99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z %[n 9 ! ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts ne> ! end ( ! text4 ,to pres]ve ! alignm5t ( tables & head]s1 ?is etext presumes a mono-spac$ font on ! us]'s device1 su* z ,c\ri] ,new1 b ano!r *oice su* z ! proportional ,lucida ,sans ,unicode font might r5d] odd *>act]s bett]4 ,words 9 italics are indicat$ l ?is4 ,text emphasiz$ ) bold *>act]s or o!r treatm5t is %[n l ?is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,meteorology ,,by ,,rob]t ,,dec\rcy ,,w>d ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,climatology ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,g9n ,,company1 ,,publi%]s ,! ,a!num ,press #ahii ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,rob]t ,,dec\rcy ,,w>d ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,preface4 ,! advance ( meteorology z a s*ool /udy has be5 mu* hamp]$ by ! lack ( a publi%$ outl9e ( "w 9 ?is subject :i* may be und]tak5 dur+ ! s*ool ye>s4 ,!re are sev]al excell5t text-books = m advanc$ /udy1 b !re is no laboratory manual = use 9 ! elem5t>y portions ( ! sci5ce4 ,9 _m second>y s*ools "s in/ruction 9 meteorology is giv51 & ! keep+ ( meteorological records by ! s*ol>s is e ye> becom+ m g5]al4 ,!re is yet1 h[ev]1 b little sy/em 9 ?is "w1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !re is little def9ite result4 ,! object ( ?is book is to supply a guide 9 ! elem5t>y obs]vational & inductive /udies 9 meteorology4 ,?is ,manual is n int5d$ to replace ! text-books1 b is design$ to prep>e ! way = _! m intellig5t use4 ,simple prelim9>y ex]cises 9 ! tak+ ( meteorological obs]vations1 & 9 ! /udy ( ! daily wea!r maps1 z h]e9 sugge/$1 w lay a good f\ndation on :i* lat] /udies1 9 connection ) ! text-books1 may be built up4 ,explanations ( ! v>i\s facts discov]$ ?r\gh ^! ex]cises are n consid]$ to lie )9 ! scope ( ?is book4 ,!y may be f\nd 9 any ( ! new] text-books4 ,?is ,manual lays little claim to orig9ality4 ,its ess5tial features are bas$ on ! recomm5dations 9 ! ,report on ,geography ( ! ,committee ( ,t54 ,a s*eme ( laboratory ex]cises1 sub/antially ! same z t propos$ 9 ?is ,report1 01 = "s fifte5 ye>s1 ! basis ( ! "w 9 elem5t>y meteorology done 9 ,h>v>d ,college "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,william ,m4 ,davis4 ,! plan propos$ by ! ,committee ( ,t5 has be5 ?or\ghly te/$ by ! writ] dur+ ! pa/ five ye>s1 n only 9 college classes1 b also 9 ,univ]sity ,ext5sion "w among s*ool tea*]s1 & ! pres5t book embodies su* modifications ( t s*eme & additions to x z h be5 sugge/$ by exp]i5ce4 ,emphasis is laid ?r\gh\t ?is ,manual on ! l>g] lessons to be le>n$ f ! individual ex]cises1 & on ! relations ( v>i\s atmosph]ic ph5om5a to human life & activities4 ,no attempt is made to specify 9 exactly :at s*ool ye>s ?is "w %\ld be und]tak54 ,at pres5t1 & until meteorology atta9s a recogniz$ position z a s*ool /udy1 tea*]s mu/ obvi\sly be left to decide ?is matt] accord+ to ! opportunities (f]$ 9 ea* s*ool4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! "w1 h[ev]1 z h]e9 set =?1 is int5d$ to cov] ! gramm> & ! high s*ool ye>s1 & may readily be adapt$ by ! tea*] to fit ! circum/ances ( any p>ticul> case4 ,?is book conta9s specific in/ructions to ! /ud5t z to ! use ( ! in/rum5ts2 ! c>ry+ out ( meteorological obs]vations2 ! inve/igation ( special simple problems by means ( ! in/rum5ts2 & ! practical use ( ! daily wea!r maps4 ,! ,notes = ! ,tea*]1 at ! end ( ! book1 are explanatory1 & conta9 sugge/ions :i* may be useful 9 direct+ ! laboratory "w ( ! class4 ,x has be5 ! privilege ( ! au?or dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s to /udy ! sci5ce ( meteorology1 & ! me?ods ( tea*+ t sci5ce1 "u ! con/ant direction ( ,pr(essor ,william ,morris ,davis1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,to ,pr(essor ,davis ! au?or is fur!r indebt$ = _m valuable sugge/ions 9 connection ) ! arrangem5t & treatm5t ( ! subject-matt] ( ?is book4 ,?anks are due also to ,mr4 ,william ,h4 ,snyd]1 ( ,worce/] 7,mass47 ,academy1 & to ,mr4 ,john ,w4 ,smi?1 ,local ,=eca/ ,(ficial ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 = valu$ criticisms4 ,,rob]t ,,dec4 ,,w>d4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,,cambridge1 ,,mass41 ,septemb]1 #ahii4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,,page ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,meteorology3 ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,man xi ,,"p ,i4----,,non-,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,i4----,,obs]vations ,,( ,,temp]ature1 ,,w9d ,,direction ,,& ,,velocity1 ,,/ate ,,( ,,sky1 ,,& ,,ra9fall #a ,,"p ,,ii4----,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4----,,elem5t>y ,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations #aa ,,*apt] ,,iii4----,,advanc$ ,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations #bf ,,"p ,,iii4----,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,wea!r ,,maps4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4----,,! ,,daily ,,wea!r ,,map #dg ,,*apt] ,v4----,,temp]ature #ea ,,*apt] ,,vi4----,,w9ds #gj ,,*apt] ,,vii4----,,pressure #gf ,,*apt] ,,viii4----,,wea!r #he ,,"p ,,iv4----,,! ,,correlations ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,wea!r ,,=eca/+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,pressure #ia ,,*apt] ,x4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,pressure #ic ,,*apt] ,,xi4----,,=m ,,& ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones #if ,,*apt] ,,xii4----,,correlation ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones ,,& ,,_! ,,w9d ,,circulation #ih ,,*apt] ,,xiii4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,temp]ature #aja ,,*apt] ,,xiv4----,,correlation ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones ,,& ,,_! ,,temp]atures #ajd ,,*apt] ,,xv4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r #ajf ,,*apt] ,,xvi4----,,correlation ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r #aji ,,*apt] ,,xvii4----,,progression ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones #aaa ,,*apt] ,,xviii4----,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,local ,,wea!r ,,*anges #aac ,,*apt] ,,xix4----,,wea!r ,,=eca/+ #aad ,,"p ,v4----,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vational ,,meteorology4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4----,,temp]ature #abe ,,*apt] ,,xxi4----,,w9ds #acj ,,*apt] ,,xxii4----,,humidity1 ,,dew1 ,,& ,,fro/ #acb ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4----,,cl\ds ,,& ,,upp] ,,air ,,curr5ts #acf ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4----,,precipitation #ach ,,*apt] ,,xxv4----,,pressure #aci ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4----,,meteorological ,,tables #adb ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,tea*]s #aga ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,a ,,meteorological ,,laboratory #ahf ,,index #aig ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,figures4 #a1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #af4 ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts4 ,h4 ,j4 ,gre51 #aaia ,b$=d ,av5ue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 #b1 #d4 ,in/rum5t ,%elt] & ,ra9 ,gauge4 ,in/ructions = ,volunt>y ,obs]v]s4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 #e4 ,m]curial ,b>omet]4 ,l4 ,e4 ,knott ,app>atus ,co41 #ad ,a%burton ,place1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #ab1 #ae1 #ec4 ,!rmograph & ,b>ograph ,curves1 & ,cyclonic ,composite4 ,davis1 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 #ag4 ,nephoscope4 ,annals ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,"p ,i4 #dh4 ,nor? ,atlantic ,cyclone4 ,pilot ,*>t ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice4 #ea4 ,w9d ,rose4 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,royal ,meteorological ,society1 ,vol4 ,,xxiv1 ,no4 #ajh4 ,,introduction4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,meteorology3 ,,its ,,relations ,,to ,,man4 ,we live 9 ! laboratory ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e4 ,! *anges f hot to cold1 wet to dry1 cle> to cl\dy1 or ! rev]se1 pr(\ndly affect u4 ,we make & unmake our daily plans2 we /udy or we enjoy vacations2 we v>y our amusem5ts & our clo?+ accord+ to ^! *anges4 ,! wea!r =eca/s = ! day 9 ! newspap] are read ev5 be=e ! telegraphic despat*es ( important ev5ts4 ,sailors ab\t to put to sea gov]n !mselves accord+ to ! /orm w>n+s ( our ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,f>m]s & %ipp]s ( fruit1 meat1 & vegetables anxi\sly wat* ! bullet9s ( cold or w>m waves1 & gu>d aga9/ damage by fro/ or excessive heat4 ,/eam & electric railways prep>e _! sn[-pl[s :5 a sev]e sn[/orm is pr$ict$4 ,meteorology1 ! sci5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 is ?us ( v great int]e/ & importance4 ,!re is no subject a k ( :i* does m to make our daily life int]e/+4 ,s9ce we live 9 ! mid/ ( ! atmosph]e & _c escape f ! *anges t take place 9 x1 we mu/1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 become obs]v]s ( ^! *anges4 ,examples ( ! v>y+ processes at "w 9 ! atmosph]e are always ) u4 ,!re is no end to ! numb] & ! v>iety ( our illu/rations ( ^! processes4 ,man is s pr(\ndly affect$ by wea!r *anges f day to day t all civiliz$ c\ntries h e/abli%$ wea!r s]vices4 ,obs]v]s tak+ regul> wea!r records are /ation$ at ?\s&s ( diff]5t places 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! obs]vations :i* !y make are us$ by meteorologi/s 9 prep>+ daily wea!r maps & =eca/s1 & 9 /udy+ ! conditions ( temp]ature1 w9ds1 & ra9fall4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone !re are ab\t #cjjj ( ^! obs]v]s4 ,^! obs]vations are n made on l& only4 ,hundr$s ( %ip capta9s on all ! oceans ( ! _w are mak+ _! regul> daily meteorological records1 :i* at ! end ( ! voyage are s5t to "s c5tral (fice1#a :]e !y are /udi$ & employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,pilot ,*>ts = ! use ( m>9]s4 ,by means ( ^! ocean meteorological obs]vations1 :i* 7 fir/ sy/ematiz$ & c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale "u ! direction ( ,lieut5ant ,mat!w ,fonta9e ,maury 7born1 #ahjf2 di$1 #ahgc71 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 x has become possible to lay out ! mo/ favorable sail+ r\tes = vessels engag$ 9 comm]ce 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 m>9e meteorological obs]vations are =w>d$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton4 ,s important is a k ( ! conditions ( ! w9ds & ! wea!r1 t sci5tific exp$itions into unexplor$ or little-kn[n regions give mu* ( _! "t to meteorological obs]vations4 ,on ! fam\s ,lady ,frankl9 ,bay ,exp$ition 7#ahha-ahhd7 ( ,lieut5ant 7n[ ,g5]al7 ,a4 ,w4 ,greely1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 meteorological obs]vations 7 kept up by ! few feeble survivors1 aft] dea? by disease & />vation _h almo/ wip$ out ! p>ty altoge!r1 & :5 ^? :o 7 left _h b a few h\rs to live unless rescue came at once4 ,on ,nans5's exp$ition to ! 8,f>!/ ,nor?10 on ,pe>y's trips to ,gre5l&1 & on e rec5t voyage to ! ,arctic or ! ,ant>ctic1 meteorological in/rum5ts h =m$ an important "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,n cont5t ) obta9+ records f ! air ne> ! e>?'s surface1 meteorologi/s h s5t up _! in/rum5ts by means ( small1 un-mann$ balloons to heights ( #aj miles2 & ! use ( kites = c>ry+ up su* in/rum5ts has be5 s successful t1 at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 ne> ,bo/on1 ,mass41 records h be5 obta9$ f a height ( ov] #b miles4 ,obs]vatories h also be5 e/abli%$ on m\nta9 summits1 :]e meteorological obs]vations h be5 made ) m or less regul>ity4 ,su* obs]vatories are ^? on ,pike's ,peak1 ,colorado 7#ad1acd feet71 ,mont ,blanc1 ,switz]l& 7#ae1ghj feet71 & on ,el ,mi/i1 9 s\!rn ,p]u4 ,! latt]1 #ai1bjj feet above sea level1 is ! highe/ meteorological /ation 9 ! _w4 ,! /udy ( ! meteorological conditions prevail+ ov] ! e>? has ?us become ( _w-wide importance4 ,9 ! foll[+ ex]cises we %all c>ry out1 9 a small way1 inve/igations simil> to ^? :i* h occupi$ & are n[ occupy+ ! att5tion ( meteorologi/s all ov] ! _w4 ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,meteorology4 ,,"p ,i4----,,non-,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,temp]ature2 ,,w9d ,,direction ,,& ,,velocity2 ,,/ate ,,( ,,sky1 ,,& ,,ra9fall4 ,be=e beg9n+ obs]vations ) ! ord9>y in/rum5ts1 accu/om y\rself to mak+ & record+ obs]vations ( a g5]al "*1 su* z may be c>ri$ out )\t ! use ( any in/rum5ts :atev]4 ,su* records include3 ,temp]ature2 ,w9d ,direction & ,velocity2 ,/ate ( ! ,sky1 & ,ra9fall4 ,temp]ature4----,9 keep+ a record#b ( temp]ature )\t ! use ( a !rmomet]1 excell5t practice is giv5 9 obs]vations ( ! temp]ature actually felt by ! human body4 ,our bodies are n !rmomet]s4 ,!y d n indicate1 by our s5sations ( heat or cold1 j :at is ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air1 b !y try to adju/ !mselves to ! conditions 9 :i* !y are4 ,?is adju/m5t dep5ds on _m ?+s beside ! temp]ature ( ! air2 e4g41 ! moi/ure or humidity ( ! air2 ! movem5t ( ! air2 ! temp]ature & ! ne>ness ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,9 summ]1 a day on :i* ! temp]ature rea*es #hj or #he (t5 seems mu* hott] ?an ano!r day on :i* ! temp]ature rises to #ie4 ,9 w9t]1 temp]atures regi/]$ by ! !rmomet] z #aj or #ae above z]o (t5 feel a great deal cold] ?an temp]atures ( -#e or -#aj4 ,9 record+ y\r obs]vations on temp]ature1 ! record book may be divid$ into columns z foll[s3---- ,footnote #b3 ,ea* s*ol> w ne$ a blank book 9 :i* to pres]ve ! obs]vations4 ,,sample ,,record ,,( ,,temp]ature4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,date4 ,,h\r4 ,,temp]ature4 ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,jan4 #af #i ,a4,m4 ,*illy 8 8 #ab ,m4 ,w>m] 8 8 #d ,p4,m4 8 ,gr[+ sl[ly w>m] all day4 8 #ag #h ,a4,m4 ,w>m ,ab\t ! same z ,jan4 #af1 #d ,p4,m4 8 8 #aa ,a4,m4 ,cool] ,began to gr[ cool] ab\t #aj ,a4,m4 8 8 #c ,p4,m4 ,cold] ,/eadily becom+ cold]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! que/ions y %\ld ask y\rself 9 c>ry+ out ?is "w4 ,x is n expect$ t y w be able to answ] all ^! que/ions at once1 b t y w keep !m 9 m9d dur+ y\r /udies1 & try to discov] ! answ]s1 z a result ( y\r own obs]vations4 ,h[ does x feel to y out ( doors to-day8 ,is x hot1 w>m1 cool1 or cold8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 y\r feel+s ye/]day & to-day8 ,betwe5 day be=e ye/]day & to-day8 ,h y notic$ any regul> *ange 9 y\r feel+s z to w>m? & cold dur+ ?ree or f\r successive days8 ,dur+ ! pa/ week or two8 ,dur+ ! pa/ mon?8 ,is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( morn+1 noon1 aft]noon1 & ev5+8 ,is !re any regul> v>iation 9 temp]ature dur+ ! day8 ,h !re be5 any sudd5 *anges 9 temp]ature dur+ ! la/ few days8 ,h ^! sudd5 *anges br\ght w>m] or cool] wea!r8 ,has ! w>m] or cool] wea!r cont9u$ = a day or s1 or has ano!r *ange quickly foll[$ ! fir/8 ,h ! sudd5 *anges1 if y h not$ any1 come at any regul> times 7z morn+1 aft]noon1 ev5+7 or at irregul> int]vals8 ,does !re seem to y to be any def9ite sy/em1 ( any k9d1 9 our *anges ( temp]ature8 ,9 :at ways are p 9 g5]al affect$ by hot wea!r8 ,by cold wea!r8 ,:at diff]5ce does a v hot or a v cold day make 9 y\r own case8 ,w9d ,direction & ,velocity4----,w9d is an important meteorological elem5t because x has _m close relations to human life4 ,x affects v m>k$ly our bodily s5sations ( heat or cold4 ,a cold1 calm day is pleasant] ?an a cold1 w9dy day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a hot1 calm day is usually mu* m uncom=table ?an a hot1 w9dy day4 ,high w9ds cause wrecks along seacoa/s & damage h\ses1 crops1 & fruit trees4 ,sea breezes br+ 9 fre%1 cool1 pure air f ! ocean on hot summ] days4 ,9 ! tropics ! sea breeze is s important 9 pres]v+ ! heal? ( ,europeans 9 _m places t x is kn[n z 8! doctor40 ,! movem5t ( w9d ?r\gh l>ge cities c>ries (f ! f\l air :i* has collect$ 9 ! n>r[ /reets & alleys1 & is ?us a great purify+ ag5t4 ,record ! direction ( ! w9d accord+ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass 7,n41 ,e41 ,s41 & ,w47 & ! f\r int]m$iate po9ts 7,,ne41 ,,se41 ,,sw41 & ,,nw474 ,! direction ( ! w9d is ! po9t f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,y c det]m9e ! po9ts ( ! compass r\ghly by not+ :]e ! sun rises & :]e x sets4 ,note ! velocity ( ! w9d accord+ to ! foll[+ scale1 propos$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,haz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 #j ,,calm4 #a ,,light2 j mov+ ! leaves ( trees4 #b ,,mod]ate2 mov+ bran*es4 #c ,,brisk2 sway+ bran*es2 bl[+ up du/4 #d ,,high2 bl[+ up twigs f ! gr\nd1 sway+ :ole trees4 #e ,,gale2 break+ small bran*es1 loos5+ bricks on *imneys4 #f ,,hurricane or ,,tornado2 de/roy+ ev]y?+ 9 its pa?4 ,! record book w ne$ two additional columns :5 w9d obs]vations are begun1 z foll[s3---- ,,sample ,,record ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,& ,,w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,,w9d ,,w9d ,,date4 ,,h\r4 ,,temp]ature4 ,,direction4 ,,velocity4 ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,oct4 #c #g4cj ,a4,m4 ,cool ,,ne4 ,mod]ate ,temp]ature fall+ s9ce la/ ev5+4 ,w9d velocity increas+4 8 8 #aa ,a4,m4 8 8 8 8 ,brisk ,temp]ature ! same4 ,w9d velocity /ill increas+4 8 8 #c ,p4,m4 8 8 8 8 ,high ,w9d velocity /ill increas+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,:at is ! direction ( ! w9d to-day8 ,:at is its velocity8 ,has its direction or velocity *ang$ s9ce ye/]day8 ,if s1 0 ! *ange sudd5 or gradual8 ,h y notic$ any calms8 ,:at 0 ! direction ( ! w9d be=e ! calm8 ,:at aft] ! calm8 ,does !re seem to be m w9d f "o compass po9t ?an f ano!r8 ,is !re any relation betwe5 ! direction ( ! w9d & its velocity8 i4e41 is ! ,,nw4 w9d1 = in/ance1 usually a brisk or a high w9d1 or1 is ! ,,se4 or ,s4 w9d usually mod]ate8 ,does ! w9d usually *ange its direction gradually1 z f ,,se4 to ,s41 !n to ,,sw41 !n to ,w41 etc41 or does x jump all at once1 z f ,,se4 to ,w48 ,is !re any relation betwe5 ! velocity ( ! w9d & ! h\r ( ! day1 i4e41 does ! w9d seem /rong] or weak] at noon ?an 9 ! morn+ or at night8 ,is x a common occurr5ce to h a w9d f ! same direction = sev]al successive days1 or are we apt to h diff]5t w9ds almo/ e day8 ,d y notice any sy/ematic *anges 9 w9d direction :i* are (t5 repeat$8 ,:at are ^! *anges8 ,c y make a simple rule = !m8 ,9 :at ways does ! w9d affect u8 ,/ate ( ! ,sky4----,by ! /ate ( ! sky is meant ! condition ( ! sky z to its cl\d9ess4 ,cl\ds add mu* to ! beauty & v>iety ( nature4 ,!y are (t5 gorge\sly color$ at sunset4 ,by _! *anges 9 =m1 color1 & am\nt f day to day !y relieve :at might o!rwise be a we>isome succession ( ! same wea!r types4 ,prevail+ly ov]ca/ skies h a depress+ effect4 ,prevail+ly cle> skies become monoton\s4 ,a prop] am\nt ( bright sun%9e is ess5tial = ! rip5+ ( crops1 b too mu* sun%9e may p>* soil & vegetation1 & become injuri\s4 ,cl\ds br+ ra92 h5ce a suffici5t am\nt ( cl\d9ess is j z necess>y z a suffici5t am\nt ( sun%9e4 ,! drift ( cl\ds %[s u ! direction ( movem5t ( ! air above u1 & is ( consid]able help 9 =eca/+ ! wea!r4 ,fog1 :i* is a v l[ cl\d1 is 9 "s cases s common z to be a meteorological elem5t ( great importance4 ,9 ! city ( ,london1 :]e fogs are v preval5t1 especially 9 w9t]1 ! av]age numb] ( h\rs ( bright sun%9e 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y is only fifte5 9 ea* mon?4 ,! ,london fogs are1 9 great "p1 due to ! pres5ce 9 ! air ( va/ numb]s ( p>ticles ( soot & smoke f millions ( fires4 ,^! p>ticles increase ! d5sity ( ! fog & prolong its duration4 ,! am\nt ( cl\d9ess is record$ on a scale ( t5?s4 ,a cle> sky is "o t is less ?an #c_/aj cl\dy2 a fair sky is f #c_/aj to #g_/aj cl\dy2 & a cl\dy sky is ov] #g_/aj cl\dy4 ,9 obs]v+ ! /ate ( ! sky1 note su* po9ts z ! times ( cl\d+ & ( cle>+2 ! arrangem5t ( ! cl\ds1 i4e41 :e!r !y are few & scatt]$1 or cov] ! sky ) a uni=m lay]2 ! common =ms ( cl\ds2 ! *anges 9 ! am\nts ( cl\d9ess1 etc4 ,ano!r new column mu/ be add$ 9 ! record book = ! cl\d9ess4 ,! table w n[ appe> ?us3---- ,,sample ,,record ,,( ,,temp]ature1 ,,w9d1 ,,& ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,sky4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,w9d4 ,,/ate ,,date4 ,,h\r4 ,,temp]ature4 --------------------- ,,( ,,sky4 ,,rem>ks4 ,,direction4 ,,velocity4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,dec4 #ah #i ,a4,m4 ,v cold ,,nw4 ,brisk ,cle> ,v cold all night4 ,ev]y?+ froz5 up4 8 8 #e ,p4,m4 8 8 8 8 8 ,same conditions4 8 #ai #h4cj ,a4,m4 ,a little 8 ,mod]ate ,fair ,w9d less viol5t4 w>m] ,small cl\ds scatt]$ ov] ! sky4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --- ,is ! sky cle>1 fair1 or cl\dy to-day8 ,is !re m or less cl\d ?an !re 0 ye/]day8 ,?an ! day be=e ye/]day8 ,is to-day a day ( increas+ or ( decreas+ cl\d9ess8 ,is ! sky usually p]fectly cle>1 or is x (t5e/ some:at cl\d$ ov]8 ,h[ long does x take = ! sky to become completely cov]$ ) cl\ds f ! "t :5 x fir/ beg9s to become cl\dy8 ,:5 !re are a few cl\ds 9 ! sky1 are ^! usually scatt]$ all ov] ! sky1 or are !y 9 gr\ps8 ,h y notic$ any p>ticul> =m ( cl\ds :i* seem$ famili> to y8 ,d cl\ds seem to h c]ta9 def9ite %apes & appe>ances :i* are to be se5 (t58 ,d y discov] any v>iation ( cl\d9ess dur+ ! day1 i4e41 is x apt to be m cl\dy 9 ! aft]noon ?an 9 ! morn+ or at night8 ,c y make a li/ describ+ "s ( ! cl\ds t y see mo/ (t58 ,c y give ^! common k9ds ( cl\ds "s names ( y\r own t %all describe !m briefly8 ,9 :at ways does a cle> sky1 ) bright sun%9e1 affect u8 ,ra9fall4----,"u ! g5]al t]m ra9fall1 meteorologi/s include1 besides ra9 itself1 sn[1 hail1 sleet1 etc4 ,! t]m precipitation is also (t5 us$4 ,ra9fall /&s 9 close relation to human life & occupations4 ,x fe$s lakes & riv]s1 ?us furni%+ means ( transportation1 p[] = runn+ mills & factories1 & wat] supplies = cities4 ,regions ( abundant ra9fall are usually heavily =e/$1 l ! ,amazon valley 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & p>ts ( ,equatorial ,africa4 ,9 civiliz$ c\ntries lumb]+ is apt to be an important occupation 9 di/ricts ( heavy ra9fall1 z 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton 9 our own c\ntry1 & 9 ,s\!rn ,*ile 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:]e !re is a mod]ate ra9fall1 & o!r conditions are favorable1 !re agriculture is possible1 & f>m+ becomes "o ( ! *ief occupations1 z 9 ! ,mississippi & ,miss\ri valleys 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ,we/]n ,canada4 ,di/ricts :i* h a ra9fall too small = successful agriculture1 b are n by any means des]ts1 are (t5 excell5t graz+ l&s1 z 9 ! case ( p>ts ( ,texas1 ,nebraska1 & ,kansas 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:]e !re is v little ra9fall des]ts are f\nd4 ,cities are n built 9 des]ts1 because !re are no occupations to attract l>ge numb]s ( m54 ,! inhabitants ( ! des]t are w&]+ tribes1 :i* move f place to place 9 se>* ( wat] & food = !mselves & _! animals4 ,ra9 & sn[ cleanse ! air1 wa%+ out impurities su* z du/ & smoke4 ,h5ce !y are important ag5ts 9 pres]v+ heal?4 ,note ! k9d ( precipitation 7ra91 sn[1 hail1 sleet72 ! am\nt 7heavy1 mod]ate1 light1 trace72 & ! "t ( ! beg9n+ & end+ ( ! /orm or %[]4 ,! record book mu/ n[ be fur!r subdivid$ into columns1 to make room = ! ra9fall obs]vations1 9 ?is mann]3---- ,,sample ,,record ,,( ,,temp]ature1 ,,w9d1 ,,/ate ,,( ,,sky1 ,,& ,,precipitation4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,w9d4 ,,precipitation4 ------------------- ,,/ate ----------------- ,,date4 ,,h\r4 ,,temp]ature4 ,,( ,,"t ,,rem>ks4 ,,direction4,,velocity4 ,,sky4 ,,( ,,k9d4,,am',t4 ,,beg9n4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,m>4 #bah4cj ,a4,m4 ,mild ,s4 ,light ,ov]ca/#h ,a4,m4 ,ra9 ,light ,ra9+4 8 8 #ab ,m4 8 8 8 ,ov]ca/ 8 8 8 8 8 #d ,p4,m4 8 8 ,mod]ate ,ov]ca/ ,/opp$ ra9+ ab\t #c ,p4,m4 8 #bb #h ,a4,m4 ,cool ,,nw4 ,brisk ,cle> ,cle>$ (f dur+ ! night4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,does mo/ ( our ra9 come 9 brief %[]s1 or 9 /orms la/+ a day or two8 ,d we h ab\t ! same am\nt ( ra9 or sn[ e week & e mon?1 or does ! am\nt v>y a good deal f week to week & f mon? to mon?8 ,d y notice mu* diff]5ce 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( successive /orms1 or d !y all seem pretty mu* alike8 ,are ?und]/orms limit$ to any p>ticul> season ( ! ye>8 ,if s1 to :at season8 ,h y discov]$ any rule z to ! "t ( day :5 ra9/orms or sn[/orms beg98 ,:5 ?und]/orms beg9 & end8 ,is x common or uncommon = u to h a /orm la/+ ?ree or f\r days8 ,h[ long does a ?und]/orm usually la/8 ,d we h mo/ hail 9 w9t] or 9 summ]8 ,9 :at ways does a ra9y day affect p8 ,h[ are y y\rself affect$8 ,h[ does a heavy sn[/orm affect travel & transportation8 ,9 :at ways does a sn[/orm diff] f a ra9/orm z to ! "* ( ! precipitation & its effects8 ,aft] /udy+ ! temp]ature1 w9d1 /ate ( sky1 & ra9fall sep>ately1 take two elem5ts toge!r & see :at relation "o has to ! o!r4 ,try to answ] su* que/ions z ^!3---- ,temp]ature & ,w9d4----,:at relations c y discov] betwe5 ! direction ( ! w9d & ! temp]ature8 ,:i* w9ds are ! coole/8 ,:i* ! w>me/8 ,does a hot1 calm day seem w>m] or cool] ?an a hot1 w9dy day8 ,does a cold1 calm day seem cold] or w>m] ?an a cold1 w9dy day8 ,does ! velocity ( ! w9d h any effect on y\r feel+ ( cold or ( w>m?8 ,if s1 :at effect8 ,w9d & ,/ate ( ,sky4----,has ! direction ( ! w9d any?+ to d ) ! cl\d9ess8 ,is !re m apt to be consid]able cl\d9ess ) w9d f "o direction ?an f ano!r8 ,:at w9ds are usually accompani$ by ! l>ge/ am\nt ( cl\d8 ,:at w9ds usually bl[ :5 ! sky is cle>8 ,is ! relation ( cl\d9ess to c]ta9 w9d directions s close t1 if y "k ! w9d direction1 y c make a pr$iction z to ! probable cl\d9ess8 ,are ! w9ds ) cl\ds m common 9 "o mon? ?an ano!r8 ,9 "o season ?an ano!r8 ,if s1 :i* mon?8 :i* season8 ,temp]ature & ,/ate ( ,sky4----,d y notice any relation betwe5 ! temp]ature & ! /ate ( ! sky8 ,9 w9t] are our colde/ days usually cl\dy or cle>8 ,9 summ] are our hotte/ days cl\dy or cle>8 ,are ! w9ds t give u ! mo/ cl\d9ess w>m or cold w9ds 9 w9t] & 9 summ]8 ,is a cl\dy night cold] or w>m] ?an a cle> night8 ,is a cl\dy day cold] or w>m] ?an a cle> day8 ,/ate ( ,sky & ,precipitation4----,h[ is ra9fall or sn[fall relat$ to ! cl\d9ess8 ,d we ev] h ra9 or sn[ :5 ! sky is n completely cov]$ ) cl\ds8 ,does ! sky usually become quickly cov]$ ) cl\ds be=e a ra98 ,does a sky :olly cov]$ ) cl\ds always give u ra9 or sn[8 ,does ! sky cle> rapidly or sl[ly aft] a ra98 ,are any p>ticul> k9ds ( cl\ds associat$ ) ra9 or ) sn[/orms8 ,) brief %[]s8 ,) ?und]/orms8 ,w9d & ,precipitation4----,are any p>ticul> w9d directions m likely ?an o!rs to give u ra9 or sn[8 ,are ^! ! same w9ds z ^? :i* give u ! mo/ cl\d9ess8 ,:at w9ds are !y8 ,has ! velocity ( ! w9d any relation to ! ra9 or sn[/orm8 ,does ! w9d bl[ h>d] be=e1 dur+1 or aft] ! ra9 or sn[8 ,:at *anges ( w9d direction h y not$ be=e1 dur+1 & aft] any /orm8 ,h y notic$ ^! same *anges 9 o!r /orms8 ,are !y s common 9 our /orms t y c make a rule z to ^! *anges8 ,temp]ature & ,precipitation4----,does a %[] or a ra9/orm 9 ! hott] mon?s affect ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 any way8 ,h[8 ,9 ! w9t] does ! temp]ature %[ any *anges be=e a sn[/orm8 ,is x usually w>m] or cold] !n ?an a day or two be=e ! /orm & ! day aft]8 ,is x usually uncom=tably cold dur+ a sn[/orm8 ,are ra9y spells 9 ! spr+ & ! autumn mon?s cool] or w>m] ?an cle> dry wea!r8 ,,"p ,,ii4----,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,! non-in/rum5tal obs]vations1 sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 prep>e ! way = ! m exact records ( ! wea!r elem5ts :i* are obta9able only by ! use ( in/rum5ts4 ,! non-in/rum5tal records are n to be entirely giv5 up1 ev5 aft] ! in/rum5tal "w & ! wea!r-map ex]cises h begun1 b %\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! c\rse4 ,notes on ! =ms & *anges ( cl\ds1 on ! times ( beg9n+ & end+1 & on ! "* ( ! precipitation1 z outl9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & o!r obs]vations made )\t ! use ( in/rum5ts1 are an ess5tial "p ( ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ meteorological records4 ,! simpl] in/rum5ts are ! ord9>y !rmomet]1 ! w9d vane1 ! ra9 gauge1 & ! m]curial b>omet] 79 a modifi$ =m74 ,obs]vations ) ^! in/rum5ts1 al?\gh ( a simple "*1 c be made v useful4 ,! advance ov] ! non-in/rum5tal obs]vations1 :i* latt] may be t]m$ obs]vations ( s5sation1 is a decid$ "o4 ,9 place ( ! vague & untru/wor?y /atem5ts conc]n+ hot & cold1 w>m & cool days1 we n[ h actual degrees ( temp]ature to s]ve z a basis = comp>ison ( day ) day or mon? ) mon?4 ,! measurem5ts ( ra9 & sn[fall enable u to /udy ! am\nts br\ght 9 diff]5t /orms1 ! av]age precipitation ( ! v>i\s mon?s1 etc4 ,! important facts ( *ange ( pressure n[ become kn[n1 & also ! relation ( ^! *anges to ! wea!r4 ,j z we h1 9 ! e>li] "w1 become famili> ) our typical wea!r *anges & types1 s we %all n[ h our eyes op5$ to ! actual values ( ! temp]atures & precipitation connect$ ) ^! *anges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! ord9>y !rmomet] 7,greek3 heat measure71 ! mo/ commonly us$ & mo/ widely kn[n ( all meteorological in/rum5ts1 0 9 an elem5t>y =m kn[n to ,galileo1 & 0 us$ by him 9 8 lectures at ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua dur+ ! ye>s #aeib to #afji4 ,!rmomet]s enable u to measure ! temp]atures ( diff]5t bodies by comp>ison ) c]ta9 univ]sally accept$ /&>ds ( temp]ature4 ,^! /&>ds are ! freez+ & boil+ po9ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 its common =m ! !rmomet] consi/s ( a glass tube1 clos$ at ! top1 & exp&+ at its l[] end into a holl[ sph]ical or cyl9drical glass bulb4 ,?is bulb & "p ( ! tube are fill$ ) m]cury or alcohol4 ,z ! temp]ature rises1 ! liquid exp&s1 fl[s out ( ! bulb1 & rises 9 ! tube4 ,z ! temp]ature falls1 ! m]cury or alcohol contracts1 & !re=e /&s at a l[] level 9 ! tube4 ,9 ord] t ! am\nt ( ?is rise or fall may be accurately kn[n1 "s def9ite scale = measurem5t mu/ be adopt$4 ,! scale commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry owes its "n to ,fahr5heit 7born 9 ,danzig 9 #afhf2 di$ 9 #agcf71 :o 0 ! fir/ to settle ^u ! use ( m]cury z ! liquid 9 !rmomet]s1 & also ! fir/ def9itely to adopt two fix$ po9ts 9 graduat+ ! scale4 ,! division ( ?is scale into #ahj betwe5 ! freez+ po9t 7#cb7 & ! boil+ po9t 7#bab7 seems to h be5 tak5 f ! graduation ( a semicircle4 ,fahr5heit 0 a manufactur] ( all sorts ( physical app>atus1 & x has be5 ?\ght probable t he _h "s special facilities = divid+ 8 !rmomet] tubes into #ahj p>ts4 ,m]cury is mo/ commonly us$ z ! liquid 9 !rmomet]s1 because x readily indicates *anges ( temp]ature1 & because ov] mo/ ( ! _w ! w9t] cold is n suffici5t to freeze x4 ,! freez+ po9t ( m]cury is ab\t #dj bel[ z]o 7-#dj ,f474 ,alcohol1 :i* has a mu* l[] freez+ po9t1 is !re=e us$ 9 !rmomet]s :i* are to be employ$ 9 v cold regions4 ,alcohol !rmomet]s mu/1 = in/ance1 be us$ 9 ,nor!rn ,sib]ia1 :]e ! mean ,janu>y temp]ature is #fj bel[ z]o4 ,! temp]ature :i* meteorologi/s desire to obta9 by ! ord9>y !rmomet] is ! temp]ature ( ! free air 9 ! %ade4 ,9 ord] t !rmomet]s may indicate ?is temp]ature1 !y mu/1 if possible1 be plac$ 9 an op5 space :]e !re is an unob/ruct$ circulation ( ! air1 & !y mu/ be protect$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 usually expos$ inside ( a cubical enclosure ( wood5 lattice "w1 9 an op5 space away f build+s1 & at a height ( #d to #aj feet above ! gr\nd1 pref]ably a grass-cov]$ surface4 ,?is enclosure is call$ ! %elt]1 & its object is to scre5 ! in/rum5t f ! direct & reflect$ sun%9e1 to all[ free circulation ( air ar\nd ! bulb1 & to keep ! !rmomet] dry4 ,sometimes ! %elt]1 in/ead ( be+ 9 an op5 space on ! gr\nd1 is built on ! ro( or aga9/ ! nor? wall ( a build+1 or outside ( "o ( ! w9d[s4 ,fig4 #b %[s an ord9>y %elt]4 ,a /ill simpl] me?od ( exposure is describ$ 9 ! 8,in/ructions = ,volunt>y ,obs]v]s0 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 #ahib7 z foll[s3 8,select a nor? w9d[1 pref]ably ( an unoccupi$ room1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,fa/5 ! bl9ds op5 at "r angles to ! wall ( ! h\se4 ,fa/5 a n>r[ /rip #c in*es wide across ! w9d[ outside1 & f #h to #ab in*es f ! w9d[-pane4 ,to ?is fa/5 ! !rmomet]s40 ,if none ( ^! me?ods ( %elt]+ ! in/rum5t is feasible1 ! !rmomet] may be fa/5$ to ! w9d[ frame1 ab\t a foot f ! w9d[1 & s arrang$ t x c be read f ! inside ( ! room )\t op5+ ! w9d[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,read+s ( ! !rmomet]1 to ! ne>e/ degree ( temp]ature indicat$ on ! scale by ! top ( ! m]cury column1 are to be made at ! regul> obs]vation h\rs1 & are to be ent]$ 9 y\r record book4 ,temp]atures bel[ z]o are prec$$ by a m9us sign 7-74 ,a table simil> to t sugge/$ t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ *apt] 7p4 #h7 may be us$ 9 keep+ ^! in/rum5tal records1 except t actual !rmomet] read+s c n[ be ent]$ 9 ! column head$ 8,temp]ature10 in/ead ( us+ only ! g5]al t]ms w>m1 cold1 *illy1 etc4 ,?is is a great ga94 ,y w n[ be able to give fairly def9ite answ]s to _m ( ! que/ions ask$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,answ] ^! que/ions ) ! help ( y\r !rmomet] read+s1 z fully z y c4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,temp]ate ,zone1 9 :i* we live1 is peculi> 9 hav+ frequ5t & rapid *anges ( temp]ature1 n only f season to season1 b f day to day1 & dur+ a s+le day4 ,9 w9t]1 we are apt to h a w>m w9d imm$iately aft] a spell ( crisp cold wea!r4 ,9 summ]1 cl\dy1 cool days come z a sudd5 relief :5 we h be5 suff]+ f int5se heat1 ) brilliant sun%9e4 ,^! *anges give a v>iety to our climate :i* is1 on ! :ole1 v b5eficial to man4 ,! ,nor? ,temp]ate ,zone1 ) /rong seasonal *anges 9 temp]ature & wea!r1 is ! zone ( ! highe/ civilization & ( ! greate/ en]gy ( man4 ,9 ! ,torrid ,zone ! *anges ( temp]ature are1 z a :ole1 small4 ,!re is no h>% w9t]4 ,! climate is monoton\s & dead5+1 r ?an enliv5+4 ,man f9ds x easy to live )\t mu* "w1 & ! inhabitants ( ! ,torrid ,zone h n1 z a rule1 advanc$ f> 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,! w9d vane us$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau is ab\t #f feet long1 & has a divid$ tail made ( p9e bo>ds1 ! two pieces mak+ an angle ( #bb-a_/b4 ,! purpose ( ?is divid$ tail is to /eady ! vane & to make x m s5sitive to light curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a common w9d vane on a neighbor+ *ur* /eeple or flag/aff w usually s]ve suffici5tly well = ord9>y use4 ,obs]vations ( w9d direction 7to eight compass po9ts7 are to be made z a "p ( ! ord9>y wea!r record1 & to be ent]$ 9 ! prop] column ( ! record book4 ,! ra9 gauge consi/s ( ?ree sep>ate p>ts1 ! receiv] ,a1 ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t ,b1 & ! measur+ tube ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! inside diamet] ( ! top ( ! receiv] 9 ! /&>d ,wea!r ,bureau gauge is #h in*es 7at a 9 ,fig4 #d74 ,?is receiv] has a funnel-%ap$ bottom1 s t all ! precipitation :i* falls into x is c>ri$ at once into ! measur+ tube ,c1 ^: inside height is #bj in*es4 ,! diamet] ( ! measur+ tube is #b4ec in*es4 ,! ra9 fall+ into ! receiv] ,a fills ?is tube ,c to a dep? great] ?an ! actual ra9fall1 9 proportion z ! area ( ! receiv] is great] ?an ! area ( ! measur+ tube4 ,9 ! /&>d ,wea!r ,bureau gauges ! ratio ( ! area ( ! receiv] to ! area ( ! measur+ tube is su* t ! dep? ( ra9fall is magnifi$ exactly t5 times4 ,! object ( magnify+ ! am\nt 9 ?is way is to measure a v small quantity m easily4 ,! n>r[ portion ( ! receiv] d fits ov] ! top ( ! measur+ tube1 hold+ ! latt] firmly 9 place & prev5t+ any loss ( ra9fall4 ,an op5+1 e1 9 ! l[] portion ( ! receiv] d1 j on a level ) ! top ( ! measur+ tube1 s]ves z an escape = ! wat] into ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t ,b1 9 case ! ra9fall is s heavy z to m ?an fill ! tube4 ,! inside diamet] ( ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t is ! same z t ( ! receiv] 7#h in*es71 z w be se5 f ! figure4 ,! ra9 gauge %\ld be firmly set 9 a wood5 frame1 s arrang$ t ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t c readily be remov$ f ! frame4 ,! box 9 :i* ! gauge is s5t out by ! manufactur] is usually design$ to s]ve z a p]man5t support :5 ! gauge is set up4 ,! be/ exposure = ! gauge is an op5 space unob/ruct$ by l>ge trees1 build+s1 or f5ces4 ,f5ces1 walls1 or trees %\ld be at a di/ance f ! gauge n less ?an _! own height4 ,if an exposure ^u ! gr\nd is out ( ! "q1 ! gauge may be plac$ ^u a ro(1 9 :i* case ! middle ( a flat unob/ruct$ ro( is ! be/ position4 ,records ( ,ra9fall4----,e ra9 gauge is provid$ ) a measur+ /ick1 :i* is graduat$ into in*es & hundr$?s4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! am\nt ( ra9 9 ! measur+ tube is1 by ! con/ruction ( ! ord9>y gauge1 t5 times great] ?an ! actual ra9fall4 ,?is fact ne$ n1 h[ev]1 be tak5 into acc\nt by ! obs]v]1 = ! numb]s us$ 9 graduat+ ! measur+ /icks h all be5 divid$ by #aj1 & !re=e !y repres5t ! actual ra9fall4 ,! graduations on ! /ick indicate hundr$?s ( an in*1 & %\ld appe> 9 ! record z decimals 74#aj1 4#bj1 etc474 ,t5 in*es ( wat] 9 ! measur+ tube w rea* ! m>k #a4jj on ! /ick2 ?us #a4jj d5otes #a in* & z]o hundr$?s ( ra94 ,"o in* ( wat] 9 ! tube w rea* ! 4#aj m>k1 indicat+ #aj_/ajj ( an in*4 ,! %orte/ l9es on ! measur+ /ick d5ote successive hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,?us1 if wat] collect$ comes to a po9t halfway betwe5 ! 4#aj & 4#bj l9es1 ! am\nt is 4#ae in*1 & s on4 ,9 measur+ ra9fall1 ! /ick is l[]$ ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! receiv] into ! measur+ tube1 & on be+ )drawn ! wet portion ( ! /ick at once %[s ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! tube4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to put ! end ( ! /ick :]e ! numb]+ beg9s fir/ into ! gauge1 & to pass ! /ick ?r\gh ! middle ( ! tube4 ,aft] ea* obs]vation ! gauge %\ld be empti$ & dra9$1 & imm$iately put back into place4 ,:5 ! total ra9fall m ?an fills ! measur+ tube1 i4e41 exce$s #b in*es1 ! receiv] %\ld fir/ be lift$ (f & ! tube remov$ ) great c>e s z n to spill any wat]4 ,aft] empty+ ! tube1 ! surplus wat] 9 ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t mu/ be p\r$ into ! measur+ tube & measur$4 ,! am\nt ( ra9fall ?us f\nd is to be add$ to ! #b in*es conta9$ 9 ! measur+ tube 9 ord] to give ! total ra9fall4 ,if any wat] happ5s to be spill$ dur+ its removal f ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t1 !n ! am\nt 9 ! tube w be less ?an #b in*es1 & x mu/ be c>efully measur$ be=e ! latt] is empti$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] season1 9 all regions :]e sn[ =ms ! *ief "p ( ! precipitation1 ! only portion ( ! ra9 gauge t ne$ be expos$ is ! ov]fl[ atta*m5t4 ,! sn[ :i* falls into ! gauge may be measur$ by fir/ melt+ ! sn[ & !n measur+ ! wat] z ra9fall4 ,ab\t #aj in*es ( sn[ give1 on ! av]age1 #a in* ( wat]1 b ! ratio v>ies v greatly accord+ to ! d5sity ( ! sn[4 ,besides ! measurem5t ( ! melt$ sn[ collect$ 9 ! gauge1 x is cu/om>y to keep a record ( ! dep? ( sn[fall 9 in*es1 z measur$ by means ( an ord9>y foot rule or a y>d/ick1 on "s level place :]e !re has be5 little or no drift+4 ,measurem5ts ( ra9 & sn[fall are usually made once a day1 at #h ,p4,m41 & also at ! end ( e /orm4 ,ent] ! am\nts ( precipitation 9 ! column ( ! table head$ 8,am\nt0 & /ate always :e!r x is ra9 or melt$ sn[ t y h measur$4 ,:5 !re has be5 no precipitation s9ce ! la/ obs]vation1 an entry ( #j4jj %\ld be made 9 ! column ( ! record book devot$ to 8,am\nt ( ,precipitation40 ,:5 ! am\nt is too small to measure1 ! entry ,t 7= ,trace7 %\ld be made4 ,cont9ue y\r non-in/rum5tal record ( ! "t ( beg9n+ & end+ ( ! precipitation z be=e4 ,:5ev] x is possible1 keep a record ( ! total am\nt ( precipitation 9 ea* /orm1 not+ ?is "u 8,rem>ks40 ,try to answ] su* que/ions z are ask$ 9 ,*apt] ,i ) ! help ( y\r in/rum5tal record ( ! ra9 & sn[fall4 ,note :at dep?s ( sn[ 9 diff]5t sn[/orms are necess>y1 :5 melt$1 to make #a in* ( wat]4 ,! ,m]curial ,b>omet]4----,air has weight4 ,at sea level ?is weight am\nts to ne>ly #ae p\nds on e squ>e in* ( surface4 ,imag9e a lay] ( wat]1 #cd feet deep1 cov]+ ! e>?4 ,! weight ( ?is wat] on e squ>e in* ( surface w\ld be ! same z ! weight ( ! air4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ! weight ( ! air is n noticeable1 because air presses equally 9 all directions1 & ! pressure )9 a body is ! same z t outside ( x4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is equal pressure 9 all directions1 we speak ( ! pressure ( ! air in/ead ( its weight4 ,! effects ( ! air pressure may become app>5t :5 we remove ! air f a surface4 ,by work+ ! pi/on ( a pump 9 a well we may remove ! pressure on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! tube ( ! pump4 ,:5 ?is is done1 a column ( wat] rises 9 ! tube until ! top ( ?is column is ab\t #cd feet above ! level ( ! re/ ( ! wat] 9 ! well4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! wat] outside ( ! tube holds up ?is column ( wat] inside ! tube4 ,galileo 7#aefd-afdb7 fir/ taught t ! air has weight4 ,8 pupil ,torricelli w5t a /ep fur!r4 ,torricelli saw t ! column ( wat]1 held up by ! pressure ( ! air 9 ! tube ( ! pump1 mu/ exactly balance a simil> column ( air1 rea*+ f ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! well to ! top ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! column ( wat]1 9 o!r words1 exactly replaces ?is column ( air4 ,:ile work+ on ?is subject1 ,torricelli1 9 #afdc1 p]=m$ ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,he fill$ a glass tube1 ab\t #c feet long & clos$ at "o end1 ) m]cury4 ,aft] fill+ ! tube1 he put 8 f+] ov] ! op5 end & inv]t$ ! tube ov] a vessel conta9+ m]cury4 ,:5 ! l[] end ( ! tube 0 bel[ ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! di%1 he remov$ 8 f+]4 ,at once ! column ( m]cury fell 9 ! tube until x /ood at a height ( ab\t #cj in*es1 leav+ a vacant space ( #f in*es 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube4 ,?is space has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! ,torricellian vacuum4 ,torricelli _h prov$ :at he _h expect$1 viz41 t ! height ( ! column ( liquid :i* replaces & balances an air column ( ! same size v>ies ) ! weight ( t liquid4 ,x takes a column ( wat] #cd feet long to balance a simil> column ( air4 ,x takes a column ( m]cury only #cj in*es long to balance a simil> column ( air4 ,?is1 z ,torricelli correctly expla9$1 is due to ! fact t m]cury is s mu* 7#ac-a_/b times7 heavi] ?an wat]4 ,! column ( wat] weighs j ! same z ! column ( m]cury4 ,ea* column exactly balances an air column ( simil> cross-section4 ,! height ( ! wat] or ( ! m]cury is a measure ( ! weight or pressure ( ! air4 ,! great] ! pressure on ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! well1 ! high] w be ! top ( ! wat] 9 ! pump4 ,! great] ! pressure on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! bas91 9 ! exp]im5t ( ,torricelli1 ! high] w ! m]cury column /& 9 ! glass tube4 ,ei!r wat] or m]cury may be us$ z ! liquid 9 ! b>omet]4 ,otto von ,gu]icke 7#afjb-afhf71 ( ,magdeburg1 con/ruct$ a wat] b>omet] ab\t #cf feet long1 :i* he atta*$ to ! outside wall ( 8 h\se4 ,?is b>omet] he us$ = "s mon?s1 & made pr$ictions ( com+ wea!r *anges by means ( x4 ,a wat] b>omet] is1 h[ev]1 a v unwieldy ?