,illustration3 ,,cardinal ,,newman4     
,,maynard',s ,,english ,,classic        
,,series4--,,special ,,number           
,,selections       ,,from ,,the ,,prose 
,,writings       ,,of       ,,john      
,,henry ,,cardinal ,,newman      ,,for  
,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools              
,illustration       ,,new ,,york        
,,charles ,e4 ,,merrill ,,co4           
,,copyright1 #aijf1     by              
,,maynard1 ,,merrill1  ,,co4            
,,contents                              
,,page      ,,introduction              
#e      ,,character ,,sketches3         
,saul                                   
#ac        ,early ,years of ,david      
#bh        ,basil and ,gregory          
#de        ,augustine and the ,vandals  
#ef        ,chrysostom                  
#hd      ,,the ,,turk3        ,the      
,tartar and the ,turk                   
#aaa        ,the ,turk and the ,saracen 
#abb        ,the ,past and ,present of  
the ,ottomans           #adc            
,,universities3        ,what is a       

,university8                            
#aee        ,university ,life3 ,athens  
#afc        ,supply and ,demand3 ,the   
,schoolmen               #ahj           
,the ,strength and ,weakness of         
,universities3          ,abelard        
#ahf      ,,miscellaneous3              
,poetry1 with ,reference to ,aristotle's
 ,poetics  #bjj        ,the ,infinitude 
of the ,divine ,attributes        #bah  
,christ upon the ,waters                
#bbb        ,the ,second ,spring        
#bbi        ,st4 ,paul's ,characteristic
 ,gift                 #bea      ,,notes
                                        
#bfi            ,,introduction      ,it 
has come to be universally admitted that
 ,cardinal ,newman fulfills his  own    
definition of a great author3 ,one whose
 aim is to give forth what  he has      
within him2 and from his very           
earnestness it happens that  whatever be
 the splendor of his diction1 or the    
harmony of his periods1  he has with him
 the charm of an incommunicable         

simplicity4    ,whatever be his subject1
 high or low1 he treats it suitably and 
for its  own sake4444 ,he writes        
passionately because he feels keenly2   
forcibly1  because he conceives vividly2
 he sees too clearly to be vague2 he is 
too  serious to be otiose2 he can       
analyze his subject1 and therefore he is
  rich2 he embraces it as a whole and in
 its parts1 and therefore he is         
consistent2 he has a firm hold of it1   
and therefore he is luminous4    ,when  
his imagination wells up1 it overflows  
in ornament2 when his heart  is touched1
 it thrills along his verse4 ,he always 
has the right word for  the right idea1 
and never a word too much4444    ,he    
expresses what all feel but cannot say2 
and his sayings pass into  proverbs     
among his people1 and his phrases become
 household words1  idioms of their daily
 speech1 which is tessellated with the  
rich  fragments of his language1 as we  
see in foreign lands the marbles of     
,roman grandeur worked into the walls   

and pavements of modern palaces4        
,newman may be said to have handled     
,england's prose as ,shakespeare        
handled her verse4 ,his language was    
wrought up little by little to a  finish
 and refinement1 a strength and a       
subtlety1 thrown into the form  of      
eloquence1 beyond which no ,english     
writer of prose has gone4 ,nor is  his  
excellence that of mere art in form2 he 
possesses not only skill1  which he     
calls an exercise of talent1 but        
power--a second name for  genius--which 
itself implies personality and points to
 inspiration4    ,his mind was large1   
logical1 profoundly thoughtful1         
imaginative1  intense1 sincere1 and     
above all1 spiritual2 his soul was keen1
 delicate1  sympathetic1 heroic2 and his
 life1 at once severe and tender1       
passionate  and self-controlled1 alone  
and unlonely1 stands out in its         
loftiness and  saintliness1 a strange1  
majestic contrast to the agitation and  
turmoil  of confused passions1          

hesitating ideals1 tentative virtues1   
and groping  philanthropies amidst which
 it was lived4    ,both by word and work
 did ,newman lead forth his generation  
on the long  pilgrimage to the shrine of
 ,truth1 and ,england of the nineteenth 
century  has no surer claim to holiness 
and genius for her great sons than that 
set upon ,john ,henry ,newman4    ,he   
was born in ,london1 #ahja2 studied1    
taught1 and preached at ,oxford2  became
 the chief promoter of the ,tractarian  
,movement of #ahcc2 entered  the        
,catholic ,church in #ahde2 founded the 
,oratory at ,birmingham1 #ahdh2  was    
created ,cardinal by ,pope ,leo ,,xiii  
#ahgi2 died at ,edgbaston1 #ahij4       
,any attempt to choose from the writings
 of ,newman what seems most  desirable  
for brief class studies is certain to be
 woefully embarrassed  by the very      
wealth of matter2 and apology for       
risking the choice would  be due1 were  
it not lost sight of in the desire to   
see a literary model  so pure1 varied1  

animated1 forceful1 luminous--a thing of
 light and  beauty--given to our        
students4    ,what is more significant  
of the ,life ,book of the saintly       
,oxford ,scholar  than his self-written 
epitaph3 ,ex umbris et imaginibus in    
veritatem8            ,,appreciations   
,newman's best essays display a delicate
 and flexible treatment of  language1   
without emphasis1 without oddity1 which 
hardly arrests the  attention at        
first1--the reader being absorbed in the
 argument or  statement1--but which1 in 
course of time1 fascinates1 as a thing  
miraculous in its limpid grace and      
suavity4        --,edmund ,gosse's      
,history of ,modern ,english            
,literature4    ,the work of ,newman    
reveals him as one of the great masters 
of graceful1  scholarly1 finished prose4
 ,it is individual1 it has charm1 and   
this is  the secret of its power to     
interest4 ,no writer of our time has    
reflected  his mind and heart in his    
pages as has ,newman4 ,he has light for 

the  intellect and warmth for the heart4
        --,a4 ,j4 ,george's ,types of   
,literary ,art4    ,newman towers1 with 
only three or four compeers1 above his  
generation2  and now that the benignity 
of his great nature has passed from our 
sight1 its majesty is more evident year 
by year4        --,scudder's ,modern    
,english ,poets4    ,the finish and     
urbanity of ,newman's prose have been   
universally  commended even by those who
 are most strenuously opposed to his    
opinions4        --,h4 ,j4 ,nicoll4     
,all the resources of a master of       
,english style are at ,newman's command3
  pure diction1 clear arrangement1      
delicate irony1 gracious dignity1 a     
copious command of words combined with a
 chaste reserve in using them4  ,all    
these qualities go to make up the charm 
of ,newman's style--the  finest flower  
that the earliest system of a purely    
classical education  has produced4      
--,j4 ,jacobs's ,literary ,studies4     
,newman combines a thoroughly classical 

training1 a scholarly form1 with  the   
incommunicable and almost inexplicable  
power to move audiences and  readers4   
--,george ,saintsbury4    ,the pure     
style of ,newman may be compared in its 
distinguishing quality  to the          
atmosphere4 ,it is at once simple and   
subtle1 vigorous and  elastic2 it       
penetrates into every recess of its     
subject2 it is  transparent1 allowing   
each object it touches to display its   
own proper  color4        --,h4 ,e4     
,beeching's ,english ,prose4    ,there  
are touching passages characteristic of 
,newman's writings which  give them a   
peculiar charm4 ,they are those which   
yield momentary  glimpses of a very     
tender heart that has a burden of its   
own1 unrevealed  to man4444 ,it is1 as  
,i have heard it described1 as though he
 suddenly  opened a book and gave you a 
glimpse for a moment of wonderful       
secrets1  and then as quickly closed    
it4444 ,in ,newman's ,sermons1 how the  
old truth  became new2 how it came home1

 as he spoke1 with a meaning never felt 
before6 ,he laid his finger how gently1 
yet how powerfully1 on some inner  place
 in the hearer's heart1 and told him    
things about himself he had  never known
 till then4 ,subtlest truths1 which it  
would have taken  philosophers pages of 
circumlocution and big words to state1  
were  dropped out by the way in a       
sentence or two of the most transparent 
,saxon4 ,what delicacy of style1 yet    
what strength6 how simple1 yet how      
suggestive6 how penetrating1 yet how    
refined6 how homely1 yet how            
tender-hearted6 ,you might come away    
still not believing the tenets  peculiar
 to the ,high ,church ,system1 but you  
would be harder than most  men if you   
did not feel more than ever ashamed of  
coarseness1  selfishness1 worldliness1  
if you did not feel the things of faith 
brought closer to the soul4444 ,newman's
 innate and intense idealism is1        
perhaps1 his most striking              
characteristic4444 ,it is a thought of  

his1  always deeply felt and many times 
repeated1 that this visible world is    
but the outward shell of an invisible   
kingdom1 a screen which hides from  our 
view things far greater and more        
wonderful than any which we see1  and   
that the unseen world is close to us and
 ever ready to break through  the shell 
and manifest itself4        --,shairp4  
,newman's great reputation for prose and
 the supreme interest attaching  to his 
life seem to have obscured the fame he  
might have won as a poet4  ,he was in   
poetry1 as in theology1 a more masculine
 ,keble1 but with all  the real purity  
of ,keble1 with also the indispensable  
flavor of  earth4        --,h4 ,walker4 
,the ,dream of ,gerontius resembles     
,dante more than any other poetry       
written since the great ,tuscan's time4 
--,sir ,henry ,taylor4    ,the ,dream is
 a rare poetic rendering into ,english  
verse of that high  ritual which from   
the death-bed to the ,mass of           
,supplication encompasses  the faithful 

soul4444 ,newman has no marked          
affinities with ,english  writers of his
 day4 ,he is strikingly different from  
,macaulay1 whose  eloquence betrays the 
fury1 as it is annealed in the fire1 of 
the  ,western ,celt4 ,to ,ruskin1 who   
deliberately built up a monument1       
stately  as the palace of ,kubla ,khan1 
he is a contrast1 for the very reason   
that  he does not handle words as if    
they were settings in architecture or   
colors in a palette2 rather1 he would   
look upon them as transparencies  which 
let his meaning through4 ,he is more    
like ,de ,quincey1 but again no  player 
upon the organ for the sake of its      
music2 and that which is  common to both
 is the literary tradition of the       
eighteenth century  enhanced by a power 
to which abstract and concrete yielded  
in almost  equal degree4444 ,with so    
prompt and intense an intellect at his  
call1  there was no subject1 outside    
purely technical criticism1 which       
,newman  could not have mastered4       

--,barry's ,literary ,lives4    ,it is  
when ,newman exerts his flexible and    
vivid imagination in depicting  the     
deepest religious passion that we are   
most carried away by him and  feel his  
great genius most truly4444 ,whether    
tried by the test of  nobility1         
intensity1 and steadfastness of his     
work1 or by the test of  the greatness  
of the powers which have been           
consecrated to that work1  ,cardinal    
,newman has been one of the greatest of 
our modern great men4        --,r4 ,h4  
,hutton's ,life of ,newman4    ,newman's
 mind was world-wide4 ,he was interested
 in everything that was  going on in    
science1 in the highest form of         
politics1 in literature4444  ,nothing   
was too large for him1 nothing too      
trivial1 if it threw light  upon the    
central question1--what man really is   
and what is his destiny4        --,j4   
,a4 ,froude4    ,in ,newman's sketch of 
the influence of ,abelard on his        
disciples is seen  his belief in the    

immense power for good or ill of a      
dominating  personality4 ,and he himself
 supplied an object-lesson in his       
theory4  ,shairp1 ,froude1 ,church1     
,wilberforce1 ,gladstone1 are only a few
 of those  who have borne testimony to  
the personal magnetism which left its   
mark  on the whole of thinking ,oxford4 
,cor ad cor loquitur1 the motto chosen  
by ,newman on his receiving the         
,cardinal's hat1 expressed to him the   
whole reality of intercourse between man
 and man1 and man and ,god4             
--,wilfrid ,ward's ,problems and        
,persons4    ,newman's mind swung       
through a wide arc1 and thoughts        
apparently  antagonistic often were to  
him supplemental each to each4444 ,a man
 of  dauntless courage and profound     
thoughtfulness1 while his intellect was 
preminently a logical one1 both the     
heart and the moral sense possessed     
with him their sacred tribunals in      
matters of reasoning as well as of      
sentiment4444 ,the extreme subtlety of  

his intelligence opposed no  hindrance  
to his power of exciting vehement       
emotion4        --,a4 ,de ,vere's       
,literary ,reminiscences4            ,i4
 ,,character ,,sketches                 
,,saul         ,i gave them a king in   
mine anger1 and took him away in my     
wrath4--,hosea xiii4 #aa4        ,the   
,israelites seem to have asked for a    
king    from an unthankful caprice and  
waywardness4    ,the ill conduct1       
indeed1 of ,samuel's sons was the       
occasion of the sin1 but an evil heart  
of    unbelief1 to use ,scripture       
language1 was the real cause            
#e    of it4 ,they had ever been        
restless and    dissatisfied1 asking for
 flesh when they had manna1    fretful  
for water1 impatient of the wilderness1 
bent    on returning to ,egypt1 fearing 
their enemies1    murmuring against     
,moses4 ,they had miracles              
#aj    even to satiety2 and then1 for a 
change1 they    wished a king like the  
nations4 ,this was the    chief reason  

of their sinful demand4 ,and further1   
they were dazzled with the pomp and     
splendor    of the heathen monarchs     
around them1 and they                   
#ae    desired some one to fight their  
battles1 some    visible succor to      
depend on1 instead of having    to wait 
for an invisible ,providence1 which came
 in    its own way and time1 by little  
and little1 being    dispensed silently1
 or tardily1 or 7as they might          
#bj    consider7 unsuitably4 ,their     
carnal hearts did    not love the       
neighborhood of heaven2 and1 like    the
 inhabitants of ,gadara afterwards1 they
 prayed    that ,almighty ,god would    
depart from their    coasts4            
#e      ,such were some of the feelings 
under which they    desired a king like 
the nations2 and ,god at length         
granted their request4 ,to punish them1 
,he gave    them a king after their own 
heart1 ,saul1 the son of    ,kish1 a    
,benjamite2 of whom the text speaks in  
#aj    these terms1 ,i gave them a king 

in ,mine anger1    and took him away in 
,my wrath4      ,there is1 in true      
religion1 a sameness1 an absence    of  
hue and brilliancy1 in the eyes of the  
natural    man2 a plainness1            
austereness1 and 7what he               
#ae    considers7 sadness4 ,it is like  
the heavenly manna of    which the      
,israelites complained1 insipid1 and at 
length wearisome1 like wafers made with 
honey4    ,they complained that their   
soul was dried    away4 ,there is       
nothing at all1 they said1              
#bj    beside this manna1 before our    
eyes4444 ,we    remember the fish1 which
 we did eat in ,egypt    freely2 the    
cucumbers1 and the melons1 and the      
leeks1 and the onions1 and the          
garlick4#a ,such    were the dainty     
meats in which their soul               
#be    delighted2 and for the same      
reason they desired a    king4 ,samuel  
had too much of primitive    simplicity 
about him to please them1 they felt they
    were behind the world1 and clamored 

to be put    on a level with the        
heathen4                                
#cj        #a ,exod4 xvi42 ,numb4 xi4   
#e4      ,saul1 the king whom ,god gave 
them1 had much    to recommend him to   
minds thus greedy of the    dust of the 
earth4 ,he was brave1 daring1           
resolute2 gifted1 too1 with strength of 
body as well    as of mind--a           
circumstance which seems to             
#e    have attracted their admiration4  
,he is described    in person as if one 
of those sons of ,anak1 before    whose 
giant-forms the spies of the ,israelites
 in the    wilderness were as           
grasshoppers--a choice    young man1 and
 a goodly2 there was not among          
#aj    the children of ,israel a        
goodlier person than he3    from his    
shoulders and upward he was higher      
than any of the people4#b ,both his     
virtues and    his faults were such as  
became an eastern monarch1    and were  
adapted to secure the fear and          
#ae    submission of his subjects4      

,pride1 haughtiness1    obstinacy1      
reserve1 jealousy1 caprice--these1 in   
their way1 were not unbecoming qualities
 in the    king after whom their        
imaginations roved4 ,on    the other    
hand1 the better parts of his character 
#bj    were of an excellence sufficient 
to engage the    affection of ,samuel   
himself4        #b #a ,sam4 ix4 #b--vide
 ibid4 x4 #bc4      ,as to ,samuel1 his 
conduct is far above human    praise4   
,though injuriously treated by his      
countrymen1    who cast him off after he
 had served them                        
#be    faithfully till he was old and   
gray-headed1#c and    who resolved on   
setting over themselves a king          
against his earnest entreaties1 still we
 find no trace    of coldness or        
jealousy in his behavior towards        
,saul4 ,on his first meeting with him1  
he addressed                  #cj    him
 in the words of loyalty--,on whom    is
 all the desire of ,israel8 is it not on
 thee1 and    on all thy father's house8

 ,afterwards1 when he    anointed him   
king1 he kissed him1 and said1 ,is it   
not because the ,lord hath anointed thee
 to be                       #e         
captain over ,his inheritance8 ,when he 
announced    him to the people as their 
king1 he said1    ,see ye him whom the  
,lord hath chosen1 that    there is none
 like him among all the people8    ,and1
 some time after1 when ,saul had        
irrecoverably                  #aj      
lost ,god's favor1 we are told1 ,samuel 
came no    more to see ,saul until the  
day of his death3    nevertheless       
,samuel mourned for ,saul4 ,in the      
next chapter he is even rebuked for     
immoderate    grief--,how long wilt thou
 mourn for ,saul1                       
#ae    seeing ,i have rejected him from 
reigning over    ,israel8#d ,such sorrow
 speaks favorably for    ,saul as well  
as for ,samuel2 it is not only the grief
    of a loyal subject and a zealous    
prophet1 but1    moreover1 of an        
attached friend2 and1 indeed1           

#bj    instances are recorded1 in the   
first years of his    reign1 of         
forbearance1 generosity1 and neglect of 
self1 which sufficiently account for the
 feelings    with which ,samuel regarded
 him4 ,david1 under    very different   
circumstances1 seems to have felt       
#be    for him a similar affection4     
#c ,ibid4 xii4 #b4        #d #a ,sam4   
ix4 #bj2 x4 #a1 #bd2 xv4 #ce2 xvi4 #a4  
,the higher points of his character are 
brought    out in instances such as the 
following3 ,the    first announcement of
 his elevation came upon    him         
suddenly1 but apparently without        
unsettling                    #cj       
him4 ,he kept it secret1 leaving it to  
,samuel1 who    had made it to him1 to  
publish it4 ,saul said    unto his      
uncle1 ,he 7that is1 ,samuel7 told us   
plainly that the asses were found4 ,but 
of the    matter of the kingdom1 whereof
 ,samuel spake1                         
#e    he told him not4 ,nay1 it would   
even seem he    was averse to the       

dignity intended for him2 for    when   
the ,divine lot fell upon him1 he hid   
himself1    and was not discovered by   
the people1 without    recourse to      
,divine assistance4 ,the appointment    
#aj    was at first unpopular4 ,the     
children of ,belial    said1 ,how shall 
this man save us8 ,they despised    him1
 and brought him no presents1 but he    
held his    peace4 ,soon the ,ammonites 
invaded the    country beyond ,jordan1  
with the avowed intention of            
#ae    subjugating it4 ,the people sent 
to ,saul for relief    almost in        
despair2 and the panic spread in the    
interior as well as among those whose   
country    was immediately threatened4  
,the history    proceeds3 ,behold1 ,saul
 came after the herd out of             
#bj    the field2 and ,saul said1 ,what 
aileth the people    that they weep8 and
 they told him the tidings    of the men
 of ,jabesh4 ,and the ,spirit of ,god   
came upon ,saul1 and his anger was      
kindled    greatly4 ,his order for an   

immediate gathering                     
#be    throughout ,israel was obeyed    
with the alacrity    with which the     
multitude serve the strong-minded    in 
times of danger4 ,a decisive victory    
over the    enemy followed2 then the    
popular cry became1    ,who is he that  
said1 ,shall ,saul reign over us8       
#cj    bring the men1 that we may put   
them to death4    ,and ,saul said1      
,there shall not a man be put to        
death this day1 for to-day the ,lord    
hath wrought    salvation in ,israel4#e 
#e #a ,sam4 xi4 #ab1 #ac4      ,thus    
personally qualified1 ,saul was1        
moreover1    a prosperous king4 ,he had 
been appointed to                       
#e    subdue the enemies of ,israel1 and
 success attended    his arms4 ,at the  
end of the fourteenth chapter1    we    
read3 ,so ,saul took the kingdom over   
,israel    and fought against all his   
enemies on every side1    against ,moab1
 and against the children of            
#aj    ,ammon1 and against ,edom1 and   

against the kings of    ,zobah1 and     
against the ,philistines2 and           
whithersoever he turned himself1 he     
vexed them4 ,and    he gathered an host1
 and smote the ,amalekites1    and      
delivered ,israel out of the hands of   
them that                 #ae    spoiled
 them4      ,such was ,saul's character 
and success2 his    character faulty1   
yet not without promise2 his    success 
in arms as great as his carnal subjects 
could have desired4 ,yet1 in spite of   
,samuel's                      #bj      
private liking for him1 and in spite of 
the good    fortune which actually      
attended him1 we find that    from the  
beginning the prophet's voice is raised 
both against people and king in warnings
 and    rebukes1 which are omens of his 
destined                           #be  
destruction1 according to the text1 ,i  
gave them a king in    ,mine anger1 and 
took him away in ,my wrath4    ,at the  
very time that ,saul is publicly        
received as    king1 ,samuel protests1  

,ye have this day rejected    your ,god1
 who ,himself saved you out of all your 
#cj    adversities and your             
tribulations4#f ,in a    subsequent     
assembly of the people1 in which he     
testified his uprightness1 he says1 ,is 
it not wheat    harvest to-day8 ,i will 
call unto the ,lord1 and    ,he shall   
send thunder and rain2 that ye may      
#e    perceive and see that your        
wickedness is great1 in asking    you a 
king4 ,again1 ,if ye shall still do     
wickedly1    ye shall be consumed1 both 
ye and your king4#g    ,and after this1 
on the first instance of disobedience   
and at first sight no very heinous sin1 
the sentence               #aj    of    
rejection is passed upon him3 ,thy      
kingdom    shall not continue2 the ,lord
 hath sought ,him a    man after ,his   
own heart4#h        #f #a ,sam4 x4 #ai4 
#g ,ibid4 xii4 #ag1 #be4        #h      
,ibid4 xiii4 #ad4      ,here1 then1 a   
question may be raised--,why    was     
,saul thus marked for vengeance from the

                        #ae             
beginning8 ,why these presages of       
misfortune1    which from the first hung
 over him1 gathered1 fell    in storm   
and tempest1 and at length overwhelmed  
him8 ,is his character so essentially   
faulty that    it must be thus          
distinguished for reprobation           
#bj    above all the anointed kings     
after him8 ,why1    while ,david is     
called a man after ,god's own heart1    
should ,saul be put aside as worthless8 
,this question leads us to a deeper     
inspection of1    his character4 ,now1  
we know1 the first duty of              
#be    every man is the fear of ,god--a 
reverence for ,his    word1 a love of   
,him1 and a desire to obey ,him2 and1   
besides1 it was peculiarly incumbent on 
the king of    ,israel1 as ,god's       
vicegerent1 by virtue of his office1 to 
promote ,his glory whom his subjects had
 rejected4                  #cj         
,now ,saul lacked this one thing4 ,his  
character1 indeed1 is obscure1 and we   

must be cautious    while considering   
it2 still1 as ,scripture is given us    
for our instruction1 it is surely right 
to make the    most of what we find     
there1 and to form our                  
#e    judgment by such lights as we     
possess4 ,it would    appear1 then1 that
 ,saul was never under the    abiding   
influence of religion1 or1 in ,scripture
 language1    the fear of ,god1 however 
he might be at times    moved and       
softened4 ,some men are inconsistent    
#aj    in their conduct1 as ,samson2 or 
as ,eli1 in a    different way2 and yet 
may have lived by faith1    though a    
weak faith4 ,others have sudden falls1  
as ,david had4 ,others are corrupted by 
prosperity1 as ,solomon4 ,but as to     
,saul1 there is no                #ae   
proof that he had any deep-seated       
religious    principle at all2 rather1  
it is to be feared1 that his    history 
is a lesson to us1 that the heart of    
unbelief    may exist in the very sight 
of ,god1 may rule a man    in spite of  

many natural advantages of character1   
#bj    in the midst of much that is     
virtuous1 amiable1    and commendable4  
,saul1 it would seem1 was naturally     
brave1    active1 generous1 and patient2
 and what nature    made him1 such he   
remained1 that is1 without              
#be    improvement2 with virtues which  
had no value1    because they required  
no effort1 and implied the    influence 
of no principle4 ,on the other hand1    
when we look for evidence of his faith1 
that is1 his    practical sense of      
things unseen1 we discover              
#cj    instead a deadness to all        
considerations not connected    with the
 present world4 ,it is his habit to     
treat prophet and priest with a         
coldness1 to say    the least1 which    
seems to argue some great internal      
defect4 ,it would not be inconsistent   
with the    ,scripture account of him1  
even should the real                    
#e    fact be1 that 7with some general  
notions    concerning the being and     

providence of ,god7 he doubted    of the
 divinity of the ,dispensation of which 
he was    an instrument4 ,the           
circumstance which first    introduces  
him to the inspired history is not in   
his               #aj    favor4 ,while  
in search of his father's asses1        
which were lost1 he came to the city    
where    ,samuel was2 and though ,samuel
 was now an old    man1 and from        
childhood known as the especial         
minister and prophet of the ,god of     
,israel1 ,saul                    #ae   
seems to have considered him as a mere  
diviner1    such as might be found among
 the heathen1 who1    for the fourth    
part of a shekel of silver1 would       
tell him his way4      ,the narrative   
goes on to mention1 that after his      
#bj    leaving ,samuel ,god gave him    
another heart1    and on meeting a      
company of prophets1 the    ,spirit of  
,god came upon him1 and he prophesied   
among them4 ,upon this1 all that knew   
him    beforetime said1 ,what is this   

that is come unto                  #be  
the son of ,kish3 is ,saul also among   
the prophets8    444 therefore it became
 a proverb4 ,from this    narrative we  
gather1 that his carelessness and       
coldness in religious matters were so   
notorious1    that1 in the eyes of his  
acquaintance1 there was                 
#cj    a certain strangeness and        
incongruity1 which at    once struck the
 mind1 in his being associated with    a
 school of the prophets4      ,nor have 
we any reason to believe1 from the      
after history1 that the ,divine gift1   
then first    imparted1 left any        
religious effect upon his mind4         
#e    ,at a later period of his life we 
find him suddenly    brought under the  
same sacred influence on his    entering
 the school where ,samuel taught2 but1  
instead of softening him1 its effect    
upon his    outward conduct did but     
testify the fruitlessness of            
#aj    ,divine grace when acting upon a 
will obstinately    set upon evil4      

,the immediate occasion of his rejection
 was his    failing under a specific    
trial of his obedience1 as    set before
 him at the very time he was anointed4  
#ae    ,he had collected with difficulty
 an army against    the ,philistines2   
while waiting for ,samuel to offer      
the sacrifice1 his people became        
dispirited1 and    began to fall off and
 return home4 ,here he was    doubtless 
exposed to the temptation of taking     
#bj    unlawful measures to put a stop  
to their defection4    ,but when we     
consider that the act to which he was   
persuaded was no less than that of his  
offering    sacrifice--he being neither 
priest nor prophet1    nor having any   
commission thus to interfere            
#be    with the ,mosaic ritual--it is   
plain his forcing    himself to do so   
7as he tenderly described his    sin7   
was a direct profaneness--a profaneness 
which implied that he was careless about
 forms1    which in this world will ever
 be essential to                        

#cj    things supernatural1 and thought 
it mattered    little whether he acted  
in ,god's way or in his    own4         
,after this1 he seems to have separated 
himself    from ,samuel1 whom he found  
unwilling to become    his instrument1  
and to have had recourse to the         
#e    priesthood instead4 ,ahijah or    
,ahimelech 7as he    is afterwards      
called71 the high priest1 followed his  
camp2 and the ark1 too1 in spite of the 
warning    conveyed by the disasters    
which attended the    presumptuous use  
of it in the time of ,eli4 ,and         
#aj    ,saul said unto ,ahijah1 ,bring  
hither the ark of    ,god2 while it was 
brought1 a tumult which was    heard in 
the camp of the ,philistines increased4 
,on this interruption ,saul irreverently
 put the ark    aside1 and went out to  
the battle4                             
#ae      ,it will be observed1 that     
there was no professed    or intentional
 irreverence in ,saul's conduct2 he     
was still on the whole the same he had  

ever been4    ,he outwardly respected   
the ,mosaic    ritual--about this time  
he built his first altar to the ,lord1#i
   #bj    and in a certain sense seemed 
to acknowledge ,god's    authority4 ,but
 nothing shows he considered that       
there was any vast distinction between  
,israel and    the nations around them4 
,he was indifferent1 and    cared for   
none of these things4 ,the chosen people
                  #be    desired a king 
like the nations1 and such a one    they
 received4        #i #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ce4 
,after this he was commanded to go and  
smite    the sinners1 the ,amalekites1  
and utterly destroy    them and their   
cattle4 ,this was a judgment on         
#cj    them which ,god had long decreed1
 though ,he had    delayed it2 and ,he  
now made ,saul the minister    of ,his  
vengeance4 ,but ,saul performed it so   
far    only as fell in with his own     
inclination and    purposes4 ,he smote1 
indeed1 the ,amalekites1 and            
#e    destroyed all the people with the 

edge of the    sword--this exploit had  
its glory2 the best of    the flocks and
 herds he spared1 and why8 to           
sacrifice therewith to the ,lord4 ,but  
since ,god    had expressly told him to 
destroy them1 what                      
#aj    was this but to imply1 that      
,divine intimations had    nothing to do
 with such matters8 what was it but     
to consider that the established        
religion was but    a useful            
institution1 or a splendid pageant      
suitable to the dignity of monarchy1 but
 resting on no             #ae    unseen
 supernatural sanction8 ,certainly he in
    no sense acted in the fear of ,god1 
with the wish    to please ,him1 and the
 conviction that he was in    ,his      
sight4 ,one might consider it mere pride
 and    willfulness in him1 acting in   
his own way because                  #bj
    it was his own 7which doubtless it  
was in great    measure71 except that he
 appears to have had an    eye to the   
feelings and opinions of men as to his  

conduct1 though not to ,god's judgment4 
,he    feared the people and obeyed     
their voice4                        #be 
,again1 he spared ,agag1 the king of the
    ,amalekites4 ,doubtless he          
considered ,agag as his    brother1 as  
,ahab afterwards called ,ben-hadad4     
,agag was a king1 and ,saul observed    
towards him    that courtesy and        
clemency which earthly                  
#cj    monarchs observe one towards     
another1 and rightly    when no ,divine 
command comes in the way4 ,but    the   
,god of ,israel required a king after   
,his own    heart1 jealous of idolatry2 
the people had desired    a king like   
the nations around them4      ,it is    
remarkable1 moreover1 that while he     
spared                    #e    ,agag1  
he attempted to exterminate the         
,gibeonites    with the sword1 who were 
tolerated in ,israel by    virtue of an 
oath taken in their favor by ,joshua    
and the princes of the congregation4    
,this he    did in his zeal to the      

children of ,israel and                 
#aj    ,judah4#aj        #aj ,josh4 ix4 
#b2 #b ,sam4 xxi4 #a-e4      ,from the  
time of his disobedience in the matter  
of ,amalek1 ,samuel came no more to see 
,saul1    whose season of probation was 
over4 ,the evil    spirit exerted a more
 visible influence upon him2            
#ae    and ,god sent ,samuel to anoint  
,david privately1    as the future king 
of ,israel4 ,i need not trace    further
 the course of moral degradation which  
is    exemplified in ,saul's subsequent 
history4 ,mere    natural virtue wears  
away1 when men neglect to               
#bj    deepen it into religious         
principle4 ,saul appears    in his youth
 to be unassuming and forbearing2    in 
advanced life he is not only proud and  
gloomy    7as he ever was in a degree71 
but cruel1 resentful1    and            
hard-hearted1 which he was not in his   
youth4                   #be    ,his    
injurious treatment of ,david is a long 
history2 but his conduct to ,ahimelech1 

the high    priest1 admits of being     
mentioned here4    ,ahimelech assisted  
,david in his escape4 ,saul resolved    
on the death of ,ahimelech and all his  
father's                     #cj        
house4#aa ,on his guards refusing to    
execute his    command1 ,doeg1 a man of 
,edom1 one of the    nations which ,saul
 was raised up to withstand1            
undertook the atrocious deed4 ,on that  
day1    eighty-five priests were slain4 
,afterwards ,nob1                     #e
    the city of the priests1 was smitten
 with the edge    of the sword1 and all 
destroyed1 men and women1    children   
and sucklings1 and oxen1 and asses1 and 
sheep4 ,that is1 ,saul executed more    
complete    vengeance on the descendants
 of ,levi1 the sacred                   
#aj    tribe1 than on the sinners1 the  
,amalekites1 who    laid wait for       
,israel in the way1 on their going up   
from ,egypt4        #aa #a ,sam4 xxii4  
#af4      ,last of all1 he finishes his 
bad history by an open    act of        

apostasy from the ,god of ,israel4 ,his 
last                   #ae    act is    
like his first1 but more significant4   
,he    began1 as we saw1 by consulting  
,samuel as a diviner2    this showed the
 direction of his mind4 ,it steadily    
persevered in its evil way--and he ends 
by    consulting a professed sorceress  
at ,endor4 ,the                     #bj 
,philistines had assembled their hosts2 
,saul's    heart trembled greatly--he   
had no advisers or    comforters2       
,samuel was dead--the priests he had    
himself slain with the sword4 ,he hoped1
 by magic    rites1 which he had        
formerly denounced1 to                  
#be    foresee the issue of the         
approaching battle4 ,god    meets him   
even in the cave of ,satanic            
delusions--but as an ,antagonist4 ,the  
reprobate king    receives1 by the mouth
 of dead ,samuel1 who had    once       
anointed him1 the news that he is to be 
#cj    taken away in ,god's wrath--that 
the ,lord    would deliver ,israel1 with

 him1 into the hands of    the          
,philistines1 and that on the morrow he 
and his    sons should be numbered with 
the dead4#ab        #ab #a ,sam4 xxviii4
 #ai4      ,the next day the battle went
 sore against him1                      
#e    the archers hit him2 and he was   
sore wounded of    the archers4#ac      
,anguish came upon him1#ad and    he    
feared to fall into the hands of the    
uncircumcised4 ,he desired his          
armor-bearer to draw his    sword and   
thrust him through therewith4 ,on his   
#aj    refusing1 he fell upon his own   
sword1 and so came    to his end4       
#ac ,ibid4 xxxi4 #c4        #ad #b ,sam4
 i4 #i4             ,,early ,,years ,,of
 ,,david         ,behold1 ,i have seen a
 son of ,jesse the ,beth-lehemite1 that 
is       cunning in playing1 and a      
mighty valiant man1 and a man of war1   
and       prudent in matters1 and a     
comely person1 and the ,lord is with    
him4--#a ,samuel xvi4 #ah4        ,such 
is the account given to ,saul of ,david1

 in    many respects the most favored of
 the ancient    ,saints4 ,david is to be
 accounted the most    favored1 first as
 being the principal type of ,christ1   
next as being the author of a great part
 of the book                #e    of    
,psalms1 which have been used as the    
,church's    form of devotion ever since
 his time4 ,besides1 he    was a chief  
instrument of ,god's providence1 both   
in repressing idolatry and in preparing 
for the    gospel2 and he prophesied in 
an especial manner                      
#aj    of that ,saviour whom he         
prefigured and preceded4    ,moreover1  
he was the chosen king of ,israel1 a man
    after ,god's own heart1 and blessed1
 not only in    himself1 but in his seed
 after him4 ,and1 further1    to the    
history of his life a greater share is  
given of             #ae    the inspired
 pages than to that of any other of     
,god's favored servants4 ,lastly1 he    
displays in    his personal character   
that very temper of mind    in which his

 nation1 or rather human nature         
itself1 is especially deficient4 ,pride 
and unbelief                #bj         
disgrace the history of the chosen      
people2 the    deliberate love of this  
world1 which was the sin of    ,balaam1 
and the presumptuous willfulness which  
is exhibited in ,saul4 ,but ,david is   
conspicuous    for an affectionate1 a   
thankful1 a loyal heart                 
#e    towards his ,god and defender1 a  
zeal which was    as fervent and as     
docile as ,saul's was sullen1    and as 
keen-sighted and as pure as ,balaam's   
was    selfish and double-minded4 ,such 
was the son    of ,jesse the            
,beth-lehemite2 he stands midway        
#aj    between ,abraham and his         
predicted seed1 ,judah    and the       
,shiloh1 receiving and transmitting the 
promises2 a figure of the ,christ1 and  
an inspired    prophet1 living in the   
,church even to the end of    time1 in  
his office1 his history1 and his sacred 
#ae    writings4      ,some remarks on  

his early life1 and on his    character1
 as therein displayed1 may profitably   
engage our attention at the present     
time4      ,when ,saul was finally      
rejected for not                        
#bj    destroying the ,amalekites1      
,samuel was bid go to    ,bethlehem1 and
 anoint1 as future king of ,israel1 one 
of the sons of ,jesse1 who should be    
pointed out to    him when he was come  
there4 ,samuel    accordingly went      
thither and held a sacrifice2 when1 at  
#be    his command1 ,jesse's seven sons 
were brought by    their father1 one by 
one1 before the prophet2 but    none of 
them proved to be the choice of         
,almighty    ,god4 ,david was the       
youngest and out of the    way1 and it  
seemed to ,jesse as unlikely that ,god's
                 #cj    choice should   
fall upon him1 as it appeared to        
,joseph's brethren and to his father1   
that he and    his mother and brethren  
should1 as his dreams    foretold1 bow  
down before him4 ,on ,samuel's          

inquiring1 ,jesse said1 ,there remaineth
 yet the    youngest1 and1 behold1 he   
keepeth the sheep4                      
#e    ,on ,samuel's bidding1 he was sent
 for4 ,now    he was ruddy1 the sacred  
historian proceeds1    and withal of a  
beautiful countenance1 and    goodly to 
look to4 ,and the ,lord said1 ,arise1   
anoint him1 for this is he4 ,after      
,samuel had                      #aj    
anointed him1 the ,spirit of the ,lord  
came upon    ,david from that day       
forward4 ,it is added1    ,but the      
,spirit of the ,lord departed from      
,saul4      ,david's anointing was      
followed by no other    immediate mark  
of ,god's favor4 ,he was tried          
#ae    by being sent back again1 in     
spite of the promise1    to the care of 
his sheep1 till an unexpected           
occasion introduced him to ,saul's      
court4 ,the    withdrawing of the       
,spirit of the ,lord from ,saul was     
followed by frequent attacks from an    
evil spirit1 as               #bj    a  

judgment upon him4 ,his mind was        
depressed1    and a trouble1 as it is   
called1 came upon him1    with symptoms 
very like those which we now    refer to
 derangement4 ,his servants thought that
    music1 such1 perhaps1 as was used in
 the schools                   #be    of
 the prophets1 might soothe and restore 
him2    and ,david was recommended by   
one of them for    that purpose1 in the 
words of the text3 ,behold1    ,i have  
seen a son of ,jesse the ,beth-lehemite1
    that is cunning in playing1 and a   
mighty valiant                   #cj    
man1 and a man of war1 and prudent in   
matters1    and a comely person1 and the
 ,lord is with    him4      ,david came 
in the power of that sacred    influence
 whom ,saul had grieved and rejected4   
,the ,spirit which inspired his tongue  
guided his                     #e       
hand also1 and his sacred songs became a
 medicine    to ,saul's diseased mind4  
,when the evil spirit    from ,god was  
upon ,saul1 444 ,david took an    harp1 

and played with his hand2 so ,saul was  
refreshed1 and was well1 and the evil   
spirit departed              #aj    from
 him4 ,thus he is first introduced to us
 in    that character in which he still 
has praise in the    ,church1 as the    
anointed of the ,god of ,jacob1    and  
the sweet psalmist of ,israel4#ae       
#ae #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #a4      ,saul loved
 ,david greatly1 and he became his      
#ae    armor-bearer2 but the first trial
 of his humility    and patience was not
 over1 while many other trials    were  
in store4 ,after a while he was a second
 time    sent back to his sheep2 and    
though there was war    with the        
,philistines1 and his three eldest      
brethren                #bj    were in  
the army with ,saul1 and he had already 
essayed his strength in defending his   
father's    flocks from wild beasts1 and
 was a mighty    valiant man1 yet he    
contentedly stayed at home    as a      
private person1 keeping his promise of  
#be    greatness to himself1 till his   

father bade him go to his    brethren to
 take them a present from him1 and      
report how they fared4 ,an accident1 as 
it    appeared to the world1 brought him
 forward4 ,on    his arrival at the     
army1 he heard the challenge of         
#cj    the ,philistine champion1        
,goliath of ,gath4 ,i need    not relate
 how he was divinely urged to engage    
the giant1 how he killed him1 and how he
 was1 in    consequence1 again raised to
 ,saul's favor2 who1    with an         
infirmity not inconsistent with the     
#e    deranged state of his mind1 seems 
to have altogether    forgotten him4    
,from this time began ,david's public   
life2 but    not yet the fulfillment of 
the promise made to him    by ,samuel4  
,he had a second and severer trial      
#aj    of patience to endure for many   
years2 the trial    of being still and  
doing nothing before ,god's    time1    
though he had 7apparently7 the means in 
his    hands of accomplishing the       
promise for himself4    ,it was to this 

trial that ,jeroboam afterwards         
#ae    showed himself unequal4 ,he1 too1
 was promised    a kingdom1 but he was  
tempted to seize upon it    in his own  
way1 and so forfeited ,god's protection4
      ,david's victory over ,goliath so 
endeared him    to ,saul1 that he would 
not let him go back to his              
#bj    father's house4 ,jonathan1 too1  
,saul's son1 at once    felt for him a  
warm affection1 which deepened into    a
 firm friendship4 ,saul set him over the
 men    of war1 and he was accepted in  
the sight of all the    people1 and also
 in the sight of ,saul's servants4#af   
#be    ,this prosperous fortune1        
however1 did not long    continue4 ,as  
,saul passed through the cities from    
his victory over his enemies1 the women 
of ,israel    came out to meet him1     
singing and dancing1 and    they said1  
,saul hath slain his thousands1 and     
#cj    ,david his ten thousands4        
,immediately the    jealous king was    
very wroth1 and the saying    displeased

 him2 his sullenness returned2 he       
feared ,david as a rival2 and eyed him  
from that    day and forward4 ,on the   
morrow1 as ,david                       
#e    was playing before him1 as at     
other times1 ,saul    threw his javelin 
at him4 ,after this1 ,saul    displaced 
him from his situation at his court1 and
    sent him to the war1 hoping so to   
rid himself of    him by his falling in 
battle2 but1 by ,god's                  
#aj    blessing1 ,david returned        
victorious4        #af #a ,sam4 xviii4  
#e4      ,in a second war with the      
,philistines1 ,david was    successful  
as before2 and ,saul1 overcome with     
gloomy and malevolent passions1 again   
cast at him    with his javelin1 as he  
played before him1 with the             
#ae    hope of killing him4      ,this  
repeated attempt on his life drove      
,david    from ,saul's court2 and for   
some years after1 that    is1 till      
,saul's death1 he was a wanderer upon   
the    earth1 persecuted in that country

 which was                        #bj   
afterwards to be his own kingdom4 ,here1
 as in his    victory over ,goliath1    
,almighty ,god purposed to    show us1  
that it was ,his hand which set ,david  
on    the throne of ,israel4 ,david     
conquered his enemy    by a sling and   
stone1 in order1 as he said at the      
#be    time1 that all 444 might know    
that the ,lord    saveth not with sword 
and spear2 for the battle    is the     
,lord's4#ag ,now again1 but in a        
different    way1 ,his guiding          
providence was displayed4 ,as    ,david 
slew ,goliath without arms1 so now he   
#cj    refrained himself and used them  
not1 though he    possessed them4 ,like 
,abraham1 he traversed    the land of   
promise as a strange land1#ah waiting   
for ,god's good time4 ,nay1 far more    
exactly1 even    than to ,abraham1 was  
it given to ,david to act and           
#e    suffer that life of faith which   
the ,apostle describes1    and by which 
the elders obtained a good report4      

,by faith he wandered about1 being      
destitute1    afflicted1 evil-entreated1
 in deserts1 and in    mountains1 and in
 dens1 and in caves of the earth4       
#aj    ,on the other hand1 through the  
same faith1 he    subdued kingdoms1     
wrought righteousness1    obtained      
promises1 waxed valiant in fight1 turned
 to    flight the armies of the aliens4 
#ag #a ,sam4 xvii4 #dg4        #ah ,heb4
 xi4 #i4      ,on escaping from ,saul1  
he first went to ,samuel                
#ae    to ask his advice4 ,with him he  
dwelt some time4    ,driven thence by   
,saul he went to ,bethlehem1 his        
father's city1 then to ,ahimelech1 the  
high priest1    at ,nob4 ,thence he     
fled1 still through fear of ,saul1    to
 ,achish1 the ,philistine king of ,gath2
 and                        #bj         
finding his life in danger there1 he    
escaped to ,adullam1    where he was    
joined by his kindred1 and put          
himself at the head of an irregular band
 of men1 such    as1 in the unsettled   

state of the country1 might be          
usefully and lawfully employed against  
the                         #be         
remnant of the heathen4 ,after this he  
was driven to    ,hareth1 to ,keilah1   
which he rescued from the               
,philistines1 to the wilderness of ,ziph
 among the    mountains1 to the         
wilderness of ,maon1 to the             
strongholds of ,engedi1 to the          
wilderness of ,paran4 ,after            
#cj    a time he again betook himself to
 ,achish1 king of    ,gath1 who gave him
 a city2 and there it was that    the   
news was brought him of the death of    
,saul in    battle1 which was the       
occasion of his elevation first    to   
the throne of ,judah1 afterwards to that
 of all                   #e    ,israel1
 according to the promise of ,god made  
to    him by ,samuel4      ,it need not 
be denied that1 during these years of   
wandering1 we find in ,david's conduct  
instances    of infirmity and           
inconsistency1 and some things          

#aj    which1 without being clearly     
wrong1 are yet    strange and startling 
in so favored a servant of    ,god4     
,with these we are not concerned1 except
    so far as a lesson may be gained    
from them for    ourselves4 ,we are not 
at all concerned with them              
#ae    as regards our estimate of       
,david's character4    ,that character  
is ascertained and sealed by the        
plain word of ,scripture1 by the praise 
of ,almighty    ,god1 and is no subject 
for our criticism2 and if we    find in 
it traits which we cannot fully         
reconcile                  #bj    with  
the approbation divinely given to him1  
we    must take it in faith to be what  
it is said to be1    and wait for the   
future revelations of ,him who          
overcomes when ,he is judged4 ,therefore
 ,i    dismiss these matters now1 when  
,i am engaged                       #be 
in exhibiting the eminent obedience and 
manifold virtues of ,david4 ,on the     
whole his situation    during these     

years of trial was certainly that of a  
witness for ,almighty ,god1 one who does
 good and    suffers for it1 nay1       
suffers on rather than rid              
#cj    himself from suffering by any    
unlawful act4      ,now1 then1 let us   
consider what was1 as far as    we can  
understand1 his especial grace1 what is 
his    gift2 as faith was ,abraham's    
distinguishing virtue1    meekness the  
excellence of ,moses1 self-mastery the  
gift especially conspicuous in ,joseph4 
#e      ,this question may best be      
answered by    considering the purpose  
for which he was raised up4    ,when    
,saul was disobedient1 ,samuel said to  
him1    ,thy kingdom shall not continue3
 the ,lord hath    sought ,him a man    
after ,his own heart1 and the           
#aj    ,lord hath commanded him to be   
captain over    ,his people1 because    
thou hast not kept that which    the    
,lord commanded thee4#ai ,the office to 
which first ,saul and then ,david were  
called was    different from that with  

which other favored                     
#ae    men before them had been         
intrusted4 ,from the    time of ,moses1 
when ,israel became a nation1 ,god      
had been the king of ,israel1 and ,his  
chosen    servants1 not delegates1 but  
mere organs of ,his    will4 ,moses did 
not direct the ,israelites by his       
#bj    own wisdom1 but he spake to them1
 as ,god spake    from the pillar of the
 cloud4 ,joshua1 again1 was    merely a 
sword in the hand of ,god4 ,samuel was  
but ,his minister and interpreter4 ,god 
acted1 the    ,israelites stood still   
and saw ,his miracles1 then             
#be    followed4 ,but1 when they had    
rejected ,him    from being king over   
them1 then their chief ruler    was no  
longer a mere organ of ,his power and   
will1    but had a certain authority    
intrusted to him1    more or less       
independent of supernatural direction2  
#cj    and acted1 not so much from ,god1
 as for    ,god1 and in the place of    
,god4 ,david1 when taken    from the    

sheepfolds to feed ,jacob ,his people   
and    ,israel ,his inheritance1 fed    
them1 in the words    of the ,psalm1    
with a faithful and true heart2         
#e    and ruled them prudently with all 
his power4#bj    ,from this account of  
his office1 it is obvious that    his   
very first duty was that of fidelity to 
,almighty    ,god in the trust committed
 to him4 ,he had    power put into his  
hands1 in a sense in which              
#aj    neither ,moses had it nor        
,samuel4 ,he was charged    with a      
certain office1 which he was bound to   
administer according to his ability1 so 
as best to    promote the interests of  
,him who appointed him4    ,saul had    
neglected his ,master's honor2 but      
#ae    ,david1 in this an eminent type  
of ,christ1 came    to do ,god's will as
 a viceroy in ,israel1 and1 as    being 
tried and found faithful1 he is         
especially    called a man after ,god's 
own heart4        #ai #a ,sam4 xiii4    
#ad4        #bj ,ps4 lxxviii4 #ga-gc4   

,david's peculiar excellence1 then1 is  
that of                      #bj        
fidelity to the trust committed to him2 
a firm1    uncompromising1              
single-hearted devotion to the    cause 
of his ,god1 and a burning zeal for ,his
    honor4      ,this characteristic    
virtue is especially                    
#be    illustrated in the early years of
 his life which have    engaged our     
attention4 ,he was tried therein and    
found faithful2 before he was put in    
power1 it    was proved whether he could
 obey4 ,till he came    to the throne1  
he was like ,moses or ,samuel1 an       
#cj    instrument in ,god's hands1 bid  
do what was told    him and nothing     
more2--having borne this trial    of    
obedience well1 in which ,saul had      
failed1 then    at length he was        
intrusted with a sort of                
discretionary power1 to use in his      
,master's service4                #e    
,observe how ,david was tried1 and what 
various high qualities of mind he       

displayed in    the course of the trial4
 ,first1 the promise of    greatness was
 given him1 and ,samuel anointed    him4
 ,still he stayed in the sheepfolds2 and
                        #aj    though   
called away by ,saul for a time1 yet    
returned contentedly when ,saul released
 him from    attendance4 ,how difficult 
is it for such as know    they have     
gifts suitable to the ,church's need to 
refrain themselves1 till ,god make a way
 for their                  #ae    use6 
and the trial would be the more severe  
in    ,david's case1 in proportion to   
the ardor and    energy of his mind2 yet
 he fainted not under it4    ,afterwards
 for seven years1 as the time appears   
to be1 he withstood the strong          
temptation1 ever                    #bj 
before his eyes1 of acting without      
,god's guidance1    when he had the     
means of doing so4 ,though    skillful  
in arms1 popular with his countrymen1   
successful against the enemy1 the king's
    son-in-law1 and on the other hand   

grievously injured by            #be    
,saul1 who not only continually sought  
his life1    but even suggested to him a
 traitor's conduct    by accusing him of
 treason1 and whose life was    several 
times in his hands1 yet he kept his     
honor pure and unimpeachable4 ,he feared
 ,god                        #cj    and 
honored the king2 and this at a time of 
life especially exposed to the          
temptations of    ambition4      ,there 
is a resemblance between the early      
history of ,david and that of ,joseph4  
,both    distinguished for piety in     
youth1 the youngest and                 
#e    the despised of their respective  
brethren1 they    are raised1 after a   
long trial to a high station1    as     
ministers of ,god's ,providence4 ,joseph
 was    tempted to a degrading adultery2
 ,david was    tempted by ambition4     
,both were tempted to                   
#aj    be traitors to their masters and 
benefactors4    ,joseph's trial was     
brief2 but his conduct under it         

evidenced settled habits of virtue which
 he could    call to his aid at a       
moment's notice4 ,a long    imprisonment
 followed1 the consequence of his       
#ae    obedience1 and borne with        
meekness and patience2    but it was no 
part of his temptation1 because1    when
 once incurred1 release was out of his  
power4    ,david's trial1 on the other  
hand1 lasted for years1    and grew     
stronger as time went on4 ,his master1  
#bj    too1 far from putting all that he
 had into his    hand1#ba sought his    
life4 ,continual opportunity    of      
avenging himself incited his passions2  
self-defense1 and the ,divine promise1  
were specious    arguments to seduce his
 reason4 ,yet he mastered               
#be    his heart--he was still2 he kept 
his hands clean    and his lips         
guileless--he was loyal                 
throughout--and in due time inherited   
the promise4        #ba ,gen4 xxxix4 #d4
      ,let us call to mind some of the  
circumstances    of his steadfastness   

recorded in the history4                
#cj      ,he was about twenty-three     
years old when he    slew the           
,philistine2 yet1 when placed over      
,saul's    men of war1 in the first     
transport of his victory1    we are told
 he behaved himself wisely4#bb    ,when 
fortune turned1 and ,saul became jealous
                        #e    of him1   
still ,david behaved himself wisely in  
all his ways1 and the ,lord was with    
him4 ,how    like is this to ,joseph    
under different circumstances6          
,wherefore when ,saul saw that he       
behaved    himself very wisely he was   
afraid of him2 and all                  
#aj    ,israel and ,judah loved ,david4 
,again1 ,and    ,david behaved himself  
more wisely than all the    servants of 
,saul1 so that his name was much set    
by4 ,here1 in shifting fortunes1 is     
evidence of    that staid1 composed     
frame of mind in his youth1             
#ae    which he himself describes in the
 one hundred    and thirty-first ,psalm4

 ,my heart is not haughty1    nor mine  
eyes lofty4444 ,surely ,i have behaved  
and quieted myself1 as a child that is  
weaned of his    mother4                
#bj        #bb #a ,sam4 xviii4 #e-cj4   
,the same modest deportment marks his   
subsequent conduct4 ,he consistently    
seeks counsel    of ,god4 ,when he fled 
from ,saul he went to    ,samuel2       
afterwards we find him following the    
directions of the prophet ,gad1 and     
afterwards of                   #be     
,abiathar the high priest4#bc ,here his 
character is    in full contrast to the 
character of ,saul4        #bc ,ibid4   
xxii4 #e1 #bj2 xxiii4 #f4      ,further1
 consider his behavior towards ,saul1   
when he had him in his power2 it        
displays a most    striking and         
admirable union of simple faith and     
#cj    unblemished loyalty4      ,saul1 
while in pursuit of him1 went into a    
cave    in ,engedi4 ,david surprised him
 there1 and his    companions advised to
 seize him1 if not to take              

