,,ma/]pieces ,,9 ,,col\r    ,,edit$     
,,by--,t4 ,,leman ,,h>e      ,,giovanni 
,,bell9i          ,,9 ,,! ,,same ,,s]ies
          ,,arti/4                      
,,au?or4    ,,velazquez4             ,s4
 ,l4 ,,b5susan4    ,,reynolds4          
,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4    ,,turn]4          
,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4    ,,romney4         
,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4    ,,greuze4         
,,alys ,,eyre ,,mackl94    ,,botticelli4
            ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,b9ns4          
,,rossetti4              ,,luci5        
,,piss>o4    ,,bell9i4                  
,,george ,,hay4    ,,fra ,,angelico4    
,,james ,,mason4    ,,rembr&t4          
,,josef ,,israels4    ,,leighton4       
,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4    ,,raphael4       
,,paul ,g4 ,,konody4    ,,holman ,,hunt4
           ,,m>y ,e4 ,,col]idge4        
,,titian4                ,s4 ,l4        
,,b5susan4    ,,millais4                
,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4    ,,c>lo ,,dolci4  
,,george ,,hay4    ,,ga9sbor\gh4        
,,max ,,ro?s*ild4    ,,t9toretto4       
,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4    ,,lu9i4           

,,james ,,mason4    ,,franz ,,hals4     
,,edgcumbe ,,/aley4    ,,van ,,dyck4    
,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn]4    ,,leon>do ,,da   
,,v9ci4     ,m4 ,w4 ,,brockwell4        
,,rub5s4                ,s4 ,l4         
,,b5susan4    ,,:i/l]4              ,t4 
,,m>t9 ,,wood4    ,,holbe94             
,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4    ,,burne-,,jones4  
,a4 ,,lys ,,baldry4    ,,vig,e ,,le     
,,brun4         ,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4
    ,,*>d94               ,,paul ,g4    
,,konody4    ,,fragon>d4             ,c4
 ,,haldane ,,macfall4                ,9 
,prep>ation      ,j4 ,f4 ,,millet4      
,,p]cy ,m4 ,,turn]4    ,,meml9c4 ,w4 ,h4
         ,,james ,,weale4    ,,alb]t    
,d,,r]4          ,,h]b]t ,,fur/4        
,,con/able4             ,c4 ,,lewis     
,,h9d4    ,,raeburn4                    
,,james ,l4 ,,caw4    ,,b\*]4           
,c4 ,,haldane ,,macfall4    ,,watteau4  
,c4 ,,lewis ,,h9d4    ,,murillo4        
,s4 ,l4 ,,b5susan4    ,,john ,s4        
,,s>g5t1 ,r4,a4  ,t4 ,,m>t9 ,,wood4     
,,& ,,o!rs4          ,illu/ration3      

,,plate ,i4--,,virg9 ,,& ,,*ild4        
7,frontispiece7    ,?is picture is      
int]e/+1 ap>t f its f9e col\r & draw+1  
on  acc\nt ( ! l&scape backgr\nd4 ,x w  
be rememb]$ t ,bell9i  0 "o ( ! fir/    
arti/s to introduce l&scape into 8      
pictures (  ! ,virg94 ,9 ! ,academy at  
,v5ice4          ,,bell9i    ,,by       
,,george ,,hay    ,,illu/rat$ ,,)       
,,eight ,,reproductions ,,9 ,,col\r     
,illu/ration      ,,london3 ,t4 ,c4  ,e4
 ,c4 ,,jack    ,,new ,,york3 ,,fr$]ick  
,a4 ,,/okes ,,co4          ,,li/ ,,(    
,,illu/rations        ,plate       ,i4  
,virg9 & ,*ild                          
,frontispiece            ,9 ! ,academy  
at ,v5ice                               
,page      ,,ii4 ,! ,doge ,lor$ano      
#ad            ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y1  
,london       ,,iii4 ,angel play+ a     
,lute                              #bd  
,9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice        ,,iv4    
,madonna ) ! ,holy ,*ild ,asleep        
#cd            ,9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice  
,v4 ,pieta                              

#dj            ,9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at    
,milan        ,,vi4 ,allegory3 ,! ,b>que
 ( ,love                      #ej       
,9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice       ,,vii4    
,madonna & ,*ild                        
#fj            ,9 ! ,academy at ,v5ice  
,,viii4 ,madonna & ,*ild                
#gj            ,9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at    
,milan          ,illu/ration            
,,introduction      ,f ! /&po9t ( !     
biograph]1 x is to be regrett$ t m  ( ! 
great ,italian arti/s ( ! fifte5? c5tury
 7 n  associat$ ) ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! days ( !
 mo/ int]e/+ activity  ( pa9t]s &       
sculptors1 ! capacity to write 0 r>ely  
met beyond  ! mona/]ies & few p took !  
tr\ble to record any impression  (      
notable m5 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( _! c>e]4 ,we 
are apt to =get  t1 = "o arti/ ^: "n is 
pres]v$ to u to-day1 !re are a  score ( 
m5 ^: "w has p]i%$1 ^: v names are      
=gott54 ,9  middle life1 or 9 old age1  
:5 commissions f ,popes or ,emp]ors _h  
attract$ ! att5tion ( ! _w at l>ge to ! 
be/ m5 ( !  "t1 !re might be "s *ronicl]

 f\nd to make pass+ b  invaluable       
ref]5ce to ^? ( 8 contempor>ies ^: names
 7  common 9 m5's m\?s1 b su* notes 7   
made 9 v haphaz>d  fa%ion1 !y 7 n       
necess>ily accurate1 & might be f\nd$ ^u
  p]sonal obs]vation or rum\r1 or ev5 ^u
 ! prejudice t 0  inevitable :5 ,italy 0
 a cong]ie ( oppos+ /ates4 ,latt]-day   
hi/orians grope pa9fully & consci5ti\sly
 aft] ! scanty records  ( great pa9t]s1 
se>*+ ! volum9\s writ+s ( m5 :o h       
little to say1 & v little au?ority =    
say+ any?+ ab\t !  great p]sonalities ( 
! art _w ( _! "t4 ,x is n  surpris+1 "u 
^! circum/ances1 t despite mu* se>* !   
record ( _m lives t mu/ h be5 fasc9at+  
_c be f\nd4 ,we  le>n m ( ! man f 8 "w  
?an we c hope to le>n f any  writt5     
record &1 z ! ta/e = /udy+ pictures     
gr[s1 s all !  int]nal evid5ce ( a man's
 ?\ght & ways ( life accumulates &  !   
message t und]lies canvas & /&s reveal$ 
9 col\r & l9e  to ! tra9$ eye1 is       
translat$ = ! b5efit ( a curi\s         
g5]ation4 ,we le>n to "k :at mann] ( man

 ! pa9t] 0 f  ! models he *ose1 !       
portraits he pa9t$1 ! qualities & nature
  ( 8 l&scape1 ! expression ( 8 joy 9   
light & air1 8  feel+ = fl[]s & birds4  
,by a process ( syn!tical reason+ we    
come to see1 ?\gh x be z 9 a glass1     
d>kly1 ! picture t e  man pa9ts1 f !    
ye>s ( 8 activity to ! la/ ye> ( 8      
soj\rn among mortals--t is ! portrait ( 
himself4 ,d\btless we are  (t5 misl$1   
because z ea* critic1 arti/ or layman1  
f9ds 9 !  picture a reflection ( :at he 
takes !re1 x rema9s difficult to  arrive
 at def9ite conclusions ^u :i* all m5 c 
agree ab\t any  pa9t]4 ,happily ! ef=t  
pleases our own g5]ation1 & z !re are   
_m great m5 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fifte5?      
c5tury & h left  _! pictures to be _!   
sole monum5t1 !re is no lack ( "w4      
,naturally 9 ?is curi\s & inquisitive   
age !re are "s :o w\ld  r discov] a well
 au!nticat$ /ory ab\t an arti/'s life   
?an  an unexpect$ ma/]piece f 8 h&1 b !n
 ! appeal ( lett]s  is always m         
widespread ?an t ( pa9t4 ,x is always   

pleasant to  endeav\r to supply a want1 
b x is only fair to rememb] t 9  writ+  
ab\t p ^: life /ory 0 n pres]v$ by _!   
contempor>ies1 ! pa? is /rewn )         
pitfalls4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,,ii4--,,! ,,doge ,,lor$ano    ,?is     
picture1 :i* is ( bu/ l5g? & life size1 
is "o ( ! t5  examples ( ,giovanni      
,bell9i 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 & is     
p]haps !  mo/ important example ( !     
arti/ z a portrait pa9t]4 ,! ,doge  we>s
 8 /ate robes & cap ( (fice1 & ! picture
 is sign$ on a  c>tell9o4    ,9 deal+ ) 
! ,italians f ! days ( ,cimabue to      
,clovio1 x has  be5 ! cu/om to dep5d v  
l>gely ^u ! works ( ,giorgio ,vas>i1  & 
to rely = lat] & m accurate in=mation ^u
 ! volumes  writt5 by ,cr[e &           
,cavalcaselle1 pass+ f !m to ,morelli & 
,b]5son4 ,vas>i1 to :om ! /ud5ts (      
,italian art1 d[n to !  middle ( !      
sixte5? c5tury1 are s deeply indebt$1 0 
born 9  #aeab1 & liv$ = m ?an sixty     
ye>s4 ,he 0 a pa9t] &  ar*itect1 relat$ 
to ,luca ,signorelli1 & engag$ = a great