+ to manage1 on acc\nt ( ! great l5g? ( its tube4 ,fur!rmore1 wat] b>omet]s _c be us$ 9 any c\ntries :]e ! temp]atures fall to freez+4 ,m]cury is ! liquid univ]sally employ$ 9 b>omet]s4 ,x is s heavy t only a small column ( x is necess>y to balance ! atmosph]ic pressure4 ,!re=e a m]curial b>omet] is portable4 ,fur!r1 m]cury does n freeze until ! temp]ature falls to #dj bel[ z]o4 ,ano!r "n :i* %\ld be m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! b>omet] is t ( ,blaise ,pascal1 :o 9 #afdh fully confirm$ ,torricelli's results4 ,pascal saw t if ! m]cury column is really support$ by ! weight ( ! air1 ! height ( t column mu/ be less on ! summit ( a m\nta9 ?an at ! base1 because !re is less air ov] ! top ( ! m\nta9 ?an at ! bottom1 & !re=e ! weight ( ! air mu/ be less at ! summit4 ,to prove ?is1 he ask$ 8 bro!r-9-law ,p]ri]1 :o liv$ at ,cl]mont1 9 ,france1 to c>ry ! ,torricellian tube up ! ,puy-de-,dme1 a m\nta9 some:at ov] #cejj feet high 9 ,c5tral ,france4 ,?is ,p]ri] did on ,sept4 #ai1 #afdh1 & he f\nd1 z pr$ict$ by ,pascal1 t ! m]cury fell /eadily 9 ! tube z he w5t up ! m\nta91 & t at ! top ( ! m\nta9 ! column ( m]cury 0 ov] #c in*es %ort] ?an at ! base4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is a wea!r elem5t :i*1 unlike ! o!r elem5ts already consid]$1 _c be obs]v$ )\t an in/rum5t4 ,we _c1 "u ord9>y conditions at sea level1 det]m9e by any ( our s5ses :e!r ! pressure is ris+ or fall+1 or is /ation>y4 ,! pressure on ! upp] floors ( "o ( our high build+s is %[n by a b>omet] to be consid]ably l[] ?an x is at ! level ( ! /reet bel[1 & yet we notice no diff]5ce 9 our feel+s at ! two levels4 ,x is only :5 we asc5d f> into ! air1 z 9 climb+ a high m\nta9 or 9 a balloon1 t ! mu*-dim9i%$ pressure at ^! great heights p]ceptibly influ5ces ! human body4 ,m\nta9 climb]s & aronauts :o rea* altitudes ( #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj feet or m1 usually suff] f heada*e1 nausea1 & fa9tness1 :i* h _! cause 9 ! r$uc$ pressure enc\nt]$ at ^! heights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! ord9>y m]curial b>omet] 9 use to-day is1 ess5tially1 no?+ m ?an ! glass tube & vessel ( ,torricelli's fam\s exp]im5t4 ,a simple =m ( ! m]curial b>omet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an in* 9 inside diamet] & ab\t #cf in*es long4 ,?is tube1 clos$ at ! top & op5 at ! bottom1 is fill$ ) m]cury1 ! l[]1 op5 end dipp+ into a cup ( m]cury kn[n z ! ci/]n4 ,! space above ! m]cury is a vacuum4 ,! m]cury ext5ds inside ! tube to a height correspond+ to ! weight or pressure ( ! air1 ! v]tical height ( ! top ( ! m]cury column above ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n1 9 in*es & hundr$?s ( an in*1 be+ ! b>omet] read+4 ,at sea level ! normal b>omet] read+ is ab\t #cj in*es4 ,!re is an op5+ ne> ! top ( ! ci/]n1 at ! back ( ! in/rum5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! air ga9s access to ! m]cury & holds up ! m]cury column4 ,x w readily be se5 t1 z ! m]cury 9 ! tube rises1 ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n falls1 & vice v]sa1 s t !re is a v>y+ relation betwe5 ! two levels4 ,9 ord] to h ! read+ accurate1 x is necess>y t ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n %\ld be j at ! z]o ( ! b>omet] scale :5 a read+ is made4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! bottom ( ! ci/]n consi/s ( a bucksk9 bag :i* may be rais$ or l[]$ by means ( a ?umb-screw1 se5 at ! l[] end ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! level ( ! m]cury may ?us be *ang$ & adju/$ to ! top ( a black l9e1 m>k$ on ! outside ( ! ci/]n1 & :i* indicates ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,be=e mak+ a read+1 ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n mu/ be rais$ or l[]$ until x j rea*es ?is black l9e4 ,!n ! top ( ! m]cury column w give ! pressure ( ! air4 ,! read+ is made on an alum9um scale at ! top ( ! wood5 back on :i* ! tube is m\nt$1 ?is scale be+ graduat$ bo? on ! ,engli% & on ! metric sy/em4 ,?is b>omet] may be hung aga9/ ! wall ( a room4 ,! an]oid b>omet] 7,greek3 )\t fluid71 al?\gh less desirable 9 _m ways ?an ! m]curial1 is nev]!less a useful in/rum5t = r\gh obs]vations4 ,! an]oid is n good = c>eful sci5tific "w1 because its read+s are apt to be r inaccurate4 ,to be ( mu* value 9 indicat+ exact pressures1 x %\ld frequ5tly be comp>$ ) & adju/$ to a m]curial b>omet]4 ,an ord9>y an]oid b>omet] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! *anges 9 atmosph]ic pressure are measur$ by _! effects 9 alt]+ ! %ape ( a small metallic box1 kn[n z ! vacuum *amb]4 ,! upp] & l[] surfaces ( ?is box are made ( ?9 circul> %eets ( corrugat$ ,g]man silv]1 sold]$ toge!r ar\nd _! out] edges1 ?us =m+ a %ort cyl9d]4 ,f ?is ! air is exhau/$1 & x is !n h]metically seal$4 ,a /rong /eel spr+1 inside or outside ( ! vacuum *amb]1 holds ap>t ! corrugat$ surfaces1 :i* t5d to collapse1 ow+ to ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air ^u !m4 ,an increase or decrease 9 ! air pressure is accompani$ by an approa*1 or a draw+ ap>t1 ( ! surfaces ( ! *amb]4 ,^! slight movem5ts are magnifi$ by means ( lev]s1 a *a91 & a sp9dle1 & are made to turn an index h& or po9t] on ! face ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! face1 und]nea? ! glass1 is graduat$ into in*es & hundr$?s1 & ! pressure may ?us be read at once4 ,z ! t5sion ( ! /eel spr+ v>ies ) ! temp]ature1 an]oids are usually comp5sat$ = temp]ature by hav+ "o ( ! lev]s made ( two diff]5t metals1 e4g41 brass & iron1 sold]$ toge!r1 or else by leav+ a small quantity ( air 9 ! vacuum *amb]4 ,?is air1 :5 heat$1 exp&s1 & ?us t5ds to comp5sate = ! weak] action ( ! spr+1 due to ! high] temp]ature4 ,at be/1 h[ev]1 ?is comp5sation is b imp]fect1 & ?is fact1 toge!r ) ! friction ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 ! *anges 9 ! spr+ ) age1 & ! ne$ ( frequ5t adju/m5ts1 makes an]oids r inaccurate4 ,!y may be adju/$ to m]curial b>omet]s by means ( a small screw1 ^: head may be f\nd on ! l[] surface ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! words fair1 /ormy1 etc41 :i* frequ5tly appe> on ! face ( an]oid b>omet]s1 are ( little use 9 =etell+ wea!r *anges1 z no def9ite pressures always occur ) ! same wea!r conditions4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be tapp$ lightly a few times ) ! f+] be=e a read+ is made4 ,! second po9t]1 :i* is (t5 f\nd 9 an]oids1 is set by ! obs]v] on ! position m>k$ by ! index h& :5 he makes 8 read+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pressure m>k$ by ?is set po9t] & t %[n by ! index h& at ! next obs]vation is ! measure ( ! *ange ( pressure 9 ! int]val4 ,ano!r column mu/ n[ be add$ to ! record book 7pref]ably betwe5 ! columns devot$ to temp]ature & w9d7 to receive ! 8,pressure 9 ,in*es & ,hundr$?s40 ,is ! pressure con/ant 7i4e41 are ! read+s always ! same7 or does x v>y8 ,if x v>ies1 is !re any app>5t sy/em 9 ! v>iations8 ,is !re a t5d5cy to a daily maximum8 ,to a daily m9imum8 ,if s1 ab\t :at "t d ^! occur1 respectively8 ,:at is ! av]age v>iation 79 in*es & hundr$?s7 9 ! c\rse ( a day8 ,:at is ! greate/ diff]5ce 9 pressure :i* y h obs]v$ 9 a day8 ,:at is ! lea/8 ,does ! pressure seem to v>y m or less 9 ! cold] mon?s ?an 9 ! w>m]8 ,has ! height ( ! m]cury column any relation to ! wea!r8 ,are we likely to h ra9y wea!r ) ris+ b>omet]8 ,is ! velocity ( ! w9d relat$ to ! pressure 9 any way8 ,h[8 ,c y make any g5]al rules = wea!r pr$iction bas$ on ! action ( ! b>omet]8 ,:at rules8 ,tabulation ( ,obs]vations4----,! tables sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] c be us$ un*ang$ ) ! simple in/rum5ts j describ$4 ,summ>y ( ,obs]vations4----,at ! end ( ea* mon? summ>ize y\r in/rum5tal obs]vations 9 ! foll[+ way3---- ,temp]ature4----,add toge!r all y\r temp]ature read+s2 divide _! sum by ! total numb] ( obs]vations ( temp]ature1 & ! quoti5t w give y a suffici5tly accurate mean or av]age temp]ature = ! mon? 9 "q4 ,x is to be not$ t ! mean mon?ly temp]atures obta9$ f ^! obs]vations w be mu* m accurate if ! !rmomet] read+s are made at #g ,a4,m4 & #g ,p4,m41 at #h ,a4,m4 & #h ,p4,m41 etc41 & ! mean ( ^! is tak52 or if ! mean is d]iv$ f ! maximum & ! m9imum temp]atures1 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,?is mean temp]ature %\ld be writt5 at ! bottom ( ! temp]ature column1 & m>k$ 8,mean40 ,! mean mon?ly temp]ature is "o ( ! important meteorological data 9 consid]+ ! climatic conditions ( any place4 ,w9d4----,det]m9e ! frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t w9d directions by c\nt+ ! total numb] ( times ! w9d has bl[n f ,n41 ,,ne41 ,e41 etc41 dur+ ! mon?4 ,! w9d :i* y h obs]v$ ! greate/ numb] ( times is ! prevail+ w9d4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 happ5 t two or ?ree directions h be5 obs]v$ an equal numb] ( times4 ,! numb] ( calms %\ld also be record$4 ,ra9fall4----,! total mon?ly precipitation is obta9$ by add+ toge!r all ! sep>ate am\nts ( ra9fall not$ 9 y\r record book1 & express+ ! total1 9 in*es & hundr$?s1 at ! bottom ( ! ra9fall column4 ,y n[ h ! means = comp>+ "o mon?'s ra9fall ) t ( ano!r mon?1 & ( see+ h[ ^! am\nts v>y4 ,exam9e c>efully also y\r non-in/rum5tal obs]vations4 ,see :e!r y c draw any g5]al conclusions z to ! great] preval5ce ( cl\d1 or ( ra9 or sn[1 9 "o mon? ?an 9 ano!r4 ,did ! la/ mon? h m high w9ds ?an ! "o be=e8 ,or ?an ! av]age8 ,7 ! temp]ature *anges m sudd5 & m>k$8 ,0 !re m or less precipitation ?an 9 previ\s mon?s8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,advanc$ ,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,! in/rum5ts = m advanc$ /udy are ! foll[+3 maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s1 wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s1 sl+ psy*romet]1 /&>d b>omet]1 !rmograph1 b>ograph1 & anemomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s are usually m\nt$ toge!r on a bo>d1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g1 ! l[] "o ( ! two be+ ! maximum1 & ! upp] ! m9imum4 ,9 ! view ( ! in/rum5t %elt] 7,fig4 #b71 ^! !rmomet]s are se5 on ! left4 ,! m9imum !rmomet]1 :5 atta*$ to its support1 is ei!r exactly horizontal or else slopes d[nw>d some:at t[>ds ! bulb end1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,^! in/rum5ts1 z _! names imply1 regi/] ! highe/ & ! l[e/ temp]atures1 respectively1 :i* occur dur+ ea* day ( #bd h\rs4 ,! maximum !rmomet] is fill$ ) m]cury4 ,its tube is n>r[$ j above ! bulb1 9 su* a way t ! m]cury passes ?r\gh ! con/riction ) "s difficulty4 ,z ! temp]ature rises1 ! m]cury1 9 exp&+1 is =c$ out f ! bulb ?r\gh ?is n>r[ passage4 ,:5 ! temp]ature falls1 h[ev]1 ! m]cury above ?is po9t _c get back into ! bulb1 !re be+ no?+ to =ce x back4 ,! l5g? ( ! m]cury column1 !re=e1 rema9s ! same z x 0 :5 ! temp]ature 0 highe/1 & ! in/rum5t is read by obs]v+ ! numb] ( degrees indicat$ by ! top1 or "r-h& end1 ( ! m]cury column ^u ! scale4 ,aft] read+1 ! !rmomet] is set by remov+ ! brass p9 ^u :i* ! bulb end re/s1 & :irl+ ! in/rum5t rapidly ar\nd ! p9 to :i* its upp] end is fa/5$4 ,by ?is process ! m]cury is driv5 back into ! bulb1 pa/ ! con/riction4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to /op ! !rmomet] safely :ile x is :irl+4 ,aft] sett+1 ! read+ ( ! maximum !rmomet] %\ld agree closely ) t ( ! ord9>y or dry-bulb !rmomet]4 ,! m9imum !rmomet] is fill$ ) alcohol1 & conta9s )9 its tube a small black object1 call$ ! index1 :i* resembles a d\ble-head$ black p94 ,! in/rum5t is s con/ruct$ t ?is index1 :5 plac$ ) its upp]1 or "r-h& end1 at ! surface ( ! alcohol1 is left beh9d1 )9 ! alcohol1 :5 ! temp]ature rises4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! temp]ature falls1 ! index is drawn t[>ds ! bulb by ! surface cohesion ( ! alcohol1 ! top or "r end ( ! index ?us m>k+ ! l[e/ temp]ature rea*$4 ,! upp] end ( ! !rmomet] is firmly fa/5$1 by means ( a screw1 to a brass support1 :ile ! l[] end re/s ^u a not*$ arm4 ,9 sett+ ?is in/rum5t1 ! bulb end is rais$ until ! index slides along ! tube to ! end ( ! alcohol column4 ,! !rmomet] is !n c>efully l[]$ back into ! not* j ref]r$ to4 ,maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s ne$ to be read only once a day1 9 ! ev5+4 ,! temp]atures !n record$ are ! highe/ & l[e/ rea*$ dur+ ! prec$+ #bd h\rs4 ,! obs]vation h\r is pref]ably #h ,p4,m41 b if ?is is inconv5i5t1 or impracticable1 ! read+ may be made e>li] 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! h\r1 h[ev]1 %\ld be z late z possible1 & %\ld n be v>i$ f day to day4 ,! maximum temp]ature sometimes occurs 9 ! night4 ,! maximum & ! m9imum temp]atures %\ld be ent]$ e day1 9 a column head$ 8,maximum & ,m9imum ,temp]atures10 9 y\r record book4 ,! wet- & dry-bulb !rmomet]s1 toge!r commonly kn[n z ! psy*romet] 7,greek3 cold measure71 are simply two ord9>y m]curial !rmomet]s1 ! bulb ( "o ( :i* is wrapp$ 9 musl91 & kept moi/ by means ( a wick lead+ f ! musl9 cov] to a small vessel ( wat] atta*$ to ! frame 7see ,fig4 #h74 ,! wick c>ries wat] to ! bulb j z a lamp wick c>ries oil to ! flame4 ,! psy*romet] is se5 inside ! %elt] on ! "r 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! air always has m or less moi/ure 9 x4 ,ev5 ! hot1 dry air ( des]ts conta9s "s moi/ure4 ,?is moi/ure is ei!r invisible or visible4 ,:5 invisible x is kn[n z wat] vapor1 & is a gas4 ,:5 visible1 x appe>s z cl\ds & fog1 or 9 ! liquid or solid =m ( ra91 sn[1 & hail4 ,! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 or ! humidity ( ! air1 v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature & o!r conditions4 ,:5 ! air conta9s z mu* wat] vapor z x c hold1 x is said to be saturat$4 ,its humidity is !n high4 ,:5 ! air is n saturat$1 evaporation goes on into x f moi/ surfaces & f plants4 ,wat] :i* *anges to vapor is said to evaporate4 ,?is process ( evaporation ne$s en]gy to c>ry x on1 & ?is en]gy (t5 comes f ! heat ( "s neighbor+ body4 ,:5 y fan y\rself on a v hot day 9 summ]1 ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure on y\r face takes away "s ( ! heat f ! sk91 & y feel cool]4 ,! dri] ! air on a hot day1 ! great] is ! evaporation f all moi/ bodies1 & h5ce ! great] ! am\nt ( cool+ ( ! surfaces ( ^? bodies4 ,= ?is reason a hot day 9 summ]1 :5 ! air is comp>atively dry1 t is1 n saturat$ ) moi/ure1 is cool]1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ?an a hot day :5 ! air is v moi/4 ,ov] des]ts ! air is (t5 s hot & dry t evaporation f ! face & h&s is v great1 & ! sk9 is burn$ & bli/]$4 ,ov] ! oceans1 ne> ! equator1 ! air is hot & excessively damp1 s t !re is h>dly any cool+ ( ! body by evaporation1 & ! conditions are v uncom=table4 ,?is region is kn[n z ! 8,doldrums40 ,! temp]atures t are felt at ! surface ( ! sk91 especially :]e ! sk9 is expos$1 z on ! face & h&s1 h be5 nam$ s5sible temp]atures4 ,our s5se ( com=t 9 hot wea!r dep5ds on ! s5sible temp]atures4 ,^! s5sible temp]atures are n ! same z ! read+s ( ! ord9>y 7dry-bulb7 !rmomet]1 because our s5sation ( heat or cold dep5ds v l>gely on ! am\nt ( evaporation f ! surface ( ! body1 & ! temp]ature ( evaporation is obta9$ by means ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet]4 ,wet-bulb read+s at ! v>i\s /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau are ent]$ on all our daily wea!r maps4 ,9 summ] 7,july7 ! s5sible 7wet-bulb7 temp]atures are #bj bel[ ! ord9>y air temp]ature 9 ! dry s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,nevada1 ,arizona1 ,utah74 ,! mean ,july s5sible temp]atures !re are f #ej to #fe2 :ile on ! ,atlantic coa/1 f ,bo/on to ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 !y are betwe5 #fe & #ge4 ,h5ce ov] ! latt] di/rict ! temp]atures actually exp]i5c$ 9 ,july av]age high] ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,unless ! air is saturat$ ) wat] vapor1 ! evaporation f ! surface ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet] w l[] ! temp]ature indicat$ by t in/rum5t bel[ t %[n by ! dry-bulb !rmomet] next to x1 f :i* !re is no evaporation4 ,! dri] ! air1 ! great] ! evaporation1 & !re=e ! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! read+s ( ! two !rmomet]s4 ,by means ( tables1 con/ruct$ on ! basis ( laboratory exp]im5ts1 we may1 kn[+ ! read+s ( ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s1 easily det]m9e ! dew-po9t & ! relative humidity ( ! air----important factors 9 meteorological obs]vations 7see ,*apt] ,,xxvi74 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ! temp]ature is bel[ freez+1 ! musl9 ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet] %\ld be moi/5$ ) wat] a little :ile be=e a read+ is to be made4 ,! am\nt ( wat] vapor :i* air c conta9 dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! high] ! temp]ature1 ! great] is ! capacity ( ! air = wat] vapor4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 if ! temp]ature is l[]$ :5 air is saturat$1 ! capacity ( ! air is dim9i%$4 ,?is means t ! air c no long] conta9 ! same am\nt ( moi/ure 7invisible wat] vapor7 z be=e4 ,"p ( ?is moi/ure is !re=e *ang$1 cond5s$1 z x is said1 f ! condition ( wat] vapor into t ( cl\d1 fog1 ra91 or sn[4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ?is *ange beg9s is call$ ! dew-po9t ( ! air4 ,! relative humidity ( ! air is ! ratio betwe5 ! am\nt ( wat] vapor :i* ! air conta9s at any p>ticul> "t & ! total am\nt :i* x c\ld conta9 at ! temp]ature x !n has4 ,relative humidity is express$ 9 p]c5tages4 ,?us1 air ) a relative humidity ( #ej has j half z mu* wat] vapor 9 x z x c\ld hold4 ,x is f\nd t ! read+s ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet] are consid]ably affect$ by ! am\nt ( air movem5t pa/ ! bulb1 & t 9 a light breeze1 or 9 a calm1 ! read+ does n give accurate results z to ! humidity ( ! g5]al body ( air outside ! %elt]4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty ano!r =m ( psy*romet] has be5 devis$4 ,! sl+ psy*romet] 7,fig4 #i7 consi/s simply ( a pair ( wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s1 fa/5$ toge!r on a bo>d or a /rip ( metal1 to ! upp] "p ( :i* a cord ) a loop at ! end is atta*$4 ,9 ?is =m ( psy*romet] !re is no vessel ( wat] & no wick1 b ! musl9 cov] ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet] mu/ be ?or\ghly wet1 by imm]sion 9 wat]1 j be=e ea* obs]vation4 ,! in/rum5t is !n :irl$ ar\nd ! h& at ! rate ( ab\t #ab feet a second4 ,aft] :irl+ ab\t #ej times1 note ! read+s1 & !n :irl ! in/rum5t aga91 & s on1 until ! wet bulb rea*es its l[e/ read+4 ,! l[e/ read+ ( ! wet bulb1 & ! read+ ( ! dry bulb at ! same "t1 are ! two obs]vations t %\ld be record$4 ,take c>e to h ! musl9 wet ?r\gh\t ea* obs]vation1 & 9 w9dy wea!r /& to leew>d ( ! in/rum5t1 s t x may n be affect$ by ! heat ( y\r body4 ,! true read+ may be obta9$ )9 two or ?ree m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,make obs]vations ) ! wet-bulb !rmomet] or ! sl+ psy*romet] z a "p ( y\r regul> daily wea!r record4 ,note ! temp]atures indicat$ by ! wet & dry bulbs1 &1 by means ( ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvi1 obta9 ! dew-po9t & ! relative humidity ( ! air at ea* obs]vation4 ,ent] ^! data 9 y\r record book1 9 a column head$ 8,humidity10 & subdivid$ into two columns1 "o = ! dew-po9t & "o = ! relative humidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,by means ( obs]vations ) ! psy*romet] y w be able to answ] su* que/ions z ! foll[+3---- ,does ! relative humidity v>y f day to day8 ,has x any relation to ! direction ( ! w9d8 ,to ! /ate ( ! sky8 ,to precipitation8 ,does x %[ any regul> v>iations dur+ ! c\rse ( a day8 ,h[ does a high degree ( relative humidity affect y 9 cold wea!r8 ,9 hot wea!r8 ,betwe5 :at limits ( p]c5tages does ! relative humidity v>y8 ,d ! *anges come gradually or sudd5ly8 ,are ^! *anges relat$ 9 any way to ! *anges 9 ! o!r wea!r elem5ts8 ,h[ d ! s5sible temp]atures v>y8 ,9 :at wea!r conditions d ! s5sible temp]atures diff] mo/ f ! air temp]atures8 ,9 :at seasons8 ,comp>e ! s5sible temp]atures obta9$ by y\r own obs]vations ) ! s5sible temp]atures at v>i\s /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 z giv5 on ! daily wea!r map4 ,are !re any fairly regul> diff]5ces betwe5 ! s5sible temp]atures obs]v$ at y\r own /ation & ! ,wea!r ,bureau /ations8 ,/&>d ,m]curial ,b>omet]4----,a simple =m ( b>omet] has be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ord9>y /&>d m]curial b>omet] us$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau 7,fig4 #aj7 has ! glass tube conta9+ ! m]cury surr\nd$ by a ?9 brass cov]+1 ?r\gh :i* op5+s are cut1 ne> ! top1 on ! front & back1 expos+ to view ! glass tube & ! top ( ! m]cury column4 ,on "o side ( ?is op5+ !re is a /rip ( metal1 graduat$ to in*es & t5?s or tw5tie?s1 by means ( :i* ! height ( ! b>omet] is det]m9$4 ,?is /rip1 = b>omet]s us$ at or ne> sea level1 is ab\t #d in*es long1 ! v>iations 9 pressure "u normal conditions n exce$+ t am\nt4 ,9 addition to ?is fix$ scale !re is a small scale1 also graduat$1 :i* may be mov$ up & d[n ! op5+ 9 ! enclos+ brass case by means ( a mill$ head outside & a small rack & p9ion inside ! brass case4 ,?is movable scale1 kn[n z ! v]ni] f ! "n ( its inv5tor1 ,v]ni]1 is an +5i\s device1 by means ( :i* m accurate read+s ( ! b>omet] c be made ?an is possible ) ! ord9>y fix$ scale4 ,a v]ni] graduat$ into tw5ty-five p>ts enables ! obs]v] to make read+s accurately to ! "o-?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,on ! front ( ! b>omet] !re is a small !rmomet]1 kn[n z ! atta*$ !rmomet]4 ,! bulb ( ?is !rmomet]1 conceal$ )9 ! metal cas+ ( ! b>omet]1 is ne>ly 9 contact ) ! glass tube conta9+ ! m]cury4 ,! air1 ^u ^: weight ! height ( ! m]cury column dep5ds1 ga9s access to ! top ( ! ci/]n ?r\gh lea!r jo9ts1 by :i* ! ci/]n is jo9$ to ! glass tube4 ,m]curial b>omet]s ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n are be/ hung 9 a b>omet] box1 fa/5$ securely aga9/ ! wall ( a room1 :]e !re is a good light on ! in/rum5t & :]e ! temp]ature is z con/ant z possible4 ,9 all accurate "w c]ta9 corrections h to be appli$ to b>omet] read+s to make !m /rictly comp>able4 ,^! are3 7#a7 correction = altitude2 7#b7 correction = temp]ature2 & 7#c7 correction = latitude4 ,! fir/ is necess>y because ( ! fact t ! weight ( ! air decreases upw>ds1 & a b>omet] read+ on a hill or a m\nta9 is n comp>able ) "o at sea level unless ! =m] has be5 correct$ by ! addition ( ! weight ( ! column ( air betwe5 ! hill or m\nta9 & sea level4 ,! correction = temp]ature is r5d]$ necess>y by ! fact t ) increas+ temp]ature ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] tube exp&s m ?an ! metallic scale1 because m]cury is m s5sitive to heat1 & unless "s all[ance is made = ?is fact1 b>omet] read+s made at high temp]atures w %[ some:at too high a pressure4 ,! read+s ( ! atta*$ !rmomet] give ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury & are us$ 9 mak+ ! corrections = temp]ature4 ,z gravity v>ies f a maximum value at ! poles to a m9imum value at ! equator1 b>omet] read+s made at diff]5t latitudes are correct$ = latitude1 :i* means t !y are r$uc$ to latitude #de1 midway betwe5 #j & #ij4 ,! correction is #j4jh at ! poles & -#j4jh at ! equator4 ,tables = use 9 correct+ b>omet] read+s = altitude & = temp]ature are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,!rmograph & ,b>ograph4----,two in/rum5ts ( mu* int]e/ are ! self-record+ !rmomet]1 or !rmograph1 & ! self-record+ b>omet]1 or b>ograph1 manufactur$ by ,ri*>d ,bro!rs ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! !rmograph 7,fig4 #aa7 !re is a brass cyl9d] ar\nd :i* a %eet ( pap] is w\nd1 ?is pap] be+ divid$ into two-h\r int]vals ( "t & into spaces repres5t+ diff]5ces ( #e or #aj ( temp]ature4 ,! cyl9d] revolves once 9 a week1 be+ driv5 by clock-"w conta9$ )9 x4 ,! !rmomet] consi/s ( a flat1 b5t1 holl[ brass tube conta9+ alcohol1 "o end ( ! tube be+ fa/5$ to ! metallic frame se5 at ! "r ( ! figure1 & ! o!r end be+ free to move4 ,) ris+ temp]ature1 ! liquid 9 ! tube exp&+ m ?an ! metallic cas+1 by reason ( its great] s5sitiv5ess to heat1 t5ds to /raight5 ! tube1 :ile ) fall+ temp]ature ! ela/icity ( ! tube turns x into a %>p] curve4 ,^! movem5ts ( ! free end ( ! tube are c>ri$ ?r\gh a tra9 ( lev]s & ?us magnifi$4 ,at ! end ( ! la/ lev] is a metallic p5 fill$ ) ink1 :i* re/s lightly aga9/ ! pap] on ! revolv+ drum4 ,a rise or fall 9 temp]ature is ?us record$ by a rise or fall ( ! p5 on ! record %eet1 & a cont9u\s curve ( temp]ature is secur$4 ,! p5 ( ! !rmograph %\ld be frequ5tly adju/$ to make ! read+ ( ! in/rum5t accord ) t ( a /&>d m]curial !rmomet]1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! clock keep good "t4 ,^! adju/m5ts c readily be made by means ( a screw & a regulator1 respectively4 ,! !rmograph %\ld be expos$ 9 ! in/rum5t %elt] ) ! o!r !rmomet]s4 ,! %eets %\ld be *ang$1 ! clock w\nd1 & ! p5 fill$ once a week1 pref]ably on ,monday1 at #h ,a4,m41 or at noon4 ,! cont9u\s records writt5 by a !rmograph are a valuable addition to ! fragm5t>y obs]vations :i* are ! result ( eye read+s ( ! ord9>y !rmomet]4 ,f ! =m] any omitt$ !rmomet] read+s may be suppli$4 ,! int]e/ ( !rmograph records may be se5 9 ! foll[+ figure 7,fig4 #ab71 9 :i* curves trac$ "u diff]5t conditions are reproduc$4 ,curve a illu/rates a p]iod ( cle> w>m+ wea!r at ,na%ua1 ,n4 ,h41 ,april #bg-cj1 #ahhi4 ,curve b 0 trac$ dur+ a spell ( cl\dy wea!r at ,na%ua1 accompany+ ! passage ( a ,we/ ,india hurricane1 ,sept4 #ac-af1 #ahhi4 ,curve c illu/rates ! *ange f a "t ( mod]ate w9t] wea!r to a cold spell 7,na%ua1 ,feb4 #bb-be1 #ahhi74 ,curve d exhibits a /eady fall ( temp]ature f ! night ( "o day ov] ! next noon to ! foll[+ night1 dur+ ! approa* ( a w9t] cold spell 7,na%ua1 ,jan4 #ai-ba1 #ahhi74 ,curve e %[s a rev]se condition1 viz41 a cont9u\s rise ( temp]ature ?r\gh a night f noon to noon 7,na%ua1 ,dec4 #af-ag1 #ahhh74 ,curve f %[s ! occurr5ce ( a high temp]ature at night1 caus$ by w>m s\!rly w9ds1 foll[$ by cold we/]ly w9ds 7,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,nov4 #cj-;,dec4 #a1 #ahij74 ,curve g illu/rates ! sudd5 rise ( temp]ature due to ! com+ ( a hot1 dry w9d 7*9ook7 at ,=t ,ass9ibo9e1 ,mont4 7,jan4 #ai1 #ahib74 ,a /udy ( su* records leads to ! discov]y ( _m important facts1 :i* w\ld be completely lo/ sight ( )\t a cont9u\s record4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! b>ograph 7,fig4 #ac7 is v simil> to ! !rmograph 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,! ess5tial portion ( ?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a s]ies ( six or eight holl[ %ells ( corrugat$ metal screw$ "o ov] ! o!r 9 a v]tical column4 ,^! %ells are exhau/$ ( air1 & =m1 9 reality1 an an]oid b>omet] :i* is six or eight times z s5sitive z ! ord9>y s+le-*amb] an]oid4 ,! spr+s = di/5d+ ! %ells are inside4 ,! base ( ! column be+ fix$1 ! upp] end rises & falls ) ! v>iations 9 pressure4 ,! movem5ts ( ! %ells are magnifi$ by be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( lev]s1 &1 z 9 ! !rmograph1 ! motion is f9ally giv5 to a p5 at ! end ( ! long lev]4 ,! comp5sation = temp]ature is ! same z 9 ! ord9>y an]oid4 ,a small quantity ( air is left 9 "o ( ! %ells to c\nt]act1 by its own expansion at increas$ temp]ature1 ! t5d5cy ( ! b>omet] to regi/] too l[ on acc\nt ( ! weak5+ ( ! spr+s4 ,! b>ograph may be plac$ ^u a %elf 9 ! s*oolroom1 :]e x c rema9 free f di/urbance1 & yet :]e ! record may be cle>ly se54 ,! g5]al c>e ( ! b>ograph is ! same z t ( ! !rmograph4 ,brief in/ructions conc]n+ ! c>e & adju/m5ts ( ^! in/rum5ts are s5t out by ! mak]s ) ea* in/rum5t4 ,frequ5t comp>ison ) a m]curial b>omet] is necess>y1 ! adju/m5t ( ! b>ograph be+ made by turn+ a screw1 und]nea? ! column ( %ells1 on ! l[] side ( ! wood5 case4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,b>ograph records are fully z int]e/+ z ^? made by ! !rmograph4 ,! week's record trac$ on ! writ]'s b>ograph dur+ a w9t] voyage f ,punta ,ar5as1 ,/rait ( ,magellan1 to ,corral1 ,*ile1 ,aug4 #b-i1 #ahig1 gives a /rik+ picture ( ! rapid & m>k$ *anges ( pressure dur+ sev5 days 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean 7,fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! foll[+ figure 7,fig4 #ae7 pres5ts samples ( b>ograph curves trac$ at ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 dur+ ,feb4 #bb-bh1 #ahhg1 & ,may #ag-bc1 #ahhg4 ,! ,febru>y curve illu/rates well ! l>ge & irregul> fluctuations 9 pressure1 *>act]i/ic ( our w9t] mon?s2 :ile ! ,may curve %[s cle>ly ! m ev5 quality ( ! pressure *anges 9 our summ]4 ,! anemomet] %[n 9 ,fig4 #af is ! mo/ g5]ally us$ ( in/rum5ts design$ to measure w9d velocity4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,rob9son cup anemomet]1 & consi/s ( f\r holl[ hemisph]ical cups ^u arms cross$ at "r angles1 & all fac+ ! same way ar\nd ! circle4 ,! cross-arms are fix$ ^u a v]tical axis hav+ an endless screw at its l[] end4 ,:5 ! cups move ar\nd1 ! endless screw turns two dials :i* regi/] ! numb] ( miles travel$ by ! w9d4 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n ( anemomet] has ! dials m\nt$ conc5trically1 ! out] dial hav+ #ajj1 & ! inn]1 #ii divisions4 ,! revolutions ( ! out] dial are record$ on ! inn] "o1 & 9 mak+ an obs]vation ( ! numb] ( miles travel$ by ! w9d1 ! hundr$s & t5s ( miles are tak5 f ! inn] dial1 & ! miles & t5?s f ! out] "o4 ,take f ! inn] scale ! hundr$s & t5s ( miles conta9$ betwe5 ! z]o ( t scale & ! z]o ( ! out] "o4 ,take on ! out] scale ! miles & t5?s ( miles conta9$ betwe5 ! z]o ( t scale & ! index po9t ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! sum ( ^! read+s is ! read+ ( ! in/rum5t at ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,w9d velocities are record$ 9 miles p] h\r4 ,! velocity ( ! w9d at any p>ticul> mom5t is f\nd by not+ ! numb] ( miles & t5?s ( miles record$ by ! index be=e & aft] an int]val ( "o m9ute1 or ( five m9utes1 & multiply+ ?is rate by #fj or by #ab z ! case may be4 ,?is gives ! numb] ( miles an h\r t ! w9d is bl[+ at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,records ( w9d velocity 79 miles p] h\r7 are to be made at ea* regul> obs]vation h\r1 & are to be ent]$ 9 ! prop] column ( ! table 9 y\r record book4 ,! total w9d movem5t 9 ea* #bd h\rs is to be obs]v$ once a day1 always at ! same h\r1 & is to be ent]$ 9 its prop] column 9 ! record book4 ,! total w9d movem5t = #bd h\rs is obta9$ z foll[s3 ,subtract ! read+ ( ! anemomet] at #ab noon 7or #h ,a4,m41 or any o!r h\r7 ( ! prec$+ day f ! read+ tak5 at #ab noon or ! correspond+ h\r ( ! curr5t day1 & ! diff]5ce w be ! total movem5t ( ! w9d4 ,:5 ! read+ ( ! anemomet] is less ?an ! read+ ( ! prec$+ day1 #iij miles %\ld be add$ to x2 & ! rema9d]1 aft] subtract+ ! read+ ( ! prec$+ day1 w be ! total w9d movem5t = ! #bd h\rs4 ,?us3 ,to-day's read+ #ia miles2 ye/]day's read+ #iej miles4 ,h5ce #ia #iij #ajha miles1 #ajha - #iej #aca miles total w9d movem5t = ! curr5t day4 ,by means ( an electrical atta*m5t ! anemomet] may be arrang$ s z to record cont9u\sly on a cyl9d] rotat+ by clock-"w1 a p5 mak+ a m>k on ! pap] = e mile travel$ by ! w9d4 ,! anemomet] %\ld be expos$ on top ( a build+ :]e !re is z little ob/ruction z possible by tall *imneys1 high] build+s1 & ! l4 ,! nephoscope 7,greek3 cl\d obs]v]7 is an in/rum5t us$ 9 det]m9+ ! directions ( movem5t ( cl\ds4 ,^! directions1 if det]m9$ by ord9>y eye obs]vation ( ! cl\ds z !y drift across ! sky1 are apt to be q inaccurate4 ,! be/ me?od ( obs]v+ directions ( cl\d movem5t is to note ! pa? ( ! reflection ( ! cl\d 9 a horizontal mirror1 ! obs]v] look+ at ?is reflection ?r\gh an eyepiece :i* rema9s fix$ dur+ ! op]ation4 ,su* a horizontal mirror1 adapt$ to measure ! direction ( motion ( cl\ds1 is kn[n z a nephoscope4 ,a =m ( nephoscope devis$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,clayton1 ( ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,mass41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a circul> mirror1 #ac in*es 9 diamet]1 sunk 9 a n>r[ circul> wood5 frame1 on top ( :i* is fa/5$ a brass circle1 ,s4,w4,n4,e41 divid$ to #e ( arc4 ,inside ( ?is fix$ circle is a movable brass "o1 to :i* is atta*$ a brass arc1 ,,bd1 ris+ above ! mirror & be>+ a movable eyepiece1 ,c4 ,?is arc =ms ! quadrant ( a circle ^: c5t] is ! c5t] ( ! mirror1 & is divid$ to #e ( arc4 ,its top is held v]tically ov] ! c5t] ( ! mirror by two rods fa/5$ to ! movable circle4 ,! c5t] ( ! mirror ,a is m>k$ by cross l9es on ! reflect+ surface1 ! glass ( :i* is ?94 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! motion ( a cl\d1 ! movable circle & tripod are revolv$ until ! arc ,,bd is 9 ! v]tical plane =m$ by ! cl\d1 ! c5t] ( ! mirror1 & ! eye4 ,! eyepiece ,c is !n %ift$ until "s po9t ( ! cl\d image1 z se5 ?r\gh ! eyepiece1 is project$ on ! int]section ( ! cross l9es on ! glass4 ,! cl\d image soon *anges its position1 & :ile ! eye is /ill held at ! eyepiece1 a small index is plac$ on ! "p ( ! cl\d image :i* previ\sly appe>$ on ! c5t] ( ! mirror4 ,if n[ a rul] be plac$ on ! index & ! c5t] ( ! mirror & ext5d$ backw>d1 its int]section ) ! divid$ scale w give ! direction f :i* ! cl\d came to ! ne>e/ degree1 if all ! measurem5ts h be5 accurately made4 ,! height ( ! cl\d above ! horizon is f\nd by read+ ! position ( ! eyepiece on ! divid$ quadrant4 ,! nephoscope may be plac$ on a table1 out ( doors 9 f9e wea!r1 or close to a w9d[ f :i* ! cl\ds to be obs]v$ c be se54 ,! in/rum5t mu/ be prop]ly ori5t$1 s t ! f\r po9ts m>k$ ,n41 ,e41 ,s41 & ,w4 on ! frame %all correspond to ! f\r *ief compass directions4 ,! z]o 7#j7 ( ! movable brass scale is usually put at ! ,s4 ,h5ce1 if a cl\d is f\nd mov+ f exactly ,,sw41 ! angul> measurem5t ( its direction ( motion w be #de4 ,if a cl\d is mov+ f due ,e41 ! angul> measurem5t ( its direction ( motion w be #bgj4 ,:5 ! sky is completely ov]ca/ ) a uni=m lay] ( cl\d1 x is usually impossible to det]m9e any direction ( movem5t1 because ( ! difficulty ( select+ & keep+ 9 view1 on ! mirror1 "s p>ticul> po9t ( cl\d4 ,obs]vations ) ! nephoscope may be made z (t5 z is desir$1 & %\ld be ent]$ 9 an appropriate column 9 ! record book4 ,tabulation ( ,obs]vations4----,a conv5i5t =m ( table :i* may be us$ 9 ! complete in/rum5tal obs]vations is giv5 on ! next page4 ,! numb] ( columns & _! arrangem5t may1 ( c\rse1 be v>i$ to suit ! numb] & ! nature ( ! records4 ,summ>y ( ,obs]vations4----,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h se5 h[ to obta9 ! mean mon?ly temp]ature f ! daily obs]vations1 ! frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t w9d directions = ea* mon?1 & ! total mon?ly precipitation4 ,! addition ( ! new in/rum5ts1 ! maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s1 ! psy*romet]1 ! anemomet]1 & ! nephoscope1 enables u to obta9 ! foll[+ additional data 9 our mon?ly summ>ies4 ,temp]ature4----,! mean mon?ly temp]ature may be obta9$ f ! maximum & m9imum temp]atures z foll[s3 ,add toge!r all ! daily maximum & m9imum temp]atures = a mon?4 ,divide ?is sum by ! total numb] ( read+s y h made ( ea* !rmomet] 7i4e41 "o read+ ( ! maximum & "o ( ! m9imum ea* day1 mak+ two read+s a day71 & ! result w be ! mean mon?ly temp]ature d]iv$ f ! maximum & m9imum temp]ature4 ,?is is a m accurate mean temp]ature ?an ! "o not$ 9 ! summ>y ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,add toge!r all ! maximum temp]atures not$ dur+ "o mon?4 ,divide ?is sum by ! numb] ( obs]vations1 & ! result gives ! mean maximum temp]ature = ! mon?4 ,,table ,,= ,,meteorological ,,record4 ,,date4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,h\r4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,pressure 79 in*es74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,dry ,,bulb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,wet ,,bulb4 ,,temp]ature4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,max4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,m94 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,dew-,,po9t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,relative ,,humidity4 ,,humidity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,direction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,velocity ,,w9d4 7miles p] hr474 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,total ,,miles ,,p] ,,day4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,k9d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,am\nt 79 t5?s74 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,direction ,,( ,,cl\ds4 ,,movem5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,angul> ,,altitude ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,"t ,,( ,,beg9n+ ,,& ,,end+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,k9d4 ,,precipitation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,am\nt4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,rem>ks4 ,a simil> op]ation appli$ to ! m9imum temp]atures gives ! mean m9imum temp]ature = ! mon?4 ,9 meteorological summ>ies x is cu/om>y also to include ! absolute maximum & ! absolute m9imum temp]atures1 i4e41 ! highe/ & l[e/ s+le read+s ( ! !rmomet] made dur+ ea* mon?4 ,^! c easily be det]m9$ by simple inspection ( y\r record book4 ,note also ! dates on :i* ! absolute maximum & ! absolute m9imum occurr$4 ,! absolute mon?ly range ( temp]ature is ! diff]5ce1 9 degrees1 betwe5 ! absolute maximum & ! absolute m9imum4 ,humidity4----,! mean relative humidity is obta9$ by add+ toge!r all ! diff]5t p]c5tages ( relative humidity obta9$ dur+ ! mon?1 & divid+ ?is sum by ! :ole numb] ( obs]vations ( ?is wea!r elem5t4 ,w9d4----,! mean velocity ( ! w9d correspond+ to ! diff]5t w9d directions is readily obta9$ by add+ toge!r all ! diff]5t velocities 79 miles p] h\r7 obs]v$ 9 w9ds f ! diff]5t directions1 & divid+ ^! sums by ! numb] ( cases4 ,! w9d summ>ies w ?us give ! frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t directions dur+ ea* mon?1 & ! correspond+ mean velocities4 ,! maximum h\rly w9d velocity is obta9$ by inspection ( ! velocity column4 ,! total mon?ly w9d movem5t is readily d$uc$ f ! daily records 9 ! twelf? column ( ! table on p4 #dd4 ,/ate ( ! ,sky4----,9 connection ) ! m advanc$ records describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ! obs]vations ( cl\d9ess %\ld record ! numb] ( t5?s ( ! sky cl\dy1 z closely z ! am\nt c be e/imat$ by eye1 in/ead ( indicat+ ! /ate ( ! sky z cl\dy1 fair1 etc4 ,a detail$ record ( cl\d9ess 9 t5?s gives opportunity to det]m9e ! mean cl\d9ess = ea* mon?1 by av]ag+1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!r means already describ$4 ,if nephoscope obs]vations are made1 ! mon?ly summ>y may include ! mean direction ( cl\d movem5t = ea* mon?4 ,?is is obta9$ by add+ toge!r all ! diff]5t angul> measurem5ts ( directions ( cl\d movem5t1 & divid+ by ! :ole numb] ( su* obs]vations4 ,by means ( y\r mon?ly summ>ies comp>e "o mon? ) ano!r4 ,notice h[ ! means & ! extremes ( ! diff]5t wea!r elem5ts are relat$2 h[ !y v>y f mon? to mon?4 ,are !re any progressive *anges 9 temp]ature1 cl\d9ess1 precipitation1 etc41 f mon? to mon?8 ,:at are ! *anges8 ,summ>ize1 9 a %ort writt5 /atem5t1 ! meteorological *>act]i/ics ( ea* mon? z %[n by y\r tables4 ,,"p ,,iii4----,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,wea!r ,,maps4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,daily ,,wea!r ,,map4 ,! fir/ daily wea!r maps 7 issu$ 9 connection ) ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea 9 ,london4 ,! data 7 collect$ by ! ,electric ,telegraph ,company & transmitt$ to ,london ov] its wires4 ,^! maps 7 publi%$ & sold daily 7except+ ,sundays7 f ,aug4 #h to ,oct4 #aa1 #ahea4 ,! fir/ (ficial wea!r map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,s]vice 0 prep>$ 9 manuscript on ,nov4 #a1 #ahgj1 & on ,jan4 #ad1 #ahga1 ! "w ( manifold+ ! maps = di/ribution 0 begun at ,wa%+ton4 ,previ\s to ! publication ( ?is gov]nm5t map1 ,pr(essor ,clevel& ,abbe _h issu$ 9 ,c9c9nati1 ) ! support ( ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( t city1 ! fir/ curr5t wea!r maps publi%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,feb4 #bd to ,dec4 #aj1 #ahgj74 ,9 ,france1 daily wea!r maps h be5 publi%$ cont9u\sly s9ce ,sept4 #af1 #ahfc4 ,two ?