3 = ! clan is too complex a reality to be repres5t$ cle>ly 9 all its complex unity by su* rudim5t>y intellig5ces4 ,m ?an t1 ! primitive does n ev5 see t ^! impressions come to him f ! gr\p4 ,he does n "k t ! com+ toge!r ( a numb] ( m5 associat$ 9 ! same life results 9 dis5gag+ new en]gies1 :i* trans=m ea* ( !m4 ,all t he kn[s is t he is rais$ above himself & t he sees a diff]5t life f ! "o he ord9>ily leads4 ,h[ev]1 he mu/ connect ^! s5sations to "s ext]nal object z _! cause4 ,n[ :at does he see ab\t him8 ,on e side ^? ?+s :i* appeal to 8 s5ses & /rike 8 imag9ation are ! num]\s images ( ! totem4 ,!y are ! wan+a & ! nurtunja1 :i* are symbols ( ! sacr$ be+4 ,!y are *ur+a & bull-ro>]s1 ^u :i* are g5]ally c>v$ comb9ations ( l9es hav+ ! same significance4 ,!y are ! decorations cov]+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 body1 :i* are totemic m>ks4 ,h[ c\ld ?is image1 repeat$ ev]y:]e & 9 all sorts ( =ms1 fail to /& out ) exceptional relief 9 8 m9d8 ,plac$ ?us 9 ! c5tre ( ! sc5e1 x becomes repres5tative4 ,! s5tim5ts exp]i5c$ fix !mselves ^u x1 = x is ! only concrete object ^u :i* !y c fix !mselves4 ,x cont9ues to br+ !m to m9d & to evoke !m ev5 aft] ! assembly has dissolv$1 = x survives ! assembly1 be+ c>v$ ^u ! in/rum5ts ( ! cult1 ^u ! sides ( rocks1 ^u buckl]s1 etc4 ,by x1 ! emotions exp]i5c$ are p]petually su/a9$ & reviv$4 ,ev]y?+ happ5s j z if !y inspir$ !m directly4 ,x is /ill m natural to attribute !m to x =1 s9ce !y are common to ! gr\p1 !y c be associat$ only ) some?+ t is equally common to all4 ,n[ ! totemic emblem is ! only ?+ satisfy+ ?is condition4 ,by def9ition1 x is common to all4 ,dur+ ! c]emony1 x is ! c5tre ( all reg>ds4 ,:ile g5]ations *ange1 x rema9s ! same2 x is ! p]man5t elem5t ( ! social life4 ,s x is f x t ^? my/]i\s =ces seem to emanate ) :i* m5 feel t !y are relat$1 & ?us !y h be5 l$ to repres5t ^! =ces "u ! =m ( ! animate or inanimate be+ ^: "n ! clan be>s4 ,:5 ?is po9t is once e/abli%$1 we are 9 a position to und]/& all t is ess5tial 9 ! totemic beliefs4 ,s9ce religi\s =ce is no?+ o!r ?an ! collective & anonym\s =ce ( ! clan1 & s9ce ?is c be repres5t$ 9 ! m9d only 9 ! =m ( ! totem1 ! totemic emblem is l ! visible body ( ! god4 ,!re=e1 x is f x t ^? k9dly or dreadful actions seem to emanate1 :i* ! cult seeks to provoke or prev5t2 consequ5tly1 x is to x t ! cult is address$4 ,?is is ! explanation ( :y x holds ! fir/ place 9 ! s]ies ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,b ! clan1 l e o!r sort ( society1 c live only 9 & ?r\gh ! individual consci\snesses t compose x4 ,s if religi\s =ce1 9 s f> z x is conceiv$ z incorporat$ 9 ! totemic emblem1 appe>s to be outside ( ! individuals & to be end[$ ) a sort ( transc5d5ce ov] !m1 x1 l ! clan ( :i* x is ! symbol1 c be realiz$ only 9 & ?r\gh !m2 9 ?is s5se1 x is imm95t 9 !m & !y necess>ily repres5t x z su*4 ,!y feel x pres5t & active )9 !m1 =1 x is ?is :i* raises !m to a sup]ior life4 ,?is is :y m5 h believ$ t !y conta9 )9 !m a pr9ciple comp>able to ! "o resid+ 9 ! totem1 & consequ5tly1 :y !y h attribut$ a sacr$ "* to !mselves1 b "o less m>k$ ?an t ( ! emblem4 ,x is because ! emblem is ! pre-em95t s\rce ( ! religi\s life2 ! man p>ticipates 9 x only indirectly1 z he is well aw>e2 he takes into acc\nt ! fact t ! =ce t transports him into ! _w ( sacr$ ?+s is n inh]5t 9 him1 b comes to him f ! outside4 ,b = /ill ano!r reason1 ! animals or vegetables ( ! totemic species %\ld h ! same "*1 & ev5 to a high] degree4 ,if ! totemic pr9ciple is no?+ else ?an ! clan1 x is ! clan ?\ght ( "u ! mat]ial =m ( ! totemic emblem2 n[ ?is =m is also t ( ! concrete be+s ^: "n ! clan be>s4 ,ow+ to ?is resemblance1 !y c\ld n fail to evoke s5tim5ts analog\s to ^? ar\s$ by ! emblem itself4 ,s9ce ! latt] is ! object ( a religi\s respect1 !y too %\ld inspire respect ( ! same sort & appe> to be sacr$4 ,hav+ ext]nal =ms s ne>ly id5tical1 x w\ld be impossible = ! native n to attribute to !m =ces ( ! same nature4 ,x is !re=e =bidd5 to kill or eat ! totemic animal1 s9ce its fle% is believ$ to h ! positive virtues result+ f ! rites2 x is because x resembles ! emblem ( ! clan1 t is to say1 x is 9 its own image4 ,& s9ce ! animal naturally resembles ! emblem m ?an ! man does1 x is plac$ on a sup]ior rank 9 ! hi]>*y ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,betwe5 ^! two be+s !re is und\bt$ly a close relation%ip1 = !y bo? p>take ( ! same ess5ce3 bo? inc>nate some?+ ( ! totemic pr9ciple4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! pr9ciple itself is conceiv$ "u an animal =m1 ! animal seems to inc>nate x m fully ?an ! man4 ,!re=e1 if m5 consid] x & treat x z a bro!r1 x is at lea/ z an eld] bro!r4#gjg ,b ev5 if ! totemic pr9ciple has its pref]r$ seat 9 a det]m9$ species ( animal or vegetable1 x _c rema9 localiz$ !re4 ,a sacr$ "* is to a high degree contagi\s2#gjh x !re=e spreads out f ! totemic be+ to ev]y?+ t is closely or remotely connect$ ) x4 ,! religi\s s5tim5ts inspir$ by ! animal are communicat$ to ! sub/ances ^u :i* x is n\ri%$ & :i* s]ve to make or remake its fle% & blood1 to ! ?+s t resemble x1 & to ! diff]5t be+s ) :i* x has con/ant relations4 ,?us1 little by little1 sub-totems are atta*$ to ! totems & f ! cosmological sy/ems express$ by ! primitive classifications4 ,at la/1 ! :ole _w is divid$ up among ! totemic pr9ciples ( ea* tribe4 ,we are n[ able to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! ambiguity ( religi\s =ces z !y appe> 9 hi/ory1 & h[ !y are physical z well z human1 moral z well z mat]ial4 ,!y are moral p[]s because !y are made up entirely ( ! impressions ?is moral be+1 ! gr\p1 ar\ses 9 ^? o!r moral be+s1 its individual memb]s2 !y d n translate ! mann] 9 :i* physical ?+s affect our s5ses1 b ! way 9 :i* ! collective consci\sness acts ^u individual consci\snesses4 ,_! au?ority is only "o =m ( ! moral asc5dancy ( society ov] its memb]s4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 s9ce !y are conceiv$ ( "u mat]ial =ms1 !y c\ld n fail to be reg>d$ z closely relat$ to mat]ial ?+s4#gji ,!re=e !y dom9ate ! two worlds4 ,_! resid5ce is 9 m51 b at ! same "t !y are ! vital pr9ciples ( ?+s4 ,!y animate m9ds & discipl9e !m1 b x is also !y :o make plants gr[ & animals reproduce4 ,x is ?is d\ble nature :i* has enabl$ religion to be l ! womb f :i* come all ! lead+ g]ms ( human civilization4 ,s9ce x has be5 made to embrace all ( reality1 ! physical _w z well z ! moral "o1 ! =ces t move bodies z well z ^? t move m9ds h be5 conceiv$ 9 a religi\s =m4 ,t is h[ ! mo/ div]se me?ods & practices1 bo? ^? t make possible ! cont9uation ( ! moral life 7law1 morals1 beaux-arts7 & ^? s]v+ ! mat]ial life 7! natural1 te*nical & practical sci5ces71 are ei!r directly or indirectly d]iv$ f religion4#gaj ,,iv ,! fir/ religi\s conceptions h (t5 be5 attribut$ to feel+s ( weakness & dep5d5ce1 ( fe> & angui% :i* seiz$ m5 :5 !y came into contact ) ! _w4 ,be+ ! victims ( nightm>es ( :i* !y 7 !mselves ! creators1 !y believ$ !mselves surr\nd$ by ho/ile & r$\btable p[]s :i* _! rites s\ght to appease4 ,we h n[ %[n t ! fir/ religions 7 ( a :olly diff]5t orig94 ,! fam\s =mula ,primus 9 orbe deos fecit timor is 9 no way ju/ifi$ by ! facts4 ,! primitive does n reg>d 8 gods z =eign]s1 enemies or ?or\ghly & necess>ily malevol5t be+s ^: fav\rs he mu/ acquire at any price2 q on ! contr>y1 !y are r fri5ds1 k9dr$ or natural protectors = him4 ,are ^! n ! names he gives to ! be+s ( ! totemic species8 ,! p[] to :i* ! cult is address$ is n repres5t$ z so>+ high above him & ov]:elm+ him by its sup]iority2 on ! contr>y1 x is v ne> to him & conf]s ^u him v useful p[]s :i* he c\ld nev] acquire by himself4 ,p]haps ! deity has nev] be5 ne>] to m5 ?an at ?is p]iod ( hi/ory1 :5 x is pres5t 9 ! ?+s fill+ _! imm$iate environm5t & is1 9 "p1 imm95t 9 himself4 ,9 f9e1 ! s5tim5ts at ! root ( totemism are ^? ( happy confid5ce r ?an ( t]ror & compression4 ,if we set aside ! fun]al rites--! sob] side ( e religion--we f9d ! totemic cult celebrat$ 9 ! mid/ ( songs1 dances & dramatic repres5tations4 ,z we %all see1 cruel expiations are relatively r>e2 ev5 ! pa9ful & obligatory mutilations ( ! initiations are n ( ?is "*4 ,! t]rible & jeal\s gods appe> b sl[ly 9 ! religi\s evolution4 ,?is is because primitive societies are n ^? huge ,levia?ans :i* ov]:elm a man by ! enormity ( _! p[] & place him "u a sev]e discipl9e2#gaa he gives himself up to !m spontane\sly & )\t resi/ance4 ,z ! social s\l is !n made up ( only a small numb] ( ideas & s5tim5ts1 x easily becomes :olly inc>nate 9 ea* individual consci\sness4 ,! individual c>ries x all inside ( him2 x is a "p ( him & consequ5tly1 :5 he gives himself up to ! impulses inspir$ by x1 he does n feel t he is giv+ way be=e compulsion1 b t he is go+ :]e 8 nature calls him4#gab ,?is way ( und]/&+ ! orig9s ( religi\s ?\ght escapes ! objections rais$ aga9/ ! mo/ accr$it$ classical !ories4 ,we h se5 h[ ! naturi/s & animi/s pret5d to con/ruct ! idea ( sacr$ be+s out ( ! s5sations evok$ 9 u by diff]5t ph5om5a ( ! physical or biological ord]1 & we h %[n h[ ?is ent]prise is impossible & ev5 self-contradictory4 ,no?+ is wor? no?+4 ,! impressions produc$ 9 u by ! physical _w c1 by def9ition1 conta9 no?+ t surpasses ?is _w4 ,out ( ! visible1 only ! visible c be made2 out ( t :i* is he>d1 we _c make some?+ n he>d4 ,!n to expla9 h[ ! idea ( sacr$ness has be5 able to take =m "u ^! conditions1 ! majority ( ! !ori/s h be5 oblig$ to admit t m5 h sup]impos$ ^u reality1 su* z x is giv5 by obs]vation1 an unreal _w1 con/ruct$ entirely out ( ! fanta/ic images :i* agitate 8 m9d dur+ a dream1 or else out ( ! frequ5tly mon/r\s ab]rations produc$ by ! my?ological imag9ation "u ! bewit*+ b deceiv+ influ5ce ( language4 ,b x rema9$ incompreh5sible t humanity %\ld h rema9$ ob/9ate 9 ^! errors ?r\gh ! ages1 = exp]i5ce %\ld h v quickly prov5 !m false4 ,b f our po9t ( view1 ^! difficulties disappe>4 ,religion ceases to be an inexplicable halluc9ation & takes a foo?old 9 reality4 ,9 fact1 we c say t ! believ] is n deceiv$ :5 he believes 9 ! exi/5ce ( a moral p[] ^u :i* he dep5ds & f :i* he receives all t is be/ 9 himself3 ?is p[] exi/s1 x is society4 ,:5 ! ,au/ralian is c>ri$ outside himself & feels a new life fl[+ )9 him ^: int5sity surprises him1 he is n ! dupe ( an illusion2 ?is exaltation is real & is really ! effect ( =ces outside ( & sup]ior to ! individual4 ,x is true t he is wrong 9 ?9k+ t ?is increase ( vitality is ! "w ( a p[] 9 ! =m ( "s animal or plant4 ,b ?is error is m]ely 9 reg>d to ! lett] ( ! symbol by :i* ?is be+ is repres5t$ to ! m9d & ! ext]nal appe>ance :i* ! imag9ation has giv5 x1 & n 9 reg>d to ! fact ( its exi/5ce4 ,beh9d ^! figures & metaphors1 be !y gross or ref9$1 !re is a concrete & liv+ reality4 ,?us religion acquires a mean+ & a reasonabl5ess t ! mo/ intransig5t rationali/ _c misund]/&4 ,its prim>y object is n to give m5 a repres5tation ( ! physical _w2 = if t 7 its ess5tial task1 we c\ld n und]/& h[ x has be5 able to survive1 =1 on ?is side1 x is sc>cely m ?an a fabric ( errors4 ,be=e all1 x is a sy/em ( ideas ) :i* ! individuals repres5t to !mselves ! society ( :i* !y are memb]s1 & ! obscure b intimate relations :i* !y h ) x4 ,?is is its prim>y function2 & ?\gh metaphorical & symbolic1 ?is repres5tation is n unfai?ful4 ,q on ! contr>y1 x translates ev]y?+ ess5tial 9 ! relations :i* are to be expla9$3 = x is an et]nal tru? t outside ( u !re exi/s some?+ great] ?an u1 ) :i* we ent] into communion4 ,t is :y we c re/ assur$ 9 advance t ! practices ( ! cult1 :atev] !y may be1 are some?+ m ?an movem5ts )\t importance & ge/ures )\t efficacy4 ,by ! m]e fact t _! app>5t function is to /r5g!n ! bonds atta*+ ! believ] to 8 god1 !y at ! same "t really /r5g!n ! bonds atta*+ ! individual to ! society ( :i* he is a memb]1 s9ce ! god is only a figurative expression ( ! society4 ,we are ev5 able to und]/& h[ ! fundam5tal tru? ?us conta9$ 9 religion has be5 able to comp5sate = ! second>y errors :i* x almo/ necess>ily implies1 & h[ believ]s h consequ5tly be5 re/ra9$ f te>+ !mselves (f f x1 9 spite ( ! misund]/&+s :i* mu/ result f ^! errors4 ,x is und5iably true t ! recipes :i* x recomm5ds t m5 use to act ^u ?+s are g5]ally f\nd to be ineffective4 ,b ^! *ecks c h no pr(\nd influ5ce1 = !y d n t\* religion 9 its fundam5tals4#gac ,h[ev]1 x may be object$ t ev5 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 religion rema9s ! object ( a c]ta9 delirium4 ,:at o!r "n c we give to t /ate :51 aft] a collective eff]vesc5ce1 m5 believe !mselves transport$ into an entirely diff]5t _w f ! "o !y h be=e _! eyes8 ,x is c]ta9ly true t religi\s life _c atta9 a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity )\t imply+ a psy*ical exaltation n f> remov$ f delirium4 ,t is :y ! prophets1 ! f\nd]s ( religions1 ! great sa9ts1 9 a ^w1 ! m5 ^: religi\s consci\sness is exceptionally s5sitive1 v frequ5tly give signs ( an excessive n]v\sness t is ev5 pa?ological3 ^! physiological defects pr$e/9$ !m to great religi\s rles4 ,! ritual use ( intoxicat+ liquors is to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4#gad ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t an ard5t religi\s fai? is necess>ily ! fruit ( ! drunk5ness & m5tal d]angem5t :i* accompany x2 b z exp]i5ce soon in=m$ p ( ! simil>ities betwe5 ! m5tality ( a deliri\s p]son & t ( a se]1 !y s\ght to op5 a way to ! second by artificially excit+ ! fir/4 ,b if1 = ?is reason1 x may be said t religion is n )\t a c]ta9 delirium1 x mu/ be add$ t ?is delirium1 if x has ! causes :i* we h attribut$ to x1 is well-f\nd$4 ,! images out ( :i* x is made are n pure illusions l ^? ! naturi/s & animi/s put at ! basis ( religion2 !y correspond to some?+ 9 reality4 ,( c\rse x is only natural t ! moral =ces !y express %\ld be unable to affect ! human m9d p[]fully )\t pull+ x outside itself & )\t plung+ x into a /ate t may be call$ ec/atic1 provid$ t ! ^w be tak5 9 its etymological s5se 7,greek3 ek/asis72 b x does n foll[ t !y are imag9>y4 ,q on ! contr>y1 ! m5tal agitation !y cause be>s witness to _! reality4 ,x is m]ely "o m pro( t a v int5se social life always does a sort ( viol5ce to ! organism1 z well z to ! individual consci\sness1 :i* int]f]es ) its normal function+4 ,!re=e x c la/ only a limit$ l5g? ( "t4#gae ,moreov]1 if we give ! "n deliri\s to e /ate 9 :i* ! m9d adds to ! imm$iate data giv5 by ! s5ses & projects its own s5tim5ts & feel+s into ?+s1 !n ne>ly e collective repres5tation is 9 a s5se deliri\s2 religi\s beliefs are only "o p>ticul> case ( a v g5]al law4 ,our :ole social environm5t seems to u to be fill$ ) =ces :i* really exi/ only 9 our own m9ds4 ,we "k :at ! flag is = ! soldi]2 9 itself1 x is only a piece ( clo?4 ,human blood is only an organic liquid1 b ev5 to-day we _c see x fl[+ )\t feel+ a viol5t emotion :i* its physico-*emical prop]ties _c expla94 ,f ! physical po9t ( view1 a man is no?+ m ?an a sy/em ( cells1 or f ! m5tal po9t ( view1 ?an a sy/em ( repres5tations2 9 ei!r case1 he diff]s only 9 degree f animals4 ,yet society conceives him1 & obliges u to conceive him1 z inve/$ ) a "* sui g5]is t isolates him1 holds at a di/ance all ra% encroa*m5ts &1 9 a ^w1 imposes respect4 ,?is dignity :i* puts him into a class by himself appe>s to u z "o ( 8 di/9ctive attributes1 al?\gh we c f9d no?+ 9 ! empirical nature ( man :i* ju/ifies x4 ,a cancell$ po/age /amp may be wor? a =tune2 b surely ?is value is 9 no way impli$ 9 its natural prop]ties4 ,9 a s5se1 our repres5tation ( ! ext]nal _w is und\bt$ly a m]e fabric ( halluc9ations1 = ! od\rs1 ta/es & col\rs t we put into bodies are n really !re1 or at lea/1 !y are n su* z we p]ceive !m4 ,h[ev]1 our olfactory1 gu/atory & visual s5sations cont9ue to correspond to c]ta9 objective /ates ( ! ?+s repres5t$2 !y express 9 _! way ! prop]ties1 ei!r ( mat]ial p>ticles or ( e!r waves1 :i* c]ta9ly h _! orig9 9 ! bodies :i* we p]ceive z fragrant1 sapid or col\r$4 ,b collective repres5tations v frequ5tly attribute to ! ?+s to :i* !y are atta*$ qualities :i* d n exi/ "u any =m or to any degree4 ,out ( ! commone/ object1 !y c make a mo/ p[]ful sacr$ be+4 ,yet ! p[]s :i* are ?us conf]r$1 ?\gh purely ideal1 act z ?\gh !y 7 real2 !y det]m9e ! conduct ( m5 ) ! same degree ( necessity z physical =ces4 ,! ,arunta :o has be5 rubb$ ) 8 *ur+a feels himself /rong]2 he is /rong]4 ,if he has eat5 ! fle% ( an animal :i*1 ?\gh p]fectly heal?y1 is =bidd5 to him1 he w feel himself sick1 & may die ( x4 ,surely ! soldi] :o falls :ile def5d+ 8 flag does n believe t he sacrifices himself = a bit ( clo?4 ,?is is all because social ?\ght1 ow+ to ! imp]ative au?ority t is 9 x1 has an efficacy t individual ?\ght c\ld nev] h2 by ! p[] :i* x has ov] our m9ds1 x c make u see ?+s 9 :atev] light x pleases2 x adds to reality or d$ucts f x accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,?us !re is "o division ( nature :]e ! =mula ( idealism is applicable almo/ to ! lett]3 ?is is ! social k+dom4 ,"h m ?an any:]e else1 ! idea is ! reality4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 idealism is n true )\t modification4 ,we c nev] escape ! duality ( our nature & free ourselves completely f physical necessities3 9 ord] to express our own ideas to ourselves1 x is necess>y1 z has be5 %[n above1 t we fix !m ^u mat]ial ?+s :i* symbolize !m4 ,b "h ! "p ( matt] is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! object s]v+ z support = ! idea is n mu* 9 comp>ison ) ! ideal sup]/ructure1 b5ea? :i* x disappe>s1 & also1 x c\nts = no?+ 9 ! sup]/ructure4 ,?is is :at t pseudo-delirium consi/s 91 :i* we f9d at ! bottom ( s _m collective repres5tations3 x is only a =m ( ?is ess5tial idealism4#gaf ,s x is n prop]ly call$ a delirium1 = ! ideas ?us objectifi$ are well f\nd$1 n 9 ! nature ( ! mat]ial ?+s ^u :i* !y settle !mselves1 b 9 ! nature ( society4 ,we are n[ able to und]/& h[ ! totemic pr9ciple1 & 9 g5]al1 e religi\s =ce1 comes to be outside ( ! object 9 :i* x resides4#gag ,x is because ! idea ( x is 9 no way made up ( ! impressions directly produc$ by ?is ?+ ^u our s5ses or m9ds4 ,religi\s =ce is only ! s5tim5t inspir$ by ! gr\p 9 its memb]s1 b project$ outside ( ! consci\snesses t exp]i5ce !m1 & objectifi$4 ,to be objectifi$1 !y are fix$ ^u "s object :i* ?us becomes sacr$2 b any object might fulfil ?is function4 ,9 pr9ciple1 !re are none ^: nature pr$e/9es !m to x to ! exclusion ( all o!rs2 b also !re are none t are necess>ily impossible4#gah ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances :i* lead ! s5tim5t creat+ religi\s ideas to e/abli% itself "h or !re1 ^u ?is po9t or ^u t "o4 ,!re=e1 ! sacr$ "* assum$ by an object is n impli$ 9 ! intr9sic prop]ties ( ?is latt]3 x is add$ to !m4 ,! _w ( religi\s ?+s is n "o p>ticul> aspect ( empirical nature2 x is sup]impos$ ^u x4 ,?is conception ( ! religi\s1 f9ally1 all[s u to expla9 an important pr9ciple f\nd at ! bottom ( a multitude ( my?s & rites1 & :i* may be /at$ ?us3 :5 a sacr$ ?+ is subdivid$1 ea* ( its p>ts rema9s equal to ! ?+ itself4 ,9 o!r words1 z f> z religi\s ?\ght is conc]n$1 ! "p is equal to ! :ole2 x has ! same p[]s1 ! same efficacy4 ,! debris ( a relic has ! same virtue z a relic 9 good condition4 ,! smalle/ drop ( blood conta9s ! same active pr9ciple z ! :ole ?+4 ,! s\l1 z we %all see1 may be brok5 up into ne>ly z _m pieces z !re are organs or tissues 9 ! organism2 ea* ( ^! p>tial s\ls is wor? a :ole s\l4 ,?is conception w\ld be inexplicable if ! sacr$ness ( some?+ 7 due to ! con/itu5t prop]ties ( ! ?+ itself2 = 9 t case1 x %\ld v>y ) ?is ?+1 increas+ & decreas+ ) x4 ,b if ! virtues x is believ$ to possess are n intr9sic 9 x1 & if !y come f c]ta9 s5tim5ts :i* x br+s to m9d & symbolizes1 ?\gh ^! orig9ate outside ( x1 !n1 s9ce x has no ne$ ( det]m9$ dim5sions to play ?is rle ( rem9d]1 x w h ! same value :e!r x is entire or n4 ,s9ce ! "p makes u ?9k ( ! :ole1 x evokes ! same s5tim5ts z ! :ole4 ,a m]e fragm5t ( ! flag repres5ts ! fa!rl& j z well z ! flag itself3 s x is sacr$ 9 ! same way & to ! same degree4#gai ,v ,b if ?is !ory ( totemism has enabl$ u to expla9 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic beliefs ( ?is religion1 x re/s ^u a fact n yet expla9$4 ,:5 ! idea ( ! totem1 ! emblem ( ! clan1 is giv51 all ! re/ foll[s2 b we mu/ /ill inve/igate h[ ?is idea has be5 =m$4 ,?is is a d\ble "q & may be subdivid$ z foll[s3 ,:at has l$ ! clan to *oose an emblem8 & :y h ^! emblems be5 borr[$ f ! animal & vegetable worlds1 & p>ticul>ly f ! =m]8 ,t an emblem is useful z a rally+-c5tre = any sort ( a gr\p x is sup]flu\s to po9t out4 ,by express+ ! social unity 9 a mat]ial =m1 x makes ?is m obvi\s to all1 & = t v reason ! use ( emblematic symbols mu/ h spread quickly :5 once ?\ght (4 ,b m ?an t1 ?is idea %\ld spontane\sly arise out ( ! conditions ( common life2 = ! emblem is n m]ely a conv5i5t process = cl>ify+ ! s5tim5t society has ( itself3 x also s]ves to create ?is s5tim5t2 x is "o ( its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,9 fact1 if left to !mselves1 individual consci\snesses are clos$ to ea* o!r2 !y c communicate only by means ( signs :i* express _! int]nal /ates4 ,if ! communication e/abli%$ betwe5 !m is to become a real communion1 t is to say1 a fusion ( all p>ticul> s5tim5ts into "o common s5tim5t1 ! signs express+ !m mu/ !mselves be fus$ into "o s+le & unique resultant4 ,x is ! appe>ance ( ?is t in=ms individuals t !y are 9 h>mony & makes !m consci\s ( _! moral unity4 ,x is by utt]+ ! same cry1 pron\nc+ ! same ^w1 or p]=m+ ! same ge/ure 9 reg>d to "s object t !y become & feel !mselves to be 9 unison4 ,x is true t individual repres5tations also cause reactions 9 ! organism t are n )\t importance2 h[ev]1 !y c be ?\ght ( ap>t f ^! physical reactions :i* accompany !m or foll[ !m1 b :i* d n con/itute !m4 ,b x is q ano!r matt] ) collective repres5tations4 ,!y presuppose t m9ds act & react ^u "o ano!r2 !y are ! product ( ^! actions & reactions :i* are !mselves possible only ?r\gh mat]ial int]m$i>ies4 ,^! latt] d n conf9e !mselves to reveal+ ! m5tal /ate ) :i* !y are associat$2 !y aid 9 creat+ x4 ,individual m9ds _c come 9 contact & communicate ) ea* o!r except by com+ out ( !mselves2 b !y _c d ?is except by movem5ts4 ,s x is ! homog5eity ( ^! movem5ts t gives ! gr\p consci\sness ( itself & consequ5tly makes x exi/4 ,:5 ?is homog5eity is once e/abli%$ & ^! movem5ts h once tak5 a /]eotyp$ =m1 !y s]ve to symbolize ! correspond+ repres5tations4 ,b !y symbolize !m only because !y h aid$ 9 =m+ !m4 ,moreov]1 )\t symbols1 social s5tim5ts c\ld h only a prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,?\gh v /rong z long z m5 are toge!r & influ5ce ea* o!r reciprocally1 !y exi/ only 9 ! =m ( recollections aft] ! assembly has end$1 & :5 left to !mselves1 ^! become feebl] & feebl]2 = s9ce ! gr\p is n[ no long] pres5t & active1 individual temp]am5ts easily rega9 ! upp] h&4 ,! viol5t passions :i* may h be5 releas$ 9 ! he>t ( a cr[d fall away & are ext+ui%$ :5 ?is is dissolv$1 & m5 ask !mselves ) a/oni%m5t h[ !y c\ld ev] h be5 s c>ri$ away f _! normal "*4 ,b if ! movem5ts by :i* ^! s5tim5ts are express$ are connect$ ) some?+ t endures1 ! s5tim5ts !mselves become m durable4 ,^! o!r ?+s are con/antly br++ !m to m9d & ar\s+ !m2 x is z ?\gh ! cause :i* excit$ !m 9 ! fir/ place cont9u$ to act4 ,?us ^! sy/ems ( emblems1 :i* are necess>y if society is to become consci\s ( itself1 are no less indisp5sable = assur+ ! cont9uation ( ?is consci\sness4 ,s we mu/ refra9 f reg>d+ ^! symbols z simple artifices1 z sorts ( labels atta*$ to repres5tations already made1 9 ord] to make !m m manageable3 !y are an integral "p ( !m4 ,ev5 ! fact t collective s5tim5ts are ?us atta*$ to ?+s completely =eign to !m is n purely conv5tional3 x illu/rates "u a conv5tional =m a real *>act]i/ic ( social facts1 t is1 _! transc5d5ce ov] individual m9ds4 ,9 fact1 x is kn[n t social ph5om5a are born1 n 9 individuals1 b 9 ! gr\p4 ,:atev] "p we may take 9 _! orig91 ea* ( u receives !m f )\t4#gbj ,s :5 we repres5t !m to ourselves z emanat+ f a mat]ial object1 we d n completely misund]/& _! nature4 ,( c\rse !y d n come f ! specific ?+ to :i* we connect !m1 b nev]!less1 x is true t _! orig9 is outside ( u4 ,if ! moral =ce su/a9+ ! believ] does n come f ! idol he adores or ! emblem he v5]ates1 /ill x is f outside ( him1 z he is well aw>e4 ,! objectivity ( its symbol only translates its ext]nalness4 ,?us social life1 9 all its aspects & 9 e p]iod ( its hi/ory1 is made possible only by a va/ symbolism4 ,! mat]ial emblems & figurative repres5tations ) :i* we are m especially conc]n$ 9 our pres5t /udy1 are "o =m ( ?is2 b !re are _m o!rs4 ,collective s5tim5ts c j z well become inc>nate 9 p]sons or =mul3 "s =mul are flags1 :ile !re are p]sons1 ei!r real or my?ical1 :o are symbols4 ,b !re is "o sort ( emblem :i* %\ld make an e>ly appe>ance )\t reflection or calculation3 ?is is tattoo+4 ,inde$1 well-kn[n facts demon/rate t x is produc$ almo/ automatically 9 c]ta9 conditions4 ,:5 m5 ( an inf]ior culture are associat$ 9 a common life1 !y are frequ5tly l$1 by an in/9ctive t5d5cy1 z x 71 to pa9t or cut ^u ! body1 images t be> witness to _! common exi/5ce4 ,accord+ to a text ( ,procopius1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians pr9t$ on _! sk9 ! "n ( ,*ri/ or ! sign ( ! cross2#gba = a long "t1 ! gr\ps ( pilgrims go+ to ,pale/9e 7 also tattoo$ on ! arm or wri/ ) designs repres5t+ ! cross or ! monogram ( ,*ri/4#gbb ,?is same usage is also report$ among ! pilgrims go+ to c]ta9 holy places 9 ,italy4#gbc ,a curi\s case ( spontane\s tattoo+ is giv5 by ,lombroso3 tw5ty "y m5 9 an ,italian college1 :5 on ! po9t ( sep>at+1 decorat$ !mselves ) tattoos record+1 9 v>i\s ways1 ! ye>s !y _h sp5t toge!r4#gbd ,! same fact has frequ5tly be5 obs]v$ among ! soldi]s 9 ! same b>racks1 ! sailors 9 ! same boat1 or ! prison]s 9 ! same jail4#gbe ,x w be und]/ood t especially :]e me?ods are /ill rudim5t>y1 tattoo+ %\ld be ! mo/ direct & expressive means by :i* ! communion ( m9ds c be affirm$4 ,! be/ way ( prov+ to "o's self & to o!rs t "o is a memb] ( a c]ta9 gr\p is to place a di/9ctive m>k on ! body4 ,! pro( t ?is is ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! totemic image is ! fact1 :i* we h already m5tion$1 t x does n seek to reproduce ! aspect ( ! ?+ x is suppos$ to repres5t4 ,x is made up ( l9es & po9ts to :i* a :olly conv5tional significance is attribut$4#gbf ,its object is n to repres5t or br+ to m9d a det]m9$ object1 b to be> witness to ! fact t a c]ta9 numb] ( individuals p>ticipate 9 ! same moral life4 ,moreov]1 ! clan is a society :i* is less able ?an any o!r to d )\t an emblem or symbol1 = !re is almo/ no o!r s lack+ 9 consi/5cy4 ,! clan _c be def9$ by its *ief1 = if c5tral au?ority is n lack+1 x is at lea/ unc]ta9 & un/able4#gbg ,nor c x be def9$ by ! t]ritory x occupies1 = ! population1 be+ nomad1#gbh is n closely atta*$ to any special locality4 ,also1 ow+ to ! exogamic law1 husb& & wife mu/ be ( diff]5t totems2 s :]ev] ! totem is transmitt$ 9 ! mat]nal l9e--& ?is sy/em ( filiation is /ill ! mo/ g5]al "o#gbi--! *ildr5 are ( a diff]5t clan f _! fa!r1 ?\gh liv+ ne> to him4 ,!re=e we f9d repres5tatives ( a numb] ( diff]5t clans 9 ea* family1 & /ill m 9 ea* locality4 ,! unity ( ! gr\p is visible1 !re=e1 only 9 ! collective "n borne by all ! memb]s1 & 9 ! equally collective emblem reproduc+ ! object designat$ by ?is "n4 ,a clan is ess5tially a reunion ( individuals :o be> ! same "n & rally ar\nd ! same sign4 ,take away ! "n & ! sign :i* mat]ializes x1 & ! clan is no long] repres5table4 ,s9ce ! gr\p is possible only on ?is condition1 bo? ! in/itution ( ! emblem & ! "p x takes 9 ! life ( ! gr\p are ?us expla9$4 ,x rema9s to ask :y ^! names & emblems 7 tak5 almo/ exclusively f ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 b especially f ! =m]4 ,x seems probable to u t ! emblem has play$ a m important "p ?an ! "n4 ,9 any case1 ! writt5 sign /ill holds a m c5tral place 9 ! life ( ! clan to-day ?an does ! spok5 sign4 ,n[ ! basis ( an emblematic image c be f\nd only 9 some?+ susceptible ( be+ repres5t$ by a design4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! ?+s _h to be ^? ) :i* ! m5 ( ! clan 7 ! mo/ imm$iately & habitually com+ 9 contact4 ,animals fulfill$ ?is condition to a pre-em95t degree4 ,= ^! nations ( hunt]s & fi%]s1 ! animal con/itut$ an ess5tial elem5t ( ! economic environm5t4 ,9 ?is connection plants _h only a second>y place = !y c hold only a second>y place z food z long z !y are n cultivat$4 ,moreov]1 ! animal is m closely associat$ ) ! life ( m5 ?an ! plant is1 if only because ( ! natural k9%ip unit+ ^! two to ea* o!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sun1 moon & />s are too f> away1 !y give ! effect ( belong+ to ano!r _w4#gcj ,also1 z long z ! con/ellations 7 n di/+ui%$ & classifi$1 ! />ry vault did n (f] a suffici5t div]sity ( cle>ly diff]5tiat$ ?+s to be able to m>k all ! clans & sub-clans ( a tribe2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! v>iety ( ! flora1 & especially ( ! fauna1 0 almo/ inexhau/ible4 ,!re=e cele/ial bodies1 9 spite ( _! brilliancy & ! %>p impression !y make ^u ! s5ses1 7 unfitt$ = ! rle ( totems1 :ile animals & plants seem$ pr$e/9$ to x4 ,ah obs]vation ( ,/rehl[ ev5 all[s u to /ate precisely ! way 9 :i* ^! emblems 7 probably *os54 ,he says t he has notic$ t ! totemic c5tres are g5]ally situat$ ne> a m\nta91 spr+ or gorge :]e ! animals s]v+ z totems to ! gr\p ga!r 9 abundance1 & he cites a c]ta9 numb] ( examples ( ?is fact4#gca ,n[ ^! totemic c5tres are surely ! consecrat$ places :]e ! meet+s ( ! clan are held4 ,s x seems z ?\gh ea* gr\p _h tak5 z its insignia ! animal or plant t 0 ! commone/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! place :]e x _h ! habit ( meet+4#gcb ,,vi ,?is conception ( totemism w give u ! explanation ( a v curi\s trait ( human m5tality :i*1 ev5 ?\gh m m>k$ =m]ly ?an to-day1 has n yet disappe>$ & :i*1 9 any case1 has be5 ( consid]able importance 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght4 ,x w furni% /ill ano!r occasion = %[+ h[ logical evolution is closely connect$ ) religi\s evolution & h[ x1 l ?is latt]1 dep5ds ^u social conditions4#gcc ,if !re is "o tru? :i* appe>s to be absolutely c]ta9 to-day1 x is t be+s diff]+ n only 9 _! outw>d appe>ance b also 9 _! mo/ ess5tial prop]ties1 su* z m9]als1 plants1 animals & m51 _c be consid]$ equival5t & int]*angeable4 ,long usage1 :i* sci5tific culture has /ill m firmly emb$d$ 9 our m9ds1 has taught u to e/abli% b>ri]s betwe5 ! k+doms1 ^: exi/5ce trans=mism itself does n d5y2 = ?\gh ?is admits t life may h aris5 f non-liv+ matt] & m5 f animals1 /ill1 x does n fail to recognize ! fact t liv+ be+s1 once =m$1 are diff]5t f m9]als1 & m5 diff]5t f animals4 ,)9 ea* k+dom ! same b>ri]s sep>ate ! diff]5t classes3 we _c conceive ( "o m9]al hav+ ! same di/9ctive *>act]i/ics z ano!r1 or ( "o animal species hav+ ^? ( ano!r species4 ,b ^! di/9ctions1 :i* seem s natural to u1 are 9 no way primitive4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 all ! k+doms are conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r4 ,rocks h a sex2 !y h ! p[] ( begett+2 ! sun1 moon & />s are m5 or wom5 :o feel & express human s5tim5ts1 :ile m51 on ! contr>y1 are ?\ght ( z animals or plants4 ,?is /ate ( confusion is f\nd at ! basis ( all my?ologies4 ,h5ce comes ! ambigu\s "* ( ! be+s portray$ 9 ! my?ologies2 !y c be classifi$ 9 no def9ite gr\p1 = !y p>ticipate at ! same "t 9 ! mo/ oppos$ gr\ps4 ,x is also readily admitt$ t !y c g f "o into ano!r2 & = a long "t m5 believ$ t !y 7 able to expla9 ! orig9 ( ?+s by ^! transmutations4 ,t ! an?ropomorphic in/9ct1 ) :i* ! animi/s h end[$ primitive m51 _c expla9 _! m5tal condition is %[n by ! nature ( ! confusions ( :i* !y are guilty4 ,9 fact1 ^! d n come f ! fact t m5 h immod]ately ext5d$ ! human k+dom to ! po9t ( mak+ all ! o!rs ent] into x1 b f ! fact t !y conf\nd ! mo/ disp>ate k+doms4 ,!y h n conceiv$ ! _w 9 _! own image any m ?an !y h conceiv$ !mselves 9 ! _w's image3 !y h done bo? at ! same "t4 ,into ! idea !y h =m$ ( ?+s1 !y h und\bt$ly made human elem5ts ent]2 b into ! idea !y h =m$ ( !mselves1 !y h made ent] elem5ts com+ f ?+s4 ,yet !re is no?+ 9 exp]i5ce :i* c\ld sugge/ ^! connections & confusions4 ,z f> z ! obs]vation ( ! s5ses is able to g1 ev]y?+ is diff]5t & disconnect$4 ,n[h]e d we really see be+s mix+ _! natures & metamorphos+ !mselves into ea* o!r4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t "s exceptionally p[]ful cause %\ld h int]v5$ to transfigure reality 9 su* a way z to make x appe> "u an aspect t is n really its own4 ,x is religion t 0 ! ag5t ( ?is transfiguration2 x is religi\s beliefs t h sub/itut$ = ! _w1 z x is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 ano!r diff]5t "o4 ,?is is well %[n by ! case ( totemism4 ,! fundam5tal ?+ 9 ?is religion is t ! m5 ( ! clan & ! diff]5t be+s ^: =m ! totemic emblems reproduce pass z be+ made ( ! same ess5ce4 ,n[ :5 ?is belief 0 once admitt$1 ! bridge betwe5 ! diff]5t k+doms 0 already built4 ,! man 0 repres5t$ z a sort ( animal or plant2 ! plants & animals 7 ?\ght ( z ! relatives ( m51 or r1 all ^! be+s1 s diff]5t = ! s5ses1 7 ?\ght ( z p>ticipat+ 9 a s+le nature4 ,s ?is rem>kable aptitude = confus+ ?+s t seem to be obvi\sly di/9ct comes f ! fact t ! fir/ =ces ) :i* ! human intellect has peopl$ ! _w 7 elaborat$ by religion4 ,s9ce ^! 7 made up ( elem5ts tak5 f ! diff]5t k+doms1 m5 conceiv$ a pr9ciple common to ! mo/ het]og5e\s ?+s1 :i* ?us became end[$ ) a sole & s+le ess5ce4 ,b we also "k t ^! religi\s conceptions are ! result ( det]m9$ social causes4 ,s9ce ! clan _c exi/ )\t a "n & an emblem1 & s9ce ?is emblem is always be=e ! eyes ( m51 x is ^u ?is1 & ! objects ^: image x is1 t ! s5tim5ts :i* society ar\ses 9 its memb]s are fix$4 ,m5 7 ?us compell$ to repres5t ! collective =ce1 ^: action !y felt1 9 ! =m ( ! ?+ s]v+ z flag to ! gr\p4 ,!re=e1 9 ! idea ( ?is =ce 7 mix$ up ! mo/ diff]5t k+doms2 9 "o s5se1 x 0 ess5tially human1 s9ce x 0 made up ( human ideas & s5tim5ts2 b at ! same "t1 x c\ld n fail to appe> z closely relat$ to ! animate or inanimate be+s :o gave x its outw>d =m4 ,moreov]1 ! cause ^: action we obs]ve "h is n peculi> to totemism2 !re is no society :]e x is n active4 ,9 a g5]al way1 a collective s5tim5t c become consci\s ( itself only by be+ fix$ ^u "s mat]ial object2#gcd b by ?is v fact1 x p>ticipates 9 ! nature ( ?is object1 & reciprocally1 ! object p>ticipates 9 its nature4 ,s x 0 social necessity :i* br\ght ab\t ! fusion ( notions appe>+ di/9ct at fir/1 & social life has facilitat$ ?is fusion by ! great m5tal eff]vesc5ces x det]m9es4#gce ,?is is "o m pro( t logical und]/&+ is a function ( society1 = x takes ! =ms & attitudes t ?is latt] presses ^u x4 ,x is true t ?is logic is disconc]t+ = u4 ,yet we mu/ be c>eful n to depreciate x3 h[soev] crude x may appe> to u1 x has be5 an aid ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! intellectual evolution ( humanity4 ,9 fact1 x is ?r\gh x t ! fir/ explanation ( ! _w has be5 made possible4 ,( c\rse ! m5tal habits x implies prev5t$ m5 f see+ reality z _! s5ses %[ x to !m2 b z !y %[ x1 x has ! grave inconv5i5ce ( all[+ ( no explanation4 ,= to expla9 is to atta* ?+s to ea* o!r & to e/abli% relations betwe5 !m :i* make !m appe> to u z functions ( ea* o!r & z vibrat+ sympa!tically accord+ to an int]nal law f\nd$ 9 _! nature4 ,b s5sations1 :i* see no?+ except f ! outside1 c\ld nev] make !m disclose ^! relations & int]nal bonds2 ! intellect alone c create ! notion ( !m4 ,:5 ,i le>n t ,a regul>ly prec$es ,b1 my k is increas$ by a new fact2 b my intellig5ce is n at all satisfi$ ) a /atem5t :i* does n %[ its reason4 ,i comm5ce to und]/& only if x is possible = me to conceive ,b 9 a way t makes x appe> to me z some?+ t is n =eign to ,a1 & z unit$ to ,a by "s relation ( k9%ip4 ,! great s]vice t religions h r5d]$ to ?\ght is t !y h con/ruct$ a fir/ repres5tation ( :at ^! relations ( k9%ip betwe5 ?+s may be4 ,9 ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 attempt$1 ! ent]prise c\ld obvi\sly atta9 only prec>i\s results4 ,b !n1 does x ev] atta9 any t are def9ite1 & is x n always necess>y to reconsid] !m8 ,& also1 x is less important to succe$ ?an to try4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 0 n to leave ! m9d enslav$ to visible appe>ances1 b to tea* x to dom9ate !m & to connect :at ! s5ses sep>at$2 = f ! mom5t :5 m5 h an idea t !re are int]nal connections betwe5 ?+s1 sci5ce & philosophy become possible4 ,religion op5$ up ! way = !m4 ,b if x has be5 able to play ?is "p1 x is only because x is a social affair4 ,9 ord] to make a law = ! impressions ( ! s5ses & to sub/itute a new way ( repres5t+ reality = !m1 ?\ght ( a new sort _h to be f\nd$3 ?is is collective ?\ght4 ,if ?is alone has _h ?is efficacy1 x is because ( ! fact t to create a _w ( ideals ?r\gh :i* ! _w ( exp]i5c$ realities w\ld appe> transfigur$1 a sup]-excitation ( ! intellectual =ces 0 necess>y1 :i* is possible only 9 & ?r\gh society4 ,s x is f> f true t ?is m5tality has no connection ) ours4 ,our logic 0 born ( ?is logic4 ,! explanations ( contempor>y sci5ce are sur] ( be+ objective because !y are m me?odical & because !y re/ on m c>efully controll$ obs]vations1 b !y d n diff] 9 nature f ^? :i* satisfy primitive ?\ght4 ,to-day1 z =m]ly1 to expla9 is to %[ h[ "o ?+ p>ticipates 9 "o or sev]al o!rs4 ,x has be5 said t ! p>ticipations ( ?is sort impli$ by ! my?ologies violate ! pr9ciple ( contradiction & t !y are by t oppos$ to ^? impli$ by sci5tific explanations4#gcf ,is n ! /atem5t t a man is a kang>oo or ! sun a bird1 equal to id5tify+ ! two ) ea* o!r8 ,b our mann] ( ?\ght is n diff]5t :5 we say ( heat t x is a movem5t1 or ( light t x is a vibration ( ! e!r1 etc4 ,e "t t we unite het]og5e\s t]ms by an int]nal bond1 we =cibly id5tify contr>ies4 ,( c\rse ! t]ms we unite are n ^? :i* ! ,au/ralian br+s toge!r2 we *oose !m accord+ to diff]5t crit]ia & = diff]5t reasons2 b ! processes by :i* ! m9d puts !m 9 connection d n diff] ess5tially4 ,x is true t if primitive ?\ght _h t sort ( g5]al & sy/ematic indiff]5ce to contradictions :i* has be5 attribut$ to x1#gcg x w\ld be 9 op5 contradiction on ?is po9t ) mod]n ?\ght1 :i* is always c>eful to rema9 consi/5t ) itself4 ,b we d n believe t x is possible to *>act]ize ! m5tality ( inf]ior societies by a s+le & exclusive incl9ation = indi/9ction4 ,if ! primitive conf\nds ?+s :i* we di/+ui%1 he also di/+ui%es ?+s :i* we connect toge!r1 & he ev5 conceives ^! di/9ctions 9 ! =m ( %>p & cle>-cut oppositions4 ,betwe5 two ?+s :i* are classifi$ 9 two diff]5t phratries1 !re is n only sep>ation1 b ev5 antagonism4#gch ,= ?is reason1 ! same ,au/ralian :o conf\nds ! sun & ! :ite cockatoo1 opposes ?is latt] to ! black cockatoo z to its contr>y4 ,! two seem to him to belong to two sep>ate classes betwe5 :i* !re is no?+ 9 common4 ,a /ill m m>k$ opposition is t exi/+ betwe5 sacr$ ?+s & pr(ane ?+s4 ,!y repel & contradict ea* o!r ) s mu* =ce t ! m9d refuses to ?9k ( !m at ! same "t4 ,!y mutually expel ea* o!r f ! consci\sness4 ,?us betwe5 ! logic ( religi\s ?\ght & t ( sci5tific ?\ght !re is no abyss4 ,! two are made up ( ! same elem5ts1 ?\gh inequally & diff]5tly develop$4 ,! special *>act]i/ic ( ! =m] seems to be its natural ta/e = immod]ate confusions z well z %>p contra/s4 ,x is volunt>ily excessive 9 ea* direction4 ,:5 x connects1 x conf\nds2 :5 x di/+ui%es1 x opposes4 ,x kn[s no %ades & measures1 x seeks extremes2 x consequ5tly employs logical me*anisms ) a c]ta9 awkw>dness1 b x ignores none ( !m4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,! ,,s\l ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h be5 /udy+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! totemic religion4 ,we h se5 t no idea ( s\l or _s or my?ical p]sonality is to be f\nd among ^!4 ,yet1 ev5 if ! idea ( spiritual be+s is n at ! f\ndation ( totemism or1 consequ5tly1 ( religi\s ?\ght 9 g5]al1 /ill1 !re is no religion :]e ?is notion is n met )4 ,s x is important to see h[ x is =m$4 ,to make sure t x is ! product ( a second>y =mation1 we mu/ discov] ! way 9 :i* x is d]iv$ f ! m ess5tial conceptions :i* we h j describ$ & expla9$4 ,among ! v>i\s spiritual be+s1 !re is "o :i* %\ld receive our att5tion fir/ ( all because x is ! prototype aft] :i* ! o!rs h be5 con/ruct$3 ?is is ! s\l4 ,i ,j z !re is no kn[n society )\t a religion1 s !re exi/ none1 h[soev] crudely organiz$ !y may be1 :]e we d n f9d a :ole sy/em ( collective repres5tations conc]n+ ! s\l1 its orig9 & its de/9y4 ,s f> z we are able to judge f ! data ( e?nology1 ! idea ( ! s\l seems to h be5 contemporane\s ) humanity itself1 & x seems to h _h all ( its ess5tial *>act]i/ics s well =mulat$ at ! v outset t ! "w ( ! m advanc$ religions & philosophy has be5 practically conf9$ to ref9+ x1 :ile add+ no?+ t is really fundam5tal4 ,9 fact1 all ! ,au/ralian societies admit t e human body %elt]s an int]ior be+1 ! pr9ciple ( ! life :i* animates x3 ?is is ! s\l4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 x is true1 t wom5 =m an exception to ?is g5]al rule3 !re are tribes :]e !y are believ$ to h no s\ls4#gci ,if ,dawson is to be believ$1 x is ! same ) "y *ildr5 9 ! tribes t he has obs]v$4#gdj ,b ^! are exceptional & probably late cases2#gda ! la/ "o ev5 seems to be suspect & may well be due to an errone\s int]pretation ( ! facts4#gdb ,x is n easy to det]m9e ! idea :i* ! ,au/ralian makes ( ! s\l1 because x is s obscure & float+2 b we %\ld n be surpris$ at ?is4 ,if someone ask$ our own contempor>ies1 or ev5 ^? ( !m :o believe mo/ firmly 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 h[ !y repres5t$ x1 ! replies t he w\ld receive w\ld n h mu* m coh]5ce & precision4 ,?is is because we are deal+ ) a v complex notion1 into :i* a multitude ( badly analys$ impressions ent]1 ^: elaboration has be5 c>ri$ on = c5turies1 ?\gh m5 h _h no cle> consci\sness ( x4 ,yet f ?is come ! mo/ ess5tial1 ?\gh frequ5tly contradictory1 *>act]i/ics by :i* x is def9$4 ,9 "s cases !y tell u t x has ! ext]nal appe>ance ( ! body4#gdc ,b sometimes x is also repres5t$ z hav+ ! size ( a gra9 ( s&2 its dim5sions are s r$uc$ t x c pass ?r\gh ! smalle/ crevices or ! f9e/ tissues4#gdd ,we %all also see t x is repres5t$ 9 ! appe>ance ( animals4 ,?is %[s t its =m is ess5tially inconsi/5t & undet]m9$2#gde x v>ies f "o mom5t to ano!r ) ! dem&s ( circum/ances or accord+ to ! exig5cies ( ! my? & ! rite4 ,! sub/ance out ( :i* x is made is no less indef9able4 ,x is n )\t matt]1 = x has a =m1 h[soev] vague ?is may be4 ,& 9 fact1 ev5 dur+ ?is life1 x has physical ne$s3 x eats1 & inv]sely1 x may be eat54 ,sometimes x leaves ! body1 & 9 ! c\rse ( its travels x occasionally n\ri%es itself on =eign s\ls4#gdf ,aft] x has once be5 completely fre$ f ! organism1 x is ?\ght to lead a life absolutely analog\s to ! "o x l$ 9 ?is _w2 x eats1 dr9ks1 hunts1 etc4#gdg ,:5 x flutt]s among ! bran*es ( trees1 x causes ru/l+s & crack+s :i* ev5 pr(ane e>s he>4#gdh ,b at ! same "t1 x is believ$ to be invisible to ! vulg>4#gdi ,x is true t magicians or old m5 h ! faculty ( see+ s\ls2 b x is 9 virtue ( special p[]s :i* !y owe ei!r to age or to a special tra9+ t !y p]ceive ?+s :i* escape our s5ses4 ,accord+ to ,dawson1 ord9>y individuals enjoy ! same privilege at only "o mom5t ( _! exi/5ce3 :5 !y are on ! eve ( a premature dea?4 ,!re=e ?is quasi-miracul\s vision is consid]$ a s9i/] om54 ,n[1 invisibility is g5]ally consid]$ "o ( ! signs ( spirituality4 ,s ! s\l is conceiv$ z be+ immat]ial to a c]ta9 degree1 = x does n affect ! s5ses 9 ! way bodies d3 x has no bones1 z ! tribes ( ! ,tully ,riv] say4#gej ,9 ord] to conciliate all ^! oppos$ *>act]i/ics1 !y repres5t x z made ( "s inf9itely r>e & subtle matt]1 l some?+ e!real1#gea & comp>able to a %ad[ or brea?4#geb ,x is di/9ct & indep5d5t ( ! body1 = dur+ ?is life x c leave x at any mom5t4 ,x does leave x dur+ sleep1 fa9t+ spells1 etc4#gec ,x may ev5 rema9 abs5t = "s "t )\t entail+ dea?2 h[ev]1 dur+ ^! abs5ces life is weak5$ & ev5 /ops if ! s\l does n return home4#ged ,b x is especially at dea? t ?is di/9ction & indep5d5ce manife/ !mselves ) ! greate/ cl>ity4 ,:ile ! body no long] exi/s & no visible traces ( x rema91 ! s\l cont9ues to live3 x leads an autonom\s exi/5ce 9 ano!r _w4 ,b h[soev] real ?is duality may be1 x is 9 no way absolute4 ,x w\ld %[ a grave misund]/&+ to repres5t ! body z a sort ( habitat 9 :i* ! s\l resides1 b ) :i* x has only ext]nal relations4 ,q on ! contr>y1 x is unit$ to x by ! close/ bonds2 x is sep>able f x only imp]fectly & ) difficulty4 ,we h already se5 t x has1 or at lea/ is able to h1 its ext]nal aspect4 ,consequ5tly1 ev]y?+ t hurts ! "o hurts ! o!r2 e w\nd ( ! body spreads to ! s\l4#gee ,x is s intimately associat$ ) ! life ( ! organism t x gr[s ) x & decays ) x4 ,?is is :y a man :o has atta9$ a c]ta9 age enjoys privileges refus$ to "y m52 x is because ! religi\s pr9ciple )9 him has acquir$ great] =ce & efficacy z he has advanc$ 9 life4 ,b :5 s5ility sets 91 & ! old man is no long] able to take a useful "p 9 ! great religi\s c]emonies 9 :i* ! vital int]e/s ( ! tribe are conc]n$1 ?is respect is no long] accord$ to him4 ,x is ?\ght t weakness ( ! body is communicat$ to ! s\l4 ,hav+ ! same p[]s no long]1 he no long] has a "r to ! same pre/ige4#gef ,!re is n only a close union ( s\l & body1 b !re is also a p>tial confusion ( ! two4 ,j z !re is some?+ ( ! body 9 ! s\l1 s9ce x sometimes reproduces its =m1 s !re is some?+ ( ! s\l 9 ! body4 ,c]ta9 regions & c]ta9 products ( ! organism are believ$ to h a special aff9ity ) x3 su* is ! case ) ! he>t1 ! brea?1 ! plac5ta1#geg ! blood1#geh ! %ad[1#gei ! liv]1 ! fat ( ! liv]1 ! kidneys1#gfj etc4 ,^! v>i\s mat]ial sub/rata are n m]e habitations ( ! s\l2 !y are ! s\l itself se5 f )\t4 ,:5 blood fl[s1 ! s\l escapes ) x4 ,! s\l is n 9 ! brea?2 x is ! brea?4 ,x & ! "p ( ! body :]e x resides are only "o4 ,h5ce comes ! conception accord+ to :i* a man has a numb] ( s\ls4 ,be+ disp]s$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! organism1 ! s\l is diff]5tiat$ & brok5 up into fragm5ts4 ,ea* organ has individualiz$1 z x 71 ! portion ( ! s\l :i* x conta9s1 & :i* has ?us become a di/9ct entity4 ,! s\l ( ! he>t c\ld n be t ( ! brea? or ! %ad[ or ! plac5ta4 ,:ile !y are all relat$1 /ill !y are to be di/+ui%$1 & ev5 h diff]5t names4#gfa ,moreov]1 ev5 if ! s\l is localiz$ especially 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! organism1 x is n abs5t f ! o!rs4 ,9 v>y+ degrees1 x is diffus$ ?r\gh ! :ole body1 z is well %[n by ! fun]al rites4 ,aft] ! la/ brea? has be5 expir$ & ! s\l is believ$ to be gone1 x seems z ?\gh x %\ld pr(it by ! lib]ty ?us rega9$1 to move ab\t at w & to return z quickly z possible to its real home1 :i* is else:]e4 ,nev]!less1 x rema9s ne> to ! corpse2 ! bond unit+ !m has be5 loos5$1 b n brok54 ,a :ole s]ies ( special rites are necess>y to induce x to dep>t def9itely4 ,x is invit$ to g by ge/ures & significant movem5ts4#gfb ,! way is laid op5 = x1 & outlets are arrang$ s t x c g m easily4#gfc ,?is is because x has n left ! body entirely2 x 0 too closely unit$ to x to break away all at once4 ,h5ce comes ! v frequ5t rite ( fun]al an?ropophagy2 ! fle% ( ! dead is eat5 because x is ?\ght to conta9 a sacr$ pr9ciple1 :i* is really no?+ m ?an ! s\l4#gfd ,9 ord] to drive x out def9itely1 ! fle% is melt$1 ei!r by submitt+ x to ! heat ( ! sun1#gfe or to t ( an artificial fire4#gff ,! s\l dep>ts ) ! liquids :i* result4 ,b ev5 ! dry bones /ill reta9 "s "p ( x4 ,!re=e !y c be us$ z sacr$ objects or in/rum5ts ( magic2#gfg or if someone wi%es to give complete lib]ty to ! pr9ciple :i* !y conta91 he breaks ^!4#gfh ,b a mom5t does arrive :5 ! f9al sep>ation is accompli%$2 ! lib]at$ s\l takes flight4 ,b by nature x is s intimately associat$ ) ! body t ?is removal _c take place )\t a pr(\nd *ange 9 its condition4 ,s x takes a new "n also4#gfi ,al?\gh keep+ all ! di/9ctive traits ( ! individual :om x animat$1 8 hum\rs & 8 good & bad qualities1#ggj /ill x has become a new be+4 ,f t mom5t a new exi/5ce comm5ces = x4 ,x goes to ! l& ( s\ls4 ,?is l& is conceiv$ diff]5tly by diff]5t tribes2 sometimes diff]5t conceptions are f\nd exi/+ side by side 9 ! same society4 ,= "s1 x is situat$ "u ! e>?1 :]e ea* totemic gr\p has its "p4 ,?is is at ! spot :]e ! fir/ ance/ors1 ! f\nd]s ( ! clan1 ent]$ ! gr\nd at a c]ta9 "t1 & :]e !y live s9ce _! dea?4 ,9 ! subt]ranean _w !re is a geographical disposition ( ! dead correspond+ to t ( ! liv+4 ,!re1 ! sun always %9es & riv]s fl[ :i* nev] run dry4 ,su* is ! conception :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 attribute to ! c5tral tribes1 ,arunta1#gga ,w>ramunga1#ggb etc4 ,x is f\nd aga9 among ! ,wotjobaluk4#ggc ,9 o!r places1 all ! dead1 no matt] :at _! totems may h be51 are believ$ to live toge!r 9 ! same place1 :i* is m or less vaguely localiz$ z beyond ! sea1 9 an isl&1#ggd or on ! %ores ( a lake4#gge ,sometimes1 f9ally1 x is into ! sky1 beyond ! cl\ds1 t ! s\ls are ?\ght to g4 ,!re1 says ,dawson1 !re is a delectable l&1 ab\nd+ 9 kang>oos & game ( e sort1 :]e m5 lead a happy life4 ,s\ls meet aga9 !re & recognize "o ano!r4#ggf ,x is probable t c]ta9 ( ! features ( ?is picture h be5 tak5 f ! p>adise ( ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies2#ggg b ! idea t s\ls1 or at lea/ "s s\ls1 ent] ! skies aft] dea? appe>s to be q indig5\s2 = x is f\nd aga9 9 o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4#ggh ,9 g5]al1 all ! s\ls meet ! same fate & lead ! same life4 ,h[ev]1 a diff]5t treatm5t is sometimes accord$ !m bas$ on ! way !y h conduct$ !mselves ^u e>?1 & we c see ! fir/ outl9es ( ^! two di/9ct & ev5 oppos$ comp>tm5ts into :i* ! _w to come w lat] be divid$4 ,! s\ls ( ^? :o h excell$1 dur+ life1 z hunt]s1 w>riors1 danc]s1 etc41 are n conf\nd$ ) ! common horde ( ! o!rs2 a special place is grant$ to !m4#ggi ,sometimes1 ?is is ! sky4#ghj ,/rehl[ ev5 says t accord+ to "o my?1 ! s\ls ( ! wick$ are dev\r$ by dreadful spirits1 & de/roy$4#gha ,nev]!less1 ^! conceptions always rema9 v vague 9 ,au/ralia2#ghb !y beg9 to h a cl>ity & det]m9ation only 9 ! m advanc$ societies1 su* z ^? ( ,am]ica4#ghc ,,ii ,su* are ! beliefs relative to ! s\l & its de/9y1 9 _! mo/ primitive =m1 & r$uc$ to _! mo/ ess5tial traits4 ,we mu/ n[ attempt to expla9 !m4 ,:at is x t has be5 able to lead m5 into ?9k+ t !re are two be+s 9 !m1 "o ( :i* possesses ^! v special *>act]i/ics :i* we h j enum]at$8 ,to f9d ! reply to ?is "q1 let u beg9 by seek+ ! orig9 attribut$ to ?is spiritual pr9ciple by ! primitive himself3 if x is well analys$1 8 own conception w put u on ! way t[>ds ! solution4 ,foll[+ out ! me?od :i* we h set be=e ourselves1 we %all /udy ^! ideas 9 a det]m9$ gr\p ( societies :]e !y h be5 obs]v$ ) an especial precision2 ^! are ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,?\gh n n>r[1 ! area ( our obs]vations w be limit$4 ,b !re is good reason = believ+ t ^! same ideas are q g5]ally held1 9 v>i\s =ms1 ev5 outside ( ,au/ralia4 ,x is also to be not$ t ! idea ( ! s\l1 z x is f\nd among ^! c5tral tribes1 does n diff] specifically f ! "o f\nd 9 o!r tribes2 x has ! same ess5tial *>act]i/ics ev]y:]e4 ,z "o effect always has ! same cause1 we may well ?9k t ?is idea1 :i* is ev]y:]e ! same1 does n result f "o cause "h & ano!r !re4 ,s ! orig9 :i* we %all be l$ to attribute to x z a result ( our /udy ( ^! p>ticul> tribes ) :i* we are go+ to deal1 ought to be equally true = ! o!rs4 ,^! tribes w give u a *ance to make an exp]im5t1 z x 71 ^: results1 l ^? ( e well-made exp]im5t1 are susceptible ( g5]alization4 ,! homog5eity ( ! ,au/ralian civilization w\ld ( itself be en\gh to ju/ify ?is g5]alization2 b we %all be c>eful to v]ify x aft]w>ds ) facts tak5 f o!r peoples1 bo? 9 ,au/ralia & ,am]ica4 ,z ! conceptions :i* are go+ to furni% u ) ! basis ( our demon/ration h be5 report$ 9 diff]5t t]ms by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 on ! "o h& & ,/rehl[ on ! o!r1 we mu/ give ^! two v]sions "o aft] ! o!r4 ,we %all see t :5 !y are well und]/ood1 !y diff] 9 =m m ?an 9 matt]1 & t !y bo? h ! same sociological significance4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ! s\ls :i*1 9 ea* g5]ation1 come to animate ! bodies ( newly-born *ildr51 are n special & orig9al creations2 all ^! tribes hold t !re is a def9ite /ock ( s\ls1 ^: numb] _c be augm5t$ at all1#ghd & :i* re9c>nate !mselves p]iodically4 ,:5 an individual dies1 8 s\l quits ! body 9 :i* x dwelt1 & aft] ! m\rn+ is accompli%$1 x goes to ! l& ( ! s\ls2 b aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 x returns to inc>nate itself aga91 & ^! re9c>nations are ! cause ( conception & bir?4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 x 0 ^! fundam5tal s\ls :i* animat$ ! fir/ ance/ors1 ! f\nd]s ( ! clan4 ,at an epo*1 beyond :i* ! imag9ation does n g & :i* is consid]$ ! v beg9n+ ( "t1 !re 7 c]ta9 be+s :o 7 n d]iv$ f any o!rs4 ,= ?is reason1 ! ,arunta call !m ! ,altjirangamitj9a1#ghe ! uncreat$ ones1 ^? :o exi/ f all et]nity1 &1 accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !y give ! "n ,al*]+a#ghf to ! p]iod :5 ^! fabul\s be+s are ?\ght to h liv$4 ,be+ organiz$ 9 totemic clans j z ! m5 ( to-day are1 !y pass$ _! "t 9 travels1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* !y accompli%$ all sorts ( prodigi\s actions1 ! memory ( :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! my?s4 ,b a mom5t arriv$ :5 ?is t]re/rial life came to a close2 s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 !y ent]$ into ! e>?4 ,b _! s\ls live = ev]2 !y are immortal4 ,!y ev5 cont9ue to frequ5t ! places :]e ! exi/5ce ( _! =m] ho/s came to an end4 ,moreov]1 ow+ to ! memories atta*$ to !m1 ^! places h a sacr$ "*2 x is "h t ! oknanikilla are locat$1 ! sorts ( sanctu>ies :]e ! *ur+a ( ! clan is kept1 & ! c5tres ( ! diff]5t totemic cults4 ,:5 "o ( ! s\ls :i* w&] ab\t ^! sanctu>ies ent]s into ! body ( a woman1 ! result is a conception & lat] a bir?4#ghg ,s ea* individual is consid]$ z a new appe>ance ( a det]m9$ ance/or3 x is ?is ance/or himself1 come back 9 a new body & ) new features4 ,n[1 :at 7 ^! ance/ors8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y 7 end[$ ) p[]s inf9itely sup]ior to ^? possess$ by m5 to-day1 ev5 ! mo/ respect$ old m5 & ! mo/ celebrat$ magicians4 ,!y are attribut$ virtues :i* we may speak ( z miracul\s3 ,!y c\ld travel on1 or above1 or b5ea? ! gr\nd2 by op5+ a ve9 9 ! arm1 ea* ( !m c\ld flood :ole tracts ( c\ntry or cause level pla9s to arise2 9 rocky ranges !y c\ld make pools ( wat] spr+ into exi/5ce1 or c\ld make deep gorges & gaps ?r\gh :i* to trav]se ! ranges1 & :]e !y plant$ _! sacr$ poles 7nurtunja71 !re rocks or trees arose to m>k ! spot4#ghh ,x is !y :o gave ! e>? ! =m x has at pres5t4 ,!y creat$ all sorts ( be+s1 bo? m5 & animals4 ,!y are ne>ly gods4 ,s _! s\ls also h a div9e "*4 ,& s9ce ! s\ls ( m5 are ^! ance/ral s\ls re9c>nat$ 9 ! human body1 ^! are sacr$ be+s too4 ,9 ! second place1 ^! ance/ors 7 n m5 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 b animals or vegetables1 or p]haps mix$ be+s 9 :i* ! animal or vegetable elem5t pr$om9at$3 ,9 ! ,al*]+a1 say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 liv$ ance/ors :o1 9 ! native m9d1 are s intimately associat$ ) ! animals or plants ! "n ( :i* !y be> t an ,al*]+a man (1 say1 ! kang>oo totem may sometimes be spok5 ( ei!r z a man-kang>oo or a kang>oo-man4 ,! id5tity ( ! human individual is (t5 sunk 9 t ( ! animal or plant f :i* he is suppos$ to h orig9at$4#ghi ,_! immortal s\ls necess>ily h ! same nature2 9 !m1 also1 ! human elem5t is w$d$ to ! animal elem5t1 ) a c]ta9 t5d5cy = ! latt] to pr$om9ate ov] ! =m]4 ,s !y are made ( ! same sub/ance z ! totemic pr9ciple1 = we "k t ! special *>act]i/ic ( ?is is to pres5t ?is d\ble nature1 & to syn!size & conf\nd ! two realms 9 itself4 ,s9ce no o!r s\ls ?an ^! exi/1 we rea* ! conclusion t1 9 a g5]al way1 ! s\l is no?+ o!r ?an ! totemic pr9ciple inc>nate 9 ea* individual4 ,& !re is no?+ to surprise u 9 ?is d]ivation4 ,we already "k t ?is pr9ciple is imman5t 9 ea* ( ! memb]s ( ! clan4 ,b 9 p5etrat+ into ^! individuals1 x mu/ inevitably individualize itself4 ,because ! consci\snesses1 ( :i* x becomes ?us an integral "p1 diff] f ea* o!r1 x diff]5tiates itself accord+ to _! image2 s9ce ea* has its own physiognomy1 x takes a di/9ct physiognomy 9 ea*4 ,( c\rse x rema9s some?+ outside ( & =eign to ! man1 b ! portion ( x :i* ea* is believ$ to possess _c fail to contract close aff9ities ) ! p>ticul> subject 9 :i* x resides2 x becomes 8 to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,?us x has two contradictory *>act]i/ics1 b ^: coexi/5ce is "o ( ! di/9ctive features ( ! notion ( ! s\l4 ,to-day1 z =m]ly1 ! s\l is :at is be/ & mo/ pr(\nd 9 ourselves1 & ! pre-em95t "p ( our be+2 yet x is also a pass+ gue/ :i* comes f ! outside1 :i* leads 9 u an exi/5ce di/9ct f t ( ! body1 & :i* %\ld "o day rega9 its entire indep5d5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 j z society exi/s only 9 & ?r\gh individuals1 ! totemic pr9ciple exi/s only 9 & ?r\gh ! individual consci\snesses ^: association =ms ! clan4 ,if !y did n feel x 9 !m x w\ld n exi/2 x is !y :o put x into ?+s4 ,s x mu/ ( necessity be divid$ & di/ribut$ among !m4 ,ea* ( ^! fragm5ts is a s\l4 ,a my? :i* is f\nd 9 a r l>ge numb] ( ! societies ( ! c5tre1 & :i*1 moreov]1 is only a p>ticul> =m ( ! prec$+ ones1 %[s ev5 bett] t ?is is really ! matt] out ( :i* ! idea ( ! s\l is made4 ,9 ^! tribes1 tradition puts ! orig9 ( ea* clan1 n 9 a numb] ( ance/ors1 b 9 only two1#gij or ev5 9 "o4#gia ,?is unique be+1 z long z he rema9$ s+le1 conta9$ ! totemic pr9ciple )9 him integrally1 = at ?is mom5t !re 0 no?+ to :i* ?is pr9ciple c\ld be communicat$4 ,n[1 accord+ to ?is same tradition1 all ! human s\ls :i* exi/1 bo? ^? :i* n[ animate ! bodies ( m5 & ^? :i* are at pres5t unemploy$1 be+ held 9 res]ve = ! future1 h issu$ f ?is unique p]sonage2 !y are made ( 8 sub/ance4 ,:ile travell+ ov] ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or mov+ ab\t1 or %ak+ himself1 he made !m leave 8 body & plant$ !m 9 ! v>i\s places he is believ$ to h pass$ ov]4 ,is ?is n m]ely a symbolic way ( say+ t !y are p>ts ( ! totemic div9ity8 ,b ?is conclusion presupposes t ! tribes ( :i* we h j be5 speak+ admit ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation4 ,n[ accord+ to ,/rehl[1 ?is doctr9e is unkn[n to ! ,arunta1 ! society :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h /udi$ ! longe/ & ! be/4 ,if1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ^! two obs]v]s h misund]/ood ?+s to su* an ext5t1 _! :ole te/imony w\ld become suspect4 ,s x is important to det]m9e ! actual ext5t ( ?is div]g5ce4 ,accord+ to ,/rehl[1 aft] ! s\l has once be5 def9itely fre$ f ! body by ! rites ( m\rn+1 x nev] re9c>nates itself aga94 ,x goes (f to ! isles ( ! dead1 :]e x passes its days 9 sleep+ & its nights 9 danc+1 until x returns aga9 to e>?4 ,!n x comes back into ! mid/ ( ! liv+ & plays ! rle ( protect+ g5ius to ! "y sons1 or if su* are lack+1 to ! gr&sons :om ! dead man left beh9d him2 x ent]s _! body & aids _! gr[?4 ,x rema9s ?us 9 ! mid/ ( its =m] family = a ye> or two1 aft] :i* x goes back to ! l& ( ! s\ls4 ,b aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t x goes away once m to make ano!r soj\rn ^u e>?1 :i* is to be ! la/4 ,a "t w come :5 x mu/ take up aga91 & ) no hope ( return ?is "t1 ! r\te to ! isles ( ! dead2 !n1 aft] v>i\s incid5ts1 ! details ( :i* x is useless to relate1 a /orm w ov]take x1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* x w be /ruck by a fla% ( lightn+4 ,?us its c>e] is def9itely t]m9at$4#gib ,s x _c re9c>nate itself2 nor c conceptions & bir?s be due to ! re9c>nation ( s\ls :i* p]iodically comm5ce new exi/5ces 9 new bodies4 ,x is true t ,/rehl[1 z ,sp5c] & ,gill51 decl>es t = ! ,arunta comm]ce ( ! sexes is 9 no way ! det]m9+ condition ( g5]ation1#gic :i* is consid]$ ! result ( my/ic op]ations1 b diff]5t f ! ones :i* ! o!r obs]v]s told u ab\t4 ,x takes place 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! two foll[+ ways3 ,:]ev] an ance/or ( ! ,al*]+a#gid times is believ$ to h ent]$ into ! gr\nd1 !re is ei!r a /one or a tree repres5t+ 8 body4 ,! tree or rock :i* has ?is my/ic relation ) ! dep>t$ h]o is call$ nanja accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51#gie or ng>ra accord+ to ,/rehl[4#gif ,sometimes x is a wat]-hole :i* is believ$ to h be5 =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,n[1 on ea* ( ^! trees or rocks & 9 ea* ( ^! wat]-holes1 !re live embryo *ildr51 call$ ratapa1#gig :i* belong to exactly ! same totem z ! correspond+ ance/or4 ,= example1 on a gum-tree repres5t+ an ance/or ( ! kang>oo totem !re are ratapa1 all ( :i* h ! kang>oo z _! totem4 ,if a woman happ5s to pass x1 & %e is ( ! matrimonial class to :i* ! mo!rs ( ^! ratapa %\ld belong1#gih "o ( !m may ent] h] ?r\gh ! hip4 ,! woman le>ns ( ?is act by ! *>act]i/ic pa9s :i* are ! fir/ symptoms ( pregnancy4 ,! *ild ?us conceiv$ w ( c\rse belong to ! same totem z ! ance/or ^u ^: my/ical body he resid$ be=e becom+ inc>nate4#gii ,9 o!r cases1 ! process employ$ is slightly diff]5t3 ! ance/or himself acts 9 p]son4 ,at a giv5 mom5t he leaves 8 subt]ranean retreat & ?r[s on to ! pass+ woman a little *ur+a ( a special =m1 call$ namatuna4#hjj ,! *ur+a ent]s ! body ( ! woman & takes a human =m !re1 :ile ! ance/or disappe>s aga9 into ! e>?4#hja ,^! two ways ( conception are believ$ to be equally frequ5t4 ,! features ( ! *ild w reveal ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 conceiv$2 accord+ to :e!r 8 face is broad or long1 !y say t he is ! inc>nation ( a ratapa or a namatuna4 ,beside ^! two means ( fecundation1 ,/rehl[ places a ?ird1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is mu* m r>e4 ,aft] 8 namatuna has p5etrat$ into ! body ( ! woman1 ! ance/or himself ent]s h] & volunt>ily submits to a new bir?4 ,s 9 ?is case1 ! conception is due to a real re9c>nation ( ! ance/or4 ,b ?is is v exceptional1 & :5 a man :o has be5 conceiv$ ?us dies1 ! ance/ral s\l :i* animat$ him goes away1 j l ord9>y s\ls1 to ! isles ( ! dead :]e1 aft] ! usual delays1 x is def9itely annihilat$4 ,s x _c und]go any fur!r re9c>nations4#hjb ,su* is ! v]sion ( ,/rehl[4#hjc ,9 ! op9ion ( ?is au?or x is radically oppos$ to t ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,b 9 reality x diff]s only 9 ! lett] ( ! =mul & symbols1 :ile 9 bo? cases we f9d ! same my?ical !me 9 slightly diff]5t =ms4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! obs]v]s agree t e conception is ! result ( an inc>nation4 ,only accord+ to ,/rehl[1 t :i* is inc>nat$ is n a s\l b a ratapa or a namatuna4 ,b :at is a ratapa8 ,/rehl[ says t x is a complete embryo1 made up ( a s\l & a body4 ,b ! s\l is always repres5t$ 9 mat]ial =ms2 x sleeps1 dances1 hunts1 eats1 etc4 ,s x1 too1 has a corporal elem5t4 ,inv]sely1 ! ratapa is invisible to ord9>y m52 no "o sees x z x ent]s ! body ( ! woman2#hjd ?is is equival5t to say+ t x is made ( a matt] q simil> to t ( ! s\l4 ,s x h>dly seems possible to diff]5tiate ! two cle>ly 9 ?is reg>d4 ,9 reality1 ^! are my?ical be+s :i* are obvi\sly conceiv$ aft] ! same model4 ,s*ulze calls !m ! s\ls ( *ildr54#hje ,moreov]1 ! ratapa1 j l ! s\l1 su/a9s ! close/ relations ) ! ance/or ( :i* ! sacr$ tree or rock is ! mat]ializ$ =m4 ,x is ( ! same totem z ?is ance/or1 ( ! same phratry & ( ! same matrimonial class4#hjf ,its place 9 ! social organization ( ! tribe is ! v "o t its ance/or is believ$ to h held be=e x4 ,x be>s ! same "n1#hjg :i* is a pro( t ^! two p]sonalities are at lea/ v closely relat$ to "o ano!r4 ,b !re is m ?an ?is2 ?is relation%ip ev5 goes z f> z a complete id5tification4 ,9 fact1 x is on ! my/ic body ( ! ance/or t ! ratapa is =m$2 x comes f ?is2 x is l a deta*$ portion ( x4 ,s x really is a "p ( ! ance/or :i* p5etrates into ! womb ( ! "m & :i* becomes ! *ild4 ,?us we get back to ! conception ( ,sp5c] & ,gill53 bir? is due to ! re9c>nation ( an ance/ral p]sonage4 ,( c\rse x is n ! entire p]son t is re9c>nat$1 x is only an emanation f him4 ,b ?is diff]5ce has only a second>y int]e/1 = :5 a sacr$ be+ divides & duplicates itself1 all ( its ess5tial *>act]i/ics are to be f\nd aga9 9 ea* ( ! fragm5ts into :i* x is brok5 up4 ,s really ! ,al*]+a ance/or is entire 9 ea* "p ( himself :i* becomes a ratapa4#hjh ,! second mode ( conception di/+ui%$ by ,/rehl[ has ! same significance4 ,9 fact1 ! *ur+a1 & m especially ! p>ticul> *ur+a t is call$ ! namatuna1 is consid]$ a trans=mation ( ! ance/or2 accord+ to ,/rehl[1#hji x is 8 body1 j z ! nanja tree is4 ,9 o!r words1 ! p]sonality ( ! ance/or1 8 *ur+a & 8 nanja tree1 are sacr$ ?+s1 inspir+ ! same s5tim5ts & to :i* ! same religi\s value is attribut$4 ,s !y transmute !mselves into "o ano!r3 9 ! spot :]e an ance/or lo/ 8 *ur+a1 a sacr$ tree or rock has come out ( ! soil1 j ! same z 9 ^? places :]e he ent]$ ! gr\nd himself4#haj ,s !re is a my?ological equival5ce ( a p]son ( ! ,al*]+a & 8 *ur+a2 consequ5tly1 :5 ! =m] ?r[s a namatuna into ! body ( a woman1 x is z if he ent]$ into x himself4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t sometimes he does ent] 9 p]son aft] ! namatuna2 accord+ to o!r /ories he prec$es x2 x might be said t he op5s up ! way = x4#haa ,! fact t ^! two !mes exi/ side by side 9 ! same my? completes ! pro( t "o is only a d\blet ( ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 9 :atev] way ! conception may h tak5 place1 !re c be no d\bt t ea* individual is unit$ to "s det]m9$ ance/or ( ! ,al*]+a by especially close bonds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* man has 8 appo9t$ ance/or2 two p]sons _c h ! same "o simultane\sly4 ,9 o!r words1 a be+ ( ! ,al*]+a nev] has m ?an "o repres5tative among ! liv+4#hab ,m ?an t1 ! "o is only an aspect ( ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 z we already "k1 ! *ur+a left by ! ance/or expresses 8 p]sonality2 if we adopt ! int]pretation ( ,/rehl[1 :i*1 p]haps1 is ! m satisfactory1 we %all say t x is 8 body4 ,b ?is same *ur+a is relat$ 9 ! same way to ! individual :o is believ$ to h be5 conceiv$ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is ance/or1 & :o is ! fruit ( 8 my/ic works4 ,:5 ! "y initiate is introduc$ into ! sanctu>y ( ! clan1 he is %[n ! *ur+a ( 8 ance/or1 & someone says to him1 ,y are ?is body2 y are ! same ?+ z ?is4#hac ,s1 9 ,/rehl['s own expression1 ! *ur+a is ! body common to ! individual & 8 ance/or4#had ,n[ if !y are to h ! same body x is necess>y t on "o side at lea/ _! two p]sonalities be conf\nd$4 ,/rehl[ recognizes ?is explicitly1 moreov]1 :5 he says1 ,by ! tjurunga 7*ur+a7 ! individual is unit$ to 8 p]sonal ance/or4#hae ,s = ,/rehl[ z well z = ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !re is a my/ic1 religi\s pr9ciple 9 ea* new-born *ild1 :i* emanates f an ance/or ( ! ,al*]+a4 ,x is ?is pr9ciple :i* =ms ! ess5ce ( ea* individual1 !re=e x is 8 s\l1 or 9 any case ! s\l is made ( ! same matt] & ! same sub/ance4 ,n[ x is only ^u ?is "o fundam5tal fact t we h reli$ 9 det]m9+ ! nature & orig9 ( ! idea ( ! s\l4 ,! diff]5t metaphors by means ( :i* x may h be5 express$ h only a second>y int]e/ = u4#haf ,f> f contradict+ ! data ^u :i* our !ory re/s1 ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,/rehl[ br+ new pro(s confirm+ x4 ,our reason+ consi/$ 9 inf]r+ ! totemic nature ( ! human s\l f ! totemic nature ( ! ance/ral s\l1 ( :i* ! =m] is an emanation & a sort ( replica4 ,n[1 "s ( ! new facts :i* we owe to ,/rehl[ %[ ?is "* ( bo? ev5 m categorically ?an ^? we _h at our disposal be=e d4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,/rehl[1 l ,sp5c] & ,gill51 insi/s on ! intimate relations unit+ ea* ance/or to an animal1 to a plant1 or to "s o!r natural object4 ,"s ( ^! ,altjirangamitj9a 7^! are ,sp5c] & ,gill5's m5 ( ! ,al*]+a7 %\ld1 he says1 be manife/$ directly z animals2 o!rs take ! animal =m 9 a way4#hag ,ev5 n[ !y are con/antly trans=m+ !mselves into animals4#hah ,9 any case1 :atev] ext]nal aspect !y may h1 ! special & di/9ctive qualities ( ! animal cle>ly appe> 9 ea* ( !m4 ,= example1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,kang>oo clan eat grass j l real kang>oos1 & flee be=e ! hunt]2 ^? ( ! ,emu clan run & fe$ l emus1#hai etc4 ,m ?an t1 ^? ance/ors :o _h a vegetable z totem become ?is vegetable itself on dea?4#hbj ,moreov]1 ?is close k9%ip ( ! ance/or & ! totemic be+ is s ke5ly felt by ! natives t x is %[n ev5 9 _! t]m9ology4 ,among ! ,arunta1 ! *ild calls ! totem ( 8 "m1 :i* s]ves him z a second>y totem1#hba altjira4 ,z filiation 0 at fir/ 9 ! ut]9e l9e1 !re 0 once a "t :5 ea* individual _h no o!r totem ?an t ( 8 "m2 s x is v probable t ! t]m altjira !n designat$ ! real totem4 ,n[ ?is cle>ly ent]s into ! composition ( ! ^w :i* means great ance/or1 altjirangamitj9a4#hbb ,! idea ( ! totem & t ( ! ance/or are ev5 s closely k9dr$ t !y sometimes seem to be conf\nd$4 ,?us1 aft] speak+ ( ! totem ( ! "m1 or altjira1 ,/rehl[ goes on to say1 ,?is altjira appe>s to ! natives 9 dreams & gives !m w>n+s1 j z x takes in=mation conc]n+ !m to _! sleep+ fri5ds4#hbc ,?is altjira1 :i* speaks & :i* is atta*$ to ea* individual p]sonally1 is evid5tly an ance/or2 yet x is also an inc>nation ( ! totem4 ,a c]ta9 text 9 ,ro?1 :i* speaks ( invocations address$ to ! totem1 %\ld c]ta9ly be int]pret$ 9 ?is s5se4#hbd ,s x appe>s t ! totem is sometimes repres5t$ 9 ! m9d 9 ! =m ( a gr\p ( ideal be+s or my?ical p]sonages :o are m or less indi/9ct f ! ance/ors4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ance/ors are ! fragm5ts ( ! totem4#hbe ,b if ! ance/or is s readily confus$ ) ! totemic be+1 ! individual s\l1 :i* is s ne> ! ance/ral s\l1 _c d o!rwise4 ,moreov]1 ?is is :at actually results f ! close union ( ea* man ) 8 *ur+a4 ,9 fact1 we "k t ! *ur+a repres5ts ! p]sonality ( ! individual :o is believ$ to h be5 born ( x2#hbf b x also expresses ! totemic animal4 ,:5 ! civiliz+ h]o1 ,mang>kunj]kunja1 pres5t$ ea* memb] ( ! ,kang>oo clan ) 8 p]sonal totem1 he spoke z foll[s3 ,"h is ! body ( a kang>oo4#hbg ,?us ! *ur+a is at once ! body ( ! ance/or1 ( ! individual himself & ( ! totemic animal2 s1 accord+ to a /rong & v j expression ( ,/rehl[1 ^! ?ree be+s =m a solid unity4#hbh ,!y are almo/ equival5t & int]*angeable t]ms4 ,?is is z mu* z to say t !y are ?\ght ( z diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same reality1 :i* is also def9$ by ! di/9ctive attributes ( ! totem4 ,_! common ess5ce is ! totemic pr9ciple4 ,! language itself expresses ?is id5tity4 ,! ^w ratapa1 & ! aratapi ( ! ,loritja language1 designate ! my?ical embryo :i* is deta*$ f ! ance/or & :i* becomes ! *ild2 n[ ^! same words also designate ! totem ( ?is same *ild1 su* z is det]m9$ by ! spot :]e ! "m believes t %e conceiv$4#hbi ,,iii ,up to ! pres5t we h /udi$ ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation only 9 ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia2 !re=e ! bases ^u :i* our inf]5ce re/s may be deem$ too n>r[4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 = ! reasons :i* we h po9t$ out1 ! exp]im5t holds good outside ( ! societies :i* we h obs]v$ directly4 ,also1 !re are abundant facts prov+ t ! same or analog\s conceptions are f\nd 9 ! mo/ div]se p>ts ( ,au/ralia or1 at lea/1 h left v evid5t traces !re4 ,!y are f\nd ev5 9 ,am]ica4 ,h[itt m5tions !m among ! ,di]i ( ,s\? ,au/ralia4#hcj ,! ^w ,mura-mura1 :i* ,gason translates ) ,good ,_s & :i* he ?9ks expresses a belief 9 a god creator1#hca is really a collective ^w designat+ ! gr\p ( ance/ors plac$ by ! my? at ! beg9n+ ( ! tribe4 ,!y cont9ue to exi/ to-day z =m]ly4 ,!y are believ$ to live 9 trees1 :i* are sacr$ = ?is reason4 ,c]ta9 irregul>ities ( ! gr\nd1 rocks & spr+s are id5tifi$ ) ^! ,mura-mura1#hcb :i* consequ5tly resemble ! ,altjirangamitj9a ( ! ,arunta 9 a s+ul> way4 ,! ,kurnai ( ,gippsl&1 ?\gh reta9+ only ve/iges ( totemism1 also believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ance/ors call$ ,muk-,kurnai1 & :i* !y ?9k ( z be+s int]m$iate betwe5 m5 & animals4#hcc ,among ! ,nimbaldi1 ,tapl9 has obs]v$ a !ory ( conception simil> to t :i* ,/rehl[ attributes to ! ,arunta4#hcd ,we f9d ?is belief 9 re9c>nation held integrally by ! ,wotjobaluk 9 ,victoria4 ,! spirits ( ! dead1 says ,ma!ws1 assemble 9 ! miyur#hce ( _! respective clans2 !y leave ^! to be born aga9 9 human =m :5 a fav\rable occasion pres5ts itself4#hcf ,ma!ws ev5 affirms t ! belief 9 ! re9c>nation or transmigration ( s\ls is /rongly enroot$ 9 all ! ,au/ralian tribes4#hcg ,if we pass to ! nor!rn regions we f9d ! pure doctr9e ( ! ,arunta among ! ,niol-,niol 9 ! nor?-we/2 e bir? is attribut$ to ! inc>nation ( a pre-exi/+ s\l1 :i* introduces itself into ! body ( a woman4#hch ,9 nor!rn ,que5sl& my?s1 diff]+ f ! prec$+ only 9 =m1 express exactly ! same ideas4 ,among ! tribes on ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv] x is believ$ t e man has two s\ls3 ! "o1 call$ ngai1 resides 9 ! he>t2 ! o!r1 call$ *oi1 rema9s 9 ! plac5ta4 ,soon aft] bir? ! plac5ta is buri$ 9 a consecrat$ place4 ,a p>ticul> g5ius1 nam$ ,anje-a1 :o has *>ge ( ! ph5om5a ( procreation1 comes to get ?is *oi & keeps x until ! *ild1 be+ gr[n up1 is m>ri$4 ,:5 ! "t comes to give him a son1 ,anje-a takes a bit ( ! *oi ( ?is man1 places x 9 ! embryo he is mak+1 & ins]ts x into ! womb ( ! "m4 ,s x is out ( ! s\l ( ! fa!r t t ( ! *ild is made4 ,x is true t ! *ild does n receive ! pat]nal s\l integrally at fir/1 = ! ngai rema9s 9 ! he>t ( ! fa!r z long z he lives4 ,b :5 he dies ! ngai1 be+ lib]at$1 also inc>nates itself 9 ! bodies ( ! *ildr52 if !re are sev]al *ildr5 x is divid$ equally among !m4 ,?us !re is a p]fect spiritual cont9uity betwe5 ! g5]ations2 x is ! same s\l :i* is transmitt$ f a fa!r to 8 *ildr5 & f ^! to _! *ildr51 & ?is unique s\l1 always rema9+ itself 9 spite ( its successive divisions & subdivisions1 is ! "o :i* animat$ ! fir/ ance/or at ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s4#hci ,betwe5 ?is !ory & ! "o held by ! c5tral tribes !re is only "o diff]5ce ( any importance2 ?is is t ! re9c>nation is n ! "w ( ! ance/ors !mselves b t ( a special g5ius :o takes *>ge ( ?is function pr(essionally4 ,b x seems probable t ?is g5ius is ! product ( a syncretism :i* has fus$ ! num]\s figures ( ! fir/ ance/ors into "o s+le be+4 ,?is hypo!sis is at lea/ made probable by ! fact t ! words ,anje-a & ,anjir are evid5tly v closely relat$2 n[ ! second designates ! fir/ man1 ! orig9al ance/or f :om all m5 are desc5d$4#hdj ,^! same ideas are f\nd aga9 among ! ,indian tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,krauss says t among ! ,tl9kit1 ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ are believ$ to come back to e>? & introduce !mselves into ! bodies ( ! pregnant wom5 ( _! families4 ,s :5 a woman dreams1 dur+ pregnancy1 ( "s deceas$ relative1 %e believes t ! s\l ( ?is latt] has p5etrat$ into h]4 ,if ! "y *ild has "s *>act]i/ic m>k :i* ! dead man _h be=e1 !y believe t x is ! dead man himself come back to e>?1 & 8 "n is giv5 to ! *ild4#hda ,?is belief is also g5]al among ! ,haida4 ,x is ! %aman :o reveals :i* relative x 0 :o re9c>nat$ himself 9 ! *ild & :at "n %\ld consequ5tly be giv5 to him4#hdb ,among ! ,kwakiutl x is believ$ t ! late/ memb] ( a family :o di$ comes back to life 9 ! p]son ( ! fir/ *ild to be born 9 t family4#hdc ,x is ! same ) ! ,hurons1 ! ,iroquois1 ! ,t9neh1 & _m o!r tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#hdd ,! univ]sality ( ^! conceptions ext5ds1 ( c\rse1 to ! conclusion :i* we h d$uc$ f !m1 t is1 to ! explanation ( ! idea ( ! s\l :i* we h propos$4 ,its g5]al acceptability is also prov$ by ! foll[+ facts4 ,we "k#hde t ea* individual conta9s )9 him some?+ ( t anonym\s =ce :i* is diffus$ 9 ! sacr$ species2 he is a memb] ( ?is species himself4 ,b z an empirical & visible be+1 he is n1 =1 9 spite ( ! symbolic designs & m>ks ) :i* he decorates 8 body1 !re is no?+ 9 him to sugge/ ! =m ( an animal or plant4 ,s x mu/ be t !re is ano!r be+ 9 him1 9 :om he recognizes himself1 b :om he repres5ts 9 ! =m ( an animal or vegetable species4 ,n[ is x n evid5t t ?is d\ble c only be ! s\l1 s9ce ! s\l is1 ( itself1 already a d\ble ( ! subject :om x animates8 ,! ju/ification ( ?is id5tification is complet$ by ! fact t ! organs :]e ! fragm5t ( ! totemic pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ea* individual inc>nates itself ! mo/ em95tly are also ^? :]e ! s\l resides4 ,?is is ! case ) ! blood4 ,! blood conta9s some?+ ( ! nature ( ! totem1 z is prov$ by ! "p x takes 9 ! totemic c]emonies4#hdf ,b at ! same "t1 ! blood is "o ( ! seats ( ! s\l2 or r1 x is ! s\l itself1 se5 f )\t4 ,:5 blood fl[s1 life runs out &1 9 ! same process1 ! s\l escapes4 ,s ! s\l is confus$ ) ! sacr$ pr9ciple :i* is imm95t 9 ! blood4 ,reg>d+ matt]s f ano!r po9t ( view1 if our explanation is well-f\nd$1 ! totemic pr9ciple1 9 p5etrat+ into ! individual z we suppose1 %\ld reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( autonomy !re1 s9ce x is q di/9ct f ! subject 9 :om x is inc>nat$4 ,n[ ?is is j :at ,h[itt claims to h obs]v$ among ! ,yu93 ,t 9 ?is tribe ! totem is ?\ght to be 9 "s way "p ( a man is cle>ly se5 by ! case ( ,umb>a1 be=e m5tion$1 :o told me t1 _m ye>s ago1 someone ( ! ,lace-liz>d totem s5t x :ile he 0 asleep1 & t x w5t d[n 8 ?roat & almo/ ate 8 totem1 :i* 0 9 8 brea/1 s t he ne>ly di$4#hdg ,s x is q true t ! totem is brok5 up 9 individualiz+ itself & t ea* ( ! bits ?us deta*$ plays ! "p ( a _s or s\l resid+ 9 ! body4#hdh ,b !re are o!r m cle>ly demon/rative facts4 ,if ! s\l is only ! totemic pr9ciple individualiz$1 x %\ld h1 9 c]ta9 cases at lea/1 r close relations ) ! animal or vegetable species ^: =m is reproduc$ by ! totem4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! ,geawe-,gal 7a tribe ( ,new ,s\? ,wales7 _h a sup]/ition t ev]yone _h )9 himself an aff9ity to ! _s ( "s bird1 bea/ or reptile4 ,n t he sprung f ! creature 9 any way1 b t ! _s :i* 0 9 him 0 ak9 to t ( ! creature4#hdi ,!re are ev5 cases :]e ! s\l is believ$ to emanate directly f ! animal or vegetable s]v+ z totem4 ,among ! ,arunta1 accord+ to ,/rehl[1 :5 a woman has eat5 a great deal ( fruit1 x is believ$ t %e w give bir? to a *ild :o w h ?is fruit z totem4 ,if1 at ! mom5t :5 %e felt ! fir/ trembl+s ( ! *ild1 %e 0 look+ at a kang>oo1 x is believ$ t ! ratapa ( ! kang>oo has ent]$ h] body & f]tiliz$ h]4#hej ,h4 ,bas$[ report$ ! same fact f ! ,wogait4#hea ,we "k1 also1 t ! ratapa & ! s\l are almo/ indi/+ui%able ?+s4 ,n[1 su* an orig9 c\ld nev] h be5 attribut$ to ! s\l if m5 did n ?9k t x 0 made out ( ! same sub/ances z ! plants & animals ( ! totemic species4 ,?us ! s\l is frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 an animal =m4 ,x is kn[n t 9 inf]ior societies1 dea? is nev] consid]$ a natural ev5t1 due to ! action ( purely physical causes2 x is g5]ally attribut$ to ! evil work+s ( "s sorc]]4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ,au/ralian societies1 9 ord] to det]m9e :o is ! responsible au?or ( ?is murd]1 !y "w on ! pr9ciple t ! s\l ( ! murd]] mu/ inevitably come to visit its victim4 ,!re=e1 ! body is plac$ ^u a scaffold+2 !n1 ! gr\nd "u ! corpse & all ar\nd x is c>efully smoo!d (f s t ! slighte/ m>k becomes easily p]ceptible4 ,!y return ! next day2 if an animal has pass$ by !re dur+ ! int]val1 its tracks are readily recognizable4 ,_! =m reveals ! species to :i* x belongs1 & f t1 !y inf] ! social gr\p ( :i* ! guilty man is a memb]4 ,!y say t x is a man ( su* a class or su* a clan1#heb accord+ to :e!r ! animal is ! totem ( ?is or t class or clan4 ,s ! s\l is believ$ to h come 9 ! =m ( ! totemic animal4 ,9 o!r societies :]e totemism has weak5$ or disappe>$1 ! s\l /ill cont9ues to be ?\ght ( 9 an animal =m4 ,! natives ( ,cape ,b$=d 7,nor? ,que5sl&7 believe t ! *ild1 at ! mom5t ( ent]+ ! body ( its "m1 is a curlew if x is a girl1 or a snake if x is a boy4#hec ,x is only lat] t x takes a human =m4 ,_m ( ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 says ! ,pr9ce ( ,wi$1 say t !y h an animal 9 _! bodies4#hed ,! ,bororo ( ,brazil repres5t ! s\l 9 ! =m ( a bird1 & !re=e believe t !y are birds ( ! same v>iety4#hee ,9 o!r places1 x is ?\ght ( z a snake1 a liz>d1 a fly1 a bee1 etc4#hef ,b x is especially aft] dea? t ?is animal nature ( ! s\l is manife/$4 ,dur+ life1 ?is *>act]i/ic is p>tially veil$1 z x 71 by ! v =m ( ! human body4 ,b :5 dea? has once set x free1 x becomes itself aga94 ,among ! ,omaha1 9 at lea/ two ( ! ,buffalo clans1 x is believ$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead g to rejo9 ! buffalo1 _! ance/ors4#heg ,! ,hopi are divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( clans1 ^: ance/ors 7 animals or be+s ) animal =ms4 ,n[ ,s*oolcraft tells u t !y say t at dea?1 !y take _! orig9al =m aga92 ea* becomes a be> or de]1 accord+ to ! clan to :i* he belongs4#heh ,v frequ5tly ! s\l is believ$ to re9c>nate itself 9 ! body ( an animal4#hei ,x is probably f ?is t ! widely-spread doctr9e ( metempsy*osis 0 d]iv$4 ,we h already se5 h[ h>d press$ ,tylor is to acc\nt = x4#hfj ,if ! s\l is an ess5tially human pr9ciple1 :at c\ld be m curi\s ?an ?is m>k$ pr$ilection :i* x %[s1 9 s l>ge a numb] ( societies1 = ! animal =m8 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ is expla9$ if1 by its v con/itution1 ! s\l is closely relat$ to ! animal1 = 9 t case1 :5 x returns to ! animal _w at ! close ( ?is life1 x is only return+ to its real nature4 ,?us ! g5]ality ( ! belief 9 metempsy*osis is a new pro( t ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! idea ( ! s\l h be5 tak5 l>gely f ! animal k+dom1 z is presuppos$ by ! !ory :i* we h j set =?4 ,,iv ,?us ! notion ( ! s\l is a p>ticul> application ( ! beliefs relative to sacr$ be+s4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! religi\s "* :i* ?is idea has _h f ! mom5t :5 x fir/ appe>$ 9 hi/ory1 & :i* x /ill reta9s to-day4 ,9 fact1 ! s\l has always be5 consid]$ a sacr$ ?+2 on ?is gr\nd1 x is oppos$ to ! body :i* is1 9 itself1 pr(ane4 ,x is n m]ely di/+ui%$ f its mat]ial envelope z ! inside f ! outside2 x is n m]ely repres5t$ z made out ( a m subtle & fluid matt]2 b m ?an ?is1 x inspires ^? s5tim5ts :i* are ev]y:]e res]v$ = t :i* is div9e4 ,if x is n made into a god1 x is at lea/ reg>d$ z a sp>k ( ! div9ity4 ,?is ess5tial *>act]i/ic w\ld be inexplicable if ! idea ( ! s\l 7 only a pre-sci5tific solution giv5 to ! problem ( dreams2 = !re is no?+ 9 ! dream to awak5 religi\s emotions1 s ! cause by :i* ^! are expla9$ c\ld n h su* a "*4 ,b if ! s\l is a "p ( ! div9e sub/ance1 x repres5ts some?+ n ourselves t is )9 u2 if x is made ( ! same m5tal matt] z ! sacr$ be+s1 x is natural t x %\ld become ! object ( ! same s5tim5ts4 ,& ! sacr$ "* :i* m5 ?us attribute to !mselves is n ! product ( a pure illusion ei!r2 l ! notions ( religi\s =ce & ( div9ity1 ! notion ( ! s\l is n )\t a f\ndation 9 reality4 ,x is p]fectly true t we are made up ( two di/9ct p>ts1 :i* are oppos$ to "o ano!r z ! sacr$ to ! pr(ane1 & we may say t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 !re is div9ity 9 u4 ,= society1 ?is unique s\rce ( all t is sacr$1 does n limit itself to mov+ u f )\t & affect+ u = ! mom5t2 x e/abli%es itself )9 u 9 a durable mann]4 ,x ar\ses )9 u a :ole _w ( ideas & s5tim5ts :i* express x b :i*1 at ! same "t1 =m an integral & p]man5t "p ( ourselves4 ,:5 ! ,au/ralian goes away f a religi\s c]emony1 ! repres5tations :i* ?is communal life has ar\s$ or re-ar\s$ )9 him are n oblit]at$ 9 a second4 ,! figures ( ! great ance/ors1 ! h]oic exploits ^: memory ^! rites p]petuate1 ! great de$s ( e sort 9 :i* he1 too1 has p>ticipat$ ?r\gh ! cult1 9 a ^w1 all ^! num]\s ideals :i* he has elaborat$ ) ! co-op]ation ( 8 fell[s1 cont9ue to live 9 8 consci\sness &1 ?r\gh ! emotions :i* are atta*$ to !m & ! asc5dancy :i* !y hold ov] 8 entire be+1 !y are %>ply di/+ui%$ f ! vulg> impressions aris+ f 8 daily relations ) ext]nal ?+s4 ,moral ideas h ! same "*4 ,x is society :i* =ces !m ^u u1 & z ! respect inspir$ by x is naturally ext5d$ to all t comes f x1 its imp]ative rules ( conduct are inve/$1 by reason ( _! orig91 ) an au?ority & a dignity :i* is %>$ by none ( our int]nal /ates3 !re=e1 we assign !m a place ap>t 9 our psy*ical life4 ,al?\gh our moral consci5ce is a "p ( our consci\sness1 we d n feel ourselves on an equality ) x4 ,9 ?is voice :i* makes itself he>d only to give u ord]s & e/abli% prohibitions1 we _c recognize our own voices2 ! v tone 9 :i* x speaks to u w>ns u t x expresses some?+ )9 u t is n ( ourselves4 ,?is is ! objective f\ndation ( ! idea ( ! s\l3 ^? repres5tations ^: fl[ con/itutes our int]ior life are ( two diff]5t species :i* are irr$ucible "o into ano!r4 ,"s conc]n !mselves ) ! ext]nal & mat]ial _w2 o!rs1 ) an ideal _w to :i* we attribute a moral sup]iority ov] ! fir/4 ,s we are really made up ( two be+s fac+ 9 diff]5t & almo/ contr>y directions1 "o ( :om ex]cises a real pre-em95ce ov] ! o!r4 ,su* is ! pr(\nd mean+ ( ! anti!sis :i* all m5 h m or less cle>ly conceiv$ betwe5 ! body & ! s\l1 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual be+s :o coexi/ )9 u4 ,morali/s & prea*]s h (t5 ma9ta9$ t no "o c d5y ! reality ( duty & its sacr$ "* )\t fall+ into mat]ialism4 ,& x is true t if we h no idea ( moral & religi\s imp]atives1 our psy*ical life w all be r$uc$ to "o level1#hfa all our /ates ( consci\sness w be on ! same plane1 & all feel+ ( duality w p]i%4 ,to make ?is duality intelligible1 x is1 ( c\rse1 9 no way necess>y to imag9e a my/]i\s & unrepres5table sub/ance1 "u ! "n ( ! s\l1 :i* is oppos$ to ! body4 ,b "h1 z 9 reg>d to ! idea ( sacr$ness1 ! error conc]ns ! lett] ( ! symbol employ$1 n ! reality ( ! fact symboliz$4 ,x rema9s true t our nature is d\ble2 !re really is a p>ticle ( div9ity 9 u because !re is )9 u u a p>ticle ( ^! great ideas :i* are ! s\l ( ! gr\p4 ,s ! individual s\l is only a portion ( ! collective s\l ( ! gr\p2 x is ! anonym\s =ce at ! basis ( ! cult1 b inc>nat$ 9 an individual ^: p]sonality x esp\ses2 x is mana individualiz$4 ,p]haps dreams aid$ 9 det]m9+ c]ta9 second>y *>act]i/ics ( ! idea4 ,! inconsi/5cy & in/ability ( ! images :i* fill our m9ds dur+ sleep1 & _! rem>kable aptitude = trans=m+ !mselves into "o ano!r1 may h furni%$ ! model = ?is subtile1 transp>5t & ,protean matt] out ( :i* ! s\l is believ$ to be made4 ,also1 ! facts ( swoon+1 catalepsy1 etc41 may h sugge/$ ! idea t ! s\l 0 mobile1 & quitt$ ! body tempor>ily dur+ ?is life2 ?is1 9 its turn1 has s]v$ to expla9 c]ta9 dreams4 ,b all ^! exp]i5ces & obs]vations c\ld h _h only a second>y & complim5t>y influ5ce1 ^: v exi/5ce x is difficult to e/abli%4 ,all t is really ess5tial 9 ! idea comes f else:]e4 ,b does n ?is g5esis ( ! idea ( ! s\l misund]/& its ess5tial *>act]i/ic8 ,if ! s\l is a p>ticul> =m ( ! imp]sonal pr9ciple :i* is diffus$ 9 ! gr\p1 ! totemic species & all ! ?+s ( e sort :i* are atta*$ to ^!1 at bottom x is imp]sonal itself4 ,s1 ) diff]5ces only ( degree1 x %\ld h ! same prop]ties z ! =ce ( :i* x is a special =m1 & p>ticul>ly1 ! same diffusion1 ! same aptitude = spread+ itself contagi\sly & ! same ubiquity4 ,b q on ! contr>y1 ! s\l is volunt>ily repres5t$ z a concrete1 def9ite be+1 :olly conta9$ )9 itself & n communicable to o!rs2 x is made ! basis ( our p]sonality4 ,b ?is way ( conceiv+ ! s\l is ! product ( a late & philosophic elaboration4 ,! popul> repres5tation1 z x is spontane\sly =m$ f common exp]i5ce1 is v diff]5t1 especially at fir/4 ,= ! ,au/ralian1 ! s\l is a v vague ?+1 undecid$ & wav]+ 9 =m1 & spread ov] ! :ole organism4 ,?\gh x manife/s itself especially at c]ta9 po9ts1 !re are probably none f :i* x is totally abs5t4 ,s x has a diffusion1 a contagi\sness & an omnipres5ce comp>able to ^? ( ! mana4 ,l ! mana1 x is able to divide & duplicate itself inf9itely1 ?\gh rema9+ entire 9 ea* ( its p>ts2 x is f ^! divisions & duplications t ! plurality ( s\ls is d]iv$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e ( re9c>nation1 ^: g5]ality we h e/abli%$1 %[s h[ _m imp]sonal elem5ts ent] into ! idea ( ! s\l & h[ ess5tial ^? are4 ,= if ! same s\l is go+ to clo! a new p]sonality 9 ea* g5]ation1 ! individual =ms 9 :i* x successively develops itself mu/ all be equally ext]nal to x1 & h no?+ to d ) its true nature4 ,x is a sort ( g5]ic sub/ance :i* individualizes itself only second>ily & sup]ficially4 ,moreov]1 ?is conception ( ! s\l is by no means completely gone4 ,! cult ( relics %[s t = a ho/ ( believ]s ev5 to-day1 ! s\l ( a sa9t1 ) all its ess5tial p[]s1 cont9ues to adh]e to 8 diff]5t bones2 & ?is implies t he is believ$ to be able to diffuse himself1 subdivide himself & incorporate himself 9 all sorts ( diff]5t ?+s simultane\sly4 ,j z ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( ! mana are f\nd 9 ! s\l1 s second>y & sup]ficial *anges are en\gh to enable ! mana to individualize itself 9 ! =m ( a s\l4 ,we pass f ! fir/ idea to ! second ) no break ( cont9uity4 ,e religi\s =ce :i* is atta*$ 9 a special way to a det]m9$ be+ p>ticipates 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is be+1 takes on its appe>ance & becomes its spiritual d\ble4 ,trege>1 9 8 ,maori-,polynesian diction>y1 has ?\ght x possible to connect ! ^w mana ) ano!r gr\p ( words1 su* z manawa1 manamana1 etc41 :i* seem to belong to ! same family1 & :i* signify he>t1 life1 consci\sness4#hfb ,is ?is n equival5t to say+ t "s sort ( k9%ip ought to exi/ betwe5 ! correspond+ ideas z well1 t is to say1 betwe5 ! idea ( imp]sonal =ce & ^? ( int]nal life1 m5tal =ce &1 9 a ^w1 ( ! s\l8 ,?is is :y ! "q :e!r ! *ur+a is sacr$ because x s]ves z ! resid5ce ( a s\l1 z ,sp5c] & ,gill5 believe1 or because x has imp]sonal virtues1 z ,/rehl[ ?9ks1 seems to u to h little int]e/ & to be )\t sociological importance4 ,:e!r ! efficacy ( a sacr$ object is repres5t$ 9 an ab/ract =m 9 ! m9d or is attribut$ to "s p]sonal ag5t does n really matt]4 ,! psy*ological roots ( bo? beliefs are id5tical3 an object is sacr$ because x inspires1 9 "o way or ano!r1 a collective s5tim5t ( respect :i* removes x f pr(ane t\*es4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ?is s5tim5t1 m5 sometimes fall back on to a vague & imprecise cause1 & sometimes on to a det]m9$ spiritual be+ end[$ ) a "n & a hi/ory2 b ^! diff]5t int]pretations are sup]add$ to "o fundam5tal ph5om5on :i* is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,?is1 moreov]1 is :at expla9s ! s+ul> confusions1 examples ( :i* we h met ) z we h progress$4 ,! individual1 ! s\l ( ! ance/or :i* he re9c>nates or f :i* 8 own is an emanation1 8 *ur+a & ! animals ( ! totemic species are1 z we h said1 p>tially equival5t & int]*angeable ?