 "p (  8 life ^u "w 9 ,arezzo4 ,he 0 a  
great copyi/1 a pa9/ak+  writ]1 & nev]  
did critic wield a mild] p5 if he *anc$ 
to be  writ+ ( ,flor5t9e art1 or a m    
prejudic$ "o if he dealt )  ?+s (       
,v5ice4 ,he 0 fir/ a patriot & !n a     
critic4 ,"o night1  he tells u1 a fri5d 
( ,monsignore ,giovio express$ a wi% to 
add to  8 libr>y a treatise on m5 :o _h 
di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 !  arts ( design1 f 
! "t ( ,cimabue d[n to ! ye> ( !        
conv]sation4 ,vas>i und]took ! "w &     
f\nd$ x1 he says1 ^u  notes & memor&a   
:i* he _h made f ! "t :5 he 0 a boy4  ,!
 compilation 0 f9i%$ ab\t ! ye> #aedg1 x
 0 writt5 at a  "t :5 ! pa9t] 0 v busy )
 commissions4 ,he did 8 be/ 9  a c]ta9  
prejudic$ fa%ion1 & ! result = all its  
defects is v  valuable4 ,naturally en\gh
 ,vas>i _h n too l>ge a %>e ( ! gifts   
requir$ = 8 task1 nor _h he ! necess>y  
facts be=e him =  writ+ really reliable 
hi/ory4 ,mu* t he wrote 0 accept$ faute 
de mieux1 b mod]n rese>*es h necessitat$
 a revision ( v  _m e/imates t ,vas>i   

=m$ = u1 toge!r ) a consid]able  portion
 ( 8 facts1 & we h le>n$ to und]/&      
some?+ ( !  s\rce & direction ( 8       
prejudices4    ,! lit]>y union ( ,cr[e &
 ,cavalcaselle1 :o />t$ _! jo9t  "w 9 ! 
latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) bett]  
equipm5t ( facts & a l>g] measure (     
critical insight1 has be5  f> m         
valuable1 & a complete popul> edition ( 
_! "w revis$  by sympa!tic & well       
qualifi$ writ]s is greatly to be desir$2
 b  9 no case c we reg>d a volume devot$
 to ! biographies ( scores  ( arti/s z  
be+ altoge!r reliable4 ,! _s ( /udy is  
abroad1  to-day m5 w devote m "t to !   
life /ory ( a comp>atively  obscure     
arti/ ?an !y w\ld h giv5 fifty ye>s ago 
to  half-a-doz5 pa9t]s ( ,european      
reputation4 ,x is n easy1 "o might      
almo/ say x is n possible1 to tell      
succ9ctly ! /ory ( m5 :o  h left no cle>
 record & 7 n reg>d$ by _! contempor>ies
  z fit & prop] subjects = a biography4 
,at be/ we c /udy !  available s\rces ( 
in=mation1 & use su* measure ( judgm5t z

  is 9 u to con/ruct a reasonable &     
likely n>rative4 ,to delve 9 all  mann] 
( likely & unlikely places1 to /udy &   
make all[ances =  ! prejudices ( ! "t1  
to rely ^u ! pa9t$ canvas to confirm  or
 confute ! pr9t$ ^w--^! are ! tasks ( ! 
consci5ti\s  biograph] :o mu/ n be ill  
cont5t if1 aft] sift+ an intol]able     
am\nt ( *aff1 he c f9d a few =gott5     
gra9s ( corn4          ,i    ,,gian     
,,bell9i',s ,,y\?      ,giovanni1 or    
,gian ,bell9i z he is g5]ally call$1 !  
subject ( ?is  brief record &           
appreciation1 is "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+    
pa9t]s  ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,he has left
 _m a lovely picture to !  _w1 b alas he
 0 no di>i/1 he _h no ,boswell1 & !re   
are gaps  9 ! hi/ory ( 8 life t w nev]  
be fill$ up4 ,9 ! va/ &  unexplor$      
region ( ,italian ar*ives !re may be "s 
facts t  rese>* w br+ to light1 b at    
pres5t we "k v little1 &  c only be     
grateful t ! /ory ( 8 life is n %r\d$   
altoge!r 9 ! mi/ t obscures s mu* ( !   
p]sonal hi/ory (  em95t ,v5etians 9 !   

fifte5? c5tury4    ,:5 zeal\s ef=ts are 
support$ by tal5t & rectitude1 ?\gh !   
beg9n+ may appe> l[ly & poor1 yet d !y  
proce$ con/antly  upw>ds by gradual     
/eps1 nev] ceas+ nor tak+ re/ until !y h
  f9ally atta9$ to ! summit ( di/9ction4
 ,9 ?is fa%ion ,giorgio  ,vas>i1 :o 9 ^?
 admirable b unreliable ,lives1 seldom  
fails to  speak k9dly & en?usia/ically (
 arti/s :om nei!r he nor 8  fri5ds _h   
occasion to dislike1 beg9s 8 acc\nt ( ! 
h\se (  ,bell9i4 ,he passes on to deal 9
 detail ) ,jacopo ,bell9i1 ! fa!r  ( t  
,giovanni ) ^: life & "w x is propos$ to
 deal briefly  9 ?is place4 ,( ! fa!r   
little is kn[n1 b he is said to h  liv$ 
9 ! %ad[ ( ,/4 ,m>k's great ,ca!dral 9  
,v5ice1 & to h  work$ "u "s ( ! ,umbrian
 ma/]s 9 ! ,ducal ,palace4 ,he mu/  h   
s]v$ & /udi$ 9 ! /udio ( ,g5tile da     
,fabriano 9 days  :5 ,fra ,angelico _h n
 rea*$ ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co2 !re is   
evid5ce1 too1 t he travell$ & pa9t$     
portraits4 ,! date ( 8  dea? is z       
unc]ta9 z ! ye> ( 8 bir?4 ,x is said t !

 new  paganism held m attractions = him 
?an ! old fai?1 & t !  mo/ ( 8          
commissions 7 f ! great & fl\ri%+ secul>
  in/itutions ( ! ,republic4 ,little is 
left ( 8 pictures1 b a few  delightful  
sket*es are pres]v$ 9 ,p>is & ,london &1
 b = !  l>g] fame ( 8 sons1 ,jacopo     
,bell9i w\ld d\btless h be5  =gott5     
to-day1 & su* "w z is left w\ld be      
attribut$ by  lead+ critics to diff]5t  
ma/]s4    ,g5tile ,bell9i seems to h be5
 born betwe5 #adbe & #adcj & !  date (  
,giovanni's bir? is n kn[n def9itely4 ,x
 may be associat$  ) ! ye> #adcj4       
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,angel   
,,play+ ,a ,,lute    ,?is is a detail f 
an alt>-piece =m]ly 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san    
,giobb4 ,! "w is n[ 9 ! ,academy (      
,v5ice4    ,at ?is "t x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t ,v5ice 0 on ! road to h]  ultimate    
decl9e4 ,co/ly w>s ) ,milan & ,flor5ce  
_h s]i\sly  damag$ ! ,ex*equ]1 !        
fratricidal sea-fights ) ,g5oa _h co/ a 
weal? ( human life & treasure &1 al?\gh 
,v5ice _h annex$  ne>ly a doz5 prov9ces 