+s are ess5tial = ! publication ( a daily synoptic wea!r map2 fir/1 simultane\s meteorological obs]vations ov] an ext5d$ area2 &1 second1 ! imm$iate collection ( ^! obs]vations by telegraph4 ,! wea!r map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is bas$ on simultane\s obs]vations made at ab\t #aej /ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is c\ntry1 besides sev]al cop]at+ /ations 9 ,canada1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,at ea* ( our /ations1 ^: location may be se5 on any wea!r map1 ! ,wea!r ,bureau employs "o or m obs]v]s1 :o1 twice a day1 at #h ,a4,m4 & #h ,p4,m41 8,ea/]n ,/&>d ,"t10 make regul> obs]vations ( ! ord9>y wea!r elem5ts1 i4e41 temp]ature1 pressure1 humidity1 w9d direction & velocity1 precipitation1 cl\d9ess1 etc4 ,! in/rum5ts at ^! /ations are all /&>d1 b ! complet5ess ( ! equipm5t v>ies accord+ to ! importance ( ! /ation4 ,! #h ,a4,m4 obs]vations are ! only ones n[ g5]ally us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( wea!r maps4 ,:5 ! ,wea!r ,s]vice 0 fir/ e/abli%$1 tri-daily *>ts 7 = "s "t issu$ f ! c5tral (fice 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,on ,april #a1 #ahhh1 ! numb] 0 r$uc$ to two a day1 & on ,sept4 #cj1 #ahie1 a fur!r *ange 0 made1 & n[ !re is b "o map a day4 ,! #h ,a4,m4 obs]vations1 z soon z made1 are correct$ = c]ta9 in/rum5tal errors1 & ! b>omet] read+s are r$uc$ to sea level4 ,! data are !n put into ciph]1 n = secrecy1 b to facilitate transmission & to less5 ! *ances ( error1 & are telegraph$ f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry to ! c5tral (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,besides s5d+ _! own messages to ,wa%+ton1 all ! important /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau receive1 by a c>efully devis$ sy/em ( telegraphic circuits1 a suffici5t numb] ( ! reports f o!r /ations to enable _! obs]v]s to draw & issue local wea!r maps4 ,! obs]vations are receiv$ at ! c5tral (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton by special wires1 & are usually all !re )9 an h\r aft] ! read+s 7 made4 ,z ! messages are receiv$ 9 ! =eca/ room1 !y are translat$ f ! ciph] back aga9 into ! orig9al =m1 & ! data are ent]$ ^u blank maps4 ,! (ficial *>g$ ) mak+ ! =eca/s !n draws ^u ! maps l9es ( equal temp]ature1 l9es ( equal pressure1 l9es ( equal pressure-*ange & temp]ature-*ange dur+ ! pa/ #bd h\rs4 ,^! sev]al sets ( l9es1 toge!r ) ^? %[+ ! regions ( precipitation dur+ ! pa/ #bd h\rs1 furni% ! necess>y data on :i* ! =eca/s c be bas$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! =eca/ (ficial has be=e him1 on ! sev]al maps1 a bird's-eye view ( ! wea!r conditions ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates z !y 7 an h\r be=e1 & also ( ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ^! conditions dur+ ! prec$+ #bd h\rs4 ,?us1 by kn[+ ! g5]al laws :i* gov]n ! movem5ts ( areas ( high & l[ temp]ature1 ( fair & /ormy wea!r1 across ! c\ntry1 he c make a pr$iction z to ! probable conditions :i* any /ate or section ( ! c\ntry w exp]i5ce 9 #ab1 #bd1 or #cf h\rs4 ,9 a lat] *apt] "s sugge/ions w be giv5 = /udies ( =eca/+4 ,! =eca/s made 9 ,wa%+ton1 & pr9t$ on ! ,wa%+ton daily wea!r map1 relate to all sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & include pr$ictions ( cold waves1 kill+ fro/s1 /orm w9ds1 riv] floods1 & ! l1 besides ! ord9>y *anges 9 wea!r conditions4 ,^! =eca/s1 z soon z made1 are at once giv5 to ! local newspap]s & to ! press associations4 ,!y are also s5t by telegraph to all regul> /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & to all /ations at :i* caution>y or /orm signals are to be display$1 along ! ,atlantic or ,gulf coa/s1 & on ! ,great ,lakes4 ,! ,wa%+ton wea!r map is ab\t #bd by #af in*es 9 size1 & is newly li?ograph$ ea* day4 ,! total numb] ( maps issu$ f ! c5tral (fice dur+ ! fiscal ye> end+ ,june #cj1 #ahih1 0 #caj1bej4 ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are n[ #hd /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 at :i* daily wea!r maps are issu$ & local =eca/s made4 ,^! latt] =eca/s are made by a corps ( local =eca/ (ficials1 ea* ( :om has to make ! wea!r pr$iction = 8 own di/rict4 ,at fir/1 & until )9 a few ye>s1 "o pr$ict+ (fic] 9 ,wa%+ton made all ! =eca/s = ! c\ntry1 b x 0 f\nd bett] to h ! c\ntry divid$ into geographical sections1 ov] ea* "o ( :i* ! meteorological conditions are fairly simil>1 & to h a local =eca/ (ficial 9 *>ge ( ea* section4 ,^! local =eca/ (ficials h ! d\ble advantage ( be+ able to /udy ! wea!r conditions ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 z s5t !m by telegraph ea* morn+1 & also ( kn[+ ! special peculi>ities ( _! own regions4 ,?is enables !m to make m accurate pr$ictions ?an c be made by an (ficial :o may be "o or two ?\s& miles di/ant1 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! great] portion ( ! maps issu$ at ! map /ations outside ( ,wa%+ton are prep>$ by :at is kn[n z ! *alk-plate process1 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,smi?1 local =eca/ (ficial at ,bo/on4 ,?is process is z foll[s3 ,a ?9 cov]+ ( specially prep>$ *alk1 #a_/h ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 is spread ^u a /eel plate ( ! size ( ! prospective wea!r map4 ,on ?is *alk are engrav$1 by means ( suitable in/rum5ts1 ! v>i\s wea!r symbols1 ! l9es ( equal pressure & ( equal temp]ature1 & ! w9d arr[s4 ,! plate is !n /]eotyp$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 & pr9t$ on a %eet prep>$ = ! purpose1 :i* has a blank outl9e map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! top1 & space 9 ! l[] half = ! =eca/s1 summ>y1 & tables4 ,! size ( ! *alk-plate map itself is #aj by #f-a_/b in*es2 ! size ( ! :ole %eet1 :i* includes also ! text & tables1 #af by #aa in*es4 ,wea!r maps prep>$ by ! *alk-plate process are n[ issu$ f #bh ( ! #hd /ations :i* publi% daily maps4 ,at ! rema9+ /ations ! maps are prep>$ by a /5cil process1 ! size ( ! map be+ #ac-a_/b by #bb in*es4 ,! total numb] ( wea!r maps issu$ at ! v>i\s /ations dur+ ! fiscal ye> #ahig-ahih 0 #e1bci1cjj4 ,besides record+ ! usual meteorological data1 & publi%+ wea!r maps & =eca/s1 ! v>i\s /ations ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau s]ve z di/ribut+ c5t]s = cold wave1 fro/1 flood1 & /orm w>n+s4 ,^! w>n+s are promptly s5t out by telegraph1 telephone1 & mail4 ,besides ^! usual me?ods ( di/ribut+ =eca/s1 o!r means h also be5 adopt$4 ,9 "s places factory :i/les are employ$ to in=m ^? )9 he>+ z to ! com+ wea!r2 railway tra9s are provid$ ) flags1 ^: v>i\s colors ann\nce to ^? :o are ne> ! tra9 fair or /ormy wea!r1 ris+ or fall+ temp]ature2 & at num]\s s-call$ 8display /ations10 scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry1 ! =eca/s are widely dissem9at$ by means ( flags4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,temp]ature4 ,a4 ,l9es ( ,equal ,temp]ature4----,temp]ature is ! mo/ important ( all ! wea!r elem5ts4 ,x is !re=e ) a /udy ( ! di/ribution ( temp]ature ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! mann] ( repres5t+ t di/ribution1 t we beg9 our ex]cises 9 map draw+4 ,9 c>ry+ out ! "w we %all proce$ 9 a way simil> to t adopt$ by ! (ficials ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton & at ! o!r map-publi%+ /ations ov] ! c\ntry4 ,ent] on a blank wea!r map ! temp]ature read+s f\nd 9 ! fir/ column ( ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,^! read+s are giv5 9 degrees ( ! ord9>y ,fahr5heit scale ^? :i* are prec$$ by ! m9us sign 7-7 be+ bel[ z]o1 & 7 made at ! same "t 7#g ,a4,m41 8,ea/]n ,/&>d ,"t07 all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,make y\r figures small b di/9ct1 & place !m close to ! diff]5t /ations to :i* !y belong4 ,?is is done e morn+ at ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton1 :5 ! telegraphic reports ( wea!r conditions come 9 f all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,:5 all ! temp]ature read+s h be5 ent]$ on ! outl9e map1 y h be=e y a view ( ! actual temp]ature di/ribution ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at #g ,a4,m41 on ! fir/ day ( ! s]ies4 ,describe ! di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 g5]al t]ms1 comp>+ & contra/+ ! diff]5t sections ( ! c\ntry 9 respect to _! temp]ature conditions4 ,:]e are ! l[e/ temp]atures8 ,:]e are ! highe/8 ,:at 0 ! l[e/ !rmomet] read+ record$ any:]e on ! morn+ ( ?is day8 ,at :at /ation 0 ?is read+ made8 ,:at 0 ! highe/ temp]ature record$8 ,& at :at /ation 0 ?is read+ made8 ,notice t ! w>me/ di/ricts on ! map are 9 ,florida1 along ! ,gulf ,coa/1 & along ! coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 ,! m>k$ contra/s 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! ,nor?we/ & ! ,pacific & ,gulf ,coa/s at once sugge/ a reason :y ,florida & ,s\!rn ,cali=nia are favorite w9t] resorts4 ,to ^! favor$ di/ricts great numb]s ( p :o wi% to escape ! sev]e cold ( w9t] 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates travel e ye>1 & "h !y enjoy mild temp]ature & prevail+ly sunny wea!r4 ,to ! cold ,nor?we/1 on ! o!r h&1 f> f ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,pacific1 :]e ! days are %ort & ! sun /&s l[ 9 ! sky1 no seek]s aft] heal? travel4 ,?is annual w9t] migration f ! cities ( ! ,nor? to ,florida & ,s\!rn ,cali=nia has l$ to ! build+ ( great hotels 9 favor$ locations 9 ^! ,/ates1 & dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ fa/ express tra9s1 spl5didly equipp$1 are run f nor? to s\? & f s\? to nor? along ! ,atlantic ,coa/ to accommodate ! great numb]s ( travel]s betwe5 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,bo/on1 ,*icago1 & o!r l>ge nor!rn cities1 & ! ,florida w9t] resorts4 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia also is rapidly develop+ z a w9t] resort1 & rivals ! f>-fam$ ,rivi]a ( ,s\!rn ,europe z a mild & sunny retreat f ! sev]e climates ( ! m nor!rn latitudes4 ,! control :i* meteorological conditions ex]cise ov] travel & ov] habitability is ?us cle>ly %[n4 ,florida & ,s\!rn ,cali=nia are also regions 9 :i*1 ow+ to ! mildness ( _! w9t] climates1 c]ta9 fruits1 su* z oranges & lemons1 :i* are n f\nd else:]e 9 ! c\ntry1 c be gr[n out ( doors1 & ^! are %ipp$ to all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,let u take ano!r /ep 9 ord] to emphasize m cle>ly ! di/ribution ( temp]ature ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates on ! fir/ day ( our s]ies4 ,draw a l9e :i* %all sep>ate all places hav+ a temp]ature above #cj f ^? hav+ temp]atures bel[ #cj1 #cj be+ ne>ly ! freez+ po9t &1 !re=e1 a critical temp]ature4 ,evid5tly ?is w help u to make our description ( ! temp]ature di/ribution m detail$4 ,if ?is l9e is to sep>ate places hav+ temp]atures above #cj f ^? hav+ temp]atures bel[ #cj1 x mu/ evid5tly pass ?r\gh all places ^: temp]ature is exactly #cj4 ,exam9e ! !rmomet] read+s ent]$ on y\r map to see :e!r !re are any :i* indicate exactly #cj4 ,y w f9d ?is read+ at ,norfolk1 ,va41 ,wilm+ton1 ,s4 ,c41 ,atlanta1 ,ga41 ,*attanooga1 ,t5n41 ,ft4 ,smi?1 ,ark41 & ,portl&1 ,ore4 ,?r\gh all ^! /ations ! l9e ( #cj mu/ be drawn4 ,beg9 ! l9e on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ at ,norfolk1 ,va41 & draw x :]ev] y f9d a !rmomet] read+ ( #cj4 ,x is be/ to trace ! l9e fa9tly ) p5cil at fir/1 s t any mi/akes c be easily rectifi$1 & x %\ld be drawn 9 smoo? curves1 n 9 angles4 ,f ,norfolk ! l9e mu/ run s\?we/ ?r\gh ,wilm+ton1 & !n we/w>d ?r\gh ,atlanta1 pass+ j nor? ( ,augu/a1 :i* has #ca4 ,f ,atlanta ! l9e goes nor?we/ ?r\gh ,*attanooga1 & !nce we/w>d1 curv+ s\? ( ,memphis 7#bh7 & ,little ,rock 7#bf71 & !n nor?we/w>d aga9 ?r\gh ,ft4 ,smi?4 ,9 fix+ ! exact position ( ! #cj l9e s\? ( ,memphis & ,little ,rock1 ! foll[+ consid]ations mu/ be our guide3 ,memphis has #bh2 ,vicksburg has #ce4 ,nei!r ( ^! /ations has #cj4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t y _h />t$ f ,memphis1 ) a !rmomet]1 & _h travel$ v rapidly to ,vicksburg4 ,! !rmomet] read+ at />t+ 9 ,memphis w\ld h be5 #bh1 & at ! end ( y\r j\rney 9 ,vicksburg x w\ld h be5 #ce1 presum+ t no *ange 9 temp]ature at ei!r /ation took place dur+ ! j\rney4 ,evid5tly ! m]cury rose dur+ ! j\rney1 & 9 ris+ f #bh to #ce x mu/1 some:]e on ! way1 h /ood at exactly #cj4 ,n[ ?is place1 :]e ! temp]ature 0 exactly #cj1 is ! po9t ?r\gh :i* our #cj l9e ought to pass4 ,h[ are we to det]m9e its location8 ,assume1 z is always done 9 su* cases1 t ! temp]ature increas$ at a uni=m rate betwe5 ,memphis & ,vicksburg4 ,! total rise 0 f #bh to #ce #g4 ,9 ord] to f9d a temp]ature #g high] ?an at ,memphis1 y _h to travel ! :ole di/ance f ,memphis to ,vicksburg4 ,suppose y _h only wi%$ to f9d a temp]ature #e high]4 ,!n1 assum+ a uni=m rate ( increase betwe5 ! two /ations1 y w\ld h _h to travel only #e_/g ( ! di/ance1 & y\r !rmomet] at t place w\ld h read #bh #e #cc4 ,b assume y _h want$ to f9d ! place :]e ! !rmomet] /ood at #cj4 ,9 ?is case y w\ld h be5 oblig$ to g b #b_/g ( ! total di/ance f ,memphis to ,vicksburg1 & at t po9t y\r !rmomet] read+ w\ld h be5 #bh #b #cj1 :i* is ! po9t we wi% to f9d4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 :5 we d n f9d ! exact temp]ature we are look+ = on ! map1 we c calculate :]e t temp]ature prevails by not+ places :i* h temp]atures some:at high] & some:at l[]1 & proce$+ z 9 ! case j describ$4 ,take ano!r example4 ,little ,rock1 ,ark41 has #bf2 ,%reveport1 ,la41 has #dj4 #dj - #bf #ad1 :i* is ! total diff]5ce4 ,f #bf to #cj is #d4 ,!re=e a po9t #d_/ad or #b_/g ( ! di/ance f ,little ,rock to ,%reveport %\ld h a temp]ature ( #bf #d #cj1 :i* is ! po9t we wi% to f9d1 & ?r\gh :i* our #cj l9e mu/ pass4 ,f ,ft4 ,smi? ! l9e _c g nor? or nor?we/ or we/1 because ! temp]atures !re are all bel[ #cj4 ,to ! s\? ! temp]atures are all above #cj4 ,evid5tly !re is only "o direction 9 :i* y c prolong ! l9e1 & t is to ! s\?we/4 ,temp]atures ( #cj _c be f\nd nor? ( ,el ,paso 7#bh71 because !re ! temp]ature di/9ctly falls1 ,santa ,f hav+ #d1 ,d5v]1 -#ad1 & ,*ey5ne1 -#bc4 ,!re=e temp]atures above #bh mu/ be f\nd s\? ( ,el ,paso4 ,f ,ft4 ,smi? y may1 !re=e1 cont9ue ! #cj l9e s\?we/ & we/1 pass+ close to ,el ,paso1 b to ! s\? ( x4 ,9 det]m9+ ! fur!r c\rse ( ! #cj l9e1 note t ,yuma & all ! ,cali=nia /ations h temp]atures above #cj1 :ile ,w9nemucca1 ,nev41 has #ac1 & ,portl&1 ,ore41 has exactly #cj4 ,f ,el ,paso y may1 !re=e1 cont9ue ! l9e to ! nor?we/1 pass+ up ?r\gh ,c5tral ,cali=nia p>allel ) ! coa/ l9e1 & to ! ea/ ( all ! ,cali=nia /ations & ( ,roseburg1 ,ore41 & !nce runn+ ?r\gh ,portl&1 ,ore41 end+ j we/ ( ,seattle1 ,wa%4 ,notice t ! #cj l9e %\ld be ne>] to ,sacram5to1 ,cal41 ) #cf1 ?an to ,r$ ,bluff ) #dd4 ,?us y h drawn ! l9e :i* passes ?r\gh all places t h a temp]ature ( #cj on ! map "u discussion4 ,?is may be call$ a l9e ( equal temp]ature4 ,iso!rm1 a comp\nd ( two ,greek words mean+ equal temp]ature1 is ! "n giv5 9 meteorology to su* l9es z ?is4 ,y h drawn ! iso!rm ( #cj4 ,all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor? & ea/ ( ?is l9e are bel[ #cj1 :ile all di/ricts s\? & we/ ( x are above #cj4 ,y see1 !re=e1 h[ mu* easi] ! draw+ ( ?is "o l9e has made ! description ( ! temp]ature di/ribution ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c>ry ?is process a /ep fur!r by draw+ ! l9e :i* %all pass ?r\gh all places ) a temp]ature ( #dj4 ,?is l9e beg9s at ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 7#dj71 & runs we/1 pass+ betwe5 ,montgom]y1 ,ala4 7#cc71 & ,p5sacola1 ,fla4 7#df74 ,!nce x turns to ! nor?we/1 pass+ betwe5 ,vicksburg1 ,miss4 7#ce71 & ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 7#dh71 & ?r\gh ,%reveport1 ,la4 7#dj74 ,f ,%reveport x turns to ! s\?we/1 pass+ to ! nor? & we/ ( ,pale/9e1 ,tex4 7#df71 & d[n ?r\gh ,san ,antonio1 ,tex4 7#dj74 ,its fur!r exact location _c be det]m9$ 9 ,mexico1 because !re are no obs]vations f ,mexican /ations1 b ! read+s at ,yuma1 ,ariz4 7#da71 & at ,san ,diego 7#db71 ,los ,angeles 7#dd71 ,san ,francisco 7#de71 ,r$ ,bluff 7#dd71 & ,cape ,m5doc9o 7#dc71 all 9 ,cali=nia1 %[ t ! #dj iso!rm may be />t$ aga9 j nor? ( ,yuma1 & may be c>ri$ up ?r\gh ,cali=nia1 ne>ly p>allel ) ! ,pacific ,coa/1 end+ betwe5 ,cape ,m5doc9o1 ,cal4 7#dc71 & ,roseburg1 ,ore4 7#cg74 ,y h n[ drawn ! iso!rms ( #cj & ( #dj1 & 9 ord] to avoid confusion1 m>k ! ends ( ! fir/ l9e #cj & ! ends ( ! second l9e #dj4 ,iso!rms on wea!r maps are drawn = e ev5 #aj ( temp]ature4 ,!y are drawn 9 smoo? curves & n 9 angul> sections4 ,two iso!rms _c cross "o ano!r1 = if !y did y w\ld h two temp]atures1 diff]+ by #aj1 at ! po9t ( cross+1 :i* is obvi\sly impossible4 ,complete ! *>t = ?is day by draw+ ! rema9+ iso!rms1 i4e41 ^? = #ej1 #bj1 #aj1 #j1 -#aj1 -#bj1 & -#cj1 be>+ 9 m9d :at has be5 said 9 reg>d to ! det]m9ation ( ! positions ( iso!rms :5 ! exact temp]ature y are seek+ is n giv5 on ! map4 ,! dott$ l9es 9 ,fig4 #ah %[ ! positions ( ! iso!rms :5 drawn4 ,notice h[ cle>ly ! temp]ature di/ribution n[ /&s out1 & h[ simple ! description ( t di/ribution has become4 ,obs]ve t ! iso!rms1 al?\gh m or less irregul>1 %[ a good deal ( uni=mity 9 _! g5]al c\rses1 & ?is uni=mity is a great assi/ance 9 draw+ !m4 ,/udy ! di/ribution ( temp]ature on ?is map1 & ! positions ( ! iso!rms1 v c>efully4 ,con/ruct iso!rmal *>ts = ! rema9+ days ( ! s]ies4 ,use a new blank map = ea* day1 & take ! temp]ature obs]vations f ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,proce$ z 9 ! case ( ! fir/ day4 ,draw ! iso!rms = e ev5 #aj ( temp]ature1 tak+ c>e to /udy ! c\rse ( ea* l9e be=e y beg9 to draw ! l9e4 ,! *>ts :5 complet$ =m a s]ies 9 :i* ! temp]ature di/ribution ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates is %[n at successive int]vals ( #bd h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4----;,iso!rms4 ,fir/ day4 ,9 ord] to br+ out ! temp]ature di/ribution on ! maps m cle>ly1 color 7) color$ p5cils or wat] colors7 all t portion ( ea* map :i* lies )9 ! -#bj iso!rm a d>k blue2 t portion :i* is betwe5 ! #j iso!rm & ! -#bj iso!rm a some:at light] %ade ( blue1 & ^? di/ricts :i* are betwe5 #j & #cj a /ill light] blue4 ,! portion ( ! map above #cj & bel[ #dj may be left uncolor$1 :ile ! di/ricts hav+ temp]atures ov] #dj may be color$ r$4 ,9 ! map = ! ?ird day ! di/rict :i* has temp]atures bel[ -#ej %\ld be color$ d>k] blue ?an any %ade us$ on ! o!r maps1 or black1 9 ord] to emphasize ! extremely l[ temp]atures !re f\nd4 ,figs4 #ai-bd1 on :i* ! iso!rms are %[n1 also illu/rate ! appe>ance ( ^! maps :5 ! diff]5t temp]ature areas are color$1 z has be5 sugge/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4----,temp]ature4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4----,temp]ature4 ,second ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4----,temp]ature4 ,?ird ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4----,temp]ature4 ,f\r? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4----,temp]ature4 ,fif? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4----,temp]ature4 ,six? ,day4 ,/udy ! maps individually at fir/4 ,describe ! temp]ature di/ribution on ea* map4 ,ask y\rself ! foll[+ que/ions 9 ea* case3 ,:]e is x colde/8 ,:]e w>me/8 ,:at is ! l[e/ temp]ature on ! map8 ,:at is ! highe/8 ,at :at /ations 7 ^! read+s made8 ,!n comp>e ! successive maps & answ] ^! que/ions3 ,:at *anges h tak5 place 9 ! int]v5+ #bd h\rs8 ,9 :at di/ricts has ! temp]ature ris58 ,:at is ! greate/ rise t has occurr$8 ,:]e8 ,9 :at di/ricts has ! temp]ature fall58 ,:at 0 ! greate/ fall 9 temp]ature & :]e did x occur8 ,has ! temp]ature rema9$ ne>ly /ation>y 9 any di/ricts8 ,9 :i*8 ,y w f9d x a help 9 answ]+ su* que/ions to make out a table ( all ! /ations1 & to indicate 9 columns1 aft] ! names ( ! /ations1 ! numb] ( degrees ( rise or fall 9 temp]ature at ea* place dur+ ! #bd-;h\r int]val betwe5 ! successive maps4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is high] at any /ation ?an x 0 on ! prec$+ day1 note ?is by writ+ a plus sign 77 be=e ! numb] ( degrees ( rise 9 temp]ature4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has fall51 put a m9us sign 7-7 be=e ! numb] ( degrees ( fall4 ,?us1 ,new ,orleans1 ,la41 _h a temp]ature ( #dh on ! fir/ day4 ,on ! second x _h #cc4 ,!re=e ! *ange at ,new ,orleans 0 -#ae 9 ! #bd h\rs4 ,at ,key ,we/1 ,fla41 ! *ange 0 #aa 9 ! same "t4 ,write a brief acc\nt ( ! temp]ature di/ribution on ea* day ( ! s]ies1 & ( ! *anges :i* took place betwe5 t day & ! "o prec$+1 nam+ ! di/ricts & ,/ates ov] :i* ! mo/ m>k$ falls & rises 9 temp]ature occurr$1 ) "s indication ( ! am\nt ( ^! *anges4 ,note especially ! *anges 9 position1 & ! ext5t1 ( ! di/ricts ) temp]atures bel[ -#bj2 betwe5 #j & -#bj1 & betwe5 #cj & #j4 ,write out a cle>1 concise /atem5t ( ! temp]ature di/ribution & *anges %[n on ! :ole set ( six maps4 ,cold ,waves4----,! s]ies ( *>ts = ^! six days furni%es an excell5t illu/ration ( a sev]e cold wave4 ,a cold wave1 z ! t]m is n[ us$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 means1 dur+ ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 a fall 9 temp]ature ( f #bj to #af 9 #bd h\rs1 ) a result+ r$uction ( temp]ature to betwe5 #j & #cb1 &1 dur+ ! mon?s f ,m>* to ,novemb] inclusive1 a fall ( f #bj to #af 9 #bd h\rs1 ) a r$uction ( temp]ature f #af to #cf4 ,dur+ ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y a cold wave means ! foll[+ falls & r$uctions ( temp]ature4 ,ov] ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates1 f we/]n ,wiscons9 to ,montana1 includ+ ,wyom+1 ,nebraska1 & we/]n ,i[a1 & ov] nor!a/]n ,new ,york & nor!rn ,new ,hamp%ire1 nor!rn ,v]mont & nor!rn ,ma9e1 a fall ( #bj or m to z]o or bel[2 ov] s\!rn ,new ,engl& & adjo9+ di/ricts1 ! ,lake region1 ! c5tral valleys & we/ to ,colorado1 includ+ nor!rn ,new ,mexico & nor?we/]n ,texas1 a fall ( #bj or m to #aj or bel[2 ov] s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 ea/]n ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 nor?we/]n ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 nor!rn ,georgia1 nor!rn ,alabama1 nor!rn ,mississippi1 ,t5nessee1 s\!rn ,k5tucky1 ,arkansas1 ,oklahoma1 & s\!rn ,new ,mexico1 a fall ( #bj or m to #bj or bel[2 ov] ea/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 c5tral ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 c5tral ,georgia1 c5tral ,alabama1 c5tral ,mississippi1 c5tral & nor!rn ,l\isiana & c5tral & int]ior ,texas1 a fall ( #ah or m to #be or bel[2 along ! ,gulf coa/s ( ,texas1 ,l\isiana1 ,mississippi1 & ,alabama1 ov] all ( ,florida1 & ov] ! coa/s ( ,georgia & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 a fall ( #af or m to #cb or bel[4 ,f ,m>* to ,novemb] inclusive a cold wave means falls ( temp]ature ( ! same am\nts ov] ! same di/ricts1 ) result+ temp]atures ( #af1 #bd1 #bh1 #cb1 & #cf respectively4 ,notice t ! region f :i* ! greate/ cold came 9 ?is cold wave is ,canada4 ,9 t nor!rn c\ntry1 ) its %ort days & little sun%9e1 & its long1 cold nights1 ev]y?+ is favorable to ! production ( v l[ temp]atures4 ,cold waves occur only 9 w9t]4 ,9 ! summ] cool spells1 ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 may be call$ cool waves4 ,cold-,wave ,=eca/s4----,a sev]e cold wave 9 w9t] does mu* damage to fruit & crops gr[+ out ( doors 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & to p]i%able food products 9 c>s1 on ! way f ! ,s\? to supply ! great cities ( ! ,nor?4 ,!re=e x is important t w>n+s %\ld be issu$ giv+ e>ly in=mation ( ! com+ cold1 s t f>m]s & fruit gr[]s & %ipp]s may take e precaution to protect _! crops & produce4 ,our ,wea!r ,bureau takes special pa9s to /udy ! movem5ts ( cold waves & to make =eca/s ( !m1 & s well are ! w>n+s di/ribut$ ov] ! c\ntry t ! fruit gr[]s & ! transportation companies1 & ! deal]s 9 f>m produce1 are able e w9t] to save ?\s&s ( doll>s' wor? ( fruit & vegetables :i* w\ld o!rwise be lo/4 ,cold-wave w>n+s are he$$ by _m p]sons besides ^? :o are directly int]e/$ 9 fruits & f>m products4 ,! ran*m5 9 ! ,we/1 ) ?\s&s ( cattle "u _! *>ge2 ! tra9m5 9 *>ge ( cattle tra9s2 ! eng9e]s ( l>ge build+s1 su* z hotels1 /ores1 & (fice build+s1 :o mu/ h _! fires hott] 9 cold wea!r1----^! & _m m wat*1 & are gov]n$ by1 ! cold-wave =eca/s ( our ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,mean ,annual & ,mean ,mon?ly ,iso!rmal ,*>ts4----,we h ?us f> consid]$ iso!rmal *>ts = ! ,unit$ ,/ates only1 bas$ on ! temp]ature obs]vations made at a s+le mom5t ( "t4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to draw iso!rmal *>ts1 ! data = :i* are n ! temp]atures at a giv5 mom5t1 b are ! mean or av]age temp]atures = a mon? or a ye>4 ,su* *>ts h be5 con/ruct$ = o!r c\ntries besides our own1 z well z = ! :ole _w4 ,an iso!rmal *>t bas$ on ! mean annual temp]atures is kn[n z a mean annual iso!rmal *>t4 ,^! *>ts %[ at once ! av]age di/ribution ( temp]ature = ! mon? or = ! ye>1 j z ! ones we h drawn %[ ! di/ribution ( temp]ature ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at a s+le mom5t4 ,b4 ,direction & ,rate ( ,temp]ature ,decrease4 ,temp]ature ,gradi5t4----,take y\r iso!rmal map = ! fir/ day & imag9e y\rself at ,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,9 :at direction mu/ y g f ,kansas ,city 9 ord] to ent] mo/ rapidly into cold] wea!r8 ,9 :at direction mu/ y g f ,kansas ,city 9 ord] to ent] mo/ rapidly into w>m] wea!r8 ,take ! case ( ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,9 :at direction mu/ y g f t /ation 9 ord] to ent] mo/ rapidly into cold] wea!r8 ,into w>m] wea!r8 ,:at are ! correspond+ directions 9 ! case ( ,spokane1 ,wa%48 ,( ,bism>ck1 ,n4 ,dak48 ,( ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y48 ,( ,montreal1 ,que48 ,( ,portl&1 ,me48 ,( ,sacram5to1 ,cal48 ,draw a l9e f ,kansas ,city to ! ne>e/ po9t at :i* !re is a temp]ature #aj l[] ?an at ,kansas ,city4 ,evid5tly ?is po9t is on ! iso!rm ( #j1 & w be f\nd if a l9e be drawn f ,kansas ,city t[>ds1 & at "r angles to1 ! iso!rm ( #j4 ,cont9ue ! l9e beyond ! #j iso!rm 9 ! direction ( /ill l[] temp]atures1 i4e41 to ! iso!rms ( -#aj1 -#bj1 & -#cj4 ,beyond ! iso!rm ( -#cj ! l9e mu/ /op4 ,draw simil> l9es f ,seattle1 ,wa%42 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah2 ,d5v]1 ,col42 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n42 ,clevel&1 ,o42 & ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prolong ^! l9es all across ! map1 s t !y w ext5d f ! regions ( highe/ temp]ature to ^? ( ! l[e/4 ,a numb] ( int]m$iate l9es may also be add$4 ,note t ! v>i\s directions foll[$ by ^! l9es are squ>e to1 or at "r angles to1 ! successive iso!rms1 & t al?\gh ! l9es all run f high] to l[] temp]atures1 !y d n all tr5d 9 ! same direction4 ,^! l9es may be call$ l9es ( decrease ( temp]ature4 ,fig4 #be %[s a few ( ^! l9es ( decrease ( temp]ature drawn = ! fir/ day4 ,draw simil> l9es on ! o!r iso!rmal *>ts1 = ! same /ations4 ,are ! directions ( temp]ature decrease ! same on ^! *>ts z on ! *>t = ! fir/ day1 = ,kansas ,city1 ,seattle1 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,d5v]1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,clevel&1 ,new ,york8 ,draw l9es ( decrease ( temp]ature f ! foll[+ additional /ations3 ,key ,we/1 ,fla42 ,new ,orleans1 ,la42 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c42 ,el ,paso1 ,tex42 ,san ,diego1 ,cal42 ,hatt]as1 ,n4 ,c4 ,comp>e ! directions ( ^! l9es on ! diff]5t days4 ,h[ d !y *ange f "o day to ! next8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4----,temp]ature ,gradi5ts4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,next select "s l9e ( decrease ( temp]ature on ! map = ! fir/ day :i* beg9s 9 ,texas1 & foll[ x nor?w>d4 ,:]e1 along ?is l9e1 is ! decrease ( temp]ature mo/ rapid8 ,evid5tly ?is mu/ be :]e ! iso!rms are close/ toge!r1 because e iso!rm t is cross$ means a *ange ( temp]ature ( #aj1 & ! m iso!rms !re are 9 a giv5 di/ance1 ! m rapidly ! temp]ature is *ang+4 ,:]e ! iso!rms are close/ toge!r1 a giv5 decrease ( temp]ature is pass$ ov] 9 ! lea/ di/ance1 or1 conv]sely1 a great] decrease ( temp]ature is exp]i5c$ 9 a giv5 di/ance4 ,/udy ?is "q ( rapidity or sl[ness ( temp]ature decrease on ! :ole s]ies ( *>ts4 ,on :i* ( ! *>ts1 & :]e1 d y f9d ! mo/ rapid decrease8 ,! sl[e/ decrease8 ,is !re any regul>ity 9 ^! rates ( temp]ature decrease ei!r on "o map or 9 ! :ole s]ies ( maps8 ,! t]m temp]ature gradi5t is us$ by meteorologi/s to describe ! direction & rate ( temp]ature decrease :i* we h be5 /udy+4 ,if we are to comp>e ^! rates ( temp]ature *ange1 we mu/ h "s def9ite scale ( measurem5t4 ,?us1 = example1 9 speak+ ( ! w9d velocity we say ! velocity ( ! w9d is s _m miles p] h\r2 9 describ+ ! grade ( a railroad we say x is s _m feet 9 a mile4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! temp]ature *anges1 we adopt a simil> s*eme4 ,we say3 ,! rate ( temp]ature decrease is s _m degrees ,fahr5heit 9 a di/ance ( "o latitude degree 7ab\t #gj miles74 ,9 ord] to make our measurem5ts1 we use a scale ( latitude degrees1 j z1 9 calculat+ railroad grades1 we mu/ h a way to measure ! miles ( track 9 :i* ! asc5t or desc5t ( ! roadb$ is s _m feet4 ,take a /rip ( pap] #f in*es long1 ) a /raight edge1 & lay ?is edge nor? & s\? at ! middle ( ! wea!r map1 along a longitud9al or m]idian l9e4 ,m>k (f on ! /rip ( pap] ! po9ts :]e any two latitude l9es cross ! m]idian l9e4 ,^! latitude l9es are five 7latitude7 degrees ap>t4 ,!re=e divide ! space betwe5 !m on y\r pap] into five divisions1 & ea* ( ^! w measure j "o latitude degree4 ,cont9ue mak+ divisions ( ! same size until y h t5 altoge!r on ! /rip ( pap]4 ,select1 on any wea!r map1 "s /ation ly+ betwe5 two iso!rms at :i* y wi% to measure ! rate ( temp]ature decrease4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 on ! fir/ day4 ,:at y want to f9d is ?is3 ,:at is ! rate ( temp]ature decrease1 or ! temp]ature gradi5t1 at ,buffalo8 ,lay y\r pap] scale ( latitude degrees ?r\gh ,buffalo1 f ! iso!rm ( #aj to ! iso!rm ( #j1 & z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to ! iso!rms4#c ,c\nt ! numb] ( latitude degrees on y\r scale betwe5 ! iso!rms ( #aj & #j1 on a l9e runn+ ?r\gh ,buffalo4 ,!re are1 r\ghly1 ab\t two degrees ( latitude 9 ?is di/ance4 ,t is1 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* ,buffalo lies1 ! temp]ature is *ang+ at ! rate ( #aj ,fahr5heit 7betwe5 iso!rms #aj & #j7 9 two latitude degrees4 ,z our /&>d ( measurem5t is ! am\nt ( *ange ( temp]ature 9 "o latitude degree1 we divide ! #aj 7! numb] ( degrees ( temp]ature7 by ! #b 7! numb] ( degrees ( latitude71 :i* gives u #e z ! rate ( decrease ( temp]ature p] latitude degree at ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 at #g ,a4,m41 on ! fir/ day ( ! s]ies4 ,! temp]ature gradi5t at ,buffalo is !re=e #e4 ,! rule may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,select ! /ation = :i* y wi% to "k ! rate ( temp]ature decrease or temp]ature gradi5t4 ,lay a scale ( latitude degrees ?r\gh ! /ation1 & z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to ! adjac5t iso!rms4 ,if ! /ation is exactly on an iso!rm !n measure ! di/ance f ! /ation to ! ne>e/ iso!rm indicat+ a temp]ature #aj l[]4 ,! scale mu/1 h[ev]1 be laid p]p5dicul>ly to ! iso!rm1 z be=e4 ,divide ! numb] ( degrees ( diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 ! iso!rms 7always #aj7 by ! di/ance 79 latitude degrees7 betwe5 ! iso!rms1 & ! quoti5t is ! rate ( temp]ature decrease p] latitude degree4 ,or1 to =mulate ! op]ation3 ,r ,t _/ ,d1 9 :i* ,r rate2 ,t temp]ature diff]5ce betwe5 iso!rms 7always #aj71 & ,d di/ance betwe5 iso!rms 9 latitude degrees4 ,?us1 a di/ance ( #aj latitude degrees gives a rate ( #a2 a di/ance ( #e gives a rate ( #b2 a di/ance ( #b gives a rate ( #e2 a di/ance ( #d gives a rate ( #b4e1 etc4 ,footnote #c3 ,unless ! iso!rms are exactly p>allel1 ! scale _c be at "r angles to bo? ( !m4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be plac$ z ne>ly z possible 9 t position4 ,det]m9e ! rates ( temp]ature decrease 9 ! foll[+ cases3---- ,a4 ,= a consid]able numb] ( /ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same map1 z = ea* ( ! six days ( ! s]ies4 ,&1 us+ ! s*ool file ( wea!r maps1 ,b4 ,= "o /ation dur+ a w9t] mon? & dur+ a summ] mon?1 measur+ ! rate on ea* map ?r\gh\t ! mon? & obta9+ an av]age rate = ! mon?4 ,c4 ,= a /ation on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 & "o on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ dur+ ! same mon?s4 ,d4 ,= a /ation on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 or 9 ,florida1 & "o 9 ! ,nor?we/ dur+ a w9t] mon?4 ,e4 ,= a /ation 9 ! c5tral ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ! ,gulf ,coa/1 & ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 respectively1 dur+ diff]5t mon?s ( ! w9t] & summ]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! rates ( temp]ature decrease "u ^! diff]5t conditions ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates prep>es u = an appreciation ( ! l>g] facts1 ( a simil> k9d1 to be f\nd on ! mean annual & mean mon?ly iso!rmal *>ts ( v>i\s c\ntries1 & also ( ! :ole _w4 ,temp]ature ,gradi5ts on ,iso!rmal ,*>ts ( ! ,globe4----,! mean annual iso!rmal *>ts ( ! globe 7see page #fc7 br+ out "s v m>k$ contra/s 9 rates ( temp]ature decrease4 ,?us1 along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t ! iso!rms are cr[d$ close toge!r1 :ile on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe !y are spread f> ap>t4 ,betwe5 s\!rn ,florida & ,ma9e !re is ! same *ange 9 mean annual temp]ature z is f\nd betwe5 ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,sah>a & c5tral ,engl&4 ,! latt] is a consid]ably long] di/ance1 & ?is means t ! decrease ( temp]ature is mu* sl[] on ! ,european ,atlantic coa/ ?an on ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,atlantic coa/4 ,9 fact1 ! rate ( temp]ature decrease ) latitude 9 ! latt] case is ! mo/ rapid any:]e 9 ! _w1 9 ! same di/ance4 ,^! great contra/s 9 temp]ature :i* occur )9 %ort di/ances along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica h _h great influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ?is region1 z has be5 po9t$ out by ,woeik(1 an em95t ,russian meteorologi/4 ,! products ( ! tropics & ( ! ,arctic are "h br\ght v ne> toge!r2 & at ! same "t int]communication betwe5 ^! two regions ( widely diff]+ climates is v easy4 ,labrador is climatically an ,arctic l&1 & man is !re =c$ to seek 8 food *iefly 9 ! sea1 = nature supplies him ) little on %ore1 :ile s\!rn ,florida is q tropical 9 its temp]ature conditions & 9 ! abundance ( its vegetation4 ,betwe5 ! ,pacific coa/s ( ,asia & ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re is a simil> b less pron\nc$ contra/1 ! iso!rms be+ cr[d$ toge!r on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,*9a & ,sib]ia1 & be+ spread ap>t z !y cross ! ,pacific ,ocean & rea* our ,pacific ,coa/4 ,9 g5]al1 we naturally expect to f9d t ! temp]ature decreases z "o goes polew>d f ! equator2 f l[] latitudes1 :]e ! sun is always high 9 ! heav5s1 to high] latitudes1 :]e x is ne> ! horizon1 & its w>m+ effect is less4 ,b !re are "s curi\s exceptions to ?is g5]al rule4 ,! l[e/ temp]atures on ! ,janu>y iso!rmal *>t 7-#fj7 are f\nd 9 nor!a/]n ,sib]ia1 & n1 s f> z our obs]vations g1 ne> ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,if y f9d y\rself at ?is 8cold pole10 z x is call$1 9 ,sib]ia 9 ,janu>y1 y c rea* high] temp]atures by travel+ nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/4 ,9 o!r words1 "h is a case ( increase ( temp]ature 9 a nor!rly direction1 z well z ea/1 s\?1 & we/4 ,aga91 !re is a di/rict ( high temp]ature 7#ij7 ov] s\!rn ,asia 9 ,july1 f :i* y c travel s\? t[>ds ! equator & yet rea* l[] temp]atures4 ,9 our w9t] mon?s ! contra/s ( temp]ature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are1 z a rule1 viol5t1 !re be+ great diff]5ces betwe5 ! cold ( ! ,nor?we/ & ! mild air ( ,florida & ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,9 ! summ]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! di/ribution ( temp]ature is relatively equable1 ! iso!rms be+1 z a rule1 f> ap>t4 ,9 summ]1 !re=e1 we approa* ! conditions *>act]i/ic ( ! ,torrid ,zone4 ,^! are uni=mly high temp]atures ov] l>ge areas4 ,! same ?+1 on a l>g] scale1 is se5 ov] ! :ole ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,dur+ our w9t] mon?s ! iso!rms are a good deal clos] toge!r ?an !y are dur+ ! summ]1 or1 9 m te*nical language1 ! temp]ature gradi5t betwe5 ! equator & ! ,nor? ,pole is /eep] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,w9ds4 ,! obs]vational "w already done1 :e!r non-in/rum5tal or in/rum5tal1 has %[n t !re is a close relation betwe5 ! direction ( ! w9d at any /ation & ! temp]ature at t /ation4 ,our second /ep 9 wea!r-map draw+ is conc]n$ ) ! w9ds on ! same s]ies ( maps :i* we h ?us f> be5 /udy+ f ! po9t ( view ( temp]ature alone4 ,9 ! second column ( ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,viii are giv5 ! w9d directions & ! w9d velocities 79 miles p] h\r7 record$ at ! ,wea!r ,bureau /ations at #g ,a4,m41 on ! fir/ day ( ! s]ies4 ,ent] on a blank wea!r map1 at ea* /ation = :i* a w9d obs]vation is giv5 9 ! table1 a small arr[ fly+ ) ! w9d1 i4e41 po9t+ 9 ! direction t[>ds :i* ! w9d is bl[+4 ,make ! l5g?s ( ! w9d arr[s r\ghly proportionate to ! velocity ( ! w9d1 ! w9ds ( high] velocities be+ di/+ui%$ by long] arr[s1 & ^? ( l[] velocities by %ort] arr[s4 ,! lett]s ,lt4 7 light7 9 ! table d5ote w9d velocities ( #e miles1 or less1 p] h\r4 ,:5 y h f9i%$ draw+ ^! arr[s1 y w h be=e y a picture ( ! w9d directions & velocities all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! morn+ obs]vation on ?is day4 7,see solid arr[s 9 ,fig4 #bf47 ,! w9d arr[s on y\r map %[ ! w9d directions at only a few scatt]$ po9ts z comp>$ ) ! va/ ext5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! :ole l[] portion ( ! atmosph]e is mov+1 & n m]ely ! w9ds at ^! scatt]$ /ations4 ,x w help y to get a cle>] picture ( ?is actual movem5t ( ! atmosph]e z a :ole1 if y draw "s additional w9d arr[s betwe5 ! /ations ( obs]vation1 b 9 sympa?y ) ! obs]v$ w9d directions giv5 9 ! table & already ent]$ on y\r map4 ,^! new arr[s may be drawn 9 brok5 l9es1 & may be curv$ to accord 9 direction ) ! surr\nd+ w9d arr[s4 ,heavi] or long] l9es may be us$ to indicate fa/] w9ds4 7,see brok5 arr[s1 ,fig4 #bf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4----,w9ds4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,x is cle> t ! g5]al w9ds mu/ move 9 broad sweep+ pa?s1 *ang+ _! directions gradually1 r ?an 9 n>r[ belts1 ) sudd5 *anges 9 direction4 ,!re=e long curv+ arr[s give a bett] picture ( ! actual drift ( ! atmosph]ic curr5ts ?an d %ort1 /raight1 disconnect$ arr[s4 ,/udy ! w9ds on ?is *>t ) c>e4 ,describe ! conditions ( w9d di/ribution 9 a g5]al way4 ,c y discov] any app>5t relation betwe5 ! diff]5t w9d directions 9 any "p ( ! map8 ,is !re any sy/em :atev] 9 ! w9ds8 ,write out a brief & concise description ( ! results ( ! /udy ( ?is map4 ,ent] on five o!r blank maps ! w9d directions giv5 9 ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,viii = ! o!r five days ( ! s]ies1 mak+1 z be=e1 ! l5g?s ( ! arr[s r\ghly proportionate to ! velocity ( ! w9d1 & add+ extra brok5 arr[s z sugge/$4 7,see ,figs4 #bg-ca47 ,a4 ,/udy ! :ole s]ies ( six maps4 ,describe ! w9d conditions on ea* map by itself1 not+ c>efully any sy/em 9 ! w9d circulation t y may discov]4 ,exam9e ! w9d velocities also4 ,are !re any di/ricts 9 :i* ! velocities are especially high8 ,h ^! velocities any relation to :atev] w9d sy/ems y may h discov]$8 ,if s1 include 9 y\r description ( ^! sy/ems "s consid]ation ( ! w9d velocities z well z ( ! w9d directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4----,w9ds4 ,second ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4----,w9ds4 ,?ird ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4----,w9ds4 ,f\r? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4----,w9ds4 ,fif? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4----,w9ds4 ,six? ,day4 ,b4 ,comp>e ea* map ( ! s]ies ) ! map prec$+ x4 ,note :at *anges 9 direction & velocity h tak5 place at individual /ations4 ,gr\p ^! *anges z f> z possible by ! di/ricts ov] :i* simil> *anges h occurr$4 ,comp>e ! w9d sy/ems on ea* map ) ^? on ! map = ! prec$+ day4 ,has !re be5 any alt]ation 9 ! position or relation ( ^! sy/ems8 ,write = ea* day an acc\nt ( ! conditions on t map1 & ( ! *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! prec$+ #bd-;h\r int]val4 ,c4 ,write out a %ort connect$ acc\nt ( ! w9d conditions & *anges illu/rat$ on ! :ole set ( six maps4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we /udi$ ! progression ( ! cold wave ( l[ temp]atures 9 an ea/]ly direction across ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,notice n[ ! relation ( ! w9ds on ! successive maps ( our s]ies to ! movem5t ( ! cold wave4 ,place y\r w9d *>ts & iso!rmal *>ts = ! six days side by side1 & /udy !m toge!r4 ,! temp]ature di/ribution on ! second day diff]s f t on ! fir/4 ,:at are ! *ief diff]5ces8 ,exam9e ! w9d *>ts = ^! two days4 ,d y detect any diff]5ces 9 ! w9d directions or sy/ems on ^! days8 ,d ^! diff]5ces help to expla9 "s ( ! *anges 9 temp]ature8 ,comp>e ! temp]ature di/ribution on ! second day ) t on ! ?ird4 ,:at are ! mo/ m>k$ *anges 9 ! di/ribution8 ,:at *anges 9 ! w9ds on ! correspond+ w9d maps seem to (f] an explanation ( ^! v>iations8 ,proce$ simil>ly ) ea* map ( ! s]ies4 ,=mulate1 9 writ+1 ! g5]al relation betwe5 w9ds & cold waves1 discov]$ ?r\gh y\r /udy ( ^! *>ts4 ,cold ,waves 9 ,o!r ,c\ntries4----,cold waves 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates come1 z has be5 se51 f ! nor?we/1 t be+ ! region ( greate/ w9t] cold4 ,9 ,europe1 cold waves come f ! nor!a/4 ,?is is because nor?we/ ( ,europe !re is a l>ge body ( w>m wat] suppli$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream drift1 & !re=e ?is is a s\rce ( w>m? & n ( cold4 ,! cold region ( ,europe is to ! nor!a/1 ov] ,russia & ,sib]ia4 ,cold waves h diff]5t names 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 s\!rn ,france ! cold w9d f ! nor? & nor!a/ is kn[n z ! mi/ral1 d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w magi/]1 mean+ ma/]1 on acc\nt ( its /r5g? & viol5ce4 ,9 ,russia ! "n buran or purga is giv5 to ! cold wave :5 x bl[s along ) x ! f9e dry sn[ f ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is buran is apt to cause ! loss ( _m lives1 bo? ( m5 & cattle4 ,9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic ! coole/ w9d is f ! s\?we/4 ,x is kn[n z a pamp]o1 f ! ,spani% pampa1 a pla94 ,cyclones & ,anticyclones4----,a sy/em ( w9ds bl[+ t[>ds a common c5t] 7su* z is well %[n ov] ! ,gulf ,/ates on ! wea!r map = ! second day1 & ov] ! middle ,atlantic coa/ on ! ?ird day7 is call$ by meteorologi/s a cyclone4 ,! "n 0 fir/ sugge/$ by ,pidd+ton e>ly 9 ?is c5tury4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w = circle1 & h5ce x embodies ! idea ( a circul> or spiral movem5t ( ! w9ds4 ,a sy/em ( outfl[+ w9ds1 su* z t ov] ! nor?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates %[n on ! maps = ! fir/ five days1 & ov] ! we/]n ,gulf ,/ates on ! six? day is call$ an anticyclone4 ,?is "n 0 propos$ by ,galton 9 #ahfc1 & means ! opposite ( cyclone4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pressure4 ,a4 ,l9es ( ,equal ,pressure3 ,isob>s4----,"o ( ! mo/ important wea!r elem5ts is ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is has already be5 briefly discuss$ 9 ! sections on ! m]curial b>omet] 7,*apt] ,,ii74 ,x 0 !re le>n$ t atmosph]ic pressure is measur$ by ! numb] ( in*es ( m]cury :i* ! weight ( ! air w hold up 9 ! glass tube ( ! b>omet]4 ,our s5sation ( heat or cold gives u "s g5]al idea z to ! air temp]ature4 ,we c tell ! w9d direction :5 we "k ! po9ts ( ! compass1 & c r\ghly e/imate its velocity4 ,no in/rum5tal aid is necess>y to enable u to decide :e!r a day is cle>1 fair or cl\dy1 or :e!r x is ra9+ or sn[+4 ,unlike ! temp]ature1 ! w9d1 or ! wea!r1 ! pressure _c be det]m9$ by our own s5ses )\t in/rum5tal aid4 ,! next wea!r elem5t t we %all /udy is pressure4 ,proce$ z 9 ! case ( ! !rmomet] read+s4 ,ent] ^u a blank map ! b>omet] read+s = ! diff]5t /ations giv5 9 ! ?ird column ( ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done y h be=e y ! actual pressure di/ribution ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at #g ,a4,m41 on ! fir/ day ( ! s]ies4 ,describe ! di/ribution ( pressure 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,:]e is ! pressure highe/8 ,:]e l[e/8 ,:at are ! highe/ & ! l[e/ read+s ( ! b>omet] not$ on ! map8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 79 in*es & hundr$?s7 betwe5 ^! read+s8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4----;,isob>s4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,draw l9es ( equal pressure1 foll[+ ! same pr9ciples z 7 adopt$ 9 ! case ( ! iso!rms4 ,! latt] 7 drawn = e ev5 #aj ( temp]ature4 ,! =m] are to be drawn = e ev5 4#aj in* ( pressure4 ,e /ation :i* has a b>omet] read+ ( an ev5 4#aj in* w be pass$ ?r\gh by "s l9e ( equal pressure4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 ) #bi4ij mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh by ! #bi4ij l9e2 ,wilm+ton1 ,n4 ,c41 ) #cj4jj1 mu/ h ! #cj4jj l9e pass+ ?r\gh x1 etc4 ,*icago1 ) #cj4ag in*es1 mu/ lie betwe5 ! l9es ( #cj4aj & #cj4bj in*es1 & ne>] ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,d5v]1 ,col41 ) #cj4ce in*es1 mu/ lie midway betwe5 ! #cj4cj & #cj4dj l9es 7,fig4 #cb74 ,l9es ( equal pressure are call$ isob>s1 a ^w d]iv$ f two ,greek words mean+ equal pressure4 ,describe ! di/ribution ( pressure z %[n by ! arrangem5t ( ! isob>s4 ,note ! diff]5ces 9 =m betwe5 ! iso!rms & ! isob>s4 ,! words high & l[ are pr9t$ on wea!r maps to m>k ! regions :]e ! pressure is highe/ & l[e/4 ,draw isob>s = ! o!r days1 us+ ! b>omet] read+s giv5 9 ! table 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,figs4 #cc-ch %[ ! arrangem5t ( ! isob>s on ^! days4 ,! pressure *>ts may be color$1 z indicat$ by ! %ad+ 9 ^! figures1 9 ord] to br+ out m cle>ly ! di/ribution ( pressure1 accord+ to ! same g5]al s*eme z t adopt$ 9 ! temp]ature *>ts4 ,color br[n all p>ts ( y\r six isob>ic *>ts ov] :i* ! pressures are bel[ #bi4ej in*es2 color r$ all p>ts ) pressure above #cj4jj in*es4 ,use a fa9t %ade ( br[n = pressures betwe5 #bi4ej in*es & #bi4jj in*es1 & a d>k] %ade = pressures bel[ #bi4jj in*es4 ,9 ! case ( pressures ov] #cj4jj in*es1 use a pale r$ = pressures betwe5 #cj4jj & #cj4ej in*es1 & a d>k] %ade ( r$ = pressures above #cj4ej in*es4 ,by means ( ^! colors ! pressure di/ribution w /& out v cle>ly4 ,! s*eme ( color & %ad+ may1 ( c\rse1 be v>i$ to suit ! individual fancy4 ,/udy ! isob>ic *>t ( ea* day ( ! s]ies by itself at fir/4 ,describe ! pressure di/ribution on ea* *>t4 ,!n comp>e ! successive *>ts4 ,note :at *anges h tak5 place 9 ! int]val betwe5 ea* *>t & ! "o prec$+2 :]e ! pressures h ris52 :]e !y h fall51 & :]e !y h rema9$ /ation>y4 ,write a brief acc\nt ( ! facts ( pressure *ange illu/rat$ on ! :ole s]ies ( six *>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4----,pressure4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4----,pressure4 ,second ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4----,pressure4 ,?ird ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4----,pressure4 ,f\r? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4----,pressure4 ,fif? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4----,pressure4 ,six? ,day4 ,comp>e ! *>ts ( temp]ature & ( pressure1 fir/ individually1 !n collectively4 ,:at relations d y discov] betwe5 temp]ature di/ribution & pressure di/ribution on ! iso!rmal & ! isob>ic *>ts = ! same day8 ,:at relations c y make out betwe5 ! *anges 9 temp]ature & pressure di/ribution on successive days8 ,on ! :ole s]ies ( maps8 ,write out ! results ( y\r /udy concisely & cle>ly4 ,comp>e ! w9d *>ts & ! pressure *>ts = ! six days4 ,is !re any relation betwe5 ! direction & velocity ( ! w9ds & ! pressure8 ,obs]ve c>efully ! *anges 9 ! w9ds f day to day on ^! *>ts1 & ! *anges 9 pressure di/ribution4 ,=mulate & write out a brief g5]al /atem5t ( all ! relations t y h discov]$4 ,mean ,annual & ,mean ,mon?ly ,isob>ic ,*>ts4----,we h ?us f> be5 /udy+ isob>ic *>ts bas$ on b>omet] read+s made at a s+le mom5t ( "t4 ,j z !re are mean annual & mean mon?ly iso!rmal *>ts1 bas$ on ! mean annual & mean mon?ly temp]atures1 s !re are mean annual & mean mon?ly isob>ic *>ts = ! diff]5t c\ntries & = ! :ole _w1 bas$ on ! mean annual & mean mon?ly pressures4 ,! mean annual & mean mon?ly isob>ic *>ts ( ! _w %[ ! pres5ce ( great oval areas ( l[ & high pressure cov]+ a :ole cont95t1 or a :ole ocean1 & keep+ ab\t ! same position = mon?s at a "t4 ,?us1 on ! isob>ic *>t %[+ ! mean pressure ov] ! _w 9 ,janu>y1 !re are se5 imm5se areas ( high pressure 7anticyclones7 ov] ! two great cont95tal masses ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,^! anticyclonic areas1 al?\gh va/ly great] 9 ext5t ?an ! small ones se5 on ! wea!r maps ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h ! same sy/em ( spirally outfl[+ w9ds4 ,ov] ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! ,nor? ,pacific & ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 9 ,janu>y1 are se5 imm5se areas ( l[ pressure 7cyclones7 ) spirally infl[+ w9ds4 ,9 ,july ! nor!rn cont95ts are cov]$ by cyclonic areas1 & ! c5tral portion ( ! nor!rn oceans by anticyclonic areas4 ,b4 ,direction & ,rate ( ,pressure ,decrease3 ,pressure ,gradi5t4----,9 ,*apt] ,v we /udi$ ! direction & rate ( temp]ature decrease1 or temp]ature gradi5t4 ,we saw t ! direction ( ?is decrease v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! map1 & t ! rate1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! clos5ess ( ! iso!rms1 also v>ies4 ,an und]/&+ ( temp]ature gradi5ts makes x easy to /udy ! directions & rates ( pressure decrease1 or pressure gradi5ts1 z !y are commonly call$4 ,exam9e ! s]ies ( isob>ic *>ts to see h[ ! l9es ( pressure decrease run4 ,draw l9es ( pressure decrease = ! six isob>ic *>ts1 z y h already done on ! iso!rmal *>ts4 ,:5 ! isob>s are ne> toge!r1 ! l9es ( pressure decrease may be drawn heavi]1 to indicate a m rapid rate ( decrease ( pressure4 ,fig4 #ci %[s l9es ( pressure decrease = ! fir/ day4 ,note h[ ! arrangem5t & direction ( ^! l9es *ange f "o map to ! next4 ,comp>e ^! l9es ) ! l9es ( temp]ature decrease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4----,pressure ,gradi5ts4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,next /udy ! rate ( pressure decrease4 ,?is rate dep5ds ^u ! clos5ess ( ! isob>s1 j z ! rate ( temp]ature decrease dep5ds ^u ! clos5ess ( ! iso!rms4 ,exam9e ! rates ( pressure decrease ^u ! s]ies ( isob>ic *>ts4 ,on :i* *>ts d y f9d ! mo/ rapid rate8 ,:]e8 ,on :i* ! sl[e/8 ,:]e8 ,d y discov] any relation betwe5 rate ( pressure decrease & ! pressure itself8 ,:at relation8 ,:5 express$ num]ically1 ! b>ometric gradi5t is und]/ood to mean ! numb] ( hundr$?s ( an in* ( *ange ( pressure 9 "o latitude degree4 ,prep>e a scale ( latitude degrees1 & measure rates ( pressure decrease1 j z y h already done 9 ! case ( temp]ature4 ,9 ?is case1 in/ead ( divid+ ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! iso!rms 7#aj ,t7 by ! di/ance betwe5 ! isob>s 7,d71 we sub/itute = #aj ( temp]ature 4#aj in* ( pressure 7,p74 ,o!rwise ! op]ation is precisely ! same z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! rule may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,select ! /ation = :i* y wi% to "k ! rate ( pressure decrease or ! b>ometric gradi5t4 ,lay y\r scale ?r\gh ! /ation1 & z ne>ly z possible at "r angles to ! adjac5t isob>s4 ,if ! /ation is exactly on an isob>1 !n measure ! di/ance f ! /ation to ! ne>e/ isob> indicat+ a l[] pressure4 ,! scale mu/1 h[ev]1 be laid p]p5dicul>ly to ! isob>s1 z be=e4 ,divide ! numb] ( hundr$?s ( an in* ( pressure diff]5ce betwe5 ! isob>s 7always 4#aj in*7 by ! numb] express+ ! di/ance 79 latitude degrees7 betwe5 ! isob>s2 ! quoti5t is ! rate ( pressure decrease p] latitude degree4 ,or1 to =mulate ! op]ation1 ,r ,p _/ ,d1 9 :i* ,r rate2 ,p pressure diff]5ce betwe5 isob>s 7always 4#aj in*71 & ,d di/ance betwe5 ! isob>s 9 latitude degrees4 ,det]m9e ! rates ( pressure decrease 9 ! foll[+ cases3---- ,a4 ,= a numb] ( /ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same map1 z1 e4g41 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 ,wa%+ton1 ,*>le/on1 ,new ,orleans1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,d5v]1 & on ! same day4 ,b4 ,= "o /ation dur+ a w9t] mon? & dur+ a summ] mon?1 measur+ ! rate on ea* map ?r\gh\t ! mon?1 & obta9+ an av]age rate = ! mon?4 ,h ^! gradi5ts at ! diff]5t /ations any relation to ! proximity ( l[ or high pressure8 ,to ! velocity ( ! w9d8 ,pressure ,gradi5ts on ,isob>ic ,*>ts ( ! ,globe4----,! *ange f l[ pressure to high pressure or vice v]sa ) ! seasons1 already not$ z be+ cle>ly %[n on ! isob>ic *>ts ( ! globe1 evid5tly means t ! directions ( pressure decrease mu/ also *ange f season to season4 ,! rates ( pressure decrease likewise d n rema9 ! same all ov] ! _w ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,if we exam9e isob>ic *>ts = ,janu>y & ,july1 we %all f9d t ^! gradi5ts are /rong] or /eep] ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e 9 ! =m] mon? ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,wea!r4 ,hi!rto no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! wea!r itself1 z %[n on ! s]ies ( maps we h be5 /udy+4 ,by wea!r1 9 ?is connection1 we mean ! /ate ( ! sky1 :e!r x is cle>1 fair1 or cl\dy1 or :e!r x is ra9+ or sn[+ at ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,:ile x makes n ! slighte/ diff]5ce to our feel+s :e!r ! pressure is high or l[1 ! "* ( ! wea!r is ( great importance4 ,! "* ( ! wea!r on ea* ( ! days ^: temp]ature1 w9d1 & pressure conditions we h be5 /udy+ is not$ 9 ! table 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! symbols us$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau to indicate ! diff]5t k9ds ( wea!r on ! daily wea!r maps are z foll[s3 full moon cle>2 qu>t] moon fair1 or p>tly cl\dy2 new moon cl\dy2 circle-,r ra92 circle-,s sn[4 ,ent] on a blank map1 at ea* /ation1 ! sign :i* indicates ! wea!r conditions at t /ation at #g ,a4,m41 on ! fir/ day1 z giv5 9 ! table4 ,:5 y h complet$ ?is1 y h be=e y on ! map a bird's-eye view ( ! wea!r :i* prevail$ ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! mom5t ( "t at :i* ! obs]vations 7 tak54 ,describe 9 g5]al t]ms ! di/ribution ( wea!r "h %[n1 nam+ ! di/ricts or ,/ates ov] :i* simil> conditions prevail4 ,foll[+ out ! g5]al s*eme adopt$ 9 ! case ( ! temp]ature & ! pressure di/ribution1 sep>ate1 by means ( a l9e drawn on y\r map1 ! di/ricts ov] :i* ! wea!r is prevail+ly cl\dy f ^? ov] :i* ! wea!r is p>tly cl\dy or cle>4 ,9 draw+ ?is l9e1 scatt]+ obs]vations :i* d n h>monize ) ! prevail+ conditions ar\nd !m may be disreg>d$1 z ! object is simply to emphasize ! g5]al *>act]i/ics4 ,enclose also1 by means ( ano!r l9e1 ! g5]al area ov] :i* x 0 sn[+ at ! "t ( obs]vation1 & %ade or color ! latt] region diff]5tly f ! cl\dy "o4 ,/udy ! wea!r di/ribution %[n on y\r *>t4 ,:at g5]al relation d y discov] betwe5 ! k9ds ( wea!r & ! temp]ature1 w9ds1 & pressure8 ,proce$ simil>ly ) ! wea!r on ! five rema9+ days1 z not$ 9 ! table4 ,ent] ! wea!r symbols = ea* day on a sep>ate blank map1 enclos+ & %ad+ or color+ ! areas ( cl\d & ( sn[ z above sugge/$4 ,9 ,figs4 #dj-de ! cl\dy areas are indicat$ by s+le-l9e %ad+1 & ! sn[y areas by d\ble-l9e %ad+4 ,n[ /udy c>efully ea* wea!r *>t ) its correspond+ temp]ature1 w9d1 & pressure *>ts4 ,note :atev] relations y c discov] among ! v>i\s meteorological elem5ts on ea* day4 ,!n comp>e ! wea!r conditions on ! successive maps4 ,:at *anges d y note8 ,h[ are ^! *anges relat$ to ! *anges ( temp]ature2 ( w9d2 ( pressure8 ,write a summ>y ( ! results d]iv$ f y\r /udy ( ^! f\r sets ( *>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4----,wea!r4 ,fir/ ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4----,wea!r4 ,second ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4----,wea!r4 ,?ird ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4----,wea!r4 ,f\r? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4----,wea!r4 ,fif? ,day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4----,wea!r4 ,six? ,day4 ,! ,wea!r ( ,temp]ate & ,torrid ,zones4----,! facts ( ! pres5ce ( cle> wea!r 9 "o region :ile sn[ is fall+ 9 ano!r1 & ( ! v>iability ( our wea!r f day to day 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are emphasiz$ by ^! *>ts ( wea!r conditions4 ,?is *angeabl5ess ( wea!r is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! great] portion ( ! ,temp]ate ,zones1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,! wea!r maps = successive days d n1 z a rule1 %[ a repetition ( ! same conditions ov] ext5d$ regions4 ,9 ! ,torrid ,zone x is diff]5t4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( t zone ! regul>ity ( ! wea!r conditions is su* t1 day aft] day1 = weeks & mon?s1 ! same features are repeat$4 ,!re monotony1 "h v>iety1 is ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! wea!r4 ,,"p ,,iv4----,,! ,,correlations ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r ,,elem5ts ,,& ,,wea!r ,,=eca/+4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,pressure4 ,! /udy ( ! s]ies ( wea!r maps 9 ,*apt]s ,v-,,viii has made x cle> t "s fairly def9ite relation exi/s betwe5 ! g5]al fl[ ( ! w9ds & ! di/ribution ( pressure4 ,we n[ wi% to obta9 "s m def9ite result z to ! relation ( ! direction ( ! w9d & ! pressure4 ,9 do+ ?is x is conv5i5t to ref] ! w9d direction to ! b>ometric or pressure gradi5t at ! /ation at :i* ! obs]vation is made4 ,! b>ometric gradi5t1 x w be rememb]$1 is ! l9e along :i* !re is ! mo/ rapid *ange ( pressure1 & lies at "r angles to ! isob>s 7,*apt] ,,vii74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,take a small piece ( trac+ pap]1 ab\t #c in*es squ>e1 & draw ^u x a diagram simil> to ! "o "h %[n4 ,select ! /ation 7betwe5 two isob>s on any wea!r map7 at :i* y int5d to make y\r obs]vation4 ,place ! c5t] ( ! trac+ pap] diagram ov] ! /ation1 ) ! dott$ l9e along ! b>ometric gradi5t1 ! m9us end ( ! l9e be+ t[>ds ! area ( l[ pressure4 ,obs]ve into :i* ( ! f\r sectors 7m>k$ "r1 left1 )1 aga9/7 ! w9d arr[ at ! /ation po9ts4 ,keep a record ( ! obs]vation4 ,repeat ! obs]vation at lea/ #ajj times1 us+ diff]5t /ations1 on ! same map or on diff]5t maps4 ,tabulate y\r results accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme1 not+ 9 ! fir/ column ! date ( ! map1 9 ! second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? columns ! numb] ( w9ds f\nd bl[+ )1 to ! "r or left (1 & aga9/1 ! gradi5t4 ,,table ,i4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,dates ,,) ,,"r ,,left ,,aga9/ ---------------------------------------- ------ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,sums ---------------------------------------- ------ ,p]c5tages ---------------------------------------- ------ ,at ! bottom ( ea* column write d[n ! numb] ( cases 9 t column1 & !n det]m9e ! p]c5tages :i* ^! cases are ( ! total numb] ( obs]vations4 ,?is is done by divid+ ! numb] ( cases 9 ea* column by ! sum-total ( all ! obs]vations4 ,:5 y h obta9$ ! p]c5tage ( ea* k9d ( w9d direction1 y h a num]ical result4 ,a graphical pres5tation ( ! results may be made by lay+ (f radii correspond+ 9 position to ^? :i* divide ! sectors 9 ,fig4 #df1 & ^: l5g?s are proportionate to ! p]c5tages ( ! diff]5t w9d directions 9 ! table4 ,?us1 = a p]c5tage ( #bj1 ! radii may be made #a in* long1 = #dj1 #b in*es1 etc4 ,:5 complet$1 ! relative sizes ( ! sectors w %[ ! relative frequ5cies ( w9ds bl[+ 9 ! f\r diff]5t directions ) ref]5ce to ! gradi5t1 z is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! ,deflection ( ! ,w9d f ! ,gradi5t3 ,f]rel's ,law4----,! law ( ! deflection ( ! w9d prevail+ly to ! "r ( ! gradi5t is kn[n z ,f]rel's ,law1 aft] ,william ,f]rel1 a not$ ,am]ican meteorologi/1 :o di$ 9 #ahia4 ,! op]ation ( ?is law has already be5 se5 9 ! spiral circulation ( ! w9ds ar\nd ! cyclone & ! anticyclone1 z %[n on ! maps ( our s]ies4 ,9 ! case ( ! cyclone ! gradi5t is direct$ inw>d t[>ds ! c5t]2 9 ! case ( ! anticyclone ! gradi5t is direct$ outw>d f ! c5t]4 ,9 bo? cases ! "r-h&$ deflection results 9 a spiral :irl1 inw>d 9 ! cyclone1 outw>d 9 ! anticyclone4 ,! op]ation ( ?is law is fur!r se5 9 ! case ( ! ,nor!a/ ,trade ,w9ds4 ,^! w9ds bl[ f ab\t ,lat4 #cj ,n4 t[>ds ! equator1 ) wond]ful regul>ity1 especially ov] ! oceans4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! gradi5t & bl[+ z nor? w9ds1 ^! trades turn to ! "r ( ! gradi5t & become nor!a/ w9ds1 :5ce _! "n4 ,f ab\t ,lat4 #cj ,n4 t[>ds ! ,nor? ,pole !re is ano!r great fl[ ( w9ds ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,^! w9ds d n fl[ due nor?1 z s\? w9ds4 ,!y turn to ! "r1 z d ! trades1 & become s\?we/ or we/-s\?we/ w9ds1 be+ kn[n z ! ,prevail+ ,we/]lies4 ,f]rel's ,law ?us op]ates 9 ! l>g] case ( ! g5]al circulation ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 z well z 9 ! small] case ( ! local w9ds on our wea!r maps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,pressure4 ,prep>e a scale ( latitude degrees1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,select "s /ation on ! wea!r map at :i* !re is a w9d arr[1 & at :i* y wi% to /udy ! relation ( w9d velocity & pressure4 ,f9d ! rate ( pressure *ange p] degree z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,note also ! velocity1 9 miles p] h\r1 ( ! w9d at ! /ation4 ,repeat ! op]ation #ajj or m times1 select+ /ations 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to include 9 "o inve/igation ei!r int]ior /ations alone 7i4e41 m ?an #ajj miles f ! coa/7 or coa/ /ations alone1 z ! w9d velocities are (t5 consid]ably affect$ by proximity to ! ocean4 ,&1 if coa/ /ations are select$1 ei!r on%ore or (f%ore w9ds %\ld alone be includ$ 9 "o ex]cise4 ,! inve/igation may1 !re=e1 be c>ri$ out s z to embrace ! foll[+ diff]5t sets ( op]ations3---- ,a4 ,int]ior /ations4 ,b4 ,coa/ /ations ) on%ore w9ds4 ,c4 ,coa/ /ations ) (f%ore w9ds4 ,ent] y\r results 9 a table simil> to ! "o "h giv53---- ,,table ,,ii4----,,correlation ,,( ,,w9d ,,velocity ,,& ,,b>ometric ,,gradi5t4 ,= int]ior 7or coa/7 /ations1 ) on%ore 7or (f%ore7 w9ds1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! mon? 7or mon?s7 ( ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,rates ( ,pressure ,*ange p] ,latitude -#bj #bj-aj #aj-e #e- #c-a_/b- #b-a_/b etc4 ,degree #c-a_/b #b-a_/b -#b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,di/ances betwe5 ,isob>s 9 ,latitude #j-a_/b #a_/b-a #a-b #b-c #c-d #d-e etc4 ,degrees ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,w9d ,velocities 7miles p] h\r7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sums ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,cases ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,means ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! w9d velocity = ea* /ation is to be ent]$ 9 ! column at ^: top is ! rate ( pressure *ange f\nd = t /ation4 ,?us1 if = any /ation ! rate ( pressure *ange is #c-a_/b 7i4e41 4#jc in* 9 "o latitude degree71 & ! w9d velocity at t /ation is #ag miles an h\r1 ent] ! #ag 9 ! f\r? & fif? columns ( ! table4 ,:5 y f9d t ! rate ( pressure *ange = any /ation falls into two columns ( ! table1 z1 e4g41 #aj1 or #e1 or #c-a_/c1 !n ent] ! correspond+ w9d velocity 9 bo? ^? columns4 ,9 ! space m>k$ ,sums write ! sum-total ( all ! w9d velocities 9 ea* column4 ,! ,cases are ! numb] ( sep>ate obs]vations y h 9 ea* column4 ,! ,means d5ote ! av]age or mean w9d velocities f\nd 9 ea* column1 & are obta9$ by divid+ ! sums by ! cases4 ,/udy ! results ( y\r table c>efully4 ,d$uce f y\r own results a g5]al rule = w9d velocities z relat$ to b>ometric gradi5ts4 ,! dep5d5ce ( w9d velocities on ! pressure gradi5t is a fact ( great importance 9 meteorology4 ,! %ip capta9 at sea kn[s t a rapid fall ( 8 b>omet] means a rapid rate ( pressure *ange1 & =etells high w9ds4 ,he !re=e makes 8 prep>ations accord+ly1 by %ort5+ sail & by mak+ ev]y?+ fa/4 ,! isob>ic *>ts ( ! globe = ,janu>y & ,july %[ t ! pressure gradi5ts are /rong] 7i4e41 ! rate ( pressure *ange is m rapid7 ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e 9 ,janu>y ?an 9 ,july4 ,?is fact w\ld lead u to expect t ! velocities ( ! g5]al w9ds ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e %\ld be high] 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & s !y are4 ,obs]vations ( ! movem5ts ( cl\ds made at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,mass41 %[ t ! :ole atmosph]e1 up to ! highe/ cl\d level1 moves almo/ twice z fa/ 9 w9t] z 9 summ]4 ,9 ! high] latitudes ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 :]e ! b>ometric gradi5ts are prevail+ly mu* /rong] ?an 9 ! ,nor!rn1 ! w9d velocities are also prevail+ly high] ?an !y are nor? ( ! equator4 ,! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds ( ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 s\? ( latitude ( #cj ,s41 bl[ ) high velocities ne>ly all ! "t1 especially dur+ ! w9t] mon?s 7,june1 ,july1 ,augu/74 ,^! w9ds are s /rong f ! we/w>d t vessels try+ to r\nd ,cape ,horn f ! ea/ (t5 occupy weeks beat+ aga9/ head gales1 :i* cont9ually bl[ !m back on _! c\rse4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,=m ,,& ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones4 ,a4 ,cyclones4----,provide y\rself ) a %eet ( trac+ pap] ab\t half z l>ge z ! daily wea!r map4 ,draw a /raight l9e across ! middle ( x2 m>k a dot at ! c5t] ( ! l9e1 ! lett] ,n at "o end1 & ! lett] ,s at ! o!r4 ,place ! trac+ pap] ov] a wea!r map on :i* !re is a fairly well enclos$ c5t] ( l[ pressure 7l[71 hav+ ! dot at ! c5t] ( ! l[1 & ! l9e p>allel to ! ne>e/ m]idian1 ! end m>k$ ,n be+ t[>ds ! top ( ! map4 ,:5 ?us plac$1 ! pap] is said to be ori5t$4 ,trace (f ! isob>s :i* are ne>e/ ! c5t]4 ,9 mo/ cases ! #bi4hj-;in* isob> furni%es a good limit1 out to :i* ! isob>s may be trac$4 ,cont9ue ?is process1 us+ diff]5t wea!r maps1 until ! l9es on ! trac+ pap] beg9 to become too confus$ = fairly easy see+4 ,probably #ae or #bj sep>ate areas ( l[ pressure may be trac$ on to ! pap]4 ,x is important to h all p>ts ( ! cyclonic areas repres5t$ on y\r trac+4 ,if mo/ ( ! isob>s y h trac$ are on ! s\!rn side ( cyclones c5tral ov] ! ,lakes or l[] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 s t ! isob>s on ! nor!rn sides are incomplete1 select = y\r fur!r trac+s wea!r maps on :i* ! cyclonic c5t]s are 9 ! c5tral or s\!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re=e h _! nor!rn isob>s fully drawn4 ,:5 y\r trac+ is f9i%$ y h a composite portrait ( ! isob>s ar\nd sev]al areas ( l[ pressure4 ,n[ /udy ! results c>efully4 ,draw a heavy p5cil or an ink l9e on ! trac+ pap]1 9 su* a way z to enclose ! av]age area outl9$ by ! isob>s4 ,?is av]age area w naturally be ( small] dim5sions ?an ! out] isob>s on ! trac+ pap]1 & ( l>g] dim5sions ?an ! inn] isob>s1 & its =m w foll[ ! g5]al tr5d indicat$ by ! majority ( ! isob>s1 )\t reproduc+ any exceptional %apes4 ,write out a c>eful description ( ! av]age =m1 dim5sions measur$ by a scale ( miles or ( latitude degrees 7#gj miles #a degree ab\t7 & gradi5ts ( ^! areas ( l[ pressure1 not+ any t5d5cy to elongate 9 a p>ticul> direction2 any portions ( ! composite :]e ! gradi5ts are especially /rong1 weak1 etc4 ,b4 ,anticyclones4----,?is inve/igation is c>ri$ out 9 precisely ! same mann] z ! prec$+ "o1 except t anticyclones 7highs7 are n[ /udi$ in/ead ( cyclones4 ,! isob>s may be trac$ (f z f> away f ! c5t] z ! #cj4bj-;in* l9e 9 mo/ cases4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! pressure at ! c5t] is exceptionally high1 x w n be necess>y to trace (f l[] isob>s ?an ^? = #cj4cj1 or #cj4dj1 or sometimes #cj4ej in*es4 ,loomis's ,results z to ,=m & ,dim5sions ( ,cyclones & ,anticyclones4----,"o ( ! lead+ ,am]ican meteorologi/s1 ,loomis1 :o 0 = _m ye>s a pr(essor 9 ,yale ,univ]sity1 made an ext5d$ /udy ( ! =m & dim5sions ( areas ( l[ & high pressure z !y appe> on our daily wea!r maps4 ,9 ! cases ( areas ( l[ pressure :i* he exam9$1 ! av]age =m ( ! areas 0 elliptical1 ! long] diamet] be+ ne>ly twice z long z ! %ort] 7to be exact ! ratio 0 #a4id 3 #a74 ,! av]age direction ( ! long] diamet] he f\nd to be ab\t ,,ne4 7,n4 #cf ,e471 & ! l5g? ( ! long] diamet] (t5 #afjj miles4 ,9 ! case ( areas ( high pressure1 ,loomis also f\nd an elliptical =m pr$om9at+2 ! long] diamet] be+ ab\t twice z long z ! %ort] 7ratio #a4ia 3 #a71 & ! direction ( tr5d ab\t ,,ne4 7,n4 #dd ,e474 ,^! *>act]i/ics hold1 9 g5]al1 = ! cyclonic & anticyclonic areas ( ,europe also4 ,! cyclones ( ! tropics diff] consid]ably f ^? ( temp]ate latitudes 9 be+ ne>ly circul> 9 =m4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones ,,) ,,_! ,,w9d ,,circulation4 ,a4 ,cyclones4----,some?+ z to ! control ( pressure ov] ! circulation ( ! w9d has be5 se5 9 ! prelim9>y ex]cises on ! daily wea!r maps4 ,we n[ proce$ to inve/igate ?is correlation fur!r by means ( ! composite portrait me?od4 ,?is me?od is a device to br+ out m cle>ly ! g5]al sy/ems ( ! w9ds by ?r[+ toge!r on to "o %eet a l>ge numb] ( w9d arr[s 9 _! prop] position ) ref]5ce to ! controll+ c5t] ( l[ pressure4 ,9 ?is way we h _m m obs]vations to help u 9 our inve/igation ?an if we us$ only ^? :i* are giv5 on "o wea!r map1 & ! circulation c be mu* m cle>ly made out4 ,provide y\rself ) a %eet ( trac+ pap]1 prep>$ z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,place ! pap] ov] an area ( l[ pressure on "s wea!r map1 ) ! dot at ! c5t] ( ! l[1 & hav+ ! pap] prop]ly ori5t$1 z already expla9$4 ,trace (f all ! w9d arr[s ar\nd ! c5t] ( l[ pressure1 mak+ ! l5g?s ( ^! arr[s r\ghly proportionate 7by eye7 to ! velocity ( ! w9d1 accord+ to "s scale previ\sly det]m9$ ^u4 ,include on y\r trac+ all ! w9d arr[s report$ at /ations ^: l9es ( pressure-decrease conv]ge t[>ds ! l[ pressure c5t]4 ,repeat ?is op]ation1 us+ o!r c5t]s ( l[ pressure on o!r maps1 until ! numb] ( arr[s on ! trac+ pap] is s great t ! composite beg9s to become confus$4 ,be c>eful always to c5t] & ori5t y\r trac+ pap] prop]ly4 ,select ! wea!r maps f :i* y take y\r w9d arr[s s t ! composite %all prop]ly repres5t w9ds 9 all p>ts ( ! cyclonic area4 ,d$uce a g5]al rule = ! circulation & velocity ( ! w9d 9 a cyclonic area1 z %[n on y\r trac+1 & write x out4 ,b4 ,anticyclones4----,?is ex]cise is done 9 precisely ! same way z ! prec$+ "o1 except t anticyclones & _! w9ds are /udi$ in/ead ( cyclones4 ,d$uce a g5]al rule = ! circulation & velocity ( ! w9d 9 an anticyclonic area1 z %[n on y\r trac+1 & write x out4 ,! control ( ! w9d circulation by areas ( l[ & high pressure is "o ( ! mo/ important laws 9 meteorology4 ,buys-,ballot1 a ,dut* meteorologi/1 fir/ call$ att5tion to ! importance ( ?is law 9 ,europe1 & x has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n by 8 "n4 ,buys-,ballot's ,law is g5]ally /at$ z foll[s3 ,/& ) y\r back to ! w9d1 & ! b>omet] w be l[] on y\r left h& ?an on y\r "r4#d ,?is /atem5t1 z w be se51 cov]s bo? cyclonic & anticyclonic sy/ems4 ,! circulations %[n on y\r trac+s hold ev]y:]e 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e1 n only ar\nd ! areas ( l[ & high pressure se5 on ! ,unit$ ,/ates wea!r maps1 b ar\nd ^? :i* are f\nd 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & ov] ! oceans z well4 ,m5tion has already be5 made1 9 ! *apt] on isob>s 7,,vii71 ( ! occurr5ce ( imm5se cyclonic & anticyclonic areas1 cov]+ ! great] portion ( a cont95t or an ocean1 & la/+ = mon?s at a "t4 ,^! great cyclones & anticyclones h ! same sy/ems ( w9ds ar\nd !m t ! small] areas1 ) simil> *>act]i/ics1 h on our wea!r maps4 ,a fur!r ext5sion ( :at has j be5 le>n$ w %[ t if 9 any region !re comes a *ange f l[ pressure to high pressure1 or vice v]sa1 ! sy/em ( w9ds 9 t region w also *ange4 ,_m su* *anges ( pressures & w9ds actually occur 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & are ( great importance 9 controll+ ! climate4 ,! be/-kn[n & ! mo/-m>k$ ( all ^! *anges occurs 9 ! case ( ,india4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 an anticyclonic area ( high pressure is c5tral ov] ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,! w9ds bl[ out f x on all sides1 ?us caus+ g5]al nor!a/]ly w9ds ov] ! great] portion ( ,india4 ,^! w9ds are prevail+ly dry & cle>1 & ! wea!r dur+ ! "t !y bl[ is f9e4 ,india !n has its dry season4 ,z ! summ] comes on1 ! pressure ov] ,asia *anges1 becom+ l[2 a cyclonic area replaces ! w9t] anticyclone1 & infl[+ w9ds take ! place ( ! outfl[+ ones ( ! w9t]4 ,! summ] w9ds cross ,india f a g5]al s\?we/]ly direction1 come f ov] ! ocean1 & are moi/ & ra9y4 ,india !n has its ra9y season4 ,^! seasonal w9ds are kn[n z ,monsoons1 a "n d]iv$ f ! ,arabic & mean+ seasonal4 ,footnote #d3 ,9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #dh7 is tak5 f ! ,pilot ,*>t ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean1 publi%$ by ! ,hydrographic ,(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy = ! use ( seam54 ,x %[s ! w9d circulation ar\nd ! c5t] ( a cyclone :i* is mov+ nor?w>d along ! ,atlantic ,coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! long arr[ indicates ! pa? ( movem5t2 ! %ort] arr[s indicate ! directions ( ! w9ds4 ,by means ( su* a diagram z ?is a capta9 is able to calculate1 ) a consid]able degree ( accuracy1 ! position ( ! c5t] ( ! cyclone1 & c (t5 avoid ! viol5t w9ds ne> t c5t] by sail+ away f x1 or by 8ly+ to10 z x is call$1 & wait+ until ! c5t] passes by him at a safe di/ance4 ,^! cyclones :i* come up ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at c]ta9 seasons are usually viol5t1 & (t5 d consid]able damage to %ipp+4 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau gives all ! w>n+ possible ( ! com+ ( ^! hurricanes1 z !y are call$1 by display+ hurricane signals along ! coa/1 & by issu+ telegraphic w>n+s to newspap]s4 ,9 ?is way %ip capta9s1 kn[+ ( ! approa* ( gales dang]\s to navigation1 may keep _! vessels 9 port until all dang] is pa/4 ,millions ( doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty & hundr$s ( lives h ?us be5 sav$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,temp]ature4 ,x is evid5t1 f ev5 ! mo/ g5]al obs]vation ( ! wea!r elem5ts1 t ! temp]ature exp]i5c$ at any place is v l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a w9d f "s nor!rly po9t is likely to br+ a l[] temp]ature ?an a s\!rly w9d4 ,to inve/igate ?is matt] m closely1 & to discov] h[ ! w9ds at any /ation dur+ any mon? are relat$ to ! temp]atures not$ at t /ation1 we proce$ z foll[s3---- ,select ! ,wea!r ,bureau /ation at :i* y wi% to /udy ^! conditions4 ,note ! direction ( ! w9d & ! temp]ature at t /ation on ! fir/ day ( any mon?4 ,prep>e a table simil> to ! foll[+ "o4 ,,table ,,iii4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,temp]ature4 ,at 444444444444444444444 dur+ ! ,mon? ( 44444444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,w9d ,,directions ,n4 ,,ne4 ,e4 ,,se4 ,s4 ,,sw4 ,w4 ,,nw4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ,,temp]atures ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sums ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,cases ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,means ,mean ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ent] ! temp]ature at #h ,a4,m4 on ! fir/ day ( ! mon? 9 a column ( ! table "u ! prop] w9d direction4 ,?us1 if ! w9d is ,,ne41 & ! temp]ature #db1 ent] #db 9 ! second column ( ! table4 ,repeat ! obs]vation = ! same /ation1 & = all ! o!r days ( ! mon?1 record+ ! temp]atures 9 ea* case 9 _! appropriate columns 9 ! table4 ,omit all cases 9 :i* ! w9d is light1 because w9ds ( l[ velocities are apt to be consid]ably affect$ by local influ5ces4 ,:5 ! obs]vations = ! :ole mon? h be5 ent]$ 9 ! table1 add up all ! temp]atures 9 ea* column 7sums74 ,f9d ! mean temp]ature 7means7 obs]v$ ) ea* w9d direction by divid+ ! sums by ! numb] ( obs]vations 9 ea* column 7cases74 ,add all ! sums toge!r2 divide by ! total numb] ( cases1 & ! result w be ! mean temp]ature#e = ! mon? at ! /ation4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! diff]5t w9d directions ^u ! temp]ature is %[n by a comp>ison ( ! means d]iv$ f ea* column ) ! mean = ! mon?4 ,footnote #e3 ,d]iv$ f ! #h ,a4,m4 obs]vations4 ,?is does n give ! true mean temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,a graphic repres5tation ( ! results ( ?is inve/igation w help to emphasize ! lesson4 ,draw1 z 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #di71 eight l9es f a c5tral po9t1 ea* l9e to repres5t "o ( ! eight w9d directions4 ,ab\t ! c5tral po9t describe a circle1 ! l5g? ( ^: radius %all correspond to ! mean temp]ature ( ! mon?1 measur$ on "s conv5i5t scale4 ,?us1 if ! mean temp]ature ( ! mon? is #ee & a scale ( half an in* is tak5 to correspond to #aj ( temp]ature1 ! radius ( ! circle mu/ be five & a half times half an in*1 or #b-c_/d in*es4 ,next lay (f on ! eight w9d l9es ! mean temp]atures correspond+ to ! eight diff]5t w9d directions1 us+ ! same scale 7#a_/b 94 #aj7 z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,jo9 ! po9ts ?us laid (f by a heavy l9e1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di4 ,! figure1 :5 complet$1 gives at a glance a g5]al idea ( ! control ex]cis$ by ! w9ds ov] ! temp]atures at ! /ation select$4 ,:]e ! heavy l9e crosses a w9d l9e inside ! circle x %[s t ! av]age temp]ature accompany+ ! correspond+ w9d direction is bel[ ! mean4 ,:5 ! heavy l9e crosses any w9d l9e outside ! circle1 x %[s t ! av]age temp]ature accompany+ ! correspond+ w9d direction is above ! mean4 ,su* a figure is kn[n z a w9d rose4 ,! cold wave & ! sirocco are two w9ds :i* ex]cise m>k$ controls ov] ! temp]ature at /ations 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! cold wave has already be5 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic feature ( our w9t] wea!r4 ,x bl[s d[n f our ,nor?we/]n ,/ates or f ! ,canadian ,nor?we/1 on ! we/]n side ( a cyclone4 ,x usually causes sudd5 & m>k$ falls 9 temp]ature1 sometimes am\nt+ to z mu* z #ej 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! sirocco is a s\!rly or s\?we/]ly w9d4 ,x also bl[s into a cyclone1 b on its s\!rn or s\!a/]n side4 ,com+ f w>m] latitudes1 & f ov] w>m ocean wat]s1 ! sirocco is usually a w>m w9d1 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! cold wave4 ,9 w9t]1 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley & on ! ,atlantic ,coa/1 ! sirocco is usually accompani$ by w>m1 damp1 cl\dy1 & sn[y or ra9y wea!r4 ,! high temp]atures accompany+ x 7!y may be z high z #ej or #fj ev5 9 midw9t]7 are v disagreeable4 ,our w>m h\ses & our w9t] clo?