,illu/ration ,front cov] ,,! ,,butt]fly ,,book ,illu/ration ,,plate ,i1 ,frontispiece4 ,,spr+ ,,butt]flies4 ,pyrameis ,c>dui1 ,l9n41 7,! ,pa9t$ ,lady72 #b4 ,p4 ,hunt]a1 ,fabr41 7,hunt]'s ,butt]fly72 #c4 ,grapta ,int]rogationis1 ,fabr41 7,! ,"q ,sign72 #d4 ,colias ,philodice1 ,godt41 2 #e4 ,d41 7,! ,cl\d$ ,sulphur72 #f4 ,vanessa ,antiopa1 ,l9n41 7,! ,m\rn+ ,cloak74 ,,copyright$ ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holl&1 #ahih ,,! ,,butt]fly ,,book ,a ,,popul> ,,guide ,,to ,a ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holl&1 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,*ancellor ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania2 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,c>negie ,,museum1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa42 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,! ,,zo,,logical ,,& ,,entomological ,,societies ,,( ,,london2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,entomological ,,society ,,( ,,france1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,) #dh ,,plates ,,9 ,,color-,,photography1 ,,reproductions ,,( ,,butt]flies ,,9 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,collection1 ,,& ,,_m ,,text ,,illu/rations ,,pres5t+ ,,mo/ ,,( ,,! ,,species ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,illu/ration ,,g>d5 ,,city ,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aibb ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holl&4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,at ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,press1 ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,n4,y4 ,,to ,,my ,,good ,,wife ,,& ,,my ,,two ,,bonny ,,boys1 ,,! ,,companions ,,( ,,my ,,leisure ,,h\rs ,,& ,,my ,,vacation ,,rambles1 ,i ,,d$icate ,,?is ,,book1 ,,)\t ,,ask+ ,,_! ,,p]mission ,,preface ,at "s "t or o!r 9 ! life ( e heal?y "y p]son !re appe>s to be develop$ :at has be5 /yl$ ! collect+ mania4 ,:e!r ?is t5d5cy is due to ! natural acquisitiv5ess ( ! human race1 to an innate appreciation ( ! beautiful & ! curi\s1 or to ! developm5t ( an in/9ct su* z is possess$ by ! b[]-bird1 ! magpie1 & ! cr[1 :i* h ! curi\s habit ( ga!r+ toge!r & /or+ away trifles :i* are bright & attractive to ! eye1 ,i leave to /ud5ts ( ! m9d to decide4 ,! fact is pat5t t !re is no village )\t its y\?ful en?usia/ ^: collection ( po/age-/amps is de> to 8 he>t1 & no t[n 9 :i* !re are n amateur geologi/s1 ar*ologi/s1 botani/s1 & zologi/s1 :o are eag]ly b5t ^u ! =mation ( collections ( su* objects z possess an attraction = !m4 ,"o ( ! commone/ pursuits ( boyhood is ! =mation ( a collection ( insects4 ,! c>e] ( almo/ e naturali/ ( r5[n has be5 m>k$ 9 its e>ly /ages by a prop5sity to collect ^! l[]1 yet mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive1 =ms ( animal life4 ,among ! insects1 because ( _! beauty1 butt]flies h always held a =emo/ place 9 ! reg>d ( ! amateur collector4 ,= ! lack1 h[ev]1 ( suitable in/ruction 9 ! art ( pres]v+ specim5s1 &1 above all1 by reason ( ! almo/ entire lack ( a conv5i5t & well-illu/rat$ manual1 enabl+ ! collector to id5tify1 "n1 & prop]ly classify ! collections :i* he is mak+1 mu* ( ! labor exp5d$ 9 ?is direction 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada fails to accompli% m ?an ! furni%+ ( tempor>y recreation4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ,europe4 ,manuals1 compreh5sive 9 scope1 & ri*ly adorn$ ) illu/rations ( ! lead+ insect =ms ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,cont95t1 h be5 produc$ 9 great numb]s 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,! result is t ! y\?ful collector ent]s ! field 9 ^? c\ntries 9 ! possession ( a va/ advantage ov] 8 less =tunate ,am]ican fell[4 ,x is to meet ?is want on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic t ?is volume has be5 writt54 ,its aim is to guide ! amateur collector 9 "r pa?s & to prep>e him by ! intellig5t accompli%m5t ( 8 labors = ! enjoym5t ( /ill wid] & m difficult rese>*es 9 ?is & alli$ fields ( human k4 ,! "w is conf9$ to ! fauna ( ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica nor? ( ! ,rio ,gr&e ( ,texas4 ,x is ess5tially popul> 9 its "*4 ,^? :o seek a m te*nical treatm5t mu/ resort to ! writ+s ( o!rs4 ,if ,i %all succe$ 9 ?is book 9 creat+ a m wide-spread int]e/ 9 ! _w ( insect life & !reby div]t+ att5tion 9 a measure f ! p]secut$ birds1 :i* ,i love1 b :i* are 9 _m species ?reat5$ ) ext9ction by ! too eag] att5tions :i* !y are receiv+ f "y naturali/s1 :o are go+ =? 9 increas$ numb]s ) %ot-gun 9 h&1 ,i ?9k ,i %all r5d] a good s]vice to ! c\ntry4 ,i flatt] myself t ,i h possess$ peculi> facilities = ! successful accompli%m5t ( ! und]tak+ ,i h propos$ to myself1 because ( ! possession ( :at is admitt$ to be und\bt$ly ! l>ge/ & mo/ p]fect collection ( ! butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 exi/5ce1 conta9+ ! types ( ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 & _m ( ^? ( o!r au?ors4 ,i h also enjoy$ access to all ! o!r great collections ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 & h _h at my elb[ ! entire lit]ature relat+ to ! subject4 ,! successful developm5t 9 rec5t mon?s ( ! process ( reproduc+ 9 colors photographic repres5tations ( objects has be5 to a c]ta9 degree ! argum5t = ! publication ( ?is book at ! pres5t "t4 ,a few ye>s ago ! prep>ation ( su* a "w z ?is at ! l[ price at :i* x is sold w\ld h be5 an utt] impossibility4 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes1 is sold at "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s1 &1 z ,i "k1 is sold ev5 at ?is price bel[ ! co/ ( manufacture4 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 by ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd]1 9 ?ree volumes1 is sold at sev5ty-five doll>s1 & likewise repres5ts at ?is price only a p>tial return to ! le>n$ au?or = ! money1 labor1 & "t exp5d$ ^u x4 ,! pres5t volume1 :ile n pret5d+ to vie 9 any respect ) ! magnific5ce ( ! illu/rations conta9$ 9 ^! beautiful & co/ly works1 nev]!less pres5ts 9 recognizable =m almo/ e species figur$ 9 !m1 & 9 addition a multitude ( o!rs1 _m ( :i* h nev] be=e be5 del9eat$4 ,s f> z possible ,i h employ$1 9 mak+ ! illu/rations1 ! orig9al types f :i* ! au?or ( ! species drew 8 descriptions4 ,?is fact w no d\bt add greatly to ! value ( ! "w1 z x w n only s]ve z a popul> guide1 b h utility also = ! sci5tific /ud5t4 ,i am "u obligations to num]\s fri5ds & correspond5ts :o h aid$ me1 & take ! pres5t opportunity to ext5d to !m all my he>ty ?anks = ! g5]\s mann] 9 :i* !y h assi/$ me 9 my pleasant task4 ,i %\ld fail1 h[ev]1 to foll[ ! in/9cts ( a grateful he>t did ,i n r5d] an especial ackn[l$gm5t to ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 ( ,coalburg1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & ,dr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,scudd]1 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts4 ,ju/ly e/eem$ z ! two =emo/ lepidopt]i/s ( ,am]ica1 x is my honor to claim !m z p]sonal fri5ds1 ^: k9dness has mu* aid$ me 9 ?is labor ( sci5tific love :i* ,i h und]tak54 ,= ! k9d p]mission giv5 me by ,dr4 ,scudd] to use v>i\s illu/rations conta9$ 9 ! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl& & o!r works1 ,i am pr(\ndly grateful4 ,i am "u obligations to ,messrs4 ,*>les ,scribn]'s ,sons = p]mission to use ! cuts numb]$ #df-di1 #ea-ef1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 & #gc1 :i* are tak5 f ! "w entitl$ ,taxid]my & ,zological ,collect+1 by ,w4,t4 ,hornaday1 & to ! au?orities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum & ! heirs ( ! late ,pr(essor ,c4,v4 ,riley = o!r illu/rations4 ,%\ld ?is book f9d ! favor :i* ,i h reason to ?9k x des]ves1 ,i %all endeavor %ortly to foll[ x by ! prep>ation ( a simil> "w ^u ! mo?s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,*ancellor1 ,w4,j4,h4 ,,we/]n ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania1 ,augu/ #af1 #ahih4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,& ,,anatomy ,,( ,,butt]flies #c-be ,! ,eggs ( ,butt]flies4 ,cat]pill>s3 ,/ructure1 ,=m1 ,color1 etc42 ,m\lts2 ,food ( ,cat]pill>s2 ,duration ( ,l>val ,/ate2 ,trans=mation4 ,! ,pupa1 or ,*rysalis3 ,! ,=m ( ,*rysalids2 ,duration ( ,pupal ,life2 ,! ,trans=mation f ! ,*rysalis to ! ,imago4 ,anatomy ( ,butt]flies3 ,! ,head2 ,! ,?orax2 ,! ,abdom52 ,! ,legs2 ,! ,w+s2 ,int]nal ,organs2 ,polymorphism & ,dimorphism2 ,alb9ism & ,melanism2 ,mon/rosities2 ,mimicry4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,butt]flies4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,capture1 ,,prep>ation1 ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,specim5s #bf-eg ,collect+ ,app>atus3 ,nets2 ,collect+-,j>s2 ,field-,boxes2 ,! ,use ( ! ,net2 ,baits2 ,beat+4 ,! ,bre$+ ( ,specim5s3 ,h[ to ,get ! ,eggs ( ,butt]flies2 ,bre$+-,cages2 ,h[ to ,f9d ,cat]pill>s2 ,hib]nat+ ,cat]pill>s4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,specim5s3 ,pap]+ ,specim5s2 ,m\nt+ ,butt]flies2 ,relax+ ,specim5s2 ,! ,prep>ation & ,pres]vation ( ,butt]fly ,eggs2 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,*rysalids2 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,cat]pill>s4 ,! ,pres]vation & ,arrangem5t ( ,collections3 ,boxes2 ,cab9ets & ,draw]s2 ,label+2 ,arrangem5t ( ,specim5s2 ,insect ,pe/s2 ,greasy ,specim5s2 ,m\ld2 ,repair+ ,specim5s2 ,pack+ & ,=w>d+ ,specim5s2 ,p9s2 ,! ,=ceps4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,butt]flies #eh-fh ,! ,place ( ,butt]flies 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom2 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5tific ,arrangem5t2 ,! ,species2 ,! ,g5us2 ,! ,family1 etc42 ,sci5tific ,names2 ,synonyms2 ,popul> ,names4 ,,iv4 ,,books ,,ab\t ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,butt]flies #fi-gd ,e>ly ,writ]s2 ,lat] ,writ]s2 ,p]iodicals4 ,,! ,,book ,,page ,,! ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,nor? ,,( ,,mexico4 ,family ,i4 ,nymphalidae1 ! ,bru%-foot$ ,butt]flies #gg ,subfamily ,euplae9ae1 ! ,milkwe$ ,butt]flies #hj ,subfamily ,i?omi9ae1 ! ,long-w+$ ,butt]flies #he ,subfamily ,heliconi9ae1 ! ,heliconians #ia ,subfamily ,nymphal9ae1 ! ,nymphs #ic ,subfamily ,satyr9ae1 ! ,satyrs1 ,mead[-br[ns1 & ,arctics #aig ,subfamily ,liby!9ae1 ! ,sn\t-butt]flies #bbf ,family ,,ii4 ,lemoniidae #bbh ,subfamily ,eryc99ae1 ! ,metal-m>ks #bbh ,family ,,iii4 ,lyca5idae #bcf ,subfamily ,lyca59ae1 ! ,hair-/reaks1 ! ,blues1 & ! ,copp]s #bcf ,family ,,iv4 ,papilionidae1 ! ,swall[tails & ,allies #bgb ,subfamily ,pi]9ae1 ! ,:ites1 ! ,sulphurs1 ! ,orange-tips #bgb ,subfamily ,papilion9ae1 ! ,p>nassians & ,swall[tails #cjd ,family ,v4 ,hesp]iidae1 ! ,skipp]s #cah ,subfamily ,pyrrhopyg9ae #cai ,subfamily ,hesp]i9ae1 ! ,hesp]ids #cbj ,subfamily ,pamphil9ae #cci ,subfamily ,mega?ym9ae1 g5us ,mega?ymus #cfg ,,digressions ,,& ,,quotations ,,page ,immortality 7,sig\rney7 #eg ,hugo's ,fl[] to ,butt]fly 7,translat$ by ,eug5e ,field7 #gd ,sup]/itions 7,frank ,c[an7 #ij ,lu!r's ,sadde/ ,exp]i5ce 7,yale ,lit]>y ,magaz9e1 #aheb7 #ajj ,a ,race aft] a ,butt]fly #abg ,suspici\s ,conduct #acf ,collect+ 9 ,japan #adi ,faunal ,regions #afa ,widely ,di/ribut$ ,butt]flies #aga ,! ,butt]flies' ,fad 7,ella ,:eel] ,wilcox7 #ahf ,fossil ,insects #aie ,9 ! ,face ( ! ,cold #bbd ,uncle ,jo?am's ,bo>d] 7,annie ,trumbull ,slosson7 #bcc ,mimicry #bce ,! ,utility ( ,entomology #bef ,size #bga ,in/9ct #bhj ,r$ ,ra9 7,frank ,c[an7 #bii ,= a ,design ( a ,butt]fly ,re/+ on a ,skull 7,mrs4 ,hemans7 #cjc ,! ,cat]pill> & ! ,ant 7,allan ,ramsay7 #caf ,collections & ,collectors #ccg ,ex*anges #cdd ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,egg ( ,basil>*ia disippus1 magnifi$ #c #b4 ,egg ( ,basil>*ia disippus1 natural size #c #c4 ,egg ( ,papilio turnus1 enl>g$ #d #d4 ,egg ( ,anosia plexippus1 magnifi$ #d #e4 ,egg ( ,anosia plexippus1 natural size #d #f4 ,egg ( ,an?o*>is g5utia1 magnifi$ #d #g4 ,egg ( ,lycna pseud>giolus1 magnifi$ #d #h4 ,egg ( ,melita phaton1 magnifi$ #d #i4 ,micropyle ( egg ( ,pi]is ol]acea1 magnifi$ #e #aj4 ,eggs ( ,grapta comma1 magnifi$ #e #aa4 ,eggs ( ,vanessa antiopa1 magnifi$ #e #ab4 ,cat]pill> ( ,papilio phil5or #f #ac4 ,head ( cat]pill> ( ,papilio a/]ias1 magnifi$ #f #ad4 ,head ( cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 magnifi$ #f #ae4 ,head ( cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 side view1 enl>g$ #g #af4 ,cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 natural size #g #ag4 ,=e leg ( cat]pill> ( ,vanessa antiopa1 enl>g$ #g #ah4 ,ant]ior segm5ts ( cat]pill> ( ,a4 plexippus #g #ai4 ,proleg ( cat]pill> ( ,vanessa antiopa1 enl>g$ #g #bj4 ,cat]pill> ( ,basil>*ia disippus #h #ba4 ,e>ly /ages ( goatwe$ butt]fly #i #bb4 ,head ( cat]pill> ( ,papilio troilus #i #bc4 ,cat]pill> ( milkwe$ butt]fly *ang+ into *rysalis #aa #bd4 ,*rysalis ( milkwe$ butt]fly #ab #be4 ,*rysalis ( ,papilio phil5or #ab #bf4 ,cat]pill> & *rysalis ( ,pi]is protodice #ab #bg4 ,*rysalis ( ,pi]is ol]acea #ac #bh4 ,butt]fly em]g+ f *rysalis #ac #bi4 ,head ( milkwe$ butt]fly1 %[+ p>ts #ad #cj4 ,cross-section ( suck+-tube ( butt]fly #ae #ca4 ,longitud9al section ( ! head ( ! milkwe$ butt]fly #ae #cb4 ,int]ior /ructure ( head ( milkwe$ butt]fly #af #cc4 ,labial palpus ( butt]fly #af #cd4 ,legs ( butt]fly #ag #ce4 ,p>ts ( leg ( butt]fly #ag #cf4 ,scales on w+ ( butt]fly #ah #cg4 ,&roconia f w+ ( butt]fly #ah #ch4 ,outl9e ( w+ ( butt]fly #bj #ci4 ,arrangem5t ( scales on ! w+ ( a butt]fly #bj #dj4 ,figure ( w+1 %[+ names ( ve9s #ba #da4 ,int]nal anatomy ( cat]pill> ( milkwe$ butt]fly #bb #db4 ,int]nal anatomy ( milkwe$ butt]fly #bc #dc4 ,plan = fold+ net-r+ #bg #dd4 ,insect-net #bg #de4 ,plan = mak+ a *eap net #bg #df4 ,cyanide-j> #bi #dg4 ,pap] cov] = cyanide #bi #dh4 ,me?od ( p9*+ a butt]fly #cj #di4 ,*eap =m ( bre$+-cage #ce #ej4 ,bre$+-cage #cf #ea4 ,butt]fly 9 envelope #ch #eb4 ,me?od ( mak+ envelopes #ch #ec4 ,sett+-bo>d #ci #ed4 ,sett+-block #ci #ee4 ,butt]fly on sett+-block #ci #ef4 ,sett+-ne$le #dj #eg4 ,sett+-bo>d ) mo? ^u x #dj #eh4 ,butt]fly p9n$ on sett+-bo>d #da #ei4 ,dry+-box #da #fj4 ,dry+-box #db #fa4 ,app>atus = inflat+ l>v #de #fb4 ,tip ( inflat+-tube #df #fc4 ,dry+-ov5 #df #fd4 ,dry+-ov5 #dg #fe4 ,detail draw+ ( book-box #dh #ff4 ,detail draw+ ( box #dh #fg4 ,detail draw+ ( box #di #fh4 ,insect-box #di #fi4 ,detail draw+ ( draw] = cab9et #ea #gj4 ,detail draw+ = pap] bottom ( box to take place ( cork #eb #ga4 ,mann] ( arrang+ specim5s 9 cab9et or box #eb #gb4 ,naph?al9e cone #ec #gc4 ,butt]flies pack$ = %ipm5t #ee #gd4 ,=ceps #ef #ge4 ,=ceps #eg #gf4 ,ant5n ( butt]fly #fa #gg4 ,ant5n ( mo?s #fb #gh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,anosia #ha #gi4 ,sw>m ( milkwe$ butt]flies1 photograph$ at night #hc #hj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,me*anitis #hf #ha4 ,neuration ( g5us ,c]at9ia #hh #hb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,dirc5na #hi #hc4 ,=e leg ( female ,dirc5na klugi #hi #hd4 ,neuration ( g5us ,heliconius #ia #he4 ,"y cat]pill> ( ,vanessa antiopa #id #hf4 ,neuration ( g5us ,colnis #ie #hg4 ,neuration ( g5us ,dione #if #hh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,euptoieta #ih #hi4 ,neuration ( g5us ,argynnis #aja #ij4 ,neuration ( g5us ,br5?is #abi #ia4 ,neuration ( g5us ,melita #ach #ib4 ,neuration ( g5us ,phyciodes #aea #ic4 ,neuration ( g5us ,eresia #aeg #id4 ,neuration ( g5us ,syn*lo #aei #ie4 ,neuration ( g5us ,grapta #afc #if4 ,neuration ( g5us ,vanessa #afg #ig4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pyrameis #agj #ih4 ,neuration ( g5us ,junonia #agb #ii4 ,neuration ( g5us ,an>tia #agd #ajj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,hypan>tia #age #aja4 ,neuration ( g5us ,eunica #agf #ajb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,cy/9eura #agg #ajc4 ,neuration ( g5us ,callicore #agh #ajd4 ,neuration ( g5us ,timetes #agi #aje4 ,neuration ( g5us ,hypolimnas #aha #ajf4 ,neuration ( g5us ,basil>*ia #ahb #ajg4 ,leaf cut away at end by ! cat]pill> ( ,basil>*ia #ahc #ajh4 ,hib]naculum ( cat]pill> ( ,basil>*ia #ahc #aji4 ,neuration ( g5us ,adelpha #ahg #aaj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,*lorippe #ahh #aaa4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pyrrhana #aib #aab4 ,neuration ( g5us ,ag]onia #aic #aac4 ,neuration ( g5us ,victor9a #aie #aad4 ,neuration ( g5us ,debis #aii #aae4 ,neuration ( g5us ,satyrodes #bjj #aaf4 ,neuration ( g5us ,neonympha #bja #aag4 ,neuration ( g5us ,co5onympha #bje #aah4 ,neuration ( g5us ,erebia #bjh #aai4 ,neuration ( g5us ,geiro*eilus #baa #abj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,neom9ois #bab #aba4 ,neuration ( g5us ,satyrus #bad #abb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,o,eneis #bai #abc4 ,cat]pill>s ( ,o,eneis mac\ni #bba #abd4 ,neuration ( g5us ,liby!a #bbf #abe4 ,neuration ( base ( h9d w+ ( g5us ,lemonias #bbh #abf4 ,neuration ( g5us ,lemonias #bbi #abg4 ,neuration ( g5us ,calephelis #bcb #abh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,eumu #bcg #abi4 ,neuration ( ,!cla edw>dsi #bch #acj4 ,neuration ( ,!cla mel9us #bdb #aca4 ,neuration ( ,!cla damon #bdf #acb4 ,neuration ( ,!cla niphon #bdi #acc4 ,neuration ( ,!cla titus #bej #acd4 ,neuration ( g5us ,f5iseca #bea #ace4 ,neuration ( g5us ,*rysophanus #beb #acf4 ,neuration ( ,lycna pseud>giolus #bfg #acg4 ,neuration ( ,lycna comyntas #bfh #ach4 ,neuration ( g5us ,dismorphia #bgc #aci4 ,neuration ( g5us ,neophasia #bgd #adj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,ta*yris #bgf #ada4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pi]is #bgg #adb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,na?alis #bha #adc4 ,neuration ( g5us ,eu*lo #bhb #add4 ,neuration ( g5us ,catopsilia #bhf #ade4 ,neuration ( g5us ,kricogonia #bhg #adf4 ,neuration ( g5us ,megano/oma #bhh #adg4 ,neuration ( g5us ,colias #bhi #adh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,t]ias #bie #adi4 ,neuration ( g5us ,p>nassius #cje ,an ,a/ronom]'s ,conception ( an ,entomologi/ #cag #aej4 ,head & ant5na ( g5us ,pyrrhopyge #cai #aea4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pyrrhopyge #cai #aeb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,eudamus #cba #aec4 ,ant5na & neuration ( g5us ,ple/ia #cbb #aed4 ,neuration ( g5us ,ep>gyreus #cbc #aee4 ,neuration ( g5us ,?orybes #cbd #aef4 ,neuration ( g5us ,a*al>us #cbf #aeg4 ,ant5na & neuration ( g5us ,hesp]ia #cbg #aeh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,sy/asea #cbi #aei4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pholisora #ccj #afj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,?anaos #ccb #afa4 ,neuration ( g5us ,amblyscirtes #cdj #afb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pamphila #cdb #afc4 ,neuration ( g5us ,o>isma #cdc #afd4 ,neuration ( g5us ,ancyloxypha #cde #afe4 ,neuration ( g5us ,copodes #cdf #aff4 ,neuration ( g5us ,erynnis #cdg #afg4 ,neuration ( g5us ,?ymelicus #cea #afh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,atalop$es #ceb #afi4 ,neuration ( g5us ,polites #cec #agj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,hylephila #ced #aga4 ,neuration ( g5us ,pr5es #cee #agb4 ,neuration ( g5us ,calpodes #cee #agc4 ,neuration ( g5us ,l]odea #cef #agd4 ,neuration ( g5us ,limo*ores #ceg #age4 ,neuration ( g5us ,euphyes #cfj #agf4 ,neuration ( g5us ,oligoria #cfa #agg4 ,neuration ( g5us ,poanes #cfb #agh4 ,neuration ( g5us ,phycanassa #cfb #agi4 ,neuration ( g5us ,atrytone #cfd #ahj4 ,neuration ( g5us ,l]ema #cff #aha4 ,mega?ymus yucc1 #cfg #ahb4 ,l>va ( ,mega?ymus yucc #cfh #ahc4 ,*rysalis ( ,mega?ymus yucc #cfh ,! ,popul> ,conception ( an ,entomologi/ #cfi ,,li/ ,,( ,,color$ ,,plates ,produc$ by ! color-photographic process ( ! ,*icago ,colortype ,company1 #abje ,roscoe ,/reet1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fac+ ,,page ,i4 ,spr+ ,butt]flies ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,cat]pill>s ( ,papilionid & ,hesp]iid #f ,,iii4 ,cat]pill>s ( ,nymphalid #ah ,,iv4 ,*rysalids 9 ,color & 9 ,outl9e--,nymphalid #cj ,v4 ,*rysalids 9 ,color & 9 ,outl9e--,nymphalid1 ,lycnid1 ,pi]9 #dd ,,vi4 ,*rysalids 9 ,color & 9 ,outl9e--,papilon9 & ,hesp]iid #eh ,,vii4 ,anosia & ,basil>*ia #hj ,,viii4 ,i?omi91 ,heliconius1 ,dione1 ,colnis1 & ,euptoieta #hh ,,ix4 ,argynnis #ajj ,x4 ,argynnis #ajd ,,xi4 ,argynnis #ajh ,,xii4 ,argynnis #aab ,,xiii4 ,argynnis #aaf ,,xiv4 ,argynnis #abb ,,xv4 ,br5?is #acj ,,xvi4 ,melita #ach ,,xvii4 ,melita1 ,phyciodes1 ,eresia #aeb ,,xviii4 ,argynnis1 ,br5?is1 ,melita1 ,phyciodes1 ,eresia1 ,syn*lo1 ,debis1 ,geiro*eilus #aef ,,xix4 ,grapta1 ,vanessa #afd ,,xx4 ,grapta1 ,vanessa1 ,junonia1 ,an>tia1 ,pyrameis #afh ,,xxi4 ,timetes1 ,hypolimnas1 ,eunica1 ,callicore #agh ,,xxii4 ,basil>*ia1 ,adelpha #ahd ,,xxiii4 ,*lorippe #aij ,,xxiv4 ,pyrrhana1 ,ag]onia1 ,syn*lo1 ,cy/9eura1 ,hypan>tia1 ,victor9a #aif ,,xxv4 ,satyrodes1 ,co5onympha1 ,neonympha1 ,neom9ois1 ,erebia #bjd ,,xxvi4 ,satyrus #bad ,,xxvii4 ,o,eneis #bbj ,,xxviii4 ,liby!a1 ,lemonias1 ,calephelis1 ,eumu1 ,*rysophanus1 ,f5iseca #bbh ,,xxix4 ,*rysophanus1 ,!cla #bcf ,,xxx4 ,!cla1 ,lycna #bdf ,,xxxi4 ,lycna #bef ,,xxxii4 ,lycna1 ,!cla1 ,na?alis1 ,eu*lo #bff ,,xxxiii4 ,catopsilia1 ,pyrameis #bgb ,,xxxiv4 ,eu*lo1 ,neophasia1 ,pi]is1 ,kricogonia #bhj ,,xxxv4 ,ta*yris1 ,pi]is1 ,colias #bhh ,,xxxvi4 ,megano/oma1 ,colias #bid ,,xxxvii4 ,t]ias1 ,dismorphia #bih ,,xxxviii4 ,papilio #cjb ,,xxxix4 ,p>nassius #cjf ,,xl4 ,papilio #caj ,,xli4 ,papilio #cad ,,xlii4 ,papilio #caf ,,xliii4 ,papilio1 ,colias1 ,pyrameis1 ,ep>gyreus #cah ,,xliv4 ,papilio #cbc ,,xlv4 ,papilio1 ,pholisora1 ,eudamus1 ,a*al>us1 ,pyrrhopyge1 ,ple/ia1 ,calpodes1 ,?anao #ccj ,,xlvi4 ,hesp]iid #cch ,,xlvii4 ,hesp]iid #cej ,,xlviii4 ,hesp]iid & ,colias eury!me #cfj ,,introduction ,,introduction ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,life-,,hi/ory ,,& ,,anatomy ,,( ,,butt]flies ,! /udy ( butt]flies1--creatures select$ z ! types ( air9ess & frivolity1--in/ead ( be+ despis$1 w "s day be valu$ z "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( biological sci5ce4--,,bates1 ,naturali/ on ! ,amazons4 ,9 /udy+ any subject1 x is always well1 if possible1 to comm5ce at ! beg9n+2 & 9 /udy+ ! life ( animals1 or ( a gr\p ( animals1 we %\ld endeavor to obta9 a cle> idea at ! outset ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are develop$4 ,x is a famili> say+ t all life is f an egg4 ,?is /atem5t is sci5tifically true 9 wide fields :i* come "u ! eye ( ! naturali/1 & butt]flies are no exception to ! rule4 ,,! ,,eggs ,,( ,,butt]flies ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #a4--;,egg ( ,basil>*ia disippus1 magnifi$ #cj diamet]s 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #b4--;,egg ( ,basil>*ia disippus1 natural size1 at ! end ( "u surface ( leaf 7,riley74 ,! eggs ( butt]flies consi/ ( a membran\s %ell conta9+ a fluid mass compos$ ( ! g]m ( ! future cat]pill> & ! liquid food :i* is necess>y = its ma9t5ance & developm5t until x escapes f ! %ell4 ,! =ms ( ^! eggs are v>i\s4 ,"s are sph]ical1 o!rs hemisph]ical1 conical1 & cyl9drical4 ,"s are b>rel-%ap$2 o!rs h ! %ape ( a *eese1 & /ill o!rs h ! =m ( a turban4 ,_m ( !m are angl$1 "s depress$ at ! ends4 ,_! surface is v>i\sly ornam5t$4 ,sometimes !y are ribb$1 ! ribs runn+ f ! c5t] outw>dly & d[nw>dly along ! sides l ! m]idian l9es ^u a globe4 ,betwe5 ^! ribs !re is frequ5tly f\nd a f9e network ( rais$ l9es v>i\sly arrang$4 ,sometimes ! surface is cov]$ ) m9ute depressions1 sometimes ) a s]ies ( m9ute elevations v>i\sly dispos$4 ,z !re is great v>iety 9 ! =m ( ! eggs1 s also !re is great v>iety 9 _! color4 ,br[n1 blue1 gre51 r$1 & yell[ eggs occur4 ,gre5i% or gre5i%-:ite are common t9ts4 ,! eggs are (t5 ornam5t$ ) dots & l9es ( d>k] color4 ,species :i* are relat$ to "o ano!r %[ _! aff9ity ev5 9 ! =m ( _! eggs4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! eggs ( insects !re are "o or m curi\s /ructures1 kn[n z micropyles 7little doors71 ?r\gh :i* ! sp]matozoa ( ! male f9d +ress & !y are f]tiliz$4 ,^! c only be se5 "u a good microscope4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #c4--;,egg ( ,papilio turnus1 greatly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #d4--;,egg ( ,anosia plexippus1 magnifi$ #cj diamet]s 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #e4--;,egg ( ,anosia plexippus1 natural size1 on "u side ( leaf 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #f4--;,egg ( ,an?o*>is g5utia1 magnifi$ #bj diamet]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #g4--,turban-%ap$ egg ( ,lycna pseud>giolus1 greatly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #h4--;,egg ( ,melita phaton1 greatly magnifi$4 ,! eggs are laid ^u ! food-plant ^u :i* ! cat]pill>1 aft] x is hat*$1 is de/9$ to live1 & ! female reveals wond]ful in/9ct 9 select+ plants :i* are appropriate to ! developm5t ( ! l>va4 ,z a rule1 ! l>v are re/rict$ 9 ! range ( _! food-plants to c]ta9 g5]a1 or families ( plants4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #i4--,upp] end ( egg ( ,pi]is ol]acea1 greatly magnifi$1 %[+ ! micropyle4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aj4--;,egg ( ,grapta comma1 laid 9 /r+-l clu/]s on ! "u side ( leaf4 7,magnifi$47 ,! eggs are deposit$ sometimes s+ly1 sometimes 9 small clu/]s1 sometimes 9 a mass4 ,f]tile eggs1 a few days aft] !y h be5 deposit$1 frequ5tly und]go a *ange ( color1 & x is (t5 possible ) a magnify+-glass to see ?r\gh ! ?9 %ell ! =m ( ! m9ute cat]pill> :i* is be+ develop$ )9 ! egg4 ,unfruitful eggs g5]ally %rivel & dry up aft] ! lapse ( a %ort "t4 ,! p]iod ( "t requisite = ! developm5t ( ! embryo 9 ! egg v>ies4 ,_m butt]flies are s+le-brood$2 o!rs produce two or ?ree g5]ations dur+ ! summ] 9 temp]ate climates1 & ev5 m g5]ations 9 subtropical or tropical climates4 ,9 su* cases an int]val ( only a few days1 or weeks at ! mo/1 sep>ates ! "t :5 ! egg 0 deposit$ & ! "t :5 ! l>va is hat*$4 ,:5 ! p]iod ( hat*+1 or em]g5ce1 has arriv$1 ! little cat]pill> cuts its way =? f ! egg ?r\gh an op5+ made ei!r at ! side or on ! top4 ,_m species h eggs :i* appe> to be provid$ ) a lid1 a portion ( ! %ell be+ sep>at$ f ! rema9d] by a ?9 section1 :i*1 :5 ! cat]pill> has rea*$ ! full limit all[$ by ! egg1 breaks "u ! pressure ( ! enl>g+ embryo )91 "o portion ( ! egg fly+ (f1 ! rema9d] adh]+ to ! leaf or twig ^u :i* x has be5 deposit$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aa4--;,eggs ( ,vanessa antiopa1 laid 9 a mass on a twig4 ,,cat]pill>s ,/ructure1 ,=m1 ,color1 etc4--,! second /age 9 :i* ! insects we are /udy+ exi/ is kn[n z ! l>val /age4 ,! insect is kn[n z a l>va1 or a cat]pill>4 ,9 g5]al cat]pill>s h long1 worm-l bodies4 ,frequ5tly !y are ?icke/ ab\t ! middle1 tap]+ be=e & beh9d1 flatt5$ on ! "u side4 ,:ile ! cyl9drical %ape is mo/ common1 !re are "s families 9 :i* ! l>v are %ort1 oval1 or slug-%ap$1 sometimes curi\sly modifi$ by ridges & prom95ces4 ,! body ( ! l>v ( lepidopt]a consi/s normally ( ?irte5 r+s1 or segm5ts1 ! fir/ con/itut+ ! head4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ab4--;,cat]pill> ( ,papilio phil5or 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ac4--;,head ( cat]pill> ( ,papilio a/]ias1 front view1 enl>g$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ad4--;,head ( cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 l[] side1 magnifi$ #aj diamet]s3 lb1 labrum1 or upp] lip2 md1 m&ibles2 mx1 maxilla1 ) two palpi2 lm1 labium1 or l[] lip1 ) "o pair ( palpi2 s1 sp9n]et2 a1 ant5na2 o1 ocelli4 7,aft] ,burgess47 ,! head is always conspicu\s1 compos$ ( horny or *it9\s mat]ial1 b v>y+ exce$+ly 9 =m & size4 ,x is v r>ely small & retract$4 ,x is g5]ally l>ge1 hemisph]ical1 conical1 or bilob$4 ,9 "s families x is ornam5t$ by horn-l projections4 ,on ! l[] side are ! m\?-p>ts1 consi/+ ( ! upp] lip1 ! m&ibles1 ! ant5n1 or feel]s1 ! "u lip1 ! maxill1 & two sets ( palpi1 kn[n z ! maxill>y & ! labial palpi4 ,9 _m g5]a ! labium1 or "u lip1 is provid$ ) a %ort1 horny projection kn[n z ! sp9n]et1 ?r\gh :i* ! silk secret$ by ! cat]pill> is pass$4 ,on ei!r side1 j above ! m&ibles1 are locat$ ! eyes1 or ocelli1 :i* 9 ! cat]pill> are simple1 r\nd1 %9+ prom95ces1 g5]ally only to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ! aid ( a magnify+-glass4 ,^! ocelli are frequ5tly arrang$ 9 s]ies on ea* side4 ,! palpi are organs ( t\* connect$ ) ! maxill & ! labium1 or "u lip1 & are us$ 9 ! process ( fe$+1 & also :5 ! cat]pill> is crawl+ ab\t f place to place4 ,! l>va appe>s to guide itself 9 great "p by means ( ! palpi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,ii ,reproduc$1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd]1 f ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #gf4 ,,cat]pill>s ,,( ,,papilionid ,,& ,,hesp]iid #a4 ,colias eury!me4 #b4 ,callidryas eubule4 #c4 ,t]ias lisa4 #d4 ,callidryas eubule4 #e4 ,eu*lo g5utia4 #f4 ,t]ias nicippe4 #g4 ,pi]is protodice4 #h4 ,pi]is napi1 v>4 ol]acea4 #i4 ,pi]is napi1 v>4 ol]acea4 #aj4 ,colias philodice4 #aa4 ,pi]is rap4 #ab4 ,pi]is rap4 #ac4 ,papilio phil5or4 #ad4 ,papilio ajax4 #ae4 ,papilio turnus4 ,j be=e pupation4 #af4 ,papilio cresphontes4 #ag4 ,papilio a/]ias4 ,9 second /age4 #ah4 ,papilio troilus4 #ai4 ,papilio troilus4 ,9 ?ird /age2 pla94 #bj4 ,papilio phil5or4 #ba4 ,papilio phil5or4 ,9 ?ird /age2 dorsal view4 #bb4 ,papilio troilus4 ,9 ?ird /age2 dorsal view4 #bc4 ,a*al>us lycidas4 ,dorsal view4 #bd4 ,papilio a/]ias4 ,9 f\r? /age2 dorsal view4 #be4 ,?orybes pylades4 #bf4 ,papilio turnus4 ,dorsal view4 #bg4 ,papilio a/]ias4 #bh4 ,papilio turnus4 #bi4 ,?orybes pylades4 #cj4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 #ca4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 #cb4 ,?orybes ba?yllus4 #cc4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 #cd4 ,eudamus proteus4 #ce4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 ,9 ?ird /age4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ae4--;,head ( cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 side view1 %[+ ocelli4 ,illu/ration ,,fig #af4--;,cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 milkwe$ butt]fly 7,riley74 ,! body ( ! cat]pill> is cov]$ by a ?9 sk91 :i* (t5 lies 9 wr9kl$ folds1 admitt+ ( great fre$om ( motion4 ,! body is compos$1 z we h se51 ( r+s1 or segm5ts1 ! fir/ ?ree ( :i*1 back ( ! head1 correspond to ! ?orax ( ! p]fect insect1 & ! la/ n9e to ! abdom5 ( ! butt]fly4 ,on ea* r+1 ) ! exception ( ! second1 ! ?ird1 & ! la/1 !re is f\nd on ei!r side a small oval op5+ kn[n z a spiracle1 ?r\gh :i* ! creature brea!s4 ,z a rule1 ! spiracles ( ! fir/ & elev5? r+s are l>g] 9 size ?an ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ag4--;,=e leg ( cat]pill> ( ,vanessa antiopa1 enl>g$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ah4--;,ant]ior segm5ts ( cat]pill> ( milkwe$ butt]fly1 %[+ ?oracic or true legs 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ai4--,proleg ( cat]pill> ( ,vanessa antiopa1 enl>g$4 ,e cat]pill> has on ea* ( ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts a pair ( legs1 :i* are organs compos$ ( ?ree some:at horny p>ts cov]$ & b\nd toge!r ) sk91 & arm$ at _! extremities by a %>p claw 7,fig4 #ag74 ,^! ?ree pairs ( feet 9 ! cat]pill> are always kn[n z ! =e legs1 & correspond to ! six :i* are f\nd 9 ! butt]fly or ! mo?4 ,9 addition1 9 mo/ cases1 we f9d f\r pairs ( prolegs on ! "u side ( ! segm5ts f ! six? to ! n9?1 & ano!r pair on ! la/ segm5t1 :i* latt] pair are call$ ! anal prolegs4 ,^! organs1 :i* are necess>y to ! life ( ! cat]pill>1 d n reappe> 9 ! p]fect insect1 b are lo/ :5 ! trans=mation f ! cat]pill> to ! *rysalis takes place4 ,!re are v>i\s modifications ( ?is s*eme ( foot-l app5dages1 only ! l>g] & m highly develop$ =ms ( lepidopt]a hav+ z _m pairs ( prolegs z h be5 enum]at$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bj4--;,cat]pill> ( ,basil>*ia disippus1 ! vic]oy1 natural size 7,riley74 ,! bodies ( cat]pill>s are v>i\sly ornam5t$3 _m ( !m are q smoo?2 _m are provid$ ) horny projections1 sp9es1 & em95ces4 ,! coloration ( cat]pill>s is z rem>kable 9 ! v>iety :i* x displays z is ! ornam5tation by means ( ! prom95ces ( :i* we h j spok54 ,z cat]pill>s1 = ! mo/ "p1 fe$ ^u gr[+ vegetation1 multitudes ( !m are gre5 9 color1 be+ ?us adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s & secur+ a measure ( protection4 ,_m are br[n1 & exactly mimic ! color ( ! twigs & bran*es ^u :i* !y re/ :5 n engag$ 9 fe$+4 ,n a few are v gaily color$1 b 9 almo/ e case ?is gay color+ is f\nd to be> "s relation to ! color ( ! objects ^u :i* !y re/4 ,cat]pill>s v>y 9 _! social habits4 ,"s species are greg>i\s1 & are f\nd 9 colonies4 ,^! frequ5tly build = !mselves def5ses1 weav+ webs ( silk among ! bran*es1 9 :i* !y are 9 "p protect$ f _! enemies & also f ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r4 ,mo/ cat]pill>s are1 h[ev]1 solit>y1 & no community life is ma9ta9$ by ! va/ majority ( species4 ,_m species h ! habit ( draw+ toge!r ! edges ( a leaf1 9 :i* way !y =m a cov]+ = !mselves4 ,! cat]pill>s ( "s butt]flies are wood-bor+1 & con/ruct tunnels 9 ! pi?1 or 9 ! s(t lay]s ( gr[+ plants4 ,9 ^! cases1 be+ protect$ & conceal$ f view1 ! cat]pill>s are g5]ally :ite 9 _! coloration1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ! l>v ( wood-bor+ beetles4 ,a mo/ curi\s ph5om5on has )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s be5 discov]$ 9 connection ) ! l>val /age ( c]ta9 small butt]flies belong+ to ! family ,lyco5idoe4 ,! cat]pill>s are c>nivor\s1 or r aphidivor\s2 !y live ^u aphids1 or plant-lice1 & scale-insects1 & cov] !mselves ) ! :ite exudations or mealy secretions ( ! latt]4 ,?is trait is *>act]i/ic ( only "o ( our ,nor? ,am]ican species1 ! ,h>ve/] 7,f5iseca t>qu9ius74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ba4--;,e>ly /ages ( ! goatwe$ butt]fly3 a1 cat]pill>2 b1 *rysalis2 c1 leaf drawn toge!r at edges to =m a ne/4 7,natural size47 7,riley47 ,9 addition to be+ protect$ f enemies by hav+ colors :i* enable !m to elude obs]vation1 z has be5 already /at$1 "s cat]pill>s are provid$ ) o!r means ( def5se4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ! swall[tail butt]flies are provid$ ) a bifurcate or =k$ organ1 g5]ally yell[ 9 color1 :i* is protrud$ f an op5+ 9 ! sk9 back ( ! head1 & :i* emits a p[]ful odor 7,fig4 #bb74 ,?is protrusive organ evid5tly exi/s only = purposes ( def5se1 & ! secretion ( ! odor is analog\s to ! secretion ( evil odors by "s ( ! v]tebrate animals1 z ! skunk4 ,! majority ( cat]pill>s1 :5 attack$ by insect or o!r enemies1 def5d !mselves by quickly hurl+ ! ant]ior "p ( ! body f side to side4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bb4--;,head ( cat]pill> ( ,papilio troilus1 ) sc5t-organs1 or osmat]ia1 protrud$4 ,m\lts4--,cat]pill>s 9 ! process ( gr[? & developm5t f "t to "t %$ _! sk9s4 ,?is process is call$ m\lt+4 ,m\lt+ takes place1 z a rule1 at regul> int]vals1 ?\gh !re are exceptions to ?is rule4 ,! "y l>va1 hav+ em]g$ f ! egg1 gr[s = a numb] ( days1 until ! epid]mis1 or true sk91 has become too small4 ,x !n ceases fe$+1 atta*es itself firmly to "s po9t1 & rema9s quiet = a "t4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod c]ta9 *anges are tak+ place1 & !n ! sk9 splits along ! middle l9e f ! head to ! extremity ( ! la/ segm5t1 & ! cat]pill> crawls =? f ! sk91 :i* is left beh9d x1 atta*$ to ! leaf or bran* to :i* x 0 fa/5$4 ,! sk9 ( ! head sometimes rema9s atta*$ to ! head ( ! cat]pill> = a "t aft] x has m\lt$1 & !n falls (f to ! gr\nd4 ,ord9>ily n m ?an five1 & frequ5tly only f\r1 m\lts take place betwe5 hat*+ f ! egg & ! *ange into ! *rysalis4 ,9 cases :]e cat]pill>s hib]nate1 or pass ! w9t] 9 inaction1 a long int]val necess>ily elapses betwe5 m\lts4 ,"s arctic species are kn[n 9 :i* ! developm5t f ! egg to ! p]fect insect cov]s a p]iod ( two or ?ree ye>s1 long p]iods ( hib]nation "u ! arctic sn[s tak+ place4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! cat]pill> )draws itself f its exuvi1 or old sk91 is highly int]e/+4 ,e little sp9e or r\gh prom95ce is )drawn f its cov]+1 & ! sk9 is left z a p]fect ca/ ( ! creature :i* has em]g$ f x1 ev5 ! hairs & sp9es atta*$ to ! sk9 be+ left beh9d & replac$ by o!rs4 ,! ,food ( ! ,cat]pill>4--,! va/ majority ( ! cat]pill>s ( butt]flies subsi/ ^u vegetable food1 ! only exceptions be+ ! s+ul> "o already not$ 9 :i* ! l>v fe$ ^u scale-insects4 ,"s ( ! ,hesp]iid1 a gr\p 9 :i* ! relation%ip betwe5 butt]flies & mo?s is %[n1 h l>v :i* burr[ 9 ! roots & /ems ( vegetation4 ,duration ( ! ,l>val ,/ate4--,! duration ( ! l>val /ate v>ies greatly4 ,9 temp]ate climates ! majority ( species exi/ 9 ! cat]pill> /ate = f two to ?ree mon?s1 & :]e hib]nation takes place1 = t5 mon?s4 ,_m cat]pill>s :i* hib]nate d s imm$iately aft] em]g+ f ! egg & be=e hav+ made ! fir/ m\lt4 ,! great majority1 h[ev]1 hib]nate aft] hav+ pass$ "o or m m\lts4 ,) ! approa* ( spr+ !y r5ew _! fe$+ ^u ! fir/ reappe>ance ( ! foliage ( _! prop] food-plant1 or are trans=m$ into *rysalids & pres5tly em]ge z p]fect insects4 ,a few species live greg>i\sly dur+ ! p]iod ( hib]nation1 con/ruct+ = !mselves a %elt] ( leaves wov5 toge!r ) /r&s ( silk4 ,trans=mation4--,! l>val or cat]pill> /age hav+ be5 complet$1 & full developm5t hav+ be5 atta9$1 ! cat]pill> is trans=m$ into a pupa1 or *rysalis4 ,( ?is1 ! ?ird /age 9 ! life ( ! insect1 we n[ %all speak at l5g?4 ,,! ,,pupa1 ,,or ,,*rysalis ,! cat]pill>s ( _m butt]flies atta* !mselves by a button ( silk to ! "u surface ( a bran* or /one1 or o!r project+ surface1 & are trans=m$ into *rysalids1 :i* are nak$1 & :i* hang p]p5dicul>ly f ! surface to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,o!r cat]pill>s atta* !mselves to surfaces by means ( a button ( silk :i* holds ! anal extremity ( ! *rysalis1 & h1 9 addition1 a girdle ( silk :i* passes ar\nd ! middle ( ! *rysalis1 hold+ x 9 place v mu* z a papoose is held on ! back ( an ,indian squaw by a /rap pass$ ov] h] %\ld]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bc4--;,cat]pill> ( ,anosia plexippus1 und]go+ *ange into *rysalis3 a1 cat]pill> j be=e r5d+ ( ! sk92 b1 *rysalis j be=e ! crema/]1 or hook1 at its end is )drawn2 c1 *rysalis hold+ itself 9 place by ! folds ( ! %$ sk9 caught betwe5 ! edges ( ! abdom9al segm5ts1 :ile ) ! crema/]1 arm$ ) microscopic hooks1 x se>*es = ! button ( silk f :i* x is to hang 7,riley74 7,comp>e ,fig4 #bd1 %[+ f9al =m ( ! *rysalis47 ,! ,=m ( ,*rysalids4--,! =ms assum$ by ! insect 9 ?is /age ( its be+ v>y v greatly1 ?\gh !re is a g5]al resemblance among ! diff]5t families & subfamilies1 s t x is easy = "o :o has /udi$ ! matt] to tell approximately to :at family ! =m belongs1 ev5 :5 x is n specifically kn[n4 ,*rysalids are 9 mo/ cases obscure 9 color+1 ?\gh a few are q brilliant1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! common milkwe$ butt]fly 7,anosia plexippus71 ornam5t$ ) gold5-hu$ spots4 ,! *rysalids ( ! ,nymphalid1 "o ( ! l>ge/ gr\ps ( butt]flies1 are all susp5d$4 ,! *rysalids ( ! ,papilionid1 or swall[tail butt]flies1 are held 9 place by girdles1 & g5]ally are bifurcate or cleft at ! upp] end 7,fig4 #be71 & are gre5i% or wood-br[n 9 color4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bd4--;,*rysalis ( ,anosia plexippus1 f9al =m 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #be4--;,*rysalis ( ,papilio phil5or3 a1 front view2 b1 side view1 %[+ mann] 9 :i* x is held 9 place by ! girdle ( silk 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bf4--,pi]is protodice3 a1 cat]pill>2 b1 *rysalis 7,riley74 ,a /udy ( ! /ructure ( all *rysalids %[s t )9 !m !re is conta9$ ! immature butt]fly4 ,! segm5ts ( ! body are en%ea!d 9 ! correspond+ segm5ts ( ! *rysalis1 & sold]$ ov] ^! segm5ts are en%ea?