#e    his life4 ,they said1 ,behold the 
day of which the    ,lord said unto     
thee4#bd ,david1 in order to show       
,saul how entirely his life had been in 
his power1    arose and cut off a part  
of his robe privately4    ,after he had 
done it1 his heart smote him even       
#aj    for this slight freedom1 as if it
 were a disrespect    offered towards   
his king and father4 ,he said    unto   
his men1 ,the ,lord forbid that ,i      
should do    this thing unto my master1 
the ,lord's anointed1    to stretch     
forth mine hand against him1 seeing he  
#ae    is the anointed of the ,lord4    
,when ,saul left    the cave1 ,david    
followed him and cried1 ,my    ,lord the
 king4 ,and when ,saul looked behind    
him1 ,david stooped with his face to the
 earth    and bowed himself4 ,he hoped  
that he could                           
#bj    now convince ,saul of his        
integrity4 ,wherefore    hearest thou   
men's words1 he asked1 saying1          
,behold1 ,david seeketh thy hurt8       

,behold1 this    day thine eyes have    
seen how that the ,lord had    delivered
 thee to-day into mine hand in the cave3
                  #be    and some bade  
me kill thee4444 ,moreover1 my          
father1 see1 yea see the skirt of thy   
robe in my    hand3 for in that ,i cut  
off the skirt of thy robe1    and killed
 thee not1 know thou and see1 that      
there is neither evil nor transgression 
in mine                    #cj    hand1 
and ,i have not sinned against thee3 yet
    thou huntest my soul to take it4    
,the ,lord judge    between me and thee1
 and the ,lord avenge me    of thee3 but
 mine hand shall not be upon    thee4444
 ,after whom is the king of ,israel come
 out8                 #e    after whom  
dost thou pursue8 after a dead dog1     
after a flea4 ,the ,lord therefore judge
 444 and    see1 and plead my cause1 and
 deliver me out of    thine hand4 ,saul 
was for the time overcome2    he said1  
,is this thy voice1 my son ,david8 and  
#aj    ,saul lifted up his voice and    

wept4 ,and he said1    ,thou art more   
righteous than ,i2 for thou hast        
rewarded me good1 whereas ,i have       
rewarded thee    evil4 ,he added1 ,and  
now1 behold1 ,i know well    that thou  
shalt surely be king4 ,at another time  
#ae    ,david surprised ,saul in the    
midst of his camp1    and his companion 
would have killed him2 but    he said1  
,destroy him not1 for who can stretch   
forth his hand against the ,lord's      
anointed and    be guiltless8#be ,then1 
as he stood over him1 he                
#bj    meditated sorrowfully on his     
master's future    fortunes1 while he   
himself refrained from    interfering   
with ,god's purposes4 ,surely the ,lord 
shall smite him2 or his day shall come  
to die2 or    he shall descend into     
battle and perish4 ,david               
#be    retired from the enemy's camp2   
and when at a safe    distance1 roused  
,saul's guards1 and blamed them    for  
their negligent watch1 which had allowed
 a    stranger to approach the person of

 their king4 ,saul    was moved the     
second time2 the miserable man1         
#cj    as if waking from a dream which  
hung about    him1 said1 ,i have sinned2
 return1 my son ,david    444 behold1 ,i
 have played the fool1 and have erred   
exceedingly4 ,he added1 truth overcoming
 him1    ,blessed be thou1 my son       
,david2 thou shalt                      
#e    both do great things1 and also    
shalt still prevail4        #bd #a ,sam4
 xxiv4 #d4        #be #a ,sam4 xxvi4 #i4
      ,how beautiful are these passages 
in the history    of the chosen king of 
,israel6 ,how do they draw    our hearts
 towards him1 as one whom in his        
private character it must have been an  
extreme                     #aj         
privilege and a great delight to know6  
,surely1    the blessings of the        
patriarchs descended in a    united     
flood upon the lion of the tribe of     
,judah1    the type of the true         
,redeemer who was to come4    ,he       
inherits the prompt faith and           

magnanimity                       #ae   
of ,abraham2 he is simple as ,isaac2 he 
is humble    as ,jacob2 he has the      
youthful wisdom and    self-possession1 
the tenderness1 the affectionateness1   
and the firmness of ,joseph4 ,and1 as   
his own    especial gift1 he has an     
overflowing thankfulness1               
#bj    an ever-burning devotion1 a      
zealous fidelity to    his ,god1 a high 
unshaken loyalty towards his    king1 an
 heroic bearing in all circumstances1   
such    as the multitude of men see to  
be great1 but    cannot understand4 ,be 
it our blessedness1 unless              
#be    the wish be presumptuous1 so to  
acquit ourselves    in troubled times2  
cheerful amid anxieties1    collected in
 dangers1 generous towards enemies1     
patient in pain and sorrow1 subdued in  
good    fortune6 ,how manifold are the  
ways of the                          #cj
    ,spirit1 how various the graces     
which ,he imparts2    what depth and    
width is there in that moral truth      

and virtue for which we are created6    
,contrast    one with another the       
,scripture ,saints2 how    different are
 they1 yet how alike6 how fitted for    
their respective circumstances1 yet how 
unearthly1                  #e    how   
settled and composed in the faith and   
fear    of ,god6 ,as in the ,services1  
so in the patterns of    the ,church1   
,god has met all our needs1 all our     
frames of mind4 ,is any afflicted8 let  
him    pray2 is any merry8 let him sing 
,psalms4#bf                      #aj    
,is any in joy or in sorrow8 there are  
,saints at    hand to encourage and     
guide him4 ,there is    ,abraham for    
nobles1 ,job for men of wealth and      
merchandise1 ,moses for patriots1       
,samuel for    rulers1 ,elijah for      
reformers1 ,joseph for those who        
#ae    rise into distinction2 there is  
,daniel for the    forlorn1 ,jeremiah   
for the persecuted1 ,hannah for the     
downcast1 ,ruth for the friendless1 the 
,shunamite for the matron1 ,caleb for   

the soldier1 ,boaz    for the farmer1   
,mephibosheth for the subject2          
#bj    but none is vouchsafed to us in  
more varied lights1    and with more    
abundant and more affecting    lessons1 
whether in his history or in his        
writings1    than he whose eulogy is    
contained in the words of    the text1  
as cunning in playing1 and a mighty     
#be    valiant man1 and prudent in      
matters1 and comely    in person1 and   
favored by ,almighty ,god4 ,may    we be
 taught1 as he was1 to employ the gifts1
 in    whatever measure given us1 to    
,god's honor and    glory1 and to the   
extension of that true and only         
#cj    faith which is the salvation of  
the soul6        #bf ,james v4 #ac4     
,,basil ,,and ,,gregory         ,what   
are these discourses that you hold one  
with another1 as you       walk and are 
sad8        ,i      ,the instruments    
raised up by ,almighty ,god    for the  
accomplishment of ,his purposes are of  
two kinds1 equally gifted with faith and

 piety1    but from natural temper and  
talent1 education1    or other          
circumstances1 differing in the means by
                   #e    which they     
promote their sacred cause4 ,the        
first of these are men of acute and     
ready mind1    with accurate knowledge  
of human nature1 and    large plans1 and
 persuasive and attractive    bearing1  
genial1 sociable1 and popular1 endued   
with                #aj    prudence1    
patience1 instinctive tact and decision 
in conducting matters1 as well as       
boldness and    zeal4 ,such in a measure
 we may imagine the    single-minded1   
the intrepid1 the much-enduring         
,hildebrand1 who1 at a time when society
 was                        #ae         
forming itself anew1 was the saviour1   
humanly    speaking1 of the ,city of    
,god4 ,such1 in an earlier age1    was  
the majestic ,ambrose2 such the         
never-wearied ,athanasius4 ,these       
last-named    luminaries of the ,church 
came into public life early1            

#bj    and thus learned how to cope with
 the various    tempers1 views1 and     
measures of the men they    encountered 
there4 ,athanasius was but              
twenty-seven when he went with          
,alexander to the ,nicene    ,council1  
and the year after he was ,bishop of    
,alexandria4 ,ambrose was consecrated   
soon after                      #e      
the age of thirty4      ,again1 there is
 an instrument in the hand of           
,providence1 of less elaborate and      
splendid    workmanship1 less rich in   
its political endowments1    so to call 
them1 yet not less beautiful in its     
#aj    texture1 nor less precious in its
 material4 ,such is    the retired and  
thoughtful student1 who remains    years
 and years in the solitude of a college 
or a    monastery1 chastening his soul  
in secret1 raising    it to high thought
 and single-minded purpose1             
#ae    and when at length called into   
active life1    conducting himself with 
firmness1 guilelessness1 zeal    like a 

flaming fire1 and all the sweetness of  
purity    and integrity4 ,such an one is
 often unsuccessful    in his own day2  
he is too artless to persuade1 too      
#bj    severe to please2 unskilled in   
the weaknesses of    human nature1      
unfurnished in the resources of    ready
 wit1 negligent of men's applause1      
unsuspicious1 open-hearted1 he does his 
work1 and so    leaves it2 and it seems 
to die2 but in the                      
#be    generation after him it lives    
again1 and on the long run    it is     
difficult to say which of the two       
classes of    men has served the cause  
of truth the more    effectually4 ,such1
 perhaps1 was ,basil1 who issued    from
 the solitudes of ,pontus to rule like a
 king1                  #cj    and      
minister like the lowest in the kingdom2
 yet    to meet little but              
disappointment1 and to quit    life     
prematurely in pain and sorrow4 ,such   
was    his friend1 the accomplished     
,gregory1 however    different in other 

respects from him1 who left his         
father's roof for an heretical city1    
raised a church                #e       
there1 and was driven back into         
retirement by    his own people1 as soon
 as his triumph over the    false creed 
was secured4 ,such1 perhaps1 ,st4 ,peter
    ,damiani in the middle age2 such    
,st4 ,anselm1    such ,st4 ,edmund4 ,no 
comparison is1 of course1               
#aj    attempted here between the       
religious excellence    of the two      
descriptions of men2 each of them       
serves ,god according to the peculiar   
gifts given    to him4 ,if we might     
continue our instances    by way of     
comparison1 we should say that ,st4     
#ae    ,paul reminds us of the former1  
and ,jeremiah of    the latter4444      
,it often happens that men of very      
dissimilar    talents and tastes are    
attracted together by their    very     
dissimilitude4 ,they live in intimacy   
for a                    #bj    time1   
perhaps a long time1 till their         

circumstances    alter1 or some sudden  
event comes1 to try them4    ,then the  
peculiarities of their respective minds 
are brought out into action2 and        
quarrels ensue1    which end in coolness
 or separation4 ,it would               
#be    not be right or true to say that 
this is exemplified    in the instance  
of the two blessed ,apostles1 whose     
sharp contention is related in the ,book
 of    ,acts2 for they had been united  
in spirit once for    all by a ,divine  
gift2 and yet their strife reminds      
#cj    us of what takes place in life   
continually4 ,and it    so far resembled
 the everyday quarrels of friends1    in
 that it arose from difference of temper
 and    character in those favored      
servants of ,god4    ,the zealous heart 
of the ,apostle of the ,gentiles        
endured not the presence of one who had 
swerved                     #e    in his
 course2 the indulgent spirit of        
,barnabas    felt that a first fault    
ought not to be a last trial4    ,such  

are the two main characters which are   
found    in the ,church1--high energy1  
and sweetness of    temper2 far from    
incompatible1 of course1 united         
#aj    in ,apostles1 though in different
 relative    proportions1 yet only      
partially combined in ordinary          
,christians1 and often altogether parted
 from each    other4      ,this contrast
 of character1 leading1 first1 to       
#ae    intimacy1 then to differences1 is
 interestingly    displayed1 though     
painfully1 in one passage of the        
history of ,basil and ,gregory3 ,gregory
 the    affectionate1 the               
tender-hearted1 the man of quick        
feelings1 the accomplished1 the eloquent
                           #bj          
preacher1--and ,basil1 the man of firm  
resolve and hard    deeds1 the          
high-minded ruler of ,christ's flock1   
the diligent laborer in the field of    
ecclesiastical    politics4 ,thus they  
differed2 yet not as if they    had not 
much in common still2 both had the      

#be    blessing and the discomfort of a 
sensitive mind2    both were devoted to 
an ascetic life2 both were    men of    
classical tastes2 both were special     
champions of the ,catholic creed2 both  
were skilled    in argument1 and        
successful in their use of it2          
#cj    both were in highest place in the
 ,church1 the one    ,exarch of ,csarea1
 the other ,patriarch of                
,constantinople4 ,i will now attempt to 
sketch the    history of their intimacy4
        ,,ii      ,basil and ,gregory   
were both natives of    ,cappadocia1 but
 here1 again1 under different           
#e    circumstances2 ,basil was born of 
a good family1 and    with ,christian   
ancestors3 ,gregory was the son of      
the ,bishop of ,nazianzus1 who had been 
brought    up an idolater1 or rather an 
,hypsistarian1 a    mongrel sort of     
religionist1 part ,jew1 part ,pagan4    
#aj    ,he was brought over to          
,christianity by the efforts    of his  
wife ,nonna1 and at ,nazianzus admitted 

by    baptism into the ,church4 ,in     
process of time he    was made bishop of
 that city2 but not having a    very    
firm hold of the faith1 he was betrayed 
in                    #ae    #cfj into  
signing the ,ariminian creed1 which     
caused    him much trouble1 and from    
which at length his    son recovered    
him4 ,csarea being at no                
unsurmountable distance from ,nazianzus1
 the two    friends had known each other
 in their own country2                  
#bj    but their intimacy began at      
,athens1 whither    they separately     
repaired for the purposes of            
education4 ,this was about ,a4,d4 #cej1 
when each of    them was twenty-one     
years of age4 ,gregory    came to the   
seat of learning shortly before ,basil1 
#be    and thus was able to be his host 
and guide on his    arrival2 but fame   
had reported ,basil's merits    before  
he came1 and he seems to have made his  
way1 in a place of all others most      
difficult to a    stranger1 with a      

facility peculiar to himself4 ,he       
soon found himself admired and respected
 by    his fellow-students2 but ,gregory
 was his only    friend1 and shared with
 him the reputation of                  
#e    talents and attainments4 ,they    
remained at    ,athens four or five     
years2 and1 at the end of that    time1 
made the acquaintance of ,julian1 since 
of    evil name in history as the       
,apostate4 ,gregory    thus describes in
 after life his early intimacy          
#aj    with ,basil3        ,athens and  
letters followed on my stage2           
,others may tell how ,i encountered     
them2--      ,how in the fear of ,god1  
and foremost found      ,of those who   
knew a more than mortal lore2--         
#ae      ,and how1 amid the venture and 
the rush      ,of maddened youth with   
youth in rivalry1      ,my tranquil     
course ran like some fabled spring1     
,which bubbles fresh beneath the turbid 
brine2      ,not drawn away by those who
 lure to ill1                           

#bj      ,but drawing dear ones to the  
better part4      ,there1 too1 ,i gained
 a further gift of ,god1      ,who made 
me friends with one of wisdom high1     
,without compeer in learning and in     
life4      ,ask ye his name8--in sooth1 
'twas ,basil1 since                     
#be      ,my life's great gain1--and    
then my fellow dear      ,in home1 and  
studious search1 and knowledge earned4  
,may ,i not boast how in our day we     
moved      ,a truest pair1 not without  
name in ,greece2      ,had all things   
common1 and one only soul               
#cj      ,in lodgment of a double       
outward frame8      ,our special bond1  
the thought of ,god above1      ,and the
 high longing after holy things4        
,and each of us was bold to trust in    
each1      ,unto the emptying of our    
deepest hearts2      ,and then we loved 
the more1 for sympathy      ,pleaded in 
each1 and knit the twain in one4        
,the friends had been educated for      
rhetoricians1    and their oratorical   

powers were such1 that they             
#e    seemed to have every prize in     
prospect which a    secular ambition    
could desire4 ,their names were    known
 far and wide1 their attainments        
acknowledged by enemies1 and they       
themselves personally    popular in     
their circle of acquaintance4 ,it was   
#aj    under these circumstances that   
they took the    extraordinary          
resolution of quitting the world        
together1--extraordinary the world calls
 it1    utterly perplexed to find that  
any conceivable    objects can1 by any  
sane person1 be accounted               
#ae    better than its own gifts and    
favors4 ,they    resolved to seek       
baptism of the ,church1 and to          
consecrate their gifts to the service of
 the ,giver4    ,with characters of mind
 very different--the    one grave1 the  
other lively2 the one desponding1       
#bj    the other sanguine2 the one with 
deep feelings1    the other with        
feelings acute and warm2--they    agreed

 together in holding1 that the things   
that    are seen are not to be compared 
to the things that    are not seen4     
,they quitted the world1 while it       
#be    entreated them to stay4          
,what passed when they were about to    
leave    ,athens represents as in a     
figure the parting which    they and the
 world took of each other4 ,when    the 
day of valediction arrived1 their       
companions                   #cj    and 
equals1 nay1 some of their tutors1 came 
about    them1 and resisted their       
departure by entreaties1    arguments1  
and even by violence4 ,this occasion    
showed1 also1 their respective          
dispositions2 for    the firm ,basil    
persevered1 and went2 the               
tender-hearted ,gregory was softened1   
and stayed awhile              #e       
longer4 ,basil1 indeed1 in spite of the 
reputation    which attended him1 had1  
from the first1 felt    disappointment  
with the celebrated abode of            
philosophy and literature2 and seems to 

have given up    the world from a simple
 conviction of its emptiness4           
#aj      ,he1 says ,gregory1 according  
to the way of human    nature1 when1 on 
suddenly falling in with what we hoped  
to be greater1 we find it less than its 
fame1 experienced    some such feeling1 
began to be sad1 grew impatient1 and    
could not congratulate himself on his   
place of residence4          #ae    ,he 
sought an object which hope had drawn   
for him2    and he called ,athens       
'hollow blessedness4'      ,gregory     
himself1 on the contrary1 looked at     
things more cheerfully2 as the          
succeeding    sentences show4           
#bj      ,thus ,basil2 but ,i removed   
the greater part of his    sorrow1      
meeting it with reason1 and smoothing it
 with    reflections1 and saying 7what  
was most true7 that    character is not 
at once understood1 nor except by long  
time    and perfect intimacy2 nor are   
studies estimated1 by                #be
    those who are submitted to them1 on 

a brief trial and    by slight evidence4
 ,thus ,i reassured him1 and by         
continual trials of each other1 ,i bound
 myself to him4      --,orat4 #dc4      
,,iii      ,yet ,gregory had inducements
 of his own to                          
#cj    leave the world1 not to insist on
 his love of ,basil's    company4 ,his  
mother had devoted him to ,god1    both 
before and after his birth2 and when he 
was    a child he had a remarkable      
dream1 which made    a great impression 
upon him4      ,while ,i was asleep1 he 
says in one of his poems1               
#e    which runs thus in prose1 a dream 
came to me1 which    drew me readily to 
the desire of chastity4 ,two virgin     
forms1 in white garments1 seemed to     
shine close to me4    ,both were fair   
and of one age1 and their ornament lay  
in their want of ornament1 which is a   
woman's beauty4              #aj    ,no 
gold adorned their neck1 nor jacinth2   
nor had they    the delicate spinning of
 the silkworm4 ,their fair robe    was  

bound with a girdle1 and it reached down
 to their    ankles4 ,their head and    
face were concealed by a veil1    and   
their eyes were fixed on the ground4    
,the fair glow             #ae    of    
modesty was on both of them1 as far as  
could be seen    under their thick      
covering4 ,their lips were closed in    
silence1 as the rose in its dewy leaves4
 ,when ,i saw    them1 ,i rejoiced much2
 for ,i said that they were far    more 
than mortals4 ,and they in turn kept    
kissing me1               #bj    while  
,i drew light from their lips1 fondling 
me as a dear    son4 ,and when ,i asked 
who and whence the women    were1 the   
one answered1 ',purity1' the other1     
',sobriety'2    ',we stand by ,christ1  
the ,king1 and delight in the beauty    
of the celestial virgins4 ,come1 then1  
child1 unite thy             #be    mind
 to our mind1 thy light to our light2 so
 shall we carry    thee aloft in all    
brightness through the air1 and place   
thee by the radiance of the immortal    

,trinity4'          --,carm4 p4 #icj4   
,he goes on to say1 that he never lost  
the                          #cj        
impression this made upon him1 as a     
spark of    heavenly fire1 or a taste of
 divine milk and    honey4      ,as far1
 then1 as these descriptions go1 one    
might    say that ,gregory's abandonment
 of the world    arose from an early    
passion1 as it may be called1    for a  
purity higher than his own nature2 and  
,basil's1 from a profound sense of the  
world's    nothingness and the world's  
defilements4 ,both                      
#e    seem to have viewed it as a sort  
of penitential    exercise1 as well as a
 means towards perfection4      ,when   
they had once resolved to devote        
themselves to the service of religion1  
the question    arose1 how they might   
best improve and employ                 
#aj    the talents committed to them4   
,somehow1 the    idea of marrying and   
taking orders1 or taking    orders and  
marrying1 building or improving their   

parsonages1 and showing forth the       
charities1 the    humanities1 and the   
gentilities of a family man1            
#ae    did not suggest itself to their  
minds4 ,they fancied    that they must  
give up wife1 children1 property1    if 
they would be perfect2 and1 this being  
taken    for granted1 that their choice 
lay between two    modes of life1 both  
of which they regarded as               
#bj    extremes4 ,here1 then1 for a     
time1 they were in    some perplexity4  
,gregory speaks of two ascetic          
disciplines1 that of the solitary or    
hermit1 and that    of the secular2#bg  
one of which1 he says1 profits    a     
man's self1 the other his neighbor4     
,midway1                      #be       
however1 between these lay the          
,coenobite1 or    what we commonly call 
the monastic2 removed    from the world1
 yet acting in a certain select         
circle4 ,and this was the rule which the
 friends    at length determined to     
adopt1 withdrawing from                 

#cj    mixed society in order to be of  
the greater service    to it4        #bg
 ,greek3 azyges and ,greek3 migades4    
,the following is the passage in which  
,gregory    describes the life which was
 the common choice    of both of them3  
#e      ,fierce was the whirlwind of my 
storm-toss'd mind1    ,searching1'mid   
holiest ways1 a holier still4    ,long  
had ,i nerved me1 in the depths to sink 
,thoughts of the flesh1 and then more   
strenuously4    ,yet1 while ,i gazed    
upon diviner aims1                      
#aj    ,i had not wit to single out the 
best3    ,for1 as is aye the wont in    
things of earth1    ,each had its evil1 
each its nobleness4    ,i was the       
pilgrim of a toilsome course1    ,who   
had o'erpast the waves1 and now look'd  
round1                  #ae    ,with    
anxious eye1 to track his road by land4 
,then did the awful ,thesbite's image   
rise1    ,his highest ,carmel1 and his  
food uncouth2    ,the ,baptist wealthy  
in his solitude2    ,and the            

unencumbered sons of ,jonadab4          
#bj    ,but soon ,i felt the love of    
holy books1    ,the spirit beaming      
bright in learned lore1    ,which       
deserts could not hear1 nor silence     
tell4    ,long was the inward strife1   
till ended thus3--    ,i saw1 when men  
lived in the fretful world1             
#be    ,they vantaged other men1 but    
risked the while    ,the calmness and   
the pureness of their hearts4    ,they  
who retired held an uprighter port1     
,and raised their eyes with quiet       
strength towards heaven2    ,yet served 
self only1 unfraternally4               
#cj    ,and so1 'twixt these and those1 
,i struck my path1    ,to meditate with 
the free solitary1    ,yet to live      
secular1 and serve mankind4             
,,augustine ,,and ,,the ,,vandals       
,the just perisheth1 and no man layeth  
it to heart2 and men of       mercy are 
taken away1 for there is none to        
understand2 for the just       man is   
taken away from before the face of evil4

        ,i      ,i began by directing   
the reader's attention to    the labors 
of two great bishops1 who restored      
the faith of ,christianity where it had 
long been    obscured4 ,now1 ,i will put
 before him1 by way    of contrast1 a   
scene of the overthrow of               
#e    religion1--the extinction of a    
candlestick1--effected1 too1    by      
champions of the same heretical creed   
which    ,basil and ,gregory            
successfully resisted4 ,it will    be   
found in the history of the last days of
 the    great ,augustine1 ,bishop of    
,hippo1 in ,africa4                     
#aj    ,the truth triumphed in the ,east
 by the power of    preaching2 it was   
extirpated in the ,south by the    edge 
of the sword4      ,though it may not be
 given us to appropriate    the         
prophecies of the ,apocalypse to the    
real                       #ae    events
 to which they belong1 yet it is        
impossible    to read its inspired      
pages1 and then to turn to    the       

dissolution of the ,roman empire1       
without    seeing a remarkable          
agreement1 on the whole1    between the 
calamities of that period and the       
#bj    sacred prediction4 ,there is a   
plain announcement    in the inspired   
page1 of ,woe1 woe1 woe1 to    the      
inhabitants of the earth2 an            
announcement    of hail and fire mingled
 with blood1 the    conflagration of    
trees and green grass1 the              
destruction of ships1 the darkening of  
the sun1 and the             #e         
poisoning of the rivers over a third of 
their course4    ,there is a clear      
prophecy of revolutions on the    face  
of the earth and in the structure of    
society4    ,and1 on the other hand1 let
 us observe how fully    such general   
foretokenings are borne out1 among      
#aj    other passages of history1 in the
 ,vandalic    conquest of ,africa4      
,the coast of ,africa1 between the great
 desert    and the ,mediterranean1 was  
one of the most    fruitful and opulent 

portions of the ,roman world4           
#ae    ,the eastern extremity of it was 
more especially    connected with the   
empire1 containing in it    ,carthage1  
,hippo1 and other towns1 celebrated as  
being sees of the ,christian ,church1 as
 well as    places of civil importance4 
,in the spring of the                   
#bj    year #dbh1 the ,vandals1 ,arians 
by creed1 and    barbarians by birth and
 disposition1 crossed the    ,straits of
 ,gibraltar1 and proceeded along this   
fertile district1 bringing with them    
devastation    and captivity on every   
side4 ,they abandoned                   
#be    themselves to the most savage    
cruelties and    excesses4 ,they        
pillaged1 ravaged1 burned1    massacred 
all that came in their way1 sparing not 
even    the fruit trees1 which might    
have afforded some    poor food to the  
remnant of the population1 who          
#cj    had escaped from them into caves1
 the recesses    of the mountains1 or   
into vaults4 ,twice did this            

desolating pestilence sweep over the    
face of the    country4      ,the fury  
of the ,vandals was especially exercised
    towards the memorials of religion4  
,churches1                        #e    
cemeteries1 monasteries1 were objects of
 their    fiercest hatred and most      
violent assaults4 ,they    broke into   
the places of worship1 cut to pieces all
    internal decorations1 and then set  
fire to them4    ,they tortured bishops 
and clergy with the hope of             
#aj    obtaining treasure4 ,the names of
 some of the    victims of their        
ferocity are preserved4 ,mansuetus1     
,bishop of ,utica1 was burnt alive2     
,papinianus1    ,bishop of ,vite1 was   
laid upon red-hot plates of    iron4    
,this was near upon the time when the   
#ae    third ,general ,council was      
assembling at ,ephesus1    which1 from  
the insecure state of the roads1 and    
the universal misery which reigned among
 them1    the ,african bishops were     
prevented from    attending4 ,the       

,clergy1 the religious brotherhoods1 the
             #bj    holy virgins1 were  
scattered all over the country4    ,the 
daily sacrifice was stopped1 the        
sacraments    could not be obtained1 the
 festivals of the ,church    passed     
unnoticed4 ,at length1 only three cities
    remained unvisited by the general   
#be    desolation1--,carthage1 ,hippo1  
and ,cirtha4        ,,ii      ,hippo was
 the see of ,st4 ,austin1 then          
seventy-four years of age 7forty almost 
of which had been    passed in          
ministerial labors71 and warned1 by     
the law of nature1 of the approach of   
dissolution4    ,it was as if the light 
of prosperity and peace    were fading  
away from the ,african ,church1 as      
sank the bodily powers of its great     
earthly    ornament and stay4 ,at this  
time1 when the terrors                  
#e    of the barbaric invasion spread on
 all sides1 a    bishop wrote to him to 
ask whether it was allowable    for the 
ruler of a ,church to leave the scene of

 his    pastoral duties in order to save
 his life4    ,different opinions had   
heretofore been expressed on            
#aj    this question4 ,in ,augustine's  
own country    ,tertullian had          
maintained that flight was unlawful1    
but he was a ,montanist when he so      
wrote4 ,on    the other hand1 ,cyprian  
had actually fled1 and    had defended  
his conduct when questioned by          
#ae    the clergy of ,rome4 ,his        
contemporaries1    ,dionysius of        
,alexandria1 and ,gregory of ,neocsarea1
    had fled also2 as had ,polycarp     
before them1 and    ,athanasius after   
them4      ,athanasius also had to      
defend his flight1 and he               
#bj    defended it1 in a work still     
extant1 thus3 ,first1    he observes1 it
 has the sanction of numerous           
,scripture precedents4 ,thus1 in the    
instance of    confessors under the old 
covenant1 ,jacob fled    from ,esau1    
,moses from ,pharao1 ,david from ,saul2 
#be    ,elias concealed himself from    

,achab three years1    and the sons of  
the prophets were hid by ,abdias    in a
 cave from ,jezebel4 ,in like manner    
under    the ,gospel1 the disciples hid 
themselves for fear    of the ,jews1 and
 ,st4 ,paul was let down in a basket    
#cj    over the wall at ,damascus4 ,on  
the other hand1    no instance can be   
adduced of overboldness and             
headstrong daring in the saints of      
,scripture4    ,but our ,lord ,himself  
is the chief exemplar of    fleeing from
 persecution4 ,as a child in arms ,he   
had to flee into ,egypt4 ,when ,he      
returned1 ,he                        #e 
still shunned ,judea1 and retired to    
,nazareth4    ,after raising ,lazarus1  
on the ,jews seeking ,his    life1 ,he  
walked no more openly among them1    but
 retreated to the neighborhood of the   
desert4    ,when they took up stones to 
cast at ,him1 ,he                       
#aj    hid ,himself2 when they attempted
 to cast ,him    down headlong1 ,he made
 ,his way through them2    when ,he     

heard of the ,baptist's death1 ,he      
retired    across the lake into a desert
 place1 apart4 ,if it    be said that   
,he did so1 because ,his time was not   
#ae    yet come1 and that when it was   
come1 ,he    delivered up ,himself1 we  
must ask1 in reply1 how a    man can    
know that his time is come1 so as to    
have a right to act as ,christ acted8   
,and since    we do not know1 we must   
have patience2 and1                     
#bj    till ,god by ,his own act        
determines the time1 we    must wander  
in sheepskins and goatskins1    rather  
than take the matter into our own hands2
    as even ,saul1 the persecutor1 was  
left by ,david    in the hands of ,god1 
whether ,he would strike                
#be    him1 or his day should come to   
die1 or he should    go down to battle  
and perish4      ,if ,god's servants1   
proceeds ,athanasius1 have    at any    
time presented themselves before their  
persecutors1 it was at ,god's command3  
thus ,elias                   #cj       

showed himself to ,achab2 so did the    
prophet    from ,juda1 to ,jeroboam2 and
 ,st4 ,paul appealed    to ,csar4       
,flight1 so far from implying           
cowardice1 requires often greater       
courage than not to    flee4 ,it is a   
greater trial of heart4 ,death is an    
end of all trouble2 he who flees is ever
 expecting                  #e    death1
 and dies daily4 ,job's life was not to 
be    touched by ,satan1 yet was not his
 fortitude    shown in what he suffered8
 ,exile is full of    miseries4 ,the    
after-conduct of the saints showed      
they had not fled for fear4 ,jacob1 on  
his                          #aj        
death-bed1 contemned death1 and blessed 
each of the    twelve ,patriarchs2      
,moses returned1 and    presented       
himself before ,pharao2 ,david was a    
valiant warrior2 ,elias rebuked ,achab  
and    ,ochazias2 ,peter and ,paul1 who 
had once hid                         #ae
    themselves1 offered themselves to   
martyrdom at    ,rome4 ,and so          

acceptable was the previous    flight of
 these men to ,almighty ,god1 that we   
read of ,his showing them some special  
favor    during it4 ,then it was that   
,jacob had the                          
#bj    vision of ,angels2 ,moses saw the
 burning bush2    ,david wrote his      
prophetic ,psalms2 ,elias raised    the 
dead1 and gathered the people on ,mount 
,carmel4 ,how would the ,gospel ever    
have been    preached throughout the    
world1 if the ,apostles                 
#be    had not fled8 ,and1 since their  
time1 those1 too1    who have become    
martyrs1 at first fled2 or1 if they     
advanced to meet their persecutors1 it  
was by    some secret suggestion of the 
,divine ,spirit4 ,but1    above all1    
while these instances abundantly        
#cj    illustrate the rule of duty in   
persecution1 and the    temper of mind  
necessary in those who observe    it1 we
 have that duty itself declared in a    
plain    precept by no other than our   
,lord3 ,when they    shall persecute you

 in this city1 ,he says1 flee    into   
another2 and let them that are in ,judea
                      #e    flee unto   
the mountains4      ,thus argues the    
great ,athanasius1 living in    spirit  
with the saints departed1 while full of 
labor and care here on earth4 ,for the  
arguments on the other side1 let us turn
 to a writer1              #aj    not   
less vigorous in mind1 but less subdued 
in    temper4 ,thus writes ,tertullian  
on the same    subject1 then a          
,montanist1 a century and a half        
earlier3 ,nothing happens1 he says1     
without    ,god's will4 ,persecution is 
sent by ,him1 to put                    
#ae    ,his servants to the test2 to    
divide between good    and bad3 it is a 
trial2 what man has any right    to     
interfere8 ,he who gives the prize1     
alone can    assign the combat4         
,persecution is more than    permitted1 
it is actually appointed by ,almighty   
#bj    ,god4 ,it does the ,church much  
good1 as leading    ,christians to      

increased seriousness while it lasts4   
,it comes and goes at ,god's ordering4  
,satan    could not touch ,job1 except  
so far as ,god gave    permission4 ,he  
could not touch the ,apostles1          
#be    except as far as an opening was  
allowed in the    words1 ,satan hath    
desired to have you1 but ,i    have     
prayed for thee1 ,peter1 and thou1 being
    once converted1 confirm thy         
brethren4 ,we    pray1 ,lead us not into
 temptation1 but deliver                
#cj    us from evil2 why1 if we may     
deliver ourselves8    ,satan is         
permitted access to us1 either for      
punishment1 as in ,saul's case1 or for  
our chastisement4    ,since the         
persecution comes from ,god1 we may     
not lawfully avoid it1 nor can we avoid 
it4 ,we    cannot1 because ,he is all   
powerful2 we must not1                  
#e    because ,he is all good4 ,we      
should leave the    matter entirely to  
,god4 ,as to the command of    fleeing  
from city to city1 this was temporary4  

,it    was intended to secure the       
preaching of the    ,gospel to the      
nations4 ,while the ,apostles preached  
#aj    to the ,jews1--till they had     
preached to the    ,gentiles1--they were
 to flee2 but one might as    well      
argue1 that we now are not to go into   
the    way of the ,gentiles1 but to     
confine ourselves    to the lost sheep  
of the house of ,israel1 as that        
#ae    we are now to flee from city to  
city4 ,nor1    indeed1 was going from   
city to city a flight2 it was    a      
continued preaching2 not an accident1   
but a    rule3 whether persecuted or    
not1 they were to go    about2 and      
before they had gone through the        
#bj    cities of ,israel1 the ,lord was 
to come4 ,the    command contemplated   
only those very cities4    ,if ,st4     
,paul escaped out of ,damascus by night1
    yet afterwards1 against the prayers 
of the disciples    and the prophecy of 
,agabus1 he went up to                  
#be    ,jerusalem4 ,thus the command to 

flee did not last    even through the   
lifetime of the ,apostles2 and1         
indeed1 why should ,god introduce       
persecution1    if ,he bids us retire   
from it8 ,this is imputing              
inconsistency to ,his acts4 ,if we want 
texts to                     #cj        
justify our not fleeing1 ,he says1      
,whoso shall    confess ,me before men1 
,i will confess him before    ,my       
,father4 ,blessed are they that suffer  
persecution2 ,he that shall persevere to
 the end1    he shall be saved2 ,be not 
afraid of them that    kill the body2   
,whosoever does not carry his           
#e    cross and come after ,me1 cannot  
be ,my disciple4    ,how are these texts
 fulfilled when a man flees8    ,christ1
 who is our pattern1 did not more than  
pray1 ,if it be possible1 let this      
chalice pass2    we1 too1 should both   
stay and pray as ,he did4               
#aj    ,and it is expressly told us1    
that ,we also ought    to lay down our  
lives for the brethren4 ,again1 it    is

 said1 ,perfect charity casteth out     
fear2 he    who flees1 fears2 he who    
fears1 is not perfected    in charity4  
,the ,greek proverb is sometimes        
#ae    urged1 ,he who flees1 will fight 
another day2    yes1 and he may flee    
another day1 also4 ,again1    if        
bishops1 priests1 and deacons flee1 why 
must    the laity stay8 or must they    
flee also8 ,the    good shepherd1 on the
 contrary1 layeth down                  
#bj    his life for his sheep2 whereas1 
the bad shepherd    seeth the wolf      
coming1 and leaveth the sheep1    and   
fleeth4 ,at no time1 as ,jeremiah1      
,ezekiel1    and ,zechariah tell us1 is 
the flock in greater    danger of being 
scattered than when it loses its        
#be    shepherd4 ,tertullian ends thus3 
,this doctrine1 my    brother1 perhaps  
appears to you hard2 nay1               
intolerable4 ,but recollect that ,god   
has said1 ',he    that can take1 let him
 take it2' that is1 he who    receives  
it not1 let him depart4 ,he who fears to

                   #cj    suffer cannot 
belong to ,him who has suffered4    ,he 
who does not fear to suffer is perfect  
in love1    that is1 of ,god4 ,many are 
called1 few are chosen4    ,not he who  
would walk the broad way is sought      
out by ,god1 but he who walks the       
narrow4    ,thus the ingenious and      
vehement ,tertullian4                   
#e        ,,iii      ,with these remarks
 for and against flight in              
persecution1 we shall be prepared to    
listen to    ,augustine on the subject2 
,i have said1 it was    brought under   
his notice by a brother bishop1    with 
reference to the impending visitation of
 the                  #aj    barbarians4
 ,his answer happily is preserved to    
us1 and extracts from it shall now be   
set before    the reader4        ,,to   
,,his ,,holy ,,brothers ,,and           
,,fellow-,,bishop ,,honoratus1          
,,augustine ,,sends       ,,health ,,in 
,,the ,,lord      ,i thought the copy of
 my letter to our brother               

,quodvultdeus1 which ,i sent to you1    
would have been                 #ae     
sufficient1 dear brother1 without the   
task you put on me    of counseling you 
on the proper course to pursue under    
our existing dangers4 ,it was certainly 
a short letter2    yet ,i included every
 question which it was necessary to     
ask and answer1 when ,i said that no    
persons were                   #bj      
hindered from retiring to such fortified
 places as they were    able and        
desirous to secure2 while1 on the other 
hand1 we    might not break the bonds of
 our ministry1 by which    the love of  
,christ has engaged us not to desert the
 ,church1    where we are bound to      
serve4 ,the following is what ,i        
#be    laid down in the letter ,i refer 
to3 ',it remains1 then1'    ,i say1     
'that1 though ,god's people in the place
 where we    are be ever so few1 yet1 if
 it does stay1 we1 whose ministration   
is necessary to its staying1 must say to
 the ,lord1    ,thou art our strong rock

 and place of defense4'      ,but you   
tell me that this view is not sufficient
 for    you1 from an apprehension lest  
we should be running    counter to our  
,lord's command and example1 to flee    
#e    from city to city4 ,yet is it     
conceivable that ,he meant    that our  
flocks1 whom ,he bought with ,his own   
blood1    should be deprived of that    
necessary ministration    without which 
they cannot live8 ,is ,he a precedent   
for    this1 who was carried in flight  
into ,egypt by ,his parents          #aj
    when but a child1 before ,he had    
formed ,churches which    we can talk of
 ,his leaving8 ,or1 when ,st4 ,paul was 
let    down in a basket through a       
window1 lest the enemy    should seize  
him1 and so escaped his hands1 was the  
,church    of that place bereft of its  
necessary ministration1 seeing          
#ae    there were other brethren        
stationed there to fulfill what    was  
necessary8 ,evidently it was their wish 
that he1    who was the direct object of

 the persecutors' search1    should     
preserve himself for the sake of the    
,church4    ,let then1 the servants of  
,christ1 the ministers of ,his          
#bj    word and sacraments1 do in such  
cases as ,he enjoined    or permitted4  
,let such of them1 by all means1 flee   
from    city to city1 as are special    
objects of persecution2 so    that they 
who are not thus attacked desert not the
    ,church1 but give meat to those     
their fellow-servants1              #be 
who they know cannot live without it4   
,but in a case    when all classes--,i  
mean bishops1 clergy1 and    people--are
 in some common danger1 let not those   
who need the    aid of others be        
deserted by those whom they need4       
,either    let one and all remove into  
some fortified place1 or1 if            
#cj    any are obliged to remain1 let   
them not be abandoned    by those who   
have to supply their ecclesiastical     
necessity1    so that they may survive  
in common1 or suffer in common    what  

their ,father decrees they should       
undergo4      ,then he makes mention of 
the argument of a                       
#ce    certain bishop1 that if our ,lord
 has enjoined    upon us flight1 in     
persecutions which may ripen    into    
martyrdom1 much more is it necessary to 
flee from barren sufferings in a        
barbarian and    hostile invasion1 and  
he says1 this is true and    reasonable1
 in the case of such as have no         
#e    ecclesiastical office to tie them2
 but he continues3      ,why should men 
make no question about obeying    the   
precept of fleeing from city to city1   
and yet have    no dread of 'the        
hireling who seeth the wolf coming1 and 
fleeth1 because he careth not for the   
sheep'8 ,why do               #aj       
they not try to reconcile 7as they      
assuredly can7 these    two             
incontrovertible declarations of our    
,lord1 one of    which suffers and      
commands flight1 the other arraigns     
and condemns it8 ,and what other mode is

 there of    reconciling them than that 
which ,i have above laid down8          
#ae    viz41 that we1 the ministers of  
,christ1 who are under the    pressure  
of persecution1 are then at liberty to  
leave our    posts1 when no flock is    
left for us to serve2 or again1    when1
 though there be a flock1 yet there are 
others to    supply our necessary       
ministry1 who have not the same         
#bj    reason for fleeing1--as in the   
case of ,st4 ,paul2 or1    again1 of the
 holy ,athanasius1 bishop of            
,alexandria1    who was especially      
sought after by the emperor             
,constantius1 while the ,catholic       
people1 who remained    together in     
,alexandria1 were in no measure deserted
 by the         #be    other ministers4 
,but when the people remain1 and the    
ministers flee1 and the ministration is 
suspended1 what    is that but the      
guilty flight of hirelings1 who care not
 for    the sheep8 ,for then the wolf   
will come1--not man1 but    the devil1  

who is accustomed to persuade such      
believers            #cj    to apostasy1
 who are bereft of the daily            
ministration of    the ,lord's ,body2   
and by your1 not knowledge1 but         
ignorance of duty1 the weak brother will
 perish1 for whom    ,christ died4      
,let us only consider1 when matters come
 to an                     #ce          
extremity of danger1 and there is no    
longer any means    of escape1 how      
persons flock together to the ,church1  
of    both sexes1 and all ages1 begging 
for baptism1 or    reconciliation1 or   
even for works of penance1 and one and  
all of them for consolation1 and the    
consecration and               #e       
application of the sacraments4 ,now1 if 
ministers are    wanting1 what ruin     
awaits those1 who depart from this      
life unregenerate or unabsolved6        
,consider the grief    of their         
believing relatives1 who will not have  
them as    partakers with themselves in 
the rest of eternal life2               

#aj    consider the anguish of the whole
 multitude1 nay1 the    cursings of some
 of them1 at the absence of ministration
    and ministers4      ,it may be said1
 however1 that the ministers of ,god    
ought to avoid such imminent perils1 in 
order to                   #ae          
preserve themselves for the profit of   
the ,church for more    tranquil times4 
,i grant it where others are present to 
supply the ecclesiastical ministry1 as  
in the case of    ,athanasius4 ,how     
necessary it was to the ,church1 how    
beneficial1 that such a man should      
remain in the flesh1 the        #bj     
,catholic faith bears witness1 which was
 maintained    against the ,arians by   
his voice and his love4 ,but when       
there is a common danger1 and when there
 is rather    reason to apprehend lest a
 man should be thought to    flee1 not  
from purpose of prudence1 but from dread
 of              #be    dying1 and when 
the example of flight does more harm    
than the service of living does good1 it

 is by no means    to be done4 ,to be   
brief1 holy ,david withdrew himself     
from the hazard of war1 lest perchance  
he should 'quench    the light of       
,israel1' at the instance of his people1
 not on        #cj    his own motion4   
,otherwise1 he would have occasioned    
many imitators of an inactivity which   
they had in that    case ascribed1 not  
to regard for the welfare of others1    
but to cowardice4      ,then he goes on 
to a further question1 what is          
#ce    to be done in a case where all   
ministers are likely    to perish1      
unless some of them take to flight8 or  
when persecution is set on foot only    
with the view    of reaching the        
ministers of the ,church8 ,this    leads
 him to exclaim3      ,o1 that there may
 be then a quarrel between ,god's       
#e    ministers1 who are to remain1 and 
who to flee1 lest the    ,church should 
be deserted1 whether by all fleeing or  
all    dying6 ,surely there will ever be
 such a quarrel1 where    each party    

burns in its own charity1 yet indulges  
the    charity of the other4 ,in such a 
difficulty1 the lot seems          #aj  
the fairest decision1 in default of     
others4 ,god judges    better than man  
in perplexities of this sort2 whether it
    be ,his will to reward the holier   
among them with the    crown of         
martyrdom1 and to spare the weak1 or    
again1    to strengthen the latter to   
endure evil1 removing those             
#ae    from life whom the ,church of    
,god can spare the better4    ,should   
it1 however1 seem inexpedient to cast   
lots1--a measure for which ,i cannot    
bring precedent1--at    least1 let no   
one's flight be the cause of the        
,church's    losing those ministrations 
which1 in such dangers1 are             
#bj    so necessary and so imperative4  
,let no one make    himself an          
exception1 on the plea of having some   
particular    grace1 which gives him a  
claim to life1 and therefore to         
flight4      ,it is sometimes supposed  

that bishops and clergy1                
#be    remaining at their posts in      
dangers of this kind1 mislead    their  
flocks into staying1 by their example4  
,but it is    easy for us to remove this
 objection or imputation1 by    frankly 
telling them not to be misled by our    
remaining4    ',we are remaining for    
your sake1' we must say1 'lest you      
#cj    should fail to obtain such       
ministration1 as we know to    be       
necessary to your salvation in ,christ4 
,make your    escape1 and you will then 
set us free4' ,the occasion for         
saying this is when there seems some    
real advantage in    retiring to a safer
 position4 ,should all or some make     
#ce    answer1 ',we are in ,his hands   
from whose anger no one    can flee     
anywhere2 whose mercy every one may find
    everywhere1 though he stir not1     
whether some necessary    tie detains   
him1 or the uncertainty of safe escape  
deters    him'2 most undoubtedly such   
persons are not to be    left destitute 

of ,christian ministrations4            
#e      ,i have written these lines1    
dearest brother1 in truth1    as ,i     
think1 and in sure charity1 by way of   
reply1 since you    have consulted me2  
but not as dictating1 if1 perchance1    
you may find some better view to guide  
you4 ,however1    better we cannot do in
 these perils than pray the ,lord       
#aj    our ,god to have mercy upon      
us4--,ep4 #bbh4        ,,iv      ,the   
luminous judgment1 the calm faith1 and  
the single-minded devotion which this   
letter    exhibits1 were fully          
maintained in the conduct of    the     
far-famed writer1 in the events which   
#ae    followed4 ,it was written on the 
first entrance of    the ,vandals into  
,africa1 about two years before    they 
laid siege to ,hippo2 and during this   
interval of dreadful suspense and       
excitement1 as well    as of actual     
suffering1 amid the desolation of the   
#bj    ,church around him1 with the     
prospect of his own    personal trials1 

we find this unwearied teacher          
carrying on his works of love by pen1   
and word    of mouth1--eagerly1 as      
knowing his time was    short1 but      
tranquilly1 as if it were a season of   
#be    prosperity4444      ,his life had
 been for many years one of great       
anxiety and discomfort1 the life of one 
dissatisfied    with himself1 and       
despairing of finding the truth4    ,men
 of ordinary minds are not so           
circumstanced                     #cj   
as to feel the misery of irreligion4    
,that misery    consists in the         
perverted and discordant action    of   
the various faculties and functions of  
the soul1    which have lost their      
legitimate governing power1    and are  
unable to regain it1 except at the hands
                    #e    of their      
,maker4 ,now the run of irreligious men 
do not suffer in any great degree from  
this    disorder1 and are not miserable2
 they have neither    great talents nor 
strong passions2 they have not    within

 them the materials of rebellion in such
                     #aj    measure as  
to threaten their peace4 ,they follow   
their own wishes1 they yield to the bent
 of the    moment1 they act on          
inclination1 not on principle1    but   
their motive powers are neither strong  
nor    various enough to be troublesome4
 ,their minds                      #ae  
are in no sense under rule2 but anarchy 
is not in    their case a state of      
confusion1 but of deadness2    not      
unlike the internal condition as it is  
reported    of eastern cities and       
provinces at present1 in    which1      
though the government is weak or null1  
#bj    the body politic goes on without 
any great    embarrassment or collision 
of its members one with    another1 by  
the force of inveterate habit4 ,it is   
very different when the moral and       
intellectual    principles are vigorous1
 active1 and developed4                 
#be    ,then1 if the governing power be 
feeble1 all the    subordinates are in  

the position of rebels in arms2    and  
what the state of a mind is under such  
circumstances1 the analogy of a civil   
community will    suggest to us4 ,then  
we have before us the                   
#cj    melancholy spectacle of high     
aspirations without    an aim1 a hunger 
of the soul unsatisfied1 and a    never 
ending restlessness and inward warfare  
of    its various faculties4 ,gifted    
minds1 if not    submitted to the       
rightful authority of religion1         
become the most unhappy and the most    
mischievous4                   #e       
,they need both an object to feed upon1 
and the    power of self-mastery2 and   
the love of their    ,maker1 and nothing
 but it1 supplies both the one    and   
the other4 ,we have seen in our own day1
 in    the case of a popular poet1 an   
impressive instance                 #aj 
of a great genius throwing off the fear 
of ,god1    seeking for happiness in the
 creature1 roaming    unsatisfied from  
one object to another1 breaking    his  

soul upon itself1 and bitterly          
confessing and    imparting his         
wretchedness to all around him4         
#ae    ,i have no wish at all to compare
 him to ,st4    ,augustine2 indeed1 if  
we may say it without    presumption1   
the very different termination of their 
trial    seems to indicate some great   
difference in their    respective modes 
of encountering it4 ,the one            
#bj    dies of premature decay1 to all  
appearance1 a    hardened infidel2 and  
if he is still to have a name1    will  
live in the mouths of men by writings at
 once    blasphemous and immoral3 the   
other is a ,saint    and ,doctor of the 
,church4 ,each makes                    
#be    confessions1 the one to the      
saints1 the other to the    powers of   
evil4 ,and does not the difference of   
the two discover itself in some measure1
 even to    our eyes1 in the very       
history of their wanderings    and      
pinings8 ,at least1 there is no         
appearance in                   #cj     

