,,published ,,by ,,the ,,mysell-,,rollins ,,bank ,,note ,,co4 ,,the ,,magazine ,,style-,,code ,,by ,,leigh ,h4 ,,irvine ,,crown ,,publishing ,,co4 ,,san ,,francisco #aijf ,,printers ,,lithographers ,,engravers #bb ,clay ,street1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,the ,,magazine ,,style-,,code ,a ,,manual ,,for ,,the ,,guidance ,,of ,,authors1 ,,reporters1 ,,typewriters1 ,,ministers1 ,,lawyers1 ,,proofreaders1 ,,compositors1 ,,publishers1 ,,and ,,all ,,who ,,write4 ,,largely ,,codified ,,from ,,the ,,system ,,of ,,theodore ,,low ,,de ,,vinne1 ,,from ,,the ,,century ,,magazine1 ,,the ,,century ,,company',s ,,books1 ,,and ,,the ,,treatises ,,of ,f4 ,,horace ,,teall4 ,,abbreviations1 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,capital ,,letters1 ,,compound ,,words1 ,,etc41 ,,fully ,,illustrated ,,and ,,explained4 ,,by ,,leigh ,h4 ,,irvine ,author of ,the ,new ,california1 ,an ,affair in the ,south ,seas1 ,the ,writer's ,blue ,book1 and ,other ,works4 ,,crown ,,publishing ,,company ,,san ,,francisco4 #aijf4 ,copyright1 #aijf1 ,,samuel ,,eppstein ,,dedicated ,,to ,,theodore ,,low ,,de ,,vinne1 ,,whose ,,works ,,on ,,typography ,,have ,,been ,,the ,,author',s ,,guide ,,and ,,inspiration ,,in ,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,this ,,little ,,book4 ,,sources ,,of ,,authority4 #a4 ,it is to be regretted that every publishing-house does not start on the principle that a thorough system of doing things right should precede the turning out of printed matter2 but the press of business is so great1 the demands for #8rush work' are so many1 that system comes last1 if at all4 ,managers are busy with the cash account and the pay-roll1 for which reason a great deal is left to chance4 ,thus it falls that the negligence1 incompetence1 or preoccupation of printing-office managers makes good systems of typography the exception rather than the rule4 ,it is a reflection on the art preservative that the slipshod methods and unscholarly composition of the daily newspaper type often corrupt the pages of trade-and class-publications1 as well as of magazines and books4 ,see paragraph #de of this book for an explanation of the use of hyphens in the foregoing sentence4 ,see paragraph #fh for the use of single quote-marks herein4 ,the hurried work of newspapermen may be partly excused on the ground of haste1 yet in another sense it requires no more time to do a thing the right way than to do it the wrong way4 ,printing-houses that pretend to turn out careful work1 such as publishing books and periodicals1 should follow some model of unquestioned authority2 but as proper exemplars are not often at hand1 the daily newspaper1 being omnipresent1 is taken for a pattern4 ,the purpose of this handbook is to furnish a guide based on the scholarship and technical knowledge of some of the world's greatest authors and printers4 ,as blunders and inconsistencies creep into print everywhere1 even when special care is taken to avoid them1 the author expects this very work to be an example of the mistakes it warns others to avoid4 ,such shortcomings as here appear1 however1 should serve to emphasize the need of great pains by all who write and print4 ,some years ago it fell to the author to harmonize the style-codes of three printing-houses that were doing work for him4 ,in seeking a model of accuracy and typographical neatness the system expounded by ,theodore ,low ,de ,vinne1 used by the ,century ,magazine and the ,century ,company1 was chosen4 ,it was discovered that there never has been any formal style-code in use by the ,de ,vinne-,century printers4 ,they have learned the style by studying ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition and like works of his on typography4 ,office experience teaches printers the written and unwritten laws of the ,de ,vinne code4 ,the method of the ,century printers has been largely the method of the author of this manual4 ,by correspondence with ,mr4 ,de ,vinne1 by studying his books1 and by the practical application of his rules to the work of many offices the writer has come to know his methods1 which are believed to be the simplest and most scholarly in use in the ,united ,states to-day4 ,more than eighty per cent of the rules herein expounded are codified from the works of ,de ,vinne1 or gleaned from ,teall and similar sources of indisputable authority4 ,the work of the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,association has been found helpful in the compounding of words4 ,system is as necessary in a printing-house as in a bank1 and classification and obedience to the law of the office are absolutely essential to the production of correct composition4 ,since many editors and patrons1 authors and others are usually either careless or untrained in the art of preparing copy1 the printer must be extremely painstaking and methodic1 or his work will be censured1 and he will be blamed for every fault that shows itself in #8cold type4' ,the owners of newspapers printed at other men's offices are especially unreasonable when mistakes occur4 ,no matter how careless such customers are with their work1 they expect the printer to be infallible4 ,every publisher of wide experience will corroborate this statement4 ,the skilful writer expects reasonable accuracy1 the ignoramus wants printers to be ,macaulays and mind-readers as well4 #b4 ,why ,style-codes are ,necessary4 ,style-codes are necessary because much of the copy that is presented to printers is neither written nor edited with reference to accuracy1 consistency1 or the rules of orderly typography4 ,indeed much copy is not edited at all2 it reaches the case or the machine with its original crudities thick upon it1 and if blunders are discovered by the public the slovenly authors defend themselves by charging them to #8errors of the types1' or blunders of the printers4 ,on account of the general carelessness of writers1 style-codes are necessary2 they enable printers and proofreaders to hold writers within reasonable bounds4 ,if all things were written just as they should be printed1 style-codes would be useless4 #c4 ,edited ,manuscripts ,save ,money4 ,just as short words and short1 simple sentences save the time and energy required to gather the meaning that would be clouded by the use of long1 involved sentences1 so clearly written and accurately prepared manuscripts save time1 energy1 and money in the printing-office4 ,typewritten copy is almost a necessity in this busy age1 but whether penned or typed1 manuscripts should be consistent in style1 and above all readily legible4 ,fast typesetting machines should not be made slow and expensive by the carelessness and indistinct manuscripts of editors and other writers for the press4 #d4 ,uniformity is ,essential to ,success4 ,uniformity in the method of using capital letters1 compound words1 punctuation marks1 etc41 is essential where any care is taken with printed matter4 ,it is astonishing that many editors1 reporters1 ministers1 lawyers1 and others who write for publication are not only ignorant of typographical niceties1 but of fundamentals as well4 ,going further1 it may be said that many printing-houses are conducted in a haphazard way1 as if uniformity and accuracy were luxuries beyond price4 ,even under the best system1 contradictions and other errors are certain to abound4 ,the best that can be expected is to reduce blunders to the minimum4 #e4 ,passing the ,blame to ,printers4 ,many writers pass the responsibility and the blame to printers4 ,this is a slovenly and unreasonable course4 ,printers do not agree1 some are incompetent1 all are busy with other details than editing copy1 and it is not the duty of printers to correct the blunders of writers4 ,again1 a printer may see but a fraction of a given manuscript1 and may not know1 unless there is an office style-card1 what system is the author's desire4 ,a style-card will show printers the way out of many dark places1 and will overcome many of the obstacles presented by the copy of untrained editors and writers4 ,in well-arranged offices1 however1 the compositor's right to make changes is a limited one4 ,it is the duty of typographers to follow copy unless there is a clear inadvertence1 such as going too town instead of to town1 for example4 ,writers should understand that printers1 though often highly competent to write or edit manuscripts better than those who present them as copy1 are too busy at the case or the machine to stop and edit copy1 form a style-code1 consult dictionaries1 verify quotations1 harmonize discrepancies1 and prevent the blunders of writers in general4 ,if nobody edits copy1 one of two things happens--the blunders are put into type for the public eye1 or they are corrected by the proofreader4 ,the former course destroys the printer's reputation1 the latter adds to the cost of work4 #f4 ,making ,copy is an ,art4 ,the world's universities do not teach how to prepare copy for printers4 ,often college men are not only poor writers of ,english1 but they are as careless of the niceties of typography as are printers in most houses1 editors of some publications1 ministers1 school-teachers1 reporters1 and public officers4 ,in most manuscripts inconsistencies abound4 ,numbers1 for example1 should be spelled out1 or written in arabic or in roman numerals1 yet the three methods are sometimes seen on one page of copy4 #g4 ,uniform ,methods ,throughout4 ,abbreviations1 the use of italic1 of smaller bodies of types1 of varying measures1 of bold-face1 light-faced antique1 and like typographical methods for indicating headings1 cut-in notes1 emphatic words1 etc41 should be under some definite and sensible plan4 #h4 ,points for ,writers4 ,paper for linotype operators as well as that for hand-compositors should be about the size of commercial note1 and the writing should run the long way of the page1 the reason being that sheets of the commercial note size fit into the machine #8copy-holder' very neatly4 ,good margins should be left at the top and sides1 this for side-notes and catch-lines for headings4 ,names of persons1 etc41 should be #8printed out' carefully in manuscripts1 and interlineations should be avoided4 ,blind hands have always caused infinite trouble in printing-houses4 7,consult #8blind' in the ,standard ,dictionary47 #i4 ,style-codes ,should be ,mastered4 ,those in authority in publishing-houses and elsewhere should compel reporters1 editors1 printers1 proofreaders1 and others whose duty it is to know style to master the office code4 ,in many instances the carelessness of writers adds to the cost of production in every other department of publishing4 ,strangely1 however1 many writers assume offhand that anybody can capitalize words correctly and uniformly4 ,such writers jump to conclusions in the most reckless way imaginable4 ,their methods and definitions are no more correct than were the definitions given by a band of amateur scientists who described a crab in answer to the great ,cuvier's question4 ,they said a crab was a small1 red fish that walks backward4 8,a perfect definition10 said ,cuvier1 8except that the crab is not a fish1 is not red1 and does not walk backward40 #aj4 ,office ,dictionary ,should ,govern4 ,one dictionary should be selected as the sovereign guide in every printing-house4 ,if some things in the chosen dictionary seem wrong there should be a list or card of variations from authority4 ,for many reasons the author of this little book prefers