+s4 ,?is is because 9 c]ta9 connections1 !y all affect ! collective consci\sness 9 ! same way4 ,if ! *ur+a is sacr$1 x is because ( ! collective s5tim5ts ( respect inspir$ by ! totemic emblem c>v$ ^u its surface2 n[ ! same s5tim5t atta*es itself to ! animals or plants ^: outw>d =m is reproduc$ by ! totem1 to ! s\l ( ! individual1 = x is ?\ght ( 9 ! =m ( ! totemic be+1 & f9ally to ! ance/ral s\l1 ( :i* ! prec$+ "o is only a p>ticul> aspect4 ,s all ^! v>i\s objects1 :e!r real or ideal1 h "o common elem5t by :i* !y ar\se a s+le affective /ate 9 ! m9d1 & ?r\gh ?is1 !y become confus$4 ,9 s f> z !y are express$ by "o & ! same repres5tation1 !y are indi/9ct4 ,?is is h[ ! ,arunta has come to reg>d ! *ur+a z ! body common to ! individual1 ! ance/or & ev5 ! totemic be+4 ,x is 8 way ( express+ ! id5tity ( ! s5tim5ts ( :i* ^! diff]5t ?+s are ! object4 ,h[ev]1 x does n foll[ f ! fact ! idea ( ! s\l is d]iv$ f ! idea ( mana t ! fir/ has a relatively lat] orig91 or t !re 0 a p]iod 9 hi/ory :5 m5 7 acqua9t$ ) religi\s =ces only 9 _! imp]sonal =ms4 ,:5 "s wi% to designate by ! ^w preanimi/ an hi/orical p]iod dur+ :i* animism 0 completely unkn[n1 !y build up an arbitr>y hypo!sis2#hfc = !re is no p among :om ! ideas ( ! s\l & ( mana d n coexi/ side by side4 ,s !re is no gr\nd = imag9+ t !y 7 =m$ at two di/9ct times2 ev]y?+1 on ! contr>y1 goes to %[ t ! two are coeval4 ,j z !re is no society )\t individuals1 s ^? imp]sonal =ces :i* are dis5gag$ f ! gr\p _c e/abli% !mselves )\t inc>nat+ !mselves 9 ! individual consci\snesses :]e !y individualize !mselves4 ,9 reality1 we d n h two diff]5t developm5ts1 b two diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same developm5t4 ,x is true t !y d n h an equal importance2 "o is m ess5tial ?an ! o!r4 ,! idea ( mana does n presuppose ! idea ( ! s\l2 = if ! mana is go+ to individualize itself & break itself up into ! p>ticul> s\ls1 x mu/ fir/ ( all exi/1 & :at x is 9 itself does n dep5d ^u ! =ms x takes :5 individualiz$4 ,b on ! contr>y1 ! idea ( ! s\l _c be und]/ood except :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! idea ( mana4 ,s on ?is gr\nd1 x is possible to say t x is ! result ( a second>y =mation2 b we are speak+ ( a second>y =mation 9 ! logical1 n ! *ronological1 s5se ( ! ^w4 ,v ,b h[ does x come t m5 h believ$ t ! s\l survives ! body & is ev5 able to d s = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t8 ,f ! analysis :i* we h made1 x is evid5t t ! belief 9 immortality has n be5 e/abli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( moral ideas4 ,m5 h n imag9$ ! prolongation ( _! exi/5ce beyond ! tomb 9 ord] t a j retribution = moral acts may be assur$ 9 ano!r life1 if x fails 9 ?is "o2 = we h se5 t all consid]ations ( ?is sort are =eign to ! primitive conception ( ! beyond4 ,nor is ! o!r hypo!sis any bett]1 accord+ to :i* ! o!r life 0 imag9$ z a means ( escap+ ! agoniz+ prospect ( annihilation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n true t ! ne$ ( p]sonal survival 0 actively felt at ! beg9n+4 ,! primitive g5]ally accepts ! idea ( dea? ) a sort ( indiff]5ce4 ,be+ tra9$ to c\nt 8 own individuality = little1 & be+ accu/om$ to expos+ 8 life con/antly1 he gives x up easily en\gh4#hfd ,m ?an t1 ! immortality promis$ by ! religions he practices is n p]sonal4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 ! s\l does n cont9ue ! p]sonality ( ! dead man1 or does n cont9ue x long1 =1 =getful ( its previ\s exi/5ce1 x goes away1 aft] a :ile1 to animate ano!r body & ?us becomes ! vivify+ pr9ciple ( a new p]sonality4 ,ev5 among ! mo/ advanc$ peoples1 x 0 only a pale & sad exi/5ce t %ades l$ 9 ,%eol or ,erebus1 & c\ld h>dly att5uate ! regrets occasion$ by ! memories ( ! life lo/4 ,a m satisfactory explanation is ! "o atta*+ ! conception ( a po/hum\s life to ! exp]i5ces ( dreams4 ,our dead fri5ds & relatives reappe> to u 9 dreams3 we see !m act1 we he> !m speak2 x is natural to conclude t !y cont9ue to exi/4 ,b if ^! obs]vations 7 able to confirm ! idea aft] x _h once be5 born1 !y h>dly seem capable ( creat+ x out ( no?+4 ,dreams 9 :i* we see dep>t$ p]sons liv+ aga9 are too r>e & too %ort & leave only too vague recollections ( !mselves1 to h be5 able to sugge/ s important a sy/em ( beliefs to m5 all by !mselves4 ,!re is a rem>kable lack ( proportion betwe5 ! effect & ! cause to :i* x is attribut$4 ,:at makes ?is "q emb>rass+ is ! fact t 9 itself1 ! idea ( ! s\l does n imply t ( its survival1 b r seems to exclude x4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t ! s\l1 ?\gh be+ di/+ui%$ f ! body1 is believ$1 nev]!less1 to be closely unit$ to x3 x ages along ) ! body1 x feels a reaction f all ! maladies t fall ^u ! body2 s x w\ld seem natural t x %\ld die ) ! body4 ,at lea/1 m5 ought to h believ$ t x ceas$ to exi/ f ! mom5t :5 x def9itely lo/ its orig9al =m1 & :5 x 0 no long] :at x _h be54 ,yet x is at j ?is mom5t t a new life op5s out be=e x4 ,! my?s :i* we h already describ$ give ! only possible explanation ( ?is belief4 ,we h se5 t ! s\ls ( new-born *ildr5 are ei!r emanations ( ! ance/ral s\ls1 or ^! s\ls !mselves re9c>nat$4 ,b 9 ord] t !y may ei!r re9c>nate !mselves1 or p]iodically give (f new emanations1 !y mu/ h surviv$ _! fir/ hold]s4 ,s x seems z ?\gh !y admitt$ ! survival ( ! dead 9 ord] to expla9 ! bir? ( ! liv+4 ,! primitive does n h ! idea ( an all-p[]ful god :o creates s\ls out ( no?+4 ,x seems to him t s\ls _c be made except out ( s\ls4 ,s ^? :o are born c only be new =ms ( ^? :o h be52 consequ5tly1 x is necess>y t ^! latt] cont9ue to exi/ 9 ord] t o!rs may be born4 ,9 f9e1 ! belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l is ! only way 9 :i* m5 7 able to expla9 a fact :i* c\ld n fail to attract _! att5tion2 ?is fact is ! p]petuity ( ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,individuals die1 b ! clan survives4 ,s ! =ces :i* give x life mu/ h ! same p]petuity4 ,n[ ^! =ces are ! s\ls :i* animate individual bodies2 = x is 9 !m & ?r\gh !m t ! gr\p is realiz$4 ,= ?is reason1 x is necess>y t !y endure4 ,x is ev5 necess>y t 9 endur+1 !y rema9 always ! same2 =1 z ! clan always keeps its *>act]i/ic appe>ance1 ! spiritual sub/ance out ( :i* x is made mu/ be ?\ght ( z qualitatively inv>iable4 ,s9ce x is always ! same clan ) ! same totemic pr9ciple1 x is necess>y t ! s\ls be ! same1 = s\ls are only ! totemic pr9ciple brok5 up & p>ticul>iz$4 ,?us !re is some?+ l a g]m9ative plasm1 ( a my/ic ord]1 :i* is transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation & :i* makes1 or at lea/ is believ$ to make1 ! spiritual unity ( ! clan ?r\gh all "t4 ,& ?is belief1 9 spite ( its symbolic "*1 is n )\t a c]ta9 objective tru?4 ,= ?\gh ! gr\p may n be immortal 9 ! absolute s5se ( ! ^w1 /ill x is true t x endures long] ?an ! individuals & t x is born & inc>nat$ afre% 9 ea* new g5]ation4 ,a fact confirms ?is int]pretation4 ,we h se5 t accord+ to ! te/imony ( ,/rehl[1 ! ,arunta di/+ui% two sorts ( s\ls3 on ! "o h& are ^? ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,al*]+a1 on ! o!r1 ^? ( ! individuals :o actually compose ! active body ( ! tribe at ea* mom5t 9 hi/ory4 ,! second sort only survive ! body = a relatively %ort "t2 !y are soon totally annihilat$4 ,only ! =m] are immortal2 z !y are uncreat$1 s !y d n p]i%4 ,x is also to be notic$ t !y are ! only ones ^: immortality is necess>y to expla9 ! p]man5ce ( ! gr\p2 = x is ^u !m1 & ^u !m alone1 t x is incumb5t to assure ! p]petuity ( ! clan1 = e conception is _! "w4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! o!rs h no "p to play4 ,s s\ls are n said to be immortal except 9 s f> z ?is immortality is useful 9 r5d]+ intelligible ! cont9uity ( ! collective life4 ,?us ! causes lead+ to ! fir/ beliefs 9 a future life _h no connections ) ! functions to be fill$ at a lat] p]iod by ! in/itutions beyond ! tomb4 ,b :5 t _h once appe>$1 !y 7 soon utiliz$ = o!r purposes besides ^? :i* _h be5 _! orig9al reasons = exi/5ce4 ,ev5 9 ! ,au/ralian societies1 we see !m beg9n+ to organize !mselves = ?is o!r purpose4 ,moreov]1 !re 0 no ne$ ( any fundam5tal trans=mation = ?is4 ,h[ true x is t ! same social in/itution c successively fulfil diff]5t functions )\t *ang+ its nature6 ,,vi ,! idea ( ! s\l 0 = a long "t1 & /ill is 9 "p1 ! popul> =m ( ! idea ( p]sonality4#hfe ,s ! g5esis ( ! =m] ( ^! ideas %\ld aid u 9 und]/&+ h[ ! second "o 0 =m$4 ,f :at has already be5 said1 x is cle> t ! notion ( p]son is ! product ( two sorts ( factors4 ,"o ( ^! is ess5tially imp]sonal3 x is ! spiritual pr9ciple s]v+ z ! s\l ( ! gr\p4 ,9 fact1 x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! v sub/ance ( individual s\ls4 ,n[ ?is is n ! possession ( any "o 9 p>ticul>3 x is a "p ( ! collective patrimony2 9 x & ?r\gh x1 all consci\snesses communicate4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to h sep>ate p]sonalities1 x is necess>y t ano!r factor int]v5e to break up & diff]5tiate ?is pr9ciple3 9 o!r words1 an individualiz+ factor is necess>y4 ,x is ! body t fulfils ?is function4 ,z bodies are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & z !y occupy diff]5t po9ts ( space & "t1 ea* ( !m =ms a special c5tre ab\t :i* ! collective repres5tations reflect & col\r !mselves diff]5tly4 ,! result is t ev5 if all ! consci\snesses 9 ^! bodies are direct$ t[>ds ! same _w1 to wit1 ! _w ( ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i* br+s ab\t ! moral unity ( ! gr\p1 !y d n all see x f ! same angle2 ea* "o expresses x 9 its own fa%ion4 ,( ^! two equally indisp5sable factors1 ! =m] is c]ta9ly n ! less important1 = ?is is ! "o :i* furni%es ! orig9al matt] = ! idea ( ! s\l4 ,p]haps "s w be surpris$ to see s consid]able a rle attribut$ to ! imp]sonal elem5t 9 ! g5esis ( ! idea ( p]sonality4 ,b ! philosophical analysis ( ! idea ( p]son1 :i* has gone f> ahead ( ! sociological analysis1 has rea*$ analog\s results on ?is po9t4 ,among all ! philosoph]s1 ,leibniz is "o ( ^? :o h felt mo/ vividly :at a p]sonality is2 = be=e all1 ! nomad is a p]sonal & autonom\s be+4 ,yet1 = ,leibniz1 ! cont5ts ( all ! monads is id5tical4 ,9 fact1 all are consci\snesses :i* express "o & ! same object1 ! _w2 & z ! _w itself is only a sy/em ( repres5tations1 ea* p>ticul> consci\sness is really only ! reflection ( ! univ]sal consci\sness4 ,h[ev]1 ea* "o expresses x f its own po9t ( view1 & 9 its own mann]4 ,we "k h[ ?is diff]5ce ( p]spectives comes f ! fact t ! monads are situat$ diff]5tly 9 relation to ea* o!r & to ! :ole sy/em :i* !y con/itute4 ,kant expresses ! same s5tim5t1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,= him1 ! corn]-/one ( ! p]sonality is ! w4 ,n[ ! w is ! faculty ( act+ 9 con=mity ) reason1 & ! reason is t :i* is mo/ imp]sonal )9 u4 ,= reason is n my reason2 x is human reason 9 g5]al4 ,x is ! p[] :i* ! m9d has ( ris+ above ! p>ticul>1 ! cont+5t & ! individual1 to ?9k 9 univ]sal =ms4 ,s f ?is po9t ( view1 we may say t :at makes a man a p]sonality is t by :i* he is conf\nd$ ) o!r m51 t :i* makes him a man1 n a c]ta9 man4 ,! s5ses1 ! body &1 9 a ^w1 all t individualizes1 is1 on ! contr>y1 consid]$ z ! antagoni/ ( ! p]sonality by ,kant4 ,?is is because individuation is n ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! p]sonality4 ,a p]son is n m]ely a s+le subject di/+ui%$ f all ! o!rs4 ,x is especially a be+ to :i* is attribut$ a relative autonomy 9 relation to ! environm5t ) :i* x is mo/ imm$iately 9 contact4 ,x is repres5t$ z capable ( mov+ itself1 to a c]ta9 degree3 ?is is :at ,leibniz express$ 9 an exagg]at$ way :5 he said t ! monad 0 completely clos$ to ! outside4 ,n[ our analysis p]mits u to see h[ ?is conception 0 =m$ & to :at x corresponds4 ,9 fact1 ! s\l1 a symbolic repres5tation ( ! p]sonality1 has ! same *>act]i/ic4 ,al?\gh closely b\nd to ! body1 x is believ$ to be pr(\ndly di/9ct f x & to enjoy1 9 relation to x1 a l>ge degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,dur+ life1 x may leave x tempor>ily1 & x def9itely )draws at dea?4 ,f> f be+ dep5d5t ^u ! body1 x dom9ates x f ! high] dignity :i* is 9 x4 ,x may well take f ! body ! outw>d =m 9 :i* x individualizes itself1 b x owes no?+ ess5tial to x4 ,nor is ! autonomy :i* all peoples h attribut$ to ! s\l a pure illusion2 we "k n[ :at its objective f\ndation is4 ,x is q true t ! elem5ts :i* s]ve to =m ! idea ( ! s\l & ^? :i* ent] into ! repres5tation ( ! body come f two diff]5t s\rces t are indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,"o sort are made up ( ! images & impressions com+ f all p>ts ( ! organism2 ! o!rs consi/ 9 ! ideas & s5tim5ts :i* come f & express society4 ,s ! =m] are n d]iv$ f ! latt]4 ,!re really is a "p ( ourselves :i* is n plac$ 9 imm$iate dep5d5ce ^u ! organic factor3 ?is is all t :i* repres5ts society 9 u4 ,! g5]al ideas :i* religion or sci5ce fix 9 our m9ds1 ! m5tal op]ations :i* ^! ideas suppose1 ! beliefs & s5tim5ts :i* are at ! basis ( our moral life1 & all ^! sup]ior =ms ( psy*ical activity :i* society awak5s 9 u1 ^! d n foll[ 9 ! trail ( our bodily /ates1 z our s5sations & our g5]al bodily consci\sness d4 ,z we h already %[n1 ?is is because ! _w ( repres5tations 9 :i* social life passes is sup]impos$ ^u its mat]ial sub/ratum1 f> f aris+ f x2 ! det]m9ism :i* reigns !re is mu* m supple ?an ! "o ^: roots are 9 ! con/itution ( our tissues & x leaves ) ! actor a ju/ifi$ impression ( ! greate/ lib]ty4 ,! m$ium 9 :i* we ?us move is less opaque & less resi/ant3 we feel ourselves to be1 & we are1 m at our ease !re4 ,9 a ^w1 ! only way we h ( free+ ourselves f physical =ces is to oppose !m ) collective =ces4 ,b :atev] we receive f society1 we hold 9 common ) our companions4 ,s x is n at all true t we are m p]sonal z we are m individualiz$4 ,! two t]ms are 9 no way synonym\s3 9 "o s5se1 !y oppose m ?an !y imply "o ano!r4 ,passion individualizes1 yet x also enslaves4 ,our s5sations are ess5tially individual2 yet we are m p]sonal ! m we are fre$ f our s5ses & able to ?9k & act ) concepts4 ,s ^? :o insi/ ^u all ! social elem5ts ( ! individual d n mean by t to d5y or debase ! p]sonality4 ,!y m]ely refuse to confuse x ) ! fact ( individuation4#hff ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,spirits ,,& ,,gods ,:5 we come to ! idea ( ! s\l1 we h left ! circle ( purely imp]sonal =ces4 ,b above ! s\l ! ,au/ralian religions already recognize my?ical p]sonalities ( a sup]ior ord]3 spirits1 civiliz+ h]oes & ev5 gods :o are prop]ly s-call$4 ,:ile x w be unnecess>y to ent] into ! detail ( ! my?ologies1 we mu/ at lea/ seek ! =m 9 :i* ^! ?ree categories ( spiritual be+s are pres5t$ 9 ,au/ralia1 & ! way 9 :i* !y are connect$ ) ! :ole religi\s sy/em4 ,i ,a s\l is n a _s4 ,9 fact1 x is %ut up 9 a det]m9$ organism2 ?\gh x may leave x at c]ta9 mom5ts1 x is ord9>ily a prison] !re4 ,x def9itely escapes only at dea?1 & we h already se5 ! difficulties "u :i* ! sep>ation is accompli%$4 ,a _s1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh (t5 ti$ by ! close/ bonds to "s p>ticul> object1 su* z a spr+1 a rock1 a tree1 a />1 etc41 & ?\gh resid+ !re by pref]5ce1 may g away at w & lead an indep5d5t exi/5ce 9 free space4 ,s x has a m ext5d$ circle ( action4 ,x c act ^u ! individuals :o approa* x or :om x approa*es4 ,! s\l1 on ! contr>y1 has almo/ no influ5ce except ov] ! body x animates2 x is v exceptional t x succe$s 9 influ5c+ outside objects dur+ ! c\rse ( its t]re/rial life4 ,b if ! s\l does n h ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! _s1 x acquires !m1 at lea/ 9 "p1 at dea?4 ,9 fact1 :5 x has be5 dis9c>nat$1 s long z x does n desc5d into a body aga91 x has ! same lib]ty ( movem5t z a _s4 ,( c\rse1 aft] ! rites ( m\rn+ h be5 accompli%$1 x is ?\ght to g to ! l& ( s\ls1 b be=e ?is x rema9s ab\t ! tomb = a r long "t4 ,also1 ev5 aft] x has def9itely dep>t$1 x is believ$ to pr[l ab\t 9 ! bru% ne> ! camp4#hfg ,x is g5]ally repres5t$ z a r b5efic5t be+1 especially = ! surviv+ memb]s ( its family2 we h se5 t ! s\l ( ! fa!r comes to aid ! gr[? ( 8 *ildr5 or 8 gr&*ildr54 ,b x also happ5s sometimes t x %[s signs ( a v]itable cruelty2 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u its hum\r & ! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$ by ! liv+4#hfh ,s x is recomm5d$1 especially to wom5 & *ildr51 n to v5ture outside ( ! camp dur+ ! night s z n to expose oneself to dang]\s enc\nt]s4#hfi ,h[ev]1 a gho/ is n a real _s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x g5]ally has only a limit$ p[] ( action2 also1 x does n h a def9ite prov9ce4 ,x is a vagabond1 ^u :om no det]m9$ task is incumb5t1 = ! effect ( dea? has be5 to put x outside ( all regul> =ms2 z reg>ds ! liv+1 x is a sort ( a exile4 ,a _s1 on ! o!r h&1 always has a p[] ( a c]ta9 sort & x is by ?is t x is def9$2 x is set ov] a c]ta9 ord] ( cosmic or social ph5om5a2 x has a m or less precise function to fulfil 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,b !re are "s s\ls :i* satisfy ?is d\ble condition & :i* are consequ5tly spirits1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,^! are ! s\ls ( ! my?ical p]sonages :om popul> imag9ation has plac$ at ! beg9n+ ( "t1 ! ,altjirangamitj9a or ! m5 ( ! ,al*]+a among ! ,arunta2 ! ,mura-mura among ! tribes ( ,lake ,eyre2 ! ,muk-,kurnai among ! ,kurnai1 etc4 ,9 "o s5se1 !y are /ill s\ls1 = !y are believ$ to h =m]ly animat$ bodies f :i* !y sep>at$ !mselves at a c]ta9 mom5t4 ,b ev5 :5 !y l$ a t]re/rial life1 !y already _h1 z we h se51 exceptional p[]s2 !y _h a mana sup]ior to t ( ord9>y m51 & !y h kept x4 ,also1 !y are *>g$ ) def9ite functions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r we accept ! v]sion ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 or t ( ,/rehl[1 x is to !m t ! c>e ( assur+ ! p]iodical recruit+ ( ! clan falls4 ,!y h *>ge ( ! ph5om5a ( conception4 ,ev5 :5 ! conception has be5 accompli%$1 ! task ( ! ance/or is n yet complet$4 ,x is 8 duty to gu>d ov] ! new-born *ild4 ,lat]1 :5 ! *ild has become a man1 he accompanies him 9 ! hunt1 br+s game to him1 w>ns him by dreams ( ! dang]s he may run1 protects him aga9/ 8 enemies1 etc4 ,on ?is po9t1 ,/rehl[ is entirely 9 accord ) ,sp5c] & ,gill54#hgj ,x is true t someone may ask h[ x is possible1 accord+ to ! v]sion ( ^! latt]1 = ! ance/or to fulfil ?is function2 =1 s9ce he re9c>nates himself at ! mom5t ( conception1 x seems z ?\gh he %\ld be conf\nd$ ) ! s\l ( ! *ild & %\ld !re=e be unable to protect x f )\t4 ,b ! fact is t he does n re9c>nate himself entirely2 he m]ely duplicates himself4 ,"o "p ( him ent]s ! body ( ! woman & f]tilizes h]2 ano!r "p cont9ues to exi/ outside &1 "u ! special "n ( ,arumbur+a1 fulfils ! (fice ( gu>dian g5ius4#hga ,?us we see h[ great a k9%ip !re is betwe5 ?is ance/ral _s & ! g5ius ( ! ,lat9s or ! ,greek3 daimn ( ! ,greeks4#hgb ,! id5tification ( function is complete4 ,9 fact1 at fir/ ! g5ius is ! "o :o begets1 qui gignit2 he expresses & p]sonifies ! p[]s ( g5]ation4#hgc ,b at ! same "t1 he is ! protector & director ( ! p>ticul> individual to ^: p]son he is atta*$4#hgd ,he is f9ally confus$ ) ! p]sonality itself ( ?is individual2 he repres5ts ! totality ( ! proclivities & t5d5cies :i* *>act]ize him & give him a di/9ctive appe>ance among o!r m54#hge ,h5ce come ! well-kn[n expressions indulg]e g5io1 defraud]e g5ium ) ! s5se ( to foll[ "o's natural temp]am5t4 ,at bottom1 ! g5ius is ano!r =m or d\ble ( ! s\l ( ! individual4 ,?is is prov$ by ! p>tial synonomy ( g5ius & manes4#hgf ,! manes is ! g5ius aft] dea?2 b x is also all t survives ( ! dead man1 t is to say1 8 s\l4 ,9 ! same way1 ! s\l ( ! ,arunta & ! ance/ral _s :i* s]ves z 8 g5ius are only two diff]5t aspects ( "o & ! same be+4 ,b x is n only 9 relation to p]sons t ! ance/or has a def9ite situation2 he also has "o 9 relation to ?+s4 ,?\gh he is believ$ to h 8 real resid5ce "u ! gr\nd1 !y ?9k t he is always haunt+ ! place :]e 8 nanja-tree or rock is1 or ! wat]-hole :i* 0 spontane\sly =m$ at ! exact spot :]e he disappe>$ into ! gr\nd1 hav+ t]m9at$ 8 fir/ exi/5ce4 ,z ?is tree or rock is believ$ to repres5t ! body ( ! h]o1 !y imag9e t ! s\l itself is con/antly com+ back !re1 & lives !re m or less p]man5tly2 x is by ! pres5ce ( ?is s\l t !y expla9 ! religi\s respect inspir$ by ^! localities4 ,no "o c break ! bran* ( a nanja-tree )\t a risk ( fall+ sick4#hgg ,=m]ly ! act ( break+ x d[n or injur+ x 0 puni%$ ) dea?4 ,an animal or bird tak+ refuge !re c\ld n be kill$4 ,ev5 ! surr\nd+ bu%es _h to be respect$3 ! grass c\ld n be burn$1 ! rocks also _h to be treat$ ) respect4 ,x 0 =bidd5 to remove !m or break !m4#hgh ,z ?is sacr$ "* is attribut$ to ! ance/or1 he appe>s z ! _s ( ?is tree or rock1 ( ?is wat]-hole or spr+4#hgi ,if ! spr+ is ?\ght ( z hav+ "s connection ) ra91#hhj he w become a _s ( ra94 ,?us1 ! same s\ls :i* s]ve z protect+ g5iuses = m5 also fulfil cosmic functions at ! same "t4 ,x is und\bt$ly 9 ?is s5se t we mu/ und]/& ! text ( ,ro? :]e he says t 9 nor!rn ,que5sl&1 ! spirits ( nature are ! s\ls ( ! dead :o h *os5 to live 9 ! =e/s or caves4#hha ,s we h "h "s spiritual be+s t are diff]5t f ! w&]+ s\ls ) no def9ite p[]s4 ,/rehl[ calls !m gods2#hhb b ?is expression is inexact1 at lea/ 9 ! great majority ( cases4 ,if x 7 true1 !n 9 a society l ! ,arunta :]e ea* "o has 8 protect+ ance/or1 !re w\ld be z _m or m gods ?an !re are individuals4 ,x w\ld m]ely introduce confusion into our t]m9ology to give ! "n ( god to a sacr$ be+ ) only "o wor%ipp]4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t ! figure ( ! ance/or gr[s to a po9t :]e x resembles a real div9ity4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 z we h already po9t$ out1#hhc ! clan z a :ole is ?\ght to be desc5d$ f "o sole & unique ance/or4 ,x is easily se5 h[ ?is collective ance/or might1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 become ! object ( a collective devotion4 ,to *oose a notable example1 ?is is :at has happ5$ to ! snake ,wollunqua4#hhd ,?is my?ical bea/1 f :om ! clan ( ! same "n is held to be desc5d$1 cont9ues to live1 !y believe1 9 wat]-holes :i* are !re=e surr\nd$ ) a religi\s respect4 ,?us x becomes ! object ( a cult :i* ! clan celebrates collectively3 ?r\gh det]m9$ rites1 !y attempt to please him & to w9 8 fav\rs1 & !y address to him all sorts ( pray]s1 etc4 ,s we may say t he is l a god ( ! clan4 ,b ?is is a v exceptional case1 or ev51 accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 a unique "o4 ,normally1 ! ^w spirits is ! only "o suitable = designat+ ^! ance/ral p]sonages4 ,z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is conception has be5 =m$1 we may say t x is evid5t f :at has prec$$4 ,z we h already %[n1 ! exi/5ce ( individual s\ls1 :5 once admitt$1 _c be und]/ood unless "o imag9es an orig9al supply ( fundam5tal s\ls at ! orig9 ( ?+s1 f :i* all ! o!rs 7 d]iv$4 ,n[ ^! ar*itype s\ls _h to be conceiv$ z conta9+ )9 !m ! s\rce ( all religi\s efficacy2 =1 s9ce ! imag9ation does n g beyond !m1 x is f !m & only f !m t all sacr$ ?+s are believ$ to come1 bo? ! in/rum5ts ( ! cult1 ! memb]s ( ! clan & ! animals ( ! totemic species4 ,!y inc>nate all ! sacr$ness diffus$ 9 ! :ole tribe & ! :ole _w1 & s !y are attribut$ p[]s noticeably sup]ior to ^? enjoy$ by ! simple s\ls ( m54 ,moreov]1 "t by itself increases & re9=ces ! sacr$ "* ( ?+s4 ,a v anci5t *ur+a inspires mu* m respect ?an a new "o1 & is suppos$ to h m virtues4#hhe ,! s5tim5ts ( v5]ation ( :i* x has be5 ! object dur+ ! s]ies ( successive g5]ations :o h h&l$ x are1 z x 71 accumulat$ 9 x4 ,= ! same reason1 ! p]sonages :o = c5turies h be5 ! subject ( my?s respectfully pass$ on f m\? to m\?1 & p]iodically put into action by ! rites1 c\ld n fail to take a v especial place 9 ! popul> imag9ation4 ,b h[ does x happ5 t1 in/ead ( rema9+ outside ( ! organiz$ society1 !y h become regul> memb]s ( x8 ,?is is because ea* individual is ! d\ble ( an ance/or4 ,n[ :5 two be+s are relat$ z closely z ?is1 !y are naturally conceiv$ z incorporat$ toge!r2 s9ce !y p>ticipate 9 ! same nature1 x seems z ?\gh t :i* affects "o ought to affect ! o!r z well4 ,?us ! gr\p ( my?ical ance/ors became atta*$ to ! society ( ! liv+2 ! same int]e/s & ! same passions 7 attribut$ to ea*2 !y 7 reg>d$ z associates4 ,h[ev]1 z ! =m] _h a high] dignity ?an ! latt]1 ?is association takes1 9 ! public m9d1 ! =m ( an agreem5t betwe5 sup]iors & inf]iors1 betwe5 patrons & cli5ts1 b5efactors & recipi5ts4 ,?us comes ?is curi\s idea ( a protect+ g5ius :o is atta*$ to ea* individual4 ,! "q ( h[ ?is ance/or came to h relations n only ) m51 b also ) ?+s1 may appe> m emb>rass+2 =1 at ! fir/ glance1 we d n see :at connection !re c be betwe5 a p]sonage ( ?is sort & a rock or tree4 ,b a fact :i* we owe to ,/rehl[ furni%es u ) a solution ( ?is problem1 :i* is at lea/ probable4 ,^! trees & rocks are n situat$ at any po9t 9 ! tribal t]ritory1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 !y are gr\p$ ar\nd ! sanctu>ies1 call$ ertnatulunga by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 & arknanaua by ,/rehl[1 :]e ! *ur+a ( ! clan is kept4#hhf ,we "k ! respect ) :i* ^! localities are enhalo$ f ! m]e fact t ! mo/ preci\s in/rum5ts ( ! cult are !re4 ,ea* ( ^! spreads sanctity all ab\t x4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! neighb\r+ trees & rocks appe> sacr$1 t x is =bidd5 to de/roy or h>m !m1 & t all viol5ce us$ aga9/ !m is a sacrilege4 ,?is sacr$ "* is really due to a simple ph5om5on ( psy*ic contagi\sness2 b 9 ord] to expla9 x1 ! native mu/ admit t ^! diff]5t objects h relations ) ! diff]5t be+s 9 :om he sees ! s\rce ( all religi\s p[]1 t is to say1 ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,al*]+a4 ,h5ce comes ! sy/em ( my?s ( :i* we h spok54 ,!y imag9$ t ea* ertnatulunga m>k$ ! spot :]e a gr\p ( ance/ors ent]$ into ! gr\nd4 ,! m\nds or trees :i* cov]$ ! gr\nd 7 believ$ to repres5t _! bodies4 ,b z ! s\l reta9s1 9 a g5]al way1 a sort ( aff9ity = ! body 9 :i* x dwelt1 !y 7 naturally l$ to believe t ^! ance/ral s\ls cont9u$ to frequ5t ^! places :]e _! mat]ial envelope rema9$4 ,s !y 7 locat$ 9 ! rocks1 ! trees or ! wat]-holes4 ,?us ea* ( !m1 ?\gh rema9+ atta*$ to "s det]m9$ individual1 became trans=m$ into a sort ( g5ius loci & fulfill$ its functions4#hhg ,! conceptions ?us elucidat$ enable u to und]/& a =m ( totemism :i* we h left unexpla9$ up to ! pres5t3 ?is is individual totemism4 ,an individual totem is def9$1 9 its ess5ce1 by ! two foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 7#a7 x is a be+ 9 an animal or vegetable =m ^: function is to protect an individual2 7#b7 ! fate ( ?is individual & t ( 8 patron are closely unit$3 all t t\*es ! latt] is sympa!tically communicat$ to ! =m]4 ,n[ ! ance/ral spirits ( :i* we h j be5 speak+ answ] to ?is same def9ition4 ,!y also belong1 at lea/ 9 "p1 to ! animal or vegetable k+doms4 ,!y1 too1 are protect+ g5iuses4 ,f9ally1 a sympa!tic bond unites ea* individual to 8 protect+ ance/or4 ,9 fact1 ! nanja-tree1 repres5t+ ! my/ical body ( ?is ance/or1 _c be de/roy$ )\t ! man's feel+ himself m5ac$4 ,x is true t ?is belief is los+ its =ce to-day1 b ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h obs]v$ x1 & 9 any case1 !y are ( ! op9ion t =m]ly x 0 q g5]al4#hhh ,! id5tity ( ^! two conceptions is f\nd ev5 9 _! details4 ,! ance/ral s\ls reside 9 trees or rocks :i* are consid]$ sacr$4 ,likewise1 among ! ,euahlayi1 ! _s ( ! animal s]v+ z individual totem is believ$ to inhabit a tree or /one4#hhi ,?is tree or /one is sacr$2 no "o may t\* x except ! proprietor ( ! totem2 :5 x is a /one or rock1 ?is int]diction is /ill absolute4#hij ,! result is t !y are v]itable places ( refuge4 ,f9ally1 we h se5 t ! individual s\l is only ano!r aspect ( ! ance/ral _s1 accord+ to ,/rehl[1 ?is s]ves aft] a fa%ion1 z a second self4#hia ,likewise1 foll[+ an expression ( ,mrs4 ,p>k]1 ! individual totem ( ! ,euahlayi1 call$ ,yunbeai1 is ! alt] ego ( ! individual3 ,! s\l ( a man is 9 8 ,yunbeai & ! s\l ( 8 ,yunbeai is 9 him4#hib ,s at bottom1 x is "o s\l 9 two bodies4 ,! k9%ip ( ^! two notions is s close t !y are sometimes express$ by "o & ! same ^w4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,melanesia & 9 ,polynesia3 atai 9 ! isl& ,mota1 tamaniu 9 ! isl& ,aurora1 & talegia 9 ,motlaw all designate bo? ! s\l ( ! individual & 8 p]sonal totem4#hic ,x is ! same ) aitu 9 ,samoa4#hid ,?is is because ! individual totem is m]ely ! outw>d & visible =m ( ! ego or ! p]sonality1 ( :i* ! s\l is ! inw>d & invisible =m4#hie ,?us ! individual totem has all ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! protect+ ance/or & fills ! same rle3 ?is is because x has ! same orig9 & proce$s f ! same idea4 ,ea* ( !m1 9 fact1 consi/s 9 a duplication ( ! s\l4 ,! totem1 z ! ance/or1 is ! s\l ( ! individual1 b ext]naliz$ & inve/$ ) p[]s sup]ior to ^? x is believ$ to possess :ile )9 ! organism4 ,n[ ?is duplication is ! result ( a psy*ological necessity2 = x only expresses ! nature ( ! s\l :i*1 z we h se51 is d\ble4 ,9 "o s5se1 x is ours3 x expresses our p]sonality4 ,b at ! same "t1 x is outside ( u1 = x is only ! rea*+ into u ( a religi\s =ce :i* is outside ( u4 ,we _c conf\nd ourselves ) x completely1 = we attribute to x an excell5ce & a dignity by :i* x rises f> above u & our empirical individuality4 ,s !re is a :ole "p ( ourselves :i* we t5d to project into ! outside4 ,?is way ( ?9k+ ( ourselves is s well e/abli%$ 9 our nature t we _c escape x1 ev5 :5 we attempt to reg>d ourselves )\t hav+ rec\rse to any religi\s symbols4 ,our moral consci\sness is l a nucleus ab\t :i* ! idea ( ! s\l =ms itself2 yet :5 x speaks to u1 x gives ! effect ( an outside p[]1 sup]ior to u1 :i* gives u our law & judges u1 b :i* also aids & su/a9s u4 ,:5 we h x on our side1 we feel ourselves to be /rong] aga9/ ! trials ( life1 & bett] assur$ ( triumph+ ov] !m1 j z ! ,au/ralian :o1 :5 tru/+ 9 8 ance/or or 8 p]sonal totem1 feels himself m valiant aga9/ 8 enemies4#hif ,s !re is some?+ objective at ! basis ( ^! conceptions1 :e!r we h 9 m9d ! ,roman g5ius1 ! individual totem1 or ! ,al*]+a ance/or2 & ?is is :y !y h surviv$1 9 v>i\s =ms1 up to ! pres5t day4 ,ev]y?+ goes j z if we really _h two s\ls2 "o :i* is )9 u1 or r1 :i* is u2 ! o!r :i* is above u1 & ^: function x is to control & assi/ ! fir/ "o4 ,fraz] ?\ght t ! individual totem 0 an ext]nal s\l2 b he believ$ t ?is ext]iority 0 ! result ( an artifice & a magic ruse4 ,9 reality1 x is impli$ 9 ! v con/itution ( ! idea ( ! s\l4#hig ,,ii ,! spirits ( :i* we h j be5 speak+ are ess5tially b5efactors4 ,( c\rse !y puni% a man if he does n treat !m 9 a fitt+ mann]2#hih b x is n _! function to "w evil4 ,h[ev]1 a _s is 9 itself j z capable ( do+ evil z good4 ,?is is :y we f9d a class ( evil g5iuses =m+ itself naturally1 9 opposition to ^! auxili>y & protect+ spirits1 :i* enables m5 to expla9 ! p]man5t evils t !y h to suff]1 _! nightm>es#hii & illnesses1#ijj :irlw9ds & tempe/s1#ija etc4 ,( c\rse ?is is n say+ t all ^! human mis]ies h appe>$ z ?+s too abnormal to be expla9$ 9 any way except by sup]natural =ces2 b x is say+ t ^! =ces are ?\ght ( "u a religi\s =m4 ,z x is a religi\s pr9ciple :i* is consid]$ ! s\rce ( life1 s1 all ! ev5ts :i* di/urb or de/roy life ought logically to be trac$ to a pr9ciple ( ! same sort4 ,^! h>mful spirits seem to h be5 conceiv$ on ! same model z ! good spirits ( :i* we h j be5 speak+4 ,!y are repres5t$ 9 an animal =m1 or "o t is half-animal1 half-man2#ijb b m5 are naturally incl9$ to give !m enorm\s dim5sions & a repulsive aspect4#ijc ,l ! s\ls ( ! ance/ors1 !y are believ$ to inhabit trees1 rocks1 wat]-holes & subt]ranean cav]ns4#ijd ,tak+ ! ,arunta z a p>ticul> example1 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say expressly t ^! evil g5iuses1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,orun*a1 are be+s ( ! ,al*]+a4#ije ,_m are repres5t$ z ! s\ls ( p]sons :o _h l$ a t]re/rial life4#ijf ,among ! p]sonages ( ! fabul\s epo*1 !re 71 9 fact1 _m diff]5t temp]am5ts3 "s _h cruel & evil in/9cts :i* !y reta9$2#ijg o!rs 7 naturally ( a bad con/itution2 !y 7 ?9 & emaciat$2 s aft] !y _h ent]$ into ! gr\nd1 ! nanja rocks to :i* !y gave bir? 7 consid]$ ! homes ( dang]\s influ5ces4#ijh ,yet !y are di/+ui%$ by special *>act]i/ics f _! confrres1 ! h]oes ( ! ,al*]+a4 ,!y d n re9c>nate !mselves2 among liv+ m51 !re is no "o :o repres5ts !m2 !y are )\t human po/]ity4#iji ,:51 judg+ f c]ta9 signs1 !y believe t a *ild is ! result ( _! "w1 x is put to dea? z soon z born4#iaj ,also1 ^! belong to no det]m9$ totemic gr\p2 !y are outside ! social organization4#iaa ,by all ^! traits1 !y are recogniz$ z magic p[]s r ?an religi\s ones4 ,& 9 fact1 x is especially ) ! magician t !y h relations2 v frequ5tly x is f !m t he gets 8 p[]s4#iab ,s we h n[ arriv$ at ! po9t :]e ! _w ( religion /ops & t ( magic comm5ces2 & z ?is latt] is outside ! field ( our rese>*1 we ne$ n pu% our rese>*es fur!r4#iac ,,iii ,! appe>ance ( ! notion ( spirits m>ks an important /ep 9 advance 9 ! individualization ( religi\s =ces4 ,h[ev]1 ! spiritual be+s ( :om we h be5 speak+ up to ! pres5t are z yet only second>y p]sonages4 ,!y are ei!r evil-work+ g5iuses :o belong to magic r ?an religion1 or else1 be+ atta*$ to det]m9$ individuals or places1 !y _c make _! influ5ce felt except )9 a circle ( a v limit$ radius4 ,s !y c only be ! objects ( private & local rites4 ,b aft] ! idea has once be5 e/abli%$1 x naturally spreads to ! high] sph]es ( ! religi\s life1 & ?us my?ical p]sonalities ( a sup]ior ord] are born4 ,?\gh ! c]emonies ( ! diff]5t clans diff] f "o ano!r1 !y all belong to ! same religion1 none ! less2 also1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ess5tial simil>ities exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,s9ce all ! clans are only p>ts ( "o & ! same tribe1 ! unity ( ! tribe _c fail to make itself felt ?r\gh ?is div]sity ( p>ticul> cults4 ,9 fact1 !re is no totemic gr\p t does n h *ur+a & bull-ro>]s1 & ^! are us$ ev]y:]e 9 ! same way4 ,! organization ( ! tribe into phratries1 matrimonial classes & clans1 & ! exogamic int]dictions atta*$ to !m1 are v]itable tribal in/itutions4 ,! initiation celebrations all include c]ta9 fundam5tal practices1 ! extraction ( a too?1 circumcision1 sub9cision1 etc41 :i* d n v>y ) ! totems )9 a s+le tribe4 ,! uni=mity on ?is po9t is ! m easily e/abli%$ z ! initiation always takes place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! tribe1 or at lea/1 be=e an assembly to :i* ! diff]5t clans h be5 summon$4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! object ( ! initiation is to introduce ! neophyte into ! religi\s life1 n m]ely ( ! clan into :i* he 0 born1 b ( ! tribe z a :ole2 s x is necess>y t ! v>i\s aspects ( ! tribal religion be repres5t$ be=e him & take place1 9 a way1 "u 8 v eyes4 ,x is on ?is occasion t ! moral & religi\s unity ( ! tribe is affirm$ ! be/4 ,?us1 9 ea* society !re are a c]ta9 numb] ( rites :i* are di/+ui%$ f all ! o!rs by _! homog5eity & _! g5]ality4 ,s noticeably a h>mony seem$ to be explicable only by a unity ( orig94 ,s !y imag9$ t ea* gr\p ( simil> rites _h be5 f\nd$ by "o & ! same ance/or1 :o came to reveal !m to ! tribe z a :ole4 ,?us1 among ! ,arunta1 x 0 an ance/or ( ! ,wild ,cat clan1 nam$ ,putiaputia1#iad :o is ?\ght to h taught m5 ! way ( mak+ *ur+a & us+ x ritually2 among ! ,w>ramunga1 x 0 ,murtu-murtu2#iae among ! ,urabunna1 ,witurna2#iaf x 0 ,atnatu among ! ,kaiti%#iag & ,t5dun among ! ,kurnai4#iah ,likewise1 ! practice ( circumcision is attribut$ by ! ea/]n ,di]i & _m o!r tribes#iai to two special ,muramura1 & by ! ,arunta to a h]o ( ! ,al*]+a1 ( ! ,liz>d totem1 nam$ ,mang>kunj]kunja4#ibj ,to ?is same p]sonage are ascrib$ ! f\ndation ( ! matrimonial in/itutions & ! social organization !y imply1 ! discov]y ( fire1 ! inv5tion ( ! spe>1 ! buckl]1 ! boom]ang1 etc4 ,x also happ5s v frequ5tly t ! inv5tor ( ! bull-ro>] is also consid]$ ! f\nd] ( ! rites ( initiation4#iba ,^! special ance/ors _c be put 9 ! same rank z ! o!rs4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! s5tim5ts ( v5]ation :i* !y inspire are n limit$ to "o clan1 b are common to ! :ole tribe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is to !m t m5 ascribe all t is mo/ e/eem$ 9 ! tribal civilization4 ,= ?is d\ble reason1 !y became ! object ( a special consid]ation4 ,= example1 !y say ( ,atnatu t he 0 born 9 heav5 at an epo* ev5 prior to ! times ( ! ,al*]+a1 t he made himself & t he gave himself ! "n he be>s4 ,! />s are 8 wives & daught]s4 ,beyond ! heav5 :]e he lives1 !re is ano!r "o ) ano!r sun4 ,8 "n is sacr$1 & %\ld nev] be pron\nc$ be=e wom5 or non-initiat$ p]sons4#ibb ,yet1 h[soev] great ! pre/ige enjoy$ by ^! p]sonages may be1 !re 0 no occasion = f\nd+ special rites 9 _! hon\r2 = !y !mselves are only rites p]sonifi$4 ,!y h no o!r reason = exi/5ce ?an to expla9 exi/+ practices2 !y are only ano!r aspect ( ^!4 ,! *ur+a & ! ance/or :o inv5t$ x are only "o2 sometimes1 bo? h ! same "n4#ibc ,:5 someone makes ! bull-ro>] res\nd1 !y say t x is ! voice ( ! ance/or mak+ himself he>d4#ibd ,b1 = ! v reason t ea* ( ^! h]oes is conf\nd$ ) ! cult he is believ$ to h f\nd$1 !y believe t he is att5tive to ! way 9 :i* x is celebrat$4 ,he is n satisfi$ unless ! wor%ipp]s fulfil _! duties exactly2 he puni%es ^? :o are neglig5t4#ibe ,s he is ?\ght ( z ! gu>dian ( ! rite1 z well z its f\nd]1 & = ?is reason1 he becomes inve/$ ) a v]itable moral rle4#ibf ,,iv ,h[ev]1 ?is my?ological =mation is n ! highe/ :i* is to be f\nd among ! ,au/ralians4 ,!re are at lea/ a c]ta9 numb] ( tribes :o h arriv$ at a conception ( a god :o1 if n unique1 is at lea/ supreme1 & to :om is attribut$ a pre-em95t position among all ! o!r religi\s entities4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is belief 0 po9t$ out long ago by diff]5t obs]v]s2#ibg b x is ,h[itt :o has contribut$ ! mo/ to e/abli%+ its relative g5]ality4 ,9 fact1 he has v]ifi$ x ov] a v ext5d$ geographical area embrac+ ! ,/ate ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales & ev5 ext5d+ up to ,que5sl&4#ibh ,9 all ?is entire region1 a consid]able numb] ( tribes believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a v]itable tribal div9ity1 :o has diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! di/rict4 ,! ones mo/ frequ5tly employ$ are ,bunjil or ,punjil1#ibi ,d>amulun#icj & ,baiame4#ica ,b we also f9d ,nuralie or ,nurelle1#icb ,koh9#icc & ,mangan-ngaua4#icd ,! same conception is f\nd aga9 f>!r we/1 among ! ,n>r9y]i1 :]e ! great god is call$ ,nurund]i or ,ngurrund]i4#ice ,among ! ,di]i1 x is probable t !re is "o ( ! ,mura-mura1 or ord9>y ance/ors1 :o enjoys a sort ( supremacy ov] ! o!rs4#icf ,f9ally1 9 opposition to ! affirmations ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 :o decl>e t !y h obs]v$ no belief 9 a real div9ity among ! ,arunta1#icg ,/rehl[ assures u t ?is p1 z well z ! ,loritja1 recognize1 "u ! "n ,altjira1 a v]itable good god4#ich ,! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ?is p]sonage are ! same ev]y:]e4 ,x is an immortal1 & ev5 an et]nal be+1 = x 0 n d]iv$ f any o!r4 ,aft] hav+ liv$ on e>? = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 he asc5d$ to heav51 or else 0 tak5 up !re1#ici & cont9ues to live !re1 surr\nd$ by 8 family1 = g5]ally he is said to h "o or sev]al wives1 *ildr5 & bro!rs1#idj :o sometimes assi/ him 9 8 functions4 ,"u ! pretext ( a visit he is said to h made to !m1 he & 8 family are frequ5tly id5tifi$ ) c]ta9 />s4#ida ,moreov]1 !y attribute to him a p[] ov] />s4 ,x is he :o regulates ! j\rney ( ! sun & moon2#idb he gives !m ord]s4#idc ,x is he :o makes ! lightn+ leap f ! cl\ds & :o ?r[s ! ?und]-bolts4#idd ,s9ce he is ! ?und]1 he is also connect$ ) ! ra93#ide x is to him t m5 address !mselves :5 !re is a sc>city ( wat]1 or :5 too mu* falls4#idf ,!y speak ( him z a sort ( creator3 he is call$ ! fa!r ( m5 & !y say t he made !m4 ,accord+ to a leg5d curr5t ar\nd ,melb\rne1 ,bunjil made ! fir/ man 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,he made a little /atue out ( :ite clay2 !n1 aft] he _h danc$ all ar\nd x sev]al times & _h brea!d into its no/rils1 ! /atue became animat$ & comm5c$ to walk ab\t4#idg ,accord+ to ano!r my?1 he light$ ! sun2 ?us ! e>? became heat$ & m5 came out ( x4#idh ,at ! same "t t he made m51#idi ?is div9e p]sonage made ! animals & trees2#iej x is to him t m5 owe all ! arts ( life1 arms1 language & tribal rites4#iea ,he is ! b5efactor ( humanity4 ,ev5 yet1 he plays ! rle ( a sort ( provid5ce = !m4 ,x is he :o supplies 8 wor%ipp]s ) all t is necess>y = _! exi/5ce4#ieb ,he is 9 communication ) !m1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh int]m$i>ies4#iec ,b be+ at ! same "t gu>dian ( ! morals ( ! tribe1 he treats !m sev]ely :5 ^! are violat$4#ied ,if we are to believe c]ta9 obs]v]s1 he w ev5 fulfil ! (fice ( judge1 aft] ?is life2 he w sep>ate ! good f ! bad1 & w n rew>d ! ones l ! o!rs4#iee ,9 any case1 !y are (t5 repres5t$ z rul+ ! l& ( ! dead1#ief & z ga!r+ ! s\ls toge!r :5 !y arrive 9 ! beyond4#ieg ,z ! initiation is ! pr9cipal =m ( ! tribal cult1 x is to ! rites ( initiation t he is atta*$ especially2 he is _! c5tre4 ,he is v frequ5tly repres5t$ by an image cut on a piece ( b>k or soak$ into ! gr\nd4 ,!y dance ar\nd x2 !y s+ 9 its hon\r2 !y ev5 address real pray]s to x4#ieh ,!y expla9 to ! "y m5 :o ! p]sonage is :om ?is image repres5ts2 !y tell !m 8 secret "n1 :i* ! wom5 & ! un9itiat$ _c "k2 !y relate to !m 8 hi/ory & ! "p attribut$ to him 9 ! life ( ! tribe4 ,at o!r times !y raise _! h&s t[>ds ! heav5 :]e he is ?\ght to dwell1 or else !y po9t _! arms or ! ritual in/rum5ts !y h 9 h& 9 ?is direction2#iei ?is is a way ( ent]+ into communication ) him4 ,!y feel 8 pres5ce ev]y:]e4 ,he wat*es ov] ! neophyte :5 he has )drawn into ! =e/4#ifj ,he is att5tive to ! mann] 9 :i* ! c]emonies are celebrat$4 ,! initiation is 8 cult4 ,s he gives special att5tion to see+ t ^! are c>ri$ out exactly3 if !re are any faults or neglig5ces1 he puni%es !m 9 a t]rible mann]4#ifa ,moreov]1 ! au?ority ( ea* ( ^! supreme gods is n limit$ to a s+le tribe2 x is recogniz$ equally by a numb] ( neighb\r+ tribes4 ,bunjil is ador$ 9 ne>ly all ( ,victoria1 ,baiame 9 a consid]able portion ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 etc42 ?is is :y !re are s few gods = a relatively ext5d$ geographical area4 ,s ! cults ( :i* !y are ! object h an int]national "*4 ,x ev5 happ5s sometimes t my?ologies int]m+le1 comb9e & make mutual borr[+s4 ,?us ! majority ( ! tribes :o believe 9 ,baiame also admit ! exi/5ce ( ,d>amulun2 h[ev]1 !y accord him a slight] dignity4 ,!y make him a son or bro!r ( ,baiame1 & subord9ate to ?is latt]4#ifb ,?us ! fai? 9 ,d>amulun has spread 9 div]se =ms1 into all ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,s x is f> f true t religi\s int]nationalism is a peculi>ity ( ! mo/ rec5t & advanc$ religions4 ,f ! dawn ( hi/ory1 religi\s beliefs h manife/$ a t5d5cy to ov]fl[ out ( "o /rictly limit$ political society2 x is z ?\gh !y _h a natural aptitude = cross+ fronti]s1 & = diffus+ & int]nationaliz+ !mselves4 ,( c\rse !re h be5 peoples & times :5 ?is spontane\s aptitude has be5 held 9 *eck by oppos$ social necessities2 b t does n keep x f be+ real &1 z we see1 v primitive4 ,to ,tylor ?is conception has appe>$ to be a "p ( s elevat$ a !ology t he refuses to see 9 x any?+ b ! product ( a ,european importation3 he w\ld h x be a m or less d5atur$ ,*ri/ian idea4#ifc ,&rew ,lang1 on ! contr>y1 consid]s !m auto*?on\s2#ifd b z he also admits t x is contra/$ ) all ! o!r ,au/ralian beliefs & re/s on completely diff]5t pr9ciples1 he concludes t ! religions ( ,au/ralia are made up ( two het]og5e\s sy/ems1 sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & consequ5tly d]iv$ f a d\ble orig94 ,on ! "o h&1 !re 7 ideas relative to totems & spirits1 :i* _h be5 sugge/$ to m5 by ! sight ( c]ta9 natural ph5om5a4 ,b at ! same "t1 by a sort ( intuition z to ! nature ( :i* he refuses to make himself cle>1#ife ! human intellig5ce succe$$ at ! fir/ onset 9 conceiv+ a unique god1 creator ( ! _w & legislator ( ! moral ord]4 ,lang ev5 e/imates t ?is idea 0 pur] ( =eign elem5ts at ! beg9n+1 & especially 9 ,au/ralia1 ?an 9 ! civilizations :i* imm$iately foll[$4 ,) "t1 x 0 cov]$ ov] & obscur$ little by little by ! ev]-gr[+ mass ( animi/ic & totemic sup]/itions4 ,?us x und]w5t a sort ( progressive deg5]ation up to ! day :51 z ! effect ( a privileg$ culture1 x succe$$ 9 com+ into its own & re/at$ itself aga9 ) m =ce & cl>ity ?an x _h 9 ! fir/ place4#iff ,b ! facts all[ nei!r ! sceptical hypo!sis ( ,tylor nor ! !ological int]pretation ( ,lang4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is c]ta9 to-day t ! ideas relative to ! great tribal god are ( indig5\s orig94 ,!y 7 obs]v$ be=e ! influ5ce ( ! mission>ies _h z yet _h "t to make itself felt4#ifg ,b x does n foll[ t x is necess>y to attribute !m to a my/]i\s revelation4 ,f> f be+ d]iv$ f a diff]5t s\rce ?an ! regul> totemic beliefs1 !y are1 on ! contr>y1 only ! logical work+-out ( ^! beliefs & _! highe/ =m4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! notion ( my?ical ance/ors is impli$ 9 ! v pr9ciples ^u :i* totemism re/s1 = ea* ( !m is a totemic be+4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! great gods are c]ta9ly sup]ior to ^!1 /ill1 !re are only diff]5ces ( degree betwe5 !m2 we pass f ! fir/ to ! second ) no break ( cont9uity4 ,9 fact1 a great god is himself an ance/or ( especial importance4 ,!y frequ5tly speak to u ab\t him z ?\gh he 7 a man1 end[$1 to be sure1 ) m ?an human p[]s1 b "o :o liv$ a human life ^u ! e>?4#ifh ,he is pictur$ z a great hunt]1#ifi a p[]ful magician1#igj or ! f\nd] ( ! tribe4#iga ,he 0 ! fir/ man4#igb ,"o leg5d ev5 repres5ts him 9 ! =m ( a worn-out old man :o c\ld h>dly move ab\t4#igc ,if a supreme god nam$ ,mura-mura has exi/$ among ! ,di]i1 ! v ^w is significant1 = x s]ves to designate ! class ( ! ance/ors4 ,likewise1 ,nuralie1 ! "n ( a great god among ! tribes on ! ,murray ,riv]1 is sometimes us$ z a collective expression :i* is appli$ to ! gr\p ( my?ical be+s :om tradition places at ! orig9 ( ?+s4#igd ,!y are p]sonages :olly comp>able to ^? ( ! ,al*]+a4#ige ,9 ,que5sl&1 we h already met ) a god ,anjea or ,anjir1 :o made m5 b :o seems1 nev]!less1 to be only ! fir/ man4#igf ,a fact t has aid$ ,au/ralian ?\ght to pass f ! num]\s ance/ral g5iuses to ! idea ( ! tribal god is t betwe5 ! two extremes a middle t]m has be5 ins]t$1 :i* has s]v$ z a transition3 ^! are ! civiliz+ h]oes4 ,! fabul\s be+s :om we call by ?is "n are really simple ance/ors to :om my?ology has attribut$ an em95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tribe1 & :om x has1 = ?is reason1 set above ! o!rs4 ,we h ev5 se5 t !y ord9>ily =m a "p ( ! totemic organization3 ,mang>kunj]kunja belongs to ! ,liz>d totem & ,putiaputia to ! ,wild ,cat totem4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! functions :i* !y are believ$ to fulfil1 or to h fulfill$1 are closely simil> to ^? incumb5t ^u a great god4 ,he1 too1 is believ$ to h introduc$ ! arts ( civilization among m51 to h be5 ! f\nd] ( ! pr9cipal social in/itutions & ! reveal] ( ! great religi\s c]emonies :i* /ill rema9 "u 8 control4 ,if he is ! fa!r ( m51 x is because he manufactur$ !m r ?an begat !m3 b ,mang>kunj]kunja also made !m4 ,be=e 8 "t1 !re 7 no m51 b only un=m$ masses ( fle%1 9 :i* ! diff]5t memb]s & ev5 ! diff]5t individuals 7 n yet sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,x 0 he :o cut up ?is orig9al matt] & made real human be+s out ( x4#igg ,betwe5 ?is mode ( fabrication & ! "o ! my? we h spok5 ( attributes to ,bunjil1 !re are only %ades ( diff]5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! bonds unit+ ^! two sorts ( figures to ea* o!r are well %[n by ! fact t a relation%ip ( desc5t is sometimes e/abli%$ betwe5 !m4 ,among ! ,kurnai1 ! h]o ( ! bull-ro>]1 ,tundun1 is ! son ( ! great god ,mungan-ngaua4#igh ,likewise1 among ! ,euahlayi1 ,d>amulun1 ! son or bro!r ( ,baiame1 is id5tical ) ,gay&i :o is ! equival5t ( ! ,tundun ( ! ,kurnai4#igi ,( c\rse x is n necess>y to conclude f ^! facts t ! great god is no?+ m ?an a civiliz+ h]o4 ,!re are cases :]e ^! two p]sonages are c>efully diff]5tiat$4 ,b if !y are n conf\nd$1 !y are at lea/ relatives4 ,s x sometimes happ5s t we f9d x h>d to di/+ui% !m2 !re are "s :o c\ld be classifi$ equally well 9 "o category or ! o!r4 ,?us1 we h spok5 ( ,atnatu z a civiliz+ h]o2 b he comes v ne> to be+ a great god4 ,! notion ( a supreme god ev5 dep5ds s closely ^u ! entire sy/em ( ! totemic beliefs t x /ill be>s _! m>k4 ,tundun is a div9e h]o1 z we h j se51 :o is v close to ! tribal div9ity2 n[ among ! ,kurnai1 ! same ^w means totem4#ihj ,simil>ly1 among ! ,arunta1 ,altjira is ! "n ( a great god2 x is also ! "n ( ! mat]nal totem4#iha ,b !re is m to be said ?an ?is2 _m great gods h an obvi\sly totemic aspect4 ,d>amulun is an eagle-hawk2#ihb 8 "m1 an emu4#ihc ,x is also "u ! features ( an emu t ,baiame is repres5t$4#ihd ,! ,altjira ( ! ,arunta has ! legs ( an emu4#ihe ,be=e be+ ! "n ( a great god1 ,nuralie designat$1 z we j saw1 ! ance/or-f\nd]s ( ! tribe2 n[ "s ( ^! 7 cr[s1 ! o!rs hawks4#ihf ,accord+ to ,h[itt1#ihg ,bunjil is always repres5t$ 9 a human =m2 h[ev]1 ! same ^w s]ves to designate ! totem ( a phratry1 ! eagle-hawk4 ,at lea/ "o ( 8 sons is among ! totems includ$ 9 ! phratry to :i* he has giv51 or f :i* he has tak5 8 "n4#ihh ,8 bro!r is ,pallyan1 ! bat2 n[ ?is latt] s]ves z sexual totem = ! m5 9 _m tribes 9 ,victoria4#ihi ,we c ev5 g f>!r & /ate m def9itely ! connection :i* ^! great gods h ) ! totemic sy/em4 ,we h j se5 t ,bunjil is ! totem ( a phratry4 ,d>amulun1 l ,bunjil1 is an eagle-hawk1 & we "k t ?is bird is ! totem ( phratries 9 a l>ge numb] ( s\?-ea/]n tribes4#iij ,we h already po9t$ out t ,nuralie seems to h orig9ally be5 a collective t]m designat+ indi/9ctly ei!r eagle-hawks or cr[s2 n[ 9 ! tribes :]e ?is my? has be5 obs]v$1 ! cr[ is ! totem ( "o ( ! two phratries1 ! eagle-hawk1 t ( ! o!r4#iia ,also1 ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! great gods resembles t ( ! totems ( ! phratries v closely4 ,! my?s1 & sometimes ! rites1 commemorate ! /ruggles :i* ea* ( ^! div9ities f\ght aga9/ a c>nivor\s bird1 ov] :i* x triumph$ only ) ! greate/ difficulty4 ,bunjil1 ! fir/ man1 aft] mak+ ! second man1 ,k>we51 ent]$ into a conflict ) him1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a sort ( duel1 he w\nd$ him sev]ely & *ang$ him into a cr[4#iib ,! two species ( ,nurtalie are repres5t$ z two ho/ile gr\ps :i* 7 orig9ally 9 a con/ant /ate ( w>4#iic ,baiame1 on 8 side1 _h to fight aga9/ ,mullian1 ! cannibal eagle-hawk1 :o1 by ! way1 is id5tical ) ,d>amulun4#iid ,n[1 z we h se51 !re is also a sort ( con/itutional ho/ility betwe5 ! totems ( ! phratries4 ,?is p>allelism completes ! pro( t ! my?ology ( ! great gods & t ( ^! totems are closely relat$4 ,?is relation%ip w appe> /ill m evid5t if we notice t ! rival ( ! god is regul>ly ei!r a cr[ or an eagle-hawk1 & t ^! are q g5]ally ! totems ( ! phratries4#iie ,s ,baiame1 ,d>amulun1 ,nuralie & ,bunjil seem to be phratry-totems :o h be5 deifi$2 & we may imag9e t ?is apo!osis took place z foll[s4 ,x is obvi\sly 9 ! assemblies :i* take place 9 reg>d to ! initiation t ! conception 0 elaborat$1 = ! great gods d n play a rle ( any importance except 9 ^! rites1 & are /rang]s to ! o!r religi\s c]emonies4 ,moreov]1 z ! initiation is ! pr9cipal =m ( ! tribal cult1 x is only on ?is occasion t a tribal my?ology c\ld arise4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! rituals ( circumcision & sub9cision spontane\sly t5d to p]sonify !mselves "u ! =m ( civiliz+ h]oes4 ,h[ev]1 ^! h]oes ex]cis$ no supremacy2 !y 7 on ! same foot+ z ! o!r leg5d>y b5efactors ( society4 ,b :]ev] ! tribe acquir$ a liveli] s5tim5t ( itself1 ?is s5tim5t naturally inc>nat$ itself 9 "s p]sonage1 :o became its symbol4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! bonds unit+ !m to "o ano!r1 no matt] :at clan !y belong$ to1 m5 imag9$ t !y 7 all desc5d$ f ! same /ock & t !y 7 all desc5d$ f a s+le fa!r1 to :om !y owe _! exi/5ce1 ?\gh he ow$ 8 to no "o4 ,! god ( ! initiation 0 pr$e/9$ to ?is rle1 =1 accord+ to an expression frequ5tly com+ to ! lips ( ! natives1 ! object ( ! initiation is to make or manufacture m54 ,s !y attribut$ a creative p[] to ?is god1 & = all ^! reasons1 he f\nd himself inve/$ ) a pre/ige sett+ him well above ! o!r h]oes ( ! my?ology4 ,^! o!rs became 8 auxili>ies1 subord9ate to him2 !y 7 made 8 sons or y\ng] bro!rs1 z 0 ! case ) ,tundun1 ,gay&i1 ,k>we51 ,pallyan1 etc4 ,b o!r sacr$ be+s already exi/$1 :o occupi$ an equally em95t place 9 ! religi\s sy/em ( ! clan3 ^! 7 ! totems ( ! phratries4 ,:]ev] ^! are ma9ta9$1 !y are believ$ to keep ! totems ( ! clans dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,?us !y _h all t 0 necess>y = becom+ tribal div9ities !mselves4 ,s x 0 only natural t a p>tial confusion %\ld arise betwe5 ^! two sorts ( my?ical be+s2 x is ?us t "o ( ! two fundam5tal totems ( ! tribe gave 8 traits to ! great god4 ,b z x 0 necess>y to expla9 :y only "o ( !m 0 call$ to ?is dignity & ! o!r exclud$1 !y suppos$ t ?is latt]1 9 ! c\rse ( a fight aga9/ 8 rival1 0 vanqui%$ & t 8 exclusion 0 ! consequ5ce ( 8 defeat4 ,?is !ory 0 ! m readily admitt$ because x 0 9 accord ) ! re/ ( ! my?ology1 :]e ! totems ( ! phratries are g5]ally consid]$ enemies ( "o ano!r4 ,a my? obs]v$ by ,mrs4 ,p>k] among ! ,euahlayi#iif may s]ve to confirm ?is explanation1 = x m]ely translates x into figurative language4 ,x is relat$ t 9 ?is tribe1 ! totems 7 only ! names giv5 to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,baiame's body at fir/4 ,s ! clans 71 9 a s5se1 ! fragm5ts ( ! div9e body4 ,n[ is ?is n j ano!r way ( say+ t ! great god is ! syn!sis ( all ! totems & consequ5tly ! p]sonification ( ! tribal unity8 ,b at ! same "t1 x takes an int]national "*4 ,9 fact1 ! memb]s ( ! tribe to :i* ! "y initiates belong are n ! only ones :o assi/ at ! c]emonies ( initiation2 repres5tatives f ! neighb\r+ tribes are specially summon$ to ^! celebrations1 :i* ?us become sorts ( int]national fairs1 at once religi\s & laical4#iig ,beliefs elaborat$ 9 social environm5ts ?us con/itut$ c\ld n rema9 ! exclusive patrimony ( any special nationality4 ,! /rang] to :om !y are reveal$ c>ries !m back to 8 own tribe :5 he returns home2 & z1 soon] or lat]1 he is =c$ to invite 8 =m] ho/s1 !re is a cont9ual ex*ange ( ideas f tribe to tribe4 ,x is ?us t an int]national my?ology 0 e/abli%$1 ( :i* ! great god 0 q naturally ! ess5tial elem5t1 = x _h its orig9 9 ! rites ( initiation :i* x is 8 function to p]sonify4 ,s 8 "n pass$ f "o language to ano!r1 along ) ! repres5tations :i* 7 atta*$ to x4 ,! fact t ! names ( ! phratries are g5]ally ! same 9 v diff]5t tribes c\ld n fail to facilitate ?is diffusion4 ,! int]nationalism ( ! totems op5$ ! way = t ( ! great god4 ,v ,we ?us rea* ! highe/ conception to :i* totemism has arriv$4 ,?is is ! po9t :]e x t\*es & prep>es ! religions :i* are to foll[1 & aids u 9 und]/&+ !m4 ,b at ! same "t1 we are able to see t ?is culm9at+ idea is unit$ )\t any int]ruption to ! crude/ beliefs :i* we analys$ to />t )4 ,9 fact1 ! great tribal god is only an ance/ral _s :o f9ally won a pre-em95t place4 ,! ance/ral spirits are only entities =g$ 9 ! image ( ! individual s\ls ^: orig9 !y are de/9$ to expla94 ,! s\ls1 9 _! turn1 are only ! =m tak5 by ! imp]sonal =ces :i* we f\nd at ! basis ( totemism1 z !y individualize !mselves 9 ! human body4 ,! unity ( ! sy/em is z great z its complexity4 ,9 ?is "w ( elaboration1 ! idea ( ! s\l has und\bt$ly play$ an important "p3 x is ?r\gh x t ! idea ( p]sonality has be5 introduc$ into ! doma9 ( religion4 ,b x is n true t1 z ! !ori/s ( animism ma9ta91 x conta9s ! g]m ( ! :ole religion4 ,fir/ ( all1 x presupposes ! notion ( mana or ! totemic pr9ciple ( :i* x is only a special =m4 ,!n1 if ! spirits & gods c\ld n be conceiv$ be=e ! s\l1 !y are1 nev]!less1 m ?an m]e human s\ls1 lib]at$ by dea?2 else :5ce w\ld come _! sup]natural p[]s8 ,! idea ( ! s\l has m]ely s]v$ to direct ! my?ological imag9ation 9 a new way & to sugge/ to x con/ructions ( a new sort4 ,b ! matt] = ^! conceptions has be5 tak51 n f ! repres5tation ( ! s\l1 b f ?is res]voir ( ! anonym\s & diffus$ =ces :i* con/itute ! orig9al f\ndation ( religions4 ,! creation ( my?ical p]sonalities has only be5 ano!r way ( ?9k+ ( ^! ess5tial =ces4 ,z = ! notion ( ! great god1 x is due entirely to ! s5tim5t ^: action we h already obs]v$ 9 ! g5esis ( ! mo/ specifically totemic beliefs3 ?is is ! tribal s5tim5t4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t totemism 0 n ! "w ( isolat$ clans1 b t x 0 always elaborat$ 9 ! body ( a tribe :i* 0 to "s degree consci\s ( its unity4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! diff]5t cults peculi> to ea* clan mutually t\* & complete ea* o!r 9 su* a way z to =m a unifi$ :ole4#iih ,n[ x is ?is same s5tim5t ( a tribal unity :i* is express$ 9 ! conception ( a supreme god1 common to ! tribe z a :ole4 ,s !y are q ! same causes :i* are active at ! bottom & at ! top ( ?is religi\s sy/em4 ,h[ev]1 up to ! pres5t1 we h consid]$ ! religi\s repres5tations z if !y 7 self-suffici5t & c\ld be expla9$ by !mselves4 ,b 9 reality1 !y are insep>able f ! rites1 n only because !y manife/ !mselves !re1 b also because !y1 9 _! turn1 feel ! influ5ce ( ^!4 ,( c\rse ! cult dep5ds ^u ! beliefs1 b x also reacts ^u !m4 ,s 9 ord] to und]/& !m bett]1 x is important to und]/& x bett]4 ,! mom5t has come = und]tak+ its /udy4 ,,book ,,iii ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ritual ,,attitudes ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,negative ,,cult ,,& ,,its ,,functions ,,! ,,ascetic ,,rites ,we d n h ! int5tion ( attempt+ a complete description ( ! primitive cult 9 :at is to foll[4 ,be+ preoccupi$ especially ) rea*+ t :i* is mo/ elem5t>y & mo/ fundam5tal 9 ! religi\s life1 we %all n attempt to recon/ruct 9 detail ! frequ5tly confus$ multiplicity ( all ! ritual =ms4 ,b out ( ! mid/ ( ?is extreme div]sity ( practices we %\ld l to t\* ^u ! mo/ *>act]i/ic attitudes :i* ! primitive obs]ves 9 ! celebration ( 8 cult1 to classify ! mo/ g5]al =ms ( 8 rites1 & to det]m9e _! orig9s & significance1 9 ord] t we may control &1 if !re is occasion1 make m def9ite ! results to :i* ! analysis ( ! beliefs has l$ u4#iii ,e cult pres5ts a d\ble aspect1 "o negative1 ! o!r positive4 ,9 reality1 ( c\rse1 ! two sorts ( rites :i* we d5om9ate ?us are closely associat$2 we %all see t !y suppose "o ano!r4 ,b /ill1 !y are diff]5t &1 if x is only to und]/& _! connection1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% !m4 ,i ,by def9ition1 sacr$ be+s are sep>at$ be+s4 ,t :i* *>act]izes !m is t !re is a break ( cont9uity betwe5 !m & ! pr(ane be+s4 ,normally1 ! fir/ are outside ! o!rs4 ,a :ole gr\p ( rites has ! object ( realiz+ ?is /ate ( sep>ation :i* is ess5tial4 ,s9ce _! function is to prev5t undue mix+s & to keep "o ( ^! two doma9s f encroa*+ ^u ! o!r1 !y are only able to impose ab/5tions or negative acts4 ,!re=e1 we propose to give ! "n negative cult to ! sy/em =m$ by ^! special rites4 ,!y d n prescribe c]ta9 acts to ! fai?ful1 b conf9e !mselves to =bidd+ c]ta9 ways ( act+2 s !y all take ! =m ( int]dictions1 or z is commonly said by e?nograph]s1 ( taboos4 ,?is latt] ^w is ! "o us$ 9 ! ,polynesian languages to designate ! in/itution 9 virtue ( :i* c]ta9 ?+s are )drawn f common use#ajjj2 x is also an adjective express+ ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ^! k9ds ( ?+s4 ,we h already _h occasion to %[ h[ h>d x is to translate a /rictly local & dialectical expression l ?is into a g5]ic t]m4 ,!re is no religion :]e !re are no int]dictions & :]e !y d n play a consid]able "p2 s x is regrettable t ! consecrat$ t]m9ology %\ld seem to make s univ]sal an in/itution into a peculi>ity ( ,polynesia4#ajja ,! expression int]dicts or int]dictions seems to u to be mu* m pref]able4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w taboo1 l ! ^w totem1 is s cu/om>y t x w\ld %[ an excess ( purism to prohibit x sy/ematically2 also1 ! inconv5i5ces x may h are att5uat$ :5 its real mean+ & importance h once be5 def9itely /at$4 ,b !re are int]dictions ( diff]5t sorts :i* x is important to di/+ui%2 = we %all n h to treat all k9ds ( int]dictions 9 ?is *apt]4 ,fir/ ( all1 beside ^? com+ f religion1 !re are o!rs :i* are due to magic4 ,! two h ?is 9 common1 t !y decl>e c]ta9 ?+s incompatible1 & prescribe ! sep>ation ( ! ?+s ^: incompatibility is ?us proclaim$4 ,b !re are also v grave diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! sanctions are n ! same 9 ! two cases4 ,( c\rse ! violation ( ! religi\s int]dicts is frequ5tly believ$1 z we %all pres5tly see1 to br+ ab\t mat]ial disord]s me*anically1 f :i* ! guilty man w suff]1 & :i* are reg>d$ z a judgm5t on 8 act4 ,b ev5 if ^! really come ab\t ?is spontane\s & automatic judgm5t is n ! only "o2 x is always complet$ by ano!r "o1 suppos+ human int]v5tion4 ,a real puni%m5t is add$ to ?is1 if x does n anticipate x1 & ?is "o is delib]ately inflict$ by m52 or at lea/ !re is a blame & public reprobation4 ,ev5 :5 ! sacrilege has be5 puni%$1 z x 71 by ! sickness or natural dea? ( its au?or1 x is also defam$2 x (f5ds op9ion1 :i* reacts aga9/ x2 x puts ! man :o did x 9 fault4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! magic int]diction is judg$ only by ! mat]ial consequ5ces :i* ! =bidd5 act is believ$ to produce1 ) a sort ( physical necessity4 ,9 disobey+1 a man runs risks simil> to ^? to :i* an invalid exposes himself 9 n foll[+ ! advice ( 8 physician2 b 9 ?is case disob$i5ce is n a fault2 x creates no indignation4 ,!re is no s9 9 magic4 ,moreov]1 ?is diff]5ce 9 sanction is due to a pr(\nd diff]5ce 9 ! nature ( ! int]dictions4 ,! religi\s int]diction necess>ily implies ! notion ( sacr$ness2 x comes f ! respect inspir$ by ! sacr$ object1 & its purpose is to keep ?is respect f fail+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! int]dictions ( magic suppose only a :olly lay notion ( prop]ty4 ,! ?+s :i* ! magician recomm5ds to be kept sep>ate are ^? :i*1 by reason ( _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 _c be br\ght toge!r & confus$ )\t dang]4 ,ev5 if he happ5s to ask 8 cli5ts to keep at a di/ance f c]ta9 sacr$ ?+s1 x is n ?r\gh respect = !m & fe> t !y may be pr(an$1 =1 z we "k1 magic lives on pr(anations2#ajjb x is m]ely = reasons ( temporal utility4 ,9 a ^w1 religi\s int]dictions are categorical imp]atives2 o!rs are useful maxims1 ! fir/ =m ( hygi5ic & m$ical int]dictions4 ,we _c /udy two ord]s ( facts z diff]5t z ^! simultane\sly1 or ev5 "u ! same "n1 )\t confusion4 ,we are only conc]n$ ) ! religi\s int]dictions "h4#ajjc ,b a new di/9ction is necess>y betwe5 ^! latt]4 ,!re are religi\s int]dictions ^: object is to sep>ate two sacr$ ?+s ( diff]5t species f ea* o!r4 ,= example1 x w be rememb]$ t among ! ,wakelbura ! scaffold ^u :i* ! corpse is expos$ mu/ be made exclusively ( mat]ials belong+ to ! phratry ( ! dead man2 ?is is z mu* z to say t all contact betwe5 ! corpse1 :i* is sacr$1 & ! ?+s ( ! o!r phratry1 :i* are also sacr$1 b diff]5tly1 is =bidd54 ,else:]e1 ! arms :i* "o uses to hunt an animal ) _c be made out ( a k9d ( wood t is class$ 9 ! same social gr\p z ! animal itself4#ajjd ,b ! mo/ important ( ^! int]dictions are ! ones :i* we %all /udy 9 ! next *apt]2 !y are int5d$ to prev5t all communication betwe5 ! purely sacr$ & ! impurely sacr$1 betwe5 ! sacr$ly auspici\s & ! sacr$ly inauspici\s4 ,all ^! int]dictions h "o common *>act]i/ic2 !y come1 n f ! fact t "s ?+s are sacr$ :ile o!rs are n1 b f ! fact t !re are inequalities & incompatibilities betwe5 sacr$ ?+s4 ,s !y d n t\* :at is ess5tial 9 ! idea ( sacr$ness4 ,! obs]vance ( ^! prohibitions c give place only to isolat$ rites :i* are p>ticul> & almo/ exceptional2 b x c\ld n make a real cult1 = be=e all1 a cult is made by regul> relations betwe5 ! pr(ane & ! sacr$ z su*4 ,b !re is ano!r sy/em ( religi\s int]dictions :i* is mu* m ext5d$ & important2 ?is is ! "o :i* sep>ates1 n diff]5t species ( sacr$ ?+s1 b all t is sacr$ f all t is pr(ane4 ,s x is d]iv$ imm$iately f ! notion ( sacr$ness itself1 & x limits itself to express+ & realiz+ ?is4 ,?us x furni%es ! mat]ial = a v]itable cult1 & ev5 ( a cult :i* is at ! basis ( all ! o!rs2 = ! attitude :i* x prescribes is "o f :i* ! wor%ipp] mu/ nev] dep>t 9 all 8 relations ) ! sacr$4 ,x is :at we call ! negative cult4 ,we may say t its int]dicts are ! religi\s int]dicts p> excell5ce4#ajje ,x is only ^! t we %all discuss 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,b !y take multiple =ms4 ,"h are ! pr9cipal ones :i* we obs]ve 9 ,au/ralia4 ,be=e all are ! int]dictions ( contact2 ^! are ! orig9al taboos1 ( :i* ! o!rs are sc>cely m ?an p>ticul> v>ieties4 ,!y re/ ^u ! pr9ciple t ! pr(ane %\ld nev] t\* ! sacr$4 ,we h se5 already t ! un9itiat$ may n t\* ! *ur+a or ! bull-ro>]s "u any circum/ances4 ,if adults are all[$ ! free use ( !m1 x is because initiation has conf]r$ a sacr$ "* ^u !m4 ,blood1 & especially t :i* fl[s dur+ ! initiation1 has a religi\s virtue2#ajjf x is "u ! same int]dict4#ajjg ,x is ! same ) ! hair4#ajjh ,a dead man is sacr$ because ! s\l :i* animat$ ! body /ays ) ! corpse2 = ?is reason x is sometimes =bidd5 to c>ry ! bones ( a dead man ab\t unless !y are wrapp$ up 9 a piece ( b>k4#ajji ,ev5 ! place :]e ! dea? took place %\ld be avoid$1 = !y believe t ! s\l ( ! dead man cont9ues to haunt ! spot4 ,t is :y !y break camp & move "s di/ance away2#ajaj 9 c]ta9 cases !y de/roy x along ) ev]y?+ x conta9s1#ajaa & a c]ta9 "t mu/ elapse be=e !y c come back to ! same place4#ajab ,?us x comes ab\t t a dy+ man creates an empty space ab\t him2 !y ab&on him aft] !y h in/all$ him z com=tably z possible4#ajac ,an exceptionally intimate contact is ! "o result+ f ! absorption ( food4 ,h5ce comes ! int]diction aga9/ eat+ ! sacr$ animals or vegetables1 & especially ^? s]v+ z totems4#ajad ,su* an act appe>s s v sacrilegi\s t ! prohibition cov]s ev5 adults1 or at lea/1 ! majority ( !m2 only ! old m5 atta9 a suffici5t religi\s dignity to escape ?is int]dict sometimes4 ,?is prohibition has sometimes be5 expla9$ by ! my?ical k9%ip unit+ ! man to ! animals ^: "n he be>s2 !y are protect$ by ! s5tim5t ( sympa?y :i* !y inspire by _! position z k94#ajae ,b ! fact t ! consumption ( ! =bidd5 fle% is believ$ to cause sickness or dea? automatically %[s t ?is int]diction does n h its orig9 9 ! simple revolt ( ! feel+ ( dome/ic relation%ip4 ,=ces ( ano!r sort are 9 action :i* are analog\s to ^? 9 all religions & :i* are believ$ to react aga9/ sacrileges4 ,moreov]1 if c]ta9 foods are =bidd5 to ! pr(ane because !y are sacr$1 c]ta9 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are =bidd5 to p]sons ( a sacr$ "*1 because !y are pr(ane4 ,?us x frequ5tly happ5s t c]ta9 animals are specially designat$ z ! food ( wom52 = ?is reason1 !y believe t !y p>take ( a fem99e nature & t !y are consequ5tly pr(ane4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "y initiate is submitt$ to a s]ies ( rites ( p>ticul> sev]ity2 to give him ! virtues :i* w enable him to ent] into ! _w ( sacr$ ?+s1 f :i* he _h up till !n be5 exclud$1 !y c5tre an exceptionally p[]ful gr\p ( religi\s =ces ^u him4 ,?us he ent]s into a /ate ( sanctity :i* keeps all t is pr(ane at a di/ance4 ,!n he is n all[$ to eat ! game :i* is reg>d$ z ! special food ( wom54#ajaf ,b contact may be e/abli%$ by o!r means ?an ! t\*4 ,"o comes into relations ) a ?+ by m]ely reg>d+ x3 a look is a means ( contact4 ,?is is :y ! sight ( sacr$ ?+s is =bidd5 to ! pr(ane 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,a woman %\ld nev] see ! in/rum5ts ( ! cult2 ! mo/ t is p]mitt$ h] is to cat* a glimpse ( !m f af>4#ajag ,x is ! same ) ! totemic pa9t+s execut$ on ! bodies ( ! (ficiants 9 ! exceptionally important c]emonies4#ajah ,! exceptional solemnity ( ! rites ( initiation prev5ts ! wom5 9 c]ta9 tribes f see+ ! place :]e !y 7 celebrat$#ajai or ev5 ! neophyte himself4#ajbj ,! sacr$ "* :i* is imm95t 9 ! c]emony z a :ole is naturally f\nd 9 ! p]sons ( ^? :o direct$ x or took "s "p 9 x2 ! result ( ?is is t ! novice may n raise 8 eyes to !m1 & ?is int]diction cont9ues ev5 aft] ! rite is accompli%$4#ajba ,a dead man is also remov$ f view sometimes3 8 face is cov]$ ov] 9 su* a way t x _c be se54#ajbb ,! ^w is ano!r way ( ent]+ into relations ) p]sons or ?+s4 ,! brea? expir$ e/abli%es a communication2 ?is is a "p ( u :i* spreads outw>ds4 ,?us x is =bidd5 to ! pr(ane to address ! sacr$ be+s or simply to speak 9 _! pres5ce4 ,j z ! neophyte mu/ n reg>d ei!r ! op]ators or ! assi/ants1 s x is =bidd5 to him to conv]se ) !m except by signs2 & ?is int]diction keeps ! place to :i* x has be5 rais$1 by means ( a special rite4#ajbc ,9 a g5]al way1 !re are1 among ! ,arunta1 mom5ts 9 ! c\rse ( ! great c]emonies :5 sil5ce is obligatory4#ajbd ,z soon z ! *ur+a are expos$1 e "o keeps /ill1 or if someone talks1 he does s 9 a l[ voice or ) 8 lips only4#ajbe ,besides ! sacr$ ?+s1 !re are words & s\nds :i* h ! same "*2 !y %\ld n pass ! lips ( ! pr(ane or ent] _! e>s4 ,!re are ritual songs :i* wom5 mu/ n he> "u pa9 ( dea?4#ajbf ,!y may he> ! noise ( ! bull-ro>]s1 b only f a di/ance4 ,e prop] "n is consid]$ an ess5tial elem5t ( ! p]son :o be>s x2 be+ closely associat$ 9 ! m9d to ! idea ( ?is p]son1 x p>ticipates 9 ! s5tim5ts :i* ?is latt] inspires4 ,s if ! "o is sacr$1 ! o!r is4 ,!re=e1 x may n be pron\nc$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pr(ane life4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga !re is "o totem :i* is p>ticul>ly v5]at$1 ?is is ! snake call$ ,wollunqua2 its "n is taboo4#ajbg ,x is ! same ) ,baiame1 ,d>amulun & ,bunjil2 ! esot]ic =m ( _! "n mu/ n be reveal$ to ! un9itiate4#ajbh ,dur+ m\rn+1 ! "n ( ! dead man mu/ n be m5tion$1 at lea/ by 8 p>5ts1 except :5 !re is an absolute necessity1 & ev5 9 ?is case x mu/ be :isp]$4#ajbi ,?is int]diction is frequ5tly p]petual = ! wid[ & c]ta9 relatives4#ajcj ,among c]ta9 peoples1 ?is ev5 ext5ds beyond ! family2 all ! individuals ^: "n is ! same z t ( ! dead man mu/ *ange !irs tempor>ily4#ajca ,b !re is m ?an ?is3 ! relatives & intimate fri5ds sometimes ab/a9 f c]ta9 words 9 ! usual language1 und\bt$ly because !y 7 employ$ by ! dead man2 ^! gaps are fill$ 9 by means ( p]iphrases or words tak5 f "s =eign dialects4#ajcb ,9 addition to _! public & ev]yday names all m5 h ano!r :i* is kept a secret3 ! wom5 & *ildr5 d n "k x2 x is nev] us$ 9 ! ord9>y life4 ,?is is because x has a religi\s "*4#ajcc ,!re are ev5 c]emonies dur+ :i* x is necess>y to speak a special language :i* mu/ n be us$ = pr(ane purposes4 ,x is ! beg9n+ ( a sacr$ language4#ajcd ,n only are ! sacr$ be+s sep>at$ f ! pr(ane1 b also no?+ :i* ei!r directly or indirectly conc]ns ! pr(ane life %\ld be confus$ ) ! religi\s life4 ,complete nudity is frequ5tly dem&$ ( ! native z a pr]equisite to be+ admitt$ to p>ticipation 9 ! rites2#ajce he is requir$ to /rip himself ( all 8 habitual ornam5ts1 ev5 ^? to :i* he is ! mo/ atta*$1 & f :i* he sep>ates himself ! lea/ will+ly because ( ! protect+ virtues he attributes to !m4#ajcf ,if he is oblig$ to decorate himself to play 8 "p 9 ! ritual1 ?is decoration has to be made specially = ! occasion2 x is a c]emonial co/ume1 a gala dress4#ajcg ,z ^! ornam5ts are sacr$1 ow+ to ! use made ( !m1 he is =bidd5 to use !m 9 pr(ane affairs2 :5 ! c]emony is f9i%$1 !y are buri$ or burnt2#ajch ! m5 mu/ ev5 wa% !mselves 9 su* a way z to c>ry away ) !m no trace ( ! decorations ) :i* !y 7 adorn$4#ajci ,9 g5]al1 all acts *>act]i/ic ( ! ord9>y life are =bidd5 :ile ^? ( ! religi\s life are tak+ place4 ,! act ( eat+ is1 ( itself1 pr(ane2 = x takes place e day1 x satisfies ess5tially utilit>ian & mat]ial ne$s & x is a "p ( our ord9>y exi/5ce4#ajdj ,?is is :y x is prohibit$ 9 religi\s times4 ,:5 "o totemic gr\p has loan$ its *ur+a to a =eign clan1 x is an exceptionally solemn mom5t :5 !y are br\ght back & put into ! ertnatulunga2 all ^? :o take "p 9 ! c]emony mu/ fa/ z long z x la/s1 & x la/s a long "t4#ajda ,! same rule is obs]v$ dur+ ! rites1#ajdb ( :i* we %all speak 9 ! next *apt]1 z well z at c]ta9 mom5ts ( ! initiation4#ajdc ,= ?is same reason1 all temporal occupations are susp5d$ :ile ! great religi\s solemnities are tak+ place4 ,accord+ to a rem>k ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51#ajdd :i* we h already _h occasion to cite1 ! life ( ! ,au/ralian is divid$ into two v di/9ct p>ts3 ! "o is devot$ to hunt+1 fi%+ & w>f>e2 ! o!r is consecrat$ to ! cult1 & ^! two =ms ( activity mutually exclude & repel "o ano!r4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t ! univ]sal in/itution ( religi\s days ( re/ reposes4 ,! di/9ctive "* ( ! fea/-days 9 all kn[n religions is ! cessation ( "w & ! susp5sion ( public & private life1 9 s f> z x does n h a religi\s objective4 ,?is repose is n m]ely a sort ( tempor>y relaxation :i* m5 h giv5 !mselves 9 ord] to give !mselves up m freely to ! s5tim5ts ( joy ord9>ily awak5$ by ! fea/-days2 = !y are sad fea/s1 consecrat$ to m\rn+ & rep5tance1 & dur+ :i* ?is cessation is no less obligatory4 ,?is is because "w is an em95t =m ( pr(ane activity3 x has no o!r app>5t end ?an to provide = ! temporal necessities ( life2 x puts u 9 relations ) ord9>y ?+s only4 ,on fea/ days1 on ! contr>y1 ! religi\s life atta9s an exceptional degree ( int5sity4 ,s ! contra/ betwe5 ! two =ms ( exi/5ce is especially m>k$ at ?is mom5t2 consequ5tly1 !y _c rema9 ne> to ea* o!r4 ,a man _c approa* 8 god intimately :ile he /ill be>s on him m>ks ( 8 pr(ane life2 inv]sely1 he _c return to 8 usual occupations :5 a rite has j sanctifi$ him4 ,s ! ritual day ( re/ is only "o p>ticul> case ( ! g5]al incompatibility sep>at+ ! sacr$ f ! pr(ane2 x is ! result ( an int]diction4 ,x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate "h all ! diff]5t int]dictions :i* h be5 obs]v$1 ev5 9 ! ,au/ralian religions alone4 ,l ! notion ( sacr$ness ^u :i* x re/s1 ! sy/em ( int]dicts ext5ds into ! mo/ div]se relations2 x is ev5 us$ delib]ately = utilit>ian ends4#ajde ,b h[soev] complex x may be1 x f9ally re/s ^u two fundam5tal int]dictions1 :i* summ>ize x & dom9ate x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! religi\s life & ! pr(ane life _c coexi/ 9 ! same place4 ,if ! =m] is to develop1 a special spot mu/ be plac$ at its disposition1 f :i* ! second is exclud$4 ,h5ce comes ! f\nd+ ( temples & sanctu>ies3 ^! are ! spots aw>d$ to sacr$ be+s & ?+s & s]ve !m z resid5ces1 = !y _c e/abli% !mselves 9 any place except on ! condition ( entirely appropriat+ to !mselves all )9 a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,su* arrangem5ts are s indisp5sable to all religi\s life t ev5 ! mo/ inf]ior religions _c d )\t !m4 ,! ertnatulunga1 ! spot :]e ! *ur+a are deposit$1 is a v]itable sanctu>y4 ,s ! un9itiat$ are n all[$ to approa* x4 ,x is ev5 =bidd5 to c>ry on any pr(ane occupation :atsoev] !re4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 !re are o!r holy places :]e important c]emonies are celebrat$4#ajdf ,likewise1 ! religi\s life & ! pr(ane life _c coexi/ 9 ! same unit ( "t4 ,x is necess>y to assign det]m9$ days or p]iods to ! fir/1 f :i* all pr(ane occupations are exclud$4 ,?us fea/ days are born4 ,!re is no religion1 &1 consequ5tly1 no society :i* has n kn[n & practis$ ?is division ( "t into two di/9ct p>ts1 alt]nat+ ) "o ano!r accord+ to a law v>y+ ) ! peoples & ! civilizations2 z we h already po9t$ out1 x 0 probably ! necessity ( ?is alt]nation :i* l$ m5 to introduce into ! cont9uity & homog5eity ( duration1 c]ta9 di/9ctions & diff]5tiations :i* x does n naturally h4#ajdg ,( c\rse1 x is almo/ impossible t ! religi\s life %\ld ev] succe$ 9 conc5trat+ itself h]metically 9 ! places & times :i* are ?us attribut$ to x2 x is inevitable t a little ( x %\ld filt] out4 ,!re are always "s sacr$ ?+s outside ! sanctu>ies2 !re are "s rites t c be celebrat$ on "w-days4 ,b ^! are sacr$ ?+s ( ! second rank & rites ( a less] importance4 ,conc5tration rema9s ! dom9at+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is organization4 ,g5]ally ?is conc5tration is complete = all t conc]ns ! public cult1 :i* _c be celebrat$ except 9 common4 ,! individual1 private cult is ! only "o :i* comes v ne> to ! temporal life4 ,?us ! contra/ betwe5 ^! two successive phases ( human life atta9s its maximum ( int5sity 9 ! inf]ior societies2 = x is !re t ! individual cult is ! mo/ rudim5t>y4#ajdh ,,ii ,up to ! pres5t1 ! negative cult has be5 pres5t$ to u only z a sy/em ( ab/5tions4 ,s x seems to s]ve only to inhibit activity1 & n to /imulate x or to modify x4 ,& yet1 z an unexpect$ reaction to ?is inhibitive effect1 x is f\nd to ex]cise a positive action ( ! highe/ importance ov] ! religi\s & moral nature ( ! individual4 ,9 fact1 ow+ to ! b>ri] :i* sep>ates ! sacr$ f ! pr(ane1 a man _c ent] into intimate relations ) sacr$ ?+s except aft] ridd+ himself ( all t is pr(ane 9 him4 ,he _c lead a religi\s life ( ev5 a slight int5sity unless he comm5ces by )draw+ m or less completely f ! temporal life4 ,s ! negative cult is 9 "o s5se a means 9 view ( an end3 x is a condition ( access to ! positive cult4 ,x does n conf9e itself to protect+ sacr$ be+s f vulg> contact2 x acts ^u ! wor%ipp] himself & modifies 8 condition positively4 ,! man :o has submitt$ himself to its prescrib$ int]dictions is n ! same aft]w>ds z he 0 be=e4 ,be=e1 he 0 an ord9>y be+ :o1 = ?is reason1 _h to keep at a di/ance f ! religi\s =ces4 ,aft]w>ds1 he is on a m equal foot+ ) !m2 he has approa*$ ! sacr$ by ! v act ( leav+ ! pr(ane2 he has purifi$ & sanctifi$ himself by ! v act ( deta*+ himself f ! base & trivial matt]s t debas$ 8 nature4 ,s ! negative rites conf] effici5t p[]s j z well z ! positive ones2 ! fir/1 l ! second1 c s]ve to elevate ! religi\s tone ( ! individual4 ,accord+ to a v true rem>k :i* has be5 made1 no "o c engage 9 a religi\s c]emony ( any importance )\t fir/ submitt+ himself to a sort ( prelim9>y initiation :i* introduces him progressively into ! sacr$ _w4#ajdi ,unctions1 lu/rations1 b5$ictions or any ess5tially positive op]ation may be us$ = ?is purpose2 b ! same result may be atta9$ by means ( fa/s & vigils or retreat & sil5ce1 t is to say1 by ritual ab/95ces1 :i* are no?+ m ?an c]ta9 int]dictions put into practice4 ,:5 !re are only p>ticul> & isolat$ negative rites1 _! positive action is g5]ally too slight to be easily p]ceptible4 ,b !re are circum/ances :5 a :ole sy/em ( int]dictions is conc5trat$ on "o man2 9 ^! cases1 _! effects accumulate1 & ?us become m manife/4 ,?is takes place 9 ,au/ralia at ! "t ( ! initiation4 ,! neophyte is submitt$ to a great v>iety ( negative rites4 ,he mu/ )draw f ! society 9 :i* 8 exi/5ce has be5 pass$ up till !n1 & f almo/ all human society4 ,n only is x =bidd5 = him to see wom5 & un9itiat$ p]sons1#ajej b he also goes to live 9 ! bru%1 f> f 8 fell[s1 "u ! direction ( "s old m5 :o s]ve him z godfa!rs4#ajea ,s v true is x t ! =e/ is consid]$ 8 natural environm5t1 t 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( tribes1 ! ^w ) :i* ! initiation is designat$ signifies t :i* is f ! =e/4#ajeb ,= ?is same reason1 he is frequ5tly decorat$ ) leaves dur+ ! c]emonies at :i* he assi/s4#ajec ,9 ?is way he passes long mon?s1#ajed int]sp]s$ f "t to "t ) rites 9 :i* he mu/ take a "p4 ,?is "t is a p]iod ( all sorts ( ab/95ces = him4 ,a multitude ( foods are =bidd5 him2 he is all[$ only t quantity ( food :i* is absolutely indisp5sable = ! ma9t5ance ( life2#ajee he is ev5 sometimes b\nd to a rigor\s fa/1#ajef or mu/ eat impure foods4#ajeg ,:5 he eats1 he mu/ n t\* ! food ) 8 h&s2 8 godfa!rs put x into 8 m\? = him4#ajeh ,9 "s cases1 he mu/ g to beg 8 food4#ajei ,likewise1 he sleeps only z mu* z is indisp5sable4#ajfj ,he mu/ ab/a9 f talk+1 to ! ext5t ( n utt]+ a ^w2 x is by signs t he makes kn[n 8 ne$s4#ajfa ,he mu/ n wa%2#ajfb sometimes he mu/ n move4 ,he rema9s /ret*$ out ^u ! e>?1 immobile#ajfc & )\t clo?+ ( any sort4#ajfd ,n[ ! result ( ! num]\s int]dictions is to br+ ab\t a radical *ange ( condition 9 ! initiate4 ,be=e ! initiation1 he liv$ ) ! wom52 he 0 exclud$ f ! cult4 ,aft] x1 he is admitt$ to ! society ( m52 he takes "p 9 ! rites1 & has acquir$ a sacr$ "*4 ,! metamorphosis is s complete t x is sometimes repres5t$ z a second bir?4 ,!y imag9e t ! pr(ane p]son1 :o 0 ! "y man up till !n1 has di$1 t he has be5 kill$ & c>ri$ away by ! god ( ! initiation1 ,bunjil1 ,baiame or ,d>amulun1 & t q ano!r individual has tak5 ! place ( ! "o t no long] is4#ajfe ,s "h we f9d ! v he>t ( ! positive effects ( :i* negative rites are capable4 ,( c\rse we d n mean to say t ^! latt] produc$ ?is great trans=mation all by !mselves2 b !y c]ta9ly contribut$ to x1 & l>gely4 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts1 we are able to und]/& :at asceticism is1 :at place x occupies 9 ! religi\s life & :5ce come ! virtues :i* h g5]ally be5 attribut$ to x4 ,9 fact1 !re is no int]dict1 ! obs]vance ( :i* does n h an ascetic "* to a c]ta9 degree4 ,ab/a9+ f some?+ :i* may be useful or f a =m ( activity :i*1 s9ce x is usual1 %\ld answ] to "s human ne$1 is1 ( necessity1 impos+ con/ra9ts & r5unciations4 ,s 9 ord] to h real asceticism1 x is suffici5t = ^! practices to develop 9 su* a way z to become ! basis ( a v]itable s*eme ( life4 ,normally1 ! negative cult s]ves only z an introduction & prep>ation = ! positive cult4 ,b x sometimes happ5s t x frees itself f ?is subord9ation & passes to ! fir/ place1 & t ! sy/em ( int]dicts swells & exagg]ates itself to ! po9t ( usurp+ ! entire exi/5ce4 ,?us a sy/ematic asceticism is born :i* is consequ5tly no?+ m ?an a hyp]trophy ( ! negative cult4 ,! special virtues :i* x is believ$ to conf] are only an amplifi$ =m ( ^? conf]r$1 to a less] degree1 by ! practice ( any int]diction4 ,!y h ! same orig92 = !y bo? re/ on ! pr9ciple t a man sanctifies himself only by ef=ts made to sep>ate himself f ! pr(ane4 ,! pure ascetic is a man :o raises himself above m5 & acquires a special sanctity by fa/s & vigils1 by retreat & sil5ce1 or 9 a ^w1 by privations1 r ?an by acts ( positive piety 7(f]+s1 sacrifices1 pray]s1 etc474 ,hi/ory %[s to :at a high religi\s pre/ige "o may atta9 by ?is me?od3 ! ,buddhi/ sa9t is ess5tially an ascetic1 & he is equal or sup]ior to ! gods4 ,x foll[s t asceticism is n a r>e1 exceptional & ne>ly abnormal fruit ( ! religi\s life1 z "s h suppos$ x to be2 on ! contr>y1 x is "o ( its ess5tial elem5ts4 ,e religion conta9s x1 at lea/ 9 g]m1 = !re are none 9 :i* a sy/em ( int]dicts is n f\nd4 ,_! only diff]5ce 9 ?is reg>d :i* !re may be betwe5 cults is t ?is g]m is m or less develop$ 9 diff]5t ones4 ,x %\ld also be add$ t !re probably is n a s+le "o 9 :i* ?is developm5t does n take1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 ! *>act]i/ic traits ( real asceticism4 ,?is is :at g5]ally takes place at c]ta9 critical p]iods :51 = a relatively %ort "t1 x is necess>y to br+ ab\t a grave *ange ( condition 9 a subject4 ,!n1 9 ord] to introduce him m rapidly into ! circle ( sacr$ ?+s ) :i* he mu/ be put 9 contact1 he is sep>at$ viol5tly f ! pr(ane _w2 b ?is does n come )\t _m ab/95ces & an exceptional recrudesc5ce ( ! sy/em ( int]dicts4 ,n[ ?is is j :at happ5s 9 ,au/ralia at ! mom5t ( initiation4 ,9 ord] to trans=m y\?s into m51 x is necess>y to make !m live ! life ( a v]itable ascetic4 ,mrs4 ,p>k] v ju/ly calls !m ! monks ( ,baiame4#ajff ,b ab/95ces & privations d n come )\t suff]+4 ,we hold to ! pr(ane _w by all ! fibres ( our fle%2 our s5ses atta* u to x2 our life dep5ds ^u x4 ,x is n m]ely ! natural !atre ( our activity2 x p5etrates u f e side2 x is a "p ( ourselves4 ,s we _c deta* ourselves f x )\t do+ viol5ce to our nature & )\t pa9fully w\nd+ our in/9cts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! negative cult _c develop )\t caus+ suff]+4 ,pa9 is "o ( its necess>y conditions4 ,"s h be5 l$ to ?9k ( x z con/itut+ a sort ( rite 9 itself2 !y h se5 9 x a /ate ( grace :i* is to be s\ght & ar\s$1 ev5 artificially1 because ( ! p[]s & privileges :i* x conf]s 9 ! same way z ^! sy/ems ( int]dicts1 ( :i* x is ! natural accompanim5t4 ,s f> z we "k1 ,preuss is ! fir/ :o has realiz$ ! religi\s rle#ajfg :i* is attribut$ to suff]+ 9 ! inf]ior societies4 ,he cites ! case ( ! ,arapahs :o inflict v]itable torm5ts ^u !mselves 9 ord] to become immune f ! dang]s ( battle2 ( ! ,big ,belly ,indians :o submit to actual tortures on ! eve ( milit>y exp$itions2 ( ! ,hupa :o swim 9 icy riv]s & !n rema9 /ret*$ out on ! bank z long z possible1 9 ord] to assure !mselves ( success 9 _! ent]prises2 ( ! ,k>aya :o f "t to "t draw blood f _! arms & legs by means ( scrat*es made out ( ! tee? ( fi%1 9 ord] to /r5g!n _! muscles2 ( ! m5 ( ,dallmannhaf5 7,emp]or ,william's ,l& 9 ,new ,gu9ea7 :o combat ! /]ility ( _! wom5 by mak+ bloody incisions 9 ! upp] "p ( _! ?ighs4#ajfh ,b simil> facts may be f\nd )\t leav+ ,au/ralia1 especially 9 ! c\rse ( ! initiation c]emonies4 ,_m ( ! rites practis$ on ?is occasion consi/ 9 sy/ematically inflict+ c]ta9 pa9s on ! neophyte 9 ord] to modify 8 condition & to make him acquire ! qualities *>act]i/ic ( a man4 ,?us1 among ! ,l>akia1 :ile ! "y m5 are 9 retreat 9 ! =e/1 _! godfa!rs & gu>dians give !m viol5t bl[s at any in/ant1 )\t w>n+ & )\t cause4#ajfi ,among ! ,urabunna1 at a c]ta9 "t1 ! novice is /ret*$ out on ! gr\nd1 8 face aga9/ ! e>?4 ,all ! m5 pres5t beat him rudely2 !n !y make f\r or eight ga%es on 8 back1 arrang$ on ea* side ( ! dorsal sp9e & "o on ! m]idial l9e ( ! nape ( 8 neck4#ajgj ,among ! ,arunta1 ! fir/ rite ( ! initiation consi/s 9 toss+ ! subject 9 a blanket2 ! m5 ?r[ him into ! air & cat* him :5 he comes d[n1 to ?r[ him up aga94#ajga ,9 ! same tribe1 at ! close ( ?is long s]ies ( c]emonies1 ! "y man lies d[n on a b$ ( leaves "u :i* !y h plac$ live coals2 he rema9s !re1 immobile 9 ! mid/ ( ! heat & suffocat+ smoke4#ajgb ,a simil> rite is obs]v$ among ! ,urabunna2 b 9 addition1 :ile ! pati5t is 9 ?is pa9ful situation1 !y beat him on ! back4#ajgc ,9 a g5]al way1 all ! ex]cises to :i* he is submitt$ h ?is same "* to su* an ext5t t :5 he is all[$ to re-ent] ! ord9>y life1 he has a pitiful aspect & appe>s half /upefi$4#ajgd ,x is true t all ^! practices are frequ5tly repres5t$ z ordeals de/9$ to prove ! value ( ! neophyte & to %[ :e!r he is wor?y ( be+ admitt$ into ! religi\s society or n4#ajge ,b 9 reality1 ! probational function ( ! rite is only ano!r aspect ( its efficacy4 ,= ! fact t x has be5 und]gone is prov$ by its produc+ its effect1 t is to say1 by its conf]r+ ! qualities :i* are ! orig9al reason = its exi/5ce4 ,9 o!r cases1 ^! ritual cruelties are execut$1 n on ! organism z a :ole1 b on a p>ticul> organ or tissue1 ^: vitality x is _! object to /imulate4 ,?us1 among ! ,arunta1 ! ,w>ramunga & _m o!r tribes1#ajgf at a c]ta9 mom5t 9 ! initiation1 c]ta9 p]sons are *>g$ ) bit+ ! novice sev]ely 9 ! scalp4 ,?is op]ation is s pa9ful t ! pati5t c h>dly support x )\t utt]+ cries4 ,its object is to make ! hair gr[4#ajgg ,! same treatm5t is appli$ to make ! be>d gr[4 ,! rite ( pull+ out hairs1 :i* ,h[itt m5tions 9 o!r tribes1 seems to h ! same reason = exi/5ce4#ajgh ,accord+ to ,eylmann1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! ,arunta & ! ,kaiti% make small w\nds on _! arms ) /icks r$ ) fire1 9 ord] to become skilful 9 mak+ fire or to acquire ! /r5g? necess>y = c>ry+ heavy loads ( wood4#ajgi ,accord+ to ?is same obs]v]1 ! ,w>ramunga girls amputate ! second & ?ird jo9ts ( ! index f+] on "o h&1 ?9k+ t ! f+] ?us becomes bett] fitt$ = f9d+ yams4#ajhj ,x is n impossible t ! extraction ( tee? 0 sometimes de/9$ to produce effects ( ?is sort4 ,9 any case1 x is c]ta9 t ! cruel rites ( circumcision & sub9cision h ! object ( conf]r+ p>ticul> p[]s on ! g5ital organs4 ,9 fact1 ! "y man is n all[$ to m>ry until aft] he has und]gone !m2 s he owes !m special virtues4 ,:at makes ?is initiation sui g5]is indisp5sable is t 9 all inf]ior societies1 ! union ( ! sexes is m>k$ ) a religi\s "*4 ,x is believ$ to put r$\btable =ces into play :i* a man _c approa* )\t dang]1 until aft] he has acquir$ ! necess>y immunity1 by ritual processes3#ajha = ?is1 a :ole s]ies ( positive & negative practices is us$1 ( :i* circumcision & sub9cision are ! =]unn]s4 ,by pa9fully mutilat+ an organ1 a sacr$ "* is giv5 to x1 s9ce by t act1 x is put into %ape = resi/+ ! equally sacr$ =ces :i* x c\ld n meet o!rwise4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w1 we said t all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght & life ought to be f\nd1 at lea/ 9 g]m1 9 ! mo/ primitive religions3 ! prec$+ facts confirm ?is ass]tion4 ,if !re is any "o belief :i* is believ$ to be peculi> to ! mo/ rec5t & ideali/ic religions1 x is ! "o attribut+ a sanctify+ p[] to sorr[4 ,n[ ?is same belief is at ! basis ( ! rites :i* h j be5 obs]v$4 ,( c\rse1 x is und]/ood diff]5tly at ! diff]5t mom5ts ( hi/ory :5 x is /udi$4 ,= ! ,*ri/ian1 x acts especially ^u ! s\l3 x purges x1 ennobles x1 spiritualizes x4 ,= ! ,au/ralian1 x is ! body ov] :i* x is effici5t3 x increases its vital en]gies2 x makes its be>d & hair gr[2 x t\gh5s its memb]s4 ,b 9 bo? cases ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,9 bo? x is admitt$ t suff]+ creates exceptional /r5g?4 ,& ?is belief is n )\t f\ndation4 ,9 fact1 x is by ! way 9 :i* he braves suff]+ t ! greatness ( a man is be/ manife/$4 ,he nev] rises above himself ) m brilliancy ?an :5 he subdues 8 own nature to ! po9t ( mak+ x foll[ a way contr>y to ! "o x w\ld spontane\sly take4 ,by ?is1 he di/+ui%es himself f all ! o!r creatures :o foll[ bl9dly :]ev] pleasure calls !m2 by ?is1 he makes a place ap>t = himself 9 ! _w4 ,suff]+ is ! sign t c]ta9 ( ! bonds atta*+ him to 8 pr(ane environm5t are brok52 s x te/ifies t he is p>tially fre$ f ?is environm5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is ju/ly consid]$ ! in/rum5t ( deliv]ance4 ,s he :o is ?us deliv]$ is n ! victim ( a pure illusion :5 he believes himself inve/$ ) a sort ( ma/]y ov] ?