,st4 ,augustine's case of that dreadful 
haughtiness1    sullenness1 love of     
singularity1 vanity1 irritability1      
and misanthropy1 which were too         
certainly the    characteristics of our 
own countryman4    ,augustine was1 as   
his early history shows1 a man of       
affectionate and tender feelings1 and   
open and                      #e        
amiable temper2 and1 above all1 he      
sought for some    excellence external  
to his own mind1 instead of             
concentrating all his contemplations on 
himself4      ,but let us consider what 
his misery was2 it    was that of a mind
 imprisoned1 solitary1 and wild         
#aj    with spiritual thirst2 and forced
 to betake itself    to the strongest   
excitements1 by way of relieving        
itself of the rush and violence of      
feelings1 of which    the knowledge of  
the ,divine ,perfections was the    true
 and sole sustenance4 ,he ran into      
excess1                      #ae    not 
from love of it1 but from this fierce   

fever of    mind4 ,i sought what ,i     
might love1#bh he says    in his        
,confessions1 in love with loving1 and  
safety    ,i hated1 and a way without   
snares4 ,for within    me was a famine  
of that inward food1 ,thyself1          
#bj    my ,god2 yet throughout that     
famine ,i was not    hungered1 but was  
without any longing for    incorruptible
 sustenance1 not because filled         
therewith1    but the more empty1 the   
more ,i loathed it4 ,for    this cause  
my soul was sickly and full of sores2 it
                #be    miserably cast   
itself forth1 desiring to be scraped    
by the touch of objects of sense4--iii4 
,i4       #bh ,most of these            
translations are from the ,oxford       
edition of #ahch4      ,o foolish man   
that ,i then was1 he says elsewhere1    
enduring impatiently the lot of man6 ,so
 ,i fretted1    sighed1 wept1 was       
distracted2 had neither rest nor        
counsel4 ,for ,i bore about a shattered 
and bleeding    soul1 impatient of being

 borne by me1 yet where to repose    it 
,i found not2 not in calm groves1 nor in
 games and    music1 nor in fragrant    
spots1 nor in curious banquetings1      
#e    nor in indulgence of the bed and  
the couch1 nor1 finally1 in    books or 
poetry found it repose4 ,all things     
looked ghastly1    yea1 the very light4 
,in groaning and tears alone found    ,i
 a little refreshment4 ,but when my soul
 was withdrawn    from them1 a huge load
 of misery weighed me down4             
#aj    ,to ,thee1 ,o ,lord1 it ought to 
have been raised1 for ,thee    to       
lighten2 ,i knew it1 but neither could1 
nor would2    the more1 since when ,i   
thought of ,thee1 ,thou wast not    to  
me any solid or substantial thing4 ,for 
,thou wert not    ,thyself1 but a mere  
phantom1 and my error was my ,god4      
#ae    ,if ,i offered to discharge my   
load thereon1 that it might    rest1 it 
glided through the void1 and came       
rushing down    against me2 and ,i had  
remained to myself a hapless    spot1   

where ,i could neither be1 nor be from  
thence4 ,for    whither should my heart 
flee from my heart8 whither             
#bj    should ,i flee from myself8      
whither not follow myself8    ,and yet  
,i fled out of my country2 for so should
 mine    eyes look less for him1 where  
they were not wont to see    him4--iv4  
#ab4      ,he is speaking in this last  
sentence of a friend he                 
#be    had lost1 whose death-bed was    
very remarkable1    and whose dear      
familiar name he apparently has    not  
courage to mention4 ,he had grown from a
    child with me1 he says1 and we had  
been both    schoolfellows and          
playfellows4 ,augustine had             
#cj    misled him into the heresy which 
he had adopted    himself1 and when he  
grew to have more and more    sympathy  
in ,augustine's pursuits1 the latter    
united    himself to him in a closer    
intimacy4 ,scarcely had    he thus given
 him his heart1 when ,god took him4     
#ce      ,thou tookest him1 he says1 out

 of this life1 when he    had scarce    
completed one whole year of my          
friendship1    sweet to me above all    
sweetness in that life of mine4    ,a   
long while1 sore sick of a fever1 he lay
 senseless in the    dews of death1 and 
being given over1 he was baptized       
#e    unwitting2 ,i1 meanwhile little   
regarding1 or presuming    that his soul
 would retain rather what it had        
received    of me than what was wrought 
on his unconscious body4      ,the      
,manichees1 it should be observed1      
rejected    baptism4 ,he proceeds3      
#aj      ,but it proved far otherwise2  
for he was refreshed    and restored4   
,forthwith1 as soon as ,i could speak   
with    him 7and ,i could as soon as he 
was able1 for ,i never left    him1 and 
we hung but too much upon each other71  
,i    essayed to jest with him1 as      
though he would jest with               
#ae    me at that baptism1 which he had 
received1 when    utterly absent in mind
 and feeling1 but had now understood    

that he had received4 ,but he shrunk    
from me1 as from    an enemy2 and with a
 wonderful and sudden freedom    bade   
me1 if ,i would continue his friend1    
forbear such              #bj           
language to him4 ,i1 all astonished and 
amazed1    suppressed all my emotions   
till he should grow well1 and his       
health were strong enough for me to deal
 with him as ,i    would4 ,but he was   
taken away from my madness1 that    with
 ,thee he might be preserved for my     
comfort3 a few              #be    days 
after1 in my absence1 he was attacked   
again by    fever1 and so departed4--iv4
 #h4        ,v      ,from distress of   
mind ,augustine left his native         
place1 ,thagaste1 and came to ,carthage1
 where he    became a teacher in        
rhetoric4 ,here he fell in              
#cj    with ,faustus1 an eminent        
,manichean bishop and    disputant1 in  
whom1 however1 he was    disappointed2  
and the disappointment abated his       
attachment to his sect1 and disposed him

 to look    for truth elsewhere4        
,disgusted with the license    which    
prevailed among the students at         
,carthage1                     #e    he 
determined to proceed to ,rome1 and     
disregarding and eluding the entreaties 
of his mother1    ,monica1 who dreaded  
his removal from his own    country1 he 
went thither4 ,at ,rome he resumed      
his professions2 but inconveniences as  
great1                      #aj         
though of another kind1 encountered him 
in that    city2 and upon the people of 
,milan sending for a    rhetoric reader1
 he made application for the            
appointment1 and obtained it4 ,to ,milan
 then he    came1 the city of ,st4      
,ambrose1 in the year of our            
#ae    ,lord #che4      ,ambrose1 though
 weak in voice1 had the    reputation of
 eloquence2 and ,augustine1 who seems   
to have gone with introductions to him1 
and was    won by his kindness of       
manner1 attended his                    
#bj    sermons with curiosity and       

interest4 ,i listened1    he says1 not  
in the frame of mind which became    me1
 but in order to see whether his        
eloquence    answered what was reported 
of it3 ,i hung on his    words          
attentively1 but of the matter ,i was   
but an                  #be             
unconcerned and contemptuous hearer4--v4
 #bc4    ,his impression of his style of
 preaching is worth    noticing3 ,i was 
delighted with the sweetness    of his  
discourse1 more full of knowledge1 yet  
in    manner less pleasurable and       
soothing1 than that                     
#cj    of ,faustus4 ,augustine was      
insensibly moved3    he determined on   
leaving the ,manichees1 and    returning
 to the state of a catechumen in the    
,catholic ,church1 into which he had    
been admitted    by his parents4 ,he    
began to eye and muse upon    the great 
bishop of ,milan more and more1 and     
tried                  #e    in vain to 
penetrate his secret heart1 and to      
ascertain the thoughts and feelings     

which swayed him4    ,he felt he did not
 understand him4 ,if the    respect and 
intimacy of the great could make    a   
man happy1 these advantages he perceived
                         #aj    ,ambrose
 to possess2 yet he was not satisfied   
that    he was a happy man4 ,his        
celibacy seemed a    drawback3 what     
constituted his hidden life8 or    was  
he cold at heart8 or was he of a        
famished    and restless spirit8 ,he    
felt his own malady1 and                
#ae    longed to ask him some questions 
about it4 ,but    ,ambrose could not    
easily be spoken with4 ,though          
accessible to all1 yet that very        
circumstance    made it difficult for an
 individual1 especially one    who was  
not of his flock1 to get a private      
#bj    interview with him4 ,when he was 
not taken up with    the ,christian     
people who surrounded him1 he    was    
either at his meals or engaged in       
private    reading4 ,augustine used to  
enter1 as all persons    might1 without 

being announced2 but after              
#be    staying awhile1 afraid of        
interrupting him1 he    departed again4 
,however1 he heard his expositions    of
 ,scripture every ,sunday1 and gradually
 made    progress4      ,he was now in  
his thirtieth year1 and since he        
#cj    was a youth of eighteen had been 
searching after    truth2 yet he was    
still in the same mire1 greedy of       
things present1 but finding nothing     
stable4      ,to-morrow1 he said to     
himself1 ,i shall find it2 it    will   
appear manifestly1 and ,i shall grasp   
it3 lo1 ,faustus    the ,manichee will  
come and clear everything6 ,o you       
#e    great men1 ye academics1 is it    
true1 then1 that no    certainty can be 
attained for the ordering of life8 ,nay1
    let us search diligently1 and       
despair not4 ,lo1 things in    the      
ecclesiastical books are not absurd to  
us now1 which    sometimes seemed       
absurd1 and may be otherwise taken      
#aj    and in a good sense4 ,i will take

 my stand where1 as a    child1 my      
parents placed me1 until the clear truth
 be    found out4 ,but where shall it be
 sought1 or when8    ,ambrose has no    
leisure2 we have no leisure to read2    
where shall we find even the books8     
where1 or when1                #ae      
procure them8 ,let set times be         
appointed1 and    certain hours be      
ordered for the health of our soul4     
,great    hope has dawned2 the ,catholic
 faith teaches not what    we thought2  
and do we doubt to knock1 that the rest 
may be opened8 ,the forenoons1 indeed1  
our scholars                 #bj    take
 up2 what do we during the rest of our  
time8 why    not this8 ,but if so1 when 
pay we court to our great    friend1    
whose favors we need8 when compose what 
we    may sell to scholars8 when refresh
 ourselves1 unbending    our minds from 
this intenseness of care8               
#be      ,perish everything3 dismiss we 
these empty    vanities2 and betake     
ourselves to the one search for truth6  

,life is a poor thing1 death is         
uncertain2 if it surprises    us1 in    
what state shall we depart hence8 and   
when shall    we learn what here we have
 neglected8 and shall we not            
#cj    rather suffer the punishment of  
this negligence8 ,what    if death      
itself cut off and end all care and     
feeling8    ,then must this be          
ascertained4 ,but ,god forbid this6     
,it is no vain and empty thing1 that the
 excellent dignity    of the ,christian 
faith has overspread the whole world4   
#ce    ,never would such and so great   
things be wrought for    us by ,god1 if 
with the body the soul also came to an  
end4 ,wherefore delay then to abandon   
worldly hopes1    and give ourselves    
wholly to seek after ,god and the       
blessed life8444      ,finding ,ambrose1
 though kind and accessible1            
#e    yet reserved1 he went to an aged  
man named    ,simplician1 who1 as some  
say1 baptized ,st4    ,ambrose1 and     
eventually succeeded him in his    see4 

,he opened his mind to him1 and         
happening in the course of his          
communications to                   #aj 
mention ,victorinus's translation of    
some ,platonic    works1 ,simplician    
asked him if he knew that    person's   
history4 ,it seems he was a professor of
    rhetoric at ,rome1 was well versed  
in literature and    philosophy1 had    
been tutor to many of the               
#ae    senators1 and had received the   
high honor of a statue    in the ,forum4
 ,up to his old age he had    professed1
 and defended with his eloquence1 the   
old    pagan worship4 ,he was led to    
read the ,holy    ,scriptures1 and was  
brought1 in consequence1 to             
#bj    a belief in their divinity4 ,for 
a while he did not    feel the necessity
 of changing his profession2 he         
looked upon ,christianity as a          
philosophy1 he    embraced it as such1  
but did not propose to join    what he  
considered the ,christian sect1 or1 as  
#be    ,christians would call it1 the   

,catholic ,church4    ,he let           
,simplician into his secret2 but        
whenever    the latter pressed him to   
take the step1 he was    accustomed to  
ask1 whether walls made a    ,christian4
 ,however1 such a state could not       
#cj    continue with a man of earnest   
mind3 the leaven    worked2 at length he
 unexpectedly called upon    ,simplician
 to lead him to church4 ,he was         
admitted a catechumen1 and in due time  
baptized1    ,rome wondering1 the       
,church rejoicing4 ,it    was customary 
at ,rome for the candidates for         
#e    baptism to profess their faith    
from a raised place    in the church1 in
 a set form of words4 ,an offer    was  
made to ,victorinus1 which was not      
unusual    in the case of bashful and   
timid persons1 to make    his profession
 in private4 ,but he preferred to       
#aj    make it in the ordinary way4 ,i  
was public    enough1 he made answer1 in
 my profession of    rhetoric1 and ought
 not to be frightened when    professing

 salvation4 ,he continued the school    
which he had before he became a         
,christian1 till                    #ae 
the edict of ,julian forced him to close
 it4 ,this    story went to ,augustine's
 heart1 but it did not    melt it4      
,there was still the struggle of two    
wills1    the high aspiration and the   
habitual inertness4    ,his conversion  
took place in the summer of #chf4       
#bj           99       99       99      
99       99      ,he gives an account of
 the termination of the    conflict he  
underwent3      ,at length burst forth a
 mighty storm1 bringing    a mighty     
flood of tears2 and to indulge it to the
 full    even unto cries1 in solitude1  
,i rose up from ,alypius1 444           
#be    who perceived from my choked     
voice how it was with    me4 ,he        
remained where we had been sitting1 in  
deep    astonishment4 ,i threw myself   
down under a fig tree1 ,i    know not   
how1 and allowing my tears full vent1   
offered    up to ,thee the acceptable   

sacrifice of my streaming eyes4         
#cj      ,and ,i cried out to this      
effect3 ',and ,thou1 ,o ,lord1    how   
long1 how long1 ,lord1 wilt ,thou be    
angry8    ,forever8 ,remember not our   
old sins6' for ,i felt that they    were
 my tyrants4 ,i cried out1 piteously1   
',how long8    how long8 to-morrow and  
to-morrow8 why not now8                 
#e    why not in this very hour put an  
end to this my vileness8'    ,while ,i  
thus spoke1 with tears1 in the bitter   
contrition    of my heart1 suddenly ,i  
heard a voice1 as if from a house       
near me1 of a boy or girl chanting forth
 again and again1    ',,take ,,up ,,and 
,,read1 ,,take ,,up ,,and ,,read6'      
,changing                     #aj       
countenance at these words1 ,i began    
intently to think    whether boys used  
them in any game1 but could not         
recollect that ,i had ever heard them4  
,i left weeping and    rose up1         
considering it a divine intimation to   
open the    ,scriptures and read what   

first presented itself4 ,i had          
#ae    heard that ,antony had come in   
during the reading of the    ,gospel1   
and had taken to himself the admonition1
 ',go1    sell all that thou hast1'     
etc41 and had turned to ,thee at        
once1 in consequence of that oracle4 ,i 
had left ,st4    ,paul's volume where   
,alypius was sitting1 when ,i rose      
#bj    thence4 ,i returned thither1     
seized it1 opened1 and read    in       
silence the following passage1 which    
first met my eyes1    ',not in rioting  
and drunkenness1 not in chambering and  
impurities1 not in contention and envy1 
but put ye on the    ,lord ,jesus       
,christ1 and make not provision for the 
flesh in         #be    its             
concupiscences4' ,i had neither desire  
nor need to    read farther4 ,as ,i     
finished the sentence1 as though the    
light of peace had been poured into my  
heart1 all the    shadows of doubt      
dispersed4 ,thus hast ,thou converted   
me to ,thee1 so as no longer to seek    

either for wife or             #cj      
other hope of this world1 standing fast 
in that rule of    faith in which ,thou 
so many years before hadst revealed     
me to my mother4--viii4 #bf-cj4         
,the last words of this extract relate  
to a dream    which his mother had had  
some years before1                      
#ce    concerning his conversion4 ,on   
his first turning    ,manichee1         
abhorring his opinions1 she would not   
for a while even eat with him1 when she 
had this    dream1 in which she had an  
intimation that where    she stood1     
there ,augustine should one day be      
with her4 ,at another time she derived  
great                         #e        
comfort from the casual words of a      
bishop1 who1    when importuned by her  
to converse with her    son1 said at    
length with some impatience1 ,go    thy 
ways1 and ,god bless thee1 for it is not
 possible    that the son of these tears
 should perish6                         
#aj    would be out of place1 and is    

perhaps unnecessary1    to enter here   
into the affecting and well-known       
history of her tender anxieties and     
persevering    prayers for ,augustine4  
,suffice it to say1 she saw    the      
accomplishment of them2 she lived till  
#ae    ,augustine became a ,catholic2   
and she died on her way    back to      
,africa with him4 ,her last words were1 
,lay this body anywhere2 let not the    
care of it    in any way distress you2  
this only ,i ask1 that    wherever you  
be1 you remember me at the ,altar       
#bj    of the ,lord4      ,may she1 says
 her son1 in dutiful remembrance of     
her words1 rest in peace with her       
husband1 before and    after whom she   
never had any2 whom she obeyed1 with    
patience bringing forth fruit unto      
,thee1 that she might            #be    
win him also unto ,thee4 ,and inspire1  
,o ,lord my ,god1    inspire ,thy       
servants1 my brethren1--,thy sons1 my   
masters1--whom1 in heart1 voice1 and    
writing ,i serve1    that so many as    

read these confessions1 may at ,thy     
altar    remember ,monica1 ,thy         
handmaid1 with ,patricius1 her          
#cj    sometime husband1 from whom ,thou
 broughtest me into    this life2 how1  
,i know not4 ,may they with pious       
affection    remember those who were my 
parents in this    transitory light1--my
 brethren under ,thee1 our ,father1     
in our ,catholic ,mother1--my           
fellow-citizens in the    eternal       
,jerusalem1 after which ,thy pilgrim    
people sigh    from their going forth   
unto their return3 that so1 her         
#e    last request of me may in the     
prayers of many receive    a            
fulfillment1 through my confessions1    
more abundant    than through my        
prayers4--ix4 #cg4           99       99
       99       99       99             
,,chrysostom      ,,introductory        
,i confess to a delight in reading the  
lives1 and    dwelling on the characters
 and actions1 of the    ,saints of the  
first ages1 such as ,i receive from none

    besides them2 and for this reason1  
because we    know so much more about   
them than about most                    
#e    of the ,saints who come after     
them4 ,people are    variously          
constituted2 what influences one does   
not influence another4 ,there are       
persons of    warm imaginations1 who can
 easily picture to    themselves what   
they never saw4 ,they can at            
#aj    will see ,angels and ,saints     
hovering over them    when they are in  
church2 they see their    lineaments1   
their features1 their motions1 their    
gestures1 their smile or their grief4   
,they can go    home and draw what they 
have seen1 from the                     
#ae    vivid memory of what1 while it   
lasted1 was so    transporting4 ,i am   
not one of such2 ,i am touched    by my 
five senses1 by what my eyes behold and 
my ears hear4 ,i am touched by what ,i  
read    about1 not by what ,i myself    
create4 ,as faith                       
#bj    need not lead to practice1 so in 

me mere    imagination does not lead to 
devotion4 ,i gain more    from the life 
of our ,lord in the ,gospels than from  
a treatise de ,deo4 ,i gain more from   
three verses    of ,st4 ,john than from 
the three points of a    meditation4 ,i 
like a ,spanish crucifix of painted wood
    more than one from ,italy1 which is 
made of gold4    ,i am more touched by  
the ,seven ,dolors than by    the       
,immaculate ,conception2 ,i am more     
devout                         #e    to 
,st4 ,gabriel than to one of ,isaiah's  
seraphim4    ,i love ,st4 ,paul more    
than one of those first    ,carmelites1 
his contemporaries1 whose names and acts
    no one ever heard of2 ,i feel       
affectionately towards    the           
,alexandrian ,dionysius1 ,i do homage to
 ,st4                      #aj          
,george4 ,i do not say that my way is   
better than    another's2 but it is my  
way1 and an allowable    way4 ,and it is
 the reason why ,i am so specially      
attached to the ,saints of the third and

 fourth    century1 because we know so  
much about them4                        
#ae    ,this is why ,i feel a devout    
affection for ,st4    ,chrysostom4 ,he  
and the rest of them have    written    
autobiography on a large scale2 they    
have given us their own histories1 their
 thoughts1    words1 and actions1 in a  
number of goodly folios1                
#bj    productions which are in         
themselves some of their    meritorious 
works4444      ,the ,ancient ,saints    
have left behind them just    that kind 
of literature which more than any other 
represents the abundance of the heart1  
which                       #be    more 
than any other approaches to            
conversation2    ,i mean correspondence4
 ,why is it that we feel    an interest 
in ,cicero which we cannot feel in      
,demosthenes or ,plato8 ,plato is the   
very type    of soaring philosophy1 and 
,demosthenes of                         
#cj    forcible eloquence2 ,cicero is   
something more than    an orator and a  

sage2 he is not a mere ideality1 he     
is a man and a brother2 he is one of    
ourselves4    ,we do not merely believe 
it1 or infer it1 but we    have the     
enduring and living evidence of         
it--how8 ,in his letters4 ,he can be    
studied1                         #e     
criticised if you will2 but still dwelt 
upon and    sympathized with also4 ,now 
the case of the ,ancient    ,saints is  
parallel to that of ,cicero4 ,we have   
their    letters in a marvelous         
profusion4 ,we have    above #djj       
letters of ,st4 ,basil's2 above #bjj of 
#aj    ,st4 ,augustine's4 ,st4          
,chrysostom has left us    about #bdj2  
,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen the same       
number2 ,pope ,st4 ,gregory as many as  
#hdj4444      ,a ,saint's writings are  
to me his real ,life2    and what is    
called his ,life is not the outline     
#ae    of an individual1 but either of  
the auto-saint or    of a myth4 ,perhaps
 ,i shall be asked what ,i    mean by   
,life4 ,i mean a narrative which        

impresses the reader with the idea of   
moral unity1    identity1 growth1       
continuity1 personality4 ,when          
#bj    a ,saint converses with me1 ,i am
 conscious of the    presence of one    
active principle of thought1 one        
individual character1 flowing on and    
into the    various matters which he    
discusses1 and the    different         
transactions in which he mixes4 ,it is  
#be    what no memorials can reach1     
however skillfully    elaborated1       
however free from effort or study1      
however conscientiously faithful1       
however    guaranteed by the veracity of
 the writers4 ,why    cannot art rival  
the lily or the rose8 ,because the      
#cj    colors of the flower are         
developed and blended    by the force of
 an inward life2 while on the other     
hand1 the lights and shades of the      
painter are    diligently laid on from  
without4 ,a magnifying    glass will    
show the difference4 ,nor will it       
improve matters1 though not one only1   

but a dozen                   #e    good
 artists successively take part in the  
picture2    even if the outline is      
unbroken1 the coloring is    muddy4     
,commonly1 what is called the ,life1    
is little more than a collection of     
anecdotes brought    together from a    
number of independent quarters2         
#aj    anecdotes striking1 indeed1 and  
edifying1 but    valuable in themselves 
rather than valuable as parts    of a   
biography2 valuable whoever was the     
subject of them1 not valuable as        
illustrating a    particular ,saint4 ,it
 would be difficult to mistake          
#ae    for each other a paragraph of    
,st4 ,ambrose1 or of    ,st4 ,jerome1 or
 of ,st4 ,augustine2 it would be very   
easy to mistake a chapter in the life of
 one holy    missionary or nun for a    
chapter in the life of    another4      
#bj      ,an almsgiving here1 an        
instance of meekness    there1 a        
severity of penance1 a round of         
religious    duties1--all these things  

humble me1 instruct    me1 improve me2  
,i cannot desire anything    better of  
their kind2 but they do not necessarily 
#be    coalesce into the image of a     
person4 ,from such    works ,i do but   
learn to pay devotion to an    abstract 
and typical perfection under a certain  
particular name2 ,i do not know more of 
the real    ,saint who bore it than     
before4 ,saints1 as other               
#cj    men1 differ from each other in   
this1 that the    multitude of qualities
 which they have in    common are       
differently combined in each of them4   
,this forms one great part of their     
personality4    ,one ,saint is          
remarkable for fortitude2 not that    he
 has not other heroic virtues by        
concomitance1                  #e    as 
it may be called1 but by virtue of that 
one gift    in particular he has won his
 crown4 ,another is    remarkable for   
patient hope1 another for               
renunciation of the world4 ,such a      
particular virtue    may be said to give

 form to all the rest which are         
#aj    grouped round it1 and are molded 
and modified    by means of it4 ,thus it
 is that often what is    right in one  
would be wrong in another2 and1 in      
fact1 the very same action is allowed or
 chosen    by one1 and shunned by       
another1 as being                       
#ae    consistent or inconsistent with  
their respective    characters1--pretty 
much as in the combination of    colors1
 each separate tint takes a shade from  
the rest1 and is good or bad from its   
company4    ,the whole gives a meaning  
to the parts2 but it                    
#bj    is difficult to rise from the    
parts to the whole4    ,when ,i read    
,st4 ,augustine or ,st4 ,basil1 ,i hold 
converse with a beautiful               
grace-illumined soul1    looking out    
into this world of sense1 and leavening 
it with itself2 when ,i read a professed
 life of him1               #be    ,i am
 wandering in a labyrinth of which ,i   
cannot    find the center and heart1 and

 am but conducted    out of doors again 
when ,i do my best to penetrate         
within4      ,this seems to me1 to tell 
the truth1 a sort of                    
#cj    pantheistic treatment of the     
,saints4 ,i ask something    more than  
to stumble upon the disjecta    membra  
of what ought to be a living whole4 ,i  
take but a secondary interest in books  
which    chop up a ,saint into chapters 
of faith1 hope1    charity1 and the     
cardinal virtues4 ,they are too         
#e    scientific to be devotional4 ,they
 have their    great utility1 but it is 
not the utility which they    profess4  
,they do not manifest a ,saint1 they    
mince him into spiritual lessons4 ,they 
are    rightly called spiritual reading1
 that is just what                #aj   
they are1 and they cannot possibly be   
anything    better2 but they are not    
anything else4 ,they    contain a series
 of points of meditation on             
particular virtues1 made easier because 
those points    are put under the       

patronage and the invocation            
#ae    of a ,saint4 ,with a view to     
learning real    devotion to him1 ,i    
prefer 7speaking for myself7 to have    
any one action or event of his life     
drawn out    minutely1 with his own     
comments upon it1 than    a score of    
virtues1 or of acts of one virtue1      
strung               #bj    together in 
as many sentences4 ,now1 in the         
ancient writings ,i have spoken of1     
certain    transactions are thoroughly  
worked out4 ,we know all    that        
happened to a ,saint on such or such an 
occasion1 all that was done by him4 ,we 
have a view                 #be    of   
his character1 his tastes1 his natural  
infirmities1    his struggles and       
victories over them1 which in    no     
other way can be attained4 ,and         
therefore it    is that1 without        
quarreling with the devotion of         
others1 ,i give the preference to my    
own4                           #cj      
,here another great subject opens upon  

us1    when ,i ought to be bringing     
these remarks to    an end2 ,i mean the 
endemic perennial fidget    which       
possesses us about giving scandal2 facts
    are omitted in great histories1 or  
glosses are put    upon memorable acts1 
because they are thought                
#e    not edifying1 whereas of all      
scandals such    omissions1 such        
glosses1 are the greatest4 ,but ,i am   
getting far more argumentative than ,i  
thought    to be when ,i began2 so ,i   
lay my pen down1 and    retire into     
myself4                                 
#aj        ,i      ,john of ,antioch1   
from his sanctity and his    eloquence  
called ,chrysostom1 was approaching     
sixty years of age1 when he had to      
deliver himself    up to the imperial   
officers1 and to leave                  
,constantinople for a distant exile4 ,he
 had been the great          #ae        
preacher of the day now for nearly      
twenty years2    first at ,antioch1 then
 in the metropolis of the    ,east2 and 

his gift of speech1 as in the instance  
of    the two great classical orators   
before him1 was to    be his ruin4 ,he  
had made an ,empress his enemy1         
#bj    more powerful than               
,antipater1--as passionate1    if not so
 vindictive1 as ,fulvia4 ,nor was this  
all2    a zealous ,christian preacher   
offends not    individuals merely1 but  
classes of men1 and much more    so when
 he is pastor and ruler too1 and has to 
#be    punish as well as to denounce4   
,eudoxia1 the    ,empress1 might be     
taken off suddenly1--as    indeed she   
was taken off a few weeks after the     
,saint arrived at the place of exile1   
which she personally1         #cj    in 
spite of his entreaties1 had marked out 
for him2 but her death did but serve to 
increase    the violence of the         
persecution directed against    him4    
,she had done her part in it1 perhaps   
she    might have even changed her mind 
in his favor2                      #e   
probably the agitation of a bad         

conscience was1    in her critical      
condition1 the cause of her death4      
,she was taken out of the way2 but her  
partisans1    who had made use of her1  
went on vigorously    with the evil work
 which she had begun4 ,when             
#aj    ,cucusus would not kill him1 they
 sent him on his    travels anew1 across
 a far wilder country than he    had    
already traversed1 to a remote town on  
the    eastern coast of the ,euxine2 and
 he sank under    this fresh trial4     
#ae      ,the ,euxine6 that strange     
mysterious sea1    which typifies the   
abyss of outer darkness1 as    the blue 
,mediterranean basks under the smile of 
heaven in the center of civilization and
 religion4    ,the awful1 yet splendid  
drama of man's history                  
#bj    has mainly been carried on upon  
the    ,mediterranean shores2 while the 
,black ,sea has ever been    on the very
 outskirts of the habitable world1      
and the scene of wild unnatural         
portents2 with    legends of ,prometheus

 on the savage ,caucasus1               
#be    of ,medea gathering witch herbs  
in the moist    meadows of the ,phasis1 
and of ,iphigenia    sacrificing the    
shipwrecked stranger in ,taurica2 and   
then again1 with the more historical1   
yet not more    grateful visions of     
barbarous tribes1 ,goths1 ,huns1        
#cj    ,scythians1 ,tartars1 flitting   
over the steppes and    wastes which    
encircle its inhospitable waters4    ,to
 be driven from the bright cities and   
sunny    clime of ,italy or ,greece to  
such a region1 was    worse than death2 
and the luxurious ,roman    actually    
preferred death to exile4 ,the suicide  
#e    of ,gallus1 under this dread doom1
 is well known2    ,ovid1 too cowardly  
to be desperate1 drained out    the     
dregs of a vicious life on the cold     
marshes    between the ,danube and the  
sea4 ,i need scarcely    allude to the  
heroic ,popes who patiently lived on    
#aj    in the ,crimea1 till a martyrdom1
 in which they    had not part but the  

suffering1 released them4      ,but     
banishment was an immense evil in       
itself4    ,cicero1 even though he had  
liberty of person1 the    choice of a   
home1 and the prospect of a return1     
#ae    roamed disconsolate through the  
cities of ,greece1    because he was    
debarred access to the    senate-house  
and forum4 ,chrysostom had his own      
rostra1 his own curia2 it was the ,holy 
,temple1    where his eloquence gained  
for him victories not                   
#bj    less real1 and more momentous1   
than the    detection and overthrow of  
,catiline4 ,great as was    his gift of 
oratory1 it was not by the fertility of 
his imagination1 or the splendor of his 
diction    that he gained the surname of
 ,mouth of ,gold4                       
#be    ,we shall be very wrong if we    
suppose that fine    expressions1 or    
rounded periods1 or figures of          
speech1 were the credentials by which he
 claimed    to be the first doctor of   
the ,east4 ,his oratorical    power was 

but the instrument by which he          
#cj    readily1 gracefully1 adequately  
expressed--expressed    without effort  
and with felicity--the    keen feelings1
 the living ideas1 the earnest          
practical lessons which he had to       
communicate to his    hearers4 ,he      
spoke1 because his heart1 his head1     
were brimful of things to speak about4  
,his                          #e        
elocution corresponded to that strength 
and    flexibility of limb1 that        
quickness of eye1 hand1 and    foot1 by 
which a man excels in manly games or    
in mechanical skill4 ,it would be a     
great mistake1    in speaking of it1 to 
ask whether it was ,attic or            
#aj    ,asiatic1 terse or flowing1 when 
its distinctive    praise was that it   
was natural4 ,his unrivaled    charm1 as
 that of every really eloquent man1 lies
    in his singleness of purpose1 his   
fixed grasp of his    aim1 his noble    
earnestness4                            
#ae      ,a bright1 cheerful1 gentle    

soul2 a sensitive    heart1 a           
temperament open to emotion and         
impulse2 and all this elevated1 refined1
 transformed    by the touch of         
heaven1--such was ,st4 ,john            
,chrysostom2 winning followers1 riveting
                            #bj         
affections1 by his sweetness1 frankness1
 and neglect    of self4 ,in his labors1
 in his preaching1 he    thought of     
others only4 ,i am always in            
admiration of that thrice-blessed man1  
says an able    critic1#bi because he   
ever in all his writings puts           
#be    before him as his object1 to be  
useful to his    hearers2 and as to all 
other matters1 he either    simply put  
them aside1 or took the least possible  
notice of them4 ,nay1 as to his seeming 
ignorant    of some of the thoughts of  
,scripture1 or careless of              
#cj    entering into its depths1 and    
similar defects1 all    this he utterly 
disregarded in comparison of the        
profit of his hearers4        #bi       

,photius1 p4 #chg4      ,there was as   
little affectation of sanctity in his   
dress or living as there was effort in  
his eloquence4               #e    ,in  
his youth he had been one of the most   
austere    of men2 at the age of        
twenty-one1 renouncing    bright        
prospects of the world1 he had devoted  
himself to prayer and study of the      
,scriptures4    ,he had retired to the  
mountains near ,antioch1                
#aj    his native place1 and had lived  
among the monks4    ,this had been his  
home for six years1 and he had    chosen
 it in order to subdue the daintiness of
 his    natural appetite4 ,lately1 he   
wrote to a friend    at the             
time1--lately1 when ,i had made up my   
#ae    mind to leave the city and betake
 myself to the    tabernacle of the     
monks1 ,i was forever    inquiring and  
busying myself how ,i was to get a      
supply of provisions2 whether it would  
be possible    to procure fresh bread   
for my eating1 whether                  

#bj    ,i should be ordered to use the  
same oil for my    lamp and for my food1
 to undergo the hardship    of peas and 
beans1 or of severe toil1 such as       
digging1 carrying wood or water1 and the
 like2 in    a word1 ,i made much       
account of bodily comfort4#cj           
#be    ,such was the nervous anxiety and
 fidget of mind    with which he had    
begun3 but this rough    discipline soon
 effected its object1 and at length1    
even    by preference1 he took upon him 
mortifications    which at first were a 
trouble to him4 ,for the                
#cj    last two years of his monastic   
exercise1 he lived    by himself in a   
cave2 he slept1 when he did sleep1      
without lying down2 he exposed himself  
to the    extremities of cold4 ,at      
length he found he was    passing the   
bounds of discretion1 nature would      
#e    bear no more2 he fell ill1 and    
returned to the    city4        #cj ,ad 
,demetrium1 i4 #f4      ,a course of    
ascetic practice such as this would     

leave its spiritual effects upon him for
 life4 ,it    sank deep into him1 though
 the surface might                      
#aj    not show it4 ,his duty at        
,constantinople was to    mix with the  
world2 and he lived as others1    except
 as regards such restraints as his      
sacred    office and archiepiscopal     
station demanded of    him4 ,he wore    
shoes1 and an under garment2            
#ae    but his stomach was ever         
delicate1 and at meals    he was obliged
 to have his own dish1 such as it       
was1 to himself4 ,however1 he mixed     
freely with    all ranks of men2 and he 
made friends1    affectionate friends1  
of young and old1 men and women1        
#bj    rich and poor1 by condescending  
to all of every    degree4 ,how he was  
loved at ,antioch1 is shown    by the   
expedient used to transfer him thence to
    ,constantinople4 ,asterius1 count of
 the ,east1 had    orders to send for   
him1 and ask his company to a           
#be    church without the city4 ,having 

got him into    his carriage1 he drove  
off with him to the first    station on 
the highroad to ,constantinople1 where  
imperial officers were in readiness to  
convey him    thither4 ,thus he was     
brought upon the scene of               
#cj    those trials which have given him
 a name in history1    and a place in   
the catalogue of the ,saints4    ,at the
 imperial city he was as much followed1 
if    not as popular1 as at ,antioch4   
,the people    flocked to him1 says     
,sozomen1 as often as he    preached2   
some of them to hear what would         
#e    profit them1 others to make trial 
of him4 ,he    carried them away1 one   
and all1 and persuaded    them to think 
as he did about the ,divine ,nature4    
,they hung upon his words1 and could not
 have    enough of them2 so that1 when  
they thrust and                      #aj
    jammed themselves together in an    
alarming way1    every one making an    
effort to get nearer to him1    and to  
hear him more perfectly1 he took his    

seat    in the midst of them1 and taught
 from the pulpit    of the ,reader4#ca  
,he was1 indeed1 a man to make          
#ae    both friends and enemies2 to     
inspire affection1    and to kindle     
resentment2 but his friends loved    him
 with a love stronger than death1 and   
more burning than hell2 and it was well 
to be    so hated1 if he was so beloved4
                                    #bj 
#ca ,hist4 viii4 #e4      ,here he      
differs1 as far as ,i can judge1 from   
his    brother saints and doctors of the
 ,greek ,church1    ,st4 ,basil and ,st4
 ,gregory ,nazianzen4 ,they were        
scholars1 shy perhaps and reserved2 and 
though    they had not given up the     
secular state1 they were                
#be    essentially monks4 ,there is no  
evidence1 that ,i    remember1 to show  
that they attached men to    their      
persons4 ,they1 as well as ,john1 had a 
multitude of enemies2 and were regarded1
 the    one with dislike1 the other     
perhaps with contempt2                  

#cj    but they had not1 on the other   
hand1    warm1 eager1 sympathetic1      
indignant1 agonized    friends4 ,there  
is another characteristic in            
,chrysostom1 which perhaps gained for   
him this great    blessing4 ,he had1 as 
it would seem1 a vigor1                 
#e    elasticity1 and1 what may be      
called1 sunniness of    mind1 all his   
own4 ,he was ever sanguine1    seldom   
sad4 ,basil had a life-long malady1     
involving    continual gnawing pain and 
a weight of physical    dejection4 ,he  
bore his burden well and                
#aj    gracefully1 like the great ,saint
 he was1 as ,job bore his2    but it was
 a burden like ,job's4 ,he was a calm1  
mild1    grave1 autumnal day2 ,st4 ,john
 ,chrysostom was    a day in            
spring-time1 bright and rainy1 and      
glittering through its rain4 ,gregory   
was the full                  #ae       
summer1 with a long spell of pleasant   
stillness1 its    monotony relieved by  
thunder and lightning4    ,and ,st4     

,athanasius figures to us the stern     
persecuting winter1 with its wild winds1
 its dreary    wastes1 its sleep of the 
great mother1 and the                   
#bj    bright stars shining overhead4   
,he and    ,chrysostom have no points in
 common2 but ,gregory was    a dethroned
 ,archbishop of ,constantinople1 like   
,chrysostom1 and1 again1 dethroned by   
his    brethren the ,bishops4 ,like     
,basil1 too1 ,chrysostom was            
#be    bowed with infirmities of body2  
he was often ill2    he was thin and    
wizened2 cold was a misery to    him2   
heat affected his head2 he scarcely dare
    touch wine2 he was obliged to use   
the bath2    obliged to take exercise1  
or rather to be                         
#cj    continually on the move4 ,whether
 from a nervous or    febrile           
complexion1 he was warm in temper2 or   
at least1 at certain times1 his emotion 
struggled    hard with his reason4 ,but 
he had that noble    spirit which       
complains as little as possible2 which  

makes the best of things2 which soon    
recovers                       #e    its
 equanimity1 and hopes on in            
circumstances    when others sink down  
in despair4444        ,,ii      ,whence 
is this devotion to ,st4 ,john          
,chrysostom1 which leads me to dwell    
upon the thought of    him1 and makes me
 kindle at his name1 when so            
#aj    many other great ,saints1 as the 
year brings round    their festivals1   
command indeed my veneration1    but    
exert no personal claim upon my heart8  
,many holy men have died in exile1 many 
holy    men have been successful        
preachers2 and what                     
#ae    more can we write upon ,st4      
,chrysostom's    monument than this1    
that he was eloquent and that he        
suffered persecution8 ,he is not an     
,athanasius1    expounding a sacred     
dogma with a luminousness    which is   
almost an inspiration2 nor is he        
#bj    ,athanasius1 again1 in his       
romantic life-long adventures1    in his

 sublime solitariness1 in his ascendency
 over    all classes of men1 in his     
series of triumphs over    material     
force and civil tyranny4 ,nor1 except   
by the contrast1 does he remind us of   
that                         #be        
,ambrose who kept his ground obstinately
 in an    imperial city1 and fortified  
himself against the    heresy of a court
 by the living rampart of a    devoted  
population4 ,nor is he ,gregory or      
,basil1    rich in the literature and   
philosophy of ,greece1    and           
embellishing the ,church with the spoils
 of    heathenism4 ,again1 he is not an 
,augustine1    devoting long years to   
one masterpiece of thought1             
#e    and laying1 in successive         
controversies1 the    foundations of    
theology4 ,nor is he a ,jerome1 so dead 
to    the world that he can imitate the 
point and wit    of its writers without 
danger to himself or    scandal to his  
brethren4 ,he has not trampled upon     
#aj    heresy1 nor smitten emperors1 nor

 beautified the    house or the service 
of ,god1 nor knit together the          
portions of ,christendom1 nor founded a 
religious    order1 nor built up the    
framework of doctrine1 nor    expounded 
the science of the ,saints2 yet ,i love 
#ae    him1 as ,i love ,david or ,st4   
,paul4      ,how am ,i to account for   
it8 ,it has not    happened to me1 as it
 might happen to many a man1    that ,i 
have devoted time and toil to the study 
of    his writings or of his history1   
and cry up that                    #bj  
upon which ,i have made an outlay1 or   
love what    has become familiar to me4 
,cases may occur    when our admiration 
for an author is only    admiration of  
our own comments on him1 and when    our
 love of an old acquaintance is only our
 love                   #be    of old   
times4 ,for me1 ,i have not written the 
life of ,chrysostom1 nor translated his 
works1 nor    studied ,scripture in his 
exposition1 nor forged    weapons of    
controversy out of his sayings or his   

doings4 ,nor is his eloquence of a kind 
to carry                    #cj    any  
one away who has ever so little         
knowledge    of the oratory of ,greece  
and ,rome4 ,it is not    force of words1
 nor cogency of argument1 nor    harmony
 of composition1 nor depth or richness  
of    thought1 which constitute his     
power1--whence1    then1 has he this    
influence1 so mysterious1 yet so        
#e    strong8      ,i consider ,st4     
,chrysostom's charm to lie in his       
intimate sympathy and compassionateness 
for    the whole world1 not only in its 
strength1 but in    its weakness2 in the
 lively regard with which he            
#aj    views everything that comes      
before him1 taken    in the concrete1   
whether as made after its own    kind or
 as gifted with a nature higher than its
    own4 ,not that any religious        
man--above all1    not that any         
,saint--could possibly contrive to      
#ae    abstract the love of the work    
from the love of    its ,maker1 or could

 feel a tenderness for earth    which   
did not spring from devotion to heaven2 
or as if he would not love everything   
just in that    degree in which the     
,creator loves it1 and                  
#bj    according to the measure of gifts
 which the ,creator    has bestowed upon
 it1 and preminently for the            
,creator's sake4 ,but this is the       
characteristic    of all ,saints2 and ,i
 am speaking1 not of what ,st4          
,chrysostom had in common with others1  
but what                     #be    he  
had special to himself2 and this        
specialty1 ,i    conceive1 is the       
interest which he takes in all          
things1 not so far as ,god has made them
 alike1    but as ,he has made them     
different from each    other4 ,i speak  
of the discriminating                   
#cj    affectionateness with which he   
accepts every one for what is           
personal in him and unlike others4 ,i   
speak of his    versatile recognition of
 men1 one by one1 for the    sake of    

that portion of good1 be it more or     
less1    of a lower order or a higher1  
which has severally    been lodged in   
them2 his eager contemplation of        
#e    the many things they do1 effect1  
or produce1 of    all their great works1
 as nations or as states2    nay1 even  
as they are corrupted or disguised by   
evil1 so far as that evil may in        
imagination be    disjoined from their  
proper nature1 or may be                
#aj    regarded as a mere material      
disorder apart from    its formal       
character of guilt4 ,i speak of the     
kindly spirit and the genial temper with
 which    he looks round at all things  
which this    wonderful world contains2 
of the graphic fidelity with            
#ae    which he notes them down upon the
 tablets of    his mind1 and of the     
promptitude and propriety    with which 
he calls them up as arguments or        
illustrations in the course of his      
teaching as the    occasion requires4   
,possessed though he be by              

#bj    the fire of ,divine charity1 he  
has not lost one    fiber1 he does not  
miss one vibration1 of the              
complicated whole of human sentiment and
 affection2    like the miraculous bush 
in the desert1 which1 for    all the    
flame that wrapt it round1 was not      
thereby                 #be    consumed4
      ,such1 in a transcendent          
perfection1 was the    gaze1 as we may  
reverently suppose1 with which    the   
loving ,father of all surveyed in       
eternity that    universe even in its   
minutest details which ,he              
#cj    had decreed to create1 such the  
loving pity with    which ,he spoke the 
word when the due moment    came1 and   
began to mold the finite1 as ,he        
created it1 in ,his infinite hands2 such
 the watchful    solicitude with which  
he now keeps ,his    catalogue of the   
innumerable birds of heaven1 and        
#e    counts day by day the very hairs  
of our head and    the alternations of  
our breathing4 ,such1 much    more1 is  

the awful contemplation with which ,he  
encompasses incessantly every one of    
those souls    on whom ,he heaps ,his   
mercies here1 in order                  
#aj    to make them the intimate        
associates of ,his own    eternity      
hereafter4 ,and we too1 in our measure1 
are bound to imitate ,him in our exact  
and vivid    apprehension of ,himself   
and of ,his works4 ,as to    ,himself1  
we love ,him1 not simply in ,his nature1
                    #ae    but in ,his  
triple personality1 lest we become mere 
pantheists4 ,and so1 again1 we choose   
our patron    ,saints1 not for what they
 have in common with    each other 7else
 there could be no room for choice    at
 all71 but for what is peculiar to them 
severally4               #bj    ,that   
which is my warrant1 therefore1 for     
particular    devotions at all1 becomes 
itself my reason for    devotion to ,st4
 ,john ,chrysostom4 ,in him ,i          
recognize a special pattern of that very
 gift of    discrimination4 ,he may     

indeed be said in some sense to         
#be    have a devotion of his own for   
every one who    comes across him1--for 
persons1 ranks1 classes1    callings1   
societies1 considered as ,divine works  
and    the subjects of his good offices 
or good will1 and    therefore ,i have a
 devotion for him4                      
#cj      ,it is this observant          
benevolence which gives to    his       
exposition of ,scripture its chief      
characteristic4    ,he is known in      
ecclesiastical literature as the        
expounder1 above all others1 of its     
literal sense4    ,now in mystical      
comments the direct object which    the 
writer sets before him is the ,divine   
,author                     #e          
,himself of the written ,word4 ,such a  
writer    sees in ,scripture1 not so    
much the works of ,god1    as ,his      
nature and attributes2 the ,teacher more
    than the definite teaching1 or its  
human    instruments1 with their drifts 
and motives1 their courses          #aj 

of thought1 their circumstances and     
personal    peculiarities4 ,he loses the
 creature in the glory    which         
surrounds the ,creator4 ,the problem    
before him is not what the inspired     
writer directly    meant1 and why1 but1 
out of the myriad of                    
#ae    meanings present to the ,infinite
 ,being who inspired him1    which it is
 that is most illustrative of that      
,great    ,being's all-holy attributes  
and solemn dispositions4    ,thus1 in   
the ,psalter1 he will drop ,david and   
,israel    and the ,temple together1 and
 will recognize                         
#bj    nothing there but the shadows of 
those greater truths    which remain    
forever4 ,accordingly1 the    mystical  
comment will be of an objective         
character2    whereas a writer who      
delights to ponder human    nature and  
human affairs1 to analyze the           
#be    workings of the mind1 and to     
contemplate what is    subjective to it1
 is naturally drawn to investigate      

the sense of the sacred writer himself1 
who was the    organ of the revelation1 
that is1 he will investigate    the     
literal sense4 ,now1 in the instance of 
,st4                     #cj            
,chrysostom1 it so happens that literal 
exposition    is the historical         
characteristic of the school in    which
 he was brought up2 so that if he       
commented    on ,scripture at all1 he   
anyhow would have    adopted that       
method2 still1 there have been    many  
literal expositors1 but only one        
#e    ,chrysostom4 ,it is ,st4          
,chrysostom who is the charm of    the  
method1 not the method that is the charm
    of ,st4 ,chrysostom4      ,that     
charm lies1 as ,i have said1 in his     
habit and    his power of throwing      
himself into the minds                  
#aj    of others1 of imagining with     
exactness and with    sympathy          
circumstances or scenes which were      
not before him1 and of bringing out what
 he has    apprehended in words as      

direct and vivid as the    apprehension4
 ,his page is like the table of a       
#ae    camera lucida1 which represents  
to us the living    action and          
interaction of all that goes on around  
us4 ,that loving scrutiny1 with which he
 follows    the ,apostles as they reveal
 themselves to us in    their writings1 
he practices in various ways            
#bj    towards all men1 living and dead1
 high and low1    those whom he admires 
and those whom he weeps    over4 ,he    
writes as one who was ever looking      
out with sharp but kind eyes upon the   
world of    men and their history2 and  
hence he has always                     
#be    something to produce about them1 
new or old1    to the purpose of his    
argument1 whether from    books or from 
the experience of life4 ,head and       
heart were full to overflowing with a   
stream of    mingled wine and milk1 of  
rich vigorous thought                   
#cj    and affectionate feeling4 ,this  
is why his manner    of writing is so   

rare and special2 and why1 when    once 
a student enters into it1 he will ever  
recognize him1 wherever he meets with   
extracts from    him4        ,,letters  
,,of ,,chrysostom1 ,,written ,,in       
,,exile        ,,to ,,olympias      ,why
 do you bewail me8 ,why beat your       
breast1                        #e    and
 abandon yourself to the tyranny of     
despondency8    ,why are you grieved    
because you have failed in    effecting 
my removal from ,cucusus8 ,yet1 as far  
as your own    part is concerned1 you   
have effected it1 since you have    left
 nothing undone in attempting it4 ,nor  
have you any             #aj    reason  
to grieve for your ill success2 perhaps 
it has seemed    good to ,god to make my
 race course longer that my    crown may
 be brighter4 ,you ought to leap and    
dance and    crown yourself for this1   
viz41 that ,i should be accounted       
worthy of so great a matter1 which far  
exceeds my merit4           #ae    ,does
 my present loneliness distress you8 ,on

 the    contrary1 what can be more      
pleasant than my sojourn here8    ,i    
have quiet1 calm1 much leisure1         
excellent health4 ,to    be sure1 there 
is no market in the city1 nor anything  
on sale2 but this does not affect me2   
for all things1 as if        #bj    from
 some fountains1 flow in upon me4 ,here 
is my lord1    the ,bishop of the place1
 and my lord ,dioscorus1 making    it   
their sole business to make me          
comfortable4 ,that    excellent person  
,patricius will tell you in what good   
spirits and lightness of mind1 and amid 
what kind                  #be          
attentions1 ,i am passing my time4--,ep4
 #ad4      ,the same is his report to   
his friends at ,cesarea1    and the same
 are his expressions of gratitude    and
 affection towards them4 ,the following 
is    addressed to the ,president of    
,cappodocia                          #cj
        ,,to ,,carterius      ,cucusus  
is a place desolate in the extreme2     
however1    it does not annoy me so much

 by its desolateness as it    relieves  
me by its quiet and its leisure4        
,accordingly1 ,i    have found a sort of
 harbor in this desolateness2 and       
have set me down to recover breath after
 the miseries               #e    of the
 journey1 and have availed myself of the
 quiet to    dispose of what remained   
both of my illness and of the    other  
troubles which ,i have undergone4 ,i say
 this to    your illustriousness1       
knowing well the joy you feel in    this
 rest of mine4 ,i can never forget what 
you did for             #aj    me in    
,csarea1 in quelling those furious and  
senseless    tumults1 and striving to   
the utmost1 as far as your powers       
extended1 to place me in security4 ,i   
give this out    publicly wherever ,i   
go1 feeling the liveliest gratitude to  
you1    my most worshipful lord1 for so 
great solicitude towards           #ae  
me4--,ep4 #bcf4        ,,to ,,diogenes  
,cucusus is indeed a desolate spot1 and 
moreover    unsafe to dwell in1 from the

 continual danger to which    it is     
exposed of brigands4 ,you1 however1     
though away1    have turned it for me   
into a paradise4 ,for1 when ,i          
#bj    hear of your abundant zeal and   
charity in my behalf1    so genuine and 
warm 7it does not at all escape me1 far 
removed as ,i am from you71 ,i possess a
 great treasure    and untold wealth in 
such affection1 and feel myself    to be
 dwelling in the safest of cities1 by   
reason of the           #be    great    
gladness which bears me up1 and the high
    consolation which ,i enjoy4--,ep4   
#add4      ,diogenes was one of the     
friends who sent him    supplies1 he    
writes in answer3      ,you know very   
well yourself that ,i have ever been    
#cj    one of your most warmly attached 
admirers2 therefore    ,i beg you will  
not be hurt at my having returned your  
presents4 ,i have pressed out of them   
and have quaffed    the honor which they
 did me2 and if ,i return the things    
themselves1 it has been from no slight  

or distrust of you1    but because ,i   
was in no need of them4 ,i have done the
    same in the case of many others2 for
 many others too1    with a generosity  
like yours1 ardent friends of mine1 have
          #e    made me the same offers2
 and the same apology has set    me     
right with them which ,i now ask you to 
receive4 ,if    ,i am in want1 ,i will  
ask these things of you with much       
freedom1 as if they were my own         
property1 nay with    more1 as the event
 will show4 ,receive them back1 then1   
#aj    and keep them carefully2 so that1
 if there is a call for    them some    
time hence1 ,i may reckon on them4--,ep4
 #ej4      ,as a fellow to the above1 ,i
 add one of his    letters3        ,,to 
,,carteria      ,what are you saying8   
that your unintermitting                
#ae    ailments have hindered you from  
visiting me8 but you    have come1 you  
are present with me4 ,from your very    
intention ,i have gained all this1 nor  
have you any need    to excuse yourself 

in this matter4 ,that warm and true     
charity of yours1 so vigorous1 so       
constant1 suffices to            #bj    
make me very happy4 ,what ,i have ever  
declared in    my letters1 ,i now       
declare again1 that1 wherever ,i may be1
    though ,i be transported to a still 
more desolate place    than this1 you   
and your matters ,i never shall forget4 
,such pledges of your warm and true     
charity have you                #be     
stored up for me1 pledges which length  
of time can never    obliterate nor     
waste2 but1 whether ,i am near you or   
far    away1 ever do ,i cherish that    
same charity1 being    assured of the   
loyalty and sincerity of your affection 
for    me1 which has been my comfort    
hitherto4--,ep4 #bbg4               #cj 
,,to ,,olympias      ,it is not a light 
effort1 he says 7,ep4 #b71 but    it    
demands an energetic soul and a great   
mind to    bear separation from one whom
 we love in the    charity of ,christ4  
,every one knows this who    knows what 

it is to love sincerely1 who knows      
the power of supernatural love4 ,take   
the blessed    ,paul3 here was a man who
 had stripped himself                   
#e    of the flesh1 and who went about  
the world    almost with a disembodied  
soul1 who had    exterminated from his  
heart every wild impulse1 and    who    
imitated the passionless sereneness of  
the    immaterial intelligences1 and who
 stood on high                    #aj   
with the ,cherubim1 and shared with them
 in their    mystical music1 and bore   
prisons1 chains1    transportations1    
scourges1 stoning1 shipwreck1 and every 
form of suffering2 yet he1 when         
separated from    one soul loved by him 
in ,christian charity1 was              
#ae    so confounded and distracted as  
all at once to    rush out of that city1
 in which he did not find the    beloved
 one whom he expected4 ',when ,i was    
come to ,troas1' he says1 'for the      
gospel of ,christ1    and a door was    
opened to me in the ,lord1 ,i had       

#bj    no rest in my spirit1 because ,i 
found not ,titus    my brother2 but     
bidding them farewell1 ,i went    into  
,macedonia4'      ,is it ,paul who says 
this8 he continues2    ,paul who1 even  
when fastened in the stocks1            
#be    when confined in a dungeon1 when 
torn with    the bloody scourge1 did    
nevertheless convert and    baptize and 
offer sacrifice1 and was chary even     
of one soul which was seeking salvation8
 and    now1 when he has arrived at     
,troas1 and sees the                    
#cj    field cleansed of weeds1 and     
ready for the sowing1    and the floor  
full1 and ready to his hand1    suddenly
 he flings away the profit1 though he   
came    thither expressly for it4 ',so  
it was1' he answers    me1 'just so2 ,i 
was possessed by a predominating        
tyranny of sorrow1 for ,titus was away2 
and this                     #e    so   
wrought upon me as to compel me to this 
course4' ,those who have the grace of   
charity    are not content to be united 

in soul only1 they    seek for the      
personal presence of him they love4     
,turn once more to this scholar of      
charity1 and                    #aj     
you will find that so it is4 ',we1      
brethren1' he    says1 'being bereaved  
of you for the time of an    hour1 in   
sight1 not in heart1 have hastened the  
more abundantly to see your face with   
great    desire4 ,for we would have come
 unto you1 ,i1                          
#ae    ,paul1 indeed1 once and again1   
but ,satan hath    hindered us4 ,for    
which cause1 forbearing no    longer1 we
 thought it good to remain at ,athens   
alone1 and we sent ,timothy4' ,what     
force is    there in each expression6   
,that flame of charity                  
#bj    living in his soul is manifested 
with singular    luminousness4 ,he does 
not say so much as    'separated from   
you1' nor 'torn1' nor 'divided1'    nor 
'abandoned1' but only 'bereaved'2       
moreover    not 'for a certain period1' 
but merely 'for the                     