+ become oppressive & we long = ! bright1 crisp1 cold wea!r br\ght by ! cold wave4 ,9 summ] :5 a sirocco bl[s we h our hotte/ spells4 ,!n sun/rokes & pro/rations by ! heat are mo/ common1 & our highe/ temp]atures are record$4 ,! ^w sirocco 7f ,syriacus,syrian7 0 fir/ us$ z ! "n ( a w>m s\!rly w9d 9 ,italy4 ,! cause & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,italian sirocco & ( ! ,am]ican sirocco are simil>1 & ! "n may !re=e be appli$ to our w9d z well z to ! ,italian "o4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 at ,bu5os ,ayres1 ,arg5t9e ,republic1 !re is a simil> contra/ betwe5 two diff]5t w9ds4 ,! pamp]o is simil> 9 _m respects to our cold wave4 ,x is a dry1 cool1 & refre%+ w9d1 bl[+ ov] ! va/ level /ret*es ( ! ,arg5t9e pampas f ! s\?we/4 ,! norte is a w>m1 damp1 depress+ nor!rly w9d correspond+ to our sirocco4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones ,,& ,,_! ,,temp]atures4 ,a4 ,cyclones4----,x foll[s f ! two prec$+ ex]cises t "s fairly def9ite di/ribution ( temp]ature1 dep5d+ ^u ! w9d direction1 %\ld exi/ ar\nd areas ( l[ & high pressure4 ,try to pr$ict1 on ! basis ( ! results obta9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,xii & ,,xiii1 :at ?is relation ( temp]atures & cyclones & anticyclones is4 ,!n "w out ! relation indep5d5tly ( y\r pr$iction1 by /udy+ actual cases obta9$ f ! wea!r maps1 z foll[s3---- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,prep>e a %eet ( trac+ pap] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! diamet] ( ! circle %\ld be suffici5tly l>ge to include )9 ! circle ! av]age area cov]$ by a cyclone on ! wea!r maps4 ,place ! trac+ pap]1 prop]ly divid$ 9 accordance ) ! figure1 ov] a well-def9$ area ( l[ pressure on a wea!r map1 c5t]+ & ori5t+ x c>efully4 ,take ! temp]ature at ! /ation :i* lies ne>e/ ! c5t] ( ! figure z ! /&>d4 ,notice ! temp]atures at all ! o!r /ations :i* fall )9 ! limits ( ! circle1 & m>k d[n at ! prop] places on ! trac+ pap]1 ! or - dep>tures ( ^! local temp]atures f ! /&>d temp]ature4 ,?us1 if ! /&>d is #cg1 & a /ation has a temp]ature ( #df1 ent] #i at ! prop] place on y\r trac+ pap]4 ,aga91 if a c]ta9 /ation has #bd1 ent] -#ac at ! prop] place on ! pap]4 ,cont9ue ?is process until y\r pap] has all ( its divisions well fill$4 ,x is be/ to select all ! maps us$ 9 ?is inve/igation f ! same mon?1 = 9 t case ! data are m comp>able ?an if diff]5t mon?s are tak54 ,:5 a suffici5t numb] ( examples has be5 obta9$1 f9d ! av]age dep>ture 7 or -7 ( ! temp]atures 9 ea* division ( ! trac+ f ! c5tral /&>d temp]ature4 ,express ^! av]ages graphically by means ( a w9d rose1 z 9 ! la/ ex]cise4 ,ano!r ,me?od4----,! above correlation may be inve/igat$ by means ( ano!r me?od1 z foll[s3---- ,prep>e a piece ( trac+ pap] by draw+ an ,n4 & ,s4 l9e ^u x1 & plac+ a dot at ! c5t] ( ! l9e4 ,lay ! pap] ov] an area ( l[ pressure on any wea!r map1 c5t]+ & ori5t+ x prop]ly1 z 9 ! previ\s ex]cises4 ,trace (f ! iso!rms :i* are ne> ! c5t] ( l[ pressure4 ,repeat ?is process ) sev]al maps1 select+ diff]5t ones f ^? us$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is ex]cise4 ,=mulate a rule = ! obs]v$ di/ribution ( temp]ature1 & det]m9e ! reasons = ?is di/ribution4 ,note c>efully any effects ( ! cyclone ^u ! temp]ature gradi5t4 ,b4 ,anticyclones4----,! correlation ( anticyclones ) _! temp]atures is /udi$ 9 precisely ! same way z ! prec$+ correlation4 ,bo? me?ods sugge/$ 9 ! case ( cyclones %\ld be us$ 9 ! case ( anticyclones4 ,:5 y\r results h be5 obta9$1 =mulate a g5]al rule = ! obs]v$ di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 anticyclones1 & det]m9e ! reasons = ?is di/ribution4 ,f9d f y\r composites ! av]age temp]ature ( cyclones & ( anticyclones1 & comp>e ^! av]ages4 ,! unsymmetrical di/ribution ( temp]ature ar\nd cyclones1 :i* is made cle> by ! =ego+ ex]cises1 is v *>act]i/ic ( ^! /orms 9 our latitudes1 & especially 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ?is has an important effect ^u wea!r *anges is evid5t1 & w be fur!r not$ 9 ! *apt] on ,wea!r ,=eca/+4 ,! cyclones :i* beg9 ov] ! oceans ne> ! equator at c]ta9 seasons1 & !nce travel to high] latitudes1----tropical cyclones1 s call$1----diff] m>k$ly f our cyclones 9 respect to ! di/ribution ( temp]ature ar\nd !m4 ,! temp]atures on all sides ( tropical cyclones are usually rem>kably uni=m1 ! iso!rms co9cid+ fairly closely ) ! isob>s4 ,! reason = ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! rem>kable uni=mity ( ! temp]ature & humidity conditions ov] ! surr\nd+ ocean surface1 f :i* ! infl[+ w9ds come4 ,9 ! case ( our own cyclones1 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! w>m s\!rly w9d1 or sirocco1 9 front ( ! c5t] has v diff]5t *>act]i/ics f ^? ( ! cold nor?we/]ly w9d1 or cold wave1 9 ! re>1 z has become evid5t ?r\gh ! prec$+ ex]cise4 ,^! w9ds1 !re=e1 naturally %[ _! effects 9 ! di/ribution ( ! temp]atures 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! cyclonic area4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,select a file ( daily wea!r maps = "s mon?4 ,comm5c+ ) ! fir/ map 9 ! set1 obs]ve ! wea!r & ! direction ( ! w9d at a consid]able numb] ( /ations 9 ! same g5]al region 7z1 e4g41 ! ,lake region1 ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley1 ! ,pacific ,coa/1 etc474 ,ent] ea* case 9 a table1 simil> to ,table ,,iv bel[1 by mak+ a *eck 9 ! column "u ! appropriate w9d direction & on a l9e ) ! appropriate type ( wea!r4 ,,table ,,iv4----,,correlation ,,( ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,w9d ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,at dur+ ! ,mon? ( 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,n4 ,,ne4 ,e4 ,,se4 ,s4 ,,sw4 ,w4 ,,nw4 ,,totals,,p]c5tages ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,cle> ,d ,j ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,fair ,f ,k ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,cl\dy ,g ,l ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ra9 & ,sn[ ,h ,m ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,totals ,a ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p]c5tages ,b ,c etc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c\nt e obs]vation ( ra9 or sn[ also z cl\dy1 = x usually ra9s or sn[s only :5 ! sky is cl\dy4 ,cont9ue y\r obs]vations on all ! maps = ! mon? y h *os54 ,!n c\nt up ! :ole numb] ( cases ( cle> wea!r y h f\nd ) nor? w9ds1 & write d[n ?is sum 9 ! fir/ space1 9 ! column res]v$ = ,n4 w9ds4 ,d ! same ) fair & cl\dy wea!r4 ,add up & ent] at ! bottom ( ! column 9 ! space m>k$ ,totals ! :ole numb] ( obs]vations ( cle>1 fair1 & cl\dy wea!r y h obs]v$ ) ,n4 w9ds4 ,!n f9d :at p]c5tage ( ! wea!r ) ,n4 w9ds 0 cle>1 & ent] ?is p]c5tage next to ! sum ( cle> wea!r obs]vations1 9 ! fir/ division 9 ! column head$ ,n4 ,d ! same = fair1 cl\dy1 & ra9y or sn[y wea!r1 d]iv+ ! p]c5tages ( ra9 or sn[ f ! total ( cle> & fair & cl\dy4 ,repeat ?is process ( summ>iz+ 9 e column4 ,y\r results w !n %[ ! p]c5tages ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( wea!r not$ ) ! diff]5t w9d directions4 ,! l[] division ( ! table & ! la/ two columns on ! "r are to be us$ = a g5]al summ>y ( ! :ole inve/igation4 ,by add+ toge!r all ! totals ( cle>1 fair1 & cl\dy wea!r obs]v$ ) all ! eight w9d directions y obta9 ! :ole numb] ( obs]vations y h made4 ,ent] ?is 9 ! space m>k$ ,a1 at ! "r ( ! table4 ,f ?is gr& total & ! total numb] ( obs]vations 9 ea* column y may f9d 79 p]c5tages7 ! relative frequ5cies ( ! diff]5t w9d directions4 ,^! %\ld be ent]$ "u ! totals at ! bottom ( ea* column1 9 ! spaces m>k$ ,p]c5tages 7spaces ,b1 ,c1 etc474 ,! total numb] ( obs]vations ( cle>1 fair1 cl\d1 & ra9 or sn[1 not$ ) all ! w9d directions1 are to be ent]$ 9 spaces ,d1 ,f1 ,g1 & ,h1 at ! "r ( ! table4 ,f ^! totals1 & f ! gr& total 9 space ,a1 we c det]m9e ! relative frequ5cy 79 p]c5tages7 ( ea* k9d ( wea!r dur+ ! mon?4 ,^! results %\ld be ent]$ 9 spaces ,j1 ,k1 ,l1 & ,m4 ,/udy ^! results c>efully4 ,=mulate !m 9 a brief writt5 /atem5t4 ,express graphically ! foll[+3---- ,a4 ,! p]c5tages ( frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t w9d directions dur+ ! mon?4 ,b4 ,! p]c5tages ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( wea!r not$ dur+ ! :ole mon? = all w9d directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,a w9d rose1 indicat+ ! p]c5tages ( frequ5cy ( diff]5t w9ds dur+ a mon?1 or a ye>1 or sev]al ye>s1 may be con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ea4 ,a c]ta9 conv5i5t scale is adopt$ z repres5t+ a frequ5cy ( #aj1 & a circle is drawn ) ?is unit z a radius4 ,a second circle1 ) a radius twice z long1 repres5ts a frequ5cy ( #bj1 & a ?ird circle1 ) a radius ?ree times z long1 repres5ts a frequ5cy ( #cj4 ,additional circles may be add$ if necess>y4 ,di/ances correspond+ to ! diff]5t p]c5tages ( frequ5cy ( ! eight w9d directions are !n laid (f along ! eight radii ( ! circles1 & ! po9ts ?us fix$ are jo9$ by a l9e4 ,! results ask$ = "u "q ,b may be plott$ z a wea!r rose on a diagram simil> to t above figur$4 ,9 ?is case ! p]c5tages ( frequ5cy ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( wea!r 7cle>1 fair1 cl\dy1 /ormy7 may be indicat$ on ! same figure by us+ diff]5t k9ds ( l9es4 ,?us1 a solid l9e may be employ$ to repres5t cle> wea!r2 a brok5 l9e = fair2 a brok5 & dott$ l9e = cl\dy2 & a dott$ l9e = /ormy wea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,correlation ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones ,,& ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,a4 ,cyclones4----,prep>e a piece ( trac+ pap] z %[n 9 ,fig4 #eb1 mak+ ! diamet] ( ! out] circle ab\t #ajjj miles#f & ( ! inn] circle #ejj miles4 ,place ?is diagram ov] a cyclone on any wea!r map1 c5t]+ & ori5t+ x c>efully4 ,trace (f ! wea!r signs 7indicat+ cle>1 fair1 cl\dy1 ra9 or sn[7 ar\nd ! cyclonic c5t] f ! map on to ! trac+ pap]1 tak+ only obs]vations :i* are n m ?an halfway f ! cyclonic c5t] to ! neighbor+ anticyclonic c5t]4 ,repeat ?is process ) successive wea!r maps until ! diagram is well fill$ 9 all its diff]5t divisions4 ,footnote #f3 ,use ! scale ( miles giv5 on ! wea!r map4 ,a4 ,draw a l9e on ! trac+ pap] enclos+ ! av]age area ( cl\d 7includ+ ra9 & sn[71 & a second l9e enclos+ ! av]age area ( precipitation 7ra9 or sn[74 ,b4 ,det]m9e ! p]c5tages ( cle>1 fair1 cl\dy1 & /ormy obs]vations = ea* division ( ! trac+ pap]1 i4e41 7a7 = ! eight sectors ( ! l>ge circle2 7b7 = ! :ole ( ! small circle2 & 7c7 = ! portion ( ! diagram betwe5 ! circumf]5ce ( ! inn] circle & ! circumf]5ce ( ! out] circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,c4 ,write out 9 g5]al t]ms a description ( ! wea!r di/ribution 9 cyclones z illu/rat$ by y\r own inve/igation4 ,b4 ,anticyclones4----,?is ex]cise is done 9 ! same way z ! prec$+ "o1 except t anticyclones are sub/itut$ = cyclones4 ,! association ( fair wea!r ) anticyclones & ( /ormy wea!r ) cyclones is "o ( ! mo/ important lessons le>n$ f a /udy ( ! wea!r maps4 ,! great areas ( high & l[ pressure control our wea!r4 ,on l&1 :]e daily wea!r maps are s easily accessible1 a glance at ! map s]ves 9 mo/ cases to give a fairly accurate idea ( ! position & ext5t ( cyclones & anticyclones1 & h5ce also ( ! di/ribution ( wea!r4 ,at sea1 on ! o!r h&1 ! navigator has no daily wea!r maps to ref] to1 & 8 k ( ! wea!r conditions :i* he may expect mu/ be ga9$ f 8 own obs]vations alone4 ,( ^! local obs]vations1 ! pressure read+s are by f> ! mo/ important4 ,a fall+ b>omet] usually means ! approa* ( a cyclone1 ) w9d1 or /orm1 or bo?4 ,a ris+ b>omet]1 on ! o!r h&1 is usually an indication ( ! f9e wea!r associat$ ) an anticyclone4 ,! unsymmetrical di/ribution ( wea!r1 *>act]i/ic ( our cyclones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & also ( mo/ cyclones 9 ! ,temp]ate ,zone1 is associat$ ) _! unsymmetrical =m1 & ! unsymmetrical di/ribution ( _! temp]ature already /udi$4 ,tropical cyclones h a wond]fully uni=m di/ribution ( wea!r on all sides ( _! c5t]s1 j z !y h a symmetrical =m & an ev5 temp]ature di/ribution all ar\nd !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,progression ,,( ,,cyclones ,,& ,,anticyclones4 ,s f> no def9ite /udy has be5 made ( ! *anges 9 ! positions ( cyclones & anticyclones4 ,if ^! areas ( /ormy & fair wea!r always occupi$ ! same geographic positions1 ! diff]5t portions ( ! c\ntry w\ld always h ! same k9ds ( wea!r4 ,a k ( ! movem5ts ( ! areas ( l[ & high pressure makes wea!r =eca/+ possible4 ,a4 ,cyclones4----,select a set ( daily wea!r maps = a mon?4 ,turn to ! fir/ map ( ! s]ies4 ,note ! position ( ! c5t] ( l[ pressure1 & indicate ?is position on a blank wea!r map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by m>k+ d[n a small circle at ! prop] place4 ,if !re are two or m areas ( l[ pressure on ! map1 indicate ! position ( ea* "o ( !m 9 a simil> way4 ,turn to ! second map ( ! s]ies1 & aga9 ent] on ! blank map ! position ( ! c5t] ( l[ pressure4 ,connect ! two positions ( ea* c5t] by a l9e4 ,?is l9e may be call$ ! track ( ! l[ pressure c5t]4 ,cont9ue ?is process ?r\gh ! :ole set ( maps1 connect+ all ! new positions ) ! la/ positions ( _! respective c5t]s4 ,m>k ea* position ) ! appropriate date 9 small1 neat figures4 ,:5 complet$ y\r map w %[ at a glance ! tracks foll[$ by all ! cyclones :i* travel$ across ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! mon? y select$4 ,/udy ^! tracks c>efully4 ,notice :e!r !re is any prevail+ direction 9 :i* ! cyclones move1 & :e!r !y %[ any pref]5ce = p>ticul> pa?s across ! c\ntry4 ,c y frame a g5]al rule = ! prevail+ direction & pa? ( movem5t8 ,are !re any cases :i* d n accord ) ! rule8 ,if s1 describe !m4 ,9 :at position1 ) ref]5ce to ! cyclonic tracks dur+ ! mon? y are /udy+1 is ! region 9 :i* y are n[ liv+8 ,next det]m9e ! velocities ) :i* ^! cyclones mov$4 ,prep>e a scale ( latitude degrees1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v1 or ( miles1 z giv5 at ! bottom ( ! wea!r map4 ,measure ! di/ances1 9 miles1 betwe5 ! successive positions ( all ! cyclonic c5t]s4 ,divide ^! di/ances by #bd 9 ord] to obta9 ! velocity 9 miles p] h\r4 ,:at is ! highe/ velocity p] h\r ) :i* any cyclone mov$ dur+ ! mon?8 ,:at is ! l[e/8 ,:at is ! mean1 or av]age1 velocity8 ,/udy ! tracks & velocities ( cyclones 9 a simil> way dur+ sev]al o!r mon?s4 ,comp>e ! positions ( ! tracks1 & ! velocities ( progression1 9 summ] & w9t]4 ,b4 ,anticyclones4----,/udy ! tracks & velocities ( anticyclones 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,comp>e ! results d]iv$ f y\r inve/igations 9 ! two cases4 ,cyclonic ,tracks & ! ,prevail+ ,we/]ly ,w9ds4----,! correspond5ce 9 ! direction ( movem5t ( mo/ ( our cyclones & ( ! prevail+ we/]ly w9ds ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e 7see ,*apt] ,,ix7 w readily be not$4 ,our wea!r maps %[ u ! atmosph]ic conditions ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 & we c !re=e trace ! progression ( our cyclones ov] b a limit$ area ( ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,an exam9ation ( ! daily wea!r maps ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,nor? ,pacific ,oceans1 :i* are bas$ on obs]vations made on bo>d %ips1 & ( ! wea!r maps ( o!r c\ntries1 %[s u t ^! atmosph]ic di/urbances :i* appe> on our maps may (t5 be trac$ = long di/ances across oceans & l&s1 & t !y 9 reality =m a great procession across ! nor!rn portion ( ?is hemisph]e1 & t[>ds & ar\nd ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,! av]age velocity ( cyclones 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 c>efully det]m9$ by ,loomis4 ,8 obs]vations %[ t ! mean h\rly velocity ( cyclones = ! entire ye> is #bh4d miles1 ! maximum 7#cd4b miles7 com+ 9 ,febru>y1 & ! m9imum 7#bb4f miles7 9 ,augu/4 ,ov] ! ,nor? ,atlantic ,ocean ! h\rly velocity is #ah miles2 9 ,europe1 #af4g miles4 ,! great] velocity ( cyclonic movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 w9t] recalls :at 0 said at ! close ( ,*apt] ,x conc]n+ ! /eep] b>ometric gradi5t & ! m rapid movem5t ( ! :ole atmosph]e ov] ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e 9 w9t]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,sequ5ce ,,( ,,local ,,wea!r ,,*anges4 ,! next1 & la/1 /ep 9 our /udy ( ! correlation ( ! v>i\s wea!r elem5ts conc]ns ! sequ5ce ( wea!r *anges at a /ation be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! passage ( a cyclone & ( an anticyclone4 ,a4 ,cyclones4----,i4 ,select "s /ation :i* ! wea!r maps %[ to h be5 directly on ! track ( a well-develop$ cyclone1 i4e41 to h be5 pass$ ov] by ! c5t] ( ! cyclone4 ,note ! wea!r conditions at ?is /ation1 be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! passage ( ! /orm4 ,tabulate y\r obs]vations accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme3---- ,,table ,v4 ,wea!r ,*anges at dur+ 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,dates ,,pressure ,,temp]- ,,w9d ,,w9d ,,wea!r ,,direc4 ,,& ,,di/4 ,,ature ,,direction ,,velocity ,,( ,,/orm ,,c5t] ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,9 ! la/ column ( ! table ent] ! direction & ! di/ance ( ! cyclonic c5t] f ! /ation1 at ea* obs]vation4 ,,ii4 ,select a /ation :i* 0 nor? ( ! track ( a cyclone1 & tabulate 79 a sep>ate table7 ! wea!r conditions at t /ation be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! passage ( ! c5t]4 ,,iii4 ,d ! same = a /ation :i* 0 s\? ( ! track ( a cyclone4 ,repeat ^! obs]vations = sev]al /ations4 ,b4 ,anticyclones4----,make a simil> s]ies ( obs]vations = ! passage ( an anticyclone c5trally ov]1 nor? & s\? (1 sev]al /ations4 ,/udy ! sequ5ce ( ! wea!r *anges %[n 9 ! v>i\s tables4 ,d$uce a g5]al rule = ^! *anges & write x out4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,wea!r ,,=eca/+4 ,9 a lett] dat$ at ,philadelphia1 ,july #af1 #agdg1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 wrote to 8 fri5d ,j>$ ,eliot z foll[s3 8,we h frequ5tly along ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ /orms f ! nor!a/ :i* bl[ viol5tly sometimes ?ree or f\r days4 ,( ^! ,i h _h a v s+ul> op9ion = "s ye>s1 viz43 t1 ?\gh ! c\rse ( ! w9d is f nor!a/ to s\?we/1 yet ! c\rse ( ! /orm is f s\?we/ to nor!a/2 ! air is 9 viol5t motion 9 ,virg9ia be=e x moves 9 ,connecticut1 & 9 ,connecticut be=e x moves at ,cape ,sable1 etc4 ,my reason = ?is op9ion 7if ! l h n occurr$ to y7 ,i w give 9 my next40 ,9 a second lett] to ! same correspond5t1 dat$ ,philadelphia1 ,feb4 #ac1 #agdi-ej1 ,frankl9 /ates 8 reasons z foll[s3 8,y desire to "k my ?\ghts ab\t ! nor!a/ /orms beg9n+ to leew>d4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 !re 0 an eclipse ( ! moon at n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 :i* ,i int5d$ to obs]ve2 b be=e night a /orm blew up at nor!a/1 & cont9u$ viol5t all night & all ! next day2 ! sky ?ick-cl\d$1 d>k1 & ra9y1 s t nei!r moon nor />s c\ld be se54 ,! /orm did great damage all along ! coa/1 = we _h acc\nts ( x 9 ! newspap]s f ,bo/on1 ,newport1 ,new ,york1 ,m>yl&1 & ,virg9ia2 b :at surpris$ u 0 to f9d 9 ! ,bo/on newspap]s an acc\nt ( ! obs]vation ( t eclipse made !re2 = ,i ?\ght z ! /orm came f ! nor!a/ x mu/ h begun soon] at ,bo/on ?an ) u1 & consequ5tly h prev5t$ su* an obs]vation4 ,i wrote to my bro!r ab\t x1 & he in=m$ me t ! eclipse 0 ov] !re an h\r be=e ! /orm began4 ,s9ce :i* "t ,i h made inquiries f "t to "t ( travel]s1 & obs]v$ ! acc\nts 9 ! newspap]s f ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 & ,i f9d x to be a con/ant fact t nor!a/ /orms beg9 to leew>d1 & are (t5 m viol5t !re ?an to w9dw>d0 7,sp>ks's ,life ( ,frankl91 ,,vi1 #gi1 #aje1 #ajf74 ,! fact t our nor!a/ /orms come f ! s\?we/1 :i* 0 fir/ notic$ by ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 "s ye>s be=e he put ! sugge/ion j quot$ 9 writ+1 0 "o ( ! great contributions to meteorology made by ,am]icans4 ,mod]n wea!r =eca/+ ess5tially dep5ds ^u ! g5]al ea/w>d movem5t ( cyclones & anticyclones1 ) _! accompany+ wea!r conditions4 ,! daily wea!r map %[s u ! actual condition ( ! wea!r all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates at #h ,a4,m41 8,ea/]n ,/&>d ,"t40 ,! positions ( cyclones & ( anticyclones2 ( areas ( cle>1 fair1 cl\dy or /ormy wea!r1 & ( regions ( high or l[ temp]atures1 are pla9ly se5 at a glance4 ,^! areas ( fair & f\l wea!r1 ) _! accompany+ sy/ems ( spirall+ w9ds1 move across c\ntry 9 a g5]al ea/]ly direction4 ,kn[+ some?+ ( _! direction & rate ( movem5t1 we c det]m9e1 ) great] or less accuracy1 _! probable positions 9 #ab1 #bd1 #cf1 or #dh h\rs4 ,! pr$iction or =etell+ ( ! wea!r :i* may be expect$ to prevail at any /ation or 9 any di/rict is wea!r =eca/+4 ,wea!r =eca/s are usually made on our daily wea!r maps = #bd h\rs 9 advance4 ,x is by no means an easy ?+ to make accurate wea!r =eca/s4 ,c>eful /udy & mu* practice are requir$ ( ! =eca/]s ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau be=e !y are p]mitt$ to make ! (ficial =eca/s :i* are pr9t$ on ! daily maps & 9 ! newspap]s4 ,a simple ext5sion & application ( ! pr9ciples le>n$ ?r\gh ! prec$+ ex]cises make x possible = u to =eca/ com+ wea!r *anges 9 a g5]al way4 ,^! sugge/ions are1 h[ev]1 n at all to be consid]$ z a complete discussion ( ?is complicat$ problem4 ,wea!r =eca/s include ! probable *anges 9 temp]ature1 w9d direction & velocity1 & wea!r4 ,pressure is n includ$4 ,beg9 y\r practice 9 wea!r =eca/+ by consid]+ only ! *anges t may be expect$ at y\r own po9t ( obs]vation1 & at fir/ conf9e y\rself to pr$ict+ temp]ature *anges alone4 ,temp]ature4----,provide y\rself ) a blank wea!r map4 ,draw an iso!rm ea/ & we/ across ! map1 ?r\gh y\r /ation4 ,draw a few o!r iso!rms all ! way across ! map1 p>allel ) ! fir/ "o1 & s arrang$ t !y w be equal di/ances ap>t1 ! mo/ nor!rly "o runn+ ?r\gh nor!rn ,ma9e & ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates1 & ! mo/ s\!rly "o ?r\gh s\!rn ,florida & ,texas4 ,recall+ :at y h already discov]$ conc]n+ ! ea/w>d movem5t ( our wea!r conditions1 :at =eca/ w y make z to ! com+ temp]atures at y\r /ation8 ,add "s additional ea/ & we/ iso!rms1 s t !re w be twice z _m on y\r map z be=e4 ,:at effect w ?is *ange 9 ! temp]ature di/ribution on y\r map h ^u ! temp]ature =eca/ y make = y\r /ation8 ,=mulate a g5]al rule z to temp]ature =eca/s "u ! conditions ( iso!rmal arrangem5t "h sugge/$4 ,on a second blank wea!r map draw an iso!rm ?r\gh y\r /ation incl9$ f nor?we/ to s\!a/4 ,draw a few o!r iso!rms p>allel to ! fir/1 & ea* "o repres5t+ a temp]ature #aj high] ?an t indicat$ by ! adjac5t iso!rm on ! ea/4 ,make a g5]al =eca/ ( ! temp]ature conditions t may be expect$ at y\r /ation1 z to k9d ( *ange1 if any2 am\nt ( *ange1 & rapidity ( *ange4 ,( ! iso!rms j drawn1 erase e second "o2 /ill1 h[ev]1 lett+ ^? t are left repres5t diff]5ces ( temp]ature ( #aj4 ,:at =eca/ w y n[ make z to temp]ature8 ,h[ does ?is =eca/ comp>e ) t j made8 ,n[ draw twice z _m iso!rms on y\r map z y _h 9 ! fir/ place1 /ill lett+ ^! l9es repres5t diff]5ces ( temp]ature ( #aj 9 ea* case4 ,make a =eca/ ( ! k9d1 am\nt1 & rapidity ( temp]ature *ange at y\r /ation "u ! conditions repres5t$ on ?is map4 ,h[ does ?is =eca/ comp>e ) ! two j made8 ,=mulate a g5]al rule gov]n+ temp]ature =eca/s 9 cases ( iso!rmal arrangem5t su* z ^? "h consid]$4 ,take ano!r blank map4 ,draw ?r\gh y\r /ation an iso!rm incl9$ f nor!a/ to s\?we/4 ,draw o!r iso!rms p>allel to ?is1 we/ ( y\r /ation1 lett+ ea* successive iso!rm repres5t a temp]ature #aj l[] ?an t indicat$ by ! adjac5t iso!rm on ! ea/4 ,make a temp]ature =eca/ = y\r /ation "u ^! conditions4 ,dim9i% & increase ! numb] ( iso!rms on y\r map1 z sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ example1 mak+ temp]ature =eca/s 9 ea* case1 & comp>+ ! ?ree sets ( =eca/s4 ,=mulate a g5]al rule = temp]ature =eca/s made "u ^! sy/ems ( iso!rms4 ,make temp]ature =eca/s f ! daily wea!r maps = y\r own /ation1 us+ ! k t y h already ga9$ z to ! progression ( cyclones & anticyclones 7,*apt] ,,xvii71 & z to ! temp]ature di/ribution 9 ^! areas 7,*apt] ,,xiv71 to help y 9 ?is "w4 ,/udy ea* day's map c>efully be=e y decide on :at y w say4 ,!n write out y\r own =eca/1 & aft]w>ds comp>e y\r =eca/ ) t made by ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,note also1 by ref]5ce to y\r own in/rum5tal obs]vations1 :e!r ! succe$+ temp]ature conditions are su* z y pr$ict$4 ,w9d ,direction4----,! wea!r maps already /udi$ taught u t our w9ds habitually move 9 spirals4 ,! composite picture ( ! w9d circulation ar\nd cyclones & anticyclones 7,*apt] ,,xii7 fur!r emphasiz$ ?is important fact4 ,evid5tly ?is law ( ! sy/ematic circulation ( ! w9ds ar\nd c5t]s ( l[ & high pressure may be utiliz$ 9 mak+ =eca/s ( w9d direction4 ,apply+ ! k already ga9$ conc]n+ cyclonic & anticyclonic w9d circulations1 ask y\rself :at w9ds a /ation %\ld h :i* is )9 ! range ( ! cyclonic w9d sy/em1 & is 9 ! foll[+ positions ) ref]5ce to ! c5t]3 nor!a/1 nor?1 nor?we/1 ea/1 at ! c5t]1 we/1 s\!a/1 s\?1 s\?we/4 ,ask y\rself precisely ! same que/ions ) ref]5ce to a /ation )9 an anticyclonic w9d sy/em4 ,write out a g5]al rule = ! k9ds ( w9d *anges :i* may be expect$ to take place "u ^! diff]5t conditions4 ,:5 a /ation is s\? ( ! track ( a pass+ cyclone its w9ds are said to ve]1 & ! *ange 9 ! direction ( its w9ds is call$ ve]+4 ,a /ation nor? ( ! track ( a pass+ cyclone has a *ange ( direction 9 its w9ds :i* is kn[n z back+1 ! w9ds !mselves be+ said to back4 ,w9d ,velocity4----,:at g5]al relation betwe5 w9d velocities & areas ( l[ & high pressure did y discov] 9 y\r /udy ( ! wea!r maps8 ,:at 0 ! result ( y\r "w on ! correlation ( ! velocity ( ! w9d & ! b>ometric gradi5t 9 ,*apt] ,x8 ,& :at g5]al /atem5t z to ! relation betwe5 ! velocity ( ! w9d & its di/ance f a cyclonic or anticyclonic c5t] may be made z ! result ( y\r "w 9 ,*apt] ,,xii1 on ! correlation ( cyclones & anticyclones ) _! w9d circulation8 ,^! results mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 mak+ pr$ictions ( com+ *anges 9 w9d velocities4 ,=eca/s ( w9d velocities are made 9 g5]al t]ms only1----light1 mod]ate1 fre%1 brisk1 high1 gale1 hurricane1----& are n giv5 9 miles p] h\r4 ,make =eca/s ( w9d direction & velocity f ! daily wea!r maps = y\r own /ation4 ,cont9ue ^! = a week or two1 keep+ record ( ! v]ification or non-v]ification ( ea* ( y\r =eca/s4 ,!n make daily =eca/s ( temp]ature & ( w9d direction & velocity toge!r4 ,write out y\r own =eca/ = ea* day be=e y comp>e x ) ! (ficial =eca/1 & if ! two diff]1 keep note ( :i* "o seem$ to y to be ! mo/ accurate4 ,wea!r4----,:at g5]al relation betwe5 k9d ( wea!r & cyclones & anticyclones 0 illu/rat$ on ! six maps ( our s]ies8 ,:at is ! av]age di/ribution ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( wea!r ar\nd cyclones & anticyclones1 z %[n by y\r composites8 7,*apt] ,,xvi47 ,:at *anges 9 wea!r w ord9>ily be exp]i5c$ at a /ation z a cyclone approa*es1 passes ov]1 & moves (f8 ,:at conditions w prevail 9 an anticyclone8 ,make a s]ies ( daily =eca/s = y\r own /ation ( probable wea!r *anges1 omitt+ temp]ature & w9ds at fir/4 ,include 9 y\r wea!r =eca/s ! /ate ( ! sky 7cle>1 fair1 cl\dy72 ! *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! sky 7increas+ or decreas+ cl\d9ess72 ! k9d ( precipitation 7ra9 or sn[7 & ! am\nt ( precipitation 7light or heavy74 ,write out y\r =eca/s2 comp>e !m ) ! (ficial =eca/s1 & notice h[ fully !y are v]ifi$4 ,!n add temp]ature & w9ds to y\r =eca/s s t y w make a complete pr$iction ( probable *anges 9 temp]ature 7k9d1 am\nt1 & rapidity ( *ange71 w9d 7direction & velocity71 & wea!r4 ,practice mak+ ^! complete =eca/s = sev]al weeks1 if "t all[s4 ,use all ! k t y h ga9$ 9 ! prec$+ "w to aid y 9 ?is4 ,/udy ea* wea!r map v c>efully4 ,d n write d[n y\r =eca/ until y are sure t y h done ! be/ y c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,v>y ?is ex]cise by ext5d+ y\r =eca/s s z to embrace ! :ole section ( c\ntry 9 :i* y\r /ation is situat$ 7z1 e4g41 ,new ,engl&1 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 ! ,lake region74 ,pay special att5tion to mak+ =eca/s ( cold waves1 ( heavy ra9 or sn[/orms1 ( high w9ds ov] ! lakes or along ! ,atlantic coa/1 etc4 ,:5 possible1 obta9 f ! daily newspap]s any p>ticul>s z to damage done by fro/ or gales1 or conc]n+ sn[ blockades1 floods due to heavy ra9s1 etc4 ,fig4 #ec summ>izes :at has ?us f> be5 le>n$ z to ! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s wea!r elem5ts ar\nd a well-develop$ c5t] ( l[ pressure4 ,! curv$ brok5 l9es repres5t ! iso!rms 7,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,! solid conc5tric oval l9es are ! isob>s 7,*apt] ,,xi74 ,! arr[s repres5t ! w9ds1 ! l5g?s ( ! arr[s be+ r\ghly proportionate to ! w9d velocities 7,*apt] ,,xii74 ,! :ole %ad$ area repres5ts ! region ov] :i* ! sky is cov]$ by heavy l[] cl\ds4 ,! small] %ad$ area1 )9 ! l>g]1 encloses ! di/rict ov] :i* ra9 or sn[ is fall+ 7,*apt] ,,xvi74 ,! l9es runn+ out 9 front ( ! cl\dy area repres5t ! light upp] cl\ds 7cirrus & cirro-/ratus7 :i* usually prec$e an area ( l[ pressure4 ,imag9e ?is :ole di/urbance mov+ across ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a nor!a/]ly direction1 & imag9e y\rself at a /ation 7#a7 directly 9 ! pa? ( ! cyclone2 7#b7 s\? ( ! track2 & 7#c7 nor? ( ! track4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 z ! di/urbance mov$ on 9 its pa?1 y w\ld successively occupy ! positions m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 & ,c on ! l9e ,,ac1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! cyclone4 ,9 ! second case y w\ld be fir/ at ,d1 !n at ,e1 & !n at ,f4 ,9 ! ?ird case y w\ld be at ,g1 ,h1 & ,j 9 succession4 ,:at *anges ( wea!r w\ld y exp]i5ce 9 ea* ( ^! positions z ! cyclone pass$ by y8 ,imag9e y\rself at "s /ation halfway betwe5 ! l9es ,,ac & ,,df4 ,:at wea!r *anges w\ld y h 9 t position ) ref]5ce to ! /orm track8 ,9 :at respects w\ld ^! wea!r *anges diff] f ^? exp]i5c$ along ! l9e ,,df8 ,imag9e y\r /ation halfway betwe5 ! l9es ,,ac & ,,gj4 ,:at wea!r *anges w\ld y h !re8 ,h[ w\ld ^! *anges diff] f ^? exp]i5c$ along ! l9e ,,gj8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,fig4 #ec is an ideal diagram4 ,x repres5ts conditions :i* are n to be expect$ 9 e cyclone :i* appe>s on our wea!r maps4 ,if all cyclones 7 exactly alike 9 ! wea!r conditions ar\nd !m1 wea!r =eca/+ w\ld be a v easy task4 ,b cyclones are n all alike----f> f x4 ,"s are well develop$1 ) /rong gradi5ts1 high w9ds1 ext5d$ cl\d areas1 heavy precipitation1 & decid$ temp]ature contra/s4 ,o!rs are b poorly develop$1 ) weak gradi5ts1 light w9ds1 small temp]ature diff]5ces1 & x may be )\t any precipitation :atev]4 ,"s cov] imm5se di/ricts ( c\ntry2 o!rs are small & affect only a limit$ area4 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y to exam9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* approa*+ cyclone1 z %[n on ! daily wea!r map1 v c>efully4 ,notice :e!r x is accompani$ by heavy ra9 or sn[2 :e!r its w9ds are viol5t2 h[ f> ahead ( ! c5t] ! cl\dy area ext5ds2 h[ f> beh9d ! out] cl\d limit ! ra9 area beg9s2 :at is ! position ( ! cl\d & ra9 area ) ref]5ce to ! c5t]1 & o!r po9ts ( equal importance1 & gov]n y\rself1 9 mak+ y\r =eca/1 accord+ to ! special features ( ea* individual cyclone4 ,well-develop$ cyclones w be accompani$ by m>k$ wea!r *anges4 ,weak cyclones w h _! wea!r *anges b fa9tly m>k$4 ,! di/ance ( y\r /ation f ! c5t] ( ! cyclone is ( great importance 9 det]m9+ :at ! wea!r conditions & *anges %all be1 z may easily be se5 by exam9+ ,fig4 #ec4 ,if ! /orm passes f> to ! nor? or f> to ! s\? ( y\r /ation1 y may notice none ( its accompany+ wea!r conditions1 except1 p]haps1 a bank ( cl\ds on y\r horizon4 ,y may = a few h\rs be "u ! cl\dy sky ( "s pass+ /orm1 & yet n be rea*$ by its ra9y area4 ,! %ifts 9 ! w9d may be m>k$ & ! w9d velocities high1 or ! expect$ ve]+ or back+ may h>dly be noticeable1 ow+ to ! weakness or ! di/ance ( ! controll+ cyclone4 ,aga91 ! rapidity ) :i* wea!r conditions w *ange dep5ds ^u ! rate ( movem5t ( ! cyclone itself4 ,! bett] develop$ ! cyclone1 ! high] its velocity ( progression1 & ! ne>] its track lies to ! /ation1 ! m emphatic & ! m rapid are ! wea!r *anges x causes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! weak] ! cyclone1 ! sl[] its rate ( progression1 & ! fur!r away its track1 ! less m>k$ & ! sl[] ! wea!r *anges4 ,! probable track ( a com+ /orm1 & its probable rate ( movem5t1 !re=e1 ne$ c>eful /udy if our =eca/s are to be reliable4 ,!re are _m o!r ob/acles 9 ! way :i* comb9e to r5d] wea!r =eca/+ extremely difficult4 ,"s ( ^! difficulties y w le>n to ov]come m or less successfully by ! exp]i5ce y w ga9 f a c>eful & p]sev]+ /udy ( ! daily wea!r maps2 o!rs1 ! be/ =eca/ (ficials ( our ,wea!r ,bureau h n yet entirely ov]come4 ,! tracks foll[$ by our cyclones v>y m or less f mon? to mon?1 & ev5 if ! av]age tracks = ea* mon? are kn[n1 individual cyclones may occur :i* absolutely disreg>d ^! tracks4 ,:ile ! av]age h\rly velocity ( cyclones is accurately kn[n = ! ye> & = ea* mon?1 ! movem5ts ( individual /orms are (t5 v caprici\s4 ,!y may move ) a fairly uni=m velocity ?r\gh\t ! "t ( _! duration2 !y may sudd5ly & unexpect$ly increase _! rate ( movem5t1 or !y may z sudd5ly come ne>ly to a /&/ill4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( cyclones v>y 9 diff]5t portions ( ! c\ntry & at diff]5t times4 ,cyclones :i* h be5 accompani$ by little precipitation on mo/ ( _! j\rney are apt to give increas$ ra9 or sn[fall z !y ne> ! ,atlantic ,ocean & ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,cyclones :i* ov] "o portion ( ! c\ntry 7 ra9y1 may give little or no precipitation 9 ano!r portion4 ,cyclones & anticyclones are f\nd to h consid]able influ5ce on "o ano!r1 ret>d+ or accel]at+ "o ano!r's advance1 or *ang+ "o ano!r's normal pa? ( progression4 ,:ile ?is mutual int]action is cle>ly se51 & may be successfully pr$ict$ 9 _m cases1 _m o!r cases arise 9 :i*1 "u app>5tly simil> conditions1 ! result is v diff]5t f ! anticipation4 ,su* are "s ( ! difficulties ) :i* wea!r =eca/]s h to cont5d1 & :i* prev5t ! atta9m5t ( great] accuracy 9 wea!r pr$iction4 ,,"p ,v4----,,problems ,,9 ,,obs]vational ,,meteorology4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,temp]ature4 ,! *ief int]e/ & value ( ! in/rum5tal "w 9 meteorology are to be f\nd n only 9 ! tak+ ( ! daily obs]vations at /at$ h\rs1 b 9 ! work+ out ( num]\s simple problems1 su* z may readily be und]tak5 ) ! help ( ! in/rum5ts already describ$4 ,?us1 ! temp]ature ( ! air 7obta9$ by ! sl+ !rmomet]1 supplem5t$ by maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s1 & by ! !rmograph if available7 c be det]m9$ "u a v>iety ( conditions1 e4g41 close to ! gr\nd1 & at diff]5t heights above ! gr\nd2 at diff]5t h\rs1 by day & night2 9 diff]5t seasons2 9 sun%9e & 9 %ade2 dur+ w9d & calms2 9 cle> & cl\dy wea!r2 9 woods & 9 ! op52 ov] b>e gr\nd1 grass1 sn[1 or ice2 on hills & 9 valleys4 ,obs]vations may also be made ( ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd & ( a sn[ cov]1 at ! surface & at slight dep?s b5ea? ! surface1 9 diff]5t seasons & "u diff]5t wea!r conditions4 ,among ! problems :i* may be work$ out by means ( su* obs]vations z ^! are ! foll[+3---- ,a4 ,! ,diurnal ,range ( ,temp]ature "u ,diff]5t ,conditions & at ,diff]5t ,heights above ! ,gr\nd4----,"u ! influ5ce ( ! sun ! regul> normal v>iation ( temp]ature dur+ #bd h\rs is z foll[s3 ,a gradual increase1 ) ! increas+ altitude ( ! sun1 f sunrise until %ortly aft] noon1 & a gradual decrease1 ) decreas+ altitude ( ! sun1 f ! maximum1 %ortly aft] noon1 until ! m9imum1 ab\t sunrise4 ,?is v>iation is kn[n z ! diurnal v>iation ( temp]ature4 ,curve a 9 ,fig4 #ab illu/rates well ! normal diurnal v>iation ( temp]ature1 z record$ by ! !rmograph dur+ a p]iod ( cle>1 w>m spr+ wea!r 7,april #bg-cj1 #ahhi1 ,na%ua1 ,n4 ,h474 ,! diurnal range ( temp]ature is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum ( ! diurnal oscillation4 ,! regul> normal diurnal v>iation 9 temp]ature is (t5 mu* int]f]$ ) by o!r controll+ causes ?an ! sun1 e4g41 cyclonic w9ds1 cl\ds1 etc4 ,i4 ,/udy & comp>e ! diurnal ranges ( temp]ature z indicat$ by ! maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s1 or ! !rmograph1 9 ! in/rum5t %elt]1 9 cle>1 fair1 cl\dy1 & /ormy wea!r1 dur+ w9ds & 9 calms1 9 diff]5t mon?s4 ,summ>ize y\r results by gr\p+ !m accord+ to ! g5]al wea!r conditions1 & accord+ to ! mon?s or seasons 9 :i* ! obs]vations 7 made4 ,= example1 gr\p toge!r & av]age ! ranges obs]v$ on cle>1 calm days 9 w9t]2 on simil> days 9 e>ly summ] or autumn2 on cle> days ) brisk nor?we/ w9ds 9 w9t]2 on simil> days 9 e>ly summ] or autumn2 on calm days ) ov]ca/ sky 9 ! diff]5t seasons2 on /ormy days ) /rong w9ds1 etc4 ,/udy c>efully ! wea!r maps = ! days on :i* y\r obs]vations are made4 ,pay special att5tion to ! relation betwe5 ! diurnal ranges & ! control ex]cis$ ov] ^! ranges by cyclones & anticyclones ?r\gh _! w9ds & g5]al wea!r conditions4 ,,ii4 ,obs]vations ( diurnal ranges ( temp]ature at diff]5t heights above ! gr\nd may be made by means ( maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s fa/5$ 7tempor>ily7 outside ( ! w9d[s ( diff]5t /ories ( ! s*ool or ( "s o!r build+4 ,^! obs]vations %\ld be made out ( w9d[s fac+ nor?1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to *eck1 s f> z possible1 any draft f )9 ! build+ out ?r\gh ! w9d[ dur+ ! tak+ ( ! obs]vation4 ,if a fire escape is provid$ on ! build+1 ! in/rum5ts may (t5 be conv5i5tly fa/5$ to t4 ,/udy ! ranges "u diff]5t conditions ( w9d & wea!r at v>i\s heights above ! gr\nd1 & comp>e ^! results ) ^? obta9$ "u ,i4 ,notice ! relations ( all y\r results to ! cyclonic & anticyclonic areas ( ! wea!r maps4 ,! diurnal range ( temp]ature 9 ! air ov] ! op5 ocean f ! equator to latitude #dj has be5 f\nd to av]age only #b to #c4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,cali=nia & ! adjac5t portion ( ,arizona ! av]age diurnal temp]ature range 9 summ] is #dj or #de4 ,ov] o!r arid regions1 su* z ! ,sah>a1 ,arabia1 & ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia1 ! range also (t5 am\nts to #dj4 ,obs]vations ( temp]ature above ! e>?'s surface1 9 ! free air1 made on m\nta9s1 9 balloons1 & by means ( in/rum5ts elevat$ by kites1 indicate v cle>ly t ! diurnal range ( temp]ature decreases ) increas+ elevation above sea level4 ,! results obta9$ at ,blue ,hill ,obs]vatory1 ,massa*usetts1 by means ( kites1 %[ t ! diurnal range ( temp]ature almo/ disappe>s1 on ! av]age1 at #ccjj feet 7#ajjj met]s74 ,b4 ,*anges ( ,temp]ature 9 ! ,l[] ,air1 & _! ,control by ! ,condition ( ! ,gr\nd1 ! ,movem5t ( ! ,air1 & ,o!r ,factors4----,det]m9e ! *anges ( ! temp]ature 9 ! l[] air by mak+ frequ5t read+s ( ! ord9>y !rmomet] 9 ! in/rum5t %elt]1 ( ! sl+ !rmomet]1 or by an exam9ation ( ! !rmograph record4 ,gr\p ^! *anges1 z 9 ,problem ,a1 s f> z possible accord+ to ! wea!r conditions "u :i* !y occurr$1 & try to classify ! k9ds ( *ange r\ghly into types4 ,/udy ! control ( ^! v>i\s types by ! w9d & o!r wea!r conditions accompany+ !m1 z illu/rat$ on ! daily wea!r maps4 ,! control ex]cis$ by diff]5t conditions ( ! e>?'s surface may be /udi$ by means ( obs]vations made ) ! sl+ !rmomet] ov] diff]5t surfaces1 su* z grass1 b>e gr\nd1 sn[1 etc4 ,examples ( temp]ature *anges 9 ! l[] air1 "u diff]5t conditions ( wea!r1 record$ on ! !rmograph1 are giv5 9 ,fig4 #ab1 & are briefly ref]r$ to _! causes 9 ! text accompany+ t figure4 ,c4 ,v]tical ,di/ribution ( ,temp]ature 9 ! ,atmosph]e4----,! v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 ! l[] air may be /udi$ by hav+ ord9>y !rmomet]s or !rmographs expos$ at diff]5t heights above ! gr\nd1 e4g41 close to ! surface2 9 an in/rum5t %elt]2 out ( w9d[s on successive /ories ( "s high build+2 & on ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,!y may also1 9 cases :]e !re is a hill 9 ! neighborhood1 be expos$ 9 a valley at ! bottom ( ! hill & at successive elevations up ! side ( ! hill4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 usually mu* simpl]1 z well z m practicable1 to take ^! temp]ature read+s by means ( ! sl+ !rmomet]4 ,9 ! case ( obs]vations made out ( ! w9d[s ( a build+1 "o obs]v] c take ! read+s at diff]5t elevations 9 succession4 ,:5 ! obs]vations are made at diff]5t altitudes on ! side ( a hill1 x is be/ to h ! cop]ation ( sev]al obs]v]s1 :o %all all read _! !rmomet]s at ! same mom5t ( "t4 ,! results obta9$ 9 ! previ\s problems 7,a & ,b7 may1 ( c\rse1 also be utiliz$ 9 /udy+ ! v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,/udy ! v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 ! l[] air "u v>i\s conditions ( wea!r & season2 at v>i\s h\rs ( ! day1 & ) v>y+ conditions ( surface cov]4 ,make y\r obs]vations sy/ematically1 at regul> h\rs1 s t ! results may be comp>able4 ,gr\p toge!r obs]vations made "u simil> conditions ( wea!r1 season1 "t1 & surface cov]4 ,det]m9e ! av]age v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature 9 ! diff]5t cases4 ,note especially any seem+ peculi>ities or irregul>ities 9 ?is di/ribution at c]ta9 times4 ,/udy c>efully1 z 9 ! previ\s problems1 ! relation ( ! diff]5t types ( temp]ature di/ribution 9 ! atmosph]e to ! wea!r conditions z %[n on ! daily wea!r maps4 ,obs]vations made 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 on m\nta9s & 9 balloons1 h %[n t on ! av]age ! temp]ature decreases f ! e>?'s surface upw>ds at ! rate ( ab\t #a 9 #cjj feet ( asc5t4 ,! rate ( v]tical decrease ( temp]ature is kn[n 9 meteorology z ! v]tical temp]ature gradi5t4 ,:5 x happ5s t !re is = a "t an increase 9 temp]ature upw>ds f ! e>?'s surface1 ! condition is kn[n z an inv]sion ( temp]ature4 ,z a result ( ! decrease ( temp]ature ) increas+ altitude above sea level1 ! tops ( _m high m\nta9s ev5 9 ! ,torrid ,zone are always cov]$ ) sn[1 :ile no sn[ c ev] fall at _! bases1 ow+ to ! high temp]atures :i* prevail !re4 ,balloons s5t up )\t aronauts1 b ) self-record+ in/rum5ts1 h giv5 u temp]atures ( -#ij at a height ( #aj miles above ! e>?'s surface4 ,on ,dec4 #d1 #ahif1 ,b]son rea*$ a height ( #cj1jjj feet & not$ a temp]ature ( -#eb4 ,inv]sions ( temp]ature are q common1 especially dur+ ! cle> cold spells ( w9t]4 ,"u su* conditions ! tops & sides ( hills & m\nta9s are (t5 mu* w>m] ?an ! valley bottoms at _! bases4 ,a good example ( an inv]sion ( temp]ature occurr$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire on ,dec4 #bg1 #ahhd4 ,! pressure 0 above ! normal1 ! sky cle> & ! w9d light4 ,! obs]v] on ! summit ( ,mt4 ,wa%+ton report$ a temp]ature ( #af on ! morn+ ( t day1 :ile ! !rmomet]s on ! neighbor+ l[l&s gave read+s ( f -#aj to -#bd4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ! villages & cottages are g5]ally built on ! m\nta9 sides & n d[n 9 ! valley bottoms1 exp]i5ce hav+ taught ! natives t ! greate/ cold is f\nd at ! l[] levels4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,w9ds4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! direction ( ! w9d 7by means ( ! w9d vane7 & ( its velocity 7by means ( ! anemomet]1 or by e/imat+ its /r5g?7 at diff]5t h\rs1 "u diff]5t conditions ( wea!r & 9 diff]5t seasons1 leads to a numb] ( problems4 ,! foll[+ simple inve/igations may readily be und]tak5 9 s*ools3---- ,a4 ,! ,diurnal ,v>iation 9 ,w9d ,velocity 9 ,fair ,wea!r4----,obs]ve & record ! velocity ( ! w9d 7ei!r e/imat$ or regi/]$ by ! anemomet]7 e h\r1 or z (t5 z possible1 on cle> or fair days 9 diff]5t mon?s4 ,c y discov] any regul> *ange 9 ! velocities dur+ ! day8 ,if s1 :at is ! *ange8 ,does ! season seem to h any control ov] ! results obta9$8 ,exam9e ! daily wea!r maps 9 connection ) y\r obs]vations & det]m9e ! effect t diff]5t wea!r conditions h ^u ! diurnal v>iation 9 w9d velocity4 ,! diurnal v>iation 9 w9d velocity ov] ! op5 ocean is s slight z h>dly to be noticeable4 ,ov] ! l&1 ! daytime w9ds are commonly /ronge/ 9 arid regions4 ,travel+ across ! des]t (t5 becomes extremely disagreeable1 ow+ to ! cl\ds ( du/ :i* ^! w9ds sweep up f ! surface4 ,b4 ,! ,v>iations 9 ,direction & ,velocity due to ,cyclones & ,anticyclones4----,record ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d at y\r /ation at frequ5t int]vals dur+ ! passage ( a consid]able numb] ( cyclones & anticyclones4 ,ent] y\r obs]vations 9 "s =m ( table s t !y may be readily exam9$4 7,see p4 #aac47 ,note ! "* ( ! *anges t occur1 classify+ !m into types1 s f> z possible4 ,/udy ! control ( w9d directions & velocities by ! special features ( ! individual cyclones & anticyclones z %[n on ! daily wea!r maps4 ,h[ are ! diff]5t types ( *ange 9 direction & velocity affect$ by ! tracks ( cyclones & anticyclones8 ,by _! velocity ( progression8 ,by ! arrangem5t ( isob>s ar\nd !m8 ,by ! height ( ! b>omet] at ! c5t]8 ,by ! season 9 :i* ! cyclones & anticyclones occur8 ,frequ5t *anges 9 ! direction & velocity ( our w9ds are "o great *>act]i/ic ( ! ,temp]ate ,zones1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,! cont9u\s procession ( cyclones & anticyclones across ! ,unit$ ,/ates involves cont9u\s %ifts ( w9d4 ,ov] mu* ( ! e>?'s surface1 h[ev]1 ! regul>ity & con/ancy ( ! w9ds are ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! climate4 ,ov] a consid]able "p ( ! belts bl[n ov] by ! nor!a/ & s\!a/ trades1 r\ghly betwe5 latitude #cj ,n4 & ,s4 & ! equator1 ! w9ds keep v ne>ly ! same direction & ! same velocity day aft] day & mon? aft] mon?4 ,?us ! trades are ( great b5efit to comm]ce4 ,sail+ %ips may travel = days 9 ! trade w9d belts )\t hav+ _! sails %ift$ at all1 ) a fair w9d all ! "t c>ry+ !m rapidly on to _! de/9ation4 ,c4 ,! ,occurr5ce & ,*>act]i/ics ( ,local ,w9ds1 su* z ,m\nta9 & ,valley & ,l& & ,sea ,breezes4----,if ! obs]v] happ5s to be liv+ 9 or ne> ! m\? ( a valley or on a m\nta9 side1 opportunity may be giv5 = ! obs]vation ( ! local w9ds d[n ! m\nta9 sides & d[n ! valley at night1 & up ! valley & ! m\nta9 sides by day1 kn[n z m\nta9 & valley breezes4 ,keep a record ( w9d direction & velocity dur+ ! day1 & especially dur+ ! morn+ & ev5+ h\rs4 ,notice any m>k$ *anges 9 direction1 & ! relation ( ^! *anges to ! "t ( day4 ,does ! velocity ( ! daytime up-ca/ breeze %[ any sy/ematic v>iation dur+ ! day8 ,/udy ! relation ( m\nta9 & valley breezes to ! g5]al wea!r conditions %[n on ! wea!r maps4 ,h[ are ^! breezes affect$ by season8 ,by ! pres5ce ( a cyclone ov] ! region8 ,( an anticyclone8 ,by ! /ate ( ! sky8 ,if ne> ! seacoa/ 7i4e41 )9 #aj or #ae miles71 an int]e/+ /udy may be made ( local l& & sea breezes4 ,! sea breeze is a w9d f ! ocean on%ore1 :ile ! l& breeze bl[s (f%ore4 ,^! breezes occur only 9 ! w>m] mon?s4 ,take frequ5t obs]vations dur+ ! day1 z 9 ! case ( m\nta9 & valley w9ds1 not+ especially any *anges 9 direction & velocity1 & ! relation ( ^! *anges to ! "t ( day4 ,/udy also ! control ex]cis$ by ! prevail+ wea!r conditions ov] ! occurr5ce & ! /r5g? ( developm5t ( ! l& & sea breezes4 ,?is problem may be consid]ably ext5d$ by add+ temp]ature obs]vations to ! simpl] record ( w9d direction & velocity4 ,9 "s ( ! ,swiss valleys ! m\nta9 & valley breezes are su* regul> daily wea!r ph5om5a t x has become a wea!r prov]b t a failure ( ! daily *ange 9 w9d direction indicates a *ange ( wea!r4 ,special names are (t5 giv5 to ^! breezes :]e !y are well m>k$4 ,9 a "p ( ! ,tyrol sail+ boats g up ! lakes by day ) ! valley breeze1 & sail back at night ) ! m\nta9 breeze4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y = ! boats to be r[$ ei!r way4 ,l& & sea breezes1 al?