+s3 he really has rais$ himself above !m1 by ! v act ( r5\nc+ !m2 he is /rong] ?an nature1 because he makes x subside4 ,moreov]1 x is by no means true t ?is virtue has only an /hetic value3 ! :ole religi\s life supposes x4 ,sacrifices & privations d n come )\t privations :i* co/ ! wor%ipp] de>4 ,ev5 if ! rites d n dem& mat]ial gifts f him1 !y require 8 "t & 8 /r5g?4 ,9 ord] to s]ve 8 gods1 he mu/ =get himself2 to make = !m a fitt+ place 9 8 own life1 he mu/ sacrifice 8 pr(ane int]e/s4 ,! positive cult is possible only :5 a man is tra9$ to r5\ncem5t1 to abnegation1 to deta*m5t f self1 & consequ5tly to suff]+4 ,x is necess>y t he h no dread ( !m3 he _c ev5 fulfil 8 duties joyfully unless he loves !m to "s ext5t4 ,b = t1 x is necess>y t he tra9 himself1 & x is to ?is t ! ascetic practices t5d4 ,s ! suff]+ :i* !y impose is n arbitr>y & /]ile cruelty2 x is a necess>y s*ool1 :]e m5 =m & temp] !mselves1 & acquire ! qualities ( dis9t]e/$ness & endurance )\t :i* !re w\ld be no religion4 ,if ?is result is to be obta9$1 x is ev5 a good ?+ t ! ascetic ideal be inc>nat$ em95tly 9 c]ta9 p]sons1 ^: speciality1 s to speak1 x is to repres5t1 almo/ ) excess1 ?is aspect ( ! ritual life2 = !y are l s _m liv+ models1 incit+ to ef=t4 ,su* is ! hi/oric rle ( ! great ascetics4 ,:5 _! de$s & acts are analys$ 9 detail1 "o asks himself :at useful end !y c h4 ,he is /ruck by ! fact t !re is some?+ excessive 9 ! disda9 !y pr(ess = all t ord9>ily impassions m54 ,b ^! exagg]ations are necess>y to su/a9 among ! believ]s a suffici5t disgu/ = an easy life & common pleasures4 ,x is necess>y t an elite put ! end too high1 if ! cr[d is n to put x too l[4 ,x is necess>y t "s exagg]ate1 if ! av]age is to rema9 at a fitt+ level4 ,b asceticism does n s]ve religi\s ends only4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 religi\s int]e/s are only ! symbolic =m ( social & moral int]e/s4 ,! ideal be+s to :om ! cults are address$ are n ! only ones :o dem& ( _! foll[]s a c]ta9 disda9 = suff]+3 society itself is possible only at ?is price4 ,?\gh exalt+ ! /r5g? ( man1 x is frequ5tly rude to individuals2 x necess>ily dem&s p]petual sacrifices f !m2 x is con/antly do+ viol5ce to our natural appetites1 j because x raises u above ourselves4 ,if we are go+ to fulfil our duties t[>ds x1 !n we mu/ be prep>$ to d viol5ce to our in/9cts sometimes & to asc5d ! decl9e ( nature :5 x is necess>y4 ,s !re is an asceticism :i*1 be+ inh]5t 9 all social life1 is de/9$ to survive all ! my?ologies & all ! dogmas2 x is an integral "p ( all human culture4 ,at bottom1 ?is is ! asceticism :i* is ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( & ! ju/ification ( t :i* has be5 taught by ! religions ( all times4 ,,iii ,hav+ det]m9$ :at ! sy/em ( int]dicts consi/s 9 & :at its positive & negative functions are1 we mu/ n[ seek ! causes :i* h giv5 x bir?4 ,9 "o s5se1 x is logically impli$ 9 ! v notion ( sacr$ness4 ,all t is sacr$ is ! object ( respect1 & e s5tim5t ( respect is translat$1 9 him :o feels x1 by movem5ts ( inhibition4 ,9 fact1 a respect$ be+ is always express$ 9 ! consci\sness by a repres5tation :i*1 ow+ to ! emotion x inspires1 is *>g$ ) a high m5tal en]gy2 consequ5tly1 x is arm$ 9 su* a way z to reject to a di/ance e o!r repres5tation :i* d5ies x 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,n[ ! sacr$ _w & ! pr(ane _w are antagoni/ic to ea* o!r4 ,!y correspond to two =ms ( life :i* mutually exclude "o ano!r1 or :i* at lea/ _c be liv$ at ! same "t ) ! same int5sity4 ,we _c give ourselves up entirely to ! ideal be+s to :om ! cult is address$ & also to ourselves & our own int]e/s at ! same "t2 we _c devote ourselves entirely to ! gr\p & entirely to our own egoism at once4 ,"h !re are two sy/ems ( consci\s /ates :i* are direct$ & :i* direct our conduct t[>ds opposite poles4 ,s ! "o hav+ ! great] p[] ( action %\ld t5d to exclude ! o!r f ! consci\sness4 ,:5 we ?9k ( holy ?+s1 ! idea ( a pr(ane object _c ent] ! m9d )\t enc\nt]+ grave resi/ance2 some?+ )9 u opposes itself to its in/allation4 ,?is is because ! repres5tation ( a sacr$ ?+ does n tol]ate neighb\rs4 ,b ?is psy*ic antagonism & ?is mutual exclusion ( ideas %\ld naturally result 9 ! exclusion ( ! correspond+ ?+s4 ,if ! ideas are n to coexi/1 ! ?+s mu/ n t\* ea* o!r or h any sort ( relations4 ,?is is ! v pr9ciple ( ! int]dict4 ,moreov]1 ! _w ( sacr$ ?+s is1 by def9ition1 a _w ap>t4 ,s9ce x is oppos$ to ! pr(ane _w by all ! *>act]i/ics we h m5tion$1 x mu/ be treat$ 9 its own peculi> way3 x w\ld be a misund]/&+ ( its nature & a confusion ( x ) some?+ t x is n1 to make use ( ! ge/ures1 language & attitudes :i* we employ 9 our relations ) ord9>y ?+s1 :5 we h to d ) ! ?+s t compose x4 ,we may h&le ! =m] freely2 we speak freely to vulg> be+s2 s we d n t\* ! sacr$ be+s1 or we t\* !m only ) res]ve2 we d n speak 9 _! pres5ce1 or we d n speak ! common language !re4 ,all t is us$ 9 our comm]ce ) ! "o mu/ be exclud$ f our comm]ce ) ! o!r4 ,b if ?is explanation is n inexact1 x is1 nev]!less1 insuffici5t4 ,9 fact1 !re are _m be+s :i* are ! objects ( respect )\t be+ protect$ by sy/ems ( rigor\s int]dictions su* z ^? we h j describ$4 ,( c\rse !re is a g5]al t5d5cy ( ! m9d to localize diff]5t ?+s 9 diff]5t places1 especially :5 !y are incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,b ! pr(ane environm5t & ! sacr$ "o are n m]ely di/9ct1 b !y are also clos$ to "o ano!r2 betwe5 !m !re is an abyss4 ,s !re ought to be "s p>ticul> reason 9 ! nature ( sacr$ ?+s1 :i* causes ?is exceptional isolation & mutual exclusion4 ,&1 9 fact1 by a sort ( contradiction1 ! sacr$ _w is incl9$1 z x 71 to spread itself into ?is same pr(ane _w :i* x excludes else:]e3 at ! same "t t x repels x1 x t5ds to fl[ into x z soon z x approa*es4 ,?is is :y x is necess>y to keep !m at a di/ance f "o ano!r & to create a sort ( vacuum betwe5 !m4 ,:at makes ^! precautions necess>y is ! extraord9>y contagi\sness ( a sacr$ "*4 ,f> f be+ atta*$ to ! ?+s :i* are m>k$ ) x1 x is end[$ ) a sort ( elusiv5ess4 ,ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial or r\ndab\t contact is suffici5t to enable x to spread f "o object to ano!r4 ,religi\s =ces are repres5t$ 9 ! m9d 9 su* a way t !y always seem ready to escape f ! po9ts :]e !y reside & to ent] ev]y?+ pass+ )9 _! range4 ,! nanja tree :]e ! _s ( an ance/or lives is sacr$ = ! individual :o consid]s himself ! re9c>nation ( ?is ance/or4 ,b e bird :i* alights ^u ?is tree p>ticipates 9 ?is same nature3 x is also =bidd5 to t\* x4#ajhb ,we h already _h occasion to %[ h[ simple contact ) a *ur+a is en\gh to sanctify m5 & ?+s2#ajhc x is also ^u ?is pr9ciple ( ! contagi\sness ( sacr$ness t all ! rites ( consecration repose4 ,! sanctity ( ! *ur+a is s great t its action is ev5 felt at a di/ance4 ,x w be rememb]$ h[ ?is ext5ds n only to ! cave :]e !y are kept1 b also to ! :ole surr\nd+ di/rict1 to ! animals :o take refuge !re1 :om x is =bidd5 to kill1 & to ! plants :i* gr[ !re1 :i* mu/ n be t\*$4#ajhd ,a snake totem has its c5tre at a place :]e !re is a wat]-hole4 ,! sacr$ "* ( ! totem is communicat$ to ?is place1 to ! wat]-hole & ev5 to ! wat] itself1 :i* is =bidd5 to all ! memb]s ( ! totemic gr\p4#ajhe ,! initiate lives 9 an atmosph]e *>g$ ) religi\sness1 & x is z ?\gh he 7 impregnat$ ) x himself4#ajhf ,consequ5tly all t he possesses & all t he t\*es is =bidd5 to ! wom51 & )drawn f _! contact1 ev5 d[n to ! bird he has /ruck ) 8 /ick1 ! kang>oo he has pi]c$ ) 8 lance or ! fi% :i* has bit on 8 hook4#ajhg ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rites to :i* he is submitt$ & ! ?+s :i* h a "p 9 !m h a sanctity sup]ior to 8 own3 ?is sanctity is contagi\sly transmitt$ to ev]y?+ :i* evokes ! idea ( "o or ! o!r4 ,! too? :i* has be5 knock$ out ( him is consid]$ v holy4#ajhh ,= ?is reason1 he may n eat animals ) prom95t tee?1 because !y make him ?9k ( 8 own lo/ too?4 ,! c]emonies ( ! ,kur+al t]m9ate ) a ritual wa%+2#ajhi acquatic birds are =bidd5 to ! neophyte because !y make him ?9k ( ?is rite4 ,animals t climb to ! tops ( trees are equally sacr$ = him1 because !y are too ne> to ,d>amulun1 ! god ( ! initiation1 :o lives 9 heav54#ajij ,! s\l ( a dead man is a sacr$ ?+3 we h already se5 h[ ?is same prop]ty passes to ! corpse 9 :i* ! s\l resid$1 to ! spot :]e ?is is buri$1 to ! camp 9 :i* he liv$ :5 alive1 & :i* is ei!r de/roy$ or quitt$1 to ! "n he bore1 to 8 wife & to 8 relations4#ajia ,!y1 too1 are inve/$1 z x 71 ) a sacr$ "*2 consequ5tly1 m5 keep at a di/ance f !m2 !y d n treat !m z m]e pr(ane be+s4 ,9 ! societies obs]v$ by ,dawson1 _! names1 l t ( ! dead man1 _c be pron\nc$ dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+4#ajib ,c]ta9 animals :i* he ate may also be prohibit$4#ajic ,?is contagi\sness ( sacr$ness is too well kn[n a ph5om5on#ajid to require any pro( ( its exi/5ce f num]\s examples2 we only wi% to %[ t x is z true 9 totemism z 9 ! m advanc$ religions4 ,:5 once e/abli%$1 x quickly expla9s ! extreme rig\r ( ! int]dicts sep>at+ ! sacr$ f ! pr(ane4 ,s9ce1 9 virtue ( ?is extraord9>y p[] ( expansion1 ! slighte/ contact1 ! lea/ proximity1 ei!r mat]ial or simply moral1 suffices to draw religi\s =ces out ( _! doma91 & s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 !y _c leave x )\t contradict+ _! nature1 a :ole sy/em ( measures is indisp5sable = ma9ta9+ ! two worlds at a respectful di/ance f "o ano!r4 ,?is is :y x is =bidd5 to ! pr(ane1 n only to t\*1 b ev5 to see or he> t :i* is sacr$1 & :y ^! two sorts ( life _c be mix$ 9 _! consci\snesses4 ,precautions are necess>y to keep !m ap>t because1 ?\gh oppos+ "o ano!r1 !y t5d to confuse !mselves into "o ano!r4 ,:5 we und]/& ! multiplicity ( ^! int]dicts we also und]/& ! way 9 :i* !y op]ate & ! sanctions :i* are atta*$ to !m4 ,ow+ to ! contagi\sness inh]5t 9 all t is sacr$1 a pr(ane be+ _c violate an int]dict )\t hav+ ! religi\s =ce1 to :i* he has unduly approa*$1 ext5d itself ov] him & e/abli% its empire ov] him4 ,b z !re is an antagonism betwe5 !m1 he becomes dep5d5t ^u a ho/ile p[]1 ^: ho/ility _c fail to manife/ itself 9 ! =m ( viol5t reactions :i* t5d to de/roy him4 ,?is is :y sickness or dea? are consid]$ ! natural consequ5ces ( e transgression ( ?is sort2 & !y are consequ5ces :i* are believ$ to come by !mselves1 ) a sort ( physical necessity4 ,! guilty man feels himself attack$ by a =ce :i* dom9ates him & aga9/ :i* he is p[]less4 ,has he eat5 ! totemic animal8 ,!n he feels x p5etrat+ him & gnaw+ at 8 vitals2 he lies d[n on ! gr\nd & awaits dea?4#ajie ,e pr(anation implies a consecration1 b "o :i* is dreadful1 bo? = ! subject consecrat$ & = ^? :o approa* him4 ,x is ! consequ5ces ( ?is consecration :i* sanction1 9 "p1 ! int]dict4#ajif ,x %\ld be notic$ t ?is explanation ( ! int]dicts does n dep5d ^u ! v>iable symbols by ! aid ( :i* religi\s =ces are conceiv$4 ,x matt]s little :e!r ^! are conceiv$ z anonym\s & imp]sonal en]gies or figur$ z p]sonalities end[$ ) consci\sness & feel+4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ( c\rse1 !y are believ$ to react aga9/ pr(an+ transgressions 9 an automatic & unconsci\s mann]1 :ile 9 ! latt] case1 !y are ?\ght to obey passionate movem5ts det]m9$ by ! (f5ce res5t$4 ,b at bottom1 ^! two conceptions1 :i*1 moreov]1 h ! same practical effect1 only express "o & ! same psy*ic me*anism 9 two diff]5t languages4 ,! basis ( bo? is ! antagonism ( ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane1 comb9$ ) ! rem>kable aptitude ( ! =m] = spread+ ov] to ! latt]2 n[ ?is antagonism & ?is contagi\sness act 9 ! same way1 :e!r ! sacr$ "* is attribut$ to bl9d =ces or to consci\s ones4 ,?us1 s f> is x f be+ true t ! real religi\s life comm5ces only :]e !re are my?ical p]sonalities1 t we see t 9 ?is case ! rite rema9s ! same1 :e!r ! religi\s be+s are p]sonifi$ or n4 ,?is is a /atem5t :i* we %all h occasion to repeat 9 ea* ( ! *apt]s :i* foll[4 ,,iv ,b if ?is contagi\sness ( sacr$ness helps to expla9 ! sy/em ( int]dicts1 h[ is x to be expla9$ itself8 ,"s h tri$ to expla9 x ) ! well-kn[n laws ( ! association ( ideas4 ,! s5tim5ts inspir$ 9 u by a p]son or a ?+ spread contagi\sly f ! idea ( ?is ?+ or p]son to ! repres5tations associat$ ) x1 & !nce to ! objects :i* ^! repres5tations express4 ,s ! respect :i* we h = a sacr$ be+ is communicat$ to ev]y?+ t\*+ ?is be+1 or resembl+ x1 or recall+ x4 ,( c\rse a cultivat$ man is n deceiv$ by ^! associations2 he kn[s t ^! d]iv$ emotions are due to m]e plays ( ! images & to entirely m5tal comb9ations1 s he does n give way to ! sup]/itions :i* ^! illusions t5d to br+ ab\t4 ,b !y say t ! primitive navely objectifies 8 impressions1 )\t criticis+ !m4 ,does some?+ inspire a rev]5tial fe> 9 him8 ,he concludes t an augu/ & r$\btable =ce really resides 9 x2 s he keeps at a di/ance f ?is ?+ & treats x z ?\gh x 7 sacr$1 ev5 ?\gh x has no "r to ?is title4#ajig ,b :oev] says ?is =gets t ! mo/ primitive religions are n ! only ones :i* h attribut$ ?is p[] ( propagation to ! sacr$ "*4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ rec5t cults1 !re is a gr\p ( rites :i* repose ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,does n e consecration by means ( ano9t+ or wa%+ consi/ 9 transf]r+ into a pr(ane object ! sanctify+ virtues ( a sacr$ "o8 ,yet x is difficult to reg>d an enlight5$ ,ca?olic ( to-day z a sort ( ret>d$ savage :o cont9ues to be deceiv$ by 8 associations ( ideas1 :ile no?+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s expla9s or ju/ifies ^! ways ( ?9k+4 ,moreov]1 x is q arbitr>ily t !y attribute to ! primitive ?is t5d5cy to objectify bl9dly all 8 emotions4 ,9 8 ord9>y life1 & 9 ! details ( 8 lay occupations1 he does n impute ! prop]ties ( "o ?+ to its neighb\rs1 or vice v]sa4 ,if he is less c>eful ?an we are ab\t cl>ity & di/9ction1 /ill x is f> f true t he has "s vague1 deplorable aptitude = jumbl+ & confus+ ev]y?+4 ,religi\s ?\ght alone has a m>k$ lean+ t[>ds ^! sorts ( confusions4 ,s x is 9 some?+ special to ! nature ( religi\s ?+s1 & n 9 ! g5]al laws ( ! human intellig5ce1 t ! orig9 ( ^! pr$ispositions is to be s\ght4 ,:5 a =ce or prop]ty seems to be an integral "p or con/itu5t elem5t ( ! subject 9 :i* x resides1 we _c easily imag9e its deta*+ itself & go+ else:]e4 ,a body is def9$ by its mass & its atomic composition2 s we d n ?9k t x c\ld communicate any ( ^! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics by means ( contact4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 if we are deal+ ) a =ce :i* has p5etrat$ ! body f )\t1 s9ce no?+ atta*es x !re & s9ce x is =eign to ! body1 !re is no?+ inconceivable 9 its escap+ aga94 ,?us ! heat or electricity :i* a body has receiv$ f "s ext]nal s\rce may be transmitt$ to ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 & ! m9d readily accepts ! possibility ( ?is transmission4 ,s ! extreme facility ) :i* religi\s =ces spread out & diffuse !mselves has no?+ surpris+ ab\t x1 if !y are g5]ally ?\ght ( z outside ( ! be+s 9 :i* !y reside4 ,n[ ?is is j :at ! !ory we h propos$ implies4 ,9 fact1 !y are only collective =ces hypo/atiz$1 t is to say1 moral =ces2 !y are made up ( ! ideas & s5tim5ts awak5$ 9 u by ! spectacle ( society1 & n ( s5sations com+ f ! physical _w4 ,s !y are n homog5e\s ) ! visible ?+s among :i* we place !m4 ,!y may well take f ^! ?+s ! outw>d & mat]ial =ms 9 :i* !y are repres5t$1 b !y owe none ( _! efficacy to !m4 ,!y are n unit$ by ext]nal bonds to ! diff]5t supports ^u :i* !y alight2 !y h no roots !re2 accord+ to an expression we h already us$#ajih & :i* s]ves be/ = *>act]iz+ !m1 !y are add$ to !m4 ,s !re are no objects :i* are pr$e/9$ to receive !m1 to ! exclusion ( all o!rs2 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant & vulg> may d s2 accid5tal circum/ances decide :i* are ! *os5 ones4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* ,codr+ton speaks ( ! mana %\ld be borne 9 m9d3 x is a =ce1 he says1 :i* is n fix$ 9 any?+ & c be convey$ 9 almo/ any?+4#ajii ,likewise1 ! ,dakota ( ,miss ,flet*] repres5t$ ! wakan z a sort ( surr\nd+ =ce :i* is always com+ & go+ ?r\gh ! _w1 alight+ "h & !re1 b def9itely fix+ itself n[h]e4#aajj ,ev5 ! religi\s "* inh]5t 9 m5 does n h a diff]5t "*4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no o!r be+ 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce :i* is clos] to ! v s\rce ( all religi\s life2 none p>ticipates 9 x m directly1 = x is 9 human consci\snesses t x is elaborat$4 ,yet we "k t ! religi\s pr9ciple animat+ m51 to wit1 ! s\l1 is p>tially ext]nal4 ,b if religi\s =ces h a place ( _! own n[h]e1 _! mobility is easily expla9$4 ,s9ce no?+ atta*es !m to ! ?+s 9 :i* we localize !m1 x is natural t !y %\ld escape on ! slighte/ contact1 9 spite ( !mselves1 s to speak1 & t !y %\ld spread af>4 ,_! int5sity incites !m to ?is spread+1 :i* ev]y?+ fav\rs4 ,?is is :y ! s\l itself1 ?\gh hold+ to ! body by v p]sonal bonds1 is con/antly ?reat5+ to leave x3 all ! ap]tures & pores ( ! body are j s _m ways by :i* x t5ds to spread & diffuse itself into ! outside4#aaja ,b we %all acc\nt = ?is ph5om5on :i* we are try+ to und]/&1 /ill bett] if1 in/ead ( consid]+ ! notion ( religi\s =ces z x is :5 completely =mulat$1 we g back to ! m5tal process f :i* x results4 ,we h se51 9 fact1 t ! sacr$ "* ( a be+ does n re/ 9 any ( its intr9sic attributes4 ,x is n because ! totemic animal has a c]ta9 aspect or prop]ty t x inspires religi\s s5tim5ts2 ^! result f causes :olly =eign to ! nature ( ! object ^u :i* !y fix !mselves4 ,:at con/itutes !m are ! impressions ( com=t & dep5d5ce :i* ! action ( ! society provokes 9 ! m9d4 ,( !mselves1 ^! emotions are n atta*$ to ! idea ( any p>ticul> object2 b z ^! emotions exi/ & are especially int5se1 !y are also em95tly contagi\s4 ,s !y make a /a9 ( oil2 !y ext5d to all ! o!r m5tal /ates :i* occupy ! m9d2 !y p5etrate & contam9ate ^? repres5tations especially 9 :i* are express$ ! v>i\s objects :i* ! man _h 9 8 h&s or be=e 8 eyes at ! mom5t3 ! totemic designs cov]+ 8 body1 ! bull-ro>]s :i* he 0 mak+ ro>1 ! rocks surr\nd+ him1 ! gr\nd "u 8 feet1 etc4 ,x is ?us t ! objects !mselves get a religi\s value :i* is really n inh]5t 9 !m b is conf]r$ f )\t4 ,s ! contagion is n a sort ( second>y process by :i* sacr$ness is propagat$1 aft] x has once be5 acquir$2 x is ! v process by :i* x is acquir$4 ,x is by contagion t x e/abli%es itself3 we %\ld n be surpris$1 !re=e1 if x transmits itself contagi\sly4 ,:at makes its reality is a special emotion2 if x atta*es itself to "s object1 x is because ?is emotion has f\nd ?is object 9 its way4 ,s x is natural t f ?is "o x %\ld spread to all ^? :i* x f9ds 9 its neighb\rhood1 t is to say1 to all ^? :i* any reason :atsoev]1 ei!r mat]ial contiguity or m]e simil>ity1 has m5tally connect$ ) ! fir/4 ,?us1 ! contagi\sness ( sacr$ness f9ds its explanation 9 ! !ory :i* we h propos$ ( religi\s =ces1 & by ?is v fact1 x s]ves to confirm our !ory4#aajb ,&1 at ! same "t1 x aids u 9 und]/&+ a trait ( primitive m5tality to :i* we h already call$ ! att5tion4 ,we h se5#aajc ! facility ) :i* ! primitive confuses k+doms & id5tifies ! mo/ het]og5e\s ?+s1 m51 animals1 plants1 />s1 etc4 ,n[ we see "o ( ! causes :i* has contribut$ ! mo/ to facilitat+ ^! confusions4 ,s9ce religi\s =ces are em95tly contagi\s1 x is con/antly happ5+ t ! same pr9ciple animates v diff]5t objects equally2 x passes f "s into o!rs z ! result ( ei!r a simple mat]ial proximity or ( ev5 a sup]ficial simil>ity4 ,x is ?us t m51 animals1 plants & rocks come to h ! same totem3 ! m5 because !y be> ! "n ( ! animal3 ! animals because !y br+ ! totemic emblem to m9d2 ! plants because !y n\ri% ^! animals2 ! rocks because !y m>k ! place :]e ! c]emonies are celebrat$4 ,n[ religi\s =ces are !re=e consid]$ ! s\rce ( all efficacy2 s be+s hav+ "o s+le religi\s pr9ciple ought to pass z hav+ ! same ess5ce1 & z diff]+ f "o ano!r only 9 second>y *>act]i/ics4 ,?is is :y x seem$ q natural to arrange !m 9 a s+le category & to reg>d !m z m]e v>ieties ( ! same class1 transmutable into "o ano!r4 ,:5 ?is relation has be5 e/abli%$1 x makes ! ph5om5a ( contagion appe> "u a new aspect4 ,tak5 by !mselves1 !y seem to be q =eign to ! logical life4 ,is _! effect n to mix & confuse be+s1 9 spite ( _! natural diff]5ces8 ,b we h se5 t ^! confusions & p>ticipation h play$ a rle ( ! highe/ utility 9 logic2 !y h s]v$ to b9d toge!r ?+s :i* s5sation leaves ap>t f "o ano!r4 ,s x is f> f true t contagion1 ! s\rce ( ^! connections & confusions1 is m>k$ ) t fundam5tal irrationality t "o is incl9$ to attribute x at fir/4 ,x has op5$ ! way = ! sci5tific explanations ( ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,positive ,,cult ,i4--,! ,elem5ts ( ! ,sacrifice ,:atev] ! importance ( ! negative cult may be1 & ?\gh x may indirectly h positive effects1 x does n conta9 its reason = exi/5ce 9 itself2 x introduces "o to ! religi\s life1 b x supposes ?is m ?an x con/itutes x4 ,if x ord]s ! wor%ipp] to flee f ! pr(ane _w1 x is to br+ him ne>] to ! sacr$ _w4 ,m5 h nev] ?\ght t _! duties t[>ds religi\s =ces might be r$uc$ to a simple ab/95ce f all comm]ce2 !y h always believ$ t !y upheld positive & bilat]al relations ) !m1 ^: regulation & organization is ! function ( a gr\p ( ritual practices4 ,to ?is special sy/em ( rites we give ! "n ( positive cult4 ,= "s "t we almo/ completely ignor$ ! positive cult ( ! totemic religion & :at x consi/s 94 ,we knew almo/ no?+ m ?an ! initiation rites1 & we d n "k ^? suffici5tly well ev5 n[4 ,b ! obs]vations ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 prep>$ = by ^? ( ,s*ulze & confirm$ by ^? ( ,/rehl[1 on ! tribes ( c5tral ,au/ralia1 h p>tially fill$ ?is gap 9 our in=mation4 ,!re is "o c]emony especially :i* ^! explor]s h tak5 p>ticul> pa9s to describe to u & :i*1 moreov]1 seems to dom9ate ! :ole totemic cult3 ?is is ! "o t ! ,arunta1 accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 call ! ,inti*iuma4 ,x is true t ,/rehl[ conte/s ! mean+ ( ?is ^w4 ,accord+ to him1 inti*iuma 7or1 z he writes x1 intijiuma7 means to in/ruct & designates ! c]emonies p]=m$ be=e ! "y man to tea* him ! traditions ( ! tribe4 ,! fea/ :i* we are go+ to describe be>s1 he says1 ! "n mbatjalkatiuma1 :i* means to fecundate or to put into a good condition4#aajd ,b we %all n try to settle ?is "q ( vocabul>y1 :i* t\*es ! real problem b slightly1 z ! rites 9 "q are all celebrat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! initiation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! ^w ,inti*iuma n[ belongs to ! curr5t language ( e?nography1 & has almo/ become a common n\n1 x seems useless to replace x ) ano!r4#aaje ,! date on :i* ! ,inti*iuma takes place dep5ds l>gely ^u ! season4 ,!re are two %>ply sep>at$ seasons 9 ,au/ralia3 "o is dry & la/s = a long "t2 ! o!r is ra9y & is1 on ! contr>y1 v %ort & frequ5tly irregul>4 ,z soon z ! ra9s arrive1 vegetation spr+s up f ! gr\nd z ?\gh by en*antm5t & animals multiply1 s t ! c\ntry :i* _h rec5tly be5 only a /]ile des]t is rapidly fill$ ) a luxuri\s flora & fauna4 ,x is j at ! mom5t :5 ! good season seems to be close at h& t ! ,inti*iuma is celebrat$4 ,b z ! ra9y season is extremely v>iable1 ! date ( ! c]emonies _c be fix$ once = all4 ,x v>ies ) ! climatic circum/ances1 :i* only ! *ief ( ! totemic gr\p1 ! ,alatunja1 is qualifi$ to judge3 on a day :i* he consid]s suitable1 he in=ms 8 companions t ! mom5t has arriv$4#aajf ,ea* totemic gr\p has its own ,inti*iuma4 ,ev5 if ?is rite is g5]al 9 ! societies ( ! c5tre1 x is n ! same ev]y:]e2 among ! ,w>ramunga1 x is n :at x is among ! ,arunta2 x v>ies1 n only among ! tribes1 b also )9 ! tribe1 among ! clans4 ,b x is obvi\s t ! diff]5t me*anisms 9 use are too closely relat$ to ea* o!r to be dissociat$ completely4 ,!re is no c]emony1 p]haps1 :i* is n made up ( sev]al1 ?\gh ^! are v unequally develop$3 :at exi/s only z a g]m 9 "o1 occupies ! mo/ important place 9 ano!r1 & inv]sely4 ,yet !y mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$1 = !y con/itute j s _m diff]5t ritual types to be describ$ & expla9$ sep>ately1 b aft]w>ds we mu/ seek "s common s\rce f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,let u comm5ce ) ^? obs]v$ among ! ,arunta4 ,i ,! celebration includes two successive phases4 ,! object ( ! rites :i* take place 9 ! fir/ is to assure ! prosp]ity ( ! animal or vegetable species s]v+ ! clan z totem4 ,! means employ$ = ?is end may be r$uc$ to two pr9cipal types4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! fabul\s ance/ors f :om ea* clan is suppos$ to be desc5d$1 =m]ly liv$ on e>? & left traces ( _! passage !re4 ,^! traces consi/ especially 9 /ones & rocks :i* !y deposit$ at c]ta9 places1 or :i* 7 =m$ at ! spots :]e !y ent]$ into ! gr\nd4 ,^! rocks & /ones are consid]$ ! bodies or p>ts ( ! bodies ( ! ance/ors1 ^: memory !y keep alive2 !y repres5t !m4 ,consequ5tly1 !y also repres5t ! animals & plants :i* s]v$ ^! same ance/ors z totems1 = an individual & 8 totem are only "o4 ,! same reality & ! same prop]ties are attribut$ to !m z to ! actually liv+ plants or animals ( ! same species4 ,b !y h ?is advantage ov] ^! latt]1 t !y are imp]i%able1 kn[+ nei!r sickness nor dea?4 ,s !y are l a p]man5t immutable & ev]-available res]ve ( animal & vegetable life4 ,also1 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases1 x is ?is res]ve t !y annually draw ^u to assure ! reproduction ( ! species4 ,"h1 = example1 is h[ ! ,wit*etty grub clan1 at ,alice ,spr+s1 proce$s at its ,inti*iuma4#aajg ,on ! day fix$ by ! *ief1 all ! memb]s ( ! totemic gr\p assemble 9 ! pr9cipal camp4 ,! m5 ( ! o!r totems retire to a di/ance2#aajh = among ! ,arunta1 !y are n all[$ to be pres5t at ! celebration ( ! rite1 :i* has all ! *>act]i/ics ( a secret c]emony4 ,an individual ( a diff]5t totem1 b ( ! same phratry1 may be invit$ to be pres5t1 z a fav\r2 b ?is is only z a witness4 ,9 no case c he take an active "p4 ,aft] ! m5 ( ! totem h assembl$1 !y leave ! camp1 leav+ only two or ?ree ( _! numb] beh9d4 ,!y advance 9 a pr(\nd sil5ce1 "o beh9d ano!r1 all nak$1 )\t arms & )\t any ( _! habitual ornam5ts4 ,_! attitude & _! pace are m>k$ ) a religi\s gravity3 ?is is because ! act 9 :i* !y are tak+ "p has an exceptional importance 9 _! eyes4 ,also1 until ! end ( ! c]emony !y are requir$ to obs]ve a rigor\s fa/4 ,! c\ntry :i* !y trav]se is all fill$ ) s\v5irs left by ! glori\s ance/ors4 ,?us !y arrive at a spot :]e a huge block ( qu>tz is f\nd1 ) small r\nd /ones all ar\nd x4 ,?is block repres5ts ! wit*etty grub z an adult4 ,! ,alatunja /rikes x ) a sort ( wood5 tray call$ apm>a1#aaji & at ! same "t he intones a *ant1 ^: object is to invite ! animal to lay eggs4 ,he proce$s 9 ! same fa%ion ) ! /ones :i* are reg>d$ z ! eggs ( ! animal & ) "o ( :i* he rubs ! /oma* ( ea* assi/ant4 ,?is done1 !y all desc5d a little l[]1 to ! foot ( a cliff also celebrat$ 9 ! my?s ( ! ,al*]+a1 at ! base ( :i* is ano!r /one1 also repres5t+ ! wit*etty grub4 ,! ,alatunja /rikes x ) 8 apm>a2 ! m5 accompany+ him d s z well1 ) bran*es ( a gum-tree :i* !y h ga!r$ on ! way1 all ( :i* goes on 9 ! mid/ ( *ants r5ew+ ! invitation previ\sly address$ to ! animal4 ,ab\t t5 diff]5t spots are visit$ 9 turn1 "s ( :i* are a mile or m f ! o!rs4 ,at ea* ( !m !re is a /one at ! bottom ( a cave or hole1 :i* is believ$ to repres5t ! wit*etty grub 9 "o ( 8 aspects or at "o ( ! phases ( 8 exi/5ce1 & ^u ea* ( ^! /ones1 ! same c]emonies are repeat$4 ,! mean+ ( ! rite is evid5t4 ,:5 ! ,alatunja /rikes ! sacr$ /ones1 x is to deta* "s du/4 ,! gra9s ( ?is v holy du/ are reg>d$ z s _m g]ms ( life2 ea* ( !m conta9s a spiritual pr9ciple :i* w give bir? to a new be+1 :5 introduc$ into an organism ( ! same species4 ,! bran*es ) :i* ! assi/ants are provid$ s]ve to scatt] ?is preci\s du/ 9 all directions2 x is scatt]$ ev]y:]e1 to accompli% its fecundat+ "w4 ,by ?is means1 !y assure1 9 _! own m9ds1 an abundant reproduction ( ! animal species ov] :i* ! clans gu>d1 s to speak1 & ^u :i* x dep5ds4 ,! natives !mselves give ! rite ?is int]pretation4 ,?us1 9 ! clan ( ! ilpirla 7a k9d ( manna71 !y proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,:5 ! day ( ! ,inti*iuma arrives1 ! gr\p assembles ne> a huge rock1 ab\t fifty feet high2 on top ( ?is rock is ano!r1 v simil> to ! fir/ 9 aspect & surr\nd$ by o!r small] ones4 ,bo? repres5t masses ( manna4 ,! ,alatunja digs up ! gr\nd at ! foot ( ?is rock & uncov]s a *ur+a :i* is believ$ to h be5 buri$ !re 9 ,al*]+a times1 & :i* is1 z x 71 ! qu9tess5ce ( ! manna4 ,!n he climbs up to ! summit ( ! high] rock & rubs x1 fir/ ) ! *ur+a & !n ) ! small] /ones :i* surr\nd x4 ,f9ally1 he bru%es away ! du/ :i* has ?us be5 collect$ on ! surface ( ! rock1 ) ! bran*es ( a tree2 ea* ( ! assi/ants does ! same 9 8 turn4 ,n[ ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say t ! idea ( ! natives is t ! du/ ?us scatt]$ w settle ^u ! mulga trees & s produce manna4 ,9 fact1 ^! op]ations are accompani$ by a hymn sung by ^? pres5t1 9 :i* ?is idea is express$4#aaaj ,) v>iations1 ?is same rite is f\nd 9 o!r societies4 ,among ! ,urabunna1 !re is a rock repres5t+ an ance/or ( ! ,liz>d clan2 bits are deta*$ f x :i* !y ?r[ 9 e direction1 9 ord] to secure an abundant production ( liz>ds4#aaaa ,9 ?is same tribe1 !re is a s&-bank :i* my?ological s\v5irs closely associate ) ! l\se totem4 ,at ! same spot are two trees1 "o ( :i* is call$ ! ord9>y l\se tree1 ! o!r1 ! crab-l\se tree4 ,!y take "s ( ?is s&1 rub x on ^! trees1 ?r[ x ab\t on e side & become conv9c$ t1 z a result ( ?is1 lice w be born 9 l>ge numb]s4#aaab ,! ,m>a p]=m ! ,inti*iuma ( ! bees by scatt]+ du/ deta*$ f sacr$ rocks4#aaac ,= ! kang>oo ( ! pla9s1 a slightly diff]5t me?od is us$4 ,!y take "s kang>oo-dung & wrap x up 9 a c]ta9 h]b ( :i* ! animal is v fond1 & :i* belongs to ! kang>oo totem = ?is reason4 ,!n !y put ! dung1 ?us envelop$1 on ! gr\nd betwe5 two bun*es ( ?is h]b & set ! :ole ?+ on fire4 ,) ! flame ?us made1 !y light ! bran*es ( trees & !n :irl !m ab\t 9 su* a way t sp>ks fly 9 e direction4 ,^! sp>ks play ! same rle z ! du/ 9 ! prec$+ cases4#aaad ,9 a c]ta9 numb] ( clans1#aaae m5 mix some?+ ( _! own sub/ance ) t ( ! /one1 9 ord] to make ! rite m efficaci\s4 ,"y m5 op5 _! ve9s & let /reams ( blood fl[ on to ! rock4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 9 ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,hakea fl[] among ! ,arunta4 ,! c]emony takes place 9 a sacr$ place ar\nd an equally sacr$ rock :i*1 9 ! eyes ( ! natives1 repres5ts ,hakea fl[]s4 ,aft] c]ta9 prelim9>y op]ations1 ! old lead] asks "o ( ! "y m5 to op5 a ve9 9 8 arm1 :i* he does1 & all[s ! blood to spr9kle freely1 :ile ! o!r m5 cont9ue ! s++4 ,! blood fl[s until ! /one is completely cov]$4#aaaf ,! object ( ?is practice is to revivify ! virtues ( ! /one1 aft] a fa%ion1 & to re9=ce its efficacy4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! m5 ( ! clan are relatives ( ! plant or animal ^: "n !y be>2 ! same pr9ciple ( life is 9 !m1 & especially 9 _! blood4 ,s x is only natural t "o %\ld use ?is blood & ! my/ic g]ms :i* x c>ries to assure ! regul> reproduction ( ! totemic species4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s among ! ,arunta t :5 a man is sick or tir$1 "o ( 8 "y companions op5s 8 ve9s & spr9kles him ) 8 blood 9 ord] to reanimate him4#aaag ,if blood is able to reawak5 life 9 a man 9 ?is way1 x is n surpris+ t x %\ld also be able to awak5 x 9 ! animal or vegetable species ) :i* ! m5 ( ! clan are conf\nd$4 ,! same process is employ$ 9 ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,undi>a kang>oo among ! ,arunta4 ,! !atre ( ! c]emony is a wat]-hole vault$ ov] by a peak$ rock4 ,?is rock repres5ts an animal-kang>oo ( ! ,al*]+a :i* 0 kill$ & deposit$ !re by a man-kang>oo ( ! same epo*2 _m kang>oo spirits are also believ$ to reside !re4 ,aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( sacr$ /ones h be5 rubb$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! way we h describ$1 sev]al ( ! assi/ants climb up on ! rock ^u :i* !y let _! blood fl[4#aaah ,! purpose ( ! c]emony at ! pres5t day1 s say ! natives1 is by means ( p\r+ out ! blood ( kang>oo m5 ^u ! rock1 to drive out 9 all directions ! spirits ( ! kang>oo animals & s to increase ! numb] ( ! animals4#aaai ,!re is ev5 "o case among ! ,arunta :]e ! blood seems to be ! active pr9ciple 9 ! rite4 ,9 ! ,emu gr\p1 !y d n use sacr$ /ones or any?+ resembl+ !m4 ,! ,alatunja & "s ( 8 assi/ants spr9kle ! gr\nd ) _! blood2 on ! gr\nd ?us soak$1 !y trace l9es 9 v>i\s col\rs1 repres5t+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ( an emu4 ,!y kneel d[n ar\nd ?is design & *ant a monoton\s hymn4 ,f ! fictiti\s emu to :i* ?is *ant is address$1 &1 consequ5tly1 f ! blood :i* has s]v$ to make x1 !y believe t vivify+ pr9ciples g =?1 :i* animate ! embryos ( ! new g5]ation1 & ?us prev5t ! species f disappe>+4#aabj ,among ! ,wonkgong>u1#aaba !re is "o clan ^: totem is a c]ta9 k9d ( fi%2 9 ! ,inti*iuma ( ?is totem also1 x is ! blood t plays ! pr9cipal "p4 ,! *ief ( ! gr\p1 aft] be+ c]emoni\sly pa9t$1 goes into a pool ( wat] & sits d[n !re4 ,!n he pi]ces 8 scrotum & ! sk9 ar\nd 8 navel ) small po9t$ bones4 ,! blood f ! w\nds goes into ! wat] & gives rise to fi%4#aabb ,by a :olly simil> process1 ! ,di]i ?9k t !y assure ! reproduction ( two ( _! totems1 ! c>pet snake & ! woma snake 7! ord9>y snake74 ,a ,mura-mura nam$ ,m9kani is ?\ght to live "u a dune4 ,8 body is repres5t$ by "s fossil bones ( animals or reptiles1 su* z ! deltas ( ! riv]s fl[+ into ,lake ,eyre conta91 accord+ to ,h[itt4 ,:5 ! day ( ! c]emony arrives1 ! m5 assemble & g to ! home ( ! ,m9kani4 ,!re !y dig until !y come to a lay] ( damp e>? :i* !y call ! excrem5t ( ,m9kani4 ,f n[ on1 !y cont9ue to turn up ! soil ) great c>e until !y uncov] ! elb[ ( ,m9kani4 ,!n two "y m5 op5 _! ve9s & let _! blood fl[ on to ! sacr$ rock4 ,!y *ant ! hymn ( ,m9kani :ile ! assi/ants1 c>ri$ away 9 a v]itable fr5zy1 beat ea* o!r ) _! arms4 ,! battle cont9ues until !y get back to ! camp1 :i* is ab\t a mile away4 ,"h1 ! wom5 int]v5e & put an end to ! combat4 ,!y collect ! blood :i* has fl[n f ! w\nds1 mix x ) ! excrem5t ( ,m9kani1 & scatt] ! result+ mixture ov] ! dune4 ,:5 ?is rite has be5 accompli%$1 !y are conv9c$ t c>pet snakes w be born 9 abundance4#aabc ,9 c]ta9 cases1 !y use ! v sub/ance :i* !y wi% to produce z ! vivify+ pr9ciple4 ,?us among ! ,kaiti%1 9 ! c\rse ( a c]emony ^: object is to create ra91 !y spr9kle wat] ov] a sacr$ rock :i* repres5ts ! my?ical h]oes ( ! ,wat] clan4 ,x is evid5t t !y believe t by ?is means !y augm5t ! productive virtues ( ! rock j z well z ) blood1 & = ! same reasons4#aabd ,among ! ,m>a1 ! actor takes wat] f a sacr$ hole1 puts x 9 8 m\? & spits x out 9 e direction4#aabe ,among ! ,worgaia1 :5 ! yams beg9 to spr\t1 ! *ief ( ! ,yam clan s5ds m5 ( ! phratry ( :i* he is n a memb] himself to ga!r "s ( ^! plants2 ^! br+ "s to him1 & ask him to int]v5e1 9 ord] t ! species may develop well4 ,he takes "o1 *ews x1 & ?r[s ! bits 9 e direction4#aabf ,among ! ,kaiti% :51 aft] v>i\s rites :i* we %all n describe1 ! gra9 ( a c]ta9 grass call$ ,erlip9na has rea*$ its full developm5t1 ! *ief ( ! totem br+s a little ( x to camp & gr9ds x betwe5 two /ones2 ! du/ ?us obta9$ is pi\sly ga!r$ up1 & a few gra9s are plac$ on ! lips ( ! *ief1 :o scatt]s !m by bl[+4 ,?is contact ) ! m\? ( ! *ief1 :i* has a v special sacram5tal virtue1 und\bt$ly has ! object ( /imulat+ ! vitality ( ! g]ms :i* ^! gra9s conta9 & :i*1 be+ bl[n to all ! qu>t]s ( ! horizon1 g to communicate ^! fecundat+ virtues :i* !y possess to ! plants4#aabg ,! efficacy ( ^! rites is nev] d\bt$ by ! native3 he is conv9c$ t !y mu/ produce ! results he expects1 ) a sort ( necessity4 ,if ev5ts deceive 8 hopes1 he m]ely concludes t !y 7 c\nt]act$ by ! sorc]y ( "s ho/ile gr\p4 ,9 any case1 x nev] ent]s 8 m9d t a fav\rable result c\ld be obta9$ by any o!r means4 ,if by *ance ! vegetation gr[s or ! animals produce be=e he has p]=m$ 8 ,inti*iuma1 he supposes t ano!r ,inti*iuma has be5 celebrat$ "u ! gr\nd by ! ance/ors & t ! liv+ reap ! b5efits ( ?is subt]ranean c]emony4#aabh ,,ii ,?is is ! fir/ act ( ! celebration4 ,dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+1 !re are no regul> c]emonies4 ,h[ev]1 ! religi\s life rema9s int5se3 ?is is manife/$ especially by an aggravation ( ! sy/em ( int]dicts4 ,x is z ?\gh ! sacr$ "* ( ! totem 7 re9=c$3 !y d n ev5 d>e to t\* x4 ,9 ord9>y times1 ! ,arunta may eat ! animal or plant :i* s]ves z totem1 provid$ !y d s ) mod]ation1 b on ! morr[ ( ! ,inti*iuma ?is "r is susp5d$2 ! alim5t>y int]diction is /rict & )\t exceptions4 ,!y believe t any violation ( ?is int]dict w\ld result 9 neutraliz+ ! good effects ( ! rite & 9 prev5t+ ! increase ( ! species4 ,x is true t ! m5 ( o!r totems :o happ5 to be 9 ! same locality are n submitt$ to ! same prohibition4 ,h[ev]1 _! lib]ty is less ?an ord9>y at ?is "t4 ,!y may n consume ! totemic animal :]ev] !y place1 9 ! bru%1 = example2 !y mu/ br+ x to camp1 & x is !re only t x may be cook$4#aabi ,a f9al c]emony t]m9ates ?is p]iod ( extraord9>y int]dictions & def9itely closes ?is long s]ies ( rites4 ,x v>ies some:at 9 diff]5t clans1 b ! ess5tial elem5ts are ! same ev]y:]e4 ,"h are ! two pr9cipal =ms :i* x takes among ! ,arunta4 ,"o ( ^! is 9 connection ) ! wit*etty grub1 ! o!r ) ! kang>oo4 ,:5 ! grubs h atta9$ full maturity & appe> 9 abundance1 ! m5 ( ! totem1 z well z o!rs1 collect z _m ( !m z possible2 !n !y all br+ ^? !y h f\nd back to camp & cook !m until !y become h>d & brittle4 ,!y are !n pres]v$ 9 wood5 vessels call$ pit*i4 ,! h>ve/ ( grubs is possible only dur+ a v %ort "t1 = !y appe> only aft] ! ra94 ,:5 !y beg9 to be less num]\s1 ! ,alatunja summons ev]ybody to ! camp2 on 8 invitation1 ea* "o br+s 8 supply4 ,! o!rs place !irs be=e ! m5 ( t totem4 ,! ,alatunja takes "o ( ^! pit*i &1 ) ! aid ( 8 companions1 he gr9ds its cont5ts betwe5 two /ones2 aft] ?is1 he eats a little ( ! p[d] ?us obta9$1 8 assi/ants d ! same1 & :at rema9s is giv5 to ! m5 ( ! o!r clans1 :o may n[ dispose ( x freely4 ,!y proce$ 9 exactly ! same mann] ) ! supply provid$ by ! ,alatunja4 ,f n[ on1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! totem may eat x1 b only a little at a "t2 if !y w5t beyond ! limits all[$1 !y w\ld lose ! p[]s necess>y to celebrate ! ,inti*iuma & ! species w\ld n reproduce4 ,yet1 if !y did n eat any at all1 & especially if ! ,alatunja ate none 9 ! circum/ances we h j describ$1 !y w\ld be ov]tak5 by ! same incapacity4 ,9 ! totemic gr\p ( ! ,kang>oo1 :i* has its c5tre at ,undi>a1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! c]emony are m cle>ly m>k$4 ,aft] ! rites :i* we h describ$ h be5 accompli%$ on ! sacr$ rock1 ! "y m5 g & hunt ! kang>oo1 br++ _! game back to ! camp4 ,"h1 ! old m51 ) ! ,alatunja 9 _! mid/1 eat a little ( ! fle% ( ! animal1 & ano9t ! bodies ( ^? :o took "p 9 ! ,inti*iuma ) its fat4 ,! re/ is divid$ up among ! m5 assembl$4 ,next1 ! m5 ( ! totem decorate !mselves ) totemic designs & ! night is pass$ 9 songs commemorat+ ! exploits accompli%$ by m5 & animal kang>oos 9 ! times ( ! ,al*]+a4 ,! next day1 ! "y m5 g hunt+ aga9 9 ! =e/ & br+ back a l>g] numb] ( kang>oos ?an ! fir/ "t1 & ! c]emonies ( ! day be=e recomm5ce4#aacj ,) v>iations ( detail1 ! same rite is f\nd 9 o!r ,arunta clans1#aaca among ! ,urabunna1#aacb ! ,kaiti%1#aacc ! ,unmatj]a1#aacd & 9 ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe4#aace ,ev]y:]e1 x is made up ( ! same ess5tial elem5ts4 ,a few specim5s ( ! totemic animal or plant are pres5t$ to ! *ief ( ! clan1 :o solemnly eats !m & :o mu/ eat !m4 ,if he did n fulfil ?is duty1 he w\ld lose ! p[] ( celebrat+ ! ,inti*iuma efficaci\sly1 t is to say1 s z to recreate ! species annually4 ,sometimes ! ritual consumption is foll[$ by an unction made ) ! fat ( ! animal or c]ta9 p>ts ( ! plant4#aacf ,?is rite is g5]ally repeat$ by ! m5 ( ! totem1 or at lea/ by ! old m51 & aft] x has be5 accompli%$1 ! exceptional int]dictions are rais$4 ,9 ! tribes locat$ f>!r nor?1 among ! ,w>ramunga & neighb\r+ societies1#aacg ?is c]emony is no long] f\nd4 ,h[ev]1 traces are f\nd :i* seem to indicate t !re 0 a "t :5 x 0 kn[n4 ,x is true t ! *ief ( ! clan nev] eats ! totem ritually & obligatorily4 ,b 9 c]ta9 cases1 m5 :o are n ( ! totem ^: ,inti*iuma has j be5 celebrat$1 mu/ br+ ! animal or plant to camp & (f] x to ! *ief1 ask+ him if he wants to eat x4 ,he refuses & adds1 ,i h made ?is = y2 y may eat x freely4#aach ,s ! cu/om ( ! pres5tation rema9s & ! "q ask$ ( ! *ief seems to date back to an epo* :5 ! ritual consumption 0 practis$4#aaci ,,iii ,! int]e/ ( ! sy/em ( rites :i* has j be5 describ$ lies 9 ! fact t 9 !m we f9d1 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y =m t is actually kn[n1 all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( a great religi\s in/itution :i* 0 de/9$ to become "o ( ! f\ndation /ones ( ! positive cult 9 ! sup]ior religions3 ?is is ! in/itution ( sacrifice4 ,we "k :at a revolution ! "w ( ,rob]tson ,smi? br\ght ab\t 9 ! traditional !ory ( sacrifice4#aadj ,be=e him1 sacrifice 0 reg>d$ z a sort ( tribute or homage1 ei!r obligatory or optional1 analog\s to t :i* subjects owe to _! pr9ces4 ,rob]tson ,smi? 0 ! fir/ to rem>k t ?is classic explanation did n acc\nt = two ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! rite4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a repa/3 its sub/ance is food4 ,secondly1 x is a repa/ 9 :i* ! wor%ipp]s :o (f] x take "p1 along ) ! god to :om x is (f]$4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! victim are res]v$ = ! div9ity2 o!rs are attribut$ to ! sacrific]s1 :o consume !m2 ?is is :y ! ,bible (t5 speaks ( ! sacrifice z a repa/ 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jahveh4 ,n[ 9 a multitude ( societies1 meals tak5 9 common are believ$ to create a bond ( artificial k9%ip betwe5 ^? :o assi/ at !m3 ,9 fact1 relatives are p :o are naturally made ( ! same fle% & blood4 ,b food is con/antly remak+ ! sub/ance ( ! organism4 ,s a common food may produce ! same effects z a common orig94 ,accord+ to ,smi?1 sacrificial banquets h ! object ( mak+ ! wor%ipp] & 8 god communicate 9 ! same fle%1 9 ord] to =m a bond ( k9%ip betwe5 !m4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 sacrifice takes on a :olly new aspect4 ,its ess5tial elem5t is no long] ! act ( r5\ncem5t :i* ! ^w sacrifice ord9>ily expresses2 be=e all1 x is an act ( alim5t>y communion4 ,( c\rse !re are "s res]vations to be made 9 ! details ( ?is way ( expla9+ ! efficacy ( sacrificial banquets4 ,?is does n result exclusively f ! act ( eat+ toge!r4 ,a man does n sanctify himself m]ely by sitt+ d[n1 9 "s way1 at ! same table ) a god1 b especially by eat+ food at ?is ritual repa/ :i* has a sacr$ "*4 ,x has be5 %[n h[ a :ole s]ies ( prelim9>y op]ations1 lu/rations1 unctions1 pray]s1 etc41 trans=m ! animal to be immolat$ into a sacr$ ?+1 ^: sacr$ness is subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ! wor%ipp] :o eats x4#aada ,b x is true1 none ! less1 t ! alim5t>y communion is "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! sacrifice4 ,n[ :5 we turn to ! rite :i* t]m9ates ! c]emonies ( ! ,inti*iuma1 we f9d t x1 too1 consi/s 9 an act ( ?is sort4 ,aft] ! totemic animal has be5 kill$1 ! ,alatunja & ! old m5 solemnly eat x4 ,s !y communicate ) ! sacr$ pr9ciple resid+ 9 x & !y assimilate x4 ,! only diff]5ce we f9d "h is t ! animal is naturally sacr$ :ile x ord9>ily acquires ?is "* artificially 9 ! c\rse ( ! sacrifice4 ,moreov]1 ! object ( ?is communion is manife/4 ,e memb] ( a totemic clan conta9s a my/ic sub/ance )9 him :i* is ! pre-em95t "p ( 8 be+1 = 8 s\l is made out ( x4 ,f x come :atev] p[]s he has & 8 social position1 = x is ?is :i* makes him a p]son4 ,s he has a vital int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ x intact & 9 keep+ x1 z f> z is possible1 9 a /ate ( p]petual y\?4 ,un=tunately all =ces1 ev5 ! mo/ spiritual1 are us$ up 9 ! c\rse ( "t if no?+ comes to return to !m ! en]gy !y lose ?r\gh ! normal work+ ( ?+s2 !re is a necessity ( ! fir/ importance "h :i*1 z we %all see1 is ! real reason = ! positive cult4 ,!re=e ! m5 ( a totem _c reta9 _! position unless !y p]iodically revivify ! totemic pr9ciple :i* is 9 !m2 & z !y repres5t ?is pr9ciple 9 ! =m ( a vegetable or animal1 x is to ! correspond+ animal or vegetable species t !y g to dem& ! supplem5t>y =ces ne$$ to r5ew ?is & to rejuv5ate x4 ,a man ( ! ,kang>oo clan believes himself & feels himself a kang>oo2 x is by ?is quality t he def9es himself2 x is ?is :i* m>ks 8 place 9 ! society4 ,9 ord] to keep x1 he takes a little ( ! fle% ( ?is same animal into 8 own body f "t to "t4 ,a small bit is en\gh1 ow+ to ! rule3 ! "p is equal to ! :ole4#aadb ,if ?is op]ation is to produce all ! desir$ effects1 x may n take place at no matt] :at mom5t4 ,! mo/ opportune "t is :5 ! new g5]ation has j rea*$ its complete developm5t1 = ?is is also ! mom5t :5 ! =ces animat+ ! totemic species atta9 _! maximum int5sity4 ,!y h j be5 drawn ) great difficulty f ^? ri* res]voirs ( life1 ! sacr$ trees & rocks4 ,moreov]1 all sorts ( means h be5 employ$ to increase _! int5sity /ill m2 ?is is ! use ( ! rites p]=m$ dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,inti*iuma4 ,also1 by _! v aspect1 ! fir/fruits ( ! h>ve/ manife/ ! en]gy :i* !y conta93 "h ! totemic god acclaims himself 9 all ! glory ( 8 y\?4 ,?is is :y ! fir/fruits h always be5 reg>d$ z a v sacr$ fruit1 res]v$ = v holy be+s4 ,s x is natural t ! ,au/ralian uses x to reg5]ate himself spiritually4 ,?us bo? ! date & ! circum/ances ( ! c]emonies are expla9$4 ,p]haps "s w be surpris$ t s sacr$ a food may be eat5 by ord9>y pr(ane p]sons4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no positive cult :i* does n face ?is contradiction4 ,e sacr$ be+ is remov$ f pr(ane t\* by ?is v "* ) :i* x is end[$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y w\ld s]ve = no?+ & h no reason :atsoev] = _! exi/5ce if !y c\ld n come 9 contact ) ^! same wor%ipp]s :o1 on ano!r gr\nd1 mu/ rema9 respectfully di/ant f !m4 ,at bottom1 !re is no positive rite :i* does n con/itute a v]itable sacrilege1 = a man _c hold comm]ce ) ! sacr$ be+s )\t cross+ ! b>ri] :i* %\ld ord9>ily keep !m sep>ate4 ,b ! important ?+ is t ! sacrilege %\ld be accompani$ ) precautions :i* att5uate x4 ,among ^? employ$1 ! mo/ usual "o consi/s 9 arrang+ ! transition s z to introduce ! wor%ipp] sl[ly & gradually into ! circle ( sacr$ ?+s4 ,:5 x has be5 brok5 & dilut$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 ! sacrilege does n (f5d ! religi\s consci5ce s viol5tly2 x is n reg>d$ z a sacrilege & s vani%es4 ,?is is :at happ5s 9 ! case n[ be=e u4 ,! effect ( ! :ole s]ies ( rites :i* has prec$$ ! mom5t :5 ! totem is solemnly eat5 has be5 to sanctify ^? :o took an active "p 9 !m4 ,!y con/itute an ess5tially religi\s p]iod1 ?r\gh :i* no "o c\ld g )\t a trans=mation ( 8 religi\s /ate4 ,! fa/s1 ! contact ) sacr$ rocks1 ! *ur+a1#aadc ! totemic decorations1 etc41 h gradually conf]r$ ^u him a "* :i* he did n h be=e & :i* enables him to approa*1 )\t a %ock+ & dang]\s pr(anation1 ?is desirable & r$\btable food :i* is =bidd5 him 9 ord9>y times4#aadd ,if ! act by :i* a sacr$ be+ is fir/ immolat$ & !n eat5 by ^? :o adore x may be call$ a sacrifice1 ! rite ( :i* we h j be5 speak+ has a "r to ?is same "n4 ,moreov]1 its significance is well %[n by ! /rik+ analogies x pres5ts ) s _m practices met ) 9 a l>ge numb] ( agr>ian cults4 ,x is a v g5]al rule t ev5 among peoples :o h atta9$ a high degree ( civilization1 ! fir/fruits ( ! h>ve/ are us$ 9 ! ritual repa/s1 ( :i* ! pascal fea/ is ! be/ kn[n example4#aade ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! agr>ian rites are at ! v basis ( ! mo/ advanc$ =ms ( ! cult1 we see t ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,au/ralian societies is clos] to u ?an "o might imag9e f its app>5t crud5ess4 ,by an intuition ( g5ius1 ,smi? _h an intuition ( all ?is1 ?\gh he 0 n acqua9t$ ) ! facts4 ,by a s]ies ( +5i\s d$uctions--:i* ne$ n be reproduc$ "h1 = _! int]e/ is n[ only hi/orical#aadf--;he ?\ght t he c\ld e/abli% ! fact t at ! beg9n+ ! animal immolat$ 9 ! sacrifice mu/ h be5 reg>d$ z quasi-div9e & z a close relative ( ^? :o immolat$ x3 n[ ^! *>act]i/ics are j ! ones ) :i* ! totemic species is def9$4 ,smi? ev5 w5t s f> z to suppose t totemism mu/ h kn[n & practis$ a rite :olly simil> to ! "o we h be5 /udy+2 he 0 ev5 incl9$ to see ! orig9al s\rce ( ! :ole sacrificial in/itution 9 a sacrifice ( ?is sort4#aadg ,sacrifice 0 n f\nd$ to create a bond ( artificial k9%ip betwe5 a man & 8 gods1 b to ma9ta9 & r5ew ! natural k9%ip :i* primitively unit$ !m4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! artifice 0 born only to imitate nature4 ,b 9 ! book ( ,smi? ?is hypo!sis 0 pres5t$ z sc>cely m ?an a !ory :i* ! !n kn[n facts support$ v imp]fectly4 ,! r>e cases ( totemic sacrifice :i* he cites 9 support ( 8 !ory d n h ! significance he attribut$ to !m2 ! animals :i* figure 9 !m are n real totems4#aadh ,b to-day we are able to /ate t on at lea/ "o po9t ! demon/ration is made3 9 fact1 we h j se5 t 9 an important numb] ( societies ! totemic sacrifice1 su* z ,smi? conceiv$ x1 is or has be5 practis$4 ,( c\rse1 we h no pro( t ?is practice is necess>ily inh]5t to totemism or t x is ! g]m out ( :i* all ! o!r types ( sacrifices h develop$4 ,b if ! univ]sality ( ! rite is hypo!tical1 its exi/5ce is no long] to be conte/$4 ,h]eaft] x is to be reg>d$ z e/abli%$ t ! mo/ my/ical =m ( ! alim5t>y communion is f\nd ev5 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y cults kn[n to-day4 ,,iv ,b on ano!r po9t ! new facts at our disposal invalidate ! !ories ( ,smi?4 ,accord+ to him1 ! communion 0 n only an ess5tial elem5t ( ! sacrifice1 b at ! beg9n+1 at lea/1 x 0 ! unique elem5t4 ,n only is "o mi/ak5 :5 he r$uces sacrifice to no?+ m ?an a tribute or (f]+1 b ! v idea ( an (f]+ 0 orig9ally abs5t f x2 ?is int]v5$ only at a late p]iod & "u ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances2 s in/ead ( be+ able to aid u 9 und]/&+ x1 x has r mask$ ! real nature ( ! ritual me*anism4 ,9 fact1 ,smi? claim$ to f9d 9 ! v notion ( oblation an absurdity s revolt+ t x c\ld nev] h be5 ! fundam5tal reason = s great an in/itution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important functions incumb5t ^u ! div9ity is to assure to m5 t food :i* is necess>y = life2 s x seems impossible t ! sacrifice1 9 its turn1 %\ld consi/ 9 a pres5tation ( food to ! div9ity4 ,x ev5 seems self-contradictory t ! gods %\ld expect _! food f a man1 :5 x is f !m t he gets 84 ,:y %\ld !y h ne$ ( 8 aid 9 ord] to d$uct be=eh& _! j %>e ( ! ?+s :i* he receives f _! h&s8 ,f ^! consid]ations ,smi? conclud$ t ! idea ( a sacrifice-(f]+ c\ld h be5 born only 9 ! great religions1 :]e ! gods1 remov$ f ! ?+s ) :i* !y 7 primitively confus$1 7 ?\ght ( z sorts ( k+s & ! em95t proprietors ( ! e>? & its products4 ,f ?is mom5t onw>ds1 ! sacrifice 0 associat$ ) ! tribute :i* subjects paid to _! pr9ce1 z a price ( ! rights :i* 7 conc$$ to !m4 ,b ?is new int]pretation 0 really an alt]ation & ev5 a corruption ( ! primitive conception4 ,= ! idea ( prop]ty mat]ializes all t x t\*es2 by introduc+ itself into ! sacrifice1 x d5atur$ x & made x into a sort ( b>ga9 betwe5 ! man & ! div9ity4#aadi ,b ! facts :i* we h describ$ ov]?r[ ?is argum5tation4 ,^! rites are c]ta9ly among ! mo/ primitive t h ev] be5 obs]v$4 ,no det]m9$ my?ical p]sonality appe>s 9 !m2 !re is no "q ( gods or spirits t are prop]ly s call$2 x is only vaguely anonym\s & imp]sonal =ces :i* !y put into action4 ,yet ! reason+ :i* !y suppose is exactly ! "o t ,smi? decl>$ impossible because ( its absurdity4 ,let u return to ! fir/ act ( ! ,inti*iuma1 to ! rites de/9$ to assure ! fecundity ( ! animal or vegetable species :i* s]ves ! clan z totem4 ,?is species is ! pre-em95tly sacr$ ?+2 9 x is inc>nat$ t :i* we h be5 able to call1 by metaphor1 ! totemic div9ity4 ,yet we h se5 t to p]petuate itself x has ne$ ( ! aid ( m54 ,x is !y :o disp5se ! life ( ! new g5]ation ea* ye>2 )\t !m1 x w\ld nev] be born4 ,if !y /opp$ celebrat+ ! ,inti*iuma1 ! sacr$ be+s w\ld disappe> f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,s 9 "o s5se1 x is f m5 t !y get _! exi/5ce2 yet 9 ano!r way1 x is f !m t m5 get !irs2 = aft] !y h once arriv$ at maturity1 x is f !m t m5 acquire ! =ce ne$$ to support & repair _! spiritual be+s4 ,?us we are able to say t m5 make _! gods1 or1 at lea/1 make !m live2 b at ! same "t1 x is f !m t !y live !mselves4 ,s !y are regul>ly guilty ( ! circle :i*1 accord+ to ,smi?1 is impli$ 9 ! v idea ( a sacrificial tribute3 !y give to ! sacr$ be+s a little ( :at !y receive f !m1 & !y receive f !m all t !y give4 ,b !re is /ill m to be said3 ! oblations :i* he is ?us =c$ to make e ye> d n diff] 9 nature f ^? :i* are made lat] 9 ! rites prop]ly call$ sacrifices4 ,if ! sacrific] immolates an animal1 x is 9 ord] t ! liv+ pr9ciples )9 x may be dis5gag$ f ! organism & g to n\ri% ! div9ity4 ,likewise1 ! gra9s ( du/ :i* ! ,au/ralian deta*es f ! sacr$ rock are s _m sacr$ pr9ciples :i* he scatt]s into space1 s t !y may g to animate ! totemic species & assure its r5ewal4 ,! ge/ure ) :i* ?is scatt]+ is made is also t :i* normally accompanies (f]+s4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ! resemblance betwe5 ! two rites may be foll[$ ev5 to ! details ( ! movem5ts effect$4 ,we h se5 t 9 ord] to h ra9 ! ,kaiti% p\r wat] ov] ! sacr$ /one2 among c]ta9 peoples1 ! prie/ p\rs wat] ov] ! alt>1 ) ! same end 9 view4#aaej ,! effusions ( blood :i* are usual 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ,inti*iuma are v]itable oblations4 ,j z ! ,arunta or ,di]i spr9kle ! sacr$ rock or ! totemic design ) blood1 s x frequ5tly happ5s t 9 ! m advanc$ cults1 ! blood ( ! sacrific$ victim or ( ! wor%ipp] himself is spilt be=e or ^u ! alt>4#aaea ,9 ^! cases1 x is giv5 to ! gods1 ( :om x is ! pref]r$ food2 9 ,au/ralia1 x is giv5 to ! sacr$ species4 ,s we h no gr\nd = say+ t ! idea ( oblation is a late product ( civilization4 ,a docum5t :i* we owe to ,/rehl[ puts ?is k9%ip ( ! ,inti*iuma & ! sacrifice cle>ly into evid5ce4 ,?is is a hymn :i* accompanies ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,kang>oo2 ! c]emony is describ$ at ! same "t t its expect$ effects are ann\nc$4 ,a morsel ( kang>oo fat has be5 plac$ by ! *ief ^u a support made ( bran*es4 ,! text says t ?is fat makes ! fat ( ! kang>oos increase4#aaeb ,?is "t1 !y d n conf9e !mselves to spr9kl+ sacr$ du/ or human blood ab\t2 ! animal itself is immolat$1 or sacrific$ z "o might say1 plac$ ^u a sort ( alt>1 & (f]$ to ! species1 ^: life x %\ld ma9ta94 ,n[ we see ! s5se 9 :i* we may say t ! ,inti*iuma conta9s ! g]ms ( ! sacrificial sy/em4 ,9 ! =m :i* x takes :5 fully con/itut$1 a sacrifice is compos$ ( two ess5tial elem5ts3 an act ( communion & an act ( oblation4 ,! wor%ipp] communes ) 8 god by tak+ 9 a sacr$ food1 & at ! same "t he makes an (f]+ to ?is god4 ,we f9d ^! two acts 9 ! ,inti*iuma1 z we h describ$ x4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 ! ord9>y sacrifice#aaec !y are made simultane\sly or else foll[ "o ano!r imm$iately1 :ile 9 ! ,au/ralian c]emony !y are sep>at$4 ,9 ! =m] case1 !y are p>ts ( "o undivid$ rite2 "h1 !y take place at diff]5t times1 & may ev5 be sep>at$ by a r long int]val4 ,b1 at bottom1 ! me*anism is ! same4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 ! ,inti*iuma is a sacrifice1 b "o ^: p>ts are n yet articulat$ & organiz$4 ,! relat+ ( ^! two c]emonies has ! d\ble advantage ( enabl+ u to und]/& bett] ! nature ( ! ,inti*iuma & t ( sacrifice4 ,we und]/& ! ,inti*iuma bett]4 ,9 fact1 ! conception ( ,fraz]1 :i* made x a simple magic op]ation#aaed ) no religi\s "* at all1 is n[ se5 to be unsupportable4 ,"o _c dream ( exclud+ f religion a rite :i* is ! =]unn] ( s great a religi\s in/itution4 ,b we also und]/& :at ! sacrifice itself is bett]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! equal importance ( ! two elem5ts ent]+ into x is n[ e/abli%$4 ,if ! ,au/ralian makes (f]+s to 8 sacr$ be+s1 !re is no reason = suppos+ t ! idea ( oblation 0 =eign to ! primitive organization ( ! sacrificial in/itution & lat] upset its natural arrangem5t4 ,! !ory ( ,smi? mu/ be revis$ on ?is po9t4#aaee ,( c\rse ! sacrifice is p>tially a communion2 b x is also1 & no less ess5tially1 a gift & an act ( r5\ncem5t4 ,x always presupposes t ! wor%ipp] gives "s ( 8 sub/ance or 8 goods to 8 gods4 ,e attempt to d$uce "o ( ^! elem5ts f ! o!r is hopeless4 ,p]haps ! oblation is ev5 m p]man5t ?an ! communion4#aaef ,9 ! second place1 x ord9>ily seems z ?\gh ! sacrifice1 & especially ! sacrificial oblation1 c\ld only be address$ to p]sonal be+s4 ,b ! oblations :i* we h met ) 9 ,au/ralia imply no notion ( ?is sort4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sacrifice is indep5d5t ( ! v>y+ =ms 9 :i* ! religi\s =ces are conceiv$2 x is f\nd$ ^u m pr(\nd reasons1 :i* we %all seek pres5tly4 ,9 any case1 x is cle> t ! act ( (f]+ naturally ar\ses 9 ! m9d ! idea ( a moral subject1 :om ?is (f]+ is de/9$ to please4 ,! ritual acts :i* we h describ$ become m intelligible :5 x is believ$ t !y are address$ to p]sons4 ,s ! practices ( ! ,inti*iuma1 :ile actually putt+ only imp]sonal =ces into play1 prep>e ! way = a diff]5t conception4#aaeg ,( c\rse !y 7 n suffici5t to =m ! idea ( my?ical p]sonalities by !mselves1 b :5 ?is idea _h once be5 =m$1 ! v nature ( ^! rites made x ent] into ! cult2 ?us1 tak+ a m direct int]e/ 9 action & life1 x also acquir$ a great] reality4 ,s we are ev5 able to believe t ! cult fav\r$1 9 a second>y mann]1 no d\bt1 b nev]!less "o :i* is wor?y ( att5tion1 ! p]sonification ( ! religi\s =ces4 ,v ,b we /ill h to expla9 ! contradiction 9 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? saw an inadmissible logical sc&al4 ,if ! sacr$ be+s always manife/$ _! p[]s 9 a p]fectly equal mann]1 x w\ld appe> inconceivable t m5 %\ld dream ( (f]+ !m s]vices1 = we _c see :at ne$ !y c\ld h ( !m4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 9 s f> z !y are confus$ ) ?+s1 & 9 s f> z !y are reg>d$ z pr9ciples ( ! cosmic life1 !y are !mselves submitt$ to ! rhy?m ( ?is life4 ,n[ ?is goes 9 oscillations 9 contr>y directions1 :i* succe$ "o ano!r accord+ to a det]m9$ law4 ,sometimes x is affirm$ 9 all its glory2 sometimes x weak5s to su* an ext5t t "o may ask himself :e!r x is n go+ to fade away4 ,vegetation dies e ye>2 w x be reborn8 ,animal species t5d to become ext+ui%$ by ! effect ( natural & viol5t dea?2 w !y be r5ew$ at su* a "t & 9 su* a way z is prop]8 ,above all1 ! ra9 is caprici\s2 !re are long p]iods dur+ :i* x seems to h disappe>$ = ev]4 ,^! p]iodical v>iations ( nature be> witness to ! fact t at ! correspond+ p]iods1 ! sacr$ be+s ^u :om ! plants1 animals1 ra91 etc41 dep5d are !mselves pass+ ?r\gh grave crises2 s !y1 too1 h _! p]iods ( giv+ way4 ,b m5 c\ld n reg>d ^! spectacles z indiff]5t spectators4 ,if he is to live1 ! univ]sal life mu/ cont9ue1 & consequ5tly ! gods mu/ n die4 ,s he seeks to su/a9 & aid !m2 = ?is1 he puts at _! s]vice :atev] =ces he has at 8 disposition1 & mobilizes !m = ?is purpose4 ,! blood fl[+ 9 8 ve9s has fecundat+ virtues2 he p\rs x =?4 ,f ! sacr$ rocks possess$ by 8 clan he takes ^? g]ms ( life :i* lie dormant !re1 & scatt]s !m into space4 ,9 a ^w1 he makes oblations4 ,! ext]nal & physical crises1 moreov]1 duplicate int]nal & m5tal crises :i* t5d t[>d ! same result4 ,sacr$ be+s exi/ only :5 !y are repres5t$ z su* 9 ! m9d4 ,:5 we cease to believe 9 !m1 x is z ?\gh !y did n exi/4 ,ev5 ^? :i* h a mat]ial =m & are giv5 by s5sible exp]i5ce1 dep5d ^u ! ?\ght ( ! wor%ipp]s :o adore !m2 = ! sacr$ "* :i* makes !m objects ( ! cult is n giv5 by _! natural con/itution2 x is add$ to !m by belief4 ,! kang>oo is only an animal l all o!rs2 yet1 = ! m5 ( ! ,kang>oo1 x conta9s )9 x a pr9ciple :i* puts x outside ! company ( o!rs1 & ?is pr9ciple exi/s only 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o believe 9 x4#aaeh ,if ^! sacr$ be+s1 :5 once conceiv$1 are to h no ne$ ( m5 to cont9ue1 x w\ld be necess>y t ! repres5tations express+ !m always rema9 ! same4 ,b ?is /ability is impossible4 ,9 fact1 x is 9 ! communal life t !y are =m$1 & ?is communal life is ess5tially int]mitt5t4 ,s !y necess>ily p>take ( ?is same int]mitt5cy4 ,!y atta9 _! greate/ int5sity at ! mom5t :5 ! m5 are assembl$ toge!r & are 9 imm$iate relations ) "o ano!r1 :5 !y all p>take ( ! same idea & ! same s5tim5t4 ,b :5 ! assembly has brok5 up & ea* man has return$ to 8 own peculi> life1 !y progressively lose _! orig9al en]gy4 ,be+ cov]$ ov] little by little by ! ris+ flood ( daily exp]i5ces1 !y w\ld soon fall into ! unconsci\s1 if we did n f9d "s means ( call+ !m back into consci\sness & revivify+ !m4 ,if we ?9k ( !m less =cefully1 !y am\nt to less = u & we c\nt less ^u !m2 !y exi/ to a less] degree4 ,s "h we h ano!r po9t ( view1 f :i* ! s]vices ( m5 are necess>y to !m4 ,?is second reason = _! exi/5ce is ev5 m important ?an ! fir/1 = x exi/s all ! "t4 ,! int]mitt5cy ( ! physical life c affect religi\s beliefs only :5 religions are n yet deta*$ f _! cosmic basis4 ,! int]mitt5cy ( ! social life1 on ! o!r h&1 is inevitable2 ev5 ! mo/ ideali/ic religions _c escape x4 ,moreov]1 x is ow+ to ?is /ate ( dep5d5cy ^u ! ?\ght ( m51 9 :i* ! gods f9d !mselves1 t ! =m] are able to believe 9 ! efficacy ( _! assi/ance4 ,! only way ( r5ew+ ! collective repres5tations :i* relate to sacr$ be+s is to retemp] !m 9 ! v s\rce ( ! religi\s life1 t is to say1 9 ! assembl$ gr\ps4 ,n[ ! emotions ar\s$ by ^! p]iodical crises ?r\gh :i* ext]nal ?+s pass induce ! m5 :o witness !m to assemble1 to see :at %\ld be done ab\t x4 ,b by ! v fact ( unit+1 !y are mutually com=t$2 !y f9d a rem$y because !y seek x toge!r4 ,! common fai? becomes reanimat$ q naturally 9 ! he>t ( ?is recon/itut$ gr\p2 if is born aga9 because x aga9 f9ds ^? v conditions 9 :i* x 0 born 9 ! fir/ place4 ,aft] x has be5 re/or$1 x easily triumphs ov] all ! private d\bts :i* may h aris5 9 individual m9ds4 ,! image ( ! sacr$ ?+s rega9s p[] en\gh to resi/ ! int]nal or ext]nal causes :i* t5d$ to weak5 x4 ,9 spite ( _! app>5t failure1 m5 c no long] believe t ! gods w die1 because !y feel !m liv+ 9 _! own he>ts4 ,! means employ$ to succ\r !m1 h[soev] crude ^! may be1 _c appe> va91 = ev]y?+ goes on z if !y 7 really effective4 ,m5 are m confid5t because !y feel !mselves /rong]2 & !y really are /rong]1 because =ces :i* 7 langui%+ are n[ reawak5$ 9 ! consci\sness4 ,s we mu/ be c>eful n to believe1 along ) ,smi?1 t ! cult 0 f\nd$ solely = ! b5efit ( m5 & t ! gods h no?+ to d ) x3 !y h no less ne$ ( x ?an _! wor%ipp]s4 ,( c\rse m5 w\ld be unable to live )\t gods1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! gods w\ld die if _! cult 7 n r5d]$4 ,?is does n h ! sole object ( mak+ pr(ane subjects communicate ) sacr$ be+s1 b x also keeps ^! latt] alive & is p]petually remak+ & reg5]at+ !m4 ,( c\rse x is n ! mat]ial oblations :i* br+ ab\t ?is reg5]ation by _! own virtues2 x is ! m5tal /ates :i* ^! actions1 ?\gh va9 9 !mselves1 accompany or reawak54 ,! real reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! cults1 ev5 ( ^? :i* are ! mo/ mat]iali/ic 9 appe>ance1 is n to be s\ght 9 ! acts :i* !y prescribe1 b 9 ! int]nal & moral reg5]ation :i* ^! acts aid 9 br++ ab\t4 ,! ?+s :i* ! wor%ipp] really gives 8 gods are n ! foods :i* he places ^u ! alt>s1 nor ! blood :i* he lets fl[ f 8 ve9s3 x is 8 ?\ght4 ,nev]!less1 x is true t !re is an ex*ange ( s]vices1 :i* are mutually dem&$1 betwe5 ! div9ity & its wor%ipp]s4 ,! rule d ut des1 by :i* ! pr9ciple ( sacrifice has sometimes be5 def9$1 is n a late inv5tion ( utilit>ian !ori/s3 x only expresses 9 an explicit way ! v me*anism ( ! sacrificial sy/em &1 m g5]ally1 ( ! :ole positive cult4 ,s ! circle po9t$ out by ,smi? is v real2 b x conta9s no?+ humiliat+ = ! reason4 ,x comes f ! fact t ! sacr$ be+s1 ?\gh sup]ior to m51 c live only 9 ! human consci\sness4 ,b ?is circle w appe> /ill m natural to u1 & we %all und]/& its mean+ & ! reason = its exi/5ce /ill bett] if1 c>ry+ our analysis /ill f>!r & sub/itut+ = ! religi\s symbols ! realities :i* !y repres5t1 we inve/igate h[ ^! behave 9 ! rite4 ,if1 z we h attempt$ to e/abli%1 ! sacr$ pr9ciple is no?+ m nor less ?an society transfigur$ & p]sonifi$1 x %\ld be possible to int]pret ! ritual 9 lay & social t]ms4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 social life1 j l ! ritual1 moves 9 a circle4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! individual gets f society ! be/ "p ( himself1 all t gives him a di/9ct "* & a special place among o!r be+s1 8 intellectual & moral culture4 ,if we %\ld )draw f m5 _! language1 sci5ces1 arts & moral beliefs1 !y w\ld drop to ! rank ( animals4 ,s ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( human nature come f society4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 society exi/s & lives only 9 & ?r\gh individuals4 ,if ! idea ( society 7 ext+ui%$ 9 individual m9ds & ! beliefs1 traditions & aspirations ( ! gr\p 7 no long] felt & %>$ by ! individuals1 society w\ld die4 ,we c say ( x :at we j said ( ! div9ity3 x is real only 9 s f> z x has a place 9 human consci\snesses1 & ?is place is :atev] "o we may give x4 ,we n[ see ! real reason :y ! gods _c d )\t _! wor%ipp]s any m ?an ^! c d )\t _! gods2 x is because society1 ( :i* ! gods are only a symbolic expression1 _c d )\t individuals any m ?an ^! c d )\t society4 ,"h we t\* ! solid rock ^u :i* all ! cults are built & :i* has caus$ _! p]si/5ce ev] s9ce human societies h exi/$4 ,:5 we see :at religi\s rites consi/ ( & t[>ds :at !y seem to t5d1 we dem& ) a/oni%m5t h[ m5 h be5 able to imag9e !m1 & especially h[ !y c rema9 s fai?fully atta*$ to !m4 ,:5ce c\ld ! illusion h come t ) a few gra9s ( s& ?r[n to ! w9d1 or a few drops ( blood %$ ^u a rock or ! /one ( an alt>1 x is possible to ma9ta9 ! life ( an animal species or ( a god8 ,we h und\bt$ly made a /ep 9 advance t[>ds ! solution ( ?is problem :5 we h discov]$1 beh9d ^! outw>d & app>5tly unreasonable movem5ts1 a m5tal me*anism :i* gives !m a mean+ & a moral significance4 ,b we are 9 no way assur$ t ?is me*anism itself does n consi/ 9 a simple play ( halluc9atory images4 ,we h po9t$ out ! psy*ological process :i* leads ! believ]s to imag9e t ! rite causes ! spiritual =ces ( :i* !y h ne$ to be reborn ab\t !m2 b x does n foll[ f ! fact t ?is belief is psy*ologically explicable t x has any objective value4 ,if we are to see 9 ! efficacy attribut$ to ! rites any?+ m ?an ! product ( a *ronic delirium ) :i* humanity has abus$ itself1 we mu/ %[ t ! effect ( ! cult really is to recreate p]iodically a moral be+ ^u :i* we dep5d z x dep5ds ^u u4 ,n[ ?is be+ does exi/3 x is society4 ,h[soev] little importance ! religi\s c]emonies may h1 !y put ! gr\p into action2 ! gr\ps assemble to celebrate !m4 ,s _! fir/ effect is to br+ individuals toge!r1 to multiply ! relations betwe5 !m & to make !m m intimate ) "o ano!r4 ,by ?is v fact1 ! cont5ts ( _! consci\snesses is *ang$4 ,on ord9>y days1 x is utilit>ian & individual avocations :i* take ! great] "p ( ! att5tion4 ,e "o att5ds to 8 own p]sonal bus9ess2 = mo/ m51 ?is prim>ily consi/s 9 satisfy+ ! exig5cies ( mat]ial life1 & ! pr9cipal inc5tive to economic activity has always be5 private int]e/4 ,( c\rse social s5tim5ts c\ld nev] be totally abs5t4 ,we rema9 9 relations ) o!rs2 ! habits1 ideas & t5d5cies :i* education has impress$ ^u u & :i* ord9>ily preside ov] our relations ) o!rs1 cont9ue to make _! action felt4 ,b !y are con/antly combat$ & held 9 *eck by ! antagoni/ic t5d5cies ar\s$ & support$ by ! necessities ( ! daily /ruggle4 ,!y resi/ m or less successfully1 accord+ to _! intr9sic en]gy3 b ?is en]gy is n r5ew$4 ,!y live ^u _! pa/1 & consequ5tly !y w\ld be us$ up 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 if no?+ return$ to !m a little ( ! =ce t !y lose ?r\gh ^! incessant conflicts & frictions4 ,:5 ! ,au/ralians1 scatt]$ 9 little gr\ps1 sp5d _! "t 9 hunt+ & fi%+1 !y lose sight ( :at conc]ns _! clan or tribe3 _! only ?\ght is to cat* z mu* game z possible4 ,on fea/ days1 on ! contr>y1 ^! preoccupations are necess>ily eclips$2 be+ ess5tially pr(ane1 !y are exclud$ f ^! sacr$ p]iods4 ,at ?is "t1 _! ?\ghts are c5tr$ ^u _! common beliefs1 _! common traditions1 ! memory ( _! great ance/ors1 ! collective ideal ( :i* !y are ! inc>nation2 9 a ^w1 ^u social ?+s4 ,ev5 ! mat]ial int]e/s :i* ^! great religi\s c]emonies are design$ to satisfy conc]n ! public ord] & are !re=e social4 ,society z a :ole is int]e/$ t ! h>ve/ be abundant1 t ! ra9 fall at ! "r "t & n excessively1 t ! animals reproduce regul>ly4 ,s x is society t is 9 ! =egr\nd ( e consci\sness2 ,x dom9ates & directs all conduct2 ?is is equival5t to say+ t x is m liv+ & active1 & consequ5tly m real1 ?an 9 pr(ane times4 ,s m5 d n deceive !mselves :5 !y feel at ?is "t t !re is some?+ outside ( !m :i* is born aga91 t !re are =ces :i* are reanimat$ & a life :i* reawak5s4 ,?is r5ewal is 9 no way imag9>y & ! individuals !mselves pr(it f x4 ,= ! sp>k ( a social be+ :i* ea* be>s )9 him necess>ily p>ticipates 9 ?is collective r5ovation4 ,! individual s\l is reg5]at$ too1 by be+ dipp$ aga9 9 ! s\rce f :i* its life comes2 consequ5tly x feels itself /rong]1 m fully ma/] ( itself1 less dep5d5t ^u physical necessities4 ,we "k t ! positive cult naturally t5ds to take p]iodic =ms2 ?is is "o ( its di/9ctive features4 ,( c\rse !re are rites :i* m5 celebrate occasionally1 9 connection ) pass+ situations4 ,b ^! episodic practices are always m]ely accessory1 & 9 ! religions /udi$ 9 ?is book1 !y are almo/ exceptional4 ,! ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! cult is ! cycle ( fea/s :i* return regul>ly at det]m9$ epo*s4 ,we are n[ able to und]/& :5ce ?is t5d5cy t[>ds p]iodicity comes2 ! rhy?m :i* ! religi\s life foll[s only expresses ! rhy?m ( ! social life1 & results f x4 ,society is able to revivify ! s5tim5t x has ( itself only by assembl+4 ,b x _c be assembl$ all ! "t4 ,! exig5cies ( life d n all[ x to rema9 9 congregation indef9itely2 s x scatt]s1 to assemble anew :5 x aga9 feels ! ne$ ( ?is4 ,x is to ^! necess>y alt]nations t ! regul> alt]nations ( sacr$ & pr(ane times correspond4 ,s9ce ! app>5t object1 at lea/1 ( ! cult 0 at fir/ to regul>ize ! c\rse ( natural ph5om5a1 ! rhy?m ( ! cosmic life has put its m>k on ! rhy?m ( ! ritual life4 ,?is is :y ! fea/s h long be5 associat$ ) ! seasons2 we h se5 ?is *>act]i/ic already 9 ! ,inti*iuma ( ,au/ralia4 ,b ! seasons h only furni%$ ! out] frame-"w = ?is organization1 & n ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x re/s2 = ev5 ! cults :i* aim at exclusively spiritual ends h rema9$ p]iodical4 ,s ?is p]iodicity mu/ be due to o!r causes4 ,s9ce ! seasonal *anges are critical p]iods = nature1 !y are a natural occasion = assembl+1 & consequ5tly = religi\s c]emonies4 ,b o!r ev5ts c & h successfully fulfill$ ?is function ( occasional cause4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ be recogniz$ t ?is frame-"w1 ?\gh purely ext]nal1 has giv5 pro( ( a s+ul> resi/ive =ce1 = traces ( x are f\nd ev5 9 ! religions :i* are ! mo/ fully deta*$ f all physical bases4 ,_m ,*ri/ian celebrations are f\nd$1 ) no break ( cont9uity1 on ! pa/oral & agr>ian fea/s ( ! anci5t ,hebrews1 al?\gh 9 !mselves !y are nei!r pa/oral nor agr>ian4 ,moreov]1 ?is rhy?m is capable ( v>y+ 9 diff]5t societies4 ,:]e ! p]iod ( disp]sion is long1 & ! disp]sion itself is extreme1 ! p]iod ( congregation1 9 its turn1 is v prolong$1 & produces v]itable debau*es ( collective & religions life4 ,fea/s succe$ "o ano!r = weeks or ev5 = mon?s1 :ile ! ritual life sometimes atta9s to a sort ( fr5zy4 ,?is is :at happ5s among ! ,au/ralian tribes & _m ( ! tribes ( ,nor?-we/]n ,am]ica4#aaei ,else:]e1 on ! contr>y1 ^! two phases ( ! social life succe$ "o ano!r aft] %ort] int]vals1 & !n ! contra/ betwe5 !m is less m>k$4 ,! m societies develop1 ! less !y seem to all[ ( too great int]mitt5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,positive ,,cult--cont9u$ ,,ii4--,imitative ,rites & ! ,pr9ciple ( ,causality ,b ! processes :i* we h j be5 describ+ are n ! only ones employ$ to assure ! fecundity ( ! totemic species4 ,!re are o!rs :i* s]ve = ! same end1 :e!r !y accompany ! prec$+ ones or replace !m4 ,i ,9 ! v c]emonies :i* we h be5 describ+1 9 addition to ! oblations1 :e!r bloody or o!rwise1 !re are o!r rites :i* are frequ5tly celebrat$1 ^: object is to complete ! =m] ones & to consolidate _! effects4 ,!y consi/ 9 movem5ts & cries ^: object is to imitate ! diff]5t attitudes & aspects ( ! animal ^: reproduction is desir$2 !re=e1 we %all call !m imitative4 ,?us ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,wit*etty grub among ! ,arunta includes m ?an ! rites p]=m$ ^u ! sacr$ rocks1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,:5 ^! are f9i%$1 ! m5 set out to return to camp2 b :5 !y /ill are ab\t a mile away1 !y halt & all decorate !mselves ritually2 aft] ?is1 ! m>* is resum$4 ,! decorations ) :i* !y ?us adorn !mselves ann\nce t an important c]emony is go+ to take place4 ,&1 9 fact1 :ile ! company 0 abs5t1 "o ( ! old m5 :o _h be5 left to gu>d ! camp _h built a %elt] out ( bran*es1 call$ ,umbana1 :i* repres5t$ ! *rysalis out ( :i* ! insect comes4 ,all ( ^? :o _h tak5 "p 9 ! previ\s c]emonies assemble ne> ! spot :]e ?is con/ruction has be5 rais$2 !n !y advance sl[ly1 /opp+ f "t to "t1 until !y rea* ! ,umbana1 :i* !y ent]4 ,at once all ! m5 :o d n belong to ! phratry ( ! ,wit*etty grub totem1 & :o assi/ at ! sc5e1 ?\gh f a di/ance1 lie d[n on ! gr\nd1 ) _! faces aga9/ ! e>?2 !y mu/ rema9 9 ?is position )\t mov+ until !y are all[$ to get up aga94 ,mean:ile1 a *ant arises f ! int]ior ( ! ,umbana1 :i* describes ! diff]5t phases ?r\gh :i* ! animal passes 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 & ! my?s ( :i* ! sacr$ rocks are ! subject4 ,:5 ?is hymn ceases1 ! ,alatunja glides out ( ! ,umbana1 ?\gh rema9+ 9 a squatt+ position1 & advances sl[ly ov] ! gr\nd be=e him2 he is foll[$ by all 8 companions :o reproduce ge/ures ^: evid5t object is to repres5t ! insect z x leaves ! *rysalis4 ,also1 a hymn :i* is he>d at j ?is mom5t & :i* is l an oral comm5t>y on ! rite1 consi/s 9 a description ( ! movem5ts made by ! insect at ?is /age ( its developm5t4#aafj ,ano!r ,inti*iuma1#aafa celebrat$ 9 connection ) ano!r k9d ( grub1 ! un*alka#aafb grub1 has ?is "* /ill m cle>ly4 ,! actors ( ?is rite decorate !mselves ) designs repres5t+ ! un*alka bu% ^u :i* ?is grub lives at ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,!n !y cov] a buckl] ) conc5tric circles ( d[n1 repres5t+ ano!r k9d ( bu% ^u :i* ! insect lays its eggs :5 x has become adult4 ,:5 all ^! prep>ations are f9i%$1 !y all sit d[n on ! gr\nd 9 a semicircle fac+ ! pr9cipal (ficiant4 ,he alt]nately b5ds 8 body d\ble by lean+ t[>ds ! gr\nd & !n rises on 8 knees2 at ! same "t1 he %akes 8 /ret*$-out arms1 :i* is a way ( repres5t+ ! w+s ( ! insect4 ,f "t to "t1 he leans ov] ! buckl]1 imitat+ ! way 9 :i* ! butt]fly flies ov] ! trees :]e x lays its eggs4 ,:5 ?is c]emony is f9i%$1 ano!r comm5ces at a diff]5t spot1 to :i* !y g 9 sil5ce4 ,?is "t !y use two buckl]s4 ,^u "o ! tracks ( ! grub are repres5t$ by zigzag l9es2 ^u ! o!r1 conc5tric circles ( unev5 dim5sions repres5t ! eggs ( ! insect & ! se$ ( ! ,eremophile bu%1 ^u :i* x is n\ri%$4 ,z 9 ! =m] c]emony1 !y all sit d[n 9 sil5ce :ile ! (ficiant acts1 repres5t+ ! movem5ts ( ! animal :5 leav+ its *rysalis & tak+ its fir/ flight4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 also po9t out c]ta9 analog\s facts among ! ,arunta1 ?\gh ^! are ( a m9or importance3 9 ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,emu1 = example1 at a c]ta9 mom5t ! actors try to reproduce by _! attitude ! air & aspect ( ?is bird2#aafc 9 ! ,inti*iuma ( wat]1 ! m5 ( ! totem utt] ! *>act]i/ic cry ( ! plov]1 a cry :i* is naturally associat$ 9 ! m9d ) ! ra9y season4#aafd ,b 9 all1 ! examples ( imitative rites :i* ^! two explor]s h not$ are r few 9 numb]4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t _! relative sil5ce on ?is po9t is due ei!r to _! n hav+ obs]v$ ! ,inti*iuma suffici5tly or else to _! hav+ neglect$ ?is side ( ! c]emonies2 ,s*ulze1 on ! o!r h&1 has be5 /ruck by ! ess5tially imitative nature ( ! ,arunta rites4 ,! sacr$ corrobbori1 he says1 are g5]ally c]emonies repres5t+ animals3 he calls !m animal tjurunga#aafe & 8 te/imony is n[ confirm$ by ! docum5ts collect$ by ,/rehl[4 ,! examples giv5 by ?is latt] au?or are s num]\s t x is impossible to cite !m all3 !re are sc>cely any c]emonies 9 :i* "s imitat+ ge/ure is n po9t$ out4 ,accord+ to ! nature ( ! animals ^: fea/ is celebrat$1 !y jump aft] ! mann] ( kang>oos1 or imitate ! movem5ts !y make 9 eat+1 ! flight ( w+$ ants1 ! *>act]i/ic noise ( ! bat1 ! cry ( ! wild turkey1 ! hiss+ ( ! snake1 ! croak+ ( ! frog1 etc4#aaff ,:5 ! totem is a plant1 !y make ! ge/ure ( pluck+ x1#aafg or eat+ x1#aafh etc4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,inti*iuma g5]ally takes a special =m1 :i* we %all describe 9 ! next *apt] & :i* diff]s f ^? :i* we h /udi$ up to ! pres5t4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o typical case ( a purely imitative ,inti*iuma among ?is p2 x is t ( ! black cockatoo4 ,! c]emony describ$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 comm5c$ at t5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,all night long ! *ief ( ! clan imitat$ ! cry ( ! bird ) a di%e>t5+ monotony4 ,he /opp$ only :5 he _h come to ! end ( 8 =ce1 & !n 8 son replac$ him2 !n he comm5c$ aga9 z soon z he felt a little refre%$4 ,^! exhau/+ ex]cises cont9u$ until morn+ )\t int]ruption4#aafi ,liv+ be+s are n ! only ones :i* !y try to imitate4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( tribes1 ! ,inti*iuma ( ra9 consi/s ess5tially 9 imitative rites4 ,"o ( ! mo/ simple ( ^! is t celebrat$ among ! ,arabunna4 ,! *ief ( ! clan is seat$ on ! gr\nd1 all cov]$ ) :ite d[n & hold+ a lance 9 8 h&s4 ,he %akes himself1 und\bt$ly 9 ord] to deta* f 8 body ! d[n :i* is fix$ !re & :i* repres5ts cl\ds :5 scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! air4 ,?us he imitates ! m5-cl\ds ( ! ,al*]+a :o1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 _h ! habit ( asc5d+ to heav5 & =m+ cl\ds !re1 f :i* ! ra9 !n fell4 ,9 a ^w1 ! object ( ! :ole rite is to repres5t ! =mation & asc5sion ( cl\ds1 ! br+]s ( ra94#aagj ,! c]emony is mu* m complicat$ among ! ,kaiti%4 ,we h already spok5 ( "o ( ! means employ$3 ! (ficiant p\rs wat] ov] ! sacr$ /ones & himself4 ,b ! action ( ?is sort ( oblation is re9=c$ by o!r rites4 ,! ra9b[ is consid]$ to h a close connection ) ra93 !y say t x is its son & t x is always urg$ to appe> to make ! ra9 /op4 ,to make ! ra9 fall1 x is !re=e necess>y t x %\ld n appe>2 !y believe t ?is result c be obta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a design repres5t+ a ra9b[ is made ^u a buckl]4 ,!y c>ry ?is buckl] to camp1 tak+ c>e to keep x hidd5 f all eyes4 ,!y are conv9c$ t by mak+ ?is image ( ! ra9b[ invisible1 !y keep ! ra9b[ itself f appe>+4 ,mean:ile1 ! *ief ( ! clan1 hav+ beside him a pit*i full ( wat]1 ?r[s 9 all directions flakes ( d[n :i* repres5t cl\ds4 ,repeat$ imitations ( ! cry ( ! plov] complete ?is c]emony1 :i* seems to h an especial gravity2 = z long z x la/s1 all ^? :o p>ticipate 9 x1 ei!r z actors or assi/ants1 may h no relations :atsoev] ) _! wives2 !y may n ev5 speak to !m4#aaga ,! processes ( figuration are diff]5t among ! ,di]i4 ,ra9 is n repres5t$ by wat]1 b by blood1 :i* ! m5 cause to fl[ f _! ve9s on to ! assi/ants4#aagb ,at ! same "t !y ?r[ h&fuls ( :ite d[n ab\t1 :i* repres5t cl\ds4 ,a hut has be5 con/ruct$ previ\sly1 9 :i* !y n[ place two l>ge /ones repres5t+ piles ( cl\ds1 a sign ( ra94 ,aft] !y h be5 left !re = a little :ile1 !y are c>ri$ a little di/ance away & plac$ z high z possible 9 ! l(tie/ tree to be f\nd2 ?is is a way ( mak+ ! cl\ds m\nt into ! sky4 ,p[d]$ gypsum is !n ?r[n into a wat]-hole1 = :5 he sees ?is1 ! ra9 _s soon makes ! cl\ds appe>4 ,f9ally all ! m51 "y & old1 assemble ar\nd ! hut & ) heads l[]$1 !y *>ge ^u x2 !y ru% viol5tly ?r\gh x1 repeat+ ! op]ation sev]al times1 until no?+ rema9s ( ! :ole con/ruction except ! support+ po/s4 ,!n !y fall ^u ^! & %ake & pull at !m until ! :ole ?+ has tumbl$ d[n4 ,! op]ation consi/+ 9 runn+ ?r\gh ! hut is suppos$ to repres5t cl\ds bur/+2 ! tumbl+ d[n ( ! con/ruction1 ! fall ( ra94#aagc ,9 ! nor?-we/]n tribes /udi$ by ,clem5t1#aagd :i* occupy ! di/rict includ$ betwe5 ! ,fontescue & ,fitzroy riv]s1 c]ta9 c]emonies are celebrat$ ^: object is exactly ! same z t ( ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,arunta1 & :i* seem to be1 = ! mo/ "p1 ess5tially imitative4 ,^! peoples give ! "n t>l[ to c]ta9 piles ( /ones :i* are evid5tly sacr$1 =1 z we %all see1 !y are ! object ( important rites4 ,e animal1 e plant1 & 9 fact1 e totem or sub-totem1#aage is repres5t$ by a t>l[ :i* a special clan#aagf gu>ds4 ,! analogy betwe5 ^! t>l[ & ! sacr$ rocks ( ! ,arunta is easily se54 ,:5 kang>oos1 = example1 become r>e1 ! *ief ( ! clan to :i* ! t>l[ ( ! kang>oo belongs goes to x ) a c]ta9 numb] ( companions4 ,"h v>i\s rites are p]=m$1 ! *ief ( :i* consi/ 9 jump+ ar\nd ! t>l[ z kang>oos jump1 9 dr9k+ z !y dr9k &1 9 a ^w1 9 imitat+ all _! mo/ *>act]i/ic movem5ts4 ,! weapons us$ 9 hunt+ ! animal h an important "p 9 ^! rites4 ,!y br&i% !m1 ?r[ !m aga9/ ! /ones1 etc4 ,:5 !y are conc]n$ = emus1 !y g to ! t>l[ ( ! emu1 & walk & run z ^! birds d4 ,! skill :i* ! natives %[ 9 ^! imitations is1 z x appe>s1 really rem>kable4 ,o!r t>l[ are consecrat$ to plants1 su* z ! c]eals4 ,9 ?is case1 !y imitate ! actions ( ?re%+ & gr9d+ ! gra94 ,s9ce 9 ord9>y life x is ! wom5 :o are normally *>g$ ) ^! tasks1 x is also !y :o p]=m ! rite1 9 ! mid/ ( songs & dances4 ,,ii ,all ^! rites belong to ! same type4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y re/ is "o ( ^? at ! basis ( :at is commonly & incorrectly call$ sympa!tic#aagg magic4 ,^! pr9ciples are ord9>ily r$uc$ to two4#aagh ,! fir/ may be /at$ ?us3 any?+ t\*+ an object also t\*es ev]y?+ :i* has any relation ( proximity or unity :atsoev] ) ?is object4 ,?us1 :atev] affects ! "p also affects ! :ole2 any action ex]cis$ ov] an individual is transmitt$ to 8 neighb\rs1 relatives & all ^? to :om he is unit$ 9 any way4 ,all ^! cases are simple applications ( ! law ( contagion1 :i* we h already /udi$4 ,a condition or a good or bad quality are communicat$ contagi\sly f "o subject to ano!r :o has "s connection ) ! =m]4 ,! second pr9ciple is ord9>ily summ$ up 9 ! =mula3 l produces l4 ,! repres5tation ( a be+ or condition produces ?is be+ or condition4 ,?is is ! maxim :i* br+s ab\t ! rites :i* we h j be5 describ+1 & x is 9 !m t we c be/ obs]ve its *>act]i/ics4 ,! classical example ( ! magic *>m1 :i* is ord9>ily giv5 z ! typical application ( ?is same precept1 is mu* less significant4 ,! *>m is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 a simple ph5om5on ( transf]4 ,! idea ( ! image is associat$ 9 ! m9d ) t ( ! model2 consequ5tly ! effects ( an action p]=m$ ^u a /atue are transmitt$ contagi\sly to ! p]son ^: traits x reproduces4 ,! function ( ! image is = its orig9al :at t ( a "p is = ! :ole3 x is an ag5t ( transmission4 ,!re=e m5 ?9k t !y c obta9 ! same result by burn+ ! hair ( ! p]son :om !y wi% to injure3 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two sorts ( op]ations is t 9 "o1 ! communication is made ?r\gh simil>ity1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is by means ( contiguity4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! rites :i* conc]n u4 ,!y suppose n only ! displacem5t ( a giv5 condition or quality1 :i* passes f "o object into ! o!r1 b also ! creation ( some?+ entirely new4 ,! m]e act ( repres5t+ ! animal gives bir? to ?is animal & creates x2 by imitat+ ! s\nd ( w9d or fall+ wat]1 !y cause cl\ds to =m1 ra9 to fall1 etc4 ,( c\rse resemblance plays an important "p 9 ea* case1 b n at all ! same "o4 ,9 a *>m1 x only gives a special direction to ! action ex]cis$2 x directs 9 a c]ta9 way an action n orig9at+ 9 x4 ,9 ! rites ( :i* we h j be5 speak+1 x acts by itself & is directly efficaci\s4 ,s1 9 contradiction to ! usual def9itions1 ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pr9ciples ( ! s-call$ sympa!tic magic & ! correspond+ practices is n t x is contiguity acts 9 "o case & resemblance 9 ! o!r1 b t 9 ! =m] !re is a simple contagi\s communication1 :ile !re is production & creation 9 ! latt]4#aagi ,! explanation ( imitative rites !re=e implies ! explanation ( ! second ( ^! pr9ciples1 & reciprocally4 ,we %all n t>ry long to discuss ! explanation propos$ by ! an?ropological s*ool1 & especially by ,tylor & ,fraz]4 ,j z 9 _! attempts to acc\nt = ! contagi\sness ( a sacr$ "*1 !y invoke ! association ( ideas4 ,homoeopa?ic magic1 says ,fraz]1 :o pref]s ?is expression to imitative magic1 is f\nd$ on ! association ( ideas by simil>ity2 contagi\s magic is f\nd$ on ! association ( ideas by contiguity4 ,homoeopa?ic magic commits ! mi/ake ( assum+ t ?+s :i* resemble ea* o!r are ! same4#aahj ,b ?is is a misund]/&+ ( ! special nature ( ! practices "u discussion4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! =mula ( ,fraz] may be appli$ ) "s fitness to ! case ( *>ms2#aaha "h1 9 fact1 two di/9ct ?+s are associat$ ) ea* o!r1 ow+ to _! p>tial resemblance3 ^! are ! image & ! model :i* x repres5ts m or less sy/ematically4 ,b 9 ! imitative rites1 :i* we h j be5 obs]v+1 ! image alone is giv52 z = ! model1 x does n exi/1 = ! new g5]ation ( ! totemic species is z yet only a hope & ev5 an unc]ta9 hope at t4 ,s !re c\ld be no "q ( association1 :e!r correct or n2 !re is a real creation1 & we _c see h[ ! association ( ideas c\ld possibly lead to a belief 9 ?is creation4 ,h[ c\ld ! m]e act ( repres5t+ ! movem5ts ( an animal br+ ab\t ! c]titude t ?is animal w be born1 & born 9 abundance8 ,! g5]al prop]ties ( human nature _c expla9 su* special practices4 ,s in/ead ( consid]+ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y re/ 9 its g5]al & ab/ract =m1 let u replace x 9 ! environm5t ( :i* x is a "p & :]e we h be5 obs]v+ x1 & let u connect x ) ! sy/em ( ideas & s5tim5ts :i* ! above rites put into practice1 & !n we %all be bett] able to p]ceive ! causes f :i* x results4 ,! m5 :o assemble on ! occasion ( ^! rites believe t !y are really animals or plants ( ! species ^: "n !y be>4 ,!y feel )9 !m an animal or vegetable nature1 & 9 _! eyes1 ?is is :at con/itutes :atev] is ! mo/ ess5tial & ! mo/ excell5t 9 !m4 ,s :5 !y assemble1 _! fir/ movem5t ought to be to %[ ea* o!r ?is quality :i* !y attribute to !mselves & by :i* !y are def9$4 ,! totem is _! rally+ sign2 = ?is reason1 z we h se51 !y design x ^u _! bodies2 b x is no less natural t !y %\ld seek to resemble x 9 _! ge/ures1 _! cries1 _! attitude4 ,s9ce !y are emus or kang>oos1 !y comport !mselves l ! animals ( ! same "n4 ,by ?is means1 !y mutually %[ "o ano!r t !y are all memb]s ( ! same moral community & !y become consci\s ( ! k9%ip unit+ !m4 ,! rite does n limit itself to express+ ?is k9%ip2 x makes x or remakes x4 ,= x exi/s only 9 s f> z x is believ$ 91 & ! effect ( all ^! collective demon/rations is to support ! beliefs ^u :i* !y are f\nd$4 ,!re=e1 ^! leaps1 ^! cries & ^! movem5ts ( e sort1 ?\gh biz>re & grotesque 9 appe>ance1 really h a pr(\nd & human mean+4 ,! ,au/ralian seeks to resemble 8 totem j z ! fai?ful 9 m advanc$ religions seek to resemble _! ,god4 ,= ! "o z = ! o!r1 ?is is a means ( communicat+ ) ! sacr$ be+1 t is to say1 ) ! collective ideal :i* ?is latt] symbolizes4 ,?is is an e>ly =m ( ! ,greek3 homoisis t !4 ,h[ev]1 z ?is fir/ reason is connect$ ) ! mo/ specializ$ portions ( ! totemic beliefs1 ! pr9ciple by :i* l produces l %\ld n h surviv$ totemism1 if ?is _h be5 ! only "o 9 op]ation4 ,n[ !re is probably no religion 9 :i* rites d]iv$ f x are n f\nd4 ,s ano!r reason mu/ co-op]ate ) ?is fir/ "o4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! c]emonies :]e we h se5 x appli$ d n m]ely h ! v g5]al object :i* we h j m5tion$1 h[soev] ess5tial ?is may be2 !y also aim at a m imm$iate & m consci\s end1 :i* is ! assurance ( ! reproduction ( ! totemic species4 ,! idea ( ?is necess>y reproduction haunts ! m9ds ( ! wor%ipp]s3 ^u x ! =ces ( _! att5tion & w are conc5trat$4 ,n[ a s+le preoccupation _c possess a gr\p ( m5 to ?is po9t )\t be+ ext]naliz$ 9 a mat]ial =m4 ,s9ce all ?9k ( ! animal or plant to ^: de/9ies ! clan is unit$1 x is inevitable t ?is common ?\ght %\ld n be manife/$ outw>dly by ge/ures1#aahb & ^? naturally designat$ = ?is (fice are ^? :i* repres5t ?is animal or plant 9 "o ( its mo/ *>act]i/ic attitudes2 !re are no o!r movem5ts s close to ! idea fill+ e m9d1 = ^! are an imm$iate & almo/ automatic translation ( x4 ,s !y make !mselves imitate ! animal2 !y cry l x1 !y jump l x2 !y reproduce ! sc5es 9 :i* !y make daily use ( ! plant4 ,all ^! ways ( repres5tation are j s _m means ( o/5sibly %[+ ! end t[>ds :i* all m9ds are direct$1 ( tell+ ! ?+ :i* !y wi% to realize1 ( call+ x up & ( evok+ x4 ,& ?is ne$ belongs to no "o "t1 nor does x dep5d ^u ! beliefs ( any special religion2 x is ess5tially human4 ,?is is :y1 ev5 9 religions v f> remov$ f ^? we h be5 /udy+1 ! wor%ipp]s1 :5 assembl$ to ask _! gods = "s ev5t :i* !y ard5tly desire1 are =c$ to figure x4 ,( c\rse1 ! ^w is also a way ( express+ x2 b ! ge/ure is no less natural2 x bur/s out f ! organism j z spontane\sly2 x ev5 prec$es ! ^w1 or1 9 any case1 accompanies x4 ,b if we c ?us und]/& h[ ! ge/ures acquir$ a place 9 ! c]emony1 we /ill mu/ expla9 ! efficacy attribut$ to !m4 ,if ! ,au/ralian repeats !m regul>ly ea* new season1 x is because he believes !m ess5tial to ! success ( ! rite4 ,:]e c\ld he h gott5 ! idea t by imitat+ an animal1 "o causes x to reproduce8 ,s manife/ an error seems h>dly intelligible s long z we see 9 ! rite only ! mat]ial end t[>ds :i* x seems to aim4 ,b we "k t 9 addition to ! effect :i* x is ?\ght to h on ! totemic species1 x also ex]cises a pr(\nd influ5ce ov] ! s\ls ( ! wor%ipp]s :o take "p 9 x4 ,!y take away ) !m a feel+ ( well-be+1 ^: causes !y _c cle>ly see1 b :i* is well f\nd$4 ,!y feel t ! c]emony is good = !m2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y re=ge _! moral nature 9 x4 ,h[ c\ld ?is sort ( well-be+ fail to give !m a feel+ t ! rite has succe$$1 t x has be5 :at x set out to be1 & t x has atta9$ ! ends at :i* x 0 aim$8 ,z ! only end :i* 0 consci\sly s\ght 0 ! reproduction ( ! totemic species1 ?is seems to be assur$ by ! means employ$1 ! efficacy ( :i* is ?us prov54 ,?us x comes ab\t t m5 attribute creative virtues to _! ge/ures1 :i* 9 !mselves are va94 ,! moral efficacy ( ! rite1 :i* is real1 leads to ! belief 9 its physical efficacy1 :i* is imag9>y2 t ( ! :ole1 to ! belief 9 t ( ea* "p by itself4 ,! truly useful effects produc$ by ! :ole c]emony are l an exp]im5tal ju/ification ( ! elem5t>y practices out ( :i* x is made1 ?