9 half a c5tury1 ! outlay _h be5 out (  
proportion to ! results4 ,at ! same "t1 
! ,v5etians did n "k  t _! spl5did /ate 
0 on ! d[nw>d road4 ,! new r\te to      
,india 0 unkn[n4 ,columbus & ,diaz _h   
yet to )draw ! sea-borne  comm]ce ( ! _w
 f ,v5ice to ,spa91 & s br+ ab\t !      
comm]cial ru9 ( ! ,republic1 & !        
,republic1 ) h] m>itime  trade & h]     
weal? ( spoils f ! ,ea/1 c\ld furni%    
endless  mat]ial = ! arti/s :o 7 ris+ 9 
h] mid/4 ,ev]y:]e !re  0 col\r 9        
abundance1 ! ,purple ,ea/ ca/ a broad   
%ad[ ^u !  ,adriatic4 ,!n1 aga91 x is   
wor? rem>k+ t ! ,v5etian pa9t]s  did n  
conc]n !mselves1 z _! ,flor5t9e bro!rs  
did1 )  matt]s ly+ beyond ! scope ( _!  
canvas1 !y did n dally )  ar*itecture or
 sculpture 9 ! int]vals ( picture pa9t+4
 ,9  %ort1 pictures repres5t$ ! tribute 
( ,v5ice to ! arts1 & ?is  conc5tration 
0 n )\t its influ5ce ^u ! "w done4      
,lit]ature did n fl\ri%1 because ! city 
re>$ few lit]>y m5  & ! t5d5cy ( !      
citiz5s 0 t[>ds pleasure r ?an /udy4    

,all c\ld admire a picture at a "t :5   
few c\ld read a book1 & !  _s ( !       
,r5aissance1 flutt]+ ov] ! ,v5etian     
,republic1 _h  done little m ?an wak5   
its p to a s5se ( ! beauty ( !  human   
=m4 ,al?\gh 9 ! days :5 ,gian ,bell9i 0 
a little boy1 !  t]ror ( ! ,turki%      
invasion 0 ^u ! ea/]n end ( !           
,m$it]ranean1 x _h h>dly rea*$ ,v5ice   
or1 if x _h1 only ?r\gh  ! m$ium (      
envoys & k+s :o came to ask ! assi/ance 
( !  ,republic to keep ! ,turk f        
,con/ant9ople4 ,to ^! appeals !         
response ( ,v5ice 9 ^? days c\ld n be v 
efficaci\s1 b !  envoys add$ a m        
flamboyant note to ! city's col\r+1 &   
s]v$  an arti/ic if n a political       
purpose4    ,vas>i tells u t ,jacopo    
,bell9i pa9t$ 8 pictures n on wood1  b  
on canvas4 ,9 ,v5ice1 he writes navely1 
!y d n pa9t on  panel1 or if !y d use x 
occasionally !y take no o!r wood b  t ( 
! fir1 :i* is mo/ abundant 9 t city1 be+
 br\ght  along ! riv] ,adige 9 l>ge     
quantities f ,g]many4 ,x is ! cu/om  !n 

9 ,v5ice to pa9t v mu* ^u canvas1 ei!r  
because ?is  mat]ial does n s readily   
split1 is n liable to clefts1 & does  n 
suff] f ! worm1 or because pictures on  
canvas may be made (  su* size z is     
desir$1 & c also be s5t :i!rsoev] ! own]
  pleases1 ) little co/ & tr\ble4       
,p]haps ,vas>i ov]look$ !  effect ( sea 
air ^u op5 fresco$ walls1 al?\gh t      
effect 0  cle> en\gh to ! ,v5etians4 ,b 
,jacopo1 = all t he pa9t$ ^u  canvas1 & 
0 employ$ by "s ( ! lead+ ,v5etian      
guilds1 makes  no out/&+ figure ^u !    
page ( ! art hi/ory ( ,v5ice4 ,he  seems
 to h liv$ prosp]\sly1 hon\rably1 &     
intellig5tly1 to h  caught ! e>lie/     
possible reflection ( ! gr[+ _s (       
paganism1 !reby incurr+ ! ang] & mi/ru/ 
( ! ,*ur* p>ty  t _h reg>d$ pa9t+ z !   
prop] int]m$i>y betwe5 fai? &  ! g5]al  
public1 to h pleas$ 8 /ate employ]s 9   
,v5ice &  ,padua1 & !n to h di$ r       
outside ! od\r ( sanctity1  leav+ an    
hon\rable "n beh9d him1 & *ildr5 :o 7   
de/9$ to  spread its fame f> & wide4    

,/ud5ts ( ,gian ,bell9i's life & "w c   
see t only a "p ( !  fa!r's tea*+ fell  
^u fruitful soil4 ,jacopo ,bell9i1 z we 
h  se51 0 a man 9 :om ! e>ly religi\s _s
 t ! ,r5aissance  did mu* to cl\d ov] 0 
( small acc\nt1 b ! pagan revival t     
f\nd s _m adh]5ts 9 ,flor5ce & ,v5ice1  
t[>ds ! close ( !  fifte5? c5tury1 left 
"y ,gian ,bell9i almo/ unt\*$4 ,we %all 
see t ! commissions (f]$ by weal?y      
patrons1 :o _h no love =  sacr$         
subjects1 7 ei!r reject$1 or 7 accept$ &
 n  fulfill$4 ,x is surely p]missible to
 believe t ! tea*+ (  e>ly days _h a    
la/+ influ5ce ^u ! outlook ( ! two      
,bell9is1 & /r5g!n$ !m 9 ! det]m9ation  
to d "w t  appeal$ z mu* to _! he>t z to
 _! h&4 ,c]ta9ly !y  foll[$ consci5ce   
:]e x l$ !m4 ,9 ! case ( ,gian ,bell9i1 
)  :om we are mo/ly conc]n$ "h1 x is    
int]e/+ to see t 8  long life1 pass$ z x
 0 9 ! v critical "t t embrac$ !  fall (
 ,con/ant9ople & ! ,league ( ,cambrai1 0
 completely free  f cl\d4 ,8 m9d 0 =m$ v
 e>ly4 ,he work$ /r5u\sly1  c>efully1 & 

9 ! fa%ion t pleas$ 8 consci5ce1 till )9
 a  v %ort "t ( 8 dea?1 & ! s]5ity ( 8  
_s1 cle>ly  reveal$ 9 a s]ies (         
exquisite pictures1 0 unt\*$ by all t   
happ5$ 9 ! _w ar\nd him4    ,*anges came
 ?ick & fa/ ^u ,v5ice 9 ! ye>s :5       
,bell9i 0  h>d at "w1 & new ideas 7     
receiv+ acceptance on e h&4  ,!         
,r5aissance1 ) its revival ( pagan ?\ght
 9 ! tra9 (  le>n+1 scatt]$ new ideas   
?r\gh\t ! ,v5etian /udios4 ,bell9i's    
pupil & successor ,titian c\ld depict   
pagan goddess & ,*ri/ian  ,deity ) equal
 facility4 ,giorgione 0 travell+ along !
 same pa?s  :5 dea? ov]took him1 b ,gian
 ,bell9i1 :ile he cont9u$ to make       
progress 9 8 art1 refus$ to make any    
concession to ! pagan _s1  & ) "o       
possible exception 9 ! case ( !         
,bac*anals1 a picture  pa9t$ = ! ,duke (
 ,f]r>a1 n[ 9 ! ,alnwick ,ca/le         
,collection1  8 la/ pictures 7 z dev\t 9
 ?\ght & feel+ z ! fir/4    ,x seems    
/range1 p]haps1 to express d\bts ab\t a 
picture t be>s  ! pa9t]'s signature1 &  

has be5 freely accept$ z ! "w ( 8  h&s1 
b we mu/ n =get t ! fifte5?-c5tury      
pa9t]s 9  ,italy 7 ! directors ( a s*ool
 z well z ! t5ants ( a /udio4  ,!       
,bell9i & ,viv>9i families 7 at ! head (
 ,v5etian pa9t]s1  & consequ5tly ! be/  
/ud5ts ( ! "t 7 attract$ to _!  /udios1 
cont5t to mix col\rs1 prep>e canvases1 &
 pa9t ! less  important p>ts ( a        
commission$ picture4 ,aft] a "t !y ev5  
pa9t$ pictures1 & sign$ !m ) ! ma/]'s   
"n4 ,we h  c]ta9 facts 9 connection ) ! 
,f]r>a picture1 & few facts are  to be  
f\nd 9 ! case ( any o!rs4 ,x is on      
record t ,bell9i took  an unf9i%$       
picture to ,f]r>a1 complet$ x "u ! eye (
 !  ,duke1 & receiv$ eighty-five ducats 
= x4 ,! "q becomes  :e!r ?is is !       
picture n[ at ,alnwick t ,titian f9i%$1 
because  ^? :o "k x say t ! backgr\nd   
has a l&scape ( !  famili> ,titian k9d1 
) glimpses ( ,cadore & ,pieve1 :]e !    
y\ng] pa9t] 0 born4 ,we are left1 !n1 ) 
! almo/ c]ta9  k t ,titian pa9t$ a "p ( 
! ,bac*anal picture1 &  t ! o!r "p is   