#be    time of an hour'2 and separated1 
'not in heart1    but in presence only'2
 again1 'have hastened    the more      
abundantly to see your face4' ,what6    
it seems charity so captivated you that 
you    desiderated their sight1 you     
longed to gaze upon                     
#cj    their earthly1 fleshly           
countenance8 ',indeed ,i    did1' he    
answers3 ',i am not ashamed to say so2  
for in that seeing all the channels of  
the senses    meet together4 ,i desire  
to see your presence2    for there is   
the tongue which utters sounds and      
announces the secret feelings2 there is 
the                         #e          
hearing which receives words1 and there 
the eyes    which image the movements of
 the soul4' ,but    this is not all3 not
 content with writing to them           
letters1 he actually sends to them      
,timothy1 who    was with him1 and who  
was more than any letters4              
#aj    ,and1 ',we thought it good to    
remain alone2'    that is1 when he is   

divided from one brother1    he says1 he
 is left alone1 though he had so many   
others with him4            ,,ii ,,the  
,,turk            ,,the ,,tartar ,,and  
,,the ,,turk        ,you may think1     
,gentlemen1 ,i have been very    long in
 coming to the ,turks1 and indeed ,i    
have    been longer than ,i could have  
wished2 but ,i    have thought it       
necessary1 in order to your taking    a 
just view of them1 that you should      
survey them                    #e       
first of all in their original          
condition4 ,when they    first appear in
 history they are ,huns or ,tartars1    
and nothing else2 they are indeed in no 
unimportant respects ,tartars even now2 
but1 had they    never been made        
something more than ,tartars1           
#aj    they never would have had much to
 do with the    history of the world4   
,in that case1 they would    have had   
only the fortunes of ,attila and        
,zingis2    they might have swept over  
the face of the earth1    and scourged  

the human race1 powerful to destroy1    
#ae    helpless to construct1 and in    
consequence    ephemeral2 but this would
 have been all4 ,but this has    not    
been all1 as regards the ,turks2 for1 in
 spite    of their intimate resemblance 
or relationship to    the ,tartar       
tribes1 in spite of their essential     
#bj    barbarism to this day1 still     
they1 or at least great    portions of  
the race1 have been put under           
education2 they have been submitted to a
 slow    course of change1 with a long  
history and a profitable    discipline  
and fortunes of a peculiar kind2    and 
thus they have gained those qualities of
    mind1 which alone enable a nation to
 wield and    to consolidate imperial   
power4      ,i have said that1 when     
first they distinctly                   
#e    appear on the scene of history1   
they are    indistinguishable from      
,tartars4 ,mount ,altai1 the    high    
metropolis of ,tartary1 is surrounded by
 a    hilly district1 rich not only in  

the useful1 but in    the precious      
metals4 ,gold is said to abound         
#aj    there2 but it is still more      
fertile in veins of iron1    which      
indeed is said to be the most plentiful 
in    the world4 ,there have been iron  
works there    from time immemorial1 and
 at the time that the    ,huns descended
 on the ,roman ,empire 7in the          
#ae    fifth century of the ,christian  
era71 we find    the ,turks nothing more
 than a family of slaves1    employed as
 workers of the ore and as blacksmiths  
by the dominant tribe4 ,suddenly in the 
course    of fifty years1 soon after the
 fall of the ,hunnish                   
#bj    power in ,europe1 with the sudden
 development    peculiar to ,tartars1 we
 find these ,turks spread    from ,east 
to ,west1 and lords of a territory so   
extensive1 that they were connected1 by 
relations    of peace or war1 at once   
with the ,chinese1 the                  
#be    ,persians1 and the ,romans4 ,they
 had reached    ,kamtchatka on the      

,north1 the ,caspian on the    ,west1   
and perhaps even the mouth of the ,indus
    on the ,south4 ,here then we have an
    intermediate empire of ,tartars1    
placed between the                 #cj  
eras of ,attila and ,zingis2 but in this
 sketch it has    no place1 except as   
belonging to ,turkish history1          
because it was contained within the     
limits of    ,asia1 and1 though it      
lasted for #bjj years1 it only          
faintly affected the political          
transactions of    ,europe4 ,however1 it
 was not without some sort              
#e    of influence on ,christendom1 for 
the ,romans    interchanged embassies   
with its sovereign in the    reign of   
the then ,greek ,emperor ,justin the    
younger 7,a4,d4 #egj71 with the view of 
engaging    him in a warlike alliance   
against ,persia4 ,the                   
#aj    account of one of these embassies
 remains1 and    the picture it presents
 of the ,turks is important1    because 
it seems clearly to identify them with  

the ,tartar race4      ,for instance1 in
 the mission to the ,tartars            
#ae    from the ,pope1 which ,i have    
already spoken of1    the friars were   
led between two fires1 when they        
approached the ,khan1 and they at first 
refused    to follow1 thinking they     
might be countenancing    some magical  
rite4 ,now we find it recorded of       
#bj    this ,roman embassy1 that1 on its
 arrival1 it was    purified by the     
,turks with fire and incense4 ,as    to 
incense1 which seems out of place among 
such    barbarians1 it is remarkable    
that it is used in    the ceremonial of 
the ,turkish court to this day4         
#be    ,at least ,sir ,charles ,fellows1
 in his work on the    ,antiquities of  
,asia ,minor1 in #ahch1 speaks of the   
,sultan as going to the festival of     
,bairam with    incense-bearers before  
him4 ,again1 when the    ,romans were   
presented to the great ,khan1 they      
#cj    found him in his tent1 seated on 
a throne1 to which    wheels were       

attached and horses attachable1 in      
other words1 a ,tartar wagon4 ,moreover1
 they    were entertained at a banquet  
which lasted the    greater part of the 
day2 and an intoxicating    liquor1 not 
wine1 which was sweet and pleasant1     
#e    was freely presented to them2     
evidently the    ,tartar koumiss4#cb    
,the next day they had a    second      
entertainment in a still more splendid  
tent2 the hangings were of embroidered  
silk1 and    the throne1 the cups1 and  
the vases were of gold4                 
#aj    ,on the third day1 the pavilion1 
in which they were    received1 was     
supported on gilt columns2 a couch    of
 massive gold was raised on four gold   
peacocks2    and before the entrance to 
the tent was what    might be called a  
sideboard1 only that it was a           
#ae    sort of barricade of wagons1     
laden with dishes1    basins1 and       
statues of solid silver4 ,all these     
points in the description--the silk     
hangings1 the    gold vessels1 the      

successively increasing splendor    of  
the entertainments--remind us of the    
courts                     #bj    of    
,zingis and ,timour1 #gjj and #ijj years
    afterwards4        #cb ,univ4 ,hist4
 ,modern1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cdf4      ,this 
empire1 then1 of the ,turks was of a    
,tartar    character2 yet it was the    
first step of their    passing from     
barbarism to that degree of civilization
              #be    which is their     
historical badge4 ,and it was their     
first step in civilization1 not so much 
by what    it did in its day1 as 7unless
 it be a paradox to    say so7 by its   
coming to an end4 ,indeed it so         
happens1 that those ,turkish tribes     
which have                      #cj     
changed their original character and    
have a place    in the history of the   
world1 have obtained their    status and
 their qualifications for it1 by a      
process    very different from that     
which took place in the    nations most 
familiar to us4 ,what this process      

#e    has been ,i will say presently2   
first1 however1 let    us observe that1 
fortunately for our purpose1 we    have 
still specimens existing of those other 
,turkish tribes1 which were never       
submitted to    this process of         
education and change1 and1 in           
#aj    looking at them as they now      
exist1 we see at this    very day the   
,turkish nationality in something       
very like its original form1 and are    
able to decide    for ourselves on its  
close approximation to the    ,tartar4  
,you may recollect ,i pointed out to    
#ae    you1 ,gentlemen1 in the opening  
of these lectures1    the course which  
the pastoral tribes1 or nomads    as    
they are often called1 must necessarily 
take    in their emigrations4 ,they were
 forced along    in one direction till  
they emerged from their                 
#bj    mountain valleys1 and descended  
their high    plateau at the end of     
,tartary1 and then they had    the      
opportunity of turning south4 ,if they  

did    not avail themselves of this     
opening1 but went on    still westward1 
their next southern pass would          
#be    be the defiles of the ,caucasus  
and ,circassia1 to    the west of the   
,caspian4 ,if they did not use this1    
they would skirt the top of the ,black  
,sea1 and    so reach ,europe4 ,thus in 
the emigration of the    ,huns from     
,china1 you may recollect a tribe of    
#cj    them turned to the ,south as soon
 as they could1    and settled          
themselves between the high ,tartar     
land and the sea of ,aral1 while the    
main body    went on to the furthest    
,west by the north of the    ,black     
,sea4 ,now with this last passage into  
,europe we are not here concerned1 for  
the ,turks                     #e       
have never introduced themselves to     
,europe by    means of it2#cc but with  
those two southward    passages which   
are ,asiatic1 viz41 that to the east    
of the ,aral1 and that to the west of   
the ,caspian4    ,the ,turkish tribes   

have all descended upon the             
#aj    civilized world by one or other  
of these two roads2    and ,i observe1  
that those which have descended    along
 the east of the ,aral have changed     
their    social habits and gained       
political power1 while    those which   
descended to the west of the ,caspian   
#ae    remain pretty much what they ever
 were4 ,the    former of these go among 
us by the general    name of ,turks2 the
 latter are the ,turcomans    or        
,turkmans4444 ,at the very date at which
    ,heraclius called the ,turcomans    
into ,georgia1 at                    #bj
    the very date when their ,eastern   
brethren    crossed the northern border 
of ,sogdiana1 an event    of most       
momentous import had occurred in the    
,south4 ,a new religion had arisen in   
,arabia4    ,the impostor ,mahomet1     
announcing himself the                  
#be    ,prophet of ,god1 was writing the
 pages of that    book1 and molding the 
faith of that people1 which    was to   

subdue half the known world4 ,the ,turks
    passed the ,jaxartes southward in   
,a4,d4 #fbf2 just    four years before  
,mahomet had assumed the royal          
dignity1 and just six years after1 on   
his death1    his followers began the   
conquest of the ,persian    ,empire4 ,in
 the course of #bj years they effected  
it2 ,sogdiana was at its very extremity1
 or its                      #e         
borderland2 there the last king of      
,persia took    refuge from the south1  
while the ,turks were    pouring into it
 from the north4 ,there was little to   
choose for the unfortunate prince       
between the    ,turk and the ,saracen2  
the ,turks were his                     
#aj    hereditary foe2 they had been the
 giants and    monsters of the popular  
poetry2 but he threw    himself into    
their arms4 ,they engaged in his        
service1 betrayed him1 murdered him1 and
    measured themselves with the        
,saracens in his stead4                 
#ae    ,thus the military strength of   

the north and south    of ,asia1 the    
,saracenic and the ,turkish1 came into  
memorable conflict in the regions of    
which ,i have    said so much4 ,the     
struggle was a fierce one1 and    lasted
 many years2 the ,turks striving to     
force                     #bj    their  
way down to the ocean1 the ,saracens to 
drive them back into their ,scythian    
deserts4    ,they first fought this     
issue in ,bactriana or    ,khorasan2 the
 ,turks got the worst of the fight1     
and then it was thrown back upon        
,sogdiana                          #be  
itself1 and there it ended again in     
favor of the    ,saracens4 ,at the end  
of #ij years from the time    of the    
first ,turkish descent on this fair     
region1    they relinquished it to their
 ,mahometan    opponents4 ,the          
conquerors found it rich1 populous1     
#cj    and powerful2 its cities1        
,carisme1 ,bokhara1 and    ,samarcand1  
were surrounded beyond their            
fortifications by a suburb of fields and

 gardens1 which    was in turn protected
 by exterior works2 its plains    were  
well cultivated1 and its commerce       
extended    from ,china to ,europe4 ,its
 riches were                            
#e    proportionally great2 the         
,saracens were able to extort    a      
tribute of two million gold pieces from 
the    inhabitants2 we read1 moreover1  
of the crown    jewels of one of the    
,turkish princesses2 and of    the      
buskin of another1 which she dropt in   
her                      #aj    flight  
from ,bokhara1 as being worth two       
thousand pieces of gold4#cd ,such had   
been the prosperity    of the barbarian 
invaders1 such was its end2 but    not  
their end1 for adversity did them       
service1 as    well as prosperity1 as we
 shall see4                             
#ae        #cc ,i am here assuming that 
the ,magyars are not of the ,turkish    
stock2 vid4 ,gibbon and ,pritchard4     
#cd ,gibbon4      ,it is usual for      
historians to say1 that the    triumph  

of the ,south threw the ,turks back     
again    upon their northern solitudes2 
and this might    easily be the case    
with some of the many hordes1    which  
were ever passing the boundary and      
#bj    flocking down2 but it is no just 
account of the    historical fact1      
viewed as a whole4 ,not often indeed    
do the ,oriental nations present us with
 an    example of versatility of        
character2 the ,turks1 for    instance1 
of this day are substantially what they 
#be    were four centuries ago4 ,we     
cannot conceive1    were ,turkey overrun
 by the ,russians at the    present     
moment1 that the fanatical tribes1 which
    are pouring into ,constantinople    
from ,asia ,minor1    would submit to   
the foreign yoke1 take service          
#cj    under their conquerors1 become   
soldiers1    custom-officers1 police1   
men of business1 attaches1    statesmen1
 working their way up from the ranks and
    from the masses into influence and  
power2 but1    whether from skill in the

 ,saracens1 or from                     
#e    far-reaching sagacity in the      
,turks 7and it is difficult    to assign
 it to either cause71 so it was1 that a 
process of this nature followed close   
upon the    ,mahometan conquest of      
,sogdiana4 ,it is to be    traced in    
detail to a variety of accidents4 ,many 
#aj    of the ,turks probably were made 
slaves1 and the    service to which they
 were subjected was no    matter of     
choice4 ,numbers had got attached to    
the soil2 and inheriting the blood of   
,persians1    ,white ,huns1 or          
aboriginal inhabitants for three        
#ae    generations1 had simply unlearned
 the wildness    of the ,tartar         
shepherd4 ,others fell victims to    the
 religion of their conquerors1 which    
ultimately1    as we know1 exercised a  
most remarkable    influence upon them4 
,not all at once1 but as                
#bj    tribe descended after tribe1 and 
generation    followed generation1 they 
succumbed to the creed    of ,mahomet2  

and they embraced it with the    ardor  
and enthusiasm which ,franks and ,saxons
    so gloriously and meritoriously     
manifested in their                #be  
conversion to ,christianity4      ,here 
again was a very powerful instrument    
in modification of their national       
character4 ,let    me illustrate it in  
one particular4 ,if there is one        
peculiarity above another1 proper to the
 savage                    #cj    and to
 the ,tartar1 it is that of excitability
 and    impetuosity on ordinary         
occasions2 the ,turks1    on the other  
hand1 are nationally remarkable for     
gravity and almost apathy of demeanor4  
,now    there are evidently elements in 
the ,mahometan    creed1 which would    
tend to change them from                
#e    the one temperament to the other4 
,its    sternness1 its coldness1 its    
doctrine of fatalism2 even    the truths
 which it borrowed from ,revelation1    
when separated from the truths it       
rejected1 its    monotheism untempered  

by mediation1 its severe                
#aj    view of the ,divine attributes1  
of the law1 and of a    sure retribution
 to come1 wrought both a gloom    and   
also an improvement in the barbarian1   
not    very unlike the effect which some
 forms of    ,protestantism produce     
among ourselves4 ,but                   
#ae    whatever was the mode of         
operation1 certainly    it is to their  
religion that this peculiarity of the   
,turks is ascribed by competent judges4 
,lieutenant ,wood in his journal gives  
us a lively    account of a peculiarity 
of theirs1 which he                     
#bj    unhesitatingly attributes to     
,islamism4 ,nowhere1    he says1 is the 
difference between ,european and        
,mahometan society more strongly marked 
than    in the lower walks of life4444  
,a ,kasid1 or    messenger1 for example1
 will come into a public                
#be    department1 deliver his letters  
in full durbar1 and    demean himself   
throughout the interview with    so much

 composure and self-possession1 that an 
,european can hardly believe that his   
grade in    society is so low4 ,after he
 has delivered his                      
#cj    letters1 he takes his seat among 
the crowd1 and    answers1 calmly and   
without hesitation1 all the    questions
 which may be addressed to him1 or      
communicates the verbal instructions    
with which    he has been intrusted by  
his employer1 and    which are often of 
more importance than the                
#e    letters themselves4 ,indeed1 all  
the inferior classes    possess an      
innate self-respect1 and a natural      
gravity of deportment1 which differs as 
far from    the suppleness of a         
,hindustani as from the    awkward      
rusticity of an ,english clown4 444     
,even                  #aj    children1 
he continues1 in ,mahometan countries   
have an unusual degree of gravity in    
their    deportment4 ,the boy1 who can  
but lisp his ',peace be    with you1'   
has imbibed this portion of the national

    character4 ,in passing through a    
village1 these                     #ae  
little men will place their hands upon  
their    breasts1 and give the usual    
greeting4 ,frequently    have ,i seen   
the children of chiefs approach their   
father's durbar1 and stopping short at  
the    threshold of the door1 utter the 
shout of ',salam                   #bj  
,ali-,kum1' so as to draw all eyes upon 
them2 but    nothing daunted1 they      
marched boldly into the    room1 and    
sliding down upon their knees1 folded   
their arms and took their seat upon the 
musnad    with all the gravity of       
grown-up persons4                       
#be      ,as ,islamism has changed the  
demeanor of the    ,turks1 so doubtless 
it has in other ways materially         
innovated on their ,tartar nature4 ,it  
has given    an aim to their military   
efforts1 a political    principle1 and a
 social bond4 ,it has laid them under   
#cj    a sense of responsibility1 has   
molded them into    consistency1 and    

taught them a course of policy    and   
perseverance in it4 ,but to treat this  
part    of the subject adequately to its
 importance would    require1           
,gentlemen1 a research and a fullness of
    discussion unsuitable to the        
historical sketch                       
#e    which ,i have undertaken4 ,i have 
said enough    for my purpose upon this 
topic2 and indeed    on the general     
question of the modification of         
national character to which the ,turks  
were at    this period subjected4       
#aj            ,,the ,,turk ,,and ,,the 
,,saracen        ,mere occupation of a  
rich country is not    enough for       
civilization1 as ,i have granted        
already4    ,the ,turks came into the   
pleasant plains and    valleys of       
,sogdiana2 the ,turcomans into the      
well-wooded mountains and sunny slopes  
of ,asia                     #ae        
,minor4 ,the ,turcomans were brought out
 of    their dreary deserts1 yet they   
retained their old    habits1 and they  

remain barbarians to this day4    ,but  
why8 it must be borne in mind1 they     
neither    subjugated the inhabitants of
 their new country                      
#bj    on the one hand1 nor were        
subjugated by them    on the other4     
,they never had direct or intimate      
relations with it2 they were brought    
into it by    the ,roman ,government at 
,constantinople as its    auxiliaries1  
but they never naturalized themselves   
#be    there4 ,they were like gypsies in
 ,england1 except    that they were     
mounted freebooters instead of          
pilferers and fortune tellers4 ,it was  
far otherwise    with their brethren in 
,sogdiana2 they were    there first as  
conquerors1 then as conquered4    ,first
 they held it in possession as their    
prize for    #ij or #ajj years2 they    
came into the usufruct and    enjoyment 
of it4 ,next1 their political ascendency
                   #e    over it        
involved1 as in the case of the ,white  
,huns1    some sort of moral surrender  

of themselves to it4    ,what was the   
first consequence of this8 that1    like
 the ,white ,huns1 they intermarried    
with the    races they found there4 ,we 
know the custom                         
#aj    of the ,tartars and ,turks2 under
 such    circumstances they would avail 
themselves of their    national practice
 of polygamy to its full extent    of   
license4 ,in the course of twenty years 
a new    generation would arise of a    
mixed race2 and                         
#ae    these in turn would marry into   
the native    population1 and at the end
 of ninety or a hundred    years we     
should find the great-grandsons or the  
great-great-grandsons of the wild       
marauders who    first crossed the      
,jaxartes1 so different from their      
#bj    ancestors in features both of    
mind and body1    that they hardly would
 be recognized as deserving    the      
,tartar name4 ,at the end of that period
 their    power came to an end1 the     
,saracens became    masters of them and 

of their country1 but the               
#be    process of emigration southward  
from the    ,scythian desert1 which had 
never intermitted during    the years of
 their domination1 continued still1     
though that domination was no more4     
,here it is necessary to have a clear   
idea of the                   #cj       
nature of that association of the       
,turkish tribes    from the ,volga to   
the ,eastern ,sea1 to which ,i    have  
given the name of ,empire3 it was not so
    much of a political as of a national
 character2    it was the power1 not of 
a system1 but of a race4    ,they were  
not one well-organized state1 but a     
#e    number of independent tribes1     
acting generally    together1           
acknowledging one leader or not1        
according to circumstances1 combining   
and    coperating from the identity of  
object which acted    on them1 and often
 jealous of each other and              
#aj    quarreling with each other on    
account of that    very identity4 ,each 

tribe made its way down to    the south 
as it could2 one blocked up the way of  
the other for a time2 there were        
stoppages and    collisions1 but there  
was a continual movement                
#ae    and progress4 ,down they came one
 after another1    like wolves after    
their prey2 and as the tribes    which  
came first became partially civilized1  
and    as a mixed generation arose1     
these would naturally    be desirous of 
keeping back their less polished        
#bj    uncles or cousins1 if they could2
 and would do so    successfully for a  
while3 but cupidity is stronger    than 
conservatism2 and so1 in spite of delay 
and    difficulty1 down they would keep 
coming1 and    down they did come1 even 
after and in spite of                   
#be    the overthrow of their ,empire2  
crowding down    as to a new world1 to  
get what they could1 as    adventurers1 
ready to turn to the right or the       
left1 prepared to struggle on anyhow1   
willing to    be forced forward into    

countries farther still1                
#cj    careless what might turn up1 so  
that they did but    get down4 ,and this
 was the process which went    on       
7whatever were their fortunes when they 
actually got down1 prosperous or        
adverse7 for    #djj1 nay1 ,i will say  
for #gjj years4 ,the    storehouse of   
the north was never exhausted2 it       
#e    sustained the never ending run    
upon its resources4      ,i was just now
 referring to a change in the    ,turks1
 which ,i have mentioned before1 and    
which had as important a bearing as any 
other    of their changes upon their    
subsequent fortunes4                    
#aj    ,it was a change in their        
physiognomy and shape1    so striking as
 to recommend them to their    masters  
for the purposes of war or of display4  
,instead of bearing any longer the      
hideous exterior    which in the ,huns  
frightened the ,romans and              
#ae    ,goths1 they were remarkable1    
even as early as the    ninth century1  

when they had been among the    natives 
of ,sogdiana only two hundred years1    
for the beauty of their persons4 ,an    
important    political event was the    
result3 hence the                       
#bj    introduction of the ,turks into  
the heart of the    ,saracenic empire4  
,by this time the ,caliphs had          
removed from ,damascus to ,bagdad2      
,persia was    the imperial province1   
and into ,persia they were    introduced
 for the reason ,i have mentioned1      
#be    sometimes as slaves1 sometimes as
 captives taken    in war1 sometimes as 
mercenaries for the    ,saracenic       
armies3 at length they were enrolled as 
guards to the ,caliph1 and even         
appointed to    offices in the palace1  
to the command of the forces1           
#cj    and to governorships in the      
provinces4 ,the son    of the celebrated
 ,harun al ,raschid had as many    as   
#ej1jjj of these troops in ,bagdad      
itself4 ,and    thus slowly and silently
 they made their way to    the south1   

not with the pomp and pretense of       
conquest1 but by means of that ordinary 
#e    inter-communion which connected   
one portion of the    empire of the     
,caliphs with another4 ,in this         
manner they were introduced even into   
,egypt4      ,this was their history for
 a hundred and fifty    years1 and what 
do we suppose would be the              
#aj    result of this importation of    
barbarians into the    heart of a       
nourishing empire8 ,would they be       
absorbed as slaves or settlers in the   
mass of the    population1 or would     
they1 like mercenaries    elsewhere1 be 
fatal to the power that introduced      
#ae    them8 ,the answer is not         
difficult1 considering    that their    
very introduction argued a want of      
energy and resource in the rulers whom  
they    served4 ,to employ them was a   
confession of    weakness2 the          
,saracenic power indeed was not         
#bj    very aged1 but the ,turkish was  
much younger1    and more vigorous2 then

 too must be    considered the          
difference of national character        
between the ,turks and the ,saracens4 ,a
 writer of    the beginning of the      
present century#ce compares             
#be    the ,turks to the ,romans2 such  
parallels are    generally fanciful and 
fallacious2 but1 if we must    accept it
 in the present instance1 we may        
complete the picture by likening the    
,saracens and    ,persians to the       
,greeks1 and we know what was           
#cj    the result of the collision      
between ,greece and    ,rome4 ,the      
,persians were poets1 the ,saracens     
were philosophers4 ,the mathematics1    
astronomy1    and botany were especial  
subjects of the studies of    the       
latter4 ,their observatories were       
celebrated1                    #e    and
 they may be considered to have         
originated    the science of chemistry4 
,the ,turks1 on the    other hand1      
though they are said to have a          
literature1 and though certain of their 

princes have    been patrons of letters1
 have never distinguished               
#aj    themselves in exercises of pure  
intellect2 but    they have had an      
energy of character1 a    pertinacity1 a
 perseverance1 and a political talent1  
in    a word1 they then had the         
qualities of mind    necessary for      
ruling1 in far greater measure1 than    
#ae    the people they were serving4    
,the ,saracens1    like the ,greeks1    
carried their arms over the    surface  
of the earth with an unrivaled          
brilliancy    and an uncheckered        
success2 but their dominion1    like    
that of ,greece1 did not last for more  
than                    #bj    #bjj or  
#cjj years4 ,rome grew slowly through   
many centuries1 and its influence lasts 
to this    day2 the ,turkish race       
battled with difficulties    and        
reverses1 and made its way on amid      
tumult    and complication1 for a good  
#ajjj years from                        
#be    first to last1 till at length it 

found itself in    possession of        
,constantinople1 and a terror to the    
whole of ,europe4 ,it has ended its     
career upon    the throne of            
,constantine2 it began it as the        
slave and hireling of the rulers of a   
great empire1                #cj    of  
,persia and ,sogdiana4        #ce       
,thornton4      ,as to ,sogdiana1 we    
have already reviewed one    season of  
power and then in turn of reverse which 
there befell the ,turks2 and next a more
    remarkable outbreak and its reaction
 mark their presence    in ,persia4 ,i  
have spoken of the formidable force1    
#e    consisting of ,turks1 which formed
 the guard of    the ,caliphs           
immediately after the time of ,harun    
al ,raschid3 suddenly they rebelled     
against    their master1 burst into his 
apartment at the    hour of supper1     
murdered him1 and cut his body          
#aj    into seven pieces4 ,they got     
possession of the    symbols of imperial
 power1 the garment and the    staff of 

,mahomet1 and proceeded to make and     
unmake ,caliphs at their pleasure4 ,in  
the course    of four years they had    
elevated1 deposed1 and                  
#ae    murdered as many as three4 ,at   
their wanton    caprice1 they made these
 successors of the false    prophet the 
sport of their insults and their blows4 
,they dragged them by the feet1 stripped
 them1    and exposed them to the       
burning sun1 beat them                  
#bj    with iron clubs1 and left them   
for days without    food4 ,at length1   
however1 the people of ,bagdad    were  
roused in defense of the ,caliphate1 and
 the    ,turks for a time were brought  
under2 but they    remained in the      
country1 or rather1 by the              
#be    short-sighted policy of the      
moment1 were dispersed    throughout it1
 and thus became in the sequel          
ready-made elements of revolution for   
the    purposes of other traitors of    
their own race1 who1 at    a later      
period1 as we shall presently see1      

descended               #cj    on       
,persia from ,turkistan4      ,indeed1  
events were opening the way slowly1     
but surely1 to their ascendency4        
,throughout the    whole of the tenth   
century1 which followed1 they    seem to
 disappear from history2 but a silent   
revolution was all along in progress1   
leading them                  #e        
forward to their great destiny4 ,the    
empire of    the ,caliphate was already 
dying in its    extremities1 and        
,sogdiana was one of the first countries
    to be detached from his power4 ,the 
,turks were    still there1 and1 as in  
,persia1 filled the ranks of the        
#aj    army and the offices of the      
government2 but the    political changes
 which took place were not at    first  
to their visible advantage4 ,what first 
occurred was the revolt of the ,caliph's
 viceroy1    who made himself a great   
kingdom or empire out                   
#ae    of the provinces around1         
extending it from the    ,jaxartes1     

which was the northern boundary of      
,sogdiana1 almost to the ,indian ,ocean1
 and    from the confines of ,georgia to
 the mountains    of ,afghanistan4 ,the 
dynasty thus established                
#bj    lasted for four generations and  
for the space of    ninety years4 ,then 
the successor happened to    be a boy2  
and one of his servants1 the governor   
of ,khorasan1 an able and experienced   
man1 was    forced by circumstances to  
rebellion against him4                  
#be    ,he was successful1 and the whole
 power of this    great kingdom fell    
into his hands2 now he was a    ,tartar 
or ,turk2 and thus at length the ,turks 
suddenly appear in history1 the         
acknowledged    masters of a southern   
dominion4                               
#cj      ,this is the origin of the     
celebrated ,turkish    dynasty of the   
,gaznevides1 so called after ,gazneh1   
or ,ghizni1 or ,ghuznee1 the principal  
city1 and it    lasted for two hundred  
years4 ,we are not    particularly      

concerned in it1 because it has no      
direct    relations with ,europe2 but it
 falls into our                         
#e    subject1 as having been           
instrumental to the advance    of the   
,turks towards the ,west4 ,its most     
distinguished monarch was ,mahmood1 and 
he    conquered ,hindostan1 which became
 eventually    the seat of the empire4  
,in ,mahmood the                        
#aj    ,gaznevide we have a prince of   
true ,oriental splendor4    ,for him the
 title of ,sultan or ,soldan was        
invented1    which henceforth became the
 special badge of the    ,turkish       
monarchs2 as ,khan is the title of the  
sovereign of the ,tartars1 and ,caliph  
of the                        #ae       
sovereign of the ,saracens4 ,i have     
already described    generally the      
extent of his dominions3 he    inherited
 ,sogdiana1 ,carisme1 ,khorasan1 and    
,cabul2    but1 being a zealous         
,mussulman1 he obtained the    title of 
,gazi1 or champion1 by his reduction of 

#bj    ,hindostan1 and his destruction  
of its idol    temples4 ,there was no   
need1 however1 of religious             
enthusiasm to stimulate him to the war3 
the    riches1 which he amassed in the  
course of it1 were    a recompense amply
 sufficient4 ,his ,indian               
#be    expeditions in all amounted to   
twelve1 and they abound    in battles   
and sieges of a truly ,oriental cast4444
      ,we have now arrived at what may  
literally be    called the turning point
 of ,turkish history4 ,we    have seen  
them gradually descend from the north1  
#cj    and in a certain degree become   
acclimated in the    countries where    
they settled4 ,they first appear        
across the ,jaxartes in the beginning of
 the seventh    century2 they have now  
come to the beginning    of the         
eleventh4 ,four centuries or thereabout 
have they been out of their deserts1    
gaining                        #e       
experience and educating themselves in  
such    measure as was necessary for    

playing their part in    the civilized  
world4 ,first they came down into       
,sogdiana and ,khorasan1 and the country
 below    it1 as conquerors2 they       
continued in it as                      
#aj    subjects and slaves4 ,they       
offered their services to    the race   
which had subdued them2 they made       
their way by means of their new masters 
down to    the west and the south2 they 
laid the foundations    for their future
 supremacy in ,persia1 and              
#ae    gradually rose upwards through   
the social fabric to    which they had  
been admitted1 till they found          
themselves at length at the head of it4 
,the    sovereign power which they had  
acquired in the    line of the          
,gaznevides1 drifted off to ,hindostan2 
#bj    but still fresh tribes of their  
race poured down    from the north1 and 
filled up the gap2 and while    one     
dynasty of ,turks was established in the
    peninsula1 a second dynasty arose in
 the former    seat of their power4     

#be      ,now ,i call the era at which  
,i have arrived the    turning point of 
their fortunes1 because1 when    they   
had descended down to ,khorasan and the 
countries below it1 they might have     
turned to the    ,east or to the ,west1 
as they chose4 ,they were               
#cj    at liberty to turn their forces  
eastward against    their kindred in    
,hindostan1 whom they had driven    out 
of ,ghizni and ,afghanistan1 or to face 
towards    the west1 and make their way 
thither through the    ,saracens of     
,persia and its neighboring countries4  
,it was an era which determined the     
history of the                   #e     
world4444      ,but this era was a      
turning point in their    history in    
another and more serious respect4 ,in   
,sogdiana and ,khorasan1 they had become
    converts to the ,mahometan faith4   
,you will not                      #aj  
suppose ,i am going to praise a         
religious imposture1    but no ,catholic
 need deny that it is1 considered    in 

itself1 a great improvement upon        
,paganism4    ,paganism has no rule of  
right and wrong1 no    supreme and      
immutable judge1 no intelligible        
#ae    revelation1 no fixed dogma       
whatever2 on the    other hand1 the     
being of one ,god1 the fact of ,his     
revelation1 ,his faithfulness to ,his   
promises1 the    eternity of the moral  
law1 the certainty of future            
retribution1 were borrowed by ,mahomet  
from the                     #bj        
,church1 and are steadfastly held by his
 followers4    ,the false prophet taught
 much which is materially    true and   
objectively important1 whatever be its  
subjective and formal value and         
influence in the    individuals who     
profess it4 ,he stands in his           
#be    creed between the religion of    
,god and the religion    of devils1     
between ,christianity and idolatry1     
between the ,west and the extreme ,east4
 ,and    so stood the ,turks1 on        
adopting his faith1 at    the date ,i am

 speaking of2 they stood between        
#cj    ,christ in the ,west1 and ,satan 
in the ,east1 and    they had to make   
their choice2 and1 alas6 they    were   
led by the circumstances of the time to 
oppose themselves1 not to ,paganism1 but
 to    ,christianity4 ,a happier lot    
indeed had befallen    poor ,sultan     
,mahmood than befell his kindred        
#e    who followed in his wake4         
,mahmood1 a    ,mahometan1 went eastward
 and found a superstition    worse than 
his own1 and fought against it1 and     
smote it2 and the sandal doors which he 
tore    away from the idol temple and   
hung up at his                       #aj
    tomb at ,gazneh1 almost seemed to   
plead for him    through centuries as   
the soldier and the    instrument of    
,heaven4 ,the tribes which followed him1
    ,moslem also1 faced westward1 and   
found1 not    error but truth1 and      
fought against it as zealously1         
#ae    and in doing so1 were simply     
tools of the ,evil ,one1    and         

preachers of a lie1 and enemies1 not    
witnesses    of ,god4 ,the one destroyed
 idol temples1 the    other ,christian  
shrines4 ,the one has been saved    the 
woe of persecuting the ,bride of the    
,lamb2                      #bj    the  
other is of all races the veriest brood 
of the    serpent which the ,church has 
encountered since    she was set up4    
,for #hjj years did the sandal    gates 
remain at ,mahmood's tomb1 as a trophy  
over idolatry2 and for #hjj years have  
,seljuk                       #be    and
 ,othman been our foe4      ,the year   
#ajdh of our era is fixed by            
chronologists as the date of the rise of
 the ,turkish power1    as far as       
,christendom is interested in its       
history4#cf    ,sixty-three years before
 this date1 a ,turk of high             
#cj    rank1 of the name of ,seljuk1 had
 quarreled with    his native prince in 
,turkistan1 crossed the    ,jaxartes    
with his followers1 and planted himself 
in    the territory of ,sogdiana4 ,his  

father had been    a chief officer in   
the prince's court1 and was the         
#e    first of his family to embrace    
,islamism2 but    ,seljuk1 in spite of  
his creed1 did not obtain permission    
to advance into ,sogdiana from the      
,saracenic    government1 which at that 
time was in possession of    the        
country4 ,after several successful      
encounters1                  #aj        
however1 he gained admission into the   
city of    ,bokhara1 and there he       
settled4 ,as time went on1 he    fully  
recompensed the tardy hospitality which 
the ,saracens had shown him2 for his    
feud with    his own countrymen1 whom he
 had left1 took the                     
#ae    shape of a religious enmity1 and 
he fought against    them as pagans and 
infidels1 with a zeal1 which    was both
 an earnest of the devotion of his      
people    to the faith of ,mahomet1 and 
a training for the    exercise of it4444
                                        
#bj        #cf ,baronius1 ,pagi4        

,for four centuries the ,turks are      
little or hardly    heard of2 then      
suddenly in the course of as many       
tens of years1 and under three ,sultans1
 they make    the whole world resound   
with their deeds2 and1    while they    
have pushed to the ,east through        
#be    ,hindostan1 in the ,west they    
have hurried down    to the coasts of   
the ,mediterranean and the              
,archipelago1 have taken ,jerusalem1 and
 threatened    ,constantinople4 ,in     
their long period of silence    they had
 been sowing the seeds of future        
#cj    conquests2 in their short period 
of action they were    gathering the    
fruit of past labors and sufferings4    
,the ,saracenic empire stood apparently 
as before2    but1 as soon as a ,turk   
showed himself at the head    of a      
military force within its territory1 he 
found    himself surrounded by the      
armies of his kindred                   
#e    which had been so long in its pay2
 he was joined    by the tribes of      

,turcomans1 to whom the ,romans    in a 
former age had shown the passes of the  
,caucasus2 and he could rely on the     
reserve of    innumerable swarms1 ever  
issuing out of his                      
#aj    native desert1 and following in  
his track4 ,such    was the state of    
,western ,asia in the middle of    the  
eleventh century4      ,alp ,arslan1 the
 second ,sultan of the line of          
,seljuk1 is said to signify in ,turkish 
the                         #ae         
courageous lion3 and the ,caliph gave   
its possessor the    ,arabic appellation
 of ,azzaddin1 or ,protector of         
,religion4 ,it was the distinctive work 
of his    short reign to pass from      
humbling the ,caliph to    attacking the
 ,greek ,emperor4 ,togrul had           
#bj    already invaded the ,greek       
provinces of ,asia ,minor1    from      
,cilicia to ,armenia1 along a line of   
#fjj miles1    and here it was that he  
had achieved his    tremendous massacres
 of ,christians4 ,alp ,arslan    renewed

 the war2 he penetrated to ,cesarea in  
#be    ,cappadocia1 attracted by the    
gold and pearls    which incrusted the  
shrine of the great ,st4 ,basil4    ,he 
then turned his arms against ,armenia   
and    ,georgia1 and conquered the hardy
 mountaineers    of the ,caucasus1 who  
at present give such trouble            
#cj    to the ,russians4 ,after this he 
encountered1    defeated1 and captured  
the ,greek ,emperor4 ,he    began the   
battle with all the solemnity and       
pageantry of a hero of romance4 ,casting
 away    his bow and arrows1 he called  
for an iron mace and    scimeter2 he    
perfumed his body with musk1 as         
#e    if for his burial1 and dressed    
himself in white1    that he might be   
slain in his winding sheet4    ,after   
his victory1 the captive ,emperor of    
,new    ,rome was brought before him in 
a peasant's    dress2 he made him kiss  
the ground beneath his                  
#aj    feet1 and put his foot upon his  
neck4 ,then1    raising him up1 he      

struck or patted him three times    with
 his hand1 and gave him his life and1 on
 a    large ransom1 his liberty4        
,at this time the ,sultan was only      
forty-four                        #ae   
years of age1 and seemed to have a      
career of glory    still before him4    
,twelve hundred nobles stood    before  
his throne2 two hundred thousand        
soldiers    marched under his banner4   
,as if dissatisfied    with the ,south1 
he turned his arms against his          
#bj    own paternal wildernesses1 with  
which his    family1 as ,i have related1
 had a feud4 ,new tribes    of ,turks   
seem to have poured down1 and were      
wresting ,sogdiana from the race of     
,seljuk1 as    the ,seljukians had      
wrested it from the                     
#be    ,gaznevides4 ,alp had not        
advanced far into the    country1 when  
he met his death from the hand of a     
captive4 ,a ,carismian chief had        
withstood his    progress1 and1 being   
taken1 was condemned to a    lingering  

execution4 ,on hearing the sentence1 he 
#cj    rushed forward upon ,alp ,arslan2
 and the ,sultan1    disdaining to let  
his generals interfere1 bent his    bow1
 but1 missing his aim1 received the     
dagger of    his prisoner in his breast4
 ,his death1 which    followed1 brings  
before us that grave dignity of the     
,turkish character1 of which we have    
already had                     #e    an
 example in ,mahmood4 ,finding his end  
approaching1 he has left on record a    
sort of dying    confession3 ,in my     
youth1 he said1 ,i was    advised by a  
sage to humble myself before ,god1    to
 distrust my own strength1 and never to 
despise                  #aj    the most
 contemptible foe4 ,i have neglected    
these lessons1 and my neglect has been  
deservedly    punished4 ,yesterday1 as  
from an eminence1 ,i    beheld the      
numbers1 the discipline1 and the spirit 
of my armies2 the earth seemed to       
tremble under                    #ae    
my feet1 and ,i said in my heart1       

,surely thou art    the king of the     
world1 the greatest and most            
invincible of warriors4 ,these armies   
are no    longer mine2 and1 in the      
confidence of my    personal strength1  
,i now fall by the hand of an           
#bj    assassin4 ,on his tomb was       
engraven an    inscription1 conceived in
 a similar spirit4 ,o ye1 who    have   
seen the glory of ,alp ,arslan exalted  
to the    heavens1 repair to ,maru1 and 
you will behold it    buried in the     
dust4#cg ,alp ,arslan was adorned       
#be    with great natural qualities both
 of intellect and    of soul4 ,he was   
brave and liberal3 just1 patient1    and
 sincere3 constant in his prayers1      
diligent in    his alms1 and1 it is     
added1 witty in his    conversation2 but
 his gifts availed him not4             
#cj        #cg ,gibbon4      ,it often  
happens in the history of states and    
races1 in which there is found first a  
rise and then    a decline1 that the    
greatest glories take place just    then

 when the reverse is beginning or begun4
    ,thus1 for instance1 in the history 
of the                           #e     
,ottoman ,turks1 to which ,i have not   
yet come1    ,soliman the ,magnificent  
is at once the last and    greatest of a
 series of great ,sultans4 ,so was it   
as regards this house of ,seljuk4 ,malek
 ,shah1 the    son of ,alp ,arslan1 the 
third sovereign1 in whom                
#aj    its glories ended1 is represented
 to us in history    in colors so bright
 and perfect1 that it is difficult    to
 believe we are not reading the account 
of some    mythical personage4 ,he came 
to the throne at    the early age of    
seventeen2 he was well-shaped1          
#ae    handsome1 polished both in       
manners and in    mind2 wise and        
courageous1 pious and sincere4    ,he   
engaged himself even more in the        
consolidation of his empire than in its 
extension4 ,he    reformed abuses2 he   
reduced the taxes2 he                   
#bj    repaired the highroads1 bridges1 

and canals2 he    built an imperial     
mosque at ,bagdad2 he founded    and    
nobly endowed a college4 ,he patronized 
learning and poetry1 and he reformed the
    calendar4 ,he provided marts for    
commerce2 he                       #be  
upheld the pure administration of       
justice1 and    protected the helpless  
and the innocent4 ,he    established    
wells and cisterns in great numbers     
along the road of pilgrimage to ,mecca2 
he fed    the pilgrims1 and distributed 
immense sums                         #cj
    among the poor4      ,he was in     
every respect a great prince2 he        
extended his conquests across ,sogdiana 
to the    very borders of ,china4 ,he   
subdued by his    lieutenants ,syria and
 the ,holy ,land1 and took              
,jerusalem4 ,he is said to have traveled
 round                        #e    his 
vast dominions twelve times4 ,so potent 
was    he1 that he actually gave away   
kingdoms1 and    had for feudatories    
great princes4 ,he gave to    his cousin

 his territories in ,asia ,minor1 and   
planted him over against                
,constantinople1 as an                  
#aj    earnest of future conquests2 and 
he may be said    to have finally       
allotted to the ,turcomans the    fair  
regions of ,western ,asia1 over which   
they    roam to this day4      ,all     
human greatness has its term2 the more  
#ae    brilliant was this great         
,sultan's rise1 the more    sudden was  
his extinction2 and the earlier he      
came to his power1 the earlier did he   
lose it4 ,he    had reigned twenty      
years1 and was but    thirty-seven years
 old1 when he was lifted up with pride  
#bj    and came to his end4 ,he         
disgraced and    abandoned to an        
assassin his faithful vizir1 at the age 
of ninety-three1 who for thirty years   
had been the    servant and benefactor  
of the house of ,seljuk4    ,after      
obtaining from the ,caliph the peculiar 
#be    and almost incommunicable title  
of the    commander of the faithful1    

unsatisfied still1 he    wished to fix  
his own throne in ,bagdad1 and to       
deprive his impotent superior of his few
    remaining honors4 ,he demanded the  
hand of the                      #cj    
daughter of the ,greek ,emperor1 a      
,christian1 in    marriage4 ,a few days1
 and he was no more2    he had gone out 
hunting1 and returned    indisposed2 a  
vein was opened1 and the blood would    
not flow4 ,a burning fever took him off1
 only    eighteen days after the murder 
of his vizir1 and                    #e 
less than ten before the day when the   
,caliph was    to have been removed from
 ,bagdad4      ,such is human greatness 
at the best1 even were    it ever so    
innocent2 but as to this poor ,sultan1  
there is another aspect even of his     
glorious deeds4                #aj      
,if ,i have seemed here or elsewhere in 
these    ,lectures to speak of him or   
his with interest or    admiration1 only
 take me1 ,gentlemen1 as giving    the  
external view of the ,turkish history1  

and that    as introductory to the      
determination of its true               
#ae    significance4 ,historians and    
poets may celebrate    the exploits of  
,malek2 but what were they in the       
sight of ,him who has said that whoso   
shall strike    against ,his cornerstone
 shall be broken2 but    on whomsoever  
it shall fall1 shall be ground to       
#bj    powder8 ,looking at this         
,sultan's deeds as    mere exhibitions  
of human power1 they were    brilliant  
and marvelous2 but there was another    
judgment of them formed in the ,west1   
and other    feelings than admiration   
roused by them in the                   
#be    faith and the chivalry of        
,christendom4    ,especially was there  
one1 the divinely appointed    shepherd 
of the poor of ,christ1 the anxious     
steward of ,his ,church1 who from his   
high and    ancient watch tower1 in the 
fullness of apostolic                   
#cj    charity1 surveyed narrowly what  
was going on at    thousands of miles   

from him1 and with prophetic    eye     
looked into the future age2 and scarcely
 had    that enemy1 who was in the event
 so heavily to    smite the ,christian  
world1 shown himself1 when    he gave   
warning of the danger1 and prepared     
#e    himself with measures for averting
 it4 ,scarcely    had the ,turk touched 
the shores of the    ,mediterranean and 
the ,archipelago1 when the ,pope        
detected and denounced him before all   
,europe4    ,the heroic ,pontiff1 ,st4  
,gregory the ,seventh1 was              
#aj    then upon the throne of the      
,apostle2 and though    he was engaged  
in one of the severest conflicts        
which ,pope has ever sustained1 not only
 against    the secular power1 but      
against bad bishops and    priests1 yet 
at a time when his very life was not    
#ae    his own1 and present             
responsibilities so urged    him1 that  
one would fancy he had time for no      
other thought1 ,gregory was able to turn
 his mind    to the consideration of a  

contingent danger in the    almost      
fabulous ,east4 ,in a letter written    
during                   #bj    the     
reign of ,malek ,shah1 he suggested the 
idea    of a crusade against the        
misbeliever1 which later    popes       
carried out4 ,he assures the ,emperor of
    ,germany1 whom he was addressing1   
that he had    #ej1jjj troops ready for 
the holy war1 whom he                   
#be    would fain have led in person4   
,this was in the    year #ajgd4      ,in
 truth1 the most melancholy accounts    
were    brought to ,europe of the state 
of things in the    ,holy ,land4 ,a rude
 ,turcoman ruled in                     
#cj    ,jerusalem2 his people insulted  
there the clergy of    every profession2
 they dragged the patriarch by    the   
hair along the pavement1 and cast him   
into    a dungeon1 in hopes of a ransom2
 and disturbed    from time to time the 
,latin ,mass and office in the          
,church of the ,resurrection4 ,as to the
 pilgrims1                     #e       

,asia ,minor1 the country through which 
they had    to travel in an age when the
 sea was not yet safe    to the voyager1
 was a scene of foreign incursion    and
 internal distraction4 ,they arrived at 
,jerusalem exhausted by their           
sufferings1 and                         
#aj    sometimes terminated them by     
death1 before they    were permitted to 
kiss the ,holy ,sepulchre4           99 
99       99       99       99      ,it  
is commonly said that the ,crusades     
failed    in their object2 that they    
were nothing else but    a lavish       
expenditure of men and treasure2 and    
#ae    that the possession of the ,holy 
,places by the    ,turks to this day is 
a proof of it4 ,now ,i will not    enter
 here into a very intricate controversy2
 this    only will ,i say1 that1 if the 
tribes of the desert1    under the      
leadership of the house of ,seljuk1     
turned                #bj    their faces
 to the ,west in the middle of the      
eleventh century2 if in forty years they

 had    advanced from ,khorasan to      
,jerusalem and the    neighborhood of   
,constantinople2 and if in              
consequence they were threatening       
,europe and                       #be   
,christianity2 and if1 for that reason1 
it was a    great object to drive them  
back or break them    to pieces2 if it  
were a worthy object of the    ,crusades
 to rescue ,europe from this peril and  
to    reassure the anxious minds of     
,christian    multitudes2 then were the 
,crusades no failure in    their issue1 
for this object was fully accomplished4 
,the ,seljukian ,turks were hurled back 
upon the    ,east1 and then broken up1  
by the hosts of the                     
#e    ,crusaders4 ,the lieutenant of    
,malek ,shah1 who    had been           
established as ,sultan of ,roum 7as     
,asia    ,minor was called by the       
,turks71 was driven to an    obscure    
town1 where his dynasty lasted1 indeed1 
but gradually dwindled away4 ,a similar 
fate                        #aj         

attended the house of ,seljuk in other  
parts of    the ,empire1 and internal   
quarrels increased and    perpetuated   
its weakness4 ,sudden as was its        
rise1 as sudden was its fall2 till the  
terrible    ,zingis1 descending on the  
,turkish dynasties1 like                
#ae    an avalanche1 coperated          
effectually with the    ,crusaders and  
finished their work2 and if             
,jerusalem was not protected from other 
enemies1    at least ,constantinople was
 saved1 and ,europe    was placed in    
security1 for three hundred years4      
#bj            ,,the ,,past ,,and       
,,present ,,of ,,the ,,ottomans         
,i think it is clear1 that1 if my       
account be only    in the main correct1 
the ,turkish power certainly    is not a
 civilized1 and is a barbarous power4   
,the barbarian lives without principle  
and    without aim2 he does but reflect 
the successive                    #be   
outward circumstances in which he finds 
himself1    and he varies with them4 ,he

 changes    suddenly1 when their change 
is sudden1 and is as    unlike what he  
was just before1 as one fortune    or   
external condition is unlike another4   
,he    moves when he is urged by        
appetite2 else1 he    remains in sloth  
and inactivity4 ,he lives1 and    he    
dies1 and he has done nothing1 but      
leaves the                    #e        
world as he found it4 ,and what the     
individual    is1 such is his whole     
generation2 and as that    generation1  
such is the generation before and       
after4 ,no generation can say what it   
has been    doing2 it has not made the  
state of things better                  
#aj    or worse2 for retrogression there
 is hardly room2    for progress1 no    
sort of material4 ,now ,i shall    show 
that these characteristics of the       
barbarian    are rudimental points1 as  
,i may call them1 in the    picture of  
the ,turks1 as drawn by those who       
#ae    have studied them4 ,i shall      
principally avail    myself of the      

information supplied by ,mr4            
,thornton and ,m4 ,volney1 men of name  
and ability1    and for various reasons 
preferable as authorities    to writers 
of the present day4                     
#bj      ,the ,turks1 says ,mr4         
,thornton1 who1 though    not blind to  
their shortcomings1 is certainly        
favorable to them1 the ,turks are of a  
grave    and saturnine cast 444 patient 
of hunger and    privations1 capable of 
enduring the hardships of               
#be    war1 but not much inclined to    
habits of    industry4444 ,they prefer  
apathy and indolence to    active       
enjoyments2 but when moved by a         
powerful stimulus they sometimes indulge
 in pleasures    in excess4 ,the ,turk1 
he says elsewhere1                      
#cj    stretched at his ease on the     
banks of the ,bosphorus1    glides down 
the stream of existence    without      
reflection on the past1 and without     
anxiety for the future4 ,his life is one
 continued    and unvaried reverie4 ,to 

his imagination the    whole universe   
appears occupied in procuring him       
#e    pleasures4444 ,every custom       
invites to repose1    and every object  
inspires an indolent    voluptuousness4 
,their delight is to recline on soft    
verdure    under the shade of trees1 and
 to muse without    fixing the          
attention1 lulled by the trickling of a 
#aj    fountain or the murmuring of a   
rivulet1 and    inhaling through their  
pipe a gently inebriating    vapor4     
,such pleasures1 the highest which the  
rich can enjoy1 are equally within the  
reach of    the artisan or the peasant4 
#ae      ,m4 ,volney corroborates this  
account of them3    ,their behavior1 he 
says1 is serious1 austere1    and       
melancholy2 they rarely laugh1 and the  
gayety of the ,french appears to them a 
fit of    delirium4 ,when they speak1 it
 is with                                
#bj    deliberation1 without gestures   
and without passion2    they listen     
without interrupting you2 they are      

silent for whole days together1 and they
 by no    means pique themselves on     
supporting    conversation4 ,if they    
walk1 it is always leisurely1 and       
#be    on business4 ,they have no idea  
of our    troublesome activity1 and our 
walks backwards and    forwards for     
amusement4 ,continually seated1    they 
pass whole days smoking1 with their legs
    crossed1 their pipes in their       
mouths1 and almost                   #cj
    without changing their attitude4    
,englishmen    present as great a       
contrast to the ,ottoman as the         
,french2 as a late ,english traveler    
brings before    us1 apropos of seeing  
some ,turks in quarantine3              
,certainly1 he says1 ,englishmen are the
 least    able to wait1 and the ,turks  
the most so1 of any                     
#e    people ,i have ever seen4 ,to     
impede an    ,englishman's locomotion on
 a journey1 is equivalent to    stopping
 the circulation of his blood2 to       
disturb    the repose of a ,turk on his1

 is to reawaken him    to a painful     
sense of the miseries of life4 ,the     
#aj    one nation at rest is as much    
tormented as    ,prometheus1 chained to 
his rock1 with the vulture    feeding on
 him2 the other in motion is as         
uncomfortable as ,ixion tied to his     
ever-moving wheel4#ch        #ch        
,formby's ,visit1 p4 #gj4      ,however1
 the barbarian1 when roused to action1  
#ae    is a very different being from   
the barbarian    at rest4 ,the ,turk1   
says ,mr4 ,thornton1 is    usually      
placid1 hypochondriac1 and              
unimpassioned2 but1 when the customary  
sedateness of    his temper is ruffled1 
his passions 444 are                    
#bj    furious and uncontrollable4 ,the 
individual seems    possessed with all  
the ungovernable fury of a    multitude2
 and all ties1 all attachments1 all     
natural and moral obligations1 are      
forgotten or    despised1 till his rage 
subsides4 ,a similar                    
#be    remark is made by a writer of the

 day3 ,the ,turk    on horseback has no 
resemblance to the ,turk    reclining on
 his carpet4 ,he there assumes a        
vigor1 and displays a dexterity1 which  
few    ,europeans would be capable of   
emulating2 no                        #cj
    horsemen surpass the ,turks2 and1   
with all the    indolence of which they 
are accused1 no people    are more fond 
of the violent exercise of riding4      
,so was it with their ancestors1 the    
,tartars2    now dosing on their horses 
or their wagons1 now                    
#e    galloping over the plains from    
morning to night4    ,however1 these    
successive phases of ,turkish           
character1 as reported by travelers1    
have seemed    to readers as            
inconsistencies in their reports2       
,thornton accepts the inconsistency4    
,the                           #aj      
national character of the ,turks1 he    
says1 is a    composition of            
contradictory qualities4 ,we find       
them brave and pusillanimous2 gentle and

    ferocious2 resolute and inconstant2 
active and    indolent2 fastidiously    
abstemious1 and                         
#ae    indiscriminately indulgent4 ,the 
great are alternately    haughty and    
humble1 arrogant and cringing1          
liberal and sordid4#ci ,what is this but
 to say in    one word that we find them
 barbarians8        #ci ,bell's         
,geography4      ,according to these    
distinct moods or phases                
#bj    of character1 they will leave    
very various    impressions of          
themselves on the minds of successive   
beholders4 ,a traveler finds them in    
their    ordinary state in repose and   
serenity2 he is surprised    and        
startled to find them so different from 
what                   #be    he        
imagined2 he admires and extols them1   
and    inveighs against the prejudice   
which has    slandered them to the      
,european world4 ,he finds them    mild 
and patient1 tender to the brute        
creation1 as    becomes the children of 

a ,tartar shepherd1 kind                
#cj    and hospitable1 self-possessed   
and dignified1 the    lowest classes    
sociable with each other1 and the       
children gamesome4 ,it is true2 they are
 as noble    as the lion of the desert1 
and as gentle and as    playful as the  
fireside cat4 ,our traveler observes    
#e    all this2#dj and seems to forget  
that from the    humblest to the highest
 of the feline tribe1 from    the cat to
 the lion1 the most wanton and          
tyrannical cruelty alternates with      
qualities more    engaging or more      
elevated4 ,other barbarous              
#aj    tribes also have their innocent  
aspects--from    the ,scythians in the  
classical poets and historians    down  
to the ,lewchoo islanders in the pages  
of    ,basil ,hall4        #dj ,vid4    
,sir ,charles ,fellows' ,asia ,minor4   
,but whatever be the natural excellences
 of                         #ae    the  
,turks1 progressive they are not4 ,this 
,sir    ,charles ,fellows seems to      

allow3 ,my intimacy    with the         
character of the ,turks1 he says1 which 
has led me to think so highly of their  
moral    excellence1 has not given me   
the same favorable                      
#bj    impression of the development of 
their mental    powers4 ,their          
refinement is of manners and            
affections2 there is little cultivation 
or activity    of mind among them4 ,this
 admission implies    a great deal1 and 
brings us to a fresh                    
#be    consideration4 ,observe1 they    
were in the eighth century    of their  
political existence when ,thornton and  
,volney lived among them1 and these     
authors    report of them as follows3   
,their buildings1    says ,thornton1 are
 heavy in their proportions1            
#cj    bad in detail1 both in taste and 
execution1    fantastic in decoration1  
and destitute of genius4    ,their      
cities are not decorated with public    
monuments1 whose object is to enliven or
 to embellish4    ,their religion       

forbids them every sort of              
#e    painting1 sculpture1 or engraving2
 thus the fine arts    cannot exist     
among them4 ,they have no music    but  
vocal2 and know of no accompaniment     
except a bass of one note like that of  
the bagpipe4    ,their singing is in a  
great measure recitative1               
#aj    with little variation of note4   
,they have scarcely    any notion of    
medicine or surgery2 and they do    not 
allow of anatomy4 ,as to science1 the   
telescope1 the microscope1 the electric 
battery1 are    unknown1 except as      
playthings4 ,the compass                
#ae    is not universally employed in   
their navy1 nor    are its common       
purposes thoroughly understood4         
,navigation1 astronomy1 geography1      
chemistry1    are either not known1 or  
practiced only on    antiquated and     
exploded principles4 ,as to their       
#bj    civil and criminal codes of law1 
these are    unalterably fixed in the   
,koran4444      ,compare the ,rome of   