\gh 9 reality1 all ^! practices are 9 no way indisp5sable to its success4 ,a c]ta9 pro(1 moreov]1 t !y d n act by !mselves is t !y may be replac$ by o!rs1 ( a v diff]5t nature1 )\t any modification ( ! f9al result4 ,x appe>s t !re are ,inti*iuma :i* include only oblations1 ) no imitative rites2 o!rs are purely imitative1 & include no oblations4 ,h[ev]1 bo? are believ$ to h ! same efficacy4 ,s if a price is atta*$ to ^! v>i\s manoeuvres1 x is n because ( _! intr9sic value1 b because !y are a "p ( a complex rite1 ^: utility z a :ole is realiz$4 ,we are able to und]/& ?is /ate ( m9d all ! easi] because we c /ill obs]ve x ab\t u4 ,especially among ! mo/ cultivat$ peoples & environm5ts1 we frequ5tly meet ) believ]s :o1 ?\gh hav+ d\bts z to ! special efficacy attribut$ by dogma to ea* rite consid]$ sep>ately1 /ill cont9ue to p>ticipate 9 ! cult4 ,!y are n sure t ! details ( ! prescrib$ obs]vances are rationally ju/ifiable2 b !y feel t x w\ld be impossible to free oneself ( !m )\t fall+ into a moral confusion be=e :i* !y recoil4 ,! v fact t 9 !m ! fai? has lo/ its intellectual f\ndations ?r[s into em95ce ! pr(\nd reasons ^u :i* !y re/4 ,?is is :y ! easy criticisms to :i* an unduly simple rationalism has sometimes submitt$ ritual prescriptions g5]ally leave ! believ] indiff]5t3 x is because ! true ju/ification ( religi\s practices does n lie 9 ! app>5t ends :i* !y pursue1 b r 9 ! invisible action :i* !y ex]cise ov] ! m9d & 9 ! way 9 :i* !y affect our m5tal /atus4 ,likewise1 :5 prea*]s und]take to conv9ce1 !y devote mu* less att5tion to e/abli%+ directly & by me?odical pro(s ! tru? ( any p>ticul> proposition or ! utility ( su* & su* an obs]vance1 ?an to awak5+ or reawak5+ ! s5tim5t ( ! moral com=t atta9$ by ! regul> celebration ( ! cult4 ,?us !y create a pr$isposition to belief1 :i* prec$es pro(s1 :i* leads ! m9d to ov]look ! insuffici5cy ( ! logical reasons1 & :i* ?us prep>es x = ! proposition ^: acceptance is desir$4 ,?is fav\rable prejudice1 ?is impulse t[>ds believ+1 is j :at con/itutes fai?2 & x is fai? :i* makes ! au?ority ( ! rites1 accord+ to ! believ]1 :oev] he may be1 ,*ri/ian or ,au/ralian4 ,! only sup]iority ( ! =m] is t he bett] acc\nts = ! psy*ological process f :i* 8 fai? results2 he kn[s t x is fai? t saves4 ,x is because fai? has ?is orig9 t x is1 9 a s5se1 imp]meable to exp]i5ce4#aahc ,if ! int]mitt5t failures ( ! ,inti*iuma d n %ake ! confid5ce ( ! ,au/ralian 9 8 rite1 x is because he holds ) all ! /r5g? ( 8 s\l to ^! practices 9 :i* he p]iodically recreates himself2 he c\ld n d5y _! pr9ciple )\t caus+ an upheaval ( 8 own be+1 :i* resi/s4 ,b h[soev] great ?is =ce ( resi/ance may be1 x _c radically di/+ui% religi\s m5tality f ! o!r =ms ( human m5tality1 ev5 ^? :i* are ! mo/ habitually oppos$ to x4 ,9 ?is connection1 t ( a s*ol> diff]s f ! prec$+ only 9 degree4 ,:5 a sci5tific law has ! au?ority ( num]\s & v>i$ exp]im5ts1 x is aga9/ all me?od to r5\nce x too quickly ^u ! discov]y ( a fact :i* seems to contradict x4 ,x is /ill necess>y to make sure t ! fact does n all[ ( a s+le int]pretation1 & t x is impossible to acc\nt = x1 )\t ab&on+ ! proposition :i* x seems to invalidate4 ,n[ ! ,au/ralian does n proce$ o!rwise :5 he attributes ! failure ( ! ,inti*iuma to "s sorc]y1 or ! abundance ( a premature crop to a my/ic ,inti*iuma celebrat$ 9 ! beyond4 ,he has all ! m reason = n d\bt+ 8 rite on ! belief 9 a contr>y fact1 s9ce its value is1 or seems to be1 e/abli%$ by a l>g] numb] ( h>moniz+ facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! moral efficacy ( ! c]emony is real & is felt directly by all :o p>ticipate 9 x2 !re is a con/antly r5ew$ exp]i5ce 9 x1 ^: importance no contradictory exp]i5ce c dim9i%4 ,also1 ! physical efficacy itself is n unable to f9d an at lea/ app>5t confirmation 9 ! data ( objective obs]vation4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! totemic species normally does reproduce regul>ly2 s 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ev]y?+ happ5s j z if ! ritual ge/ures really did produce ! effects expect$ ( !m4 ,failures are ! exception4 ,z ! rites1 & especially ^? :i* are p]iodical1 dem& no?+ m ( nature ?an t x foll[ its ord9>y c\rse1 x is n surpris+ t x %\ld g5]ally h ! air ( obey+ !m4 ,s if ! believ] %[s himself indocile to c]ta9 lessons ( exp]i5ce1 he does s because ( o!r exp]i5ces :i* seem m demon/rative4 ,! s*ol> does n d o!rwise2 only he introduces m me?od4 ,s magic is n1 z ,fraz] has held1#aahd an orig9al fact1 ( :i* religion is only a d]iv$ =m4 ,q on ! contr>y1 x 0 "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s ideas t ! precepts ^u :i* ! art ( ! magician is bas$ 7 e/abli%$1 & x 0 only ?r\gh a second>y ext5sion t !y 7 appli$ to purely lay relations4 ,s9ce all ! =ces ( ! univ]se h be5 conceiv$ on ! model ( ! sacr$ =ces1 ! contagi\sness inh]5t 9 ! second 0 ext5d$ to ! fir/1 & m5 h believ$ t all ! prop]ties ( a body c\ld be transmitt$ contagi\sly4 ,likewise1 :5 ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* l produces l _h be5 e/abli%$1 9 ord] to satisfy c]ta9 religi\s ne$s1 x deta*$ itself f its ritual orig9s to become1 ?r\gh a sort ( spontane\s g5]alization1 a law ( nature4#aahe ,b 9 ord] to und]/& ^! fundam5tal axioms ( magic1 !y mu/ be replac$ 9 ! religi\s atmosph]e 9 :i* !y arose & :i* alone enables u to acc\nt = !m4 ,:5 we reg>d !m z ! "w ( isolat$ individuals or solit>y magicians1 we ask h[ !y c\ld ev] h occurr$ to ! m9d ( man1 = no?+ 9 exp]i5ce c\ld ei!r sugge/ or v]ify !m2 & especially we d n expla9 h[ s deceiv+ an art has be5 able to impose itself = s long a "t 9 ! confid5ce ( m54 ,b ?is problem disappe>s :5 we realize t ! fai? inspir$ by magic is only a p>ticul> case ( religi\s fai? 9 g5]al1 & t x is itself ! product1 at lea/ indirectly1 ( a collective eff]vesc5ce4 ,?is is z mu* z to say t ! use ( ! expression sympa!tic magic to designate ! sy/em ( rites :i* we h j be5 speak+ is n v exact4 ,!re are sympa!tic rites1 b !y are n peculi> to magic2 n only are !y to be f\nd 9 religion1 b x 0 f religion t magic receiv$ !m4 ,s we only risk confusion :51 by ! "n we give !m1 we h ! air ( mak+ !m some?+ :i* is specifically magic4 ,! results ( our analysis ?us atta* !mselves to & confirm ^? atta9$ by ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss :5 !y /udi$ magic directly4#aahf ,!y h %[n t ?is is no?+ m nor less ?an crude indu/ry bas$ on incomplete sci5ce4 ,beh9d ! me*anisms1 purely laical 9 appe>ance1 :i* are us$ by ! magician1 !y po9t out a backgr\nd ( religi\s conceptions & a :ole _w ( =ces1 ! idea ( :i* has be5 tak5 by magic f religion4 ,we are n[ able to und]/& h[ x comes t magic is s full ( religi\s elem5ts3 x is because x 0 born ( religion4 ,,iii ,b ! pr9ciple :i* has j be5 set =? does n m]ely h a function 9 ! ritual2 x is ( direct int]e/ = ! !ory ( k4 ,9 fact1 x is a concrete /atem5t ( ! law ( causality &1 9 all probability1 "o ( ! mo/ primitive /atem5ts ( x :i* has ev] exi/$4 ,a full conception ( ! causal relation is impli$ 9 ! p[] ?us attribut$ to ! l to produce ! l2 & ?is conception dom9ates primitive ?\ght1 = x is ! basis bo? ( ! practices ( ! cult & ! te*nique ( ! magician4 ,s ! orig9s ( ! precept ^u :i* ! imitative rites dep5d are able to cl>ify ^? ( ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,! g5esis ( "o %\ld aid u 9 und]/&+ ! g5esis ( ! o!r4 ,n[ we h %[n h[ ! =m] is a product ( social causes3 x 0 elaborat$ by gr\ps hav+ collective ends 9 view1 & x translates collective s5tim5ts4 ,s we may assume t ! same is true = ! second4 ,9 fact1 an analysis ( ! pr9ciple ( causality is suffici5t to assure u t ! div]se elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$ really did h ?is orig94 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* is impli$ 9 ! notion ( ! causal relation is ! idea ( efficacy1 ( productive p[]1 ( active =ce4 ,by cause we ord9>ily mean some?+ capable ( produc+ a c]ta9 *ange4 ,! cause is ! =ce be=e x has %[n ! p[] :i* is 9 x2 ! effect is ?is same p[]1 only actualiz$4 ,m5 h always ?\ght ( causality 9 dynamic t]ms4 ,( c\rse c]ta9 philosoph]s _h refus$ all objective value to ?is conception2 !y see 9 x only an arbitr>y con/ruction ( ! imag9ation1 :i* corresponds to no?+ 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,b1 at pres5t1 we h no ne$ ( ask+ :e!r x is f\nd$ 9 reality or n2 x is en\gh = u to /ate t x exi/s & t x con/itutes & always has con/itut$ an elem5t ( ord9>y m5tality2 & ?is is recogniz$ ev5 by ^? :o criticize x4 ,our imm$iate purpose is to seek1 n :at x may be wor? logically1 b h[ x is to be expla9$4 ,n[ x dep5ds ^u social causes4 ,our analysis ( facts has already enabl$ u to see t ! prototype ( ! idea ( =ce 0 ! mana1 wakan1 or5da1 ! totemic pr9ciple or any ( ! v>i\s names giv5 to collective =ce objectifi$ & project$ into ?+s4#aahg ,! fir/ p[] :i* m5 h ?\ght ( z su* seems to h be5 t ex]cis$ by humanity ov] its memb]s4 ,?us reason confirms ! results ( obs]vation2 9 fact1 x is ev5 possible to %[ :y ?is notion ( p[]1 efficacy or active =ce c\ld n h come f any o!r s\rce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t & recogniz$ by all t x c\ld n be furni%$ to u by ext]nal exp]i5ce4 ,our s5ses only enable u to p]ceive ph5om5a :i* coexi/ or :i* foll[ "o ano!r1 b no?+ p]ceiv$ by !m c\ld give u ! idea ( ?is det]m9+ & compell+ action :i* is *>act]i/ic ( :at we call a p[] or =ce4 ,!y c t\* only realiz$ & kn[n conditions1 ea* sep>ate f ! o!rs2 ! int]nal process unit+ ^! conditions escapes !m4 ,no?+ t we le>n c\ld possibly sugge/ to u ! idea ( :at an influ5ce or efficaci\sness is4 ,x is = ?is v reason t ! philosoph]s ( empiricism h reg>d$ ^! diff]5t conceptions z s _m my?ological ab]rations4 ,b ev5 suppos+ t !y all are halluc9ations1 x is /ill necess>y to %[ h[ !y orig9at$4 ,if ext]nal exp]i5ce c\nts = no?+ 9 ! orig9 ( ^! ideas1 & x is equally inadmissible t !y 7 giv5 u ready-made1 "o might suppose t !y come f int]nal exp]i5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! notion ( =ce obvi\sly includes _m spiritual elem5ts :i* c\ld only h be5 tak5 f our psy*ic life4 ,"s h believ$ t ! act by :i* our w br+s a delib]ation to a close1 re/ra9s our impulses & comm&s our organism1 might h s]v$ z ! model ( ?is con/ruction4 ,9 will+1 x is said1 we p]ceive ourselves directly z a p[] 9 action4 ,s :5 ?is idea _h once occurr$ to m51 x seems t !y only _h to ext5d x to ?+s to e/abli% ! conception ( =ce4 ,z long z ! animi/ !ory pass$ z a demon/rat$ tru?1 ?is explanation 0 able to appe> to be confirm$ by hi/ory4 ,if ! =ces ) :i* human ?\ght primitively populat$ ! _w really _h be5 spirits1 t is to say1 p]sonal & consci\s be+s m or less simil> to m51 x 0 actually possible to believe t our individual exp]i5ce 0 en\gh to furni% u ) ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! notion ( =ce4 ,b we "k t ! fir/ =ces :i* m5 imag9$ 71 on ! contr>y1 anonym\s1 vague & diffus$ p[]s :i* resemble cosmic =ces 9 _! imp]sonality1 & :i* are !re=e mo/ %>ply contra/$ ) ! em95tly p]sonal p[]1 ! human w4 ,s x is impossible t !y %\ld h be5 conceiv$ 9 its image4 ,moreov]1 !re is "o ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! imp]sonal =ces :i* w\ld be inexplicable "u ?is hypo!sis3 ?is is _! communicability4 ,! =ces ( nature h always be5 ?\ght ( z capable ( pass+ f "o object to ano!r1 ( mix+1 comb9+ & trans=m+ !mselves into "o ano!r4 ,x is ev5 ?is prop]ty :i* gives !m _! value z an explanation1 = x is ?r\gh ?is t effects c be connect$ ) _! causes )\t a break ( cont9uity4 ,n[ ! self has j ! opposite *>act]i/ic3 x is incommunicable4 ,x _c *ange its mat]ial sub/ratum or spread f "o to ano!r2 x spreads out 9 metaphor only4 ,s ! way 9 :i* x decides & executes its decisions c\ld nev] h sugge/$ ! idea ( an en]gy :i* communicates itself & :i* c ev5 conf\nd itself ) o!rs &1 ?r\gh ^! comb9ations & mix+s1 give rise to new effects4 ,!re=e1 ! idea ( =ce1 z impli$ 9 ! conception ( ! causal relation1 mu/ pres5t a d\ble "*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x c come only f our int]nal exp]i5ce2 ! only =ces :i* we c directly le>n ab\t are necess>ily moral =ces4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 !y mu/ be imp]sonal1 = ! notion ( an imp]sonal p[] 0 ! fir/ to be con/itut$4 ,n[ ! only ones :i* satisfy ^! two conditions are ^? com+ f life toge!r3 !y are collective =ces4 ,9 fact1 ^! are1 on ! "o h&1 entirely psy*ical2 !y are made up exclusively ( objectifi$ ideas & s5tim5ts4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are imp]sonal by def9ition1 = !y are ! product ( a co-op]ation4 ,be+ ! "w ( all1 !y are n ! possession ( anybody 9 p>ticul>4 ,!y are s slightly atta*$ to ! p]sonalities ( ! subjects 9 :om !y reside t !y are nev] fix$ !re4 ,j z !y ent] !m f )\t1 !y are also always ready to leave !m4 ,( !mselves1 !y t5d to spread fur!r & fur!r & to invade ev] new doma9s3 we "k t !re are none m contagi\s1 & consequ5tly m communicable4 ,( c\rse physical =ces h ! same prop]ty1 b we _c "k ?is directly2 we _c ev5 become acqua9t$ ) !m z su*1 = !y are outside u4 ,:5 ,i ?r[ myself aga9/ an ob/acle1 ,i h a s5sation ( h9drance & tr\ble2 b ! =ce caus+ ?is s5sation is n 9 me1 b 9 ! ob/acle1 & is consequ5tly outside ! circle ( my p]ception4 ,we p]ceive its effects1 b we _c rea* ! cause itself4 ,x is o!rwise ) social =ces3 !y are a "p ( our int]nal life1 z we "k1 m ?an ! products ( _! action2 we see !m act+4 ,! =ce isolat+ ! sacr$ be+ & hold+ pr(ane be+s at a di/ance is n really 9 ?is be+2 x lives 9 ! m9ds ( ! believ]s4 ,s !y p]ceive x at ! v mom5t :5 x is act+ ^u _! wills1 to inhibit c]ta9 movem5ts or comm& o!rs4 ,9 a ^w1 ?is con/ra9+ & necessitat+ action1 :i* escapes u :5 com+ f an ext]nal object1 is readily p]ceptible "h because ev]y?+ is inside u4 ,( c\rse we d n always int]pret x 9 an adequate mann]1 b at lea/ we _c fail to be consci\s ( x4 ,moreov]1 ! idea ( =ce be>s ! m>k ( its orig9 9 an app>5t way4 ,9 fact1 x implies ! idea ( p[] :i*1 9 its turn1 does n come )\t ^? ( asc5dancy1 ma/]%ip & dom9ation1 & _! coroll>ies1 dep5d5ce & subord9ation2 n[ ! relations express$ by all ^! ideas are em95tly social4 ,x is society :i* classifies be+s into sup]iors & inf]iors1 into comm&+ ma/]s & obey+ s]vants2 x is society :i* conf]s ^u ! =m] ! s+ul> prop]ty :i* makes ! comm& efficaci\s & :i* makes p[]4 ,s ev]y?+ t5ds to prove t ! fir/ p[]s ( :i* ! human m9d _h any idea 7 ^? :i* societies h e/abli%$ 9 organiz+ !mselves3 x is 9 _! image t ! p[]s ( ! physical _w h be5 conceiv$4 ,also1 m5 h nev] succe$$ 9 imag9+ !mselves z =ces mi/ress ov] ! bodies 9 :i* !y reside1 except by introduc+ concepts tak5 f social life4 ,9 fact1 ^! mu/ be di/+ui%$ f _! physical d\bles & mu/ be attribut$ a dignity sup]ior to t ( ^! latt]2 9 a ^w1 !y mu/ ?9k ( !mselves z s\ls4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 m5 h always giv5 ! =m ( s\ls to ! =ces :i* !y believe t !y are4 ,b we "k t ! s\l is q ano!r ?+ f a "n giv5 to ! ab/ract faculty ( mov+1 ?9k+ & feel+2 be=e all1 x is a religi\s pr9ciple1 a p>ticul> aspect ( ! collective =ce4 ,9 f9e1 a man feels t he has a s\l1 & consequ5tly a =ce1 because he is a social be+4 ,?\gh an animal moves its memb]s j z we d1 & ?\gh x has ! same p[] z we ov] its muscles1 no?+ au?orizes u to suppose t x is consci\s ( itself z an active & efficaci\s cause4 ,?is is because x does n h1 or1 to speak m exactly1 does n attribute to itself a s\l4 ,b if x does n attribute a s\l to itself1 x is because x does n p>ticipate 9 a social life comp>able to t ( m54 ,among animals1 !re is no?+ resembl+ a civilization4#aahh ,b ! notion ( =ce is n all ( ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,?is consi/s 9 a judgm5t /at+ t e =ce develops 9 a def9ite mann]1 & t ! /ate 9 :i* x is at ea* p>ticul> mom5t ( its exi/5ce pr$et]m9es ! next /ate4 ,! =m] is call$ cause1 ! latt]1 effect1 & ! causal judgm5t affirms ! exi/5ce ( a necess>y connection betwe5 ^! two mom5ts = e =ce4 ,! m9d posits ?is connection be=e hav+ any pro(s ( x1 "u ! empire ( a sort ( con/ra9t f :i* x _c free itself2 x po/ulates x1 z !y say1 a priori4 ,empiricism has nev] succe$$ 9 acc\nt+ = ?is apriorism & necessity4 ,philosoph]s ( ?is s*ool h nev] be5 able to expla9 h[ an association ( ideas1 re9=c$ by habit1 c\ld produce m ?an an expectation or a /rong] or weak] pr$isposition on ! "p ( ideas to appe> 9 a det]m9$ ord]4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( causality has q ano!r "*4 ,x is n m]ely an imm95t t5d5cy ( our ?\ght to take c]ta9 =ms2 x is an ext]nal norm1 sup]ior to ! fl[ ( our repres5tations1 :i* x dom9ates & rules imp]atively4 ,x is inve/$ ) an au?ority :i* b9ds ! m9d & surpasses x1 :i* is z mu* z to say t ! m9d is n its artisan4 ,9 ?is connection1 x is useless to sub/itute h]$it>y habit = individual habit1 = habit does n *ange its nature by la/+ long] ?an "o man's life2 x is m]ely /rong]4 ,an in/9ct is n a rule4 ,! rites :i* we h be5 /udy+ all[ u to cat* a glimpse ( ano!r s\rce ( ?is au?ority1 :i*1 up to ! pres5t1 has sc>cely be5 suspect$4 ,let u be> 9 m9d h[ ! law ( causality1 :i* ! imitative rites put into practice1 0 born4 ,be+ fill$ ) "o s+le preoccupation1 ! gr\p assembles3 if ! species ^: "n x be>s does n reproduce1 x is a matt] ( conc]n to ! :ole clan4 ,! common s5tim5t ?us animat+ all ! memb]s is outw>dly express$ by c]ta9 ge/ures1 :i* are always ! same 9 ! same circum/ances1 & aft] ! c]emony has be5 p]=m$1 x happ5s1 = ! reasons set =?1 t ! desir$ result seems obta9$4 ,s an association arises betwe5 ! idea ( ?is result & t ( ! ge/ures prec$+ x2 & ?is association does n v>y f "o subject to ano!r2 x is ! same = all ! p>ticipators 9 ! rite1 s9ce x is ! product ( a collective exp]i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 if no o!r factor int]v5$1 x w\ld produce only a collective expectation2 aft] ! imitative ge/ures _h be5 accompli%$1 ev]ybody w\ld await ! subsequ5t appe>ance ( ! desir$ ev5t1 ) m or less confid5ce2 an imp]ative rule ( ?\ght c\ld nev] be e/abli%$ by ?is4 ,b s9ce a social int]e/ ( ! greate/ importance is at /ake1 society _c all[ ?+s to foll[ _! own c\rse at ! :im ( circum/ances2 x int]v5es actively 9 su* a way z to regulate _! m>* 9 con=mity ) its ne$s4 ,s x dem&s t ?is c]emony1 :i* x _c d )\t1 be repeat$ e "t t x is necess>y1 & consequ5tly1 t ! movem5ts1 a condition ( its success1 be execut$ regul>ly3 x imposes !m z an obligation4 ,n[ !y imply a c]ta9 def9ite /ate ( m9d :i*1 9 return1 p>ticipates 9 ?is same obligatory "*4 ,to prescribe t "o mu/ imitate an animal or plant to make !m reproduce1 is equival5t to /at+ x z an axiom :i* is above all d\bt1 t l produces l4 ,op9ion _c all[ m5 to d5y ?is pr9ciple 9 !ory )\t also all[+ !m to violate x 9 _! conduct4 ,s society imposes x1 along ) ! practices :i* are d]iv$ f x1 & ?us ! ritual precept is d\bl$ by a logical precept :i* is only ! intellectual aspect ( ! =m]4 ,! au?ority ( ea* is d]iv$ f ! same s\rce3 society4 ,! respect :i* ?is inspires is communicat$ to ! ways ( ?\ght to :i* x atta*es a value1 j z mu* z to ways ( action4 ,s a man _c set aside ei!r ! ones or ! o!rs )\t hurl+ himself aga9/ public op9ion4 ,?is is :y ! =m] require ! adh]5ce ( ! intellig5ce be=e exam9ation1 j z ! latt] require ! submission ( ! w4 ,f ?is example1 we c %[ once m h[ ! sociological !ory ( ! idea ( causality1 & ( ! categories 9 g5]al1 sets aside ! classical doctr9es on ! "q1 :ile conciliat+ !m4 ,toge!r ) apriorism1 x ma9ta9s ! prejudicial & necess>y "* ( ! causal relation2 b x does n limit itself to affirm+ ?is2 x acc\nts = x1 yet )\t mak+ x vani% "u ! pretext ( expla9+ x1 z empiricism does4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no "q ( d5y+ ! "p due to individual exp]i5ce4 ,!re c be no d\bt t by himself1 ! individual obs]ves ! regul> succession ( ph5om5a & ?us acquires a c]ta9 feel+ ( regul>ity4 ,b ?is feel+ is n ! category ( causality4 ,! =m] is individual1 subjective1 incommunicable2 we make x ourselves1 out ( our own p]sonal obs]vations4 ,! second is ! "w ( ! gr\p1 & is giv5 to u ready-made4 ,x is a frame-"w 9 :i* our empirical asc]ta9m5ts arrange !mselves & :i* enables u to ?9k ( !m1 t is to say1 to see !m f a po9t ( view :i* makes x possible = u to und]/& "o ano!r 9 reg>d to !m4 ,( c\rse1 if ?is frame c be appli$ to ! cont5ts1 t %[s t x is n out ( relation ) ! matt] :i* x conta9s2 b x is n to be confus$ ) ?is4 ,x surpasses x & dom9ates x4 ,?is is because x is ( a diff]5t orig94 ,x is n a m]e summ>y ( individual exp]i5ces2 be=e all else1 x is made to fulfil ! exig5cies ( life 9 common4 ,9 f9e1 ! error ( empiricism has be5 to reg>d ! causal bond z m]ely an intellectual con/ruction ( speculative ?\ght & ! product ( a m or less me?odical g5]alization4 ,n[1 by itself1 pure speculation c give bir? only to provisional1 hypo!tical & m or less plausible views1 b ones :i* mu/ always be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 = we c nev] be sure t "s new obs]vation 9 ! future w n invalidate !m4 ,an axiom :i* ! m9d accepts & mu/ accept1 )\t control & )\t res]vation1 c\ld nev] come f ?is s\rce4 ,only ! necessities ( action1 & especially ( collective action1 c & mu/ express !mselves 9 categorical =mul1 :i* are p]emptory & %ort1 & admit ( no contradiction1 = collective movem5ts are possible only on condition ( be+ 9 conc]t &1 !re=e1 regulat$ & def9ite4 ,!y d n all[ ( any fumbl+1 ! s\rce ( an>*y2 by !mselves1 !y t5d t[>ds an organization :i*1 :5 once e/abli%$1 imposes itself ^u individuals4 ,& z action _c g beyond intellig5ce1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! latt] is drawn into ! same way & accepts )\t discussion ! !oretical po/ulates dem&$ by action4 ,! imp]atives ( ?\ght are probably only ano!r side ( ! imp]atives ( action4 ,x is to be borne 9 m9d1 moreov]1 t we h nev] dream$ ( (f]+ ! prec$+ obs]vations z a complete !ory ( ! concept ( causality4 ,! "q is too complex to be resolv$ ?us4 ,! pr9ciple ( causality has be5 und]/ood diff]5tly 9 diff]5t times & places2 9 a s+le society1 x v>ies ) ! social environm5t & ! k+doms ( nature to :i* x is appli$4#aahi ,s x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e ) suffici5t precision ! causes & conditions ^u :i* x dep5ds1 aft] a consid]ation ( only "o ( ! =ms :i* x has pres5t$ dur+ ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! views :i* we h set =? %\ld be reg>d$ z m]e indications1 :i* mu/ be controll$ & complet$4 ,h[ev]1 z ! causal law :i* we h be5 consid]+ is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ primitive :i* exi/s1 & z x has play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! developm5t ( human ?\ght & indu/ry1 x is a privileg$ exp]im5t1 s we may presume t ! rem>ks ( :i* x has be5 ! occasion may be g5]aliz$ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,positive ,,cult--cont9u$ ,,iii4--,repres5tative or ,commemorative ,rites ,! explanation :i* we h giv5 ( ! positive rites ( :i* we h be5 speak+ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s attributes to !m a significance :i* is1 above all1 moral & social4 ,! physical efficaci\sness assign$ to !m by ! believ] is ! product ( an int]pretation :i* conceals ! ess5tial reason = _! exi/5ce3 x is because !y s]ve to remake individuals & gr\ps morally t !y are believ$ to h a p[] ov] ?+s4 ,b ev5 if ?is hypo!sis has enabl$ u to acc\nt = ! facts1 we _c say t x has be5 demon/rat$ directly2 at fir/ view1 x ev5 seems to conciliate itself r badly ) ! nature ( ! ritual me*anisms :i* we h analys$4 ,:e!r !y consi/ 9 oblations or imitative acts1 ! ge/ures compos+ !m h purely mat]ial ends 9 view2 !y h1 or seem to h1 ! sole object ( mak+ ! totemic species reproduce4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 is x n surpris+ t _! real function %\ld be to s]ve moral ends8 ,x is true t _! physical function may h be5 exagg]at$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ev5 9 ! cases :]e x is ! mo/ inconte/able4 ,accord+ to ^! au?ors1 ea* clan celebrates its ,inti*iuma = ! purpose ( assur+ a useful food to ! o!r clans1 & ! :ole cult consi/s 9 a sort ( economic co-op]ation ( ! diff]5t totemic gr\ps2 ea* works = ! o!rs4 ,b accord+ to ,/rehl[1 ?is conception ( ,au/ralian totemism is :olly =eign to ! native m9d4 ,if1 he says1 ! memb]s ( "o totemic gr\p set !mselves to multiply+ ! animals or plants ( ! consecrat$ species1 & seem to "w = _! companions ( o!r totems1 we mu/ be c>eful n to reg>d ?is collaboration z ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,arunta or ,loritja totemism4 ,! blacks !mselves h nev] told me t ?is 0 ! object ( _! c]emonies4 ,( c\rse1 :5 ,i sugge/$ & expla9$ ! idea to !m1 !y und]/ood x & acquiesc$4 ,b ,i %\ld n be blam$ = hav+ "s di/ru/ ( replies ga9$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,/rehl[ also rem>ks t ?is way ( int]pret+ ! rite is contradict$ by ! fact t ! totemic animals & plants are n all edible or useful2 "s are good = no?+2 "s are ev5 dang]\s4 ,s ! c]emonies :i* conc]n !m c\ld n h any su* end 9 view4#aaij ,:5 "s "o asks ! natives :at ! det]m9+ reason = ^! c]emonies is1 concludes our au?or1 !y are unanim\s 9 reply+3 ',x is because our ance/ors arrang$ ?+s ?us4 ,?is is :y we d ?us & n diff]5tly4'#aaia ,b 9 say+ t ! rite is obs]v$ because x comes f ! ance/ors1 x is admitt$ t its au?ority is conf\nd$ ) ! au?ority ( tradition1 :i* is a social affair ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,m5 celebrate x to rema9 fai?ful to ! pa/1 to keep = ! gr\p its normal physiognomy1 & n because ( ! physical effects :i* x may produce4 ,?us1 ! way 9 :i* ! believ]s !mselves expla9 !m %[ ! pr(\nd reasons ^u :i* ! rites proce$4 ,b !re are cases :5 ?is aspect ( ! c]emonies is imm$iately app>5t4 ,i ,^! may be obs]v$ ! be/ among ! ,w>ramunga4#aaib ,among ?is p1 ea* clan is ?\ght to be desc5d$ f a s+le ance/or :o1 aft] hav+ be5 born 9 "s det]m9$ spot1 pass$ 8 t]re/rial exi/5ce 9 travell+ ov] ! c\ntry 9 e direction4 ,x is he :o1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 voyages1 gave to ! l& ! =m :i* x n[ has2 x is he :o made ! m\nta9s & pla9s1 ! wat]-holes & /reams1 etc4 ,at ! same "t1 he s[$ ^u 8 r\te liv+ g]ms :i* 7 dis5gag$ f 8 body &1 aft] _m successive re9c>nations1 became ! actual memb]s ( ! clan4 ,n[ ! c]emony ( ! ,w>ramunga :i* corresponds exactly to ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,arunta1 has ! object ( commemorat+ & repres5t+ ! my?ical hi/ory ( ?is ance/or4 ,!re is no "q ( oblations or1 except 9 "o s+le case1#aaic ( imitative practices4 ,! rite consi/s solely 9 recollect+ ! pa/ &1 9 a way1 mak+ x pres5t by means ( a v]itable dramatic repres5tation4 ,?is ^w is ! m exact because 9 ?is c]emony1 ! (ficiant is 9 no way consid]$ an inc>nation ( ! ance/or1 :om he repres5ts2 he is an actor play+ a rle4 ,z an example1 let u describe ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,black ,snake1 z ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]v$ x4#aaid ,an initial c]emony does n seem to ref] to ! pa/2 at lea/ ! description ( x :i* is giv5 u gives no au?orization = int]pret+ x 9 ?is s5se4 ,x consi/s 9 runn+ & leap+ on ! "p ( two (ficiants1#aaie :o are decorat$ ) designs repres5t+ ! black snake4 ,:5 !y f9ally fall exhau/$ on ! gr\nd1 ! assi/ants g5tly pass _! h&s ov] ! emblematic designs ) :i* ! backs ( ! two actors are cov]$4 ,!y say t ?is act pleases ! black snake4 ,x is only aft]w>ds t ! s]ies ( commemorative c]emonies comm5ces4 ,!y put into action ! my?ical hi/ory ( ! ance/or ,?alaualla1 f ! mom5t he em]g$ f ! gr\nd up to 8 def9ite return ?i!r4 ,!y foll[ him ?r\gh all 8 voyages4 ,! my? says t 9 ea* ( ! localities :]e he soj\rn$1 he celebrat$ totemic c]emonies2 !y n[ repeat !m 9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to h tak5 place orig9ally4 ,! movem5t :i* is act$ ! mo/ frequ5tly consi/s 9 twi/+ ! entire body ab\t rhy?mically & viol5tly2 ?is is because ! ance/or did ! same ?+ to make ! g]ms ( life :i* 7 9 him come out4 ,! actors h _! bodies cov]$ ) d[n1 :i* is deta*$ & flies away dur+ ^! movem5ts2 ?is is a way ( repres5t+ ! flight ( ^! my/ic g]ms & _! disp]sion into space4 ,x w be rememb]$ t among ! ,arunta1 ! sc5e ( ! c]emony is det]m9$ by ! ritual3 x is ! spot :]e ! sacr$ rocks1 trees & wat]-holes are f\nd1 & ! wor%ipp]s mu/ g !re to celebrate ! cult4 ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 on ! contr>y1 ! c]emonial gr\nd is arbitr>ily *os5 accord+ to conv5i5ce4 ,x is a conv5tional sc5e4 ,h[ev]1 ! orig9al sc5e ( ! ev5ts ^: reproduction con/itutes ! !me ( ! rite is itself repres5t$ by means ( designs4 ,sometimes ^! designs are made ^u ! v bodies ( ! actors4 ,= example1 a small circle col\r$ r$1 pa9t$ on ! back & /oma*1 repres5ts a wat]-hole4#aaif ,9 o!r cases1 ! image is trac$ on ! soil4 ,^u a gr\nd previ\sly soak$ & cov]$ ) r$ o*re1 !y draw curv$ l9es1 made up ( a s]ies ( :ite po9ts1 :i* symbolize a /ream or a m\nta94 ,?is is a beg9n+ ( decoration4 ,9 addition to ! prop]ly religi\s c]emonies :i* ! ance/or is believ$ to h celebrat$ long ago1 !y also repres5t simple episodes ( 8 c>e]1 ei!r epic or comic4 ,?us1 at a giv5 mom5t1 :ile ?ree actors are on ! sc5e1 occupi$ 9 an important rite1 ano!r "o hides beh9d a bun* ( trees situat$ at "s di/ance4 ,a packet ( d[n is atta*$ ab\t 8 neck :i* repres5ts a wallaby4 ,z soon z ! pr9cipal c]emony is f9i%$1 an old man traces a l9e ^u ! gr\nd :i* is direct$ t[>ds ! spot :]e ! f\r? actor is hidd54 ,! o!rs m>* beh9d him1 ) eyes l[]$ & fix$ ^u ?is l9e1 z ?\gh foll[+ a trail4 ,:5 !y discov] ! man1 !y assume a /upefi$ air & "o ( !m beats him ) a club4 ,?is repres5ts an incid5t 9 ! life ( ! great black snake4 ,"o day1 8 son w5t hunt+1 caught a wallaby & ate x )\t giv+ 8 fa!r any4 ,! latt] foll[$ 8 tracks1 surpris$ him & =c$ him to disgorge2 x is to ?is t ! beat+ at ! end ( ! repres5tation alludes4#aaig ,we %all n relate "h all ! my?ical ev5ts :i* are repres5t$ successively4 ,! prec$+ examples are suffici5t to %[ ! "* ( ^! c]emonies3 !y are dramas1 b ( a p>ticul> v>iety2 !y act1 or at lea/ !y are believ$ to act1 ^u ! c\rse ( nature4 ,:5 ! commemoration ( ,?alaualla is t]m9at$1 ! ,w>ramunga are conv9c$ t black snakes _c fail to increase & multiply4 ,s ^! dramas are rites1 & ev5 rites :i*1 by ! nature ( _! efficacy1 are comp>able on e po9t to ^? :i* con/itute ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,arunta4 ,!re=e ea* is able to cl>ify ! o!r4 ,x is ev5 m legitimate to comp>e !m ?an if !re 7 no break ( cont9uity betwe5 !m4 ,n only is ! end pursu$ id5tical 9 ea* case1 b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic "p ( ! ,w>ramunga ritual is f\nd 9 g]m 9 ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 ! ,inti*iuma1 z ! ,arunta g5]ally p]=m x1 conta9s )9 x a sort ( implicit commemoration4 ,! places :]e x is celebrat$ are necess>ily ^? :i* ! ance/or made illu/ri\s4 ,! roads ov] :i* ! wor%ipp]s pass 9 ! c\rse ( _! pi\s pilgrimages are ^? :i* ! h]oes ( ! ,al*]+a trav]s$2 ! places :]e !y /op to proce$ ) ! rites are ^? :]e _! fa!rs soj\rn$ !mselves1 :]e !y vani%$ into ! gr\nd1 etc4 ,s ev]y?+ br+s _! memory to ! m9ds ( ! assi/ants4 ,moreov]1 to ! manual rites !y frequ5tly add hymns relat+ ! exploits ( _! ance/ors4#aaih ,if1 in/ead ( be+ told1 ^! /ories are act$1 & if1 9 ?is new =m1 !y develop 9 su* a way z to become an ess5tial "p ( ! c]emony1 !n we h ! c]emony ( ! ,w>ramunga4 ,b ev5 m c be said1 = on "o side1 ! ,arunta ,inti*iuma is already a sort ( repres5tation4 ,! (ficiant is "o ) ! ance/or f :om he is desc5d$ & :om he re9c>nates4#aaii ,! ge/ures he makes are ^? :i* ?is ance/or made 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,speak+ exactly1 ( c\rse he does n play ! "p ( ! ance/ral p]sonage z an actor might d x2 he is ?is p]sonage himself4 ,b x is true1 not)/&+1 t1 9 "o s5se1 x is ! h]o :o occupies ! sc5e4 ,9 ord] to acc5tuate ! repres5tative "* ( ! rite1 x w\ld be suffici5t = ! duality ( ! ance/or & ! (ficiant to become m m>k$2 ?is is j :at happ5s among ! ,w>ramunga4#abjj ,ev5 among ! ,arunta1 at lea/ "o ,inti*iuma is m5tion$ 9 :i* c]ta9 p]sons are *>g$ ) repres5t+ ance/ors ) :om !y h no relation%ip ( my?ical desc5t1 & 9 :i* !re is consequ5tly a prop] dramatic repres5tation3 ?is is ! ,inti*iuma ( ! ,emu4#abja ,x seems t 9 ?is case1 also1 contr>ily to ! g5]al rule among ?is p1 ! !atre ( ! c]emony is artificially arrang$4#abjb ,x does n foll[ f ! fact t1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ces sep>at+ !m1 ^! two v>ieties ( c]emony ?us h an air ( k9%ip1 z x 71 t !re is a def9ite relation ( succession betwe5 !m1 & t "o is a trans=mation ( ! o!r4 ,x may v well be t ! resemblances po9t$ out come f ! fact t ! two sprang f ! same s\rce1 t is1 f ! same orig9al c]emony1 ( :i* !y are only div]g5t =ms3 we %all ev5 see t ?is hypo!sis is ! mo/ probable "o4 ,b ev5 )\t tak+ sides on ?is "q1 :at has already be5 said is en\gh to %[ t !y are rites ( ! same nature4 ,s we may be all[$ to comp>e !m1 & to use ! "o to enable u to und]/& ! o!r bett]4 ,n[ ! peculi> ?+ 9 ! c]emonies ( ! ,w>ramunga ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 is t n a ge/ure is made ^: object is to aid or to provoke directly ! increase ( ! totemic species4#abjc ,if we analyse ! movem5ts made1 z well z ! words spok51 we g5]ally f9d no?+ :i* betrays any int5tion ( ?is sort4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 repres5tations ^: only object c be to r5d] ! my?ical pa/ ( ! clan pres5t to ! m9d4 ,b ! my?ology ( a gr\p is ! sy/em ( beliefs common to ?is gr\p4 ,! traditions ^: memory x p]petuates express ! way 9 :i* society repres5ts man & ! _w2 x is a moral sy/em & a cosmology z well z a hi/ory4 ,s ! rite s]ves & c s]ve only to su/a9 ! vitality ( ^! beliefs1 to keep !m f be+ effac$ f memory &1 9 sum1 to revivify ! mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( ! collective consci\sness4 ,?r\gh x1 ! gr\p p]iodically r5ews ! s5tim5t :i* x has ( itself & ( its unity2 at ! same "t1 individuals are /r5g!n$ 9 _! social natures4 ,! glori\s s\v5irs :i* are made to live aga9 be=e _! eyes1 & ) :i* !y feel t !y h a k9%ip1 give !m a feel+ ( /r5g? & confid5ce3 a man is sur] ( 8 fai? :5 he sees to h[ di/ant a pa/ x goes back & :at great ?+s x has inspir$4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! c]emony :i* makes x in/ructive4 ,its t5d5cy is to act entirely ^u ! m9d & ^u x alone4 ,s if m5 believe nev]!less t x acts ^u ?+s & t x assures ! prosp]ity ( ! species1 ?is c be only z a reaction to ! moral action :i* x ex]cises & :i* is obvi\sly ! only "o :i* is real4 ,?us ! hypo!sis :i* we h propos$ is v]ifi$ by a significant exp]im5t1 & ?is v]ification is ! m conv9c+ because1 z we h %[n1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 ! ritual sy/em ( ! ,w>ramunga & t ( ! ,arunta4 ,! "o only makes m evid5t :at we _h already conjectur$ f ! o!r4 ,,ii ,b !re are c]emonies 9 :i* ?is repres5tative & ideali/ic "* is /ill m acc5tuat$4 ,9 ^? ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 ! dramatic repres5tation did n exi/ = itself2 x 0 only a means hav+ a v mat]ial end 9 view1 namely1 ! reproduction ( ! totemic species4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* d n diff] mat]ially f ! prec$+ ones1 b f :i*1 nev]!less1 all preoccupations ( ?is sort are abs5t4 ,! pa/ is "h repres5t$ = ! m]e sake ( repres5t+ x & fix+ x m firmly 9 ! m9d1 :ile no det]m9$ action ov] nature is expect$ ( ! rite4 ,at lea/1 ! physical effects sometimes imput$ to x are :olly second>y & h no relation ) ! liturgical importance attribut$ to x4 ,?is is ! case notably ) ! c]emonies :i* ! ,w>ramunga celebrate 9 hon\r ( ! snake ,wollunqua4#abjd ,z we h already said1 ! ,wollunqua is a totem ( a v especial sort4 ,x is n an animal or vegetable species1 b a unique be+3 !re is only "o ,wollunqua4 ,moreov]1 ?is be+ is purely my?ical4 ,! natives repres5t x z a colossal snake ^: l5g? is su* t :5 x rises on its tail its head is lo/ 9 ! cl\ds4 ,x resides1 !y believe1 9 a wat]-hole call$ ,?apau]lu1 :i* is hidd5 9 ! bottom ( a solit>y valley4 ,b if x diff]s 9 c]ta9 ways f ! ord9>y totems1 x has all _! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics nev]!less4 ,x s]ves z ! collective "n & emblem ( a :ole gr\p ( individuals :o reg>d x z _! common ance/or1 :ile ! relations :i* !y su/a9 ) ?is my?ical bea/ are id5tical ) ^? :i* ! memb]s ( o!r totems believe t !y su/a9 ) ! f\nd]s ( _! respective clans4 ,9 ! ,al*]+a#abje times1 ! ,wollunqua trav]s$ ! c\ntry 9 e direction4 ,9 ! diff]5t localities :]e x /opp$1 x scatt]$ _s-*ildr51 ! spiritual pr9ciples :i* /ill s]ve z ! s\ls ( ! liv+ ( to-day4 ,! ,wollunqua is ev5 consid]$ z a sort ( pre-em95t totem4 ,! ,w>ramunga are divid$ into two phratries1 call$ ,uluuru & ,k+illi4 ,ne>ly all ! totems ( ! =m] are snakes ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,n[ !y are all believ$ to be desc5d$ f ! ,wollunqua2 !y say t x 0 _! gr&fa!r4#abjf ,f ?is1 we c cat* a glimpse ( h[ ! my? ( ! ,wollunqua probably arose4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! pres5ce ( s _m simil> totems 9 ! same phratry1 !y imag9$ t all 7 d]iv$ f "o & ! same totem2 x 0 necess>y to give x a gigantic =m s t 9 its v appe>ance x might con=m to ! consid]able rle assign$ to x 9 ! hi/ory ( ! tribe4 ,n[ ! ,wollunqua is ! object ( c]emonies n diff]+ 9 nature f ^? :i* we h already /udi$3 !y are repres5tations 9 :i* are portray$ ! pr9cipal ev5ts ( its fabul\s life4 ,!y %[ x com+ out ( ! gr\nd & pass+ f "o locality to ano!r2 !y repres5t diff]5t episodes 9 its voyages1 etc4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 assi/$ at fifte5 c]emonies ( ?is sort :i* took place betwe5 ! #bg? ( ,july & ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 all be+ l9k$ toge!r 9 a det]m9$ ord]1 9 su* a way z to =m a v]itable cycle4#abjg ,9 ! details ( ! rites con/itut+ x1 ?is long celebration is !re=e indi/9ct f ! ord9>y ,inti*iuma ( ! ,w>ramunga1 z is recogniz$ by ! au?ors :o h describ$ x to u4#abjh ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is an ,inti*iuma :i* c\ld n h ! object ( assur+ ! fecundity ( an animal or vegetable species1 = ! ,wollunqua is a species all by itself & does n reproduce4 ,x exi/s1 & ! natives d n seem to feel t x has ne$ ( a cult to pres]ve x 9 its exi/5ce4 ,^! c]emonies n only seem to lack ! efficacy ( ! classic ,inti*iuma1 b x ev5 seems z ?\gh !y h no mat]ial efficacy ( any sort4 ,! ,wollunqua is n a div9ity set ov] a special ord] ( natural ph5om5a1 s !y expect no def9ite s]vice f him 9 ex*ange = ! cult4 ,( c\rse !y say t if ! ritual prescriptions are badly obs]v$1 ! ,wollunqua becomes angry1 leaves 8 retreat & comes to puni% 8 wor%ipp]s = _! neglig5ce2 & inv]sely1 :5 ev]y?+ passes regul>ly1 !y are l$ to believe t !y w be =tunate & t "s happy ev5t w take place2 b x is q evid5t t ^! possible sanctions are an aft]-?\ght to expla9 ! rite4 ,aft] ! c]emony _h be5 e/abli%$1 x seem$ natural t x %\ld s]ve = some?+1 & t ! omission ( ! prescrib$ obs]vances %\ld !re=e expose "o to grave dang]s4 ,b x 0 n e/abli%$ to =e/all ^! my?ical dang]s or to assure p>ticul> advantages4 ,! natives1 moreov]1 h only ! v hazie/ ideas ( !m4 ,:5 ! :ole c]emony is complet$1 ! old m5 ann\nce t if ! ,wollunqua is pleas$1 he w s5d ra94 ,b x is n to h ra9 t !y g ?r\gh ) ! celebration4#abji ,!y celebrate x because _! ance/ors did1 because !y are atta*$ to x z to a highly respect$ tradition & because !y leave x ) a feel+ ( moral well-be+4 ,o!r consid]ations h only a complim5t>y "p2 !y may s]ve to /r5g!n ! wor%ipp]s 9 ! attitude prescrib$ by ! rite1 b !y are n ! reason = ! exi/5ce ( ?is attitude4 ,s we h "h a :ole gr\p ( c]emonies ^: sole purpose is to awak5 c]ta9 ideas & s5tim5ts1 to atta* ! pres5t to ! pa/ or ! individual to ! gr\p4 ,n only are !y unable to s]ve useful ends1 b ! wor%ipp]s !mselves dem& none4 ,?is is /ill ano!r pro( t ! psy*ical /ate 9 :i* ! assembl$ gr\p happ5s to be con/itutes ! only solid & /able basis ( :at we may call ! ritual m5tality4 ,! beliefs :i* attribute su* or su* a physical efficaci\sness to ! rites are :olly accessory & cont+5t1 = !y may be lack+ )\t caus+ any alt]ation 9 ! ess5tials ( ! rite4 ,?us ! c]emonies ( ! ,wollunqua %[ ev5 bett] ?an ! prec$+ ones ! fundam5tal function ( ! positive cult4 ,if we h insi/$ especially ^u ^! solemnities1 x is because ( _! exceptional importance4 ,b !re are o!rs ) exactly ! same "*4 ,?us1 ! ,w>ramunga h a totem ( ! laugh+ boy4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say t ! clan be>+ ?is "n has ! same organization z ! o!r totemic gr\ps4 ,l !m1 x has its sacr$ places 7mungai7 :]e ! f\nd]-ance/or celebrat$ c]emonies 9 ! fabul\s times1 & :]e he left beh9d him _s-*ildr5 :o became ! m5 ( ! clan2 ! rites connect$ ) ?is totem are indi/+ui%able f ^? relat+ to ! animal or vegetable totems4#abaj ,yet x is evid5t t !y c\ld n h any physical efficaci\sness4 ,!y consi/ 9 a s]ies ( f\r c]emonies :i* repeat "o ano!r m or less1 b :i* are int5d$ only to amuse & to provoke laught] by laught]1 9 f9e1 to ma9ta9 ! gaiety & good-hum\r :i* ! gr\p has z its speciality4#abaa ,we f9d m ?an "o totem among ! ,arunta !mselves :i* has no o!r ,inti*iuma4 ,we h se5 t among ?is p1 ! irregul>ities & depressions ( ! l&1 :i* m>k ! places :]e "s ance/or soj\rn$1 sometimes s]ve z totems4#abab ,c]emonies are atta*$ to ^! totems :i* are manife/ly incapable ( physical effects ( any sort4 ,!y c consi/ only 9 repres5tations ^: object is to commemorate ! pa/1 & !y c aim at no end beyond ?is commemoration4#abac ,:ile !y enable u to und]/& ! nature ( ! cult bett]1 ^! ritual repres5tations also put into evid5ce an important elem5t ( religion3 ?is is ! recreative & e/hetic elem5t4 ,we h already _h occasion to %[ t !y are closely ak9 to dramatic repres5tations4#abad ,?is k9%ip appe>s ) /ill great] cl>ity 9 ! latt] c]emonies ( :i* we h spok54 ,n only d !y employ ! same processes z ! real drama1 b !y also pursue an end ( ! same sort3 be+ =eign to all utilit>ian ends1 !y make m5 =get ! real _w & transport !m into ano!r :]e _! imag9ation is m at ease2 !y di/ract4 ,!y sometimes ev5 g s f> z to h ! outw>d appe>ance ( a recreation3 ! assi/ants may be se5 laugh+ & amus+ !mselves op5ly4#abae ,repres5tative rites & collective recreations are ev5 s close to "o ano!r t m5 pass f "o sort to ! o!r )\t any break ( cont9uity4 ,! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! prop]ly religi\s c]emonies is t !y mu/ be celebrat$ on a consecrat$ gr\nd1 f :i* wom5 & non-initiat$ p]sons are exclud$4#abaf ,b !re are o!rs 9 :i* ?is religi\s "* is some:at effac$1 ?\gh x has n disappe>$ completely4 ,!y take place outside ! c]emonial gr\nd1 :i* proves t !y are already laiciz$ to a c]ta9 degree2 b pr(ane p]sons1 wom5 & *ildr51 are n yet admitt$ to !m4 ,s !y are on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two doma9s4 ,!y g5]ally deal ) leg5d>y p]sonages1 b ones hav+ no regul> place 9 ! frame-"w ( ! totemic religion4 ,!y are spirits1 m g5]ally malevol5t ones1 hav+ relations ) ! magicians r ?an ! ord9>y believ]s1 & sorts ( bugbe>s1 9 :om m5 d n believe ) ! same degree ( s]i\sness & firmness ( conviction z 9 ! prop] totemic be+s & ?+s4#abag ,z ! bonds by :i* ! ev5ts & p]sonages repres5t$ are atta*$ to ! hi/ory ( ! tribe relax1 ^! take on a proportionately m unreal appe>ance1 :ile ! correspond+ c]emonies *ange 9 nature4 ,?us m5 ent] into ! doma9 ( pure fancy1 & pass f ! commemorative rite to ! ord9>y corrobbori1 a simple public m]ry-mak+1 :i* has no?+ religi\s ab\t x & 9 :i* all may take "p indiff]5tly4 ,p]haps "s ( ^! repres5tations1 ^: sole object n[ is to di/ract1 are anci5t rites1 ^: "* has be5 *ang$4 ,9 fact1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two sorts ( c]emonies is s v>iable t x is impossible to /ate ) precision to :i* ( ! two k9ds !y belong4#abah ,x is a well-kn[n fact t games & ! pr9cipal =ms ( art seem to h be5 born ( religion & t = a long "t !y reta9$ a religi\s "*4#abai ,we n[ see :at ! reasons = ?is are3 x is because ! cult1 ?\gh aim$ prim>ily at o!r ends1 has also be5 a sort ( recreation = m54 ,religion has n play$ ?is rle by haz>d or ow+ to a happy *ance1 b ?r\gh a necessity ( its nature4 ,?\gh1 z we h e/abli%$1 religi\s ?\ght is some?+ v diff]5t f a sy/em ( fictions1 /ill ! realities to :i* x corresponds express !mselves religi\sly only :5 religion transfigures !m4 ,betwe5 society z x is objectively & ! sacr$ ?+s :i* express x symbolically1 ! di/ance is consid]able4 ,x has be5 necess>y t ! impressions really felt by m51 :i* s]v$ z ! orig9al matt] ( ?is con/ruction1 %\ld be int]pret$1 elaborat$ & trans=m$ until !y became unrecognizable4 ,s ! _w ( religi\s ?+s is a p>tially imag9>y _w1 ?\gh only 9 its outw>d =m1 & "o :i* !re=e l5ds itself m readily to ! free creations ( ! m9d4 ,also1 s9ce ! intellectual =ces :i* s]ve to make x are int5se & tumultu\s1 ! unique task ( express+ ! real ) ! aid ( appropriate symbols is n en\gh to occupy !m4 ,a surplus g5]ally rema9s available :i* seeks to employ itself 9 supplem5t>y & sup]flu\s works ( luxury1 t is to say1 9 works ( art4 ,!re are practices z well z beliefs ( ?is sort4 ,! /ate ( eff]vesc5ce 9 :i* ! assembl$ wor%ipp]s f9d !mselves mu/ be translat$ outw>dly by exub]ant movem5ts :i* are n easily subject$ to too c>efully def9$ ends4 ,9 "p1 !y escape aimlessly1 !y spread !mselves = ! m]e pleasure ( s do+1 & !y take delight 9 all sorts ( games4 ,besides1 9 s f> z ! be+s to :om ! cult is address$ are imag9>y1 !y are n able to conta9 & regulate ?is exub]ance2 ! pressure ( tangible & resi/+ realities is requir$ to conf9e activities to exact & economical =ms4 ,!re=e "o exposes oneself to grave misund]/&+s if1 9 expla9+ rites1 he believes t ea* ge/ure has a precise object & a def9ite reason = its exi/5ce4 ,!re are "s :i* s]ve no?+2 !y m]ely answ] ! ne$ felt by wor%ipp]s = action1 motion1 ge/iculation4 ,!y are to be se5 jump+1 :irl+1 danc+1 cry+ & s++1 ?\gh x may n always be possible to give a mean+ to all ?is agitation4 ,!re=e religion w\ld n be itself if x did n give "s place to ! free comb9ations ( ?\ght & activity1 to play1 to art1 to all t recreates ! _s t has be5 fatigu$ by ! too great slavi%ness ( daily "w3 ! v same causes :i* call$ x into exi/5ce make x a necessity4 ,art is n m]ely an ext]nal ornam5t ) :i* ! cult has adorn$ itself 9 ord] to dissimulate c]ta9 ( its features :i* may be too au/]e & too rude2 b r1 9 itself1 ! cult is some?+ /hetic4 ,ow+ to ! well-kn[n connection :i* my?ology has ) poetry1 "s h wi%$ to exclude ! =m] f religion2#abbj ! tru? is t !re is a poetry inh]5t 9 all religion4 ,! repres5tative rites :i* h j be5 /udi$ make ?is aspect ( ! religi\s life manife/2 b !re are sc>cely any rites :i* d n pres5t x to "s degree4 ,"o w\ld c]ta9ly commit ! grave/ error if he saw only ?is "o aspect ( religion1 or if he ev5 exagg]at$ its importance4 ,:5 a rite s]ves only to di/ract1 x is no long] a rite4 ,! moral =ces express$ by religi\s symbols are real =ces ) :i* we mu/ reckon & ) :i* we _c d :at we w4 ,ev5 :5 ! cult aims at produc+ no physical effects1 b limits itself to act+ on ! m9d1 its action is 9 q a diff]5t way f t ( a pure "w ( art4 ,! repres5tations :i* x seeks to awak5 & ma9ta9 9 our m9ds are n va9 images :i* correspond to no?+ 9 reality1 & :i* we call up aimlessly = ! m]e satisfaction ( see+ !m appe> & comb9e be=e our eyes4 ,!y are z necess>y = ! well work+ ( our moral life z our food is = ! ma9t5ance ( our physical life1 = x is ?r\gh !m t ! gr\p affirms & ma9ta9s itself1 & we "k ! po9t to :i* ?is is indisp5sable = ! individual4 ,s a rite is some?+ diff]5t f a game2 x is a "p ( ! s]i\s life4 ,b if its unreal & imag9>y elem5t is n ess5tial1 nev]!less x plays a "p :i* is by no means negligible4 ,x has its %>e 9 ! feel+ ( com=t :i* ! wor%ipp] draws f ! rite p]=m$2 = recreation is "o ( ! =ms ( ! moral remak+ :i* is ! pr9cipal object ( ! positive rite4 ,aft] we h acquitt$ ourselves ( our ritual duties1 we ent] into ! pr(ane life ) increas$ c\rage & ard\r1 n only because we come into relations ) a sup]ior s\rce ( en]gy1 b also because our =ces h be5 re9vigorat$ by liv+1 = a few mom5ts1 9 a life t is less /ra9$1 & fre] & easi]4 ,h5ce religion acquires a *>m :i* is n among ! slighte/ ( its attractions4 ,?is is :y ! v idea ( a religi\s c]emony ( "s importance awak5s ! idea ( a fea/4 ,inv]sely1 e fea/1 ev5 :5 x has purely lay orig9s1 has c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! religi\s c]emony1 = 9 e case its effect is to br+ m5 toge!r1 to put ! masses into movem5t & ?us to excite a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce1 & sometimes ev5 ( delirium1 :i* is n )\t a c]ta9 k9%ip ) ! religi\s /ate4 ,a man is c>ri$ outside himself & div]t$ f 8 ord9>y occupation & preoccupations4 ,?us ! same manife/ations are to be obs]v$ 9 ea* case3 cries1 songs1 music1 viol5t movem5ts1 dances1 ! se>* = exciteants :i* raise ! vital level1 etc4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 rem>k$ t popul> fea/s lead to excesses1 & cause m5 to lose sight ( ! di/9ction sep>at+ ! licit f ! illicit2#abba !re are also religi\s c]emonies :i* make x almo/ necess>y to violate ! rules :i* are ord9>ily ! mo/ respect$4#abbb ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t !re is no way to di/+ui% ^! two =ms ( public activity4 ,! simple m]ry-mak+1 ! pr(ane corrobbori1 has no s]i\s object1 :ile1 z a :ole1 a ritual c]emony always has an important end4 ,/ill x is to be rememb]$ t !re is p]haps no m]ry-mak+ 9 :i* ! s]i\s life does n h "s e*o4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s r 9 ! unequal proportions 9 :i* ! two elem5ts are comb9$4 ,,iii ,a m g5]al fact confirms ! views :i* prec$e4 ,9 _! fir/ book1 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 pres5t$ ! ,inti*iuma z a p]fectly def9ite ritual entity3 !y spoke ( x z ?\gh x 7 an op]ation de/9$ exclusively = ! assurance ( ! reproduction ( ! totemic species1 & x seem$ z ?\gh x ought to lose all mean+1 if ?is unique function 7 set aside4 ,b 9 _! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ! same au?ors use a diff]5t language1 ?\gh p]haps )\t notic+ x4 ,!y recognize t ^! same c]emonies may take place ei!r 9 ! regul> ,inti*iuma or 9 ! initiation rites4#abbc ,s !y s]ve equally 9 ! mak+ ( animals or plants ( ! totemic species1 or 9 conf]r+ ^u novices ! qualities necess>y to make !m regul> memb]s ( ! m5's society4#abbd ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! ,inti*iuma takes on a new aspect4 ,x is no long] a di/9ct ritual me*anism1 re/+ ^u pr9ciples ( its own1 b a p>ticul> application ( m g5]al c]emonies :i* may be utiliz$ = v diff]5t ends4 ,= ?is reason1 9 _! lat] "w1 be=e speak+ ( ! ,inti*iuma & ! initiation !y consecrate a special *apt] to ! totemic c]emonies 9 g5]al1 mak+ ab/raction ( ! div]se =ms :i* !y may take1 accord+ to ! ends = :i* !y are employ$4#abbe ,?is fundam5tal indet]m9ation ( ! totemic c]emonies 0 only indicat$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill51 & r indirectly at t2 b x has n[ be5 confirm$ by ,/rehl[ 9 m explicit t]ms4 ,:5 !y lead ! "y novices ?r\gh ! diff]5t fea/s ( ! initiation1 he says1 !y p]=m be=e !m a s]ies ( c]emonies :i*1 ?\gh reproduc+1 ev5 9 _! mo/ *>act]i/ic details1 ! rites ( ! regul> cult 7viz4 ! rites :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 call ! ,inti*iuma71 d n h1 nev]!less1 ! end ( multiply+ ! correspond+ totem & caus+ x to prosp]4#abbf ,x is ! same c]emony :i* s]ves 9 ! two cases2 ! "n alone is n ! same4 ,:5 its special object is ! reproduction ( ! species1 !y call x mbatjalkatiuma & x is only :5 x is a "p ( ! process ( initiation t !y give x ! "n ,inti*iuma4#abbg ,moreov]1 ^! two sorts ( c]emonies are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r among ! ,arunta by c]ta9 second>y *>act]i/ics4 ,?\gh ! /ructure ( ! rite is ! same 9 bo? cases1 /ill we "k t ! effusions ( blood &1 m g5]ally1 ! oblations *>act]i/ic ( ! ,arunta ,inti*iuma are n f\nd 9 ! initiation c]emonies4 ,moreov]1 among ?is same p1 ! ,inti*iuma takes place at a spot regul>ly fix$ by tradition1 to :i* m5 mu/ make a pilgrimage1 :ile ! sc5e ( ! initiation c]emonies is purely conv5tional4#abbh ,b :5 ! ,inti*iuma consi/s 9 a simple dramatic repres5tation1 z is ! case among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! lack ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two rites is complete4 ,9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r1 !y commemorate ! pa/1 !y put ! my? into action1 !y play--& "o _c play 9 two mat]ially diff]5t ways4 ,s1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 "o & ! same c]emony s]ves two di/9ct functions4#abbi ,x may ev5 l5d itself to o!r uses4 ,we "k t z blood is a sacr$ ?+1 wom5 mu/ n see x fl[4 ,yet x happ5s sometimes t a qu>rel breaks out 9 _! pres5ce & ends 9 ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,?us an infraction ( ! ritual is committ$4 ,among ! ,arunta1 ! man ^: blood fl[$ fir/ mu/1 to atone = ?is fault1 celebrate a c]emony connect$ ) ! totem ei!r ( 8 fa!r or ( 8 "m2#abcj ?is c]emony has a special "n1 ,alua up>ilima1 :i* means ! wa%+ away ( blood4 ,b 9 itself1 x does n diff] f ^? celebrat$ at ! "t ( ! initiation or 9 ! ,inti*iuma3 x repres5ts an ev5t ( ance/ral hi/ory4 ,s x may s]ve equally to initiate1 to act ^u ! totemic species or to expiate a sacrilege4 ,we %all see t a totemic c]emony may also take ! place ( a fun]al rite4#abca ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss h already po9t$ out a functional ambiguity ( ?is same sort 9 ! case ( sacrifice1 & m especially1 9 t ( ,h9du sacrifice4#abcb ,!y h %[n h[ ! sacrifice ( communion1 t ( expiation1 t ( a v[ & t ( a contract are only v>iations ( "o & ! same me*anism4 ,we n[ see t ! fact is mu* m primitive1 & 9 no way limit$ to ! in/itution ( sacrifice4 ,p]haps no rite exi/s :i* does n pres5t a simil> indet]m9ation4 ,! mass s]ves = m>riages z = burials2 x r$eems ! faults ( ! dead & w9s ! fav\rs ( ! deity = ! liv+1 etc4 ,fa/+ is an expiation & a p5ance2 b x is also a prep>ation = communion2 x ev5 conf]s positive virtues4 ,?is ambiguity %[s t ! real function ( a rite does n consi/ 9 ! p>ticul> & def9ite effects :i* x seems to aim at & by :i* x is ord9>ily *>act]iz$1 b r 9 a g5]al action :i*1 ?\gh always & ev]y:]e ! same1 is nev]!less capable ( tak+ on diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,n[ ?is is j :at is dem&$ by ! !ory :i* we h propos$4 ,if ! real function ( ! cult is to awak5 )9 ! wor%ipp]s a c]ta9 /ate ( s\l1 compos$ ( moral =ce & confid5ce1 & if ! v>i\s effects imput$ to ! rites are due only to a second>y & v>iable det]m9ation ( ?is fundam5tal /ate1 x is n surpris+ if a s+le rite1 :ile keep+ ! same composition & /ructure1 seems to produce v>i\s effects4 ,= ! m5tal dispositions1 ! excitation ( :i* is its p]man5t function1 rema9 ! same 9 e case2 !y dep5d ^u ! fact t ! gr\p is assembl$1 & n ^u ! special reasons = :i* x is assembl$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are int]pret$ diff]5tly accord+ to ! circum/ances to :i* !y are appli$4 ,is x a physical result :i* !y wi% to obta98 ,! confid5ce !y feel conv9ces !m t ! desir$ result is or w be obta9$ by ! means employ$4 ,has "s "o committ$ a fault = :i* he wi%es to atone8 ,! same /ate ( moral assurance w lead him to attribute expiatory virtues to ^! same ritual ge/ures4 ,?us1 ! app>5t efficacy w seem to *ange :ile ! real efficacy rema9s inv>iable1 & ! rite w seem to fulfil v>i\s functions ?\gh 9 fact x has only "o1 :i* is always ! same4 ,inv]sely1 j z a s+le rite may s]ve _m ends1 s _m rites may produce ! same effect & mutually replace "o ano!r4 ,to assure ! reproduction ( ! totemic species1 "o may h rec\rse equally to oblations1 to imitative practices or to commemorative repres5tations4 ,?is aptitude ( rites = sub/itut+ !mselves = "o ano!r proves once m bo? _! pla/icity & ! extreme g5]ality ( ! useful action :i* !y ex]cise4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t m5 are assembl$1 t s5tim5ts are felt 9 common & express$ 9 common acts2 b ! p>ticul> nature ( ^! s5tim5ts & acts is some?+ relatively second>y & cont+5t4 ,to become consci\s ( itself1 ! gr\p does n ne$ to p]=m c]ta9 acts 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs4 ,! necess>y ?+ is t x p>takes ( ! same ?\ght & ! same action2 ! visible =ms 9 :i* ?is communion takes place matt] b little4 ,( c\rse1 ^! ext]nal =ms d n come by *ance2 !y h _! reasons2 b ^! reasons d n t\* ! ess5tial "p ( ! cult4 ,s ev]y?+ leads u back to ?is same idea3 be=e all1 rites are means by :i* ! social gr\p reaffirms itself p]iodically4 ,f ?is1 we may be able to recon/ruct hypo!tically ! way 9 :i* ! totemic cult %\ld h aris5 orig9ally4 ,m5 :o feel !mselves unit$1 p>tially by bonds ( blood1 b /ill m by a community ( int]e/ & tradition1 assemble & become consci\s ( _! moral unity4 ,= ! reasons :i* we h set =?1 !y are l$ to repres5t ?is unity 9 ! =m ( a v special k9d ( consub/antiality3 !y ?9k ( !mselves z all p>ticipat+ 9 ! nature ( "s det]m9$ animal4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re is only "o way = !m to affirm _! collective exi/5ce3 ?is is to affirm t !y are l ! animals ( ?is species1 & to d s n only 9 ! sil5ce ( _! own ?\ghts1 b also by mat]ial acts4 ,^! are ! acts :i* make up ! cult1 & !y obvi\sly c consi/ only 9 movem5ts by :i* ! man imitates ! animal ) :i* he id5tifies himself4 ,:5 und]/ood ?us1 ! imitative rites appe> z ! fir/ =m ( ! cult4 ,x w be ?\ght t ?is is attribut+ a v consid]able hi/orical importance to practices :i*1 at fir/ view1 give ! effect ( *ildi% games4 ,b1 z we h %[n1 ^! nave & awkw>d ge/ures & ^! crude processes ( repres5tation translate & ma9ta9 a s5tim5t ( pride1 confid5ce & v5]ation :olly comp>able to t express$ by ! wor%ipp]s 9 ! mo/ ideali/ic religions :51 be+ assembl$1 !y proclaim !mselves ! *ildr5 ( ! almighty ,god4 ,= 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ?is s5tim5t is made up ( ! same impressions ( security & respect :i* are awak5$ 9 individual consci\snesses by ?is great moral =ce :i* dom9ates !m & su/a9s !m1 & :i* is ! collective =ce4 ,! o!r rites :i* we h be5 /udy+ are probably only v>iations ( ?is ess5tial rite4 ,:5 ! close union ( ! animal & m5 has once be5 admitt$1 m5 feel acutely ! necessity ( assur+ ! regul> reproduction ( ! pr9cipal object ( ! cult4 ,^! imitative practices1 :i* probably _h only a moral end at fir/1 ?us became subord9at$ to utilit>ian & mat]ial ends1 & !y 7 ?\ght ( z means ( produc+ ! desir$ result4 ,b proportionately z1 ?r\gh ! developm5t ( my?ology1 ! ance/ral h]o1 :o 0 at fir/ confus$ ) ! totemic animal1 di/+ui%$ himself m & m1 & became a m p]sonal figure1 ! imitation ( ! ance/or 0 sub/itut$ = ! imitation ( ! animal1 or took a place beside x1 & !n repres5tative c]emonies replac$ or complet$ ! imitative rites4 ,f9ally1 to be sur] ( atta9+ ! end !y s\ght1 m5 felt ! ne$ ( putt+ into action all ! means at _! disposal4 ,close at h& !y _h res]ves ( liv+ =ces accumulat$ 9 ! sacr$ rocks1 s !y utiliz$ !m2 s9ce ! blood ( ! m5 0 ( ! same nature z t ( ! animal1 !y us$ x = ! same purpose & %$ x4 ,inv]sely1 ow+ to ?is same k9%ip1 m5 us$ ! fle% ( ! animal to remake _! own sub/ance4 ,h5ce came ! rites ( oblation & communion4 ,b1 at bottom1 all ^! diff]5t practices are only v>iations ( "o & ! same !me3 ev]y:]e _! basis is ! same /ate ( m9d1 int]pret$ diff]5tly accord+ to ! situations1 ! mom5ts ( hi/ory & ! dispositions ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,piacul> ,,rites ,,& ,,! ,,ambiguity ,,( ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,sacr$ness ,h[soev] mu* !y may diff] f "o ano!r 9 ! nature ( ! ge/ures !y imply1 ! positive rites :i* we h be5 pass+ "u review h "o common *>act]i/ic3 !y are all p]=m$ 9 a /ate ( confid5ce1 joy & ev5 en?usiasm4 ,?\gh ! expectation ( a future & cont+5t ev5t is n )\t a c]ta9 unc]ta9ty1 /ill x is normal t ! ra9 fall :5 ! season = x comes1 & t ! animal & vegetable species reproduce regul>ly4 ,(t-repeat$ exp]i5ces h %[n t ! rites g5]ally d produce ! effects :i* are expect$ ( !m & :i* are ! reason = _! exi/5ce4 ,m5 celebrate !m ) confid5ce1 joyfully anticipat+ ! happy ev5t :i* !y prep>e & ann\nce4 ,:atev] movem5ts m5 p]=m p>ticipate 9 ?is same /ate ( m9d3 ( c\rse1 !y are m>k$ ) ! gravity :i* a religi\s solemnity always supposes1 b ?is gravity excludes nei!r animation nor joy4 ,^! are all joyful fea/s4 ,b !re are sad celebrations z well1 ^: object is ei!r to meet a calamity1 or else m]ely to commemorate & deplore x4 ,^! rites h a special aspect1 :i* we are go+ to attempt to *>act]ize & expla94 ,x is ! m necess>y to /udy !m by !mselves s9ce !y are go+ to reveal a new aspect ( ! religi\s life to u4 ,we propose to call ! c]emonies ( ?is sort piacul>4 ,! t]m piaculum has ! advantage t :ile x sugge/s ! idea ( expiation1 x also has a mu* m ext5d$ signification4 ,e mis=tune1 ev]y?+ ( evil om51 ev]y?+ t inspires s5tim5ts ( sorr[ or fe> necessitates a piaculum & is !re=e call$ piacul>4#abcc ,s ?is ^w seems to be v well adapt$ = designat+ ! rites :i* are celebrat$ by ^? 9 a /ate ( uneas9ess or sadness4 ,i ,m\rn+ (f]s u a fir/ & important example ( piacul> rites4 ,h[ev]1 a di/9ction is necess>y betwe5 ! diff]5t rites :i* g to make up m\rn+4 ,"s consi/ 9 m]e ab/5tions3 x is =bidd5 to pron\nce ! "n ( ! dead1#abcd or to rema9 ne> ! place :]e ! dea? occurr$2#abce relatives1 especially ! female ones1 mu/ ab/a9 f all communication ) /rang]s2#abcf ! ord9>y occupations ( life are susp5d$1 j z 9 fea/-"t1#abcg etc4 ,all ^! practices belong to ! negative cult & are expla9$ l ! o!r rites ( ! same sort1 s !y d n conc]n u at pres5t4 ,!y are due to ! fact t ! dead man is a sacr$ be+4 ,consequ5tly1 ev]y?+ :i* is or has be5 connect$ ) him is1 by contagion1 9 a religi\s /ate exclud+ all contact ) ?+s f pr(ane life4 ,b m\rn+ is n made up entirely ( int]dicts :i* h to be obs]v$4 ,positive acts are also dem&$1 9 :i* ! relatives are bo? ! actors & ^? act$ ^u4 ,v frequ5tly ^! rites comm5ce z soon z ! dea? appe>s imm95t4 ,"h is a sc5e :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 witness$ among ! ,w>ramunga4 ,a totemic c]emony _h j be5 celebrat$ & ! company ( actors & spectators 0 leav+ ! consecrat$ gr\nd :5 a pi]c+ cry sudd5ly came f ! camp3 a man 0 dy+ !re4 ,at once1 ! :ole company comm5c$ to run z fa/ z !y c\ld1 :ile mo/ ( !m comm5c$ to h[l4 ,betwe5 u & ! camp1 say ^! obs]v]s1 lay a deep creek1 & on ! bank ( ?is1 "s ( ! m51 scatt]$ ab\t "h & !re1 sat d[n1 b5d+ _! heads =w>ds betwe5 _! knees1 :ile !y wept & moan$4 ,cross+ ! creek we f\nd t1 z usual1 ! m5's camp _h be5 pull$ to pieces4 ,"s ( ! wom51 :o _h come f e direction1 7 ly+ pro/rate on ! body1 :ile o!rs 7 /&+ or kneel+ ar\nd1 digg+ ! %>p ends ( yam-/icks into ! cr[n ( _! heads1 f :i* ! blood /ream$ d[n ov] _! faces1 :ile all ! "t !y kept up a l\d1 cont9u\s wail4 ,_m ( ! m51 ru%+ up to ! spot1 ?rew !mselves ^u ! body1 f :i* ! wom5 arose :5 ! m5 approa*$1 until 9 a few m9utes we c\ld see no?+ b a /ruggl+ mass ( bodies all mix$ up toge!r4 ,to "o side1 ?ree m5 ( ! ,?apung>ti class1 :o /ill wore _! c]emonial decorations1 sat d[n wail+ l\dly1 ) _! backs t[>ds ! dy+ man1 & 9 a m9ute or two ano!r man ( ! same class ru%$ on to ! gr\nd yell+ & br&i%+ a /one knife4 ,rea*+ ! camp1 he sudd5ly ga%$ bo? ?ighs deeply1 cutt+ "r across ! muscles1 &1 unable to /&1 fell d[n into ! middle ( ! gr\p1 f :i* he 0 dragg$ out aft] a "t by ?ree or f\r female relatives1 :o imm$iately appli$ _! m\?s to ! gap+ w\nds :ile he lay exhau/$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! man did n actually die until late 9 ! ev5+4 ,z soon z he _h giv5 up 8 la/ brea?1 ! same sc5e 0 re-enact$1 only ?is "t ! wail+ 0 /ill l\d]1 & m5 & wom51 seiz$ by a v]itable fr5zy1 7 ru%+ ab\t cutt+ !mselves ) knives & %>p-po9t$ /icks1 ! wom5 batt]+ "o ano!r's heads ) fight+ clubs1 no "o attempt+ to w>d (f ei!r cuts or bl[s4 ,f9ally1 aft] ab\t an h\r1 a tor*light procession />t$ (f across ! pla91 to a tree 9 ^: bran*es ! body 0 left4#abch ,h[soev] great ! viol5ce ( ^! manife/ations may be1 !y are /rictly regulat$ by etiquette4 ,! individuals :o make bloody incisions 9 !mselves are designat$ by usage3 !y mu/ h c]ta9 relations ( k9%ip ) ! dead man4 ,?us1 9 ! case obs]v$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 among ! ,w>ramunga1 ^? :o sla%$ _! ?ighs 7 ! mat]nal gr&fa!r ( ! deceas$1 8 mat]nal uncle1 & ! mat]nal uncle & bro!r ( 8 wife4#abci ,o!rs mu/ cut _! :isk]s & hair1 & !n sme> _! scalps ) pipe-clay4 ,wom5 h p>ticul>ly sev]e obligations4 ,!y mu/ cut _! hair & cov] ! :ole body ) pipe-clay2 9 addition to ?is1 a /rict sil5ce is impos$ ^u !m dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( m\rn+1 :i* may la/ z long z two ye>s4 ,x is n r>e among ! ,w>ramunga t1 z a result ( ?is int]diction1 all ! wom5 ( a camp are condemn$ to ! mo/ absolute sil5ce4 ,?is becomes s habitual to !m t ev5 aft] ! expiration ( ! p]iod ( m\rn+1 !y volunt>ily r5\nce all spok5 language & pref] to communicate ) ge/ures--9 :i*1 by ! way1 !y acquire a rem>kable ability4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 knew "o old woman :o _h n spok5 = ov] tw5ty-f\r ye>s4#abdj ,! c]emony :i* we h describ$ op5s a long s]ies ( rites :i* succe$ "o ano!r = weeks & ev5 = mon?s4 ,dur+ ! days :i* foll[1 !y are r5ew$ 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,gr\ps ( m5 & wom5 sit on ! gr\nd1 weep+ & lam5t+1 & kiss+ ea* o!r at c]ta9 mom5ts4 ,^! ritual kiss+s are repeat$ frequ5tly dur+ ! p]iod ( m\rn+4 ,x seems z ?\gh m5 felt a ne$ ( com+ close toge!r & communicat+ mo/ closely2 !y are to be se5 hold+ to ea* o!r & w\nd toge!r s mu* z to make "o s+le mass1 f :i* l\d groans escape4#abda ,mean:ile1 ! wom5 comm5ce to lac]ate _! heads aga91 &1 9 ord] to int5sify ! w\nds !y make1 !y ev5 g s f> z to burn !m ) ! po9ts ( fi]y /icks4#abdb ,practices ( ?is sort are g5]al 9 all ,au/ralia4 ,! fun]al rites1 t is1 ! ritual c>es giv5 to ! corpse1 ! way 9 :i* x is buri$1 etc41 *ange ) diff]5t tribes1#abdc & 9 a s+le tribe !y v>y ) ! age1 sex & social importance ( ! individual4#abdd ,b ! real c]emonies ( m\rn+ repeat ! same !me ev]y:]e2 ! v>iations are only 9 ! details4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d ?is same sil5ce int]rupt$ by groans1#abde ! same obligation ( cutt+ ! hair & be>d1#abdf or ( cov]+ "o's head ) pipe-clay or c9d]s1 or p]haps ev5 ) excrem5ts2#abdg ev]y:]e1 f9ally1 we f9d ?is same fr5zy = beat+ "o's self1 lac]at+ "o's self & burn+ "o's self4 ,9 c5tral ,victoria1 :5 dea? visits a tribe !re is great weep+ & lam5tation among/ ! wom51 ! eld] portion ( :om lac]ate _! temples ) _! nails4 ,! p>5ts ( ! deceas$ lac]ate !mselves fe>fully1 especially if x be an only son ^: loss !y deplore4 ,! fa!r beats & cuts 8 head ) a tomahawk until he utt]s bitt] groans1 ! "m sits by ! fire & burns h] brea/s & abdom5 ) a small fire-/ick4 ,sometimes ! burns ?us inflict$ are s sev]e z to cause dea?4#abdh ,accord+ to an acc\nt ( ,br\gh ,smy?1 "h is :at happ5s 9 "o ( ! s\!rn tribes ( ! same /ate4 ,z ! body is l[]$ into ! grave1 ! wid[ beg9s h] sad c]emonies4 ,%e cuts (f h] hair above h] =ehead1 & becom+ frantic1 seizes fire-/icks1 & burns h] brea/s1 arms1 legs & ?ighs4 ,%e seems to delight 9 ! self-inflict$ torture4 ,x w\ld be ra% & va9 to int]rupt h]4 ,:5 exhau/$1 & :5 %e c h>dly walk1 %e yet endeav\rs to kick ! emb]s ( ! fire1 & to ?r[ !m ab\t4 ,sitt+ d[n1 %e takes ! a%es into h] h&s1 rubs !m into h] w\nds1 & !n scrat*es h] face 7! only "p n t\*$ by ! fire-/icks7 until ! blood m+les ) ! a%es1 :i* p>tly hide h] cruel w\nds4 ,9 ?is plight1 scrat*+ h] face cont9ually1 %e utt]s h[ls & lam5tations4#abdi ,! description :i* ,h[itt gives ( ! rites ( m\rn+ among ! ,kurnai is rem>kably simil> to ^! o!rs4 ,aft] ! body has be5 wrapp$ up 9 opossum sk9s & put 9 a %r\d ( b>k1 a hut is built 9 :i* ! relatives assemble4 ,!re !y lay lam5t+ _! loss1 say+1 = in/ance1 ',:y did y leave u8' ,n[ & !n _! grief w\ld be int5sifi$ by "s "o1 = in/ance1 ! wife1 utt]+ an e>-pi]c+ wail1 ',my sp\se is dead1' or ano!r w\ld say1 ',my *ild is dead4' ,all ! o!rs w\ld !n jo9 9 ) ! prop] t]m ( relation%ip1 & !y w\ld ga% !mselves ) %>p /ones & tomahawks until _! heads & bodies /ream$ ) blood4 ,?is bitt] wail+ & weep+ cont9u$ all night4#abej ,sadness is n ! only s5tim5t express$ dur+ ^! c]emonies2 a sort ( ang] is g5]ally mix$ ) x4 ,! relatives feel a ne$ ( av5g+ ! dea? 9 "s way or o!r4 ,!y are to be se5 ?r[+ !mselves ^u "o ano!r & try+ to w\nd ea* o!r4 ,sometimes ! attack is real2 sometimes x is only pret5d$4#abea ,!re are ev5 cases :5 ^! peculi> combats are organiz$4 ,among ! ,kaiti%1 ! hair ( ! deceas$ passes by "r to 8 son-9-law4 ,b he1 9 return1 mu/ g1 9 company ) "s ( 8 relatives & fri5ds1 & provoke a qu>rel ) "o ( 8 tribal bro!rs1 t is1 ) a man belong+ to ! same matrimonial class z himself & "o :o might !re=e h m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! dead man4 ,?is provocation _c be refus$ & ! two combatants inflict s]i\s w\nds ^u ea* o!r's %\ld]s & ?ighs4 ,:5 ! duel is t]m9at$1 ! *all5g] passes on to 8 adv]s>y ! hair :i* he _h tempor>ily inh]it$4 ,?is latt] !n provokes & fights ) ano!r ( 8 tribal bro!rs1 to :om ! preci\s relic is next transmitt$1 b only provisionally2 ?us x passes f h& to h& & circulates f gr\p to gr\p4#abeb ,also1 some?+ ( ^! same s5tim5ts ent]s into t sort ( rage ) :i* ea* relative beats himself1 burns himself or sla%es himself3 a sorr[ :i* rea*es su* a p>oxysm is n )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( ang]4 ,"o _c fail to be /ruck by ! resemblances :i* ^! practices pres5t to ^? ( ! v5detta4 ,bo? proce$ f ! same pr9ciple t dea? dem&s ! %$d+ ( blood4 ,! only diff]5ce is t 9 "o case ! victims are ! relatives1 :ile 9 ! o!r !y are /rang]s4 ,we d n h to treat especially ( ! v5detta1 :i* belongs r to ! /udy ( juridic in/itutions2 b x %\ld be po9t$ out1 nev]!less1 h[ x is connect$ ) ! rites ( m\rn+1 ^: end x ann\nces4#abec ,9 c]ta9 societies1 ! m\rn+ is t]m9at$ by a c]emony ^: eff]vesc5ce rea*es or surpasses t produc$ by ! inaugural c]emonies4 ,among ! ,arunta1 ?is clos+ rite is call$ ,urpmil*ima4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 assi/$ at two ( ^! rites4 ,"o 0 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( a man1 ! o!r ( a woman4 ,"h is ! description !y give ( ! latt]4#abed ,!y comm5ce by mak+ "s ornam5ts ( a special sort1 call$ ,*imurilia by ! m5 & ,aramurilia by ! wom54 ,) a k9d ( res91 !y fix$ small animal bones1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 ga!r$ & set aside1 to locks ( hair furni%$ by ! relatives ( ! dead woman4 ,^! are !n atta*$ to "o ( ! head-b&s :i* wom5 ord9>ily we> & ! fea!rs ( black cockatoos & p>rots are add$ to x4 ,:5 ^! prep>ations are complet$1 ! wom5 assemble 9 _! camp4 ,!y pa9t _! bodies diff]5t col\rs1 accord+ to _! degree ( k9%ip ) ! deceas$4 ,aft] be+ embrac$ by "o ano!r = "s t5 m9utes1 :ile utt]+ un9t]rupt$ groans1 !y set out = ! tomb4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance1 !y meet a bro!r by blood ( ! dead woman1 :o is accompani$ by "s ( 8 tribal bro!rs4 ,ev]ybody sits d[n on ! gr\nd1 & ! lam5tations recomm5ce4 ,a pit*i#abee conta9+ ! ,*imurilia is !n pres5t$ to ! eld] bro!r1 :o presses x aga9/ 8 /oma*2 !y say t ?is is a way ( less5+ 8 sorr[4 ,!y take out "o ( ! ,*imurilia & ! dead woman's "m puts x on h] head = a little :ile2 !n x is put back into ! pit*i1 :i* ea* ( ! o!r m5 presses aga9/ 8 brea/1 9 8 turn4 ,f9ally1 ! bro!r puts ! ,*imurilia on ! heads ( two eld] si/]s & !y set out aga9 = ! tomb4 ,on ! way1 ! "m ?r[s h]self on ! gr\nd sev]al times1 & tries to sla% h] head ) a po9t$ /ick4 ,e "t1 ! o!r wom5 pick h] up1 & seem to take c>e t %e does n hurt h]self too mu*4 ,:5 !y arrive at ! tomb1 %e ?r[s h]self on ! knoll & endeav\rs to de/roy x ) h] h&s1 :ile ! o!r wom5 lit]ally dance ^u h]4 ,! tribal mo!rs & aunts 7si/]s ( ! dead woman's fa!r7 foll[ h] example2 !y also ?r[ !mselves on ! gr\nd1 & mutually beat & te> ea* o!r2 f9ally _! bodies are all /ream+ ) blood4 ,aft] a :ile1 !y are dragg$ aside4 ,! eld] si/]s !n make a hole 9 ! e>? ( ! tomb1 9 :i* !y place ! ,*imurilia1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 torn to pieces4 ,once aga9 ! tribal mo!rs ?r[ !mselves on ! gr\nd & sla% ea* o!r's heads4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ! weep+ & wail+ ( ! wom5 :o 7 /&+ r\nd seem$ to drive !m almo/ fr5zi$1 & ! blood1 /ream+ d[n _! bodies ov] ! :ite pipe-clay1 gave !m a gha/ly appe>ance4 ,at la/ only ! old "m 0 left cr\*+ alone1 utt]ly exhau/$ & moan+ weakly on ! grave4#abef ,!n ! o!rs rais$ h] up & rubb$ (f ! pipe-clay ) :i* %e 0 cov]$2 ?is 0 ! end ( ! c]emony & ( ! m\rn+4#abef ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! f9al rite pres5ts "s r p>ticul> *>act]i/ics4 ,!re seems to be no %$d+ ( blood "h1 b ! collective eff]vesc5ce is translat$ 9 ano!r mann]4 ,among 8 p1 be=e ! body is def9itely int]r$1 x is expos$ ^u a plat=m plac$ 9 ! bran*es ( a tree2 x is left !re to decompose sl[ly1 until no?+ rema9s b ! bones4 ,!n ^! are ga!r$ toge!r &1 ) ! exception ( ! hum]us1 !y are plac$ inside an ant-hill4 ,! hum]us is wrapp$ up 9 a b>k box1 :i* is decorat$ 9 diff]5t mann]s4 ,! box is !n br\ght to camp1 amid ! cries & groans ( ! wom54 ,dur+ ! foll[+ days1 !y celebrate a s]ies ( totemic rites1 conc]n+ ! totem ( ! deceas$ & ! my?ical hi/ory ( ! ance/ors f :om ! clan is desc5d$4 ,:5 all ^! c]emonies h be5 t]m9at$1 !y proce$ to ! clos+ rite4 ,a tr5* "o foot deep & fifte5 feet long is dug 9 ! field ( ! c]emony4 ,a design repres5t+ ! totem ( ! deceas$ & c]ta9 spots :]e ! ance/or /opp$ is made on ! gr\nd a little di/ance f x4 ,ne> ?is design1 a little dit* is dug 9 ! gr\nd4 ,t5 decorat$ m5 !n advance1 "o beh9d ano!r1 & ) _! h&s cross$ beh9d _! heads & _! legs wide ap>t !y /& a/raddle ! tr5*4 ,at a giv5 signal1 ! wom5 run f ! camp 9 a pr(\nd sil5ce2 :5 !y are ne>1 !y =m 9 ,indian file1 ! la/ "o hold+ 9 h] h&s ! box conta9+ ! hum]us4 ,!n1 aft] ?r[+ !mselves on ! gr\nd1 !y advance on _! h&s & knees1 & pass all along ! tr5*1 betwe5 ! legs ( ! m54 ,! sc5e %[s a /ate ( great sexual excitem5t4 ,z soon z ! la/ woman has pass$1 !y take ! box f h]1 & take x to ! dit*1 ne> :i* is an old man2 he breaks ! bone ) a %>p bl[1 & hurri$ly buries x 9 ! debris4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! wom5 h rema9$ at a di/ance1 ) _! backs turn$ ^u ! sc5e1 = !y mu/ n see x4 ,b :5 !y he> ! bl[ ( ! axe1 !y flee1 utt]+ cries & groans4 ,! rite is accompli%$2 ! m\rn+ is t]m9at$4#abeg ,,ii ,^! rites belong to a v diff]5t type f ^? :i* we h /udi$ hi!rto4 ,we d n mean to say t important resemblances _c be f\nd betwe5 ! two1 :i* we %all h to note2 b ! diff]5ces are m app>5t4 ,in/ead ( happy dances1 songs & dramatic repres5tations :i* di/ract & relax ! m9d1 !y are te>s & groans &1 9 a ^w1 ! mo/ v>i$ manife/ations ( agoniz$ sorr[ & a sort ( mutual pity1 :i* occupy ! :ole sc5e4 ,( c\rse ! %$d+ ( blood also takes place 9 ! ,inti*iuma1 b ?is is an oblation made ) a movem5t ( pi\s en?usiasm4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! motions may be ! same1 ! s5tim5ts express$ are diff]5t & ev5 oppos$4 ,likewise1 ! ascetic rites c]ta9ly imply privations1 ab/95ces & mutilations1 b ones :i* mu/ be borne ) an impassive firmness & s]5ity4 ,"h1 on ! contr>y1 dejection1 cries & te>s are ! rule4 ,! ascetic tortures himself 9 ord] to prove1 9 8 own eyes & ^? ( 8 fell[s1 t he is above suff]+4 ,dur+ m\rn+1 m5 injure !mselves to prove t !y suff]4 ,by all ^! signs1 ! *>act]i/ic traits ( ! piacul> rites are to be recogniz$4 ,b h[ are !y to be expla9$8 ,"o initial fact is con/ant3 m\rn+ is n ! spontane\s expression ( individual emotions4#abeh ,if ! relations weep1 lam5t1 mutilate !mselves1 x is n because !y feel !mselves p]sonally affect$ by ! dea? ( _! k9sman4 ,( c\rse1 x may be t 9 c]ta9 p>ticul> cases1 ! *agr9 express$ is really felt4#abei ,b x is m g5]ally ! case t !re is no connection betwe5 ! s5tim5ts felt & ! ge/ures made by ! actors 9 ! rite4#abfj ,if1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! weep]s seem ! mo/ ov]come by _! grief1 "s "o speaks to !m ( "s temporal int]e/1 x frequ5tly happ5s t !y *ange _! features & tone at once1 take on a laugh+ air & conv]se 9 ! gaye/ fa%ion imag9able4#abfa ,m\rn+ is n a natural movem5t ( private feel+s w\nd$ by a cruel loss2 x is a duty impos$ by ! gr\p4 ,"o weeps1 n simply because he is sad1 b because he is =c$ to weep4 ,x is a ritual attitude :i* he is =c$ to adopt out ( respect = cu/om1 b :i* is1 9 a l>ge measure1 indep5d5t ( 8 affective /ate4 ,moreov]1 ?is obligation is sanction$ by my?ical or social p5alties4 ,!y believe1 = example1 t if a relative does n m\rn z is fitt+1 !n ! s\l ( ! dep>t$ foll[s ^u 8 /eps & kills him4#abfb ,9 o!r cases1 society does n leave x to ! religi\s =ces to puni% ! neglig5t2 x int]v5es itself1 & reprim&s ! ritual faults4 ,if a son-9-law does n r5d] to 8 fa!r-9-law ! fun]al att5tions :i* are due him1 & if he does n make ! prescrib$ incisions1 !n 8 tribal fa!rs-9-law take 8 wife away f him & give him ano!r4#abfc ,!re=e1 9 ord] to squ>e himself ) usage1 a man sometimes =ces te>s to fl[ by artificial means4#abfd ,:5ce comes ?is obligation8 ,e?nograph]s & sociologi/s are g5]ally satisfi$ ) ! reply :i* ! natives !mselves give to ?is "q4 ,!y say t ! dead wi% to be lam5t$1 t by refus+ !m ! tribute ( sorr[ :i* is _! "r1 m5 (f5d !m1 & t ! only way ( prev5t+ _! ang] is to con=m to _! w4#abfe ,b ?is my?ological int]pretation m]ely modifies ! t]ms ( ! problem1 )\t resolv+ x2 x is /ill necess>y to expla9 :y ! dead imp]atively reclaim ! m\rn+4 ,x may be said t x is natural = m5 to wi% to be m\rn$ & regrett$4 ,b 9 mak+ ?is s5tim5t expla9 ! complex sy/em ( rites :i* make up m\rn+1 we attribute to ! ,au/ralian affective exig5cies ( :i* ! civiliz$ man himself does n always give evid5ce4 ,let u admit--z is n evid5t a priori--t ! idea ( n be+ =gott5 too readily is pleas+ to a man :o ?9ks ( ! future4 ,x is /ill to be e/abli%$ t x has ev] _h en\gh importance 9 ! m9ds ( ! liv+ = "o to attribute to ! dead a /ate ( m9d proce$+ almo/ entirely f ?is preoccupation4 ,x seems especially improbable t su* a s5tim5t c\ld obsess & impassion m5 :o are seldom accu/om$ to ?9k+ beyond ! pres5t mom5t4 ,s f> is x f be+ a fact t ! desire to survive 9 ! memory ( ^? :o are /ill alive is to be reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( m\rn+1 t we may ev5 ask ourselves :e!r x 0 n r m\rn+ itself :i*1 :5 once e/abli%$1 ar\s$ ! idea ( & ! ta/e = po/hum\s regrets4 ,! classic int]pretation appe>s /ill m unsu/a9able :5 we "k :at ! primitive m\rn+ consi/s 94 ,x is n made up m]ely ( pi\s regrets accord$ to him :o no long] is1 b also ( sev]e ab/95ces & cruel sacrifices4 ,! rite does n m]ely dem& t "o ?9k ( ! deceas$ 9 a melan*oly way1 b also t he beat himself1 bruise himself1 lac]ate himself & burn himself4 ,we h ev5 se5 t p]sons 9 m\rn+ sometimes torture !mselves to su* a degree t !y d n survive _! w\nds4 ,:at reason has ! dead man = impos+ su* torm5ts ^u !m8 ,su* a cruelty on 8 "p d5otes some?+ m ?an a desire n to be =gott54 ,if he is to f9d pleasure 9 see+ 8 own suff]1 x is necess>y t he hate !m1 t he be ?ir/y = _! blood4 ,?is f]ocity w\ld und\bt$ly appe> natural to ^? = :om e _s is necess>ily an evil & r$\bt$ p[]4 ,b we "k t !re are spirits ( e sort2 h[ does x happ5 t ! s\l ( ! dead man is necess>ily an evil _s8 ,z long z ! man is alive1 he loves 8 relatives & ex*anges s]vices ) !m4 ,is x n /range t z soon z x is fre$ f 8 body1 8 s\l %\ld in/antly lay aside its =m] s5tim5ts & become an evil & torm5t+ g5ius8 ,x is a g5]al rule t ! dead man reta9s ! p]sonality ( ! liv+1 & t he has ! same "*1 ! same hates & ! same affections4 ,s ?is metamorphosis is n easily und]/&able by itself4 ,x is true t ! natives admit x implicitly :5 !y expla9 ! rite by ! exig5cies ( ! dead man1 b ! "q n[ be=e u is to "k :5ce ?is conception came4 ,f> f be+ capable ( be+ reg>d$ z a truism1 x is z obscure z ! rite itself1 & consequ5tly _c acc\nt = x4 ,f9ally1 ev5 if we _h f\nd ! reasons = ?is surpris+ trans=mation1 we w\ld /ill h to expla9 :y x is only tempor>y4 ,= x does n la/ beyond ! p]iod ( m\rn+2 aft] ! rites h once be5 accompli%$1 ! dead man becomes :at he 0 :5 alive1 an affectionate & devot$ relation4 ,he puts ! new p[]s :i* he receives f 8 new condition at ! s]vice ( 8 fri5ds4#abff ,!nce=?1 he is reg>d$ z a good g5ius1 always ready to aid ^? :om he 0 rec5tly torm5t+4 ,:5ce come ^! successive transf]s8 ,if ! evil s5tim5ts attribut$ to ! s\l come solely f ! fact t x is no long] 9 life1 !y %\ld rema9 inv>iable1 & if ! m\rn+ is due to ?is1 x %\ld be int]m9able4 ,^! my?ical explanations express ! idea :i* ! native has ( ! rite1 & n ! rite itself4 ,s we may set !m aside & face ! reality :i* !y translate1 ?\gh disfigur+ x 9 do+ s4 ,if m\rn+ diff]s f ! o!r =ms ( ! positive cult1 !re is "o feature 9 :i* x resembles !m3 x1 too1 is made up out ( collective c]emonies :i* produce a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce among ^? :o take "p 9 !m4 ,! s5tim5ts ar\s$ are diff]5t2 b ! ar\sal is ! same4 ,s x is presumable t ! explanation ( ! joy\s rites is capable ( be+ appli$ to ! sad rites1 on condition t ! t]ms be transpos$4 ,:5 "s "o dies1 ! family gr\p to :i* he belongs feels itself less5$ &1 to react aga9/ ?is loss1 x assembles4 ,a common mis=tune has ! same effects z ! approa* ( a happy ev5t3 collective s5tim5ts are r5ew$ :i* !n lead m5 to seek "o ano!r & to assemble toge!r4 ,we h ev5 se5 ?is ne$ = conc5tration affirm itself ) a p>ticul> en]gy3 !y embrace "o ano!r1 put _! arms r\nd "o ano!r1 & press z close z possible to "o ano!r4 ,b ! affective /ate 9 :i* ! gr\p !n happ5s to be only reflects ! circum/ances ?r\gh :i* x is pass+4 ,n only d ! relatives1 :o are effect$ ! mo/ directly1 br+ _! own p]sonal sorr[ to ! assembly1 b ! society ex]cises a moral pressure ov] its memb]s1 to put _! s5tim5ts 9 h>mony ) ! situation4 ,to all[ !m to rema9 indiff]5t to ! bl[ :i* has fall5 ^u x & dim9i%$ x1 w\ld be equival5t to proclaim+ t x does n hold ! place 9 _! he>ts :i* is due x2 x w\ld be d5y+ itself4 ,a family :i* all[s "o ( its memb]s to die )\t be+ wept = %[s by t v fact t x lacks moral unity & cohesion3 x abdicates2 x r5\nces its exi/5ce4 ,an individual 9 8 turn1 if he is /rongly atta*$ to ! society ( :i* he is a memb]1 feels t he is morally held to p>ticipat+ 9 its sorr[s & joys2 n to be int]e/$ 9 !m w\ld be equival5t to break+ ! bonds unit+ him to ! gr\p2 x w\ld be r5\nc+ all desire = x & contradict+ himself4 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian1 dur+ ! c]emonies commemorat+ ! ,passion1 & ! ,jew1 on ! anniv]s>y ( ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 fa/ & mortify !mselves1 x is n 9 giv+ way to a sadness :i* !y feel spontane\sly4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! int]nal /ate ( ! believ] is out ( all proportion to ! sev]e ab/95ces to :i* !y submit !mselves4 ,if he is sad1 x is prim>ily because he cons5ts to be+ sad1 & he cons5ts to x 9 ord] to affirm 8 fai?4 ,! attitude ( ! ,au/ralian dur+ m\rn+ is to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,if he weeps & groans1 x is n m]ely to express an individual *agr92 x is to fulfil a duty ( :i* ! surr\nd+ society does n fail to rem9d him4 ,we h se5 else:]e h[ human s5tim5ts are int5sifi$ :5 affirm$ collectively4 ,sorr[1 l joy1 becomes exalt$ & amplifi$ :5 leap+ f m9d to m9d1 & !re=e expresses itself outw>dly 9 ! =m ( exub]ant & viol5t movem5ts4 ,b ^! are no long] expressive ( ! joyful agitation :i* we obs]v$ be=e2 !y are %rieks & cries ( pa94 ,ea* is c>ri$ along by ! o!rs2 a v]itable panic ( sorr[ results4 ,:5 pa9 rea*es ?is degree ( int5sity1 x is mix$ ) a sort ( ang] & exasp]ation4 ,"o feels ! ne$ ( break+ some?+1 ( de/roy+ some?+4 ,he takes ?is out ei!r ^u himself or o!rs4 ,he beats himself1 burns himself1 w\nds himself or else he falls ^u o!rs to beat1 burn & w\nd !m4 ,?us x became ! cu/om to give "o's self up to ! v]itable orgies ( tortures dur+ m\rn+4 ,x seems v probable t blood-rev5ge & head-hunt+ h _! orig9 9 ?is4 ,if e dea? is attribut$ to "s magic *>m1 & = ?is reason x is believ$ t ! dead man ought to be av5g$1 x is because m5 mu/ f9d a victim at any price1 ^u :om ! collective pa9 & ang] may be dis*>g$4 ,naturally ?is victim is s\ght outside ! gr\p2 a /rang] is a subject m9oris resi/5ti2 z he is n protect$ by ! s5tim5ts ( sympa?y inspir$ by a relative or neighb\r1 !re is no?+ 9 him :i* subdues & neutralizes ! evil & de/ructive s5tim5ts ar\s$ by ! dea?4 ,x is und\bt$ly = ?is same reason t wom5 s]ve m frequ5tly ?an m5 z ! passive objects ( ! cruelle/ rites ( m\rn+2 s9ce !y h a small] social value1 !y are m obvi\sly designat$ z scapegoats4 ,we see t ?is explanation ( m\rn+ completely leaves aside all ideas ( s\ls or spirits4 ,! only =ces :i* are really active are ( a :olly imp]sonal nature3 !y are ! emotions ar\s$ 9 ! gr\p by ! dea? ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,b ! primitive does n "k ! psy*ical me*anism f :i* ^! practices result4 ,s :5 he tries to acc\nt = !m1 he is oblig$ to =ge a :olly diff]5t explanation4 ,all he kn[s is t he mu/ pa9fully mortify himself4 ,z e obligation sugge/s ! notion ( a w :i* obliges1 he looks ab\t him to see :5ce ?is con/ra9t :i* he feels may come4 ,n[1 !re is "o moral p[]1 ( ^: reality he is assur$ & :i* seems designat$ = ?is rle3 ?is is ! s\l :i* ! dea? has lib]at$4 ,= :at c\ld h a great] int]e/ ?an x 9 ! effects :i* its own dea? has on ! liv+8 ,s !y imag9e t if ^! latt] inflict an unnatural treatm5t ^u !mselves1 x is to con=m to its exig5cies4 ,x 0 ?us t ! idea ( ! s\l mu/ h int]v5$ at a lat] date into ! my?ology ( m\rn+4 ,b also1 s9ce x is ?us end[$ ) inhuman exig5cies1 x mu/ be suppos$ t 9 leav+ ! body :i* x animat$1 ! s\l lays aside e human s5tim5t4 ,h5ce ! metamorphosis :i* makes a dread$ enemy out ( ! relative ( ye/]day4 ,?is trans=mation is n ! orig9 ( m\rn+2 x is r its consequ5ce4 ,x translates a *ange :i* has come ov] ! affective /ate ( ! gr\p3 m5 d n weep = ! dead because !y fe> !m2 !y fe> !m because !y weep = !m4 ,b ?is *ange ( ! affective /ate c only be a tempor>y "o1 = :ile ! c]emonies ( m\rn+ result f x1 !y also put an end to x4 ,little by little1 !y neutralize ! v causes :i* h giv5 rise to !m4 ,! f\ndation ( m\rn+ is ! impression ( a loss :i* ! gr\p feels :5 x loses "o ( its memb]s4 ,b ?is v impression results 9 br++ individuals toge!r1 9 putt+ !m into clos] relations ) "o ano!r1 9 associat+ !m all 9 ! same m5tal /ate1 & !re=e 9 dis5gag+ a s5sation ( com=t :i* comp5sates ! orig9al loss4--,s9ce !y weep toge!r1 !y hold to "o ano!r & ! gr\p is n weak5$1 9 spite ( ! bl[ :i* has fall5 ^u x4 ,( c\rse !y h only sad emotions 9 common1 b communicat+ 9 sorr[ is /ill communicat+1 & e communion ( m9d1 9 :atev] =m x may be made1 raises ! social vitality4 ,! exceptional viol5ce ( ! manife/ations by :i* ! common pa9 is necess>ily & obligatorily express$ ev5 te/ifies to ! fact t at ?is mom5t1 ! society is m alive & active ?an ev]4 ,9 fact1 :5ev] ! social s5tim5t is pa9fully w\nd$1 x reacts ) great] =ce ?an ord9>ily3 "o nev] holds s closely to 8 family z :5 x has j suff]$4 ,?is surplus en]gy effaces ! m completely ! effects ( ! int]ruption :i* 0 felt at fir/1 & ?us dissipates ! feel+ ( coldness :i* dea? always br+s ) x4 ,! gr\p feels its /r5g? gradually return+ to x2 x beg9s to hope & to live aga94 ,pres5tly "o /ops m\rn+1 & he does s ow+ to ! m\rn+ itself4 ,b z ! idea =m$ ( ! s\l reflects ! moral /ate ( ! society1 ?is idea %\ld *ange z ?is /ate *anges4 ,:5 "o is 9 ! p]iod ( dejection & agony1 he repres5ts ! s\l ) ! traits ( an evil be+1 ^: sole occupation is to p]secute m54 ,b :5 he feels himself confid5t & secure once m1 he mu/ admit t x has retak5 its =m] nature & its =m] s5tim5ts ( t5d]ness & solid>ity4 ,?us we expla9 ! v diff]5t ways 9 :i* x is conceiv$ at diff]5t mom5ts ( its exi/5ce4#abfg ,n only d ! rites ( m\rn+ det]m9e c]ta9 ( ! second>y *>act]i/ics attribut$ to ! s\l1 b p]haps !y are n =eign to ! idea t x survives ! body4 ,if he is to und]/& ! practices to :i* he submits on ! dea? ( a p>5t1 a man is oblig$ to believe t ^! are n an indiff]5t matt] = ! deceas$4 ,! %$d+ ( blood :i* is practis$ s freely dur+ m\rn+ is a v]itable sacrifice (f]$ to ! dead man4#abfh ,s some?