+ plates ( *it9\s matt] "u :i* are ! w+s ( ! butt]fly1 z well z all ! o!r organs necess>y to its exi/5ce 9 ! airy realm ^u :i* x ent]s aft] em]g5ce f ! *rysalis4 ,! practis$ eye ( ! obs]v] is soon able to di/+ui% ! location ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! butt]fly 9 ! *rysalis1 & :5 ! "t = escape draws ne>1 x is 9 _m cases possible to disc]n ?r\gh ! ?91 yet t\gh & h>d1 out] walls ( ! *rysalis ! spots & colors on ! w+s ( ! insect4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bg4--;,*rysalis ( ,pi]is ol]acea 7,riley47 ,duration ( ,pupal ,life4--,_m butt]flies rema9 9 ! *rysalis /age only = a few weeks2 o!rs hib]nate 9 ?is /ate1 & 9 temp]ate climates a great _m butt]flies pass ! w9t] z *rysalids4 ,:]e1 z is sometimes ! case1 !re are two or ?ree g5]ations or broods ( a species dur+ ! ye>1 ! life ( "o brood is g5]ally long] ?an t ( ! o!rs1 because ?is brood is compell$ to ov]w9t]1 or hib]nate4 ,!re are a numb] ( butt]flies kn[n 9 temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica :i* h ?ree broods3 a spr+ brood1 em]g+ f *rysalids :i* h ov]w9t]$2 an e>ly summ] brood2 & a fall brood4 ,! *rysalids 9 ! latt] two cases g5]ally repres5t only a c\ple ( weeks at mo/ 9 ! life ( ! insect4 ,9 tropical & semi-tropical c\ntries _m species rema9 9 ! *rysalis =m dur+ ! dry season1 & em]ge at ! beg9n+ ( ! ra9s1 :5 vegetation is refre%$ & new & t5d] gr[?s occur 9 ! =e/s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bh4--;,butt]fly 7,papilio a/]ias7 j em]g+ f *rysalis4 ,! ,trans=mation f ! ,*rysalis to ! ,imago4--,! p]fectly develop$ insect is kn[n te*nically z ! imago4 ,:5 ! "t ( maturity 9 ! *rysalis /ate has be5 rea*$1 ! cov]+s "p 9 su* a way z to all[ ( ! escape ( ! p]fect insect1 :i*1 z x comes =?1 g5]ally c>ries ) x "s sugge/ion ( its cat]pill> /ate 9 ! l5g!n$ abdom51 :i* x ) app>5t difficulty trails aft] x until x secures a hold ^u "s object f :i* x may dep5d :ile a process ( developm5t 7:i* la/s g5]ally a few h\rs7 takes place prep>atory to flight4 ,! imago1 z x fir/ em]ges1 is provid$ ) small1 flaccid w+s1 :i*1 toge!r ) all ! organs ( s5se su* z ! ant5n1 require = _! complete developm5t ! injection into !m ( ! vital fluids :i*1 ^u fir/ em]g5ce1 are l>gely conta9$ 9 ! cavities ( ! ?orax & abdom54 ,hang+ p5dant on a project+ twig1 or cl++ to ! side ( a rock1 ! insect rema9s fann+ its w+s1 :ile by ! /rong process ( circulation a rapid injection ( ! blood into ! w+s & o!r organs takes place1 accompani$ by _! expansion to normal proportions1 9 :i* !y gradually atta9 to m or less rigidity4 ,h>dly any?+ 9 ! range ( insect life is m int]e/+ ?an ?is rapid developm5t ( ! butt]fly aft] its fir/ em]g5ce f ! *rysalis4 ,! body is robb$ ( its liquid cont5ts 9 a l>ge degree2 ! abdom5 is %ort5$ up2 ! *it9\s r+s :i* compose its ext]nal skeleton become set & h>d5$2 ! w+s are exp&$1 & !n ! mom5t arrives :51 on airy p9ions1 ! creature t has liv$ a worm-l life = weeks & mon?s1 or :i* has be5 app>5tly sleep+ ! sleep ( dea? 9 its c]em5ts1 so>s al(t 9 ! air1 ! companion ( ! sunlight & ! breezes4 ,,anatomy ,,( ,,butt]flies ,! body ( ! butt]fly consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--! head1 ! ?orax1 & ! abdom54 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #bi4--;,head ( milkwe$ butt]fly1 /ripp$ ( scales & greatly magnifi$ 7aft] ,burgess73 v1 v]tex2 f1 front2 cl1 clypeus2 lb1 labrum1 or upp] lip2 md1 m&ibles2 a1 ant5n2 oc1 eyes2 tk1 spiral tongue1 or proboscis4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cj4--;,cross-section ( ! suck+-tube ( ! milkwe$ butt]fly1 to %[ ! way 9 :i* ! halves unite to =m a c5tral canal 7c73 tr1 tra*e1 or air-tubes2 n1 n]ves2 m1 m#c1 muscles ( "o side4 7,magnifi$ #abe diamet]s47 7,burgess47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ca4--,longitud9al section ( ! head ( ! milkwe$ butt]fly3 cl1 clypeus2 mx1 left maxilla1 ! "r be+ remov$2 mfl1 floor ( m\?2 oe1 oesophagus1 or gullet2 ov1 m\?-valve2 sd1 saliv>y duct2 dm & fm1 dorsal & frontal muscles1 :i* op5 ! sac4 7,magnifi$ #bj diamet]s74 7,burgess47 ,! ,head4--,! head is globul>1 its bread? g5]ally exce$+ its l5g?4 ,! top is call$ ! v]tex2 ! ant]ior portion1 correspond+ 9 location to ! human face1 is call$ ! front4 ,^u ! sides ( ! head are situat$ ! l>ge comp\nd eyes1 betwe5 :i* are ! ant5n1 or feel]s1 z !y are sometimes call$4 ,above ! m\? is a smoo? horny plate1 ! clypeus4 ,! labrum1 or upp] lip1 is q small4 ,on bo? sides ( ! m\? are rudim5t>y m&ibles1 :i* are microscopic objects4 ,! true suctorial app>atus is =m$ by ! maxill1 :i* are produc$ 9 ! =m ( semi-cyl9drical tubes1 :i*1 be+ br\ght toge!r & int]lock+1 =m a complete tube1 :i* is kn[n z ! proboscis1 & :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 is curl$ up spirally1 look+ l a wat*-spr+4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! proboscis1 9 ! head1 is a bulb-l enl>gem5t1 9 ! walls ( :i* are ins]t$ muscles :i* h _! orig9 on ! inn] wall ( ! head4 ,:5 ^! muscles contract1 ! bulb-l cavity is enl>g$1 a vacuum is produc$1 & ! fluids 9 ! cup ( ! fl[] fl[ up ! proboscis & into ! bulb4 ,! bulb is also surr\nd$ by muscles1 :i*1 :5 contract+1 compress x4 ,! ext]nal op5+ ( ! tube has a flap1 or valve1 :i*1 :5 ! bulb is compress$1 closes & causes ! fluid 9 x to fl[ backw>d into ! gullet & ! /oma*4 ,! arrangem5t is me*anically n unlike t 9 a bulb-syr+e us$ by physicians4 ,! process ( fe$+ 9 ! case ( ! butt]fly is a process ( pump+ honey$ wat] out ( ! fl[]s into ! /oma*4 ,! l5g? ( ! proboscis v>ies2 at its base & on ei!r side are plac$ :at are kn[n z ! maxill>y palpi1 :i* are v small4 ,! l[] lip1 or labium1 :i* is also almo/ obsolete 9 ! butt]flies1 has on ei!r side two organs kn[n z ! labial palpi1 :i* consi/ ( ?ree jo9ts4 ,9 ! butt]flies ! labial palpi are g5]ally well develop$1 ?