,junius ,brutus to the    ,rome of      
,constantine1 #hjj years afterwards4 ,in
    each of these polities there was a  
continuous                      #be     
progression1 and the end was unlike the 
beginning2 but the ,turks1 except that  
they have gained    the faculty of      
political union1 are pretty much    what
 they were when they crossed the        
,jaxartes    and ,oxus4 ,again1 at the  
time of ,togrul ,beg1 the               
#cj    ,greek schism also took place2   
now from ,michael    ,cerularius1 in    
#ajed1 to ,anthimus1 in #ahec1          
,patriarchs of ,constantinople1 eight   
centuries have    passed of religious   
deadness and insensibility3 a    longer 
time has passed in ,china of a similar  
political inertness3 yet ,china has     
preserved at                     #e     
least the civilization1 and ,greece the 
ecclesiastical    science1 with which   
they respectively passed into    their  
long sleep2 but the ,turks of this day  
are    still in the less than infancy of

 art1 literature1    philosophy1 and    
general knowledge2 and we may           
#aj    fairly conclude that1 if they    
have not learned    the very alphabet of
 science in eight hundred    years1 they
 are not likely to set to work on it in 
the nine hundredth4           99        
99       99       99       99      ,it  
is true that in the last quarter of a   
century                   #ae    efforts
 have been made by the government of    
,constantinople to innovate on the      
existing    condition of its people2 and
 it has addressed itself    in the first
 instance to certain details of daily   
,turkish life4 ,we must take it for     
granted that it                  #bj    
began with such changes as were easiest2
 if so1 its    failure in these small   
matters suggests how little    ground   
there is for hope of success in other   
advances more important and difficult4  
,every    one knows that in the details 
of dress1 carriage1                  #be
    and general manners1 the ,turks are 

very    different from ,europeans3 so   
different1 and so    consistently       
different1 that the contrariety would   
seem to arise from some difference of   
essential    principle4 ,this           
dissimilitude1 says ,mr4    ,thornton1  
which pervades the whole of their       
habits1    is so general1 even in things
 of apparent    insignificance1 as      
almost to indicate design rather than   
accident4444                            
#e      ,to learn from others1 you must 
entertain a    respect for them2 no one 
listens to those whom    he contemns4   
,christian nations make progress    in  
secular matters1 because they are aware 
they    have many things to learn1 and  
do not mind from                    #aj 
whom they learn them1 so that he be able
 to teach4    ,it is true that          
,christianity1 as well as               
,mahometanism1 which imitated it1 has   
its visible polity1    and its universal
 rule1 and its especial    prerogatives 
and powers and lessons1 for its         

disciples4            #ae    ,but1 with 
a ,divine wisdom1 and contrary to its   
human copyist1 it has carefully guarded 
7if ,i    may use the expression7       
against extending its    revelations to 
any point which would blunt the         
keenness of human research or the       
activity of                      #bj    
human toil4 ,it has taken those matters 
for its    field in which the human     
mind1 left to itself1    could not      
profitably exercise itself1 or progress1
    if it would2 it has confined its    
revelations to the    province of       
theology1 only indirectly touching      
#be    on other departments of          
knowledge1 so far as    theological     
truth accidentally affects them2 and    
it has shown an equally remarkable care 
in    preventing the introduction of the
 spirit of caste    or race into its    
constitution or administration4         
#cj    ,pure nationalism it abhors2 its 
authoritative    documents pointedly    
ignore the distinction of    ,jew and   

,gentile1 and warn us that the first    
often    becomes the last2 while its    
subsequent history    has illustrated   
this great principle1 by its awful1     
and absolute1 and inscrutable1 and      
irreversible                     #e     
passage from country to country1 as its 
territory    and its home4 ,such1 then1 
it has been in the    ,divine counsels1 
and such1 too1 as realized in fact2     
but man has ways of his own1 and1 even  
before    its introduction into the     
world1 the inspired                     
#aj    announcements1 which preceded it1
 were distorted    by the people to whom
 they were given1 to    minister to     
views of a very different kind4 ,the    
secularized ,jews1 relying on the       
supernatural    favors locally and      
temporally bestowed on                  
#ae    themselves1 fell into the error  
of supposing that a    conquest of the  
earth was reserved for some mighty      
warrior of their own race1 and that1 in 
compensation of the reverses which      

befell them1 they    were to become an  
imperial nation4                        
#bj      ,what a contrast is presented  
to us by these    different ideas of a  
universal empire6 ,the    distinctions  
of race are indelible2 a ,jew cannot    
become a ,greek1 or a ,greek a ,jew2    
birth is an    event of past time2      
according to the ,judaizers1            
#be    their nation1 as a nation1 was   
ever to be    dominant2 and all other   
nations1 as such1 were    inferior and  
subject4 ,what was the necessary        
consequence8 ,there is nothing men more 
pride    themselves on than birth1 for  
this very reason1                    #cj
    that it is irrevocable2 it can      
neither be given to    those who have it
 not1 nor taken away from    those who  
have4 ,the ,almighty can do anything    
which admits of doing2 ,he can          
compensate every    evil2 but a ,greek  
poet says that there is one    thing    
impossible to ,him--to undo what is     
#e    done4 ,without throwing the       

thought into a    shape which borders on
 the profane1 we may see    in it the   
reason why the idea of national power   
was so dear and so dangerous to the     
,jew4 ,it was    his consciousness of   
inalienable superiority that            
#aj    led him to regard ,roman and     
,greek1 ,syrian and    ,egyptian1 with  
ineffable arrogance and scorn4          
,christians1 too1 are accustomed to     
think of those    who are not           
,christians as their inferiors2 but the 
conviction which possesses them1 that   
they have                    #ae    what
 others have not1 is obviously not open 
to    the temptation which nationalism  
presents4    ,according to their own    
faith1 there is no insuperable    gulf  
between themselves and the rest of      
mankind2    there is not a being in the 
whole world but is                      
#bj    invited by their religion to     
occupy the same    position as          
themselves1 and1 did he come1 would     
stand on their very level1 as if he had 

ever been    there4 ,such accessions to 
their body they    continually receive1 
and they are bound under                
#be    obligation of duty to promote    
them4 ,they never    can pronounce of   
any one1 now external to them1    that  
he will not some day be among them2 they
    never can pronounce of themselves   
that1 though    they are now within1    
they may not some day                   
#cj    be found outside1 the ,divine    
polity4 ,such are    the sentiments     
inculcated by ,christianity1 even    in 
the contemplation of the very           
superiority    which it imparts2 even   
there it is a principle1 not    of      
repulsion between man and man1 but of   
good    fellowship2 but as to subjects  
of secular                           #e 
knowledge1 since here it does not       
arrogate any    superiority at all1 it  
has in fact no tendency whatever    to  
center its disciple's contemplation on  
himself1    or to alienate him from his 
kind4 ,he readily    acknowledges and   

defers to the superiority in            
#aj    art or science of those1 if so   
be1 who are    unhappily enemies to     
,christianity4 ,he admits the           
principle of progress on all matters of 
knowledge    and conduct on which the   
,creator has not decided    the truth   
already by revealing it2 and he is at   
#ae    all times ready to learn1 in     
those merely secular    matters1 from   
those who can teach him best4    ,thus  
it is that ,christianity1 even          
negatively1 and    without contemplating
 its positive influences1 is    the     
religion of civilization4               
#bj            ,,iii4 ,,universities    
,,what ,,is ,a ,,university8        ,if 
,i were asked to describe as briefly and
    popularly as ,i could1 what a       
,university was1 ,i    should draw my   
answer from its ancient    designation  
of a ,studium ,generale1 or ,school of  
,universal ,learning4 ,this description 
implies                       #e    the 
assemblage of strangers from all parts  

in one    spot--from all parts2 else1   
how will you find    professors and     
students for every department of        
knowledge8 and in one spot2 else1 how   
can there    be any school at all8      
,accordingly1 in its simple             
#aj    and rudimental form1 it is a     
school of knowledge    of every kind1   
consisting of teachers and learners     
from every quarter4 ,many things are    
requisite    to complete and satisfy the
 idea embodied in this    description2  
but such as this a ,university seems    
#ae    to be in its essence1 a place for
 the    communication and circulation of
 thought1 by means of    personal       
intercourse1 through a wide extent of   
country4      ,mutual education1 in a   
large sense of the word1                
#bj    is one of the great and incessant
 occupations of    human society1       
carried on partly with set    purpose1  
and partly not4 ,one generation forms   
another2 and the existing generation is 
ever    acting and reacting upon itself 

in the persons of its    individual     
members4 ,now1 in this process1 books1  
,i need scarcely say1 that is1 the      
litera scripta1    are one special      
instrument4 ,it is true2 and            
#e    emphatically so in this age4      
,considering the    prodigious powers of
 the press1 and how they are            
developed at this time in the never     
intermitting    issue of periodicals1   
tracts1 pamphlets1 works in    series1  
and light literature1 we must allow     
there                  #aj    never was 
a time which promised fairer for        
dispensing with every other means of    
information    and instruction4 ,what   
can we want more1 you    will say1 for  
the intellectual education of the       
whole man1 and for every man1 than so   
exuberant                    #ae    and 
diversified and persistent a            
promulgation    of all kinds of         
knowledge8 ,why1 you will ask1    need  
we go up to knowledge1 when knowledge   
comes down to us8 ,the ,sibyl wrote her 

prophecies upon the leaves of the       
forest1 and wasted               #bj    
them2 but here such careless profusion  
might be    prudently indulged1 for it  
can be afforded    without loss1 in     
consequence of the almost fabulous      
fecundity of the instrument which these 
latter    ages have invented4 ,we have  
sermons in stones1                      
#be    and books in the running brooks2 
works larger    and more comprehensive  
than those which have    gained for     
ancients an immortality1 issue forth    
every morning1 and are projected onwards
 to    the ends of the earth at the rate
 of hundreds of                   #cj   
miles a day4 ,our seats are strewed1 our
 pavements    are powdered1 with swarms 
of little tracts2    and the very bricks
 of our city walls preach    wisdom1 by 
informing us by their placards where we 
can at once cheaply purchase it4      ,i
 allow all this1 and much more2 such    
#e    certainly is our popular          
education1 and its effects are          

remarkable4 ,nevertheless1 after all1   
even in this    age1 whenever men are   
really serious about    getting what1 in
 the language of trade1 is called a     
good article1 when they aim at something
                          #aj           
precise1 something refined1 something   
really    luminous1 something really    
large1 something choice1    they go to  
another market2 they avail themselves1  
in some shape or other1 of the rival    
method1 the    ancient method1 of oral  
instruction1 of present                 
#ae    communication between man and    
man1 of teachers    instead of learning1
 of the personal influence of a         
master1 and the humble initiation of a  
disciple1    and1 in consequence1 of    
great centers of    pilgrimage and      
throng1 which such a method of          
#bj    education necessarily involves4  
,if the actions of men may be taken as  
any test    of their convictions1 then  
we have reason for    saying this1 viz43
 that the province and the              

inestimable benefit of the litera       
scripta is that of             #be      
being a record of truth1 and an         
authority of appeal1    and an          
instrument of teaching in the hands of a
    teacher2 but that1 if we wish to    
become exact and    fully furnished in  
any branch of knowledge which    is     
diversified and complicated1 we must    
consult                    #cj    the   
living man and listen to his living     
voice4444    ,no book can convey the    
special spirit and    delicate          
peculiarities of its subject with that  
rapidity and certainty which attend on  
the sympathy    of mind with mind1      
through the eyes1 the look1    the      
accent1 and the manner1 in casual       
expressions                   #e        
thrown off at the moment1 and the       
unstudied    turns of familiar          
conversation4 ,but ,i am already        
dwelling too long on what is but an     
incidental    portion of my main        
subject4 ,whatever be the    cause1 the 

fact is undeniable4 ,the general        
#aj    principles of any study you may  
learn by books at    home2 but the      
detail1 the color1 the tone1 the    air1
 the life which makes it live in us1 you
 must    catch all these from those in  
whom it lives    already4 ,you must     
imitate the student in ,french          
#ae    or ,german1 who is not content   
with his    grammar1 but goes to ,paris 
or ,dresden3 you must    take example   
from the young artist1 who aspires    to
 visit the great ,masters in ,florence  
and in    ,rome4 ,till we have          
discovered some                         
#bj    intellectual daguerreotype1 which
 takes off the course of    thought1 and
 the form1 lineaments1 and features     
of truth1 as completely and minutely1 as
 the    optical instrument reproduces   
the sensible    object1 we must come to 
the teachers of wisdom                  
#be    to learn wisdom1 we must repair  
to the fountain1    and drink there4    
,portions of it may go from    thence to

 the ends of the earth by means of      
books2 but the fullness is in one place 
alone4 ,it    is in such assemblages and
 congregations of                       
#cj    intellect that books themselves1 
the masterpieces    of human genius1 are
 written1 or at least    originated4    
,the principle on which ,i have been    
insisting    is so obvious1 and         
instances in point are so ready1    that
 ,i should think it tiresome to proceed 
with                     #e    the      
subject1 except that one or two         
illustrations    may serve to explain my
 own language about it1    which may not
 have done justice to the doctrine      
which it has been intended to enforce4  
,for instance1 the polished manners and 
#aj    high-bred bearing which are so   
difficult of attainment1    and so      
strictly personal when attained1--which 
are so much admired in society1 from    
society    are acquired4 ,all that goes 
to constitute a    gentleman1--the      
carriage1 gait1 address1 gestures1      

#ae    voice2 the ease1 the             
self-possession1 the courtesy1    the   
power of conversing1 the talent of not  
offending2 the lofty principle1 the     
delicacy of thought1    the happiness of
 expression1 the taste and    propriety1
 the generosity and forbearance1 the    
#bj    candor and consideration1 the    
openness of    hand--these qualities1   
some of them come by nature1    some of 
them may be found in any rank1 some of  
them are a direct precept of            
,christianity2 but    the full          
assemblage of them1 bound up in the     
#be    unity of an individual character1
 do we expect    they can be learned    
from books8 are they not    necessarily 
acquired1 where they are to be found1   
in high society8 ,the very nature of the
 case    leads us to say so2 you cannot 
fence without an                    #cj 
antagonist1 nor challenge all comers in 
disputation    before you have supported
 a thesis2 and in    like manner1 it    
stands to reason1 you cannot learn    to

 converse till you have the world to    
converse    with2 you cannot unlearn    
your natural    bashfulness1 or         
awkwardness1 or stiffness1 or other     
#e    besetting deformity1 till you     
serve your time in    some school of    
manners4 ,well1 and is it not so    in  
matter of fact8 ,the metropolis1 the    
court1    the great houses of the land1 
are the centers to    which at stated   
times the country comes up1 as to       
#aj    shrines of refinement and good   
taste2 and then    in due time the      
country goes back again home1           
enriched with a portion of the social   
accomplishments1 which those very visits
 serve to call out    and heighten in   
the gracious dispensers of them4        
#ae    ,we are unable to conceive how   
the    gentleman-like can otherwise be  
maintained2 and    maintained in this   
way it is4444      ,religious teaching  
itself affords us an    illustration of 
our subject to a certain point4 ,it     
#bj    does not indeed seat itself      

merely in centers of    the world2 this 
is impossible from the nature of    the 
case4 ,it is intended for the many not  
the    few2 its subject-matter is truth 
necessary for us1    not truth recondite
 and rare2 but it concurs in            
#be    the principle of a ,university so
 far as this1 that    its great         
instrument1 or rather organ1 has ever   
been that which nature prescribes in all
 education1    the personal presence of 
a teacher1 or1 in    theological        
language1 ,oral ,tradition4 ,it is the  
living             #cj    voice1 the    
breathing form1 the expressive          
countenance1    which preaches1 which   
catechises4 ,truth1    a subtle1        
invisible1 manifold spirit1 is poured   
into    the mind of the scholar by his  
eyes and ears1    through his           
affections1 imagination1 and reason2    
it is poured into his mind and is sealed
 up there                   #e    in    
perpetuity1 by propounding and repeating
 it1    by questioning and              

requestioning1 by correcting    and     
explaining1 by progressing and then     
recurring    to first principles1 by all
 those ways which are    implied in the 
word catechising4 ,in the first         
#aj    ages1 it was a work of long time2
 months1    sometimes years1 were       
devoted to the arduous task    of       
disabusing the mind of the incipient    
,christian    of its pagan errors1 and  
of molding it upon the    ,christian    
faith4 ,the ,scriptures indeed were at  
#ae    hand for the study of those who  
could avail    themselves of them2 but  
,st4 ,irenus does not    hesitate to    
speak of whole races1 who had been      
converted to ,christianity1 without     
being able to    read them4 ,to be      
unable to read or write was in          
#bj    those times no evidence of want  
of learning3 the    hermits of the      
deserts were1 in this sense of the      
word1 illiterate2 yet the great ,st4    
,anthony1    though he knew not letters1
 was a match in    disputation for the  

learned philosophers who came           
#be    to try him4 ,didymus again1 the  
great    ,alexandrian theologian1 was   
blind4 ,the ancient    discipline1      
called the ,disciplina ,arcani1 involved
 the    same principle4 ,the more sacred
 doctrines of    ,revelation were not   
committed to books but                  
#cj    passed on by successive          
tradition4 ,the teaching    on the      
,blessed ,trinity1 and the ,eucharist   
appears to have been so handed down for 
some    hundred years2 and when at      
length reduced to    writing1 it has    
filled many folios1 yet has not been    
exhausted4                              
#e      ,but ,i have said more than     
enough in    illustration2 end as ,i    
began--a ,university is a place    of   
concourse1 whither students come from   
every    quarter for every kind of      
knowledge4 ,you    cannot have the best 
of every kind everywhere2 you           
#aj    must go to some great city or    
emporium for it4    ,there you have all 

the choicest productions    of nature   
and art all together1 which you find    
each in its own separate place          
elsewhere4 ,all    the riches of the    
land1 and of the earth1 are             
#ae    carried up thither2 there are the
 best markets1 and    there the best    
workmen4 ,it is the center of    trade1 
the supreme court of fashion1 the umpire
    of rival talents1 and the standard  
of things rare    and precious4 ,it is  
the place for seeing galleries          
#bj    of first-rate pictures1 and for  
hearing wonderful    voices and         
performers of transcendent skill4 ,it   
is the place for great preachers1 great 
orators1    great nobles1 great         
statesmen4 ,in the nature of    things1 
greatness and unity go together2        
#be    excellence implies a center4 ,and
 such1 for the third    or fourth time1 
is a ,university2 ,i hope ,i do not     
weary out the reader by repeating it4   
,it is the    place to which a thousand 
schools make    contributions2 in which 

the intellect may safely                
#cj    range and speculate1 sure to find
 its equal in    some antagonist        
activity1 and its judge in the          
tribunal of truth4 ,it is a place where 
inquiry    is pushed forward1 and       
discoveries verified and    perfected1  
and rashness rendered innocuous1 and    
error exposed1 by the collision of mind 
with mind1                  #e    and   
knowledge with knowledge4 ,it is the    
place    where the professor becomes    
eloquent1 and is a    missionary and a  
preacher1 displaying his science    in  
its most complete and most winning form1
    pouring it forth with the zeal of   
enthusiasm1 and                  #aj    
lighting up his own love of it in the   
breasts of    his hearers4 ,it is the   
place where the catechist    makes good 
his ground as he goes1 treading in the  
truth day by day into the ready memory1 
and    wedging and tightening it into   
the expanding                       #ae 
reason4 ,it is a place which wins the   

admiration    of the young by its       
celebrity1 kindles the    affections of 
the middle-aged by its beauty1 and      
rivets    the fidelity of the old by its
 associations4 ,it is a    seat of      
wisdom1 a light of the world1 a minister
 of                #bj    the faith1 an 
,alma ,mater of the rising generation4  
,it is this and a great deal more1 and  
demands a    somewhat better head and   
hand than mine to    describe it well4  
,,university ,,life        ,,athens     
,it has been my desire1 were ,i able1 to
 bring                       #be        
before the reader what ,athens may have 
been1    viewed as what we have since   
called a ,university2    and to do this1
 not with any purpose of writing    a   
panegyric on a heathen city1 or of      
denying    its many deformities1 or of  
concealing what was    morally base in  
what was intellectually great1 but      
just the contrary1 of representing as   
they really                   #e        
were2 so far1 that is1 as to enable him 

to see what    a ,university is1 in the 
very constitution of society    and in  
its own idea1 what is its nature and    
object1    and what its needs of aid and
 support external to    itself to       
complete that nature and to secure that 
#aj    object4      ,so now let us fancy
 our ,scythian1 or ,armenian1    or     
,african1 or ,italian1 or ,gallic       
student1 after    tossing on the        
,saronic waves1 which would be his      
more ordinary course to ,athens1 at last
 casting                    #ae         
anchor at ,pirus4 ,he is of any         
condition or rank    of life you please1
 and may be made to order1    from a    
prince to a peasant4 ,perhaps he is some
    ,cleanthes1 who has been a boxer in 
the public    games4 ,how did it ever   
cross his brain to betake               
#bj    himself to ,athens in search of  
wisdom8 or1 if he    came thither by    
accident1 how did the love of it    ever
 touch his heart8 ,but so it was1 to    
,athens he    came with three drachms in

 his girdle1 and he got    his          
livelihood by drawing water1 carrying   
loads1                   #be    and the 
like servile occupations4 ,he attached  
himself1 of all philosophers1 to ,zeno  
the    ,stoic1--to ,zeno1 the most      
high-minded1 the most haughty    of     
speculators2 and out of his daily       
earnings the    poor scholar brought his
 master the daily sum of                
#cj    an obolus1 in payment for        
attending his lectures4    ,such        
progress did he make1 that on ,zeno's   
death    he actually was his successor  
in his school2 and1    if my memory does
 not play me false1 he is the    author 
of a hymn to the ,supreme ,being1 which 
is    one of the noblest effusions of   
the kind in classical               #e  
poetry4 ,yet1 even when he was the head 
of a    school1 he continued in his     
illiberal toil as if he    had been a   
monk2 and1 it is said1 that once1 when  
the wind took his pallium1 and blew it  
aside1 he    was discovered to have no  

other garment at                        
#aj    all--something like the ,german  
student who came up    to ,heidelberg   
with nothing upon him but a great       
coat and a pair of pistols4      ,or it 
is another disciple of the              
,porch--,stoic    by nature1 earlier    
than by profession--who is              
#ae    entering the city2 but in what   
different fashion    he comes6 ,it is no
 other than ,marcus1 ,emperor    of     
,rome and philosopher4 ,professors long 
since    were summoned from ,athens for 
his service1 when    he was a youth1 and
 now he comes1 after his                
#bj    victories in the battlefield1 to 
make his    acknowledgments at the end  
of life1 to the city of wisdom1 and     
to submit himself to an initiation into 
the    ,eleusinian mysteries4      ,or  
it is a young man of great promise as an
                        #be    orator1  
were it not for his weakness of chest1  
which    renders it necessary that he   
should acquire the art    of speaking   

without over-exertion1 and should       
adopt a delivery sufficient for the     
display of his    rhetorical talents on 
the one hand1 yet merciful              
#cj    to his physical resources on the 
other4 ,he is    called ,cicero2 he will
 stop but a short time1 and    will pass
 over to ,asia ,minor and its cities1   
before    he returns to continue a      
career which will render    his name    
immortal2 and he will like his short    
sojourn at ,athens so well1 that he will
 take good                   #e    care 
to send his son thither at an earlier   
age than    he visited it himself4      
,but see where comes from ,alexandria   
7for we    need not be very solicitous  
about anachronisms71    a young man from
 twenty to twenty-two1 who              
#aj    has narrowly escaped drowning on 
his voyage1    and is to remain at      
,athens as many as eight or    ten      
years1 yet in the course of that time   
will not    learn a line of ,latin1     
thinking it enough to    become         

accomplished in ,greek composition1 and 
in                   #ae    that he will
 succeed4 ,he is a grave person1 and    
difficult to make out2 some say he is a 
,christian1    something or other in the
 ,christian line his father    is for   
certain4 ,his name is ,gregory1 he is by
    country a ,cappadocian1 and will in 
time become                     #bj     
preminently a theologian1 and one of the
    principal ,doctors of the ,greek    
,church4      ,or it is one ,horace1 a  
youth of low stature and    black hair1 
whose father has given him an           
education at ,rome above his rank in    
life1 and now is               #be      
sending him to finish it at ,athens2 he 
is said to    have a turn for poetry3 a 
hero he is not1 and it    were well if  
he knew it2 but he is caught by the     
enthusiasm of the hour1 and goes off    
campaigning    with ,brutus and         
,cassius1 and will leave his shield     
#cj    behind him on the field of       
,philippi4      ,or it is a mere boy of 

fifteen3 his name    ,eunapius2 though  
the voyage was not long1 sea            
sickness1 or confinement1 or bad living 
on board the    vessel1 threw him into a
 fever1 and1 when the    passengers     
landed in the evening at ,pirus1 he     
#e    could not stand4 ,his countrymen  
who    accompanied him1 took him up     
among them and carried    him to the    
house of the great teacher of the day1  
,proresius1 who was a friend of the     
captain's1    and whose fame it was     
which drew the                          
#aj    enthusiastic youth to ,athens4   
,his companions    understand the sort  
of place they are in1 and1 with the     
license of academic students1 they break
 into the    philosopher's house1 though
 he appears to have    retired for the  
night1 and proceed to make              
#ae    themselves free of it1 with an   
absence of ceremony1    which is only   
not impudence1 because ,proresius       
takes it so easily4 ,strange            
introduction for our    stranger to a   

seat of learning1 but not out of        
keeping with ,athens2 for what could you
 expect of a                #bj    place
 where there was a mob of youths and not
    even the pretense of control2 where 
the poorer    lived any how1 and got on 
as they could1 and the    teachers      
themselves had no protection from the   
humors and caprices of the students who 
filled                     #be    their 
lecture halls8 ,however1 as to this     
,eunapius1 ,proresius took a fancy to   
the boy1 and told    him curious stories
 about ,athenian life4 ,he    himself   
had come up to the ,university with one 
,hephstion1 and they were even worse off
 than                      #cj          
,cleanthes the ,stoic2 for they had only
 one cloak    between them1 and nothing 
whatever besides1    except some old    
bedding2 so when ,proresius    went     
abroad1 ,hephstion lay in bed1 and      
practiced himself in oratory2 and then  
,hephstion    put on the cloak1 and     
,proresius crept under the              

#e    coverlet4 ,at another time there  
was so fierce    a feud between what    
would be called town and    gown in an  
,english ,university1 that the          
,professors did not dare lecture in     
public1 for fear of    ill treatment4   
#aj      ,but a freshman like ,eunapius 
soon got    experience for himself of   
the ways and manners    prevalent in    
,athens4 ,such a one as he had hardly   
entered the city1 when he was caught    
hold of by    a party of the academic   
youth1 who proceeded to                 
#ae    practice on his awkwardness and  
his ignorance4    ,at first sight one   
wonders at their childishness2    but   
the like conduct obtained in the medival
    ,universities2 and not many months  
have passed    away since the journals  
have told us of sober                   
#bj    ,englishmen1 given to            
matter-of-fact calculations1    and to  
the anxieties of money making1 pelting  
each other with snowballs on their own  
sacred    territory1 and defying the    

magistracy1 when they    would interfere
 with their privileges of               
#be    becoming boys4 ,so ,i suppose we 
must attribute it to    something or    
other in human nature4 ,meanwhile1      
there stands the newcomer1 surrounded by
 a circle    of his new associates1 who 
forthwith proceed to    frighten1 and to
 banter1 and to make a fool of him1     
#cj    to the extent of their wit4 ,some
 address him with    mock politeness1   
others with fierceness2 and so    they  
conduct him in solemn procession across 
the    ,agora to the ,baths2 and as they
 approach1 they    dance about him like 
madmen4 ,but this was to    be the end  
of his trial1 for the ,bath was a sort  
of                 #e    initiation2 he 
thereupon received the pallium1 or      
,university gown1 and was suffered by   
his    tormentors to depart in peace4   
,one alone is    recorded as having been
 exempted from this    persecution2 it  
was a youth graver and loftier than     
#aj    even ,st4 ,gregory himself3 but  

it was not from his    force of         
character1 but at the instance of       
,gregory1    that he escaped4 ,gregory  
was his bosom friend1    and was ready  
in ,athens to shelter him when    he    
came4 ,it was another ,saint and        
,doctor2 the                      #ae   
great ,basil1 then1 7it would appear17  
as ,gregory1    but a catechumen of the 
,church4      ,but to return to our     
freshman4 ,his troubles    are not at an
 end1 though he has got his gown    upon
 him4 ,where is he to lodge8 whom is he 
#bj    to attend8 ,he finds himself     
seized1 before he    well knows where he
 is1 by another party of men    or three
 or four parties at once1 like foreign  
porters at a landing1 who seize on the  
baggage of the    perplexed stranger1   
and thrust half a dozen cards           
#be    into his unwilling hands4 ,our   
youth is plied by    the hangers-on of  
professor this1 or sophist that1    each
 of whom wishes the fame or the profit  
of    having a houseful4 ,we will say   

that he escapes    from their           
hands1--but then he will have to        
#cj    choose for himself where he will 
put up2 and1 to    tell the truth1 with 
all the praise ,i have already    given1
 and the praise ,i shall have to give1  
to    the city of mind1 nevertheless1   
between ourselves1    the brick and wood
 which formed it1 the actual            
tenements1 where flesh and blood had to 
lodge                       #e          
7always excepting the mansions of great 
men of    the place71 do not seem to    
have been much better    than those of  
,greek or ,turkish towns1 which are     
at this moment a topic of interest and  
ridicule    in the public prints4 ,a    
lively picture has lately               
#aj    been set before us of ,gallipoli4
 ,take1 says the    writer1#da a        
multitude of the dilapidated outhouses  
found in farm-yards in ,england1 of the 
rickety    old wooden tenements1 the    
cracked1 shutterless    structures of   
planks and tiles1 the sheds and stalls1 

#ae    which our bye lanes1 or          
fish-markets1 or    river-sides can     
supply2 tumble them down on the         
declivity of a bare bald hill2 let the  
spaces    between house and house1 thus 
accidentally    determined1 be          
understood to form streets1 winding of  
#bj    course for no reason1 and with no
 meaning1 up and    down the town2 the  
roadway always narrow1 the    breadth   
never uniform1 the separate houses      
bulging or retiring below1 as           
circumstances may have    determined1   
and leaning forward till they meet      
#be    overhead--and you have a good    
idea of    ,gallipoli4 ,i question      
whether this picture would    not nearly
 correspond to the special seat of the  
,muses in ancient times4 ,learned       
writers assure    us distinctly that the
 houses of ,athens were for             
#cj    the most part small and mean2    
that the streets    were crooked and    
narrow2 that the upper stories          
projected over the roadway2 and that    

staircases1    balustrades1 and doors   
that opened outwards    obstructed it--a
 remarkable coincidence of              
#e    description4 ,i do not doubt at   
all1 though    history is silent1 that  
that roadway was jolting to             
carriages1 and all but impassable2 and  
that it    was traversed by drains1 as  
freely as any ,turkish    town now4     
,athens seems in these respects to      
#aj    have been below the average      
cities of its time4    ,a stranger1 says
 an ancient1 might doubt1 on    the     
sudden view1 if really he saw ,athens4  
#da ,mr4 ,russell's ,letters in the     
,times newspaper 7#ahed74      ,i grant 
all this1 and much more1 if you will2   
but1 recollect1 ,athens was the home of 
the                         #ae         
intellectual and beautiful2 not of low  
mechanical    contrivances and material 
organization4 ,why    stop within your  
lodgings counting the rents in    your  
wall or the holes in your tiling1 when  
nature    and art call you away8 ,you   

must put up with                        
#bj    such a chamber1 and a table1 and 
a stool1 and a    sleeping board1       
anywhere else in the three              
continents2 one place does not differ   
from another    indoors2 your magalia in
 ,africa1 or your grottoes    in ,syria 
are not perfection4 ,i suppose you did  
#be    not come to ,athens to swarm up a
 ladder1 or to    grope about a closet3 
you came to see and to    hear1 what    
hear and see you could not elsewhere4   
,what food for the intellect is it      
possible to    procure indoors1 that you
 stay there looking about               
#cj    you8 do you think to read there8 
where are your    books8 do you expect  
to purchase books at    ,athens--you are
 much out in your calculations4    ,true
 it is1 we at this day1 who live in the 
nineteenth century1 have the books of   
,greece as a    perpetual memorial2 and 
copies there have been1                 
#e    since the time that they were     
written2 but you    need not go to      

,athens to procure them1 nor would      
you find them in ,athens4 ,strange to   
say1 strange    to the nineteenth       
century1 that in the age of ,plato      
and ,thucydides1 there was not1 it is   
said1 a                       #aj       
bookshop in the whole place2 nor was the
 book trade    in existence till the    
very time of ,augustus4    ,libraries1  
,i suspect1 were the bright invention of
    ,attalus or the ,ptolemies2#db ,i   
doubt whether    ,athens had a library  
till the reign of ,hadrian4             
#ae    ,it was what the student gazed   
on1 what he heard1    what he caught by 
the magic of sympathy1 not    what he   
read1 which was the education furnished 
by ,athens4        #db ,i do not go into
 controversy on the subject1 for which  
the      reader must have recourse to   
,lipsius1 ,morhof1 ,boeckh1 ,bekker1    
etc42      and this of course applies to
 whatever historical matter ,i          
introduce1 or shall introduce4      ,he 
leaves his narrow lodging early in the  

#bj    morning2 and not till night1 if  
even then1 will he    return4 ,it is but
 a crib or kennel1 in which    he sleeps
 when the weather is inclement or the   
ground damp2 in no respect a home4 ,and 
he    goes out of doors1 not to read the
 day's                           #be    
newspaper1 or to buy the gay shilling   
volume1 but to    imbibe the invisible  
atmosphere of genius1 and    to learn by
 heart the oral traditions of taste4    
,out he goes2 and1 leaving the          
tumble-down    town behind him1 he      
mounts the ,acropolis to    the right1  
or he turns to the ,areopagus on the    
left4    ,he goes to the ,parthenon to  
study the sculptures                    
#e    of ,phidias2 to the temple of the 
,dioscuri to see    the paintings of    
,polygnotus4 ,we indeed take    our     
,sophocles or schylus out of our coat   
pocket2    but1 if our sojourner at     
,athens would understand    how a tragic
 poet can write1 he must betake         
#aj    himself to the theater on the    

south1 and see and    hear the drama    
literally in action4 ,or let him go     
westward to the ,agora1 and there he    
will hear    ,lysias or ,andocides      
pleading1 or ,demosthenes    haranguing4
 ,he goes farther west still1 along the 
#ae    shade of those noble planes1     
which ,cimon has    planted there2 and  
he looks around him at the    statues   
and porticoes and vestibules1 each by   
itself a work of genius and skill1      
enough to be the    making of another   
city4 ,he passes through the            
#bj    city gate1 and then he is at the 
famous ,ceramicus2    here are the tombs
 of the mighty dead2 and here1    we    
will suppose1 is ,pericles himself1 the 
most    elevated1 the most thrilling of 
orators1 converting a    funeral oration
 over the slain into a philosophical    
#be    panegyric of the living4         
,onwards he proceeds still2 and now he  
has    come to that still more          
celebrated ,academe1    which has       
bestowed its own name on ,universities  

down to this day2 and there he sees a   
sight which                  #cj    will
 be graven on his memory till he dies4  
,many    are the beauties of the place1 
the groves1 and the    statues1 and the 
temple1 and the stream of the           
,cephissus flowing by2 many are the     
lessons    which will be taught him day 
after day by teacher    or by companion2
 but his eye is just now arrested       
#e    by one object2 it is the very     
presence of ,plato4    ,he does not hear
 a word that he says2 he does    not    
care to hear2 he asks neither for       
discourse    nor disputation2 what he   
sees is a whole1    complete in itself1 
not to be increased by addition1 and    
#aj    greater than anything else4 ,it  
will be a point in    the history of his
 life2 a stay for his memory to    rest 
on1 a burning thought in his heart1 a   
bond of    union with men of like mind1 
ever afterwards4    ,such is the spell  
which the living man exerts on          
#ae    his fellows1 for good or for     

evil4 ,how nature    impels us to lean  
upon others1 making virtue1 or          
genius1 or name1 the qualification for  
our doing    so6 ,a ,spaniard is said to
 have traveled to ,italy1    simply to  
see ,livy2 he had his fill of gazing1   
and                 #bj    then went    
back again home4 ,had our young         
stranger got nothing by his voyage but  
the sight    of the breathing and moving
 ,plato1 had he    entered no lecture   
room to hear1 no gymnasium to           
converse1 he had got some measure of    
education1                    #be    and
 something to tell of to his            
grandchildren4      ,but ,plato is not  
the only sage1 nor the sight of    him  
the only lesson to be learned in this   
wonderful suburb4 ,it is the region and 
the realm    of philosophy4 ,colleges   
were the inventions of                  
#cj    many centuries later2 and they   
imply a sort of    cloistered life1 or  
at least a life of rule1 scarcely       
natural to an ,athenian4 ,it was the    

boast of the    philosophic statesman of
 ,athens1 that his    countrymen        
achieved by the mere force of nature and
    the love of the noble and the great1
 what other                     #e      
people aimed at by laborious discipline2
 and all    who came among them were    
submitted to the    same method of      
education4 ,we have traced our          
student on his wanderings from the      
,acropolis to    the ,sacred ,way2 and  
now he is in the region of              
#aj    the schools4 ,no awful arch1 no  
window of    many-colored lights marks  
the seats of learning there    or       
elsewhere2 philosophy lives out of      
doors4 ,no    close atmosphere oppresses
 the brain or inflames    the eyelid2 no
 long session stiffens the limbs4       
#ae    ,epicurus is reclining in his    
garden2 ,zeno looks    like a divinity  
in his porch2 the restless ,aristotle1  
on the other side of the city1 as if in 
antagonism    to ,plato1 is walking his 
pupils off their legs in his    ,lyceum 

by the ,ilyssus4 ,our student has       
#bj    determined on entering himself as
 a disciple of    ,theophrastus1 a      
teacher of marvelous popularity1 who    
has brought together two thousand pupils
 from    all parts of the world4 ,he    
himself is of ,lesbos2    for masters1  
as well as students1 come hither from   
#be    all regions of the earth--as     
befits a ,university4    ,how could     
,athens have collected hearers in such  
numbers1 unless she had selected        
teachers of such    power8 it was the   
range of territory1 which the    notion 
of a ,university implies1 which         
furnished                    #cj    both
 the quantity of the one and the quality
 of    the other4 ,anaxagoras was from  
,ionia1 ,carneades    from ,africa1     
,zeno from ,cyprus1 ,protagoras from    
,thrace1 and ,gorgias from ,sicily4     
,andromachus    was a ,syrian1          
,proresius an ,armenian1 ,hilarius    a 
,bithynian1 ,philiscus a ,thessalian1   
,hadrian a                      #e      

,syrian4 ,rome is celebrated for her    
liberality in    civil matters2 ,athens 
was as liberal in    intellectual4      
,there was no narrow jealousy1 directed 
against a ,professor1 because he was not
 an    ,athenian2 genius and talent were
 the qualifications2               #aj  
and to bring them to ,athens1 was to do 
homage    to it as a ,university4 ,there
 was a brotherhood    and a citizenship 
of mind4      ,mind came first1 and was 
the foundation of the    academical     
polity2 but it soon brought along with  
#ae    it1 and gathered round itself1   
the gifts of fortune    and the prizes  
of life4 ,as time went on1 wisdom    was
 not always sentenced to the bare cloak 
of    ,cleanthes2 but1 beginning in     
rags1 it ended in    fine linen4 ,the   
,professors became honorable            
#bj    and rich2 and the students ranged
 themselves    under their names1 and   
were proud of calling    themselves     
their countrymen4 ,the ,university      
was divided into four great nations1 as 

the    medival antiquarian would style  
them2 and in the                  #be   
middle of the fourth century1 ,proresius
 was the    leader or proctor of the    
,attic1 ,hephstion of    the ,oriental1 
,epiphanius of the ,arabic1 and         
,diophantus of the ,pontic4 ,thus the   
,professors    were both patrons of     
clients1 and hosts and                  
#cj    proxeni of strangers and         
visitors1 as well as masters    of the  
schools3 and the ,cappadocian1 ,syrian1 
or ,sicilian youth who came to one or   
other of    them1 would be encouraged to
 study by his    protection1 and to     
aspire by his example4      ,even       
,plato1 when the schools of ,athens were
                         #e    not a    
hundred years old1 was in circumstances 
to enjoy the otium cum dignitate4 ,he   
had a villa    out at ,heraclea2 and he 
left his patrimony to    his school1 in 
whose hands it remained1 not only       
safe1 but fructifying1 a marvelous      
phenomenon in                   #aj     

tumultuous ,greece1 for the long space  
of eight    hundred years4 ,epicurus too
 had the property    of the ,gardens    
where he lectured2 and these too        
became the property of his sect4 ,but in
 ,roman    times the chairs of grammar1 
rhetoric1 politics1                     
#ae    and the four philosophies were   
handsomely    endowed by the ,state2    
some of the ,professors    were         
themselves statesmen or high            
functionaries1    and brought to their  
favorite study senatorial    rank or    
,asiatic opulence4                      
#bj      ,patrons such as these can     
compensate to the    freshman1 in whom  
we have interested ourselves1    for the
 poorness of his lodging and the        
turbulence    of his companions4 ,in    
everything there is a    better side and
 a worse2 in every place a              
#be    disreputable set and a           
respectable1 and the one is    hardly   
known at all to the other4 ,men come    
away from the same ,university at this  

day1 with    contradictory impressions  
and contradictory    statements1        
according to the society they have found
               #cj    there2 if you     
believe the one1 nothing goes on        
there as it should be3 if you believe   
the other1    nothing goes on as it     
should not4 ,virtue1    however1 and    
decency are at least in the minority    
everywhere1 and under some sort of a    
cloud or    disadvantage2 and this being
 the case1 it is so                     
#e    much gain whenever an ,herodes    
,atticus is found1    to throw the      
influence of wealth and station on      
the side even of a decorous philosophy4 
,a    consular man1 and the heir of an  
ample fortune1 this    ,herod was       
content to devote his life to a         
#aj    professorship1 and his fortune to
 the patronage of    literature4 ,he    
gave the sophist ,polemo about    eight 
thousand pounds1 as the sum is          
calculated1    for three declamations4  
,he built at ,athens a    stadium six   

hundred feet long1 entirely of white    
#ae    marble1 and capable of admitting 
the whole    population4 ,his theater1  
erected to the memory of    his wife1   
was made of cedar wood curiously carved4
    ,he had two villas1 one at          
,marathon1 the place of    his birth1   
about ten miles from ,athens1 the other 
#bj    at ,cephissia1 at the distance of
 six2 and thither    he drew to him the 
lite1 and at times the whole    body of 
the students4 ,long arcades1 groves of  
trees1 clear pools for the bath1        
delighted and    recruited the summer   
visitor4 ,never was so                  
#be    brilliant a lecture room as his  
evening    banqueting hall2 highly      
connected students from ,rome    mixed  
with the sharp-witted provincial of     
,greece    or ,asia ,minor2 and the     
flippant sciolist1 and the              
nondescript visitor1 half philosopher1  
half tramp1                 #cj    met  
with a reception1 courteous always1 but 
suitable    to his deserts4 ,herod was  

noted for his    repartees2 and we have 
instances on record of    his setting   
down1 according to the emergency1       
both the one and the other4      ,a     
higher line1 though a rarer one1 was    
that                         #e         
allotted to the youthful ,basil4 ,he was
 one of    those men who seem by a sort 
of fascination to    draw others around 
them even without wishing    it4 ,one   
might have deemed that his gravity and  
his reserve would have kept them at a   
distance2                    #aj    but1
 almost in spite of himself1 he was the 
center    of a knot of youths1 who1     
pagans as most of them    were1 used    
,athens honestly for the purpose for    
which they professed to seek it2 and1   
disappointed    and displeased with the 
place himself1 he seems                 
#ae    nevertheless to have been the    
means of their    profiting by its      
advantages4 ,one of these was           
,sophronius1 who afterwards held a high 
office in    the ,state3 ,eusebius was  

another1 at that time    the bosom      
friend of ,sophronius1 and afterwards   
#bj    a ,bishop4 ,celsus too is named1 
who afterwards    was raised to the     
government of ,cilicia by the           
,emperor ,julian4 ,julian himself1 in   
the sequel of    unhappy memory1 was    
then at ,athens1 and known    at least  
to ,st4 ,gregory4 ,another ,julian is   
also                    #be             
mentioned1 who was afterwards           
commissioner of    the land tax4 ,here  
we have a glimpse of the better    kind 
of society among the students of        
,athens2 and    it is to the credit of  
the parties composing it1    that such  
young men as ,gregory and ,basil1 men   
#cj    as intimately connected with     
,christianity1 as they    were well     
known in the world1 should hold so high 
a place in their esteem and love4 ,when 
the two    saints were departing1 their 
companions came    around them with the 
hope of changing their    purpose4      
,basil persevered2 but ,gregory         

relented1                    #e    and  
turned back to ,athens for a season4    
,,supply ,,and ,,demand      ,,the      
,,schoolmen        ,it is most          
interesting to observe how the          
foundations of the present intellectual 
greatness    of ,europe were laid1 and  
most wonderful to think    that they    
were ever laid at all4 ,let us consider 
#aj    how wide and how high is the     
platform of our    knowledge at this    
day1 and what openings in    every      
direction are in progress--openings of  
such promise1 that1 unless some         
convulsion of    society takes place1   
even what we have attained1             
#ae    will in future times be nothing  
better than a poor    beginning2 and    
then on the other hand1 let us          
recollect that1 seven centuries ago1    
putting aside    revealed truths1       
,europe had little more than that       
poor knowledge1 partial and uncertain1  
and at                      #bj    best 
only practical1 which is conveyed to us 

by the    senses4 ,even our first       
principles now are beyond    the most   
daring conjectures then2 and what has   
been said so touchingly of ,christian   
ideas as    compared with pagan1 is true
 in its way and degree                  
#be    of the progress of secular       
knowledge also in the    seven centuries
 ,i have named4         ,what sages     
would have died to learn1        ,is    
taught by cottage dames4      ,nor is   
this the only point in which the        
revelations of science may be compared  
to the    supernatural revelations of   
,christianity4 ,though                  
#e    sacred truth was delivered once   
for all1 and    scientific discoveries  
are progressive1 yet there is    a great
 resemblance in the respective histories
 of    ,christianity and of ,science4   
,we are accustomed    to point to the   
rise and spread of ,christianity as     
#aj    a miraculous fact1 and rightly   
so1 on account of    the weakness of its
 instruments1 and the appalling         

weight and multiplicity of the obstacles
 which    confronted it4 ,to clear away 
those obstacles    was to move          
mountains2 yet this was done by         
#ae    a few poor1 obscure1 unbefriended
 men1 and    their poor1 obscure1       
unbefriended followers4 ,no    social   
movement can come up to this marvel1    
which is singular and archetypical1     
certainly2    it is a ,divine work1 and 
we soon cease to admire                 
#bj    it in order to adore4 ,but there 
is more in it    than its own greatness 
to contemplate2 it is so    great as to 
be prolific of greatness4 ,those whom   
it has created1 its children who have   
become such    by a supernatural power1 
have imitated1 in their                 
#be    own acts1 the dispensation which 
made them    what they were2 and1 though
 they have not    carried out works     
simply miraculous1 yet they have    done
 exploits sufficient to bespeak their   
own    unearthly origin1 and the new    
powers which had                     #cj

    come into the world4 ,the revival of
 letters by    the energy of ,christian 
ecclesiastics and laymen1    when       
everything had to be done1 reminds us of
    the birth of ,christianity itself1  
as far as a work of    man can resemble 
a work of ,god4      ,two               
characteristics1 as ,i have already had 
#e    occasion to say1 are generally    
found to attend the    history of       
,science3 first1 its instruments have   
an innate force1 and can dispense with  
foreign    assistance in their work2 and
 secondly1 these    instruments must    
exist and must begin to act1            
#aj    before subjects are found who are
 to profit by    their action4 ,in      
plainer language1 the teacher is        
strong1 not in the patronage of great   
men1 but    in the intrinsic value and  
attraction of what he    has to         
communicate2 and next1 he must come     
#ae    forward and advertise himself1   
before he can gain    hearers4 ,this ,i 
have expressed before1 in saying    that

 a great school of learning lived in    
demand and    supply1 and that the      
supply must be before the    demand4    
,now1 what is this but the very history 
#bj    of the preaching of the ,gospel8 
who but the    ,apostles and            
,evangelists went out to the ends    of 
the earth without patron1 or friend1 or 
other    external advantage which could 
insure their    success8 and again1 who 
among the multitude they                
#be    enlightened would have called for
 their aid unless    they had gone to   
that multitude first1 and offered    to 
it blessings which up to that moment it 
had    not heard of8 ,they had no       
commission1 they    had no invitation1  
from man2 their strength lay            
#cj    neither in their being sent1 nor 
in their being sent    for2 but in the  
circumstances that they had that    with
 them1 a ,divine message1 which they    
knew    would at once1 when it was      
uttered1 thrill through    the hearts of
 those to whom they spoke1 and    make  

for themselves friends in any place1    
#e    strangers and outcasts as they    
were when they first    came4 ,they     
appealed to the secret wants and        
aspirations of human nature1 to its     
laden    conscience1 its weariness1 its 
desolateness1 and its    sense of the   
true and the ,divine2 nor did they      
#aj    long wait for listeners and      
disciples1 when they    announced the   
remedy of evils which were so real4     
,something like this were the first     
stages of the    process by which in    
medival ,christendom the    structure of
 our present intellectual elevation     
#ae    was carried forward4 ,from ,rome 
as from a    center1 as the ,apostles   
from ,jerusalem1 went    forth the      
missionaries of knowledge1 passing to   
and fro all over ,europe2 and1 as       
,metropolitan    sees were the record of
 the presence of ,apostles1             
#bj    so did ,paris1 ,pavia1 and       
,bologna1 and ,padua1    and ,ferrara1  
,pisa and ,naples1 ,vienna1 ,louvain1   

and ,oxford1 rise into ,universities at 
the voice of    the theologian or the   
philosopher4 ,moreover1 as    the       
,apostles went through labors untold1 by
                        #be    sea and  
land1 in their charity to souls2 so1 if 
robbers1 shipwrecks1 bad lodging1 and   
scanty fare    are trials of zeal1 such 
trials were encountered    without      
hesitation by the martyrs and confessors
    of science4 ,and as ,evangelists had
 grounded                        #cj    
their teaching upon the longing for     
happiness    natural to man1 so did     
these securely rest their    cause on   
the natural thirst for knowledge3 and   
again as the preachers of ,gospel peace 
had often    to bewail the ruin which   
persecution or    dissension had brought
 upon their nourishing colonies1        
#e    so also did the professors of     
science often find or    flee the       
ravages of sword or pestilence in those 
places1 which they themselves perhaps in
 former    times had made the seats of  

religious1 honorable1    and useful     
learning4 ,and lastly1 as kings and     
#aj    nobles have fortified and        
advanced the interests    of the        
,christian faith without being necessary
    to it1 so in like manner we may     
enumerate with    honor ,charlemagne1   
,alfred1 ,henry the ,first of           
,england1 ,joan of ,navarre1 and many   
others1 as                      #ae     
patrons of the schools of learning1     
without being    obliged to allow that  
those schools could not have            
progressed without such countenance4    
,these are some of the points of        
resemblance    between the propagation  
of ,christian truth and                 
#bj    the revival of letters2 and1 to  
return to the two    points1 to which ,i
 have particularly drawn    attention1  
the ,university ,professor's confidence 
in his    own powers1 and his taking the
 initiative in the    exercise of them1 
,i find both these distinctly           
#be    recognized by ,mr4 ,hallam in his

 history of ,literature4    ,as to the  
latter point1 he says1 ,the schools of  
,charlemagne were designed to lay the   
basis of a    learned education1 for    
which there was at that time    no      
sufficient desire--that is1 the supply  
was                    #cj    prior to  
the demand4 ,as to the former3 ,in      
the twelfth century1 he says1 the       
impetuosity    with which men rushed to 
that source of what    they deemed      
wisdom1 the great ,university of        
,paris1 did not depend upon academical  
privileges    or eleemosynary stipends1 
though these were                       
#e    undoubtedly very effectual in     
keeping it up4 ,the    ,university      
created patrons1 and was not created    
by them--that is1 demand and supply were
 all    in all4444      ,bec1 a poor    
monastery of ,normandy1 set up in       
#aj    the eleventh century by an       
illiterate soldier1 who    sought the   
cloister1 soon attracted scholars to its
    dreary clime from ,italy1 and       

transmitted them    to ,england4        
,lanfranc1 afterwards ,archbishop of    
,canterbury1 was one of these1 and he   
found the                     #ae       
simple monks so necessitous1 that he    
opened a    school of logic to all      
comers1 in order1 says ,william    of   
,malmesbury1 that he might support his  
needy    monastery by the pay of the    
students4 ,the    same author adds1 that
 his reputation went into               
#bj    the most remote parts of the     
,latin world1 and    ,bec became a great
 and famous ,academy of    letters4     
,here is an instance of a               
commencement without support1 without   
scholars1 in order    to attract        
scholars1 and in them to find support4  
#be    ,william of ,jumiges1 too1 bears 
witness to the    effect1 powerful1     
sudden1 wide spreading1 and    various1 
of ,lanfranc's advertisement of himself4
    ,the fame of ,bec and ,lanfranc1 he 
says1 quickly    penetrated through the 
whole world2 and clerks1                