oppos$ 9 s5tim5t to ,bell9i's !ories (  
art4 ,s ! sceptics d n lack a measure ( 
ju/ification4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate  
,,iv4--,,madonna ,,) ,,! ,,holy ,,*ild  
,,asleep    ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful
 ( ! pa9t]'s /udies ( a famili>  !me1 & 
appeals to ! spectator f ! lit]>y z well
 z !  arti/ic side4 ,! orig9al is 9 !   
,v5ice ,academy4    ,9 ! latt] days ( 8 
life ,bell9i's /udio became some?+ l a  
factory1 & !re seems v little reason to 
d\bt t "s ( 8  clev] pupils l           
,bond9elli1 ,bissolo1 ,m>coni1 ,cat5a & 
o!rs 7  all[$ to sign1 ) ! ma/]'s "n1   
,ioannes ,bell9us1 pictures  t _h no m  
?an ! slighte/ acqua9tance ) ! ma/]'s   
bru%4 ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( our mod]n  
critics1 ,mr4 ,b]nh>d  ,b]5son1 att5d$  
an exhibition ( ,v5etian pictures held 9
 ,london a  few ye>s ago1 & f\nd t !    
great majority ( ! pictures  attribut$  
to ,bell9i 7 by 8 pupils4 ,he po9t$ out 
!n t !  signature ^u :i* ! un=tunate    
own]s 7 accu/om$ to lean 0  no bett] ?an
 a brok5 re$4 ,bell9i1 ( c\rse1 0 n !   

only  (f5d] 9 ?is respect4 ,8 great     
pupil ,titian copi$ ! ma/]'s  fault1 &  
!re is on record a lett] f ,fr$]ic1     
,duke ( ,mantua1  ask+ ,titian to s5d   
out "w t has 8 t\* z well z 8           
signature4 ,) ^! facts be=e u1 x becomes
 p]missible to d\bt  :e!r ,bell9i1 9 !  
la/ ye>s ( a long life devot$ to sacr$  
"w1 elect$ to turn aside1 & yield       
delib]ately to ! pagan  movem5t he _h   
oppos$ s long4 ,we c f9d no o!r "w ( 8  
h&  t is directly oppos$ to 8 !ories (  
religi\s art1 ?\gh x is  fair to rememb]
 t he _h a v active m9d1 & ev5 respond$ 
to  ! influ5ce ( 8 own great pupils     
,titian & ,giorgione4          ,,ii     
,,middle ,,life      ,x is n easy to say
 h[ f> a great pa9t] reflects 8 "t & h[ 
f> he influ5ces x4 ,tradition &         
surr\nd+s mu/ ne$s c\nt =  mu*1 b _!    
exact value is n easy to e/imate4 ,inde$
 !  influ5ce ( a man is (t5 /ronge/ ^u !
 g5]ations t succe$  to 8 own1 = no h9ts
 are left ( ! d\bts & difficulties t    
beset ! ma/]4 ,! attitude ( ! ,v5etians 

t[>ds art 9 !  fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,gian 
,bell9i />t$ 8 "w1 diff]$ f  t ( !      
,flor5t9es by reason ( ! spl5did        
isolation ( ,v5ice4  ,! ,/ate 0 a law to
 h]self2 %e in/itut$ h] own cu/oms1 %e  
rul$ h] own life4 ,h] w>s _h less effect
 ?an h] comm]cial  victories ^u ^? ( h] 
citiz5s :o turn$ _! ?\ghts t[>ds  art1 !
 /ress & /rife beyond h] b\nd>ies left  
h] arti/s  comp>atively unt\*$4 ,! wid] 
significance ( ! ,r5aissance  h>dly     
rea*$ h]1 h] p 7 n only pleasure-lov+1 b
  self-c5tr$4 ,happily1 ,jacopo ,bell9i 
0 by way ( be+ a travell]  & 8 exp]i5ces
 7 n lo/ ^u 8 *ildr54 ,he knew ,flor5ce 
& work$ 9 ! city at a "t :5 h] great m5 
7 beg9n+ to  rise 9 all _! la/+ glory1  
he may h se5 ,brunelles*i himself  at "w
 ^u ! ,duomo4 ,he knew ,padua1 :]e !    
tradition ( ,giotto 0  v /rong1 ?\gh t  
great ma/] himself _h long pass$ away1  
& s he br\ght to ! art he practis$ 9 8  
own city some?+  ( ! te*nique ( ! new   
movem5t1 z well z ! v def9ite t\*  ( !  
pagan s5tim5t t 0 to be develop$ 9 all  

its beauty by 8  son's pupils ,titian & 
,giorgione4 ,! effect ( 8 travels1      
limit$  ?\gh !y 71 0 v la/+1 & ?\gh     
,gian ,bell9i did n see  life z 8 fa!r  
_h se5 x1 8 "w pav$ ! way = ! ma/]s  ^: 
"w 0 9 "s aspects great] ?an 84 ,9 8    
e>ly days  ,v5ice _h no v di/9ctive art4
 ,:at !re 0 seems to h be5              
ecclesia/ical 9 ?\ght & extremely =mal 9
 design4 ,x 0 !  appeal ( ! cl]icals to 
a p :o c\ld nei!r write nor read1  b    
al?\gh a ,/ate may erect b\nd>ies & may 
devote itself to !  enjoym5t (          
prosp]ity1 ^? :o c>e = ! claims ( art _c
  escape altoge!r f ! =ces t are at "w 9
 surr\nd+  cities4 ,"o ( ! *ief =ces at 
"w 9 ,nor!rn ,italy 0 !  revival ( le>n+
 t seems to h m>*$ side by side ) !     
discov]y ( p]sonal beauty4 ,! ,*ur* _h  
kept beauty 9 !  backgr\nd1 !           
,r5aissance br\ght x to ! canvas ( e    
arti/4  ,bell9i turn$ ! discov]y (      
p]sonal beauty to ! s]vice ( !          
,madonna4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate      
,v4--,,pieta    ,?is f9e example ( !    

ma/]'s art may be se5 at ! ,br]a ,gall]y
  9 ,milan4    ,/ud5ts ( ! life ( ,fra  
,angelico "k t a ,dom9ican prea*]       
ex]cis$ a v great effect ^u ! pa9t]'s   
life1 & 0  responsible = s5d+ him1 at a 
v e>ly age1 to ! great ,conv5t  ( !     
,dom9icans at ,fiesole4 ,!re he 0       
receiv$ z a bro!r1 &  f ! %elt] ( !     
cloi/] he gave 8 art message to ! _w1  8
 /ory be+ pres]v$ to u at ! same "t     
because ! progress (  ! ,dom9icans 0    
record$4 ,a few ye>s lat] ,giovanni     
,bell9i1 !n a  boy newly 9 8 te5s1 w\ld 
seem to h fall5 "u a v simil>  influ5ce4
 ,he 0 n f\rte5 :5 ,/4 ,b]n>d9o came to 
,padua &  prea*$ ! doctr9e ( godl9ess & 
,jew-bait+ to a p :o 7  n ill-dispos$   
t[>ds asceticism4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury a 
boy (  f\rte5 0 a man4 ,! ,pope made    
,c>d9als ( lads :o 7 /ill  y\ng] & _m1  
:o h left _! names writt5 l>ge 9        
,italian  hi/ory1 7 m>ri$ :5 !y 7       
fifte54 ,gian ,bell9i w\ld h  be5 assi/+
 8 fa!r 9 ! decoration ( ! ,gattemelata 
,*apel (  ,padua at ! "t & !re is no    

d\bt t ,/4 ,b]n>d9o's addresses         
impress$ him v deeply4 ,to be sure he   
did n g into a religi\s  h\se aft] !    
fa%ion ( ,fra ,angelico1 b he turn$ 8   
?\ghts  t[>ds religion1 & = ! re/ ( 8   
long life 8 bru% 0 kept  almo/          
exclusively = ! s]vice ( sacr$ art4 ,!  
t5d5cies t[>ds  paganism t 8 fa!r is    
kn[n to h %[n held no attraction =  him4
 ,he s\ght to express ! beauty ( ! ,new 
,te/am5t /ories1 &  x is h>d to f9d     
?r\gh\t all ,italy an arti/ ^:          
a*ievem5ts 9  t direction c vie ) 81 =  
,gian ,bell9i br\ght s5su\s  beauty &   
r>e qualities ( emotion to canvas = !   
fir/ "t 9 !  hi/ory ( pa9t+4    ,9 ^?   
e>ly days ( ! middle c5tury !re 7 two   
ackn[l$g$  lead]s ( pa9t+ 9 ! _w t "y   
,bell9i knew4 ,! fir/ 0  8 fa!r1 :o is  
said to h /udi$ 9 ! /udios ( ,g5tile da 
,fabriano 7#acgj to #adej71 & t (       
,pisanello :o 0 born some:]e  ab\t !    
same "t z da ,fabriano1 & di$ a ye>     
lat]4 ,x is wor?  not+ t ,jacopo ,bell9i
 call$ "o ( 8 sons ,g5tile aft] 8       