the ,standard ,dictionary to all others4 ,it seems to have1 among other things1 the most consistent and thorough method of compounding words4 ,its spellings are the simplest1 its pronunciations the most rational4 ,the incomparable work of ,f4 ,horace ,teall shines in the department that deals with the important subject of compounding ,english words4 ,teall's ,english ,compound ,words and ,phrases should be before every editor4 ,as elsewhere explained1 his system is a little behind the times1 owing to a recent movement to solidify words4 ,see paragraph #da4 #aa4 ,what ,printers ,should ,edit4 ,there is a class of matter which printers should edit as they proceed in their work1 and this they should do without delay or risk of exceeding authority4 ,reprint should be made to conform to the office style4 ,often editors have ample time to read clippings with sufficient care for acceptance1 but without time or means to make such excerpts conform to the governing code4 ,owing to lack of marginal space and space between printed lines1 there is no room for certain emendations1 the changing of compounds1 and the rearrangement of capitals4 ,for these reasons most reprint reaches the printer as it originally appeared in the #8exchange' from which it was clipped4 ,even if an editor should take pains to change the style of reprint the result would be an unsatisfactory net-work of interlineations1 carets1 transpositions1 rings1 and other marks--in short1 it would be bad copy4 ,some editors make it a rule to quote the general style of the clipping1 holding that the style of the clipping is as much a part of the author's personality as are his words and sentences4 ,unfortunately there are usually so many contradictions and inaccuracies1 so many evidences of no style whatever1 that it is not a sensible plan to follow reprint copy4 ,the best system is for the compositor to follow the code of his office1 and the code should be so well known to him that to follow it would be a pleasure4 ,in many small offices1 where copy-readers or copy-editors are not employed1 a knowledge of the style-code by printers and proofreaders is of vital importance4 ,it has been computed by a committee of printers of wide experience that a style-code will save from three to five per cent of the cost of composition4 ,in offices conducted along the lines of chaos the waste of time is great4 #ab4 ,authors are the ,supreme ,authority4 ,there is no doubt that every author has the right to dictate what shall be the typographical form of his work1 but no self-respecting publisher's imprint or hall-mark ever appears on the pages of slovenly work4 ,even the author who demands his own way should be shown his inconsistencies and slacknesses1 if they exist4 ,the productions of some authors1 who insist that copy be followed by the printer1 betray lack of system before the work has reached the end of a galley2 but if a writer urges that his faults be put in type his orders should be followed4 ,instructions are often obeyed1 greatly to the amusement of everybody in the office1 including the battery boy and the devil4 ,,abbreviations ,,in ,,general4 #ac4 ,anno ,domini should be printed with small capitals when abbreviated as ,a4 ,d4 #ad4 ,apostrophes for ,plural of ,letters ,wrong4 ,de ,vinne aptly says on page #bhe of ,correct ,composition that the apostrophe is not proper to express plurality4 ,its use in print for this purpose is the repetition of an indefensible colloquialism1 even though the dictionaries record the form4 ,letters should be spelled as follows2 aes1 bees1 cees1 dees1 ees1 efs1 gees1 aitches1 ies1 jays1 kays1 els1 ems1 ens1 oes1 pees1 ques1 ars1 esses1 tees1 ues1 vees1 ws or dubleyuz1 exes1 wyes1 zees4 ,with the exception of esses this is the form given by the ,standard ,dictionary4 #ae4 ,apostrophe to be ,omitted4 ,mida's ,criterion and ,dean's ,landing need the apostrophe as a sign of possession1 but when referred to as ,midas and ,deans1 the apostrophe is useless1 and should be omitted4 ,harper's ,ferry1 but only ,harpers when used in the curtailed form for the ,ferry1 meaning ,harper's ,ferry4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #bhd4 ,consult paragraph #fh of this book4 #af4 ,apostrophe in ,possessives4 ,do not omit the apostrophe in such names as ,james's1 ,banks's1 and ,williams's in possessive use4 ,it is a slovenly newspaper custom to omit apostrophes1 except when the sound of a second ess makes a disagreeable hissing4 ,whenever the second ess is distinctly pronounced it should be inserted after the apostrophe4 ,de ,vinne1 ,teall1 ,bain1 ,alford1 ,moon1 and others are firm in demanding the ess and the apostrophe whenever the sound of the second ess is given in speech4 ,bain says3 8,we say ,st4 ,james's and ,st4 ,giles's1 ,burns's1 and ,douglas's40 ,this is also the style of such magazines as the ,century4 ,see paragraphs #ae and #fh4 #ag4 ,arabic ,numbers4 ,books should be disfigured as little as possible by arabic numerals in the text4 ,numbers thus set are always dry and forbidding in appearance4 ,see paragraphs #ai1 #bd1 and ,words1 under paragraph #bg1 division 7#af74 #ah4 ,a4 ,m41 etc4 ,capital and small capital letters are not needed in abbreviating time1 as a4 m4 and p4 m4 for ante meridiem and post meridiem4 ,it is best to spell out six o'clock1 etc4 ,a4 ,m4 means master of arts and anno mundi4 ,p4 ,m4 means postmaster4 ,if time is meant1 confusion sometimes arises4 ,de ,vinne uses the period1 and says the colon is an ignorant substitution in this sense3 #b4cj p4 m4 and #a4de a4 m41 not #b3cj1 or #a3de4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #hb4 #ai4 ,ages of ,persons4 ,spell out the ages of persons4 ,john ,jones is not aged twenty-one years4 ,he is twenty-one years of age1 or twenty-one years old--not an aged person4 ,the last use of aged is proper4 #bj4 ,books4 ,see paragraphs #cf1 #eb2 also see division twelve under paragraph #bg4 #ba4 ,co4 and ,company4 ,co4 should be set in capitals 7,,co47 when the firm name is in capitals4 ,the name ,,john ,,brown',s ,co4 is unsightly4 ,unless ,co4 is the style of the company1 or incorporation1 spell out the word4 ,in ,co's no period is needed after the o4 ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #bia4 #bb4 ,credits4 ,see paragraph #eb4 ,credits at the end of matter are best set in italic lower-case1 without any em dash to connect the credit with the quotation4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #aej4 #bc4 ,dates4 ,when the numeral precedes the name of the month it may be written as the #bhth of ,november1 but when the numeral follows1 it should be ,november #bh4 ,in #b;d1 #c;d1 and like abbreviations1 there is no need of n1 as in #bnd4 ,years4 ,two consecutive years should be run thus3 ,during #ahig-ih1 and not #ahig-h4 ,it is proper to say the heroes of '#di4 ,see paragraph #bd4 #bd4 ,figures4 ,commas are not needed in four figures1 as3 #ahig1 #egih4 ,the comma should not be inserted between figures expressive of dates1 as in ,june1 #ahih4 ,numbers of infrequent occurrence should be spelled out rather than put in roman numerals4 ,the engine weighed five thousand tons1 there were fifty-two gallons in the barrel1 there were seventeen thousand men in the regiments4 ,see paragraph #ag4 #be4 ,hours4 ,print #aa4cj a4 m41 and not #aa3cj a4 m4 ,use the period rather than the colon4 ,see paragraph #ah4 #bf4 ,month1 etc4 ,month1 inst41 prox41 and ult41 often abbreviated in letters1 are improper in all first-class work4 ,spell out the name of the month1 as ,march and ,january1 not ,mar4 and ,jan4 ,spell out days of the week4 #bg4 ,,miscellaneous4 7#a7 e4 g4 for exempli gratia1 i4 e4 for id est1 q4 v4 for quod vide1 viz4 for videlicet or to wit1 etc4 for et cetera1 are barely tolerated in good work and are discarded by many houses4 ,if authors will use such symbols they should spell them out4 ,italic is not needed in these examples4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #da4 7#b7 ,dep't1 treas41 sec41 gov't1 and similar abbreviations are not permissible4 7#c7 ,do not use ,xmas and ,xtns for ,christmas and ,christians4 7#d7 ,,ms4 and ,,mss4 ,,ms4 for manuscript and ,,mss4 for manuscripts4 ,there should be no period after the ,m4 7#e7 ,new ,york4 ,do not use ,n4 ,y4 when you refer to ,new ,york ,city4 7#f7 ,towns and ,cities4 ,do not abbreviate the names of towns and cities1 and avoid abbreviation of the names of states1 except when they follow town and city names4 ,see paragraph #bi4 7#g7 ,titles4 ,it is a proper and decorous system to spell out doctor1 professor1 general1 colonel1 captain1 major1 and like titles4 ,good book and magazine work oppose abbreviations of such titles4 ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,jr41 ,sr41 are allowed as here written4 7#h7 ,to wit should not be compounded4 7#i7 ,spell out fort1 mount1 point1 port1 saint1 etc4 in every use4 7#aj7 ,parentheses4 ,inclose the names of states in parentheses when used in the following way3 ,the ,albany 7,n4 ,y47 ,law ,school2 the ,milpitas 7,cal47 ,gazette4 ,see paragraph #bi4 7#aa7 ,pet ,names4 ,bill1 ,bob1 ,jim1 ,tom1 ,joe1 etc41 are not abbreviations1 and therefore they need no period after the last letter4 7#ab7 ,quarto1 octavo1 twelvemo1 thirty-twomo1 etc41 are best1 but #dto1 #hvo1 and #abmo may be used1 if they do not begin a sentence4 7#ac7 ,streets4 ,the numerical names of streets should be spelled out1 as ,fifteenth ,street1 ,twenty-second ,street4 7#ad7 ,time4 ,see paragraph #ah4 ,spell out the names of days of the week1 as well as names of months4 7#ae7 ,titles4 ,if ,john ,jones has many titles following his name1 it is best to set them in small capitals1 as3 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,,ph4 ,d41 ,k4 ,c4 ,b4 ,to set all in capitals is to give the name too little prominence4 ,one or two titles may be set in capitals1 but when there are three or four1 use small capitals4 7#af7 ,words4 ,words are preferred in legal documents1 as3 ,jean must appear in court on the tenth of ,august1 in the year of our ,lord one thousand nine hundred and six4 7#ag7 ,,ps4 ,,ps4 7for postscript or postscriptum7 without a period or space between the letters4 ,see ,,ms41 number 7#d71 paragraph #bg4 7#ah7 ,commas ,essential4 ,commas are essential in certain cases where they are often omitted4 ,many printers seem to think it is treason to put a comma before and in a series of three words1 and the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,association omits commas in such instances4 ,the system is slovenly1 however4 ,de ,vinne properly expounds the rule4 ,on page #bec of ,correct ,composition he says3 8,the comma is needed when the simplicity and directness of a sentence are broken by the addition or repetition of nouns1 verbs1 adjectives1 or adverbs that do not qualify the words that directly follow40 ,he cites this example3 8,ulysses was wise1 eloquent1 cautious1 and intrepid40 ,note the comma after cautious4 ,use the comma without hesitation when the qualifying words are more than two in number2 as1 the bay was calm1 beautiful1 and clear as crystal4 ,the comma is sometimes erroneously omitted before the conjunction in such cases as3 ,jean1 ,lucinda and ,alice have departed4 ,there is no person whose name is ,lucinda and ,alice4 ,again1 the impression may be made1 by the omission of the comma1 that ,lucinda and ,alice went together1 and not with ,jean4 ,another point to be remembered is that when the words are not in