#cj    the sons of dukes1 the most      
esteemed masters of    the ,latin       
schools1 powerful laymen1 high nobles1  
flocked to him4 ,what words can more    
strikingly    attest the enthusiastic   
character of the movement    which he   
began1 than to say that it carried away 
with it all classes2 rich as well as    
poor1 laymen as                #e       
well as ecclesiastics1 those who were in
 that day    in the habit of despising  
letters1 as well as those    who might  
wish to live by them8444                
,,the ,,strength ,,and ,,weakness ,,of  
,,universities      ,,abelard        ,we
 can have few more apposite             
illustrations    of at once the strength
 and weakness of what                   
#aj    may be called the ,university    
principle1 of what    it can do and what
 it cannot1 of its power to    collect  
students1 and its impotence to preserve 
and    edify them1 than the history of  
the celebrated    ,abelard4 ,his name is
 closely associated with                

#ae    the commencement of the          
,university of ,paris2    and in his    
popularity and in his reverses1 in the  
criticisms of ,john of ,salisbury on his
 method1    and the protest of ,st4     
,bernard against his    teaching1 we    
read1 as in a pattern specimen1 what a  
#bj    ,university professes in its     
essence1 and what it    needs for its   
integrity4 ,it is not to be supposed1   
that ,i am prepared to show this here1  
as fully as    it might be shown2 but it
 is a subject so    pertinent to the    
general object of these ,essays1 that it
           #be    may be useful to      
devote even a few pages to it4      ,the
 oracles of ,divine ,truth1 as time goes
 on1    do but repeat the one message   
from above which    they have ever      
uttered1 since the tongues of fire      
attested the coming of the ,paraclete2  
still1 as    time goes on1 they utter it
 with greater force and                 
#e    precision1 under diverse forms1   
with fuller    luminousness1 and a      

richer ministration of thought          
statement1 and argument4 ,they meet the 
varying wants1 and encounter the special
 resistance    of each successive age2  
and1 though prescient of                
#aj    coming errors and their remedy   
long before1 they    cautiously reserve 
their new enunciation of the    old     
,truth1 till it is imperatively         
demanded4 ,and1    as it happens in     
kings' cabinets1 that surmises    arise1
 and rumors spread1 of what is said in  
#ae    council1 and is in course of     
preparation1 and secrets    perhaps get 
wind1 true in substance or in direction1
    though distorted in detail2 so too1 
before the    ,church speaks1 one or    
other of her forward    children speaks 
for her1 and1 while he does anticipate  
#bj    to a certain point what she is   
about to say or    enjoin1 he states it 
incorrectly1 makes it error    instead  
of truth1 and risks his own faith in the
    process4 ,indeed1 this is actually  
one source1 or    rather concomitant1 of

 heresy1 the presence of                
#be    some misshapen1 huge1 and        
grotesque foreshadow    of true         
statements which are to come4 ,speaking 
under correction1 ,i would apply this   
remark to    the heresy of ,tertullian  
or of ,sabellius1 which may    be       
considered a reaction from existing     
errors1 and                 #cj    an   
attempt1 presumptuous1 and therefore    
unsuccessful1    to meet them with those
 divinely    appointed correctives which
 the ,church alone can    apply1 and    
which she will actually apply1 when     
the proper moment comes4 ,the ,gnostics 
boasted    of their intellectual        
proficiency before the time             
#e    of ,st4 ,irenus1 ,st4 ,athanasius1
 and ,st4    ,augustine2 yet1 when these
 doctors made their    appearance1 ,i   
suppose they were examples of that      
knowledge1 true and deep1 which the     
,gnostics    professed4 ,apollinaris    
anticipated the work of                 
#aj    ,st4 ,cyril and the ,ephesine    

,council1 and became    a heresiarch in 
consequence2 and1 to come down    to the
 present times1 we may conceive that    
writers1 who have impatiently fallen    
away from    the ,church1 because she   
would not adopt their                   
#ae    views1 would have found1 had they
 but trusted    her1 and waited1 that   
she knew how to profit by    them1      
though she never could have need to     
borrow her enunciations from them2 for  
their    writings contained1 so to      
speak1 truth in the ore1 truth          
#bj    which they themselves had not the
 gift to    disengage from its foreign  
concomitants1 and safely    use1 which  
she alone could use1 which she would    
use in her destined hour1 and which     
became their    stone of stumbling      
simply because she did not              
#be    use it faster4 ,now1 applying    
this principle to    the subject before 
us1 ,i observe1 that1 supposing         
,abelard to be the first master of      
scholastic    philosophy1 as many seem  

to hold1 we shall have still    no      
difficulty in condemning the author1    
while we                   #cj    honor 
the work4 ,to him is only the glory of  
spoiling by his own self-will what would
 have    been done well and surely under
 the teaching    and guidance of        
,infallible ,authority4      ,nothing is
 more certain than that some ideas      
are consistent with one another1 and    
others                         #e       
inconsistent2 and1 again1 that every    
truth must be    consistent with every  
other truth--hence1 that    all truths  
of whatever kind form into one large    
body of ,truth1 by virtue of the        
consistency    between one truth and    
another1 which is a                     
#aj    connecting link running through  
them all4 ,the science    which         
discovers this connection is logic2 and1
    as it discovers the connection when 
the truths are    given1 so1 having one 
truth given and the    connecting       
principle1 it is able to go on to       

ascertain             #ae    the other4 
,though all this is obvious1 it was     
realized and acted on in the middle age 
with    a distinctness unknown before2  
all subjects of    knowledge were viewed
 as parts of one vast    system1 each   
with its own place in it1 and from      
#bj    knowing one1 another was         
inferred4 ,not indeed    always rightly 
inferred1 because the art might    be   
less perfect than the science1 the      
instrument    than the theory and aim2  
but ,i am speaking of    the principle  
of the scholastic method1 of which      
#be    ,saints and ,doctors were the    
teachers--such    ,i conceive it to be1 
and ,abelard was the ill-fated          
logician who had a principal share in   
bringing it    into operation4          
,others will consider the great ,st4    
,anselm and                      #cj    
the school of ,bec1 as the proper source
 of ,scholasticism2    ,i am not going  
to discuss the question2    anyhow1     
,abelard1 and not ,st4 ,anselm1 was the 

,professor at the ,university of ,paris1
 and it is    of ,universities that ,i  
am speaking2 anyhow1    ,abelard        
illustrates the strength and the        
#e    weakness of the principle of      
advertising and    communicating        
knowledge for its own sake1 which ,i    
have    called the ,university          
principle1 whether he is1    or is not1 
the first of scholastic philosophers or 
scholastic theologians4 ,and1 though ,i 
could not                    #aj        
speak of him at all without mentioning  
the    subject of his teaching1 yet1    
after all1 it is of him and    of his   
teaching itself1 that ,i am going to    
speak1    whatever that might be which  
he actually taught4      ,since         
,charlemagne's time the schools of      
,paris                      #ae    had  
continued1 with various fortunes1       
faithful1 as    far as the age admitted1
 to the old learning1 as    other       
schools elsewhere1 when1 in the eleventh
    century1 the famous school of ,bec  

began to    develop the powers of logic 
in forming a new                        
#bj    philosophy4 ,as the inductive    
method rose in    ,bacon1 so did the    
logical in the medival    schoolmen2 and
 ,aristotle1 the most comprehensive     
intellect of ,antiquity1 as the one who 
had    conceived the sublime idea of    
mapping the whole                    #be
    field of knowledge1 and subjecting  
all things to    one profound analysis1 
became the presiding    master in their 
lecture halls4 ,it was at the end    of 
the eleventh century that ,william of   
,champeaux founded the celebrated ,abbey
 of ,st4                      #cj       
,victor under the shadow of ,st4        
,genevive1 and by    the dialectic      
methods which he introduced into his    
teaching1 has a claim to have commenced 
the    work of forming the ,university  
out of the ,schools    of ,paris4 ,for  
one at least1 out of the two            
characteristics of a ,university1 he    
prepared the way2               #e      

for1 though the schools were not public 
till after    his day1 so as to admit   
laymen as well as clerks1    and        
foreigners as well as natives of the    
place1 yet    the logical principle of  
constructing all sciences    into one   
system1 implied of course a recognition 
#aj    of all the sciences that are     
comprehended in it4    ,of this ,william
 of ,champeaux1 or de ,campellis1       
,abelard was the pupil2 he had studied  
the    dialectic art elsewhere1 before  
he offered himself for    his           
instructions2 and1 in the course of two 
years1                 #ae    when as   
yet he had only reached the age of      
twenty-two1 he made such progress1 as to
 be    capable of quarreling with his   
master1 and    setting up a school for  
himself4      ,this school of ,abelard  
was first situated in                   
#bj    the royal castle of ,melun2 then 
at ,corbeil1 which    was nearer to     
,paris1 and where he attracted to       
himself a considerable number of        

hearers4 ,his    labors had an injurious
 effect upon his health2    and at      
length he withdrew for two years to his 
#be    native ,britanny4 ,whether other 
causes coperated    in this withdrawal1 
,i think1 is not known2    but1 at the  
end of the two years1 we find him       
returning to ,paris1 and renewing his   
attendance    on the lectures of        
,william1 who was by this time          
#cj    a monk4 ,rhetoric was the subject
 of the lectures    he now heard2 and   
after a while the pupil    repeated with
 greater force and success his    former
 treatment of his teacher4 ,he held a   
public disputation with him1 got the    
victory1    and reduced him to silence4 
,the school of                          
#e    ,william was deserted1 and its    
master himself became    an instance of 
the vicissitudes incident to that       
gladiatorial wisdom 7as ,i may style it7
 which was    then eclipsing the old    
,benedictine method of the    ,seven    
,arts4 ,after a time1 ,abelard found his

                        #aj             
reputation sufficient to warrant him in 
setting    up a school himself on ,mount
 ,st4 ,genevive2    whence he waged     
incessant war against the    unwearied  
logician1 who by this time had rallied  
his forces to repel the young and       
ungrateful                       #ae    
adventurer who had raised his hand      
against him4      ,great things are done
 by devotion to one idea2    there is   
one class of geniuses1 who would never  
be what they are1 could they grasp a    
second4    ,the calm philosophical mind1
 which                                  
#bj    contemplates parts without       
denying the whole1 and the    whole     
without confusing the parts1 is         
notoriously    indisposed to action2    
whereas single and simple    views      
arrest the mind1 and hurry it on to     
carry    them out4 ,thus1 men of one    
idea and nothing                        
#be    more1 whatever their merit1 must 
be to a certain    extent narrow-minded2

 and it is not wonderful    that        
,abelard's devotion to the new          
philosophy    made him undervalue the   
,seven ,arts out of which    it had     
grown4 ,he felt it impossible so to     
honor                    #cj    what was
 now to be added1 as not to dishonor    
what existed before4 ,he would not      
suffer the    ,arts to have their own   
use1 since he had found a    new        
instrument for a new purpose4 ,so he    
opposed the reading of the ,classics4   
,the monks    had opposed them before   
him2 but this is little                 
#e    to our present purpose2 it was the
 duty of men1    who abjured the gifts  
of this world on the    principle of    
mortification1 to deny themselves       
literature just as they would deny      
themselves    particular friendships or 
figured music4 ,the doctrine            
#aj    which ,abelard introduced and    
represents was    founded on a different
 basis4 ,he did not    recognize in the 
poets of antiquity any other merit      

than that of furnishing an assemblage of
 elegant    phrases and figures2 and    
accordingly he asks                     
#ae    why they should not be banished  
from the city    of ,god1 since ,plato  
banished them from his own              
commonwealth4 ,the animus of this       
language is    clear1 when we turn to   
the pages of ,john of    ,salisbury and 
,peter of ,blois1 who were champions of 
#bj    the ancient learning4 ,we find   
them complaining    that the careful    
getting up1 as we now call it1    of    
books1 was growing out of fashion4      
,youths    once studied critically the  
text of poets or    philosophers2 they  
got them by heart2 they analyzed        
#be    their arguments2 they noted down 
their fallacies2    they were closely   
examined in the matters which    had    
been brought before them in lecture2    
they    composed4 ,but now1 another     
teaching was    coming in2 students were
 promised truth in a                    
#cj    nutshell2 they intended to get   

possession of the sum-total    of       
philosophy in less than two or three    
years2 and facts were apprehended1 not  
in their    substance and details1 by   
means of living and1    as it were1     
personal documents1 but in dead         
abstracts and tables4 ,such were the    
#e    reclamations to which the new     
,logic gave occasion4      ,these1      
however1 are lesser matters2 we have    
a graver quarrel with ,abelard than that
 of his    undervaluing the ,classics4  
,as ,i have said1 my    main object here
 is not what he taught1 but why         
#aj    and how1 and how he lived4 ,now  
it is certain    his activity was       
stimulated by nothing very high1    but 
something very earthly and sordid4 ,i   
grant    there is nothing morally wrong 
in the mere desire    to rise in the    
world1 though ,ambition and it are      
#ae    twin sisters4 ,i should not blame
 ,abelard merely    for wishing to      
distinguish himself at the              
,university2 but when he makes the      

ecclesiastical    state the instrument  
of his ambition1 mixes up    spiritual  
matters with temporal1 and aims at a    
#bj    bishopric through the medium of  
his logic1 he    joins together things  
incompatible1 and cannot    complain of 
being censured4 ,it is he himself1      
who tells us1 unless my memory plays me 
false1    that the circumstance of      
,william of ,champeaux                  
#be    being promoted to the see of     
,chalons1 was an    incentive to him to 
pursue the same path with an    eye to  
the same reward4 ,accordingly1 we next  
hear of his attending the theological   
lectures of    a certain master of      
,william's1 named ,anselm1 an           
#cj    old man1 whose school was        
situated at ,laon4 ,this    person had a
 great reputation in his day2 ,john     
of ,salisbury1 speaking of him in the   
next    generation1 calls him the doctor
 of doctors2 he had been    attended by 
students from ,italy and ,germany2      
but the age had advanced since he was in

 his                        #e    prime1
 and ,abelard was disappointed in a     
teacher1    who had been good enough for
 ,william4 ,he left    ,anselm1 and     
began to lecture on the prophet         
,ezekiel on his own resources4      ,now
 came the time of his great popularity1 
#aj    which was more than his head     
could bear2 which    dizzied him1 took  
him off his legs1 and whirled    him to 
his destruction4 ,i spoke in my         
foregoing    ,chapter of those three    
qualities of true wisdom1    which a    
,university1 absolutely and nakedly     
#ae    considered1 apart from the       
safeguards which    constitute its      
integrity1 is sure to compromise4       
,wisdom1 says the inspired writer1 is   
desursum1 is    pudica1 is pacifica1    
from above1 chaste1    peaceable4 ,we   
have already seen enough of ,abelard's  
#bj    career to understand that his    
wisdom1 instead of    being pacifica1   
was ambitious and contentious4    ,an   
,apostle speaks of the tongue both as a 

blessing    and as a curse4 ,it may be  
the beginning of a fire1    he says1 a  
,universitas iniquitatis2 and alas6     
#be    such did it become in the mouth  
of the gifted    ,abelard4 ,his         
eloquence was wonderful2 he    dazzled  
his contemporaries1 says ,fulco1 by the 
brilliancy of his genius1 the sweetness 
of his    eloquence1 the ready flow of  
his language1 and the                   
#cj    subtlety of his knowledge4       
,people came to    him from all         
quarters--from ,rome1 in spite of       
mountains and robbers2 from ,england1 in
 spite    of the sea2 from ,flanders and
 ,germany2 from    ,normandy1 and the   
remote districts of ,france2    from    
,angers and ,poitiers2 from ,navarre by 
the                       #e            
,pyrenees1 and from ,spain1 besides the 
students    of ,paris itself2 and among 
those1 who sought his    instructions   
now or afterwards1 were the great       
luminaries of the schools in the next   
generation4    ,such were ,peter of     

,poitiers1 ,peter ,lombard1 ,john       
#aj    of ,salisbury1 ,arnold of        
,brescia1 ,ivo1 and ,geoffrey    of     
,auxerre4 ,it was too much for a weak   
head    and heart1 weak in spite of     
intellectual power2    for vanity will  
possess the head1 and worldliness    the
 heart1 of the man1 however gifted1     
whose                       #ae         
wisdom is not an effluence of the       
,eternal ,light4      ,true wisdom is   
not only pacifica1 it is    pudica2     
chaste as well as peaceable4 ,alas for  
,abelard6 a second disgrace1 deeper than
    ambition1 is his portion now4 ,the  
strong man--the                  #bj    
,samson of the schools in the wildness  
of his course1    the ,solomon in the   
fascination of his    genius--shivers   
and falls before the temptation which   
overcame that mighty pair1 the most     
excelling    in body and in mind4       
#be      ,in a time when ,colleges were 
unknown1 and the    young scholar was   
commonly thrown upon the    dubious     

hospitality of a great city1 ,abelard   
might    even be thought careful of his 
honor1 that he    went to lodge with an 
old ecclesiastic1 had not               
#cj    his host's niece ,eloisa lived   
with him4 ,a more    subtle snare was   
laid for him than beset the    heroic   
champion or the all-accomplished monarch
 of    ,israel2 for sensuality came upon
 him under the    guise of intellect1   
and it was the high mental    endowments
 of ,eloisa1 who became his pupil1      
#e    speaking in her eyes1 and         
thrilling on her tongue1    which were  
the intoxication and the delirium of    
,abelard4444      ,he is judged1 he is  
punished2 but he is not    reclaimed4   
,true wisdom is not only pacifica1      
#aj    not only pudica2 it is desursum  
too4 ,it is    a revelation from above2 
it knows heresy as    little as it knows
 strife or license4 ,but ,abelard1      
who had run the career of earthly wisdom
 in two    of its phases1 now is        
destined to represent its               

#ae    third4      ,it is at the famous 
,abbey of ,st4 ,denis that we    find   
him languidly rising from his dream of  
sin1    and the suffering that followed4
 ,the bad dream    is cleared away2     
clerks come to him1 and the             
#bj    ,abbot begging him to lecture    
still1 for love    now1 as for gain     
before4 ,once more his school is        
thronged by the curious and the         
studious2 but    at length a rumor      
spreads1 that ,abelard is    exploring  
the way to some novel view on the       
#be    subject of the ,most ,holy       
,trinity4 ,wherefore is    hardly clear1
 but about the same time the monks      
drive him away from the place of refuge 
he had    gained4 ,he betakes himself to
 a cell1 and thither    his pupils      
follow him4 ,i betook myself to a       
#cj    certain cell1 he says1 wishing to
 give myself to    the schools1 as was  
my custom4 ,thither so great    a       
multitude of scholars flocked1 that     
there was    neither room to house them1

 nor fruits of the    earth to feed     
them1 such was the enthusiasm of    the 
student1 such the attraction of the     
teacher1                    #e    when  
knowledge was advertised freely1 and its
    market opened4      ,next he is in  
,champagne1 in a delightful    solitude 
near ,nogent in the diocese of ,troyes4 
,here    the same phenomenon presents   
itself1 which is                        
#aj    so frequent in his history4 ,when
 the scholars    knew it1 he says1 they 
began to crowd thither    from all      
parts2 and1 leaving other cities and    
strongholds1 they were content to dwell 
in the    wilderness4 ,for spacious     
houses they framed for                  
#ae    themselves small tabernacles1 and
 for delicate food they    put up with  
wild herbs4 ,secretly did they          
whisper among themselves3 ',behold1 the 
whole    world is gone out after him6'  
,when1 however1    my ,oratory could not
 hold even a moderate                   
#bj    portion of them1 then they were  

forced to enlarge    it1 and to build it
 up with wood and stone4    ,he called  
the place his ,paraclete1 because it had
    been his consolation4      ,i do not
 know why ,i need follow his life       
further4                  #be    ,i have
 said enough to illustrate the course of
 one1    who may be called the founder1 
or at least the first    great name1 of 
the ,parisian ,schools4 ,after the      
events ,i have mentioned he is found in 
,lower    ,britanny2 then1 being about  
forty-eight years of                    
#cj    age1 in the ,abbey of ,st4       
,gildas2 then with ,st4    ,genevive    
again4 ,he had to sustain the fiery     
eloquence of a ,saint1 directed against 
his novelties2    he had to present     
himself before two ,councils2    he had 
to burn the book which had given offense
    to pious ears4 ,his last two years  
were spent at                     #e    
,clugni on his way to ,rome4 ,the home  
of the    weary1 the hospital of the    
sick1 the school of the    erring1 the  

tribunal of the penitent1 is the city   
of ,st4 ,peter4 ,he did not reach it2   
but he is    said to have retracted what
 had given scandal in                   
#aj    his writings1 and to have made an
 edifying end4    ,he died at the age of
 sixty-two1 in the year of    grace     
#aadb4      ,in reviewing his career1   
the career of so great    an intellect  
so miserably thrown away1 we are        
#ae    reminded of the famous words of  
the dying    scholar and jurist1 which  
are a lesson to us all1    ,heu1 vitam  
perdidi1 operos nihil agendo4 ,a        
happier lot be ours6            ,,iv4   
,,miscellaneous            ,,poetry1    
,,with ,,reference ,,to ,,aristotle',s  
,,poetics        ,poetry1 according to  
,aristotle1 is a    representation of   
the ideal4 ,biography and history       
represent individual characters and     
actual facts2    poetry1 on the         
contrary1 generalizing from the         
phenomenon of nature and life1 supplies 
us with                     #e          

pictures drawn1 not after an existing   
pattern1    but after a creation of the 
mind4 ,fidelity is the    primary merit 
of biography and history2 the    essence
 of poetry is fiction4 ,poesis nihil    
aliud    est1 says ,bacon1 quam histori 
imitatio ad                       #aj   
placitum4 ,it delineates that perfection
 which    the imagination suggests1 and 
to which as a    limit the present      
system of ,divine ,providence           
actually tends4 ,moreover1 by confining 
the attention    to one series of events
 and scene of action1 it                
#ae    bounds and finishes off the      
confused luxuriance    of real nature2  
while1 by a skillful adjustment of      
circumstances1 it brings into sight the 
connection    of cause and effect1      
completes the dependence of    the parts
 one on another1 and harmonizes the     
#bj    proportions of the whole4 ,it is 
then but the type    and model of       
history or biography1 if we may be      
allowed the comparison1 bearing some    

resemblance    to the abstract          
mathematical formul of physics1         
before they are modified by the         
contingencies of    atmosphere and      
friction4 ,hence1 while it recreates    
the imagination by the superhuman       
loveliness of    its views1 it provides 
a solace for the mind broken            
#e    by the disappointments and        
sufferings of actual    life2 and       
becomes1 moreover1 the utterance of     
the inward emotions of a right moral    
feeling1    seeking a purity and a truth
 which this world    will not give4     
#aj      ,it follows that the poetical  
mind is one full of    the eternal forms
 of beauty and perfection2 these    are 
its material of thought1 its instrument 
and    medium of observation2 these     
color each    object to which it directs
 its view4 ,it is called                
#ae    imaginative1 or creative1 from   
the originality and    independence of  
its modes of thinking1 compared    with 
the commonplace and matter-of-fact      

conceptions of ordinary minds which are 
fettered    down to the particular and  
individual4 ,at the                     
#bj    same time it feels a natural     
sympathy with    everything great and   
splendid in the physical and    moral   
world2 and selecting such from the mass 
of common phenomena1 incorporates them1 
as it    were1 into the substance of its
 own creations4                     #be 
,from living thus in a world of its own1
 it speaks    the language of dignity1  
emotion1 and refinement4    ,figure is  
its necessary medium of communication   
with man2 for in the feebleness of      
ordinary words    to express its ideas1 
and in the absence of terms of          
#cj    abstract perfection1 the adoption
 of metaphorical    language is the only
 poor means allowed it for    imparting 
to others its intense feelings4 ,a      
metrical    garb has1 in all languages1 
been appropriated to    poetry--it is   
but the outward development of    the   
music and harmony within4 ,the verse1   

far                        #e    from   
being a restraint on the true poet1 is  
the    suitable index of his sense1 and 
is adopted by his    free and deliberate
 choice4 ,we shall presently    show the
 applicability of our doctrine to the   
various departments of poetical         
composition2                       #aj  
first1 however1 it will be right to     
volunteer an    explanation which may   
save it from much    misconception and  
objection4 ,let not our notion    be    
thought arbitrarily to limit the number 
of    poets1 generally considered such4 
,it will be                       #ae   
found to lower particular works1 or     
parts of    works1 rather than the      
authors themselves2    sometimes to     
disparage only the vehicle in which     
the poetry is conveyed4 ,there is an    
ambiguity    in the word poetry1 which  
is taken to signify                     
#bj    both the gift itself1 and the    
written composition    which is the     
result of it4 ,thus there is an         

apparent1 but no real1 contradiction in 
saying a poem    may be but partially   
poetical2 in some passages    more so   
than in others2 and sometimes not       
#be    poetical at all4 ,we only        
maintain1 not that the    writers       
forfeit the name of poet who fail at    
times    to answer to our requisitions1 
but that they are    poets only so far  
forth1 and inasmuch as they do    answer
 to them4 ,we may grant1 for instance1  
#cj    that the vulgarities of old      
,phoenix in the ninth    ,iliad1 or of  
the nurse of ,orestes in the ,chophor1  
are in themselves unworthy of their     
respective    authors1 and refer them to
 the wantonness of    exuberant genius2 
and yet maintain that the    scenes in  
question contain much incidental poetry4
                  #e    ,now and then   
the luster of the true metal catches    
the eye1 redeeming whatever is unseemly 
and    worthless in the rude ore2 still 
the ore is not the    metal4 ,nay1      
sometimes1 and not unfrequently in      

,shakspeare1 the introduction of        
unpoetical                         #aj  
matter may be necessary for the sake of 
relief1 or as    a vivid expression of  
recondite conceptions1 and1    as it    
were1 to make friends with the reader's 
imagination4 ,this necessity1 however1  
cannot    make the additions in         
themselves beautiful and                
#ae    pleasing4 ,sometimes1 on the     
other hand1 while    we do not deny the 
incidental beauty of a poem1    we are  
ashamed and indignant on witnessing the 
unworthy substance in which that beauty 
is    embedded4 ,this remark applies    
strongly to the                      #bj
    immoral compositions to which ,lord 
,byron    devoted his last years4       
,now to proceed with our proposed       
investigation4      #a4 ,we will notice 
descriptive poetry first4               
#be    ,empedocles wrote his physics in 
verse1 and    ,oppian his history of    
animals4 ,neither were    poets--the one
 was an historian of nature1 the        

other a sort of biographer of brutes4   
,yet a poet    may make natural history 
or philosophy the                       
#cj    material of his composition4 ,but
 under his hands    they are no longer a
 bare collection of facts or            
principles1 but are painted with a      
meaning1    beauty1 and harmonious order
 not their own4    ,thomson has         
sometimes been commended for    the     
novelty and minuteness of his remarks   
upon                      #e    nature4 
,this is not the praise of a poet1 whose
    office rather is to represent known 
phenomena in    a new connection or     
medium4 ,in ,l',allegro and    ,il      
,penseroso the poetical magician invests
 the    commonest scenes of a country   
life with the hues1                  #aj
    first of a cheerful1 then of a      
pensive imagination4    ,it is the charm
 of the descriptive poetry of a         
religious mind1 that nature is viewed in
 a moral    connection4 ,ordinary       
writers1 for instance1    compare aged  

men to trees in autumn--a gifted        
#ae    poet will in the fading trees    
discern the fading    men4#dc ,pastoral 
poetry is a description of    rustics1  
agriculture1 and cattle1 softened off   
and    corrected from the rude health of
 nature4 ,virgil1    and much more ,pope
 and others1 have run into              
#bj    the fault of coloring too highly2
 instead of    drawing generalized and  
ideal forms of shepherds1 they    have  
given us pictures of gentlemen and      
beaux4      ,their composition may be   
poetry1 but it is not    pastoral       
poetry4                                 
#be        #dc ,thus3--          ,how   
quiet shows the woodland scene6         
,each flower and tree1 its duty done1   
,reposing in decay serene1        ,like 
weary men when age is won1 etc4      #b4
 ,the difference between poetical and   
historical narrative may be illustrated 
by the ,tales    ,founded on ,facts1    
generally of a religious    character1  
so common in the present day1 which we  

must not be thought to approve1 because 
we use    them for our purpose4 ,the    
author finds in the    circumstances of 
the case many particulars too           
#e    trivial for public notice1 or     
irrelevant to the main    story1 or     
partaking perhaps too much of the       
peculiarity of individual minds3 these  
he omits4    ,he finds connected events 
separated from each    other by time or 
place1 or a course of action            
#aj    distributed among a multitude of 
agents2 he limits    the scene or       
duration of the tale1 and dispenses     
with his host of characters by          
condensing the    mass of incident and  
action in the history of a    few4 ,he  
compresses long controversies into a    
#ae    concise argument1 and exhibits   
characters by    dialogue1 and 7if such 
be his object7 brings    prominently    
forward the course of ,divine           
,providence by a fit disposition of his 
materials4 ,thus    he selects1         
combines1 refines1 colors--in fact1     

#bj    poetizes4 ,his facts are no      
longer actual1 but    ideal2 a tale     
founded on facts is a tale generalized  
from facts4 ,the authors of ,peveril of 
the ,peak1    and of ,brambletye ,house1
 have given us their    respective      
descriptions of the profligate times of 
#be    ,charles ,,ii4 ,both accounts are
 interesting1 but    for different      
reasons4 ,that of the latter writer     
has the fidelity of history2 ,walter    
,scott's    picture is the hideous      
reality1 unintentionally softened    and
 decorated by the poetry of his own     
mind4                       #cj    ,miss
 ,edgeworth sometimes apologizes for    
certain    incident in her tales by     
stating they took place    by one of    
those strange chances which occur in    
life1 but seem incredible when found in 
writing4    ,such an excuse evinces a   
misconception of the    principle of    
fiction1 which1 being the perfection of 
#e    the actual1 prohibits the         
introduction of any such    anomalies of

 experience4 ,it is by a similar        
impropriety that painters sometimes     
introduce    unusual sunsets1 or other  
singular phenomena of    lights and     
forms4 ,yet some of ,miss ,edgeworth's  
#aj    works contain much poetry of     
narrative4    ,maneuvering is perfect in
 its way1--the plot and    characters   
are natural1 without being too real to  
be    pleasing4      #c4 ,character is  
made poetical by a like process4        
#ae    ,the writer draws indeed from    
experience2 but    unnatural            
peculiarities are laid aside1 and harsh 
contrasts reconciled4 ,if it be said the
 fidelity    of the imitation is often  
its greatest merit1 we    have only to  
reply1 that in such cases the pleasure  
#bj    is not poetical1 but consists in 
the mere    recognition4 ,all novels and
 tales which introduce real             
characters are in the same degree       
unpoetical4    ,portrait painting1 to be
 poetical1 should furnish    an abstract
 representation of an individual2 the   

#be    abstraction being more rigid1    
inasmuch as the    painting is confined 
to one point of time4 ,the    artist    
should draw independently of the        
accidents    of attitude1 dress1        
occasional feeling1 and transient       
action4 ,he should depict the general   
spirit of                     #cj    his
 subject--as if he were copying from    
memory1    not from a few particular    
sittings4 ,an ordinary    painter will  
delineate with rigid fidelity1 and will 
make a caricature2 but the learned      
artist    contrives so to temper his    
composition1 as to sink all    offensive
 peculiarities and hardnesses of        
#e    individuality1 without diminishing
 the striking effect of    the likeness1
 or acquainting the casual spectator    
with the secret of his art4 ,miss       
,edgeworth's    representations of the  
,irish character are actual1 and    not 
poetical--nor were they intended to be  
so4                     #aj    ,they are
 interesting1 because they are faithful4

    ,if there is poetry about them1 it  
exists in the    personages themselves1 
not in her representation    of them4   
,she is only the accurate reporter in   
word of what was poetical in fact4      
,hence1                          #ae    
moreover1 when a deed or incident is    
striking in itself1    a judicious      
writer is led to describe it in the most
    simple and colorless terms1 his own 
being    unnecessary2 for instance1 if  
the greatness of the action    itself   
excites the imagination1 or the depth of
 the                #bj    suffering    
interests the feelings4 ,in the usual   
phrase1 the circumstances are left to   
speak for    themselves4      ,let it   
not be said that our doctrine is adverse
    to that individuality in the        
delineation of                          
#be    character1 which is a principal  
charm of fiction4 ,it is    not         
necessary for the ideality of a         
composition to    avoid those minuter   
shades of difference between    man and 

man1 which give to poetry its           
plausibility and life2 but merely such  
violation of                #cj         
general nature1 such improbabilities1   
wanderings1 or    coarseness1 as        
interfere with the refined and          
delicate enjoyment of the imagination2  
which would    have the elements of     
beauty extracted out of    the confused 
multitude of ordinary actions and       
habits1 and combined with consistency   
and ease4                     #e    ,nor
 does it exclude the introduction of    
imperfect    or odious characters4 ,the 
original conception of    a weak or     
guilty mind may have its intrinsic      
beauty2 and much more so1 when it is    
connected    with a tale which finally  
adjusts whatever is                     
#aj    reprehensible in the personages  
themselves4    ,richard and ,iago are   
subservient to the plot4    ,moral      
excellence in some characters may become
    even a fault4 ,the ,clytemnestra of 
,euripides is    so interesting1 that   

the ,divine vengeance1 which            
#ae    is the main subject of the drama1
 seems almost    unjust4 ,lady ,macbeth1
 on the contrary1 is the    conception  
of one deeply learned in the poetical   
art4 ,she is polluted with the most     
heinous crimes1    and meets the fate   
she deserves4 ,yet there is             
#bj    nothing in the picture to offend 
the taste1 and    much to feed the      
imagination4 ,romeo and    ,juliet are  
too good for the termination to which   
the plot leads2 so are ,ophelia and the 
,bride of    ,lammermoor4 ,in these     
cases there is something                
#be    inconsistent with correct beauty1
 and therefore    unpoetical4 ,we do not
 say the fault could be    avoided      
without sacrificing more than would be  
gained2 still it is a fault4 ,it is     
scarcely possible    for a poet         
satisfactorily to connect innocence with
                #cj    ultimate         
unhappiness1 when the notion of a future
    life is excluded4 ,honors paid to   

the memory of    the dead are some      
alleviation of the harshness4    ,in his
 use of the doctrine of a future life1  
,southey    is admirable4 ,other writers
 are content to    conduct their heroes 
to temporal happiness2                  
#e    ,southey refuses present comfort  
to his ,ladurlad1    ,thalaba1 and      
,roderick1 but carries them on          
through suffering to another world4 ,the
 death    of his hero is the termination
 of the action2 yet    so little in two 
of them1 at least1 does this            
#aj    catastrophe excite sorrowful     
feelings1 that some    readers may be   
startled to be reminded of the    fact4 
,if a melancholy is thrown over the     
conclusion of the ,roderick1 it is from 
the peculiarities    of the hero's      
previous history4                       
#ae      #d4 ,opinions1 feelings1       
manners1 and customs    are made        
poetical by the delicacy or splendor    
with which they are expressed4 ,this is 
seen in    the ode1 elegy1 sonnet1 and  

ballad1 in which a    single idea1      
perhaps1 or familiar occurrence1 is     
#bj    invested by the poet with pathos 
or dignity4 ,the    ballad of ,old      
,robin ,gray will serve for an instance 
out of a multitude2 again1 ,lord        
,byron's ,hebrew    ,melody1 beginning1 
,were my bosom as false1    etc42 or    
,cowper's ,lines on his ,mother's       
,picture2                 #be    or     
,milman's ,funeral ,hymn in the ,martyr 
of    ,antioch2 or ,milton's ,sonnet on 
his ,blindness2 or    ,bernard ,barton's
 ,dream4 ,as picturesque    specimens1  
we may name ,campbell's ,battle of the  
,baltic2 or ,joanna ,baillie's ,chough  
and ,crow2                    #cj    and
 for the more exalted and splendid      
style1    ,gray's ,bard2 or ,milton's   
,hymn on the ,nativity2    in which     
facts1 with which every one is familiar1
    are made new by the coloring of a   
poetical    imagination4 ,it must all   
along be observed1 that    we are not   
adducing instances for their own sake2  

#e    but in order to illustrate our    
general doctrine1 and    to show its    
applicability to those compositions     
which are1 by universal consent1        
acknowledged to    be poetical4         
,the department of poetry we are now    
speaking                       #aj    of
 is of much wider extent than might at  
first    sight appear4 ,it will include 
such moralizing and    philosophical    
poems as ,young's ,night ,thoughts1     
and ,byron's ,childe ,harold4 ,there is 
much bad    taste1 at present1 in the   
judgment passed on                      
#ae    compositions of this kind4 ,it is
 the fault of the day    to mistake mere
 eloquence for poetry2 whereas1    in   
direct opposition to the conciseness and
    simplicity of the poet1 the talent  
of the orator consists    in making much
 of a single idea4 ,sic dicet ille ut   
#bj    verset spe multis modis eandem et
 unam rem1    ut hreat in edem          
commoreturque sententi4    ,this is the 
great art of ,cicero himself1 who1      

whether he is engaged in statement1     
argument1 or    raillery1 never ceases  
till he has exhausted the               
#be    subject2 going round about it1   
and placing it in every    different    
light1 yet without repetition to offend 
or    weary the reader4 ,this faculty   
seems to consist    in the power of     
throwing off harmonious verses1         
which1 while they have a respectable    
portion of                    #cj       
meaning1 yet are especially intended to 
charm the    ear4 ,in popular poems1    
common ideas are    unfolded with       
copiousness1 and set off in polished    
verse--and this is called poetry4 ,such 
is the    character of ,campbell's      
,pleasures of ,hope2 it is    in his    
minor poems that the author's poetical  
#e    genius rises to its natural       
elevation4 ,in ,childe    ,harold1 too1 
the writer is carried through his       
,spenserian stanza with the unweariness 
and    equable fullness of accomplished 
eloquence2    opening1 illustrating1 and

 heightening one idea1 before           
#aj    he passes on to another4 ,his    
composition is an    extended funeral   
sermon over buried joys and             
pleasures4 ,his laments over ,greece1   
,rome1 and    the fallen in various     
engagements1 have quite the    character
 of panegyrical orations2 while by the  
#ae    very attempt to describe the     
celebrated buildings    and sculptures  
of antiquity1 he seems to confess       
that they are the poetical text1 his the
 rhetorical    comment4 ,still it is a  
work of splendid talent1    though1 as a
 whole1 not of the highest poetical     
#bj    excellence4 ,juvenal is perhaps  
the only ancient    author who          
habitually substitutes declamation for  
poetry4      #e4 ,the philosophy of mind
 may equally be made    subservient to  
poetry1 as the philosophy of nature4    
#be    ,it is a common fault to mistake 
a mere knowledge    of the heart for    
poetical talent4 ,our greatest          
masters have known better--they have    

subjected metaphysics to their art4 ,in 
,hamlet1    ,macbeth1 ,richard1 and     
,othello1 the philosophy of             
#cj    mind is but the material of the  
poet4 ,these personages    are ideal2   
they are effects of the contact    of a 
given internal character with given     
outward    circumstances1 the results of
 combined conditions    determining 7so 
to say7 a moral curve of original    and
 inimitable properties4 ,philosophy is  
#e    exhibited in the same subserviency
 to poetry in    many parts of ,crabbe's
 ,tales of the ,hall4 ,in the           
writings of this author there is much to
 offend a    refined taste2 but1 at     
least in the work in question1    there 
is much of a highly poetical cast4 ,it  
is a                   #aj              
representation of the action and        
reaction of two    minds upon each other
 and upon the world around    them4 ,two
 brothers of different characters and   
fortunes1 and strangers to each other1  
meet4 ,their    habits of mind1 the     

formation of those habits by            
#ae    external circumstances1 their    
respective media of    judgment1 their  
points of mutual attraction and         
repulsion1 the mental position of each  
in relation    to a variety of trifling 
phenomena of everyday    nature and     
life1 are beautifully developed in a    
#bj    series of tales molded into a    
connected narrative4    ,we are tempted 
to single out the fourth book1    which 
gives an account of the childhood and   
education of the younger brother1 and   
which for    variety of thought as well 
as fidelity of                          
#be    description is in our judgment   
beyond praise4 ,the    ,waverley ,novels
 would afford us specimens of a         
similar excellence4 ,one striking       
peculiarity of    these tales is the    
author's practice of describing    a    
group of characters bearing the same    
general                     #cj         
features of mind1 and placed in the same
 general    circumstances2 yet so       

contrasted with each other    in minute 
differences of mental constitution1 that
    each diverges from the common       
starting point into    a path peculiar  
to himself4 ,the brotherhood of         
villains in ,kenilworth1 of knights in  
,ivanhoe1                  #e    and of 
enthusiasts in ,old ,mortality are      
instances    of this4 ,this bearing of  
character and plot on    each other is  
not often found in ,byron's poems4      
,the ,corsair is intended for a         
remarkable    personage4 ,we pass by the
 inconsistencies of his                 
#aj    character1 considered by itself4 
,the grand fault is1    that whether it 
be natural or not1 we are obliged    to 
accept the author's word for the        
fidelity of his    portrait4 ,we are    
told1 not shown1 what the hero    was4  
,there is nothing in the plot which     
results                    #ae    from  
his peculiar formation of mind4 ,an     
everyday bravo might equally well have  
satisfied the    requirements of the    

action4 ,childe ,harold1 again1    if he
 is anything1 is a being professedly    
isolated    from the world1 and         
uninfluenced by it4 ,one                
#bj    might as well draw ,tityrus's    
stags grazing in the    air1 as a       
character of this kind2 which yet1 with 
more or less alteration1 passes through 
successive    editions in his other     
poems4 ,byron had very    little        
versatility or elasticity of genius2 he 
did not             #be    know how to  
make poetry out of existing materials4  
,he declaims in his own way1 and has the
    upper-hand as long as he is allowed 
to go on2 but1 if    interrogated on    
principles of nature and good    sense1 
he is at once put out and brought to a  
#cj    stand4      ,yet his conception  
of ,sardanapalus and ,myrrha    is fine 
and ideal1 and in the style of          
excellence    which we have just been   
admiring in ,shakspeare    and ,scott4  
,these illustrations of ,aristotle's    
doctrine may                     #e     

suffice4      ,now let us proceed to a  
fresh position2 which1    as before1    
shall first be broadly stated1 then     
modified and explained4 ,how does       
originality    differ from the poetical 
talent8 ,without                        
#aj    affecting the accuracy of a      
definition1 we may call the    latter   
the originality of right moral feeling4 
,originality may perhaps be defined the 
power    of abstracting for one's self1 
and is in thought    what strength of   
mind is in action4 ,our opinions        
#ae    are commonly derived from        
education and society4    ,common minds 
transmit as they receive1 good and      
bad1 true and false2 minds of original  
talent feel a    continual propensity to
 investigate subjects1 and    strike out
 views for themselves1 so that even old 
#bj    and established truths do not    
escape    modification and accidental   
change when subjected to this    process
 of mental digestion4 ,even the style of
    original writers is stamped with the

 peculiarities    of their minds4 ,when 
originality is found apart              
#be    from good sense1 which more or   
less is frequently    the case1 it shows
 itself in paradox and rashness    of   
sentiment1 and eccentricity of outward  
conduct4    ,poetry1 on the other hand1 
cannot be separated    from its good    
sense1 or taste1 as it is called1 which 
#cj    is one of its elements4 ,it is   
originality energizing    in the world  
of beauty2 the originality of grace1    
purity1 refinement1 and good feeling4   
,we do not    hesitate to say1 that     
poetry is ultimately founded    on      
correct moral perception2 that where    
there is    no sound principle in       
exercise there will be no               
#e    poetry2 and that on the whole     
7originality being    granted7 in       
proportion to the standard of a writer's
    moral character will his            
compositions vary in    poetical        
excellence4 ,this position1 however1    
requires some explanation4              

#aj      ,of course1 then1 we do not    
mean to imply that    a poet must       
necessarily display virtuous and        
religious feeling2 we are not speaking  
of the actual    material of poetry1 but
 of its sources4 ,a right    moral state
 of heart is the formal and scientific  
#ae    condition of a poetical mind4    
,nor does it follow    from our position
 that every poet must in fact be    a   
man of consistent and practical         
principle2    except so far as good     
feeling commonly produces or    results 
from good practice4 ,burns was a man of 
#bj    inconsistent life2 still1 it is  
known1 of much really    sound principle
 at bottom4 ,thus his acknowledged      
poetical talent is in no wise           
inconsistent with    the truth of our   
doctrine1 which will refer the    beauty
 which exists in his compositions to the
                     #be    remains of a
 virtuous and diviner nature within     
him4 ,nay1 further than this1 our theory
 holds    good1 even though it be shown 

that a depraved    man may write a poem4
 ,as motives short of the    purest lead
 to actions intrinsically good1 so      
frames               #cj    of mind     
short of virtuous will produce a partial
    and limited poetry4 ,but even where 
this is    instanced1 the poetry of a   
vicious mind will be    inconsistent and
 debased2 that is1 so far only poetry   
as the traces and shadows of holy truth 
still    remain upon it4 ,on the other  
hand1 a right moral                     
#e    feeling places the mind in the    
very center of that    circle from which
 all the rays have their origin    and  
range2 whereas minds otherwise placed   
command but a portion of the whole      
circuit of poetry4    ,allowing for     
human infirmity and the varieties of    
#aj    opinion1 ,milton1 ,spenser1      
,cowper1 ,wordsworth1    and ,southey   
may be considered1 as far as their      
writings go1 to approximate to this     
moral center4    ,the following are     
added as further illustrations of    our

 meaning4 ,walter ,scott's center is    
chivalrous                   #ae        
honor2 ,shakspeare exhibits the         
characteristics of    an unlearned and  
undisciplined piety2 ,homer the         
religion of nature and conscience1 at   
times debased    by polytheism4 ,all    
these poets are religious4 ,the         
occasional irreligion of ,virgil's      
poetry is painful                #bj    
to the admirers of his general taste and
 delicacy4    ,dryden's ,alexander's    
,feast is a magnificent    composition1 
and has high poetical beauties2 but to a
    refined judgment there is something 
intrinsically    unpoetical in the end  
to which it is devoted1 the             
#be    praises of revel and sensuality4 
,it corresponds to    a process of      
clever reasoning erected on an untrue   
foundation--the one is a fallacy1 the   
other is out    of taste4 ,lord ,byron's
 ,manfred is in parts    intensely      
poetical2 yet the delicate mind         
naturally                #cj    shrinks 

from the spirit which here and there    
reveals    itself1 and the basis on     
which the drama is    built4 ,from a    
perusal of it we should infer1          
according to the above theory1 that     
there was right    and fine feeling in  
the poet's mind1 but that the    central
 and consistent character was wanting4  
#e    ,from the history of his life we  
know this to be    the fact4 ,the       
connection between want of the          
religious principle and want of poetical
 feeling is    seen in the instances of 
,hume and ,gibbon1 who    had radically 
unpoetical minds4 ,rousseau1 it         
#aj    may be supposed1 is an exception 
to our doctrine4    ,lucretius1 too1 had
 great poetical genius2 but his    work 
evinces that his miserable philosophy   
was    rather the result of a bewildered
 judgment than    a corrupt heart4      
#ae      ,according to the above theory1
 ,revealed    ,religion should be       
especially poetical--and it is so    in 
fact4 ,while its disclosures have an    

originality    in them to engage the    
intellect1 they have a beauty    to     
satisfy the moral nature4 ,it presents  
us with                   #bj    those  
ideal forms of excellence in which a    
poetical    mind delights1 and with     
which all grace and    harmony are      
associated4 ,it brings us into a new    
world--a world of overpowering interest1
 of the    sublimest views1 and the     
tenderest and purest                    
#be    feelings4 ,the peculiar grace of 
mind of the ,new    ,testament writers  
is as striking as the actual effect     
produced upon the hearts of those who   
have    imbibed their spirit4 ,at       
present we are not    concerned with the
 practical1 but the poetical nature     
#cj    of revealed truth4 ,with         
,christians1 a poetical    view of      
things is a duty--we are bid to color   
all    things with hues of faith1 to see
 a ,divine meaning    in every event1   
and a superhuman tendency4 ,even    our 
friends around are invested with        

unearthly    brightness--no longer      
imperfect men1 but beings               
#e    taken into ,divine favor1 stamped 
with ,his seal1    and in training for  
future happiness4 ,it may be    added1  
that the virtues peculiarly ,christian  
are    especially poetical--meekness1   
gentleness1    compassion1 contentment1 
modesty1 not to mention                 
#aj    the devotional virtues2 whereas  
the ruder and    more ordinary feelings 
are the instruments of    rhetoric more 
justly than of poetry--anger1           
indignation1 emulation1 martial spirit1 
and love of    independence4            
#ae            ,,the ,,infinitude ,,of  
,,the ,,divine ,,attributes        ,the 
attributes of ,god1 though intelligible 
to us    on their surface1--for from our
 own sense of    mercy and holiness and 
patience and consistency1    we have    
general notions of the ,all-merciful and
    ,all-holy and ,all-patient1 and of  
all that is proper                #bj   
to ,his ,essence1--yet1 for the very    

reason that    they are infinite1       
transcend our comprehension1    when    
they are dwelt upon1 when they are      
followed    out1 and can only be        
received by faith4 ,they are    dimly   
shadowed out1 in this very respect1 by  
the                   #be    great      
agents which ,he has created in the     
material    world4 ,what is so ordinary 
and familiar to us    as the elements1  
what so simple and level to us    as    
their presence and operation8 yet how   
their    character changes1 and how they
 overmaster us1    and triumph over us1 
when they come upon us in    their      
fullness6 ,the invisible air1 how gentle
 is it1    and intimately ours6 we      
breathe it momentarily1                 
#e    nor could we live without it2 it  
fans our cheek1    and flows around us1 
and we move through it    without       
effort1 while it obediently recedes at  
every    step we take1 and obsequiously 
pursues us as we    go forward4 ,yet let
 it come in its power1 and              

#aj    that same silent fluid1 which was
 just now the    servant of our         
necessity or caprice1 takes us up    on 
its wings with the invisible power of an
 ,angel1    and carries us forth into   
the regions of space1 and    flings us  
down headlong upon the earth4 ,or go    
#ae    to the spring1 and draw thence at
 your pleasure1    for your cup or your 
pitcher1 in supply of your    wants2 you
 have a ready servant1 a domestic ever  
at hand1 in large quantity or in small1 
to satisfy    your thirst1 or to purify 
you from the dust and                   
#bj    mire of the world4 ,but go from  
home1 reach the    coast2 and you will  
see that same humble element            
transformed before your eyes4 ,you were 
equal to    it in its condescension1 but
 who shall gaze    without astonishment 
at its vast expanse in the bosom        
#be    of the ocean8 who shall hear     
without awe the    dashing of its mighty
 billows along the beach8    who shall  
without terror feel it heaving under    

him1    and swelling and mounting up1   
and yawning wide1    till he1 its very  
sport and mockery1 is thrown to         
#cj    and fro1 hither and thither1 at  
the mere mercy of    a power which was  
just now his companion and    almost his
 slave8 ,or1 again1 approach the flame3 
it warms you1 and it enlightens you2 yet
 approach    not too near1 presume not1 
or it will change its    nature4 ,that  
very element which is so beautiful      
#e    to look at1 so brilliant in its   
character1 so graceful    in its figure1
 so soft and lambent in its motion1     
will be found in its essence to be of a 
keen1    resistless nature2 it tortures1
 it consumes1 it reduces to    ashes    
that of which it was just before the    
#aj    illumination and the life4 ,so it
 is with the attributes    of ,god2 our 
knowledge of them serves us for our     
daily welfare2 they give us light and   
warmth and    food and guidance and     
succor2 but go forth with    ,moses upon
 the mount and let the ,lord pass by1   

#ae    or with ,elias stand in the      
desert amid the wind1    the earthquake1
 and the fire1 and all is mystery    and
 darkness2 all is but a whirling of the 
reason1    and a dazzling of the        
imagination1 and an    overwhelming of  
the feelings1 reminding us that we      
#bj    are but mortal men and ,he is    
,god1 and that the    outlines which    
,nature draws for us are not ,his       
perfect image1 nor to be pronounced     
inconsistent    with those further      
lights and depths with which it    is   
invested by ,revelation4                
#be      ,say not1 my brethren1 that    
these thoughts are    too austere for   
this season1 when we contemplate    the 
self-sacrificing1 self-consuming charity
    wherewith ,god our ,saviour has     
visited us4 ,it is for that    very     
reason that ,i dwell on them2 the higher
 ,he                    #cj    is1 and  
the more mysterious1 so much the more   
glorious and the more subduing is the   
history of    ,his humiliation4 ,i own  

it1 my brethren1 ,i love    to dwell on 
,him as the ,only-begotten ,word2 nor   
is it any forgetfulness of ,his sacred  
humanity to    contemplate ,his ,eternal
 ,person4 ,it is the very               
#e    idea1 that ,he is ,god1 which     
gives a meaning to    ,his sufferings2  
what is to me a man1 and nothing        
more1 in agony1 or scourged1 or         
crucified8 there    are many holy       
martyrs1 and their torments were        
terrible4 ,but here ,i see ,one dropping
 blood1                       #aj       
gashed by the thong1 and stretched upon 
the    ,cross1 and ,he is ,god4 ,it is  
no tale of human woe    which ,i am     
reading here2 it is the record of the   
passion of the great ,creator4 ,the     
,word and    ,wisdom of the ,father1 who
 dwelt in ,his bosom                    
#ae    in bliss ineffable from all      
eternity1 whose very    smile has shed  
radiance and grace over the whole       
creation1 whose traces ,i see in the    
starry heavens    and on the green      

earth1 this glorious living ,god1    it 
is ,he who looks at me so piteously1 so 
tenderly                 #bj    from the
 ,cross4 ,he seems to say1--,i cannot   
move1 though ,i am omnipotent1 for sin  
has bound    ,me here4 ,i had had it in 
mind to come on earth    among innocent 
creatures1 more fair and lovely    than 
them all1 with a face more radiant than 
the                   #be    ,seraphim1 
and a form as royal as that of          
,archangels1 to be their equal yet their
 ,god1 to fill    them with ,my grace1  
to receive their worship1 to    enjoy   
their company1 and to prepare them for  
the    heaven to which ,i destined them2
 but1 before ,i                     #cj 
carried ,my purpose into effect1 they   
sinned1 and    lost their inheritance2  
and so ,i come indeed1 but    come1 not 
in that brightness in which ,i went     
forth    to create the morning stars and
 to fill the sons of    ,god with       
melody1 but in deformity and in shame1  
in sighs and tears1 with blood upon ,my 

cheek1 and                   #e    with 
,my limbs laid bare and rent4 ,gaze on  
,me1    ,o ,my children1 if you will1   
for ,i am helpless2 gaze    on your     
,maker1 whether in contempt1 or in faith
    and love4 ,here ,i wait1 upon the   
,cross1 the    appointed time1 the time 
of grace and mercy2 here                
#aj    ,i wait till the end of the      
world1 silent and    motionless1 for the
 conversion of the sinful and the       
consolation of the just2 here ,i remain 
in weakness    and shame1 though ,i am  
so great in heaven1 till    the end1    
patiently expecting ,my full catalogue  
of                  #ae    souls1 who1  
when time is at length over1 shall be   
the reward of ,my passion and the       
triumph of ,my    grace to all eternity4
            ,,christ ,,upon ,,the       
,,waters        ,the earth is full of   
the marvels of ,divine power2    ,day to
 day uttereth speech1 and night to night
                    #bj    showeth      
knowledge4 ,the tokens of               