e>lie/ ma/]1 ?\gh :e!r ,g5tile or       
,giovanni 0 ! eld] son  rema9s unc]ta94 
,mr4 ,rog] ,fry1 :o writes ) great      
au?ority ^u  ! subject1 is ( op9ion t   
,gian may h be5 a natural son (         
,jacopo1 & 9 ^? days :5 ,popes _h       
nephews 9 abundance1 & !  m>riage v[ 0 m
 hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an ! obs]vance1 v    
little /igma atta*$ to illegitimacy4 ,! 
o!r great pa9t] ( ,gian  ,bell9i's "t 0 
! ,paduan pa9t] ,squ>cione1 :o presid$  
ov] a  l>ge & fl\ri%+ s*ool 9 8 native  
city1 & did "w t 0  q z good z t ( 8    
contempor>ies4 ,he adopt$ z 8 son a lad 
f ,padua or ,mantua nam$ ,&rea          
,mantegna1 :o 0 de/9$ to take  su* high 
rank among ! pa9t]s ( ! ,v5etian ,s*ool4
    ,al?\gh ,padua & ,v5ice 7 9 a s5se  
rivals1 !re seems to h  be5 a v fri5dly 
und]/&+ = _m ye>s betwe5 ,squ>cione &   
,jacopo ,bell9i1 s t ,gian & ,g5tile 7  
able to wat* ! progress  ( ! ,paduan    
ma/] & 8 pupils1 & to decide = !mselves 
h[  mu* !y w\ld accept1 & :at !y w\ld   
reject ( ! tea*+4 ,9  e>ly ye>s ^!      

influ5ces mu/ h be5 ( great value to !  
pa9t]1 b happily !y 7 n de/9$ to be     
la/+1 = :5  ,gian's si/] m>ri$ ,&rea    
,mantegna1 ,squ>cione qu>rell$ ) 8      
adopt$ son1 & ! intimacy ) ! ,bell9i    
family came to an end4  ,?is is z x %\ld
 h be5 9 ! be/ int]e/s ( ,gian ,bell9i's
  art1 = :5 he return$ to ,v5ice &      
settl$ d[n !re p]man5tly1  he 0 able to 
foll[ 8 own ideas1 & free himself f :at 
0 bad  9 ! influ5ce ( ! /iff1 =mal1 &   
lifeless s*ool ( ,padua4    ,v5ice mu/ h
 be5 a rem>kable city 9 ^? ye>s4 ,to-day
 x  /imulates ! imag9ation z few cities 
9 ,europe c d1 !n x mu/  h be5 "o ( !   
wond]s ( ! _w4 ,!re are "s /rik+        
acc\nts ( ! city writt5 9 ! latt] "p ( !
 fifte5?  c5tury1 & ?\gh space does n   
p]mit any quotation at l5g?1 "o  brief  
p>agraph w n be out ( place4 ,philippe  
de ,com9es1 envoy (  ,*>les ,,viii41    
came to ,v5ice 9 #adid1 & recall$ 8     
impressions (  t city 9 8 memoirs4 ,i 0 
tak5 along ! ,high ,/reet1 he  writes1  
!y call x ! ,gr& ,canal1 & x is v broad1

 galleys  cross x2 & x is ! faire/      
/reet1 ,i believe1 t may be 9 !  :ole   
_w1 & fitt$ ) ! be/ h\ses2 ! anci5t ones
 are  pa9t$1 & mo/ h a great piece (    
porphyry & s]p5t9e on !  front4 ,x is ! 
mo/ triumphant city ,i h ev] se51 & do? 
mo/  hon\r to ambassadors & /rang]s4 ,x 
do? mo/ wisely gov]n itself1  & ! s]vice
 ( ,god is mo/ solemnly p]=m$4 ,?\gh !  
,v5etians  h _m faults1 ,i believe ,god 
has !m 9 remembrance = !  rev]5ce !y pay
 9 ! s]vice ( ,8 ,*ur*4 ,?is brief      
tribute to  ! *>m ( ,v5ice is ( special 
value because x helps u to  und]/& :y ! 
,v5etians 7 n /r5u\s seek]s aft] k1  :y 
_! pa9t]s did no m ?an pa9t1 & :y _!    
response to !  humanities 0 s small4 ,x 
expla9s ! decorative quality ( ,bell9i's
  pictures1 ! spl5d\r ( _! col\rs4      
,pageantry & c]emonial  7 ! great       
desires ( ,v5etian life1 ! man :o c\ld  
add to !  lu/re ( a ,/ate procession    
along ! spl5did wat]-way ( ! ,gr&       
,canal 0 m to !m ?an ! s*ol> :o _h      
writt5 a treatise t  mov$ ! m le>n$     

,flor5t9es to admiration4 ,life 0 s full
 (  pleasure1 s v>i$ 9 its appeals1 t ! 
,v5etians c\ld n sp>e  "t1 or ev5       
develop ! w to /udy4 ,!y _h rais$ ! old 
cry  panem et circ5ses &1 9 ! days (    
,gian ,bell9i1 !re 0 no lack  ( ei!r4   
,hi/ory is full ( records t reveal o!r  
nations 9 a  simil> light1 philosoph]s h
 drawn ! inevitable conclusions--&  !   
tr5d ( life is no wise alt]$4           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,allegory3
 ,,! ,,b>que ,,( ,,love    ,?is is "o ( 
a little s]ies ( panel pictures by      
,bell9i t may be  se5 9 ! ,academy at   
,v5ice4 ,! o!rs depict ,evil1 ,fate1    
,luxury1 &  ,zeal1 & ,prud5ce4 ,?is     
picture is sometimes call$ ,v5us rul+ ! 
,_w1 b su* a title seems r =eign to !   
pa9t]'s own  attitude4    ,"u ,bell9i1  
pa9t+ lo/ ! conv5tions t _h be5 reg>d$ z
  correct or inevitable 9 ,squ>cione's  
/udio1 & ,gian's pictures be>  ! same   
relation to ^? ( ! ,paduan1 & 8 pupil1 z
 ,newman's  writ+ be>s to bad           
eighte5?-c5tury ,engli% prose4 ,b       

despite all  developm5ts 9 ! te*nique ( 
8 art1 ,gian ,bell9i's pa9t+  rema9$ q  
con/ant to ! mood t ,/4 ,b]n>d9o _h     
induc$4  ,d\btless1 _h 8 gifts be5 (    
ano!r k9d1 he w\ld h ent]$ !  ,*ur*1 he 
w\ld h dream$ dreams & se5 visions t    
w\ld n  h f\nd su* _w-wide expression   
:ile1 be+ an arti/1 inh]it+  arti/ic    
traditions f 8 fa!r1 liv+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! 
small  _w ( ,v5etian & ,paduan pa9t]s1  
he express$ 8 beautiful  emotions 9     
fa%ion t has n weak5$ its claim ^u u 9 m
 ?an  f\r hundr$ ye>s4 ,! glam\r (      
,v5etian life1 ! extraord9>y  beauty ( !
 city t 0 8 home1 ! spl5d\r & ! pageants
  t 7 "p ( a ,v5etian life1 ! int5sity (
 ! col\r t  surr\nd$ him on all         
sides--"s ( x belong+ to ,v5ice by "r1  
& ev5 m1 br\ght to h] %ores by !        
ceaseless traffic ( !  sea--all ^! ?+s  
develop$ & deep5$ ! emotion t 0 to  f9d 
s exquisite an expression f 8 bru%4 ,to 
him1 z to ,fra  ,angelico1 fai? 0 a real
 & liv+ ?+1 & l ! great monk :o  di$ at 
ripe age :ile he 0 yet a boy1 ,gian     