+ ( ! dead man mu/ survive1 & z ?is is n ! body1 :i* is manife/ly immobile & decompos$1 x c only be ! s\l4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to say ) any exactness :at "p ^! consid]ations h _h 9 ! orig9 ( ! idea ( immortality4 ,b x is probable t "h ! influ5ce ( ! cult is ! same z x is else:]e4 ,rites are m easily explicable :5 "o imag9es t !y are address$ to p]sonal be+s2 s m5 h be5 induc$ to ext5d ! influ5ce ( ! my?ical p]sonalities 9 ! religi\s life4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = m\rn+1 !y h prolong$ ! exi/5ce ( ! s\l beyond ! tomb4 ,?is is "o m example ( ! way 9 :i* rites react ^u beliefs4 ,,iii ,b dea? is n ! only ev5t :i* may di/urb a community4 ,m5 h _m o!r occasions = be+ sorry & lam5t+1 s we might =esee t ev5 ! ,au/ralians w\ld "k & practise o!r piacul> rites besides m\rn+4 ,h[ev]1 x is a rem>kable fact t only a small numb] ( examples are to be f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ! obs]v]s4 ,"o rite ( ?is sort greatly resembles ^? :i* h j be5 /udi$4 ,x w be rememb]$ t among ! ,arunta1 ea* local gr\p attributes exceptionally important virtues to its collection ( *ur+a3 ?is is ?is collective palladium1 ^u ^: fate ! fate ( ! community itself is believ$ to dep5d4 ,s :5 enemies or :ite m5 succe$ 9 /eal+ "o ( ^! religi\s treasures1 ?is loss is consid]$ a public calamity4 ,?is mis=tune is ! occasion ( a rite hav+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( m\rn+3 m5 sme> _! bodies ) :ite pipe-clay & rema9 9 camp1 weep+ & lam5t+1 dur+ a p]iod ( two weeks4#abfi ,?is is a new pro( t m\rn+ is det]m9$1 n by ! way 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! dead is conceiv$1 b by imp]sonal causes1 by ! moral /ate ( ! gr\p4 ,9 fact1 we h "h a rite :i*1 9 its /ructure1 is indi/+ui%able f ! real m\rn+1 b :i* is1 nev]!less1 indep5d5t ( e notion ( spirits or evil-work+ demons4#abgj ,ano!r circum/ance :i* gives occasion = c]emonies ( ! same nature is ! di/ress 9 :i* ! society f9ds itself aft] an insuffici5t h>ve/4 ,! natives :o live 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,eyre1 says ,eylmann1 also seek to prev5t an insuffici5cy ( food by means ( secret c]emonies4 ,b _m ( ! ritual practices obs]v$ 9 ?is region are to be di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* h be5 m5tion$ already3 x is n by symbolic dances1 by imitative movem5ts nor dazzl+ decorations t !y try to act ^u ! religi\s p[]s or ! =ces ( nature1 b by means ( ! suff]+ :i* individuals inflict ^u !mselves4 ,9 ! nor!rn t]ritories1 x is by means ( tortures1 su* z prolong$ fa/s1 vigils1 dances p]si/$ up to ! exhau/ion ( ! danc]s1 & physical pa9s ( e sort1 t !y attempt to appease ! p[]s :i* are ill-dispos$ t[>ds m54#abga ,! torm5ts to :i* ! natives submit !mselves = ?is purpose sometimes leave !m 9 su* a /ate ( exhau/ion t !y are unable to foll[ ! hunt = "s days to come4#abgb ,^! practices are employ$ especially = fight+ aga9/ dr\ght4 ,?is is because a sc>city ( wat] results 9 a g5]al want4 ,to rem$y ?is evil1 !y h rec\rse to viol5t me?ods4 ,"o :i* is frequ5tly us$ is ! extraction ( a too?4 ,among ! ,kaiti%1 = example1 !y pull out an incisor f "o man1 & hang x on a tree4#abgc ,among ! ,di]i1 ! idea ( ra9 is closely associat$ ) t ( bloody incisions made 9 ! sk9 ( ! *e/ & arms4#abgd ,among ?is same p1 :5ev] ! dr\ght is v great1 ! great c\ncil assembles & summons ! :ole tribe4 ,x is really a tribal ev5t4 ,wom5 are s5t 9 e direction to notify m5 to assemble at a giv5 place & "t4 ,aft] !y h assembl$1 !y groan & cry 9 a pi]c+ voice ab\t ! mis]able /ate ( ! l&1 & !y beg ! ,mura-mura 7! my?ical ance/ors7 to give !m ! p[] ( mak+ an abundant ra9 fall4#abge ,9 ! cases1 :i*1 by ! way1 are v r>e1 :5 !re has be5 an excessive ra9fall1 an analog\s c]emony takes place to /op x4 ,old m5 !n ent] into a v]itable fr5zy1#abgf :ile ! cries utt]$ by ! cr[d are really pa9ful to he>4#abgg ,sp5c] & ,gill5 describe1 "u ! "n ( ,inti*iuma1 a c]emony :i* may well h ! same object & ! same orig9 z ! prec$+ ones3 a physical torture is appli$ to make an animal species multiply4 ,among ! ,urabunna1 !re is "o clan ^: totem is a v>iety ( snake call$ wadnungadni4 ,?is is h[ ! *ief ( ! clan proce$s1 to make sure t ^! snakes may nev] be lack+4 ,aft] hav+ be5 decorat$1 he kneels d[n on ! gr\nd1 hold+ 8 arms /raight out4 ,an assi/ant p9*es ! sk9 ( 8 "r arm betwe5 8 f+]s1 & ! (ficiant =ces a po9t$ bone five in*es long ?r\gh ! fold ?us =m$4 ,?is self-mutilation is believ$ to produce ! desir$ result4#abgh ,an analog\s rite is us$ among ! ,di]i to make ! wild-h5s lay3 ! op]ators pi]ce _! scrotums4#abgi ,9 c]ta9 ( ! ,lake ,eyre tribes1 m5 pi]ce _! e>s to make yams reproduce4#abhj ,b ^! p>tial or total fam9es are n ! only plagues :i* may fall ^u a tribe4 ,o!r ev5ts happ5 m or less p]iodically :i* m5ace1 or seem to m5ace1 ! exi/5ce ( ! gr\p4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! s\!rn lights4 ,! ,kurnai believe t ?is is a fire light$ 9 ! heav5s by ! great god ,mungan-ngaua2 !re=e1 :5ev] !y see x1 !y are afraid t x may spread to ! e>? & dev\r !m1 s a great eff]vesc5ce results 9 ! camp4 ,!y %ake a )]$ h&1 to :i* ! ,kurnai attribute v>i\s virtues1 & utt] su* cries z ,s5d x away2 d n let u be burn$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! old m5 ord] an ex*ange ( wives1 :i* always indicates a great excitem5t4#abha ,! same sexual lic5ce is m5tion$ among ! ,wiimbaio :5ev] a plague appe>s imm95t1 & especially 9 times ( an epidemic4#abhb ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! ideas1 mutilations & ! %$d+ ( blood are sometimes consid]$ an effici5t means ( cur+ maladies4 ,if an accid5t happ5s to a *ild among ! ,di]i1 8 relations beat !mselves on ! head ) clubs or boom]angs until ! blood fl[s d[n ov] _! faces4 ,!y believe t by ?is process1 !y relieve ! *ild ( ! suff]+4#abhc ,else:]e1 !y imag9e t !y c obta9 ! same end by means ( a supplem5t>y totemic c]emony4#abhd ,we may connect ) ^! ! example already giv5 ( a c]emony celebrat$ specially to efface ! effects ( a ritual fault4#abhe ,( c\rse !re are nei!r w\nds nor bl[s nor physical suff]+ ( any sort 9 ^! two latt] cases1 yet ! rite does n diff] 9 nature f ! o!rs3 ! end s\ght is always ! turn+ aside ( an evil or ! expiation ( a fault by means ( an extraord9>y ritual pre/ation4 ,outside ( m\rn+1 su* are ! only cases ( piacul> rites :i* we h succe$$ 9 f9d+ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,to be sure1 x is probable t "s h escap$ u1 :ile we may presume equally well t o!rs h rema9$ unp]ceiv$ by ! obs]v]s4 ,b if ^? discov]$ up to ! pres5t are few 9 numb]1 x is probably because !y d n hold a l>ge place 9 ! cult4 ,we see h[ f> primitive religions are f be+ ! daught]s ( agony & fe> f ! fact t ! rites translat+ ^! pa9ful emotions are relatively r>e4 ,( c\rse ?is is because ! ,au/ralian1 :ile lead+ a mis]able exi/5ce z comp>$ ) o!r m civiliz$ peoples1 dem&s s little ( life t he is easily cont5t$4 ,all t he asks is t nature foll[ its normal c\rse1 t ! seasons succe$ "o ano!r regul>ly1 t ! ra9 fall1 at ! ord9>y "t1 9 abundance & )\t excess4 ,n[ great di/urbances 9 ! cosmic ord] are always exceptional2 ?us x is noticeable t ! majority ( ! regul> piacul> rites1 examples ( :i* we h giv5 above1 h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! tribes ( ! c5tre1 :]e dr\ghts are frequ5t & con/itute v]itable disa/]s4 ,x is /ill surpris+1 x is true1 t piacul> rites specially de/9$ to expiate s9s1 seem to be completely lack+4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,au/ralian1 l e o!r man1 mu/ commit ritual faults1 :i* he has an int]e/ 9 r$eem+2 s we may ask if ! sil5ce ( ! texts on ?is po9t may n be due to insuffici5t obs]vation4 ,b h[soev] few ! facts :i* we h be5 able to ga!r may be1 !y are1 nev]!less1 in/ructive4 ,:5 we /udy piacul> rites 9 ! m advanc$ religions1 :]e ! religi\s =ces are individualiz$1 !y appe> to be closely b\nd up ) an?ropomorphic conceptions4 ,:5 ! believ] imposes privations ^u himself & submits himself to au/]ities1 x is 9 ord] to dis>m ! malevol5ce attribut$ by him to c]ta9 ( ! sacr$ be+s ^u :om he ?9ks t he is dep5d5t4 ,to appease _! hatr$ or ang]1 he complies ) _! exig5cies2 he beats himself 9 ord] t he may n be beat5 by !m4 ,s x seems z ?\gh ^! practices c\ld n arise until aft] gods & spirits 7 conceiv$ z moral p]sons1 capable ( passions analog\s to ^? ( m54 ,= ?is reason1 ,rob]tson ,smi? ?\ght x possible to assign a relatively late date to expiatory sacrifices1 j z to sacrificial oblations4 ,accord+ to him1 ! %$d+ ( blood :i* *>act]izes ^! rites 0 at fir/ a simple process ( communion3 m5 p\r$ =? _! blood ^u ! alt> 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! bonds unit+ !m to _! god4 ,! rite acquir$ a piacul> & p5al "* only :5 its orig9al significance 0 =gott5 & :5 ! new idea :i* 0 =m$ ( sacr$ be+s all[$ m5 to attribute ano!r function to x4#abhf ,b z piacul> rites are met ) ev5 9 ! ,au/ralian societies1 x is impossible to assign !m s late an orig94 ,moreov]1 all t we h obs]v$1 ) "o s+le exception1#abhg are indep5d5t ( all an?ropomorphic conceptions3 !re is no "q ( ei!r spirits or gods4 ,ab/95ces & effusions ( blood /op fam9es & cure sicknesses directly & by !mselves4 ,no spiritual be+ introduces 8 action betwe5 ! rite & ! effect x is believ$ to produce4 ,s my?ical p]sonalities int]v5$ only at a late date4 ,aft] ! me*anism ( ! ritual _h once be5 e/abli%$1 !y s]v$ to make x m easily repres5table 9 ! m9d1 b !y are n conditions ( its exi/5ce4 ,x is = o!r reasons t x 0 f\nd$2 x is to ano!r cause t x owes its efficacy4 ,x acts ?r\gh ! collective =ces :i* x puts into play4 ,does a mis=tune :i* m5aces ! gr\p appe> imm95t8 ,!n ! gr\p unites1 z 9 ! case ( m\rn+1 & x is naturally an impression ( uneas9ess & p]plexity :i* dom9ates ! assembl$ body4 ,n[1 z always1 ! pool+ ( ^! s5tim5ts results 9 int5sify+ !m4 ,by affirm+ !mselves1 !y exalt & impassion !mselves & atta9 a degree ( viol5ce :i* is translat$ by ! correspond+ viol5ce ( ! ge/ures :i* express !m4 ,j z at ! dea? ( a relative1 !y utt] t]rible cries1 fly into a passion & feel t !y mu/ te> & de/roy2 x is to satisfy ?is ne$ t !y beat !mselves1 w\nd !mselves1 & make _! blood fl[4 ,:5 emotions h ?is vivacity1 !y may well be pa9ful1 b !y are n depress+2 on ! contr>y1 !y d5ote a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce :i* implies a mobilization ( all our active =ces1 & ev5 a supply ( ext]nal en]gies4 ,x matt]s little t ?is exaltation 0 provok$ by a sad ev5t1 = x is real1 not)/&+1 & does n diff] specifically f :at is obs]v$ 9 ! happy fea/s4 ,sometimes x is ev5 made manife/ by movem5ts ( ! same nature3 !re is ! same fr5zy :i* seizes ! wor%ipp]s & ! same t5d5cy t[>ds sexual debau*es1 a sure sign ( great n]v\s ov]-excitem5t4 ,rob]tson ,smi? _h already notic$ ?is curi\s influ5ce ( sad rites 9 ! ,semitic cults3 9 evil times1 he says1 :5 m5's ?\ghts 7 habitually sombre1 !y betook !mselves to ! physical excitem5t ( religion z m5 n[ take refuge 9 w9e4444 ,& s 9 g5]al :5 an act ( ,semitic wor%ip began ) sorr[ & lam5tation--z 9 ! m\rn+ = ,adonis1 or ! great aton+ c]emonies :i* became common 9 lat] times--a swift revulsion ( feel+ foll[$1 & ! gloomy "p ( ! s]vice 0 pres5tly succe$$ by a bur/ ( hil>i\s revelry4#abhh ,9 a ^w1 ev5 :5 religi\s c]emonies h a disquiet+ or sadd5+ ev5t z _! po9t ( dep>ture1 !y reta9 _! /imulat+ p[] ov] ! affective /ate ( ! gr\p & individuals4 ,by ! m]e fact t !y are collective1 !y raise ! vital tone4 ,:5 "o feels life )9 him--:e!r x be 9 ! =m ( pa9ful irritation or happy en?usiasm--he does n believe 9 dea?2 s he becomes reassur$ & takes c\rage aga91 & subjectively1 ev]y?+ goes on z if ! rite _h really driv5 (f ! dang] :i* 0 dread$4 ,?is is h[ cur+ or prev5tive virtues come to be attribut$ to ! movem5ts :i* "o makes1 to ! cries utt]$1 to ! blood %$ & to ! w\nds inflict$ ^u "o's self or o!rs2 & z ^! diff]5t tortures necess>ily make "o suff]1 suff]+ by itself is f9ally reg>d$ z a means ( conjur+ evil or cur+ sickness4#abhi ,lat]1 :5 ! majority ( ! religi\s =ces _h tak5 ! =m ( moral p]sonalities1 ! efficacy ( ^! practices 0 expla9$ by imag9+ t _! object 0 to appease an evil-work+ or irritat$ god4 ,b ^! conceptions only reflect ! rite & ! s5tim5ts x ar\ses2 !y are an int]pretation ( x1 n its det]m9+ cause4 ,a neglig5ce ( ! ritual acts 9 ! same way4 ,x1 too1 is a m5ace = ! gr\p2 x t\*es x 9 its moral exi/5ce = x t\*es x 9 its beliefs4 ,b if ! ang] :i* x causes is affirm$ o/5sibly & en]getically1 x comp5sates ! evil :i* x has caus$4 ,= if x is acutely felt by all1 x is because ! infraction committ$ is an exception & ! common fai? rema9s entire4 ,s ! moral unity ( ! gr\p is n endang]$4 ,n[ ! p5alty inflict$ z an expiation is only a manife/ation ( ! public ang]1 ! mat]ial pro( ( its unanimity4 ,s x really does h ! heal+ effect attribut$ to x4 ,at bottom1 ! s5tim5t :i* is at ! root ( ! real expiatory rites does n diff] 9 nature f t :i* we h f\nd at ! basis ( ! o!r piacul> rites3 x is a sort ( irritat$ sorr[ :i* t5ds to manife/ itself by acts ( de/ruction4 ,sometimes x is assuag$ to ! detrim5t ( him :o feels x2 sometimes x is at ! exp5se ( "s =eign ?ird p>ty4 ,b 9 ei!r case1 ! psy*ic me*anism is ess5tially ! same4#abij ,,iv ,"o ( ! greate/ s]vices :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? has r5d]$ to ! sci5ce ( religions is to h po9t$ out ! ambiguity ( ! notion ( sacr$ness4 ,religi\s =ces are ( two sorts4 ,"s are b5efic5t1 gu>dians ( ! physical & moral ord]1 disp5s]s ( life & heal? & all ! qualities :i* m5 e/eem3 ?is is ! case ) ! totemic pr9ciple1 spread out 9 ! :ole species1 ! my?ical ance/or1 ! animal-protector1 ! civiliz+ h]oes & ! tutel> gods ( e k9d & degree4 ,x matt]s little :e!r !y are conceiv$ z di/9ct p]sonalities or z diffus$ en]gies2 "u ei!r =m !y fulfil ! same function & affect ! m9ds ( ! believ]s 9 ! same way3 ! respect :i* !y inspire is mix$ ) love & gratitude4 ,! ?+s & ! p]sons :i* are normally connect$ ) !m p>ticipate 9 ! same s5tim5ts & ! same "*3 ^! are holy ?+s & p]sons4 ,su* are ! spots consecrat$ to ! cult1 ! objects :i* s]ve 9 ! regul> rites1 ! prie/s1 ! ascetics1 etc4--,on ! o!r h&1 !re are evil & impure p[]s1 productive ( disord]s1 causes ( dea? & sickness1 in/igators ( sacrilege4 ,! only s5tim5ts :i* m5 h = !m are a fe> into :i* horror g5]ally ent]s4 ,su* are ! =ces ^u :i* & by :i* ! sorc]] acts1 ^? :i* arise f corpses or ! m5/rual blood1 ^? fre$ by e pr(anation ( sacr$ ?+s1 etc4 ,! spirits ( ! dead & malign g5ii ( e sort are _! p]sonifi$ =ms4 ,betwe5 ^! two categories ( =ces & be+s1 ! contra/ is z complete z possible & ev5 goes into ! mo/ radical antagonism4 ,! good & salut>y p[]s repel to a di/ance ^! o!rs :i* d5y & contradict !m4 ,!re=e ! =m] are =bidd5 to ! latt]3 any contact betwe5 !m is consid]$ ! wor/ ( pr(anations4 ,?is is ! typical =m ( ^? int]dicts betwe5 sacr$ ?+s ( diff]5t species1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we h already po9t$ out4#abia ,wom5 dur+ m5/ruation1 & especially at its beg9n+1 are impure2 s at ?is mom5t !y are rigor\sly seque/]$2 m5 may h no relations ) !m4#abib ,bull-ro>]s & *ur+a nev] come ne> a dead man4#abic ,a sacrilegi\s p]son is exclud$ f ! society ( ! fai?ful2 access to ! cult is =bidd5 him4 ,?us ! :ole religi\s life gravitates ab\t two contr>y poles betwe5 :i* !re is ! same opposition z betwe5 ! pure & ! impure1 ! sa9t & ! sacrilegi\s1 ! div9e & ! diabolic4 ,b :ile ^! two aspects ( ! religi\s life oppose "o ano!r1 !re is a close k9%ip betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 bo? h ! same relation t[>ds pr(ane be+s3 ^! mu/ ab/a9 f all contact ) impure ?+s j z f ! mo/ holy ?+s4 ,! =m] are no less =bidd5 ?an ! latt]3 !y are )drawn f circulation alike4 ,?is %[s t !y too are sacr$4 ,( c\rse ! s5tim5ts inspir$ by ! two are n id5tical3 respect is "o ?+1 disgu/ & horror ano!r4 ,yet1 if ! ge/ures are to be ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! s5tim5ts express$ mu/ n diff] 9 nature4 ,&1 9 fact1 !re is a horror 9 religi\s respect1 especially :5 x is v int5se1 :ile ! fe> inspir$ by malign p[]s is g5]ally n )\t a c]ta9 rev]5tial "*4 ,! %ades by :i* ^! two attitudes are diff]5tiat$ are ev5 s slight sometimes t x is n always easy to say :i* /ate ( m9d ! believ]s actually happ5 to be 94 ,among c]ta9 ,semitic peoples1 pork 0 =bidd51 b x 0 n always kn[n exactly :e!r ?is 0 because x 0 a pure or an impure ?+#abid & ! same may be said ( a v l>ge numb] ( alim5t>y int]dictions4 ,b !re is m to be said2 x v frequ5tly happ5s t an impure ?+ or an evil p[] becomes a holy ?+ or a gu>dian p[]1 )\t *ang+ its nature1 ?r\gh a simple modification ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,we h se5 h[ ! s\l ( a dead man1 :i* is a dread$ pr9ciple at fir/1 is trans=m$ into a protect+ g5ius z soon z ! m\rn+ is f9i%$4 ,likewise1 ! corpse1 :i* beg9s by inspir+ t]ror & av]sion1 is lat] reg>d$ z a v5]at$ relic3 fun]al an?ropophagy1 :i* is frequ5tly practis$ 9 ! ,au/ralian societies1 is a pro( ( ?is trans=mation4#abie ,! totemic animal is ! pre-em95tly sacr$ be+2 b = him :o eats its fle% unduly1 x is a cause ( dea?4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! sacrilegi\s p]son is m]ely a pr(ane "o :o has be5 infect$ ) a b5evol5t religi\s =ce4 ,?is *anges its nature 9 *ang+ its habitat2 x defiles r ?an sanctifies4#abif ,! blood issu+ f ! g5ital organs ( a woman1 ?\gh x is evid5tly z impure z t ( m5/ruation1 is frequ5tly us$ z a rem$y aga9/ sickness4#abig ,! victim immolat$ 9 expiatory sacrifices is *>g$ ) impurities1 = !y h conc5trat$ ^u x ! s9s :i* 7 to be expiat$4 ,yet1 aft] x has be5 slaught]$1 its fle% & blood are employ$ = ! mo/ pi\s uses4#abih ,on ! contr>y1 ?\gh ! communion is g5]ally a religi\s op]ation ^: normal function is to consecrate1 x sometimes produces ! effects ( a sacrilege4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ! p]sons :o h communicat$ are =c$ to flee f "o ano!r z f m5 infect$ ) a plague4 ,"o w\ld say t !y h become a s\rce ( dang]\s contam9ation = "o ano!r3 ! sacr$ bond :i* unites !m also sep>ates !m4 ,examples ( ?is sort ( communion are num]\s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,"o ( ! mo/ typical has be5 obs]v$ among ! ,n>r9y]i & ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,:5 an infant arrives 9 ! _w1 its p>5ts c>efully pres]ve its umbilical cord1 :i* is believ$ to conceal a "p ( its s\l4 ,two p]sons :o ex*ange ! cords ?us pres]v$ communicate toge!r by ! v act ( ?is ex*ange1 = x is z ?\gh !y ex*ang$ _! s\ls4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 !y are =bidd5 to t\* or speak to or ev5 to see "o ano!r4 ,x is j z ?\gh !y 7 ea* an object ( horror = ! o!r4#abii ,s ! pure & ! impure are n two sep>ate classes1 b two v>ieties ( ! same class1 :i* includes all sacr$ ?+s4 ,!re are two sorts ( sacr$ness1 ! propiti\s & ! unpropiti\s1 & n only is !re no break ( cont9uity betwe5 ^! two oppos$ =ms1 b also "o object may pass f ! "o to ! o!r )\t *ang+ its nature4 ,! pure is made out ( ! impure1 & reciprocally4 ,x is 9 ! possibility ( ^! transmutations t ! ambiguity ( ! sacr$ consi/s4 ,b ev5 if ,rob]tson ,smi? did h an active s5tim5t ( ?is ambiguity1 he nev] gave x an express explanation4 ,he conf9$ himself to rem>k+ t1 z all religi\s =ces are indi/9ctly int5se & contagi\s1 x is wise n to approa* !m except ) respectful precautions1 no matt] :at direction _! action may be ex]cis$ 94 ,x seem$ to him t he c\ld ?us acc\nt = ! air ( k9%ip :i* !y all pres5t1 9 spite ( ! contra/s :i* oppose !m o!rwise4 ,b ! "q 0 only put (f2 x /ill rema9s to be %[n h[ x comes t ! p[]s ( evil h ! same int5sity & contagi\sness z ! o!rs4 ,9 o!r words1 h[ does x happ5 t !y1 too1 are ( a religi\s nature8 ,also1 ! en]gy & =ce ( expansion :i* !y h 9 common d n enable u to und]/& h[1 9 spite ( ! conflict :i* divides !m1 !y may be trans=m$ into "o ano!r or sub/itut$ = ea* o!r 9 _! respective functions1 & h[ ! pure may contam9ate :ile ! impure sometimes s]ves to sanctify4#acjj ,! explanation ( piacul> rites :i* we h propos$ enables u to reply to ?is d\ble "q4 ,we h se51 9 fact1 t ! evil p[]s are ! product ( ^! rites & symbolize !m4 ,:5 a society is go+ ?r\gh circum/ances :i* sadd51 p]plex or irritate x1 x ex]cises a pressure ov] its memb]s1 to make !m be> witness1 by significant acts1 to _! sorr[1 p]plexity or ang]4 ,x imposes ^u !m ! duty ( weep+1 groan+ or inflict+ w\nds ^u !mselves or o!rs1 = ^! collective manife/ations1 & ! moral communion :i* !y %[ & /r5g!n1 re/ore to ! gr\p ! en]gy :i* circum/ances ?reat5 to take away f x1 & ?us !y enable x to become settl$4 ,?is is ! exp]i5ce :i* m5 int]pret :5 !y imag9e t outside !m !re are evil be+s ^: ho/ility1 :e!r con/itutional or tempor>y1 c be appeas$ only by human suff]+4 ,^! be+s are no?+ o!r ?an collective /ates objectifi$2 !y are society itself se5 "u "o ( its aspects4 ,b we also "k t ! b5evol5t p[]s are con/itut$ 9 ! same way2 !y1 too1 result f ! collective life & express x2 !y1 too1 repres5t ! society1 b se5 f a v diff]5t attitude1 to wit1 at ! mom5t :5 x confid5tly affirms itself & ard5tly presses on t[>ds ! realization ( ! ends :i* x pursues4 ,s9ce ^! two sorts ( =ces h a common orig91 x is n at all surpris+ t1 ?\gh fac+ 9 opposite directions1 !y %\ld h ! same nature1 t !y are equally int5se & contagi\s & consequ5tly =bidd5 & sacr$4 ,f ?is we are able to und]/& h[ !y *ange into "o ano!r4 ,s9ce !y reflect ! abjective /ate 9 :i* ! gr\p happ5s to be1 x is en\gh t ?is /ate *ange = _! "* to *ange4 ,aft] ! m\rn+ is ov]1 ! dome/ic gr\p is re-calm$ by ! m\rn+ itself2 x rega9s confid5ce2 ! pa9ful pressure :i* !y felt ex]cis$ ov] !m is reliev$2 !y feel m at _! ease4 ,s x seems to !m z ?\gh ! _s ( ! deceas$ _h laid aside its ho/ile s5tim5ts & become a b5evol5t protector4 ,! o!r transmutations1 examples ( :i* we h cit$1 are to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,z we h already %[n1 ! sanctity ( a ?+ is due to ! collective s5tim5t ( :i* x is ! object4 ,if1 9 violation ( ! int]dicts :i* isolate x1 x comes 9 contact ) a pr(ane p]son1 !n ?is same s5tim5t w spread contagi\sly to ?is latt] & impr9t a special "* ^u him4 ,b 9 spread+1 x comes into a v diff]5t /ate f ! "o x 0 9 at fir/4 ,(f5d$ & irritat$ by ! pr(anation impli$ 9 ?is abusive & unnatural ext5sion1 x becomes aggressive & incl9$ to de/ructive viol5ces3 x t5ds to av5ge itself = ! (f5ce suff]$4 ,!re=e ! infect$ subject seems to be fill$ ) a mighty & h>mful =ce :i* m5aces all t approa*es him2 x is z ?\gh he 7 m>k$ ) a /a9 or blemi%4 ,yet ! cause ( ?is blemi% is ! same psy*ic /ate :i*1 9 o!r circum/ances1 consecrates & sanctifies4 ,b if ! ang] ?us ar\s$ is satisfi$ by an expiatory rite1 x subsides1 alleviat$2 ! (f5d$ s5tim5t is appeas$ & returns to its orig9al /ate4 ,s x acts once m z x act$ 9 ! beg9n+2 in/ead ( contam9at+1 x sanctifies4 ,z x cont9ues to infect ! object to :i* x is atta*$1 ?is c\ld nev] become pr(ane & religi\sly indiff]5t aga94 ,b ! direction ( ! religi\s =ce ) :i* x seems to be fill$ is inv]t$3 f be+ impure1 x has become pure & an in/rum5t ( purification4 ,9 rsum1 ! two poles ( ! religi\s life correspond to ! two oppos$ /ates ?r\gh :i* all social life passes4 ,betwe5 ! propiti\sly sacr$ & ! unpropiti\sly sacr$ !re is ! same contra/ z betwe5 ! /ates ( collective well-be+ & ill-be+4 ,b s9ce bo? are equally collective1 !re is1 betwe5 ! my?ological con/ructions symboliz+ !m1 an intimate k9%ip ( nature4 ,! s5tim5ts held 9 common v>y f extreme dejection to extreme joy1 f pa9ful irritation to ec/atic en?usiasm2 b1 9 any case1 !re is a communion ( m9ds & a mutual com=t result+ f ?is communion4 ,! fundam5tal process is always ! same2 only circum/ances col\r x diff]5tly4 ,s1 at bottom1 x is ! unity & ! div]sity ( social life :i* make ! simultane\s unity & div]sity ( sacr$ be+s & ?+s4 ,?is ambiguity1 moreov]1 is n peculi> to ! idea ( sacr$ness alone2 some?+ ( ?is *>act]i/ic has be5 f\nd 9 all ! rites :i* we h be5 /udy+4 ,( c\rse x 0 ess5tial to di/+ui% !m2 to confuse !m w\ld h be5 to misund]/& ! multiple aspects ( ! religi\s life4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 h[soev] diff]5t !y may be1 !re is no break ( cont9uity betwe5 !m4 ,q on ! contr>y1 !y ov]lap "o ano!r & may ev5 replace ea* o!r mutually4 ,we h already %[n h[ ! rites ( oblation & communion1 ! imitative rites & ! commemorative rites frequ5tly fulfil ! same function4 ,"o might imag9e t ! negative cult1 at lea/1 w\ld be m %>ply sep>at$ f ! positive cult2 yet we h se5 t ! =m] may produce positive effects1 id5tical ) ^? produc$ by ! latt]4 ,! same results are obta9$ by fa/s1 ab/95ces & self-mutilations z by communions1 oblations & commemorations4 ,inv]sely1 (f]+s & sacrifices imply privations & r5unciations ( e sort4 ,! cont9uity betwe5 ascetic & piacul> rites is ev5 m app>5t3 bo? are made up ( suff]+s1 accept$ or und]gone1 to :i* an analog\s efficacy is attribut$4 ,?us ! practices1 l ! beliefs1 are n arrang$ 9 two sep>ate classes4 ,h[soev] complex ! outw>d manife/ations ( ! religi\s life may be1 at bottom x is "o & simple4 ,x responds ev]y:]e to "o & ! same ne$1 & is ev]y:]e d]iv$ f "o & ! same m5tal /ate4 ,9 all its =ms1 its object is to raise man above himself & to make him lead a life sup]ior to t :i* he w\ld lead1 if he foll[$ only 8 own individual :ims3 beliefs express ?is life 9 repres5tations2 rites organize x & regulate its work+4 ,,conclusion ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w we ann\nc$ t ! religion ^: /udy we 7 tak+ up conta9$ )9 x ! mo/ *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( ! religi\s life4 ,! exactness ( ?is proposition may n[ be v]ifi$4 ,h[soev] simple ! sy/em :i* we h /udi$ may be1 we h f\nd )9 x all ! great ideas & ! pr9cipal ritual attitudes :i* are at ! basis ( ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ religions3 ! division ( ?+s into sacr$ & pr(ane1 ! notions ( ! s\l1 ( spirits1 ( my?ical p]sonalities1 & ( a national & ev5 int]national div9ity1 a negative cult ) ascetic practices :i* are its exagg]at$ =m1 rites ( oblation & communion1 imitative rites1 commemorative rites & expiatory rites2 no?+ ess5tial is lack+4 ,we are ?us 9 a position to hope t ! results at :i* we h arriv$ are n peculi> to totemism alone1 b c aid u 9 an und]/&+ ( :at religion 9 g5]al is4 ,x may be object$ t "o s+le religion1 :atev] its field ( ext5sion may be1 is too n>r[ a base = su* an induction4 ,we h n dream$ = a mom5t ( ignor+ ! fact t an ext5d$ v]ification may add to ! au?ority ( a !ory1 b x is equally true t :5 a law has be5 prov5 by "o well-made exp]im5t1 ?is pro( is valid univ]sally4 ,if 9 "o s+le case a sci5ti/ succe$$ 9 f9d+ out ! secret ( ! life ( ev5 ! mo/ protoplasmic creature t c be imag9$1 ! tru?s ?us obta9$ w\ld be applicable to all liv+ be+s1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$4 ,!n if1 9 our /udies ( ^! v humble societies1 we h really succe$$ 9 discov]+ "s ( ! elem5ts out ( :i* ! mo/ fundam5tal religi\s notions are made up1 !re is no reason = n ext5d+ ! mo/ g5]al results ( our rese>*es to o!r religions4 ,9 fact1 x is inconceivable t ! same effect may be due n[ to "o cause1 n[ to ano!r1 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 unless ! two causes are at bottom only "o4 ,a s+le idea _c express "o reality "h & ano!r "o !re1 unless ! duality is only app>5t4 ,if among c]ta9 peoples ! ideas ( sacr$ness1 ! s\l & ,god are to be expla9$ sociologically1 x %\ld be presum$ sci5tifically t1 9 pr9ciple1 ! same explanation is valid = all ! peoples among :om ^! same ideas are f\nd ) ! same ess5tial *>act]i/ics4 ,!re=e1 suppos+ t we h n be5 deceiv$1 c]ta9 at lea/ ( our conclusions c be legitimately g5]aliz$4 ,! mom5t has come to dis5gage ^!4 ,& an induction ( ?is sort1 hav+ at its f\ndation a cle>ly def9$ exp]im5t1 is less adv5tur\s ?an _m summ>y g5]alizations :i*1 :ile attempt+ to rea* ! ess5ce ( religion at once1 )\t re/+ ^u ! c>eful analysis ( any religion 9 p>ticul>1 greatly risk los+ !mselves 9 space4 ,i ,! !ori/s :o h und]tak5 to expla9 religion 9 rational t]ms h g5]ally se5 9 x be=e all else a sy/em ( ideas1 correspond+ to "s det]m9$ object4 ,?is object has be5 conceiv$ 9 a multitude ( ways3 nature1 ! inf9ite1 ! unkn[able1 ! ideal1 etc42 b ^! diff]5ces matt] b little4 ,9 any case1 x 0 ! conceptions & beliefs :i* 7 consid]$ z ! ess5tial elem5ts ( religion4 ,z = ! rites1 f ?is po9t ( view !y appe> to be only an ext]nal translation1 cont+5t & mat]ial1 ( ^! int]nal /ates :i* alone pass z hav+ any intr9sic value4 ,?is conception is s commonly held t g5]ally ! disputes ( :i* religion is ! !me turn ab\t ! "q :e!r x c conciliate itself ) sci5ce or n1 t is to say1 :e!r or n !re is a place beside our sci5tific k = ano!r =m ( ?\ght :i* w\ld be specifically religi\s4 ,b ! believ]s1 ! m5 :o lead ! religi\s life & h a direct s5sation ( :at x really is1 object to ?is way ( reg>d+ x1 say+ t x does n correspond to _! daily exp]i5ce4 ,9 fact1 !y feel t ! real function ( religion is n to make u ?9k1 to enri* our k1 nor to add to ! conceptions :i* we owe to sci5ce o!rs ( ano!r orig9 & ano!r "*1 b r1 x is to make u act1 to aid u to live4 ,! believ] :o has communicat$ ) 8 god is n m]ely a man :o sees new tru?s ( :i* ! unbeliev] is ignorant2 he is a man :o is /rong]4 ,he feels )9 him m =ce1 ei!r to endure ! trials ( exi/5ce1 or to conqu] !m4 ,x is z ?\gh he 7 rais$ above ! mis]ies ( ! _w1 because he is rais$ above 8 condition z a m]e man2 he believes t he is sav$ f evil1 "u :atev] =m he may conceive ?is evil4 ,! fir/ article 9 e cre$ is ! belief 9 salvation by fai?4 ,b x is h>d to see h[ a m]e idea c\ld h ?is efficacy4 ,an idea is 9 reality only a "p ( ourselves2 !n h[ c\ld x conf] ^u u p[]s sup]ior to ^? :i* we h ( our own nature8 ,h[soev] ri* x might be 9 affective virtues1 x c\ld add no?+ to our natural vitality2 = x c\ld only release ! motive p[]s :i* are )9 u1 nei!r creat+ !m nor increas+ !m4 ,f ! m]e fact t we consid] an object wor?y ( be+ lov$ & s\ght aft]1 x does n foll[ t we feel ourselves /rong] aft]w>ds2 x is also necess>y t ?is object set free en]gies sup]ior to ^! :i* we ord9>ily h at our comm& & also t we h "s means ( mak+ ^! ent] into u & unite !mselves to our int]ior lives4 ,n[ = t1 x is n en\gh t we ?9k ( !m2 x is also indisp5sable t we place ourselves )9 _! sph]e ( action1 & t we set ourselves :]e we may be/ feel _! influ5ce2 9 a ^w1 x is necess>y t we act1 & t we repeat ! acts ?us necess>y e "t we feel ! ne$ ( r5ew+ _! effects4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 x is readily se5 h[ t gr\p ( regul>ly repeat$ acts :i* =m ! cult get _! importance4 ,9 fact1 :oev] has really practis$ a religion kn[s v well t x is ! cult :i* gives rise to ^! impressions ( joy1 ( int]ior peace1 ( s]5ity1 ( en?usiasm :i* are1 = ! believ]1 an exp]im5tal pro( ( 8 beliefs4 ,! cult is n simply a sy/em ( signs by :i* ! fai? is outw>dly translat$2 x is a collection ( ! means by :i* ?is is creat$ & recreat$ p]iodically4 ,:e!r x consi/s 9 mat]ial acts or m5tal op]ations1 x is always ?is :i* is efficaci\s4 ,our entire /udy re/s ^u ?is po/ulate t ! unanim\s s5tim5t ( ! believ]s ( all times _c be purely illusory4 ,toge!r ) a rec5t apologi/ ( ! fai?#acja we admit t ^! religi\s beliefs re/ ^u a specific exp]i5ce ^: demon/rative value is1 9 "o s5se1 n "o bit inf]ior to t ( sci5tific exp]im5ts1 ?\gh diff]5t f !m4 ,we1 too1 ?9k t a tree is kn[n by its fruits1#acjb & t f]tility is ! be/ pro( ( :at ! roots are wor?4 ,b f ! fact t a religi\s exp]i5ce1 if we *oose to call x ?is1 does exi/ & t x has a c]ta9 f\ndation--&1 by ! way1 is !re any exp]i5ce :i* has none8--x does n foll[ t ! reality :i* is its f\ndation con=ms objectively to ! idea :i* believ]s h ( x4 ,! v fact t ! fa%ion 9 :i* x has be5 conceiv$ has v>i$ inf9itely 9 diff]5t times is en\gh to prove t none ( ^! conceptions express x adequately4 ,if a sci5ti/ /ates x z an axiom t ! s5sations ( heat & light :i* we feel correspond to "s objective cause1 he does n conclude t ?is is :at x appe>s to ! s5ses to be4 ,likewise1 ev5 if ! impressions :i* ! fai?ful feel are n imag9>y1 /ill !y are 9 no way privileg$ intuitions2 !re is no reason = believ+ t !y in=m u bett] ^u ! nature ( _! object ?an d ord9>y s5sations ^u ! nature ( bodies & _! prop]ties4 ,9 ord] to discov] :at ?is object consi/s (1 we mu/ submit !m to an exam9ation & elaboration analog\s to t :i* has sub/itut$ = ! s5su\s idea ( ! _w ano!r :i* is sci5tific & conceptual4 ,?is is precisely :at we h tri$ to d1 & we h se5 t ?is reality1 :i* my?ologies h repres5t$ "u s _m diff]5t =ms1 b :i* is ! univ]sal & et]nal objective cause ( ^! s5sations sui g5]is out ( :i* religi\s exp]i5ce is made1 is society4 ,we h %[n :at moral =ces x develops & h[ x awak5s ?is s5tim5t ( a refuge1 ( a %ield & ( a gu>dian support :i* atta*es ! believ] to 8 cult4 ,x is t :i* raises him outside himself2 x is ev5 t :i* made him4 ,= t :i* makes a man is ! totality ( ! intellectual prop]ty :i* con/itutes civilization1 & civilization is ! "w ( society4 ,?us is expla9$ ! prepond]at+ rle ( ! cult 9 all religions1 :i*ev] !y may be4 ,?is is because society _c make its influ5ce felt unless x is 9 action1 & x is n 9 action unless ! individuals :o compose x are assembl$ toge!r & act 9 common4 ,x is by common action t x takes consci\sness ( itself & realizes its position2 x is be=e all else an active co-op]ation4 ,! collective ideas & s5tim5ts are ev5 possible only ow+ to ^! ext]ior movem5ts :i* symbolize !m1 z we h e/abli%$4#acjc ,!n x is action :i* dom9ates ! religi\s life1 because ( ! m]e fact t x is society :i* is its s\rce4 ,9 addition to all ! reasons :i* h be5 giv5 to ju/ify ?is conception1 a f9al "o may be add$ "h1 :i* is ! result ( our :ole "w4 ,z we h progress$1 we h e/abli%$ ! fact t ! fundam5tal categories ( ?\ght1 & consequ5tly ( sci5ce1 are ( religi\s orig94 ,we h se5 t ! same is true = magic & consequ5tly = ! diff]5t processes :i* h issu$ f x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has long be5 kn[n t up until a relatively advanc$ mom5t ( evolution1 moral & legal rules h be5 indi/+ui%able f ritual prescriptions4 ,9 summ+ up1 !n1 x may be said t ne>ly all ! great social in/itutions h be5 born 9 religion4#acjd ,n[ 9 ord] t ^! pr9cipal aspects ( ! collective life may h comm5c$ by be+ only v>i$ aspects ( ! religi\s life1 x is obvi\sly necess>y t ! religi\s life be ! em95t =m &1 z x 71 ! conc5trat$ expression ( ! :ole collective life4 ,if religion has giv5 bir? to all t is ess5tial 9 society1 x is because ! idea ( society is ! s\l ( religion4 ,religi\s =ces are !re=e human =ces1 moral =ces4 ,x is true t s9ce collective s5tim5ts c become consci\s ( !mselves only by fix+ !mselves ^u ext]nal objects1 !y h n be5 able to take =m )\t adopt+ "s ( _! *>act]i/ics f o!r ?+s3 !y h ?us acquir$ a sort ( physical nature2 9 ?is way !y h come to mix !mselves ) ! life ( ! mat]ial _w1 & !n h consid]$ !mselves capable ( expla9+ :at passes !re4 ,b :5 !y are consid]$ only f ?is po9t ( view & 9 ?is rle1 only _! mo/ sup]ficial aspect is se54 ,9 reality1 ! ess5tial elem5ts ( :i* ^! collective s5tim5ts are made h be5 borr[$ by ! und]/&+4 ,x ord9>ily seems t !y %\ld h a human "* only :5 !y are conceiv$ "u human =ms2#acje b ev5 ! mo/ imp]sonal & ! mo/ anonym\s are no?+ else ?an objectifi$ s5tim5ts4 ,x is only by reg>d+ religion f ?is angle t x is possible to see its real significance4 ,if we /ick closely to appe>ances1 rites (t5 give ! effect ( purely manual op]ations3 !y are ano9t+s1 wa%+s1 meals4 ,to consecrate some?+1 x is put 9 contact ) a s\rce ( religi\s en]gy1 j z to-day a body is put 9 contact ) a s\rce ( heat or electricity to w>m or electrize x2 ! two processes employ$ are n ess5tially diff]5t4 ,?us und]/ood1 religi\s te*nique seems to be a sort ( my/ic me*anics4 ,b ^! mat]ial manoeuvres are only ! ext]nal envelope "u :i* ! m5tal op]ations are hidd54 ,f9ally1 !re is no "q ( ex]cis+ a physical con/ra9t ^u bl9d &1 incid5tally1 imag9>y =ces1 b r ( rea*+ individual consci\snesses1 ( giv+ !m a direction & ( discipl9+ !m4 ,x is sometimes said t inf]ior religions are mat]iali/ic4 ,su* an expression is inexact4 ,all religions1 ev5 ! crude/1 are 9 a s5se spirituali/ic3 = ! p[]s !y put 9 play are be=e all spiritual1 & also _! pr9cipal object is to act ^u ! moral life4 ,?us x is se5 t :atev] has be5 done 9 ! "n ( religion _c h be5 done 9 va93 = x is necess>ily ! society t did x1 & x is humanity t has reap$ ! fruits4 ,b1 x is said1 :at society is x t has ?us made ! basis ( religion8 ,is x ! real society1 su* z x is & acts be=e our v eyes1 ) ! legal & moral organization :i* x has labori\sly fa%ion$ dur+ ! c\rse ( hi/ory8 ,?is is full ( defects & imp]fections4 ,9 x1 evil goes beside ! good1 inju/ice (t5 reigns supreme1 & ! tru? is (t5 obscur$ by error4 ,h[ c\ld any?+ s crudely organiz$ inspire ! s5tim5ts ( love1 ! ard5t en?usiasm & ! _s ( abnegation :i* all religions claim ( _! foll[]s8 ,^! p]fect be+s :i* are gods c\ld n h tak5 _! traits f s m$iocre1 & sometimes ev5 s base a reality4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 does someone ?9k ( a p]fect society1 :]e ju/ice & tru? w\ld be sov]eign1 & f :i* evil 9 all its =ms w\ld be bani%$ = ev]8 ,no "o w\ld d5y t ?is is 9 close relations ) ! religi\s s5tim5t2 =1 !y w\ld say1 x is t[>ds ! realization ( ?is t all religions /rive4 ,b t society is n an empirical fact1 def9ite & obs]vable2 x is a fancy1 a dream ) :i* m5 h light5$ _! suff]+s1 b 9 :i* !y h nev] really liv$4 ,x is m]ely an idea :i* comes to express our m or less obscure aspirations t[>ds ! good1 ! beautiful & ! ideal4 ,n[ ^! aspirations h _! roots 9 u2 !y come f ! v dep?s ( our be+2 !n !re is no?+ outside ( u :i* c acc\nt = !m4 ,moreov]1 !y are already religi\s 9 !mselves2 ?us x w\ld seem t ! ideal society presupposes religion1 f> f be+ able to expla9 x4#acjf ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?+s are arbitr>ily simplifi$ :5 religion is se5 only on its ideali/ic side3 9 its way1 x is reali/ic4 ,!re is no physical or moral ugl9ess1 !re are no vices or evils :i* d n h a special div9ity4 ,!re are gods ( !ft & trick]y1 ( lu/ & w>1 ( sickness & ( dea?4 ,*ri/ianity itself1 h[soev] high ! idea :i* x has made ( ! div9ity may be1 has be5 oblig$ to give ! _s ( evil a place 9 its my?ology4 ,satan is an ess5tial piece ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em2 ev5 if he is an impure be+1 he is n a pr(ane "o4 ,! anti-god1 is a god1 inf]ior & subord9at$1 x is true1 b nev]!less end[$ ) ext5d$ p[]s2 he is ev5 ! object ( rites1 at lea/ ( negative ones4 ,?us religion1 f> f ignor+ ! real society & mak+ ab/raction ( x1 is 9 its image2 x reflects all its aspects1 ev5 ! mo/ vulg> & ! mo/ repulsive4 ,all is to be f\nd !re1 & if 9 ! majority ( cases we see ! good victori\s ov] evil1 life ov] dea?1 ! p[]s ( light ov] ! p[]s ( d>kness1 x is because reality is n o!rwise4 ,if ! relation betwe5 ^! two contr>y =ces 7 rev]s$1 life w\ld be impossible2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x ma9ta9s itself & ev5 t5ds to develop4 ,b if1 9 ! mid/ ( ^! my?ologies & !ologies we see reality cle>ly appe>+1 x is none ! less true t x is f\nd !re only 9 an enl>g$1 trans=m$ & idealiz$ =m4 ,9 ?is respect1 ! mo/ primitive religions d n diff] f ! mo/ rec5t & ! mo/ ref9$4 ,= example1 we h se5 h[ ! ,arunta place at ! beg9n+ ( "t a my?ical society ^: organization exactly reproduces t :i* /ill exi/s to-day2 x includes ! same clans & phratries1 x is "u ! same matrimonial rules & x practises ! same rites4 ,b ! p]sonages :o compose x are ideal be+s1 gift$ ) p[]s & virtues to :i* common mortals _c pret5d4 ,_! nature is n only high]1 b x is diff]5t1 s9ce x is at once animal & human4 ,! evil p[]s !re und]go a simil> metamorphosis3 evil itself is1 z x 71 made sublime & idealiz$4 ,! "q n[ raises itself ( :5ce ?is idealization comes4 ,"s reply t m5 h a natural faculty = idealiz+1 t is to say1 ( sub/itut+ = ! real _w ano!r diff]5t "o1 to :i* !y transport !mselves by ?\ght4 ,b t is m]ely *ang+ ! t]ms ( ! problem2 x is n resolv+ x or ev5 advanc+ x4 ,?is sy/ematic idealization is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( religions4 ,expla9+ !m by an innate p[] ( idealization is simply replac+ "o ^w by ano!r :i* is ! equival5t ( ! fir/2 x is z if !y said t m5 h made religions because !y h a religi\s nature4 ,animals "k only "o _w1 ! "o :i* !y p]ceive by exp]i5ce1 int]nal z well z ext]nal4 ,m5 alone h ! faculty ( conceiv+ ! ideal1 ( add+ some?+ to ! real4 ,n[ :]e does ?is s+ul> privilege come f8 ,be=e mak+ x an initial fact or a my/]i\s virtue :i* escapes sci5ce1 we mu/ be sure t x does n dep5d ^u empirically det]m9able conditions4 ,! explanation ( religion :i* we h propos$ has precisely ?is advantage1 t x gives an answ] to ?is "q4 ,= our def9ition ( ! sacr$ is t x is some?+ add$ to & above ! real3 n[ ! ideal answ]s to ?is same def9ition2 we _c expla9 "o )\t expla9+ ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 t if collective life awak5s religi\s ?\ght on rea*+ a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity1 x is because x br+s ab\t a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce :i* *anges ! conditions ( psy*ic activity4 ,vital en]gies are ov]-excit$1 passions m active1 s5sations /rong]2 !re are ev5 "s :i* are produc$ only at ?is mom5t4 ,a man does n recognize himself2 he feels himself trans=m$ & consequ5tly he trans=ms ! environm5t :i* surr\nds him4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! v p>ticul> impressions :i* he receives1 he attributes to ! ?+s ) :i* he is 9 mo/ direct contact prop]ties :i* !y h n1 exceptional p[]s & virtues :i* ! objects ( e-day exp]i5ce d n possess4 ,9 a ^w1 above ! real _w :]e 8 pr(ane life passes he has plac$ ano!r :i*1 9 "o s5se1 does n exi/ except 9 ?\ght1 b to :i* he attributes a high] sort ( dignity ?an to ! fir/4 ,?us1 f a d\ble po9t ( view x is an ideal _w4 ,! =mation ( ! ideal _w is !re=e n an irr$ucible fact :i* escapes sci5ce2 x dep5ds ^u conditions :i* obs]vation c t\*2 x is a natural product ( social life4 ,= a society to become consci\s ( itself & ma9ta9 at ! necess>y degree ( int5sity ! s5tim5ts :i* x ?us atta9s1 x mu/ assemble & conc5trate itself4 ,n[ ?is conc5tration br+s ab\t an exaltation ( ! m5tal life :i* takes =m 9 a gr\p ( ideal conceptions :]e is portray$ ! new life ?us awak5$2 !y correspond to ?is new set ( psy*ical =ces :i* is add$ to ^? :i* we h at our disposition = ! daily tasks ( exi/5ce4 ,a society c nei!r create itself nor recreate itself )\t at ! same "t creat+ an ideal4 ,?is creation is n a sort ( "w ( sup]]ogation = x1 by :i* x w\ld complete itself1 be+ already =m$2 x is ! act by :i* x is p]iodically made & remade4 ,!re=e :5 "s oppose ! ideal society to ! real society1 l two antagoni/s :i* w\ld lead u 9 opposite directions1 !y mat]ialize & oppose ab/ractions4 ,! ideal society is n outside ( ! real society2 x is a "p ( x4 ,f> f be+ divid$ betwe5 !m z betwe5 two poles :i* mutually repel ea* o!r1 we _c hold to "o )\t hold+ to ! o!r4 ,= a society is n made up m]ely ( ! mass ( individuals :o compose x1 ! gr\nd :i* !y occupy1 ! ?+s :i* !y use & ! movem5ts :i* !y p]=m1 b above all is ! idea :i* x =ms ( itself4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t x hesitates ov] ! mann] 9 :i* x ought to conceive itself2 x feels itself drawn 9 div]g5t directions4 ,b ^! conflicts :i* break =? are n betwe5 ! ideal & reality1 b betwe5 two diff]5t ideals1 t ( ye/]day & t ( to-day1 t :i* has ! au?ority ( tradition & t :i* has ! hope ( ! future4 ,!re is surely a place = inve/igat+ :5ce ^! ideals evolve2 b :atev] solution may be giv5 to ?is problem1 x /ill rema9s t all passes 9 ! _w ( ! ideal4 ,?us ! collective ideal :i* religion expresses is f> f be+ due to a vague innate p[] ( ! individual1 b x is r at ! s*ool ( collective life t ! individual has le>n$ to idealize4 ,x is 9 assimilat+ ! ideals elaborat$ by society t he has become capable ( conceiv+ ! ideal4 ,x is society :i*1 by lead+ him )9 its sph]e ( action1 has made him acquire ! ne$ ( rais+ himself above ! _w ( exp]i5ce & has at ! same "t furni%$ him ) ! means ( conceiv+ ano!r4 ,= society has con/ruct$ ?is new _w 9 con/ruct+ itself1 s9ce x is society :i* ?is expresses4 ,?us bo? ) ! individual & 9 ! gr\p1 ! faculty ( idealiz+ has no?+ my/]i\s ab\t x4 ,x is n a sort ( luxury :i* a man c\ld get along )\t1 b a condition ( 8 v exi/5ce4 ,he c\ld n be a social be+1 t is to say1 he c\ld n be a man1 if he _h n acquir$ x4 ,x is true t 9 inc>nat+ !mselves 9 individuals1 collective ideals t5d to individualize !mselves4 ,ea* und]/&s !m aft] 8 own fa%ion & m>ks !m ) 8 own /amp2 he suppresses c]ta9 elem5ts & adds o!rs4 ,?us ! p]sonal ideal dis5gages itself f ! social ideal 9 proportion z ! individual p]sonality develops itself & becomes an autonom\s s\rce ( action4 ,b if we wi% to und]/& ?is aptitude1 s s+ul> 9 appe>ance1 ( liv+ outside ( reality1 x is en\gh to connect x ) ! social conditions ^u :i* x dep5ds4 ,!re=e x is necess>y to avoid see+ 9 ?is !ory ( religion a simple re/atem5t ( hi/orical mat]ialism3 t w\ld be misund]/&+ our ?\ght to an extreme degree4 ,9 %[+ t religion is some?+ ess5tially social1 we d n mean to say t x conf9es itself to translat+ into ano!r language ! mat]ial =ms ( society & its imm$iate vital necessities4 ,x is true t we take x z evid5t t social life dep5ds ^u its mat]ial f\ndation & be>s its m>k1 j z ! m5tal life ( an individual dep5ds ^u 8 n]v\s sy/em & 9 fact 8 :ole organism4 ,b collective consci\sness is some?+ m ?an a m]e epiph5om5on ( its morphological basis1 j z individual consci\sness is some?+ m ?an a simple effloresc5ce ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ord] t ! =m] may appe>1 a syn!sis sui g5]is ( p>ticul> consci\snesses is requir$4 ,n[ ?is syn!sis has ! effect ( dis5gag+ a :ole _w ( s5tim5ts1 ideas & images :i*1 once born1 obey laws all _! own4 ,!y attract ea* o!r1 repel ea* o!r1 unite1 divide !mselves1 & multiply1 ?\gh ^! comb9ations are n comm&$ & necessitat$ by ! condition ( ! und]ly+ reality4 ,! life ?us br\ght into be+ ev5 enjoys s great an indep5d5ce t x sometimes indulges 9 manife/ations ) no purpose or utility ( any sort1 = ! m]e pleasure ( affirm+ itself4 ,we h %[n t ?is is (t5 precisely ! case ) ritual activity & my?ological ?\ght4#acjg ,b if religion is ! product ( social causes1 h[ c we expla9 ! individual cult & ! univ]sali/ic "* ( c]ta9 religions8 ,if x is born 9 =o ext]no1 h[ has x be5 able to pass into ! inn] consci5ce ( ! individual & p5etrate !re ev] m & m pr(\ndly8 ,if x is ! "w ( def9ite & individualiz$ societies1 h[ has x be5 able to deta* itself f !m1 ev5 to ! po9t ( be+ conceiv$ z some?+ common to all humanity8 ,9 ! c\rse ( our /udies1 we h met ) ! g]ms ( individual religion & ( religi\s cosmopolitanism1 & we h se5 h[ !y 7 =m$2 ?us we possess ! m g5]al elem5ts ( ! reply :i* is to be giv5 to ?is d\ble "q4 ,we h %[n h[ ! religi\s =ce :i* animates ! clan p>ticul>izes itself1 by inc>nat+ itself 9 p>ticul> consci\snesses4 ,?us second>y sacr$ be+s are =m$2 ea* individual has 8 own1 made 9 8 own image1 associat$ to 8 own intimate life1 b\nd up ) 8 own de/9y2 x is ! s\l1 ! individual totem1 ! protect+ ance/or1 etc4 ,^! be+s are ! object ( rites :i* ! individual c celebrate by himself1 outside ( any gr\p2 ?is is ! fir/ =m ( ! individual cult4 ,to be sure1 x is only a v rudim5t>y cult2 b s9ce ! p]sonality ( ! individual is /ill only slightly m>k$1 & b little value is attribut$ to x1 ! cult :i* expresses x c\ld h>dly be expect$ to be v highly develop$ z yet4 ,b z individuals h diff]5tiat$ !mselves m & m & ! value ( an individual has increas$1 ! correspond+ cult has tak5 a relatively great] place 9 ! totality ( ! religi\s life & at ! same "t x is m fully clos$ to outside influ5ces4 ,?us ! exi/5ce ( individual cults implies no?+ :i* contradicts or emb>rasses ! sociological int]pretation ( religion2 = ! religi\s =ces to :i* x addresses itself are only ! individualiz$ =ms ( collective =ces4 ,!re=e1 ev5 :5 religion seems to be entirely )9 ! individual consci5ce1 x is /ill 9 society t x f9ds ! liv+ s\rce f :i* x is n\ri%$4 ,we are n[ able to appreciate ! value ( ! radical individualism :i* w\ld make religion some?+ purely individual3 x misund]/&s ! fundam5tal conditions ( ! religi\s life4 ,if up to ! pres5t x has rema9$ 9 ! /age ( !oretical aspirations :i* h nev] be5 realiz$1 x is because x is unrealizable4 ,a philosophy may well be elaborat$ 9 ! sil5ce ( ! int]ior imag9ation1 b n s a fai?4 ,= be=e all else1 a fai? is w>m?1 life1 en?usiasm1 ! exaltation ( ! :ole m5tal life1 ! rais+ ( ! individual above himself4 ,n[ h[ c\ld he add to ! en]gies :i* he possesses )\t go+ outside himself8 ,h[ c\ld he surpass himself m]ely by 8 own =ces8 ,! only s\rce ( life at :i* we c morally reanimate ourselves is t =m$ by ! society ( our fell[ be+s2 ! only moral =ces ) :i* we c su/a9 & increase our own are ^? :i* we get f o!rs4 ,let u ev5 admit t !re really are be+s m or less analog\s to ^? :i* ! my?ologies repres5t4 ,9 ord] t !y may ex]cise ov] s\ls ! useful direction :i* is _! reason = exi/5ce1 x is necess>y t m5 believe 9 !m4 ,n[ ^! beliefs are active only :5 !y are p>tak5 by _m4 ,a man _c reta9 !m any l5g? ( "t by a purely p]sonal ef=t2 x is n ?us t !y are born or t !y are acquir$2 x is ev5 d\btful if !y c be kept "u ^! conditions4 ,9 fact1 a man :o has a v]itable fai? feels an inv9cible ne$ ( spread+ x3 !re=e he leaves 8 isolation1 approa*es o!rs & seeks to conv9ce !m1 & x is ! ard\r ( ! convictions :i* he ar\ses t /r5g!ns 8 own4 ,x w\ld quickly weak5 if x rema9$ alone4 ,x is ! same ) religi\s univ]salism z ) ?is individualism4 ,f> f be+ an exclusive attribute ( c]ta9 v great religions1 we h f\nd x1 n at ! base1 x is true1 b at ! summit ( ! ,au/ralian sy/em4 ,bunjil1 ,d>amulun or ,baiame are n simple tribal gods2 ea* ( !m is recogniz$ by a numb] ( diff]5t tribes4 ,9 a s5se1 _! cult is int]national4 ,?is conception is !re=e v ne> to t f\nd 9 ! mo/ rec5t !ologies4 ,s c]ta9 writ]s h felt x _! duty to d5y its au!nticity1 h[soev] inconte/able ?is may be4 ,& we h be5 able to %[ h[ ?is has be5 =m$4 ,neighb\r+ tribes ( a simil> civilization _c fail to be 9 con/ant relations ) ea* o!r4 ,all sorts ( circum/ances give an occasion = x3 besides comm]ce1 :i* is /ill rudim5t>y1 !re are m>riages2 ^! int]national m>riages are v common 9 ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! meet+s1 m5 naturally become consci\s ( ! moral relation%ip :i* unit$ !m4 ,!y h ! same social organization1 ! same division into phratries1 clans & matrimonial classes2 !y practise ! same rites ( initiation1 or :olly simil> ones4 ,mutual loans & treaties result 9 re9=c+ ^! spontane\s resemblances4 ,! gods to :i* ^! manife/ly id5tical in/itutions 7 atta*$ c\ld h>dly h rema9$ di/9ct 9 _! m9ds4 ,ev]y?+ t5d$ to br+ !m toge!r & consequ5tly1 ev5 suppos+ t ea* tribe elaborat$ ! notion indep5d5tly1 !y mu/ necess>ily h t5d$ to conf\nd !mselves ) ea* o!r4 ,also1 x is probable t x 0 9 int]-tribal assemblies t !y 7 fir/ conceiv$4 ,= !y are *iefly ! gods ( initiation1 & 9 ! initiation c]emonies1 ! diff]5t tribes are usually repres5t$4 ,s if sacr$ be+s are =m$ :i* are connect$ ) no geographically det]m9$ society1 t is n because !y h an extra-social orig94 ,x is because !re are o!r gr\ps above ^! geographically det]m9$ ones1 ^: cont\rs are less cle>ly m>k$3 !y h no fix$ fronti]s1 b include all sorts ( m or less neighb\r+ & relat$ tribes4 ,! p>ticul> social life ?us creat$ t5ds to spread itself ov] an area ) no def9ite limits4 ,naturally ! my?ological p]sonages :o correspond to x h ! same "*2 _! sph]e ( influ5ce is n limit$2 !y g beyond ! p>ticul> tribes & _! t]ritory4 ,!y are ! great int]national gods4 ,n[ !re is no?+ 9 ?is situation :i* is peculi> to ,au/ralian societies4 ,!re is no p & no /ate :i* is n a "p ( ano!r society1 m or less unlimit$1 :i* embraces all ! peoples & all ! ,/ates ) :i* ! fir/ comes 9 contact1 ei!r directly or indirectly2 !re is no national life :i* is n dom9at$ by a collective life ( an int]national nature4 ,9 proportion z we advance 9 hi/ory1 ^! int]national gr\ps acquire a great] importance & ext5t4 ,?us we see h[1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ?is univ]sali/ic t5d5cy has be5 able to develop itself to ! po9t ( affect+ n only ! high] ideas ( ! religi\s sy/em1 b ev5 ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x re/s4 ,,ii ,?us !re is some?+ et]nal 9 religion :i* is de/9$ to survive all ! p>ticul> symbols 9 :i* religi\s ?\ght has successively envelop$ itself4 ,!re c be no society :i* does n feel ! ne$ ( uphold+ & reaffirm+ at regul> int]vals ! collective s5tim5ts & ! collective ideas :i* make its unity & its p]sonality4 ,n[ ?is moral remak+ _c be a*iev$ except by ! means ( reunions1 assemblies & meet+s :]e ! individuals1 be+ closely unit$ to "o ano!r1 reaffirm 9 common _! common s5tim5ts2 h5ce come c]emonies :i* d n diff] f regul> religi\s c]emonies1 ei!r 9 _! object1 ! results :i* !y produce1 or ! processes employ$ to atta9 ^! results4 ,:at ess5tial diff]5ce is !re betwe5 an assembly ( ,*ri/ians celebrat+ ! pr9cipal dates ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 or ( ,jews rememb]+ ! exodus f ,egypt or ! promulgation ( ! decalogue1 & a reunion ( citiz5s commemorat+ ! promulgation ( a new moral or legal sy/em or "s great ev5t 9 ! national life8 ,if we f9d a little difficulty to-day 9 imag9+ :at ^! fea/s & c]emonies ( ! future c\ld consi/ 91 x is because we are go+ ?r\gh a /age ( transition & moral m$iocrity4 ,! great ?+s ( ! pa/ :i* fill$ our fa!rs ) en?usiasm d n excite ! same ard\r 9 u1 ei!r because !y h come into common usage to su* an ext5t t we are unconsci\s ( !m1 or else because !y no long] answ] to our actual aspirations2 b z yet !re is no?+ to replace !m4 ,we c no long] impassionate ourselves = ! pr9ciples 9 ! "n ( :i* ,*ri/ianity recomm5d$ to ma/]s t !y treat _! slaves humanely1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! idea :i* x has =m$ ( human equality & frat]nity seems to u to-day to leave too l>ge a place = unju/ inequalities4 ,its pity = ! outca/ seems to u too ,platonic2 we desire ano!r :i* w\ld be m practicable2 b z yet we _c cle>ly see :at x %\ld be nor h[ x c\ld be realiz$ 9 facts4 ,9 a ^w1 ! old gods are gr[+ old or already dead1 & o!rs are n yet born4 ,?is is :at r5d]$ va9 ! attempt ( ,comte ) ! old hi/oric s\v5irs artificially reviv$2 x is life itself1 & n a dead pa/ :i* c produce a liv+ cult4 ,b ?is /ate ( inc]titude & confus$ agitation _c la/ = ev]4 ,a day w come :5 our societies w "k aga9 ^? h\rs ( creative eff]vesc5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* new ideas arise & new =mul are f\nd :i* s]ve = a :ile z a guide to humanity2 & :5 ^! h\rs %all h be5 pass$ ?r\gh once1 m5 w spontane\sly feel ! ne$ ( reliv+ !m f "t to "t 9 ?\ght1 t is to say1 ( keep+ alive _! memory by means ( celebrations :i* regul>ly reproduce _! fruits4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,fr5* ,revolution e/abli%$ a :ole cycle ( holidays to keep ! pr9ciples ) :i* x 0 inspir$ 9 a /ate ( p]petual y\?4 ,if ?is in/itution quickly fell away1 x 0 because ! revolution>y fai? la/$ b a mom5t1 & deceptions & disc\ragem5ts rapidly succe$$ ! fir/ mom5ts ( en?usiasm4 ,b ?\gh ! "w may h misc>ri$1 x enables u to imag9e :at might h happ5$ 9 o!r conditions2 & ev]y?+ leads u to believe t x w be tak5 up aga9 soon] or lat]4 ,!re are no gospels :i* are immortal1 b nei!r is !re any reason = believ+ t humanity is incapable ( inv5t+ new ones4 ,z to ! "q ( :at symbols ?is new fai? w express itself )1 :e!r !y w resemble ^? ( ! pa/ or n1 & :e!r or n !y w be m adequate = ! reality :i* !y seek to translate1 t is some?+ :i* surpasses ! human faculty ( =esight & :i* does n app]ta9 to ! pr9cipal "q4 ,b fea/s & rites1 9 a ^w1 ! cult1 are n ! :ole religion4 ,?is is n m]ely a sy/em ( practices1 b also a sy/em ( ideas ^: object is to expla9 ! _w2 we h se5 t ev5 ! humble/ h _! cosmology4 ,:atev] connection !re may be betwe5 ^! two elem5ts ( ! religi\s life1 !y are /ill q diff]5t4 ,! "o is turn$ t[>ds action1 :i* x dem&s & regulates2 ! o!r is turn$ t[>ds ?\ght1 :i* x enri*es & organizes4 ,!n !y d n dep5d ^u ! same conditions1 & consequ5tly x may be ask$ if ! second answ]s to necessities z univ]sal & z p]man5t z ! fir/4 ,:5 specific *>act]i/ics are attribut$ to religi\s ?\ght1 & :5 x is believ$ t its function is to express1 by means peculi> to itself1 an aspect ( reality :i* evades ord9>y k z well z sci5ce1 "o naturally refuses to admit t religion c ev] ab&on its speculative rle4 ,b our analysis ( ! facts does n seem to h %[n ?is specific quality ( religion4 ,! religion :i* we h j /udi$ is "o ( ^? ^: symbols are ! mo/ disconc]t+ = ! reason4 ,!re all appe>s my/]i\s4 ,^! be+s :i* belong to ! mo/ het]og5e\s gr\ps at ! same "t1 :o multiply )\t ceas+ to be "o1 :o divide )\t dim9i%+1 all seem1 at fir/ view1 to belong to an entirely diff]5t _w f ! "o :]e we live2 "s h ev5 gone s f> z to say t ! m9d :i* con/ruct$ !m ignor$ ! laws ( logic completely4 ,p]haps ! contra/ betwe5 reason & fai? has nev] be5 m ?or\gh4 ,!n if !re has ev] be5 a mom5t 9 hi/ory :5 _! het]og5e\sness %\ld h /ood out cle>ly1 x is "h4 ,b contr>y to all appe>ances1 z we h po9t$ out1 ! realities to :i* religi\s speculation is !n appli$ are ! same z ^? :i* lat] s]ve z ! subject ( reflection = philosoph]s3 !y are nature1 man1 society4 ,! my/]y :i* appe>s to surr\nd !m is :olly sup]ficial & disappe>s be=e a m pa9/ak+ obs]vation3 x is en\gh m]ely to set aside ! veil ) :i* my?ological imag9ation has cov]$ !m = !m to appe> su* z !y really are4 ,religion sets itself to translate ^! realities into an intelligible language :i* does n diff] 9 nature f t employ$ by sci5ce2 ! attempt is made by bo? to connect ?+s ) ea* o!r1 to e/abli% int]nal relations betwe5 !m1 to classify !m & to sy/ematize !m4 ,we h ev5 se5 t ! ess5tial ideas ( sci5tific logic are ( religi\s orig94 ,x is true t 9 ord] to utilize !m1 sci5ce gives !m a new elaboration2 x purges !m ( all accid5tal elem5ts2 9 a g5]al way1 x br+s a _s ( criticism into all its do+s1 :i* religion ignores2 x surr\nds itself ) precautions to escape precipitation & bias1 & to hold aside ! passions1 prejudices & all subjective influ5ces4 ,b ^! p]fection+s ( me?od are n en\gh to diff]5tiate x f religion4 ,9 ?is reg>d1 bo? pursue ! same end2 sci5tific ?\ght is only a m p]fect =m ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,?us x seems natural t ! second %\ld progressively retire be=e ! fir/1 z ?is becomes bett] fitt$ to p]=m ! task4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ?is regression has tak5 place 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,hav+ left religion1 sci5ce t5ds to sub/itute itself = ?is latt] 9 all t :i* conc]ns ! cognitive & intellectual functions4 ,*ri/ianity has already def9itely consecrat$ ?is sub/itution 9 ! ord] ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,see+ 9 matt] t :i* is pr(ane be=e all else1 x readily left ! k ( ?is to ano!r discipl9e1 tradidit mundum hom9um disputationi1 ,he gave ! _w ov] to ! disputes ( m52 x is ?us t ! natural sci5ces h be5 able to e/abli% !mselves & make _! au?ority recogniz$ )\t v great difficulty4 ,b x c\ld n give up ! _w ( s\ls s easily2 = x is be=e all ov] s\ls t ! god ( ! ,*ri/ians aspires to reign4 ,t is :y ! idea ( submitt+ ! psy*ic life to sci5ce produc$ ! effect ( a sort ( pr(anation = a long "t2 ev5 to-day x is repugnant to _m m9ds4 ,h[ev]1 exp]im5tal & comp>ative psy*ology is f\nd$ & to-day we mu/ reckon ) x4 ,b ! _w ( ! religi\s & moral life is /ill =bidd54 ,! great majority ( m5 cont9ue to believe t "h !re is an ord] ( ?+s :i* ! m9d _c p5etrate except by v special ways4 ,h5ce comes ! active resi/ance :i* is met ) e "t t someone tries to treat religi\s & moral ph5om5a sci5tifically4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! oppositions1 ^! attempts are con/antly repeat$ & ?is p]si/5ce ev5 all[s u to =esee t ?is f9al b>ri] w f9ally give way & t sci5ce w e/abli% h]self z mi/ress ev5 9 ?is res]v$ region4 ,t is :at ! conflict betwe5 sci5ce & religion really am\nts to4 ,x is said t sci5ce d5ies religion 9 pr9ciple4 ,b religion exi/s2 x is a sy/em ( giv5 facts2 9 a ^w1 x is a reality4 ,h[ c\ld sci5ce d5y ?is reality8 ,also1 9 s f> z religion is action1 & 9 s f> z x is a means ( mak+ m5 live1 sci5ce c\ld n take its place1 = ev5 if ?is expresses life1 x does n create x2 x may well seek to expla9 ! fai?1 b by t v act x presupposes x4 ,?us !re is no conflict except ^u "o limit$ po9t4 ,( ! two functions :i* religion orig9ally fulfill$1 !re is "o1 & only "o1 :i* t5ds to escape x m & m3 t is its speculative function4 ,t :i* sci5ce refuses to grant to religion is n its "r to exi/1 b its "r to dogmatize ^u ! nature ( ?+s & ! special compet5ce :i* x claims = itself = kn[+ man & ! _w4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x does n "k itself4 ,x does n ev5 "k :at x is made (1 nor to :at ne$ x answ]s4 ,x is itself a subject = sci5ce1 s f> is x f be+ able to make ! law = sci5ce6 ,& f ano!r po9t ( view1 s9ce !re is no prop] subject = religi\s speculation outside t reality to :i* sci5tific reflection is appli$1 x is evid5t t ?is =m] _c play ! same rle 9 ! future t x has play$ 9 ! pa/4 ,h[ev]1 x seems de/9$ to trans=m itself r ?an to disappe>4 ,we h said t !re is some?+ et]nal 9 religion3 x is ! cult & ! fai?4 ,m5 _c celebrate c]emonies = :i* !y see no reason1 nor c !y accept a fai? :i* !y 9 no way und]/&4 ,to spread itself or m]ely to ma9ta9 itself1 x mu/ be ju/ifi$1 t is to say1 a !ory mu/ be made ( x4 ,a !ory ( ?is sort mu/ und\bt$ly be f\nd$ ^u ! diff]5t sci5ces1 f ! mom5t :5 ^! exi/2 fir/ ( all1 ^u ! social sci5ces1 = religi\s fai? has its orig9 9 society2 !n ^u psy*ology1 = society is a syn!sis ( human consci\snesses2 & f9ally ^u ! sci5ces ( nature1 = man & society are a "p ( ! univ]se & c be ab/ract$ f x only artificially4 ,b h[soev] important ^! facts tak5 f ! con/itut$ sci5ces may be1 !y are n en\gh2 = fai? is be=e all else an impetus to action1 :ile sci5ce1 no matt] h[ f> x may be pu%$1 always rema9s at a di/ance f ?is4 ,sci5ce is fragm5t>y & incomplete2 x advances b sl[ly & is nev] f9i%$2 b life _c wait4 ,! !ories :i* are de/9$ to make m5 live & act are !re=e oblig$ to pass sci5ce & complete x prematurely4 ,!y are possible only :5 ! practical exig5cies & ! vital necessities :i* we feel )\t di/9ctly conceiv+ !m pu% ?\ght 9 advance1 beyond t :i* sci5ce p]mits u to affirm4 ,?us religions1 ev5 ! mo/ rational & laiciz$1 _c & nev] w be able to disp5se ) a p>ticul> =m ( speculation :i*1 ?\gh hav+ ! same subjects z sci5ce itself1 _c be really sci5tific3 ! obscure intuitions ( s5sation & s5tim5t too (t5 take ! place ( logical reasons4 ,on "o side1 ?is speculation resembles t :i* we meet ) 9 ! religions ( ! pa/2 b on ano!r1 x is diff]5t4 ,:ile claim+ & ex]cis+ ! "r ( go+ beyond sci5ce1 x mu/ comm5ce by kn[+ ?is & by inspir+ itself ) x4 ,ev] s9ce ! au?ority ( sci5ce 0 e/abli%$1 x mu/ be reckon$ )2 "o c g f>!r ?an x "u ! pressure ( necessity1 b he mu/ take 8 direction f x4 ,he c affirm no?+ t x d5ies1 d5y no?+ t x affirms1 & e/abli% no?+ t is n directly or indirectly f\nd$ ^u pr9ciples tak5 f x4 ,f n[ on1 ! fai? no long] ex]cises ! same hegemony z =m]ly ov] ! sy/em ( ideas t we may cont9ue to call religion4 ,a rival p[] rises up be=e x :i*1 be+ born ( x1 ev] aft] submits x to its criticism & control4 ,& ev]y?+ makes u =esee t ?is control w con/antly become m ext5d$ & effici5t1 :ile no limit c be assign$ to its future influ5ce4 ,,iii ,b if ! fundam5tal notions ( sci5ce are ( a religi\s orig91 h[ has religion be5 able to br+ !m =?8 ,at fir/ sight1 "o does n see :at relations !re c be betwe5 religion & logic4 ,or1 s9ce ! reality :i* religi\s ?\ght expresses is society1 ! "q c be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms1 :i* make ! entire difficulty appe> ev5 bett]3 :at has be5 able to make social life s important a s\rce = ! logical life8 ,x seems z ?\gh no?+ c\ld h pr$e/9$ x to ?is rle1 = x c]ta9ly 0 n to satisfy _! speculative ne$s t m5 associat$ !mselves toge!r4 ,p]haps we %all be f\nd ov] bold 9 attempt+ s complex a "q "h4 ,to treat x z x %\ld be treat$1 ! sociological conditions ( k %\ld be kn[n mu* bett] ?an !y actually are2 we are only beg9n+ to cat* glimpses ( "s ( !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q is s grave1 & s directly impli$ 9 all t has prec$$1 t we mu/ make an ef=t n to leave x )\t an answ]4 ,p]haps x is n impossible1 ev5 at pres5t1 to /ate "s g5]al pr9ciples :i* may at lea/ aid 9 ! solution4 ,logical ?\ght is made up ( concepts4 ,seek+ h[ society c h play$ a rle 9 ! g5esis ( logical ?\ght ?us r$uces itself to seek+ h[ x c h tak5 a "p 9 ! =mation ( concepts4 ,if1 z is ord9>ily ! case1 we see 9 ! concept only a g5]al idea1 ! problem appe>s insoluble4 ,by 8 own p[]1 ! individual c comp>e 8 conceptions & images1 dis5gage t :i* !y h 9 common1 & ?us1 9 a ^w1 g5]alize4 ,!n x is h>d to see :y ?is g5]alization %\ld be possible only 9 & ?r\gh society4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is inadmissible t logical ?\ght is *>act]iz$ only by ! great] ext5sion ( ! conceptions ( :i* x is made up4 ,if p>ticul> ideas h no?+ logical ab\t !m1 :y %\ld x be diff]5t ) g5]al ones8 ,! g5]al exi/s only 9 ! p>ticul>2 x is ! p>ticul> simplifi$ & impov]i%$4 ,!n ! fir/ c\ld h no virtues or privileges :i* ! second has n4 ,inv]sely1 if conceptual ?\ght c be appli$ to ! class1 species or v>iety1 h[soev] re/rict$ ^! may be1 :y c x n be ext5d$ to ! individual1 t is to say1 to ! limit t[>ds :i* ! conception t5ds1 proportionately z its ext5sion dim9i%es8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re are _m concepts :i* h only individuals z _! object4 ,9 e sort ( religion1 gods are individualities di/9ct f ea* o!r2 h[ev]1 !y are conceiv$1 n p]ceiv$4 ,ea* p repres5ts its hi/oric or leg5d>y h]oes 9 fa%ions :i* v>y ) ! "t4 ,f9ally1 e "o ( u =ms an idea ( ! individuals ) :om he comes 9 contact1 ( _! "*1 ( _! appe>ance1 _! di/9ctive traits & _! moral & physical temp]am5ts3 ^! notions1 too1 are real concepts4 ,x is true t 9 g5]al !y are =m$ crudely en\gh2 b ev5 among sci5tific concepts1 are !re a great _m t are p]fectly adequate = _! object8 ,9 ?is direction1 !re are only diff]5ces ( degree betwe5 !m4 ,!re=e ! concept mu/ be def9$ by o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,x is oppos$ to s5sual repres5tations ( e ord]--s5sations1 p]ceptions or images--by ! foll[+ prop]ties4 ,s5sual repres5tations are 9 a p]petual flux2 !y come aft] ea* o!r l ! waves ( a riv]1 & ev5 dur+ ! "t t !y la/1 !y d n rema9 ! same ?+4 ,ea* ( !m is an integral "p ( ! precise in/ant :5 x takes place4 ,we are nev] sure ( aga9 f9d+ a p]ception su* z we exp]i5c$ x ! fir/ "t2 = if ! ?+ p]ceiv$ has n *ang$1 x is we :o are no long] ! same4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! concept is1 z x 71 outside ( "t & *ange2 x is 9 ! dep?s bel[ all ?is agitation2 x might be said t x is 9 a diff]5t portion ( ! m9d1 :i* is s]5] & calm]4 ,x does n move ( itself1 by an int]nal & spontane\s evolution1 b1 on ! contr>y1 x resi/s *ange4 ,x is a mann] ( ?9k+ t1 at e mom5t ( "t1 is fix$ & cry/alliz$4#acjh ,9 s f> z x is :at x ought to be1 x is immutable4 ,if x *anges1 x is n because x is its nature to d s1 b because we h discov]$ "s imp]fection 9 x2 x is because x _h to be rectifi$4 ,! sy/em ( concepts ) :i* we ?9k 9 ev]yday life is t express$ by ! vocabul>y ( our "m tongue2 = e ^w translates a concept4 ,n[ language is some?+ fix$2 x *anges b v sl[ly1 & consequ5tly x is ! same ) ! conceptual sy/em :i* x expresses4 ,! s*ol> f9ds himself 9 ! same situation 9 reg>d to ! special t]m9ology employ$ by ! sci5ce to :i* he has consecrat$ himself1 & h5ce 9 reg>d to ! special s*eme ( concepts to :i* ?is t]m9ology corresponds4 ,x is true t he c make innovations1 b ^! are always a sort ( viol5ce done to ! e/abli%$ ways ( ?9k+4 ,& at ! same "t t x is relatively immutable1 ! concept is univ]sal1 or at lea/ capable ( becom+ s4 ,a concept is n my concept2 ,i hold x 9 common ) o!r m51 or1 9 any case1 c communicate x to !m4 ,x is impossible = me to make a s5sation pass f my consci\sness into t ( ano!r2 x holds closely to my organism & p]sonality & _c be deta*$ f !m4 ,all t ,i c d is to invite o!rs to place !mselves be=e ! same object z myself & to leave !mselves to its action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 conv]sation & all intellectual communication betwe5 m5 is an ex*ange ( concepts4 ,! concept is an ess5tially imp]sonal repres5tation2 x is ?r\gh x t human intellig5ces communicate4#acji ,! nature ( ! concept1 ?us def9$1 bespeaks its orig94 ,if x is common to all1 x is ! "w ( ! community4 ,s9ce x be>s ! m>k ( no p>ticul> m9d1 x is cle> t x 0 elaborat$ by a unique intellig5ce1 :]e all o!rs meet ea* o!r1 & aft] a fa%ion1 come to n\ri% !mselves4 ,if x has m /ability ?an s5sations or images1 x is because ! collective repres5tations are m /able ?an ! individual ones2 = :ile an individual is consci\s ev5 ( ! slight *anges :i* take place 9 8 environm5t1 only ev5ts ( a great] gravity c succe$ 9 affect+ ! m5tal /atus ( a society4 ,e "t t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( a type#acaj ( ?\ght or action :i* is impos$ uni=mly ^u p>ticul> wills or intellig5ces1 ?is pressure ex]cis$ ov] ! individual betrays ! int]v5tion ( ! gr\p4 ,also1 z we h already said1 ! concepts ) :i* we ord9>ily ?9k are ^? ( our vocabul>y4 ,n[ x is unque/ionable t language1 & consequ5tly ! sy/em ( concepts :i* x translates1 is ! product ( a collective elaboration4 ,:at x expresses is ! mann] 9 :i* society z a :ole repres5ts ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,! ideas :i* correspond to ! div]se elem5ts ( language are ?us collective repres5tations4 ,ev5 _! cont5ts be> witness to ! same fact4 ,9 fact1 !re are sc>cely any words among ^? :i* we usually employ ^: mean+ does n pass1 to a great] or less ext5t1 ! limits ( our p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,v frequ5tly a t]m expresses ?+s :i* we h nev] p]ceiv$ or exp]i5ces :i* we h nev] _h or ( :i* we h nev] be5 ! witnesses4 ,ev5 :5 we "k "s ( ! objects :i* x conc]ns1 x is only z p>ticul> examples t !y s]ve to illu/rate ! idea :i* !y w\ld nev] h be5 able to =m by !mselves4 ,?us !re is a great deal ( k cond5s$ 9 ! ^w :i* ,i nev] collect$1 & :i* is n individual2 x ev5 surpasses me to su* an ext5t t ,i _c ev5 completely appropriate all its results4 ,:i* ( u kn[s all ! words ( ! language he speaks & ! entire signification ( ea*8 ,?is rem>k enables u to det]m9e ! s5se 9 :i* we mean to say t concepts are collective repres5tations4 ,if !y belong to a :ole social gr\p1 x is n because !y repres5t ! av]age ( ! correspond+ individual repres5tations2 = 9 t case !y w\ld be poor] ?an ! latt] 9 intellectual cont5t1 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 !y conta9 mu* t surpasses ! k ( ! av]age individual4 ,!y are n ab/ractions :i* h a reality only 9 p>ticul> consci\snesses1 b !y are z concrete repres5tations z an individual c\ld =m ( 8 own p]sonal environm5t3 !y correspond to ! way 9 :i* ?is v special be+1 society1 consid]s ! ?+s ( its own prop] exp]i5ce4 ,if1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! concepts are ne>ly always g5]al ideas1 & if !y express categories & classes r ?an p>ticul> objects1 x is because ! unique & v>iable *>act]i/ics ( ?+s int]e/ society b r>ely2 because ( its v ext5t1 x c sc>cely be affect$ by m ?an _! g5]al & p]man5t qualities4 ,!re=e x is to ?is aspect ( affairs t x gives its att5tion3 x is a "p ( its nature to see ?+s 9 l>ge & "u ! aspect :i* !y ord9>ily h4 ,b ?is g5]ality is n necess>y = !m1 &1 9 any case1 ev5 :5 ^! repres5tations h ! g5]ic "* :i* !y ord9>ily h1 !y are ! "w ( society & are enri*$ by its exp]i5ce4 ,t is :at makes conceptual ?\ght s valuable = u4 ,if concepts 7 only g5]al ideas1 !y w\ld n enri* k a great deal1 =1 z we h already po9t$ out1 ! g5]al conta9s no?+ m ?an ! p>ticul>4 ,b if be=e all else !y are collective repres5tations1 !y add to t :i* we c le>n by our own p]sonal exp]i5ce all t wisdom & sci5ce :i* ! gr\p has accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies4 ,?9k+ by concepts1 is n m]ely see+ reality on its mo/ g5]al side1 b x is project+ a light ^u ! s5sation :i* illum9ates x1 p5etrates x & trans=ms x4 ,conceiv+ some?+ is bo? le>n+ its ess5tial elem5ts bett] & also locat+ x 9 its place2 = ea* civilization has its organiz$ sy/em ( concepts :i* *>act]izes x4 ,be=e ?is s*eme ( ideas1 ! individual is 9 ! same situation z ! ,greek3 nos ( ,plato be=e ! _w ( ,ideas4 ,he mu/ assimilate !m to himself1 = he mu/ h !m to hold int]c\rse ) o!rs2 b ! assimilation is always imp]fect4 ,ea* ( u sees !m aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,!re are "s :i* escape u completely & rema9 outside ( our circle ( vision2 !re are o!rs ( :i* we p]ceive c]ta9 aspects only4 ,!re are ev5 a great _m :i* we p]v]t 9 hold+1 = z !y are collective by nature1 !y _c become individualiz$ )\t be+ ret\*$1 modifi$1 & consequ5tly falsifi$4 ,h5ce comes ! great tr\ble we h 9 und]/&+ ea* o!r1 & ! fact t we ev5 lie to ea* o!r )\t wi%+ to3 x is because we all use ! same words )\t giv+ !m ! same mean+4 ,we are n[ able to see :at ! "p ( society 9 ! g5esis ( logical ?\ght is4 ,?is is possible only f ! mom5t :51 above ! fugitive conceptions :i* !y owe to s5su\s exp]i5ce1 m5 h succe$$ 9 conceiv+ a :ole _w ( /able ideas1 ! common gr\nd ( all intellig5ces4 ,9 fact1 logical ?9k+ is always imp]sonal ?9k+1 & is also ?\ght sub species trnitatis--z ?\gh = all "t4 ,imp]sonality & /ability are ! two *>act]i/ics ( tru?4 ,n[ logical life evid5tly presupposes t m5 "k1 at lea/ confus$ly1 t !re is su* a ?+ z tru?1 di/9ct f s5su\s appe>ances4 ,b h[ h !y be5 able to arrive at ?is conception8 ,we g5]ally talk z ?\gh x %\ld h spontane\sly pres5t$ itself to !m f ! mom5t !y op5$ _! eyes ^u ! _w4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no?+ 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce :i* c\ld sugge/ x2 ev]y?+ ev5 contradicts x4 ,?us ! *ild & ! animal h no suspicion ( x4 ,hi/ory %[s t x has tak5 c5turies = x to dis5gage & e/abli% itself4 ,9 our ,we/]n _w1 x 0 ) ! great ?9k]s ( ,greece t x fir/ became cle>ly consci\s ( itself & ( ! consequ5ces :i* x implies2 :5 ! discov]y 0 made1 x caus$ an amazem5t :i* ,plato has translat$ into magnific5t language4 ,b if x is only at ?is epo* t ! idea is express$ 9 philosophic =mul1 x 0 necess>ily pre-exi/5t 9 ! /age ( an obscure s5tim5t4 ,philosoph]s h s\ght to elucidate ?is s5tim5t1 b !y h n succe$$4 ,9 ord] t !y might reflect ^u x & analyse x1 x 0 necess>y t x be giv5 !m1 & t !y seek to "k :5ce x came1 t is to say1 9 :at exp]i5ce x 0 f\nd$4 ,?is is 9 collective exp]i5ce4 ,x is "u ! =m ( collective ?\ght t imp]sonal ?\ght is = ! fir/ "t reveal$ to humanity2 we _c see by :at o!r way ?is revelation c\ld h be5 made4 ,f ! m]e fact t society exi/s1 !re is also1 outside ( ! individual s5sations & images1 a :ole sy/em ( repres5tations :i* enjoy m>vell\s prop]ties4 ,by means ( !m1 m5 und]/& ea* o!r & intellig5ces grasp ea* o!r4 ,!y h )9 !m a sort ( =ce or moral asc5dancy1 9 virtue ( :i* !y impose !mselves ^u individual m9ds4 ,h5ce ! individual at lea/ obscurely takes acc\nt ( ! fact t above 8 private ideas1 !re is a _w ( absolute ideas accord+ to :i* he mu/ %ape 8 own2 he cat*es a glimpse ( a :ole intellectual k+dom 9 :i* he p>ticipates1 b :i* is great] ?an he4 ,?is is ! fir/ intuition ( ! realm ( tru?4 ,f ! mom5t :5 he fir/ becomes consci\s ( ^! high] ideas1 he sets himself to scrut9iz+ _! nature2 he asks :5ce ^! pre-em95t repres5tations hold _! pr]ogatives &1 9 s f> z he believes t he has discov]$ _! causes1 he und]takes to put ^! causes into action = himself1 9 ord] t he may draw f !m by 8 own =ce ! effects :i* !y produce2 t is to say1 he attributes to himself ! "r ( mak+ concepts4 ,?us ! faculty ( conception has individualiz$ itself4 ,b to und]/& its orig9s & function1 x mu/ be atta*$ to ! social conditions ^u :i* x dep5ds4 ,x may be object$ t we %[ ! concept 9 "o ( its aspects only1 & t its unique rle is n ! assur+ ( a h>mony among m9ds1 b also1 & to a great] ext5t1 _! h>mony ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,x seems z ?\gh x _h a reason = exi/5ce only on condition ( be+ true1 t is to say1 objective1 & z ?\gh its imp]sonality 7 only a consequ5ce ( its objectivity4 ,x is 9 reg>d to ?+s1 ?\ght ( z adequately z possible1 t m9ds ought to communicate4 ,nor d we d5y t ! evolution ( concepts has be5 p>tially 9 ?is direction4 ,! concept :i* 0 fir/ held z true because x 0 collective t5ds to be no long] collective except on condition ( be+ held z true3 we dem& its cr$5tials ( x be=e accord+ x our confid5ce4 ,b we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t ev5 to-day ! great majority ( ! concepts :i* we use are n me?odically con/itut$2 we get !m f language1 t is to say1 f common exp]i5ce1 )\t submitt+ !m to any criticism4 ,! sci5tifically elaborat$ & criticiz$ concepts are always 9 ! v slight m9ority4 ,also1 betwe5 !m & ^? :i* draw all _! au?ority f ! fact t !y are collective1 !re are only diff]5ces ( degree4 ,a collective repres5tation pres5ts gu>antees ( objectivity by ! fact t x is collective3 = x is n )\t suffici5t reason t x has be5 able to g5]alize & ma9ta9 itself ) p]si/5ce4 ,if x 7 out ( accord ) ! nature ( ?+s1 x w\ld nev] h be5 able to acquire an ext5d$ & prolong$ empire ov] intellects4 ,at bottom1 ! confid5ce inspir$ by sci5tific concepts is due to ! fact t !y c be me?odically controll$4 ,b a collective repres5tation is necess>ily submitt$ to a control t is repeat$ indef9itely2 ! m5 :o accept x v]ify x by _! own exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 x c\ld n be :olly inadequate = its subject4 ,x is true t x may express ?is by means ( imp]fect symbols2 b sci5tific symbols !mselves are nev] m ?an approximative4 ,x is precisely ?is pr9ciple :i* is at ! basis ( ! me?od :i* we foll[ 9 ! /udy ( religi\s ph5om5a3 we take x z an axiom t religi\s beliefs1 h[soev] /range _! appe>ance may be at times1 conta9 a tru? :i* mu/ be discov]$4#acaa ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n at all true t concepts1 ev5 :5 con/ruct$ accord+ to ! rules ( sci5ce1 get _! au?ority uniquely f _! objective value4 ,x is n en\gh t !y be true to be believ$4 ,if !y are n 9 h>mony ) ! o!r beliefs & op9ions1 or1 9 a ^w1 ) ! mass ( ! o!r collective repres5tations1 !y w be d5i$2 m9ds w be clos$ to !m2 consequ5tly x w be z ?\gh !y did n exi/4 ,to-day x is g5]ally suffici5t t !y be> ! /amp ( sci5ce to receive a sort ( privileg$ cr$it1 because we h fai? 9 sci5ce4 ,b ?is fai? does n diff] ess5tially f religi\s fai?4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 ! value :i* we attribute to sci5ce dep5ds ^u ! idea :i* we collectively =m ( its nature & rle 9 life2 t is z mu* z to say t x expresses a /ate ( public op9ion4 ,9 all social life1 9 fact1 sci5ce re/s ^u op9ion4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t ?is op9ion c be tak5 z ! object ( a /udy & a sci5ce made ( x2 ?is is :at sociology pr9cipally consi/s 94 ,b ! sci5ce ( op9ion does n make op9ions2 x c only obs]ve !m & make !m m consci\s ( !mselves4 ,x is true t by ?is means x c lead !m to *ange1 b sci5ce cont9ues to be dep5d5t ^u op9ion at ! v mom5t :5 x seems to be mak+ its laws2 =1 z we h already %[n1 x is f op9ion t x holds ! =ce necess>y to act ^u op9ion4#acab ,say+ t concepts express ! mann] 9 :i* society repres5ts ?+s is also say+ t conceptual ?\ght is coeval ) humanity itself4 ,we refuse to see 9 x ! product ( a m or less ret>d$ culture4 ,a man :o did n ?9k ) concepts w\ld n be a man1 = he w\ld n be a social be+4 ,if r$uc$ to hav+ only individual p]ceptions1 he w\ld be indi/+ui%able f ! bea/s4 ,if x has be5 possible to su/a9 ! contr>y !sis1 x is because concepts h be5 def9$ by *>act]i/ics :i* are n ess5tial to !m4 ,!y h be5 id5tifi$ ) g5]al ideas#acac & ) cle>ly limit$ & circumscrib$ g5]al ideas4#acad ,9 ^! conditions x has possibly seem$ z ?\gh ! inf]ior societies _h no concepts prop]ly s call$2 = !y h only rudim5t>y processes ( g5]alization & ! ideas :i* !y use are n g5]ally v well def9$4 ,b ! great] "p ( our concepts are equally indet]m9$2 we =ce ourselves to def9e !m only 9 discussions or :5 do+ c>eful "w4 ,we h also se5 t conceiv+ is n g5]aliz+4 ,?9k+ conceptually is n simply isolat+ & gr\p+ toge!r ! common *>act]i/ics ( a c]ta9 numb] ( objects2 x is relat+ ! v>iable to ! p]man5t1 ! individual to ! social4 ,& s9ce logical ?\ght comm5ces ) ! concept1 x foll[s t x has always exi/$2 !re is no p]iod 9 hi/ory :5 m5 h liv$ 9 a *ronic confusion & contradiction4 ,to be sure1 we _c insi/ too mu* ^u ! diff]5t *>act]i/ics :i* logic pres5ts at diff]5t p]iods 9 hi/ory2 x develops l ! societies !mselves4 ,b h[soev] real ^! diff]5ces may be1 !y %\ld n cause u to neglect ! simil>ities1 :i* are no less ess5tial4 ,,iv ,we are n[ 9 a position to take up a f9al "q :i* has already be5 rais$ 9 our introduction#acae & :i* has be5 tak5 z und]/ood 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is "w4 ,we h se5 t at lea/ "s ( ! categories are social ?+s4 ,! "q is :]e !y got ?is "*4 ,und\bt$ly x w be easily und]/ood t s9ce !y are !mselves concepts1 !y are ! "w ( ! gr\p4 ,x c ev5 be said t !re are no o!r concepts :i* pres5t to an equal degree ! signs by :i* a collective repres5tation is recogniz$4 ,9 fact1 _! /ability & imp]sonality are su* t !y h (t5 pass$ z be+ absolutely univ]sal & immutable4 ,also1 z !y express ! fundam5tal conditions = an agreem5t betwe5 m9ds1 x seems evid5t t !y h be5 elaborat$ by society4 ,b ! problem conc]n+ !m is m complex1 = !y are social 9 ano!r s5se &1 z x 7 9 ! second degree4 ,!y n only come f society1 b ! ?+s :i* !y express are ( a social nature4 ,n only is x society :i* has f\nd$ !m1 b _! cont5ts are ! diff]5t aspects ( ! social be+3 ! category ( class 0 at fir/ indi/9ct f ! concept ( ! human gr\p2 x is ! rhy?m ( social life :i* is at ! basis ( ! category ( "t2 ! t]ritory occupi$ by ! society furni%$ ! mat]ial = ! category ( space2 x is ! collective =ce :i* 0 ! prototype ( ! concept ( effici5t =ce1 an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! category ( causality4 ,h[ev]1 ! categories are n made to be appli$ only to ! social realm2 !y rea* out to all reality4 ,!n h[ is x t !y h tak5 f society ! models ^u :i* !y h be5 con/ruct$8 ,x is because !y are ! pre-em95t concepts1 :i* h a prepond]at+ "p 9 our k4 ,9 fact1 ! function ( ! categories is to dom9ate & envelop all ! o!r concepts3 !y are p]man5t m\lds = ! m5tal life4 ,n[ = !m to embrace su* an object1 !y mu/ be f\nd$ ^u a reality ( equal amplitude4 ,und\bt$ly ! relations :i* !y express exi/ 9 an implicit way 9 individual consci\snesses4 ,! individual lives 9 "t1 &1 z we h said1 he has a c]ta9 s5se ( temporal ori5tation4 ,he is situat$ at a det]m9$ po9t 9 space1 & x has ev5 be5 held1 & su/a9$ ) good reasons1 t all s5sations h some?+ special ab\t !m4#acaf ,he has a feel+ ( resemblances2 simil> repres5tations are br\ght toge!r & ! new repres5tation =m$ by _! union has a sort ( g5]ic "*4 ,we also h ! s5sation ( a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ! ord] ( ! succession ( ph5om5a2 ev5 an animal is n incapable ( ?is4 ,h[ev]1 all ^! relations are /rictly p]sonal = ! individual :o recognizes !m1 & consequ5tly ! notion ( !m :i* he may h c 9 no case g beyond 8 own n>r[ horizon4 ,! g5]ic images :i* are =m$ 9 my consci\sness by ! fusion ( simil> images repres5t only ! objects :i* ,i h p]ceiv$ directly2 !re is no?+ !re :i* c\ld give me ! idea ( a class1 t is to say1 ( a m\ld includ+ ! :ole gr\p ( all possible objects :i* satisfy ! same condition4 ,also1 x w\ld be necess>y to h ! idea ( gr\p 9 ! fir/ place1 & ! m]e obs]vations ( our int]ior life c\ld nev] awak5 t 9 u4 ,b1 above all1 !re is no individual exp]i5ce1 h[soev] ext5d$ & prolong$ x may be1 :i* c\ld give a suspicion ( ! exi/5ce ( a :ole class :i* w\ld embrace e s+le be+1 & to :i* o!r classes are only co-ord9at$ or subord9at$ species4 ,?is idea ( all1 :i* is at ! basis ( ! classifications :i* we h j cit$1 c\ld n h come f ! individual himself1 :o is only a "p 9 relation to ! :ole & :o nev] atta9s m ?an an inf9itesimal fraction ( reality4 ,& yet !re is p]haps no o!r category ( great] importance2 = z ! rle ( ! categories is to envelop all ! o!r concepts1 ! category p> excell5ce w\ld seem to be ?is v concept ( totality4 ,! !ori/s ( k ord9>ily po/ulate x z if x came ( itself1 :ile x really surpasses ! cont5ts ( ea* individual consci\sness tak5 alone to an inf9ite degree4 ,= ! same reasons1 ! space :i* ,i "k by my s5ses1 ( :i* ,i am ! c5tre & :]e ev]y?+ is dispos$ 9 relation to me1 c\ld n be space 9 g5]al1 :i* conta9s all ext5sions & :]e ^! are co-ord9at$ by p]sonal guide-l9es :i* are common to ev]ybody4 ,9 ! same way1 ! concrete duration :i* ,i feel pass+ )9 me & ) me c\ld n give me ! idea ( "t 9 g5]al3 ! fir/ expresses only ! rhy?m ( my individual life2 ! second %\ld correspond to ! rhy?m ( a life :i* is n t ( any individual 9 p>ticul>1 b 9 :i* all p>ticipate4#acag ,9 ! same way1 f9ally1 ! regul>ities :i* ,i am able to conceive 9 ! mann] 9 :i* my s5sations succe$ "o ano!r may well h a value = me2 !y expla9 h[ x comes ab\t t :5 ,i am giv5 ! fir/ ( two ph5om5a ^: concurr5ce ,i h obs]v$1 ,i t5d to expect ! o!r4 ,b ?is p]sonal /ate ( expectation c\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! conception ( a univ]sal ord] ( succession :i* imposes itself ^u all m9ds & all ev5ts4 ,s9ce ! _w express$ by ! entire sy/em ( concepts is ! "o t society reg>ds1 society alone c furni% ! mo/ g5]al notions ) :i* x %\ld be repres5t$4 ,su* an object c be embrac$ only by a subject :i* conta9s all ! individual subjects )9 x4 ,s9ce ! univ]se does n exi/ except 9 s f> z x is ?\ght (1 & s9ce x is n completely ?\ght ( except by society1 x takes a place 9 ?is latt]2 x becomes a "p ( society's int]ior life1 :ile ?is is ! totality1 outside ( :i* no?+ exi/s4 ,! concept ( totality is only ! ab/ract =m ( ! concept ( society3 x is ! :ole :i* includes all ?+s1 ! supreme class :i* embraces all o!r classes4 ,su* is ! f9al pr9ciple ^u :i* repose all ^! primitive classifications :]e be+s f e realm are plac$ & classifi$ 9 social =ms1 exactly l m54#acah ,b if ! _w is inside ( society1 ! space :i* ?is latt] occupies becomes conf\nd$ ) space 9 g5]al4 ,9 fact1 we h se5 h[ ea* ?+ has its assign$ place 9 social space1 & ! degree to :i* ?is space 9 g5]al diff]s f ! concrete expanses :i* we p]ceive is well %[n by ! fact t ?is localization is :olly ideal & 9 no way resembles :at x w\ld h be5 if x _h be5 dictat$ to u by s5su\s exp]i5ce alone4#acai ,= ! same reason1 ! rhy?m ( collective life dom9ates & embraces ! v>i$ rhy?ms ( all ! elem5t>y lives f :i* x results2 consequ5tly ! "t :i* x expresses dom9ates & embraces all p>ticul> durations4 ,x is "t 9 g5]al4 ,= a long "t ! hi/ory ( ! _w has be5 only ano!r aspect ( ! hi/ory ( society4 ,! "o comm5ces ) ! o!r2 ! p]iods ( ! fir/ are det]m9$ by ! p]iods ( ! second4 ,?is imp]sonal & total duration is measur$1 & ! guide-l9es 9 relation to :i* x is divid$ & organiz$ are fix$ by ! movem5ts ( conc5tration or disp]sion ( society2 or1 m g5]ally1 ! p]iodical necessities = a collective r5ewal4 ,if ^! critical in/ants are g5]ally atta*$ to "s mat]ial ph5om5on1 su* z ! regul> recurr5ce ( su* or su* a /> or ! alt]nation ( ! seasons1 x is because objective signs are necess>y to make ?is ess5tially social organization intelligible to all4 ,9 ! same way1 f9ally1 ! causal relation1 f ! mom5t :5 x is collectively /at$ by ! gr\p1 becomes indep5d5t ( e individual consci\sness2 x rises above all p>ticul> m9ds & ev5ts4 ,x is a law ^: value dep5ds ^u no p]son4 ,we h already %[n h[ x is cle>ly ?us t x seems to h orig9at$4 ,ano!r reason expla9s :y ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! categories %\ld h be5 tak5 f social life3 x is because ! relations :i* !y express c\ld n h be5 le>n$ except 9 & ?r\gh society4 ,if !y are 9 a s5se imman5t 9 ! life ( an individual1 he has nei!r a reason nor ! means = le>n+ !m1 reflect+ ^u !m & =m+ !m into di/9ct ideas4 ,9 ord] to ori5t himself p]sonally 9 space & to "k at :at mom5ts he %\ld satisfy 8 v>i\s organic ne$s1 he has no ne$ ( mak+1 once & = all1 a conceptual repres5tation ( "t & space4 ,_m animals are able to f9d ! road :i* leads to places ) :i* !y are famili>2 !y come back at a prop] mom5t )\t kn[+ any ( ! categories2 s5sations are en\gh to direct !m automatically4 ,!y w\ld also be en\gh = m51 if _! s5sations _h to satisfy only individual ne$s4 ,to recognize ! fact t "o ?+ resembles ano!r :i* we h already exp]i5c$1 x is 9 no way necess>y t we arrange !m all 9 gr\ps & species3 ! way 9 :i* simil> images call up ea* o!r & unite is en\gh to give ! feel+ ( resemblance4 ,! impression t a c]ta9 ?+ has already be5 se5 or exp]i5c$ implies no classification4 ,to recognize ! ?+s :i* we %\ld seek or f :i* we %\ld flee1 x w\ld n be necess>y to atta* ! effects ( ! two to _! causes by a logical bond1 if individual conv5i5ces 7 ! only ones 9 "q4 ,purely empirical sequ5ces & /rong connections betwe5 ! concrete repres5tations w\ld be z sure guides = ! w4 ,n only is x true t ! animal has no o!rs1 b also our own p]sonal conduct frequ5tly supposes no?+ m4 ,! prud5t man is ! "o :o has a v cle> s5sation ( :at mu/ be done1 b :i* he w\ld ord9>ily be q incapable ( /at+ z a g5]al law4 ,x is a diff]5t matt] ) society4 ,?is is possible only :5 ! individuals & ?+s :i* compose x are divid$ into c]ta9 gr\ps1 t is to say1 classifi$1 & :5 ^! gr\ps are classifi$ 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,society supposes a self-consci\s organization :i* is no?+ o!r ?an a classification4 ,?is organization ( society naturally ext5ds itself to ! place :i* ?is occupies4 ,to avoid all collisions1 x is necess>y t ea* p>ticul> gr\p h a det]m9$ portion ( space assign$ to x3 9 o!r t]ms1 x is necess>y t space 9 g5]al be divid$1 diff]5tiat$1 arrang$1 & t ^! divisions & arrangem5ts be kn[n to ev]ybody4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e summons to a celebration1 a hunt or a milit>y exp$ition implies fix$ & e/abli%$ dates1 & consequ5tly t a common "t is agre$ ^u1 :i* ev]ybody conceives 9 ! same fa%ion4 ,f9ally1 ! co-op]ation ( _m p]sons ) ! same end 9 view is possible only :5 !y are 9 agreem5t z to ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ?is end & ! means ( atta9+ x1 t is to say1 :5 ! same causal relation is admitt$ by all ! co-op]ators 9 ! ent]prise4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t social "t1 social space1 social classes & causality %\ld be ! basis ( ! correspond+ categories1 s9ce x is "u _! social =ms t ^! diff]5t relations 7 fir/ grasp$ ) a c]ta9 cl>ity by ! human intellect4 ,9 summ+ up1 !n1 we mu/ say t society is n at all ! illogical or a-logical1 incoh]5t & fanta/ic be+ :i* x has too (t5 be5 consid]$4 ,q on ! contr>y1 ! collective consci\sness is ! highe/ =m ( ! psy*ic life1 s9ce x is ! consci\sness ( ! consci\snesses4 ,be+ plac$ outside ( & above individual & local cont+5cies1 x sees ?+s only 9 _! p]man5t & ess5tial aspects1 :i* x cry/allizes into communicable ideas4 ,at ! same "t t x sees f above1 x sees f>!r2 at e mom5t ( "t1 x embraces all kn[n reality2 t is :y x alone c furni% ! m9d ) ! m\lds :i* are applicable to ! totality ( ?+s & :i* make x possible to ?9k ( !m4 ,x does n create ^! m\lds artificially2 x f9ds !m )9 itself2 x does no?+ b become consci\s ( !m4 ,!y translate ! ways ( be+ :i* are f\nd 9 all ! /ages ( reality b :i* appe> 9 _! full cl>ity only at ! summit1 because ! extreme complexity ( ! psy*ic life :i* passes !re necessitates a great] developm5t ( consci\sness4 ,attribut+ social orig9s to logical ?\ght is n debas+ x or dim9i%+ its value or r$uc+ x to no?+ m ?an a sy/em ( artificial comb9ations2 on ! contr>y1 x is relat+ x to a cause :i* implies x naturally4 ,b ?is is n say+ t ! ideas elaborat$ 9 ?is way are at once adequate = _! object4 ,if society is some?