\gh an unimportant climatic feature 9 ^! nor!rn latitudes1 are (t5 ( ! highe/ importance 9 ! ,torrid ,zone4 ,! fre% pure sea breeze f ov] ! ocean makes x possible = ,europeans to live 9 _m tropical climates :]e o!rwise !y w\ld n keep _! heal?4 ,! l& breeze1 on ! o!r h&1 is apt to be an unheal?y w9d 9 ! tropics1 especially :5 x bl[s (f ( swampy l&4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,humidity1 ,,dew1 ,,& ,,fro/4 ,! humidity ( ! air1 z det]m9$ by ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s or ! sl+ psy*romet]1 & ! occurr5ce or abs5ce ( dew or fro/1 %\ld be /udi$ toge!r4 ,obs]vations %\ld be made at diff]5t h\rs1 9 diff]5t k9ds ( wea!r1 & 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,f su* obs]vations ! foll[+ problems may be solv$3---- ,a4 ,diurnal ,v>iation ( ,relative ,humidity "u ,diff]5t ,conditions4----,read+s ( ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s 9 ! in/rum5t %elt]1 or ( ! sl+ psy*romet]1 sev]al times dur+ ! day1 w furni% data = det]m9+ ! diurnal v>iation ( relative humidity4 ,classify y\r obs]vations accord+ to ! wea!r conditions "u :i* !y 7 made1 & by mon?s or seasons4 ,summ>ize ! results ( y\r inve/igation1 pay+ special att5tion to ! relation betwe5 ! diurnal v>iation ( relative humidity & ! temp]ature4 ,! v>iations ( relative humidity are g5]ally ! rev]se ( ^? ( absolute humidity4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] ! av]age diurnal v>iations are small4 ,! fluctuations 9 ! relative humidity dur+ ! day on ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,europe am\nt to ab\t #g 9 ,decemb] & #ag 9 ,augu/1 :ile 9 c5tral ,asia !y av]age ab\t #be 9 w9t] & #ej 9 summ]4 ,b4 ,relation ( ,relative ,humidity to ! ,direction ( ! ,w9d4----,obs]vations by means ( ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s 9 ! %elt]1 or by means ( ! sl+ psy*romet]1 supplem5t$ by records ( w9d direction1 w furni% data = ! solution ( ?is problem4 ,tabulate y\r obs]vations accord+ to w9d directions & seasons4 ,det]m9e ! *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t w9ds z to _! relative humidities4 ,consid] ! control ( ^! w9ds & humidity conditions by cyclones & anticyclones4 ,! w>m wave1 or sirocco1 9 front ( our w9t] cyclones 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates is a damp1 disagreeable1 irritat+ w9d4 ,9 summ]1 ! sirocco is usually dry1 & dur+ ! preval5ce ( su* w9ds we h our hotte/ spells1 :5 sun/rokes are n uncommon4 ,9 s\!rn ,italy ! sirocco has ! same position ) ref]5ce to ! controll+ cyclone4 ,!re ! w9d is (t5 s dry z s]i\sly to injure vegetation4 ,! cold wave1 on ! re> ( our w9t] cyclones1 ) its l[ temp]ature & dry air1 (t5 comes z a refre%+ *ange aft] ! en]vat+ w>m? ( ! prec$+ sirocco4 ,our feel+s ( bodily com=t or discom=t are ?us 9 a l>ge measure dep5d5t ^u ! humidity & ! movem5t ( ! air4 ,c4 ,! ,=mation ( ,dew4----,! =mation ( dew is to be /udi$ f ! foll[+ po9ts ( view1 viz41 z dep5d5t ^u3 a1 ! temp]ature & ! humidity ( ! air2 b1 ! exposure & condition ( ! gr\nd2 c1 ! /ate ( ! sky2 & d1 ! movem5t ( ! air4 ,! occurr5ce ( dew on any night1 z well z ! am\nt1 :e!r l>ge or small1 c readily be asc]ta9$ by inspection4 ,obs]ve ! conditions ( temp]ature1 humidity1 cl\d9ess1 & w9d direction & velocity1 z 9 previ\s ex]cises4 ,pay special att5tion to ! /ate ( ! sky1 ! w9d movem5t1 & ! v]tical di/ribution ( temp]ature ne> ! gr\nd4 ,"u head+ b 7exposure & condition ( ! gr\nd7 make obs]vations ( ! am\nts ( dew =m$ on hilltops1 hillsides1 & 9 valleys2 on diff]5t k9ds ( surface cov]+1 z grass1 leaves1 pavem5ts1 etc41 & ov] diff]5t k9ds ( soil4 ,classify ! results 9 accordance ) ! conditions "u :i* ! obs]vations 7 made4 ,comp>e ! results & draw y\r conclusions f ?is /udy4 ,practise mak+ pr$ictions ( ! =mation ( dew 9 diff]5t places & "u diff]5t wea!r conditions4 ,ov] ! great] portion ( ! e>?'s surface ! am\nt ( dew :i* is deposit$ is v small4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ,great ,brita9 ! total annual am\nt w\ld measure only an in* & a half 9 dep?2 & 9 c5tral ,europe ! dep? is giv5 z h>dly "o in*4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,torrid ,zone1 on ! o!r h&1 dew is deposit$ 9 mu* l>g] quantities4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1 ! travel] ?r\gh "s ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican =e/s (t5 f9ds :at seems to be a heavy %[] fall+ "u ! trees1 :ile ! sky is p]fectly cle> ov]head4 ,9 ?is case dew is =m$ on ! tops ( ! tree 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities to give a %[] und]nea?4 ,x is report$ t on ! ,gu9ea coa/ ( ,africa ! dew sometimes runs (f ! ro(s ( ! huts l ra94 ,9 _m dry regions ! dew is an important ag5cy 9 keep+ ! plants alive4 ,d4 ,! ,=mation ( ,fro/4----,! =mation ( fro/ is to be /udi$ 9 ! same way z t sugge/$ 9 ! case ( dew1 i4e41 z dep5d5t ^u3 a1 ! temp]ature & ! humidity ( ! air2 b1 ! exposure & condition ( ! gr\nd2 c1 ! /ate ( ! sky2 & d1 ! movem5t ( ! air4 ,fro/s are usually classifi$ z light or heavy4 ,! words kill+ fro/ are also us$4 ,/udy ! wea!r & surface conditions :i* are mo/ favorable to ! =mation ( fro/4 ,pay special att5tion to ! relation ( fro/ & inv]sions ( temp]ature2 to ! frequ5cy ( fro/ on op5 or %elt]$ surfaces2 on hills or 9 valleys1 & on ! l[] & upp] bran*es ( trees & %rubs4 ,det]m9e1 z well z y c1 ! wea!r conditions :i* prec$e light or heavy fro/s1 & make pr$ictions ( com+ fro/s1 :5 ! conditions w>rant !m4 ,our ,wea!r ,bureau gives mu* att5tion to ! pr$iction ( fro/s & to ! prompt & widespread di/ribution ( fro/ w>n+s4 ,gr[+ crops & fruits are (t5 s]i\sly injur$ by fro/s1 & f>m]s are naturally anxi\s to h z e>ly w>n+ z possible ( _! occurr5ce4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( protect+ crops & trees aga9/ fro/ are us$4 ,! me?od mo/ commonly employ$ consi/s 9 ! build+ ( fires ( bru% or o!r inflammable mat]ial on ! w9dw>d side ( ! field or ! or*>d :5 a fro/ is expect$4 ,! smoke f ! fire is bl[n to leew>d across ! field1 & acts z an artificial cl\d1 af=d+ protection to ! vegetation und]nea?4 ,su* fires are kn[n z smudges4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,cl\ds ,,& ,,upp] ,,air ,,curr5ts4 ,att5tive obs]vation ( cl\ds w soon lead to a famili>ity ) _! common type =ms4 ,a s]ies ( cl\d views1#g ) accompany+ descriptive acc\nts1 w tea* ! names ( ! cl\ds & give def9it5ess to ! record4 ,! directions ( movem5t ( cl\ds are det]m9$ by means ( ! nephoscope4 ,cl\d obs]vations %\ld be made at diff]5t h\rs1 9 diff]5t wea!r conditions1 & 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,! foll[+ problems are conc]n$ ) cl\ds & upp] air curr5ts3---- ,footnote #g3 ,see ,hydrographic ,(fice ,cl\d ,types1 ,app5dix ,b4 ,a4 ,! ,typical ,cl\d ,=ms & _! ,*anges4----,note c>efully ! *>act]i/ic =ms assum$ by cl\ds2 _! mode ( occurr5ce1 :e!r 9 s+le clots1 or 9 gr\ps1 9 l9es1 or all ov] ! sky2 _! *anges 9 =m & 9 mode ( occurr5ce4 ,classify & summ>ize y\r results4 ,comp>e ! cl\ds ( ! w>m mon?s ) ^? ( ! cold mon?s4 ,obs]vations h %[n t cl\ds h c]ta9 def9ite *>act]i/ic =ms :i* are sub/antially ! same 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is fact makes x possible to give names to ! diff]5t typical =ms1 & ^! names are us$ by obs]v]s ! _w ov]4 ,h5ce cl\d obs]vations1 :]ev] made1 are comp>able4 ,! fir/ classification ( cl\ds 0 propos$ by ,luke ,h[>d1 9 #ahjc4 ,! classification at pres5t 9 use is kn[n z ! ,int]national ,classification1 & 0 adopt$ by ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,congress 9 #ahif4 ,b4 ,! ,prevail+ ,direction ( ,cl\d ,movem5ts4----,! use ( ! nephoscope is necess>y 9 ! accurate det]m9ation ( cl\d movem5ts4 ,/udy ! prevail+ directions ( movem5t ( ! cl\ds1 by means ( frequ5t obs]vations ) ! nephoscope1 9 diff]5t wea!r conditions4 ,sep>ate ! upp] & l[] cl\ds 9 ?is /udy4 ,summ>ize y\r results accord+ to ! wea!r conditions & ! k9ds ( cl\ds4 ,c4 ,correlation ( ,cl\d ,=m & ,movem5t ) ,surface ,w9ds1 ) ,cyclones & ,anticyclones1 & ) ,wea!r ,*anges4----,! results obta9$ 9 ! work+ out ( ! two prec$+ problems may be us$ 9 ! pres5t problem4 ,tabulate y\r obs]vations ( cl\d =ms ) ref]5ce to ! w9d directions :i* prevail$ at ! "t ( mak+ ! obs]vations4 ,d ! same ) ! directions ( cl\d movem5t4 ,det]m9e ! relation betwe5 surface w9ds & cl\d types1 & betwe5 surface w9ds & ! direction ( ! upp] air curr5ts1 z %[n by ! movem5ts ( ! upp] cl\ds4 ,/udy ! control ex]cis$ by cyclones & anticyclones ov] cl\d =ms & ov] ! direction ( ! upp] air curr5ts4 ,d4 ,! ,use ( ,cl\ds z ,wea!r ,progno/ics4----,att5tive obs]vation ( ! =ms & *anges ( cl\ds1 & ( ! accompany+ & foll[+ wea!r *anges1 w lead to ! association ( c]ta9 cl\ds ) c]ta9 com+ wea!r conditions4 ,make y\r cl\d obs]vations c>efully1 tak+ full notes at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,give special att5tion to ! wea!r conditions t foll[4 ,cont9ue ?is inve/igation ?r\gh z long a p]iod z possible1 until y h ga!r$ a consid]able body ( fact to s]ve z a basis1 & !n frame a set ( simple rules = =eca/+ fair or /ormy wea!r on ! basis ( ! =ms & *anges ( ! cl\ds4 ,su* local obs]vations z ^! may be employ$ z a help 9 mak+ =eca/s f ! daily wea!r maps4 ,cl\ds 7 us$ z wea!r progno/ics long be=e meteorological obs]vations & wea!r maps 7 ?\ght (4 ,to-day sailors & f>m]s /ill look to ! cl\ds to give !m w>n+ ( approa*+ /orms4 ,_m ( our common wea!r prov]bs are bas$ on ! use ( cl\ds z wea!r progno/ics4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,precipitation4 ,! special /udy ( v>i\s problems connect$ ) precipitation involves detail$ obs]vations ( ! am\nt & rate ( precipitation ( v>i\s k9ds1 measur$ by ! ra9 gauge dur+ /orms 9 diff]5t seasons4 ,^! obs]vations ( precipitation %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be supplem5t$ by ! usual record ( ! o!r wea!r elem5ts4 ,! foll[+ problems are sugge/$3---- ,a4 ,! relation ( precipitation 9 g5]al to ! o!r wea!r elem5ts1 & to cyclones & anticyclones4 ,b4 ,! conditions "u :i* special =ms ( precipitation 7ra91 sn[1 sleet1 hail1 froz5 ra97 occur4 ,c4 ,! conditions associat$ ) light & heavy1 brief & prolong$1 local & g5]al ra9fall4 ,^! problems are /udi$ by means ( a c>eful comp>ison ( full wea!r records ) ! daily wea!r maps dur+ a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,ra9 is ! mo/ common =m ( precipitation ! _w ov]1 al?\gh sn[ falls ov] l>ge portions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,9 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic zones almo/ all ! precipitation1 :i* is small 9 am\nt1 comes 9 ! =m ( sn[4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe sn[ falls at sea level dur+ ! w9t] z f> s\? z #cf nor? latitude on ! av]age4 ,9 ea/]n ,asia sn[ occasionally falls z f> s\? z #bc nor? latitude4 ,! mean annual ra9fall v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 des]t regions x is practically no?+4 ,at ,*]rapunjee1 9 ,india1 x rea*es #dic in*es1 or ov] #dj feet4 ,a fall ( #dj4h in*es 9 a s+le day occurr$ at ?is /ation on ,june #ad1 #ahgf4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,upp] ,mattole1 ,cal41 _h an extraord9>y mon?ly ra9fall ( #da4fc in*es 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhh4 ,an excessive daily ra9fall ( #h in*es occurr$ at ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y41 on ,june #h1 #ahgf4 ,at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 #b4cd in*es fell 9 #cg m9utes on ,june #bg1 #ahha4 ,a sudd5 & v heavy fall ( ra9 occurr$ at ,palmetto1 ,nevada1 9 ,augu/1 #ahij4 ,a ra9 gauge :i* 0 n expos$ to ! full int5sity ( ! /orm caught #h4hj in*es ( wat] 9 "o h\r4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahia1 an obs]v] at ,campo1 ,cal41 measur$ #aa4e in*es z ! ra9fall 9 "o h\r f "o v heavy d[np\r1 & f a portion ( a second /orm4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,pressure4 ,! v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure1 al?\gh ins5sible to non-in/rum5tal obs]vation1 are s intimately connect$ ) atmosph]ic processes t !y des]ve c>eful att5tion4 ,_! obs]vation leads to sev]al problems4 ,a4 ,! ,decrease ( ,pressure ) ,height1 z betwe5 ,valley & ,hill1 or betwe5 ! ,base & ,top ( a ,build+4----,make ^! obs]vations ) ! m]curial b>omet]1 if possible4 ,note ! air temp]atures at ! two levels at :i* ! b>omet] read+s are made4 ,det]m9e ! heights ( hill or build+ by means ( ! foll[+ rule3 ,multiply by #i ! diff]5ce 9 b>ometrical read+s at ! two /ations1 giv5 9 hundr$?s ( an in*1 & ! result w be approximately ! diff]5ce 9 height betwe5 ! /ations 9 feet4 ,a m accurate result may be rea*$ by means ( ! foll[+ rule3 ,! diff]5ce ( level 9 feet is equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! pressures 9 in*es divid$ by _! sum1 & multipli$ by ! numb] #ee1gfa1 :5 ! mean ( ! air temp]atures ( ! two places is #fj4 ,if ! mean temp]ature is above #fj1 ! multipli] mu/ be increas$ by #aag = e degree by :i* ! mean exce$s #fj2 if less ?an #fj1 ! multipli] mu/ be decreas$ 9 ! same way4 ,= example1 if ! l[] /ation has a pressure ( #cj4jj in*es & a temp]ature ( #fb1 & ! upp] /ation has #bi4jj in*es & #eh respectively1 ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! two w be 7#cj4jj - #bi4jj7 _/ 7#cj4jj #bi4jj7 #ee1gfa #ide feet4 ,if ! l[] values are #cj4ae in*es & #fe1 :ile ! upp] values are #bh4fg in*es & #ei1 !n ! =mula becomes 7#cj4ae - #bh4fg7 _/ 7#cj4ae #bh4fg7 #ee1gfa 7#b #aag7 #adji feet4 ,! det]m9ation ( heights by means ( ! b>omet] dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! rate ( decrease ( pressure upw>ds is kn[n4 ,z ! weight ( a column ( air ( a giv5 height v>ies ) ! temp]ature ( ! air1 x is necess>y1 9 accurate "w ( ?is sort1 to "k ! air temp]atures at bo? ! l[] & upp] /ations at ! "t ( obs]vation4 ,f ^! temp]atures ! mean temp]ature ( ! air column betwe5 ! two /ations may be det]m9$4 ,tables h be5 publi%$ :i* facilitate ! r$uctions 9 ?is "w4 ,! heights ( m\nta9s are usually det]m9$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by means ( b>ometric obs]vations1 c>ri$ out by sci5tific exp$itions or by travel]s t h be5 able to rea* _! summits4 ,m accurate measurem5ts are lat] made1 :5 possible1 by means ( trigonometrical me?ods4 ,b4 ,! ,diurnal & ,cyclonic ,v>iation ( ,pressure 9 ,diff]5t ,seasons4----,?is problem is satisfactorily solv$ only by a /udy ( ! curves trac$ by ! b>ograph1 or by plott+1 z a curve1 h\rly or half-h\rly read+s ( ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,! diurnal v>iation ( ! b>omet] is ! "n giv5 to a slight d\ble oscillation ( pressure1 ) two maxima & two m9ima occurr+ dur+ ! #bd h\rs4 ,?is oscillation is 9 "s way1 n yet und]/ood1 connect$ ) ! diurnal v>iation 9 temp]ature4 ,x is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! tropics & dim9i%es t[>ds ! poles4 ,fig4 #ae illu/rates1 9 ! ,may curve1 ! diurnal v>iation ( ! b>omet] at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 dur+ a spell ( fair spr+ wea!r1 ,may #ah-bb1 #ahhg4 ,! maxima are m>k$ by & ! m9ima by #j4 ,! cyclonic v>iation ( pressure is ! "n giv5 to ^? irregul> *anges 9 pressure :i* are caus$ by ! passage ( cyclones & anticyclones4 ,! second curve 9 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! cyclonic v>iations 9 pressure record$ by ! b>ograph at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 dur+ a spell ( /ormy wea!r1 ,feb4 #bc-bh1 #ahhg4 ,^! curves s]ve z good illu/rations ( ^! two k9ds ( pressure v>iations4 ,/udy y\r b>ograph trac+s1 or y\r b>omet] read+s1 z illu/rat+ diurnal or cyclonic v>iations ( pressure4 ,note ! "* & ! am\nt ( ! diurnal & cyclonic v>iations1 & _! dep5d5ce on seasons4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,torrid ,zone ! diurnal v>iation ( ! b>omet] is rem>kably di/9ct & regul>4 ,humboldt fir/ call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 ^? latitudes ! "t ( day may be told )9 ab\t #ae m9utes if ! height ( ! b>omet] is kn[n4 ,c4 ,! ,relation ( ,local ,pressure ,*anges to ,cyclones & ,anticyclones1 & ?us to ,wea!r ,*anges4----,make a detail$ /udy ( ! relation ( ! local pressure *anges at y\r /ation1 z %[n by ! b>ograph curves1 or by frequ5t read+s ( ! m]curial or an]oid b>omet]s1 to ! passage ( cyclones & anticyclones1 & to _! accompany+ wea!r *anges4 ,classify ! simple types ( pressure *ange1 s f> z possible1 toge!r ) ! g5]al wea!r conditions t usually accompany ^! types4 ,apply ! k ( local wea!r *anges ?us ga9$ :5 y make y\r =eca/ on ! basis ( ! daily wea!r maps4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,meteorological ,,tables4 ,! tables :i* foll[ are ^? :i* are n[ 9 use by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,!y 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,in/ructions = ,volunt>y ,obs]v]s issu$ 9 #ahib1 & 7 repr9t$ 9 #ahig4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions w be f\nd ( s]vice 9 ! use ( ! tables3---- ,,table ,i4----,,dew-,,po9t4 ,! figures 9 heavy type1 arrang$ 9 v]tical columns at ea* side ( ! page1 are ! air temp]atures 9 degrees ,fahr5heit1 z record$ by ! dry-bulb !rmomet]4 ,! figures 9 heavy type1 runn+ across ! page1 d5ote ! diff]5ces1 9 degrees & t5?s ( degrees1 betwe5 ! dry-bulb & wet-bulb read+s1 or1 te*nically1 ! depression ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet]4 ,! figures 9 ! v]tical columns d5ote ! dew-po9ts4 ,make y\r obs]vation ( ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s & note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two read+s4 ,f9d1 9 ! v]tical columns ( heavy type1 ! temp]ature correspond+ to y\r dry-bulb read+1 or ! ne>e/ temp]ature to t4 ,!n look along ! horizontal l9es ( figures 9 heavy type = ! figure :i* corresponds exactly1 or mo/ ne>ly1 ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 y\r wet & dry-bulb read+s4 ,look d[n ! v]tical column "u ?is latt] figure until y rea* ! horizontal l9e correspond+ to y\r dry-bulb read+4 ,at ?is po9t ! figures 9 ! v]tical column give ! dew-po9t ( ! air at ! "t ( y\r obs]vation4 ,example3 ,air ,temp]ature 7dry bulb71 #dg2 ,wet ,bulb1 #dd2 ,diff]5ce1 #c4 ,on page #adh w be f\nd ! table conta9+ bo? #dg 7dry bulb7 & #c 7depression ( ! dew-po9t74 ,9 ! tw5ty-eigh? l9e ( ?is table & 9 ! sev5? column w be f\nd ! dew-po9t1 viz41 #da4 ,example3 ,air ,temp]ature1 #fa4e2 ,wet ,bulb1 #ee4e2 ,diff]5ce1 #f4 ,9 ?is case #fa4e is n f\nd 9 ! v]tical columns ( dry-bulb read+s1 b #fa & #fb are f\nd4 ,! dew-po9t1 ) a diff]5ce betwe5 wet & dry-bulb read+s ( #f1 = an air temp]ature ( #fa1 is #ej2 = an air temp]ature ( #fb1 x is #eb4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 = an air temp]ature ( #fa4e ! dew-po9t w be #ea1 i4e41 halfway betwe5 #ej & #eb4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ dew-po9ts at air temp]atures or ) depressions ( ! wet-bulb !rmomet] :i* are n giv5 exactly 9 ! tables1 is kn[n z int]polation4 ,example3 ,air ,temp]ature1 #ic2 ,wet ,bulb1 #ij4e2 ,diff]5ce1 #b4e4 ,our table gives no dew-po9ts = wet-bulb depressions ( #b4e1 ) air temp]ature #ic1 b we f9d 7on page #aeb7 t = air temp]ature #ic & depression ( wet bulb ( #b1 ! dew-po9t is #ia1 :ile = a wet-bulb depression ( #c1 ! dew-po9t is #hi4 ,by ! me?od ( int]polation we c readily det]m9e ! dew-po9t 9 ! special case "u consid]ation z #ij1 i4e41 halfway betwe5 #hi & #ia4 ,,table ,,ii4----,,relative ,,humidity4 ,! g5]al plan ( ?is table is ! same z t ( ,table ,i4 ,! figures 9 ! v]tical columns are ! relative humidities 79 p]c5tages7 correspond+ to ! diff]5t read+s ( ! wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s4 ,,table ,,iii4----,,r$uction ,,( ,,b>omet] ,,to #cb4 ,! figures 9 heavy type1 arrang$ 9 v]tical columns at ! left ( ! page1 ref] to ! temp]ature 9 degrees ,fahr5heit1 z indicat$ by ! atta*$ !rmomet]4 ,! figures 9 heavy type1 runn+ across ! top ( ! page1 are ! b>omet] read+s 9 in*es & t5?s4 ,make a read+ ( ! atta*$ !rmomet] & ( ! b>omet]4 ,f9d 9 ! v]tical column ! temp]ature correspond+ to ! read+ ( ! atta*$ !rmomet]1 & 9 ! horizontal l9e ( heavy figures ! read+ correspond+ to ! height ( ! b>omet]4 ,! decimal 9 ! v]tical column1 "u ! appropriate b>omet] read+1 & 9 ! same horizontal l9e ) ! appropriate !rmomet] read+1 is to be subtract$ f ! height ( ! b>omet] z obs]v$1 ?us correct+ ! read+ to freez+4 ,:5 ! atta*$ !rmomet] reads bel[ #bh1 ! correction is additive4 ,example3 ,atta*$ ,!rmomet]1 #fi2 ,b>omet]1 #cj4jj in*es2 ,correction1 -4#aaj2 ,correct$ read+1 #bi4hij in*es4 ,example3 ,atta*$ ,!rmomet]1 #gc2 ,b>omet]1 #bi4ge in*es2 ,correction 8 ,we d n f9d any column correspond+ to a b>omet] read+ ( #bi4ge in*es4 ,we d f9d1 h[ev]1 t ) a b>omet] read+ ( #bi4ej1 & an atta*$ !rmomet] read+ ( #gc1 ! correction is -4#aah in*1 & ) a b>omet] read+ ( #cj4jj1 ! correction is -4#abj4 ,by int]polat+1 z 9 ! case ( ! humidity table above1 we f9d ! correction = a b>omet] read+ ( #bi4ge in*es1 & an atta*$ !rmomet] read+ ( #gc4 ,! correction is -4#aai1 & ! correct$ read+ is #bi4ge - 4#aai #bi4fc in*es4 ,,table ,,iv4----,,r$uction ,,( ,,b>omet] ,,to ,,sea ,,level4 ,! figures 9 heavy type1 9 ! left-h& v]tical columns1 are ! heights1 9 feet1 ( ! b>omet] above sea level4 ,! figures 9 heavy type at ! top ( ! columns1 runn+ across ! page1 are ! read+s ( ! ord9>y !rmomet]4 ,! numb]s ( in*es & hundr$?s ( in*es to be subtract$ f ! b>omet] read+ 7correct$ = temp]ature by ,table ,,iii71 = ! diff]5t heights above sea level1 are giv5 9 ! v]tical columns4 ,! altitude above sea level ( ! city or t[n at :i* ! obs]vation is made %\ld be asc]ta9$ z accurately z possible f "s recogniz$ au?ority1 z1 e4g41 f a railroad survey2 f ,gov]nm5t measurem5ts1 or f "s eng9e]'s (fice4 ,! correction to be made is det]m9$ by a simple inspection ( ! table or by ! me?od ( int]polation4 ,example3 ,altitude ( ,b>omet] above sea level1 #hdj feet2 ,temp]ature ( ! air1 #dj2 ,correction1 4#ica in*4 ,example3 ,altitude ( ,b>omet] above sea level1 #bje feet2 ,temp]ature ( ! air1 #de2 ,correction 8 ,"h #bje feet & #de are nei!r ( !m f\nd 9 ! table4 ,h5ce a d\ble int]polation is necess>y4 ,= #bjj feet & #dj ! correction is 4#bbd in*4 ,= #bjj feet & #ej ! correction is 4#bbj in*4 ,h5ce = #bjj feet & #de ! correction is 4#bbb in*4 ,= #baj feet & #dj ! correction is 4#bce in*4 ,= #baj feet & #ej ! correction is 4#bca in*4 ,h5ce = #baj feet & #de ! correction is 4#bcc in*4 ,n[ = #bje feet we %\ld h a correction midway betwe5 4#bce in* & 4#bcc in* or 4#bcd in*4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t7 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- ------------7,dry !r47#j4bj4dj4fj4ha4ja4ba4da4fa4hb4jb4bb4 db4f!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ -#dj -#eb -#dj -#ci -#ej -#ci -#ch -#di -#ch -#cg -#dh -#cg -#cf -#df -#cf -#ce -#dd -#ce -#cd -#dc -#eh -#cd -#cc -#db -#ee -#cc -#cb -#dj -#eb -#cb -#ca -#ch -#di -#ca -#cj -#cf -#dg -#cj -#bi -#ce -#dd -#bi -#bh -#cc -#db -#ef -#bh -#bg -#cb -#dj -#eb -#bg -#bf -#cj -#cg -#dh -#bf -#be -#bi -#ce -#de -#be -#bd -#bh -#cd -#dc -#eh -#bd -#bc -#bg -#cb -#dj -#ec -#bc -#bb -#bf -#cj -#cg -#di -#bb -#ba -#be -#bi -#ce -#de -#ba -#bj -#bc -#bh -#cc -#da -#ee -#bj -#ai -#bb -#bf -#ca -#ch -#ej -#ai -#ah -#ba -#be -#bi -#ce -#de -#ah -#ag -#bj -#bc -#bg -#cb -#da -#ee -#ag -#af -#ai -#bb -#bf -#cj -#cg -#di -#af -#ae -#ag -#bj -#bd -#bh -#cd -#dd -#ae -#ad -#af -#ai -#bb -#bf -#ca -#ci -#eb -#ad -#ac -#ae -#ah -#ba -#be -#bi -#ce -#df -#ac -#ab -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bc -#bg -#cb -#da -#ee -#ab -#aa -#ac -#af -#ah -#ba -#be -#cj -#cf -#dh -#aa -#aj -#ab -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bc -#bg -#cc -#db -#eh -#aj -#i -#aa -#ac -#ae -#ah -#ba -#be -#cj -#cg -#dh -#i -#h -#aj -#ab -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bc -#bg -#cc -#db -#eh -#h -#g -#i -#aa -#ac -#ae -#ah -#ba -#be -#cj -#cf -#dh -#g -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ad -#af -#ai -#bc -#bg -#cb -#da -#ef -#f -#e -#g -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ag -#ba -#bd -#bi -#ce -#dg -#e -#d -#f -#g -#i -#aa -#ac -#af -#ai -#bb -#bf -#ca -#ci -#ed -#d -#c -#d -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bc -#bh -#cc -#dd -#c -#b -#c -#e -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ah -#ba -#bd -#bi -#cf -#dh -#b -#a -#b -#d -#e -#g -#i -#aa -#ac -#af -#ah -#bb -#bf -#ca -#ci -#a #j -#a -#c -#d -#f -#g -#i -#aa -#ad -#af -#ai -#bc -#bg -#cc #j #a -#j -#b -#c -#d -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bd -#bh #a #b #a -#a -#b -#c -#e -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ag -#ba -#be #b #c #b #a -#a -#b -#c -#e -#g -#h -#aj -#ac -#ae -#ah -#ba #c #d #c #b #j -#a -#b -#d -#e -#g -#i -#aa -#ac -#af -#ai #d #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#b -#d -#e -#g -#i -#aa -#ad -#af #e #f #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#c -#d -#f -#g -#i -#ab -#ad #f #g #f #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#c -#d -#f -#h -#aj -#ab #g #h #g #f #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#c -#d -#f -#h -#aj #h #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#c -#d -#f -#h #i #aj #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#c -#d -#f #aj #aa #aj #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #b #j -#a -#c -#d #aa #ab #aa #aj #i #i #h #g #e #d #c #b #j -#a -#b #ab #ac #ab #aa #aa #aj #i #h #g #f #e #c #b #a -#a #ac #ad #ac #ab #ab #aa #aj #i #h #g #f #e #d #b #a #ad #ae #ad #ac #ac #ab #aa #aj #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #ae #af #ae #ae #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj #aj #i #h #g #e #d #af #ag #af #af #ae #ad #ac #ab #ab #aa #aj #i #h #g #f #ag #ah #ag #ag #af #ae #ad #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj #i #h #g #ah #ai #ah #ah #ag #af #ae #ae #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj #aj #i #ai #bj #ai #ai #ah #ag #ag #af #ae #ad #ac #ac #ab #aa #aj #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------ t4 #j4bj4dj4fj4ha4ja4ba4da4fa4hb4jb4bb4db4f t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- ----------7,dry !r47 #b4f #b4h #c4j #c4b #c4d #c4f #c4h #d4j #d4b #d4d!r47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- -#b -#dh -#b -#a -#ci -#ed -#a #j -#cc -#dc #j #a -#bh -#ce -#df #a #b -#be -#cj -#cg -#ej #b #c -#ba -#bf -#ca -#ci -#ed #c #d -#ai -#bb -#bg -#cb -#db -#fj #d #e -#af -#ai -#bc -#bh -#cd -#de #e #f -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bd -#bi -#ce -#dg #f #g -#ab -#ad -#ag -#bj -#bd -#bi -#cg -#ej #g #h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ag -#ba -#be -#cj -#ch -#ec #h #i -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ah -#ba -#be -#ca -#ci -#ee #i #aj -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ah -#ba -#bf -#ca -#dj #aj #aa -#d -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ah -#ba -#bf -#ca #aa #ab -#b -#d -#f -#h -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ah -#ba -#bf #ab #ac -#a -#b -#d -#e -#g -#i -#ab -#ad -#ag -#ba #ac #ad #a #j -#b -#c -#e -#g -#i -#aa -#ad -#ag #ad #ae #c #a #j -#b -#c -#e -#g -#i -#aa -#ad #ae #af #d #c #b #j -#a -#c -#d -#f -#h -#aj #af #ag #f #e #c #b #a -#a -#b -#d -#f -#h #ag #ah #g #f #e #d #b #a #j -#b -#c -#e #ah #ai #i #h #g #e #d #c #a #j -#a -#c #ai #bj #aj #i #h #g #f #e #c #b #a -#a #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- t4 #b4f #b4h #c4j #c4b #c4d #c4f #c4h #d4j #d4b #d4d t4 t4 #d4f #d4h #e4j #e4b #e4d #e4f #e4h #f4j #f4b #f4d t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #h #h #i #i #aj -#eg #aj #aa -#da -#fj #aa #ab -#ca -#da -#ei #ab #ac -#be -#ca -#dj -#eh #ac #ad -#bj -#be -#cj -#ci -#ef #ad #ae -#af -#bj -#bd -#cj -#ch -#ec #ae #af -#ac -#af -#ai -#bc -#bh -#cf -#ej #af #ag -#aj -#ab -#ae -#ah -#bb -#bg -#cd -#dg #ag #ah -#g -#i -#ab -#ad -#ag -#ba -#bf -#cb -#dd #ah #ai -#e -#g -#i -#aa -#ad -#ag -#bj -#be -#cj -#dj #ai #bj -#b -#d -#f -#h -#aj -#ac -#af -#ai -#bc -#bi #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- t4 #d4f #d4h #e4j #e4b #e4d #e4f #e4h #f4j #f4b #f4d t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- --------7,dry !r47#j4ea4ja4eb4jb4ec4jc4ed4jd4ee4je4ef4 j!r47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #bj #ah #ag #ae #ac #aj #h #e #b -#b -#f -#ab -#ai #bj #ba #ai #ah #af #ad #ab #i #g #d #j -#d -#h -#ae #ba #bb #bj #ai #ag #ae #ac #aa #h #f #b -#a -#f -#aa #bb #bc #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #ab #aj #g #d #a -#c -#h #bc #bd #bc #ba #ai #ah #af #ad #aa #i #f #c -#a -#e #bd #be #bd #bb #ba #ai #ag #ae #ac #aa #h #e #b -#b #be #bf #be #bc #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #ab #aj #g #d #j #bf #bg #bf #bd #bc #ba #bj #ah #af #ad #aa #i #f #c #bg #bh #bg #be #bd #bb #ba #ai #ag #ae #ac #aa #h #e #bh #bi #bh #bf #be #bd #bb #bj #ai #ag #ad #ab #aj #g #bi #cj #bi #bg #bf #be #bc #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #aa #i #cj #ca #cj #bi #bg #bf #bd #bc #ba #ai #ah #ae #ac #aa #ca #cb #ca #cj #bh #bg #bf #bd #bb #ba #ai #ag #ae #ac #cb #cc #ca #ca #bi #bh #bf #be #bc #bb #ai #ah #af #ad #cc #cd #cb #cb #cj #bi #bg #bf #bd #bd #ba #bj #ah #af #cd #ce #cc #cb #ca #cj #bi #bh #bf #be #bc #bb #bj #ah #ce #cf #ce #cd #cb #ca #cj #bi #bg #bf #bd #bc #ba #ai #cf #cg #cf #ce #cc #cb #ca #cj #bh #bg #bf #bd #bb #ba #cg #ch #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #ca #cj #bh #bg #bf #bd #bb #ch #ci #ch #cg #ce #cd #cc #cb #cj #bi #bh #bg #be #bd #ci #dj #ci #ch #cf #ce #cd #cc #ca #cj #bi #bh #bf #be #dj #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #ce #cd #cb #cb #cj #bi #bh #bf #da #db #da #dj #ci #ch #cf #ce #cd #cc #ca #cj #bi #bg #db #dc #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #ce #cd #cb #ca #cj #bi #dc #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ch #cg #cf #ce #cc #cb #ca #cj #dd #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #ca #de #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ch #cg #cf #ce #cc #cb #df #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #cd #cc #dg #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ch #cg #cf #ce #dh #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #ci #ch #cg #cf #di #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ch #cg #ej #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #ci #ch #ea #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #eb #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #ec #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #ej #di #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #ed #ee #ed #ec #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #dd #dc #ee #ef #ee #ed #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #de #dd #ef #eg #ef #ee #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #eg #eh #eg #ef #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #eh #ei #eh #eg #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #ei #fj #ei #eh #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #fj #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #fa #fb #fa #fj #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #eb #fb #fc #fb #fa #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ee #ed #ec #fc #fd #fc #fb #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ef #ee #ed #fd #fe #fd #fc #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #fe #ff #fe #fd #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ff #fg #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #fg #fh #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #fh #fi #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #fi #gj #gj #fi #fh #fg #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fa #gj #ga #ga #gj #fi #fh #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fb #ga #gb #gb #ga #gj #fi #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fc #gb #gc #gc #gb #ga #gj #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #ff #fe #fd #gc #gd #gd #gc #gb #ga #ga #gj #fi #fh #fg #fg #ff #fe #gd #ge #ge #gd #gc #gb #gb #ga #gj #fi #fh #fh #fg #ff #ge #gf #gf #ge #gd #gc #gc #gb #ga #gj #fi #fi #fh #fg #gf #gg #gg #gf #ge #gd #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #gj #fi #fh #gg #gh #gh #gg #gf #ge #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #ga #gj #fi #gh #gi #gi #gh #gg #gf #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #gb #ga #gj #gi #hj #hj #gi #gh #gg #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gc #gb #gb #hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- t4 #j4ea4ja4eb4jb4ec4jc4ed4jd4ee4je4ef4j t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- 7,dry !r47 #f4j #f4e #g4j #g4e #h4j #h4e #i4j #i4eaj4jaj4eaa4jaa4eab4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #ai -#be #ai #bj -#ai -#cb #bj #ba -#ae -#bd -#dg #ba #bb -#aa -#ai -#ca #bb #bc -#h -#ad -#bd -#de #bc #bd -#e -#aj -#ah -#cj #bd #be -#b -#g -#ac -#bb -#db #be #bf #j -#d -#i -#ag -#bh #bf #bg #c -#a -#f -#ab -#bj -#cg #bg #bh #e #a -#c -#h -#ae -#be -#ed #bh #bi #g #d #j -#d -#aj -#ah -#cb #bi #cj #i #f #b -#b -#f -#ac -#bb -#dc #cj #ca #aa #h #e #a -#c -#h -#ae -#bg #ca #cb #ac #aj #g #d #j -#d -#aj -#ah -#cc #cb #cc #ad #ab #i #f #c -#a -#f -#ab -#bb -#dd #cc #cd #af #ad #aa #h #f #b -#b -#h -#ae -#bg #cd #ce #ah #ae #ac #aj #h #e #a -#d -#i -#ah -#cb #ce #cf #ai #ag #ae #ab #aj #h #d #j -#e -#ab -#bj -#db #cf #cg #ba #ai #ag #ad #ab #i #f #c -#b -#f -#ad -#be -#eb #cg #ch #bb #bj #ai #af #ad #aa #i #f #b -#b -#h -#af -#bi #ch #ci #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #aa #h #e #a -#d -#aj -#ah #ci #dj #be #bc #bb #bj #ah #af #ac #aa #h #d #j -#e -#ab #dj #da #bf #be #bc #ba #bj #ag #ae #ac #aj #g #d -#a -#f #da #db #bg #bf #bd #bc #ba #ai #ah #ae #ab #aj #g #c -#b #db #dc #bi #bg #bf #bd #bc #ba #ai #ag #ad #ab #i #f #b #dc #dd #cj #bh #bg #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #ab #i #f #dd #de #ca #cj #bh #bg #be #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ac #aa #h #de #df #cb #ca #cj #bh #bg #be #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ac #aa #df #dg #cc #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #be #bc #bb #bj #ah #ae #ac #dg #dh #ce #cc #cb #cj #bi #bh #bf #be #bc #ba #bj #ag #ae #dh #di #cf #cd #cc #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #be #bc #ba #ai #ag #di #ej #cg #ce #cd #cc #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bc #ba #ai #ej #ea #ch #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #ba #ea #eb #dj #ch #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #cj #bi #bh #bf #bd #bc #eb #ec #da #ci #ch #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #cj #bi #bh #bf #bd #ec #ed #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #cj #bi #bg #bf #ed #ee #dc #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #cj #bi #bh #ee #ef #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #cd #cc #cb #cj #bi #ef #eg #df #de #dd #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #ce #cc #cb #cj #eg #eh #dg #df #de #dd #db #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #ce #cc #cb #eh #ei #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #da #dj #ci #ch #cf #ce #cc #ei #fj #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #da #dj #ci #ch #cf #ce #fj #fa #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #ci #ch #cf #fa #fb #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #de #dd #dc #db #da #ci #ch #fb #fc #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #de #dd #dc #db #da #ci #fc #fd #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dc #db #da #fd #fe #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dc #db #fe #ff #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #ff #fg #eg #ef #ee #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #dh #dg #df #de #fg #fh #eh #eg #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dg #df #fh #fi #ei #eh #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #fi #gj #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #gj #ga #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ga #gb #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #gb #gc #fd #fc #fb #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #gc #gd #fe #fd #fc #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #gd #ge #ff #fe #fd #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ef #ge #gf #fg #ff #fe #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #gf #gg #fh #fg #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #gg #gh #fi #fh #fh #fg #ff #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #gh #gi #gj #fi #fi #fh #fg #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fa #gi #hj #gb #ga #gj #fi #fh #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fb #hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- t4 #f4j #f4e #g4j #g4e #h4j #h4e #i4j #i4eaj4jaj4eaa4jaa4eab4j t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------7,dry !r47#ab4jab4eac4jac4ead4jad4eae4jae4eaf4 jaf4eag4jag4eah4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #dj -#ab -#bb -#dd #dj #da -#f -#ac -#be #da #db -#b -#g -#ae -#bh #db #dc #b -#c -#h -#ag -#cc #dc #dd #f #a -#d -#aj -#ai -#dj #dd #de #h #e #j -#d -#aa -#bb -#dh #de #df #aa #h #d #j -#e -#ac -#bd #df #dg #ac #aj #g #c -#a -#f -#ad -#bg #dg #dh #ae #ab #aj #f #b -#b -#h -#af -#cj #dh #di #ag #ad #ab #i #f #b -#c -#i -#ah -#ce #di #ej #ai #af #ad #ab #i #e #a -#d -#aj -#bj -#db #ej #ea #ba #ah #ag #ad #aa #h #e #j -#e -#ab -#bb -#eb #ea #eb #bc #ba #ai #af #ad #aa #h #d #j -#f -#ac -#be #eb #ec #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #aa #h #d -#a -#f -#ad -#bh #ec #ed #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ac #aj #g #c -#b -#h -#af #ed #ee #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ac #aj #g #c -#b -#h #ee #ef #bi #bg #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ae #ac #aj #f #b -#b #ef #eg #cj #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ae #ac #aj #f #b #eg #eh #cb #cj #bi #bg #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ae #ab #i #f #eh #ei #cc #cb #ca #bi #bg #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ae #ab #i #ei #fj #ce #cc #cb #cj #bi #bg #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ae #ab #fj #fa #cf #ce #cc #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #ae #fa #fb #ch #cg #ce #cd #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #fb #fc #ci #ch #cg #ce #cd #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #fc #fd #da #ci #ch #cg #ce #cd #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #fd #fe #db #da #dj #ch #cg #ce #cd #cb #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #fe #ff #dd #dc #da #dj #ch #cg #ce #cd #cb #ca #cj #bh #bf #ff #fg #de #dd #dc #da #dj #ci #cg #cf #cd #cb #ca #cj #bh #fg #fh #df #de #dd #dc #db #dj #ci #ch #cf #cd #cc #ca #cj #fh #fi #dh #dg #df #de #dc #db #dj #ci #ch #cf #cd #cc #cb #fi #gj #di #dh #dg #df #de #dc #db #da #ci #ch #cf #ce #cc #gj #ga #ea #di #dh #dg #df #de #dc #db #da #ci #ch #cf #ce #ga #gb #eb #ea #ej #di #dg #df #de #dd #dc #da #dj #ch #cg #gb #gc #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #df #de #dd #dc #da #dj #ch #gc #gd #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #de #dd #dc #da #dj #gd #ge #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ej #di #dh #dg #de #dd #dc #db #ge #gf #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ej #di #dh #dg #df #de #dc #gf #gg #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #df #de #gg #gh #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #gh #gi #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #di #dh #gi #hj #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- t4 #ab4jab4eac4jac4ead4jad4eae4jae4eaf4jaf4 eag4jag4eah4j t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------7,dry !r47#ah4jai4jbj4jba4jbb4jbc4jbd4jbe4jbf4 jbg4jbh4jbi4jcj4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #ee -#h #ee #ef -#b -#ai #ef #eg #b -#aj -#dh #eg #eh #f -#c -#bb #eh #ei #i #a -#ab #ei #fj #ab #e -#e -#be #fj #fa #ae #i #j -#ad #fa #fb #ah #ab #e -#f -#bh #fb #fc #bj #ae #i #j -#ad #fc #fd #bb #ah #ab #d -#f -#cb #fd #fe #bd #bj #ae #i #j -#af #fe #ff #bf #bb #ah #ab #d -#g -#cd #ff #fg #bh #bd #bj #ae #i -#a -#af #fg #fh #cj #bf #bc #ah #ab #d -#g -#cg #fh #fi #cb #bh #be #bj #ae #h #j -#ag #fi #gj #cc #cj #bg #bc #ai #ab #e -#g -#ci #gj #ga #ce #cb #bi #be #ba #af #i #j -#ag #ga #gb #cg #cc #ca #bg #bc #ah #ac #e -#f -#ci #gb #gc #ch #ce #cb #bi #be #ba #af #aj #j -#af #gc #gd #dj #cg #cd #ca #bh #bd #ai #ac #f -#f -#cg #gd #ge #db #ci #cf #cb #cj #bf #bb #af #aj #j -#af #ge #gf #dc #da #ch #cd #cb #bh #bd #bj #ad #f -#f -#cd #gf #gg #de #db #dj #cf #cc #cj #bf #bb #ag #aa #a -#ad #gg #gh #dg #dd #da #ch #ce #cb #bh #bd #bj #ad #g -#d -#cj #gh #gi #dh #df #dc #dj #cg #cd #ca #bg #bc #ah #aa #b -#ac #gi #hj #ej #dg #de #db #ci #cf #cb #bi #be #ba #ae #h -#c #hj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- t #ah4jai4jbj4jba4jbb4jbc4jbd4jbe4jbf4jbg4 jbh4jbi4jcj4j t ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -----------7,dry !r47#a4jb4jc4jd4je4jf4jg4jh4ji4jaj4jaa4j ab4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #hj #gi #gg #gf #gd #gc #gb #gj #fh #fg #fe #fc #fb #hj #ha #hj #gh #gg #ge #gd #gc #ga #gj #fh #ff #fe #fc #ha #hb #ha #gi #gh #gg #ge #gd #gb #ga #fi #fh #ff #fd #hb #hc #hb #hj #gi #gh #gf #ge #gc #gb #gj #fi #fg #fe #hc #hd #hc #ha #hj #gi #gg #gf #gd #gc #ga #gj #fh #fg #hd #he #hd #hb #ha #hj #gh #gg #ge #gd #gb #ga #fi #fh #he #hf #he #hc #hb #ha #gi #gh #gf #ge #gc #gb #ga #fi #hf #hg #hf #hd #hc #hb #hj #gi #gh #gf #gd #gc #gb #gj #hg #hh #hg #he #hd #hc #ha #hj #gi #gg #ge #gd #gc #ga #hh #hi #hh #hf #he #hd #hb #ha #hj #gh #gf #gf #gd #gb #hi #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #hd #hb #ha #gi #gh #gg #ge #gd #ij #ia #ij #hh #hg #hf #he #hc #hb #hj #gi #gh #gf #ge #ia #ib #ia #hi #hh #hg #hf #hd #hc #hb #hj #gi #gg #gf #ib #ic #ib #ia #hi #hh #hg #he #hd #hc #ha #hj #gh #gg #ic #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hd #hb #ha #hj #gh #id #ie #id #ic #ia #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #hc #hb #ha #gi #ie #if #ie #id #ib #ia #ij #hh #hg #hf #hd #hc #hb #hj #if #ig #if #ie #ic #ib #ia #ij #hh #hg #hf #hd #hc #ha #ig #ih #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ia #hi #hh #hg #he #hd #hc #ih #ii #ih #ig #ie #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hd #ii #ajj #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ia #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #ajj #aja #ajj #ii #ig #if #ie #id #ib #ia #ij #hh #hg #hf #aja #ajb #aja #ajj #ih #ig #if #ie #ic #ib #ia #ij #hh #hg #ajb #ajc #ajb #aja #ii #ih #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ia #hi #hh #ajc #ajd #ajc #ajb #ajj #ii #ih #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #ajd #aje #ajd #ajc #aja #ajj #ii #ih #ig #ie #id #ic #ia #ij #aje #ajf #aje #ajd #ajb #aja #ajj #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ia #ajf #ajg #ajf #aje #ajc #ajb #aja #ajj #ii #ig #if #ie #id #ib #ajg #ajh #ajg #ajf #ajd #ajc #ajb #aja #ajj #ih #ig #if #ie #ic #ajh #aji #ajh #ajg #aje #ajd #ajc #ajb #aja #ii #ih #ig #if #id #aji #aaj #aji #ajh #ajg #aje #ajd #ajc #ajb #aja #ii #ih #ig #if #aaj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- t4 #a4jb4jc4jd4je4jf4jg4jh4ji4jaj4jaa4jab4j t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------7,dry !r47#ab4jac4jad4jae4jaf4jag4jah4jai4jbj4 jba4jbb4jbc4jbd4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #hj #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #dg #de #db #ci #cf #cb #hj #ha #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #dd #da #ch #ce #ha #hb #fd #fb #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ej #dh #de #dc #dj #cg #hb #hc #fe #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #dg #dd #db #ci #hc #hd #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #df #dc #da #hd #he #fh #ff #fd #fb #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ej #dh #de #db #he #hf #fi #fg #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #di #dg #dd #hf #hg #gj #fh #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #dh #df #hg #hh #ga #gj #fh #ff #fd #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ej #dh #hh #hi #gb #ga #fi #fg #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #di #hi #ij #gd #gb #gj #fi #fg #fe #fc #fb #fj #eh #ef #ec #ea #ij #ia #ge #gc #gb #gj #fh #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ia #ib #gf #gd #gc #ga #fi #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #ib #ic #gg #ge #gd #gb #ga #fi #fg #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ic #id #gh #gg #ge #gc #gb #gj #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #id #ie #gi #gh #gf #ge #gc #ga #gj #fh #ff #fd #fc #fa #ei #ie #if #hj #gi #gg #gf #gd #gc #ga #fi #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #if #ig #ha #hj #gh #gg #ge #gd #gb #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ig #ih #hc #ha #hj #gh #gg #ge #gc #gb #gj #fh #fg #fe #fc #ih #ii #hd #hb #ha #gi #gh #gf #ge #gc #ga #gj #fh #ff #fd #ii #ajj #he #hc #hb #hj #gi #gg #gf #gd #gc #ga #fi #fg #ff #ajj #aja #hf #hd #hc #hb #hj #gi #gg #ge #gd #gb #ga #fi #fg #aja #ajb #hg #he #hd #hc #ha #hj #gh #gg #ge #gc #gb #gj #fh #ajb #ajc #hh #hg #he #hd #hb #ha #gi #gh #gf #ge #gc #ga #gj #ajc #ajd #hi #hh #hf #he #hc #hb #ha #gi #gh #gf #gd #gc #ga #ajd #aje #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #hc #hb #hj #gi #gg #gf #gd #gb #aje #ajf #ia #ij #hi #hg #hf #hd #hc #ha #hj #gh #gg #ge #gd #ajf #ajg #ib #ia #ij #hh #hg #he #hd #hc #ha #hj #gh #gf #ge #ajg #ajh #ic #ib #ia #hi #hh #hg #he #hd #hb #ha #gi #gh #gf #ajh #aji #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hc #hb #hj #gi #gg #aji #aaj #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #hc #hb #hj #gi #aaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- t4 #ab4jac4jad4jae4jaf4jag4jah4jai4jbj4jba4 jbb4jbc4jbd4j t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------7,dry !r47#bd4jbe4jbf4jbg4jbh4jbi4jcj4jca4jcb4 jcc4jcd4jce4jcf4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #hj #cb #bi #be #ba #ae #h -#c -#bg #hj #ha #ce #ca #bh #bd #ah #ab #c -#aa #ha #hb #cg #cc #cj #bf #bb #af #i -#b -#bd #hb #hc #ci #ce #cb #bh #bd #ai #ac #e -#i #hc #hd #da #cg #cd #cj #bg #bb #ag #aj #j -#bj #hd #he #db #ci #cf #cb #bi #be #bj #ad #f -#g -#ed #he #hf #dd #da #ch #ce #ca #bh #bc #ah #aa #a -#ag #hf #hg #df #dc #dj #cg #cc #cj #bf #ba #ae #g -#e -#ch #hg #hh #dh #de #db #ci #ce #cb #bh #bd #ai #ab #c -#ac #hh #hi #di #dg #dd #da #ch #cd #ca #bg #bb #af #i -#b -#bh #hi #ij #ea #dh #df #dc #dj #cf #cb #bi #be #bj #ac #d -#aj #ij #ia #ec #ej #dg #de #db #ch #ce #cb #bh #bc #ah #aj #j #ia #ib #ed #eb #di #df #dd #da #cg #cd #cj #bf #ba #ae #g #ib #ic #ef #ec #ea #dh #df #dc #ci #cf #cb #bi #bd #ai #ab #ic #id #eg #ee #ec #ej #dg #de #db #ch #ce #ca #bg #bb #af #id #ie #ei #ef #ed #eb #di #df #dd #dj #cg #cc #cj #be #bj #ie #if #fj #eh #ef #ec #ea #dh #df #dc #ci #cf #cb #bh #bd #if #ig #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ej #dg #de #da #ch #cd #ca #bf #ig #ih #fc #fa #ei #eg #ed #eb #di #dg #dd #dj #cg #cc #bi #ih #ii #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #ea #dh #df #dc #ci #ce #cb #ii #ajj #ff #fd #fb #fj #eg #ee #ec #ej #dh #de #da #ch #cd #ajj #aja #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ed #eb #di #dg #dd #dj #cg #aja #ajb #fh #ff #fe #fc #fa #eh #ef #ed #ea #di #df #dc #ci #ajb #ajc #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ee #ec #ej #dh #de #da #ajc #ajd #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #eb #ej #dg #dd #ajd #aje #gb #gj #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #ef #ed #eb #di #df #aje #ajf #gd #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ec #ea #dh #ajf #ajg #ge #gc #ga #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eg #ee #eb #ej #ajg #ajh #gf #gd #gc #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ed #eb #ajh #aji #gg #gf #gd #gb #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #eh #ef #ed #aji #aaj #gi #gg #ge #gd #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ee #aaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- t4 #bd4jbe4jbf4jbg4jbh4jbi4jcj4jca4jcb4jcc4 jcd4jce4jcf4j t4 ,,table ,i4----,,temp]ature ,,( ,,! ,,dew-,,po9t1 ,,9 ,,degrees ,,fahr5heit4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------7,dry !r47#cf4jcg4jch4jci4jdj4jda4jdb4jdc4jdd4 jde4jdf4jdg4jdh4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #hi -#bh #hi #ij -#aj #ij #ia #j -#bb #ia #ib #g -#g -#af #ib #ic #ab #b -#d #ic #id #af #h #d -#cg #id #ie #bj #ac #aj -#ab #ie #if #bd #ae #ae -#a -#be #if #ig #bf #ba #ai #g -#h #ig #ih #bi #be #bc #ab #b -#ah #ih #ii #cb #bh #bf #ag #i -#d -#db #ii #ajj #cd #cj #bi #ba #ad #e -#ab #ajj #aja #cg #cb #cb #bd #ah #aa #j -#be #aja #ajb #ci #ce #cd #bg #bb #af #g -#g #ajb #ajc #da #ch #cd #cj #bf #bj #ac #c -#af #ajc #ajd #dd #dj #cg #cb #bi #bd #ah #aj -#b -#ch #ajd #aje #df #dc #ci #ce #ca #bg #bb #ae #f -#aj #aje #ajf #dh #de #db #ch #cd #cj #be #bj #ab #a -#bb #ajf #ajg #ej #dg #dd #dj #cg #cb #bh #bd #ag #i -#e #ajg #ajh #eb #di #df #dc #ci #ce #ca #bg #ba #ad #e -#ac #ajh #aji #ed #ea #dh #de #db #ch #cd #cj #be #ai #ab #j -#bh #aji #aaj #ee #ec #ej #dg #dd #da #cg #cc #bh #bc #ag #h -#g #aaj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- t4 #cf4jcg4jch4jci4jdj4jda4jdb4jdc4jdd4jde4 jdf4jdg4jdh4j t4 ,,table ,,ii4----,,relative ,,humidity1 ,,p] ,,c5t4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t----t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- ------------ 7,dry !r47#j4bj4dj4fj4ha4ja4ba4da4fa4hb4jb4bb4 db4f !r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- -#dj #df -#dj -#ci #di -#ci -#ch #ea -#ch -#cg #ed -#cg -#cf #ef -#cf -#ce #ei -#ce -#cd #fa #bb -#cd -#cc #fc #be -#cc -#cb #fe #cj -#cb -#ca #fg #cd -#ca -#cj #fi #ch -#cj -#bi #ga #db -#bi -#bh #gb #de #ag -#bh -#bg #gd #dh #bb -#bg -#bf #gf #ea #bf -#bf -#be #gg #ec #ca -#be -#bd #gh #ef #cd #ab -#bd -#bc #gi #eh #cg #af -#bc -#bb #hj #fj #dj #bj -#bb -#ba #ha #fb #dd #be -#ba -#bj #hb #fd #dg #bi #aa -#bj -#ai #hc #ff #di #cc #af -#ai -#ah #hd #fh #eb #cf #bj -#ah -#ag #he #gj #ed #ci #bd #i -#ag -#af #hf #ga #eg #dc #bh #ad -#af -#ae #hf #gc #ei #df #cb #ai -#ae -#ad #hg #gd #fa #dh #cf #bc #aj -#ad -#ac #hh #gf #fc #ea #ci #bg #ae -#ac -#ab #hh #gg #fe #ec #db #cj #ai #g -#ab -#aa #hi #gh #fg #ef #de #cd #bc #ab -#aa -#aj #ij #gi #fh #eh #dh #cg #bf #af #e -#aj -#i #ij #hj #gj #fj #ej #dj #cj #bj #aj -#i -#h #ij #ha #ga #fb #eb #dc #cc #bd #ad #e -#h -#g #ia #hb #gc #fc #ed #de #cf #bg #ah #i -#g -#f #ia #hc #gd #fe #ef #dh #ci #ca #bb #ac #e -#f -#e #ib #hc #ge #fg #eh #ej #db #cd #be #ag #i -#e -#d #ib #hd #gf #fh #fj #eb #de #cg #bi #ba #ac #e -#d -#c #ib #he #gg #gj #fb #ee #dg #dj #cb #be #ag #aj -#c -#b #ic #hf #gh #ga #fd #eg #ej #db #ce #bh #ba #ad #g -#b -#a #ic #hf #gi #gb #ff #ei #eb #de #ch #ca #be #ah #aa -#a #j #ic #hg #hj #gd #fg #fa #ed #dh #da #ce #bh #bb #ae #j #a #id #hg #ha #ge #fi #fc #ef #ej #dd #ch #cb #be #ai #a #b #id #hh #hb #gf #gj #fd #eh #eb #df #dj #ce #bi #bc #b #c #id #hh #hc #gg #ga #ff #fj #ed #di #dc #cg #cb #bf #c #d #id #hi #hc #gh #gc #fg #fb #ef #ea #de #dj #cd #bi #d #e #ie #hi #hd #gi #gd #fh #fc #eh #ec #dh #db #cg #cb #e #f #ie #ij #he #hj #ge #gj #fe #fj #ed #ej #dd #ci #cd #f #g #ie #ij #he #hj #gf #ga #ff #fa #ef #ea #dg #db #cg #g #h #ie #ia #hf #ha #gf #gb #fg #fb #eh #ec #di #dd #ci #h #i #if #ia #hf #hb #gg #gc #fh #fd #ei #ee #ea #df #db #i #aj #if #ia #hg #hc #gh #gd #fi #fe #fa #eg #eb #dh #dd #aj #aa #if #ib #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #ff #fb #eh #ed #ej #df #aa #ab #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gf #gb #fh #fd #fj #ef #eb #dh #ab #ac #if #ib #hh #hd #ha #gg #gc #fi #fe #fa #eh #ed #ej #ac #ad #if #ic #hi #he #ha #gh #gd #gj #fg #fc #ei #ef #eb #ad #ae #if #ic #hi #hf #hb #gi #ge #ga #fh #fd #fa #eg #ed #ae #af #ig #ic #ij #hf #hc #gi #gf #gc #fi #ff #fb #ei #ef #af #ag #ig #ic #ij #hg #hc #hj #gg #gd #gj #fg #fd #fj #eg #ag #ah #ig #id #ij #hg #hd #ha #gh #gd #ga #fh #fe #fb #ei #ah #ai #ig #id #ia #hh #hd #ha #gh #ge #gb #fi #ff #fc #fj #ai #bj #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #gi #gf #gc #gj #fg #fd #fa #bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- t4 #j4bj4dj4fj4ha4ja4ba4da4fa4hb4jb4bb4db4f t4 ,,table ,,ii4----,,relative ,,humidity1 ,,p] ,,c5t4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- ----------7,dry !r47 #b4f #b4h #c4j #c4b #c4d #c4f #c4h #d4j #d4b #d4d!r47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- -#b #g -#b -#a #aa #d -#a #j #ae #i #j #a #ai #ac #g #a #b #bc #ag #aa #e #b #c #bf #bj #ae #i #d #c #d #bi #bd #ah #ac #h #b #d #e #cb #bg #bb #af #aa #f #e #f #cd #bi #be #bj #ae #aj #e #f #g #cg #cb #bh #bc #ah #ac #i #d #g #h #ci #ce #cj #bf #ba #ag #ab #h #c #h #i #db #cg #cc #bh #bd #bj #ae #aa #g #b #i #aj #dd #dj #ce #ca #bg #bc #ai #ad #aj #f #aj #aa #df #db #ch #cd #cj #bf #bb #ah #ad #aj #aa #ab #dh #dd #dj #cf #cb #bh #be #ba #ag #ac #ab #ac #ej #df #db #ci #ce #ca #bg #bd #bj #af #ac #ad #eb #dh #de #da #cg #cd #cj #bg #bc #ai #ad #ae #ed #ej #dg #dc #dj #cf #cc #bi #bf #bc #ae #af #ef #eb #di #df #db #ci #cf #cb #bi #be #af #ag #eg #ed #ea #dh #dd #da #ch #ce #ca #bh #ag #ah #ei #ef #ec #di #df #dc #dj #cg #cd #ca #ah #ai #fj #eg #ed #ea #dh #de #db #ci #cf #cc #ai #bj #fa #eh #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #da #ch #ce #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- t4 #b4f #b4h #c4j #c4b #c4d #c4f #c4h #d4j #d4b #d4d t4 t4 #d4f #d4h #e4j #e4b #e4d #e4f #e4h #f4j #f4b #f4d t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #h #h #i #i #aj #b #aj #aa #f #b #aa #ab #i #e #b #ab #ac #ac #i #e #b #ac #ad #af #ab #i #e #b #ad #ae #ai #af #ab #i #e #b #ae #af #bb #ai #af #ab #i #f #b #af #ag #be #bb #ai #af #ab #i #f #c #ag #ah #bh #be #bb #ai #af #ac #i #f #c #ah #ai #cj #bg #bd #ba #ai #af #ac #aj #g #d #ai #bj #cc #cj #bg #bd #ba #ai #af #ac #aj #g #bj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- t4 #d4f #d4h #e4j #e4b #e4d #e4f #e4h #f4j #f4b #f4d t4 ,,table ,,ii4----,,relative ,,humidity1 ,,p] ,,c5t4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- --------------------7,dry !r47 #j4e #a4j #a4e #b4j #b4e #c4j #c4e #d4j #d4e #e4j #e4e #f4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bj #ib #he #gg #gj #fc #ef #dh #da #cd #bg #bj #ac #bj #ba #ic #he #gh #ga #fd #eg #ej #dc #cf #bi #bc #af #ba #bb #ic #hf #gi #gb #fe #eh #ea #de #ch #cb #be #ai #bb #bc #ic #hf #hj #gc #ff #fj #ec #df #dj #cd #bg #ba #bc #bd #ic #hg #hj #gd #fg #fa #ed #dh #db #cf #cj #bd #bd #be #id #hg #ha #gd #fh #fb #ef #ej #dd #ch #cb #bf #be #bf #id #hh #ha #ge #fi #fc #eg #ea #de #dj #cd #bh #bf #bg #id #hh #hb #gf #gj #fd #ei #ec #dg #db #cf #cj #bg #bh #id #hh #hb #gg #ga #fe #fj #ed #di #dc #ch #cc #bh #bi #id #hi #hc #gg #gb #ff #fa #ef #ej #de #dj #ce #bi #cj #id #hi #hd #gh #gc #fg #fb #eg #eb #dg #da #cf #cj #ca #ie #hi #hd #gi #gd #fh #fc #eh #ec #dh #dc #ch #ca #cb #ie #ij #hd #gi #gd #fi #fd #ei #ed #ej #de #dj #cb #cc #ie #ij #he #hj #ge #gj #fe #fj #ef #ea #dg #db #cc #cd #ie #ia #hf #ha #ge #gb #fg #fb #eg #ec #dh #dd #cd #ce #ie #ia #hf #hb #gf #gc #fi #fe #ei #ed #ej #de #ce #cf #if #ia #hf #hb #gg #gc #gj #ff #fa #ef #ea #dg #cf #cg #if #ia #hg #hb #gh #gd #gj #ff #fb #eg #eb #dh #cg #ch #if #ib #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fg #fc #eh #ed #ej #ch #ci #if #ib #hh #hc #gi #ge #gb #fh #fc #ei #ee #eb #ci #dj #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gf #gb #fh #fd #fj #ef #ec #dj #da #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gf #gb #fi #fe #fa #eg #ed #da #db #if #ib #hh #hd #ha #gg #gc #fi #fe #fb #eh #ee #db #dc #if #ib #hh #he #ha #gg #gd #gj #ff #fc #ei #ef #dc #dd #if #ib #hh #he #ha #gh #gd #gj #fg #fc #fj #eg #dd #de #if #ib #hi #he #hb #gh #ge #ga #fg #fd #fa #eh #de #df #if #ic #hi #he #hb #gi #ge #gb #fh #fe #fa #eh #df #dg #if #ic #hi #hf #hc #gi #gf #gb #fi #ff #fb #ei #dg #dh #if #ic #hi #hf #hc #gi #gf #gc #fi #ff #fc #fj #dh #di #ig #ic #ij #hf #hc #hj #gf #gc #gj #fg #fc #fj #di #ej #ig #ic #ij #hg #hc #hj #gg #gd #gj #fg #fd #fa #ej #ea #ig #ic #ij #hg #hd #ha #gg #gd #ga #fh #fe #fb #ea #eb #ig #id #ij #hg #hd #ha #gh #ge #gb #fi #ff #fc #eb #ec #ig #id #ia #hg #hd #ha #gh #ge #gb #fi #ff #fc #ec #ed #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #gi #gf #gc #gj #fg #fd #ed #ee #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #gi #gf #gc #gj #fh #fe #ee #ef #ig #id #ia #hh #he #hb #hj #gg #gd #ga #fh #fe #ef #eg #ig #id #ia #hh #hf #hc #hj #gg #gd #ga #fi #ff #eg #eh #ig #id #ia #hi #hf #hc #hj #gh #ge #gb #fi #fg #eh #ei #ig #id #ib #hi #hf #hc #ha #gh #ge #gb #gj #fg #ei #fj #ig #id #ib #hi #hf #hd #ha #gh #ge #gc #gj #fh #fj #fa #ig #id #ib #hi #hg #hd #ha #gh #gf #gc #ga #fh #fa #fb #ig #ie #ib #hi #hg #hd #ha #gi #gf #gd #ga #fi #fb #fc #ig #ie #ib #hi #hg #hd #hb #gi #gg #gd #gb #fi #fc #fd #ig #ie #ib #ij #hg #he #hb #gi #gg #gd #gb #gj #fd #fe #ig #ie #ib #ij #hg #he #hb #hj #gg #ge #gb #gj #fe #ff #ig #ie #ib #ij #hg #he #hb #hj #gh #ge #gc #ga #ff #fg #ih #ie #ic #ij #hh #he #hc #hj #gh #gf #gc #ga #fg #fh #ih #ie #ic #ij #hh #he #hc #ha #gh #gf #gd #ga #fh #fi #ih #ie #ic #ij #hh #hf #hc #ha #gh #gf #gd #gb #fi #gj #ih #ie #ic #ij #hh #hf #hc #ha #gi #gg #gd #gb #gj #ga #ih #ie #ic #ia #hh #hf #hd #ha #gi #gg #ge #gb #ga #gb #ih #ie #ic #ia #hh #hf #hd #hb #gi #gg #ge #gc #gb #gc #ih #ie #ic #ia #hh #hf #hd #hb #hj #gh #ge #gc #gc #gd #ih #ie #ic #ia #hh #hf #hd #hb #hj #gh #gf #gd #gd #ge #ih #ie #ic #ia #hi #hg #hd #hb #hj #gh #gf #gd #ge #gf #ih #ie #ic #ia #hi #hg #he #hb #hj #gh #gf #gd #gf #gg #ih #ie #ic #ia #hi #hg #he #hc #hj #gh #gf #gd #gg #gh #ih #if #ic #ia #hi #hg #he #hc #ha #gi #gg #ge #gh #gi #ih #if #id #ia #hi #hg #he #hc #ha #gi #gg #ge #gi #hj #ih #if #id #ib #hi #hg #he #hc #ha #gi #gg #ge #hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- t4 #j4e #a4j #a4e #b4j #b4e #c4j #c4e #d4j #d4e #e4j #e4e #f4j t4 ,,table ,,ii4----,,relative ,,humidity1 ,,p] ,,c5t4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -----------------7,dry !r47#f4jf4eg4jg4eh4jh4ei4ji4eaj4jaj4eaa4 jaa4eab4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ai #aj #ai #bj #ac #f #bj #ba #af #i #b #ba #bb #ai #ab #f #bb #bc #ba #ae #i #b #bc #bd #bd #ag #aa #f #bd #be #bf #bj #ad #h #c #be #bf #bh #bc #ag #aa #f #bf #bg #cj #be #ai #ad #i #c #bg #bh #cc #bg #bb #ag #aa #f #a #bh #bi #ce #bi #bd #ai #ad #i #d #bi #cj #cf #ca #bf #bb #ag #ab #g #b #cj #ca #ch #cc #bi #bd #ai #ad #aj #e #ca #cb #dj #ce #ca #bf #ba #ag #ab #h #c #cb #cc #db #cg #cc #bh #bd #ai #ae #aj #f #b #cc #cd #dd #ci #ce #cj #bf #ba #ag #ac #i #d #cd #ce #de #da #cg #cb #bh #bd #ai #ae #ab #g #c #ce #cf #dg #dc #ch #cd #cj #bf #bb #ah #ad #aj #f #b #cf #cg #dh #dd #dj #cf #cb #bh #bd #bj #af #ab #h #e #a #cg #ch #ej #df #db #ch #cd #cj #bf #bb #ah #ae #aa #g #c #ch #ci #eb #dh #dd #dj #cf #cb #bh #bd #bj #ag #ac #i #f #ci #dj #ec #di #de #da #ch #cd #cj #bf #bb #ai #af #ab #h #dj #da #ed #ej #df #dc #ci #cf #cb #bi #bd #ba #ah #ad #aj #da #db #ee #ea #dh #dd #dj #cg #cd #cj #bg #bc #bj #af #ac #db #dc #ef #eb #di #df #db #ch #ce #cb #bi #be #bb #ai #ae #dc #dd #eg #ec #ej #dg #dc #dj #cg #cc #cj #bg #bd #ba #ag #dd #de #eh #ed #ea #dh #dd #da #ch #ce #cb #bi #be #bb #ai #de #df #eh #ee #eb #di #df #db #ci #cf #cc #cj #bg #bc #ba #df #dg #ei #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #dj #ch #cd #ca #bh #be #bb #dg #dh #fj #ef #ec #ea #dh #de #db #ci #cf #cc #cj #bg #bd #dh #di #fj #eg #ed #eb #di #df #dc #dj #cg #cd #ca #bi #bf #di #ej #fa #eh #ee #eb #ej #dg #dd #da #ch #cf #cc #cj #bg #ej #ea #fb #ei #ef #ec #ej #dh #de #db #ci #cg #cd #ca #bh #ea #eb #fc #fj #eg #ed #ea #dh #df #dc #dj #ch #ce #cc #cj #eb #ec #fc #fa #eh #ee #eb #di #dg #dd #db #ci #cf #cd #ca #ec #ed #fd #fa #ei #ef #ec #ej #dh #de #dc #dj #ch #ce #cb #ed #ee #fe #fb #ei #eg #ed #ea #di #df #dc #da #ci #cf #cd #ee #ef #fe #fc #fj #eg #ee #eb #ej #dg #dd #db #dj #cg #ce #ef #eg #ff #fd #fa #eh #ee #ec #ej #dh #de #dc #dj #ch #cf #eg #eh #fg #fd #fa #ei #ef #ec #ea #di #df #dd #db #ci #cg #eh #ei #fg #fe #fb #fj #eg #ed #eb #di #dg #de #dc #dj #ch #ei #fj #fh #fe #fc #fj #eh #ee #ec #ej #dh #df #dd #da #ci #fj #fa #fh #ff #fc #fa #eh #ef #ed #ea #di #dg #dd #db #dj #fa #fb #fi #ff #fd #fa #ei #eg #ed #eb #ej #dg #de #dc #da #fb #fc #fi #fg #fd #fb #fj #eg #ee #ec #ea #dh #df #dd #db #fc #fd #gj #fg #fe #fb #fj #eh #ef #ec #ea #di #dg #de #dc #fd #fe #gj #fh #fe #fc #fa #ei #ef #ed #eb #ej #dh #df #dd #fe #ff #ga #fh #ff #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #de #ff #fg #ga #fi #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #de #fg #fh #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #dh #df #fh #fi #gb #gj #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #fi #gj #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eg #ee #ec #eb #ej #dh #gj #ga #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #dh #ga #gb #gc #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #ea #di #gb #gc #gc #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #eb #ej #gc #gd #gd #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #eb #ej #gd #ge #gd #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #ef #ee #ec #ea #ge #gf #gd #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ec #eb #gf #gg #gd #gc #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fa #ei #eg #ef #ed #eb #gg #gh #ge #gc #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fb #fj #eh #ef #ed #ec #gh #gi #ge #gc #ga #gj #fh #ff #fd #fb #fj #eh #eg #ee #ec #gi #hj #ge #gc #gb #gj #fh #ff #fd #fc #fa #ei #eg #ee #ed #hj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- t4 #f4jf4eg4jg4eh4jh4ei4ji4eaj4jaj4eaa4jaa4 eabjt4 ,,table ,,ii4----,,relative ,,humidity1 ,,p] ,,c5t4 t ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet !rmomet]s 7t-t74 t 7,dry ---------------------------------------- -------------------------7,dry !r47#ab4jab4eac4jac4ead4jad4eae4jae4eaf4 jaf4eag4jag4eah4j!r47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #dj #h #e #a #dj #da #aj #g #d #da #db #ac #aj #f #c #db #dc #ae #ab #i #e #b #dc #dd #ag #ad #aa #h #e #a #dd #de #ai #af #ac #aj #g #d #a #de #df #ba #ah #ae #ab #i #f #c #df #dg #bb #bj #af #ad #aa #h #e #c #dg #dh #bd #ba #ai #af #ac #aj #g #e #b #dh #di #bf #bc #bj #ag #ae #ab #i #g #d #a #di #ej #bg #bd #bb #ai #af #ad #aa #i #f #d #a #ej #ea #bh #bf #bc #ba #ah #af #ac #aj #h #e #c #ea #eb #cj #bg #bd #bb #bj #ag #ae #ab #aj #g #e #eb #ec #ca #bi #bf #bd #ba #ai #af #ad #ab #i #g #d #b #ec #ed #cb #cj #bh #be #bc #bj #ah #ae #ac #aa #h #f #d #ed #ee #cd #ca #bi #bf #bd #bb #ai #ag #ae #ab #aj #h #f #ee #ef #ce #cc #cj #bh #be #bc #ba #ai #af #ad #ab #aj #h #ef #eg #cf #cd #cb #bi #bg #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ac #aa #i #eg #eh #cg #ce #cc #cj #bh #bf #bd #ba #ai #ag #ae #ac #aa #eh #ei #ch #cf #cd #ca #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ah #af #ad #ab #ei #fj #ci #cg #cd #cb #cj #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #ad #fj #fa #dj #ch #ce #cc #cb #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ai #ag #ae #fa #fb #da #ci #cg #cd #cb #cj #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #af #fb #fc #db #dj #ch #ce #cc #ca #bi #bh #bf #bd #bb #bj #ah #fc #fd #dc #da #ch #cf #cd #cb #cj #bi #bg #be #bc 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#ajcja4cjda4bgca4bdca4baea4ahha4afba4acg a4aaca4jija4jfia4jdga4jbga4jjh #ajdja4caga4bhea4beea4bbga4aiia4agca4adh a4abca4ajaa4jgia4jega4jcga4jag #ajeja4cbia4biha4bfga4bcha4baaa4ahda4aei a4acda4aaaa4jhia4jfga4jdga4jbg #ajfja4cdaa4caja4bgia4beja4bbba4aiea4agj a4adea4abaa4jiia4jgga4jega4jcg #ajgja4ceda4cbba4biaa4bfaa4bcca4bjfa4aha a4aeea4acba4ajia4jhga4jfga4jdf #ajhja4cffa4ccda4cjba4bgca4bdda4baga4aia a4affa4adba4abja4jiga4jgfa4jef #ajija4cgia4cdfa4cada4bhda4befa4bbha4bjb a4agfa4aeca4acja4ajga4jhfa4jfe ,,table ,,iv4----,,= ,,r$uc+ ,,obs]vations ,,( ,,! ,,b>omet] ,,to ,,sea ,,level4----,cont9u$4 ,height1 9 ,temp]ature ( ext]nal air----degrees ,fahr5heit4 feet4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- -#bj -#aj #j #aj #bj #cj #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aajja4ciaa4ceha4cbfa4bifa4bfga4bcia4bac a4ahga4afca4adja4aaga4jifa4jge #aaaja4djca4cgja4ccha4cjga4bgha4beja4bbd a4aiha4agca4aeja4abga4ajfa4jhe 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#acija4gdga4gjea4fffa4fbha4eiba4eega4ebd a4diba4dfba4dcca4djea4cgga4cea #adjja4geia4gaga4fgha4fcia4fjca4efha4ece a4ejca4dgba4ddca4daea4chga4cfa #adaja4ggaa4gbia4fija4feja4fada4egia4edf a4eaca4dhba4deca4dbea4ciga4cgj #adbja4ghca4gdaa4gjaa4ffba4fbea4eija4eef a4ebda4diba4dfca4dcea4djfa4chj #adcja4gifa4geca4gaca4fgca4fcfa4fjaa4efg a4ecda4ejca4dgca4ddda4dafa4chi #addja4hjha4gfea4gbda4fhea4jdga4faba4egg a4edea4eaca4dhca4deda4dbfa4cii #adeja4hbja4ggga4gcfa4fifa4feha4fbca4ehh a4eeea4ebca4dica4dfda4dcfa4djh #adfja4hcba4ghha4gdha4gjga4fgja4fcca4eii a4efea4ecca4ejca4dgda4ddea4dah #adgja4hdda4hjja4geia4gaia4jhaa4fdda4fji a4egfa4edca4eaca4dhda4deea4dbg #adhja4hega4haba4ggaa4gcja4fiba4feea4fbj a4ehfa4eeda4ebca4dica4dfea4dcg #adija4hfia4hbda4ghba4gdba4gjca4fffa4fcj a4eiga4efda4ecca4ejca4dgda4ddf #aejja4hhaa4hcfa4gida4geca4gada4fgga4fda a4fjga4egda4edca4eaca4dhda4def ,,app5dix ,a4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,tea*]s4 ,x is ! object ( ?is book to lead ! /ud5t to ! indep5d5t discov]y ( ! mo/ important facts 9 our ord9>y wea!r conditions1 & ( ! int]relations ( ! diff]5t wea!r elem5ts4 ,?is practical /udy hav+ taught some?+ z to ! real nature ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a by actual obs]vation1 rapid & sub/antial progress may be made 9 ! k ( ! di/ribution & ( ! explanation ( simil> ph5om5a 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 z d]iv$ ?r\gh a /udy ( ! text-books4 ,by means ( ?is comb9ation ( ! two k9ds ( /udy1 ! inductive & ! didactic1 ! advantages ( bo? may be pres]v$1 & ! sl[ progress ( ! fir/ me?od & ! uns\nd progress ( ! second may be avoid$4 ,?is book is n a text-book1 & x !re=e does n attempt to give explanations ( v>i\s ph5om5a discov]$ by ! class4 ,explanations w1 ( c\rse1 be call$ = by ! s*ol>s1 9 increas+ numb] z ! "w progresses1 & ! l>g] relations ( ! /udy become app>5t4 ,x is be/1 if possible1 to leave ! m complicat$ matt]s 7su* z ! cause ( ! deflection ( ! w9d f ! gradi5t1 ( cyclones & anticyclones1 etc47 until ! subjects c be tak5 up 9 detail & fully expla9$1 = in/ance 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! high s*ool c\rse4 ,x is n advisable to raise su* complicat$ que/ions 9 ! gramm> s*ool "w if !y c be avoid$4 ,! tea*] :o has a fairly good k ( "o compreh5sive mod]n text-book ( meteorology1 su* z ,davis's ,elem5t>y ,meteorology1 w f9d himself suffici5tly well equipp$ to answ] ! que/ions put by ! class4 ,! value ( ! "w outl9$ 9 ?is little book c be mu* increas$ if ! l>g] applications ( ! lessons "h le>n$ are /rongly emphasiz$4 ,sugge/ions along ?is l9e h be5 made 9 f9e pr9t ?r\gh\t ! text1 b ! examples giv5 may be fur!r ext5d$ to ! great advantage ( ! /ud5t4 ,c>eful att5tion ought to be giv5 to ! =mulat+ & writ+ out ( ! g5]alizations rea*$ by ! class1 = 9 ^! writt5 summ>ies ! results are pres]v$ 9 compact =m4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! "w outl9$ 9 ?is *apt] is adapt$ to ! l[] grades 9 ! gramm> s*ool4 ,x is assum$ t ! pupils h already _h "s prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ! simple/ non-in/rum5tal wea!r obs]vations1 su* z c readily be made dur+ ! prim>y s*ool ye>s4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( tea*]s :o may desire x1 a brief outl9e ( "w suit$ to ! prim>y s*ool grades is "h giv54 ,x is desirable t ev5 old] s*ol>s be giv5 "s su* tra9+ z ?is be=e !y take up ! ex]cises ( ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! c5tral idea 9 ?is elem5t>y "w is to tra9 ! *ildr5 9 intellig5t wea!r obs]vation1 s t !y may come to appreciate :at our typical wea!r *anges are2 t !y may recognize ! types z !y recur1 & may see h[ ea* example diff]s f1 or accords )1 ^? t h prec$$ x4 ,we are all s directly affect$ by ! wea!r conditions prevail+ at any "t t ev5 ! y\nge/ *ildr5 are =c$1 unconsci\sly to be sure1 to take "s notice ( ^! *anges4 ,! "w ( ! tea*] is1 !re=e1 simply to direct att5tion to :at is already se54 ,:5 ! *ildr5 come to s*ool on "s sn[y w9t] day1 ) a nor!a/ w9d1 *ill+ & damp1 att5tion may be call$ to ! ne$ ( ov]%oes & ov]coats1 to ! pil+ up ( ! sn[ 9 deep drifts at c]ta9 places ne> ! s*ool or 9 ! t[n1 :ile 9 o!r places ! gr\nd is left b>e2 to ! ease ) :i* sn[balls may be made1 & to o!r facts :i* w v readily sugge/ !mselves4 ,a day or two aft] su* a /orm1 :5 ! sun is %9+ bright 9 a cl\dless sky1 :5 !re is no w9d & ! air is dry1 cold1 & crisp1 ! contra/s betwe5 ^! two wea!r types %\ld be br\ght out4 ,in/ead ( sn[ we n[ h sun%9e3 in/ead ( a damp1 *ill+ nor!a/] we n[ h a calm & ! air is dry2 sn[balls _c easily be made 9 ! e>ly morn+ because ! sn[ is froz5 h>d & is too dry1 b t[>ds noon1 if ! temp]ature rise high en\gh1 !re may be ?aw+ on ! tops or sides ( ! sn[drifts1 & !re ! sn[ becomes s(t en\gh = sn[ball+4 ,ano!r wea!r type1 (t5 not$ dur+ our w9t] 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & /rongly contra/$ ) bo? ( ! prec$+ conditions1 is t :i* br+s u a w>m1 damp1 s\!rly w9d1 frequ5tly accompani$ by heavy ra9s4 ,z ^! damp w9ds bl[ ov] sn[-cov]$ surfaces !y become foggy & ! gr\nd is said to 8smoke02 ! heavy ra9 rapidly melts ! sn[2 slu% & mud make bad walk+2 riv]s & brooks rise rapidly1 p]haps ov]fl[+ _! banks2 l[-ly+ places become fill$ ) /&+ wat]4 ,^! & o!r features %\ld all be br\ght out by ! tea*]1 n by tell+ ! class ( !m directly1 b by judici\s que/ion+1 & !y %\ld be contra/$ ) ! conditions :i* may imm$iately foll[1 :5 ! /orm has cle>$ (f1 & :5 ! l[ temp]atures br\ght by a cold wave1 ) its dry nor?we/ w9d1 h result$ 9 freez+ lakes1 riv]s1 & brooks1 & :5 skat+ & slid+ may be indulg$ 94 ,e>ly summ] wea!r conditions1 ) _! *>act]i/ic w>m spells1 cumulus cl\ds1 ?und]/orms1 & 7ne> ! coa/7 sea breezes1 furni% ano!r long li/ ( typical *anges t %\ld be j z c>efully not$ & describ$ z ! m /rik+ w9t] *>act]i/ics4 ,autumn types add fur!r to ! li/1 :i* might be ext5d$ almo/ indef9itely4 ,"o :ole ye> ( ! gramm> s*ool c\rse may well be giv5 to ! obs]vations sugge/$ 9 ,*apt] ,i1 provid$ t !re is no ne$ ( ha/5+ on to ! m advanc$ "w4 ,! advantage ( ext5d+ ! c\rse ov] a :ole s*ool ye> is great1 because su* ext5sion gives opportunity = becom+ famili> ) late summ]1 autumn1 w9t]1 spr+1 & e>ly summ] wea!r types1 & ?is is f> bett] ?an attempt+ to cr[d all ! "w into "o %ort season4 ,! int]e/ ( a class c easily be kept up ?r\gh\t a s*ool ye> by means ( a progressive sy/em ( obs]vations4 ,x is be/ to v>y ! obs]vations f "t to "t1 & to arrange !m s t1 beg9n+ ) ! m simple1 !y %all gradually become m complete & m advanc$ z ! ye> goes on4 ,?us1 />t+ ) temp]ature obs]vations alone1 ^! may be cont9u$ = "o or two weeks be=e !y are supplem5t$ by records ( w9d direction & velocity4 ,aft] "s practice 9 ! obs]vation ( ^! two wea!r elem5ts 7say dur+ "o mon?71 data z to ! /ate ( ! sky may be add$4 ,cl\d obs]vations !mselves may well be grad$ dur+ successive weeks1 s t1 beg9n+ ) ! simple/ notes conc]n+ am\nts ( cl\d9ess1 ! pupils %all gradually advance to ! po9t ( obs]v+1 & p]haps ev5 ( sket*+1 ! common cl\d =ms & _! *anges4 ,?us an important /ep w h be5 tak5 t[>ds appreciat+ ! ne$ ( a /&>d cl\d classification1 :i* may be giv5 lat]4 ,! addition ( records ( precipitation completes ! li/ ( simple non-in/rum5tal wea!r obs]vations1 & ^! records1 z well z ! cl\d records1 c easily be grad$1 s t1 dur+ successive weeks1 e week's "w %all be diff]5t f t ( e o!r week4 ,9 ?is progression f ! simpl] to ! m complicat$ obs]vations lies ! secret ( mak+ ! "w attractive4 ,no?+ w soon] *eck int]e/ 9 ! /udy ?an ! necessity ( mak+ exactly ! same obs]vations day aft] day & week aft] week ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,a grad$ c\rse ( non-in/rum5tal obs]vation1 su* z is sugge/$1 gives a v practical g5]al k ( our common wea!r types & *anges1 & ( ! relations ( "o wea!r elem5t to ano!r4 ,! que/ions ask$ "u ! diff]5t head+s 9 ?is *apt] are design$ to awak5 ! int]e/ ( ! s*ol>s1 & to call _! att5tion to ! m important po9ts ( diurnal1 cyclonic1 & seasonal *anges 9 wea!r elem5ts4 ,! tea*] w readily ?9k ( o!r que/ions :i* may be sugge/$ = ! consid]ation ( ! class4 ,al?\gh ! non-in/rum5tal records are ( little value = future ref]5ce1 z comp>$ ) ! in/rum5tal obs]vations1 !y %\ld nev]!less be sy/ematically pres]v$ by ! class 9 _! record books4 ,aft] discussion ( ! daily obs]vations made by ! diff]5t s*ol>s1 or by "o ( _! numb]1 ! records may be writt5 ^u "o ( ! blackbo>ds res]v$ = ?is purpose4 ,at ! close ( ! day1 or ! next morn+1 ! blackbo>d notes %\ld be ent]$ 9 a record book kept 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,! tea*] may guide 9 ! discussion ( ! obs]vations2 may sugge/ po9ts ov]look$ by ! s*ol>s2 may draw comp>isons betwe5 ! wea!r conditions ( o!r weeks & ( o!r days4 ,?is talk+ ov] ( ! obs]vations is mo/ important1 z x nev] fails to br+ out mu* ( int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,?is "w may usually be begun 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! gramm> s*ool c\rse1 z soon z ! non-in/rum5tal obs]vations h be5 satisfactorily complet$4 ,! s*eme ( progressive obs]vations already sugge/$ may be foll[$ to advantage 9 ! in/rum5tal "w z well z 9 ! non-in/rum5tal4 ,x is (t5 a good plan to h a diff]5t s*ol> assign$ to ! task ( tak+ ! obs]vations e day1 or x may be m advisable to divide ! "w1 mak+ "o responsible = ! temp]ature obs]vations1 ano!r = ! precipitation1 etc4 ,x is well to h ! daily in/rum5tal wea!r records writt5 ^u ! blackbo>d 9 ! s*oolroom1 z already sugge/$ 9 ! case ( ! non-in/rum5tal obs]vations4 ,at ! end ( ea* day ! blackbo>d data %\ld be ent]$ 9 a p]man5t record book by "s "o ( ! s*ol>s1 & "s +5uity c be ex]cis$ 9 devis+ ! be/ s*eme = keep+ ?is record4 ,! record book %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! s*oolroom1 :]e x may be ref]r$ to by ! s*ol>s ( future ye>s :5 any unusually sev]e /orm1 or a spell ( excessively hot or dry wea!r1 or a rem>kable cold wave occurs1 9 ord] t comp>ison ) pa/ occurr5ces ( a simil> k9d may be made4 ,x is well to h ! record book ( l>ge size1 & to h ea* day's record ent]$ across two full pages4 ,on ! left-h& page ! temp]ature1 pressure1 ra9fall1 w9d direction & velocity1 etc41 may be ent]$1 ea* obs]vation 9 its prop] column1 ! numb] ( columns be+ increas$ accord+ to ! increas+ numb] ( obs]vations4 ,! "r-h& page may be left = 8,rem>ks40 ,^! 8,rem>ks0 %\ld include notes ( any meteorological ph5om5a :i* did n f9d a place 9 ! columns res]v$ = ! regul> obs]vations1 e4g41 occurr5ce ( hail1 or froz5 ra92 damage by lightn+1 w9ds1 or floods2 freez+ up ( riv]s or brooks2 int]ruption ( railroad or /reet-c> traffic by sn[1 etc41 &1 9 g5]al1 explanatory comm5ts on ! wea!r conditions4 ,in/ructive lessons may be taught z to ! relation ( ! local wea!r conditions :i* prevail 9 ! vic9ity ( ! s*ool1 & ^? ( o!r portions ( ! c\ntry1 by comm5ts on newspap] despat*es conc]n+ gales along ! coa/ or on ! lakes1 & result+ damage to %ipp+2 ( sn[ blockades & /all$ tra9s2 ( sev]e ?und]/orms & tornadoes2 ( hot waves & sun/rokes1 or ( cold waves & ! de/ruction ( crops or fruits by ! fro/4 ,! s*ol>s %\ld be enc\rag$ to br+ into ! class any comm5ts on su* ph5om5a z may be ( int]e/ 9 ! "w4 ,su* ( ^! newspap] clipp+s z are ( ! mo/ value may be pa/$ 9 ! space res]v$ = ! 