,bell9i became a lov] (  ! _w 9 its mo/ 
picturesque aspect1 accept+ )\t         
hesitation  ! traditional explanation ( 
its creation4    ,naturally en\gh 8     
appeal to ! arti/ is f\nd$ ^u a doz5    
consid]ations1 mo/ly te*nical1 8 appeal 
to ! layman is direct &  spontane\s4 ,a 
c\ntryman :o has nev] se5 a /udio c     
respond to  ! exquisite beauty (        
,bell9i's ,virg9s & ,*ildr51 c feel !   
*>m ( ! sun%9e t fills ! air & lights   
sea & l&1 c  recognise ! inf9ite glam\r 
( ! roads t w9d away into !  my/]i\s    
di/ance ( ! backgr\nd1 c enjoy ! ri*1   
almo/  s5su\s1 col\r+4 ,p]haps _h       
,bell9i tak5 ! v[s1 a great "p (  ^!    
beauties w\ld h be5 lo/1 ! inf9ite      
v>iety ( lovely  wom5 & *ildr5 c\ld     
h>dly h be5 secur$4 ,z a ,v5etian1 & a  
pleasure lov]1 he c\ld n h respond$1 z  
,fra ,angelico did1 to !  re/rict$ life 
& rigid discipl9e ( a religi\s ord]4    
,x 0 n easy = ,gian ,bell9i to devote   
himself entirely to sacr$  subjects if  
he wi%$ to e>n a liv+ by 8 bru%1 because

 8 fa!r  _h /ood outside ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ^? 
days1 too1 ! be/ *ur*work  0 9 ! h&s (  
"o family1 ! ,viv>9i1 ^: monopoly 0     
h>dly  likely to be di/urb$ by an arti/ 
:o c\ld %[ no bett] cr$5tials  ?an a    
connection1 legitimate or illegitimate1 
) a pa9t] ^:  feel+ 0 di/9ctly pagan4   
,jacopo ,bell9i1 = all t he 0 a mo/     
admir$ arti/1 _h no claims ^u ! ,*ur*1 &
 does n seem to h  receiv$ _m           
commissions f x4 ,v>i\s weal?y societies
 9 ,v5ice  _h be5 accu/om$ to employ him
 to decorate _! halls ) "w  t1 z we h   
said be=e1 has be5 lo/1 & _! guilds or  
scuole w\ld d\btless h giv5 ,gian all ! 
"w he wi%$ to d  _h he be5 satisfi$ to d
 x4    ,he c\ld n *oose = himself4 ,/4  
,b]n>d9o _h *os5 = him 9  ^? ye>s :5 8  
m9d 0 mo/ impressionable4 ,gian         
,bell9i's h&  0 d\btless to be se5 9    
,padua :]e he assi/$ 8 fa!r1 & 8  e>lie/
 indep5d5t "w is to be f\nd 9 ! ,casa   
,corr] at ,v5ice1  :]e "o f9ds a        
,transfiguration1 a ,crucifixion1 & two 
,pietas4  ,he pa9t$ portraits1 "o f our 

own ,national ,gall]y is to be se5  "h4 
,?is is a picture ( ! ,doge1 ,leon>do   
,lor$ano1 :o held (fice  f #aeja to     
#aeba4    ,! e>ly pictures reveal       
,bell9i at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,8  figures 
h _m ( ! defects ( ! ,s*ool ( ,padua4 ,8
 k  ( anatomy is decid$ly small1 he     
lacks confid5ce 9 himself1 & yet  x is n
 difficult to recognise t ! pa9t] is    
mov+ into a new  c\ntry1 t 8 pres5tation
 ( sacr$ subjects is develop+ on l9es  t
 mu/ add consid]ably to _! arti/ic value
 & to ! p]man5ce  ( _! appeal4    ,an   
amus+ /ory is told ( ! way 9 :i* "y     
,bell9i acquir$ 8  k ( oil pa9t+4 ,he is
 said to h assum$ ! dress ( a  ,v5etian 
nobleman1 & to h gone to ! /udio ( a    
popul> arti/ (  ! "t1 "u pretext ( hav+ 
8 portrait pa9t$4 ,:ile !  arti/1 "o    
,antonello ( ,mess9a1 0 busily engag$ ^u
 8 portrait1  ,bell9i is said to h wat*$
 ! process v c>efully & to h  secur$ !  
mu* ne$$ lesson4 ,x is m ?an likely t ! 
/ory is  untrue1 b x has obta9$ a l>ge  
measure ( cr$5ce4    ,8 fir/ big        

alt>-piece is said to h be5 done = !    
alt> ( ,/4  ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na1 & aft] "o 
or two o!r *ur* pa9t+s _h  be5          
accompli%$1 ,giovanni 0 commission$ to  
decorate ! great  ,c\ncil ,hall ( ,v5ice
 ) hi/orical pa9t+s4 ,b x is well to    
rememb] t alt> pa9t+ nev] ceas$ to      
int]e/ him1 8 greate/  a*ievem5ts hav+  
be5 accompli%$ = *ur*es4 ,!re are few   
?+s  9 art m beautiful ?an ,gian        
,bell9i's alt>-pieces4 ,rusk9 has paid  
a special tribute to ! ,virg9 & ,f\r    
,sa9ts 9 ! *ur*  d$icat$ to ,/4         
,zacc>ia1 fa!r ( ! ,bapti/4 ,he says t !
  ,zacc>ia alt>-piece1 & ! "o 9 ! ,fr>i1
 by ! same ma/]1 are  ! two f9e/        
pictures 9 ! _w4 ,( ! big works1 h[ev]1 
no?+  rema9s1 ,g5tile be+ ! only "o ( ! 
family :o is repres5t$  to-day by       
pictures pa9t$ on a v l>ge scale4 ,vas>i
 tells u t  ,gian pa9t$ f\r pictures 9  
fulfilm5t ( a commission1 "o  repres5t+ 
! ,pope ,alex&] ,,iii4 receiv+ ,fr$]ic  
,b>b>ossa aft]  ! abjuration ( ! ,s*ism 
( #aagg1 ! next %[+ ! ,pope say+  ,mass 

9 ,san ,m>co1 ano!r repres5t+ 8 ,hol9ess
 9 ! act (  pres5t+ a canopy to ! ,doge1
 & ! la/ 9 :i* ! ,pontiff is  pres5t$ ) 
eight /&>ds & eight silv] trumpets by   
cl]gy  assembl$ outside ! gates ( ,rome4
 ,^! subjects or "s ( !m _h  be5 pa9t$  
by "o ,gu]i5to ( ,v]ona :5 ,m>co ,corn] 
0 ,doge4  ,petr>* _h writt5 !           
inscriptions = !m1 b !y _h fad$1 &  9   
lat] ye>s ,t9toretto pa9t$ 8 ,p>adiso   
ov] ! damag$  frescoes4 ,!re is a /ory  
to ! effect t ,giovanni & ,g5tile       
,bell9i _h promis$ ! c\ncillors t _!    
pictures %\ld la/ two  hundr$ ye>s2 z a 
matt] ( fact1 !y w\ld seem to h be5     
de/roy$ by fire )9 half t p]iod4        
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,madonna 
,,& ,,*ild    ,?is picture %[s ! c5tre  
figures ( a v fam\s pa9t+ by  ,bell9i 9 
! ,academy at ,v5ice 9 :i* ! ,madonna & 
,*ild are se5  betwe5 ,/4 ,ca!r9e & ,/4 
,m>y ,magdal54 ,! faces mo/ delightfully
  pa9t$ are full ( spiritual grace & !  
col\r+ is exquisite4    ,! /yle ( !     
picture commission$ makes its own       

significant  comm5t>y ^u ! times4 ,x 0  
always consid]$ advisable to /ir  9 !   
,v5etians appreciation = ,/ate          
c]emonial1 :i* enc\rag$ s  mu* ( !      
pageantry associat$ ) ,v5etian life &1  
ev5 if  ,giovanni ,bell9i _h no ke5 ta/e
 = su* "w1 he c\ld n refuse a           
commission t w\ld e/abli% 8 "n among 8  
fell[ c\ntrym54  ,to-day ! ,sala del    
,maggior ,consiglio holds pictures by   
,titian1 ,paul  ,v]onese1 & o!r arti/s  
:o foll[$ closely ^u ,gian ,bell9i's    
era4          ,,iii    ,,! ,,latt]      
,,days      ,%ortly aft] ! ,c\ncil ,hall
 pictures _h be5 und]tak51 9 #adgi1 to  
be exact1 ! ,sultan1 ,mohamm$ ,,ii41    
conqu]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 wi%$  to h 8  
portrait pa9t$1 & appli$ to ! ,doge (   
,v5ice to s5d  him a compet5t arti/ to d
 ! "w4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t !  ,sultan 
_h be5 wag+ a successful w> ^u ,v5ice1 &
 t 9 ,janu>y  #adgi ! ,/ate _h c$$      
,scut>i1 ,/alim5e1 & o!r t]ritory & _h  
agre$ to pay an indemnity ( #bjj1jjj    
ducats1 ) a tribute ( #aj1jjj  ducats a 