pairs1 the comma must be used1 even if or frequently intervenes4 ,correct ,composition1 page #bed4 ,when the words are in pairs1 connected by the word and1 or disconnected by the word or1 the comma is needed only at the end of each pair4 ,de ,vinne4 #bh4 ,names4 ,never abbreviate ,jas41 ,jos41 ,thos41 ,geo41 ,wm41 ,theo41 ,chas41 and other ,christian names4 ,the decorous system is to spell the names in full1 except when following exact signatures in legal documents and other formal matter4 #bi4 ,names of ,states4 ,names of states following names of towns1 except the names of ,alaska1 ,idaho1 ,iowa1 ,maine1 ,ohio1 and ,utah1 are abbreviated as follows3 ,alabama ,ala4 ,arizona ,ariz4 ,arkansas ,ark4 ,california ,cal4 ,colorado ,colo4 ,connecticut ,conn4 ,delaware ,del4 ,florida ,fla4 ,georgia ,ga4 ,illinois ,ill4 ,indiana ,ind4 ,indian ,territory ,i4 ,t4 ,kansas ,kan4 ,kentucky ,ky4 ,louisiana ,la4 ,maryland ,md4 ,massachusetts ,mass4 ,michigan ,mich4 ,minnesota ,minn4 ,mississippi ,miss4 ,missouri ,mo4 ,montana ,mont4 ,nebraska ,neb4 ,nevada ,nev4 ,new ,hampshire ,n4 ,h4 ,new ,jersey ,n4 ,j4 ,new ,mexico ,n4 ,m4 ,new ,york ,n4 ,y4 ,north ,carolina ,n4 ,c4 ,north ,dakota ,n4 ,d4 ,oklahoma ,okla4 ,oregon ,ore4 ,pennsylvania ,pa4 ,rhode ,island ,r4 ,i4 ,south ,carolina ,s4 ,c4 ,south ,dakota ,s4 ,d4 ,tennessee ,tenn4 ,texas ,tex4 ,vermont ,vt4 ,washington ,wash4 ,virginia ,va4 ,west ,virginia ,w4 ,va4 ,wisconsin ,wis4 ,wyoming ,wyo4 #cj4 ,brackets4 ,teall says that an insertion not merely disconnected1 but having no effect upon the meaning of the context1 should be inclosed within brackets4 ,examples3 ,i swear that ,i was naturalized here state name in ,missouri4 ,my son1 ,i must tell you all4 ,some private details are here blotted out4 ,editor4 ,you must keep these things secret4 ,de ,vinne says3 8,parentheses always inclose remarks apparently made by the writer of the text4 ,brackets inclose remarks certainly made by the editor or reporter of that text40 ,see ,correct ,composition1 page #bgi4 #ca4 ,by-laws4 ,de ,vinne says3 8,by-laws are frequently printed with the side-headings ,art4 #a for ,article #a1 ,sec4 #b for ,section #b1 etc41 but it is better practice to print the word in full in the paragraph where it first appears1 and to omit the word in subsequent paragraphs1 using the proper figure only1 as is customary in verses of the ,bible and in hymn-books40 #cb4 ,can not4 ,can not is preferred to cannot1 though there is authority for both forms4 ,can not and shall not1 according to the usage of good writers1 are treated as shown4 #cc4 ,,capital ,,letters ,,in ,,general4 ,a ,arbor ,day1 ,decoration ,day1 ,labor ,day1 ,black ,friday4 ,ascension ,day1 in ,bible sense4 ,almighty and like terms in lieu of ,god4 arctic ivory and all similar mercantile uses of such words as arctic in that sense4 ,even titanic and herculean1 in some uses4 ,arctic when referring to that region4 algebra1 botany and all sciences4 ,see sciences4 arabic when referring to letters of that name or to merchandise4 autumn unless the word is personified4 ,seasons are not capitalized4 ,see seasons4 association1 church1 companies1 political1 and similar names are written in small letters1 thus3 trustee1 councilman1 supervisor1 congressman1 director1 secretary1 president1 governor1 superintendent1 etc41 unless the title precedes a surname1 in which case it is capitalized as a title4 ,if a title selected may be applied to two or more persons use the small letter1 not the capital4 ,abbreviated expressions take the capital letter as an initial1 as3 the ,union1 the ,club1 the ,church1 the ,senate1 the ,company1 the ,chamber1 the ,state1 the ,nation1 when such shortened expressions are clearly used in place of the full name of the body in question4 ,the ,union1 if you mean of states1 or if you mean a certain typographical union4 ,b ,bank ,holiday1 because this is its proper name as much as ,wednesday is the name of a day4 ,bible1 and all names like ,scriptures1 ,holy ,writ4 the ,board of ,education1 meaning a special one4 a board of education1 meaning any one4 ,bay of ,naples4 a bay1 meaning any one4 ,baconian philosophy1 because with direct reference to ,bacon2 but herculean1 meaning strong1 platonic1 etc41 unless referring directly to ,plato4 ,bills are capitalized1 as3 ,pure ,food ,bill1 ,highway ,bill1 ,labor ,bill1 ,revenue ,bill4 ,buildings4 ,capitalize ,chronicle ,building1 ,white ,house1 ,pressmen's ,hall1 ,linotype ,building1 ,carnegie ,free ,library ,block1 etc4 ,c ,christmas and all synonyms1 as ,yule-tide4 city of ,new ,york1 but ,new ,york ,city1 its official name4 a city of ,kentucky1 or any city of a class1 because common nouns4 this ,city1 meaning ,san ,francisco or any other place clearly meant4 a chief-justice4 the ,chief-justice of ,missouri4 an aged justice1 or a former chief-justice4 castile soap4 ,see merchandise4 china goods1 china silk1 etc4 ,see merchandise4 cisalpine1 transatlantic1 etc4 county of ,holt1 but ,holt ,county1 its exact name4 ,see counties4 the ,county1 meaning one in particular2 in lieu of full name4 a county--any one4 ,counties3 ,holt ,county is the name of the political division or corporation1 and when the ,county is used as a shorter expression1 it is clearly a synonym for the full name4 the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 or ,congress1 the ,legislature4 the ,congressman1 meaning a special one4 ,several congressmen and senators were there4 ,in this sense the nouns are common4 ,congressman illustrates ,de ,vinne's rule that a title not a synonym for a specified person 7one only7 should not begin with a capital4 ,see ,association4 ,centuries take a lower-case letter3 fifteenth century1 nineteenth1 twentieth1 etc4 ,this is an exception to the rule concerning historical epochs1 but custom has made it proper4 a club1 meaning any4 the ,club1 meaning the ,century ,club4 ,columbia ,college1 ,stanford ,university1 etc4 the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 of any particular state or society4 a constitution1 meaning any4 the ,continent1 meaning of ,europe1 or when used as a substitute for the full name of any other continent4 coolie1 negro1 greaser1 gringo1 gipsy4 ,see nicknames1 which are never capitalized4 ,d ,decoration ,day1 like all historic names4 ,see ,historic names4 ,deity1 ,god1 ,father1 ,son1 ,holy ,ghost1 ,jehovah1 ,holy ,spirit1 ,saviour1 ,creator1 ,providence1 ,heaven1 when used for ,god1 and all words that refer directly to ,deity as a name1 heaven and hell in ordinary use4 ,heaven1 meaning ,god4 devil as an expletive4 ,devil1 if ,john ,milton's is meant1 also ,satan1 ,beelzebub4 ,definite ,titles4 ,when definite titles or names are shortened1 like the ,senate1 the ,club1 etc41 meaning a particular senate or club1 use capitals4 ,likewise where the ,state or the ,government means one in particular1 as following a reference to ,california1 capitals should be used4 ,the ,union1 the ,nation1 etc41 follow the same rule4 ,e the ,east1 meaning an undefined geographical section4 an east wind blew1 however1 meaning mere direction4 the ,ex-president4 an ex-president1 ex-mayor1 ex-governor1 etc4 ,when capitalized1 the first letter of the compound takes the capital1 as3 ,ex-president ,cleveland4 ,many good writers prefer the expression former president1 etc4 ,erie ,canal4 the earth4 ,though the name of a definite planet1 this word is not capitalized4 ,it is a clear exception to the rule4 ,the sun and the moon usually go in lower-case4 ,f ,fast ,day4 the ,flood of the ,bible4 ,fourth of ,july4 ,father1 meaning ,god4 ,see ,deity4 fall of the year1 except when personified4 ,see seasons4 ,federal ,government1 meaning the ,government of the ,united ,states4 ,g ,golden ,rule1 the4 ,good ,friday4 ,god in every sense1 but the gods of fable4 ,see ,deity4 the ,general when referring to one in particular4 ,see official titles4 a general1 any one4 ,see official titles1 definite titles1 etc4 grammar1 same as botany1 chemistry1 and other sciences4 ,geographical names thus3 ,the ,south ,side1 the ,east ,side1 the ,west1 the ,northeast1 ,back ,bay1 ,tenderloin ,district1 ,monterey ,bay1 ,missouri ,river1 ,goat ,island1 ,gold ,mountain4 ,sherwood's ,pier1 ,idora ,park1 ,ross ,valley1 ,waverley ,place4 ,glacial1 ,triassic1 etc41 referring to geological uses4 the ,gospels1 and all like terms2 ,scriptures1 ,holy ,writ1 the ,word4 the ,governor1 when in lieu of his name1 or meaning one in particular4 a governor1 meaning any one4 ,see official titles4 ,h ,holy ,spirit1 but see ,deity4 ,historic names1 thus3 ,civil ,war1 ,middle ,ages1 ,commencement ,day1 ,lord's ,day1 ,silurian ,age1 ,dark ,ages1 the ,deluge1 the ,victorian ,era1 the ,renaissance4 herculean1 meaning full of strength1 and unless direct reference is made to ,hercules and his age4 hell and heaven4 ,see ,deity4 ,house of ,commons4 ,house of ,lords4 heathen4 ,hades and like poetical names of a future abode4 ,holy ,writ4 ,i india ink1 used as merchandise4 india rubber4 ,same as india ink4 italic letters1 never ,italic4 the ,island1 meaning ,long ,island1 or any one previously named2 the ,islands1 meaning a special group previously named or suggested4 ,the various islands of the sea1 however1 but the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,j ,jesus ,christ4 ,jehovah4 ,see ,deity4 ,k a king1 but the ,king4 ,see association4 ,kaiser1 ,czar1 and ,president follow this rule4 ,l ,labor ,day4 ,see historic names4 ,lady ,day4 ,see historic names4 ,lord1 ,deity1 ,jesus ,christ1 ,god1 etc4 the ,levant4 ,a lord and a lady1 but the ,lord4 ,m a mayor1 president1 lord1 governor1 czar1 etc4 ,see association1 governor1 official titles4 the ,mayor1 ,king1 ,president1 ,czar1 ,governor1 etc4 morocco goods4 ,see merchandise4 the ,manager4 ,see official titles4 a manager4 ,see official titles4 ,merchandise4 ,arctic1 ,tropics1 ,levant1 ,orient1 and all geographical names used as proper nouns go up2 but nouns used to specify merchandise go down1 as3 arctic ivory1 india ink1 russia leather1 morocco1 turkey red1 port wine1 chinese blue4 ,when words derived from proper nouns have thus lost the direct connection or literal sense of the name there is no need of capitals4 ,consult ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #aai4 ,n ,names4 ,white ,house1 ,gillis ,opera ,house1 ,handel ,hall1 etc4 ,new ,year's4 the ,north1 meaning an undefined geographical section4 a north wind4 ,northeast1 ,northwest1 etc41 follow same rule4 ,do not compound such words4 ,nicknames3 ,creole1 negro1 mulatto1 gipsy1 quadroon1 greaser1 coolie1 peon1 and like nicknames do not begin with a capital4 ,see ,de ,vinne4 ,nation1 when in lieu of the ,united ,states or of any other particular government4 ,see state1 etc4 a nation of workers1 however4 nature ordinarily1 except when in lieu of ,god4 ,see ,deity4 negro4 ,see nicknames4 ,nature when used for ,god4 ,see ,deity4 ,o oriental silk4 ,see merchandise4 the ,orient4 the ,occident4 ,official titles3 ,mayor1 judge1 justice1 king1 governor1 and the like follow one rule1 as do the terms treasurer1 secretary of state1 etc4 ,if they precede the name of one person 7not of two or more7 they take the capital initial4 ,if they follow a name or are preceded by the indefinite article a1 they need no capital4 ,the name of the office is never written with a capital in this sense3 ,he ran for the office of justice of the peace1 president1 governor1 mayor1 etc4 ,see association4 ,p a president4 ,see official titles4 the ,president1 ,czar1 ,king1 ,governor1 ,mayor1 etc4 ,see official titles and association4 prussian blue4 ,see merchandise4 purgatory4 paradise1 except the ,paradise of ,john ,milton4 ,parliament4 ,same as ,congress4 ,see association4 platonic follows herculean and ,baconian4 ,if meaning direct reference to ,plato or his system1 capitalize2 if meaning merely philosophical1 write platonic4 ,see herculean4 ,political parties3 ,antis1 ,nationalist1 ,populist1 ,radical1 ,tory1 ,democrat1 ,prohibitionist4 ,adjectives of the same1 same rule4 ,personification3 ,anything may be personified1 and all personified words should be capitalized1 as3 ,the spirit of ,fire2 the voice of ,crime2 the call of ,duty2 the ghost of ,want4 ,pronouns standing for ,deity go thus3 his wisdom2 him we fear2 thou ,god2 thy ,word2 thee we adore4 ,this is ,biblical use4 ,capitalizing was an error of hymn-books of the long ago4 ,q ,queen4 ,see king1 president1 governor1 official titles1 etc4 ,r russia leather4 ,see merchandise4 ,religious denominations3 ,catholics1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 ,mohammedans--but pagan and heathen1 for these terms are too indefinite to take the capital4 ,republican4 ,see political parties4 rhetoric4 ,see sciences4 ,s ,saviour is the approved spelling when referring to ,jesus ,christ4 a senate4 the ,senate of ,illinois4 the ,society for the ,prevention of ,vice1 and like names4 a society for prevention of vice4 the ,southern ,railroad4 a southern railroad4 a state of the ,united ,states4 the ,state1 meaning ,california2 but the state of ,california4 ,see states4 the ,south1 an undefined geographical location4 the ,southeast4 ,same as ,south4 a south wind4 ,states3 ,the state of ,new ,york1 the empire of ,germany2 but ,new ,york ,state1 the ,german ,empire1 because the official names4 ,the ,southern ,states1 the ,northern ,states1 but the states and territories of the ,united ,states4 ,sciences3 ,all references to algebra1 botany1 geometry1 chemistry1 and like names of science are written without the capital initial4 ,streets3 ,first ,street1 ,sixty-first ,avenue1 etc4 ,second ,corps4 ,seasons3 ,the seasons are not capitalized1 unless in personification4 spring is here4 summer has departed4 the ,scriptures4 ,see ,bible and ,gospels4 ,t the preceding the name of a newspaper or magazine is not capitalized3 the ,herald1 the ,century1 but in books it goes in capital initial2 as1 8,the ,life of ,emerson40 the ,tropics4 tropical plants1 tropical weather1 etc4 turkey red4 ,see merchandise4 ,titles3 ,it is as proper to say ,scavenger ,smith or ,barber ,brown as to say ,judge ,jones and ,president ,roosevelt4 ,all such titles as director1 manager1 weigher1 inspector1 and like names follow the general rule4 ,see association and official titles4 a township4 ,see county1 association1 etc4 transatlantic1 transpacific1 transmissouri4 ,u universe4 the ,union1 meaning the ,united ,states2 the ,nation1 ,republic1 ,federal ,government1 etc4 the ,union1 meaning one organization in particular1 or when used in lieu of the full name4 ,see definite titles4 ,w ,whitsunday4 ,whitsuntide4 the ,west1 meaning an undefined geographical section4 a west wind4 a ward meeting4 the ,sixth ,ward politicians4 the wards of the city4 winter4 ,see seasons4 ,y ,your ,grace4 ,your ,honor4 ,your ,majesty4 ,your ,reverence4 ,your ,royal ,highness4 ,yule-tide4 ,see ,christmas4 ,z zoology4 ,see sciences4 the zodiac4 the zenith4 ,zeus1 the ,greek god4 #cd4 ,illustrations of the ,code4 ,the following sentences illustrate the rules herein expounded4 ,see section #di3 ,saloon-keepers of the ,reservation are in session at the ,log ,cabin ,saloon in this ,city1 and ,government officials of ,federal and ,state power will be asked to do nothing until the ,supreme ,court passes on the decisions of other courts4 ,if no satisfaction is obtained1 the ,state will be asked to refund sums expended in the two ,kansas ,citys--,kansas ,city1 ,mo41 and ,kansas ,city1 ,kan4 ,notice that the two ,kansas cities would convey the idea of two cities in ,kansas1 and the two ,kansas ,cities would not be an improvement4 ,a ,,night ,,of ,,horrors4 ,it was ,labor ,day1 but there was a celebration equal to that of the ,fourth of ,july4 ,no pagan holiday ever surpassed some of the heathenish performances there enacted4 ,according to the ,new ,york ,herald ,ex-president ,cleveland was there1 accompanied by ,colonel ,hay1 secretary of state4 ,the ,president of the ,united ,states was there1 and various ex-presidents' memories were honored4 ,there were senators1 assemblymen1 judges of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 and judges from other supreme courts in the throng--but not one from the ,supreme ,court of the state of ,georgia1 or from ,new ,york ,state4 ,david ,bennett ,hill wore an arctic coat from the ,arctic4 ,during the evening a ,german sang1 and a gipsy danced a jig4 ,the ,orient1 the ,arctic1 the ,tropics1 and the ,levant contributed to the decorations4 ,the dances were on a brussels carpet direct from ,brussels1 according to the word of two doctors of divinity who sat near six masters of art4 ,the titled gentlemen laughed until they shook down a bowl of paris green1 and a shelf containing chinaware4 ,the ,government 7or ,nation or ,union1 meaning the ,united ,states7 was honored by ,alexis1 grand duke and envoy extraordinary1 who presented every senator and every judge a morocco badge--two badges to the ,chief ,justice of the highest court4 ,a governor took umbrage1 but the ,governor of ,california took native claret2 and as he sipped it an old greaser with a nose of turkey-red color1 who looked like a ward politician from the ,fourth ,ward of ,san ,francisco1 disgraced the ,south4 ,later a breeze sprang from the east side of the ,bay of ,fundy and cooled off the representative of the empire of ,germany greatly to the relief of the ,german ,empire itself4 ,every man present hunted for his bowie-knife1 except a ,methodist member of the ,salvation ,army1 who quoted the ,gospels1 speaking often of ,god and his ,word1 the ,holy ,writ4 ,the ,middle ,ages would have been disgraced if such italic head-lines as our papers contained had ever disturbed their quiet life4 ,it was a wonderful demonstration1 even for a night of the nineteenth century4 ,let us hope that foot-1 side-1 and end-notes in small volumes of history may tell the story to coming generations4--,maritime ,world ,code1 ,january1 #ahii4 #ce4 ,chemical ,terms4 ,in many chemical terms the final e is dropped1 as3 ,oxid1 chlorid1 quinin1 chlorin1 fibrin4 ,,citations ,,in ,,general4 #cf4 ,books4 ,see paragraphs #bb1 #bg1 #eb4 ,here is a standard form3 ,macaulay's #b ,history1 iv1 #ad4 ,this means the second volume of the work1 the fourth chapter1 the fourteenth page4 ,the iv should be set in lower-case4 ,law ,books4 ,in citing law books abbreviate as follows3 ,briggs vs4 ,ewart1 #ea ,ala41 #egf2 #gh ,fed4 ,rep41 #cih1 etc4 #cg4 ,paragraphs4 ,paragraphs1 pages1 verses1 and sections of books are marked in arabic1 but cantos of poetry should be set in lower-case roman4 #ch4 ,pages4 ,pages #ade1 #afh1 #agb1 and never p #ade or pp #ade1 #afh1 #agb4 ,spell out all such references4 #ci4 ,publications4 ,in citing such publications as periodicals and newspapers it is not necessary to use a capital for the in the ,new ,york ,herald4 ,in ,the ,life of ,christ or the title of any other book capitalize ,the4 ,see paragraph #eb4 #dj4 ,scriptural ,citations4 ,unless many citations are made it is best to spell out the names of books of ,scripture1 but when the references are numerous they should be as follows3 ,old ,testament4 ,gen4 xi1 #ag ,ex4 ,lev4 ,num4 ,deut4 ,joshua ,judges ,ruth #a ,sam4 #b ,sam4 #a ,kings #b ,kings #a ,chron4 #b ,chron4 ,ezra ,neh4 ,esther ,job ,ps4 ,prov4 ,eccles4 ,cant4 or ,song of ,sol4 ,isa4 ,jer4 ,lam4 ,ezek4 ,dan4 ,hos4 ,joel ,amos ,obad4 ,jonah ,mic4 ,nahum4 ,hab4 ,zeph4 ,hag4 ,zech4 ,mal4 ,new ,testament4 ,matt4 ,mark ,luke ,john ,acts ,rom4 #a ,cor4 #b ,cor4 ,gal4 ,eph4 ,phil4 ,col4 #a ,thess4 #b ,thess4 #a ,tim4 #b ,tim4 ,titus ,philem4 ,heb4 ,jas4 #a ,pet4 #b ,pet4 #a ,john #b ,john #c ,john ,jude ,rev4 ,the ,apocrypha4 #a ,esdras #b ,esdras ,tobit ,judith ,rest of ,esth4 ,wisd4 of ,sol4 ,ecclus4 ,baruch ,song of ,three ,childr4 ,susanna ,bel and ,dragon ,pr4 of ,manasses #a ,macc4 #b ,macc4 ,scriptural ,citations4 ,scriptural citations of chapter and verse should be thus3 ,chapter in lower-case roman numerals1 and verse in figures1 as3 ,acts vii1 #af4 #da4 ,compounds4 ,see also paragraphs #aj and #bg4 ,as stated in the introduction1 the ,standard ,dictionary seems to be the only one that gives the compounding of words4 ,by its system both solidified and hyphenated words of the compound type are shown4 ,teall's book on this subject is really a codification of the compounds appearing in the ,standard ,dictionary4 ,since ,teall's list was made there have been some changes in the system preferred by good writers4 ,every change has been in the direction of solidifying4 ,teall gives bookkeeper as one word1 but make proof-reader two4 ,he makes postmaster one word1 post-office a compound4 ,the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,association is more consistent in such cases1 printing all words of this type in the solidified form4 ,the following list is believed to be more consistent than the ,standard-,teall handling of the same words1 and is therefore preferred3 #db4 ,some ,examples4 7a7 ,words denoting an occupation or calling1 as baggagemaster1 bagmaker1 watchmaker1 proofreader1 bricklayer4 7b7 ,words denoting a connecting use1 as barnyard1 crosshead1 carwheel1 footboard1 gaspipe4 7c7 ,words denoting a state of being1 as motherhood1 fatherhood1 widowhood4 7d7 ,words that are pronounced as one word and usually printed as such1 as claptrap1 crackerjack1 daredevil1 haphazard4 #dc4 ,approved ,consolidations4 ,words like steamboat1 railroad1 fishline1 firearms1 pineapple1 catfish1 bluebird1 blackboard1 quartermaster are best as here printed4 ,it is proper to consolidate all words denoting a species1 kind or class of birds1 animals or plants1 as kingfisher1 meadowlark1 bulldog1 bloodhound1 wildcat1 goldenseal4 7a7 ,anybody1 anything1 anywhere1 evermore1 everybody1 everything1 everywhere1 forevermore1 somewhere1 nobody1 something1 nowhere1 nothing1 afterpiece1 crossexamine1 crossquestion1 countermarch1 antislavery1 antedate1 schoolboy1 schoolmate1 schoolmistress1 but school teacher1 school children and school teaching4 7b7 ,other approved solidifications are words denoting tools1 materials1 and implements1 as3 ,strawboard1 halftone1 guidebook1 screwdriver1 rosewater1 typewriter1 handbook4 #dd4 ,compounds and ,solids4 ,the following list of compound words should be used with hyphens or in the solidified form1 as indicated3 afterthought after-years agateware aide-de-camp air-brake air-castle air-cushion air-faucet air-filter air-dried alarm-clock alcohol-engine ale-bench ale-brewer ale-drinker ale-drinking alepot alevat alleyway apple-moth apple-seed apple-peel alehouse almshouse anglebar angleworm antechamber baggagemaster bakeshop ballroom barn-yard bartender baseball bath-house bathroom bearskin bedchamber billboard billposter birdhouse birdseye blackboard blackmail blacktail blockhouse bloodroot bluebird bluefish bluestone bluewing bobtail boilermaker bondholder bookbindery bookkeeper-ing bookmaker bookmaking bookman bookmark bookroom bookstore brakebeam