+ univ]sal 9 relation to ! individual1 x is none ! less an individuality itself1 :i* has its own p]sonal physiognomy & its idiosyncrasies2 x is a p>ticul> subject & consequ5tly p>ticul>izes :atev] x ?9ks (4 ,!re=e collective repres5tations also conta9 subjective elem5ts1 & ^! mu/ be progressively root$ out1 if we are to approa* reality m closely4 ,b h[soev] crude ^! may h be5 at ! beg9n+1 ! fact rema9s t ) !m ! g]m ( a new m5tality 0 giv51 to :i* ! individual c\ld nev] h rais$ himself by 8 own ef=ts3 by !m ! way 0 op5$ to a /able1 imp]sonal & organiz$ ?\ght :i* !n _h no?+ to d except to develop its nature4 ,also1 ! causes :i* h det]m9$ ?is developm5t d n seem to be specifically diff]5t f ^? :i* gave x its initial impulse4 ,if logical ?\ght t5ds to rid itself m & m ( ! subjective & p]sonal elem5ts :i* x /ill reta9s f its orig91 x is n because extra-social factors h int]v5$2 x is mu* r because a social life ( a new sort is develop+4 ,x is ?is int]national life :i* has already result$ 9 univ]saliz+ religi\s beliefs4 ,z x ext5ds1 ! collective horizon enl>ges2 ! society ceases to appe> z ! only :ole1 to become a "p ( a mu* va/] "o1 ) indet]m9$ fronti]s1 :i* is susceptible ( advanc+ indef9itely4 ,consequ5tly ?+s c no long] be conta9$ 9 ! social m\lds accord+ to :i* !y 7 primitively classifi$2 !y mu/ be organiz$ accord+ to pr9ciples :i* are _! own1 s logical organization diff]5tiates itself f ! social organization & becomes autonom\s4 ,really & truly human ?\ght is n a primitive fact2 x is ! product ( hi/ory2 x is ! ideal limit t[>ds :i* we are con/antly approa*+1 b :i* 9 all probability we %all nev] succe$ 9 rea*+4 ,?us x is n at all true t betwe5 sci5ce on ! "o h&1 & morals & religion on ! o!r1 !re exi/s t sort ( ant9omy :i* has s frequ5tly be5 admitt$1 = ! two =ms ( human activity really come f "o & ! same s\rce4 ,kant und]/ood ?is v well1 & !re=e he made ! speculative reason & ! practical reason two diff]5t aspects ( ! same faculty4 ,accord+ to him1 :at makes _! unity is ! fact t ! two are direct$ t[>ds ! univ]sal4 ,rational ?9k+ is ?9k+ accord+ to ! laws :i* are impos$ ^u all reasonable be+s2 act+ morally is conduct+ "o's self accord+ to ^? maxims :i* c be ext5d$ )\t contradiction to all wills4 ,9 o!r words1 sci5ce & morals imply t ! individual is capable ( rais+ himself above 8 own peculi> po9t ( view & ( liv+ an imp]sonal life4 ,9 fact1 x _c be d\bt$ t ?is is a trait common to all ! high] =ms ( ?\ght & action4 ,:at ,kant's sy/em does n expla91 h[ev]1 is ! orig9 ( ?is sort ( contradiction :i* is realiz$ 9 man4 ,:y is he =c$ to d viol5ce to himself by leav+ 8 individuality1 &1 inv]sely1 :y is ! imp]sonal law oblig$ to be dissipat$ by inc>nat+ itself 9 individuals8 ,is x answ]$ t !re are two antagoni/ic worlds 9 :i* we p>ticipate equally1 ! _w ( matt] & s5se on ! "o h&1 & ! _w ( pure & imp]sonal reason on ! o!r8 ,t is m]ely repeat+ ! "q 9 slightly diff]5t t]ms1 = :at we are try+ to f9d out is :y we mu/ lead ^! two exi/5ces at ! same "t4 ,:y d ^! two worlds1 :i* seem to contradict ea* o!r1 n rema9 outside ( ea* o!r1 & :y mu/ !y mutually p5etrate "o ano!r 9 spite ( _! antagonism8 ,! only explanation :i* has ev] be5 giv5 ( ?is s+ul> necessity is ! hypo!sis ( ! ,fall1 ) all ! difficulties :i* x implies1 & :i* ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all my/]y disappe>s ! mom5t t x is recogniz$ t imp]sonal reason is only ano!r "n giv5 to collective ?\ght4 ,= ?is is possible only ?r\gh a gr\p ( individuals2 x supposes !m1 & 9 _! turn1 !y suppose x1 = !y c cont9ue to exi/ only by gr\p+ !mselves toge!r4 ,! k+dom ( ends & imp]sonal tru?s c realize itself only by ! co-op]ation ( p>ticul> wills1 & ! reasons = :i* ^! p>ticipate 9 x are ! same z ^? = :i* !y co-op]ate4 ,9 a ^w1 !re is some?+ imp]sonal 9 u because !re is some?+ social 9 all ( u1 & s9ce social life embraces at once bo? repres5tations & practices1 ?is imp]sonality naturally ext5ds to ideas z well z to acts4 ,p]haps "s w be surpris$ to see u connect ! mo/ elevat$ =ms ( ?\ght ) society3 ! cause appe>s q humble1 9 consid]ation ( ! value :i* we attribute to ! effect4 ,betwe5 ! _w ( ! s5ses & appetites on ! "o h&1 & t ( reason & morals on ! o!r1 ! di/ance is s consid]able t ! second w\ld seem to h be5 able to add itself to ! fir/ only by a creative act4 ,b attribut+ to society ?is prepond]at+ rle 9 ! g5esis ( our nature is n d5y+ ?is creation2 = society has a creative p[] :i* no o!r obs]vable be+ c equal4 ,9 fact1 all creation1 if n a my/ical op]ation :i* escapes sci5ce & k1 is ! product ( a syn!sis4 ,n[ if ! syn!sis ( p>ticul> conceptions :i* take place 9 ea* individual consci\sness are already & ( !mselves productive ( novelties1 h[ mu* m efficaci\s ^! va/ syn!ses ( complete consci\snesses :i* make society mu/ be6 ,a society is ! mo/ p[]ful comb9ation ( physical & moral =ces ( :i* nature (f]s u an example4 ,n[h]e else is an equal ri*ness ( diff]5t mat]ials1 c>ri$ to su* a degree ( conc5tration1 to be f\nd4 ,!n x is n surpris+ t a high] life dis5gages itself :i*1 by react+ ^u ! elem5ts ( :i* x is ! product1 raises !m to a high] plane ( exi/5ce & trans=ms !m4 ,?us sociology appe>s de/9$ to op5 a new way to ! sci5ce ( man4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ?9k]s 7 plac$ be=e ?is d\ble alt]native3 ei!r expla9 ! sup]ior & specific faculties ( m5 by connect+ !m to ! inf]ior =ms ( 8 be+1 ! reason to ! s5ses1 or ! m9d to matt]1 :i* is equival5t to d5y+ _! uniqu5ess2 or else atta* !m to "s sup]-exp]im5tal reality :i* 0 po/ulat$1 b ^: exi/5ce c\ld be e/abli%$ by no obs]vation4 ,:at put !m 9 ?is difficulty 0 ! fact t ! individual pass$ z be+ ! f9is natur--! ultimate creation ( nature2 x seem$ t !re 0 no?+ beyond him1 or at lea/ no?+ t sci5ce c\ld t\*4 ,b f ! mom5t :5 x is recogniz$ t above ! individual !re is society1 & t ?is is n a nom9al be+ creat$ by reason1 b a sy/em ( active =ces1 a new mann] ( expla9+ m5 becomes possible4 ,to cons]ve 8 di/9ctive traits x is no long] necess>y to put !m outside exp]i5ce4 ,at lea/1 be=e go+ to ?is la/ extremity1 x w\ld be well to see if t :i* surpasses ! individual1 ?\gh x is )9 him1 does n come f ?is sup]-individual reality :i* we exp]i5ce 9 society4 ,to be sure1 x _c be said at pres5t to :at po9t ^! explanations may be able to rea*1 & :e!r or n !y are ( a nature to resolve all ! problems4 ,b x is equally impossible to m>k 9 advance a limit beyond :i* !y _c g4 ,:at mu/ be done is to try ! hypo!sis & submit x z me?odically z possible to ! control ( facts4 ,?is is :at we h tri$ to d4 ,,index ,alatunja1 #cbg4 ,al*]+a1 or my?ical p]iod1 #bdg4 ,ambiguity ( sacr$ness1 #dji ff42 explanation (1 #dab ff4 ,animal-wor%ip1 totemism n1 #id1 #aci1 #agj f4 ,animism1 z exp\nd$ by ,tylor & ,sp5c]1 #di ff42 h[ x expla9s ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ! s\l1 #ej f42 ( spirits1 #ea f42 _! cult1 #eb2 & ! nature-cult1 #ec f42 criticism ( ^! !ories1 #ee ff42 implies t religions are sy/ems ( halluc9ations1 #fh2 :i* is its be/ refutation1 #gj4 ,an?ropomorphism1 n f\nd among primitives1 #fg f42 d5i$ by ,sp5c]1 #ec ff41 #fe2 _c expla9 totemic view ( _w1 #bce1 or primitive rites1 #djf f4 ,apriorism1 philosophical1 #ad f41 #cfh4 ,art1 :y pr9cipal =ms (1 h be5 born 9 religion1 #cha2 dramatic1 9 totemic c]emonies1 #cgc1 #chj2 totemic emblems fir/ =m (1 #abg & n4 #d4 ,arungquil?a1 or magic =ce1 9 ,au/ralia1 #aig f42 h[ x enables u to und]/& totemic pr9ciple1 #aih4 ,asceticism1 nature (1 #ci1 #caa2 bas$ on negative rites1 #caa2 ess5tial elem5t ( religi\s life1 #caa f42 religi\s function (1 #cad ff42 sociological import (1 #caf2 impli$ 9 ! notion ( sacr$ness1 #cag1 its antagonism to ! pr(ane1 #ci f41 #cag1 & its contagi\sness1 #cah2 n dep5d5t ^u idea ( div9e p]sonalities1 #cba2 positive effects (1 #cab ff41 #chf4 ,atonem5t = faults by rites1 #che1 #dje1 #djh4 ,au?ority1 moral1 ( society1 #bjg f41 #bjh n4 #d2 bas$ on social op9ion1 #bjh1 #bac4 ,beliefs1 h[ relat$ to rites1 #aja1 #djc2 translate social facts1 #dca1 :at !y seem de/9$ to become1 #dbi ff42 all conta9 an elem5t ( tru?1 #dch4 ,blood1 human1 sacr$ness (1 #abf1 #acg1 #ccj f4 ,body1 ess5tially pr(ane1 #bfb2 explanation ( ?is1 #bfc4 ,bull-ro>]s1 def9ition (1 #aai4 ,categories ( ! und]/&+1 religi\s orig9 (1 #i ff42 social orig9 (1 #aj ff41 #dci2 necessity (1 expla9$1 #ag ff42 real function (1 #ddj2 only social necessity =1 #ddc2 modell$ on social =ms1 #ah ff41 #add ff41 #ddj4 ,causality1 law (1 #cfb ff42 fir/ /at$ 9 imitative rites1 #cfc2 social orig91 #cfc1 #cfg f41 #ddc2 impos$ by society1 #cfh2 sociological !ory (1 & classical !ories1 #cfh f41 #ddc2 v>y+ /atem5ts (1 #cfi & n4 #a4 ,*>ms1 magic1 explanation (1 #cef4 ,*ur*1 ess5tial to religion1 #dd ff4 ,*ur+a1 def9ition (1 #aai2 em95tly sacr$ "* (1 #abj2 due to totemic m>k1 #abb f42 z religi\s =ce1 #aih & n4 #d4 ,civiliz+ h]oes1 #bhc ff42 common to :ole tribe1 #bhd2 tribal rites p]sonifi$1 #bhe2 moral rle (1 #bhe2 connect+ l9k betwe5 spirits & gods1 #bij f4 ,clan1 *>act]i/ics (1 #ajb2 basis ( simple/ social sy/em kn[n1 #if1 #afg2 h[ recruit$1 #ajf f42 totem z "n (1 #ajb f42 symboliz$ by totem1 #bjf2 impli$ by totemism1 #afg2 basis = classification ( natural ?+s1 #ada ff4 ,classes1 logical1 religi\s orig9 (1 #adh ff42 9 high] religions1 #add2 bas$ on social classifications1 #ada ff42 collective life basis (1 #adg ff41 #ddc4 ,communion1 alim5t>y1 ess5tial to sacrifice1 #ccg2 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 #ccd f41 #ccg1 #cdj2 positive effects (1 #ccg f4 ,concept1 society's rle 9 ! g5esis (1 #dcb ff42 n equival5t to g5]al idea1 #dcb2 di/+ui%$ f s5sations1 #dcc2 immutability (1 #dcc2 univ]sality (1 #dcc2 ess5tially social nature (1 #dce2 coeval ) humanity1 #dch2 objective tru? (1 #dcg ff4 ,contagi\sness ( sacr$ness1 #bbb2 at basis ( ascetic rites1 #cah ff42 n due to associations ( ideas1 #cba1 b to ! ext]nality ( religi\s =ces1 #cbc f42 at basis ( logical classifications1 #cbd f4 ,contradiction1 idea (1 religi\s nature (1 #ch f42 social nature (1 #ab f42 bas$ on social life1 #adf2 orig9 (1 #bcd ff4 ,contr>ies1 logical1 nature ( primitive1 #bce1 #bch f4 ,corrobbori1 #bae n4 #b1 #chj4 ,cosmology ( totemism1 #ada ff42 9 all religions1 #i1 #dbh ff4 ,cult1 ne$$ by gods1 #cde ff42 moral reasons =1 #fc1 #cdf1 #dag f42 social int]pretation (1 #cdg ff42 real function (1 #chf2 p]iodical nature (1 #fc2 imitative rites fir/ =m (1 #chg2 /hetic nature (1 #chb4 ,dea?1 insuffici5cy (1 to make a s\l into a _s1 #fj f41 #cih1 or give sacr$ness1 #fb4 ,deity4 ,see ,gods1 ,spiritual ,be+s4 ,dreams1 z orig9 ( idea ( d\ble or s\l1 #ej f41 #eh f41 #bfd2 inadequacy ( ?is !ory1 #ef f42 z sugge/+ po/hum\s life1 #bfh4 ,ec/asy1 9 religion1 expla9$1 #bbf f4 ,efficacy1 idea (1 social orig9 (1 #cfc f4 ,emblem1 totem z1 ( clan1 #bjf1 #bai ff42 psy*ological ne$ =1 #bbj1 #bcj2 creates unity ( gr\p1 #bcj2 & ma9ta9s x1 #bca2 inc>nates collective s5tim5ts1 #bcb2 :y primitives *ose !irs 9 animal or vegetable worlds1 #bcc f4 ,empiricism1 philosophical1 #ac f41 #cfh4 ,ertnatulunga1 #abj1 #bdg4 ,es*atology1 ,au/ralian1 #bde1 #bhg4 ,evil spirits1 #bha ff41 #dbj4 ,expiatory rites1 #djf ff4 ,fai?1 religi\s1 nature (1 #cfj f41 #dcj f4 ,family gr\p1 bas$ on totemism1 #ajf n4 #b4 ,fe>1 religion n bas$ on1 #bbc ff41 #djf4 ,feti%ism1 #age4 ,folk-lore1 h[ relat$ to religion1 #da1 #hc n4 #a2 relat$ to totemism1 #ij4 ,=ce1 religi\s1 ambiguity (1 #bbb2 :y outside object 9 :i* x resides1 #bbi2 z collective =ce1 #bba1 #bbi2 takes =m f society1 #ccf2 repres5ts h[ collective consci\sness acts on individuals1 #bbc2 idea (1 prec$es t ( sci5tific =ce1 #bjc f41 #cfc2 collective =ce z prototype ( physical =ce1 #cfe4 ,see ,sacr$1 ,totemic ,pr9ciple4 ,=malism1 religi\s1 explanation (1 #ce2 fir/ =m ( legal1 #ce f4 ,free-w1 doctr9e (1 h[ expla9$1 #bga f4 ,games1 born 9 religion1 #cha & n4 #a4 ,gods1 religions )\t1 #cj ff42 9 ,au/ralia1 #bhe ff42 immortal1 #bhf2 creators1 #bhg2 b5efactors1 #bhg2 connect$ ) initiation rites1 #bhh2 int]national "* (1 #bhh1 #bid f41 #dbe ff42 ( indig5\s orig91 #bhi f42 develop$ =m ( civiliz+ h]oes1 #bij f41 #bie2 closely connect$ ) totemic sy/em1 #aia1 #bia f42 fir/ conceiv$ 9 tribal assemblies1 #bic2 expressions ( tribal unity1 #bid1 #dbf4 ,hair1 human1 sacr$ness (1 #fd1 #acg f4 ,haz+1 sociological import (1 #cac n4 #d4 ,ideal1 !1 9 religion1 #dbj ff42 =mation (1 a natural & necess>y product ( collective life1 #dbb4 ,idealism1 ess5tial1 ( social & religi\s worlds1 #bbh1 #cde1 #cdg4 ,imitative ,rites1 #cea ff42 9 ,au/ralia1 #cea ff42 bas$ on s-call$ sympa!tic magic1 #cee ff42 di/+ui%$ f *>ms1 #cef2 reasons =1 #ceg ff42 mat]ial efficacy attribut$ to1 #cei2 expla9$ by moral efficacy (1 #cei f42 fir/ expression ( law ( causality1 #cfc2 orig9al =m ( cult1 #chg4 ,immortality ( s\l1 idea (1 n e/abli%$ = moral purposes1 #bfg2 nor to escape annihilation1 #bfg2 influ5ce ( dreams1 #bfh2 b ?is n en\gh to acc\nt = doctr9e1 #bfh2 doctr9e (1 inv5t$ to expla9 orig9 ( s\ls1 #bfh f41 & expresses ! immortality ( society1 #bfh f42 moral value (1 an aft]-?\ght1 #bfi2 doctr9e ( future judgm5t 9 ,au/ralia1 #bde1 #bhg2 influ5ce ( m\rn+ ^u1 #djb f4 ,individual totem1 #aeg ff42 relations (1 to individual1 #aeh f42 8 alt] ego1 #aei2 individual1 n a species1 #afj2 h[ relat$ to collective totem1 #afa2 h[ acquir$1 #afa ff42 h[ relat$ to g5ius1 #bgi2 orig9 (1 #bhj f41 #bha n4 #a4 ,see ,totemism1 ,individual4 ,individualism1 religi\s1 #aeg ff41 #agb ff41 #agi f42 importance attribut$ to1 by "s1 #de ff41 #agb2 h[ expla9$1 #dbd f4 ,inf9ite1 conception (1 9 religion1 #gd2 n equival5t to sacr$1 #he2 !1 n *>act]i/ic ( religion1 #be4 ,initiation into tribe by religi\s c]emonies1 #ci1 #chd2 no special rites =1 #che n4 #b4 ,int]dictions1 or taboos1 v>i\s sorts (1 #cjj ff42 =ms (1 9 ,au/ralia1 #cjb ff42 ( t\*1 #cjb2 ( eat+1 #cjc2 ( see+1 #cjd2 ( spee*1 #cje2 sexual1 #cjd & n4 #a2 ( all temporal activity on c]ta9 days1 #cjf f41 #ccd2 ideas at ! basis (1 #cjh2 positive effects (1 #cji ff42 impli$ 9 notion ( sacr$ness1 #cag4 ,inti*iuma1 #cbf ff42 description ( among ! ,au/ralians1 #cbg-ccf2 z elem5t>y =m ( sacrifice1 #ccf2 mat]ial efficacy expect$ (1 #cca1 #ccc2 alim5t>y communion 91 #ccd f41 #ccg2 imitative elem5ts 91 #cec2 commemorative nature (1 #cga f42 us$ = initiat+ "y m5 into tribe1 #che & n4 #a4 ,k1 !ory (4 ,see ,apriorism1 ,empiricism1 ,sociological4 ,language1 importance (1 = logical ?\ght1 #ge ff41 #dcd2 social "* (1 #dcd4 ,logic1 relat$ to religion & society1 #bcd1 #bcg ff42 basis =1 furni%$ by society1 #ah ff41 #adh1 #dca ff4 ,magic1 bas$ on religi\s ideas1 #db ff41 #cfa f41 #cfb n4 #a2 di/+ui%$ f religion1 #dc ff42 ho/ility (1 t[>ds religion1 #dc2 sympa!tic1 #cee ff4 ,maje/y1 ess5tially religi\s nature ( idea (1 #fb1 cf4 #bac4 ,man1 sacr$ "* (1 #acd1 expla9$1 #bba f42 p>takes ( nature ( totemic animal1 #acd ff42 sacr$ to v>y+ degrees1 #ach ff42 d\ble nature (1 #bfc f41 #ddd ff4 ,mana1 ( ! ,melanesians1 #aid f4 ,see ,totemic ,pr9ciple4 ,matrimonial classes1 def9ition (1 #aji4 ,metempsy*osis1 n f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 #afi1 cf4 #bfa f4 ,m\rn+1 #cij ff42 nature (1 det]m9$ by etiquette1 #cia2 especially sev]e = wom51 #cia ff41 #djj ff42 ang] z well z sorr[ express$ 91 #cic2 h[ relat$ to v5detta1 #cid2 n ! expression ( individual emotions1 #cig1 b a duty impos$ by gr\p1 #cig2 classic int]pretation (1 unsu/a9able1 #cih f42 n connect$ ) ideas ( s\ls or spirits1 #cih1 #dja2 social int]pretation (1 #cii ff4 ,my/]y 9 religion1 #be2 idea (1 n primitive1 #be2 abs5t f _m religions1 #bi4 ,my?s1 ess5tial elem5t ( religi\s life1 #hb2 di/+ui%$ f fables1 #hc n4 #a2 z "w ( art1 #hb1 #aja2 int]pret rites1 #aja1 #acj2 z a society's repres5tation ( man & ! _w1 #cge4 ,nanji1 rock or tree1 #bej f4 ,naturism1 z exp\nd$ by ,max ,mll]1 #gc ff42 seeks to e/abli% religion 9 reality1 #gc2 tea*es t gods are p]sonifications ( natural ph5om5a1 #gc2 di/+ui%es betwe5 religion & my?ology1 #ha2 b makes religion a fabric ( errors1 #gi ff42 _c acc\nt = orig9 ( sacr$ness1 #hd ff4 ,negative rites1 nature (1 9 ,au/ralia1 #cjb ff42 see also ,int]dictions2 positive effects (1 #cji ff42 z prep>ation = positive rites1 #caj f42 basis ( asceticism1 #caa2 9 m\rn+1 #cij4 ,nurtunja1 #abd2 z rally+-c5tre = gr\p1 #abe4 ,oblations1 ess5tial to sacrifice1 #cda2 ?is d5i$ by ,smi?1 #cdj f42 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 #cda f42 vici\s circle impli$ 91 #cdj f41 expla9$1 #cdd ff42 pr(\nd reasons =1 #cdd f4 ,or5da1 ( ! ,iroquois1 #aic f41 #aih4 ,see ,totemic ,pr9ciple4 ,orig9s1 def9ition (1 #h n4 #a4 ,pan!ism1 totemic1 #aec f4 ,"p equal to :ole1 religi\s pr9ciple t1 expla9$1 #bbi2 9 magic1 #bbi n4 #c2 9 sacrificial communions1 #cch4 ,p]sonality1 idea (1 d\ble orig9 (1 #bgj2 imp]sonal elem5ts 91 #bga2 its alleg$ autonomy expla9$1 #bga2 importance ( social elem5ts 91 #bgb2 repres5t$ by individual totem1 #bhj4 ,phratry1 def9ition (1 #ajg ff42 pr$ecessor ( clan1 #ajh & n4 #i1 #aji1 #ade2 z basis = classifications ( natural ?+s1 #ada ff41 #ade4 ,piacul> rites1 def9ition (1 #chi2 di/+ui%$ f ascetic rites1 #cif2 bas$ on same ne$s z positive rites1 #cii-djc2 mat]ial b5efits expect$ (1 #djd f42 z expiation = ritual faults1 #dje f42 social function (1 #djg f4 ,pit*i1 #ccd4 ,primitives1 def9ition (1 #a n4 #a2 be/ /udi$ 9 ,au/ralia1 #ie2 :y especially important = u1 #c ff4 ,pr(ane1 absolute di/9ction (1 f sacr$1 #ch f4 ,ratapa1 or s\l-g]ms1 #bea1 #beb4 ,recreative elem5ts ( religion1 #cgi ff41 #chb f4 ,re9c>nation ( s\ls1 doctr9e (1 9 ,au/ralia1 #afi1 #bej1 #bec f41 #bef1 #bfe4 ,religion1 mu/ h a f\ndation 9 reality1 #b1 #gj1 #bbe2 none are false1 #c1 #dag1 #dch2 real purpose (1 #daf2 et]nal elem5ts (1 #dbg ff42 z s\rce ( all civilization1 #i1 #gj1 #bbc1 #dah f41 #dai n4 #a2 s\rce ( sci5ce & philosophy1 #i1 #bjc1 #bch1 #cbe1 #cfb ff42 s-call$ conflict (1 ) sci5ce1 #daf ff42 speculative functions (1 #dcj2 recreative & /hetic elem5ts (1 #cgi ff42 z pre-em95t expression ( social life1 #dai ff42 said to be *>act]iz$ by sup]natural1 #bd ff41 or by idea ( spiritual be+s1 #bi ff42 n bas$ on fe>1 #bbc ff41 b happy confid5ce1 #bbd2 *>act]iz$ by t :i* is sacr$1 #cg2 di/+ui%$ f magic1 #db ff42 none proce$s on any unique pr9ciple1 #da2 importance ( primitive1 #c ff42 totemism mo/ elem5t>y =m (1 #afg f42 def9ition (1 #dg4 ,repres5tative rites1 #cgj ff42 value (1 = %[+ real reasons = cult1 #cga1 #cgh f42 z dramatic repres5tations1 #cgc1 #cgf ff41 #chj2 moral purpose (1 evid5t1 #cge2 expect no mat]ial b5efits1 #cgg ff4 ,respect1 inspir$ by society1 #bjg f4 ,rites1 h[ relat$ to beliefs1 #aja2 totemic pr9ciple atta*$ to1 #bjj2 social function (1 #bbf2 mat]ial efficacy attribut$ to1 due to moral efficacy (1 #cdf1 #cei f42 moral & social significance (1 #cgj ff42 reasons =1 z giv5 by ,au/ralians1 #cga2 z =m ( dramatic art1 #cgc1 #chj2 /hetic nature (1 #cha2 int]*angeability (1 #chd ff4 ,sacr$1 !1 *>act]i/ic ( all t is religi\s1 #cg2 n *>act]iz$ by its exalt$ position1 #cg1 b by its di/9ction f ! pr(ane1 #ch2 sup]impos$ ^u its basis1 #bbi2 creat$ by society1 #bjf ff4 ,see ,totemic ,pr9ciple2 d\ble nature (1 #cja1 #cbj1 #dji ff4 ,sacrifice1 =ms (1 9 ,au/ralia1 #cbg ff41 #ccf2 see ,inti*iuma2 !ory ( ,rob]tson ,smi? (1 #ccf ff41 #cdj2 alim5t>y communion ess5tial "p (1 #ccg2 h[ ?is /r5g!ns "o's religi\s nature1 #ccg f42 sacrilege inh]5t 91 expla9$1 #cch f42 oblations ess5tial to1 #cda2 :y gods h ne$ (1 #ch1 #cdf2 social function (1 #cdg ff4 ,sci5ce1 s-call$ conflict (1 ) religion1 #daf ff41 #dcj1 #dde2 religi\s orig9 (1 #i1 #bjc1 #bch1 #cbe1 #cfb ff42 supplants religi\s speculation1 #dbi ff42 b _c d s completely1 #dca2 au?ority (1 #bjh1 #dca4 ,sexual totems1 #afe f4 ,social life1 basis = religi\s repres5tations1 #bba1 #caf1 #cdg2 rhy?m (1 & religion1 #bai1 #cdi2 model = philosophical repres5tations1 #ah1 #ai n4 #b1 #add ff4 ,society1 h[ =ms (1 det]m9e "* ( religion1 #id1 #aif f41 #bcd2 *>act]iz$ by in/itutions1 #cff n4 #a2 ideal nature (1 #bhh1 #cde1 #dbj ff41 #dbb f42 n an illogical or a-logical be+1 #ddd2 h[ x reca/s animal nature into human nature1 #ff2 h[ x ar\ses s5sations ( div9e1 #bjf ff41 ( dep5d5ce1 #bjf f41 ( respect1 #bjg1 ( moral au?ority1 #bjg f41 ( an ext]nal moral =ce1 #bji1 ( k9dly ext]nal =ces1 #bab1 ( ! sacr$1 #bab ff41 #bah2 /imulat+ & su/a9+ action (1 #bji ff42 h[ x gives m5 _! mo/ *>act]i/ic attributes1 #bab2 h[ x exi/s only ?r\gh its individual memb]s1 #bba1 #cdg2 h[ ?is gives m5 _! sacr$ "*1 #bba f42 f\ndation ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 #dah4 ,sociological !ory ( k1 #ac1 #ae ff41 #ah ff41 #add ff41 #bjc f41 #bcd ff41 #bfi ff41 #cba ff41 #cfb ff41 #dca ff41 #dci ff4 ,s\l1 idea (1 f\nd 9 all religions1 #bdj2 v>i\s repres5tations (1 #bda ff42 relation (1 to body1 #bdb ff42 aft] dea?1 #bdd ff42 orig9 (1 accord+ to ! ,arunta1 #bdg ff42 re9c>nation (1 #bej1 #bec ff41 #bfe2 z totemic pr9ciple inc>nate 9 ! individual1 #bdh ff41 #bed ff41 #bei ff42 or p>ts ( totemic div9ity1 #fe1 #bdi2 close relations (1 ) totemic animal1 #bei f2 sacr$ "* (1 #bfb2 notion (1 f\nd$ 9 reality1 #bfb f42 repres5ts ! social "p ( our nature1 #bfb f42 reality ( our d\ble nature1 #bfc f41 #ddd ff42 coeval ) notion ( mana1 #bff f42 h[ a second>y =mation1 #bff2 idea ( immortality (1 expla9$1 #bfg ff41 see ,immortality2 h[ relat$ to idea ( p]sonality1 #bfi ff41 see ,p]sonality2 di/+ui%$ f _s1 #bgc2 =m 9 :i* human =ce is repres5t$1 #cff2 social elem5ts (1 #cff2 h[ employ$ to expla9 m\rn+1 #dja2 orig9 ( idea (1 accord+ to animism1 #ej f4 ,space1 category (1 religi\s & social orig9 (1 #aa f41 #dda & n4 #a4 ,spirits1 di/+ui%$ f s\ls1 #bgc2 f gho/s1 #bgd2 relat$ to ,roman g5ius1 #bge2 relations (1 to ?+s1 #bge f42 h[ d]iv$ f idea ( s\l1 #bgg f42 objective basis ( idea (1 #bhj f42 spirits ( evil1 #bha f41 #dbj2 animi/ic !ory ( orig9 (1 #ea f4 ,spiritual be+s1 z *>act]i/ic ( religion1 #bi2 abs5t f _m religions1 #cj1 #acg1 or /rictly religi\s rites1 #ce2 n suffici5t to expla9 religion1 #ce4 ,see ,s\l1 ,spirits4 ,spiritualism1 ,lang's !ory (1 z orig9 ( idea ( s\l1 #fj n4 #a4 ,suff]+1 religi\s rle (1 9 inf]ior societies1 #cab ff42 believ$ to give extra /r5g?1 #cad2 h[ ?is idea is well f\nd$1 #cae4 ,sup]natural1 !1 z *>act]i/ic ( religion1 #bd ff42 conception (1 q mod]n1 #bf2 n ! ess5tial elem5t ( religion1 #bh4 ,sympa!tic magic1 s-call$1 at basis ( imitative rites1 #cee ff42 fundam5tal pr9ciples (1 #cef2 :y ?is t]m is inexact1 #cfa f4 ,taboo1 d]ivation ( ^w1 #cjj4 ,see ,int]dictions4 ,tattoo+s1 totemic1 #aag1 #bcb4 ,"t1 category (1 religi\s & social orig9 (1 #aj f41 #ddj f41 #dda n4 #a4 ,totality1 concept (1 c\ld nev] be sugge/$ by individual exp]i5ce1 #dda2 relat$ to concepts ( society & div9ity1 #ddb n4 #a4 ,totem1 d]ivation ( ^w1 #ajc2 z "n ( clan1 #ajb f42 nature ( ?+s s]v+ z1 #ajc ff42 species1 n individuals1 #ajd f42 h[ inh]it$1 #ajf ff42 ( phratries1 #ajg ff41 #aab2 ( matrimonial classes1 #aji ff42 z emblem or coat-(-arms ( gr\p1 #aac2 religi\s nature (1 #aai2 relations (1 ) m5 & ?+s1 #aej2 sub-totems1 #aea2 individual totems1 #aeg ff42 symbol ( totemic pr9ciple ( clan1 #bjf2 clan insep>able f1 #afg4 ,totemic animals1 int]diction aga9/ eat+ by m5 ( t clan1 #abh ff42 or by ^? ( o!r clans ( ! same phratry1 #aca & n4 #a2 & aga9/ kill+1 #acb2 less sacr$ & p[]ful ?an totemic emblems1 #acc2 relat$ to m51 #acd1 #aci1 #bei ff42 sacr$ness (1 due to resemblance to emblem1 #bbb4 ,totemic emblem1 z collective emblem1 #aac2 sacr$ "* (1 #abb1 #abf2 conv5tional nature (1 #abf f42 m sacr$ & p[]ful ?an totemic animal1 #acc2 z fir/ =m ( art1 #abg n4 #d4 ,totemic pr9ciple1 or ,mana1 cause ( ! sacr$ness ( ?+s1 #fb ff41 #ahh1 #aii f42 totem mat]ial repres5tation (1 #ahi1 #bjf2 z a =ce1 #aij2 z s\rce ( moral life ( clan1 #aij2 comp>$ to totemic god1 #ahi2 p]sonifi$ 9 gods ( high] religions1 #aia1 #aii1 #bia f42 z ,wakan1 #aib f42 z ,or5da1 #aic f42 z ,mana1 #aid f42 ubiquity (1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aid2 multi=mity (1 #aic2 us$ 9 magic1 #aih1 #bja f42 atta*$ to rites1 words1 etc41 #bjj2 z repres5tation ( clan1 #bjf1 #bad ff42 fir/ conceiv$ 9 ! mid/ ( great social eff]vesc5ce1 #bah f42 h[ x comes to be symboliz$ by totem1 #bai ff4 ,totemic sy/em1 unity (1 #bie f42 "w ( :ole tribe1 #aed f41 #bhc1 #bie4 ,totemism1 e>ly !oricians (1 #hh ff42 ,au/ralia z classic l& (1 #ic f42 importance ( ,am]ican1 #if f42 z mo/ elem5t>y religion1 #hh1 #afg2 =m] univ]sality (1 unimportant1 #ie2 religi\s nature (1 unque/ionable1 #afg2 n animal-wor%ip1 #aci1 #agj f41 nor nature-cult1 #aga f42 conta9s all ! elem5ts ( ! religi\s life1 #dae2 conceptional totemism1 inadequacies (1 #ahj ff4 ,tribe1 totemic sy/em "w ( :ole1 #aed f41 #bhc1 #bie2 unity (1 express$ by great gods1 #bid f4 ,univ]salism1 religi\s1 #bid f42 h[ expla9$1 #dbe ff4 ,v5detta1 h[ relat$ to rites ( m\rn+1 #cid4 ,wakan1 or great _s ( ,si\x1 #aib f41 #aie f41 #aii4 ,see ,totemic ,pr9ciple4 ,wan+a1 #abd4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ! same way1 we %all say ( ^! societies t !y are primitive1 & we %all call ! m5 ( ^! societies primitives4 ,und\bt$ly ! expression lacks precision1 b t is h>dly evitable1 & besides1 :5 we h tak5 pa9s to fix ! mean+1 x is n inconv5i5t4 #b ,b t is n equival5t to say+ t all luxury is lack+ to ! primitive cults4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %all see t 9 e religion !re are beliefs & practices :i* d n aim at /rictly utilit>ian ends 7,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 iv1 #b74 ,?is luxury is indisp5sable to ! religi\s life2 x is at its v he>t4 ,b x is mu* m rudim5t>y 9 ! inf]ior religions ?an 9 ! o!rs1 s we are bett] able to det]m9e its reason = exi/5ce "h4 #c ,x is se5 t we give a :olly relative s5se to ?is ^w orig9s1 j z to ! ^w primitive4 ,by x we d n mean an absolute beg9n+1 b ! mo/ simple social condition t is actually kn[n or t beyond :i* we _c g at pres5t4 ,:5 we speak ( ! orig9s or ( ! comm5cem5t ( religi\s hi/ory or ?\ght1 x is 9 ?is s5se t our /atem5ts %\ld be und]/ood4 #d ,we say t "t & space are categories because !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! rle play$ by ^! ideas 9 ! intellectual life & t :i* falls to ! ideas ( class or cause 7on ?is po9t see1 ,hamel91 ,essai sur les lm5ts pr9cipaux de la reprs5tation1 pp4 #fc1 #gf74 #e ,see ! support giv5 ?is ass]tion 9 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,mlanges d',hi/oire des ,religions 7,travaux de l',anne ,sociologique71 *apt] on ,la ,reprs5tation du ,temps dans la ,religion4 #f ,?us we see all ! diff]5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! gr\p ( s5sations & images :i* s]ve to locate u 9 "t1 & ! category ( "t4 ,! fir/ are ! summ>y ( individual exp]i5ces1 :i* are ( value only = ! p]son :o exp]i5c$ !m4 ,b :at ! category ( "t expresses is a "t common to ! gr\p1 a social "t1 s to speak4 ,9 itself x is a v]itable social in/itution4 ,also1 x is peculi> to man2 animals h no repres5tations ( ?is sort4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! category ( "t & ! correspond+ s5sations c\ld be made equally well 9 reg>d to space or cause4 ,p]haps ?is w\ld aid 9 cle>+ up c]ta9 confusions :i* are ma9ta9$ by ! controv]sies ( :i* ^! que/ions are ! subject4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t 9 ! conclusion ( ! pres5t "w 7 #d74 #g ,op4 cit41 pp4 #ge ff4 #h ,or else x w\ld be necess>y to admit t all individuals1 9 virtue ( _! organo-physical con/itution1 are spontane\sly affect$ 9 ! same mann] by ! diff]5t p>ts ( space3 :i* is m improbable1 especially z 9 !mselves ! diff]5t regions are sympa!tically indiff]5t4 ,also1 ! divisions ( space v>y ) diff]5t societies1 :i* is a pro( t !y are n f\nd$ exclusively ^u ! cong5ital nature ( man4 #i ,see ,durkheim & ,mauss1 ,de quelques =mes primitives de classification1 9 ,anne ,sociologique1 ,,vi1 pp4 #dg ff4 #aj ,see ,durkheim & ,mauss1 ,de quelques =mes primitives de classification1 9 ,anne ,sociologique1 ,,vi1 p4 #cd4 #aa ,zui ,creation ,my?s1 9 #ac? ,rep4 ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]4 ,e?nol41 pp4 #cfg ff4 #ab ,see ,h]tz1 ,la prm95ce de la ma9 droite4 ,etude de pol>it religieuse1 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,dec41 #aiji4 ,on ?is same "q ( ! relations betwe5 ! repres5tation ( space & ! =m ( ! gr\p1 see ! *apt] 9 ,ratzel1 ,politis*e ,geographie1 entitl$ ,d] ,raum 9 ,gei/ d] ,vlk]4 #ac ,we d n mean to say t my?ological ?\ght ignores x1 b t x contradicts x m frequ5tly & op5ly ?an sci5tific ?\ght does4 ,inv]sely1 we %all %[ t sci5ce _c escape violat+ x1 ?\gh x holds to x f> m scrupul\sly ?an religion does4 ,on ?is subject1 z on _m o!rs1 !re are only diff]5ces ( degree betwe5 sci5ce & religion2 b if ^! diff]5ces %\ld n be exagg]at$1 !y mu/ be not$1 = !y are significant4 #ad ,?is hypo!sis has already be5 set =? by ! f\nd]s ( ! ,vlk]psy*ologie4 ,x is especially rem>k$ 9 a %ort article by ,w9delbr& entitl$ ,die ,erk5ntnisslehre unt] dem ,vlk]psy*ologis*5 ,gesi*tspunke1 9 ! ,zeits*4 f4 ,vlk]psy*ologie1 viii1 pp4 #aff ff4 ,cf4 a note ( ,/e9?al on ! same subject1 ibid41 pp4 #agh ff4 #ae ,ev5 9 ! !ory ( ,sp5c]1 x is by individual exp]i5ce t ! categories are made4 ,! only diff]5ce :i* !re is 9 ?is reg>d betwe5 ord9>y empiricism & evolution>y empiricism is t accord+ to ?is latt]1 ! results ( individual exp]i5ce are accumulat$ by h]$ity4 ,b ?is accumulation adds no?+ ess5tial to !m2 no elem5t ent]s into _! composition :i* does n h its orig9 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 also1 ! necessity ) :i* ! categories actually impose !mselves ^u u is ! product ( an illusion & a sup]/iti\s prejudice1 /rongly root$ 9 ! organism1 to be sure1 b )\t f\ndation 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 #af ,p]haps "s w be surpris$ t we d n def9e ! apriori/ !ory by ! hypo!sis ( innat5ess4 ,b ?is conception really plays a second>y "p 9 ! doctr9e4 ,x is a simple way ( /at+ ! impossibility ( r$uc+ rational k to empirical data4 ,say+ t ! =m] is innate is only a positive way ( say+ t x is n ! product ( exp]i5ce1 su* z x is ord9>ily conceiv$4 #ag ,at lea/1 9 s f> z !re are any repres5tations :i* are individual & h5ce :olly empirical4 ,b !re are 9 fact probably none :]e ! two elem5ts are n f\nd closely unit$4 #ah ,?is irr$ucibility mu/ n be tak5 9 any absolute s5se4 ,we d n wi% to say t !re is no?+ 9 ! empirical repres5tations :i* %[s rational ones1 nor t !re is no?+ 9 ! individual :i* c\ld be tak5 z a sign ( social life4 ,if exp]i5ce 7 completely sep>at$ f all t is rational1 reason c\ld n op]ate ^u x2 9 ! same way1 if ! psy*ic nature ( ! individual 7 absolutely oppos$ to ! social life1 society w\ld be impossible4 ,a complete analysis ( ! categories %\ld seek ^! g]ms ( rationality ev5 9 ! individual consci\sness4 ,we %all h occasion to come back to ?is po9t 9 our conclusion4 ,all t we wi% to e/abli% "h is t betwe5 ^! indi/9ct g]ms ( reason & ! reason prop]ly s call$1 !re is a diff]5ce comp>able to t :i* sep>ates ! prop]ties ( ! m9]al elem5ts out ( :i* a liv+ be+ is compos$ f ! *>act]i/ic attributes ( life aft] ?is has once be5 con/itut$4 #ai ,x has frequ5tly be5 rem>k$ t social di/urbances result 9 multiply+ m5tal di/urbances4 ,?is is "o m pro( t logical discipl9e is a special aspect ( social discipl9e4 ,! fir/ gives way z ! second is weak5$4 #bj ,!re is an analogy betwe5 ?is logical necessity & moral obligation b !re is n an actual id5tity4 ,to-day society treats crim9als 9 a diff]5t fa%ion ?an subjects ^: intellig5ce only is abnormal2 t is a pro( t ! au?ority atta*$ to logical rules & t inh]5t 9 moral rules are n ( ! same nature1 9 spite ( c]ta9 simil>ities4 ,!y are two species ( ! same class4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to make a /udy on ! nature & orig9 ( ?is diff]5ce1 :i* is probably n primitive1 = dur+ a long "t1 ! public consci5ce has poorly di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! d]ang$ & ! del9qu5t4 ,we conf9e ourselves to signaliz+ ?is "q4 ,by ?is example1 "o may see ! numb] ( problems :i* are rais$ by ! analysis ( ^! notions :i* g5]ally pass z be+ elem5t>y & simple1 b :i* are really ( an extreme complexity4 #ba ,?is "q w be treat$ aga9 9 ! conclusion ( ?is "w4 #bb ,! rationalism :i* is imm95t 9 ! sociological !ory ( k is ?us midway betwe5 ! classical empiricism & apriorism4 ,= ! fir/1 ! categories are purely artificial con/ructions2 = ! second1 on ! contr>y1 !y are giv5 by nature2 = u1 !y are 9 a s5se a "w ( art1 b ( an art :i* imitates nature ) a p]fection capable ( increas+ unlimit$ly4 #bc ,= example1 t :i* is at ! f\ndation ( ! category ( "t is ! rhy?m ( social life2 b if !re is a rhy?m 9 collective life1 "o may re/ assur$ t !re is ano!r 9 ! life ( ! individual1 & m g5]ally1 9 t ( ! univ]se4 ,! fir/ is m]ely m m>k$ & app>5t ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 ! same way1 we %all see t ! notion ( class is f\nd$ on t ( ! human gr\p4 ,b if m5 =m natural gr\ps1 x c be assum$ t among ?+s !re exi/s gr\ps :i* are at once analog\s & diff]5t4 ,classes & species are natural gr\ps ( ?+s4 ,if x seems to _m m9ds t a social orig9 _c be attribut$ to ! categories )\t depriv+ !m ( all speculative value1 x is because society is /ill too frequ5tly reg>d$ z some?+ t is n natural2 h5ce x is conclud$ t ! repres5tations :i* express x express no?+ 9 nature4 ,b ! conclusion is n wor? m ?an ! premise4 #bd ,?is is h[ x is legitimate to comp>e ! categories to tools2 = on its side1 a tool is mat]ial accumulat$ capital4 ,!re is a close relation%ip betwe5 ! ?ree ideas ( tool1 category & in/itution4 #be ,we h already attempt$ to def9e religi\s ph5om5a 9 a pap] :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,anne ,sociologique 7,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a ff474 ,! def9ition !n giv5 diff]s1 z w be se51 f ! "o we give to-day4 ,at ! end ( ?is *apt] 7p4 #dg1 n4 #a71 we %all expla9 ! reasons :i* h l$ u to ^! modifications1 b :i* imply no ess5tial *ange 9 ! conception ( ! facts4 #bf ,see above1 p4 #c4 ,we %all say no?+ m ^u ! necessity ( ^! prelim9>y def9itions nor ^u ! me?od to be foll[$ to atta9 !m4 ,t is expos$ 9 our ,rgles de la ,m?ode sociologique1 pp4 #dc ff4 ,cf4 ,le ,suicide1 pp4 #a ff4 7,p>is1 ,f4 ,alcan74 #bg ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 p4 #cg4 #bh ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce ( ,religions1 p4 #ah4 ,cf4 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religion1 p4 #bc4 #bi ,?is same frame ( m9d is also f\nd 9 ! s*ola/ic p]iod1 z is witness$ by ! =mula ) :i* philosophy 0 def9$ at ?is "t3 ,fides qur5s intellectum4 #cj ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 pp4 #ae ff4 #ca ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #bc4 #cb ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 ii4 #cc ,prolegom5a to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #be 7tr4 by ,squire74 #cd ,primitive ,culture1 ,i1 p4 #dbd4 7,f\r? edition1 #aijc47 #ce ,beg9n+ ) ! fir/ edition ( ! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 ,i1 pp4 #cj-cb4 #cf ,notably ,sp5c] & ,gill5 & ev5 ,preuss1 :o gives ! "n magic to all non-individualiz$ religi\s =ces4 #cg ,burn\f1 ,introduction l'hi/oire du b\ddhisme indi51 sec4 edit41 p4 #dfd4 ,! la/ ^w ( ! text %[s t ,buddhism does n ev5 admit ! exi/5ce ( an et]nal ,nature4 #ch ,b>?1 ,! ,religions ( ,india1 p4 #aaj 7tr4 by ,wood74 #ci ,old5b]g1 ,buddha1 p4 #ec 7tr4 by ,hoey74 #dj ,old5b]g1 ibid41 pp4 #cac ff4 ,cf4 ,k]n1 ,hi/oire du b\ddhisme dans l',inde1 ,i1 pp4 #chi ff4 #da ,old5b]g1 p4 #bej2 ,b>?1 p4 #aaj4 #db ,old5b]g1 p4 #cad4 #dc ,b>?1 p4 #aji4 ,9 ! same way1 ,burn\f says1 ,i h ! pr(\nd conviction t if kya _h n f\nd ab\t him a ,pan!on already peopl$ ) ! gods j nam$1 he w\ld h felt no ne$ ( inv5t+ !m 7,introd4 l'hi/4 du b\ddhisme indi51 p4 #aai74 #dd ,burn\f1 op4 cit41 p4 #aag4 #de ,k]n1 op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #bhi4 #df ,! belief1 univ]sally admitt$ 9 ,india1 t great hol9ess is necess>ily accompani$ by sup]natural faculties1 is ! only support :i* he 7kya7 %\ld f9d 9 spirits 7,burn\f1 p4 #aai74 #dg ,burn\f1 p4 #abj4 #dh ,ibid41 p4 #ajg4 #di ,ibid41 p4 #cjb4 #ej ,?is is :at ,k]n expresses 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,9 c]ta9 reg>ds1 he is a man2 9 c]ta9 o!rs1 he is n a man2 9 o!rs1 he is nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r 7op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #bij74 #ea ,! conception 0 =eign to ,buddhism t ! div9e ,head ( ! ,community is n abs5t f 8 p1 b t he dwells p[]fully 9 _! mid/ z _! "l & k+1 s t all cultus is no?+ else b ! expression ( ?is cont9u+ liv+ fell[%ip4 ,buddha has ent]$ into ,nirvna2 if 8 believ]s desir$ to invoke him1 he c\ld n he> !m 7,old5b]g1 p4 #cfi74 #eb ,buddhi/ doctr9e might be 9 all its ess5tials :at x actually is1 ev5 if ! idea ( ,buddha rema9$ completely =eign to x 7,old5b]g1 p4 #cbb74--;,& :atev] is said ( ! hi/oric ,buddha c be appli$ equally well to ! my?ological ,buddhas4 #ec ,= ! same idea1 see ,max ,mll]1 ,natural ,religion1 pp4 #ajc ff4 & #aij4 #ed ,op4 cit41 p4 #adf4 #ee ,b>?1 9 ,encyclopdie des sci5ces religieuses1 ,,vi1 p4 #edh4 #ef ,old5b]g1 op4 cit41 p4 #ec4 #eg #a ,sam4 xxi41 #f4 #eh ,levit4 xii4 #ei ,deut4 xxii41 #aj & #aa4 #fj ,la religion vdique1 ,i1 p4 #abb4 #fa ,ibid41 p4 #acc4 #fb ,no text1 says ,b]gaigne1 be>s bett] witness to ! consci\sness ( a magic action by man ^u ! wat]s ( heav5 ?an v]se x1 #cb1 #g1 :]e ?is belief is express$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 applicable to an actual man1 z well z to 8 real or my?ological ance/ors3 ',! ignorant man has que/ion$ ! wise2 in/ruct$ by ! wise1 he acts1 & "h is ! pr(it ( 8 in/ruction3 he obta9s ! fl[+ ( /reams' 7p4 #acg74 #fc ,ibid41 p4 #aci4 #fd ,examples w also be f\nd 9 ,hub]t1 art4 ,magia 9 ! ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits1 ,,vi1 p4 #aeji4 #fe ,n to m5tion ! sage & ! sa9t :o practise ^! tru?s & :o = t reason are sacr$4 #ff ,?is is n say+ t ^! relations _c take a religi\s "*4 ,b !y d n d s necess>ily4 #fg ,s*ultze1 ,feti*ismus1 p4 #abi4 #fh ,examples ( ^! usages w be f\nd 9 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #b edit41 ,i1 pp4 #ha ff4 #fi ,! conception accord+ to :i* ! pr(ane is oppos$ to ! sacr$1 j z ! irrational is to ! rational1 or ! intelligible is to ! my/]i\s1 is only "o ( ! =ms "u :i* ?is opposition is express$4 ,sci5ce be+ once con/itut$1 x has tak5 a pr(ane "*1 especially 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ri/ian religions2 f t x appe>s z ?\gh x c\ld n be appli$ to sacr$ ?+s4 #gj ,see ,fraz]1 ,on ,"s ,c]emonies ( ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian ,tribes 9 ,au/ralian ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #aija1 pp4 #cac ff4 ,?is conception is also ( an extreme g5]ality4 ,9 ,india1 ! simple p>ticipation 9 ! sacrificial act has ! same effects2 ! sacrific]1 by ! m]e act ( ent]+ )9 ! circle ( sacr$ ?+s1 *anges 8 p]sonality4 7,see1 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,essai sur le ,sacrifice 9 ! ,anne ,sociologique1 ,,ii1 p4 #aja47 #ga ,see :at 0 said ( ! initiation above1 p4 #ci4 #gb ,we %all po9t out bel[ h[1 = example1 c]ta9 species ( sacr$ ?+s exi/1 betwe5 :i* !re is an incompatibility z all-exclusive z t betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane 7,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v1 #d74 #gc ,?is is ! case ) c]ta9 m>riage & fun]al rites1 = example4 #gd ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ecd ff42 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #dfc2 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s4,e4 ,au/ralia1 pp4 #cei-cfa4 #ge ,see ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 *4 xii4 #gf ,see ,hub]t1 art4 ,magia 9 ,dictionnaire des ,antiquits4 #gg ,= example1 9 ,melanesia1 ! t9dalo is a _s1 n[ religi\s1 n[ magic 7,codr+ton1 pp4 #abe ff41 #aid ff474 #gh ,see ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,?orie ,gnrale de la ,magie1 9 ,anne ,sociologique1 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #hc-hd4 #gi ,= example1 ! ho/ is pr(an$ 9 ! black mass4 #hj ,"o turns 8 back to ! alt>1 or goes ar\nd ! alt> comm5c+ by ! left in/ead ( by ! "r4 #ha ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ai4 #hb ,und\bt$ly x is r>e t a c]emony does n h "s director at ! mom5t :5 x is celebrat$2 ev5 9 ! mo/ crudely organiz$ societies1 !re are g5]ally c]ta9 m5 :om ! importance ( _! social position po9ts out to ex]cise a direct+ influ5ce ov] ! religi\s life 7= example1 ! *iefs ( ! local gr\ps ( c]ta9 ,au/ralian societies74 ,b ?is attribution ( functions is /ill v unc]ta94 #hc ,at ,a!ns1 ! gods to :om ! dome/ic cult 0 address$ 7 only specializ$ =ms ( ! gods ( ! city 7,greek3 ,zeus ktsios1 ,zeus h]keios74 ,9 ! same way1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ! patrons ( ! guilds 7 sa9ts ( ! cal5d>4 #hd ,= ! "n ,*ur* is ord9>ily appli$ only to a gr\p ^: common beliefs ref] to a circle ( m special affairs4 #he ,hub]t & ,mauss1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ah4 #hf ,rob]tson ,smi? has already po9t$ out t magic is oppos$ to religion1 z ! individual to ! social 7,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #b edit41 pp4 #bfd-bfe74 ,also1 9 ?us di/+ui%+ magic f religion1 we d n mean to e/abli% a break ( cont9uity betwe5 !m4 ,! fronti]s betwe5 ! two doma9s are frequ5tly unc]ta94 #hg ,codr+ton1 ,trans4 & ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,victoria1 ,,xvi1 p4 #acf4 #hh ,negrioli1 ,dei ,g5ii presso i ,romani4 #hi ,?is is ! conclusion rea*$ by ,sp5c] 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions 7*4 xvi71 & by ,sabati] 9 8 ,outl9es ( a ,philosophy ( ,religion1 bas$ on ,psy*ology & ,hi/ory 7tr4 by ,se$71 & by all ! s*ool to :i* he belongs4 #ij ,notably among num]\s ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ia ,?is /atem5t ( fact does n t\* ! "q :e!r ext]ior & public religion is n m]ely ! developm5t ( an int]ior & p]sonal religion :i* 0 ! primitive fact1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 ! second is n ! projection ( ! fir/ into individual consci5ces4 ,! problem w be directly attack$ bel[ 7,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 v1 #b1 cf4 ! same book1 *4 vi & vii1 #a74 ,= ! mom5t1 we conf9e ourselves to rem>k+ t ! individual cult is pres5t$ to ! obs]v] z an elem5t (1 & some?+ dep5d5t ^u1 ! collective cult4 #ib ,x is by ?is t our pres5t def9ition is connect$ to ! "o we h already propos$ 9 ! ,anne ,sociologique4 ,9 ?is o!r "w1 we def9$ religi\s beliefs exclusively by _! obligatory "*2 b1 z we %all %[1 ?is obligation evid5tly comes f ! fact t ^! beliefs are ! possession ( a gr\p :i* imposes !m ^u its memb]s4 ,! two def9itions are ?us 9 a l>ge "p ! same4 ,if we h ?\ght x be/ to propose a new "o1 x is because ! fir/ 0 too =mal1 & neglect$ ! cont5ts ( ! religi\s repres5tations too mu*4 ,x w be se51 9 ! discussions :i* foll[1 h[ important x is to put ?is *>act]i/ic into evid5ce at once4 ,moreov]1 if _! imp]ative "* is really a di/9ctive trait ( religi\s beliefs1 x all[s ( an inf9ite numb] ( degrees2 consequ5tly !re are ev5 cases :]e x is n easily p]ceptible4 ,h5ce come difficulties & emb>rassm5ts :i* are avoid$ by sub/itut+ = ?is crit]ium ! "o we n[ employ4 #ic ,we ?us leave aside "h ^? !ories :i*1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 make use ( sup]-exp]im5tal data4 ,?is is ! case ) ! !ory :i* ,&rew ,lang expos$ 9 8 book1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion1 & :i* ,fa!r ,s*midt has tak5 up aga91 ) v>iations ( detail1 9 a s]ies ( articles on ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,idea ( ,god 7,an?ropos1 #aijh1 #aiji74 ,lang does n set animism def9itely aside1 b 9 ! la/ analysis1 he admits a s5se or intuition ( ! div9e directly4 ,also1 if we d n consid] x necess>y to expose & discuss ?is conception 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 we d n int5d to pass x ov] 9 sil5ce2 we %all come to x aga9 bel[1 :5 we %all ourselves expla9 ! facts ^u :i* x is f\nd$ 7,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 ix1 #d74 #id ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ( ,fu/el de ,c\langes :o accepts ! two conceptions toge!r 7,! ,anci5t ,city1 ,bk4 ,i & ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 ii74 #ie ,?is is ! case ) ,jevons1 :o criticizes ! animism taught by ,tylor1 b accepts 8 !ories on ! orig9 ( ! idea ( ! s\l & ! an?ropomorphic in/9ct ( man4 ,inv]sely1 ,us5]1 9 8 ,gtt]nam51 rejects c]ta9 hypo!ses ( ,max ,mll] :i* w be describ$ bel[1 b admits ! pr9cipal po/ulates ( naturism4 #if ,primitive ,culture1 *s4 xi-xviii4 #ig ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,p>ts ,i & ,,vi4 #ih ,?is is ! ^w us$ by ,tylor4 ,x has ! inconv5i5ce ( seem+ to imply t m51 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 exi/$ be=e !re 0 a civilization4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no prop] t]m = express+ ! idea2 t ( primitive1 :i* we pref] to use1 lack+ a bett]1 is1 z we h said1 f> f satisfactory4 #ii ,tylor1 op4 cit41 ,i1 pp4 #dee f4 #ajj ,see ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,i1 pp4 #adc ff41 & ,tylor1 op4 cit41 ,i1 pp4 #dcd ff41 #dde ff4 #aja ,tylor1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aac ff4 #ajb ,tylor1 ,i1 pp4 #dha ff4 #ajc ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,i1 p4 #abf4 #ajd ,ibid41 pp4 #cbb ff4 #aje ,ibid41 pp4 #cff-cfg4 #ajf ,ibid41 p4 #cdf4 ,cf4 p4 #chd4 #ajg ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 viii4 #ajh ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 pp4 #abc-abg2 ,/rehl[1 ,die ,ar&a- und ,loritja-,/mme 9 ,z5tral ,au/rali51 ,,ii1 pp4 #eb ff4 #aji ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bdi-bej4 #aaj ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #ceh4 #aaa ,ibid41 pp4 #dcd-ddb4 #aab ,( ! negroes ( s\!rn ,gu9ea1 ,tylor says t _! sleep+ h\rs are *>act]iz$ by almo/ z mu* int]c\rse ) ! dead z _! wak+ are ) ! liv+ 7,primitive ,culture1 ,i1 p4 #ddc74 ,9 reg>d to ^! peoples1 ! same au?or cites ?is rem>k ( an obs]v]3 ,all _! dreams are con/ru$ into visits f ! spirits ( _! deceas$ fri5ds 7ibid41 p4 #ddc74 ,?is /atem5t is c]ta9ly exagg]at$2 b x is "o m pro( ( ! frequ5cy ( my/ic dreams among ! primitives4 ,! etymology :i* ,/rehl[ proposes = ! ,arunta ^w altjir]ama1 :i* means to dream1 also t5ds to confirm ?is !ory4 ,?is ^w is compos$ ( altjira1 :i* ,/rehl[ translates by god & rama1 :i* means see4 ,?us a dream w\ld be ! mom5t :5 a man is 9 relations ) sacr$ be+s 7,die ,ar&a- und ,loritja-,/mme1 ,i1 p4 #b74 #aac ,&rew ,lang1 :o also refuses to admit t ! idea ( ! s\l 0 sugge/$ to m5 by _! dream exp]i5ces1 believes t he c d]ive x f o!r empirical data3 ^! are ! data ( spiritualism 7telepa?y1 di/ance-see+1 etc474 ,we d n consid] x necess>y to discuss ! !ory su* z x has be5 expos$ 9 8 book ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,x reposes ^u ! hypo!sis t spiritualism is a fact ( con/ant obs]vation1 & t di/ance-see+ is a real faculty ( m51 or at lea/ ( c]ta9 m51 b x is well kn[n h[ mu* ?is !ory is sci5tifically conte/$4 ,:at is /ill m conte/able is t ! facts ( spiritualism are app>5t en\gh & ( a suffici5t frequ5cy to h be5 able to s]ve z ! basis = all ! religi\s beliefs & practices :i* are connect$ ) s\ls & spirits4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! que/ions w\ld c>ry u too f> f :at is ! object ( our /udy4 ,x is /ill less necess>y to engage ourselves 9 ?is exam9ation1 s9ce ! !ory ( ,lang rema9s op5 to _m ( ! objections :i* we %all address to t ( ,tylor 9 ! p>agraphs :i* foll[4 #aad ,jevons has made a simil> rem>k4 ,) ,tylor1 he admits t ! idea ( ! s\l comes f dreams1 & t aft] x 0 creat$1 m5 project$ x into ?+s4 ,b1 he adds1 ! fact t nature has be5 conceiv$ z animat$ l m5 does n expla9 h[ x became ! object ( a cult4 ,! man :o believes ! b[+ tree or ! leap+ flame to be a liv+ ?+ l himself1 does n !re=e believe x to be a sup]natural be+--r1 s f> z x is l himself1 x1 l himself1 is n sup]natural 7,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 p4 #ee74 #aae ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ejf1 & ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eab4 #aaf ,?is is ! ritual & my?ical !me :i* ,fraz] /udies 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh4 #aag ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #aai4 #aah ,ibid41 p4 #abe4 #aai ,!re are sometimes1 z x seems1 ev5 fun]al (f]+s4 7,see ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic & ,m$ic9e1 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nog41 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 #fi c41 & ,burial ,cu/oms1 9 ibid41 ,no4 #aj1 9 ,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #cie74 ,b ^! (f]+s are n p]iodical4 #abj ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ech1 #eec1 & ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #dfc1 #edc1 #edg4 #aba ,see especially1 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 *4 vi1 vii1 ix4 #abb ,! ,religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1 pp4 #dg ff4 #abc ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religions1 p4 #abc4 #abd ,les ,religions des peuples non civiliss1 ,,ii1 ,conclusion4 #abe ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #b ed41 pp4 #abf1 #acb4 #abf ,?is is ! reason+ ( ,we/]m>ck 7,orig9s ( ,human ,m>riage1 p4 #f74 #abg ,by sexual communism we d n mean a /ate ( promiscuity :]e man kn[s no matrimonial rules3 we believe t su* a /ate has nev] exi/$4 ,b x has frequ5tly happ5$ t gr\ps ( m5 h be5 regul>ly unit$ to "o or sev]al wom54 #abh ,see our ,suicide1 pp4 #bcc ff4 #abi ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,i1 pp4 #abi f4 #acj ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #abc4 #aca ,dorsey1 ,a ,/udy ( ,si\an ,cults1 9 ,x,ith ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]4 ,e?nology1 pp4 #dca ff41 & passim4 #acb ,la religion des peuples non civiliss1 ,i1 p4 #bdh4 #acc ,v4 ,w4 de ,viss]1 ,de ,graecorum diis non ref]5tibus speciem humanam4 ,cf4 ,p4 ,p]drizet1 ,bullet9 de correspondance hellnique1 #ahii1 p4 #fce4 #acd ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ,sp5c]1 !re is a g]m ( tru? 9 ! belief 9 spirits3 ?is is ! idea t ! p[] :i* manife/s itself inside ! consci\sness is a diff]5t =m ( p[] f t manife/$ outside ! consci\sness 7,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions1 #fei74 ,sp5c] und]/&s by ?is t ! notion ( =ce 9 g5]al is ! s5tim5t ( ! =ce :i* we h ext5d$ to ! entire univ]se2 ?is is :at animism admits implicitly :5 x peoples nature ) spirits analog\s to our own4 ,b ev5 if ?is hypo!sis 9 reg>d to ! way 9 :i* ! idea ( =ce is =m$ 7 true--& x requires important res]vations :i* we %all make 7,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 iii1 #c7--;x has no?+ religi\s ab\t x2 x belongs to no cult4 ,x ?us rema9s t ! sy/em ( religi\s symbols & rites1 ! classification ( ?+s into sacr$ & pr(ane1 all t :i* is really religi\s 9 religion1 corresponds to no?+ 9 reality4 ,also1 ?is g]m ( tru?1 ( :i* he speaks1 is /ill m a g]m ( error1 = if x be true t ! =ces ( nature & ^? ( ! m9d are relat$1 !y are pr(\ndly di/9ct1 & "o exposes himself to grave misconceptions 9 id5tify+ !m4 #ace ,?is is und\bt$ly :at expla9s ! sympa?y :i* folk-lori/s l ,mannh>dt h felt = animi/ic ideas4 ,9 popul> religions z 9 inf]ior religions1 ^! spiritual be+s ( a second ord] hold ! fir/ place4 #acf ,9 ! essay entitl$ ,comp>ative ,my?ology 7pp4 #dg ff74 #acg ,h]abkunft des ,feu]s und ,gott]tranks1 ,b]l91 #ahei 7a new edition 0 giv5 by ,ern/ ,kuhn 9 #ahhf74 ,cf4 ,d] ,s*uss des ,wild5 ,jg]s auf d5 ,sonn5-hirs*1 ,zeits*rift f4 d4 ,phil41 ,i1 #ahfi1 pp4 #hi-afi4 ,entwickelungs/uf5 des ,my?us1 ,abh&l4 d4 ,b]l4 ,akad41 #ahgc4 #ach ,d] ,ursprung d] ,my?ologie1 ,b]l91 #ahfj4 #aci ,9 8 book ,h]cule et ,cacus4 tude de my?ologie comp>e4 ,max ,mll]'s ,comp>ative ,my?ology is !re signaliz$ z a "w :i* m>ks a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,my?ology 7p4 #ab74 #adj ,die ,grie*is*5 ,kulte und ,my!n1 ,i1 p4 #gh4 #ada ,among o!rs :o h adopt$ ?is conception may be cit$ ,r5an4 ,see 8 ,n\velles tudes d'hi/oire religieuse1 #ahhd1 p4 #ca4 #adb ,aside f ! ,comp>ative ,my?ology1 ! works :]e ,max ,mll] has expos$ 8 g5]al !ories on religion are3 ,hibb]t ,lectures 7#ahgh7 "u ! title ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,religion2 ,natural ,religion 7#ahhi72 ,physical ,religion 7#ahij72 ,an?ropological ,religion 7#ahib72 ,!osophy1 or ,psy*ological ,religion 7#ahic72 ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,my?ology 7#ahig74 ,s9ce 8 my?ological !ories are closely relat$ to 8 philosophy ( language1 ^! works %\ld be consult$ 9 connection ) ! ones consecrat$ to language or logic1 especially ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 & ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght4 #adc ,natural ,religion1 p4 #aad4 #add ,physical ,religion1 pp4 #aai-abj4 #ade ,ibid41 p4 #aba2 cf4 p4 #cjd4 #adf ,natural ,religion1 pp4 #aba ff41 & #adi-aee4 #adg ,! ov]:elm+ pressure ( ! inf9ite 7ibid41 p4 #ach74 #adh ,ibid41 pp4 #aie-aif4 #adi ,max ,mll] ev5 goes s f> z to say t until ?\ght has pass$ ?is fir/ /age1 x has v few ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* we n[ attribute to religion 7,physic4 ,rel41 p4 #abj74 #aej ,physic4 ,rel41 p4 #abh4 #aea ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #cj4 #aeb ,natural ,religion1 pp4 #cic ff4 #aec ,physic4 ,rel41 p4 #acc2 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #bai2 ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,,ii1 pp4 #a ff4 #aed ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 p4 #bgb4 #aee ,! ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 ,i1 p4 #cbg2 ,physic4 ,rel41 pp4 #abe ff4 #aef ,mlanges de my?ologie et de l+ui/ique1 p4 #h4 #aeg ,an?ropological ,religion1 pp4 #abh-acj4 #aeh ,?is explanation is n z good z t ( ,tylor4 ,accord+ to ,max ,mll]1 m5 c\ld n admit t life /opp$ ) dea?2 !re=e !y conclud$ t !re 7 two be+s )9 !m1 "o ( :i* surviv$ ! body4 ,b x is h>d to see :at made !m ?9k t life cont9u$ aft] ! body 0 decompos$4 #aei ,= ! details1 see ,an?rop4 ,rel41 pp4 #cea ff4 #afj ,an?rop4 ,rel41 p4 #acj4--,?is is :at keeps ,max ,mll] f consid]+ ,*ri/ianity ! climax ( all ?is developm5t4 ,! religion ( ance/ors1 he says1 supposes t !re is some?+ div9e 9 man4 ,n[ is t idea n ! "o at ! basis ( ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/8 7ibid41 pp4 #cgh ff474 ,x is useless to insi/ ^u ! /rang5ess ( ! conception :i* makes ,*ri/ianity ! late/ ( ! cults ( ! dead4 #afa ,see ! discussion ( ! hypo!sis 9 ,gruppe1 ,grie*i%5 ,kulte und ,my!n1 pp4 #gi-ahd4 #afb ,see ,meillet1 ,introduction l'tude comp>ative des langues indo-europennes1 p4 #aai4 #afc ,old5b]g1 ,die ,religion des ,v$as1 pp4 #ei ff42 ,meillet1 ,le dieu ,irani5 ,my?ra1 9 ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,x1 ,no4 #a1 ,july-,augu/1 #aijg1 pp4 #adc ff4 #afd ,9 ?is category are a l>ge numb] ( ! maxims ( popul> wisdom4 #afe ,x is true t ?is argum5t does n t\* ^? :o see 9 religion a code 7especially ( hygi5e7 ^: provisions1 ?\gh plac$ "u ! sanction ( imag9>y be+s1 are nev]!less well f\nd$4 ,b we %all n delay to discuss a conception s insupportable1 & :i* has1 9 fact1 nev] be5 su/a9$ 9 a sy/ematic mann] by p]sons some:at in=m$ ^u ! hi/ory ( religions4 ,x is difficult to see :at good ! t]rible practices ( ! initiation br+ to ! heal? :i* !y ?reat52 :at good ! dietetic re/rictions1 :i* g5]ally deal ) p]fectly clean animals1 h hygi5ically2 h[ sacrifices1 :i* take place f> f a h\se1 make x m solid1 etc4 ,und\bt$ly !re are religi\s precepts :i* at ! same "t h a practical utility2 b !y are lo/ 9 ! mass ( o!rs1 & ev5 ! s]vices :i* !y r5d] are frequ5tly n )\t "s drawbacks4 ,if !re is a religi\sly en=c$ cleanl9ess1 !re is also a religi\s fil?9ess :i* is d]iv$ f ^! same pr9ciples4 ,! rule :i* ord]s a corpse to be c>ri$ away f ! camp because x is ! seat ( a dread$ _s is und\bt$ly useful4 ,b ! same belief requires ! relatives to ano9t !mselves ) ! liquids :i* issue f a corpse 9 putrefaction1 because !y are suppos$ to h exceptional virtues4--,f ?is po9t ( view1 magic has s]v$ a great deal m ?an religion4 #aff ,contributions to ! ,sci5ce ( ,my?ology1 ,i1 pp4 #fh f4 #afg ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,,ii1 p4 #def ff42 ,physic4 ,rel41 pp4 #bgf ff4--,also ,bral1 ,mlanges1 p4 #f1 ,to br+ ! necess>y cl>ity into ?is "q ( ! orig9 ( my?ology1 x is necess>y to di/+ui% c>efully ! gods1 :i* are ! imm$iate product ( ! human intellig5ce1 f ! fables1 :i* are its indirect & involunt>y product4 #afh ,max ,mll] recogniz$ ?is4 ,see ,physic4 ,rel41 p4 #acb1 & ,comp>ative ,my?ology1 p4 #eh4 ,! gods are nom9a & n num9a1 names )\t be+ & n be+s )\t "n4 #afi ,x is true t ,max ,mll] held t = ! ,greeks1 ,zeus 01 & rema9$1 9 spite ( all my?ological obscurations1 ! "n ( ! ,supreme ,deity 7,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,,ii1 p4 #dgh74 ,we %all n dispute ?is ass]tion1 ?\gh x is hi/orically conte/able2 b 9 any case1 ?is conception ( ,zeus c\ld nev] h be5 m ?an a glimm] 9 ! mid/ ( all ! o!r religi\s beliefs ( ! ,greeks4 ,besides ?is1 9 a lat] "w1 ,max ,mll] w5t s f> z to make ev5 ! notion ( god 9 g5]al ! product ( a :olly v]bal process & ?us ( a my?ological elaboration 7,physic4 ,rel41 p4 #ach74 #agj ,und\bt$ly outside ! real my?s !re 7 always fables :i* 7 n believ$1 or at lea/ 7 n believ$ 9 ! same way & to ! same degree1 & h5ce _h no religi\s "*4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 fables & my?s is c]ta9ly float+ & h>d to det]m9e4 ,b ?is is no reason = mak+ all my?s /ories1 any m ?an we %\ld dream ( mak+ all /ories my?s4 ,!re is at lea/ "o *>act]i/ic :i* 9 a numb] ( cases suffices to diff]5tiate ! religi\s my?3 t is its relation to ! cult4 #aga ,see above1 p4 #bh4 #agb ,m ?an t1 9 ! language ( ,max ,mll]1 !re is a v]itable abuse ( words4 ,s5su\s exp]i5ce1 he says1 implies1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 cases1 beyond ! kn[n1 some?+ unkn[n1 some?+ :i* ,i claim ! lib]ty to call inf9ite 7,natural ,rel41 p4 #aie2 cf4 p4 #bah74 ,! unkn[n is n necess>ily ! inf9ite1 any m ?an ! inf9ite is necess>ily ! unkn[n if x is 9 all po9ts ! same1 & consequ5tly l ! "p :i* we "k4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to prove t ! "p ( x :i* we p]ceive diff]s 9 nature f t :i* we d n p]ceive4 #agc ,max ,mll] involunt>ily recognizes ?is 9 c]ta9 passages4 ,he confesses t he sees little diff]5ce betwe5 ,agni1 ! god ( fire1 & ! notion ( e!r1 by :i* ! mod]n physici/ expla9s light & heat 7,phys4 ,rel41 pp4 #abf f474 ,also1 he connects ! notion ( div9ity to t ( ag5cy 7p4 #ach7 or ( a causality :i* is n natural & pr(ane4 ,! fact t religion repres5ts ! causes ?us imag9$1 "u ! =m ( p]sonal ag5ts1 is n en\gh to expla9 h[ !y got a sacr$ "*4 ,a p]sonal ag5t c be pr(ane1 & also1 _m religi\s =ces are ess5tially imp]sonal4 #agd ,we %all see bel[1 9 speak+ ( ! efficacy ( rites & fai?1 h[ ^! illusions are to be expla9$ 7,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 ii74 #age ,voyages & ,travels ( an ,indian ,int]pret]4 #agf ,?is idea 0 s common t ev5 ,m4 ,rville cont9u$ to make ,am]ica ! classic l& ( totemism 7,religions des peuples non civiliss1 ,i1 p4 #bdb74 #agg ,j\rnals ( ,two ,exp$itions 9 ,nor?-,we/ & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 ,,ii1 p4 #bbh4 #agh ,! ,wor%ip ( ,animals & ,plants4 ,totems & ,totemism 7#ahfi1 #ahgj74 #agi ,?is idea is f\nd already v cle>ly express$ 9 a /udy by ,gallat9 entitl$ ,synopsis ( ! ,indian ,tribes 7,ar*ologia ,am]icana1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aji ff471 & 9 a notice by ,morgan 9 ! ,cambrian ,j\rnal1 #ahfj1 p4 #adi4 #ahj ,?is "w _h be5 prep>$ = & prec$$ by two o!rs by ! same au?or3 ,! ,league ( ! ,iroquois 7#ahea71 & ,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity & ,aff9ity ( ! ,human ,family 7#ahga74 #aha ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 #ahhj4 #ahb ,9 ! v fir/ volumes ( ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,am]ican ,e?nology are f\nd ! /udy ( ,p[ell1 ,wy&ot ,gov]nm5t 7,i1 p4 #ei71 t ( ,cu%+1 ,zui ,feti*es 7,,ii1 p4 #i71 ,smi?1 ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois 7ibid41 p4 #gg71 & ! important "w ( ,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociology 7,,iii1 p4 #baa71 :i* are also contributions to ! /udy ( totemism4 #ahc ,?is fir/ appe>$1 9 an abridg$ =m1 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#i? ed474 #ahd ,9 8 ,primitive ,culture1 ,tylor _h already attempt$ an explanation ( totemism1 to :i* we %all return pres5tly1 b :i* we %all n give "h2 = by mak+ totemism only a p>ticul> case ( ! ance/or-cult1 he completely misund]/ood its importance4 ,9 ?is *apt] we m5tion only ^? !ories :i* h contribut$ to ! progress ( ! /udy ( totemism4 #ahe ,publi%$ at ,cambridge1 #ahhe4 #ahf ,fir/ edition1 #ahhi4 ,?is is ! arrangem5t ( a c\rse giv5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de5 9 #ahhh4 ,cf4 ! article ,sacrifice 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#i? edition74 #ahg ,london1 #ahij4 ,a second edition 9 ?ree volumes has s9ce appe>$ 7#aijj7 & a ?ird 9 five volumes is already 9 c\rse ( publication4 #ahh ,9 ?is connection mu/ be m5tion$ ! int]e/+ "w ( ,sidney ,h>tl&1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 #c vols41 #ahid-ahif4 #ahi ,we "h conf9e ourselves to giv+ ! names ( ! au?ors2 _! works w be indicat$ bel[1 :5 we make use ( !m4 #aij ,if ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h be5 ! fir/ to /udy ^! tribes 9 a sci5tific & ?or\gh mann]1 !y 7 n ! fir/ to talk ab\t !m4 ,h[itt _h already describ$ ! social organization ( ! ,wu>amongo 7,w>ramunga ( ,sp5c] & ,gill57 9 #ahhh 9 8 ,fur!r ,notes on ! ,au/ralian ,classes 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute 7h]eaft]1 ,j4,a4,i471 pp4 #dd f4 ,! ,arunta _h already be5 briefly /udi$ by ,s*ulze 7,! ,aborig9es ( ! ,upp] & ,middle ,f9ke ,riv]1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 fasc4 #b73 ! organization ( ! ,*+alee 7! ,tj+illi ( ,sp5c] & ,gill571 ! ,wombya1 etc41 by ,ma!ws 7,wombya ,organization ( ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #did2 ,divisions ( "s ,we/ ,au/ralian ,tribes1 ibid41 p4 #ahe2 ,proce$+s ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,xxxvii1 pp4 #aea-aeb1 & ,j\rnal ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxii1 p4 #ga & ,,xxxiii1 p4 #aaa74 ,! fir/ results ( ! /udy made ( ! ,arunta _h also be5 publi%$ already 9 ! ,report on ! ,"w ( ! ,horn ,sci5tific ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,pt4 ,,iv 7#ahif74 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is ,report is by ,/irl+1 ! second by ,gill52 ! entire publication 0 plac$ "u ! direction ( ,baldw9 ,sp5c]4 #aia ,london1 #ahii4 ,h]eaft]1 ,native ,tribes or ,nat4 ,tr4 #aib ,london1 #aijd4 ,h]eaft]1 ,nor!rn ,tribes or ,nor4 ,tr4 #aic ,we write ! ,arunta1 ! ,anula1 ! ,tj+illi1 etc41 )\t add+ ! *>act]i/ic s ( ! plural4 ,x does n seem v logical to add to ^! words1 :i* are n ,european1 a grammatical sign :i* w\ld h no mean+ except 9 our languages4 ,exceptions to ?is rule w be made :5 ! "n ( ! tribe has obvi\sly be5 ,europeaniz$ 7! ,hurons = example74 #aid ,/rehl[ has be5 9 ,au/ralia s9ce #ahib2 at fir/ he liv$ among ! ,di]i1 & f !m he w5t to ! ,arunta4 #aie ,die ,ar&a- und ,loritja-,/mme 9 ,z5tral ,au/rali54 ,f\r fascicules h be5 publi%$ up to ! pres5t4 ,! la/ appe>$ at ! mom5t :5 ! pres5t book 0 f9i%$1 s x c\ld n be us$4 ,! two fir/ h to d ) ! my?s & leg5ds1 & ! ?ird ) ! cult4 ,x is only j to add to ! "n ( ,/rehl[ t ( von ,leonh>di1 :o has _h a great deal to d ) ?is publication4 ,n only has he *>g$ himself ) edit+ ! manuscripts ( ,/rehl[1 b by 8 judici\s que/ions he has l$ ! latt] to be m precise on m ?an "o po9t4 ,x w\ld be useful also to consult an article :i* von ,leonh>di gave ! ,globus1 :]e num]\s extracts f 8 correspond5ce ) ,/rehl[ w be f\nd 7,ueb] e9ige religise und totemi/is*e ,vor/ellung5 d] ,ar&a und ,loritja 9 ,z5tral ,au/rali51 9 ,globus1 ,,xci1 p4 #bhe74 ,cf4 an article on ! same subject by ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas 9 ,folk-lore1 ,,xvi1 pp4 #dbh ff4 #aif ,sp5c] & ,gill5 are n ignorant ( x1 b !y are f> f possess+ x z ?or\ghly z ,/rehl[4 #aig ,notably by ,klaats*1 ,s*lussb]i*t b] me9e ,reise na* ,au/rali51 9 ,zeits*rift f4 ,e?nologie1 #aijg1 pp4 #fce ff4 #aih ,! book ( ,k4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe1 t ( ,eylmann1 ,die ,e+ebor55 d] ,kolonie ,sdau/rali52 t ( ,john ,ma!ws1 ,two ,repres5tative ,tribes ( ,que5sl&1 & c]ta9 rec5t articles ( ,ma!ws all %[ ! influ5ce ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 #aii ,a li/ ( ^! publications w be f\nd 9 ! preface to 8 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #h-i4 #bjj ,london1 #aijd4 ,h]eaft] we %all cite ?is "w by ! abbreviation ,nat4 ,tr41 b always m5tion+ ! "n ( ,h[itt1 to di/+ui% x f ! fir/ "w ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 :i* we abbreviate 9 ! same mann]4 #bja ,totemism & ,exogamy1 #d vols41 ,london1 #aiaj4 ,! "w beg9s ) a re-edition ( ,totemism1 reproduc$ )\t any ess5tial *anges4 #bjb ,x is true t at ! end & at ! beg9n+ !re are "s g5]al !ories on totemism1 :i* w be describ$ & discuss$ bel[4 ,b ^! !ories are relatively indep5d5t ( ! collection ( facts :i* accompanies !m1 = !y _h already be5 publi%$ 9 diff]5t articles 9 reviews1 long be=e ?is "w appe>$4 ,^! articles are reproduc$ 9 ! fir/ volume 7pp4 #hi-agb74 #bjc ,totemism1 p4 #ab4 #bjd ,ibid41 p4 #ae4 #bje ,ibid41 p4 #cb4 #bjf ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ?is connection1 ! m rec5t "w1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 %[s an important progress 9 ! ?\ght z well z ! me?od ( ,fraz]4 ,e "t t he describes ! religi\s or dome/ic in/itutions ( a tribe1 he sets himself to det]m9e ! geographic & social conditions 9 :i* ?is tribe is plac$4 ,h[soev] summ>y ^! analyses may be1 !y be> witness nev]!less to a rupture ) ! old me?ods ( ! an?ropological s*ool4 #bjg ,und\bt$ly we also consid] t ! pr9cipal object ( ! sci5ce ( religions is to f9d out :at ! religi\s nature ( man really consi/s 94 ,h[ev]1 z we d n reg>d x z a "p ( 8 con/itutional make-up1 b r z ! product ( social causes1 we consid] x impossible to f9d x1 if we leave aside 8 social environm5t4 #bjh ,we _c repeat too frequ5tly t ! importance :i* we atta* to totemism is absolutely indep5d5t ( :e!r x 0 ev] univ]sal or n4 #bji ,?is is ! case ) ! phratries & matrimonial classes2 on ?is po9t1 see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes1 *4 iii2 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes1 pp4 #aji & #acg-adb2 ,?omas1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,au/ralia1 *4 vi & vii4 #baj ,division du ,travail social1 #crd ed41 p4 #aej4 #baa ,x is to be und]/ood t ?is is n always ! case4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 z we h already said1 t ! simpl] =ms aid to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! m complex4 ,on ?is po9t1 !re is no rule ( me?od :i* is applicable to e possible case4 #bab ,?us ! individual totemism ( ,am]ica w aid u 9 und]/&+ ! function & importance ( t 9 ,au/ralia4 ,z ! latt] is v rudim5t>y1 x w\ld probably h pass$ unobs]v$4 #bac ,besides1 !re is n "o unique type ( totemism 9 ,am]ica1 b sev]al diff]5t species :i* mu/ be di/+ui%$4 #bad ,we %all leave ?is field only v exceptionally1 & :5 a p>ticul>ly in/ructive comp>ison seems to u to impose itself4 #bae ,?is is ! def9ition giv5 by ,cic]o3 ,g5tiles sunt qui int] se eodem nom9e sunt 7,top4 #f74 7,^? are ( ! same g5s :o h ! same "n among !mselves47 #baf ,x may be said 9 a g5]al way t ! clan is a family gr\p1 :]e k9%ip results solely f a common "n2 x is 9 ?is s5se t ! g5s is a clan4 ,b ! totemic clan is a p>ticul> sort ( ! class ?us con/itut$4 #bag ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ^! bonds ( solid>ity ext5d ev5 beyond ! fronti]s ( ! tribe4 ,:5 individuals ( diff]5t tribes h ! same totem1 !y h peculi> duties t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,?is fact is expressly /at$ = c]ta9 tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica 7see ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii1 pp4 #eg1 #ha1 #bii1 #cef-ceg74 ,! texts relative to ,au/ralia are less explicit4 ,h[ev]1 x is probable t ! prohibition ( m>riage betwe5 memb]s ( a s+le totem is int]national4 #bah ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #afe4 #bai ,9 ,au/ralia ! words employ$ diff] ) ! tribes4 ,9 ! regions obs]v$ by ,grey1 !y said ,kobong2 ! ,di]i say ,murdu 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ia72 ! ,n>r9y]i1 ,ngaitye 7,talp91 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #bdd72 ! ,w>ramunga1 ,mungi or ,mungii 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ged71 etc4 #bbj ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,,iv1 p4 #hf4 #bba ,?is =tune ( ! ^w is ! m regrettable s9ce we d n ev5 "k exactly h[ x is writt54 ,"s write totam1 o!rs toodaim1 or dodaim1 or ododam 7see ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #a74 ,nor is ! mean+ ( ! ^w det]m9$ exactly4 ,accord+ to ! report ( ! fir/ obs]v] ( ! ,ojibway1 ,j4 ,long1 ! ^w totam designat$ ! protect+ g5ius1 ! individual totem1 ( :i* we %all speak bel[ 7,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 iv7 & n ! totem ( ! clan4 ,b ! acc\nts ( o!r explor]s say exactly ! contr>y 7on ?is po9t1 see ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii1 pp4 #di-eb74 #bbb ,! ,wotjobaluk 7p4 #aba7 & ! ,bu&ik 7p4 #abc74 #bbc ,! same4 #bbd ,! ,wolgal 7p4 #ajb71 ! ,wotjobaluk & ! ,bu&ik4 #bbe ,! ,muruburra 7p4 #aag71 ! ,wotjobaluk & ! ,bu&ik4 #bbf ,! ,bu&ik & ! ,kaiab>a 7p4 #aaf74 ,x is to be rem>k$ t all ! examples come f only five tribes4 #bbg ,?us1 out ( #bjd k9ds ( totems1 collect$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 out ( a l>ge numb] ( tribes1 #ahh are animals or plants4 ,! inanimate objects are ! boom]ang1 cold wea!r1 d>kness1 fire1 lightn+1 ! moon1 r$ o*re1 res91 salt wat]1 ! ev5+ />1 a /one1 ! sun1 wat]1 ! :irlw9d1 ! w9d & hail-/ones 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ggc4 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i1 pp4 #bec-bed74 #bbh ,fraz] 7,totemism1 pp4 #aj & #ac7 cites a r l>ge numb] ( cases & puts !m 9 a special gr\p :i* he calls split-totems1 b ^! are tak5 f tribes :]e totemism is greatly alt]$1 su* z 9 ,samoa or ! tribes ( ,b5gal4 #bbi ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ajg4 #bcj ,see ! tables collect$ by ,/rehl[1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 pp4 #fa-gb 7cf4 ,,iii1 pp4 xiii-xvii74 ,x is rem>kable t ^! fragm5t>y totems are tak5 exclusively f animal totems4 #bca ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eb & #gb4 #bcb ,= example1 "o ( ^! totems is a cave :]e an ance/or ( ! ,wild ,cat totem re/$2 ano!r is a subt]ranean gall]y :i* an ance/or ( ! ,m\se clan dug1 etc4 7ibid41 p4 #gb74 #bcc ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #efa ff4 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ga1 note #b4 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dbf ff42 ,on ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 p4 #ec2 ,fur!r ,notes on ! ,au/ralian ,class ,sy/ems1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xviii1 pp4 #fc ff4 #bcd ,?aballa means laugh+ boy1 accord+ to ! translation ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,! memb]s ( ! clan :i* be> ?is "n ?9k !y he> him laugh+ 9 ! rocks :i* are 8 resid5ce 7,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bjg1 #bae1 #bbf note74 ,accord+ to a my? giv5 on p4 #dbb1 !re 0 an initial gr\p ( my?ical ,?aballa 7cf4 p4 #bjh74 ,! clan ( ! ,kati1 full-gr[n m51 z ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say1 seems to be ( ! same sort 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bjg74 #bce ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bbf ff4 #bcf ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ga f4 ,he m5tions a totem ( ! ,loritja & ,arunta :i* is v close to ! s]p5t ,wollunqua3 x is ! totem ( a my?ical wat]-snake4 #bcg ,?is is ! case ) ,klaats*1 9 ! article already cit$ 7see above1 p4 #ib1 n4 #c74 #bch ,z we indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 totemism is at ! same "t ( int]e/ = ! "q ( religion & t ( ! family1 = ! clan is a family4 ,9 ! l[] societies1 ^! two problems are v closely connect$4 ,b bo? are s complex t x is indisp5sable to treat !m sep>ately4 ,also1 ! primitive family organization _c be und]/ood be=e ! primitive religi\s beliefs are kn[n2 = ! latt] s]ve z ! basis ( ! =m]4 ,?is is :y x is necess>y to /udy totemism z a religion be=e /udy+ ! totemic clan z a family gr\p4 #bci ,see ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i ,tribe1 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 pp4 #bdd f42 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aca4 #bdj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #afc1 #afi1 #agj1 #agb4 ,x is to be not$ t 9 all ^! tribes1 except ! ,m>a & ! ,anula1 ! transmission ( ! totem 9 ! pat]nal l9e is only a g5]al rule1 :i* has exceptions4 #bda ,accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #abc ff471 ! s\l ( ! ance/or becomes re9c>nate 9 ! body ( ! "m & becomes ! s\l ( ! *ild2 accord+ to ,/rehl[ 7,,ii1 pp4 #ea ff471 ! conception1 ?\gh be+ ! "w ( ! ance/or1 does n imply any re9c>nation2 b 9 nei!r int]pretation does ! totem ( ! *ild necess>ily dep5d ^u t ( ! p>5ts4 #bdb ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acc2 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ec4 #bdc ,x is 9 l>ge "p ! locality :]e ! "m believes t %e conceiv$ :i* det]m9es ! totem ( ! *ild4 ,ea* totem1 z we %all see1 has its c5tre & ! ance/ors pref]ably frequ5t ! places s]v+ z c5tres = _! respective totems4 ,! totem ( ! *ild is !re=e t :i* belongs to ! place :]e ! "m believes t %e conceiv$4 ,z ?is %\ld g5]ally be 9 ! vic9ity ( ! place :i* s]ves z totemic c5tre = h] husb&1 ! *ild %\ld g5]ally foll[ ! totem ( 8 fa!r4 ,x is und\bt$ly ?is :i* expla9s :y ! great] "p ( ! inhabitants ( a giv5 locality belong to ! same totem 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #i74 #bdd ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 pp4 #aei ff4 ,cf4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #dj f42 ,john ,ma!ws1 ,eaglehawk & ,cr[2 ,?omas1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,au/ralia1 pp4 #eb ff4 #bde ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #abd4 #bdf ,h[itt1 pp4 #aba1 #abc1 #abd2 ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #dfa4 #bdg ,h[itt1 p4 #abf4 #bdh ,h[itt1 pp4 #ih ff4 #bdi ,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #afe2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #dbc2 ,h[itt1 op4 cit41 p4 #dbi4 #bej ,h[itt1 pp4 #aja1 #ajb4 #bea ,j4 ,ma!ws1 ,two ,repres5tative ,tribes ( ,que5sl&1 p4 #aci4 #beb ,/ill o!r reasons c\ld be giv5 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis1 b x w\ld be necess>y to br+ 9 consid]ations relative to ! organization ( ! family1 & we wi% to keep ^! two /udies sep>ate4 ,also ?is "q is only ( second>y int]e/ to our subject4 #bec ,= example1 ,mukw>a1 :i* is ! "n ( a phratry among ! ,b>k9ji1 ! ,p>u9ji & ! ,milpulko1 designates ! eagle-hawk1 accord+ to ,br\gh ,smy?2 n[ "o ( ! clans ( ?is phratry has ! eagle-hawk z totem4 ,b "h ! animal is designat$ by ! ^w ,bily>a4 ,_m cases ( ! same ?+ are cit$ by ,lang1 op4 cit41 p4 #afb4 #bed ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aae4 ,accord+ to ,h[itt 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aba & #ded71 among ! ,wotjobaluk1 ! clan ( ! pelican is f\nd 9 ! two phratries equally4 ,?is fact seems d\btful to u4 ,x is v possible t ! two clans may h two v>ieties ( pelicans z totems4 ,in=mation giv5 by ,ma!ws on ! same tribe seems to po9t to ?is 7,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria1 9 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 #aijd1 pp4 #bhg f474 #bee ,9 connection ) ?is "q1 see our memoir on ,le ,totmisme1 9 ! ,anne ,sociologique1 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #hb ff4 #bef ,on ! "q ( ,au/ralian matrimonial classes 9 g5]al1 see our memoir on ,la ,prohibition de l'ince/e1 9 ! ,anne ,soc41 ,i1 pp4 #i ff41 & especially = ! tribes ) eight classes1 ,l',organisation matrimoniale des societs ,au/rali5nes1 9 ,anne ,soc41 ,,viii1 pp4 #aah-adg4 #beg ,?is pr9ciple is n ma9ta9$ ev]y:]e ) an equal /rictness4 ,9 ! c5tral tribes ( eight classes notably1 beside ! class ) :i* m>riage is regul>ly p]mitt$1 !re is ano!r ) :i* a sort ( second>y concub9age is all[$ 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ajf74 ,x is ! same ) c]ta9 tribes ( f\r classes4 ,ea* class has a *oice betwe5 ! two classes ( ! o!r phratry4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ,kabi 7see ,ma!ws1 9 ,curr1 ,,iii1 #afb74 #beh ,see ,ro?1 ,e?nological ,/udies among ! ,nor?-,we/-,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ef ff42 ,palm]1 ,notes on "s ,au/ralian ,tribes1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xiii 7#ahhd71 pp4 #cjb ff4 #bei ,nev]!less1 "s tribes are cit$ :]e ! matrimonial classes be> ! names ( animals or plants3 ?is is ! case ) ! ,kabi 7,ma!w1 ,two ,repres5tative ,tribes1 p4 #aej71 ! tribes obs]v$ by ,mrs4 ,bates 7,! ,m>riage ,laws & ,cu/oms ( ! ,we/ ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 9 ,victorian ,geographical ,j\rnal1 ,,xxiii-,,xxiv1 p4 #dg71 & p]haps 9 two tribes obs]v$ by ,palm]4 ,b ^! facts are v r>e & _! significance badly e/abli%$4 ,also1 x is n surpris+ t ! classes1 z well z ! sexual gr\ps1 %\ld sometimes adopt ! names ( animals4 ,?is exceptional ext5sion ( ! totemic d5om9ations 9 no way modifies our conception ( totemism4 #bfj ,p]haps ! same explanation is applicable to c]ta9 o!r tribes ( ! ,s\?-,ea/ & ! ,ea/ :]e1 if we are to believe ! in=m]s ( ,h[itt1 totems specially atta*$ to ea* matrimonial class are to be f\nd4 ,?is is ! case among ! ,wiradjuri1 ! ,wakelbura & ! ,bunta-,murra on ! ,bulloo ,riv] 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #baj1 #bba1 #bbf74 ,h[ev]1 ! evid5ce collect$ is suspect1 accord+ to 8 own admission4 ,9 fact1 x appe>s f ! li/s :i* he has drawn up1 t _m totems are f\nd equally 9 ! two classes ( ! same phratry4 ,! explanation :i* we propose1 aft] ,fraz] 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 pp4 #eca ff471 raises "o difficulty4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ea* clan & consequ5tly ea* totem1 is repres5t$ equally 9 ! two classes ( a s+le phratry1 s9ce "o ( ! classes is t ( ! *ildr5 & ! o!r t ( ! p>5ts f :om ! =m] get _! totems4 ,s :5 ! clans disappe>$1 ! totemic int]dictions :i* surviv$ %\ld h rema9$ 9 bo? matrimonial classes1 :ile 9 ! actual cases cit$1 ea* class has its own4 ,:5ce comes ?is diff]5tiation8 ,! example ( ! ,kaiab>a 7a tribe ( s\!rn ,que5sl&7 all[s u to see h[ x may h come ab\t4 ,9 ?is tribe1 ! *ildr5 h ! totem ( _! "m1 b x is p>ticul>iz$ by "s di/9ctive m>k4 ,if ! "m has ! black eagle-hawk z totem1 ! *ild has ! :ite eagle-hawk 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bbi74 ,?is appe>s to be ! beg9n+ ( a t5d5cy = ! totems to diff]5tiate !mselves accord+ to ! matrimonial classes4 #bfa ,a tribe ( only a few hundr$ memb]s frequ5tly has fifty or sixty clans1 or ev5 _m m4 ,on ?is po9t1 see ,durkheim & ,mauss1 ,de quelques =mes primitives de classification1 9 ! ,anne ,sociologique1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bh1 n4 #a4 #bfb ,except among ! ,pueblo ,indians ( ! ,s\?-,we/1 :]e !y are m num]\s4 ,see ,hodge1 ,pueblo ,indian ,clans1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 #a/ s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #cde ff4 ,x may always be ask$ :e!r ! gr\ps :i* h ^! totems are clans or sub-clans4 #bfc ,see ! tables arrang$ by ,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 pp4 #aec-ahe4 #bfd ,krause1 ,die ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #aab2 ,swanton1 ,social ,condition1 ,beliefs & ,l+ui/ic ,relation%ip ( ! ,tl+it ,indians1 9 ,x,x,v,ith ,rep41 p4 #cjh4 #bfe ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida1 p4 #fb4 #bff ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two clans is absolute 9 e respect1 says ,swanton1 p4 #fh2 he gives ! "n clan to :at we call phratries4 ,! two phratries1 he says else:]e1 are l two =eign nations 9 _! relations to ea* o!r4 #bfg ,among ! ,haida at lea/1 ! totem ( ! real clans is alt]$ m ?an t ( ! phratries4 ,9 fact1 usage p]mits a clan to sell or give away ! "r ( be>+ its totem1 z a result ( :i* ea* clan has a numb] ( totems1 "s ( :i* x has 9 common ) o!r clans 7see ,swanton1 pp4 #ajg & #bfh74 ,s9ce ,swanton calls ! phratries clans1 he is oblig$ to give ! "n ( family to ! real clans1 & ( h\sehold to ! regul> families4 ,b ! real s5se ( 8 t]m9ology is n to be d\bt$4 #bfh ,j\rnals ( two ,exp$itions 9 ,n4,w4 & ,w4 ,au/ralia1 ,,ii1 p4 #bbh4 #bfi ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afe4 #bgj ,indian ,tribes1 ,i1 p4 #dbj2 cf4 ,i1 p4 #eb4 ,?is etymology is v d\btful4 ,cf4 ,h&book ( ,am]ican ,indians ,nor? ( ,mexico 7,smi?sonian ,in/4 ,bur4 ( ,e?nol41 ,pt4 ,,ii1 s4v41 ,totem1 p4 #ghg74 #bga ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 ,,iii1 #ahd2 ,g>rick ,mall]y1 ,picture ,writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 9 ,t5? ,report1 #ahic1 p4 #cgg4 #bgb ,he>ne1 ,j\rney to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 p4 #adh 7quot$ f ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #cj74 #bgc ,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire et description de la ,n\velle ,france1 ,v1 p4 #cbi4 #bgd ,krause1 ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #bdh4 #bge ,erm9nie ,a4 ,smi?1 ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois1 9 ,sec4 ,rep4 ( ! ,bur4 ( ,e?nol41 p4 #gh4 #bgf ,dodge1 ,our ,wild ,indians1 p4 #bbe4 #bgg ,p[ell1 ,wy&ot ,gov]nm5t1 9 ,fir/ ,rep4 ( ! ,bur4 ( ,e?nol41 #ahha1 p4 #fd4 #bgh ,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociology1 9 ,?ird ,rep41 pp4 #bbi1 #bdj1 #bdh4 #bgi ,krause1 op4 cit41 pp4 #acj f4 #bhj ,krause1 p4 #cjh4 #bha ,see a photograph ( a ,haida village 9 ,swanton1 op4 cit41 ,pl4 ,,ix4 ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,totem ,po/ ( ! ,haida ,village ( ,masset1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,new ,s]ies ,i1 p4 #acc4 #bhb ,hill ,t\t1 ,report on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,/atlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #aee4 #bhc ,krause1 op4 cit41 p4 #bcj2 ,swanton1 ,haida1 pp4 #abi1 #ace ff42 ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit41 ,i1 pp4 #eb-ec1 #ccg1 #cef4 ,9 ! latt] case ! totem is repres5t$ upside d[n1 9 sign ( m\rn+4 ,simil> usages are f\nd among ! ,creek 7,c4 ,swan1 9 ,s*oolcraft1 ,v1 p4 #bfe7 & ! ,delaw>e 7,heckeweld]1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,indian ,nations :o once inhabit$ ,p5nsylvania1 pp4 #bdf-bdg74 #bhd ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #afh1 #ecg1 #edj4 #bhe ,ibid41 p4 #agd4 #bhf ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ,i1 p4 #ii n4 #bhg ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #bhd4 ,/rehl[ cites a fact ( ! same sort among ! ,arunta 7,,iii1 p4 #fh74 #bhh ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,ii1 p4 #cha4 #bhi ,krause1 p4 #bcg4 #bij ,swanton1 ,social ,condition1 ,beliefs & ,l+ui/ic ,relation%ip ( ! ,tl+it ,indians1 9 ,x,x,v,ith ,rep41 pp4 #dce ff42 ,boas1 ,! ,social ,organization & ,secret ,societies ( ! ,kwakiutl ,indians1 p4 #ceh4 #bia ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #bf4 #bib ,b\rke1 ,! ,snake ,dance ( ! ,moquis ( ,arizona1 p4 #bbi2 ,j4 ,w4 ,fewkes1 ,! ,gr\p ( ,tusayan ,c]emonials call$ ,katc9as1 9 ,x,vth ,rep41 #ahig1 pp4 #aea-bfc4 #bic ,mll]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion51 p4 #cbg4 #bid ,s*oolcraft1 op4 cit41 ,,iii1 p4 #bfi4 #bie ,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociol41 ,?ird ,rep41 pp4 #bbi1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bde4 #bif ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dea4 #big ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #beg4 #bih ,! mean+ ( ^! relations w be se5 bel[ 7,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 iv74 #bii ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bif4 #cjj ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #gdd-gdf2 cf4 p4 #abi4 #cja ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #ff n4 ,x is true t o!r in=m]s conte/ ?is fact4 #cjb ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #gdd4 #cjc ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida1 pp4 #da ff41 ,pl4 ,,xx & ,,xxi2 ,boas1 ,! ,social ,organization ( ! ,kwakiutl1 p4 #cah2 ,swanton1 ,tl+it1 ,pl4 ,,xvi ff4--,9 "o place1 outside ! two e?nographic regions :i* we are specially /udy+1 ^! tattoo+s are put on ! animals :i* belong to ! clan4 ,! ,be*uana ( ,s\? ,africa are divid$ into a c]ta9 numb] ( clans2 !re are ! p ( ! crocodile1 ! buffalo1 ! monkey1 etc4 ,n[ ! crocodile p1 = example1 make an incision 9 ! e>s ( _! cattle ^: =m is l ! jaws ( ?is animal 7,casalis1 ,les ,bas\tos1 p4 #bba74 ,accord+ to ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ! same cu/om exi/$ among ! anci5t ,arabs 7,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 pp4 #bab-bad74 #cjd ,h[ev]1 accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !re are "s :i* h no religi\s s5se 7see ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #da f42 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #de1 #ed-ef74 #cje ,among ! ,arunta1 ?is rule has exceptions :i* w be expla9$ bel[4 #cjf ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #afb2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #agi1 #bei1 #bib1 #bie f42 ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bba4 ,! ?+ ?us repres5t$ is n always ! totem itself1 b "o ( ^? ?+s :i*1 be+ associat$ to ?is totem1 are reg>d$ z be+ 9 ! same family ( ?+s4 #cjg ,?is is ! case1 = example1 among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,walp>i1 ! ,wulmala1 ! ,tj+illi1 ! ,umbaia & ! ,unmatj]a 7,nor4 ,tr41 #cci1 #cdh74 ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 at ! mom5t :5 ! design is execut$1 ! p]=m]s address ! initiat$ ) ! foll[+ words3 ,t m>k belongs to y\r place2 d n look out along ano!r place4 ,?is means1 say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 t ! "y man mu/ n int]f]e ) c]emonies belong+ to o!r totems ?an 8 own3 x also indicates ! v close association :i* is suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 a man & 8 totem & any spot especially connect$ ) ! totem 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ehd & n474 ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! totem is transmitt$ f fa!r to *ild1 s ea* locality has its own4 #cjh ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bae1 #bda1 #cgf4 #cji ,x w be rememb]$ 7see above1 p4 #ajg7 t 9 ?is tribe1 ! *ild may h a diff]5t totem ?an 8 fa!r1 8 "m1 or 8 relatives 9 g5]al4 ,n[ ! relatives on bo? sides are ! p]=m]s designat$ = ! c]emonies ( initiation4 ,consequ5tly1 s9ce 9 pr9ciple a man c h ! quality ( p]=m] or (ficiant only = ! c]emonies ( 8 own totem1 x foll[s t 9 c]ta9 cases ! rites by :i* ! "y man is initiat$ mu/ be 9 connection ) a totem t is n 8 own4 ,t is :y ! pa9t+s made on ! body ( ! novice d n necess>ily repres5t 8 own totem3 cases ( ?is sort w be f\nd 9 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bbi4 ,t !re is an anomaly "h is well %[n by ! fact t ! circumcision falls to ! totem :i* pr$om9ates 9 ! local gr\p ( ! initiate1 t is to say1 to ! "o :i* w\ld be ! totem ( ! initiate himself1 if ! totemic organization 7 n di/urb$1 if among ! ,arunta x 7 :at x is among ! ,w>ramunga 7see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ibid41 p4 #bai74 ,! same di/urbance has _h ano!r consequ5ce4 ,9 a g5]al way1 its effect is to ext5d a little ! bonds atta*+ ea* totem to a special gr\p1 s9ce ea* totem may h memb]s 9 all ! local gr\ps possible1 & ev5 9 ! two phratries4 ,! idea t ^! c]emonies ( a totem might be celebrat$ by an individual ( ano!r totem--an idea :i* is contr>y to ! v pr9ciples ( totemism1 z we %all see bett] aft] a :ile--has ?us be5 accept$ )\t too mu* resi/ance4 ,x has be5 admitt$ t a man to :om a _s reveal$ ! =mula = a c]emony _h ! "r ( presid+ ov] x1 ev5 :5 he 0 n ( ! totem 9 "q himself 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eai74 ,b t ?is is an exception to ! rule & ! product ( a sort ( tol]ation is prov$ by ! fact t ! b5efici>y ( ! =mula does n h ! free disposition ( x2 if he transmits x--& ^! transmissions are frequ5t--x c be only to a memb] ( ! totem :i* ! rite conc]ns 7,nat4 ,tr41 ibid474 #caj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adj4 ,9 ?is case1 ! novice keeps ! decoration ) :i* he has ?us be5 adorn$ until x disappe>s ( itself by ! effect ( "t4 #caa ,boas1 ,g5]al ,report on ! ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia 9 ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,fif? ,rep4 ( ! ,committee on ! ,n4,w4 ,tribes ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 p4 #da4 #cab ,!re are also "s among ! ,w>ramunga1 b 9 small] numb]s ?an among ! ,arunta2 !y d n figure 9 ! totemic c]emonies1 ?