ye> = trad+ rights & ! ex]cise ( consul>
  jurisdiction 9 ,con/ant9ople4         
,naturally ! success ( ! ,turks1 :o  _h 
tak5 ,con/ant9ople 9 #aded1 0 mak+ a v  
great impression  ?r\gh\t ,europe1 &    
,v5ice _h /riv5 to ! utt]mo/ to r\se !  
,p[]s to conc]t$ action1 b 9 ^? days    
nobody 0 anxi\s to  tru/ ! ,republic4   
,^! are matt]s1 ( c\rse1 t p]ta9 to     
hi/ory r ?an art1 b x is curi\s to      
rememb] t ?r\gh\t  ! times :5 ! wat*]s f
 ,/4 ,m>k's ,t[] saw ! reflect$  gl>e ( 
burn+ cities1 :5 ! security ( ,*ri/ian  
,europe 0  ?reat5$ s]i\sly1 :5 plagues 7
 deva/at+ ,v5ice1 ,gian ,bell9i  seems  
to h gone on 8 way all undi/urb$1 pa9t+ 
8 pictures 9  ! mo/ leisurely fa%ion1 & 
! fact t art /ood "r above  politics &  
/rife is cle>ly %[n 9 ! action ( !      
,sultan 9  s5d+ to ,v5ice = a good arti/
 z soon z peace _h be5 re/or$4  ,!re    
seems to h be5 "s "q ( s5d+ ,gian       
because 8  bro!r 0 busily engag$ on o!r 
"w 9 ! ,ducal ,palace1 b aft]  a :ile x 
0 decid$ to s5d ,g5tile1 :o pa9t$ a     

portrait ( !  ,sultan t f\nd its way    
aft]w>ds into ! ,lay>d ,collection 9    
,v5ice4 ,"s surprise has be5 express$ t 
! ,sultan %\ld h  all[$ any "o to pa9t 8
 portrait1 because portrait pa9t+ is    
=bidd5 by ! ,koran#a1 b ,mohamm$ ,,ii4 0
 a man ( v advanc$  ideas & he n only   
gave sitt+s to ,g5tile ,bell9i1 b treat$
 him  ) ! greate/ fav\r1 dismiss+ him ) 
_m m>ks ( approval &  great gifts4      
,among ! pres5ts br\ght back to ,v5ice  
by ! pa9t]  7 ! arm\r & sword ( ! great 
,doge ,d&olo1 :o _h be5 buri$  9 ! ye>  
#abje 9 ! private *apel 9 ,/4 ,sophia4  
,mohamm$ ,,ii4 _h  caus$ ! great tomb to
 be de/roy$1 b he s5t ! great patriot's 
arm\r back to its native l&4 ,vas>i     
tells u t ! meet+ betwe5  ! bro!rs on   
,g5tile's return to ,v5ice 0 mo/        
affectionate4      #a ,mohamm$ said3 ,if
 ye mu/ make pictures1 make !m (        
trees & ?+s )\t s\ls4 ,v]ily e pa9t] is 
condemn$ to hell fire4    ,?is j\rney to
 ,con/ant9ople w\ld seem to h add$ to ! 
reputation ( ! h\se ( ,bell9i1 & to h   

increas$ ! dem& =  portraits by bo?     
bro!rs4 ,?is1 9 its way1 w\ld d\btless h
 l$  to ! multiply+ ( s*ool pieces4     
,hi/ory has v little to tell (  !       
progress ( ! bro!rs dur+ ! ye>s t       
foll[$4 ,we "k  t ! ,doge ,lor$ano1 ^:  
portrait has be5 pa9t$ by ,gian ,bell9i1
  succe$$ to 8 high (fice 9 #aeja1 t    
,titian w\ld h be5  work+ 9 ,bell9i's   
/udio !n1 & t ,bell9i himself 0 9 !     
enjoym5t ( :at 0 kn[n z a brok]'s pat5t1
 & 0 (ficial  pa9t] to ! ,/ate4 ,8 0 !  
duty ( pa9t+ ! portrait ( e  ,doge :o   
succe$$ to ! control ( ,v5etian affairs 
dur+ 8 t]m (  (fice1 & he also pa9t$ any
 hi/orical picture 9 :i* ! ,doge _h  to 
figure4 ,!re 0 a sal>y atta*$ to !      
(fice1 & ! "w 0  q light4 ,z f> z we c  
tell ,gian ,bell9i 0 /ill av]se f  pa9t+
 secul> subjects4 ,he 0 n[ an old man1 b
 he _h made great  progress 9 8 "w1     
conqu]+ _m ( ! difficulties (           
p]spective1 %ad[1 & col\r+ t _h baffl$ 8
 pr$ecessors4  ,! pageants dem&$ by !   
great ,mutual ,aid ,societies 7,scuole7 

f  ! arti/s 9 _! employ1 he w\ld seem to
 h left to 8 bro!r  ,g5tile1 = ^!       
pictures _h a big political purpose to  
s]ve1 &  !y dem&$ ! travel1 ! exp]i5ce1 
& ! mood t ,gian lack$4  ,8 bru% 0      
suffici5tly occupi$ ) alt>-pieces &     
portraits (  di/+ui%$ ,v5etians1 n[1    
alas1 lo/ to ! _w4    ,"o incid5t t is n
 )\t its in/ructive side 9 ?is          
connection  is record$ 9 ! ye> #aeja1 :5
 ,isabella1 ,du*ess ( ,mantua1 s5t  h]  
ag5t 9 ,v5ice to ,gian ,bell9i to       
arrange ) him to pa9t a  secul> subject4
 ,! old pa9t]1 n[ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8  
sev5tie? ye>1 accept$ money on acc\nt1 &
 !n turn$ 8 ?\ghts  to o!r ?+s4 ,! ag5t 
worri$ him f "t to "t ) little or  no   
effect1 & wrote despair+ lett]s to !    
,du*ess to convey  ,bell9i's v>i\s      
excuses4 ,n until #aejd1 :5 ! ,du*ess 0 
propos+ to take legal action1 0 !       
picture f9i%$1 & !n x  does n seem to h 
be5 :at 0 requir$4 ,at ! same "t x mu/  
h be5 a "w ( great m]it1 because a ye>  
lat] we f9d !  ,du*ess commission+ ano!r

 picture1 & ask+ = a secul> subject1    
:i* ! old pa9t] aft] mu* hesitation     
refus$ to pa9t4    ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,viii4--,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild    ,?is  
picture is f ! ,br]a ,gall]y 9 ,milan & 
is held by _m (  ! pa9t]'s admir]s to be
 8 f9e/ pres5tm5t ( ! ,"m &  ! ,son4 ,x 
is c]ta9ly a "w ( mo/ en*ant+ beauty1 "o
 to :i*  ! eye turns aga9 & aga94       
,happily ,isabella d',e/e 0 n only a    
volum9\s lett] writ]1 b  h]             
correspond5ce has be5 pres]v$1 & "s =ty 
lett]s 7  writt5 9 connection ) !       
,bell9i picture1 by ! lady :om  ,c>d9al 
,bembo call$ ! wise/ & mo/ =tunate (    
wom51 & (  :om a poet wrote1 ,at ! s\nd 
( h] "n all ! ,muses rise & d  rev]5ce4 
,%e _h se5 ,bell9i's "w1 & _h admir$ x 9
 ,v5ice1  be=e %e ask$ a fri5d1 "o      
,signor ,vianello1 to secure a picture =
  h] cam]9o4 ,at fir/ ! old pa9t] rais$ 
objections1 says  ,vianello4 ,i am busy 
work+ = ! ,signory 9 ! ,palace1 he said1
  & ,i _c leave my "w f e>ly morn+ until
 aft] d9n]4 ,!n  he ask$ = #aej ducats &

 said he w\ld make "t1 !n he came d[n   
to #ajj ducats & accept$ #be on acc\nt  
,!n z has be5 expla9$1 he  decl>$ t he  
c\ld n und]take ! class ( subject t !   
,du*ess want$1 & ,isabella wrote to say 
t %e w\ld accept any?+  antique t _h a  
f9e mean+4 ,vianello writes 9 reply to  
say t  ,bell9i has gone to 8 c\ntry     
villa & _c be rea*$1 & !  correspond5ce 
& ! ye>s pass1 until at la/ ! ,du*ess   
gets q  cross & writes1 ,we c no long]  
endure ! villa9y ( ,giovanni  ,bell9i1 &
 goes on to in/ruct h] ag5t to make     
application to !  ,doge1 ,leon>do       
,lor$ano1 ! "o ^: portrait1 pa9t$ by    
,giovanni  ,bell9i1 is 9 our ,national  
,gall]y1 to commit ! old pa9t] =  fraud4
 ,to ?is action ,bell9i responds by %[+ 
,vianello t he has a  ,nativity ?ree    
p>ts f9i%$1 & aft] a "t he s5ds x to !  
,du*ess toge!r ) a v humble lett] (     
apology1 t ! lady is  good en\gh to     
accept4 ,%e ev5 writes1 ,y\r ',nativity'
 is z de> to  u z any picture we        
possess4    ,9 #aejf ,alb]t ,dr] 0 9    