brakeshoe brassfounder brickyard brownstone bulldog bullseye cakewalk candlelight cardboard carwheel casehardened cashbook catbird catchline catchword catfish churchyard clambake claptrap clingstone clockmaker clockwork clubhouse clubroom coalhod coalmine coalyard coonskin copperplate cornerstone cornfield cornmeal cornstalk cottontail cottonwood countershaft countersunk countinghouse countingroom courthouse courtyard cowbell cowboy crackerjack crosshatch crosshead crosspiece cutthroat daredevil darkroom daybook deathbed deerhound dewdrop dockyard doorkeeper doormat downpour drawbar dreamland drugstore drumfish dugout dustproof dyewood earmark eggcase electroplate eyebolt eyepiece facewise facsimile fairyland farmhouse farmyard feedlot fencerow fieldbook filmholder firearm firefly fireplace fireproof fishplate fishoil flagship flagstaff flintlock flourmill flywheel foodstuffs football footboard footbridge foothills footnote footplate footrace footsore footstool fourfold1 etc4 fourscore 7#hj7 foxhound foxskin ,freemason freestone gagewheel gamebag gamedealer gamekeeper gaspipe gatepost glassblower glassworks goldenrod goldenseal goldmine grandam granddaughter greenhouse greenstone gristmill guidebook gunmaker hailstorm hairbreadth halftone handbook handcar handrail haphazard harbormaster hardtack headband headboard hilltop homemade horsecar horseshoe hothouse indoor inkmaker inkmaking ironclad ironfounder ironware jackscrew jacksnipe jellyfish jobroom junkshop keelboat kennelman keyboard knifebar ladylike lambskin landholder landowner lawbreaker lawmaker lawsuit lifelong lifetime lighthouse lockout loophole manhole mantelpiece meadowlark milestone milldam millpond millstone mockingbird moldboard mopboard mouthpiece mudhen multicolor multiphase nailhole newsdealer notebook nowadays oatmeal ,oddfellowship officeholder officeseeker oilcloth onlooker outbuilding outdoor 7a47 outhouse oxgall packhorse packmule payroll pinkroot plateholder platemaker pocketbook pokeroot poolroom portemonnaie postoffice postmaster pressroom proofreader-ing proofroom prorate racecourse racehorse racetrack rainfall rainstorm rattletrap redbird ricebird redhead redwing reedbird roadbed rollermaker ropewalk rosewater roundhouse rowboat runway sagebrush sagehen sailboat saloonkeeper salthouse sandbar sandhill sandstone sawmill scalebeam scattergun schoolbook schoolboy schooldame schoolfellow schoolgirl schoolhouse schoolmaster schoolmate schoolmistress schoolroom scorecard scrapbook screwdriver seagirt sealskin seashore sedgefield sheepdog sheepskin sheetwise shipbuilding shipchandler shotgun showcase sidenote signboard skylark slavepen slidemaker slugcasting smokestack snowdrift snowflake snowstorm spaceband spacebar sprigtail staghound standpoint statehouse staybolt stockholder stockhouse stockyard stonecutter stonedresser storehouse storeroom storekeeper strawboard subhead sunburned switchboard tablecloth tablespoonful tailpiece tapeworm taxpayer teaspoon telltale textbook thoroughbred threefold thumbscrew thunderstorm tidewater tieplate tinware tiptoe to-day to-morrow trademark transshipment triphase turnout turnover twofold1 etc4 twoscore 7#dj1 etc47 typefounder typefoundry typemaking voltmeter walkover warehouse washstand wastepipe watchcase watercourse watermark watershed waterworks waterproof wayfaring weakfish weekday wellwisher whitefish windrow windstorm wirehaired wolfskin woodyard workaday workbag workday workingman yellowlegs #de4 ,interrupted ,compounds4 ,benjamin ,drew says1 in ,pens and ,types3 ,when two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts of a following word1 the hyphen is omitted1 as3 ,we use cast and wrought iron pillars4 ,i have pruned my peach and apple trees4 ,some authors follow the ,german style1 inserting the hyphens1 thus3 ,we use cast- and wrought-iron pillars4 ,i have pruned my peach- and apple-trees4 ,the style in the last example is known as the interrupted compound4 ,it is gaining ground rapidly in the best printing-houses1 and is recommended by ,de ,vinne1 who uses it in his books4 ,here are some examples3 ,foot-1 top-1 and side-notes2 quarter-1 eighth-1 and half-kegs2 base- and foot-ball1 foot- or side-note4 ,this is good usage4 ,see the ,century magazine for examples1 or see any books published by the ,century ,company4 ,there seems to be no other way to signify that both words in such examples are compounds4 #df4 ,no ,fixed ,rules4 ,there are no hard and fast rules regarding compounds4 ,it is1 in fact1 almost impossible to hold to a uniform1 consistent style4 ,here are some of ,de ,vinne's compoundings3 7a7 ,subject-matter1 lower-case1 making-up1 memorandum-book1 proof-reader1 fault-finding1 type-setting1 style-card1 letter-writing1 printing-house1 quote-marks1 quotation-marks1 piece-compositors1 five-to-em body1 book-making1 book-work1 pre-historic1 pre-raphaelite1 ill-bred1 well-formed1 good-looking1 composing-room1 dining-table1 canal-boat1 ferry-house1 dwelling-house ,see list on page #gd of ,de ,vinne's ,composition1 over-wide1 spelled-out1 title-page1 table-work1 old-style1 bold-faced1 hymn-book1 to-morrow1 to-day1 head-lines1 type-writing1 catch-lines1 hair-space1 thin-space1 type-founders1 side-heading1 type-setting1 foot-note1 letter-writer1 side-notes1 six-point1 cut-in note1 center-note1 shoulder-note1 three-em indention1 wide-leaded1 double-leaded1 every-day world4 ,note that they do not agree with the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,association list4 7b7 ,the following are approved forms3 ,fine-tooth saw1 six-bit machine1 six-foot pole1 two-year-old horse1 but six-months-old baby4 ,bluewing1 whitefish1 bricklayer1 gaspipe1 footboard1 motherhood1 widowhood4 #dg4 ,specials4 ,the following list is for use in trade-journals3 ,hopvine1 hopyard1 hop-picker1 labor-union1 labor-saving1 liquordealer1 liquorseller1 liquor-saloon1 liquor-store1 liquor-bottle1 wine-merchant1 wineroom1 winedealer1 wine-taster1 wine-press1 wine-party1 wine-vault1 wine-vinegar1 wineglass1 wineglassful1 wine-stone1 vine-disease1 trade-union1 trade-mark1 trade-journal1 trade-name1 trade-wind1 street-car1 street-railroad1 street-sweeper1 street-sprinkler1 street-walker1 pastepot1 paperknife1 papercutter1 saloonmen1 saloonkeeper1 barkeeper1 barkeep1 wood-alcohol4 7a7 ,many words that might be solidified1 under the rules of logic1 are set with hyphens because they present an unsightly appearance as one word4 ,these things are largely matters of fancy4 7b7 ,there are some such expressions as1 ,italian and ,chinese ,american citizens1 which are very puzzling4 ,the question arises whether hyphens should be used in such expressions1 and how4 ,such sentences are sometimes erroneously written with one hyphen1 as1 ,italian and ,chinese-,american citizens4 ,the sentence is proper enough as first written1 but a somewhat more discriminating use would be1 ,italian- and ,chinese-,american citizens4 ,in expressions like these the interrupted compounds are properly written with hyphens4 ,see paragraph #de4 #dh4 ,dashes4 ,avoid dashes in side-headings1 as in this ,style-code4 ,they are not needed at the end of a quotation1 between it and the credit4 ,see paragraph #bb4 ,also see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #bgc4 #di4 ,de ,vinne ,rules ,violated4 ,though the ,century ,company1 the ,century ,magazine1 and editors high in authority follow the simple rules laid down by ,de ,vinne1 there are many violations of these rules in the ,century itself1 as well as in its publications4 ,sometimes names of newspapers are quoted1 and sometimes they are set in italic4 ,the system of capitals is not closely followed4 ,in a letter to the editor of this work1 ,mr4 ,de ,vinne thus explained the failure of the publications of the ,century ,company to show uniformity3 8,the ,century ,company has many editors1 and each editor has notions of his own that printers are directed to follow4 ,though most of these editors abide by the rules expounded by me in my works on typography1 a study of some of our books shows that the neglect to capitalize ,bay1 ,city1 ,island1 etc41 when the word refers distinctly to a proper name1 is a common error--so common that the proofreaders find it a waste of time to suggest to editors and authors the need of a capital4 ,yet ,i hold stoutly to the correctness of the capital4 ,even careful editors are often overruled by authors4 ,the ,century printing-house can not be held responsible1 with justice1 for some of the eccentricities of our printing4 ,it should be borne in mind that a printer's business is to do what he is told40 #ej4 ,division of ,words4 ,de ,vinne says the system most approved now authorizes the division of a word1 when consistent with pronunciation1 on the vowel at the end of the syllable4 ,the system is defective in its inability to make provision for the syllables that end with consonants4 ,divisions of all kinds should be prevented as often as possible4 ,the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,association offers the following rules concerning divisions4 ,the reprint #8follows copy' as published by the ,association3 ,the proper division of words is an important matter4 ,an improper division is as much an error as a misplaced letter1 and is oftentimes more misleading4 ,follow the ,american rule of dividing words at the end of the line according to pronunciation rather than the ,british rule of dividing on the vowel or to show derivation4 ,the dictionary in use in any particular office should be followed1 unless otherwise directed4 ,where a vowel constitutes a syllable in the middle of a word1 place this vowel in the first line1 as promi-nent is preferable to prom-inent1 quali-ties to qual-ities1 particu-lar to partic-ular1 dili-gence to dil-igence1 sepa-rate to sep-arate1 etc4 ,exceptions3 ,in words ending in -able or -ible1 the single vowel should be carried into the second line4 ,there are frequent instances where a particular division of a word will aid the reader in its pronunciation at first sight1 obviating a faltering or repetition1 as pro-gress1 verb1 and prog-ress1 noun2 distrib-ute1 verb1 and distri-bution1 noun2 pre-fer1 verb1 and pref-erable1 adjective4 ,never divide a word pronounced as one syllable1 as 8changed10 8drowned10 8dipped10 etc4 ,avoid all two-letter divisions except in very narrow measures or where very large types are used4 ,avoid having three or more successive divisions at the ends of lines4 ,divide ,en-gland and ,en-glish as pronounced and as they are here printed4 ,the addition of s to form the plural of a word--as horses1 fences1 etc4--does not justify a division on the last portion so formed1 as1 circumstan-ces1 etc4 ,avoid all such divisions4 #ea4 ,,editorial ,,observations4 7#a7 ,employee is a good ,english word4 ,avoid employe whenever possible to do so4 7#b7 ,headquarters is usually plural1 sometimes singular4 7#c7 ,last held meeting4 ,held is useless4 ,newcomer and ,teall oppose such expressions4 7#d7 ,etc4 ,it is a common error to write etc41 etc4 ,once is enough4 7#e7 ,et al4 ,the use of et als is an error4 ,it is always et al4 7#f7 ,follows1 as follows4 ,as follows is always the form1 because it is impersonal4 ,as follow is not needed where the nominative is plural4 ,this is on the authority of the ,oxford ,dictionary1 also of ,doctor ,fernald of the ,standard4 7#g7 ,plurals4 ,these are preferred plurals3 ,cannon1 craft for vessels1 heathen1 fowl1 cherubs1 indexes1 seraphs1 beaus4 ,in scientific