,omnipotence are all around us1 in the  
world of matter1    and the world of    
man2 in the dispensation of    nature1  
and in the dispensation of grace4 ,to do
    impossibilities1 ,i may say1 is the 
prerogative of                  #be     
,him who made all things out of nothing1
 who    foresees all events before they 
occur1 and controls    all wills without
 compelling them4 ,in emblem of    this 
,his glorious attribute1 ,he came to    
,his    disciples in the passage ,i have
 read to you1 walking    upon the       
sea1--the emblem or hieroglyphic        
among the ancients of the impossible1 to
 show    them that what is impossible   
with man is                             
#e    possible with ,god4 ,he who could 
walk the waters1    could also ride     
triumphantly upon what is still    more 
fickle1 unstable1 tumultuous1           
treacherous--the billows of human wills1
 human purposes1    human hearts4 ,the  
bark of ,peter was struggling           
#aj    with the waves1 and made no      

progress2 ,christ    came to him walking
 upon them2 ,he entered the    boat1 and
 by entering it ,he sustained it4 ,he   
did    not abandon ,himself to it1 but  
,he brought it    near to ,himself2 ,he 
did not merely take refuge              
#ae    in it1 but ,he made ,himself the 
strength of it1    and the pledge and   
cause of a successful passage4          
,presently1 another gospel says1 the    
ship was    at the land1 whither they   
were going4      ,such was the power of 
the ,son of ,god1 the                   
#bj    ,saviour of man1 manifested by   
visible tokens in    the material world1
 when ,he came upon earth2    and such1 
too1 it has ever since signally shown   
itself to be1 in the history of that    
mystical ark    which ,he then formed to
 float upon the ocean of                
#be    human opinion4 ,he told ,his     
chosen servants to    form an ark for   
the salvation of souls3 ,he gave    them
 directions how to construct it1--the   
length1    breadth1 and height1 its     

cabins and its windows2    and the      
world1 as it gazed upon it1 forthwith   
#cj    began to criticise4 ,it          
pronounced it framed quite    contrary  
to the scientific rules of shipbuilding2
 it    prophesied1 as it still          
prophesies1 that such a craft    was not
 sea-worthy2 that it was not            
water-tight2    that it would not float2
 that it would go to pieces    and      
founder4 ,and why it does not1 who can  
say1                      #e    except  
that the ,lord is in it8 ,who can say   
why    so old a framework1 put together 
nineteen    hundred years ago1 should   
have lasted1 against all    human       
calculation1 even to this day2 always   
going1 and never gone2 ever failing1 yet
 ever                      #aj          
managing to explore new seas and foreign
    coasts--except that ,he1 who once   
said to the rowers1    ,it is ,i1 be not
 afraid1 and to the waters1    ,peace1  
is still in ,his own ark which ,he has  
made1 to direct and to prosper her      

course8                         #ae     
,time was1 my brethren1 when the        
forefathers of    our race were a savage
 tribe1 inhabiting a wild    district   
beyond the limits of this quarter of the
    earth4 ,whatever brought them       
thither1 they had    no local           
attachments there or political          
settlement2                #bj    they  
were a restless people1 and whether     
urged    forward by enemies or by desire
 of plunder1 they    left their place1  
and passing through the defiles of      
the mountains on the frontiers of ,asia1
 they    invaded ,europe1 setting out on
 a journey towards                   #be
    the farther west4 ,generation after 
generation    passed away2 and still    
this fierce and haughty    race moved   
forward4 ,on1 on they went2 but         
travel availed them not2 the change of  
place    could bring them no truth1 or  
peace1 or hope1 or                   #cj
    stability of heart2 they could not  
flee from themselves4    ,they carried  

with them their superstitions    and    
their sins1 their gods of iron and of   
clay1    their savage sacrifices1 their 
lawless witchcrafts1    their hatred of 
their kind1 and their ignorance    of   
their destiny4 ,at length they buried   
themselves                  #e    in the
 deep forests of ,germany1 and gave     
themselves up to indolent repose2 but   
they had not    found their rest2 they  
were still heathens1 making    the fair 
trees1 the primeval work of ,god1 and   
the    innocent beasts of the chase1 the
 objects and the                  #aj   
instruments of their idolatrous worship4
 ,and1    last of all1 they crossed over
 the strait and made    themselves      
masters of this island1 and gave their  
very name to it2 so that1 whereas it had
 hitherto    been called ,britain1 the  
southern part1 which was                
#ae    their main seat1 obtained the    
name of ,england4    ,and now they had  
proceeded forward nearly as    far as   
they could go1 unless they were prepared

    to look across the great ocean1 and 
anticipate the    discovery of the world
 which lies beyond it4                  
#bj      ,what1 then1 was to happen to  
this restless race1    which had sought 
for happiness and peace across    the   
globe1 and had not found it8 ,was it to 
grow    old in its place1 and dwindle   
away1 and consume    in the fever of its
 own heart1 which admitted              
#be    no remedy8 or was it to become   
great by being    overcome1 and to enjoy
 the only real life of man1    and rise 
to his only true dignity1 by being      
subjected to a ,master's yoke8 ,did its 
,maker and    ,lord see any good thing  
in it1 of which1 under                  
#cj    ,his ,divine nurture1 profit     
might come to ,his elect1    and glory  
to ,his name8 ,he looked upon it1 and   
,he saw nothing there to claim any      
visitation of    ,his grace1 or to merit
 any relaxation of the awful    penalty 
which its lawlessness and impiety had   
incurred4 ,it was a proud race1 which   

feared                         #e       
neither ,god nor man--a race ambitious1 
self-willed1 obstinate1 and hard of     
belief1 which would    dare everything1 
even the eternal pit1 if it was         
challenged to do so4 ,i say1 there was  
nothing    there of a nature to reverse 
the destiny which                       
#aj    ,his righteous decrees have      
assigned to those who    sin wilfully   
and despise ,him4 ,but the ,almighty    
,lover of souls looked once again2 and  
,he saw in    that poor1 forlorn1 and   
ruined nature1 which ,he    had in the  
beginning filled with grace and light1  
#ae    ,he saw in it1 not what merited  
,his favor1 not    what would adequately
 respond to ,his influences1    not what
 was a necessary instrument of ,his     
purposes1 but what would illustrate and 
preach abroad    ,his grace1 if ,he took
 pity on it4 ,he saw in it1             
#bj    a natural nobleness1 a           
simplicity1 a frankness of    character1
 a love of truth1 a zeal for justice1 an

    indignation at wrong1 an admiration 
of purity1 a    reverence for law1 a    
keen appreciation of the                
beautifulness and majesty of order1 nay1
 further1                  #be    a     
tenderness and an affectionateness of   
heart1    which ,he knew would become   
the glorious    instruments of ,his high
 will when illuminated and    vivified  
by ,his supernatural gifts4 ,and so ,he 
who1 did it so please ,him1 could raise 
up children                 #cj    to   
,abraham out of the very stones of the  
earth1    nevertheless determined in    
this instance in ,his    free mercy to  
unite what was beautiful in nature      
with what was radiant in grace2 and1 as 
if those    poor ,anglo-,saxons had been
 too fair to be heathen1    therefore   
did ,he rescue them from the devil's    
#e    service and the devil's doom1 and 
bring them    into the house of ,his    
holiness and the mountain    of ,his    
rest4      ,it is an old story and a    
familiar1 and ,i need not    go through 

it4 ,i need not tell you1 my ,brethren1 
#aj    how suddenly the word of truth   
came to our    ancestors in this island 
and subdued them to its    gentle rule2 
how the grace of ,god fell on them1     
and1 without compulsion1 as the         
historian tells us1    the multitude    
became ,christian2 how1 when all        
#ae    was tempestuous1 and hopeless1   
and dark1 ,christ    like a vision of   
glory came walking to them on    the    
waves of the sea4 ,then suddenly there  
was    a great calm2 a change came over 
the pagan    people in that quarter of  
the country where the                   
#bj    gospel was first preached to     
them2 and from    thence the blessed    
influence went forth1 it was    poured  
out over the whole land1 till one and   
all1    the ,anglo-,saxon people1 were  
converted by it4 ,in    a hundred years 
the work was done2 the idols1           
#be    the sacrifices1 the mummeries of 
paganism flitted    away and were not1  
and the pure doctrine and    heavenly   

worship of the ,cross were found in     
their    stead4 ,the fair form of       
,christianity rose up and    grew and   
expanded like a beautiful pageant from  
#cj    north to south2 it was majestic1 
it was solemn1 it    was bright1 it was 
beautiful and pleasant1 it was          
soothing to the griefs1 it was indulgent
 to the    hopes of man2 it was at once 
a teaching and a    worship2 it had a   
dogma1 a mystery1 a ritual of    its    
own2 it had an hierarchical form4 ,a    
brotherhood                 #e    of    
holy pastors1 with miter and crosier and
    uplifted hand1 walked forth and     
blessed and ruled    a joyful people4   
,the crucifix headed the    procession1 
and simple monks were there with hearts 
in    prayer1 and sweet chants          
resounded1 and the holy                 
#aj    ,latin tongue was heard1 and boys
 came forth in    white1 swinging       
censers1 and the fragrant cloud         
arose1 and mass was sung1 and the       
,saints were    invoked2 and day after  

day1 and in the still night1    and over
 the woody hills and in the quiet       
plains1                  #ae    as      
constantly as sun and moon and stars go 
forth    in heaven1 so regular and      
solemn was the stately    march of      
blessed services on earth1 high         
festival1    and gorgeous procession1   
and soothing dirge1 and    passing bell1
 and the familiar evening call to       
#bj    prayer2 till he who recollected  
the old pagan    time1 would think it   
all unreal that he beheld and    heard1 
and would conclude he did but see a     
vision1    so marvelously was heaven let
 down upon earth1    so triumphantly    
were chased away the fiends of          
#be    darkness to their prison below4  
,,the ,,second ,,spring      ,,cant41 c4
 ii4 v4 #aj-ab        ,surge1 propera1  
amica mea1 columba mea1 formosa    mea1 
et veni4 ,jam enim hiems transiit1 imber
 abiit et    recessit4 ,flores          
apparuerunt in terr nostr4      ,arise1 
make haste1 my love1 my dove1 my        

beautiful    one1 and come4 ,for the    
winter is now past1 the rain is    over 
and gone4 ,the flowers have appeared in 
our land4      ,we have familiar        
experience of the order1 the            
constancy1 the perpetual renovation of  
the material    world which surrounds   
us4 ,frail and transitory    as is every
 part of it1 restless and migratory as  
are its elements1 never ceasing as are  
its changes1                 #e    still
 it abides4 ,it is bound together by a  
law of    permanence1 it is set up in   
unity2 and1 though it    is ever dying1 
it is ever coming to life again4        
,dissolution does but give birth to     
fresh modes of    organization1 and one 
death is the parent of a                
#aj    thousand lives4 ,each hour1 as it
 comes1 is but    a testimony1 how      
fleeting1 yet how secure1 how           
certain1 is the great whole4 ,it is like
 an image    on the waters1 which is    
ever the same1 though    the waters ever
 flow4 ,change upon                     

#ae    change--yet one change cries out 
to another1 like the    alternate       
,seraphim1 in praise and in glory    of 
their ,maker4 ,the sun sinks to rise    
again2    the day is swallowed up in the
 gloom of the    night1 to be born out  
of it1 as fresh as if it                
#bj    had never been quenched4 ,spring 
passes into    summer1 and through      
summer and autumn into    winter1 only  
the more surely1 by its own ultimate    
return1 to triumph over that grave1     
towards which    it resolutely hastened 
from its first hour4 ,we    mourn over  
the blossoms of ,may1 because they      
#e    are to wither2 but we know1       
withal1 that ,may is    one day to have 
its revenge upon ,november1 by    the   
revolution of that solemn circle which  
never    stops--which teaches us in our 
height of hope1    ever to be sober1 and
 in our depth of desolation1            
#aj    never to despair4      ,and      
forcibly as this comes home to every one
    of us1 not less forcible is the     

contrast which exists    between this   
material world1 so vigorous1 so         
reproductive1 amid all its changes1 and 
the moral                  #ae    world1
 so feeble1 so downward1 so             
resourceless1    amid all its           
aspirations4 ,that which ought to       
come to naught1 endures2 that which     
promises a    future1 disappoints and is
 no more4 ,the same    sun shines in    
heaven from first to last1 and the      
#bj    blue firmament1 the everlasting  
mountains1    reflect his rays2 but     
where is there upon earth    the        
champion1 the hero1 the law giver1 the  
body    politic1 the sovereign race1    
which was great three    hundred years  
ago1 and is great now8 ,moralists       
#be    and poets1 often do they descant 
upon this innate    vitality of matter1 
this innate perishableness of    mind4  
,man rises to fall3 he tends to         
dissolution    from the moment he begins
 to be2 he lives on1    indeed1 in his  
children1 he lives on in his name1      

#cj    he lives not on in his own       
person4 ,he is1 as regards    the       
manifestations of his nature here below1
    as a bubble that breaks1 and as     
water poured out    upon the earth4 ,he 
was young1 he is old1 he is    never    
young again4 ,this is the lament over   
him1    poured forth in verse and in    
prose1 by ,christians                   
#e    and by heathen4 ,the greatest work
 of ,god's    hands under the sun1 he1  
in all the manifestations    of his     
complex being1 is born only to die4     
,his bodily frame first begins to feel  
the power    of this constraining law1  
though it is the last to                
#aj    succumb to it4 ,we look at the   
gloom of youth    with interest1 yet    
with pity2 and the more    graceful and 
sweet it is1 with pity so much the more2
    for1 whatever be its excellence and 
its glory1 soon    it begins to be      
deformed and dishonored by the          
#ae    very force of its living on4 ,it 
grows into    exhaustion and collapse1  

till at length it crumbles    into that 
dust out of which it was originally     
taken4      ,so is it1 too1 with our    
moral being1 a far higher               
#bj    and diviner portion of our       
natural constitution2    it begins with 
life1 it ends with what is worse    than
 the mere loss of life1 with a living   
death4    ,how beautiful is the human   
heart1 when it puts    forth its first  
leaves1 and opens and rejoices in       
#be    its spring-tide6 ,fair as may be 
the bodily form1    fairer far1 in its  
green foliage and bright blossoms1    is
 natural virtue4 ,it blooms in the      
young1 like    some rich flower1 so     
delicate1 so fragrant1 and so           
dazzling4 ,generosity and lightness of  
heart and                    #cj        
amiableness1 the confiding spirit1 the  
gentle temper1    the elastic           
cheerfulness1 the open hand1 the    pure
 affection1 the noble aspiration1 the   
heroic    resolve1 the romantic pursuit1
 the love in which    self has no       

part1--are not these beautiful8 and     
are they not dressed up and set forth   
for                           #e        
admiration in their best shapes1 in     
tales and in poems8    and ah6 what a   
prospect of good is there6 who    could 
believe that it is to fade6 and yet1 as 
night    follows upon day1 as           
decrepitude follows upon    health1 so  
surely are failure1 and overthrow1 and  
#aj    annihilation1 the issue of this  
natural virtue1 if    time only be      
allowed to it to run its course4        
,there are those who are cut off in the 
first    opening of this excellence1 and
 then1 if we may trust    their         
epitaphs1 they have lived like angels2  
but                   #ae    wait       
awhile1 let them live on1 let the course
 of    life proceed1 let the bright soul
 go through the    fire and water of the
 world's temptations and    seductions  
and corruptions and transformations2    
and1 alas for the insufficiency of      
nature6 alas for                #bj     

its powerlessness to persevere1 its     
waywardness    in disappointing its own 
promise6 ,wait till    youth has become 
age2 and not more different    is the   
miniature which we have of him when a   
boy1 when every feature spoke of hope1  
put side                    #be    by   
side of the large portrait painted to   
his honor1    when he is old1 when his  
limbs are shrunk1 his    eye dim1 his   
brow furrowed1 and his hair gray1       
than differs the moral grace of that    
boyhood from    the forbidding and      
repulsive aspect of his soul1           
#cj    now that he has lived to the age 
of man4 ,for    moroseness1 and         
misanthropy1 and selfishness1 is    the 
ordinary winter of that spring4         
,such is man in his own nature1 and     
such1 too1    is he in his works4 ,the  
noblest efforts of his    genius1 the   
conquests he has made1 the doctrines    
#e    he has originated1 the nations he 
has civilized1    the states he has     
created1 they outlive himself1    they  

outlive him by many centuries1 but they 
tend to an end1 and that end is         
dissolution4    ,powers of the world1   
sovereignties1 dynasties1               
#aj    sooner or later come to nought2  
they have their    fatal hour4 ,the     
,roman conqueror shed tears    over     
,carthage1 for in the destruction of the
 rival    city he discerned too truly an
 augury of the fall    of ,rome2 and at 
length1 with the weight and the         
#ae    responsibilities1 the crimes and 
the glories1 of    centuries upon       
centuries1 the ,imperial ,city fell4    
,thus man and all his works are mortal2 
they    die1 and they have no power of  
renovation4      ,but what is it1 my    
,fathers1 my ,brothers1 what            
#bj    is it that has happened in       
,england just at this    time8          
,something strange is passing over this 
land1 by the very surprise1 by the very 
commotion1    which it excites4 ,were we
 not near enough the    scene of action 
to be able to say what is going         

#be    on1--were we the inhabitants of  
some sister planet    possessed of a    
more perfect mechanism than this        
earth has discovered for surveying the  
transactions of another globe1--and did 
we turn our    eyes thence towards      
,england just at this season1           
#cj    we should be arrested by a       
political phenomenon    as wonderful as 
any which the astronomer notes    down  
from his physical field of view4 ,it    
would    be the occurrence of a national
 commotion1 almost    without parallel1 
more violent than has happened    here  
for centuries--at least in the judgments
                       #e    and        
intentions of men1 if not in act and    
deed4    ,we should note it down1 that  
soon after ,st4    ,michael's day1      
#ahej1 a storm arose in the moral       
world1 so furious as to demand some     
great    explanation1 and to rouse in us
 an intense desire to               #aj 
gain it4 ,we should observe it          
increasing from    day to day1 and      

spreading from place to place1          
without remission1 almost without lull1 
up to this    very hour1 when perhaps it
 threatens worse still1    or at least  
gives no sure prospect of alleviation4  
#ae    ,every party in the body politic 
undergoes its    influence1--from the   
,queen upon her throne1    down to the  
little ones in the infant or day school4
    ,the ten thousands of the           
constituency1 the    sum-total of       
,protestant sects1 the aggregate of     
#bj    religious societies and          
associations1 the great body    of      
established clergy in town and country1 
the bar1    even the medical profession1
 nay1 even literary    and scientific   
circles1 every class1 every    interest1
 every fireside1 gives tokens of this   
#be    ubiquitous storm4 ,this would be 
our report of it1 seeing    it from the 
distance1 and we should speculate    on 
the cause4 ,what is it all about8       
against what    is it directed8 what    
wonder has happened upon    earth8 what 

prodigious1 what preternatural event    
#cj    is adequate to the burden of so  
vast an effect8      ,we should judge   
rightly in our curiosity about    a     
phenomenon like this2 it must be a      
portentous    event1 and it is4 ,it is  
an innovation1 a miracle1    ,i may say1
 in the course of human events4 ,the    
physical world revolves year by year1   
and begins                    #e        
again2 but the political order of things
 does not    renew itself1 does not     
return2 it continues1 but it            
proceeds2 there is no retrogression4    
,this is so    well understood by men of
 the day1 that with    them progress is 
idolized as another name for            
#aj    good4 ,the past never returns--it
 is never good2    if we are to escape  
existing ills1 it must be by    going   
forward4 ,the past is out of date2 the  
past    is dead4 ,as well may the dead  
live to us1 as well    may the dead     
profit us1 as the past return4 ,this1   
#ae    then1 is the cause of this       

national transport1 this    national    
cry1 which encompasses us4 ,the past has
    returned1 the dead lives4 ,thrones  
are overturned1    and are never        
restored2 ,states live and die1 and     
then are matter only for history4       
,babylon was                      #bj   
great1 and ,tyre1 and ,egypt1 and       
,nineveh1 and    shall never be great   
again4 ,the ,english ,church    was1 and
 the ,english ,church was not1 and the  
,english ,church is once again4 ,this is
 the    portent1 worthy of a cry4 ,it is
 the coming in of a                 #be 
,second ,spring2 it is a restoration in 
the moral    world1 such as that which  
yearly takes place in    the physical4  
,three centuries ago1 and the ,catholic 
,church1    that great creation of      
,god's power1 stood in this             
#cj    land in pride of place4 ,it had  
the honors of near    a thousand years  
upon it2 it was enthroned on    some    
twenty sees up and down the broad       
country2    it was based in the will of 

a faithful people2    it energized      
through ten thousand instruments of     
power and influence2 and it was ennobled
 by a                       #e    host  
of ,saints and ,martyrs4 ,the churches1 
one    by one1 recounted and rejoiced in
 the line of    glorified intercessors1 
who were the respective    objects of   
their grateful homage4 ,canterbury      
alone numbered perhaps some sixteen1    
from ,st4                      #aj      
,augustine to ,st4 ,dunstan and ,st4    
,elphege1 from    ,st4 ,anselm and ,st4 
,thomas down to ,st4 ,edmund4    ,york  
had its ,st4 ,paulinus1 ,st4 ,john1 ,st4
 ,wilfrid1    and ,st4 ,william2        
,london1 its ,st4 ,erconwald2           
,durham1 its ,st4 ,cuthbert2 ,winton1   
its ,st4                          #ae   
,swithun4 ,then there were ,st4 ,aidan  
of    ,lindisfarne1 and ,st4 ,hugh of   
,lincoln1 and ,st4    ,chad of          
,lichfield1 and ,st4 ,thomas of         
,hereford1 and ,st4 ,oswald and ,st4    
,wulstan of    ,worcester1 and ,st4     

,osmund of ,salisbury1 and              
#bj    ,st4 ,birinus of ,dorchester1 and
 ,st4 ,richard of    ,chichester4 ,and  
then1 too1 its religious orders1    its 
monastic establishments1 its            
universities1    its wide relations all 
over ,europe1 its high    prerogatives  
in the temporal state1 its wealth1 its  
#be    dependencies1 its popular        
honors1--where was    there in the whole
 of ,christendom a more    glorious     
hierarchy8 ,mixed up with the civil     
institutions1 with kings and nobles1    
with the people1    found in every      
village and in every town1--it          
#cj    seemed destined to stand1 so long
 as ,england    stood1 and to outlast1  
it might be1 ,england's    greatness4   
,but it was the high decree of heaven1  
that the    majesty of that presence    
should be blotted out4    ,it is a long 
story1 my ,fathers and                  
#e    ,brothers--you know it well4 ,i   
need not go through it4 ,the            
vivifying principle of truth1 the shadow

 of ,st4    ,peter1 the grace of the    
,redeemer1 left it4 ,that    old ,church
 in its day became a corpse 7a          
marvelous1 an awful change672 and then  
it did but                  #aj         
corrupt the air which once it refreshed1
 and    cumber the ground which once it 
beautified4 ,so all    seemed to be     
lost2 and there was a struggle for    a 
time1 and then its priests were cast out
 or    martyred4 ,there were sacrileges 
innumerable4                       #ae  
,its temples were profaned or destroyed2
 its    revenues seized by covetous     
nobles1 or squandered    upon the       
ministers of a new faith4 ,the presence 
of ,catholicism was at length simply    
removed1--its grace disowned1--its power
 despised1--its            #bj    name1 
except as a matter of history1 at length
    almost unknown4 ,it took a long time
 to do this    thoroughly2 much time1   
much thought1 much    labor1 much       
expense2 but at last it was done4       
,oh1 that miserable day1 centuries      

before we were                   #be    
born6 ,what a martyrdom to live in it   
and see    the fair form of ,truth1     
moral and material1    hacked piecemeal1
 and every limb and organ    carried    
off1 and burned in the fire1 or cast    
into    the deep6 ,but at last the work 
was done4 ,truth                     #cj
    was disposed of1 and shoveled away1 
and there    was a calm1 a silence1 a   
sort of peace--and such    was about the
 state of things when we were born      
into this weary world4      ,my ,fathers
 and ,brothers1 you have seen it on     
one side1 and some of us on another2 but
 one and                    #e    all of
 us can bear witness to the fact of the 
utter    contempt into which            
,catholicism had fallen by    the time  
that we were born4 ,you1 alas1 know it  
far better than ,i can know it2 but it  
may not be    out of place1 if by one or
 two tokens1 as by the                  
#aj    strokes of a pencil1 ,i bear     
witness to you from    without1 of what 

you can witness so much more    truly   
from within4 ,no longer the ,catholic   
,church in the country2 nay1 no longer1 
,i may    say1 a ,catholic community2   
but a few                               
#ae    adherents of the ,old ,religion1 
moving silently    and sorrowfully      
about1 as memorials of what had    been4
 ,the ,roman ,catholics1--not a sect1   
not even an interest1 as men conceived  
of    it1--not a body1 however small1   
representative of the              #bj  
,great ,communion abroad1--but a mere   
handful    of individuals1 who might be 
counted1 like the    pebbles and        
detritus of the great deluge1 and       
who1 forsooth1 merely happened to retain
 a creed    which1 in its day indeed1   
was the profession of a                 
#be    ,church4 ,here a set of poor     
,irishmen1 coming and    going at       
harvest time1 or a colony of them lodged
    in a miserable quarter of the vast  
metropolis4    ,there1 perhaps an       
elderly person1 seen walking    in the  

streets1 grave and solitary1 and        
strange1                   #cj    though
 noble in bearing1 and said to be of    
good    family1 and a ,roman ,catholic4 
,an    old-fashioned house of gloomy    
appearance1 closed in    with high      
walls1 with an iron gate1 and yews1 and 
the report attaching to it that ,roman  
,catholics    lived there2 but who they 
were1 or what they did1                 
#e    or what was meant by calling them 
,roman    ,catholics1 no one could      
tell--though it had an    unpleasant    
sound1 and told of form and             
superstition4 ,and then1 perhaps1 as we 
went to and fro1    looking with a boy's
 curious eyes through the               
#aj    great city1 we might come to-day 
upon some    ,moravian chapel1 or       
,quaker's meeting-house1 and            
to-morrow on a chapel of the ,roman     
,catholics2    but nothing was to be    
gathered from it1 except    that there  
were lights burning there1 and some     
#ae    boys in white1 swinging censers2 

and what it all    meant could only be  
learned from books1 from    ,protestant 
,histories and ,sermons2 and they did   
not report well of the ,roman           
,catholics1 but1    on the contrary1    
deposed that they had once had          
#bj    power and had abused it4 ,and    
then1 again1 we    might on one occasion
 hear it pointedly put out    by some   
literary man1 as the result of his      
careful    investigation1 and as a      
recondite point of    information1 which
 few knew1 that there was this          
#be    difference between the ,roman    
,catholics of ,england    and the ,roman
 ,catholics of ,ireland1 that the       
latter had bishops1 and the former were 
governed    by four officials1 called   
,vicars-,apostolic4      ,such was about
 the sort of knowledge possessed        
#cj    of ,christianity by the heathen  
of old time1 who    persecuted its      
adherents from the face of the    earth1
 and then called them a gens lucifuga1 a
    people who shunned the light of day4

 ,such were    ,catholics in ,england1  
found in corners1 and alleys1    and    
cellars1 and the housetops1 or in the   
recesses                  #e    of the  
country2 cut off from the populous world
    around them1 and dimly seen1 as if  
through a    mist or in twilight1 as    
ghosts flitting to and fro1    by the   
high ,protestants1 the lords of the     
earth4    ,at length so feeble did they 
become1 so utterly                      
#aj    contemptible1 that contempt gave 
birth to pity2    and the more generous 
of their tyrants actually    began to   
wish to bestow on them some favor1      
under the notion that their opinions    
were simply    too absurd ever to spread
 again1 and that they                   
#ae    themselves1 were they but raised 
in civil    importance1 would soon      
unlearn and be ashamed of    them4 ,and 
thus1 out of mere kindness to us1       
they began to vilify our doctrines to   
the ,protestant    world1 that so our   
very idiotcy or our secret              

#bj    unbelief might be our plea for   
mercy4      ,a great change1 an awful   
contrast1 between the    time-honored   
,church of ,st4 ,augustine and ,st4     
,thomas1 and the poor remnant of their  
children    in the beginning of the     
nineteenth century6 ,it                 
#be    was a miracle1 ,i might say1 to  
have pulled down    that lordly power2  
but there was a greater and a    truer  
one in store4 ,no one could have        
prophesied    its fall1 but still less  
would any one have ventured    to       
prophesy its rise again4 ,the fall was  
#cj    wonderful2 still after all it was
 in the order of nature2    all things  
come to naught3 its rise again would    
be a different sort of wonder1 for it is
 in the order    of grace1--and who can 
hope for miracles1 and    such a miracle
 as this8 ,has the whole course of      
history a like to show8 ,i must speak   
cautiously                     #e    and
 according to my knowledge1 but ,i      
recollect    no parallel to it4         

,augustine1 indeed1 came to    the same 
island to which the early missionaries  
had come already2 but they came to      
,britons1 and    he to ,saxons4 ,the    
,arian ,goths and ,lombards1            
#aj    too1 cast off their heresy in    
,st4 ,augustine's age1    and joined the
 ,church2 but they had never fallen     
away from her4 ,the inspired word seems 
to imply    the almost impossibility of 
such a grace as the    renovation of    
those who have crucified to             
#ae    themselves again1 and trodden    
under foot1 the ,son of    ,god4 ,who   
then could have dared to hope that1     
out of so sacrilegious a nation as this 
is1 a people    would have been formed  
again unto their ,saviour8    ,what     
signs did it show that it was to be     
singled                   #bj    out    
from among the nations8 ,had it been    
prophesied some fifty years ago1 would  
not the    very notion have seemed      
preposterous and wild8      ,my         
,fathers1 there was one of your own     

order1    then in the maturity of his   
powers and his                          
#be    reputation4 ,his name is the     
property of this diocese2    yet is too 
great1 too venerable1 too dear to all   
,catholics1 to be confined to any part  
of ,england1    when it is rather a     
household word in the mouths    of all  
of us4 ,what would have been the        
feelings                    #cj    of   
that venerable man1 the champion of     
,god's ark    in an evil time1 could he 
have lived to see this    day8 ,it is   
almost presumptuous for one who    knew 
him not1 to draw pictures about him1 and
    his thoughts1 and his friends1 some 
of whom are    even here present2 yet am
 ,i wrong in fancying                   
#e    that a day such as this1 in which 
we stand1 would    have seemed to him a 
dream1 or1 if he prophesied    of it1 to
 his hearers nothing but a mockery8 ,say
    that one time1 rapt in spirit1 he   
had reached    forward to the future1   
and that his mortal eye had             

#aj    wandered from that lowly chapel  
in the valley    which had been for     
centuries in the possession of          
,catholics1 to the neighboring height1  
then waste    and solitary4 ,and let him
 say to those about    him3 ,i see a    
bleak mount1 looking upon an open       
#ae    country1 over against that huge  
town1 to whose    inhabitants           
,catholicism is of so little account4   
,i see the ground marked out1 and an    
ample    inclosure made2 and plantations
 are rising there1    clothing and      
circling in the space4                  
#bj      ,and there on that high spot1  
far from the    haunts of men1 yet in   
the very center of the island1    a     
large edifice1 or rather pile of        
edifices1 appears    with many fronts1  
and courts1 and long cloisters    and   
corridors1 and story upon story4 ,and   
there                     #be    it     
rises1 under the invocation of the same 
sweet    and powerful name which has    
been our strength    and consolation in 

the ,valley4 ,i look more    attentively
 at that building1 and ,i see it is     
fashioned    upon that ancient style of 
art which brings back                   
#cj    the past1 which had seemed to be 
perishing from    off the face of the   
earth1 or to be preserved only    as a  
curiosity1 or to be imitated only as a  
fancy4    ,i listen1 and ,i hear the    
sound of voices1 grave    and musical1  
renewing the old chant1 with which      
,augustine greeted ,ethelbert in the    
free air upon                    #e     
the ,kentish strand4 ,it comes from a   
long    procession1 and it winds along  
the cloisters4 ,priests    and          
,religious1 theologians from the        
schools1 and    canons from the         
,cathedral1 walk in due precedence4     
,and then there comes a vision of       
well-nigh                         #aj   
twelve mitered heads2 and last ,i see a 
,prince of    the ,church1 in the royal 
dye of empire and of    martyrdom1 a    
pledge to us from ,rome of ,rome's      

unwearied love1 a token that that goodly
    company is firm in ,apostolic faith 
and hope4 ,and                   #ae    
the shadow of the ,saints is there2 ,st4
 ,benedict    is there1 speaking to us  
by the voice of bishop    and of priest1
 and counting over the long ages        
through which he has prayed1 and        
studied1 and    labored2 there1 too1 is 
,st4 ,dominic's white wool1             
#bj    which no blemish can impair1 no  
stain can dim3    and if ,st4 ,bernard  
be not there1 it is only that    his    
absence may make him be remembered more4
    ,and the princely patriarch1 ,st4   
,ignatius1 too1 the    ,st4 ,george of  
the modern world1 with his chivalrous   
#be    lance run through his writhing   
foe1 he1 too1 sheds    his blessing upon
 that train4 ,and others1 also1    his  
equals or his juniors in history1 whose 
pictures    are above our altars1 or    
soon shall be1 the surest    proof that 
the ,lord's arm has not waxen short1    
#cj    nor ,his mercy failed1--they1    

too1 are looking    down from their     
thrones on high upon the throng4    ,and
 so that high company moves on into the 
holy    place2 and there1 with august   
rite and awful    sacrifice1 inaugurates
 the great act which brings    it       
thither4 ,what is that act8 it is the   
first                      #e    synod  
of a new ,hierarchy2 it is the          
resurrection    of the ,church4      ,o 
my ,fathers1 my ,brothers1 had that     
revered    ,bishop so spoken then1 who  
that had heard him    but would have    
said that he spoke what could           
#aj    not be8 ,what6 those few         
scattered worshipers1    the ,roman     
,catholics1 to form a ,church6 ,shall   
the past be rolled back8 ,shall the     
grave open8    ,shall the ,saxons live  
again to ,god8 ,shall the    shepherds1 
watching their poor flocks by night1    
#ae    be visited by a multitude of the 
heavenly army1    and hear how their    
,lord has been new-born in    their own 
city8 ,yes2 for grace can1 where        

nature cannot4 ,the world grows old1 but
 the    ,church is ever young4 ,she can1
 in any time1 at                     #bj
    her ,lord's will1 inherit the       
,gentiles1 and inhabit    the desolate  
cities4 ,arise1 ,jerusalem1 for thy     
light is come1 and the glory of the     
,lord is risen    upon thee4 ,behold1   
darkness shall cover the    earth1 and a
 mist the people2 but the ,lord shall   
#be    arise upon thee1 and ,his glory  
shall be seen upon    thee4 ,lift up    
thine eyes round about1 and see2    all 
these are gathered together1 they come  
to    thee2 thy sons shall come from    
afar1 and thy    daughters shall rise up
 at thy side4 ,arise1                   
#cj    make haste1 my love1 my dove1 my 
beautiful one1    and come4 ,for the    
winter is now past1 and the    rain is  
over and gone4 ,the flowers have        
appeared    in our land 444 the fig tree
 hath put forth her    green figs2 the  
vines in flower yield their sweet       
smell4 ,arise1 my love1 my beautiful    

one1 and                        #e      
come4 ,it is the time for thy           
,visitation4 ,arise1    ,mary1 and go   
forth in thy strength into that north   
country1 which once was thine own1 and  
take    possession of a land which knows
 thee not4 ,arise1    ,mother of ,god1  
and with thy thrilling voice speak      
#aj    to those who labor with child1   
and are in pain1    till the babe of    
grace leaps within them6 ,shine    on   
us1 dear ,lady1 with thy bright         
countenance1    like the sun in his     
strength1 ,o stella matutina1 ,o        
harbinger of peace1 till our year is one
 perpetual                 #ae    ,may4 
,from thy sweet eyes1 from thy pure     
smile1    from thy majestic brow1 let   
ten thousand    influences rain down1   
not to confound or    overwhelm1 but to 
persuade1 to win over thine enemies4    
,o ,mary1 my hope1 ,o ,mother undefiled1
 fulfill to                    #bj    us
 the promise of this ,spring4 ,a second 
temple    rises on the ruins of the old4

 ,canterbury has    gone its way1 and   
,york is gone1 and ,durham is    gone1  
and ,winchester is gone4 ,it was sore to
    part with them4 ,we clung to the    
vision of past                     #be  
greatness1 and would not believe it     
could come    to naught2 but the ,church
 in ,england has died1    and the       
,church lives again4 ,westminster and   
,nottingham1 ,beverley and ,hexham1     
,northampton    and ,shrewsbury1 if the 
world lasts1 shall be                   
#cj    names as musical to the ear1 as  
stirring to the    heart1 as the glories
 we have lost2 and ,saints    shall rise
 out of them1 if ,god so will1 and      
,doctors once again shall give the law  
to ,israel1    and ,preachers call to   
penance and to justice1 as    at the    
beginning4                              
#e      ,yes1 my ,fathers and ,brothers1
 and if it be    ,god's blessed will1   
not ,saints alone1 not ,doctors    only1
 not ,preachers only1 shall be ours--but
    ,martyrs1 too1 shall re-consecrate  

the soil to ,god4    ,we know not what  
is before us1 ere we win our            
#aj    own2 we are engaged in a great1 a
 joyful work1    but in proportion to   
,god's grace is the fury of    ,his     
enemies4 ,they have welcomed us as the  
lion greets his prey4 ,perhaps they may 
be    familiarized in time with our     
appearance1 but                      #ae
    perhaps they may be irritated the   
more4 ,to set    up the ,church again in
 ,england is too great an    act to be  
done in a corner4 ,we have had reason   
to expect that such a boon would not be 
given    to us without a cross4 ,it is  
not ,god's way that                     
#bj    great blessings should descend   
without the sacrifice    first of great 
sufferings4 ,if the truth is to be      
spread to any wide extent among this    
people1 how    can we dream1 how can we 
hope1 that trial and    trouble shall   
not accompany its going forth8 ,and     
#be    we have already1 if it may be    
said without    presumption1 to commence

 our work withal1 a large    store of   
merits4 ,we have no slight outfit for   
our    opening warfare4 ,can we         
religiously suppose that    the blood of
 our martyrs1 three centuries ago and   
#cj    since1 shall never receive its   
recompense8 ,those    priests1 secular  
and regular1 did they suffer for    no  
end8 or rather1 for an end which is not 
yet    accomplished8 ,the long          
imprisonment1 the fetid    dungeon1 the 
weary suspense1 the tyrannous trial1    
the barbarous sentence1 the savage      
execution1 the                   #e     
rack1 the gibbet1 the knife1 the        
caldron1 the    numberless tortures of  
those holy victims1 ,o my ,god1    are  
they to have no reward8 ,are ,thy       
martyrs    to cry from under ,thine     
altar for their loving    vengeance on  
this guilty people1 and to cry in       
#aj    vain8 ,shall they lose life1 and 
not gain a    better life for the       
children of those who persecuted        
them8 ,is this ,thy way1 ,o my ,god1    

righteous    and true8 ,is it according 
to ,thy promise1 ,o    ,king of ,saints1
 if ,i may dare talk to ,thee of        
#ae    justice8 ,did not ,thou ,thyself 
pray for ,thine    enemies upon the     
cross1 and convert them8 ,did    not    
,thy first ,martyr win ,thy great       
,apostle1 then    a persecutor1 by his  
loving prayer8 ,and in that    day of   
trial and desolation for ,england1 when 
#bj    hearts were pierced through and  
through with    ,mary's woe1 at the     
crucifixion of ,thy body    mystical1   
was not every tear that flowed1 and     
every drop of blood that was shed1 the  
seeds of a    future harvest1 when they 
who sowed in sorrow                     
#be    were to reap in joy8      ,and as
 that suffering of the ,martyrs is not  
yet    recompensed1 so1 perchance1 it is
 not yet    exhausted4 ,something1 for  
what we know1 remains    to be          
undergone1 to complete the necessary    
#cj    sacrifice4 ,may ,god forbid it1  
for this poor nation's    sake6 ,but    

still could we be surprised1 my ,fathers
    and my ,brothers1 if the winter even
 now should    not yet be quite over8   
,have we any right to    take it        
strange1 if1 in this ,english land1 the 
spring-time of the ,church should turn  
out to be an                  #e        
,english spring1 an uncertain1 anxious  
time of hope    and fear1 of joy and    
suffering1--of bright promise    and    
budding hopes1 yet withal1 of keen      
blasts1 and    cold showers1 and sudden 
storms8      ,one thing alone ,i        
know1--that according to                
#aj    our need1 so will be our         
strength4 ,one thing ,i    am sure of1  
that the more the enemy rages against   
us1 so much the more will the ,saints in
 ,heaven    plead for us2 the more      
fearful are our trials from    the      
world1 the more present to us will be   
our                      #ae    ,mother 
,mary1 and our good ,patrons and ,angel 
,guardians2 the more malicious are the  
devices of    men against us1 the louder

 cry of supplication will    ascend from
 the bosom of the whole ,church to      
,god for us4 ,we shall not be left      
orphans2 we                       #bj   
shall have within us the strength of the
 ,paraclete1    promised to the ,church 
and to every member of    it4 ,my       
,fathers1 my ,brothers in the           
priesthood1    ,i speak from my heart   
when ,i declare my    conviction1 that  
there is no one among you here          
#be    present but1 if ,god so willed1  
would readily    become a martyr for    
,his sake4 ,i do not say you    would   
wish it2 ,i do not say that the natural 
will    would not pray that that chalice
 might pass    away2 ,i do not speak of 
what you can do by any                  
#cj    strength of yours2 but in the    
strength of ,god1    in the grace of the
 ,spirit1 in the armor of justice1    by
 the consolations and peace of the      
,church1 by    the blessing of the      
,apostles ,peter and ,paul1 and    in   
the name of ,christ1 you would do what  

nature    cannot do4 ,by the            
intercession of the ,saints on          
#e    high1 by the penances and good    
works and the    prayers of the people  
of ,god on earth1 you would    be       
forcibly borne up as upon the waves of  
the    mighty deep1 and carried on out  
of yourselves by    the fullness of     
grace1 whether nature wished it or      
#aj    no4 ,i do not mean violently1 or 
with unseemly    struggle1 but calmly1  
gracefully1 sweetly1 joyously1    you   
would mount up and ride forth to the    
battle1    as on the rush of ,angels'   
wings1 as your fathers    did before    
you1 and gained the prize4 ,you1 who    
#ae    day by day offer up the          
,immaculate ,lamb of    ,god1 you who   
hold in your hands the ,incarnate       
,word under the visible tokens which ,he
 has    ordained1 you who again and     
again drain the    chalice of the ,great
 ,victim2 who is to make you            
#bj    fear8 what is to startle you8    
what to seduce    you8 who is to stop   

you1 whether you are to    suffer or to 
do1 whether to lay the foundations of   
the ,church in tears1 or to put the     
crown upon the    work in jubilation8   
#be      ,my ,fathers1 my ,brothers1 one
 word more4 ,it    may seem as if ,i    
were going out of my way in    thus     
addressing you2 but ,i have some sort of
    plea to urge in extenuation4 ,when  
the ,english    ,college at ,rome was   
set up by the solicitude of a           
#cj    great ,pontiff in the beginning  
of ,england's sorrows1    and           
missionaries were trained there for     
confessorship and martyrdom here1 who   
was it that    saluted the fair ,saxon  
youths as they passed by    him in the  
streets of the great city1 with the     
salutation1 ,salvete flores martyrum8   
,and when                     #e    the 
time came for each in turn to leave that
    peaceful home1 and to go forth to   
the conflict1 to whom    did they betake
 themselves before leaving ,rome1    to 
receive a blessing which might nerve    

them for    their work8 ,they went for a
 ,saint's blessing2                     
#aj    they went to a calm old man1 who 
had never    seen blood1 except in      
penance2 who had longed    indeed to die
 for ,christ1 what time the great ,st4  
,francis opened the way to the far      
,east1 but who    had been fixed as if a
 sentinel in the holy city1             
#ae    and walked up and down for fifty 
years on one    beat1 while his brethren
 were in the battle4 ,oh6    the fire of
 that heart1 too great for its frail    
tenement1 which tormented him to be kept
 at home    when the whole ,church was  
at war6 and                             
#bj    therefore came those             
bright-haired strangers to him1    ere  
they set out for the scene of their     
passion1    that the full zeal and love 
pent up in that burning    breast might 
find a vent1 and flow over1 from him    
who was kept at home1 upon those who    
were to                       #be       
face the foe4 ,therefore one by one1    

each in his    turn1 those youthful     
soldiers came to the old man2    and one
 by one they persevered and gained the  
crown and the palm1--all but one1 who   
had not    gone1 and would not go1 for  
the salutary blessing4                  
#cj      ,my ,fathers1 my ,brothers1    
that old man was    my own ,st4 ,philip4
 ,bear with me for his sake4    ,if ,i  
have spoken too seriously1 his sweet    
smile    shall temper it4 ,as he was    
with you three    centuries ago in      
,rome1 when our ,temple fell1 so    now 
surely when it is rising1 it is a       
pleasant token                #e    that
 he should have even set out on his     
travels to    you2 and that1 as if      
remembering how he    interceded for you
 at home1 and recognizing the           
relations he then formed with you1 he   
should now be    wishing to have a name 
among you1 and to be                    
#aj    loved by you1 and perchance to do
 you a service1    here in your own     
land4            ,,st4 ,,paul',s        

,,characteristic ,,gift      ,,ep4 ,,ii4
 ,s4 ,,paul ,,ad ,,cor41 c4 xii4 v4 #i  
,libenter igitur gloriabor in           
infirmitatibus meis1 ut inhabitet       
in me virtus ,christi4         ,gladly  
therefore will ,i glory in my           
infirmities1 that the power       of    
,christ may dwell in me4      ,all the  
,saints1 from the beginning of history  
to the end1 resemble each other in this1
 that their    excellence is            
supernatural1 their deeds heroic1 their 
#ae    merits extraordinary and         
prevailing4 ,they all    are choice     
patterns of the theological virtues2    
they all are blessed with a rare and    
special union    with their ,maker and  
,lord2 they all lead lives of           
penance2 and when they leave this world1
 they                      #bj    are   
spared that torment1 which the multitude
 of    holy souls are allotted1 between 
earth and heaven1    death and eternal  
glory4 ,but1 with all these    various  
tokens of their belonging to one and the

    same celestial family1 they may     
still be divided1    in their external  
aspect1 into two classes4      ,there   
are those1 on the one hand1 who are so  
#e    absorbed in the ,divine life1 that
 they seem1 even    while they are in   
the flesh1 to have no part in    earth  
or in human nature2 but to think1 speak1
    and act under views1 affections1 and
 motives    simply supernatural4 ,if    
they love others1 it is                 
#aj    simply because they love ,god1   
and because man    is the object either 
of ,his compassion1 or of ,his          
praise4 ,if they rejoice1 it is in what 
is unseen2 if    they feel interest1 it 
is in what is unearthly2 if    they     
speak1 it is almost with the voice of   
,angels2                 #ae    if they 
eat or drink1 it is almost of ,angels'  
food    alone--for it is recorded in    
their histories1 that    for weeks they 
have fed on nothing else but that       
,heavenly ,bread which is the proper    
sustenance    of the soul4 ,such we may 

suppose to have been                    
#bj    ,st4 ,john2 such ,st4 ,mary      
,magdalen2 such the    hermits of the   
desert2 such many of the holy           
,virgins whose lives belong to the      
science of    mystical theology4        
,on the other hand1 there are those1 and
 of the                     #be         
highest order of sanctity too1 as far as
 our eyes    can see1 in whom the       
supernatural combines with    nature1   
instead of superseding it1--invigorating
    it1 elevating it1 ennobling it2 and 
who are not    the less men1 because    
they are saints4 ,they do               
#cj    not put away their natural       
endowments1 but use    them to the glory
 of the ,giver2 they do not act         
beside them1 but through them2 they do  
not    eclipse them by the brightness of
 ,divine grace1    but only transfigure 
them4 ,they are versed in    human      
knowledge2 they are busy in human       
#e    society2 they understand the human
 heart2 they    can throw themselves    

into the minds of other    men2 and all 
this in consequence of natural gifts    
and secular education4 ,while they      
themselves    stand secure in the       
blessedness of purity and               
#aj    peace1 they can follow in        
imagination the ten    thousand         
aberrations of pride1 passion1 and      
remorse4 ,the world is to them a book1  
to which    they are drawn for its own  
sake1 which they read    fluently1 which
 interests them                         
#ae    naturally1--though1 by the reason
 of the grace which dwells    within    
them1 they study it and hold converse   
with it for the glory of ,god and the   
salvation    of souls4 ,thus they have  
the thoughts1 feelings1    frames of    
mind1 attractions1 sympathies1          
#bj    antipathies of other men1 so far 
as these are not    sinful1 only they   
have these properties of human    nature
 purified1 sanctified1 and exalted2 and 
they    are only made more eloquent1    
more poetical1 more    profound1 more   

intellectual1 by reason of their        
#be    being more holy4 ,in this latter 
class ,i may    perhaps without         
presumption place many of the early     
,fathers1 ,st4 ,chrysostom1 ,st4        
,gregory ,nazianzen1    ,st4            
,athanasius1 and above all1 the great   
,saint of    this day1 ,st4 ,paul the   
,apostle4                               
#cj      ,i think it a happy            
circumstance that1 in this    ,church1  
placed1 as it is1 under the patronage of
    the great names of ,st4 ,peter and  
,st4 ,paul1 the    special feast days of
 these two ,apostles 7for such    we may
 account the #bith of ,june as regards  
,st4    ,peter1 and to-day as regards   
,st4 ,paul7 should1 in                  
#e    the first year of our assembling  
here1 each have    fallen on a ,sunday4 
,and now that we have    arrived1       
through ,god's protecting ,providence1  
at    the latter of these two days1 the 
,conversion of    ,st4 ,paul1 ,i do not 
like to forego the opportunity1         