\gh !y d h a place 9 ! my?s 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afc74 #cac ,o!r names are us$ by o!r tribes4 ,we give a g5]ic s5se to ! ,arunta t]m because x is 9 ?is tribe t ! *ur+a h ! mo/ important place & h be5 /udi$ ! be/4 #cad ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ha4 #cae ,!re are a few :i* h no app>5t design 7see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #add74 #caf ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aci & #fdh2 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ge4 #cag ,/rehl[1 :o writes tjurunga1 gives a slightly diff]5t translation to ! ^w4 ,?is ^w1 he says1 means t :i* is secret & p]sonal 7d] eig5e geheime74 ,tju is an old ^w :i* means hidd5 or secret1 & runga means t :i* is my own4 ,b ,kempe1 :o has m au?ority ?an ,/rehl[ 9 ?is matt]1 translates tju by great1 p[]ful1 sacr$ 7,kempe1 ,vocabul>y ( ! ,tribes inhabit+ ,macdonell ,ranges1 s4v4 ,tju1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,r4 ,society ( ,victoria1 ,vol4 ,,xiii74 ,at bottom1 ! translation ( ,/rehl[ is n s diff]5t f ! o!r z might appe> at fir/ glance1 = :at is secret is hidd5 f ! k ( ! pr(ane1 t is1 x is sacr$4 ,z = ! mean+ giv5 to runga1 x appe>s to u v d\btful4 ,! c]emonies ( ! emu belong to all ! memb]s ( t clan2 all may p>ticipate 9 !m2 !re=e !y are n p]sonal to any "o ( !m4 #cah ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #acj-acb2 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gh4 ,a woman :o has se5 a *ur+a or a man :o has %[n "o to h] are bo? put to dea?4 #cai ,/rehl[ calls ?is place1 def9$ 9 exactly ! same t]ms z by ,sp5c] & ,gill51 arknanaua in/ead ( ertnatulunga 7,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gh74 #cbj ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bgj2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adj4 #cba ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ace4 #cbb ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gh4 ,h[ev]1 ,/rehl[ says t if a murd]] takes refuge ne> an ertnatulunga1 he is unpity+ly pursu$ !re & put to dea?4 ,we f9d "s difficulty 9 conciliat+ ?is fact ) ! privilege enjoy$ by animals1 & ask ourselves if ! rig\r ) :i* a crim9al is treat$ is n some?+ rec5t & %\ld n be attribut$ to a weak5+ ( ! taboo :i* orig9ally protect$ ! ertnatulunga4 #cbc ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bdh4 #cbd ,ibid41 pp4 #ede f4 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gi4 ,= example1 ! du/ deta*$ by rubb+ a *ur+a ) a /one1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 =ms a potion :i* re/ores heal? to sick p]sons4 #cbe ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ede f4 ,/rehl[ 7,,ii1 p4 #gi7 conte/s ?is fact4 #cbf ,= example1 ! *ur+a ( ! yam totem1 if plac$ 9 ! soil1 make ! yams gr[ 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bge74 ,x has ! same p[] ov] animals 7,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #gf1 #gh2 ,,iii1 pp4 #c1 #g74 #cbg ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ace2 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gi4 #cbh ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bgh4 #cbi ,ibid41 p4 #ahj4 #ccj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bgb f4 #cca ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ace4 #ccb ,"o gr\p borr[s ! *ur+a ( ano!r ) ! idea t ^! latt] w communicate "s ( ! virtues :i* are 9 !m & t _! pres5ce w quick5 ! vitality ( ! individuals & ( ! gr\p 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aeh ff474 #ccc ,ibid41 p4 #acf4 #ccd ,ea* individual is unit$ by a p>ticul> bond to a special *ur+a :i* assures him 8 life1 & also to ^? :i* he has receiv$ z a h]itage f 8 p>5ts4 #cce ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aed2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aic4 ,! *ur+a are s ?or\ghly collective t !y take ! place ( ! message-/icks ) :i* ! mess5g]s ( o!r tribes are provid$1 :5 !y are s5t to summon =eign gr\ps to a c]emony 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ada f474 #ccf ,ibid41 p4 #cbf4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! bull-ro>]s are us$ 9 ! same way 7,ma!ws1 ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria1 9 ,j\r4 ( ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #cjg f474 #ccg ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #afa1 #bei ff4 #cch ,ibid41 p4 #ach4 #cci ,/rehl[1 ,i1 ,vorwort4 9 f9e2 ,,ii1 pp4 #gf1 #gg & #hb4 ,= ! ,arunta1 x is ! body ( ! ance/or itself2 = ! ,loritja1 x is only an image4 #cdj ,:5 a *ild has j be5 born1 ! "m %[s ! fa!r ! spot :]e %e believes t ! s\l ( ! ance/or ent]$ h]4 ,! fa!r1 accompani$ by a few relatives1 goes to ?is spot & looks = ! *ur+a :i* ! ance/or is believ$ to h left at ! mom5t t he re9c>nat$ himself4 ,if x is f\nd !re1 "s old man ( ! gr\p und\bt$ly put x !re 7?is is ! hypo!sis ( ,sp5c] & ,gill574 ,if !y d n f9d x1 a new *ur+a is made 9 a det]m9$ mann] 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acb4 ,cf4 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #hj74 #cda ,?is is ! case among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,urabunna1 ! ,worgaia1 ! ,umbaia1 ! ,tj+illi & ! ,guangi 7,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #beh1 #bge f474 ,!n1 say ,sp5c] & ,gill51 !y 7 reg>d$ z ( especial value because ( _! association ) a totem 7ibid41 p4 #bgf74 ,!re are examples ( ! same fact among ! ,arunta 7,nat4 ,tr41 #aef74 #cdb ,/rehl[ writes tnatanja 7,i1 pp4 #d-e74 #cdc ,! ,kaiti%1 ! ,ilpirra1 ! ,unmatj]a2 b x is r>e among ! latt]4 #cdd ,! pole is sometimes replac$ by v long *ur+a1 plac$ end to end4 #cde ,sometimes ano!r small] "o is hung f ! top ( ! nurtunja4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! nurtunja is 9 ! =m ( a cross or a ,t4 ,m r>ely1 ! c5tral support is lack+ 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bih-cjj1 #cfj-cfd1 #fbg74 #cdf ,sometimes !re are ev5 ?ree ( ^! cross-b>s4 #cdg ,nat4 ,tr11 pp4 #bca-bcd1 #cjf-caj1 #fbg4 ,9 addition to ! nurtunja & ! wan+a1 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 di/+ui% a ?ird sort ( sacr$ po/ or flag1 call$ ! kanana 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #cfd1 #cgj1 #fbi71 ^: functions !y admit !y h be5 unable to det]m9e4 ,!y m]ely note t x is reg>d$ z some?+ common to ! memb]s ( all ! totems4 ,accord+ to ,/rehl[ 7,,ii1 p4 #bc1 n4 #b7 ! kanana ( :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 speak1 is m]ely ! nurtunja ( ! ,wild ,cat totem4 ,z ?is animal is ! object ( a tribal cult1 ! v5]ation ( :i* x is ! object might easily be common to all ! clans4 #cdh ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cdb2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cji4 #cdi ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bee4 #cej ,ibid41 *4 x & xi4 #cea ,ibid41 pp4 #ach1 #add4 #ceb ,see ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,cults1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #dac2 ,omaha ,sociology1 ,?ird ,rep41 p4 #bcd4 ,x is true t !re is only "o sacr$ po/ = ! tribe1 :ile !re is a nurtunja = ea* clan4 ,b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 #cec ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bcb1 #cjh1 #cac1 #ccd1 etc42 ,nor4 ,tr41 #ahb1 #ahf1 etc4 #ced ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cdf4 ,x is true t "s say t ! nurtunja repres5ts ! lance ( ! ance/or :o 0 at ! head ( ea* clan 9 ,al*]+a times4 ,b x is only a symbolic repres5tation ( x2 x is n a sort ( relic1 l ! *ur+a1 :i* is believ$ to come f ! ance/or himself4 ,"h ! second>y "* ( ! explanation is v noticeable4 #cee ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #fad ff41 esp4 p4 #fag2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #gdi4 #cef ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fbd4 #ceg ,ibid41 p4 #agi4 #ceh ,ibid41 p4 #aha4 #cei ,see ! examples giv5 9 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 ,fig4 #aca4 ,"h are designs1 _m ( :i* evid5tly h ! object ( repres5t+ animals1 plants1 ! heads ( m51 etc41 ?\gh ( c\rse all are v conv5tional4 #cfj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fag2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #gaf ff4 #cfa ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ade2 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #hj4 #cfb ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aea4 #cfc ,ibid41 p4 #cdf4 #cfd ,x _c be d\bt$ t ^! designs & pa9t+s also h an /hetic "*2 "h is ! fir/ =m ( art4 ,s9ce !y are also1 & ev5 above all1 a writt5 language1 x foll[s t ! orig9s ( design & ^? ( writ+ are "o4 ,x ev5 becomes cle> t m5 comm5c$ design+1 n s mu* to fix ^u wood or /one beautiful =ms :i* *>m ! s5ses1 z to translate 8 ?\ght into matt] 7cf4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 ,i1 p4 #dje2 ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,cults1 pp4 #cid ff474 #cfe ,see ! cases 9 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #fc2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #adf1 #gfi2 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afi2 ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic & ,m$ic9e1 #aej2 ,wyatt1 ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 9 ,woods1 p4 #afh2 ,mey]1 ibid41 p4 #ahf4 #cff ,?is is ! case ) ! ,w>ramunga 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afh74 #cfg ,= example1 among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,urabunna1 ! ,wonghibon1 ! ,yu91 ! ,wotjobaluk1 ! ,bu&ik1 ,ngeumba1 etc4 #cfh ,among ! ,kaiti%1 if a man ( ! clan eats too mu* ( 8 totem1 ! memb]s ( ! o!r phratry h rec\rse to a magic op]ation :i* is expect$ to kill him 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bhd2 cf4 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjd2 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlavi ,tribe1 p4 #bj74 #cfi ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjb1 n42 ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eh4 #cgj ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #agc4 #cga ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bjg ff4 #cgb ,see above1 p4 #abh4 #cgc ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t 9 ^! my?s ! ance/ors are nev] repres5t$ z n\ri%+ !mselves regul>ly ) _! totem4 ,consumption ( ?is sort is1 on ! contr>y1 ! exception4 ,_! ord9>y food1 accord+ to ,/rehl[1 0 ! same z t ( ! correspond+ animal 7see ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #d74 #cgd ,also1 ?is :ole !ory re/s ^u an entirely arbitr>y hypo!sis3 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 z well z ,fraz]1 admit t ! tribes ( c5tral ,au/ralia1 & especially ! ,arunta1 repres5t ! mo/ ar*aic & consequ5tly ! pure/ =m ( totemism4 ,we %all pres5tly say :y ?is conjecture seems to u to be contr>y to all probability4 ,x is ev5 probable t ^! au?ors w\ld n h accept$ _! !sis s readily if !y _h n refus$ to reg>d totemism z a religion & if !y _h n consequ5tly misund]/ood ! sacr$ "* ( ! totem4 #cge ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #fd2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ade & #adg2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjb2 ,grey1 loc4 cit42 ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #dfb4 #cgf ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #afj1 #afg4 ,x is n en\gh t ! int]m$i>y be ( ano!r totem3 z we %all see1 e totem ( a phratry is =bidd5 9 a c]ta9 measure = ! memb]s ( ! phratry :o are ( a diff]5t totem4 #cgg ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afg4 ,we c n[ expla9 m easily h[ x happ5s t :5 an int]diction is n obs]v$1 x is ! o!r phratry :i* rev5ges ?is sacrilege 7see above1 p4 #abi1 n4 #b74 ,x is because x has an int]e/ 9 see+ t ! rule is obs]v$4 ,9 fact1 !y believe t :5 ! rule is brok51 ! totemic species may n reproduce abundantly4 ,n[ ! memb]s ( ! o!r phratry consume x regul>ly3 !re=e x is !y :o are affect$4 ,t is :y !y rev5ge !mselves4 #cgh ,?is is ! case among ! ,loritja 7,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fj1 #fa71 ! ,worgaia1 ! ,w>ramunga1 ! ,walp>i1 ! ,m>a1 ! ,anula & ! ,b9b+a 7,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #aff1 #afg1 #aga1 #agc74 ,x may be eat5 by a ,w>ramunga or a ,walp>i1 b only :5 (f]$ by a memb] ( ! o!r phratry4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 rem>k 7p4 #afg1 n471 t 9 ?is reg>d ! pat]nal & ! mat]nal totems appe> to be "u diff]5t rules4 ,x is true t 9 bo? cases ! (f] mu/ come f ! o!r phratry4 ,b :5 x is a "q ( ! pat]nal totem1 or ! totem prop]ly s-call$1 ?is phratry is ! "o to :i* ! totem does n belong2 = ! mat]nal totem1 ! contr>y is ! case4 ,probably ! pr9ciple 0 fir/ e/abli%$ = ! =m]1 !n me*anically ext5d$ to ! o!r1 ?\gh ! situation 0 diff]5t4 ,:5 ! rule _h once become e/abli%$ t ! prohibition protect+ ! totem c\ld be neglect$ only on ! invitation ( ! o!r phratry1 x 0 appli$ also to ! mat]nal totem4 #cgi ,= example1 among ! ,w>ramunga 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aff71 ! ,wotjobaluk1 ! ,bu&ik1 ! ,kurnai 7,h[itt1 pp4 #adf f47 & ! ,n>r9y]i 7,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #fc74 #chj ,ev5 ?is is n always ! case4 ,an ,arunta ( ! ,mosquito totem mu/ n kill ?is insect1 ev5 :5 x bo!rs him3 he mu/ conf9e himself to driv+ x away 7,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eh2 cf4 ,tapl91 p4 #fc74 #cha ,among ! ,kaiti% & ! ,unmatj]a 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afj74 ,x ev5 happ5s t 9 c]ta9 cases an old man gives a "y "o ( a diff]5t totem "o ( 8 *ur+a1 s t he may kill ! donor's totem m easily 7ibid41 p4 #bgb74 #chb ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adf2 ,grey1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #bbh2 ,casalis1 ,bas\tos1 p4 #bba4 ,among ^! latt]1 "o mu/ be purifi$ aft] committ+ su* a sacrilege4 #chc ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eh1 #ei1 #fa4 #chd ,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociology1 ,i,i,ird ,rep41 pp4 #bbe1 #bca4 #che ,casalis1 ibid4 #chf ,ev5 among ! ,omaha1 x is n c]ta9 t ! int]dictions ( contact1 c]ta9 examples ( :i* we h j cit$1 are really ( a totemic nature1 = _m ( !m h no direct connection ) ! animal t s]ves z totem ( ! clan4 ,?us 9 ! sub-clan ( ! ,eagle1 ! *>act]i/ic int]diction is aga9/ t\*+ ! head ( a buffalo 7,dorsey1 op4 cit41 p4 #bci72 9 ano!r sub-clan ) ! same totem1 !y mu/ n t\* v]digris1 *>coal1 etc4 7ibid41 p4 #bde74 ,we d n m5tion o!r int]dictions m5tion$ by ,fraz]1 su* z ^? ( nam+ or look+ at ! animal or plant1 = x is /ill less c]ta9 t !y are ( totemic orig91 except p]haps = c]ta9 facts obs]v$ among ! ,be*uana 7,totemism1 pp4 #ab-ac74 ,fraz] admits too readily--& 9 ?is reg>d1 he has imitators--t ! prohibitions aga9/ eat+ or t\*+ an animal dep5d ^u totemic beliefs4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o case 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e ! sight ( ! animal seems to be =bidd54 ,accord+ to ,/rehl[ 7,,ii1 p4 #ei71 among ! ,arunta & ! ,loritja1 a man :o has ! moon z totem mu/ n look at x v long1 or he w\ld be likely to die at ! h& ( an enemy4 ,b we believe t ?is is a unique case4 ,we mu/ n =get1 also1 t a/ronomical totems 7 probably n primitive 9 ,au/ralia1 s ?is prohibition may be ! product ( a complex elaboration4 ,?is hypo!sis is confirm$ by ! fact t among ! ,euahlayi1 look+ at ! moon is =bidd5 to all mo!rs & *ildr51 no matt] :at _! totems may be 7,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #ec74 #chg ,see ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 ii1 #b4 #chh ,p]haps !re is no religion :i* makes man an exclusively pr(ane be+4 ,= ! ,*ri/ian1 ! s\l :i* ea* ( u has )9 him & :i* con/itutes ! v ess5ce ( our be+1 has some?+ sacr$ ab\t x4 ,we %all see t ?is conception ( ! s\l is z old z religi\s ?\ght itself4 ,! place ( man 9 ! hi]>*y ( sacr$ ?+s is m or less elevat$4 #chi ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjb4 #cij ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #ei-fa4 #cia ,among c]ta9 clans ( ! ,w>ramunga1 = example 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afb74 #cib ,among ! ,urabunna 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #adg74 ,ev5 :5 !y tell u t ! fir/ be+s 7 m51 ^! are really only semi-human1 & h an animal nature at ! same "t4 ,?is is ! case ) c]ta9 ,unmatj]a 7ibid41 pp4 #aec-aed74 ,"h we f9d ways ( ?\ght ^: confusion disconc]ts u1 b :i* mu/ be accept$ z !y are4 ,we w\ld d5ature !m if we tri$ to introduce a cl>ity t is =eign to !m 7cf4 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aai74 #cic ,among ! ,arunta 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #chh ff472 & among c]ta9 ,unmatj]a 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aec74 #cid ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #chi4 ,cf4 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #b-g4 #cie ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #chi2 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #b ff4 ,und\bt$ly !re is an e*o ( ! initiation rites 9 ?is my?ical !me4 ,! initiation also has ! object ( mak+ ! "y man into a complete man1 & on ! o!r h&1 x also implies actual surgical op]ations 7circumcision1 sub-incision1 ! extraction ( tee?1 etc474 ,! processes :i* s]v$ to =m ! fir/ m5 w\ld naturally be conceiv$ on ! same model4 #cif ,?is ! case ) ! n9e clans ( ! ,moqui 7,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 ,,iv1 p4 #hf71 ! ,cra9 clan among ! ,ojibway 7,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #ahj71 & ! ,nootka clans 7,boas1 ,v,ith ,rep4 on ! ,n4,w4 ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #dc71 etc4 #cig ,x is ?us t ! ,turtle clan ( ! ,iroquois took =m4 ,a gr\p ( turtles _h be5 =c$ to leave ! lake :]e !y dwelt & seek ano!r home4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* 0 l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 /ood ?is ex]cise v badly ow+ to ! heat4 ,x made su* viol5t ef=ts t x got out ( its %ell4 ,! process ( trans=mation1 be+ once comm5c$1 w5t on by itself & ! turtle f9ally became a man :o 0 ! ance/or ( ! clan 7,erm9nie ,a4 ,smi?1 ,! ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois1 ,i,ind ,report1 p4 #gg74 ,! ,crab clan ( ! ,*octaw 0 =m$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,"s m5 surpris$ a c]ta9 numb] ( crabs t liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 took !m home ) !m1 taught !m to talk & to walk1 & f9ally adopt$ !m into _! society 7,catl91 ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,,ii1 p4 #abh74 #cih ,= example1 "h is a leg5d ( ! ,tsim%ian4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a hunt1 an ,indian met a black be> :i* took him to its home1 & taught him to cat* salmon & build canoes4 ,! man /ay$ ) ! be> = two ye>s1 & !n return$ to 8 native village4 ,b ! p 7 afraid ( him1 because he 0 j l a be>4 ,he c\ld n talk or eat any?+ except raw food4 ,!n he 0 rubb$ ) magic h]bs & gradually rega9$ 8 orig9al =m4 ,aft] t1 :5ev] he 0 9 tr\ble1 he call$ ^u 8 be> fri5ds1 :o came to aid him4 ,he built a h\se & pa9t$ a be> on ! f\ndation4 ,8 si/] made a blanket = ! dance1 ^u :i* a be> 0 design$4 ,t is :y ! desc5dants ( ?is si/] _h ! be> z _! emblem 7,boas1 ,kwakiutl1 p4 #cbc4 ,cf4 ,v? ,rep4 on ! ,n4,w4 ,tribes ( ,canada1 pp4 #bc1 #bi ff42 ,hill ,t\t1 ,report on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,/atlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 #aije1 ,,xxxv1 p4 #aej74 ,?us we see ! inconv5i5ces 9 mak+ ?is my/ical relation%ip betwe5 ! man & ! animal ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( totemism1 z ,m4 ,van ,g5nep proposes 7,totmisme et m?ode comp>ative1 9 ,revue de l'hi/oire des religions1 ,vol4 ,,lviii1 ,july1 #aijh1 p4 #ee74 ,?is relation%ip is a my?ical repres5tation ( o!rwise pr(\nd facts2 b x may be omitt$ )\t caus+ ! disappe>ance ( ! ess5tial traits ( totemism4 ,und\bt$ly !re are always close bonds betwe5 ! p ( ! clan & ! totemic animal1 b ^! are n necess>ily bonds ( blood-relation%ip1 ?\gh !y are frequ5tly conceiv$ 9 ?is =m4 #cii ,!re are also "s ,tl9kit my?s 9 :i* ! relation%ip ( desc5t betwe5 ! man & ! animal is /ill m c>efully /at$4 ,x is said t ! clan is desc5d$ f a mix$ union1 if we may s speak1 t is to say1 "o :]e ei!r ! husb& or ! wife 0 an animal ( ! species ^: "n ! clan be>s 7see ,swanton1 ,social ,condition1 ,beliefs1 etc41 ( ! ,tl9kit ,indians1 ,x,x,v,ith ,rep41 pp4 #dae-dah74 #djj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bhd4 #dja ,ibid41 p4 #agi4 #djb ,see ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 ii4 ,cf4 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ahd1 #bja4 #djc ,ibid41 pp4 #bjd1 #bfb1 #bhd4 #djd ,among ! ,di]i & ! ,p>nkalla4 ,see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #feh1 #ffa1 #ffh1 #ffi-fga4 #dje ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! blood f ! circumcision is drunk by ! "m 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ceb74 ,among ! ,b9b+a1 ! blood on ! knife :i* 0 us$ 9 ! sub-incision mu/ be lick$ (f by ! initiate 7ibid41 p4 #cfh74 ,9 g5]al1 ! blood com+ f ! g5ital organs is reg>d$ z especially sacr$ 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfd2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #eih74 #djf ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bfh4 #djg ,ibid41 pp4 #add1 #efh4 #djh ,ibid41 pp4 #ddb1 #dfd4 ,?is my? is q common 9 ,au/ralia4 #dji ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fbg4 #daj ,ibid41 p4 #dff4 #daa ,ibid4 ,x is believ$ t if all ^! =malities are n rigor\sly obs]v$1 grave calamities w fall ^u ! individual4 #dab ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ech2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #fjd4 #dac ,aft] ! =esk9 has be5 deta*$ by circumcision1 x is sometimes hidd51 j l ! blood2 x has special virtues2 = example1 x assures ! fecundity ( c]ta9 animal & vegetable species 7,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cec f474 ,! :isk]s are mix$ ) ! hair1 & treat$ z su* 7ibid41 pp4 #fjd1 #edd74 ,!y also play a "p 9 ! my?s 7ibid41 p4 #aeh74 ,z = ! fat1 its sacr$ "* is %[n by ! use made ( x 9 c]ta9 fun]al rites4 #dad ,?is is n say+ t ! woman is absolutely pr(ane4 ,9 ! my?s1 at lea/ among ! ,arunta1 %e plays a religi\s rle mu* m important ?an %e does 9 reality 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aie f474 ,ev5 n[ %e takes "p 9 c]ta9 initiation rites4 ,f9ally1 h] blood has religi\s virtues 7see ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfd2 cf4 ,la prohibition de l'ince/e et ses orig9es1 ,anne ,sociol41 ,i1 pp4 #da ff474 ,x is ^u ?is complex situation ( ! woman t ! exogamic re/rictions dep5d4 ,we d n speak ( !m "h because !y conc]n ! problem ( dome/ic & matrimonial organization m directly ?an ! pres5t "o4 #dae ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfj4 #daf ,among ! ,wakelbura1 accord+ to ,h[itt1 p4 #adf2 among ! ,be*uana1 accord+ to ,casalis1 ,bas\tos1 p4 #bba4 #dag ,among ! ,bu&ik & ,kurnai 7,h[itt1 ibid472 among ! ,arunta 7,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eh74 #dah ,h[itt1 ibid4 #dai ,9 ! ,tully ,riv] di/rict1 says ,ro? 7,sup]/ition1 ,magic & ,m$ic9e1 9 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,no4 #e1 #gd71 z an individual goes to sleep or gets up 9 ! morn+1 he pron\nces 9 a r l[ voice ! "n ( ! animal aft] :i* he is nam$ himself4 ,! purpose ( ?is practice is to make ! man clev] or lucky 9 ! hunt1 or be =ew>n$ ( ! dang]s to :i* he may be expos$ f ?is animal4 ,= example1 a man :o has a species ( s]p5t z 8 totem is protect$ f bites if ?is invocation has be5 made regul>ly4 #dbj ,tapl91 ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #fd2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adg2 ,ro?1 loc4 cit4 #dba ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eh4 #dbb ,h[itt1 p4 #adh4 #dbc ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #aei-afj4 #dbd ,ibid4 #dbe ,ibid41 p4 #bbe2 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bjb1 #bjc4 #dbf ,a4 ,l4 ,p4 ,cam]on1 ,on ,two ,que5sl& ,tribes1 9 ,sci5ce ( ,man1 ,au/ralasian ,an?ropological ,j\rnal1 #aijd1 ,,vii1 #bh1 col4 ,i4 #dbg ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #agj4 #dbh ,notes on "s ,au/ralian ,tribes1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xiii1 p4 #cjj4 #dbi ,9 ,curr1 ,au/ralian ,race1 ,,iii1 p4 #de2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ,i1 p4 #ia2 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afh4 #dcj ,durkheim & ,mauss1 ,de quelques =mes primitives de classification1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,vi1 pp4 #a ff4 #dca ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #dfa4 #dcb ,curr & ,fison 7 bo? in=m$ by ! same p]son1 ,d4 ,s4 ,/ew>t4 #dcc ,ma!ws1 ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria1 9 ,j\rnal & ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #bhg f42 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aba4 #dcd ,! fem99e =m ( ! names giv5 by ,ma!ws is ,gurogigurk & ,gamatykurk4 ,^! are ! =ms :i* ,h[itt reproduces1 ) a slightly diff]5t or?ography4 ,! names are also equival5t to ^? us$ by ! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe 7,kumite & ,kroki74 #dce ,! native "n ( ?is clan is ,dylup1 :i* ,ma!ws does n translate4 ,?is ^w appe>s to be id5tical ) ,jallup1 by :i* ,h[itt designates a sub-clan ( ! same tribe1 & :i* he translates mussel4 ,t is :y we ?9k we c haz>d ?is translation4 #dcf ,?is is ! translation ( ,h[itt2 ,ma!ws r5d]s ! ^w ,w>twurt1 heat ( ! midday sun4 #dcg ,! tables ( ,ma!ws & ,h[itt disagree on _m important po9ts4 ,x ev5 seems t clans attribut$ by ,h[itt to ! ,kroki phratry are giv5 to ! ,gamut* phratry by ,ma!ws1 & inv]sely4 ,?is proves ! great difficulties t ^! obs]vations pres5t4 ,b ^! diff]5ces are )\t int]e/ = our pres5t "q4 #dch ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe1 pp4 #ab ff4 #dci ,! facts w be f\nd bel[4 #ddj ,c>r1 ,,iii1 p4 #bg4 ,cf4 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aab4 ,we are m]ely m5tion+ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic facts4 ,= details1 "o may ref] to ! memoir already m5tion$ on ,les classifications primitives4 #dda ,ibid41 pp4 #cd ff4 #ddb ,swanton1 ,! ,haida1 pp4 #ac-ad1 #ag1 #bb4 #ddc ,?is is especially cle> among ! ,haida4 ,swanton says t ) !m e animal has two aspects4 ,fir/1 x is an ord9>y animal to be hunt$ & eat52 b x is also a sup]natural be+ 9 ! animal's =m1 ^u :i* m5 dep5d4 ,! my?ical be+s correspond+ to cosmic ph5om5a h ! same ambiguity 7,swanton1 ibid41 #af1 #ad1 #be74 #ddd ,see above1 p4 #adb4 ,?is is ! case among ! ,g\rndit*-m>a 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #abd71 9 ! tribes /udi$ by ,cam]on ne> ! ,dead ,lake1 & among ! ,wotjobaluk 7ibid41 pp4 #abe1 #bej74 #dde ,j4 ,ma!ws1 ,two ,repres5tative ,tribes1 p4 #aci2 ,?omas1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 pp4 #ec f4 #ddf ,among ! ,osage1 = example 7see ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,sociology1 9 ,x,vth ,rep41 pp4 #bcc ff474 #ddg ,at ,mabuiag1 an isl& 9 ,torrs' ,/rait 7,haddon1 ,head ,hunt]s1 p4 #acb71 ! same opposition is f\nd betwe5 ! two phratries ( ! ,arunta3 "o includes ! m5 ( a wat] totem1 ! o!r ^? ( e>? 7,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #f74 #ddh ,among ! ,iroquois !re is a sort ( t\rnam5t betwe5 ! two phratries 7,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #id74 ,among ! ,haida1 says ,swanton1 ! memb]s ( ! two phratries ( ! ,eagle & ! ,cr[ are frequ5tly consid]$ z av[$ enemies4 ,husb& & wife 7:o mu/ be ( diff]5t phratries7 d n hesitate to betray ea* o!r 7,! ,haida1 p4 #fb74 ,9 ,au/ralia ?is ho/ility is c>ri$ into ! my?s4 ,! two animals s]v+ ! phratries z totems are frequ5tly repres5t$ z 9 a p]petual w> aga9/ ea* o!r 7see ,j4 ,ma!ws1 ,eaglehawk & ,cr[1 a /udy ( ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 pp4 #ad ff474 ,9 games1 ea* phratry is ! natural rival ( ! o!r 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ggj74 #ddi ,s ,?omas has wrongly urg$ aga9/ our !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! phratries its inability to expla9 _! opposition 7,k9%ip & ,m>riage1 p4 #fi74 ,we d n believe t x is necess>y to connect ?is opposition to t ( ! pr(ane & ! sacr$ 7see ,h]tz1 ,la prm95ce de la ma9 droite1 9 ! ,revue ,philosophique1 ,dec41 #aiji1 p4 #eei74 ,! ?+s ( "o phratry are n pr(ane = ! o!r2 bo? are a "p ( ! same religi\s sy/em 7see bel[1 p4 #aee74 #dej ,= example1 ! clan ( ! ,tea-tree includes ! grasses1 & consequ5tly h]bivor\s animals 7see ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afi74 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! explanation ( a p>ticul>ity ( ! totemic emblems ( ,nor? ,am]ica po9t$ out by ,boas4 ,among ! ,tl9kit1 he says1 & all ! o!r tribes ( ! coa/1 ! emblem ( a gr\p includes ! animals s]v+ z food to ! "o ^: "n ! gr\p be>s 7,fif? ,rep4 ( ! ,committee1 etc41 ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 p4 #be74 #dea ,?us1 among ! ,arunta1 frogs are connect$ ) ! totem ( ! gum-tree1 because !y are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! cavities ( ?is tree2 wat] is relat$ to ! wat]-h52 ) ! kang>oo is associat$ a sort ( p>rot frequ5tly se5 fly+ ab\t ?is animal 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #adf-adg1 #ddh74 #deb ,"o ( ! signs ( ?is primitive lack ( di/9ction is t t]ritorial bases are sometimes assign$ to ! classes j z to ! social divisions ) :i* !y 7 at fir/ conf\nd$4 ,?us1 among ! ,wotjobaluk 9 ,au/ralia & ! ,zui 9 ,am]ica1 ?+s are ideally di/ribut$ among ! diff]5t regions ( space1 j z ! clans are4 ,n[ ?is regional di/ribution ( ?+s & t ( ! clans co9cide 7see ,de quelques =mes primitives de classification1 pp4 #cd ff474 ,classifications keep some?+ ( ?is special "* ev5 among relatively advanc$ peoples1 z = example1 9 ,*9a 7ibid41 pp4 #ee ff474 #dec ,bridgmann1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 ,i1 p4 #ia4 #ded ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afh2 ,h[itt1 ,fur!r ,notes on ! ,au/ralian ,class ,sy/ems1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xviii1 p4 #fj4 #dee ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #dfa4 ,?is is ab\t ! ,m\nt ,gambi] tribe4 #def ,h[itt1 ,on "s ,au/ralian ,beliefs1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xiii1 p4 #aia1 n4 #a4 #deg ,h[itt1 ,notes on ,au/ralian ,message ,/icks1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xviii1 p4 #cbf2 ,fur!r ,notes1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xviii1 p4 #fa1 n4 #c4 #deh ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #bh4 #dei ,ma!ws1 ,e?nological ,notes on ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria1 9 ,j\rn4 & ,proce$4 ( ! ,royal ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bid4 #dfj ,cf4 ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #dfa2 & ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adf4 ,! expressions ,tooman & ,w+o are appli$ to ! "o & ! o!r4 #dfa ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #abc4 #dfb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ddg ff42 cf4 ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 pp4 xii ff4 #dfc ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #afi4 #dfd ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #dfb4 #dfe ,mrs4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi ,tribe1 p4 #bj4 #dff ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aea2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ddg2 ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 xii4 #dfg ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ddi4 #dfh ,h[ev]1 !re are c]ta9 tribes 9 ,que5sl& :]e ! ?+s ?us attribut$ to a social gr\p are n =bidd5 = ! memb]s ( ! gr\p3 ?is is notably ! case ) ! ,wakelbura4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t 9 ?is society1 x is ! matrimonial classes t s]ve z ! framework ( ! classification 7see above1 p4 #add74 ,n only are ! m5 ( "o class all[$ to eat ! animals attribut$ to ?is class1 b !y may eat no o!rs4 ,all o!r food is =bidd5 !m 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aac2 ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #bg74 ,b we mu/ n conclude f ?is t ^! animals are consid]$ pr(ane4 ,9 fact1 x %\ld be notic$ t ! individual n only has ! privilege ( eat+ !m1 b t he is compell$ to d s1 = he _c n\ri% himself o!rwise4 ,n[ ! imp]ative nature ( ?is rule is a sure sign t we are 9 ! pres5ce ( ?+s hav+ a religi\s nature1 only ?is has giv5 rise to a positive obligation r ?an ! negative "o kn[n z an int]diction4 ,p]haps x is n q impossible to see h[ ?is deviation came ab\t4 ,we h se5 above 7p4 #adj7 t e individual is ?\ght to h a sort ( prop]ty-"r ov] 8 totem & consequ5tly ov] ! ?+s dep5d5t ^u x4 ,p]haps1 "u ! influ5ce ( special circum/ances1 ?is aspect ( ! totemic relation 0 develop$1 & !y naturally came to believe t only ! memb]s ( ! clan _h ! "r ( dispos+ ( _! totem & all t is connect$ ) x1 & t o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 did n h ! "r ( t\*+ x4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 a tribe c\ld n\ri% itself only on ! food attribut$ to x4 #dfi ,mrs4 ,p>k] uses ! expression multiplex totems4 #dgj ,z examples1 see ! ,euahlayi tribe 9 ,mrs4 ,p>k]'s book 7pp4 #ae ff47 & ! ,wotjobaluk 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aba ff42 cf4 ! above-m5tion$ article ( ,ma!ws74 #dga ,see ! examples 9 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #abb4 #dgb ,see our ,de quelques =mes primitives de classification1 p4 #bh1 n4 #b4 #dgc ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fa-gb4 #dgd ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aab4 #dge ,see especially ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ddg1 & ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aea4 #dgf ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 pp4 xiii-xviii4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! same second>y totems are atta*$ to two or ?ree pr9cipal totems at ! same "t4 ,?is is und\bt$ly because ,/rehl[ has n be5 able to e/abli% ) c]ta9ty :i* is ! pr9cipal totem4 ,two int]e/+ facts :i* appe> f ?is table confirm c]ta9 propositions :i* we _h already =mulat$4 ,fir/1 ! pr9cipal totems are ne>ly all animals1 ) b r>e exceptions4 ,also1 />s are always only second>y or associat$ totems4 ,?is is ano!r pro( t ^! latt] 7 only sl[ly advanc$ to ! rank ( totems & t at fir/ ! pr9cipal totems 7 pref]ably *os5 f ! animal k+dom4 #dgg ,accord+ to ! my?1 ! associate totems s]v$ z food to ! m5 ( ! pr9cipal totem 9 ! fabul\s times1 or1 :5 ^! are trees1 !y gave _! %ade 7,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 xii2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #djc74 ,! fact t ! associate totems are believ$ to h be5 eat5 does n imply t !y are consid]$ pr(ane2 = 9 ! my?ical p]iod1 ! pr9cipal totem itself 0 consum$ by ! ance/ors1 ! f\nd]s ( ! clan1 accord+ to ! belief4 #dgh ,?us 9 ! ,wild ,cat clan1 ! designs c>v$ on ! *ur+a repres5t ! ,hakea tree1 :i* is a di/9ct totem to-day 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #adg f474 ,/rehl[ 7,,iii1 p4 xii1 n4 #d7 says t ?is is frequ5t4 #dgi ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ahb2 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aea & #big4 #dhj ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aea & #aeh4 #dha ,ibid41 pp4 #ddh & #ddi4 #dhb ,?us ,sp5c] & ,gill5 speak ( a pigeon call$ ,inturrita1 sometimes z a pr9cipal totem 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #daj71 sometimes z an associate totem 7ibid41 p4 #ddh74 #dhc ,h[itt1 ,fur!r ,notes1 pp4 #fc-fd4 #dhd ,?us x comes ab\t t ! clan has frequ5tly be5 conf\nd$ ) ! tribe4 ,?is confusion1 :i* frequ5tly introduces tr\ble into ! writ+s ( e?nologi/s1 has be5 made especially by ,curr 7,i1 pp4 #fa ff474 #dhe ,?is is ! case especially among ! ,w>ramunga 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bih74 #dhf ,see1 = example1 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #chj & passim4 #dhg ,"o might ev5 ask if tribal totems d n exi/ sometimes4 ,?us1 among ! ,arunta1 !re is an animal1 ! wild cat1 :i* s]ves z totem to a p>ticul> clan1 b :i* is =bidd5 = ! :ole tribe2 ev5 ! p ( o!r clans c eat x only v mod]ately 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #afh74 ,b we believe t x w\ld be an abuse to speak ( a tribal totem 9 ?is case1 = x does n foll[ f ! fact t ! free consumption ( an animal is =bidd5 t ?is is a totem4 ,o!r causes c also give rise to an int]diction4 ,! religi\s unity ( ! tribe is und\bt$ly real1 b ?is is affirm$ ) ! aid ( o!r symbols4 ,we %all %[ :at ^! are bel[ 7,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 ix74 #dhh ,! totems belong to ! tribe 9 ! s5se t ?is is int]e/$ z a body 9 ! cult :i* ea* clan owes to its totem4 #dhi ,fraz] has made a v complete collection ( ! texts relative to individual totemism 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii1 pp4 #cgj-def74 #dij ,= example1 among ! ,hurons1 ! ,iroquois1 ! ,algonqu9s 7,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire de la ,n\velle ,france1 ,,vi1 pp4 #fg-gj2 ,sag>d1 ,le gr& voyage au pays des ,hurons1 p4 #afj71 or among ! ,?ompson ,indians 7,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians ( ,briti% ,columbia1 p4 #cee74 #dia ,?is is ! case ( ! ,yu9 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acc71 ! ,kurnai 7ibid41 p4 #ace71 sev]al tribes ( ,que5sl& 7,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic & ,m$ic9e1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 p4 #ai2 ,haddon1 ,head-,hunt]s1 p4 #aic72 among ! ,delaw>e 7,heckeweld]1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory 444 ( ! ,indian ,nations1 p4 #bch71 among ! ,?ompson ,indians 7,teit1 op4 cit41 p4 #cee71 & among ! ,sali% ,/atlumh 7,hill ,t\t1 ,rep4 ( ! ,e?nol4 ( ! ,/atlumh1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv4 pp4 #adg ff474 #dib ,hill ,t\t1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aed4 #dic ,catl91 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 etc41 ,london1 #ahgf1 ,i1 p4 #cf4 #did ,lettres difiantes et curieuses1 new edition1 ,,vi1 pp4 #agb ff4 #die ,*>levoix1 op4 cit41 ,,vi1 p4 #fi4 #dif ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,cults1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #ddc4 #dig ,boas1 ,kwakiutl1 p4 #cbc4 #dih ,hill ,t\t1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aed4 #dii ,boas1 ,kwakiutl1 p4 #cbc4 #ejj ,miss ,flet*]1 ,! ,import ( ! ,totem1 a ,/udy f ! ,omaha ,tribe 7,smi?sonian ,rep4 = #ahig1 p4 #ehc74--,simil> facts w be f\nd 9 ,teit1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ced1 #cef2 ,pet] ,jones1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ojibway ,indians1 p4 #hg4 #eja ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! dog among ! ,sali% ,/atlumh1 ow+ to ! condition ( s]vitude 9 :i* x lives 7,hill ,t\t1 loc4 cit41 p4 #aec74 #ejb ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,euahlayi1 p4 #ba4 #ejc ,! _s ( a man1 says ,mrs4 ,p>k] 7ibid471 is 9 8 ,yuanbeai 78 individual totem71 & 8 ,yuanbeai is 9 him4 #ejd ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,euahlayi1 p4 #bj4 ,x is ! same among c]ta9 ,sali% 7,hill ,t\t1 ,e?n4 ,rep4 on ! ,/seelis & ,skaulits ,tribes1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #cbd74 ,! fact is q g5]al among ! ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica 7,br9ton1 ,nagualism1 a ,/udy 9 ,native ,am]ican ,folklore & ,hi/ory1 9 ,proce$4 ( ! ,am4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #cb74 #eje ,p>k]1 ibid42 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adg2 ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,cults1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #ddc4 ,fraz] has made a collection ( ! ,am]ican cases & e/abli%$ ! g5]ality ( ! int]diction 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii1 p4 #dej74 ,x is true t 9 ,am]ica1 z we h se51 ! individual mu/ kill ! animal ^: sk9 s]ves to make :at e?nologi/s call 8 m$ic9e-sack4 ,b ?is usage has be5 obs]v$ 9 five tribes only2 x is probably a late & alt]$ =m ( ! in/itution4 #ejf ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ace1 #adg1 #chg2 ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 p4 #cd2 ,teit1 ,! ,%uswap1 p4 #fjg4 #ejg ,mey]1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 9 ,woods1 p4 #aig4 #ejh ,boas1 ,v,ith ,rep4 on ! ,nor?-,we/ ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #ic2 ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians1 p4 #ccf2 ,boas1 ,kwakiutl1 p4 #cid4 #eji ,facts w be f\nd 9 ,hill ,t\t1 ,rep4 ( ! ,e?nol4 ( ! ,/atlumh1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 pp4 #add1 #ade4 ,cf4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bi4 #eaj ,accord+ to in=mation giv5 by ,h[itt 9 a p]sonal lett] to ,fraz] 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i1 p4 #die1 & n4 #b74 #eaa ,hill ,t\t1 ,e?nol4 ,rep4 on ! ,/seelis & ,skaulits ,tribes1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #cbd4 #eab ,h[itt1 ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 p4 #cd2 ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des ,sauvages ,amriqua9s1 ,i1 p4 #cgj2 ,*>levoix1 ,hi/oire de la ,n\velle ,france1 ,,vi1 p4 #fh4 ,x is ! same ) ! atai & tamaniu 9 ,mota 7,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bej f474 #eac ,?us ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! animal protectors & feti%es1 :i* ,fraz] has attempt$ to e/abli%1 does n exi/4 ,accord+ to him1 feti%ism comm5ces :5 ! protector is an individual object & n a class 7,totemism1 p4 #ef72 b x frequ5tly happ5s 9 ,au/ralia t a det]m9$ animal takes ?is "p 7see ,h[itt1 ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 p4 #cd74 ,! tru? is t ! ideas ( feti% & feti%ism d n correspond to any def9ite ?+4 #ead ,br9ton1 ,nagualism1 9 ,proce$4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #cb4 #eae ,*>levoix1 ,,vi1 p4 #fg4 #eaf ,hill ,t\t1 ,rep4 on ! ,e?nol4 ( ! ,/atlumh ( ,briti% ,columbia1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #adb4 #eag ,hill ,t\t1 ,e?nol4 ,rep4 on ! ,/seelis & ,skaulits ,tribes1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #caa ff4 #eah ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acc4 #eai ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bj4 #ebj ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell1 ,an ,am]ican ,view ( ,totemism1 9 ,man1 #aijb1 ,no4 #hd2 ,tylor1 ibid41 ,no4 #a2 ,&rew ,lang has express$ analog\s ideas 9 ,social ,orig9s1 pp4 #acc-ace4 ,also ,fraz] himself1 turn+ f 8 =m] op9ion1 n[ ?9ks t until we are bett] acqua9t$ ) ! relations exi/+ betwe5 collective totems & gu>dian spirits1 x w\ld be bett] to designate !m by diff]5t names 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii1 p4 #def74 #eba ,?is is ! case 9 ,au/ralia among ! ,yu9 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ha71 & ! ,n>r9y]i 7,mey]1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,aborig9es ( ! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 9 ,woods1 pp4 #aig ff474 #ebb ,! totem resembles ! patron ( ! individual no m ?an an escut*eon resembles ! image ( a sa9t1 says ,tylor 7op4 cit41 p4 #b74 ,likewise1 if ,fraz] has tak5 up ! !ory ( ,tylor1 x is because he refuses all religi\s "* to ! totem ( ! clan 7,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,,iii1 p4 #deb74 #ebc ,see bel[1 *apt] ix ( ?is book4 #ebd ,yet accord+ to "o passage 9 ,ma!ws1 ! individual totem is h]$it>y among ! ,wotjobaluk4 ,ea* individual1 he says1 claims "s animal1 plant or inanimate object z 8 special & p]sonal totem1 :i* he inh]its f 8 "m 7,j\rn4 & ,proc4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bia74 ,b x is evid5t t if all ! *ildr5 9 ! same family _h ! p]sonal totem ( _! "m1 nei!r !y nor %e w\ld really h p]sonal totems at all4 ,ma!ws probably means to say t ea* individual *ooses 8 individual totem f ! li/ ( ?+s attribut$ to ! clan ( 8 "m4 ,9 fact1 we %all see t ea* clan has its individual totems :i* are its exclusive prop]ty2 ! memb]s ( ! o!r clans _c make use ( !m4 ,9 ?is s5se1 bir? det]m9es ! p]sonal totem to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t only4 #ebe ,heckeweld]1 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,indian ,nations :o once inhabit$ ,p5nsylvania1 9 ,transactions ( ! ,hi/orical & ,lit]>y ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,i1 p4 #bch4 #ebf ,see ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,cults1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #ejg2 ,catl91 op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #cg2 ,miss ,flet*]1 ,! ,import ( ! ,totem1 9 ,smi?sonian ,rep4 = #ahig1 p4 #ehj2 ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians1 pp4 #cag-cbj2 ,hill ,t\t1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #add4 #ebg ,b "s examples are f\nd4 ,! ,kurnai magicians see _! p]sonal totems reveal$ to !m 9 dreams 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #chg2 ,on ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 p4 #cd74 ,! m5 ( ,cape ,b$=d believe t :5 an old man dreams ( some?+ dur+ ! night1 ?is ?+ is ! p]sonal totem ( ! fir/ p]son he meets ! next day 7,w4 ,e4 ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic & ,m$ic9e1 p4 #ai74 ,b x is probable t only supplem5t>y & accessory totems are acquir$ 9 ?is way2 = 9 ?is same tribe ano!r process is us$ at ! mom5t ( initiation1 z we said 9 ! text4 #ebh ,9 c]ta9 tribes ( :i* ,ro? speaks 7ibid472 also 9 c]ta9 tribes ne> to ,m>ybor\gh 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adg74 #ebi ,among ! ,wiradjuri 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #djf2 ,on ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 p4 #ej74 #ecj ,ro?1 loc4 cit4 #eca ,haddon1 ,head ,hunt]s1 pp4 #aic ff4 #ecb ,among ! ,wiradjuri 7same ref]5ces z above1 n4 #d74 #ecc ,9 g5]al1 x seems z ?\gh ^! transmissions f fa!r to son nev] take place except :5 ! fa!r is a %aman or a magician4 ,?is is also ! case among ! ,?ompson ,indians 7,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians1 p4 #cbj7 & ! ,wiradjuri1 ( :om we j spoke4 #ecd ,hill ,t\t 7,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 pp4 #adf f474 ,! ess5tial rite is ! bl[+ ^u ! sk93 if ?is 7 n done correctly1 ! transmission w\ld n take place4 ,z we %all pres5tly see1 ! brea? is ! s\l4 ,:5 bo? brea! ^u ! sk9 ( ! animal1 ! magician & ! recipi5t ea* exhale a "p ( _! s\ls1 :i* are ?us fus$1 :ile p>tak+ at ! same "t ( ! nature ( ! animal1 :o also takes "p 9 ! c]emony 9 ! =m ( its symbol4 #ece ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas1 ,fur!r ,rem>ks on ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t's ,views on ,totemism1 9 ,man1 #aijd1 p4 #he4 #ecf ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bj1 #bi4 #ecg ,hill ,t\t1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 pp4 #adc & #adf2 ibid41 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #cbd4 #ech ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cj2 ,teit1 ,! ,?ompson ,indians1 p4 #cbj2 ,hill ,t\t1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #add4 #eci ,*>levoix1 ,,vi1 p4 #fi4 #edj ,hill ,t\t1 ibid41 p4 #ade4 #eda ,?us at ! bir? ( a *ild1 a tree is plant$ :i* is c>$ = pi\sly2 = x is believ$ t its fate & ! *ild's are unit$4 ,fraz]1 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 gives a numb] ( cu/oms & beliefs translat+ ?is same idea 9 diff]5t ways4 7,cf4 ,h>tl&1 ,leg5d ( ,p]seus1 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-ee47 #edb ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #adh ff42 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #aid1 #bja ff42 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #eb4 ,petrie also m5tions x 9 ,que5sl& 7,tom ,petrie's ,rem9isc5ces ( ,e>ly ,que5sl&1 pp4 #fb & #aah74 #edc ,j\rn4 & ,proc4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cci4 ,mu/ we see a trace ( sexual totemism 9 ! foll[+ cu/om ( ! ,w>ramunga8 ,:5 a dead p]son is buri$1 a bone ( ! arm is kept4 ,if x is a woman1 ! fea!rs ( an emu are add$ to ! b>k 9 :i* x is wrapp$ up2 if x is a man1 ! fea!rs ( an owl 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afi74 #edd ,"s cases are cit$ :]e ea* sexual gr\p has two sexual totems2 ?us ! ,wurunj]ri unite ! sexual totems ( ! ,kurnai 7! emu-wr5 & ! l9net7 to ^? ( ! ,wotjobaluk 7! bat & ! nightj> owl74 ,see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aej4 #ede ,totemism1 p4 #ea4 #edf ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #bae4 #edg ,?relkeld1 quot$ by ,ma!ws1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cci4 #edh ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #adh1 #aea4 #edi ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #bjj-bjc2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adi2 ,petrie1 op4 cit41 p4 #fb4 ,among ! ,kurnai1 ^! bloody battles frequ5tly t]m9ate 9 m>riages ( :i* !y are1 z x 71 a sort ( ritual precursor4 ,sometimes !y are m]ely plays 7,petrie1 loc4 cit474 #eej ,on ?is po9t1 see our /udy on ,la ,prohibition de l'ince/e et ses orig9es1 9 ! ,anne ,sociologique1 ,i1 pp4 #dd ff4 #eea ,h[ev]1 z we %all pres5tly see 7*4 ix71 !re is a connection betwe5 ! sexual totems & ! great gods4 #eeb ,primitive ,culture1 ,i1 p4 #djb2 ,,ii1 p4 #bcg2 ,rem>ks on ,totemism1 ) especial ref]5ce to "s mod]n !ories conc]n+ x1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxviii1 & ,i1 ,new ,s]ies1 p4 #ach4 #eec ,het ,animisme bij d5 ,volk5 van d5 indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 pp4 #fi-ge4 #eed ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii1 p4 #f4 #eee ,tylor1 ibid41 ,,ii1 pp4 #f-ah4 #eef ,g4 ,mc,call ,!al1 ,records ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,africa1 ,,vii4 ,we are acqua9t$ ) ?is "w only ?r\gh an article by ,fraz]1 ,s\? ,african ,totemism1 publi%$ 9 ,man1 #aija1 ,no4 ,,iii4 #eeg ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #cb f41 & a p]sonal lett] by ! same au?or cit$ by ,tylor 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxviii1 p4 #adg4 #eeh ,?is is practically ! solution adopt$ by ,wundt 7,my?us und ,religion1 ,,ii1 p4 #bfi74 #eei ,x is true t accord+ to ,tylor's !ory1 a clan is only an enl>g$ family2 !re=e :atev] may be said ( "o ( ^! gr\ps is1 9 8 !ory1 applicable to ! o!r 7,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxviii1 p4 #aeg74 ,b ?is conception is exce$+ly conte/able2 only ! clan presupposes a totem1 :i* has its :ole mean+ only 9 & ?r\gh ! clan4 #efj ,= ?is same conception1 see ,a4 ,lang1 ,social ,orig9s1 p4 #aej4 #efa ,see above1 p4 #fc4 #efb ,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii1 p4 #ag4 #efc ,wundt1 :o has reviv$ ! !ory ( ,tylor 9 its ess5tial l9es1 has tri$ to expla9 ?is my/]i\s relation%ip ( ! man & ! animal 9 a diff]5t way3 x 0 ! sight ( ! corpse 9 decomposition :i* sugge/$ ! idea4 ,:5 !y saw worms com+ out ( ! body1 !y ?\ght t ! s\l 0 inc>nate 9 !m & escap$ ) !m4 ,worms1 & by ext5sion1 reptiles 7snakes1 liz>ds1 etc471 7 !re=e ! fir/ animals to s]ve z receptacles = ! s\ls ( ! dead1 & consequ5tly !y 7 also ! fir/ to be v5]at$ & to play ! rle ( totems4 ,x 0 only subsequ5tly t o!r animals & plants & ev5 inanimate objects 7 elevat$ to ! same dignity4 ,b ?is hypo!sis does n h ev5 ! %ad[ ( a pro(4 ,wundt affirms 7,my?us und ,religion1 ,,ii1 p4 #bif7 t reptiles are mu* m common totems ?an o!r animals2 f ?is1 he concludes t !y are ! mo/ primitive4 ,b we _c see :at ju/ifies ?is ass]tion1 9 ! support ( :i* ! au?or cites no facts4 ,! li/s ( totems ga!r$ ei!r 9 ,au/ralia or 9 ,am]ica d n %[ t any special species ( animal has play$ a prepond]at+ rle4 ,totems v>y f "o region to ano!r ) ! flora & fauna4 ,moreov]1 if ! circle ( possible totems 0 s closely limit$ at fir/1 we _c see h[ totemism 0 able to satisfy ! fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* says t ! two clans or sub-clans ( a tribe mu/ h two diff]5t totems4 #efd ,sometimes m5 adore c]ta9 animals1 says ,tylor1 because !y reg>d !m z ! re9c>nation ( ! div9e s\ls ( ! ance/ors2 ?is belief is a sort ( bridge betwe5 ! cult r5d]$ to %ades & t r5d]$ to animals 7,primitive ,culture1 ,,ii1 p4 #hje1 cf4 #cji1 9 f9e74 ,likewise1 ,wundt pres5ts totemism z a section ( animalism 7,,ii1 p4 #bcd74 #efe ,see above1 p4 #aci4 #eff ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 pp4 #ig ff4 #efg ,see above1 p4 #bh4 #efh ,jevons recognizes ?is himself1 say+1 ,x is to be presum$ t 9 ! *oice ( an ally he w\ld pref] 444 ! k9d or species :i* possess$ ! greate/ p[] 7p4 #aja74 #efi #bnd ,edition1 ,,iii1 pp4 #daf ff42 see especially p4 #dai1 n4 #e4 ,9 m rec5t articles1 to be analys$ bel[1 ,fraz] exposes a diff]5t !ory1 b "o :i* does n1 9 8 op9ion1 completely exclude ! "o 9 ! ,gold5 ,b\gh4 #egj ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,totemism ( ! ,aborig9es ( ,briti% ,columbia1 9 ,proc4 & ,transact4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,canada1 #bnd s]ies1 ,,vii1 #b1 pp4 #c ff4 ,also1 ,report on ! ,e?nology ( ! ,/atlumh1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #ada4 ,hill ,t\t has replies to v>i\s objections made to 8 !ory 9 ,vol4 ,,ix ( ! ,transact4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,canada1 pp4 #fa-ii4 #ega ,alice ,c4 ,flet*]1 ,! ,import ( ! ,totem1 9 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahig1 pp4 #egg-ehf4 #egb ,! ,kwakiutl ,indians1 pp4 #cbc ff41 #ccf-cch1 #cic4 #egc ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,clan ,sy/em1 9 ,am]4 ,an?rop41 ,n4,s4 ,,vi1 #aijd1 pp4 #dgg-dhf4 #egd ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #adb4 #ege ,ibid41 p4 #aej4 ,cf4 ,v? ,rep4 on ! 444 ,n4,w4 ,tribes ( ,canada1 ,b4,a4,a4,s41 p4 #bd4 ,a my? ( ?is sort has be5 quot$ above4 #egf ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #adg4 #egg ,proc4 & ,transact41 etc41 ,,vii1 #b1 p4 #ab4 #egh ,see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,,iii1 pp4 #cea ff4 ,wilk5 _h already po9t$ out simil> facts 9 ,de ,simsonsage1 9 ,de ,gids1 #ahij2 ,de ,betrekk+ tuss*5 ,m5s*5-,di]5 en ,plant5lev51 9 ,indis*e ,gids1 #ahhd1 #ahhh2 ,ueb] das ,ha>opf]1 9 ,revue ,coloniale ,int]nationale1 #ahhf-ahhg4 #egi ,= example1 ,eylmann 9 ,die ,e+ebor55 d] ,kolonie ,sdau/rali51 p4 #aii4 #ehj ,mrs4 ,p>k] says 9 connection ) ! ,euahlayi1 t if ! ,yunbeai does conf] exceptional =ce1 x also exposes "o to exceptional dang]s1 = all t hurts ! animal w\nds ! man 7,euahlayi1 p4 #bi74 #eha ,9 a lat] "w 7,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism1 9 ,! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,may1 #ahii1 pp4 #hdd-hde71 ,fraz] raises ?is objection himself4 ,if1 he says1 ,i deposit my s\l 9 a h>e1 & my bro!r ,john 7a memb] ( ano!r clan7 %oots t h>e1 roa/s & swall[s x1 :at becomes ( my s\l8 ,to meet ?is obvi\s dang] x is necess>y t ,john %\ld "k ! /ate ( my s\l1 & t1 kn[+ x1 he %\ld1 :5ev] he %oots a h>e1 take /eps to extract & re/ore to me my s\l be=e he cooks & d9es ^u ! animal4 ,n[ ,fraz] believes t he has f\nd ?is practice 9 use 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,e ye>1 9 ! c\rse ( a c]emony :i* we %all describe pres5tly1 :5 ! animals ( ! new g5]ation arrive at maturity1 ! fir/ game to be kill$ is pres5t$ to m5 ( t totem1 :o eat a little ( x2 & x is only aft] ?is t ! m5 ( ! o!r clans may eat x freely4 ,?is1 says ,fraz]1 is a way ( return+ to ! =m] ! s\ls !y may h confid$ to ^! animals4 ,b1 aside f ! fact t ?is int]pretation ( ! fact is :olly arbitr>y1 x is h>d n to f9d ?is way ( escap+ ! dang] r peculi>4 ,?is c]emony is annual2 long days may h elaps$ s9ce ! animal 0 kill$4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 :at has become ( ! s\l :i* x %elt]$ & ! individual ^: life dep5d$ on ?is s\l8 ,b x is sup]flu\s to insi/ ^u all ! inconceivable ?+s 9 ?is explanation4 #ehb ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 p4 #bj2 ,h[itt1 ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cd1 #di f42 ,hill ,t\t1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #adf4 #ehc ,accord+ to ,hill ,t\t himself1 ,! gift or transmission 7( a p]sonal totem7 c only be made or effect$ by c]ta9 p]sons1 su* z %amans1 or ^? :o possess great my/]y p[] 7,j4,a4,i41 p4 #adf74 ,cf4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bi-cj4 #ehd ,cf4 ,h>tl&1 ,totemism & "s rec5t ,discov]ies1 9 ,folk-,lore1 ,,xi1 pp4 #ei ff4 #ehe ,except p]haps ! ,kurnai2 b ev5 9 ?is tribe1 !re are sexual totems 9 addition to ! p]sonal ones4 #ehf ,among ! ,wotjobaluk1 ! ,bu&ik1 ! ,wiradjuri1 ! ,yu9 & ! tribes ar\nd ,m>ybor\gh 7,que5sl&74 ,see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aad-adg2 ,ma!ws1 ,j4 ( ! ,r4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bia4 ,cf4 ,?omas1 ,fur!r ,notes on ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t's ,views on ,totemism1 9 ,man1 #aijd1 p4 #he4 #ehg ,?is is ! case ) ! ,euahlayi & ! facts ( p]sonal totemism cit$ by ,h[itt1 ,au/ralian ,m$ic9e ,m51 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cd1 #ce1 #di-ej4 #ehh ,miss ,flet*]1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,omaha ,tribe1 9 ,smi?sonian ,report = #ahig1 p4 #ehf2 ,boas1 ,! ,kwakiutl1 p4 #cbb4 ,likewise1 ,v? ,rep4 ( ! ,committee 444 ( ! ,n4,w4 ,tribes ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 ,b4,a4,a4,s41 p4 #be2 ,hill ,t\t1 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxv1 p4 #adh4 #ehi ,! prop] names ( ! g5tes1 says ,boas 9 reg>d to ! ,tl9kit1 are d]iv$ f _! respective totems1 ea* g5s hav+ its special names4 ,! connection betwe5 ! "n & ! 7collective7 totem is n v app>5t sometimes1 b x always exi/s 7,v? ,rep4 ( ! ,committee1 etc41 p4 #be74 ,! fact t individual =5ames are ! prop]ty ( ! clan1 & *>act]ize x z surely z ! totem1 is also f\nd among ! ,iroquois 7,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 p4 #gh71 ! ,wy&ot 7,p[ell1 ,wy&ot ,gov]nm5t1 9 ,i/ ,rep41 p4 #ei71 ! ,%awnee1 ,sauk & ,fox 7,morgan1 ,anci5t ,society1 pp4 #gb1 #gf-gg7 & ! ,omaha 7,dorsey1 ,omaha ,sociology1 9 ,i,i,ird ,rep41 pp4 #bbg ff474 ,n[ ! relation betwe5 =5ames & p]sonal totems is already kn[n 7see above1 p4 #aeg74 #eij ,= example1 says ,ma!ws1 if y ask a ,w>twurt man :at totem he is1 he w fir/ tell 8 p]sonal totem1 & w probably !n enum]ate ^? ( 8 clan 7,j\r4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bia74 #eia ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,religion & ,totemism among ! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,july1 #aije1 pp4 #afb ff41 & ,sept41 p4 #deb4 ,cf4 ! same au?or1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,totemism1 ibid41 ,april1 #ahii1 p4 #fdh1 & ,may1 p4 #hce4 ,^! latt] articles1 be+ slightly old]1 diff] f ! =m] on "o po9t1 b ! f\ndation ( ! !ory is n ess5tially diff]5t4 ,bo? are reproduc$ 9 ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ,i1 pp4 #hi-agb4 ,9 ! same s5se1 see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,"s ,rem>ks on ,totemism z appli$ to ,au/ralian ,tribes1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 #ahii1 pp4 #bge-bhj1 & ! rem>ks ( ,fraz] on ! same subject1 ibid41 pp4 #bha-bhf4 #eib ,p]haps we may 444 say t x is b "o remove f ! orig9al patt]n1 ! absolutely orig9al =m ( totemism 7,=tnightly ,review1 ,sept41 #aije4 p4 #dee74 #eic ,on ?is po9t1 ! te/imony ( ,/rehl[ 7,,ii1 p4 #eb7 confirms t ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,= a contr>y op9ion1 see ,a4 ,lang1 ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 p4 #aij4 #eid ,a v simil> idea _h already be5 express$ by ,haddon 9 8 ,address to ! ,an?ropological ,section 7,b4,a4,a4,s41 #aijb1 pp4 #h ff474 ,he supposes t at fir/1 ea* local gr\p _h "s food :i* 0 especially its own4 ,! plant or animal ?us s]v+ z ! pr9cipal item ( food became ! totem ( ! gr\p4 ,all ^! explanations naturally imply t ! prohibitions aga9/ eat+ ! totemic animal 7 n primitive1 b 7 ev5 prec$$ by a contr>y prescription4 #eie ,=tnightly ,review1 ,sept41 #aije1 p4 #deh4 #eif ,=tn4 ,rev41 ,may1 #ahii1 p4 #hce1 & ,july1 #aije1 pp4 #afb ff4 #eig ,?\gh consid]+ totemism only a sy/em ( magic1 ,fraz] recognizes t ! fir/ g]ms ( a real religion are sometimes f\nd 9 x 7,=tn4 ,rev41 ,july1 #aije1 p4 #afc74 ,on ! way 9 :i* he ?9ks religion develop$ out ( magic1 see ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b ,i1 pp4 #ge-gh4 #eih ,sur le totemisme1 9 ,anne ,soc41 ,v1 pp4 #hb-aba4 ,cf41 on ?is same "q1 ,h>tl&1 ,presid5tial ,address1 9 ,folk-,lore1 ,,xi1 p4 #ge2 ,a4 ,lang1 ,a ,!ory ( ,arunta ,totemism1 9 ,man1 #aijd1 ,no4 #dd2 ,conceptional ,totemism & ,exogamy1 ibid41 #aijg1 ,no4 #ee2 ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 *4 iv2 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas1 ,arunta ,totemism1 9 ,man1 #aijd1 ,no4 #fh2 ,p4 ,w4 ,s*midt1 ,die ,/ellung d] ,ar&a unt] d] ,au/ralis*5 ,/mm51 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 #aijh1 pp4 #hff ff4 #eii ,die ,ar&a1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eg-eh4 #fjj ,s*ulze1 loc cit41 pp4 #bch-bci4 #fja ,9 ! conclusion ( ,totemism & ,exogamy 7,,iv1 pp4 #eh-ei71 ,fraz] says1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t !re is a totemism /ill m anci5t ?an t ( ! ,arunta3 x is ! "o obs]v$ by ,riv]s 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s 7,totemism 9 ,polynesia & ,melanesia1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxix1 p4 #agb74 ,among ! ,arunta x is ! _s ( an ance/or :o is believ$ to impregnate ! "m2 9 ! ,banks ,isl&s1 x is ! _s ( an animal or vegetable1 z ! !ory supposes4 ,b z ! ance/ral spirits ( ! ,arunta h an animal or vegetable =m1 ! diff]5ce is slight4 ,!re=e we h n m5tion$ x 9 our exposition4 #fjb ,social ,orig9s1 ,london1 #aijc1 especially *4 viii1 entitl$ ,! ,orig9 ( ,totem ,names & ,beliefs1 & ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 ,london1 #aije4 #fjc ,9 8 ,social ,orig9s especially1 ,lang attempts to recon/itute by means ( conjecture ! =m :i* ^! primitive gr\ps %\ld h2 b x seems sup]flu\s to reproduce ^! hypo!ses1 :i* d n affect 8 !ory ( totemism4 #fjd ,on ?is po9t1 ,lang approa*es ! !ory ( ,julius ,pickl] 7see ,pickl] & ,szomolo1 ,d] ,ursprung des ,totemismus4 ,e9 ,beitrag zur mat]iali/ir*5 ,ges*i*t/heorie1 ,b]l91 #cf pp4 9 #hvo74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two hypo!ses is t ,pickl] attributes a high] importance to ! pictorial repres5tation ( ! "n ?an to ! "n itself4 #fje ,social ,orig9s1 p4 #aff4 #fjf ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 p4 #aba2 cf4 pp4 #aaf1 #aag4 #fjg ,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 p4 #acf4 #fjh ,j4,a4,i41 ,aug41 #ahhh1 pp4 #ec-ed2 cf4 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #hi1 #dhh1 #dih4 #fji ,) rev]5ce1 z ,lang says 7,! ,secret ( ! ,totem1 p4 #aaa74 #faj ,lang adds t ^! taboos are ! basis ( exogamic practices4 #faa ,ibid41 p4 #abe4 #fab ,h[ev]1 we h n spok5 ( ! !ory ( ,sp5c]4 ,b ?is is because x is only a "p ( 8 g5]al !ory ( ! trans=mation ( ! ance/or-cult into ! nature-cult4 ,z we h describ$ t already1 x is n necess>y to repeat x4 #fac ,except t ,lang ascribes ano!r s\rce to ! idea ( ! great gods3 z we h already said1 he believes t ?is is due to a sort ( primitive revelation4 ,b ,lang does n make use ( ?is idea 9 8 explanation ( totemism4 #fad ,= example1 9 a ,kwakiutl my?1 an ance/ral h]o pi]ces ! head ( an enemy by po9t+ a f+] at him 7,boas1 ,v? ,rep4 on ! ,nor?4 ,tribes ( ,canada1 ,b4,a4,a4,s41 #ahhi1 p4 #cj74 #fae ,ref]5ces support+ ?is ass]tion w be f\nd on p4 #abh1 n4 #a1 & p4 #cbj1 n4 #a4 #faf ,see ,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 ii4 #fag ,see1 = example1 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dhb2 ,s*rmann1 ,! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1 9 ,woods1 ,nat4 ,tr4 ( ,s4 ,au/ralia1 p4 #bca4 #fah ,fraz] has ev5 tak5 _m facts f ,samoa :i* he pres5ts z really totemic 7,see ,totemism1 pp4 #f1 #ab-ae1 #bd1 etc474 ,x is true t we h *>g$ ,fraz] ) n be+ critical en\gh 9 ! *oice ( 8 examples1 b s _m examples w\ld obvi\sly h be5 impossible if !re _h n really be5 important survivals ( totemism 9 ,samoa4 #fai ,see ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ba & *4 iv & v4 #fbj ,alice ,flet*]1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,omaha ,tribe1 9 ,smi?sonian ,rep4 = #ahig1 pp4 #ehb f4 #fba ,dorsey1 ,si\an ,sociology1 9 ,x,vth ,rep41 p4 #bch4 #fbb ,ibid41 p4 #bba4 #fbc ,riggs & ,dorsey1 ,dakota-,engli% ,diction>y1 9 ,contrib4 ,n4 ,am]4 ,e?nol41 ,,vii1 p4 #ejh4 ,_m obs]v]s cit$ by ,dorsey id5tify ! ^w wakan ) ! words wak&a & wakanta1 :i* are d]iv$ f x1 b :i* really h a m precise signification4 #fbd ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #cgb1 #ba4 ,miss ,flet*]1 :ile recogniz+ no less cle>ly ! imp]sonal "* ( ! wak&a1 adds nev]!less t a c]ta9 an?ropomorphism has atta*$ to ?is conception4 ,b ?is an?ropomorphism conc]ns ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! wak&a4 ,m5 address ! trees or rocks :]e !y ?9k !y p]ceive ! wak&a1 z if !y 7 p]sonal be+s4 ,b ! wak&a itself is n p]sonifi$ 7,smi?sonian ,rep4 = #ahig1 p4 #egi74 #fbe ,riggs1 ,tah-,koo ,wah-,kon1 pp4 #ef-eg1 quot$ f ,dorsey1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #dcc1 #ie4 #fbf ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #chj1 #cc4 #fbg ,ibid41 p4 #cha1 #ce4 #fbh ,ibid41 p4 #cgf1 #bh2 p4 #cgh1 #cj2 cf4 p4 #ddi1 #ach4 #fbi ,ibid41 p4 #dcb1 #ie4 #fcj ,ibid41 p4 #dca1 #ib4 #fca ,ibid41 p4 #dcc1 #ie4 #fcb ,or5da & a ,def9ition ( ,religion1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 #aijb1 p4 #cc4 #fcc ,ibid41 p4 #cf4 #fcd ,tesa1 ,/udi del ,?av5et1 p4 #ag4 #fce ,boas1 ,kwakiutl1 p4 #fie4 #fcf ,swanton1 ,social ,condition1 etc1 ( ! ,tl9kit ,indians1 ,x,x,v,ith ,rep41 #aije1 p4 #dea1 n4 #b4 #fcg ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida1 p4 #ad2 cf4 ,social ,condition1 etc41 p4 #dgi4 #fch ,9 c]ta9 ,melanesian societies 7,banks ,isl&s1 ,nor? ,new ,hebrides7 ! two exogamic phratries are f\nd :i* *>act]ize ! ,au/ralian organization 7,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bc ff474 ,9 ,florida1 !re are regul> totems1 call$ butos 7ibid41 p4 #ca74 ,an int]e/+ discussion ( ?is po9t w be f\nd 9 ,lang1 ,social ,orig9s1 pp4 #agf ff4 ,on ! same subject1 & 9 ! same s5se1 see ,w4 ,h4 ,r4 ,riv]s1 ,totemism 9 ,polynesia & ,melanesia1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxxix1 pp4 #aef ff4 #fci ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #aah1 n4 #a4 ,cf4 ,p>k9son1 ,dreissig ,jahre 9 d] ,sdsee1 pp4 #agh1 #cib1 #cid1 etc4 #fdj ,an analysis ( ?is idea w be f\nd 9 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,?orie ,gnrale de la ,magie1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,vii1 p4 #ajh4 #fda ,!re are n only totems ( clans b also ( guilds 7,a4 ,flet*]1 ,smi?sonian ,rep4 = #ahig1 pp4 #eha ff474 #fdb ,flet*]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #egh f4 #fdc ,ibid41 p4 #ehc4 ,among ! ,dakota1 ! totem is call$ ,wakan4 ,see ,riggs & ,dorsey1 ,dakota ,gramm>1 ,texts & ,e?nol41 9 ,contributions ,n4 ,am]4 ,e?n41 #ahic1 p4 #bai4 #fdd ,james's ,acc\nt ( ,long's ,exp$ition 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,i1 p4 #bfh4 7,quot$ by ,dorsey1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #dca1 #ib47 #fde ,we d n mean to say t 9 pr9ciple e repres5tation ( religi\s =ces 9 an animal =m is an index ( =m] totemism4 ,b :5 we are deal+ ) societies :]e totemism is /ill app>5t1 z is ! case ) ! ,dakota1 x is q natural to ?9k t ^! conceptions are n =eign to x4 #fdf ,see bel[1 same book1 *4 ix1 #d1 pp4 #bhe ff4 #fdg ,! fir/ spell+ is t ( ,sp5c] & ,gill52 ! second1 t ( ,/rehl[4 #fdh ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #edh1 n4 #a4 ,x is true t ,sp5c] & ,gill5 add3 ,! idea c be be/ express$ by say+ t an ,arungquil?a object is possess$ ( an evil _s4 ,b ?is free translation ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 is _! own unju/ifi$ int]pretation4 ,! idea ( ! arungquil?a 9 no way implies ! exi/5ce ( spiritual be+s1 z is %[n by ! context & ,/rehl['s def9ition4 #fdi ,die ,ar&a1 ,,ii1 p4 #gf1 n4 #fej ,"u ! "n ,boyl-ya 7see ,grey1 ,j\rnal ( ,two ,exp$itions1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ccg-cch74 #fea ,see above1 p4 #db4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 recognize ?is implicitly :5 !y say t ! arungquil?a is a sup]natural =ce4 ,cf4 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,?orie ,gnrale de la ,magie1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,vii1 p4 #aai4 #feb ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #aia ff4 #fec ,hewitt1 loc4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #fed ,!re is ev5 gr\nd = ask+ :e!r an analog\s notion is completely lack+ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! ^w *ur+a1 or tjurunga z ,/rehl[ writes1 has a v great simil>ity1 ) ! ,arunta4 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say t x designates all t is secret or sacr$4 ,x is appli$ bo? to ! object & to ! quality x possesses 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fdh1 s4v4 *ur+a74 ,?is is almo/ a def9ition ( mana4 ,sometimes ,sp5c] & ,gill5 ev5 use ?is ^w to designate religi\s p[] or =ce 9 a g5]al way4 ,:ile describ+ a c]emony among ! ,kaiti%1 !y say t ! (ficiant is full ( *ur+a1 t is to say1 !y cont9ue1 ( ! magic p[] emanat+ f ! objects call$ *ur+a4 ,yet x does n seem t ! notion ( *ur+a has ! same cl>ity & precision z t ( ! mana 9 ,melanesia or ( ! wakan among ! ,si\x4 #fee ,yet we %all see bel[ 7?is book1 *4 viii & ix7 t totemism is n =eign to all ideas ( a my?ical p]sonality4 ,b we %all %[ t ^! conceptions are ! product ( second>y =mations3 f> f be+ ! basis ( ! beliefs we h j analys$1 !y are d]iv$ f !m4 #fef ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #feg ,rep4 ,peabody ,museum1 ,,iii1 p4 #bgf1 n4 7quot$ by ,dorsey1 ,x,ith ,rep41 p4 #dce74 #feh ,see above1 p4 #ce4 #fei ,9 ! expressions su* z ,greek3 ,zeus yei or ,c]es succiditur1 x is %[n t ?is conception surviv$ 9 ,greece z well z 9 ,rome4 ,9 8 ,gtt]nam51 ,us5] has cle>ly %[n t ! primitive gods ( ,greece & ,rome 7 imp]sonal =ces ?\ght ( only 9 t]ms ( _! attributes4 #ffj ,df9ition du phnomne religieux1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,ii1 pp4 #ad-af4 #ffa ,preanimi/ic ,religion1 9 ,folk-,lore1 #aijj1 pp4 #afb-ahb4 #ffb ,ibid41 p4 #agi4 ,9 a m rec5t "w1 ,! ,conception ( ,mana 79 ,transactions ( ! ,?ird ,int]national ,congress = ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ed ff471 ,m>rett t5ds to subord9ate /ill fur!r ! animi/ic conception ( mana1 b 8 ?\ght on ?is po9t rema9s hesitat+ & v res]v$4 #ffc ,ibid41 p4 #afh4 #ffd ,?is return ( preanimism to naturism is /ill m m>k$ 9 ,clodd1 ,preanimi/ic ,/ages ( ,religion 7,trans4 ,?ird ,int]4 ,congress = ! ,h4 ( ,rel41 ,i1 p4 #cc74 #ffe ,?orie gnrale de la ,magie1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,vii1 pp4 #ajh ff4 #fff ,d] ,ursprung d] ,religion und ,kun/1 9 ,globus1 #aijd1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxvi1 pp4 #cba1 #cee1 #cgf1 #chi2 #aije1 ,vol4 ,,lxxxvii1 pp4 #ccc1 #cdg1 #chj1 #cid1 #dac4 #ffg ,globus1 ,,lxxxvii1 p4 #cha4 #ffh ,he cle>ly opposes !m to all influ5ces ( a pr(ane nature 7,globus1 ,,lxxxvi1 p4 #cgi;a74 #ffi ,x is f\nd ev5 9 ! rec5t !ories ( ,fraz]4 ,= if ?is s*ol> d5ies to totemism all religi\s "*1 9 ord] to make x a sort ( magic1 x is j because ! =ces :i* ! totemic cult puts into play are imp]sonal l ^? employ$ by ! magician4 ,s ,fraz] recognizes ! fundam5tal fact :i* we h j e/abli%$4 ,b he draws diff]5t conclusions because he recognizes religion only :]e !re are my?ical p]sonalities4 #fgj ,h[ev]1 we d n take ?is ^w 9 ! same s5se z ,preuss & ,m>rett4 ,accord+ to !m1 !re 0 a "t 9 religi\s evolution :5 m5 knew nei!r s\ls nor spirits3 a preanimi/ic phase4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is v que/ionable3 we %all discuss ?is po9t bel[ 7,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 viii & ix74 #fga ,on ?is same "q1 see an article ( ,aless&ro ,bruno1 ,sui f5om5i magico-religiosi della communit primitive1 9 ,rivi/a italiana di ,sociologia1 ,,xii ,ye>1 ,fasc4 ,,iv-,v1 pp4 #efh ff41 & an unpubli%$ communication made by ,w4 ,bogoras to ! ,,xiv ,congress ( ! ,am]icani/s1 held at ,/uttg>t 9 #aijd4 ,?is communication is analys$ by ,preuss 9 ! ,globus1 ,,lxxxvi1 p4 #bja4 #fgb ,all ?+s1 says ,miss ,flet*]1 are fill$ ) a common pr9ciple ( life1 ,smi?s4 ,rep4 = #ahig1 p4 #egi4 #fgc ,hewitt1 9 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 #aijb1 p4 #cf4 #fgd ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #aah-abj4 #fge ,ibid41 p4 #aai4 #fgf ,see above1 p4 #ajc4 #fgg ,pickl]1 9 ! little "w above m5tion$1 _h already express$1 9 a slightly dialectical mann]1 ! s5tim5t t ?is is :at ! totem ess5tially is4 #fgh ,see our ,division du travail social1 #crd ed41 pp4 #fd ff4 #fgi ,ibid41 p4 #gf4 #fhj ,?is is ! case at lea/ ) all moral au?ority recogniz$ z su* by ! gr\p z a :ole4 #fha ,we hope t ?is analysis & ^? :i* foll[ w put an end to an inexact int]pretation ( our ?\ght1 f :i* m ?an "o misund]/&+ has result$4 ,s9ce we h made con/ra9t ! outw>d sign by :i* social facts c be ! mo/ easily recogniz$ & di/+ui%$ f ! facts ( individual psy*ology1 x has be5 assum$ t accord+ to our op9ion1 physical con/ra9t is ! ess5tial ?+ = social life4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we h nev] consid]$ x m ?an ! mat]ial & app>5t expression ( an int]ior & pr(\nd fact :i* is :olly ideal3 ?is is moral au?ority4 ,! problem ( sociology--if we c speak ( a sociological problem--consi/s 9 seek+1 among ! diff]5t =ms ( ext]nal con/ra9t1 ! diff]5t sorts ( moral au?ority correspond+ to !m & 9 discov]+ ! causes :i* h det]m9$ ^! latt]4 ,! p>ticul> "q :i* we are treat+ 9 ?is pres5t "w has z its pr9cipal object1 ! discov]y ( ! =m "u :i* t p>ticul> v>iety ( moral au?ority :i* is inh]5t 9 all t is religi\s has be5 born1 & out ( :at elem5ts x is made4 ,x w be se5 pres5tly t ev5 if we d make social pressure "o ( ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( sociological ph5om5a1 we d n mean to say t x is ! only "o4 ,we %all %[ ano!r aspect ( ! collective life1 ne>ly opposite to ! prec$+ "o1 b none ! less real 7see p4 #bab74 #fhb ,( c\rse ?is does n mean to say t ! collective consci\sness does n h di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( its own 7on ?is po9t1 see ,reprs5tations individuelles et reprs5tations collectives1 9 ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 #ahih1 pp4 #bgc ff474 #fhc ,?is is prov$ by ! l5g? & passionate "* ( ! debates :]e a legal =m 0 giv5 to ! resolutions made 9 a mom5t ( collective en?usiasm4 ,9 ! cl]gy z 9 ! nobility1 m ?an "o p]son call$ ?is celebrat$ night ! dupe's night1 or1 ) ,riv>ol1 ! ,/4 ,b>?olomew ( ! e/ates 7see ,/oll1 ,sugge/ion und ,hypnotismus 9 d] ,vlk]psy*ologie1 #bnd ed41 p4 #fah1 n4 #b74 #fhd ,see ,/oll1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cec ff4 #fhe ,ibid41 pp4 #fai1 #fce4 #fhf ,ibid41 pp4 #fbb ff4 #fhg ,! emotions ( fe> & sorr[ are able to develop simil>ly & to become int5sifi$ "u ^! same conditions4 ,z we %all see1 !y correspond to q ano!r aspect ( ! religi\s life 7,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 v74 #fhh ,?is is ! o!r aspect ( society :i*1 :ile be+ imp]ative1 appe>s at ! same "t to be good & graci\s4 ,x dom9ates u & assi/s u4 ,if we h def9$ ! social fact by ! fir/ ( ^! *>act]i/ics r ?an ! second1 x is because x is m readily obs]vable1 = x is translat$ into outw>d & visible signs2 b we h nev] ?\ght ( d5y+ ! second 7see our ,rgles de la ,m?ode ,sociologique1 preface to ! second edition1 p4 xx1 n4 #a74 #fhi ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #ej1 #ajc1 #abj4 ,x is also g5]ally ?\ght t 9 ! ,polynesian languages1 ! ^w mana primitively _h ! s5se ( au?ority 7see ,trege>1 ,maori ,comp>ative ,diction>y1 s4v474 #fij ,see ,alb]t ,ma?iez1 ,les orig9es des cultes rvolutionnaires 7#aghi-agib74 #fia ,ibid41 p4 #bd4 #fib ,ibid41 pp4 #bi1 #cb4 #fic ,ibid41 p4 #cj4 #fid ,ibid41 p4 #df4 #fie ,see ,ma?iez1 ,la ,?ophilan?ropie et la ,culte dcadaire1 p4 #cf4 #fif ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cc4 #fig ,!re are ev5 c]emonies1 = example1 ^? :i* take place 9 connection ) ! initiation1 to :i* memb]s ( =eign tribes are invit$4 ,a :ole sy/em ( messages & mess5g]s is organiz$ = ^! convocations1 )\t :i* ! great solemnities c\ld n take place 7see ,h[itt1 ,notes on ,au/ralian ,message-,/icks & ,mess5g]s1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 #ahhi2 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #hc1 #fgh-fia2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aei2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #eea74 #fih ,! corrobbori is di/+ui%$ f ! real religi\s c]emonies by ! fact t x is op5 to wom5 & un9itiat$ p]sons4 ,b if ^! two sorts ( collective manife/ations are to be di/+ui%$1 !y are1 none ! less1 closely relat$4 ,we %all h occasion else:]e to come back to ?is relation%ip & to expla9 x4 #fii ,except1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( ! great bu%-beat+ hunts4 #gjj ,! peaceful monotony ( ?is "p ( 8 life1 say ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cc74 #gja ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fhc4 ,he is speak+ ( ! demon/rations :i* take place :5 an ambassador s5t to a gr\p ( =eign]s returns to camp ) news ( a fav\rable result4 ,cf4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #ach2 ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bbb4 #gjb ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #if f42 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #acg2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,,ii1 p4 #cai4--,?is ritual promiscuity is f\nd especially 9 ! initiation c]emonies 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bfg1 #cha2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #feg71 & 9 ! totemic c]emonies 7,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bad1 #bih1 #bcg74 ,9 ^! latt]1 ! ord9>y exogamic rules are violat$4 ,sometimes among ! ,arunta1 unions betwe5 fa!r & daught]1 "m & son1 & bro!rs & si/]s 7t is 9 e case1 relation%ip by blood7 rema9 =bidd5 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #if f474 #gjc ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ece1 #ede4 ,?is is extremely common4 #gjd ,^! wom5 7 ,k+illi !mselves1 s ^! unions violat$ ! exogamic rules4 #gje ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bcg4 #gjf ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cia4 ,o!r examples ( ?is collective eff]vesc5ce dur+ ! religi\s c]emonies w be f\nd 9 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bdd-bdf1 #cfe-cff1 #cgd1 #eji-eaj 7?is latt] 9 connection ) a fun]al rite74 ,cf4 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bac1 #cea4 #gjg ,?us we see t ?is frat]nity is ! logical consequ5ce ( totemism1 r ?an its basis4 ,m5 h n imag9$ _! duties t[>ds ! animals ( ! totemic species because !y reg>d$ !m z k9dr$1 b h imag9$ ! k9%ip to expla9 ! nature ( ! beliefs & rites ( :i* !y 7 ! object4 ,! animal 0 consid]$ a relative ( ! man because x 0 a sacr$ be+ l ! man1 b x 0 n treat$ z a sacr$ be+ because x 0 reg>d$ z a relative4 #gjh ,see bel[1 ,bk4 ,,iii1 * i1 #c4 #gji ,at ! bottom ( ?is conception !re is a well-f\nd$ & p]si/5t s5tim5t4 ,mod]n sci5ce also t5ds m & m to admit t ! duality ( man & nature does n exclude _! unity1 & t physical & moral =ces1 ?\gh di/9ct1 are closely relat$4 ,we und\bt$ly h a diff]5t conception ( ?is unity & relation%ip ?an ! primitive1 b b5ea? ^! diff]5t symbols1 ! tru? affirm$ by ! two is ! same4 #gaj ,we say t ?is d]ivation is sometimes indirect on acc\nt ( ! indu/rial me?ods :i*1 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 seem to be d]iv$ f religion ?r\gh ! int]m$iacy ( magic 7see ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,?orie gnrale de la ,magie1 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,vii1 pp4 #add ff472 =1 z we believe1 magic =ces are only a special =m ( religi\s =ces4 ,we %all h occasion to return to ?is po9t sev]al times4 #gaa ,at lea/ aft] he is once adult & fully initiat$1 = ! initiation rites1 introduc+ ! "y man to ! social life1 are a sev]e discipl9e 9 !mselves4 #gab ,^u ?is p>ticul> aspect ( primitive societies1 see our ,division du travail social1 #crd ed41 pp4 #abc1 #adi1 #agc ff4 #gac ,we provisionally limit ourselves to ?is g5]al indication3 we %all return to ?is idea & give m explicit pro(1 :5 we speak ( ! rites 7,bk4 ,,iii74 #gad ,on ?is po9t1 see ,a*elis1 ,die ,ek/ase1 ,b]l91 #aijb1 especially *4 i4 #gae ,cf4 ,mauss1 ,essai sur les v>iations saisonnires des socits eskimos1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,ix1 p4 #abg4 #gaf ,?us we see h[ errone\s ^? !ories are :i*1 l ! geographical mat]ialism ( ,ratzel 7see especially 8 ,politis*e ,geographie71 seek to d]ive all social life f its mat]ial f\ndation 7ei!r economic or t]ritorial74 ,!y commit an error precisely simil> to ! "o committ$ by ,maudsley 9 individual psy*ology4 ,j z ?is latt] r$uc$ all ! psy*ical life ( ! individual to a m]e epiph5om5on ( 8 physiological basis1 !y seek to r$uce ! :ole psy*ical life ( ! gr\p to its physical basis4 ,b !y =get t ideas are realities & =ces1 & t collective repres5tations are =ces ev5 m p[]ful & active ?an individual repres5tations4 ,on ?is po9t1 see our ,reprs5tations individuelles et reprs5tations collectives1 9 ! ,revue de ,mtaphysique et de ,morale1 ,may1 #ahih4 #gag ,see above1 pp4 #ahh & #aid4 #gah ,ev5 ! excreta h a religi\s "*4 ,see ,preuss1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,religion und ,kun/1 especially *4 ii1 entitl$ ,d] ,zaub] d] ,defkation 7,globus1 ,,lxxxvi1 pp4 #cbe ff474 #gai ,?is pr9ciple has pass$ f religion into magic3 x is ! totem ex p>te ( ! al*emi/s4 #gbj ,on ?is po9t see ,rgles de la m?ode sociologique1 pp4 #e ff4 #gba ,procopius ( ,gaza1 ,comm5t>ii 9 ,isaiam1 #dif4 #gbb ,see ,?v5ot1 ,voyage au ,levant1 ,p>is1 #afhi1 p4 #fch4 ,! fact 0 /ill r\nd 9 #ahfb4 #gbc ,lacassagne1 ,les ,tat\ages1 p4 #aj4 #gbd ,lombroso1 ,l'homme crim9el1 ,i1 p4 #bib4 #gbe ,lombroso1 ibid41 ,i1 pp4 #bfh1 #bhe1 #bia f42 ,lacassagne1 op4 cit41 p4 #ig4 #gbf ,see above1 p4 #abg4 #gbg ,= ! au?ority ( ! *iefs1 see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aj2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #be2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bie ff4 #gbh ,at lea/ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! population is m g5]ally s$5t>y2 b ! ,am]ican clan repres5ts a relatively advanc$ =m ( organization4 #gbi ,to make sure ( ?is1 x is suffici5t to look at ! *>t arrang$ by ,?omas1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,au/ralia1 p4 #dj4 ,to appreciate ?is *>t prop]ly1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! au?or has ext5d$1 = a reason unkn[n to u1 ! sy/em ( totemic filiation 9 ! pat]nal l9e cle> to ! we/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 ?\gh we h almo/ no in=mation ab\t ! tribes ( ?is region1 :i* is1 moreov]1 l>gely a des]t4 #gcj ,! />s are (t5 reg>d$1 ev5 by ! ,au/ralians1 z ! l& ( s\ls & my?ical p]sonages1 z w be e/abli%$ 9 ! next *apt]3 t means t !y pass z be+ a v diff]5t _w f t ( ! liv+4 #gca ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #d4 ,cf4 ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bdc4 #gcb ,( c\rse x is to be und]/ood t1 z we h already po9t$ out 7see above1 p4 #aee71 ?is *oice 0 n made )\t a m or less =mal agreem5t betwe5 ! gr\ps t ea* %\ld take a diff]5t emblem f its neighb\rs4 #gcc ,! m5tal /ate /udi$ 9 ?is p>agraph is id5tical to ! "o call$ by ,lvy-,bruhl ! law ( p>ticipation 7,les fonctions m5tales dans les socits infrieures1 pp4 #gf ff474 ,! foll[+ pages 7 writt5 :5 ?is "w appe>$ & we publi% !m )\t *ange2 we conf9e ourselves to add+ c]ta9 explanations %[+ 9 :at we diff] f ,m4 ,lvy-,bruhl 9 our und]/&+ ( ! facts4 #gcd ,see above1 p4 #bcj4 #gce ,ano!r cause has contribut$ mu* to ?is fusion2 ?is is ! extreme contagi\sness ( religi\s =ces4 ,!y seize ^u e object )9 _! rea*1 :atev] x may be4 ,?us a s+le religi\s =ce may animate ! mo/ div]se ?+s :i*1 by t v fact1 become closely connect$ & classifi$ )9 a s+le gr\p4 ,we %all return aga9 to ?is contagi\sness1 :5 we %all %[ t x comes f ! social orig9s ( ! idea ( sacr$ness 7,bk4 ,,iii1 *4 i1 9 f9e74 #gcf ,lvy-,bruhl1 op4 cit41 pp4 #gg ff4 #gcg ,ibid41 p4 #gi4 #gch ,see above1 p4 #adf4 #gci ,?is is ! case ) ! ,gnanji2 see ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #agj1 #edf2 cf4 a simil> case 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,,ii1 p4 #bfi4 #gdj ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #ea4 #gda ,!re c]ta9ly 0 a "t :5 ! ,gnanji wom5 _h s\ls1 = a l>ge numb] ( wom5's s\ls /ill exi/ to-day4 ,h[ev]1 !y nev] re9c>nate !mselves2 s9ce 9 ?is tribe ! s\l animat+ a new-born *ild is an old re9c>nat$ s\l1 x foll[s f ! fact t wom5's s\ls d n re9c>nate !mselves1 t wom5 _c h a s\l4 ,moreov]1 x is possible to expla9 :5ce ?is abs5ce ( re9c>nation comes4 ,filiation among ! ,gnanji1 aft] hav+ be5 ut]9e1 is n[ 9 ! pat]nal l9e3 a "m no long] transmits h] totem to h] *ild4 ,s ! woman no long] has any desc5dants to p]petuate h]2 %e is ! f9is famili su4 ,to expla9 ?is situation1 !re are only two possible hypo!ses2 ei!r wom5 h no s\ls1 or else !y are de/roy$ aft] dea?4 ,! ,gnanji h adopt$ ! =m] ( ^! two explanations2 c]ta9 peoples ( ,que5sl& h pref]r$ ! latt] 7see ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic & ,m$ic9e1 9 ,n4 ,que5sl& ,e?nog41 ,no4 #e1 #fh74 #gdb ,! *ildr5 bel[ f\r or five ye>s ( age h nei!r s\l nor future life1 says ,dawson4 ,b ! fact he ?us relates is m]ely ! abs5ce ( fun]al rites = "y *ildr54 ,we %all see ! real mean+ ( ?is bel[4 #gdc ,dawson1 p4 #ea2 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #ce2 ,eylmann1 p4 #ahh4 #gdd ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #edb2 ,s*rmann1 ,! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,port ,l9coln1 9 ,woods1 p4 #bce4 #gde ,?is is ! expression us$ by ,dawson1 p4 #ej4 #gdf ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ae1 n4 #a2 ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bdf2 ?is is ! !me ( ! my? ( ! vampire4 #gdg ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ae2 ,s*ulze1 p4 #bdd2 ,dawson1 p4 #ea4 ,x is true t x is sometimes said t s\ls h no?+ corporeal2 accord+ to c]ta9 te/imony collect$ by ,eylmann 7p4 #ahh71 !y are ohne ,fleis* und ,blut4 ,b ^! radical negations leave u sceptical4 ,! fact t (f]+s are n made to ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 no way implies1 z ,ro? ?9ks 7,sup]/ition1 ,magic1 etc41 #fe71 t !y d n eat4 #gdh ,ro?1 ibid41 #fe2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ecj4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! s\l emits od\rs 7,ro?1 ibid41 #fh74 #gdi ,ro?1 ibid41 #fg2 ,dawson1 p4 #ea4 #gej ,ro?1 ibid41 #fe4 #gea ,s*rmann1 ,aborig4 ,tr4 ( ,port ,l9coln1 9 ,woods1 p4 #bce4 #geb ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #bi1 #ce2 ,ro?1 ibid41 #fe1 #fg1 #fh4 #gec ,ro?1 ibid41 #fe2 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ae4 #ged ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ad1 n4 #a4 #gee ,fraz]1 ,on ,c]ta9 ,burial ,cu/oms1 z ,illu/rative ( ! ,primitive ,!ory ( ! ,s\l1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xv1 p4 #ff4 #gef ,?is is ! case ) ! ,kaiti% & ! ,unmatj]a2 see ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ejf2 & ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eab4 #geg ,ro?1 ibid41 #fe1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh4 #geh ,ro?1 ibid41 #fh2 ?is says t :5 someone fa9ts aft] a loss ( blood1 x is because ! s\l is gone4 ,cf4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #ch4 #gei ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #bi1 #ce2 ,ro?1 ibid41 #fe4 #gfj ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #ab1 #ad4 ,9 ^! passages he speaks ( evil spirits :i* kill little *ildr5 & eat _! s\ls1 liv]s & fat1 or else _! s\ls1 liv]s & kidneys4 ,! fact t ! s\l is ?us put on ! same plane z ! diff]5t visc]a & tissues & is made a food l !m %[s ! close connection x has ) !m4 ,cf4 ,s*ulze1 p4 #bde4 #gfa ,= example1 among ! peoples on ! ,p5nefa!r ,riv] 7,ro?1 ibid41 #fh71 !re is a "n = ! s\l resid+ 9 ! he>t 7,ngai71 ano!r = ! "o 9 ! plac5ta 7,*o-i71 & a ?ird = ! "o :i* is conf\nd$ ) ! brea? 7,wanji74 ,among ! ,euahlayi1 !re are ?ree or ev5 f\r s\ls 7,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #ce74 #gfb ,see ! description ( ! ,urpmil*ima rite among ! ,arunta 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ejc ff474 #gfc ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dig & #ejh4 #gfd ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #edg1 #edh4 #gfe ,ibid41 pp4 #ejf1 #ebg ff4 #gff ,mey]1 ,! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 9 ,woods1 p4 #aih4 #gfg ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eea1 #dfc2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eec4 #gfh ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #edj4 #gfi ,among ! ,arunta & ,loritja1 = example 7,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ae1 n4 #b2 ,,ii1 p4 #gg74 ,dur+ life1 ! s\l is call$ gumna1 & ltana aft] dea?4 ,! ltana ( ,/rehl[ is id5tical ) ! ul?ana ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ead ff474 ,! same is true ( ! tribes on ! ,bloomfield ,riv] 7,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #ff74 #ggj ,eylmann1 p4 #ahh4 #gga ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ebd1 #dia1 #dif4 #ggb ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #edb1 #ejd4 #ggc ,ma!ws1 ,e?nol4 ,notes on ! ,aborig9al ,tribes ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,victoria1 9 ,j\rnal & ,proc4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bhg4 #ggd ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #ae ff4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,/rehl[1 ! dead live 9 an isl& 9 ! ,arunta !ory1 b accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 9 a subt]ranean place4 ,x is probable t ! two my?s coexi/ & are n ! only ones4 ,we %all see t ev5 a ?ird has be5 f\nd4 ,on ?is conception ( an isl& ( ! dead1 see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih2 ,s*rmann1 ,aborig4 ,tr4 ( ,port ,l9coln1 9 ,woods1 p4 #bce2 ,eylmann1 p4 #ahi4 #gge ,s*ulze1 p4 #bdd4 #ggf ,dawson1 p4 #ea4 #ggg ,9 ^! same tribes evid5t traces ( a m anci5t my? w be f\nd1 accord+ to :i* ! dead live 9 a subt]ranean place 7,dawson1 ibid474 #ggh ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #ah f42 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dgc2 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #af4 #ggi ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih4 #ghj ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #af2 ,eylmann1 p4 #ahi2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dgc4 #gha ,^! are ! spirits ( ! ance/ors ( a special clan1 ! clan ( a c]ta9 poison\s gl& 7,giftdrs5mnn]74 #ghb ,sometimes ! "w ( ! mission>ies is evid5t4 ,dawson speaks ( a real hell oppos$ to p>adise2 b he too t5ds to reg>d ?is z a ,european importation4 #ghc ,dorsey1 ,x,ith ,rep41 pp4 #dai-dbj1 #dbb1 #dhe4 ,cf4 ,m>illi]1 ,la survivance de l'me et l'ide de ju/ice *ez les peuples non-civiliss1 ,rapport de l',ecole des ,hautes tudes1 #ahic4 #ghd ,!y may be d\bl$ tempor>ily1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]3 b ^! duplications add no?