writings it may be seraphim1 formulae instead of formulas1 beaux1 etc4 7#h7 ,spoonfuls and handfuls rather than spoonsfull and handsfull4 7#i7 ,the following named persons4 ,omit named4 ,newcomer and ,teall say named is useless4 7#aj7 ,some preferences4 ,use controller1 not comptroller2 draft1 not draught2 drouth1 not drought2 program1 not programme2 dulness1 not dullness2 fulness1 not fullness2 skilful1 not skillful2 wilful1 not willful2 bazar1 not bazaar2 employee1 not employe4 7#aa7 ,on yesterday1 on ,sunday4 ,on is usually superfluous1 except in some sentences1 where euphony or emphasis may make the on seem an element of strength4 7#ab7 ,welsh rarebit4 ,welsh rabbit is the correct expression4 ,the use of rarebit in this connection is from ignorance long current4 ,see ,walsh's ,handbook of ,literary ,curiosities1 ,greenough ,kittredge's ,words and ,their ,ways in ,english ,speech1 and the late editions of standard dictionaries4 7#ac7 ,self-confessed4 ,omit self in such expressions as self-confessed murderer1 etc4 ,confessed conveys the idea without any assistance from self4 7#ad7 er words4 ,spell theater1 center1 and like words er1 never ending re4 #eb4 ,books1 papers1 plays1 operas1 and periodicals should be cited in italic1 as3 ,bowie's ,tenting ,on ,coral ,strands1 the ,sun1 ,lucia1 ,mascot1 the ,century4 ,de ,vinne notices an irregularity in the style of setting credits4 ,however1 bibliographers prefer italic2 but printers 7on account of the saving of labor71 select quote-marks4 ,if the name of the play and that of the character are the same1 as ,ingomar1 the name of the play must be quoted1 the character italicized4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #bbd4 ,see also paragraphs #bb1 #ci4 #ec4 ,ships and ,vessels4 ,there is not any need to either quote or italicize the names of vessels1 unless there would be doubt as to what the name means4 ,in such cases italics are preferred1 though quoting the name will do4 #ed4 ,newspapers and ,magazines4 ,names of newspapers and magazines should be set in italic4 ,some papers and magazines quote magazines and italicize newspapers4 ,italics are better in both cases4 ,de ,vinne runs both in roman4 ,the name of one's own paper is run in small capitals4 ,linotype machines have upset these rules somewhat1 but unwisely so in careful work4 #ee4 ,farther4 ,use farther for distance4 ,further is used in the sense of besides1 moreover1 being equivalent to additional4 8,i have gone further in astronomy1 you have traveled farther in miles40 #ef4 ,foreign ,words and ,phrases4 ,all foreign words and phrases that have not been ,englished by long use should be italicized4 ,vice versa1 en route1 pro tem1 and like words should go in roman4 ,aid-de-camp1 addenda1 ad valorem1 alias1 alibi1 alma mater1 anno ,domini1 ante bellum1 a propos1 billet doux1 bona fide1 bravos1 cafe1 cantos1 carte blanche1 viva voce1 rendezvous1 ultimatum1 post-mortem1 per cent41 per capita1 per annum1 facsimile1 and about fifty like words go under the same rule4 #eg4 ,unfamiliar ,words4 ,unfamiliar words are run in italic the first time1 but in roman thereafter1 as3 ,aloha1 renigging1 mulching4 ,but see paragraph #fh4 #eh4 ,plays4 ,julius ,caesar should be set in italic when it refers to the character in ,shakespeare's play1 but the name ,julius ,caesar for the man4 ,the play itself should be 8,julius ,caesar10 or ,julius ,caesar4 ,see paragraph #eb4 #ei4 ,salutations4 ,under the old way salutations such as ,dear ,sir3 were put in italics with the colon as indicated4 ,dear ,sir3 as here written is just as proper4 ,take your choice and you will not err4 ,the dash is not needed4 ,it is well to let ,dear ,sir3 occupy a line by itself1 properly indented4 ,de ,vinne says he never writes such salutations as ,dear ,sir in italic though he admits that italic with a colon and no dash is the commonly accepted form4 ,he advises roman lower-case4 #fj4 ,salutations and ,indentions4 ,salutations should be set in ordinary roman1 with hanging indention1 thus3 ,the ,writers' and ,proofreaders' ,society for the ,prevention of ,burial in the ,potter's ,field1 #baf ,goodfellows street4 ,office of the ,secretary1 #cg ,new ,testament ,house1 ,new ,orleans1 ,january #a1 #aijh4 ,to the ,superintendent of the ,home for the ,unfortunate ,dead4 ,dear ,sir3 ,in reply to your request for a list of our members1 etc4 ,the signature should be set in small capital letters4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #afh4 #fa4 ,punctuation4 ,the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,association has these rules3 ,omit periods after per cent1 and after roman numerals when used strictly as figures1 but not when used in names1 as ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,use em dash in conversations such as this3 ,mr4 ,smith--,is your task completed8 ,mr4 ,brown--,nearly4 #fb4 ,punctuation with ,parentheses4 ,the comma should usually go after the last parenthesis2 it is seldom needed before the first one4 ,de ,vinne says3 8,when any complete sentence is enclosed by parentheses1 the period should be before the last parenthesis1 but when these parentheses enclose a few words at the end of a sentence1 the period should be after the last parenthesis40 #fc4 ,medieval and such words are spelled the simplest way4 ,see the ,standard ,dictionary4 ,subpena1 diarrhea1 ,etna ,company4 #fd4 ,o1 ,oh1 ,oh6 ,these expressions are punctuated thus3 ,o for a ,south ,sea home6 ,o that ,i had insured in the ,etna6 ,oh1 how my tooth aches6 ,oh6 my crimes are deep and dark4 #fe4 ,plural of ,proper ,names4 ,it is a common newspaper error to run sentences like this1 from the social columns of the ,san ,francisco ,examiner of ,july #ae1 #aijf3 8,the ,thomas ,h4 ,williams have been visiting the ,city40 ,the attempt to make the singular do the duty of the plural in such a case is ridiculous4 ,williamses is the plural of ,williams4 ,printers and writers should learn how to write the plural of proper names4 #ff4 ,quote-marks4 ,it is sometimes a puzzle where to place quote-marks4 ,there is no better rule than that stated by ,de ,vinne1 who says that the closing marks of quotation always should be placed after the comma or the period in all places where these marks are needed2 but the fact is the proper place of the closing marks of quotation should be determined by the quoted words only2 they must inclose those words1 and no more2 they may be before or after the points1 according to the construction of the sentence4 ,when the quotation makes a complete sentence1 put the quotation-marks after the period at the end of that sentence2 when the quotation is at the end of but a portion of this sentence which terminates with a colon1 semicolon1 or any other point1 then put the marks before the point4 ,the mark of punctuation intended to define the construction of the completed sentence should not be made a portion of the fragmentary quoted matter4 ,a fine example of this is seen in the following3 ,he asked1 8,who said my mother lied80 and didn't ,jones reply1 8,nobody dared to say that08 #fg4 ,smaller ,type4 ,quote-marks are not needed when extracts or quotations are set in smaller type than the body of the book or paper4 ,some reputable publications do not quote the extracts1 even when they are set in the regular type of the publication and run in separate paragraphs4 ,the indenting of the matter one em at the beginning and one em at the end of a line suffices4 ,such matter should be set solid when the main text is leaded4 #fh4 ,quote-marks1 single4 ,when especial attention is called to a word the single quote-marks are used in lieu of the old way of double quotes or italic4 ,thus3 ,he said he thought the word #8grafting' applied to politics1 not to horticulture4 ,see ,de ,vinne's ,correct ,composition1 page #bac1 where authors are advised to make one such emphasis of a word suffice1 because repetition irritates the reader4 #fi4 ,reverend and the reverend4 ,never say ,reverend ,john ,brown4 ,it must always be the ,reverend ,john ,brown1 for reverend is not a title to be used like captain or doctor4 ,honorable should be used in the same way1 if at all4 #gj4 ,saviour and savior4 ,preserve the historic way of spelling the ,saviour when ,jesus ,christ is meant4 ,other saviors are without the u4 #ga4 ,specials4 ,print birdsnest1 birdseye1 bullseye1 heartsease 7a plant or flower71 calvesfoot and neatsfoot as single words1 without apostrophe or hyphen1 except when signifying the actual nest of a bird1 the eye of a bird or of a bull1 etc4 #gb4 ,spellings4 ,the ,chicago ,proofreaders' ,stylebook has given the following list of generally misspelled words4 ,the spellings here given are in accordance with the ,century1 the ,standard1 and ,webster4 absinthin acoustic ax amidin antemetic arabin adz backward baptize barytone benzoin ,bering 7,sea7 blond 7adj47 bluing bouquet ,budapest bur caldron calk1 -er1 -ing calligraphy camellia cantharadin carbureted ,chile 7,s4 ,a47 colter consensus cozy darky defense denouement dilettante downward dram 7weight7 dumfounded ,eskimo forward gelatin glycerin gully hacienda ,hindu ,hindustan ,mohammedan mold1 -er1 -ing molt1 -ed1 -ing moneys mustache nickel oculist offense paraffin pedagogy polt quartet quintet rarefy ruble ,rumania straitlaced sestet or sextet smolder1 -ing sobriquet stanch supersede tranquility typify upward 7not wards7 upward veranda vermilion vitreous whir whisky #gc4 ,united ,states are or ,united ,states ,is4 ,if the expression is used as a collective term1 designating one great nation1 the singular is correct1 but there are many sentences in which the plural verb must be used4 ,it is proper to follow copy or query the expression1 if there is doubt as to its correctness4 #gd4 ,verbs1 singular or plural4 ,there should be no hesitation in using the singular form of a verb when the subject has a singular meaning4 ,sometimes the logical subject is singular1 the grammatical plural1 as in1 ,ten dollars was paid4 ,by ellipsis1 the sum of is understood4 7a7 ,addition4 ,shall we say 8two and two is four80 ,professor ,william ,dwight ,whitney decided for the ,century ,dictionary 7of which he was one of the editors71 that two and two is four1 because the full meaning is the sum of two and two1 or something 8similarly unifying in the sense of two and two40 7b7 ,the singular verb should be used when the subject is plural in form1 though it represents a number of things to be taken together as forming a unit4 ,here is an example3 ,thirty-four years affects one's remembrance of some circumstances4 ,de ,quincey4 7c7 ,the singular verb is to be used with book titles and similar names and singulars that are plural in form but logically a unit4 ,see ,baskervill and ,sewell's ,english ,grammar1 pages #cab1 #cac4 ,an example from ,goldsmith is3 8,the ,three ,pigeons expects me down every moment40 ,so1 we should say the ,odd ,fellows meets to-night1 meaning1 by ellipsis1 the lodge of ,odd ,fellows4 7d7 ,companies1 associations1 etc41 are usually singular in meaning1 as3 ,the ,southern ,pacific ,company is in trouble1 the ,bar ,association is incorporated4 ,however1 collective nouns are to be followed by a plural verb when the individuals are thought of separately1 as3 ,a multitude go mad about it4 ,emerson4 ,all our household are at rest4 ,coleridge4 7e7 ,the following is from ,teall3 ,three dollars was paid1 ten dollars was the price4 ,when the meaning is simply a sum of money as one sum1 and not