,v5ice :]e he decl>es t he f\nd !       
,v5etians v pleasant companions1 & adds 
) sly s>casm t "s  ( !m knew h[ to pa9t4
 ,at ! same "t he records 8 fe> le/ any 
( !m %\ld put poison 9 8 food1 b speaks 
9 high t]ms &  )\t suspicion ( ,gian    
,bell9i :o _h prais$ 8 "w & (f]$  to buy
 a picture4 ,all ^! ?+s are small matt]s
 en\gh1 b  unhappily ! records (        
,bell9i's life are s scanty t x is h>d  
to  f9d any?+ m until ! ye> #aeac :5    
,gian ,bell9i1 well ov]  eighty1 f\nd 8 
position z (ficial pa9t] *all5g$ by 8   
pupil  ,titian1 :o pres5t$ a petition to
 ! ,c\ncil ( ,t51 /at+ int]  alia t he 0
 desir\s ( a little fame r ?an ( pr(it1 
t  he _h refus$ to s]ve ! ,pope1 & t he 
want$ ! fir/ brok]'s  pat5t t %\ld be   
vacant 9 ! ,fondaco de' ,t$es*i on !    
same  conditions z ^? grant$ to ,mess]  
,zuan ,bell94#a ,! "w t 0  be+ done 0 ! 
re/oration ( ! ,great ,hall ( ! ,c\ncil1
 & !  pa9t+ _h be5 9 progress = "s =ty  
ye>s1 ,gian ,bell9i & two  pupils be+ n[
 engag$ ^u x4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is     

application by ,titian annoy$ ,bell9i's 
fri5ds & pupils1 & ev5 to  u x seems a  
little unreasonable & 9 bad =m to clam\r
 s eag]ly  = a place t 0 already        
occupi$4 ,b x w\ld seem to h be5  !     
cu/om ( ! "t to apply e>ly = any        
privilege ( ?is k9d1  = we f9d 9 lat]   
ye>s t ,t9toretto appli$ = ,titian's    
place  long be=e ! old] ma/]'s capacity 
= work+ _h come to an end4      #a ,?is 
0 ! ,v5etian way ( spell+ ,gian         
,bell9i's "n4    ,bell9i's fri5ds 7     
successful1 al?\gh x w\ld appe> t ! old 
pa9t]'s progress _h be5 too sl[         
completely to satisfy ! ,c\ncil  ( ,t54 
,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,titian1 :o _h be5 all[$
 to />t  "w1 0 told t he mu/ wait until 
old] claims 7 satisfi$1 !  exp5ses ( 8  
assi/ants 7 disall[$1 & 8 commission    
came to  an end4 ,9 ! autumn ( t ye>    
,titian br\ght ano!r petition to  !     
,c\ncil1 ask+ once m = ! fir/ vacant    
brok]'s pat5t1 &  m5tion+ ! fact t      
,bell9i's days c\ld n be long 9 ! l&4   
,j ab\t ?is "t ! ,v5etian au?orities    

seem to h held an  inquiry into !       
progress ( ! "w t 0 be+ done 9 ! ,hall (
  ! ,great ,c\ncil1 only to f9d t !     
am\nt ( money !y _h sp5t  %\ld h secur$ 
!m a f> l>g] am\nt ( "w ?an _h be5      
accompli%$4 ,x is h>dly surpris+ t ^!   
inquiries %\ld h  become necess>y1 !re  
mu/ h be5 a great laxity 9 ! ,/ate      
dep>tm5ts 9 ! ye>s foll[+ ! work+ out ( 
! plans t _h  be5 made by ,france1      
,au/ria1 ,spa91 & ! ,pope at ,cambrai4  
,9 !  la/ few ye>s ,v5ice _h be5 fight+ 
= h] life1 ,lomb>dy _h  pass$ out ( h]  
h&s1 ,v]ona1 ,vic5za1 & ,padua _h       
foll[$4 ,!  ,republic _h ev5 be5 =c$ to 
seek aid f ! ,sultans ( ,turkey &       
,egypt1 & al?\gh ,v5ice 0 de/9$ to em]ge
 f h] tr\bles &  light ! civilis$ _w a  
little long] !re is small cause =  wond]
 if1 9 ! times ( exceptional excitem5t1 
h] /atesm5 _h n  giv5 _! wont$ att5tion 
to ! progress ( ! arts4 ,d\btless ,gian 
,bell9i's leisurely me?ods & fail+ /r5g?
 7 acc\ntable =  ! sl[ progress ( !     
pictures 9 ! ,c\ncil ,hall1 & ,titian   

took  advantage ( ! fact to s5d 9 a ?ird
 petition1 (f]+ to f9i%  "s "w at 8 own 
exp5se1 b he _h no occasion to take mu* 
m  tr\ble4    ,on ,novemb] #bi1 #aeaf1  
,gian ,bell9i di$1 well on ! road to 8  
n9etie? ye>1 & !re 7 n want+ 9 ,v5ice1  
says ,vas>i1  ^? :o by sonnets &        
epigrams s\ght to d him hon\r aft] 8    
dea? z he _h done hon\r to himself & 8  
c\ntry dur+ 8 life4  ,"o _c help ?9k+ t 
half-a-doz5 pages ( biography w\ld h    
be5 wor? a bu%el ( sonnets4    ,) ,gian 
,bell9i ! la/ great pa9t] ( purely      
religi\s subjects  pass$ away4 ,he _h   
/ood betwe5 art & paganism4 ,p]haps !   
y\ng]  m5 f\nd him n>r[ & p$antic1 b x  
is c]ta9 t s long z  ,gian ,bell9i 0 !  
lead+ pa9t] ( ,v5ice x 0 n easy =       
pictures to respond to ! ev] gr[+ dem&s 
t foll[$ !  ,r5aissance4 ,n[ ! road 0   
cle>1 pa9t+ 0 to rea* its highe/  po9t 9
 ! "w ( ,giorgione & ,titian1 & 0 !n to 
decl9e  almo/ z rapidly z x _h ris54    
,gian ,bell9i = all ! wide influ5ce t he
 ex]t$1 n only ^u  contempor>y pa9t+1 b 

^u sculpture too1 s5t v little "w out  (
 ,v5ice4 ,examples are to be se5 9      
cities t are comp>atively  close at h&1 
,rim9i1 ,pes>o1 ,vic5za1 ,b]gamo1 &     
,tur91 b 8  g5ius seems to h be5 too    
completely recognis$ 9 8 own city =  8  
"w to travel f> afield1 & ! portrait (  
himself 9 ! ,uffizi  ,gall]y is no m ?an
 a pupil's "w ) a /udio signature4 ,"o (
  8 la/ undisput$ pa9t+s 0 = ! alt> (   
,/4 ,criso/om 9  ,v5ice4 ,x is said t he
 pa9t$ x at ! age ( eighty-five4 ,aft]  
dea? 8 fame suff]$ by ! rise ( ^? />s ( 
,v5etian pa9t+1  ,titian1 ,giorgione1 & 
,t9toretto1 & ?r\gh\t ?ree c5turies 8   
"w 0 held 9 comp>atively small e/eem1   
p]haps because x 0  (t5 judg$ by ! /udio
 pictures ) ! =g$ signatures4 ,z late  z
 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury nobody     
seem$ q to "k !  real pictures f ! false
 ones1 b ) ! rise ( critics l  ,cr[e1   
,morelli1 & ,b]5son a mu* bett] /ate (  
?+s has be5  e/abli%$4 ,copies & /ud5t  
works h be5 sep>at$ f !  orig9als1      
c>eful /udy ( te*nique & mann]ism has   

made cle> a  l>ge numb] ( po9ts t 7     
d\btful & 9 dispute1 & al?\gh  ! process
 ( sep>at+ ! %eep f ! goats has r$uc$   
consid]ably ! numb] ( works t c be      
accept$ z g5u9e1 !  ga9 to ! arti/'s    
reputation atones = ! loss4      ,!     
plates are pr9t$ by ,,bemrose ,,dalziel1
 ,,ltd41 ,wat=d    ,! text at !         
,,ballantyne ,,press1 ,ed9burgh