8,rem>ks10 :]e !y may be ref]r$ to by succe$+ classes2 & 9 ?is space also may be pa/$ at ! end ( ea* week ! b>ograph & !rmograph %eets1 if ^! in/rum5ts are 9 use at ! s*ool4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,^! obs]vations may usually be pr(itably und]tak5 9 ! lat] gramm> & 9 ! high s*ool ye>s4 ,! in/rum5ts describ$1 :ile all desirable1 are by no means all necess>y1 & no tea*] %\ld po/pone ! e/abli%m5t ( a c\rse 9 obs]vational meteorology = ! reason t a complete set ( fir/-class in/rum5ts _c be secur$ at ! />t4 ,if ! s*ool is provid$ ) a psy*romet]1 !re w be no ne$ ( ! ord9>y !rmomet]1 because ! psy*romet] gives ! true air temp]ature4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to h bo? /ation>y wet & dry-bulb !rmomet]s1 9 ! %elt]1 = ord9>y s*ool use1 & also a sl+ psy*romet] = use 9 ! meteorological field "w :i* =ms an important "p ( ! m advanc$ in/rum5tal "w 9 meteorology4 ,! sl+ psy*romet] may1 ( c\rse1 be us$ simply z an ord9>y sl+ !rmomet]4 ,! simple =m ( m]curial b>omet]1 )\t v]ni] & )\t atta*$ !rmomet]1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 w be f\nd ! be/ b>omet] = g5]al s*ool use4 ,! /&>d b>omet]1 describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 is too exp5sive & too complicat$ to come into ext5d$ use 9 our s*ools4 ,full in/ructions conc]n+ ! c>e1 ! read+1 & ! corrections ( ! /&>d m]curial b>omet] are publi%$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 & to ^! in/ructions tea*]s :o h su* an in/rum5t are ref]r$4 7,see ,app5dix ,b47 ,! =m ( table giv5 at ! end ( ?is *apt] is int5d$ m]ely z a sugge/ion1 & n z a rigid s*eme to be adopt$ 9 e s*ool4 ,9 us+ ! in/rum5ts "h describ$1 practice ) ! maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s 79 addition to ! simpl] "w ( ,*apt] ,,ii7 may be giv5 be=e any attempt is made to h ! class use ! psy*romet]4 ,& 9 us+ ! psy*romet] "o week may well be giv5 to ! det]m9ation ( ! dew-po9t alone1 be=e ! wet & dry-bulb read+s are employ$ to det]m9e ! relative humidity4 ,absolute humidity1 :i* is n ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]1 may1 if ! tea*] deem x advisable1 be add$ z ano!r wea!r elem5t = /udy4 ,a ref9em5t 9 ! notes on ! /ate ( ! sky is sugge/$1 viz41 t cl\d9ess %\ld be record$ 9 t5?s ( ! sky cov]$ by cl\ds4 ,?is is an advance ov] ! e>li]1 less accurate cl\d obs]vations1 & is 9 l9e ) su* a progressive s*eme z has be5 recomm5d$4 ,?is book is n int5d$ to pres5t a rigid s*eme ( obs]vational "w 9 meteorology1 alike = all s*ools1 b r to make sugge/ions = ! guidance ( tea*]s 9 lay+ out su* a c\rse z may fit _! own cases4 ,"u ! head+ ,summ>y ( ,obs]vations only a few ( ! mo/ important climatic elem5ts h be5 not$4 ,! li/ may easily be ext5d$ by ! addition ( su* data z ! foll[+3 ,= temp]ature1 mean diurnal range2 mean diurnal v>iability 7! mean ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! successive daily means74 ,= humidity1 mon?ly mean absolute humidity4 ,= precipitation1 ! maximum daily precipitation2 ! numb] ( ra9y & sn[y days 9 e mon?1 ! numb] ( cle>1 fair1 & cl\dy days 9 e mon?2 ! mean frequ5cy ( ra9fall 9 e mon? 7numb] ( ra9y days divid$ by ! total numb] ( days72 ! numb] ( days ) ?und]/orms1 etc4 ,x is important t ! mon?ly summ>ies %\ld be discuss$ 9 ! class1 & t ! s*ol>s %\ld give v]bal /atem5ts z to ! num]ical results :i* !y h obta9$4 ,9 ?is way ! "w w h a liv+ int]e/1 :i* ! m]e compilation ( summ>ies does n possess4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! fir/ ?+ = any tea*] to d :o int5ds to e/abli% a c\rse 9 meteorology is to secure a supply ( daily wea!r maps4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made to h !m mail$ regul>ly f ! ne>e/ map-publi%+ /ation ( ! ,bureau4 ,x is important t ! ,saturday morn+ map1 :i* is usually n s5t to s*ools1 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! set1 z ! break ( two days 7,saturday & ,sunday7 9 e week s]i\sly int]f]es ) ! value ( ! "w t may be done on consecutive maps4 ,! maps %\ld be securely fa/5$ up 9 ! s*oolroom or 9 ! hall4 ,x is advisable to keep at lea/ two maps ?us on view all ! "t1 9 ord] t ! s*ol>s may be able to /udy ! *anges f day to day by comp>+ ! la/ two or ?ree maps ) "o ano!r4 ,z soon z !y are remov$ f ! wall1 ! maps %\ld be c>efully fil$ away = future ref]5ce4 ,!y may be conv5i5tly kept 9 /iff br[n pap] fold]s1 ea* mon?'s maps be+ enclos$ 9 a sep>ate fold]1 ) ! "n ( ! mon? & ! ye> writt5 on ! outside4 ,x is a good plan to keep ) ! file ( maps any newspap] clipp+s ref]r+ to notable meteorological ph5om5a associat$ ) ! conditions %[n on ! maps4 ,?us1 newspap] acc\nts ( ! damage done by a hurricane along ! ,atlantic ,coa/2 ( ! blockades caus$ by a heavy sn[/orm 9 ! ,nor?we/2 ( tornadoes 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley2 ( hot waves & sun/rokes 9 our l>g] cities1 w s]ve to enliv5 ! /udy ( ! maps1 & w also help1 9 lat] ref]5ces to !m1 to recall int]e/+ po9ts t might o!rwise escape ! memory4 ,x is true t newspap]s are prone to exagg]ate1 & t !y are lam5tably inaccurate 9 _! use ( meteorological t]ms2 b nev]!less !y may (t5 be pr(itably us$ 9 su* g5]al /udies z ^!4 ,besides ! complete wea!r map1 ! s*ool w ne$ a supply ( blank wea!r maps1 z us$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,^! may usually be secur$ f ! ne>e/ map-publi%+ /ation at co/ price4 ,9 ! case ( ! prep>ation ( illu/rations = p]man5t class use1 z sugge/$ lat]1 x is advisable to employ ! blank maps us$ z ! base ( ! ,wa%+ton daily wea!r maps1 & to be obta9$1 at co/ price1 on application to ! ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,^! are l>g] 9 size 7#af-a_/b by #bc-c_/d in*es7 ?an ! /ation maps1 & ! pap] is ( a bett] quality4 ,color$ illu/rations ) ^! ,wa%+ton blank maps z ! base furni% an economical1 simple1 & effective means ( tea*+ elem5t>y meteorology4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,9 ?is *apt] a s]ies ( six consecutive wea!r maps is tak5 z ! basis ( ! "w4 ,! /udy ( ! wea!r elem5ts on su* a s]ies ( maps gives a f> cle>] und]/&+ ( ! di/ribution ( ^! elem5ts & ( _! relation "o ) ano!r1 ?an if a f> l>g] numb] ( s+le maps are /udi$ :i* d n foll[ "o ano!r 9 regul> sequ5ce4 ,tea*]s %\ld add to ! map-draw+ ex]cises by giv+ _! classes ! data f o!r sets ( maps select$ f ! s*ool files4 ,summ] maps z well z w9t] ones %\ld be us$1 9 ord] t too mu* emphasis may n be laid on w9t] conditions4 ,! se>* = ! v>i\s cities 9 :i* ,wea!r ,bureau /ations are e/abli%$1 involv$ 9 ! "w ( ent]+ ! data on ! blank maps1 furni%es excell5t practice 9 geography4 ,?is ex]cise may be v>i$1 & practice 9 ! location ( ! diff]5t ,/ates may be giv51 if ! tea*] reads out to ! class ! temp]atures 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! v>i\s ,/ates1 z1 e4g41 c5tral ,arizona1 #cd2 s\?we/]n ,t5nessee1 #cj2 nor!rn ,nevada1 #ch1 etc4 ,z ! ,/ate names are n giv5 on ! ,wea!r ,bureau maps1 su* a me?od z ?is w give a v desirable famili>ity ) ! relative positions ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,if ! s*ool possesses a blackbo>d outl9e map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x may be a good plan1 if ! class is small1 to h "o ( ! pupils ent] ! temp]atures & draw ! iso!rms on ! bo>d be=e ! class1 & to let ! o!rs correct him if !y see t he is go+ wrong4 ,z to irregul>ities 9 ! iso!rms1 :i* may cause tr\ble1 ! (ficials ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau v>y some:at among !mselves 9 deal+ ) su* cases1 & no def9ite rules c be laid d[n to fit all occasions4 ,x is be/ to select maps ) few irregul>ities at fir/1 & 9 "t exp]i5ce w %[ h[ ! exceptional cases may be treat$4 ,by ! s*eme ( color+ iso!rmal maps1 sugge/$ 9 ?is *apt]1 a valuable s]ies ( p]man5t illu/rations ( notewor?y wea!r types = class use c readily be prep>$ at v slight co/4 ,= ! purposes ( ^! color$ illu/rations x is be/ to use ! l>ge scale ,wa%+ton blank wea!r maps1 z sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 & to h ea* map m\nt$ on heavy c>dbo>d aft] x has be5 color$4 ,by means ( ?is m\nt+ ! maps are prev5t$ f te>+1 & c be kept smoo? & 9 good condition4 ,! s*eme ( color+ may be v>i$ to suit ! fancy ( ! s*ol>s1 = ! prep>ation ( ^! p]man5t illu/rations may well be intru/$ to ^? ( ! class :o are especially int]e/$ 9 ! "w1 & :o are skillful 9 _! use ( ! pa9t bru%4 ,! "w is really v simple & ne$s only ord9>y c>e4 ,z soon z ! draw+ ( iso!rms & ! color+ ( iso!rmal *>ts h be5 suffici5tly /udi$1 ! tea*] %\ld hang up ! daily wea!r map ea* day 7or a blank map ) ! iso!rms = ! day drawn on x71 & %\ld call att5tion to ! temp]ature *anges f day to day4 ,9 ?is way ! facts ( actual temp]ature *anges exp]i5c$ by ! class w be associat$ ) ! l>g] temp]ature *anges %[n on ! wea!r maps4 ,! sections on temp]ature gradi5ts may be po/pon$1 if ! tea*] deems x advisable1 until o!r matt]s ( a simpl] nature are pass$4 ,! idea ( rates ( *ange is n an easy "o = /ud5ts to grasp1 & x is f> bett] to po/pone ! consid]ation ( ?is subject ?an to involve ! class 9 any confusion at ?is /age4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to omit ^! sections altoge!r1 z a cle> conception ( ! pr9ciple ( rates is a valuable "p ( a /ud5t's m5tal equipm5t4 ,x is a good plan1 9 ! ex]cises on l9es ( temp]ature decrease1 to h maps prep>$ ) fa9t iso!rms & heavy l9es ( temp]ature decrease1 9 ord] to emphasize ! idea ( *ange ( temp]ature1 9 contra/ to ! idea ( con/ancy ( temp]ature express$ by ! iso!rms4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 ! "w on ! w9d *>ts x is ess5tial to proce$ v sl[ly1 9 ord] t ! be/ results may be obta9$ by ! pupils4 ,"s ( ! ab]rant w9d c\rses1 :i* complicate ! discov]y ( ! cyclonic & anticyclonic spirals1 may well be omitt$ 9 ! case ( ! y\ng] classes1 & consid]able assi/ance 9 facilitat+ ^! discov]ies may be giv5 by sugge/ions z to add+ int]m$iate dott$ w9d arr[s1 9 sympa?y ) ! obs]v$ w9d directions4 ,! anticyclonic sy/ems are always mu* m difficult to discov] ?an ! cyclonic1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to assi/ ! class 9 ?is matt] z mu* z seems necess>y4 ,! que/ions 9 ! text are m]ely sugge/ive1 & are by no means z num]\s z x w\ld be well to make !m 9 ! class4 ,! discov]y ( ! spirals w probably be made by degrees4 ,! concise =mulation ( ! facts discov]$ w furni% excell5t basis = ex]cises 9 writ+4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! discussion z to :e!r ! w9ds bl[ circul>ly ar\nd1 or radially 9 t[>ds1 c5t]s ( l[ pressure1 :i* usually comes up 9 e class 9 meteorology at "s /age 9 ! /udy1 0 c>ri$ on 9 a v animat$ way ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,two not$ ,am]ican meteorologi/s1 ,r$field & ,espy1 & _! respective foll[]s1 took opposite sides 9 ?is controv]sy1 ,r$field ma9ta9+ at ! />t t ! w9ds mov$ 9 circles1 & ,espy ma9ta9+ t !y foll[$ radial c\rses4 ,! tru? lay betwe5 ! two4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! /udy ( atmosph]ic pressure is n easy1 because ! pupils _c p]ceive ! *anges 9 pressure f day to day by _! unaid$ s5ses4 ,especially difficult does ?is /udy become if ! class has n already _h "s practice 9 mak+ b>omet] read+s4 ,:5 ?is obs]vational "w has n prec$$ ! consid]ation ( ! isob>ic l9es ( ! daily wea!r maps1 ! tea*] %\ld introduce ! subject ( pressure v c>efully4 ,! exp]im5t ) ! ,torricellian tube w %[ ! class some?+ ( ! reality ( atmosph]ic pressure1 & ! v>iations 9 ?is pressure f day to day c readily be made app>5t by means ( a few b>omet] read+s1 if "t _c be sp>$ = a regul> & cont9u$ s]ies ( b>omet] obs]vations4 ,a ^w may be said z to ! correction ( b>ometric read+s = local influ5ces1 9 ord] to make ^! read+s comp>able1 if ?is matt] has n be5 previ\sly met )1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 n to confuse ! y\ng] pupils too mu* ) explanations at ?is /age ( ! "w4 ,x may be well to omit ?is po9t unless x is br\ght up by "s pupil4 ,! que/ions ask$ 9 ! text are m]ely sugge/ive4 ,!y may be add$ to & v>i$ at ! discretion ( ! tea*]4 ,l9es ( pressure-decrease %\ld be drawn on all isob>ic *>ts /udi$ 9 ! class1 z !y are highly in/ructive4 ,:5 ! isob>s are ne> toge!r1 ^! l9es ( pressure-decrease may be drawn heavi]1 to indicate a /eep] gradi5t4 ,! conv]g5ce ( ^! l9es t[>ds regions ( l[ pressure1 & _! div]g5ce f regions ( high pressure1 se5 on e map on :i* ^! gradi5ts are drawn1 emphasizes an important lesson4 ,be=e measur+ rates ( pressure-decrease by means ( a scale1 consid]able practice %\ld be giv5 9 ! /udy1 by means ( ! eye1 ( ! rapidity or sl[ness ( decrease ( pressure1 z %[n by ! heavi] or light] l9es ( pressure-decrease4 ,:5 ! broad facts ( diff]+ rates are compreh5d$1 !n ! actual measurem5t ( ^! rates is a comp>atively easy matt]4 ,9 any case1 h[ev]1 an appreciation ( ^! rates ( *ange is n always readily ga9$1 ev5 by old] s*ol>s 9 ! high s*ool4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( prime importance to proce$ v sl[ly inde$ at ?is po9t1 & to h e /ep fully und]/ood be=e ano!r /ep is tak54 ,! in/ructions 9 ! text = measur+ rates ( pressure-decrease are1 t ^! rates %all be record$ z s _m hundr$?s ( an in* ( *ange ( pressure 9 "o latitude-degree4 ,?is is done = ! sake ( simplicity4 ,if ?is rate is express$ 9 hundr$?s ( an in* ( pressure 9 a qu>t] ( a latitude-degree ( di/ance1 ! num]ical value is ! same z if express$ 9 millimet]s ( pressure p] latitude-degree ( di/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,! fact ( ! preval5ce ( diff]5t k9ds ( wea!r ov] ! c\ntry at ! same "t is ( great importance4 ,x %\ld be /rongly emphasiz$ by ! tea*] 9 ! c\rse ( ! discussion ( ! maps ( wea!r di/ribution4 ,additional ex]cises ( ! same sort may be giv5 to advantage1 by lett+ ! class plot & /udy ! wea!r signs tak5 f any curr5t wea!r map4 ,in/ructive lessons may be taught by talk+ ov]1 9 ! class1 ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* p all ov] ! c\ntry are affect$ by ! "* ( ! wea!r t happ5s to prevail :]e !y are4 ,,*apt]s ,,ix-,,xviii4 ,! correlation ex]cises w1 z a :ole1 tea* few entirely new facts to ! bright] s*ol>s :o h fai?fully complet$ ! prec$+ "w 9 obs]vations & 9 ! con/ruction & /udy ( ! daily wea!r maps4 ,^! ex]cises d1 h[ev]1 lead to detail$ exam9ation & to ! c>eful work+ out ( ! relations :i* may h be5 previ\sly notic$ 9 a g5]al way only4 ,!y give ! repeat$ illu/ration :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to impress firmly on ! m9d ! lesson t ! wea!r map has to tea*4 ,x is a good plan to let diff]5t s*ol>s "w out ! problems = diff]5t mon?s4 ,! results rea*$ 9 ea* case %\ld be discuss$ 9 ! class1 & ?us ea* memb] may h ! d\ble advantage ( work+ out 8 own problem1 & ( pr(it+ by ! "w done by 8 fell[s4 ,?r\gh\t ^! ex]cises c>e %\ld be tak5 to h wea!r maps ( all mon?s /udi$4 ,! ex]cise on ! correlation ( ! velocity ( ! w9d ) ! pressure _c be und]tak5 unless ! "w on temp]ature & pressure gradi5ts 7,*apt]s ,v & ,,vii7 has be5 complet$4 ,,*apt]s ,,xx-,,xxv4 ,x is n expect$ t any "o s*ol> c accompli% all t is "h outl9$4 ,examples may be select$ f ! li/1 z opportunity (f]s1 s t ea* s*ol> %all become famili> ) sev]al problems4 ,few ( ! problems sugge/$ call = cont9u\s r\t9e obs]vation at fix$ h\rs4 ,!y require1 on ! o!r h&1 an intellig5t exam9ation ( ord9>y wea!r ph5om5a1 ) special ref]5ce to discov]+ _! explanation4 ,9 mo/ ( ! problems a small numb] ( obs]vations w suffice4 ,"u ! sup]vision ( ! tea*]1 diff]5t problems may be assign$ to ! sev]al memb]s ( a class2 or sev]al s*ol>s may "w on diff]5t p>ts ( ! same problem1 ex*ang+ records 9 ord] to save "t4 ,all ! s*ol>s %\ld h a g5]al k ( ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ f ! obs]vations made by ! o!r memb]s ( _! class4 ,! tea*] w use 8 discretion 9 arrang+ ! ord] ( ! problems1 & 9 select+ ^? t are be/ suit$ to ! season 9 :i* ! "w is done1 to ! locality 9 :i* ! s*ool is situat$1 & to ! facilities & app>atus at comm&4 ,al?\gh ! v>iety ( accessible problems is less 9 city s*ools ?an 9 c\ntry s*ools1 mu* may be done 9 ! city z well z 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! opportunities = c>ry+ out su* obs]vational "w v>y s mu* 9 diff]5t s*ools t x is impossible to give specific in/ructions1 :i* %all be available 9 all cases4 ,"s g5]al sugge/ions are !re=e giv51 :i* ! tea*] may supplem5t by m detail$ in/ructions fram$ to fit ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ea* case4 ,a review ( ! head+s ( ! diff]5t problems %[s t a v g5]al correlation exi/s among !m1 :]eby ! subjects ( e head+ are associat$ ) ^? ( ne>ly e o!r4 ,9 o!r words1 e wea!r elem5t is treat$ z a function ( sev]al o!r elem5ts4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! v>iety ( "w "h outl9$ is m app>5t ?an real1 & t _m problems :i* appe> f _! word+ to be entirely new are 9 l>ge "p re>rangem5ts ( problems previ\sly enc\nt]$4 ,,app5dix ,b4 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,a ,,meteorological ,,laboratory4 ,a4 ,,in/rum5ts4 ,expos$ ,!rmomet] 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 ) brass support1 #b4ge4 ,maximum & ,m9imum ,!rmomet]s 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 m\nt$ toge!r on "o bo>d1 #f4be4 ,wet- & ,dry-,bulb ,!rmomet]s 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 m\nt$ on "o bo>d1 complete ) wat] cup1 #f4ej4 ,sl+ ,psy*romet] 7design$ by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,f4 ,m>v91 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau71 consi/+ ( two expos$ m]curial !rmomet]s1 m\nt$ on an alum9um back1 & provid$ ) poli%$1 turn$ h>d-wood h&le & brass trimm+s1 #e4jj4 ,sl+ ,psy*romet]1 consi/+ ( two cyl9drical bulb !rmomet]s1 m\nt$ "o a little above ! o!r ^u a light brass frame1 ) a p]=at$ gu>d to protect ! bulbs :ile sw++1 b :i* c be rais$ 7by slid+ ^u ! frame7 = ! purpose ( moi/5+ ! l95 cov]+ ( ! wet bulb4 ,mu* less liable to be brok5 ?an ! ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n1 #e4jj4 ,ra9 ,gauge 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau /&>d71 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 complete1 ) measur+ /ick1 #e4be4 ,ra9 ,gauge1 #c in*es 9 diamet]1 ) ov]fl[ & measur+ /ick1 #a4be4 ,w9d ,vane 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 #aj4jj4 ,anemomet] 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 ) indicator1 alum9um cups1 & electrical atta*m5t1 #be4jj4 ,! same1 ) pa9t$ brass cups1 #bc4jj4 ,anemomet] ,regi/] 7,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 ) p5 & ink atta*m5t1 #ce4jj4 ,! same1 ) p5cil atta*m5t 7old /yle71 #bd4jj4 ,an]oid ,b>omet] 7= meteorological "w71 #ad4jj-af4jj4 ,,note4----,mu* *eap] an]oids c be pur*as$1 & may be us$ to "s advantage 9 ! simpl] obs]vations 9 s*ools4 ,m]curial ,b>omet] 7,/&>d ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n71 complete ) atta*$ !rmomet]1 v]ni]1 etc41 #cj4jj-cc4jj4 ,,note4----,! above in/rum5ts1 z us$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 are made by ,h4 ,j4 ,gre51 #aaia ,b$=d ,av5ue1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! prices are ^? giv5 9 ,gre5's late/ catalogue4 ,m]curial ,b>omet]4 ,new improv$ =m1 especially design$ = s*ool use4 ,m\nt$ on mahogany back4 ,scale engrav$ on alum9um4 ,divisions ( scale on metric & ,engli% sy/ems4 ,no v]ni]1 #e4ge4 7,l4 ,e4 ,knott ,app>atus ,co41 #ad ,a%burton ,place1 ,bo/on1 ,mass47 ,!rmograph 7design$ by ,dr4 ,daniel ,drap]1 ( ,new ,york74 ,consi/s ( a bimetallic !rmomet] 9 a case :i* c>ries a disk1 ) a *>t ^u its axle in/ead ( h&s l ! ord9>y clock4 ,a p5 7re/+ on ! face ( ! disk7 regi/]s ! fluctuations ( temp]ature z ! *>t is c>ri$ ar\nd4 ,sizes1 #ad #bj in*es1 #cj4jj2 #aj #ad in*es1 #ae4jj4 ,?is in/rum5t may be pur*as$ ( ,h4 ,j4 ,gre54 ,!rmograph4 ,self-record+ !rmomet] 7z adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau71 made by ,ri*>d ,frres1 ( ,p>is4 ,records cont9u\sly on a %eet ( pap] w\nd ar\nd a revolv+ drum1 :i* is driv5 by clock-"w inside4 ,/&>d size 7)\t duty71 #cj4jj4 ,b>ograph4 ,self-record+ b>omet] 7z adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau71 made by ,ri*>d ,frres1 ( ,p>is4 ,simil> 9 g5]al arrangem5t to ! !rmograph4 ,/&>d size 7)\t duty71 #bg4fj4 ,^! la/ two in/rum5ts c be procur$ ?r\gh ,gla5z] ,frres ,rhe9boldt1 #bf #bh ,wa%+ton ,place1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,in/rum5t ,%elt] 7/&>d ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n7 w hold a set ( maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s1 psy*romet]1 & a !rmograph4 ,may be set up on top ( po/s driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or may be atta*$ to a wall1 #ah4jj4 ,b>omet] ,box1 = ! /&>d m]curial b>omet]4 ,made ( mahogany1 ) glass panels on front & sides2 lock & key1 & ) fitt+s complete1 #h4ej4 ,^! may be pur*as$ ( ,h4 ,j4 ,gre54 ,b4 ,,text-,,books4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,e>?'s ,atmosph]e4 ,,d\glas ,,ar*ibald4 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 #ahih4 #ahmo1 pp4 #aid4 #dj c5ts4 ,to be recomm5d$ to ! g5]al read] :o wi%es to ga9 "s k ( meteorology quickly4 ,n a text-book4 ,conta9s a *apt] on 8,flight 9 ! ,atmosph]e40 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 ,,william ,,morris ,,davis4 ,bo/on1 ,g9n ,co41 #ahih4 #hvo1 pp4 #cee4 #b4ej4 ,! mo/ complete ( ! mod]n text-books1 & ! be/ adapt$ = use 9 ! sy/ematic tea*+ ( meteorology4 ,! mod]n views are pres5t$ cle>ly & )\t ! use ( ma!matics4 ,portions ( x are some:at too advanc$ = s*ool /udy1 b tea*]s w f9d x invaluable z a ref]5ce book 9 direct+ ! laboratory "w1 & 9 answ]+ ! que/ions ( s*ool classes4 ,a ,popul> ,treatise on ! ,w9ds4 ,,william ,,f]rel4 ,new ,york1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 #ahij4 #hvo1 pp4 #eje4 #c4dj4 ,?is c h>dly be reg>d$ z a popul> treatise4 ,x embodies1 9 cond5s$ & *iefly non-ma!matical =m1 ! results ( ,f]rel's rese>*es dur+ 8 long & pr(\nd /udy ( ! g5]al circulation & ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e4 ,tea*]s :o advance f> into meteorology w f9d ?is book indisp5sable4 ,x is n at all suit$ = g5]al class-room use4 ,am]ican ,wea!r4 ,a4 ,w4 ,,greely4 ,new ,york1 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co41 #ahhh4 #hvo1 pp4 #bhf4 ,out ( pr9t1 b secondh& copies are probably obta9able4 ,deals1 z ! title implies1 especially ) ! wea!r ph5om5a ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,conta9s brief acc\nts ( individual hot & cold waves1 hurricanes1 blizz>ds & tornadoes1 & gives specific data conc]n+ maxima & m9ima ( temp]ature1 precipitation1 etc41 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,meteorology3 ,practical & ,appli$4 ,,john ,,william ,,moore4 ,london1 ,f4 ,j4 ,rebman1 #ahid4 #hvo1 pp4 #dde4 #h %ill+s4 ,a readable book4 ,consid]able space is giv5 to in/rum5tal meteorology4 ,conta9s *apt]s on ! climate ( ! ,briti% ,isles & on ! relations ( wea!r & disease 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,especially adapt$ = ! use ( ,engli% read]s4 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,scott4 ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,london1 ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5* ,co41 #ahhe2 ,bo/on1 ,a4 ,a4 ,wat]man ,co41 #ahhi4 #hvo1 pp4 #daj4 #f %ill+s4 ,! /&>d text-book 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! au?or is secret>y to ! ,meteorological ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,fairly complete1 b n[ some:at out ( date 9 "s portions4 ,x is a useful book 9 a meteorological libr>y1 b does n treat ! subject 9 a way v helpful to ! tea*]4 ,meteorology4 ,,?omas ,,russell4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #ahie4 #hvo1 pp4 #bgg4 ,brief & incomplete z a text-book ( meteorology1 b conta9+ a v compreh5sive acc\nt1 fully illu/rat$1 ( riv]s & floods 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & _! pr$iction4 ,elem5t>y ,meteorology4 ,,frank ,,waldo4 ,new ,york1 ,am]ican ,book ,company1 #ahif4 #hvo1 pp4 #cgc4 #ij c5ts4 ,a compact summ>y4 ,useful to tea*]s z a h&y ref]5ce book4 ,mod]n ,meteorology4 ,,frank ,,waldo4 ,new ,york1 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons1 #ahic4 #hvo1 pp4 #dfj4 #a4be4 ,v complete acc\nt ( meteorological app>atus & me?ods1 & admirable summ>y ( rec5t ,g]man /udies ( ! !rmodynamics & g5]al motions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,c4 ,,in/ructions ,,9 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,in/rum5ts4 ,in/ructions = ,volunt>y ,obs]v]s4 #ahii4 #hvo1 pp4 #bc4 ,brief in/ructions = tak+ & record+ obs]vations ( temp]ature & precipitation ) ord9>y & maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s & ) ! ra9 gauge4 ,b>omet]s & ! ,measurem5t ( ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 ,c4 ,f4 ,,m>v94 #ahid4 #hvo1 pp4 #gd4 ,a pamphlet ( in=mation respect+ ! !ory & con/ruction ( b>omet]s 9 g5]al1 ) summ>y ( in/ructions = ! c>e & use ( ! /&>d ,wea!r ,bureau in/rum5ts4 ,in/ructions = ,obta9+ & ,tabulat+ ,records f ,record+ ,in/rum5ts4 #ahih4 #hvo1 pp4 #ca4 ,conta9s directions conc]n+ ! c>e & use ( ! ,ri*>d !rmograph & b>ograph4 ,,note4----,^! pamphlets are prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,willis ,l4 ,moore1 ,*ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau1 & are publi%$1 "u au?ority ( ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 by ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,!y w be f\nd ! be/ guides 9 mak+ obs]vations1 ! c>e ( in/rum5ts1 etc4 ,d4 ,,j\rnals1 ,,etc4 ,mon?ly ,wea!r ,review4 ,prep>$ "u ! direction ( ,willis ,l4 ,moore1 ,*ief ( ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,pr(essor ,clevel& ,abbe1 ,editor4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #aj c5ts a copy4 ,an invaluable publication = tea*]s & /ud5ts alike4 ,conta9s complete meteorological summ>ies = ea* mon?2 acc\nts ( all notable /orms1 cold & hot waves1 etc42 & a l>ge numb] ( articles on a wide range ( meteorological subjects4 ,! *>ts %[ ! tracks ( areas ( high & l[ pressure :i* cross$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! mon?1 ! total precipitation1 sea-level pressure1 temp]ature & surface w9ds1 p]c5tage ( sun%9e1 etc41 = ! mon?4 ,o!r *>ts are also frequ5tly add$4 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,s*ool ,geography4 ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,e4 ,dodge1 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,editor4 ,publication ,(fice1 #da ,no4 ,que5 ,/reet1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,t5 numb]s a ye>4 #a4jj p] annum4 ,a mon?ly j\rnal devot$ to ! int]e/s ( ! common s*ool tea*] ( geography4 ,conta9s num]\s articles & notes on meteorological & climatological subjects4 ,sci5ce4 ,edit$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,mc,k4 ,cattell1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,weekly4 #e4jj p] annum4 ,devot$ to ! advancem5t ( all sci5ces4 ,conta9s brief ,curr5t ,notes on ,meteorology1 :i* summ>ize ! m important meteorological publications4 ,mon?ly ,bullet9s ( ! ,climate & ,crop ,s]vice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,^! ,bullet9s are issu$ e mon? at ! c5tral (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ea* ,/ate1 "u ! direction ( ! ,section ,director ( ! ,climate & ,crop ,s]vice 9 t ,/ate4 ,!y conta9 meteorological data = ! mon?1 & frequ5tly notes ( int]e/4 ,! annual summ>ies are especially valuable4 ,e4 ,,*>ts4 ,daily ,wea!r ,maps4 ,^! are publi%$ at ! c5tral (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,wa%+ton1 & at eighty-f\r o!r /ations ( ! ,bureau ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is be/ to h ! daily maps s5t f ! ne>e/ map-publi%+ /ation1 & n f ,wa%+ton1 z ! delay 9 ! latt] case is (t5 s great t mu* ( ! imm$iate value ( ! maps is lo/4 ,climate & ,crop ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mon?ly4 ,*>t %[+1 by means ( small maps1 ! actual precipitation1 dep>tures f normal precipitation1 dep>tures f normal temp]ature1 & maximum & m9imum temp]atures4 ,also a pr9t$ summ>y ( ! wea!r & ( ! crop conditions 9 ! diff]5t sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,issu$ on ! fir/ ( ea* mon?4 ,sn[ & ,ice ,*>t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,weekly dur+ ! w9t] season4 ,bas$ on data f regul> ,wea!r ,bureau /ations1 supplem5t$ by reports f select$ volunt>y obs]v]s4 ,%[s1 by %ad+1 ! area cov]$ ) sn[ at #h ,p4,m4 ea* ,tuesday dur+ ! w9t]1 & by l9es1 ! dep? ( sn[ 9 in*es4 ,explanatory tables & text accompany ! *>t4 ,/orm ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ at irregul> int]vals4 ,*>ts1 ) text1 illu/rat+ ! hi/ory ( individual notable /orms4 ,pilot ,*>t ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,nor? ,pacific ,oceans4 ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,bureau ( ,equipm5t1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,navy1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mon?ly4 ,price #aj c5ts a copy4 ,%[s calms & prevail+ w9ds1 ocean curr5ts1 regions ( fog & equatorial ra9s1 ! positions ( iceb]gs & wrecks1 /eam%ip & sail+ r\tes1 /orm tracks1 magnetic v>iation1 etc4 ,also gives isob>s & iso!rms & a =eca/ = ! mon? succe$+ ! date ( publication1 & a review ( ! wea!r ov] ! oceans = ! prec$+ mon?4 ,supplem5t>y *>ts are occasionally issu$4 ,ra9fall & ,sn[ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z compil$ to ! ,end ( #ahia1 ) ,annual1 ,seasonal1 ,mon?ly1 & o!r ,*>ts4 ,,m>k ,w4 ,,h>r+ton4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,bullet9 ,c1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahid4 ,atlas1 #ah #bd in*es4 ,*>ts #bc4 ,text1 #d-hj pp4 ,conta9s tw5ty-?ree *>ts z foll[s3 ,mon?ly ra9fall1 seasonal ra9fall1 annual ra9fall1 mon?ly sn[fall1 mon?ly maxima ( ra9fall1 ra9y seasons1 details ( ra9fall1 details ( occurr5ce ( ?und]/orms4 ,well adapt$ to s]ve z illu/rations = use 9 ! class-room4 ,! text is explanatory1 & is publi%$ sep>ately 9 qu>to =m4 ,ra9fall ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ,annual1 ,seasonal1 & o!r ,*>ts4 ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,,h5ry4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,bullet9 ,d1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahig4 #i-a_/d #aa-a_/b in*es4 ,pp4 #eh4 ,*>ts #aj4 ,plates ,,iii4 ,a m rec5t publication ?an ! prec$+ "o1 ! av]ages hav+ be5 compil$ to ! end ( #ahif4 ,! *>ts are small] ?an mo/ ( ^? 9 ,bullet9 ,c1 & !re=e n s well adapt$ = class-room illu/ration4 ,! *>t ( mean annual precipitation is ! late/ & be/ publi%$4 ,! ra9fall ( ! crop-gr[+ season receives sep>ate treatm5t1 & is illu/rat$ by means ( two *>ts4 ,! discussion 9 ! text is excell5t4 ,f4 ,,meteorological ,,tables4 ,smi?sonian ,meteorological ,tables4 ,smi?sonian ,miscellane\s ,collections1 #hdd4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahic4 #hvo4 ,pp4 #bfb4 ,a v complete set ( tables4 ,h&book ( ,meteorological ,tables4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,haz5 7( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau74 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahhh4 #hvo4 ,pp4 #abg4 #a4ej4 ,conta9s =ty-sev5 tables1 compris+ all t are ne$$ by ! work+ meteorologi/4 ,includes tables = ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade conv]sions1 = b>ometric hypsometry & r$uction to sea level1 = ! psy*romet]1 etc4 ,tables = ,obta9+ ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,dew-,po9t1 ,relative ,humidity1 etc4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahig4 #hvo4 ,pp4 #bi4 ,^! are ! tables n[ 9 use by ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,g4 ,,illu/rations4 ,classification ( ,cl\ds = ! ,wea!r ,obs]v]s ( ! ,hydrographic ,(fice4 ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,bureau ( ,navigation1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,navy1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahig4 ,%eet ( twelve color$ views4 ,price #dj c5ts4 ,9 book =m1 ) descriptive text1 #a4jj4 ,an excell5t set ( cl\d views1 classifi$ accord+ to ! ,int]national ,nom5clature4 ,! text describes ! v>i\s cl\d =ms & %[s _! value z wea!r progno/ics4 ,an attractive addition to ! furni%+s ( a s*oolroom4 ,select$ ,li/ ( ,cl\d ,photographs & ,lant]n ,slides4 ,consi/s ( tw5ty-eight photographs1 & ! same numb] ( lant]n slides1 ( ! typical cl\d =ms1 select$ by ! pres5t writ] f ! collection 9 ! ,physical ,geography ,laboratory ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,! photographs 7#bj c5ts ea*1 m\nt$7 & slides 7#dj c5ts ea*7 may be pur*as$ ( ,e4 ,e4 ,h[ell1 #fab #ag? ,/reet1 ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,a description ( ^! views 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,meteorological ,j\rnal = ,july1 #ahid 7,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,g9n ,company74 ,photographs4 ,photographs ( miscellane\s meteorological ph5om5a1 su* z sn[ & ice /orms1 damage by /orm-waves or high w9ds1 w9d-bl[n trees1 lightn+1 etc41 may (t5 be pur*as$ ( local deal]s4 ,!y add to ! attractiv5ess ( a s*oolroom & furni% excell5t illu/rations 9 tea*+4 ,h4 ,,g5]al4 ,! foll[+ ,bullet9s ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau may be f\nd useful z ref]5ce books3 ,no4 #a4 ,notes on ! ,climate & ,meteorology ( ,dea? ,valley1 ,cali=nia4 ,,m>k ,w4 ,,h>r+ton4 #hvo4 #ahib4 ,pp4 #ej4 ,no4 #h4 ,report on ! ,climatology ( ! ,cotton ,plant4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,mell4 #hvo4 #ahic4 ,pp4 #fh4 ,no4 #aj4 ,! ,climate ( ,*icago4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,haz54 #hvo4 #ahic4 ,pp4 #acg4 ,no4 #aa4 ,report ( ! ,int]national ,meteorological ,congress held at ,*icago1 ,,iii41 ,aug4 #ba-bd1 #ahic4 #hvo4 ,pt4 ,i1 #ahid1 pp4 #bjf4 ,pt4 ,,ii1 #ahie1 pp4 #ehc4 ,pt4 ,,iii1 #ahif1 pp4 #ggb4 ,pt4 ,,iv1 n yet issu$4 ,no4 #ae4 ,protection f ,lightn+4 ,,alex&] ,,mcadie4 #hvo4 #ahie4 ,pp4 #bf4 ,no4 #ag4 ,! ,"w ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau 9 ,connection ) ! ,riv]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,willis ,l4 ,,moore4 #hvo4 #ahif4 ,pp4 #ajf4 ,no4 #ai4 ,report on ! ,relative ,humidity ( ,s\!rn ,new ,engl& & ,o!r ,localities4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,h5ry4 #hvo4 #ahif4 ,pp4 #bc4 ,no4 #bj4 ,/orms1 ,/orm ,tracks & ,wea!r ,=eca/+4 ,,frank ,h4 ,,bigel[4 #hvo4 #ahig4 ,pp4 #hg4 ,no4 #ba4 ,climate1 ( ,cuba4 ,also1 ,a ,note on ! ,wea!r ( ,manila4 ,w4 ,f4 ,r4 ,,phillips4 #hvo4 #ahih4 ,pp4 #bc4 ,no4 #bc4 ,fro/3 ,:5 to expect x & h[ to less5 ! ,injury !refrom4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,hammon4 #hvo4 #ahii4 ,pp4 #cg4 ,no4 #be4 ,wea!r ,=eca/+3 ,"s ,facts ,hi/orical1 ,practical1 & ,!oretical4 ,,willis ,l4 ,,moore4 #hvo4 #ahii4 ,pp4 #af4 ,no4 #bf4 ,lightn+ & ! ,electricity ( ! ,air4 ,9 two p>ts4 ,a4 ,g4 ,,mcadie & ,a4 ,j4 ,,h5ry4 #hvo4 #ahii4 ,pp4 #gd4 ,! foll[+ miscellane\s publications ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau may also prove ( value4 ,injury f ,fro/ & ,me?ods ( ,protection4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,hammon4 #hvo4 #ahif4 ,pp4 #ab4 ,"s ,climatic ,features ( ! ,arid ,regions4 ,,willis ,l4 ,,moore4 #hvo4 #ahif4 ,pp4 #ai4 ,inve/igation ( ! ,cyclonic ,circulation & ! ,translatory ,movem5t ( ! ,we/ ,indian ,hurricanes4 ,! late ,,rev4 ,,b5ito ,,vi,,es1 ,s4 ,j4 #hvo4 #ahih4 ,pp4 #cd4 ,reque/s = wea!r maps1 ,bullet9s1 & o!r publications ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau %\ld be s5t to ! ,*ief ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,all reque/s are dealt ) on _! m]its1 & 9 cases :]e x is deem$ t effective use w be made ( ! publications !y are usually s5t free ( *>ge4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,anemomet]1 #ch-da4 ,an]oid b>omet]1 #bc1 #bd4 ,anticyclones1 #gf4 -------- & pressure *anges1 #ada4 -------- & temp]ature1 #ajd-ajf4 -------- & wea!r1 #aji-aab4 -------- & w9d circulation1 #ih-ajj4 -------- =m & dim5sions (1 #if-ih4 -------- progression (1 #aaa1 #aab4 -------- tracks (1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,b4 ,back+ w9ds1 #aah4 ,b>ograph1 #cf1 #cg4 -------- records1 #cg1 #ch4 ,b>omet]1 an]oid1 #bc1 #bd4 -------- corrections1 #cc1 #cd4 -------- m]curial1 #ai-bc1 #cb1 #cc4 -------- r$uction to freez+1 #adc1 #add1 #aff1 #afg4 ,b>omet] r$uction to sea level1 #add1 #ade1 #afh-agj4 ,buran1 #ge1 #gf4 ,buys-,ballot's ,law1 #ii4 ,c4 ,*]rapunjee1 ra9fall at1 #ach4 ,cl\ds & upp] air curr5ts1 #acf1 #acg4 ,cl\ds z wea!r progno/ics1 #acg4 -------- =ms & *anges (1 #acf4 -------- movem5ts (1 #da-dc1 #df1 #ie1 #acf1 #acg4 ,cl\ds1 obs]vations (1 #e1 #i1 #da-dc1 #de1 #df4 ,cold wave1 #fb1 #ge1 #gf1 #ajc1 #ajf4 ,cold-wave =eca/s1 #fc4 ,correlations ( wea!r elem5ts1 #ia-aac4 ,cyclones1 #gf4 -------- & pressure *anges1 #ada4 -------- & temp]ature1 #ajd-ajf4 -------- & wea!r1 #aji-aaa1 #aac1 #aad4 -------- & w9d circulation1 #ih-ajj4 -------- =m & dim5sions (1 #if-ih4 -------- progression (1 #aaa1 #aab4 -------- tracks (1 #aaa1 #aac4 -------- tropical1 #ajf4 -------- velocity (1 #aab1 #aac4 ,d4 ,dew1 #acd1 #acf4 -------- po9t1 #cj4 -------- -------- tables1 #adb1 #adc1 #adf-aee4 ,diurnal v>iation ( temp]ature1 #abe-abg4 ,diurnal v>iation ( w9d velocity1 #acj4 ,doldrums1 #bi4 ,e4 ,equipm5t ( a meteorological laboratory1 #ahf4 ,evaporation1 #bi4 ,f4 ,fahr5heit1 #ab1 #ac4 ,f]rel's ,law1 #ic4 ,=eca/s1 cold-wave1 #fc4 -------- wea!r1 #di1 #aad-abd4 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 #aad1 #aae4 ,fro/1 #ace4 -------- w>n+s1 #ace4 ,g4 ,galileo1 #ab1 #ai4 ,gradi5ts1 pressure1 #hb-he4 -------- temp]ature1 #fd-gj4 -------- v]tical temp]ature1 #abi4 ,h4 ,humidity1 #bi1 #acb-acd4 -------- diurnal v>iation (1 #acc4 -------- relative1 #cj1 #cb1 #de1 #acc4 -------- relative1 & w9d direction1 #acc4 -------- tables1 #adc1 #aef-afe4 ,hurricane1 #ajj4 ,i4 ,inv]sions ( temp]ature1 #abi4 ,isob>ic *>ts1 #gf-hb1 #he1 #ie1 #if4 ,isob>s1 #gg-hb1 #aba4 ,iso!rmal *>ts1 #fc1 #fh-gj4 ,iso!rms1 #ee-eg1 #aba4 ,l4 ,l& & sea breezes1 #c1 #aca1 #acb4 ,loomis1 #ig1 #aac4 ,m4 ,meteorological tables1 #adf-agj4 ,mi/ral1 #ge4 ,monsoons1 #ajj4 ,m\nta9 & valley w9ds1 #aca4 ,n4 ,nephoscope1 #da-dc4 ,o4 ,obs]vational meteorology1 problems 91 #abe-ada4 ,obs]vations1 advanc$ in/rum5tal1 #bf-df4 ,obs]vations1 cl\d1 #e1 #i1 #da-dc4 -------- elem5t>y in/rum5tal1 #aa-bf4 ,obs]vations1 non-in/rum5tal1 #a-aj4 ,obs]vations1 ra9fall1 #i1 #aj1 #bf4 -------- /ate ( sky1 #e1 #i4 -------- temp]ature1 #a-c1 #be4 -------- w9d1 #c-e1 #h1 #i1 #be4 ,p4 ,pamp]o1 #gf1 #ajd4 ,pascal1 #ba4 ,precipitation1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ach1 #aci4 ,pressure & w9d direction1 #ia-ic4 -------- & w9d velocity1 #ic-if4 -------- atmosph]ic1 #ai-ba4 -------- *>ts1 #gf-hc4 -------- cyclonic v>iation (1 #adj1 #ada4 -------- decrease ) altitude1 #aci1 #adj4 -------- diurnal v>iation (1 #adj1 #ada4 -------- gradi5t1 #hb-he4 ,prevail+ we/]ly w9ds1 #ic1 #ie1 #if1 #aab1 #aac4 ,psy*romet]1 #bh4 -------- sl+1 #ca4 ,purga1 #ge4 ,r4 ,ra91 see ,precipitation4 -------- heavy1 #ach1 #aci4 -------- gauge1 #ae-ag4 ,ra9fall records1 #ag1 #ah1 #bf4 ,s4 ,s5sible temp]atures1 #bi1 #cj4 ,sirocco1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #acc1 #acd4 ,sl+ psy*romet]1 #ca4 ,smudges1 #ace4 ,/ate ( sky1 #e1 #i1 #de4 ,sugge/ions to tea*]s1 #aga4 ,t4 ,temp]ature *>ts1 #eh-fj4 -------- di/ribution1 #ea-fc4 -------- diurnal range1 #abe-abg4 -------- =eca/s1 #aaf4 -------- gradi5t1 #fd-gj4 ,temp]ature gradi5t1 v]tical1 #abi4 -------- inv]sions1 #abi4 -------- maximum & m9imum1 #de4 -------- mean1 #dc1 #de4 -------- obs]vations1 #a-c1 #h-aj1 #be1 #dc1 #de4 -------- range1 #de1 #abe-abg4 -------- s5sible1 #bi1 #cj4 -------- v]tical di/ribution (1 #abh1 #abi4 ,!rmograph1 #cd-cf4 -------- records1 #ce1 #cf4 ,!rmomet]1 #ab4 -------- atta*$1 #cc4 -------- maximum & m9imum1 #bf-bh4 -------- %elt]1 #ac1 #ad4 -------- wet- & dry-bulb1 #bh1 #cj1 #ca4 ,torricelli1 #ai1 #bj4 ,trade w9ds1 #ic4 ,v4 ,ve]+ w9ds1 #aah4 ,v]ni]1 #cc4 ,v]tical temp]ature gradi5t1 #abi4 ,w4 ,wat] vapor1 #bh4 ,wea!r1 #he-ij4 -------- & w9d direction1 #ajf-aji4 -------- *anges1 sequ5ce (1 #aac1 #aad4 -------- *>ts1 #he-ij4 ,wea!r =eca/s1 #di1 #aad-abd4 -------- map data1 #ij4 -------- maps1 #dg-ea4 -------- progno/ics1 #acg4 -------- signs1 #he4 -------- temp]ate zone1 #hh-ij4 -------- torrid zone1 #hh-ij4 ,w9d *>ts1 #gj-ge4 -------- direction & pressure1 #ia-ic4 -------- -------- & relative humidity1 #acc4 -------- -------- & temp]ature1 #aja-ajd4 -------- -------- & wea!r1 #ajf-aji4 -------- -------- =eca/s (1 #aah4 -------- obs]vations1 #c-e1 #be1 #dj1 #da4 -------- rose1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji4 -------- vane1 #ae4 -------- velocity1 #c1 #dj1 #da1 #de4 -------- -------- & pressure1 #ic-if4 -------- -------- diurnal v>iation (1 #acj4 -------- -------- =eca/s (1 #aah4 -------- -------- scale1 #c4 ,w9ds ar\nd cyclones & anticyclones1 #ih-ajj4 ,w9ds1 m\nta9 & valley1 #aca1 #acb4 -------- prevail+ we/]ly1 #ic1 #ie-if1 #aab1 #aac4 ,w9ds1 trade1 #ic4 ,woeik(1 #fi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,blank pages h be5 delet$4 ,"s illu/rations h be5 mov$4 ,! footnotes h be5 coalesc$ & mov$ s z to foll[ ! ref]5c+ p>agraph4 ,! publi%]'s inadv]t5t omissions ( important punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,"s wide tables h be5 re-=matt$ to n>r[] equival5ts ) "s words replac$ ) commonly kn[n abbreviations & possibly a key4 ,! table on page #dd has be5 flipp$ ar\nd a diagonal axis s t ! orig9al column head+s are n[ r[ head+s4 ,! foll[+ li/ indicates any additional *anges made4 ,! page numb] repres5ts t ( ! orig9al publication & applies 9 ?is etext except = footnotes & illu/rations s9ce !y may h be5 mov$4 ,key3 fto3 ,page ,*ange #f ,?an ! day be=e ye/]day8 #fb r$uction ( temp]ature to f #af to #cf4 #ge g5]al relation betwe5 w9ds & cold wavewaves #aei #dg #dd #db #bici #cf #cd #ca #ec #afb #ajcajh #ig #ic #ij #hg #hc #hj #agj ,multiple unrecord$ corrections4 99 99 99 99 99