so many actual separate dollars1 the verb should be singular4 ,though the verb should be singular1 this is so under the rules of logic1 rather than those of grammar4 ,in literal strictness it would not be ungrammatical to say ten dollars were paid4 7f7 ,collective nouns are always singular in form1 but many of them1 if not most1 may be used even in that form with a plural verb1 but such use depends upon the nature of the thought to be expressed4 ,considered as really singular are a crowd1 an army1 a multitude4 ,it should be remembered that these words also have regular plural forms1 though often used with the plural verb in the collective form4 7g7 ,all words like ethics1 mathematics1 physics1 and politics are plural in form1 but they are usually treated as singular in meaning4 ,the dictionary definitions of such words all begin1 8the science which treats10 etc4 ,james ,russell ,lowell wrote politics are1 and this has been held sufficient justification for this use4 ,teall4 7h7 ,either bricks or brick is proper as a plural4 ,brick probably has the better standing4 ,the ,century ,dictionary says brick is the proper singular collective4 #ge4 ,whereabouts4 ,whereabouts is1 which is never are1 is often written with the plural verb1 but it should not be considered a plural4 ,the error doubtless occurs from some fancied resemblance to headquarters1 which may be either singular or plural4 #gf4 ,women4 ,women's names should never be preceded by their husbands' titles1 as3 ,mrs4 ,governor ,pardee1 ,mrs4 ,general ,john ,jones1 ,mrs4 ,doctor ,charles ,ketchum4 #gg4 ,variations4 ,in many of the job offices of the country1 also in newspaper offices where composition is done by the linotype1 there will be many variations from the style expounded in this little manual4 ,for example1 it will not be practical to follow the italic citations of books1 magazines1 newspapers1 etc41 in offices where the equipment does not contain italic magazines4 ,in such cases the use of roman is recommended1 without quote-marks1 which are unnecessary and unsightly4 ,if the equipment does not carry small capitals1 newspapers should run their own names in roman1 making no distinction between their own and other publications4 ,when there is no italic1 it may be well to quote the names of books and plays1 also the names of vessels and characters in novels1 plays1 etc4 ,this should not be the custom with vessels and characters1 except when it is necessary to indicate that a vessel or a character1 rather than a person1 is meant4 ,offices not able to carry out the code as set forth in detail in these pages1 should make notes of deviations1 abiding by such portions of the code as their equipments make possible4 ,by a few interlineations1 notations1 etc41 or by an office card of deviations this work will be made useful even where it is not followed to the letter4 #gh4 ,wave-lines1 etc4 ,the custom is almost too well known to record that one line under a word or words means that the underscored matter is to be set in italics1 that two lines mean small capitals1 and that three signify capitals4 ,similarly1 a wave-line under a word or words means that the portions of the manuscript thus underscored are to be set in lower-case bold-faced type4 ,two wave-lines under matter mean that it is to be set in bold-faced capitals4 ,a single line down the left side of matter means that it is to be set in type smaller than the body of the article1 and two lines indicate that the matter is to be set in type of still smaller face4 #gi4 ,writers' ,absurdities4 ,book-offices have their own intricacies of style1 with the additional bother of having to suit the varying whims of authors and publishers4 8,many men of many minds0 write for the papers1 but their various whims need not be humored as those of book-writers need be4 ,authors of books frequently insist upon having things their own way1 and too often the printers have to make that way for them1 in opposition to what the authors write4 ,this is certainly something for which the authors should be made to pay4 ,if an author is determined to have certain matters of style conform to a certain set of whims1 or even of good1 logical opinions1 he should write accordingly1 or pay extra for the necessary changes4 ,teall4 #hj4 ,work of ,stenographers4 ,if stenographers would master the principles of the system explained herein they would increase their efficiency4 ,as conducted nowadays there is great lack of system in the work turned out by stenographers and others who use typewriting machines4 ,though many of the principles and rules herein set forth are with reference to the work of printing-houses1 the fact remains that the principles that make for good printing make also for good composition in general4 ,the ,de ,vinne system should be mastered by typewriters1 and used by them on all work that is left to their own judgment4 #ha4 ,words ,spelled ,anew4 ,there has been considerable recent 7,september1 #aijf7 discussion of the reformed spelling as recommended by the ,simplified ,spelling ,board1 of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the list has been recommended by eminent scholars of both ,europe and ,america1 and many of the words have been in general use for many years4 ,in adopting the list recently1 ,president ,roosevelt said3 8,it is not an attack on the language of ,shakespeare and ,milton1 because it is in some instances a going back to the forms they used1 and in others merely the extension of changes which1 as regards other words1 have taken place since their time4 ,it is not an attempt to do anything far-reaching or sudden or violent1 or1 indeed1 anything very great at all4 ,it is merely an attempt to cast what slight weight can properly be cast on the side of the popular forces which are endeavoring to make our spelling a little less foolish and fantastic40 #hb4 ,,three ,,hundred ,,words4 ,the complete list is as follows3 ,use ,instead of abridgment abridgement accouter accoutre accurst accursed acknowledgment acknowledgement addrest addressed adz adze affixt affixed altho although anapest anapaest anemia anaemia anesthesia anaesthesia anesthetic anaesthetic antipyrin antipyrine antitoxin antitoxine apothem apothegm apprize apprise arbor arbour archeology archaeology ardor ardour armor armour artizan artisan assize assise ax axe bans banns bark barque behavior behaviour blest blessed blusht blushed brazen brasen brazier brasier bun bunn bur burr caliber calibre caliper calliper candor candour carest caressed catalog catalogue catechize catechise center centre chapt chapped check cheque checker chequer chimera chimaera civilize civilise clamor clamour clangor clangour clapt clapped claspt clasped clipt clipped clue clew coeval coaeval color colour colter coulter commixt commixed comprest compressed comprize comprise confest confessed controller comptroller coquet coquette criticize criticise cropt cropped crost crossed crusht crushed cue queue curst cursed cutlas cutlass cyclopedia cyclopaedia dactyl dactyle dasht dashed decalog decalogue defense defence demagog demagogue demeanor demeanour deposit deposite deprest depressed develop develope dieresis diaeresis dike dyke dipt dipped discust discussed dispatch despatch distil distill distrest distressed dolor dolour domicil domicile draft draught dram drachm drest dressed dript dripped droopt drooped dropt dropped dulness dullness ecumenical oecumenical edile aedile egis aegis enamor enamour encyclopedia encyclopaedia endeavor endeavour envelop envelope ,eolian ,aeolian eon aeon epaulet epaulette eponym eponyme era aera esophagus oesophagus esthetic aesthetic esthetics aesthetics estivate aestivate ether aether etiology aetiology exorcize exorcise exprest expressed fagot faggot fantasm phantasm fantasy phantasy fantom phantom favor favour favorite favourite fervor fervour fiber fibre fixt fixed flavor flavour fulfil fulfill fulness fullness gage gauge gazel gazelle gelatin gelatine gloze glose glycerin glycerine good-by good-bye gram gramme gript gripped harbor harbour harken hearken heapt heaped hematin haematin hiccup hiccough hock hough homeopathy homoeopathy homonym homonyme honor honour humor humour husht hushed hypotenuse hypothenuse idolize idolise imprest impressed instil instill jail gaol judgment judgement kist kissed labor labour lacrimal lachrymal lapt lapped lasht lashed leapt leaped legalize legalise license licence licorice liquorice liter litre lodgment lodgement lookt looked lopt lopped luster lustre mama mamma maneuver manoeuver materialize materialise meager meagre medieval mediaeval meter metre mist missed miter mitre mixt mixed mold mould molder moulder molding moulding moldy mouldy molt moult mullen mullein naturalize naturalise neighbor neigh nipt nipped ocher ochre odor odour offense offence omelet omelette opprest oppressed orthopedic orthopaedic paleography palaeography paleontology palaeontology paleozoic palaeozoic parlor parlour partizan partisan past passed patronize patronise pedagog pedagogue pedobaptist paedobaptist phenix phoenix phenomenon phaenomenon pigmy pygmy plow plough polyp polype possest possessed practise 7v4 and n47 practice prefixt prefixed prenomen praenomen prest pressed pretense pretence preterit preterite pretermit praetermit primeval primaeval profest professed program programme prolog prologue propt propped pur purr quartet quartette questor quaestor quintet quintette rancor rancour rapt rapped raze rase recognize recognise reconnoiter reconnoitre rigor rigour rime rhyme ript ripped rumor rumour saber sabre savior saviour scepter sceptre septet septette sepulcher sepulchre sextet sextette silvan sylvan simitar cimeter sipt sipped skilful skillful skipt skipped slipt slipped smolder smoulder snapt snapped somber sombre specter spectre splendor splendour stedfast steadfast stept stepped stopt stopped strest stressed stript stripped subpena subpoena succor succour suffixt suffixed sulfate sulphate sulfur sulphur sumac sumach supprest suppressed surprize surprise synonym synonyme tabor tabour tapt tapped teazel teasel tenor tenour theater theatre tho though thoro thorough thorofare thoroughfare thoroly thoroughly thru through thruout throughout tipt tipped topt topped tost tossed transgrest transgressed trapt trapped tript tripped tumor tumour valor valour vapor vapour vext vexed vigor vigour vizor visor wagon waggon washt washed whipt whipped whisky whiskey wilful willful winkt winked wisht wished wo woe woful woeful woolen woollen wrapt wrapped #hc4 ,,forms ,,of ,,address4 ,the following correct forms of address are believed to conform to the recognized custom1 as indorsed by official1 social1 and scholarly sources of authority4 ,most of the examples are from ,westlake's 8,how to ,write ,letters10 but some are from ,harper's ,cyclopedia3 ,army ,officers4 ,see ,military1 ,colonel1 etc4 ,associate ,justice of the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states1 or of the supreme court of any state4 ,to ,honorable ,john ,brown1 justice4 ,sir3 ,assistant ,secretaries of ,federal departments1 heads of bureaus1 etc4 ,to ,john ,brown1 ,esq41 secretary of state4 ,sir3 ,bishop4 ,except in the case of ,methodists address a bishop as the ,right ,reverend ,john ,brown4 ,salutation--,right ,reverend ,sir3 or ,right ,reverend and ,dear ,sir3 ,board of ,education1 ,board of ,trade1 etc4 ,to the ,president and ,members of the ----4 ,sirs3 or ,honorable ,sirs3 or ,may it ,please ,your ,honorable ,body4 ,other organizations of similar character are addressed after this style4 ,cabinet ,members4 ,to the ,honorable ,e4 ,m4 ,stanton1 secretary of war4 ,another form is ,honorable ,e4 ,m4 ,stanton4 ,the salutation is simply ,sir3 ,chief ,justice of the ,supreme ,court4 ,to the ,honorable ,joseph ,mc,kenna1 chief justice of the ,supreme ,court1 or ,to the ,chief ,justice of the ,supreme ,court4 ,sir3 or ,mr4 ,chief ,justice3 ,college ,presidents4 ,either ,dear ,sir3 or ,reverend and ,dear ,sir3 as the case may be4 ,company1 ,president of4 ,john ,jones1 president of the ,north ,german ,cracker ,company4 ,sir3 or ,dear ,sir3 ,court or ,judge4 ,honorable ,thomas ,f4 ,graham1 judge of the ,superior ,court4 ,sir3 ,dear ,sir3 or ,your ,honor3 ,colonel4 ,colonel ,john ,brown1 commanding the ,first ,cavalry4 ,or ,colonel ,john ,brown1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,colonel3 ,doctors4 ,women doctors may be addressed as ,doctor ,mary ,walker1 or as ,mary ,walker1 ,m4 ,d4 ,see physicians4 ,dentists4 ,doctor ,john ,brown4 ,sir3 or ,dear ,sir3 ,excellency4 ,excellency1 ,your ,excellency1 ,his ,excellency1 etc41 were formerly applied to the ,president1 but now such use is wrong4 ,foreign ministers and governors are addressed as ,excellency4 ,general4 ,general ,john ,brown1 commanding the armies of the ,u4 ,s4 ,general3 or ,sir3 ,the former is preferred4 ,governor of a ,state4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,governor ,george ,c4 ,pardee1 ,governor of the ,state of ,california1 or ,his ,excellency ,governor ,george ,c4 ,pardee4 ,sir3 or ,your ,excellency3 ,foreign ,ministers4 ,to ,his ,excellency ,edward ,everett1 ,envoy ,extraordinary at the ,court of ,st4 ,james4 ,your ,excellency3 or ,sir3 ,heads of ,state ,departments1 ,members of ,state ,senates1 etc4 ,honorable ,john ,brown1 ,attorney ,general1 etc4 ,sir3 ,house of ,representatives4 ,to the ,honorable the ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives4 ,sir3 or ,mr4 ,speaker3 ,honorable4 ,this title is applicable to judges1 mayors1 senators1 representatives in ,congress1 the heads of government departments and others of similar rank below that of governor or ,president4 ,it is improper to thus designate the chiefs of bureaus1 and other subordinates4 ,in official communications the official designation only should be employed4 ,judges in ,general4 ,honorable ,john ,brown4 ,sir3 ,dear ,sir3 ,justice of the ,peace4 ,john ,brown1 ,esq4 ,dear ,sir3 ,mayor4 ,honorable ,john ,brown1 ,mayor of ----4 ,sir3 or ,your ,honor3 ,navy ,officers4 ,admiral ,bowman ,mc,calla1 ,commanding ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,sir3 ,commodores and others are addressed similarly1 changing title to suit the office4 ,mr4 and ,esq4 ,these terms are somewhat interchangeable in ,america1 but an ignorant man should not be addressed as ,esq4 ,it is proper to confine the title to persons of refinement4 ,my ,dear ,sir4 ,this implies closer friendship than ,dear ,sir4 ,miss4 ,miss ,clara ,barton4 ,dear ,madam3 or ,dear ,miss3 or ,miss ,barton3 ,mrs4 ,may be used1 contrary to views expressed elsewhere in this volume1 before such titles as ,mrs4 ,general ,sheridan1 ,mrs4 ,admiral ,porter4 ,this custom has the sanction of good usage at the ,national ,capital1 though critics condemn it4 ,mrs4 ,do not address a married woman as ,mrs4 ,jane ,smith4 ,address her as ,mrs4 ,erastus ,smith if ,erastus is her husband's name4 ,mr4 ,mr4 is sometimes used before such titles as ,president1 ,chief ,justice1 ,attorney ,general1 etc4 ,military and ,naval4 ,those who rank under captain in the ,army1 and commodore in the ,navy1 are addressed as ,mr41 ,sir1 or ,dr41 with ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 or ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 after their names4 ,physicians and ,surgeons4 ,doctor ,john ,brown4 ,dear ,sir3 ,see ,doctor for women4 ,president of a ,board of ,education1 ,directors1 ,commissions1 etc4 ,to ,john ,brown1 ,esq41 ,president of ----4 ,sir3 ,president of the ,senate4 ,to ,honorable ,john ,brown1 ,president of the ,senate of the ,u4 ,s4 ,sir3 or ,honorable ,sir3 ,president of the ,u4 ,s4 ,to the ,president1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 or ,to the ,president1 ,executive ,mansion1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,salutation is ,sir3 or ,mr4 ,president3 ,omit all further ceremony4 ,professor4 ,this title is conferred by election or by courtesy to men of just scholarship4 ,the title should not be applied to barbers1 horse trainers1 dancing teachers and like persons4 ,rector1 ,minister1 ,priest1 ,rabbi1 or ,reader4 ,the ,reverend4 ,salutation--,sir3 ,reverend ,sir3 ,reverend and ,dear ,sir3 ,reverend4 ,always write the before the title ,reverend4 ,never use ,rev4 immediately before the surname4 ,,roman ,,catholic ,,clergy4 ,the ,pope4 ,to ,our ,most ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix31 or ,to ,his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,most ,holy ,father31 or ,your ,holiness3 ,catholics write at the end of the letter3 ,prostrate at the feet of ,your ,holiness1 and begging the ,apostolic ,benediction1 ,i protest myself now and at all times to be of ,your ,holiness the most obedient son1 ,,john ,,brown4 ,those who are not ,catholics should trust to good sense to conclude respectfully4 ,cardinals4 ,to ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,brown1 ,bishop of ----3 or ,to ,his ,eminence the ,most ,reverend ,cardinal ,brown4 ,most ,eminent ,sir3 or ,most ,eminent and ,most ,reverend ,sir3 ,conclude thus3 ,of ,your ,eminence the most obedient and most humble servant2 or1 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,most ,eminent ,sir1 with profound respect your obedient and humble servant4 ,archbishop4 ,most ,reverend ,archbishop ,riordan1 or ,most ,reverend ,john ,brown1 ,archbishop of ----4 ,most ,reverend and ,respected ,sir31 or ,most ,reverend and ,dear ,sir3 ,conclude thus3 ,most ,reverend ,sir1 or ,most ,reverend ,archbishop1 or ,most ,reverend and ,dear ,sir1 ,your obedient servant4 ,most ,reverend and ,dear ,sir3 should be used by a clergyman or a friend only4 ,bishop4 ,right ,reverend ,john ,brown1 ,bishop of ----4 ,right ,reverend ,sir3 ,conclude3 ,i have the honor to remain1 ,right ,reverend ,sir1 ,your obedient servant4 ,women ,superiors4 ,mother ,angelica1 ,superior of ----4 7,sisters of ,charity47 ,priests4 ,see ,rector1 etc4 ,legal ,titles4 ,members of the bar should always be addressed with ,esq4 following their names4 ,state ,legislatures4 ,same as the houses of ,congress1 except the name and the phrase1 in ,congress assembled4 ,senate of the ,united ,states4 ,to the ,honorable the ,senate of the ,united ,states in ,congress assembled4 ,honorable ,sirs3 or ,may ,it ,please ,your ,honorable ,body3 or ,the ,honorable ,senate3 ,vice ,president4 ,to the ,honorable ,henry ,wilson1 ,vice ,president of the ,u4 ,s41 or 7unofficial7 ,honorable ,henry ,wilson4 ,sir3 ,,index4 ,unless otherwise designated the citations are to paragraphs4 ,abbreviations in general1 #ac to #bf ,abbreviations of names of states1 #bi ,address1 forms of1 #hc ,ages of persons1 #ai ,a4 ,m41 and like references1 #ah ,anno ,domini1 #ac ,apostrophes to be omitted1 when1 #ae ,apostrophe in possessives1 #af ,apostrophe wrong for plurals1 #ad ,arabic numerals1 #ag ,authors are supreme1 #ab ,authority1 sources of1 #a ,books1 how cited1 #bb1 #cf1 #eb and 7#ab7 under #bg ,brick or bricks as plural1 7h7 #gd ,cantos1 how cited1 #cg ,capital letters1 when needed1 #cc1 #cd ,chemical terms1 #ce ,co4 and ,company1 #ba ,company1 singular verb1 7d7 #gd ,collective nouns1 #gd ,compounds in detail1 #aj1 #bg1 #da1 #db1 #dc to #dg ,commas essential1 7#ah7 under #bg ,copymaking is an art1 #f ,credits1 how printed1 #eb ,dashes1 when omitted1 #dh ,dates1 #bc1 #bd ,dep't and similar abbreviations1 7#b7 under #bg ,de ,vinne's ,system1 #a ,de ,vinne violated1 #di ,dictionary of capital letters in detail1 being alphabetically arranged1 #cc ,dictionary should govern1 #aj ,division of words1 #ej ,edited ,,mss4 save money1 #c ,editorial observations1 #ea ,employee preferred to employe1 7#a7 under #ea ,er words rather than re1 ,page #ed ,et al41 ,page #eb ,etc41 ,page #eb ,ethics and similar words1 7g7 under #gd ,farther and further1 #ee ,figures1 how used in dates1 #bd ,follows and as follow1 ,page #eb ,following named1 ,page #ec ,foreign words and phrases1 #ef ,headquarters is or are1 ,page #eb ,hours1 how written1 #be ,interrupted compounds1 #de ,last held meeting1 ,page #eb ,law books1 how cited1 #cf ,magazines1 how named1 #ed ,medieval1 etc41 #fc ,month1 how written1 #bf ,money1 ten dollars was paid1 #gd ,,ms4 and ,,mss41 7#d7 under #bg ,names not abbreviated1 #bh ,names1 plural of1 #fe ,newspapers and magazines1 #ed ,night of ,horrors1 #cd ,numbers1 spell out1 #bd ,o1 ,oh1 ,oh61 #fd ,on yesterday or yesterday1 ,page #ec ,operas and plays1 #eb and #eh ,pages1 how cited1 #ch ,paper1 size for printers1 #h ,paragraphs1 how cited1 #cg ,parentheses and punctuation1 #fb ,parentheses for states1 7#aj7 under #bg ,pet names1 how used1 7#aa7 under #bg ,plays and operas1 how cited1 #eb ,plurals1 ,page #ec ,plurals of names1 #fe ,preferred words1 ,page #ec ,printers blamed1 #e ,printers to edit reprint1 #aa ,,ps41 7#ag7 under #bg ,publications1 how cited1 #ci ,punctuation1 some forms of1 #fa1 #fb ,quarto1 7#ab7 under #bg ,quote-marks in general1 #ff and #fh ,quote-marks1 use of single1 #fh ,reverend1 the1 #fi ,salutations1 how written1 #ei1 #fj ,saviour and savior1 #gj ,scriptural citations1 #dj ,self-confessed1 ,page #ed ,ships and vessels1 #ec ,simplified spelling1 #hb ,singulars and plurals1 #gd ,single quote-marks1 #fh ,singulars again1 7c7 under #gd ,smaller type1 #fg ,specials1 #ga ,spellings preferred1 #gb ,spoonfuls1 ,page #ec ,states1 names of abbreviated1 #bi ,stenographers need the code1 #hj ,streets1 how printed1 7#ac7 under #bg ,style-codes to be mastered1 #i ,style-codes needed1 #b ,sums-two and two is four1 7a7 under #gd ,time references1 7#ad7 under #bg ,titles1 how written1 7#g7 and 7#ae7 under #bg ,to wit1 7#h7 under #bg ,towns and cities1 7#f7 under #bg ,unfamiliar words1 #eg ,united ,states is or are1 #gc ,verbs1 singular or plural1 #gd ,wave-lines1 #gh ,welsh rabbit1 ,page #ec ,whereabouts is1 #ge ,women and husband's titles1 #gf ,words1 division of1 #ej ,words in legal papers1 7#af7 under #bg ,years1 #bc 99 99 99 99 99 444 ,,the 444 ,mysell-,rollins ,bank ,note ,company ,,manufacturers ,,of ,,new ,,york ,no4 #a ,reporter's ,note ,book the approved reporter's note book1 used by official stenographers and reporters that know ,,bank ,,stock ,reporter's ,note ,book made from our celebrated ,bank ,stock ,paper--,saves and relieves the sight ,fine for pen or pencil #bb ,clay ,street ,san ,francisco ,california 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,bold text is surrounded by equals signs1 and small caps have been changed to ,,all ,,caps4 ,punctuation has been standardised4 ,variations in hyphenation and obsolete or variant spelling have all been preserved4 ,the following changes have been made3 ,page #bj3 twelvemo #abmo3 7#abmo may be used7 ,page #de3 standstone sandstone ,index3 ,abbreviations of names of states1 #bh #bi ,index3 ,states1 names of abbreviated1 #bh #bi ,index3 ,ethics and similar words1 7#i7 under #gd 7g7 under #gd ,index3 ,headquarters is or are1 #eb ,page #eb ,index3 ,last held meeting1 #eb ,page #eb