+ to ! numb] ( ! s\ls capable ( re9c>nation4 #ghe ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #b4 #ghf ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #gc1 n4 #a #ghg ,on ?is set ( conceptions1 see ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aai1 #abc-abg1 #chg ff42 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #ade-agd4 ,among ! ,gnanji1 x is n necess>ily ne> ! oknanikilla t ! conception takes place4 ,b !y believe t ea* c\ple is accompani$ 9 its w&]+s ov] ! cont95t by a sw>m ( s\ls ( ! husb&'s totem4 ,:5 ! "t comes1 "o ( ^! s\ls ent]s ! body ( ! wife & f]tilizes x1 :]ev] %e may be 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afi74 #ghh ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #eab f42 cf4 *4 x & xi4 #ghi ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aai4 #gij ,among ! ,kaiti% 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aed7 & ! ,urabunna 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #adf74 #gia ,?is is ! case among ! ,w>ramunga & ! relat$ tribes1 ! ,walp>i1 ,wulmala1 ,worgaia1 ,tj+illi 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #afa71 & also ! ,umbaia & ! ,gnanji 7ibid41 p4 #agj74 #gib ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #ae-af4 ,= ! ,loritja1 see ,/rehl[1 p4 #g4 #gic ,/rehl[ ev5 goes s f> z to say t sexual relations are n ev5 ?\ght to be a necess>y condition or sort ( prep>ation = conception 7,,ii1 p4 #eb1 n4 #g74 ,x is true t he adds a few l9es bel[ t ! old m5 "k p]fectly well ! connection :i* unites sexual int]c\rse & g5]ation1 & t z f> z animals are conc]n$1 ! *ildr5 !mselves "k x4 ,?is less5s ! value ( 8 fir/ ass]tion a little4 #gid ,9 g5]al1 we employ ! t]m9ology ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 r ?an t ( ,/rehl[ because x is n[ consecrat$ by long usage4 #gie ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #abd1 #eac4 #gif ,i1 p4 #e4 ,ng>ra means et]nal1 accord+ to ,/rehl[4 ,among ! ,loritja1 only rocks fulfil ?is function4 #gig ,/rehl[ translates x by ,k9d]keime 7*ildr5-g]ms74 ,x is n true t ,sp5c] & ,gill5 h ignor$ ! my? ( ! ratapa & ! cu/oms connect$ ) x4 ,!y explicitly m5tion x 9 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ccf ff4 & #eeb4 ,!y notic$1 at diff]5t po9ts ( ! ,arunta t]ritory1 ! exi/5ce ( rocks call$ ,era?ipa f :i* ! _s *ildr51 or ! *ildr5's s\ls1 dis5gage !mselves1 to ent] ! bodies ( wom5 & f]tilize !m4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,era?ipa means *ild1 ?\gh1 z !y add1 x is r>ely us$ 9 ?is s5se 9 ord9>y conv]sation 7ibid41 p4 #cch74 #gih ,! ,arunta are divid$ into f\r or eight matrimonial classes4 ,! class ( a *ild is det]m9$ by t ( 8 fa!r2 inv]sely1 t ( ! latt] may be d$uc$ f ! =m] 7see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #gj ff42 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #f ff474 ,x rema9s to be se5 h[ ! ratapa has a matrimonial class2 we %all return to ?is po9t aga94 #gii ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eb4 ,x happ5s sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 t disputes arise ov] ! nature ( ! *ild's totem4 ,/rehl[ cites su* a case 7,,ii1 p4 #ec74 #hjj ,?is is ! same ^w z ! namatw9na f\nd 9 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eda74 #hja ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ec4 #hjb ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ef4 #hjc ,ma!ws attributes a simil> !ory ( conception to ! ,tj+illi 7alias ,*+alee7 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,geogr4 ,trans4 & ,soc4 ,que5sl&1 ,,xxii 7#aijg71 pp4 #ge-gf74 #hjd ,x sometimes happ5s t ! ance/or :o is believ$ to h ?r[n ! namatuna %[s himself to ! woman 9 ! =m ( an animal or a man2 ?is is "o m pro( ( ! aff9ity ( ! ance/ral s\l = a mat]ial =m4 #hje ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bcg4 #hjf ,?is results f ! fact t ! ratapa c inc>nate itself only 9 ! body ( a woman belong+ to ! same matrimonial class z ! "m ( ! my?ical ance/or4 ,s we _c und]/& h[ ,/rehl[ c\ld say 7,i1 p4 #db1 ,anm]kung7 t1 except 9 "o case1 ! my?s d n attribute det]m9$ matrimonial classes to ! ,al*]+a ance/ors4 ,8 own !ory ( conception proves ! contr>y 7cf4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ec ff474 #hjg ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eh4 #hjh ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two v]sions becomes /ill small] & is r$uc$ to almo/ no?+1 if we obs]ve t1 :5 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 tell u t ! ance/ral s\l is inc>nat$ 9 ! woman1 ! expressions !y use are n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,x is n ! :ole s\l :i* comes to f]tilize ! "m1 b only an emanation f ?is s\l4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to _! own /atem5t1 a s\l equal or ev5 sup]ior 9 p[] to ! "o t is inc>nat$ cont9ues to live 9 ! nanja tree or rock 7see ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ead72 we %all h occasion to come back to ?is po9t aga9 7cf4 bel[1 p4 #bge74 #hji ,,ii1 pp4 #gf1 #ha4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ! *ur+a is n ! s\l ( ! ance/or1 b ! object 9 :i* 8 s\l resides4 ,at bottom1 ^! two my?ological int]pretations are id5tical1 & x is easy to see h[ "o has be5 able to pass into ! o!r3 ! body is ! place :]e ! s\l resides4 #haj ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #d4 #haa ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #ec f4 ,9 ^! /ories1 ! ance/or beg9s by introduc+ himself into ! body ( ! woman & caus+ !re ! tr\bles *>act]i/ic ( pregnancy4 ,!n he goes out1 & only !n does he leave 8 namatuna4 #hab ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gf4 #hac ,ibid41 p4 #ha4 ,?is is ! ^w = ^w translation ( ! t]ms employ$1 z ,/rehl[ gives !m3 ,dies du ,krp] bi/2 dies du d] nmli*e4 ,9 ! my?1 a civiliz+ h]o1 ,mang>kunj]kunja1 says z he pres5ts to ea* man ! *ur+a ( 8 ance/or3 ,y are born ( ?is *ur+a 7ibid41 p4 #gf74 #had ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gf4 #hae ,/rehl[1 ibid4 #haf ,at bottom1 ! only real diff]5ce betwe5 ,/rehl[ & ,sp5c] & ,gill5 is ! foll[+ "o4 ,= ^! latt]1 ! s\l ( ! individual1 aft] dea?1 returns to ! nanja tree1 :]e x is aga9 conf\nd$ ) ! ance/or's s\l 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eac72 = ,/rehl[1 x goes to ! isle ( ! dead1 :]e x is f9ally annihilat$4 ,9 nei!r my? does x survive individually4 ,we are n go+ to seek ! cause ( ?is div]g5ce4 ,x is possible t !re has be5 an error ( obs]vation on ! "p ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 :o d n speak ( ! isle ( ! dead4 ,x is also possible t ! my? is n ! same among ! ea/]n ,arunta1 :om ,sp5c] & ,gill5 obs]v$ p>ticul>ly1 z 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! tribe4 #hag ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ea4 #hah ,ibid41 ,,ii1 p4 #ef4 #hai ,ibid41 ,i1 pp4 #c-d4 #hbj ,ibid41 ,,ii1 p4 #fa4 #hba ,see above1 p4 #ahc4 #hbb ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eg2 ,i1 p4 #b4 #hbc ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #eg4 #hbd ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic1 etc41 #gd4 #hbe ,9 o!r words1 ! totemic species is made up ( ! gr\p ( ance/ors & ! my?ological species mu* m ?an ( ! regul> animal or vegetable species4 #hbf ,see above1 p4 #bed4 #hbg ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gf4 #hbh ,/rehl[1 ibid4 #hbi ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 pp4 #eg1 #fj1 #fa4 ,/rehl[ calls ! li/ ( totems ! li/ ( ratapa4 #hcj ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dge ff4 #hca ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,diey]ie ,tribe ( ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #dg4 #hcb ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dhb4 #hcc ,ibid41 p4 #dhg4 #hcd ,tapl91 ,folk-,lore1 ,cu/oms1 ,mann]s1 etc41 ( ! ,s\? ,au/ralian ,aborig41 p4 #hh4 #hce ,! clan ( ea* ance/or has its special camp und]gr\nd2 ?is camp is ! miyur4 #hcf ,ma!ws1 9 ,j\r4 ( ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bic4 ,he po9ts out ! same belief among o!r tribes ( ,victoria 7ibid41 p4 #aig74 #hcg ,ma!ws1 ibid41 p4 #cdi4 #hch ,j4 ,bi%op1 ,die ,niol-,niol1 9 ,an?ropos1 ,,iii1 p4 #ce4 #hci ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #fh2 cf4 #fi;a1 gives a simil> case f among ! natives on ! ,pros]p9e ,riv]4 ,to simplify ! description1 we h left aside ! complications due to diff]5ces ( sex4 ,! s\ls ( daught]s are made out ( ! *oi ( _! "m1 ?\gh ^! %>e ) _! bro!rs ! ngai ( _! fa!r4 ,?is peculi>ity1 com+ p]haps f two sy/ems ( filiation :i* h be5 9 use successively1 has no?+ to d ) ! pr9ciple ( ! p]petuity ( ! s\l4 #hdj ,ibid41 p4 #af4 #hda ,die ,tl9kit-,indian]1 p4 #bhb4 #hdb ,swanton1 ,contributions to ! ,e?nology ( ! ,haida1 pp4 #aag ff4 #hdc ,boas1 ,six? ,rep4 ( ! ,comm4 on ! ,n4,w4 ,tribes ( ,canada1 p4 #ei4 #hdd ,lafitau1 ,moeurs des sauvages ,amriqua9s1 ,,ii1 p4 #dcd2 ,petitot1 ,monographie des ,dn-,d9dji1 p4 #ei4 #hde ,see above1 pp4 #acd ff4 #hdf ,see above1 p4 #acg4 #hdg ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #adg2 cf4 ibid41 p4 #gfi4 #hdh ,/rehl[ 7,i1 p4 #ae1 n4 #b7 & ,s*ulze 7loc4 cit41 p4 #bdf7 speak ( ! s\l1 z ,h[itt "h speaks ( ! totem1 z leav+ ! body to g to eat ano!r s\l4 ,likewise1 z we h se5 above1 ! altjira or mat]nal totem %[s itself 9 dreams1 j z a s\l or _s does4 #hdi ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kurnai & ,kamil>oi1 p4 #bhj4 #hej ,globus1 ,vol4 ,,cxi1 p4 #bhi4 ,9 spite ( ! objections ( ,leonh>di1 ,/rehl[ ma9ta9s 8 affirmations on ?is po9t 7see ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 xi74 ,leonh>di f9ds a contradiction betwe5 ?is ass]tion & ! !ory accord+ to :i* ! ratapa emanate f trees1 rocks or *ur+a4 ,b ! totemic animal inc>nates ! totem j z mu* z ! nanja-tree or rock does1 s !y may fulfil ! same function4 ,! two ?+s are my?ological equival5ts4 #hea ,notes on ! ,we/ ,coa/al ,tribes ( ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s4 ,au/ralia1 9 ,trans4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,s4 ,au/41 ,,xxxi 7#aijg71 p4 #d4 ,cf4 ,man1 #aiji1 ,no4 #hf4 #heb ,among ! ,wakelbura1 :]e1 accord+ to ,curr & ,h[itt1 ea* matrimonial class has its own totems1 ! animal %[s ! class 7see ,curr1 ,,iii1 p4 #bh72 among ! ,bu&ik1 x reveals ! clan 7,mrs4 ,james ,s4 ,smi?1 ,! ,bu&ik ,tribes ( ,s4 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p1 #abh74 ,cf4 ,h[itt1 ,on ,"s ,au/ralian ,beliefs1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xiii1 p4 #aia2 ,,xiv1 p4 #cfb2 ,?omas1 ,an ,am]ican ,view ( ,totemism1 9 ,man1 #aijb1 ,no4 #he2 ,ma!ws1 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #cdg-cdh2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #aaj2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #eac4 #hec ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #hc4 ,?is is probably a =m ( sexual totemism4 #hed ,pr9z zu ,wi$1 ,reise 9 das inn]e ,nord-,am]ika1 ,,ii1 p4 #aij4 #hee ,k4 von d5 ,/e951 ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brsili5s1 #ahid1 pp4 #eaa1 #eab4 #hef ,see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh#b1 ,i1 pp4 #bej1 #bec1 #bef1 #beg1 #beh4 #heg ,?ird ,rep41 pp4 #bbi1 #bcc4 #heh ,indian ,tribes1 ,,iv1 p4 #hf4 #hei ,= example1 among ! ,batta ( ,sumatra 7see ,gold5 ,b\gh#b1 ,,iii1 p4 #dbj71 9 ,melanesia 7,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #agh71 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago 7,tylor1 ,rem>ks on ,totemism1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,new ,s]ies1 ,i1 p4 #adg74 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! cases :]e ! s\l cle>ly pres5ts itself aft] dea? 9 an animal =m all come f ! societies :]e totemism is m or less p]v]t$4 ,?is is because ! idea ( ! s\l is necess>ily ambigu\s :]ev] ! totemic beliefs are relatively pure1 = totemism implies t x p>ticipate 9 ! two k+doms at ! same "t4 ,s x _c become ei!r "o or ! o!r exclusively1 b takes "o aspect or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,z totemism develops1 ?is ambiguity becomes less necess>y1 :ile at ! same "t1 spirits m actively dem& att5tion4 ,!n ! m>k$ aff9ities ( ! s\l = ! animal k+dom are manife/$1 especially aft] x is fre$ f ! human body4 #hfj ,see above1 p4 #agj4 ,on ! g5]ality ( ! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 see ,tylor1 ,,ii1 pp4 #h ff4 #hfa ,ev5 if we believe t religi\s & moral repres5tations con/itute ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! idea ( ! s\l1 /ill we d n mean to say t !y are ! only ones4 ,ar\nd ?is c5tral nucleus are gr\p$ o!r /ates ( consci\sness hav+ ?is same "*1 ?\gh to a slight] degree4 ,?is is ! case ) all ! sup]ior =ms ( ! intellectual life1 ow+ to ! special price & dignity attribut$ to !m by society4 ,:5 we devote our lives to sci5ce or art1 we feel t we are mov+ 9 a circle ( ?+s t are above bodily s5sations1 z we %all h occasion to %[ m precisely 9 our conclusion4 ,?is is :y ! highe/ functions ( ! intellig5ce h always be5 consid]$ specific manife/ations ( ! s\l4 ,b !y w\ld probably n h be5 en\gh to e/abli% ! idea ( x4 #hfb ,f4 ,trege>1 ,! ,maori-,polynesian ,comp>ative ,diction>y1 pp4 #bjc-bje4 #hfc ,?is is ! !sis ( ,preuss 9 8 articles 9 ! ,globus :i* we h cit$ sev]al times4 ,x seems t ,m4 ,lvy-,bruhl also t5ds t[>ds ?is conception 7see 8 ,fonctions m5tales1 etc41 pp4 #ib-ic74 #hfd ,on ?is po9t1 see our ,suicide1 pp4 #bcc ff4 #hfe ,x may be object$ p]haps t unity is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! p]sonality1 :ile ! s\l has always be5 conceiv$ z multiple1 & z capable ( divid+ & subdivid+ itself almo/ to inf9ity4 ,b we "k to-day t ! unity ( ! p]son is also made up ( p>ts & t x1 too1 is capable ( divid+ & decompos+4 ,yet ! notion ( p]sonality does n vani% because ( ! fact t we no long] ?9k ( x z a metaphysical & indivisible atom4 ,x is ! same ) ! popul> conceptions ( p]sonality :i* f9d _! expression 9 ! idea ( ! s\l4 ,^! %[ t m5 h always felt t ! human p]sonality does n h t absolute unity attribut$ to x by c]ta9 metaphysicians4 #hff ,= all ?is1 we d n d5y ! importance ( ! individual factor3 ?is is expla9$ f our po9t ( view j z easily z its contr>y4 ,if ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! p]sonality is ! social "p ( u1 on ! o!r h& !re c be no social life unless di/9ct individuals are associat$1 & ?is is ri*] ! m num]\s & diff]5t f ea* o!r !y are4 ,s ! individual factor is a condition ( ! imp]sonal factor4 ,& ! contr>y is no less true1 = society itself is an important s\rce ( individual diff]5ces 7see our ,division du travail social1 #crd4 ed41 pp4 #bfg ff474 #hfg ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 ,magic1 etc41 #fe1 #fh2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ead1 #eaf4 #hfh ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #eba1 #eae2 ,dawson1 ,au/ral4 ,aborig41 p4 #eh2 ,ro?1 op4 cit41 #fg4 #hfi ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eag4 #hgj ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #gf & n4 #a2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ead1 #eaf4 #hga ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eac4 #hgb ,on ?is "q1 see ,negrioli1 ,dei ,g5ii presso i ,romani2 ! articles ,daimon & ,g5ius 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,antiq42 ,prell]1 ,romis*e ,my?ologie1 ,,ii1 pp4 #aie ff4 #hgc ,negrioli1 ibid41 p4 #d4 #hgd ,ibid41 p4 #h4 #hge ,ibid41 p4 #g4 #hgf ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 ,cf4 ,samt]1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,l>5cultus1 9 ,ar*iv f4 ,religions-wiss5s*aft1 #aijg1 pp4 #cfh-cic4 #hgg ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bcg4 #hgh ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #e4 ,cf4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acc2 ,gason1 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #fi4 #hgi ,see ! case ( a ,mura-mura :o is consid]$ ! _s ( c]ta9 hot spr+s1 9 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dhb4 #hhj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cac f42 ,ma!ws1 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cea4 ,among ! ,di]i !re is also a ,mura-mura ^: function is to produce ra9 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #gih f474 #hha ,ro?4 ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #fg4 ,cf4 ,dawson1 p4 #ei4 #hhb ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #b ff4 #hhc ,see above1 p4 #bdi4 #hhd ,nor4 ,tr41 *4 vii4 #hhe ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bgg4 #hhf ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #e4 #hhg ,x is true t "s nanja-trees & rocks are n situat$ ar\nd ! ertnatulunga2 !y are scatt]$ ov] diff]5t p>ts ( ! tribal t]ritory4 ,x is said t ^! are places :]e an isolat$ ance/or disappe>$ into ! gr\nd1 lo/ a memb]1 let "s blood fl[1 or lo/ a *ur+a :i* 0 trans=m$ into a tree or rock4 ,b ^! totemic sites h only a second>y importance2 ,/rehl[ calls !m kle9]e ,totempltze 7,i1 pp4 #d-e74 ,s x may be t !y h tak5 ?is "* only by analogy ) ! pr9cipal totemic c5tres4 ,! trees & rocks :i*1 = "s reason or o!r1 rem9d "o ( ^? f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( an ertnatulunga1 inspire analog\s s5tim5ts1 s ! my? :i* 0 =m$ 9 reg>d to ! latt] 0 ext5d$ to ! =m]4 #hhh ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aci4 #hhi ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #ba4 ,! tree s]v+ = ?is use is g5]ally "o ( ^? figur+ among ! sub-totems ( ! individual4 ,z a reason = ?is *oice1 !y say t z x is ( ! same family z ! individual1 x %\ld be bett] dispos$ to giv+ him aid 7ibid41 p4 #bi74 #hij ,ibid41 p4 #cf4 #hia ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #ha4 #hib ,p>k]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ba4 #hic ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #bdi-bec4 #hid ,turn]1 ,samoa1 p4 #ag4 #hie ,^! are ! v words us$ by ,codr+ton 7p4 #bea74 #hif ,?is close connection betwe5 ! s\l1 ! gu>dian g5ius & ! moral consci5ce ( ! individual is especially app>5t among c]ta9 peoples ( ,indonesia4 ,"o ( ! sev5 s\ls ( ! ,tobabatak is buri$ ) ! plac5ta2 ?\gh pref]r+ to live 9 ?is place1 x may leave x to w>n ! individual or to manife/ its approbation :5 he does well4 ,s 9 "o s5se1 x plays ! rle ( a moral consci5ce4 ,h[ev]1 its communications are n conf9$ to ! doma9 ( moral facts4 ,x is call$ ! y\ng] bro!r ( ! s\l1 z ! plac5ta is call$ ! y\ng] bro!r ( ! *ild4444 ,9 w>1 x inspires ! man ) c\rage to m>* aga9/ ! enemy 7,w>neck1 ,d] bataks*e ,ahn5 und ,gei/]cult1 9 ,allg4 ,missionszeits*rift1 ,b]l91 #aijd4 p4 #aj4 ,cf4 ,kruijt1 ,het ,animisme 9 d5 indis*5 ,ar*ipel1 p4 #be74 #hig ,x /ill rema9s to be inve/igat$ h[ x comes t aft] a c]ta9 mom5t 9 evolution1 ?is duplication ( ! s\l 0 made 9 ! =m ( an individual totem r ?an ( a protect+ ance/or4 ,p]haps ?is "q has an e?nological r ?an a sociological int]e/4 ,h[ev]1 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is sub/itution 0 probably effect$ may be repres5t$ z foll[s4 ,! individual totem comm5c$ by play+ a m]ely complim5t>y rle4 ,^? individuals :o wi%$ to acquire p[]s sup]ior to ^? possess$ by ev]ybody1 did n & c\ld n cont5t !mselves ) ! m]e protection ( ! ance/or2 s !y began to look = ano!r assi/ant ( ! same sort4 ,?us x comes ab\t t among ! ,euahlayi1 ! magicians are ! only ones :o h or :o c procure individual totems4 ,z ea* "o has a collective totem 9 addition1 he f9ds himself hav+ _m s\ls4 ,b !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is plurality ( s\ls3 x is ! condition ( a sup]ior p[]4 ,b :5 collective totemism once beg9s to lose gr\nd1 & :5 ! conception ( ! protect+ ance/or consequ5tly beg9s to gr[ dim 9 ! m9d1 ano!r me?od mu/ be f\nd = repres5t+ ! d\ble nature ( ! s\l1 :i* is /ill felt4 ,! result+ idea 0 t1 outside ( ! individual s\l1 !re 0 ano!r1 *>g$ ) wat*+ ov] ! fir/ "o4 ,s9ce ?is protect+ p[] 0 no long] demon/rat$ by ! v fact ( bir?1 m5 f\nd x natural to employ1 = its discov]y1 means analog\s to ^? us$ by magicians to ent] into communion ) ! =ces ( ^: aid !y ?us assur$ !mselves4 #hih ,= example1 see ,/rehl[1 ,,ii1 p4 #hb4 #hii ,wyatt1 ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribes1 9 ,woods1 p4 #afh4 #ijj ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #fb f42 ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #aaf2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #cef1 #ceh2 ,/rehl[1 pp4 #aa-ab4 #ija ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #ac-ad2 ,dawson1 p4 #di4 #ijb ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #aa-ad2 ,eylmann1 pp4 #ahb1 #ahe2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #baa2 ,s*rmann1 ,! ,aborig4 ,tr4 ( ,port ,l9coln1 9 ,woods1 p4 #bci4 #ijc ,eylmann1 p4 #ahb4 #ijd ,ma!ws1 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cde2 ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #dfg2 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #aa4 #ije ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #cij-cia4 ,/rehl[ calls ^! evil spirits ,er9tja2 b ?is ^w is evid5tly equival5t to ,orun*a4 ,yet !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! ways ! two are pres5t$ to u4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ! ,orun*a are malici\s r ?an evil2 !y ev5 say 7p4 #cbh7 t ! ,arunta "k no necess>ily evil spirits4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! regul> bus9ess ( ,/rehl['s ,er9tja is to d evil4 ,judg+ f c]ta9 my?s giv5 by ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cij71 !y seem to h t\*$ up ! figures ( ! ,orun*a a little3 ^! 7 orig9ally ogres 7ibid41 p4 #cca74 #ijf ,ro?1 ,sup]/ition1 etc41 #aae2 ,eylmann1 p4 #aij4 #ijg ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #cij f4 #ijh ,ibid41 p4 #eea4 #iji ,ibid41 pp4 #cbf f4 #iaj ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ad4 ,:5 !re are tw9s1 ! fir/ "o is believ$ to h be5 conceiv$ 9 ?is mann]4 #iaa ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cbg4 #iab ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ceh1 #cha1 #che2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ccd2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eja1 #ecj4 #iac ,z ! magician c ei!r cause or cure sickness1 we sometimes f9d1 besides ^! magical spirits ^: function is to d evil1 o!rs :o =e/all or neutralize ! evil influ5ce ( ! =m]4 ,cases ( ?is sort w be f\nd 9 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eja-ejb4 ,! fact t ! latt] are magic j z mu* z ! =m] is well %[n by ! fact t ! two h ! same "n1 among ! ,arunta4 ,s !y are diff]5t aspects ( a s+le magic p[]4 #iad ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #i4 ,putiaputia is n ! only p]sonage ( ?is sort ( :om ! ,arunta my?s speak3 c]ta9 portions ( ! tribe give a diff]5t "n to ! h]o to :om ! same inv5tion is ascrib$4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! ext5t ( ! t]ritory occupi$ by ! ,arunta prev5ts _! my?ology f be+ completely homog5e\s4 #iae ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #dic4 #iaf ,ibid41 p4 #dih4 #iag ,ibid41 pp4 #dih f4 #iah ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ace4 #iai ,ibid41 pp4 #dgf ff4 #ibj ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #f-h4 ,! "w ( ,mang>kunj]kunja mu/ be tak5 up aga9 lat] among o!r h]oes2 =1 accord+ to a belief t is n conf9$ to ! ,arunta1 a "t came :5 m5 =got ! tea*+ ( _! fir/ initiators & became corrupt4 #iba ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ( ,atnatu 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #aec7 & ! ,witurna 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #dih71 ,if ,t5dun did n e/abli% ^! rites1 x is he :o is *>g$ ) ! direction ( _! celebration 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fgj74 #ibb ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #dii4 #ibc ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dic2 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 pp4 #aig & #bdg2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #dib4 #ibd ,= example1 see ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #dii4 #ibe ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cch1 #cdg1 #dii4 #ibf ,x is true t ,sp5c] & ,gill5 ma9ta9 t ^! my?ical be+s play no moral rle 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #dic72 b ?is is because !y give too n>r[ a mean+ to ! ^w4 ,religi\s duties are duties3 s ! fact ( look+ aft] ! mann] 9 :i* ^! are obs]v$ conc]ns morals1 especially because all morals h a religi\s "* at ?is p]iod4 #ibg ,! fact 0 obs]v$ z e>ly z #ahde by ,eyre1 ,j\rnals1 etc41 ,,ii1 p4 #cfb1 &1 be=e ,eyre1 by ,h5d]son1 ,obs]vations on ! ,colonies ( ,n4,s4 ,wales & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 p4 #adg4 #ibh ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dhh-ejh4 #ibi ,among ! ,kul91 ,wotjobaluk & ,woworung 7,victoria74 #icj ,among ! ,yu91 ,ng>rigo & ,wolgal 7,new ,s\? ,wales74 #ica ,among ! ,kamil>oi & ,euahlayi 7nor!rn "p ( ,new ,s\? ,wales72 & m to ! c5tre1 9 ! same prov9ce1 among ! ,wonghibon & ! ,wiradjuri4 #icb ,among ! ,wiimbaio & ! tribes on ! l[] ,murray 7,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #acg2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dbc1 n41 #dca74 #icc ,among ! tribes on ! ,h]b]t ,riv] 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih74 #icd ,among ! ,kurnai4 #ice ,tapl91 p4 #ee2 ,eylmann1 p4 #ahb4 #icf ,x is und\bt$ly to ?is supreme ,mura-mura t ,gason makes allusion 9 ! passage already cit$ 7,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #ee74 #icg ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bdf4 #ich ,betwe5 ,baiame1 ,bunjil & ,d>amulun on ! "o h&1 & ,altjira on ! o!r1 !re is ! diff]5ce t ! latt] is completely =eign to all t conc]ns humanity2 he did n make man & does n conc]n himself ) :at !y d4 ,! ,arunta h nei!r love nor fe> = him4 ,b :5 ?is conception is c>efully obs]v$ & analys$1 x is h>d to admit t x is primitive2 = if ! ,altjira plays no rle1 expla9s no?+1 s]ves = no?+1 :at made ! ,arunta imag9e him8 ,p]haps x is necess>y to consid] him z a sort ( ,baiame :o has lo/ 8 =m] pre/ige1 z an anci5t god ^: memory is fad+ away4 ,p]haps1 also1 ,/rehl[ has badly int]pret$ ! te/imony he has ga!r$4 ,accord+ to ,eylmann1 :o1 x is to be admitt$1 is nei!r a v compet5t nor a v sure obs]v]1 ,altjira made m5 7op4 cit41 p4 #acd74 ,moreov]1 among ! ,loritja1 ! correspond+ p]sonage1 ,tukura1 is believ$ to celebrate ! initiation c]emonies himself4 #ici ,= ,bunjil1 see ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #dag2 = ,baiame1 see ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #acf2 = ,d>amulun1 see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #die4 #idj ,on ! composition ( ,bunjil's family1 = example1 see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #abh1 #abi1 #dhi1 #dia2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dag1 #dbc2 = ,baiame's1 see ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #g1 #ff1 #ajc2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ejb1 #ehe1 #djg2 = ,nurund]i's1 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #eg f4 ,( c\rse1 !re are all sorts ( v>iations 9 ! ways 9 :i* ! families ( ^! great gods are conceiv$4 ,! p]sonage :o is a bro!r "h1 is a son !re4 ,! numb] & names ( ! wives v>y ) ! locality4 #ida ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #abh4 #idb ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dcj1 #dca4 #idc ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #dcb1 n4 #idd ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dih1 #ech2 ,ma!ws1 ,j\r4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cdc2 ,ridley1 p4 #acf4 #ide ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ech2 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #eg-eh4 #idf ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #h4 #idg ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #dbd4 #idh ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dib4 #idi ,accord+ to c]ta9 my?s1 he made m5 b n wom52 ?is is relat$ ( ,bunjil4 ,b !n1 ! orig9 ( wom5 is attribut$ to 8 son-bro!r1 ,pallyan 7,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dag & #dbc74 #iej ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dhi1 #dib2 ,ma!ws1 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cdj4 #iea ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #g2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fcj4 #ieb ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #acf2 ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #aad4 #iec ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,m ,au/r4 ,leg4 ,tales1 pp4 #hd-hi1 #ij-ia4 #ied ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #die1 #dih1 #edc1 #efc1 #efd2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #dbi2 ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #gi4 #iee ,ridley1 p4 #acg4 #ief ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #ij-ia4 #ieg ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #die2 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #eh4 #ieh ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ech1 #edc1 #eec1 #eee1 #eef2 ,ma!ws1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cah2 ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #f1 #gi1 #hj4 #iei ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dih1 #ebh4 #ifj ,h[itt1 ibid41 p4 #dic2 ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #gf4 #ifa ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #gf2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dic1 #fab4 #ifb ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #aec2 ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #fg2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ehe2 ,ma!ws1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cdc4 ,9 opposition to ,baiame1 ,d>amulun is sometimes pres5t$ z a necess>ily evil _s 7,l4 ,p>k]1 loc4 cit42 ,ridley1 9 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,,ii1 p4 #bhe74 #ifc ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxi1 pp4 #bib ff4 #ifd ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion1 pp4 #ahg-bic4 #ife ,lang1 ibid41 p4 #cca4 ,! au?or conf9es himself to /at+ t ! hypo!sis ( ,/4 ,paul does n appe> to him ! mo/ unsatisfactory4 #iff ,! !sis ( ,lang has be5 tak5 up aga9 by ,fa!r ,s*midt 9 ! ,an?ropos 7#aijh-aiji74 ,reply+ to ,sydney ,h>tl&1 :o _h criticiz$ ,lang's !ory 9 an article entitl$ ,! ,high ,gods ( ,au/ralia1 9 ,folk-,lore 7,vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bij ff471 ,fa!r ,s*midt und]took to %[ t ,baiame1 ,bunjil1 etc41 are et]nal gods1 creators1 omnipot5t1 omnisci5t & gu>dians ( ! moral ord]4 ,we are n go+ to ent] into ?is discussion1 :i* seems to h nei!r int]e/ nor importance4 ,if ^! diff]5t adjectives are giv5 a relative s5se1 9 h>mony ) ! ,au/ralian m9d1 we are q ready to accept !m1 & h ev5 us$ !m ourselves4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 omnipot5t means hav+ m p[] ?an ! o!r sacr$ be+s2 omnisci5t1 see+ ?+s t escape ! vulg> & ev5 ! greate/ magicians2 gu>dian ( ! moral ord]1 "o caus+ ! rules ( ,au/ralian morality to be respect$1 h[soev] mu* ^! may diff] f our own4 ,b if !y want to give ^! words mean+s :i* only a spirituali/ic ,*ri/ian c\ld atta* to !m1 x seems useless to discuss an op9ion s contr>y to ! pr9ciples ( ! hi/orical me?od4 #ifg ,on ?is "q1 see ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas1 ,baiame & ,bell-bird--,a ,note on ,au/ralian ,religion1 9 ,man1 #aije1 ,no4 #bh4 ,cf4 ,lang1 ,magic & ,religion1 p4 #be4 ,waitz _h already upheld ! orig9al "* ( ?is conception 9 8 ,an?ropologie d4 ,naturvlk]1 pp4 #gif-gih4 #ifh ,dawson1 p4 #di2 ,mey]1 ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 9 ,woods1 pp4 #bje1 #bjf2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dha1 #dia1 #dib1 #did2 ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #acf4 #ifi ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #ee-ef4 #igj ,l4 ,p>k]1 ,m ,au/r4 ,leg4 ,tales1 p4 #id4 #iga ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dbe-dbg4 #igb ,tapl91 ibid41 p4 #fj4 #igc ,tapl91 ibid41 p4 #fa4 #igd ,! _w 0 creat$ by be+s call$ ,nuralie2 ^! be+s1 :o _h already long exi/$1 _h ! =ms ( cr[s or ( eagle-hawks 7,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dbc-dbd74 #ige ,bayamee1 says ,mrs4 ,p>k]1 is = ! ,euahlayi :at ! ,al*]+a is = ! ,arunta 7,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #f74 #igf ,see above1 pp4 #beg f4 #igg ,9 ano!r my?1 report$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill51 a :olly analog\s rle is fill$ by two p]sonages liv+ 9 heav51 nam$ ,ungambikula 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #chh ff474 #igh ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dic4 #igi ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 pp4 #fb-ff1 #fg4 ,?is is because ! great god is connect$ ) ! bull-ro>]1 :i* is id5tifi$ ) ! ?und]2 = ! ro>+ ( ?is ritual in/rum5t is connect$ ) ! roll+ ( ?und]4 #ihj ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ace4 ,! ^w mean+ totem is writt5 ?undung by ,h[itt4 #iha ,/rehl[1 ,i1 pp4 #a-b & ,,ii1 p4 #ei4 ,x w be rememb]$ t1 among ! ,arunta1 ! mat]nal totem 0 q probably ! real totem at fir/4 #ihb ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eee4 #ihc ,ibid41 pp4 #edf1 #efj4 #ihd ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 pp4 #acf1 #aef4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 ?is =m dur+ ! initiation rites ( ! ,kamil>oi4 ,accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 he is a black swan 7,l4 ,p>k]1 ,m ,au/4 ,leg4 ,tales1 p4 #id74 #ihe ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #a4 #ihf ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dbc-dbd4 #ihg ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dib4 #ihh ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #abh4 #ihi ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dag-dbc4 #iij ,see above1 p4 #ajh4 #iia ,!re are phratries be>+ ! names ,kilp>a 7cr[7 & ,mukw>a4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! my? itself1 :i* is report$ by ,br\gh ,smy? 7,i1 pp4 #dbc-dbd74 #iib ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #dbe-dbg4 ,cf4 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dhf4 ,9 ?is case1 ,k>we5 is id5tifi$ ) ! blue h]on4 #iic ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #dbc4 #iid ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #acf2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ehe2 ,ma!ws1 ,j4 ( ,r4 ,s4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxviii 7#ahid71 p4 #aaa4 #iie ,see above1 p4 #ade4 ,cf4 ,fa!r ,s*midt1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,idea ( ,god1 9 ,an?ropos1 #aiji4 #iif ,op4 cit41 p4 #g4 ,among ^! same p1 ! pr9cipal wife ( ,baiame is also repres5t$ z ! "m ( all ! totems1 )\t belong+ to any totem h]self 7ibid41 pp4 #g1 #gi74 #iig ,see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #eaa f41 #eac1 #fjb ff42 ,ma!ws1 ,j4 ( ,r4,s4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bgj4 ,!y invite to ^! fea/s n only ! tribes ) :om a regul> connubium is e/abli%$1 b also ^? ) :om !re are qu>rels to be arrang$2 ! v5detta1 half-c]emonial & half-s]i\s1 take place on ^! occasions4 #iih ,see above1 p4 #aee4 #iii ,!re is "o =m ( ritual especially :i* we leave completely aside2 ?is is ! oral ritual :i* mu/ be /udi$ 9 a special volume ( ! ,collection de l',anne ,sociologique4 #ajjj ,see ! article ,taboo 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 writt5 by ,fraz]4 #ajja ,facts prove ! reality ( ?is inconv5i5ce4 ,!re is no lack ( writ]s :o1 putt+ _! tru/ 9 ! ^w1 h believ$ t ! in/itution ?us designat$ 0 peculi> to primitive peoples 9 g5]al1 or ev5 to ! ,polynesians 7see ,rville1 ,religion des peuples primitifs1 ,,ii1 p4 #ee2 ,ri*>d1 ,la ,femme dans l'hi/oire1 p4 #dce74 #ajjb ,see above1 p4 #dc4 #ajjc ,?is is n say+ t !re is a radical break ( cont9uity betwe5 ! religi\s & ! magic int]dictions3 on ! contr>y1 x is "o ^: true nature is n decid$4 ,!re are int]dicts ( folk-lore ( :i* x is h>d to say :e!r !y are religi\s or magic4 ,b _! di/9ction is necess>y1 = we believe t ! magic int]dicts _c be und]/ood except z a function ( ! religi\s ones4 #ajjd ,see above1 p4 #adi4 #ajje ,_m ( ! int]dictions betwe5 sacr$ ?+s c be trac$ back1 we ?9k1 to ^? betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane4 ,?is is ! case ) ! int]dicts ( age or rank4 ,= example1 9 ,au/ralia1 !re are sacr$ foods :i* are res]v$ = ! initiat$4 ,b ^! foods are n all sacr$ to ! same degree2 !re is a hi]>*y among !m4 ,nor are ! initiat$ all equal4 ,!y d n enjoy all _! religi\s rights f ! fir/1 b only ent] /ep by /ep into ! doma9 ( religi\s ?+s4 ,!y mu/ pass ?r\gh a :ole s]ies ( ranks :i* are conf]r$ ^u !m "o aft] ano!r1 aft] special trials & c]emonies2 x requires mon?s & sometimes ev5 ye>s to rea* ! highe/ rank4 ,n[ special foods are assign$ to ea* ( ^! ranks2 ! m5 ( ! l[] ranks may n t\* ! foods :i* rightfully belong to ! m5 ( ! sup]ior ones 7see ,ma!ws1 ,e?nol4 ,notes1 etc41 loc4 cit4 pp4 #bfb ff42 ,p>k]1 ,! ,euahlayi1 p4 #bc2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #faa ff42 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dgj ff474 ,s ! m sacr$ repels ! less sacr$2 b ?is is because ! second is pr(ane 9 relation to ! fir/4 ,9 f9e1 all ! int]dictions arrange !mselves 9 two classes3 ! int]dictions betwe5 ! sacr$ & ! pr(ane & ! purely sacr$ & ! impurely sacr$4 #ajjf ,see above1 p4 #acg4 #ajjg ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfc4 #ajjh ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ech2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #fdj4 #ajji ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #eca4 #ajaj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eah f42 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ddi4 #ajaa ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih2 ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bca4 #ajab ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dii4 #ajac ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dea4 #ajad ,if ! alim5t>y int]dictions :i* conc]n ! totemic plant or vegetable are ! mo/ important1 !y are f> f be+ ! only ones4 ,we h se5 t !re are foods :i* are =bidd5 to ! non-initiat$ because !y are sacr$2 n[ v diff]5t causes may conf] ?is "*4 ,= example1 z we %all pres5tly see1 ! birds :i* are se5 on ! tops ( trees are reput$ to be sacr$1 because !y are neighb\rs to ! great god :o lives 9 heav54 ,?us1 x is possible t = diff]5t reasons ! fle% ( c]ta9 animals has be5 specially res]v$ = ! old m5 & t consequ5tly x has seem$ to p>take ( ! sacr$ "* recogniz$ 9 ^! latt]4 #ajae ,see ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 p4 #g4 #ajaf ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fgd4--,!re is "o int]diction ( contact ( :i* we say no?+ because x is v h>d to det]m9e its exact nature3 ?is is sexual contact4 ,!re are religi\s p]iods :5 a man _c h comm]ce ) a woman 7,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bic1 #bie2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cig74 ,is ?is because ! woman is pr(ane or because ! sexual act is dread$8 ,?is "q _c be decid$ 9 pass+4 ,we set x aside along ) all t conc]ns conjugal & sexual rites4 ,x is too closely connect$ ) ! problems ( m>riage & ! family to be sep>at$ f !m4 #ajag ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acd2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ced4 #ajah ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fbd4 #ajai ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #egb4 #ajbj ,ibid41 p4 #ffa4 #ajba ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #chf2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #fee1 #ffe4 #ajbb ,among ! ,wiimbaio 7,h[itt1 ibid41 p4 #dea74 #ajbc ,h[itt1 ibid41 pp4 #fbd1 #ffa1 #ffc1 #ffg2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bba1 #chb ff42 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cce1 #cdd1 #cec1 #cfi4 #ajbd ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bba1 #bfb1 #bhh1 #cjc1 #cgh1 #chj4 #ajbe ,ibid41 p4 #cjb4 #ajbf ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eha4 #ajbg ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bbg4 #ajbh ,see above1 p4 #bhh4 #ajbi ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ebf2 ,tapl91 ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #ai4 #ajcj ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dff1 #dfi ff4 #ajca ,wyatt1 ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribes1 9 ,woods1 p4 #afe4 #ajcb ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dgj4 #ajcc ,ibid41 p4 #feg2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aci2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #ehj ff4 #ajcd ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ecg4 #ajce ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #edd1 #eig1 #fad1 #fbj4 #ajcf ,= example1 ! hair belt :i* he ord9>ily we>s 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aga74 #ajcg ,ibid41 p4 #fbd ff4 #ajch ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eef4 #ajci ,ibid41 p4 #ehg4 #ajdj ,?is act takes on a sacr$ "*1 x is true1 :5 ! elem5ts eat5 are sacr$4 ,b 9 itself1 ! act is s v pr(ane t eat+ a sacr$ food always con/itutes a pr(anation4 ,! pr(anation may be p]mitt$ or ev5 ord]$1 b1 z we %all see bel[1 only on condition t rites att5uat+ or expiat+ x prec$e or accompany x4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! rites %[s t1 by itself1 ! sacr$ ?+ %\ld n be eat54 #ajda ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bfc4 #ajdb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aga4 #ajdc ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fgd4 ,p]haps ! rule aga9/ talk+ dur+ ! great religi\s solemnities is due to ! same cause4 ,m5 speak1 & especially 9 a high voice1 dur+ ord9>y life2 !n1 9 ! religi\s life !y ought to keep /ill or talk 9 a l[ voice4 ,?is same consid]ation is n =eign to ! alim5t>y int]dictions 7see above1 p4 #abh74 #ajdd ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cc4 #ajde ,s9ce !re is a sacr$ pr9ciple1 ! s\l1 )9 ea* man1 f ! v fir/1 ! individual is surr\nd$ by int]dicts1 ! orig9al =m ( ! moral int]dicts :i* isolate & protect ! human p]son to-day4 ,?us ! corpse ( 8 victim is consid]$ dang]\s = a murd]] 7,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dib71 & is taboo = him4 ,n[ ! int]dicts hav+ ?is orig9 are frequ5tly us$ by individuals z a means ( )draw+ c]ta9 ?+s f common use & ?us e/abli%+ a prop]ty "r ov] !m4 ,:5 a man goes away f ! camp1 leav+ 8 arms & food !re1 says ,ro?1 speak+ ( ! tribes on ! ,palm] ,riv] 7,nor? ,que5sl&71 if he ur9ates ne> ! objects he leaves1 !y become tami 7equival5t to taboo7 & he may be sure ( f9d+ !m intact on 8 return 7,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 9 ,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 ,vol4 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ge74 ,?is is because ! ur9e1 l ! blood1 is believ$ to conta9 "s ( ! sacr$ =ce :i* is p]sonal to ! individual4 ,s x keeps /rang]s at a di/ance4 ,= ! same reasons1 ! spok5 ^w may also s]ve z a vehicle = ^! same influ5ces2 t is h[ x becomes possible to prev5t access to an object by a m]e v]bal decl>ation4 ,?is p[] ( mak+ int]dicts v>ies ) diff]5t individuals2 x is great] z _! "* is m sacr$4 ,m5 h ?is privilege almo/ to ! exclusion ( wom5 7,ro? cites "o s+le case ( a taboo impos$ by wom572 x is at its maximum ) ! *iefs & old m51 :o use x to monopolize :atev] ?+s !y f9d x conv5i5t to 7,ro?1 ibid41 p4 #gg74 ,?us ! religi\s int]dict becomes a "r ( prop]ty & an adm9i/rative rule4 #ajdf ,see bel[1 ?is book1 *4 ii4 #ajdg ,see above1 p4 #aj4 #ajdh ,see above1 p4 #bai4 #ajdi ,see ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice1 9 ,mlanges d'hi/oire des religions1 pp4 #bb ff4 #ajej ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #efj1 #feg1 #fei1 #ffa4 ,ev5 ! %ad[ ( a woman mu/ n fall ^u him 7ibid41 p4 #fcc74 ,:atev] he has t\*$ mu/ n be t\*$ by a woman 7ibid41 p4 #fba74 #ajea ,ibid41 pp4 #efa1 #efc1 #fgj f42 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bbc2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cdj1 #cdb4 #ajeb ,! ^w ,j]aeil1 = example1 among ! ,kurnai1 or ,kur+al among ! ,yu9 & ,wolgal 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #eah1 #fag74 #ajec ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cdh4 #ajed ,h[itt1 p4 #efa4 #ajee ,h[itt1 pp4 #fcc1 #ech1 #efj4 #ajef ,ibid41 p4 #fgd2 ,p>k]1 ,euahlayi1 p4 #ge4 #ajeg ,ridley1 ,kamil>oi1 p4 #aed4 #ajeh ,h[itt1 p4 #efc4 #ajei ,ibid41 p4 #faa4 #ajfj ,ibid41 pp4 #edi1 #fgd4 #ajfa ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ehj1 #eif1 #fjd1 #ffh1 #fgj2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bbc1 #cea4 #ajfb ,h[itt1 p4 #eeg4 #ajfc ,ibid41 p4 #fjd2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cea4 #ajfd ,h[itt1 p4 #faa4 #ajfe ,h[itt1 p4 #ehi4 #ajff ,"o may comp>e ^! ascetic practices ) ^? us$ at ! initiation ( a magician4 ,j l ! "y neophyte1 ! appr5tice magician is submitt$ to a multitude ( int]dictions1 ! obs]vation ( :i* contributes to 8 acquisition ( 8 specific p[]s 7see ,l',orig9e des p\voirs magiques1 9 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,mlanges d'hi/oire des religions1 pp4 #aga1 #agc1 #agf74 ,! same is true = ! husb& & wife on ! day be=e & ! day aft] ! w$d+ 7taboos ( ! betro!d & newly m>ri$72 ?is is because m>riage also implies a grave *ange ( condition4 ,we limit ourselves to m5tion+ ^! facts summ>ily1 )\t /opp+ ov] !m2 = ! fir/ conc]n magic1 :i* is n our subject1 & ! second h to d ) t sy/em ( juridico-religi\s rules :i* relates to ! comm]ce ( ! sexes1 ! /udy ( :i* w be possible only 9 conjunction ) ! o!r precepts ( primitive conjugal morality4 #ajfg ,x is true t ,preuss int]prets ^! facts by say+ t suff]+ is a way ( increas+ a man's magic =ce 7die m5s*li*e ,zaub]kraft72 f ?is expression1 "o might believe t suff]+ is a magic rite1 n a religi\s "o4 ,b z we h already po9t$ out1 ,preuss gives ! "n magic1 )\t great precision1 to all anonym\s & imp]sonal =ces1 :e!r !y belong to magic or religion4 ,( c\rse1 !re are tortures :i* are us$ to make magicians2 b _m ( ^? :i* we h describ$ are a "p ( ! real religi\s c]emonies1 &1 consequ5tly1 x is ! religi\s /ate ( ! individuals :i* !y modify4 #ajfh ,preuss1 ,d] ,ursprung d] ,religion und ,kun/1 9 ,globus1 ,,lxxxviii1 pp4 #cji-djj4 ,"u ?is same rubric ,preuss classes a great numb] ( incongru\s rites1 = example1 effusions ( blood :i* act 9 virtue ( ! positive qualities attribut$ to blood & n because ( ! suff]+ :i* !y imply4 ,we reta9 only ^? 9 :i* suff]+ is an ess5tial elem5t ( ! rite & ! cause ( its efficacy4 #ajfi ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cca f4 #ajgj ,ibid41 p4 #cce4 ,a simil> practice w be f\nd among ! ,di]i 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #feh ff474 #ajga ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bad ff4--,f ?is example we see t ! rites ( initiation sometimes h all ! *>act]i/ics ( haz+4 ,9 fact1 haz+ is a real social in/itution :i* arises spontane\sly e "t t two gr\ps1 inequal 9 _! moral & social situation1 come into intimate contact4 ,9 ?is case1 ! "o consid]+ itself sup]ior to ! o!r resi/s ! intrusion ( ! new-com]s2 x reacts aga9/ !m is su* a way z to make !m aw>e ( ! sup]iority x feels4 ,?is reaction1 :i* is produc$ automatically & :i* takes ! =m ( m or less grave cruelties q naturally1 is also de/9$ to %ape ! individuals = _! new exi/5ce & assimilate !m into _! new environm5t4 ,s x is a sort ( initiation4 ,?us x is expla9$ h[ ! initiation1 on its side1 takes ! =m ( haz+4 ,x is because ! gr\p ( old m5 is sup]ior 9 religi\s & moral dignity to t ( ! "y m51 & yet ! fir/ mu/ assimilate ! second4 ,s all ! conditions = haz+ are giv54 #ajgb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cgb4 #ajgc ,ibid41 p4 #cce4 #ajgd ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fge4 #ajge ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #efi1 #fjd4 #ajgf ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bea2 ,nor4 ,tr41 #cda1 #ceb4 #ajgg ,among ! ,w>ramunga1 ! op]ation mu/ be made by p]sons fav\r$ ) beautiful hair4 #ajgh ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #fge2 ?is conc]ns ! tribes on ! l[] ,d>l+4 #ajgi ,eylmann1 op4 cit41 p4 #bab4 #ajhj ,ibid4 #ajha ,ref]5ces on ?is "q w be f\nd 9 our memoir on ,la ,prohibition de l'ince/ et ses orig9es 7,anne ,sociol41 ,i1 pp4 #a ff471 & ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 pp4 #cg ff4 #ajhb ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #acc4 #ajhc ,see above1 p4 #aba4 #ajhd ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #acd f42 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #gh4 #ajhe ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #afg1 #bii4 #ajhf ,9 addition to ! ascetic rites ( :i* we h spok51 !re are "s positive ones ^: object is to *>ge1 or1 z ,h[itt says1 to saturate ! initiate ) religi\sness 7,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ece74 ,x is true t in/ead ( religi\sness1 ,h[itt speaks ( magic p[]s1 b z we "k1 = ! majority ( ! e?nologi/s1 ?is ^w m]ely signifies religi\s virtues ( an imp]sonal nature4 #ajhg ,h[itt1 ibid41 pp4 #fgd f4 #ajhh ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ded4 ,cf4 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #efa4 #ajhi ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eeg4 #ajij ,ibid41 p4 #efj4 #ajia ,see above1 pp4 #cjc1 #cjf4 ,cf4 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #ejf1 #ejg1 #eah f41 #ebf2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ddi1 #dfa1 #dfi2 ,ma!ws1 9 ,j4 ( ,r4,s4 ( ,n4,s4 ,wales1 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bgd2 ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bca2 ,wyatt1 ,adelaide & ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribes1 9 ,woods1 pp4 #afe1 #aih4 #ajib ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 p4 #db4 #ajic ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dgj-dga4 #ajid ,on ?is "q1 see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #aeb ff41 #ddf1 #dha2 ,fraz]1 art4 ,taboo 9 ,encyc4 ,brit41 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 pp4 #ei f42 ,crawley1 ,my/ic ,rose1 *4 ii-ix2 ,van ,g5nep1 ,tab\ et ,totemisme ,madagasc>1 *4 iii4 #ajie ,see ref]5ces above1 p4 #abh1 n4 #a4 ,cf4 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cbc1 #cbd2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #afh2 ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 p4 #af2 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography4 ,bull4 #aj1 ,records ( ,au/ral4 ,museum1 ,,vii1 p4 #gf4 #ajif ,x is to be rememb]$ t :5 x is a religi\s int]dict t has be5 violat$1 ^! sanctions are n ! only ones2 !re is also a real puni%m5t or a /igma ( op9ion4 #ajig ,see ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 pp4 #fg-fh4 ,we say no?+ ( ! rec5t1 & slightly explicit1 !ory ( ,crawley 7,my/ic ,rose1 *4 iv-vii71 accord+ to :i* ! contagi\sness ( taboos is due to a false int]pretation ( ! ph5om5a ( contagion4 ,x is arbitr>y4 ,z ,jevons v truly says 9 ! passage to :i* we ref]1 ! contagi\s "* ( sacr$ness is affirm$ a priori1 & n on a fai? 9 badly int]pret$ exp]i5ces4 #ajih ,see above1 p4 #bbi4 #ajii ,see above1 p4 #aid4 #aajj ,see above1 p4 #aij4 #aaja ,?is has be5 well demon/rat$ by ,preuss 9 8 articles 9 ! ,globus4 #aajb ,x is true t ?is contagi\sness is n peculi> to religi\s =ces2 ^? belong+ to magic h ! same prop]ty2 yet x is evid5t t !y d n correspond to objectifi$ social s5tim5ts4 ,x is because magic =ces h be5 conceiv$ on ! model ( religi\s =ces4 ,we %all come back to ?is po9t aga9 7see p4 #cfa74 #aajc ,see above1 p4 #bce4 #aajd ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #d4 #aaje ,( c\rse ! ^w designat+ ^! celebrations *anges ) ! tribes4 ,! ,urabunna call !m ,pitj9ta 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bhd72 ! ,w>ramunga ,?alam9ta 7ibid41 p4 #big71 etc4 #aajf ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bdc2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #afi f4 #aajg ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #agj ff4 #aajh ,( c\rse ! wom5 are "u ! same obligation4 #aaji ,! apm>a is ! only ?+ :i* he br\ght f ! camp4 #aaaj ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ahe-ahf4 #aaaa ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bhh4 #aaab ,ibid4 #aaac ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cab4 #aaad ,ibid4 #aaae ,we %all see bel[ t ^! clans are mu* m num]\s ?an ,sp5c] & ,gill5 say4 #aaaf ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ahd-ahe4 #aaag ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dch1 #dfa1 #dfd2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eif ff4 #aaah ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bja4 #aaai ,ibid41 p4 #bjf4 ,we use ! words ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 & ) !m1 we say t spirits or _s p>ts ( kang>oo are dis5gag$ f ! rocks4 ,/rehl[ 7,,iii1 p4 #g7 conte/s ! exactness ( ?is expression4 ,accord+ to him1 ! rite makes real kang>oos1 ) liv+ bodies1 appe>4 ,b ?is dispute is )\t int]e/1 j z ! "o ab\t ! notion ( ! ratapa 0 7see above1 p4 #beb74 ,! kang>oo g]ms ?us escap+ f ! rock are n visible1 s !y are n made out ( ! same sub/ance z ! kang>oos :i* we see4 ,?is is all t ,sp5c] & ,gill5 mean to say4 ,x is q c]ta91 moreov]1 t !y are n pure spirits su* z a ,*ri/ian might conceive4 ,l human s\ls1 !y h a mat]ial =m4 #aabj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aha4 #aaba ,a tribe on ! ea/ ( ,lake ,eyre4 #aabb ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bhg f4 #aabc ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #gih4 ,cf4 ,h[itt1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,di]i & ,k9dr$ ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxiv1 pp4 #abd ff4 ,h[itt believes t ! c]emony is p]=m$ by ! m5 ( ! totem1 b is n prep>$ to say s def9itely4 #aabd ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bie4 #aabe ,ibid41 p4 #cad4 #aabf ,ibid41 pp4 #bif f4 #aabg ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #agj4 #aabh ,ibid41 p4 #eai4--,! analysis ( ! rites :i* h j be5 /udi$ is bas$ solely on ! obs]vations ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,s9ce ?is *apt] 0 writt51 ,/rehl[ has publi%$ ! ?ird fascicule ( 8 "w1 :i* deals ) ! positive cult & especially ! ,inti*iuma1 or1 z he says1 ! rites ( ! mbatjalkatiuma4 ,b we h f\nd no?+ 9 ?is publication :i* obliges u to modify ! prec$+ description or ev5 to complete x ) important additions4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ taught by ,/rehl[ on ?is subject is t ! effusions & oblations ( blood are mu* m frequ5t ?an "o w\ld suspect f ! acc\nt ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 7see ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 pp4 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #bi1 #ci1 #dc1 #df1 #ef1 #fg1 #hj1 #hi74 ,moreov]1 ! in=mation giv5 by ,/rehl[ 9 reg>d to ! cult mu/ be tak5 c>efully1 = he 0 n a witness ( ! rites he describes2 he conf9$ himself to collect+ oral te/imony1 :i* is g5]ally r summ>y 7see fasc4 ,,iii1 ,preface ( ,leonh>di1 p4 v74 ,x may ev5 be ask$ if he has n confus$ ! totemic c]emonies ( initiation ) ^? :i* he calls mbatjalkatiuma1 to an excessive degree4 ,( c\rse1 he has made a praisewor?y attempt to di/+ui% !m & has made two ( _! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics v evid5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,inti*iuma always takes place at a sacr$ spot to :i* ! s\v5ir ( "s ance/or is atta*$1 :ile ! initiation c]emonies may be celebrat$ any:]e4 ,secondly1 ! oblations ( blood are special to ! ,inti*iuma1 :i* proves t !y are close to ! he>t ( ! ritual 7,,iii1 p4 #g74 ,b 9 ! description :i* he gives u ( ! rites1 we f9d facts belong+ indiff]5tly to ea* species ( c]emony4 ,9 fact1 9 :at he describes "u ! "n mbatjalkatiuma1 ! "y m5 g5]ally take an important "p 7= example1 see pp4 #aa1 #ac1 etc471 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! initiation4 ,also1 x seems z ?\gh ! place ( ! rite is arbitr>y1 = ! actors con/ruct _! sc5e artificially4 ,!y dig a hole into :i* !y g2 he seldom makes any allusion to sacr$ trees or rocks & _! ritual rle4 #aabi ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjc4 ,cf4 ,mey]1 ,! ,enc\nt] ,bay ,tribe1 9 ,woods1 p4 #ahg4 #aacj ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjd4 #aaca ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bje-bjg4 #aacb ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bhf f4 #aacc ,ibid41 p4 #bid4 #aacd ,ibid41 p4 #bif4 #aace ,mey]1 9 ,woods1 p4 #ahg4 #aacf ,we h already cit$ "o case2 o!rs w be f\nd 9 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #bjh2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bhf4 #aacg ,! ,walp>i1 ,wulmala1 ,tj+illi1 ,umbaia4 #aach ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cah4 #aaci ,= ! second "p ( ! c]emony z = ! fir/1 we h foll[$ ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,on ?is subject1 ! rec5t fascicule ( ,/rehl[ only confirms ! obs]vations ( 8 pr$ecessors1 at lea/ on all ess5tial po9ts4 ,he recognizes t aft] ! fir/ c]emony 7two mon?s aft]w>ds1 he says1 p4 #ac71 ! *ief ( ! clan eats ! totemic animal or plant ritually & t aft] ?is he raises ! int]dicts2 he calls ?is op]ation die ,freigabe des ,totems zum allgeme95 ,gebrau* 7,,iii1 p4 #g74 ,he ev5 tells u t ?is op]ation is important en\gh to h a special ^w = x 9 ! ,arunta language4 ,he adds1 x is true1 t ?is ritual consummation is n ! only "o1 b t ! *iefs & old m5 sometimes eat ! sacr$ plant or animal be=e ! fir/ c]emony & t ! p]=m] ( ! rite does s aft] ! celebration4 ,! fact is n improbable2 ^! consummations are means employ$ by ! (ficiants or assi/ants to acquire virtues :i* !y acquire2 x is n surpris+ if !y are num]\s4 ,x does n invalidate ! acc\nt ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 at all1 = ! rite ^u :i* !y insi/1 & n )\t reason1 is ! ,freigabe des ,totems4 ,on only two po9ts does ,/rehl[ conte/ ! allegations ( ,sp5c] & ,gill54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he decl>es t ! ritual consumption does n take place 9 e case4 ,?is _c be d\bt$1 = !re are "s animals & plants :i* are n edible4 ,b /ill1 ! rite is v frequ5t2 ,/rehl[ himself cites num]\s examples 7pp4 #ac1 #ad1 #ai1 #bc1 #cc1 #cf1 #ej1 #ei1 #fg1 #fh1 #ga1 #ge1 #hj1 #hd1 #hi1 #ic74 ,secondly1 we h se5 t accord+ to ,sp5c] & ,gill51 if ! *ief does n eat ! totemic animal or plant1 he w lose 8 p[]s4 ,/rehl[ assures u t ! te/imony ( natives does n confirm ?is ass]tion4 ,b ?is "q seems to u to be q second>y4 ,! assur$ fact is t ! ritual consumption is requir$1 s x mu/ be ?\ght useful or necess>y4 ,n[1 l e communion1 x c only s]ve to conf] ne$$ virtues ^u ! p]son communicat+4 ,x does n foll[ f ! fact t ! natives1 or "s ( !m1 h =gott5 ?is function ( ! rite1 t x is n real4 ,is x necess>y to repeat t wor%ipp]s are g5]ally ignorant ( ! real reasons = _! practices8 #aadj ,see ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 ,lectures vi-xi1 & ! article ,sacrifice 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7,n9? ,edition74 #aada ,see ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,essai sur la nature et la fonction du sacrifice1 9 ,mlanges d'hi/oire des religions1 pp4 #dj ff4 #aadb ,see ! explanation ( ?is rule1 above1 p4 #bbi4 #aadc ,see ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 #c4 #aadd ,we mu/ n =get t among ! ,arunta x is n completely =bidd5 to eat ! totemic animal4 #aade ,see o!r facts 9 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 pp4 #cdh ff4 #aadf ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #bge ff4 #aadg ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #cah-cai4 #aadh ,on ?is po9t1 see ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,mlanges d'hi/oire des religions1 preface1 p4 v ff4 #aadi ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #cij ff4 #aaej ,smi? cites "s cases himself 9 ,! ,rel4 ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bca4 #aaea ,= example1 see ,exodus xxix4 #aj-ad2 ,leviticus ix4 #h-aa2 x is _! own blood :i* ! prie/s ( ,baal p\r ov] ! alt> 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #bh74 #aaeb ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 #ab1 v]se #g4 #aaec ,at lea/ :5 x is complete3 9 c]ta9 cases1 x may be r$uc$ to "o ( its elem5ts4 #aaed ,/rehl[ says t ! natives reg>d ^! c]emonies z a sort ( div9e s]vice1 j z a ,*ri/ian reg>ds ! ex]cises ( 8 religion 7,,iii1 p4 #i74 #aaee ,x %\ld be ask$1 = example1 :e!r ! effusions ( blood & ! (f]+s ( hair :i* ,smi? reg>ds z acts ( communion are n real oblations 7see ,smi?1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cbj ff474 #aaef ,! expiatory rites1 ( :i* we %all speak m fully 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ?is same book1 are almo/ exclusively oblations4 ,!y are communions only second>ily4 #aaeg ,?is is :y we frequ5tly speak ( ! c]emonies z if !y 7 address$ to liv+ p]sonalities 7see1 = example1 texts by ,kri*auff & ,kemp1 9 ,eylmann1 p4 #bjb74 #aaeh ,9 a philosophical s5se1 ! same is true ( ev]y?+1 = no?+ exi/s except 9 repres5tation4 ,b z we h %[n 7p4 #bbg71 ?is proposition is d\bly true = religi\s =ces1 = !re is no?+ 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s :i* corresponds to sacr$ness4 #aaei ,see ,mauss1 ,essai sur les v>iations saisonnires des socits ,eskimos1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,,ix1 pp4 #if ff4 #aafj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #agf4 #aafa ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #agi4 ,x is true t ,sp5c] & ,gill5 d n say expressly t ?is is an ,inti*iuma4 ,b ! context all[ ( no d\bt on ?is po9t4 #aafb ,9 ! index ( totem names1 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 write ,untjalka 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ggb74 #aafc ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ahb4 #aafd ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aic4 #aafe ,s*ulze1 loc4 cit41 p4 #bba2 cf4 p4 #bdc4 #aaff ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 pp4 #aa1 #ca1 #cf1 #cg1 #fh1 #gb1 #hd4 #aafg ,ibid41 p4 #ajj4 #aafh ,ibid41 pp4 #ha1 #ajj1 #aab1 #aae4 #aafi ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #caj4 #aagj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bhe-bhf4 ,p]haps ! object ( ^! movem5ts ( ! lance is to pi]ce ! cl\ds4 #aaga ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bid-bif4 ,x is curi\s t1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,anula reg>d ! ra9b[ z productive ( ra9 7ibid41 p4 #cad74 #aagb ,! same process is employ$ among ! ,arunta 7,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 #acb74 ,( c\rse we may ask if ?is effusion ( blood is n an oblation design$ to w9 ! p[]s :i* produce ra94 ,h[ev]1 ,gason says di/9ctly t ?is is a way ( imitat+ ! wat] :i* falls4 #aagc ,gason1 ,! ,di]i ,tribe1 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 pp4 #ff-fh4 ,h[itt 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #gih-hjj7 m5tions o!r rites ( ! ,di]i = obta9+ ra94 #aagd ,e?nological ,notes on ! ,we/]n ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1 9 ,int]nationales ,ar*iv4 f4 ,e?nographie1 ,,xvi1 pp4 #f-g4 ,cf4 ,)nal1 ,m>riage ,rites & ,relation%ip 9 ,man1 #aijc1 p4 #db4 #aage ,we presume t sub-totems may h t>l[1 =1 accord+ to ,clem5t1 c]ta9 clans h sev]al totems4 #aagf ,clem5t says a tribal family4 #aagg ,we %all expla9 bel[ 7p4 #cfb7 :y ?is is incorrect4 #aagh ,on ?is classification1 see ,fraz]1 ,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 pp4 #cg ff42 ,hub]t & ,mauss1 ,?orie gnrale de la ,magie1 pp4 #fa ff4 #aagi ,we say no?+ ( :at has be5 call$ ! law ( opposition1 =1 z ,,mm4 ,hub]t & ,mauss h %[n1 a contr>y produces its opposite only ?r\gh ! int]m$iacy ( a simil> 7,?orie gnrale de la ,magie1 p4 #gj74 #aahj ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,k+%ip1 p4 #ci4 #aaha ,x is applicable 9 ! s5se t !re is really an association ( ! /atue & ! p]son en*>m$4 ,b x is true t ?is association is ! simple product ( an association ( ideas by simil>ity4 ,! true det]m9+ cause ( ! ph5om5on is ! contagi\sness peculi> to religi\s =ces1 z we h %[n4 #aahb ,= ! causes det]m9+ ?is outw>d manife/ation1 see above1 pp4 #bcj ff4 #aahc ,m4 ,lvy-,bruhl1 ,les ,fonctions m5tales dans les socits infrieures1 pp4 #fa-fh4 #aahd ,gold5 ,b\gh#b1 ,i1 pp4 #fi-ge4 #aahe ,we d n wi% to say t !re 0 ev] a "t :5 religion exi/$ )\t magic4 ,probably z religion took =m1 c]ta9 ( its pr9ciples 7 ext5d$ to non-religi\s relations1 & x 0 ?us supplem5t$ by a m or less develop$ magic4 ,b if ^! two sy/ems ( ideas & practices d n correspond to di/9ct hi/orical phases1 !y h a relation ( def9ite d]ivation betwe5 !m4 ,?is is all we h s\ght to e/abli%4 #aahf ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #ajh ff4 #aahg ,see above1 pp4 #bjc f4 #aahh ,( c\rse animal societies d exi/4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w does n h exactly ! same s5se :5 appli$ to m5 & to animals4 ,! in/itution is a *>act]i/ic fact ( human societies2 b animals h no in/itutions4 #aahi ,! conception ( cause is n ! same = a s*ol> & = a man ) no sci5tific culture4 ,also1 _m ( our contempor>ies und]/& ! pr9ciple ( causality diff]5tly1 z !y apply x to social facts & to physico-*emical facts4 ,9 ! social ord]1 m5 frequ5tly exhibit a conception ( causality s+ul>ly l t :i* 0 at ! basis ( magic = a long "t4 ,"o might ev5 ask if a physici/ & a biologi/ repres5t ! causal relation 9 ! same fa%ion4 #aaij ,( c\rse ^! c]emonies are n foll[$ by an alim5t>y communion4 ,accord+ to ,/rehl[1 !y h ano!r "n1 at lea/ :5 !y conc]n non-edible plants3 !y are call$1 n mbatjalkatiuma1 b knujilelama 7,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 #if74 #aaia ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 #h4 #aaib ,! ,w>ramunga are n ! only ones among :om ! ,inti*iuma takes ! =m ( a dramatic repres5tation4 ,x is also f\nd among ! ,tj+illi1 ! ,umbaia1 ! ,wulmala1 ! ,walp>i & ev5 ! ,kaiti%1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 ( its features ! ritual ( ^! latt] resembles t ( ! ,arunta 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bia1 #cji1 #caa1 #cag74 ,if we take ! ,w>ramunga z a type1 x is because !y h be5 /udi$ ! be/ by ,sp5c] & ,gill54 #aaic ,?is is ! case ) ! ,inti*iuma ( ! black cockatoo 7see above1 p4 #cec74 #aaid ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cjj ff4 #aaie ,"o ( ^! two actors does n belong to ! ,black ,snake clan1 b to t ( ! ,cr[4 ,?is is because ! ,cr[ is suppos$ to be an associate ( ! ,black ,snake3 9 o!r words1 x is a sub-totem4 #aaif ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #cjb4 #aaig ,ibid41 p4 #cje4 #aaih ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ahh2 ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p4 #e4 #aaii ,/rehl[ himself recognizes ?is3 ,! totemic ance/or & 8 desc5dant1 :o repres5ts him 7d] ,d>/ell]7 are pres5t$ z "o 9 ^! sacr$ hymns4 7,,iii1 p4 #f74 ,z ?is inconte/able fact contradicts ! !ory accord+ to :i* ance/ral s\ls d n re9c>nate !mselves1 ,/rehl[ adds1 x is true1 9 a note1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ! c]emony !re is no real inc>nation ( ! ance/or 9 ! p]son :o repres5ts him4 ,if ,/rehl[ wi%es to say t ! inc>nation does n take place on ! occasion ( ! c]emony1 !n no?+ is m c]ta94 ,b if he means t !re is no inc>nation at all1 we d n und]/& h[ ! (ficiant & ! ance/or c be conf\nd$4 #abjj ,p]haps ?is diff]5ce is p>tially due to ! fact t among ! ,w>ramunga ea* clan is ?\ght to be desc5d$ f "o s+le ance/or ab\t :om ! leg5d>y hi/ory ( ! clan c5tres4 ,?is is ! ance/or :om ! rite commemorates2 n[ ! (ficiant ne$ n be desc5d$ f him4 ,"o might ev5 ask if ^! my?ical *iefs1 :o are sorts ( demigods1 are submitt$ to re9c>nation4 #abja ,9 ?is ,inti*iuma1 ?ree assi/ants repres5t ance/ors ( a consid]able antiquity2 !y play a real "p 7,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #aha-ahb74 ,x is true t ,sp5c] & ,gill5 add t ^! are ance/ors po/]ior to ! ,al*]+a4 ,nev]!less1 my?ical p]sonages are repres5t$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! rite4 #abjb ,sacr$ rocks & wat]-holes are n m5tion$4 ,! c5tre ( ! c]emony is ! image ( an emu drawn on ! gr\nd1 :i* c be made any:]e4 #abjc ,we d n mean to say t all ! c]emonies ( ! ,w>ramunga are ( ?is type4 ,! example ( ! :ite cockatoo1 ( :i* we spoke above1 proves t !re are exceptions4 #abjd ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bbf ff4 ,on ?is same subject1 cf4 c]ta9 passages ( ,eylmann :i* evid5tly ref] to ! same my?ical be+ 7,die ,e+ebor551 etc41 p4 #ahe74 ,/rehl[ also m5tions a my?ical snake among ! ,arunta 7,kulaia1 wat]-snake7 :i* may n diff] greatly f ! ,wollunqua 7,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #gh2 cf4 ,,ii1 p4 #ga1 :]e ! ,kulaia is f\nd 9 a li/ ( totems74 #abje ,we use ! ,arunta words1 9 ord] n to complicate our t]m9ology2 ! ,w>ramunga call ?is my?ical p]iod ,w+>a4 #abjf ,x is n easy to express 9 words :at is 9 reality r a vague feel+ among/ ! natives1 b aft] c>efully wat*+ ! diff]5t s]ies ( c]emonies1 we 7 impress$ ) ! feel+ t ! ,wollunqua repres5t$ to ! native m9d ! idea ( a dom9ant totem 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bdh74 #abjg ,"o ( ! mo/ solemn ( ^! c]emonies is ! "o :i* we h _h occasion to describe above 7p4 #bag71 9 ! c\rse ( :i* an image ( ! ,wollunqua is design$ on a sort ( hillock :i* is !n torn to pieces 9 ! mid/ ( a g5]al eff]vesc5ce4 #abjh ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bbg1 #bdh4 #abji ,"h are ! t]ms ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 9 ! only passage 9 :i* !y speak ( a possible connection betwe5 ! ,wollunqua & ra94 ,a few days aft] ! rite ab\t ! hillock1 ! old m5 say t !y h he>d ,wollunqua speak1 t he 0 satisfi$ ) :at _h pass$ & t he 0 go+ to s5d ra94 ,! reason = ?is prophecy 0 t !y1 z well z ourselves1 _h he>d ?und] roll+ at a di/ance4 ,to su* a slight ext5t is ! production ( ra9 ! imm$iate object ( ! c]emony t !y did n attribute x to ,wollunqua until sev]al days lat]1 & !n aft] accid5tal circum/ances4 ,ano!r fact %[s h[ vague ! ideas ( ! natives are on ?is po9t4 ,a few l9es bel[1 ?und] is spok5 ( z a sign1 n ( ! ,wollunqua's satisfaction1 b ( its discont5t4 ,9 spite ( ^! progno/ics1 cont9ue our au?ors1 ! ra9 did n fall4 ,b "s days lat]1 !y he>d ! ?und] roll+ 9 ! di/ance aga94 ,! old m5 said t ! ,wollunqua 0 grumbl+ because he 0 n cont5t$ ) ! way 9 :i* ! rite _h be5 celebrat$4 ,?us a s+le ph5om5on1 ! noise ( ?und]1 is sometimes int]pret$ z a sign ( a fav\r+ disposition1 & sometimes z a m>k ( evil int5tions4 ,h[ev]1 !re is "o detail ( ! ritual :i*1 if we accept ! explanation ( x propos$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill51 is directly effici5t4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! de/ruction ( ! hillock 0 int5d$ to fright5 ! ,wollunqua & to prev5t x1 by magic con/ra9t1 f leav+ its retreat4 ,b ?is int]pretation seems v d\btful to u4 ,9 fact1 9 ! v case ( :i* we 7 speak+1 :]e x 0 ann\nc$ t ! ,wollunqua 0 dissatisfi$1 ?is dissatisfaction 0 attribut$ to ! fact t !y _h neglect$ to take away ! debris ( ! hillock4 ,s ?is removal is dem&$ by ! ,wollunqua itself1 & 9 no way int5d$ to intimidate x & ex]cise a co]cive influ5ce ov] x4 ,?is is probably m]ely "o case ( a m g5]al rule :i* is 9 =ce among ! ,w>ramunga3 ! in/rum5ts ( ! cult mu/ be de/roy$ aft] ea* c]emony4 ,?us ! ritual ornam5tations ) :i* ! (ficiants are decorat$ are viol5tly torn (f f !m :5 ! rite is t]m9at$ 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bje74 #abaj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #bjg-bjh4 #abaa ,ibid41 p4 #baj4 #abab ,see1 9 ! li/ ( totems drawn up by ,/rehl[1 ,nos4 #dcb-ddb 7,,ii1 p4 #gb74 #abac ,see ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 p1 #h4 ,among ! ,arunta !re is also a totem ,worra :i* greatly resembles ! laugh+ boy totem ( ,w>ramunga 7ibid41 & ,,iii1 p4 #abd74 ,worra means "y m54 ,! object ( ! c]emony is to make ! "y m5 take m pleasure 9 ! game lab>a 7= ?is game1 see ,/rehl[1 ,i1 p4 #ee1 n4 #a74 #abad ,see above1 p4 #cgc4 #abae ,a case ( ?is sort w be f\nd 9 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bjd4 #abaf ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aah & n4 #b1 pp4 #fah ff42 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #gaf ff4 ,!re are "s sacr$ c]emonies f :i* wom5 are n :olly exclud$ 7see1 = example1 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #cge ff472 b ?is is exceptional4 #abag ,see ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #cbi ff42 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #baj ff4 #abah ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! corrobbori ( ! ,molonga among ! ,pitta-,pitta ( ,que5sl& & ! neighb\r+ tribes 7see ,ro?1 ,e?nog4 ,/udies among ! ,n4,w4 ,c5tral ,que5sl& ,aborig9es1 pp4 #abj ff474--,ref]5ces = ! ord9>y corrobbori w be f\nd 9 ,/irl+1 ,rep4 ( ! ,horn ,exp$ition to ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ,"p ,,iv1 p4 #gb1 & 9 ,ro?1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aag ff4 #abai ,on ?is "q see ! excell5t "w ( ,cul91 ,games ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 7,x,x,i,vth ,rep4 ( ! ,bureau ( ,am4 ,e?nol474 #abbj ,see above1 p4 #ha4 #abba ,especially 9 sexual matt]s4 ,9 ! ord9>y corrobbori1 sexual lic5ce is frequ5t 7see ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #if-ig1 & ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #acf-acg74 ,on sexual lic5ce 9 popul> fea/s 9 g5]al1 see ,hagel/range1 ,sddeuts*es ,bau]nleb5 im ,mittelalt]1 pp4 #bba ff4 #abbb ,?us ! exogamic rules mu/ be violat$ 9 ! c\rse ( c]ta9 religi\s c]emonies 7see above1 p4 #baf1 n4 #a74 ,a precise ritual mean+ probably c\ld n be f\nd = ^! excesses4 ,x is m]ely a me*anical consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( sup]-excitation provok$ by ! c]emony4 ,x is an example ( rites hav+ no def9ite object !mselves1 b :i* are m]e dis*>ges ( en]gy 7see above1 p4 #cha74 ,! native does n assign !m a def9ite end ei!r2 he m]ely says t if ^! lic5ces are n committ$1 ! rite w n produce its effects2 ! c]emony w fail4 #abbc ,"h are ! v words us$ by ,sp5c] & ,gill53 ,!y 7! c]emonies connect$ ) ! totems7 are (t51 ?\gh by no means always1 associat$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! c]emonies att5dant ^u initiation ( "y m51 or are connect$ ) ! ,inti*iuma 7,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #agh74 #abbd ,we leave aside ! "q ( :at ?is "* consi/s 94 ,x is a problem :i* w\ld lead u into a v long & te*nical developm5t & :i* mu/ !re=e be treat$ by itself4 ,moreov]1 x does n conc]n ! propositions e/abli%$ 9 ?is pres5t "w4 #abbe ,?is is *apt] vi1 entitl$ ,c]emonies ,connect$ ) ! ,totems4 #abbf ,/rehl[1 ,,iii1 pp4 #a-b4 #abbg ,?is expla9s ! error ( :i* ,/rehl[ accuses ,sp5c] & ,gill53 t !y appli$ to "o =m ( ! c]emony ! t]m :i* is m appropriate = ! o!r4 ,b 9 ^! conditions1 ! error h>dly seems to h ! gravity attribut$ to x by ,/rehl[4 #abbh ,x _c be o!rwise4 ,9 fact1 z ! initiation is a tribal fea/1 novices ( diff]5t totems are initiat$ at ! same "t4 ,s ! c]emonies :i* ?us succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! same place h to d ) sev]al totems1 &1 !re=e1 !y mu/ take place away f ! places ) :i* !y are connect$ by ! my?4 #abbi ,x w n[ be und]/ood :y we h nev] /udi$ ! initiation rites by !mselves3 x is because !y are n a ritual entity1 b are =m$ by ! conglom]ation ( rites ( diff]5t sorts4 ,!re are int]dictions1 ascetic rites & repres5tative c]emonies :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f ^? celebrat$ at ! "t ( ! ,inti*iuma4 ,s we _h to dismemb] ?is composite sy/em & treat ea* ( ! diff]5t rites compos+ x sep>ately1 classify+ !m ) ! simil> rites to :i* !y are to be relat$4 ,we h also se5 7pp4 #bhe ff47 t ! initiation has s]v$ z ! po9t ( dep>ture = a new religion :i* t5ds to surpass totemism4 ,b x has be5 suffici5t = u to %[ t totemism conta9$ ! g]ms ( ?is religion2 we h _h no ne$ ( foll[+ out its developm5t4 ,! object ( ?is book is to /udy ! elem5t>y beliefs & practices2 s we mu/ /op at ! mom5t :5 !y give bir? to m complex =ms4 #abcj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfc4 ,if ! individual may *oose betwe5 ! c]emonies ( 8 pat]nal & mat]nal totems1 x is because1 ow+ to reasons :i* we h set =? above 7p4 #ahc71 he p>ticipates 9 bo?4 #abca ,see bel[1 *4 v1 p4 #cie4 #abcb ,see ,essai sur le ,sacrifice1 9 ,mlanges d'hi/oire des ,religions1 p4 #hc4 #abcc ,piacul>ia auspicia appellabant qu sacrificantibus tri/ia port5debant 7,paul ex ,fe/41 p4 #bdd1 ed4 ,mll]74 ,! ^w piaculum is ev5 us$ z a synonym ( mis=tune4 ,vetonica h]ba1 says ,pl9y1 tantum glori habet ut domus 9 qua sita sit tuta exi/imetur a piaculis omnibus 7,,xxv1 #h1 #df74 #abcd ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ebf2 ,eylmann1 p4 #bci4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cje4 #abce ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #ajf2 ,dawson1 p4 #fd2 ,eylmann1 p4 #bci4 #abcf ,dawson1 p4 #ff2 ,eylmann1 p4 #bda4 #abcg ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ejb2 ,dawson1 p4 #fg4 #abch ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eaf-eag4 #abci ,ibid41 pp4 #ebj-eba4 ,! au?ors d n say :e!r ^! 7 tribal or blood relatives4 ,! =m] hypo!sis is ! m probable "o4 #abdj ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #ebe f4 ,?is int]diction aga9/ speak+1 :i* is peculi> to wom51 ?\gh x consi/s 9 a simple ab/5tion1 has all ! appe>ance ( a piacul> rite3 x is a way ( incommod+ "o's self4 ,!re=e we m5tion x "h4 ,also1 fa/+ may be a piacul> rite or an ascetic "o1 accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! conditions 9 :i* x takes place & ! end pursu$ 7= ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two sorts ( rites1 see bel[1 p4 #cif74 #abda ,a v expressive illu/ration %[+ ?is rite w be f\nd 9 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ebe4 #abdb ,ibid41 p4 #ebb4 #abdc ,= ! pr9cipal =ms ( fun]al rites1 see ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ddf-ejh1 = ! tribes ( ! ,s\?-,ea/2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #eje1 & ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #dig ff41 = ^? ( ! c5tre2 ,ro?1 ,nor4 ,que5sl& ,e?nog41 ,bull4 #i1 9 ,records ( ! ,au/ralian ,museum1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #e1 pp4 #cfe ff4 7,burial ,cu/oms & ,disposal ( ! ,dead74 #abdd ,see1 = example1 ,ro?1 loc4 cit41 p4 #cfh2 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals ( ,exp$4 into ,c5tral ,au/41 ,,ii1 pp4 #cdd f4 #abde ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ejj2 ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #ejg1 #ejh2 ,eylmann1 p4 #bda2 ,p>k]1 ,euahlayi1 pp4 #hc ff42 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #aah4 #abdf ,dawson1 p4 #ff2 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dff2 ,eylmann1 pp4 #bci-bdj4 #abdg ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #aac4 #abdh ,w4 ,e4 ,/anbridge1 ,trans4 ,e?nological ,society ( ,london1 ,n4,s41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhf4 #abdi ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #ajd4 #abej ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dei4 ,simil> sc5es w be f\nd 9 ,eyre1 op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #bee1 n41 & p4 #cdg2 ,ro?1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #cid1 #cie1 = example2 ,grey1 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbj ff4 #abea ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #ajd1 #aab2 ,ro?1 loc4 cit41 p4 #chb4 #abeb ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eaa-eab4 #abec ,dawson1 p4 #fg2 ,ro?1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #cff-cfg4 #abed ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ejh-eaj4 #abee ,a little wood5 vessel1 ( :i* we spoke above1 p4 #ccd4 #abef ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ejh-eaj4 ,! o!r f9al rite at :i* ,sp5c] & ,gill5 assi/$ is describ$ on pp4 #ejc-ejh ( ! same "w4 ,x does n diff] ess5tially f ! "o we h analys$4 #abeg ,nor4 ,tr41 pp4 #eca-edj4 #abeh ,contr>ily to :at ,jevons says1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #df ff4 #abei ,?is makes ,dawson say t ! m\rn+ is s9c]e 7p4 #ff74 ,b ,eylmann assures u t he nev] knew a s+le case :]e !re 0 a w\nd f sorr[ really felt 7op4 cit41 p4 #aac74 #abfj ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eaj4 #abfa ,eylmann1 pp4 #bch-bci4 #abfb ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #ejg2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dih4 #abfc ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #ejj2 ,eylmann1 p4 #bbg4 #abfd ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 p4 #aad4 #abfe ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #eaj4 #abff ,sev]al examples ( ?is belief are to be f\nd 9 ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dce4 ,cf4 ,/rehl[1 ,i1 #ae-af2 ,,ii1 p4 #g4 #abfg ,x may be ask$ :y repeat$ c]emonies are necess>y to produce ! relief :i* foll[s ^u m\rn+4 ,! fun]al c]emonies are frequ5tly v long2 !y include _m op]ations :i* take place at int]vals dur+ _m mon?s4 ,?us !y prolong & support ! moral di/urbance br\ght ab\t by ! dea? 7cf4 ,h]tz1 ,la ,repres5tation collective de la mort1 9 ,anne ,sociol41 ,x1 pp4 #dh ff474 ,9 a g5]al way1 a dea? m>ks a grave *ange ( condition :i* has ext5d$ & endur+ effects ^u ! gr\p4 ,x takes a long "t to neutralize ^! effects4 #abfh ,9 a case report$ by ,grey f ! obs]vations ( ,bussel1 ! rite has all ! aspects ( a sacrifice3 ! blood is spr9kl$ ov] ! body itself 7,grey1 ,,ii1 p4 #ccj74 ,9 o!r cases1 !re is some?+ l an (f]+ ( ! be>d3 m5 9 m\rn+ cut (f a "p ( _! be>ds1 :i* !y ?r[ on to ! corpse 7ibid41 p4 #cce74 #abfi ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ace-acf4 #abgj ,( c\rse ea* *ur+a is believ$ to be connect$ ) an ance/or4 ,b x is n to appease ! spirits ( ! ance/ors t !y m\rn = ! lo/ *ur+a4 ,we h %[n else:]e 7p4 #abc7 t ! idea ( ! ance/or only ent]$ into ! conception ( ! *ur+a second>ily & late4 #abga ,op4 cit41 p4 #bjg2 cf4 p4 #aaf4 #abgb ,eylmann1 p4 #bjh4 #abgc ,ibid41 p4 #baa4 #abgd ,h[itt1 ,! ,di]i1 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xx 7#ahia71 p4 #ic4 #abge ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #cid4 #abgf ,h[itt1 ibid41 p4 #cif4 #abgg ,communication ( ,gason 9 ,j4,a4,i41 ,,xxiv 7#ahie71 p4 #age4 #abgh ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #bhf4 #abgi ,gason1 ,! ,di]i ,tribe1 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #fh4 #abhj ,gason1 ,! ,di]i ,tribe3 ,eylmann1 p4 #bjh4 #abha ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #bgg & #dcj4 #abhb ,ibid41 p4 #aie4 #abhc ,gason1 ,! ,di]i ,tribe1 9 ,curr1 ,,ii1 p4 #fi4 ,! same process is us$ to expiate a ridicul\s act4 ,:5ev] anybody1 by 8 awkw>dness or o!rwise1 has caus$ ! laught] ( o!rs1 he asks "o ( !m to beat him on ! head until blood fl[s4 ,!n ?+s are all "r aga91 & ! "o :o 0 laugh$ at jo9s 9 ! g5]al gaiety 7ibid41 p4 #gj74 #abhd ,eylmann1 pp4 #bab & #ddg4 #abhe ,see above1 p4 #che4 #abhf ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 lect4 ,,xi4 #abhg ,?is is ! case 9 :i* ! ,di]i1 accord+ to ,jason1 invoke ! ,mura-mura ( wat] dur+ a dr\ght4 #abhh ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfb4 #abhi ,x is also possible t ! belief 9 ! morally temp]+ virtues ( suff]+ 7see above1 p4 #cab7 has add$ some?+ "h4 ,s9ce sorr[ sanctifies & raises ! religi\s level ( ! wor%ipp]1 x may also raise him up aga9 :5 he falls l[] ?an usual4 #abij ,cf4 :at we h said ( expiation 9 our ,division du travail social#c1 pp4 #fd ff4 #abia ,see above1 p4 #cja4 #abib ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfj2 ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #fja2 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?nography1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e1 p4 #bd4 ,x is useless to multiply ref]5ces = s well-kn[n a fact4 #abic ,h[ev]1 ,sp5c] & ,gill5 cite "o case :]e *ur+a are plac$ on ! head ( ! dead man 7,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #aef74 ,b !y admit t ! fact is unique & abnormal 7ibid41 p4 #aeg71 :ile ,/rehl[ en]getically d5ies x 7,,ii1 p4 #gi74 #abid ,smi?1 ,rel4 ( ,semites1 p4 #aec2 cf4 p4 #ddf1 ! additional note1 ,hol9ess1 ,uncleanness & ,taboo4 #abie ,h[itt1 ,nat4 ,tr41 pp4 #ddh-dej2 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,i1 pp4 #aah1 #abj2 ,dawson1 p4 #fg2 ,eyre1 ,,ii1 p4 #bea2 ,ro?1 ,nor? ,que5sl& ,e?n41 ,bull4 ,mo4 #i1 9 ,rec4 ( ! ,au/ral4 ,museum1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #e1 p4 #cfg4 #abif ,see above1 p4 #cbj4 #abig ,nor4 ,tr41 p4 #eii2 ,nat4 ,tr41 p4 #dfd4 #abih ,among ! ,hebrews1 = example1 !y spr9kl$ ! alt> ) ! blood ( ! expiatory victim 7,lev4 iv1 #e ff472 !y burn$ ! fle% & us$ products ( ?is combu/ion to make wat] ( purification 7,numb4 xix74 #abii ,tapl91 ,! ,n>r9y]i1 pp4 #cb-cd4 ,:5 two p]sons :o h ?us ex*ang$ _! umbilical cords belong to diff]5t tribes1 !y are us$ z int]-tribal mess5g]s4 ,9 ?is case1 ! ex*ange ( cords took place %ortly aft] bir?1 ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( _! respective p>5ts4 #acjj ,x is true t ,smi? did n admit ! reality ( ^! sub/itutions & trans=mations4 ,accord+ to him1 if ! expiatory victim s]v$ to purify1 x 0 because x _h no?+ impure 9 itself4 ,at fir/1 x 0 a holy ?+2 x 0 de/9$ to re-e/abli%1 by means ( a communion1 ! bonds ( k9%ip unit+ ! wor%ipp] to 8 god1 :5 a ritual fault _h /ra9$ or brok5 !m4 ,an exceptionally holy animal 0 *os5 = ?is op]ation 9 ord] t ! communion might be z efficaci\s z possible1 & efface ! effects ( ! fault z completely z possible4 ,x 0 only :5 !y no long] und]/ood ! mean+ ( ! rite t ! sacrosanct animal 0 consid]$ impure 7op4 cit41 pp4 #cdg ff474 ,b x is inadmissible t beliefs & practices z univ]sal z ^!1 :i* we f9d at ! f\ndation ( ! expiatory sacrifice1 %\ld be ! product ( a m]e error ( int]pretation4 ,9 fact1 we _c d\bt t ! expiatory victim 0 *>g$ ) ! impurity ( ! s94 ,we h %[n1 moreov]1 t ^! trans=mations ( ! pure into ! impure1 or ! contr>y1 are to be f\nd 9 ! mo/ inf]ior societies :i* we "k4 #acja ,william ,james1 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 #acjb ,quot$ by ,james1 op4 cit41 p4 #bj4 #acjc ,see above1 pp4 #bcj ff4 #acjd ,only "o =m ( social activity has n yet be5 expressly atta*$ to religion3 t is economic activity4 ,sometimes processes t are d]iv$ f magic h1 by t fact alone1 an orig9 t is indirectly religi\s4 ,also1 economic value is a sort ( p[] or efficacy1 & we "k ! religi\s orig9s ( ! idea ( p[]4 ,also1 ri*ness c conf] mana2 !re=e x has x4 ,h5ce x is se5 t ! ideas ( economic value & ( religi\s value are n )\t connection4 ,b ! "q ( ! nature ( ^! connections has n yet be5 /udi$4 #acje ,x is = ?is reason t ,fraz] & ev5 ,preuss set imp]sonal religi\s =ces outside (1 or at lea/ on ! ?re%old ( religion1 to atta* !m to magic4 #acjf ,b\tr\x1 ,sci5ce et ,religion1 pp4 #bjf-bjg4 #acjg ,see above1 pp4 #cgi ff4 ,on ?is same "q1 see also our article1 ,reprs5tations individuelles et reprs5tations collectives1 9 ! ,revue de ,mtaphysique1 ,may1 #ahih4 #acjh ,william ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,i1 p4 #dfd4 #acji ,?is univ]sality ( ! concept %\ld n be confus$ ) its g5]ality3 !y are v diff]5t ?+s4 ,:at we mean by univ]sality is ! prop]ty :i* ! concept has ( be+ communicable to a numb] ( m9ds1 & 9 pr9ciple1 to all m9ds2 b ?is communicability is :olly indep5d5t ( ! degree ( its ext5sion4 ,a concept :i* is appli$ to only "o object1 & ^: ext5sion is consequ5tly at ! m9imum1 c be ! same = ev]ybody3 su* is ! case ) ! concept ( a deity4 #acaj ,x may be object$ t frequ5tly1 z ! m]e effect ( repetition1 ways ( ?9k+ & act+ become fix$ & cry/alliz$ 9 ! individual1 9 ! =m ( habits :i* resi/ *ange4 ,b a habit is only a t5d5cy to repeat an act or idea automatically e "t t ! same circum/ances appe>2 x does n at all imply t ! idea or act is 9 ! =m ( an exempl>y type1 propos$ to or impos$ ^u ! m9d or w4 ,x is only :5 a type ( ?is sort is set up1 t is to say1 :5 a rule or /&>d is e/abli%$1 t social action c & %\ld be presum$4 #acaa ,?us we see h[ f> x is f be+ true t a conception lacks objective value m]ely because x has a social orig94 #acab ,see also above1 p4 #bjh4 #acac ,lvy-,bruhl1 ,les fonctions m5tales dans les socits infrieures1 pp4 #aca-ach4 #acad ,ibid41 p4 #ddf4 #acae ,see above1 p4 #ah4 #acaf ,william ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,i1 p4 #acd4 #acag ,m5 frequ5tly speak ( space & "t z if !y 7 only concrete ext5t & duration1 su* z ! individual consci\sness c feel1 b enfeebl$ by ab/raction4 ,9 reality1 !y are repres5tations ( a :olly diff]5t sort1 made out ( o!r elem5ts1 accord+ to a diff]5t plan1 & ) equally diff]5t ends 9 view4 #acah ,at bottom1 ! concept ( totality1 t ( society & t ( div9ity are v probably only diff]5t aspects ( ! same notion4 #acai ,see our ,classifications primitives1 loc4 cit41 pp4 #dj ff4