#aj    with whatever misgivings as to my
 ability1 of    offering to you1 my     
brethren1 at least a few    remarks upon
 the wonderful work of ,god's creative  
grace mercifully presented to our       
inspection in    the person of this     
great ,apostle4 ,most unworthy          
#ae    of him1 ,i know1 is the best that
 ,i can say2 and even    that best ,i   
cannot duly exhibit in the space of     
time allowed me on an occasion such as  
this2    but what is said out of        
devotion to him1 and for    the ,divine 
glory1 will1 ,i trust1 have its use1    
#bj    defective though it be1 and be a 
plea for his favorable    notice of     
those who say it1 and be graciously     
accepted by his and our ,lord and       
,master4      ,now1 since ,i have begun 
by contrasting ,st4    ,paul with ,st4  
,john1 and by implying that ,st4        
#be    ,john lived a life more simply   
supernatural than    ,st4 ,paul1 ,i may 
seem to you1 my brethren1 to be         
speaking to ,st4 ,paul's disparagement2 

and you    may therefore ask me whether 
it is possible for    any ,saint on     
earth to have a more intimate           
#cj    communion with the ,divine       
,majesty than was granted    to ,st4    
,paul4 ,you may remind me of his own    
words1 ,i live1 now not ,i1 but ,christ 
liveth in    me2 and1 that ,i now live  
in the flesh1 ,i live in the    faith of
 the ,son of ,god1 who loved me1 and    
delivered ,himself for me4 ,and you may 
refer to                     #e    his  
most astonishing ecstasies and visions2 
as    when he was rapt even to the third
 heaven1 and    heard sacred words1     
which it is not granted to    man to    
utter4 ,you may say1 he no way came     
short of ,st4 ,john in his awful        
initiation into the                #aj  
mysteries of the kingdom of heaven4     
,certainly    you may say so2 nor am ,i 
imagining anything    contrary to you4  
,we indeed cannot compare    ,saints2   
but ,i agree with you1 that ,st4 ,paul  
was    visited by favors1 equal1 in our 

apprehensions1 to                 #ae   
those which were granted to ,st4 ,john4 
,but then1    on the other hand1 neither
 was ,st4 ,john behind    ,st4 ,paul in 
these tokens of ,divine love4 ,in truth1
    these tokens are some of those very 
things which1    in a greater or less   
degree1 belong to all ,saints           
#bj    whatever1 as ,i said when ,i     
began2 whereas my    question just now  
is1 not what are those points in        
which ,st4 ,paul agrees with all other  
,saints1 but    what is his             
distinguished mark1 how we recognize    
him from others1 what there is special  
in him2                     #be    and  
,i think his characteristic is          
this1--that1 as ,i    have said1 in him 
the fullness of ,divine gifts does      
not tend to destroy what is human in    
him1 but to    spiritualize and perfect 
it4 ,according to his own    words1 used
 on another subject1 but laying down1   
#cj    as it were1 the principle on     
which his own character    was          

formed1--,we would not be    un-clothed1
 he says1 but clothed upon1 that what   
is mortal may be swallowed up by life4  
,in him1    his human nature1 his human 
affections1 his    human gifts1 were    
possessed and glorified by a new        
#e    and heavenly life2 they remained2 
he speaks of    them in the text1 and in
 his humility he calls    them his      
infirmity4 ,he was not stripped of      
nature1 but clothed with grace and the  
power of    ,christ1 and therefore he   
glories in his infirmity4               
#aj    ,this is the subject on which ,i 
wish to enlarge4      ,a heathen poet   
has said1 ,homo sum1 humani    nihil a  
me alienum puto4 ,i am a man2 nothing   
human is without interest to me1 and the
    sentiment has been widely and       
deservedly praised4                  #ae
    ,now this1 in a fullness of meaning 
which a heathen    could not understand1
 is1 ,i conceive1 the    characteristic 
of this great ,apostle4 ,he is ever     
speaking1 to use his own words1 human   

things1 and    as a man1 and according  
to man1 and                             
#bj    foolishly2 that is1 human nature1
 the    common nature of the whole race 
of ,adam1 spoke in    him1 acted in him1
 with an energetical presence1    with a
 sort of bodily fullness1 always under  
the    sovereign command of ,divine     
grace1 but losing                       
#be    none of its real freedom and     
power because of    its subordination4  
,and the consequence is1 that1    having
 the nature of man so strong within him1
    he is able to enter into human      
nature1 and to    sympathize with it1   
with a gift peculiarly his own4         
#cj      ,now the most startling        
instance of this is this1    --that1    
though his life prior to his conversion 
seems to have been so conscientious and 
so pure1    nevertheless he does not    
hesitate to associate    himself with   
the outcast heathen1 and to speak    as 
if he were one of them4 ,st4 ,philip    
,neri1 before                  #e    he 

communicated1 used to say1 ,lord1 ,i    
protest    before ,thee that ,i am good 
for nothing but to    do evil4 ,at      
confession he used to say1 ,i have      
never done one good action4 ,he often   
said1 ,i    am past hope4 ,to a penitent
 he said1 ,be sure                      
#aj    of this1 ,i am a man like my     
neighbors1 and    nothing more4 ,well1  
,i mean1 that somewhat in this    way1  
,st4 ,paul felt all his neighbors1 all  
the whole    race of ,adam1 to be       
existing in himself4 ,he    knew himself
 to be possessed of a nature1 he was    
#ae    conscious of possessing a nature1
 which was    capable of running into   
all the multiplicity of    emotions1 of 
devices1 of purposes1 and of sins1      
into which it had actually run in the   
wide world    and in the multitude of   
men2 and in that sense                  
#bj    he bore the sins of all men1 and 
associated    himself with them1 and    
spoke of them and himself    as one4    
,he1 ,i say1 a strict ,pharisee 7as he  

describes himself71 blameless according 
to legal    justice1 conversing with all
 good conscience                        
#be    before ,god1 serving ,god from   
his forefathers with a    pure          
conscience1 he nevertheless elsewhere   
speaks    of himself as a profligate    
heathen outcast before    the grace of  
,god called him4 ,he not only counts    
himself1 as his birth made him1 in the  
number of                   #cj         
children of wrath1 but he classes       
himself with    the heathen as          
conversing in the desires of the        
flesh1 and fulfilling the will of the   
flesh4 ,and    in another ,epistle1 he  
speaks of himself1 at the    time he    
writes1 as if carnal1 sold under sin2   
he speaks of sin dwelling in him1 and of
 his                      #e    serving 
with the flesh the law of sin2 this1 ,i 
say1 when he was an ,apostle confirmed  
in grace4    ,and in like manner he     
speaks of concupiscence as    if it were
 sin2 all because he vividly            

apprehended1    in that nature of his   
which grace had sanctified1             
#aj    what it was in its tendencies and
 results when    deprived of grace4     
,and thus ,i account for ,st4 ,paul's   
liking for    heathen writers1 or what  
we now call the classics1    which is   
very remarkable4 ,he1 the ,apostle of   
the                   #ae    ,gentiles1 
was learned in ,greek letters1 as       
,moses1    the lawgiver of the ,jews1   
his counterpart1 was    learned in the  
wisdom of the ,egyptians2 and he    did 
not give up that learning when he had   
learned ,christ4 ,i do not think ,i am  
#bj    exaggerating in saying so1 since 
he goes out of his way three    times to
 quote passages from them2 once1        
speaking to the heathen ,athenians2     
another time1 to    his converts at     
,corinth2 and a third time1 in a        
private ,apostolic exhortation to his   
disciple ,st4                  #be      
,titus4 ,and it is the more remarkable1 
that one    of the writers whom he      

quotes seems to be a    writer of       
comedies1 which had no claim to be read 
for any high morality which they        
contain4 ,now    how shall we account   
for this8 ,did ,st4 ,paul               
#cj    delight in what was licentious8  
,god forbid2 but    he had the feeling  
of a guardian-angel who sees    every   
sin of the rebellious being committed to
    him1 who gazes at him and weeps4    
,with this    difference1 that he had a 
sympathy with sinners1    which an      
,angel 7be it reverently said7 cannot   
#e    have4 ,he was a true lover of     
souls4 ,he loved    poor human nature   
with a passionate love1 and    the      
literature of the ,greeks was only its  
expression2 and he hung over it tenderly
 and    mournfully1 wishing for its     
regeneration and salvation4             
#aj      ,this is how ,i account for his
 familiar    knowledge of the heathen   
poets4 ,some of the ancient    ,fathers 
consider that the ,greeks were under a  
special dispensation of ,providence1    

preparatory    to the ,gospel1 though   
not directly from heaven                
#ae    as the ,jewish was4 ,now ,st4    
,paul seems1 if ,i may    say it1 to    
partake of this feeling2 distinctly as  
he    teaches that the heathen are in   
darkness1 and in    sin1 and under the  
power of the ,evil ,one1 he will    not 
allow that they are beyond the eye of   
,divine                   #bj    ,mercy4
 ,on the contrary1 he speaks of ,god as 
determining their times and the limits  
of their    habitation1 that is1 going  
along with the    revolutions of history
 and the migrations of races1 in        
order that they should seek ,him1 if    
haply they                     #be      
may feel after ,him and find ,him1      
since1 he    continues1 ,he is not far  
from every one of us4    ,again1 when   
the ,lycaonians would have    worshiped 
him1 he at once places himself on their 
level and reckons himself among them1   
and at                       #cj    the 
same time speaks of ,god's love of them1

    heathens though they were4 ,ye men1 
he cries1    why do ye these things8 ,we
 also are mortals1    men like unto you2
 and he adds that ,god in    times past1
 though suffering all nations to walk   
in their own ways1 nevertheless left not
 ,himself                   #e          
without testimony1 doing good from      
heaven1    giving rains and fruitful    
seasons1 filling our hearts    with food
 and gladness4 ,you see1 he says1 our   
hearts1 not your1 as if he were one of  
those    ,gentiles2 and he dwells in a  
kindly human way                        
#aj    over the food1 and the gladness  
which food causes1    which the poor    
heathen were granted4 ,hence it    is   
that he is the ,apostle who especially  
insists on    our all coming from one   
father1 ,adam2 for he    had pleasure in
 thinking that all men were             
#ae    brethren4 ,god hath made1 he     
says1 all    mankind of one2 as in ,adam
 all die1 so in ,christ    all shall be 
made alive4 ,i will cite but one    more

 passage from the great ,apostle on the 
same    subject1 one in which he        
tenderly contemplates                   
#bj    the captivity1 and the anguish1  
and the longing1    and the deliverance 
of poor human nature4 ,the              
expectation of the creature1 he says1   
that is1 of    human nature1 waiteth for
 the manifestation    of the sons of    
,god4 ,for the creature was made        
#be    subject to vanity1 not willingly1
 but by reason of    ,him that made it  
subject1 in hope2 because it    shall be
 delivered from the servitude of        
corruption into the liberty of the glory
 of the children    of ,god4 ,for we    
know that every creature                
#cj    groaneth and travaileth in pain  
until now4      ,these are specimens of 
the tender affection    which the great 
heart of the ,apostle had for all    his
 kind1 the sons of ,adam3 but if he felt
 so much    for all races spread over   
the earth1 what did he    feel for his  
own nation6 ,o what a special           

#e    mixture1 bitter and sweet1 of     
generous pride 7if ,i may    so speak71 
but of piercing1 overwhelming anguish1  
did the thought of the race of ,israel  
inflict upon    him6 the highest of     
nations and the lowest1 his    own dear 
people1 whose glories were before his   
#aj    imagination and in his affection 
from his    childhood1 who had the      
birthright and the promise1    yet who1 
instead of making use of them1 had      
madly thrown them away6 ,alas1 alas1 and
 he    himself had once been a partner  
in their madness1                  #ae  
and was only saved from his infatuation 
by the    miraculous power of ,god6 ,o  
dearest ones1 ,o    glorious race1 ,o   
miserably fallen6 so great and so       
abject6 ,this is his tone in speaking of
 the ,jews1    at once a ,jeremias and a
 ,david2 ,david in his                  
#bj    patriotic care for them1 and     
,jeremias in his    plaintive and       
resigned denunciations4      ,consider  
his words3 ,i speak the truth in        

,christ1 he says2 ,i lie not1 my        
conscience    bearing me witness in the 
,holy ,ghost2 that ,i have              
#be    great sadness and continual      
sorrow in my heart4    ,in spite of     
visions and ecstasies1 in spite of his  
wonderful election1 in spite of his     
manifold gifts1    in spite of the cares
 of his ,apostolate and the             
solicitude for all the churches--you    
would                        #cj        
think he had had enough otherwise both  
to grieve    him and to gladden him--but
 no1 this special    contemplation      
remains ever before his mind and in     
his heart4 ,i mean1 the state of his own
 poor    people1 who were in mad enmity 
against the    promised ,saviour1 who   
had for centuries after                 
#e    centuries looked forward for the  
,hope of ,israel1    prepared the way   
for it1 heralded it1 suffered for    it1
 cherished and protected it1 yet1 when  
it came1    rejected it1 and lost the   
fruit of their long patience4    ,who   

are ,israelites1 he says1 mournfully    
#aj    lingering over their past        
glories1 who are ,israelites1 to    whom
 belongeth the adoption of children1 and
    the glory1 and the testament1 and   
the giving of    wealth1 and the service
 of ,god1 and the promises3    whose are
 the fathers1 and of whom is ,christ    
#ae    according to the flesh1 who is   
over all things1 ,god    blessed        
forever4 ,amen4      ,what a hard thing 
it was for him to give them    up6 ,he  
pleaded for them1 while they were       
persecuting his ,lord and himself4 ,he  
reminded his                  #bj       
,lord that he himself had also been that
 ,lord's    persecutor1 and why not try 
them a little longer8    ,lord1 he said1
 they know that ,i cast into    prison1 
and beat in every synagogue1 them that  
believed in ,thee4 ,and1 when the blood 
of                           #be        
,stephen1 ,thy witness1 was shed1 ,i    
stood by and    consented1 and kept the 
garments of them that    killed him4    

,you see1 his old frame of mind1 the    
feelings and notions under which he     
persecuted    his ,lord1 were ever      
distinctly before him1 and he           
#cj    realized them as if they were    
still his own4 ,i    bear them witness1 
he says1 that they have a    zeal of    
,god1 but not according to knowledge4   
,o blind6 blind6 he seems to say2 ,o    
that there    should be so much of good 
in them1 so much zeal1    so much of    
religious purpose1 so much of           
#e    steadfastness1 such resolve like  
,josias1 ,mathathias1 or    ,machabus1  
to keep the whole law1 and honor        
,moses and the ,prophets1 but all       
spoiled1 all    undone1 by one fatal    
sin6 ,and what is he prompted    to do8 
,moses1 on one occasion1 desired to     
suffer                   #aj    instead 
of his rebellious people3 ,either       
forgive    them this trespass1 he said1 
or if ,thou do not1    strike me out of 
the book4 ,and now1 when the    ,new    
,law was in course of promulgation1 and 

the    chosen race was committing the   
same sin1 its                       #ae 
great ,apostle desired the same3 ,i     
wished    myself1 he says1 speaking of  
the agony he had    passed through1 ,i  
wished myself to be an    anathema from 
,christ1 for my brethren1 who are    my 
kinsmen according to the flesh4 ,and    
then1                      #bj    when  
all was in vain1 when they remained     
obdurate1 and the high decree of ,god   
took effect1 still    he would not1 out 
of very affection for them1 he    would 
not allow after all that they were      
reprobate4 ,he comforted himself with   
the thought of                #be    how
 many were the exceptions to so dismal a
    sentence4 ,hath ,god cast away ,his 
people8    he asks2 ,god forbid4 ,for ,i
 also am an ,israelite1    of the seed  
of ,abraham1 of the tribe of ,benjamin4 
,all are not ,israelites that are of    
,israel4 ,and                   #cj     
he dwells upon his confident            
anticipation of their    recovery in    

time to come4 ,they are enemies1    he  
says1 writing to the ,romans1 for your  
sakes2    that is1 you have gained by   
their loss2 but they    are most dear   
for the sake of the fathers2 for the    
gifts and the calling of ,god are       
without                            #e   
repentance4 ,blindness in part has      
happened to    ,israel1 until the       
fullness of the ,gentiles should    come
 in2 and so all ,israel should be saved4
      ,my ,brethren1 ,i have now        
explained to a    certain extent what ,i
 meant when ,i spoke of ,st4            
#aj    ,paul's characteristic gift1 as  
being a special    apprehension of human
 nature as a fact1 and an    intimate   
familiarity with it as an object of     
continual contemplation and affection4  
,he made it    his own to the very full1
 instead of annihilating                
#ae    it2 he sympathized with it1 while
 he mortified it    by penance1 while he
 sanctified it by the grace    given    
him4 ,though he had never been a        

heathen1    though he was no longer a   
,jew1 yet he was a    heathen in        
capability1 as ,i may say1 and a ,jew   
#bj    in the history of the past4 ,his 
vivid imagination    enabled him to     
throw himself into the state of         
heathenism1 with all those tendencies   
which lay    dormant in his human nature
 carried out1 and    its infirmities    
developed into sin4 ,his wakeful        
#be    memory enabled him to recall     
those past    feelings and ideas of a   
,jew1 which in the case of    others a  
miraculous conversion might have        
obliterated2 and thus1 while he was a   
,saint inferior    to none1 he was      
emphatically still a man1 and to        
#cj    his own apprehension still a     
sinner4      ,and this being so1 do you 
not see1 my brethren1    how well fitted
 he was for the office of an            
,ecumenical ,doctor1 and an ,apostle1   
not of the ,jews    only1 but of the    
,gentiles8 ,the ,almighty    sometimes  
works by miracle1 but commonly ,he      

#e    prepares ,his instruments by      
methods of this world2    and1 as ,he   
draws souls to ,him1 by the cords of    
,adam1 so does ,he select them for ,his 
use    according to their natural       
powers4 ,st4 ,john1 who lay    upon ,his
 breast1 whose book was the sacred heart
                   #aj    of ,jesus1 and
 whose special philosophy was the       
scientia sanctorum1 he was not chosen to
 be    the ,doctor of the ,nations4 ,st4
 ,peter1 taught in    the mysteries of  
the ,creed1 the ,arbiter of doctrine    
and the ,ruler of the faithful1 he too  
was passed                   #ae    over
 in this work4 ,to him specially was it 
given    to preach to the world1 who    
knew the world2 he    subdued the heart1
 who understood the heart4 ,it    was   
his sympathy that was his means of      
influence2    it was his                
affectionateness which was his title and
                #bj    instrument of    
empire4 ,i became to the ,jews a        
,jew1 he says1 that ,i might gain the   

,jews2 to    them that are under the    
,law1 as if ,i were under    the ,law1  
that ,i might gain them that were under 
the ,law4 ,to those that were without   
the ,law1                       #be     
as if ,i were without the ,law1 that ,i 
might gain    them that were without the
 ,law4 ,to the weak    ,i became weak1  
that ,i might gain the weak4 ,i         
became all things to all men1 that ,i   
might save    all4                      
#cj      ,and now1 my brethren1 my time 
is out1 before    ,i have well begun my 
subject4 ,for how can ,i    be said yet 
to have entered upon the great          
,apostle1 when ,i have not yet touched  
upon his    ,christian affections1 and  
his bearing towards the    children of  
,god8 ,as yet ,i have chiefly spoken    
#e    of his sympathy with human nature 
unassisted    and unregenerate2 not of  
that yearning of his    heart1 as it    
showed itself in action under the       
grace of the ,redeemer4 ,but perhaps it 
is most    suitable on the feast of his 

,conversion1 to stop                    
#aj    at that point at which the day   
leaves him2 and    perhaps too it will  
be permitted to me on a future          
occasion to attempt1 if it be not       
presumption1 to    speak of him again4  
,meanwhile1 may this glorious ,apostle1 
this                         #ae        
sweetest of inspired writers1 this most 
touching    and winning of teachers1 may
 he do me some    good turn1 who have   
ever felt a special devotion    towards 
him6 ,may this great ,saint1 this man of
    large mind1 of various sympathies1  
of affectionate                 #bj     
heart1 have a kind thought for every one
 of us    here according to our         
respective needs6 ,he has    carried his
 human thoughts and feelings with    him
 to his throne above2 and1 though he    
sees    the ,infinite and ,eternal      
,essence1 he still                      
#be    remembers well that troublous1   
restless ocean below1 of    hopes and   
fears1 of impulses and aspirations1 of  

efforts and failures1 which is now what 
it was    when he was here4 ,let us beg 
him to intercede    for us with the     
,majesty on high1 that we too may       
#cj    have some portion of that        
tenderness1 compassion1    mutual       
affection1 love of brotherhood1         
abhorrence    of strife and division1 in
 which he excelled4 ,let    us beg him  
especially1 as we are bound1 to bless   
the most reverend ,prelate1 under whose 
jurisdiction we here live1 and whose    
feast day this is2             #e       
that the great name of ,paul may be to  
him a    tower of strength and fount of 
consolation now1    and in death1 and in
 the day of account4            ,,notes 
,,saul    ,introductory ,note4 ,the     
sketches of ,saul and ,david are        
contained in the  third volume of       
,parochial and ,plain ,sermons4 ,these  
discourses were  delivered at ,oxford   
before ,newman's conversion to the      
,catholic ,church4    ,saul4 ,the first 
king of ,israel reigned from #ajia to   

#ajea ,b4,c4 ,he ruled  conjointly with 
,samuel the prophet eighteen years1 and 
alone1 twenty-two  years4 ,samuel had   
been judge of ,israel twelve years when 
the  discontented ,jews demanded a king1
 and ,saul was elected by lot4    #ac3  
#g4 ,manna4 ,miraculous food supplied to
 the ,jews1 wandering in the  desert of 
,sin1 after their exodus from ,egypt4   
,the taste of manna was  that of flour  
mixed with honey4    #ac3 #aj4 ,moses4  
,deliverer1 lawgiver1 ruler1 and prophet
 of ,israel1  #addg ,b4,c4 ,the author  
of the ,pentateuch is probably the      
greatest figure  of the ,old ,law and   
the most perfect type of ,christ4       
#ad3 #c4 ,gadara4 ,noted for the miracle
 of casting out demons1 wrought  there  
by our ,lord4 ,the inhabitants in fear  
besought ,him to leave their  coasts4   
,mark v4 #ag4    #af3 #bd4 ,david4 ,the 
prophet and king famous as the royal    
psalmist4  ,from his line sprang the    
,messias4    #ag3 #d4 ,the asses4 ,saul1
 searching for his father's asses1 was  

met by  ,samuel and anointed king4      
#ag3 #ad4 ,the ,ammonites and ,moabites4
 ,warlike heathen tribes probably       
descended from ,lot4 ,they dwelt near   
the ,dead ,sea2 were very hostile to    
the ,jews4    #ag3 #ae4 ,the ,jordan4   
,largest river of ,palestine1 especially
  consecrated by the baptism of ,christ 
in its waters2 is called the river  of  
judgment4 ,an air line from the ,sea of 
,galilee to the ,dead ,sea is  sixty    
miles1 but so tortuous is the ,jordan1  
its length is two hundred  miles4       
#ah3 #ab4 ,philistines 7strangers74     
,gentiles beyond the ,western ,sea1     
frequently at war with the ,hebrews4    
,samson1 ,saul1 and ,david were famous  
for their victories over these powerful 
enemies4    #ai3 #bi4 ,god's vicegerent4
 ,representative as king4 ,before ,saul 
the  ,jewish government was theocratic1 
i4e4 directly from ,god4    #bj3 #ae4   
,solomon4 ,son and successor of ,david1 
called the wisest of  men3 built the    
temple2 became exalted with pride2 was  

punished for his  sins2 died probably   
unrepentant4 ,a striking example of the 
vanity of  human success unblessed by   
,god4    #bj3 #af4 ,religious principle4
 ,a fundamental truth upon which conduct
  is consistently built4 ,a conviction  
of the intellect and hence              
distinguished from instinct1            
disposition1 feeling1 often the spring  
of  men's actions4    #ba3 #ah4 ,shekel4
 ,a silver coin worth about fifty-seven 
cents4    #bb3 #bc4 ,sacrifice offered  
by ,saul4 ,sacrilegious in ,saul1 as the
  right was limited to the priesthood of
 ,aaron4    #bc3 #aa4 ,ark of ,god4 ,a  
figure of the ,christian ,tabernacle2   
divinely  ordained for the ,mosaic      
worship2 contained the covenant of ,god 
with ,his  chosen people4    #bd3 #ac4  
,religion a utility4 ,inversion of      
,christ's command1--,seek ye  therefore 
first the kingdom of ,god and ,his      
justice and all these things  shall be  
added unto you4 ,matthew vi4 #cc4       
#be3 #h4 ,joshua4 ,successor of ,moses  

and leader of the ,jews into the        
,promised ,land4    #bg3 #h4 ,the       
uncircumcised4 ,term applied to all     
outside the ,hebrew  people4            
,circumcision1 a figure of baptism1 was 
the sign of covenant  given by ,god to  
,abraham and his descendants4           
,,early ,,years ,,of ,,david    #bh3 #f4
 ,the ,psalms4 ,one hundred and fifty   
inspired hymns of praise1  joy1         
thanksgiving1 and repentance1 composed  
chiefly by ,david4 ,humanly  speaking1  
they form the most exquisite lyric      
poetry extant1 and in their  strong1    
majestic beauty are most suitable to the
 ,divine ,offices of the  ,church4      
#bi3 #c4 ,balaam4 ,an ,oriental prophet 
of ,mesopotamia1 #aejj ,b4,c4 ,sent  for
 by the ,moabite king to curse the      
,israelites4    #bi3 #aa4 7a7 ,judah4   
7b7 ,shiloh4 7a7 ,the fourth son of     
,jacob  and ,leah4 7b7 ,the ,messias4   
#cj3 #ad4 ,anointing of ,david4 ,to     
signify that the kingship1 like the     
priesthood1 is a sacred office1 all     

power coming from ,god4    #ca3 #f4     
,sacred songs4 ,the inspired music of   
,david was the means of  restoring grace
 to the troubled spirit of ,saul4       
,browning's ,saul paints  strikingly the
 character of the shepherd boy and of   
the distracted old  king4    #cb3 #a4   
,goliath of ,gath4 ,a type of the giant1
 ,sin2 also of ,lucifer1  overcome by   
the meek ,christ1 who is prefigured by  
,david4    #cd3 #f4 ,the ,apostle4 ,st4 
,paul1 who recounts to the ,hebrews his 
sufferings for ,christ4    #cf3 #e4     
,joseph4 ,son of ,jacob2 governor of    
,egypt under ,pharaoh4    #cf3 #af4     
,from ,moses4 ,a fine distinction       
between the theocratic and  the royal   
government of ,israel4    #ch3 #bd4 ,the
 king's son-in-law4 ,saul in envy       
married his daughter  ,michol to ,david 
that she might prove a stumbling-block  
to him4    #ci3 #d4 ,david and ,joseph4 
,note the consistent and forcible       
parallel4    #dc and #dd4 ,the          
patriarchs4 ,this passage illustrates   

the exquisite  choice of words1 the     
perfect finish of sentence1 and the     
wonderful  beauty of thought            
characteristic of ,newman4              
,,basil ,,and ,,gregory    ,introductory
 ,note4 ,these ,essays on the ,fathers  
are to be found in  ,historical         
,sketches1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,they were      
written to illustrate the  tone and mode
 of thought1 the habits and manners of  
the early times of  the ,church4        
,athens4 ,most of those who sought      
,attic wisdom were natures without      
control4 ,basil and ,gregory were       
spoiled for subtle1 beautiful1          
luxurious ,athens4 ,they walked their   
straight and loving road to ,god1  with 
the simplicity which alone could issue  
out of the intense purpose  of their    
lives--the love and service of ,christ  
their ,lord4    #de3 #ae4 ,hildebrand4  
,st4 ,gregory ,,vii1 one of the greatest
 among the  great ,roman pontiffs4 ,he  
combated the evils of the eleventh      
century1  within and without the        

,church1 and effected incalculable good1
  especially in the war of ,investitures
 waged against ,henry ,,iv of ,germany4 
#de3 #ag4 ,city of ,god4 ,the ,church4  
#de3 #ah4 ,ambrose4 ,archbishop of      
,milan1 noted for zeal in spreading  the
 faith2 remembered for his fearless     
rebuke of the ,emperor  ,theodosius4    
#df3 #cj4 ,pontus4 ,part of ,cappadocia 
in ,asia ,minor2 founded by  ,alexander 
the ,great4    #dg3 #bh4 ,the           
contention4 ,see ,acts of the ,apostles 
xv4 #ci4    #di3 #af4 ,armenian creed4  
,similar to that of the ,greek ,church4 
#ee3 #ag4 ,the ,thesbite4 ,elias1 who   
dwelt on ,carmel1 as did ,st4 ,john  the
 ,baptist1 in most rigorous penance4    
#ee3 #ah4 ,carmel4 ,a mountain on the   
coast of ,palestine1 noted in  sacred   
history4        ,,augustine ,,and ,,the 
,,vandals    #ef3 #g4 ,heretical creed4 
,the ,arians were followers of ,arius of
  ,alexandria1 who boldly denied the    
,divinity of ,jesus ,christ4 ,the heresy
  was condemned by the ,council of      

,nice1 #cbe ,a4,d41 but its baneful     
effects  were widely felt for centuries4
    #ef3 #ae4 ,apocalypse4 ,wonderful   
revelations made to ,st4 ,john at       
,patmos  concerning the ,church1 the    
final judgment1 the future life4    #eg3
 #ba4 ,the ,vandals4 ,a barbarian race  
of ,southern ,germany1 who in  the fifth
 century ravaged ,gaul1 ,spain1 ,italy1 
and ,northern ,africa4    #ei3 #ac4     
,montanists4 ,a sect of the second      
century that believed in  ,montanus as a
 prophet1 and in the near advent of     
,christ to judge the  world4    #fj3    
#ca4 7a7 ,the prophet4 7b7 ,jeroboam4   
7a7 ,ahias4 7b7 ,the  first king of     
,israel after the separation of the     
tribes2 a man perverse  and irreverent  
in his relations with ,god and subject4 
#ei to #gj4 ,the argument4 ,the apology 
for flight in times of  religious       
persecution1 made by ,athanasius1 the   
great bishop of  ,alexandria1 fourth    
century1 and the cogent argument against
 it of  ,tertullian1 a celebrated writer

 of the second century1 show how        
circumstances1 above all1 ,divine       
inspiration1 justify opposite lines of  
action4 ,st4 ,augustine's letter1       
written in his strong and luminous      
style1 reconciles the two points of     
view4    #ga to #gd4 ,the misery of     
irreligion4 ,a profound analysis of the 
two  classes of men without             
religion1--the one distorted1           
brutalized1 and  deadened2 the other    
confused1 wild1 and hungering after what
 is to them  indefinable1 yet alone     
satisfying4 ,compare in its source1     
tenor1 and  effect the unhappiness of   
the popular poet ,byron and that of     
,augustine4    #gf3 #h4 ,st4 ,monica4   
,one of the greatest women of all times2
 a model  of faith1 constancy1 and      
maternal love4    #gi3 #bc4             
,christianity a philosophy4 ,such it is 
accounted by many  modern thinkers who1 
in spite of clear1 full evidences of its
 divinity1  affect to doubt or deny     
altogether the supernatural4 ,these     

reduce the  ,gospels to a code of       
ethics1 and regard ,christ as merely a  
teacher of  morality2 the earnestness of
 ,augustine would lead them by a short  
road  to recognize and worship ,god in  
,jesus ,christ4        ,,chrysostom     
#hd to #ij4 ,the ,introduction4 ,the    
personal touch of these pages  gives an 
insight into the tender1 sensitive      
nature of ,cardinal ,newman4  ,he was a 
man not only of intense and powerful    
intellect1 but of delicate  and         
affectionate heart4 ,it is his gracious1
 winning appeal that renders  him       
irresistible in influence4    #ij3 #ab4 
,chrysostom4 ,golden mouth1 from his    
eloquence4 ,he is  counted among the    
great ,patristic writers4    #ij3 #ba4  
,antipater4 ,son of ,herod the ,great2  
called by ,josephus a  monster of       
iniquity4 ,he was put to death1 #a      
,b4,c4    #ij3 #bb4 ,fulvia4 ,wife of   
,marc ,antony2 noted for her cruelty and
  ambition4    #ib3 #f4 7a7 ,gallus4 7b7
 ,ovid4 7a7 ,governor of ,egypt under   

,augustus2 accused of crime and         
oppression1 and banished4 7b7 ,a        
celebrated ,roman poet1 author of       
,metamorphoses2 exiled by ,augustus for 
some grave offense never revealed4      
#ig3 #ab4 ,the seasons4 ,this apt and   
ingenious analogy is regarded as  one of
 ,newman's more beautiful passages4     
#ajj3 #cj4 ,chrysostom's discriminating 
affectionateness4 ,the reason1          
probably1 why he has so great a hold    
upon the heart of posterity--love       
begets love4    #aje3 #h4 ,cucusus4 ,in 
,caucasus1 east of the ,black ,sea and  
north of  ,persia4    #ajh3 #ai4 ,troas4
 ,in ,northwest ,asia ,minor4 ,troad    
contains ancient  ,troy4    #aje to     
#aaj4 ,the letters of ,chrysostom4 ,the 
charm of his genius1  the sweetness of  
his temper under suffering1 and the     
unselfishness of  his lofty soul appear 
in these simple lines written on the    
road or in  the desert of his           
banishment4        ,,the ,,tartar ,,and 
,,the ,,turk    ,introductory ,note4    

,these sketches of ,turkish history form
 the  substance of lectures delivered in
 ,liverpool1 #ahec4 ,special interest   
attached to them at the time1 as        
,england was about to undertake the     
defense of the ,turks against ,russia in
 the ,crimean ,war4 ,selections from    
only three are here possible4    #aaa3  
#g4 ,the ,tartars4 ,fierce1 restless    
tribes originally inhabiting  ,manchuria
 and ,mongolia4    #aab3 #ca4 7a7       
,attila4 7b7 ,zingis4 7a7 ,leader of the
 ,huns1 who  overran ,southern ,europe  
in the fifth century4 ,he was defeated  
by ,atius  at ,chalons1 #dea1 and       
miraculously turned from ,rome by ,pope 
,leo the  ,great4 7b7 ,zenghis ,khan1 a 
powerful ,mongol chief whose hordes     
descended upon ,eastern ,europe in the  
thirteenth century4    #aad3 #ba4       
,timour4 ,known as ,tamerlane1 founder  
of a ,mongol empire in  ,central ,asia2 
victor over ,bajazet at ,angora1 #adjb  
,a4,d4    #aaf3 #bj4 ,heraclius4        
,emperor of ,greece in the seventh      

century2 noted  for his rescue of the   
true ,cross from the ,persians1 with    
whom he waged  long wars4    #aaf3 #bf4 
,that book4 ,the ,koran or bible of the 
,mahometans4 ,it is a  mixture of       
,judaism1 ,nestorianism1 and ,mahomet's 
own so-called  revelations4    #abj3    
#aj4 ,monotheism 444 mediation4 ,belief 
in one ,god1 but denial of  the         
,redemption of fallen man by ,jesus     
,christ1 the ,god-,man4    #abj3 #bf4   
,durbar4 ,a levee held by a dignitary in
 ,british ,india2 also  the room of     
reception4        ,,the ,,turk ,,and    
,,the ,,saracen    ,saracens4 ,eastern  
,mahometans that crossed into ,turkey1  
,northern  ,africa1 and ,spain4 ,the    
,moors are a type4    #abb3 #ad4        
,sogdiana4 ,northeast of the river      
,oxus2 included in modern  ,bokhara4    
#abc3 #f4 ,white ,huns4 ,ancient people 
living near the ,oxus2 called  white    
from their greater degree of            
civilization4    #abe3 #bc4 ,damascus4  
,in ,asiatic ,turkey2 thought to be the 

oldest city  in the world4    #abf3 #a4 
,harun al ,raschid4 ,caliph of ,bagdad2 
contemporaneous with  ,charlemagne in   
the eighth century4    #abg3 #bh4 ,ended
 its career4 ,the power of the ,european
 ,turks1  virtually broken at ,lepanto1 
#aega1 has continued to decline1 so that
  were it not for the jealousy of the   
,powers1 ,turkey would long since have  
been dismembered4    #abi3 #bd4         
,khorasan4 ,north central province of   
,persia4    #acc3 #be4 7a7 ,seljuk4 7b7 
,othman4 7a7 ,grandfather of ,togrul    
,beg1 who founded a powerful dynasty in 
,central ,asia4 7b7 ,third  successor of
 ,mahomet2 caliph in #fdd2 noted for his
 extensive conquests  and for having    
given his name to the ,ottomans4        
#ace3 #bj4 ,greek ,emperor4 ,romanus    
,diogenes1 defeated in #ajga ,a4,d4     
,,the ,,past ,,and ,,present ,,of ,,the 
,,ottomans    #add3 #ag4 7a7 ,thornton4 
7b7 ,volney4 7a7 ,an ,english writer on 
political economy1 belonging to the     
nineteenth century4 7b7 ,a              

distinguished ,french author4 ,his      
,travels in ,egypt and ,syria is a work 
of high reputation4    #adh3 #ab4       
,scythians4 ,in ancient times the       
inhabitants of all ,north  and          
,northeastern ,europe and ,asia4        
#adi3 #ca4 ,the ,greek schism4          
,separation of the ,greek ,church from  
,rome4  ,the schism was begun by the    
crafty1 ambitious ,photius in the ninth 
century1 and consummated by ,michael    
,cerularius in #ajed4    #aed4          
,principle of superiority4 ,a forcible  
proof that ,christianity  must be and is
 the religion of civilization4 ,see     
,balmes on the  ,civilization of        
,europe4        ,,what ,,is ,a          
,,university8    ,introductory ,note4   
,newman's purpose in these ,essays is to
 set forth by  description and statement
 the nature1 the work1 and the          
peculiarities of  a ,university2 the    
aims with which it is established1 the  
wants it may  supply1 the methods it    
adopts1 its relation to other           

institutions1 and  its general history4 
,the illustrations of his idea of a     
,university first appeared in the       
,dublin ,university ,gazette2 later1 in 
one volume1 ,office and ,work of        
,universities4 ,in the present form the 
author has exchanged the title to       
,historical ,sketches1 but has retained 
the pleasantly conversational  tone of  
the original1 lest1 as he says1 he might
 become more exact and  solid at the    
price of becoming less readable1 in the 
judgment of a day  which considers that 
a great book is a great evil4    #aei3  
#ad4 ,a gentleman4 ,dr4 ,newman is      
unconsciously painting his own  portrait
 in this passage4    #afa3 #ag4 ,st4    
,irenus4 ,a ,christian martyr of the    
second century4 ,he  was a ,greek by    
birth1 a pupil of ,st4 ,polycarp1 and an
 eminent theologian  of his day4        
#afc3 #ai4 ,its associations4           
,universities are both the cause and the
  effect of great men2 and these cherish
 their ,alma with unlimited  devotion4  

,read ,gray's ,eton1 ,lowell's          
,commemoration ,ode1 etc41 as           
illustrations of this point4            
,,university ,,life3 ,,athens    #afd3  
#ad4 7a7 ,saronic waves4 7b7 ,pirus4 7a7
 ,the ,gulf  of gina4 7b7 ,commercial   
port of ,athens4    #afd3 #ca4 ,obolus4 
,a ,greek coin worth about three cents4 
,paid by  spirits to ,charon for        
ferriage over the ,styx1 according to   
legend4    #afe3 #bc4 ,eleusinian       
mysteries4 ,secret rites of the goddess 
,ceres1  celebrated at ,eleusis4        
#aff3 #ca4 ,philippi4 ,battle in which  
,antony defeated the conspirators  that 
had slain ,csar4    #afg3 #i4           
,proresius4 ,student of ,athens1 a      
native of ,armenia1 famous  for his     
gigantic stature as well as for an      
astounding memory1 displayed  in the    
field of rhetoric4    #agj3 #aa4        
,gallipoli4 ,in ,turkey1 at the entrance
 to the ,dardanelles4  ,it was the first
 conquest of the ,turks in ,europe1     
#aced ,a4,d4    #agc3 #c4 7a7           

,acropolis4 7b7 ,areopagus4 7a7 ,the    
citadel of  ,athens1 ornamented by      
groups of statuary immortal in beauty4  
7b7 ,the  chief tribunal1 held on a hill
 named for ,ares or ,mars4    #agc3 #e4 
,parthenon4 ,the official temple of     
,pallas1 protectress of  ,athens2 it is 
the work of ,phidias1 under ,pericles4  
#agc3 #g4 ,polygnotus4 ,a ,greek        
painter1 contemporaneous with ,phidias4 
,his work is in statuesque style1 few   
colors1 form and outline exquisite4     
#agc3 #ac4 ,agora4 ,the commercial and  
political market place1 located  near   
the ,acropolis4 ,it was designed by     
,cimon4    #agc3 #ad4 ,demosthenes4 ,the
 most famous orator of ,greece1 if not  
of  all times4 ,he learned philosophy of
 ,plato1 oratory of ,isocrates4 ,his    
,philippics are of world-wide note4     
#agd3 #f4 ,plato4 ,the ,divine1 on whose
 infant lips the bees are said to  have 
dropped their honey4 ,he was the pupil  
of ,socrates and the master of          
,aristotle2 he founded the ,academy1 or 

the ,platonic ,school of ,philosophy1   
and wrote the ,republic4 ,plato was a   
man of vast intellect1 high  ideals1 and
 exceptionally pure life4    #age3 #ag4 
,aristotle4 ,called the ,stagyrite from 
,stagerius1 his  birthplace4 ,he was    
preceptor to ,alexander the ,great and  
founder of the  ,peripatetic ,school1   
i4e4 of scholasticism4 ,aristotle       
undoubtedly  possessed the most         
comprehensive1 keen1 and logical        
intellect of  antiquity1 and his        
influence on the philosophical thought  
of all  succeeding ages is incalculable4
 ,his work in the field of physical     
science was also profound and extensive4
    #agf3 #bf4 ,the fourth century4 ,the
 ,golden ,age of ,athenian art1         
letters1 civil and military prestige2 it
 was the age that crowned ,athens       
,queen of ,mind4    #agg3 #ab4          
,epicurus4 ,founder of a school of      
materialism whose maxim  was1 ,eat1     
drink1 and be merry1 for to-morrow we   
die4 ,the ,epicurean  said1 indulge the 

passions1 the ,stoic1 crush them1 the   
,peripatetic1--like the ,christian of   
later times1--control them4  ,imperial  
,athens1 no less than other powers1 fell
 when her sons ceased to  follow the    
counsel of her wisest                   
philosophers4--,play the immortal4      
,,supply ,,and ,,demand3 ,,the          
,,schoolmen    #ahc3 #ba4 ,paris1 etc4  
,the great ,universities reached the    
zenith of  excellence in the thirteenth 
century1 the age of ,pope ,innocent     
,,iii1 ,st4  ,thomas1 and ,dante4       
#ahe3 #aj4 ,bec4 ,famous monastery      
founded by a poor ,norman knight1       
,herluin4 ,bec drew the great ,lanfranc 
and others to its school4 ,many are     
accustomed to regard the ,renaissance as
 the fountain whence have issued  all   
streams of art1 literature1 and science4
 ,it is only necessary to  turn to any  
of the teeming university or monastic   
centers of the twelfth  and thirteenth  
centuries to dispel this so common      
illusion4        ,,the ,,strength ,,and 

,,weakness ,,of    ,,universities3      
,,abelard    #ahf3 #ae4 ,abelard4 ,born 
in ,brittany1 #ajgi4 ,he was a          
contentious1  arrogant1 but brilliant   
and fascinating rationalist4 ,he        
triumphed over  ,william of ,champeaux1 
but was defeated in a theological       
contest by ,st4  ,bernard4    #ahg3 #bi4
 ,heresy of 7a7 ,tertullian1 7b7        
,sabellius4 7a7  ,modified ,montanism2  
belief in rigid asceticism1 the         
,montanists being1  according to their  
doctrine1 ,pneumatics1 the ,catholics1  
,psychics1  i4e4 men of heaven1 men of  
earth4 7b7 ,a heresy which attempted to 
explain the ,trinity1 and which denied  
the ,personality of ,jesus ,christ4     
#ahh3bh4 ,scholastic philosophy4 ,a     
constructive system founded by          
,aristotle1 ,christianized by ,boethius1
 amplified by ,st4 ,anselm1 ,albert  the
 ,great1 and others1 perfected as a     
school1 in its being harmonized  with   
theology1 by ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin4    
,love of subtilizing and of  display1   

and barbarity of terminology1 caused its
 decline after the  thirteenth century4 
,political and religious strife also    
accelerated  decadence1 until the       
,council of ,trent restored philosophy  
to its true  position as queen of human 
sciences and handmaid of ,religion4 ,the
 chief  feature of ,christian scholastic
 philosophy is the harmonizing of       
natural  and supernatural truth1 i4e4   
the unifying of philosophy and theology1
  or the perfect conciliation of reason 
with faith--distinction without         
opposition4    #aib3 #aj4 ,the ,seven   
,arts4 ,the ,trivium and ,quadrivium3   
,grammar1 ,logic1  ,rhetoric2 ,music1   
,arithmetic1 ,astronomy1 and            
,geometry1--these seven  comprising the 
,liberal ,arts4    #aic3 #ai4 ,john of  
,salisbury4 ,noted ,english scholar of  
the twelfth  century4 ,in disfavor with 
,henry ,,ii1 because of his defense of  
,st4 ,thomas   ,becket4    #aie3 #ag4   
,st4 ,james iii4 #ag4    #aie3 #bc4 ,st4
 ,james iii4 #f4    #aif3 #ba4 ,samson  

and ,solomon4 ,type of bodily and of    
spiritual  strength--strength forfeited 
by folly4 ,one of ,newman's striking    
comparisons4    #aii3 #ah4 ,heu1        
vitam4444 ,alas1 ,i have wasted my life 
by doing nothing  thoroughly4           
,,poetry ,,according ,,to ,,aristotle   
,introductory ,note4 ,this instructive  
,essay on poetry forms one of the       
series titled ,critical and ,historical 
,essays4 ,cardinal ,newman's own  gifts 
and tastes for music and poetry render  
his appreciation of these  arts keen1   
delicate1 and true4    #bjj to #bjc4    
,nature and office of poetry4 ,a        
profound and beautiful  definition of   
poetry and of the poetical mind4        
#bjc3 #a4 7a7 ,iliad4 7c7 ,chophor4 7a7 
,epic of the ,fall of  ,troy by ,homer4 
7b7 ,a tragedy by schylus1 so named from
 the chorus  that bear offerings to the 
tomb of ,agamemnon4    #bjc3 #bf4 7a7   
,empedocles4 7b7 ,oppian4 7a7 ,a        
,sicilian2  haughty1 passionate2        
proclaimed himself a god2 plunged into  

the crater  of ,mt4 ,etna4 7b7 ,a ,greek
 poet of ,cilicia2 lived in the second  
century4    #bjh3 #ae4 ,the ,divine     
vengeance4 ,does not the same criticism 
apply to  ,milton's ,satan1 a majestic  
spirit1 punished beyond his due1 and    
therefore worthy our admiration and     
pity8 ,compare ,dante and ,milton in    
their conception of ,lucifer4    #baj3  
#ag4 ,eloquence mistaken for poetry4 ,a 
finely distinguished  truth1 which      
explains why much rhetoric1 even        
declamation1 passes in our  day for     
poetry4    #bae3 #af4 ,conditions of the
 poetical mind4 ,mark the line drawn    
between the sources of true poetry and  
the actual practices of the poet4       
,compare with the theory of ,wordsworth1
 to find likenesses on this point4      
,,the ,,infinitude ,,of ,,the ,,divine  
,,attributes    ,introductory ,note4    
,this and other typical addresses are   
comprised in  ,discourses to ,mixed     
,congregations4 ,the unerring taste of  
,newman  employs the grave1 dignified   

style suited to the subject-matter1     
which1  however1 never loses the        
simplicity and charm we expect in him4  
#bah3 #bh4 ,the elements4 ,earth1 air1  
fire1 and water were believed  primal   
elements by the ancients4    #bbj3 #bg4 
,this season4 ,lent1 which commemorates 
the ,sacred ,passion of  ,christ4       
#bba3 #ba4 ,he seems to say3 to the end4
 ,an illustration of ,newman's  sweet1  
impassioned eloquence4 ,his sentences   
roll on like music of  indefinable      
tenderness and beauty4 ,what wonder if  
men who came to scoff  remained to pray1
 when the tones of that voice ,matthew  
,arnold could not  describe--for its    
singular sweetness--fell upon their     
listening souls8        ,,christ ,,upon 
,,the ,,waters    ,introductory ,note4  
,this discourse was written from notes  
of a sermon  preached at ,birmingham1 on
 occasion of the installation of ,dr4   
,ullathorne as first bishop of the see4 
,again it says to us1 ,i believe1       
therefore ,i have spoken4    #bbb3 #bj4 

,day to day4 ,see ,psalm xviii4 #b4     
#bbb3 #be4 ,impossibilities4 ,extrinsic 
impossibilities1 that is1 those  things 
whose elements are not metaphysically   
opposed1 one to another4    #bbc3 #a4   
,he came4 ,see ,st4 ,matthew xiv4 #bd1  
#bg4    #bbc3 #bd4 ,that mystical ark4  
,the ,church1 called the ark because    
prefigured by the ,ark of ,noe1--the    
,house of ,salvation4    #bbd3 #ad4     
,christ in ,his ark4 ,behold ,i am with 
you all days1 even to  the consummation 
of the world4 ,st4 ,matthew xxviii4 #bj4
    #bbd3 #ag4 ,a savage tribe4 ,the    
,anglo-,saxons of ,teutonic stock and   
sprung from the ,aryan branch of the    
human family4    #bbf to #bbh4 ,it was a
 proud race 444 hierarchical form4 ,a   
passage  of inimitable grace and        
simplicity4 ,note the                   
sentence-structure1 the  repetition of  
it in the last sentence1 and other      
features of the  consummate master4     
#bbg3 #d4 ,too fair to be heathen4 ,on  
seeing some ,angles in ,rome1 ,pope     

,gregory exclaimed1 ,they should rather 
be called ,angels than ,angles4    #bbh3
 #e4 ,a brotherhood 444 below4 ,where in
 the range of ,english prose  is to be  
found form wedded to sense in a more    
surpassingly beautiful  way8 ,neither   
music1 nor painting1 nor poetry1 can    
have anything more  exquisite to yield1 
it would seem4    ,other numbers of this
 volume equally admirable are ,the      
,second ,spring1  ,the ,tree beside the 
,waters1 and ,intellect the ,instrument 
of ,religious  ,training4        ,,the  
,,second ,,spring    ,introductory      
,note4 ,this discourse was given in ,st4
 ,mary's1 ,oscott1 on  the restoration  
of the ,catholic hierarchy to ,england4 
,it furnishes an  excellent specimen of 
the simplicity and grace of ,newman's   
style4 ,the  climax is reached in the   
glory of the last pages4    #bbi3 #ag4  
,alternate ,seraphim4 ,the angelic      
choirs whom ,st4 ,john in  vision heard 
crying1 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy1 ,lord ,god 
,almighty4 ,apocalypse  iv4 #h4    #bca3

 #bd4 ,how beautiful4444 ,a strong      
presentation of the weakness of  human  
nature left to itself4 ,without me you  
can do nothing1 says  ,christ4 ,john xv4
 #e4    #bcc3 #ab4 ,roman conqueror4    
,scipio ,africanus1 victor of the       
,carthaginians in the ,third ,punic     
,war4    #bce3 #bb4 ,the ,english       
,church4 ,the ,catholic ,church in      
,england was  virtually destroyed by    
,henry ,,viii1 restored by ,mary ,i1 and
 officially  re-destroyed by ,elizabeth1
 who attempted1 through ,matthew        
,parker1 to  create new orders4 ,the    
,second ,spring is the resuscitation of 
the ,church  in ,england1 #ahej4        
#bcg3 #aa4 ,cumber the ground4 ,why doth
 it 7the barren fig tree7  cumber the   
ground8 ,newman's writings1 like ,st4   
,augustine's1 are  saturated with       
,scripture4    #bdj3 #bc4 7a7 ,st4      
,augustine4 7b7 ,st4 ,thomas4 7a7       
,called ,st4  ,austin1 sent by ,gregory 
the ,great to convert the               
,anglo-,saxons1 #eig ,a4,d4  7b7        

,martyred at ,canterbury by the nobles  
of ,henry ,,ii because of his  fearless 
defense of the rights of the ,church4   
,the ,pilgrims in ,chaucer's            
,canterbury ,tales are on their way to  
the shrine of ,st4 ,thomas   ,becket4   
#bda3 #aj4 ,arian ,goths and ,lombards4 
,barbarians that successively  conquered
 and occupied ,italy2 from the fifth to 
the eighth century their  power was     
felt4 ,they embraced the heresy of      
,arius instead of true  ,christianity4  
#bdb3 #bi4 ,that building4 ,cathedral of
 ,westminster1 built in ,gothic  style4 
#bdc3 #aa4 ,prince of the ,church4      
,cardinal ,archbishop ,wiseman1 clad in 
purple as bishop2 in red1 as cardinal4  
,in his person the hierarchy was        
restored to ,england4    #bdc3 #af4 ,st4
 ,benedict4 ,founder of monasticism in  
the ,west4 ,europe  owes much of its    
progress in early centuries to the zeal 
and  intelligence of the ,benedictine   
monks1--builders of churches and        
schools1 makers of laws1 tillers of     

lands4    #bdd3 #ae4 ,the shepherds4    
,they who heard from angels the tidings 
of  ,christ's birth in ,bethlehem4      
#bdd3 #bb4 ,arise1 ,jerusalem4444       
,quotations from ,isaias and the        
,canticle of ,canticles4    #bde3 #f4   
,thy visitation4 ,allusion to ,mary's   
going over the hill  country to visit   
her cousin ,elisabeth4 ,at the presence 
of ,mary1 the  unborn child of          
,elisabeth1 ,john the ,baptist1 leaped  
for joy and was  sanctified by the grace
 of ,christ4    #bdg3 #a4 ,regular and  
secular priests4 ,the first are those   
bound by  vows to observe a religious   
rule1 as the ,dominicans2 the second are
  those under obedience to their bishop1
 and bound only by the vow of  celibacy4
    #bdg3 #ah4 ,thy first ,martyr4 ,st4 
,stephen1 whose death won the           
conversion of ,st4 ,paul4 ,note the     
beauty of the apostrophe4    #bdh3 #bj4 
,orphans4 ,i will not leave you orphans4
 ,john xiv4 #ah4    #bdi3 #ae4 ,you 444 
victim4 ,reference to the august        

,sacrifice of the  ,mass4    #bdi3 #ca4 
,a great ,pontiff4 ,gregory ,,xiii1     
#aegb-aehe1 established  colleges for   
the spread of the ,faith2 his work was  
continued by ,gregory  ,,xv in the      
,propaganda2 but it was left for ,pope  
,urban ,,viii to create the  great      
missionary colleges for the six nations4
    #bej3 #ac4 ,st4 ,francis4 ,xavier1  
the illustrious ,jesuit1 who converted  
millions to ,christ in ,india and       
,japan2 he died on his way to ,china1 in
  the latter part of the sixteenth      
century4    #bea3 #a4 ,st4 ,philip4     
#aeae-aeie4 ,an ,italian saint1         
contemporaneous  with ,st4 ,ignatius of 
,loyola1 who established the ,society of
 ,jesus4 ,st4  ,philip ,neri founded the
 ,oratorians1 a body devoted to         
preaching and to  education4    ,the    
,second ,spring4 ,this sermon is very   
characteristic of ,newman in its  appeal
 to the whole man listening2 he not only
 rivets the  intelligence1 but stirs the
 will and moves the heart by the        

intensity1  the ,vigor1 and the         
tenderness that breathe in every word4  
,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,characteristic ,,gift 
,introductory ,note4 ,this discourse on 
,st4 ,paul1 delivered in ,dublin1       
#aheg1 forms one of the ,sermons on     
,various ,occasions4 ,paul--that        
godlike man who longed to be anathema   
from ,christ if thereby he could  serve 
the brethren--was ,newman's saint by    
predilection2 and allusions to  his     
character and mission are frequent in   
the ,cardinal's writings4    ,as these  
selections for study began with ,saul1  
they may well finish with  a sketch of  
the greater ,saul--the ,apostle of the  
,gentiles4    #bea3 #ag4 ,theological   
virtues4 ,faith1 hope1 and charity2     
so-called  because ,god is their direct 
object and motive4    #beb3 #ai4        
,heavenly ,bread4 ,the ,holy ,eucharist4
 ,i am the living bread  which came down
 from heaven4 ,st4 ,john vi4 #ea4 ,and  
the bread that ,i  will give is my flesh
 for the life of the world4 ,st4 ,john  

vi4 #eb4    #bed3 #i4 ,conversion of    
,st4 ,paul4 ,commemorated ,january #be4 
#bef3 #ab4 ,heathen poet4 ,terence4     
,there is much philanthropy in these    
latter times1--even to altruism1--but   
less of charity1 which loves the        
neighbor for ,god's sake4    #beg3 #e4  
,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,lived in the       
sixteenth century4 ,founder of  the     
,oratorians1 a congregation devoted to  
preaching and works of  charity4 ,newman
 introduced the ,oratorians into        
,england4    #bei3 #bh4 ,lycaonians4    
,people of south central part of ,asia  
,minor2  evangelized by ,st4 ,paul4     
#bfb3 #bf4 ,stephen4 ,the first         
,christian martyr2 stoned to death by   
the  ,jews1 outside the walls of        
,jerusalem4    #bfc3 #f4 7a7 ,josias4   
7b7 ,mathathias4 7c7 ,machabeus4 7a7    
,king of ,juda1 seventh century ,b4,c4  
,a great warrior and defender of the    
,jewish religion4 7b7 ,gift of ,god4    
,lived in the second century ,b4,c4  and
 fought bravely in defense of ,juda     

during the bloody persecutions of       
,antiochus4 ,he appointed ,judas        
,machabeus1 the most famous of his five 
sons1 to succeed him in the struggle1   
7c7 ,the ,hammer4 ,judas gained         
glorious victories over the ,idumeans1  
,ammonites1 and other heathen  tribes1  
and the ,bible immortalizes his         
character as that of one of the         
greatest of the sons of ,juda4 ,he made 
,jacob glad with his works and his      
memory is blessed forever4    ,the books
 of the ,machabees are the history of   
the final struggles of the  ,jews       
against their ,syrian and ,persian foes4
    #bfe3 #b4 ,ecumenical ,doctor4 ,a   
teacher of the universal ,church4       
#bfe3 #ca4 ,and now my time is out4     
,this conclusion exhibits once more  the
 felicity of diction1 the delicate      
rhythm of structure1 the simple  grace1 
the direct force--above all1 the        
unconsciousness1 almost disdain  of     
producing literary effect1 that         
everywhere characterize ,newman's       

writings1 whatever be the subject4      
#bfg3 #d4 ,reverend ,prelate4 ,paul     
,cardinal ,cullen1 primate of ,ireland  
in #ahej4          ,transcriber's ,note4
 ,there were a few minor printers'      
errors which have  been amended4 ,for   
example1 ascendency is now ascendancy1  
rebrobate is  now reprobate and         
offically is now officially4    ,in the 
original book the line numbers ran from 
#a to #cj on each page4 ,in  the ,notes1
 the first figure represents the page   
number and the second  number represents
 the line number4 ,for example1 in the  
third note3        #ac3 #g4 ,manna4     
,miraculous food supplied to the ,jews1 
wandering in the desert of ,sin1 after  
their exodus from ,egypt4      ,the     
taste of manna was that of flour mixed  
with honey4    the #ac refers to the    
page number and the #g refers to the    
line number on  that page4