\gh 9 "s g5]a !y are q small4 ,! ant5n ( butt]flies are always provid$ at ! extremity ) a club-%ap$ enl>gem5t1 & because ( ?is clubb$ =m ( ! ant5n ! entire gr\p are kn[n z ! ,rhopaloc]a1 ! ^w be+ comp\nd$ f ! ,greek ^w 771 :i* means a club1 & ! ^w 77 :i* means a horn4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cb4--;,int]ior view ( head ( milkwe$ butt]fly3 cl1 clypeus2 cor1 cornea ( ! eye2 oe1 oesophagus1 or gullet2 fm1 frontal muscle2 dm1 dorsal muscles2 lm1 lat]al muscles2 pm1 muscles mov+ ! palpus 7,burgess74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cc4--,labial palpus ( ,colias1 magnifi$ #aj diamet]s4 ,x w be obs]v$ f :at has be5 said t ! head 9 ^! creatures is to a l>ge ext5t ! seat ( ! organs ( s5se & alim5tation4 ,:at ! function ( ! ant5n may be is some:at d\btful1 ! op9ion ( sci5tific m5 be+ divid$4 ,! late/ rese>*es w\ld indicate t ^! organs1 :i* h be5 reg>d$ z ! organs ( smell & sometimes z ! organs ( he>+1 h probably a comp\nd function1 possibly enabl+ ! creature to he>1 c]ta9ly to smell1 b also1 p]haps1 be+ ! seat ( impressions :i* are n /rictly l any :i* we receive ?r\gh our s5ses4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cd4--;,colias philodice3 a1 ant5na2 p1 extremity ( palpus2 pl1 pro?oracic leg2 ml1 meso?oracic leg2 hl1 meta?oracic or h9d leg2 t1 proboscis4 ,?orax4--,! ?orax is m or less oval 9 =m1 be+ some:at flatt5$ ^u its upp] surface4 ,x is compos$ ( ?ree p>ts1 or segm5ts1 closely unit$1 :i* c only be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by a c>eful dissection4 ,! ant]ior segm5t is kn[n z ! pro?orax1 ! middle segm5t z ! meso?orax1 & ! aft] segm5t z ! meta?orax4 ,! legs are atta*$ 9 pairs to ^! ?ree subdivisions ( ! ?orax1 ! ant]ior pair be+ !re=e sometimes spok5 ( z ! pro?oracic legs1 ! second pair z ! meso?oracic legs1 & ! latt] pair z ! meta?oracic legs 7,fig4 #cd74 ,on ei!r side ( ! meso?orax are atta*$ ! ant]ior pair ( w+s1 ov] :i*1 at _! ins]tion into ! body1 are ! tegul1 or lappets2 on ei!r side ( ! meta?orax are ! po/]ior pair ( w+s4 ,x w be se5 f :at has be5 said t ! ?orax be>s ! organs ( locomotion4 ,! "u side ( ! ?orax is frequ5tly spok5 ( by writ]s1 9 describ+ butt]flies1 z ! pectus1 or brea/4 ,! ,abdom54--,! abdom5 is =m$ normally ( n9e segm5ts1 & 9 mo/ butt]flies is %ort] ?an ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! la/ segm5t !re are v>i\s app5dages1 :i* are ma9ly sexual 9 _! nature4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ce4--,leg ( butt]fly3 c1 coxa2 tr1 tro*ant]2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia2 t>1 t>si4 ,! ,legs4--,butt]flies h six legs1 arrang$ 9 ?ree pairs1 z we h already se54 ,ea* leg consi/s ( five p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i*1 ne>e/ ! body1 is call$ ! coxa1 ) :i* articulates a r+-l piece kn[n z ! tro*ant]4 ,to ?is is atta*$ ! femur1 & unit$ ) ! femur1 =m+ an angle ) x1 is ! tibia4 ,to ! tibia is atta*$ ! t>sus1 or foot1 ! la/ segm5t ( :i* be>s ! claws1 :i* are (t5 v m9ute & blunt 9 ! butt]flies1 ?\gh 9 mo?s !y are sometimes /rongly hook$4 ,! tibi are (t5 arm$ ) sp9es4 ,9 "s gr\ps ( butt]flies ! ant]ior pair ( legs is abort$1 or dw>f$1 ei!r 9 "o or bo? sexes1 a fact :i* is useful 9 det]m9+ ! location ( species 9 _! sy/ematic ord]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cf4--,magnifi$ repres5tation ( arrangem5t ( ! scales on ! w+ ( a butt]fly4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #cg4--;,&roconia f w+s ( male butt]flies3 a1 ,neonympha eurytus2 b1 ,argynnis aphrodite2 c1 ,pi]is ol]acea4 ,! ,w+s4--,! w+s ( butt]flies consi/ ( a framework ( horny tubes :i* are 9 reality d\ble1 ! inn] tube be+ fill$ ) air1 ! out] tube ) blood1 :i* circulates mo/ freely dur+ ! "t t ! insect is und]go+ ! process ( developm5t aft] em]g5ce f ! *rysalis1 z has be5 already describ$4 ,aft] em]g5ce ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! out] portion ( ! tubes is l>gely1 if n altoge!r1 susp5d$4 ,^! horny tubes support a broad membrane1 :i* is clo!d 9 mo/ species ^u bo? sides ) flatt5$ scales :i* are atta*$ to ! membrane 9 su* a way t !y ov]lap "o ano!r l ! %+les on a ro(4 ,^! scales are v beautiful objects :5 exam9$ "u a microscope1 & !re is consid]able div]sity 9 _! =m z well z 9 _! colors4 ,! males ( _m species h peculi>ly %ap$ scales arrang$ 9 tufts & folds1 :i* are call$ &roconia1 & are useful 9 microscopically det]m9+ species 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! portion ( ! w+s :i* is ne>e/ to ! ?orax at ! po9t :]e !y are atta*$ to ! body is call$ ! base2 ! middle ?ird ( ! w+ is kn[n z ! m$ian or discal area1 ! out] ?ird z ! limbal area4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! w+s is call$ ! co/al m>g92 ! out] edge is kn[n z ! ext]nal m>g91 ! inn] edge z ! inn] m>g94 ,! %ape ( ! w+s v>ies v mu*4 ,! tip ( ! front w+ is call$ ! apex1 & ?is may be r\nd$1 acute1 falcate 7some:at sickle-%ap$71 or squ>e4 ,! angle =m$ by ! out] m>g9 ( ! front w+ ) ! inn] m>g9 is commonly kn[n z ! out] angle4 ,! correspond+ angle on ! h9d w+ is kn[n z ! anal angle1 & ! po9t :i* corresponds to ! tip or apex ( ! front w+ is kn[n z ! ext]nal angle 7,fig4 #ch74 ,a k ( ^! t]ms is necess>y 9 ord] to und]/& ! te*nical descriptions :i* are giv5 by au?ors4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,iii ,reproduc$1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd]1 f ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #gd4 ,,cat]pill>s ,,( ,,nymphalid #a4 ,o,eneis semidea4 ,p5ultimate /age4 #b4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #c4 ,neonympha eurytus4 #d4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #e4 ,anosia plexippus4 #f4 ,neonympha eurytus4 #g4 ,o,eneis semidea4 ,j hat*$4 #h4 ,neonympha phocion4 #i4 ,satyrodes can?us4 #aj4 ,neonympha eurytus4 #aa4 ,o,eneis jutta4 ,j hat*$4 #ab4 ,neonympha phocion4 #ac4 ,neonympha eurytus4 ,p5ultimate /age4 #ad4 ,neonympha eurytus4 ,pla9 & enl>g$4 #ae4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #af4 ,debis portl&ia4 #ag4 ,basil>*ia a/yanax4 #ah4 ,satyrus alope4 #ai4 ,basil>*ia disippus4 #bj4 ,*lorippe clyton4 #ba4 ,basil>*ia a/yanax4 #bb4 ,basil>*ia disippus4 ,pla9 outl9e to %[ ! attitude sometimes assum$4 #bc4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 #bd4 ,basil>*ia disippus4 #be4 ,basil>*ia a/yanax4 ,pla94 #bf4 ,basil>*ia ar!mis4 #bg4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 #bh4 ,vanessa antiopa4 #bi4 ,junonia co5ia4 #cj4 ,junonia co5ia4 #ca4 ,grapta progne4 #cb4 ,grapta faunus4 #cc4 ,grapta satyrus4 #cd4 ,pyrameis hunt]a4 #ce4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 #cf4 ,vanessa milb]ti4 #cg4 ,pyrameis c>dui4 #ch4 ,grapta comma4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,if a w+ is exam9$ ) ! nak$ eye1 or ev5 ) a l5s1 a cle> conception ( ! /ructure ( ! ve9s c r>ely be =m$4 ,!re=e x is g5]ally necess>y to remove f ! w+s ! scales :i* cov] !m1 or else blea* !m4 ,! scales may be remov$ me*anically by rubb+ !m (f4 ,!y may be made transp>5t by ! use ( *emical ag5ts4 ,9 ! case ( specim5s :i* are s valuable z to =bid a resort to ^! me?ods1 a cle> k ( ! /ructure ( ! ve9s may be =m$ by simply moi/5+ !m ) pure b5z9e or *lor(orm1 :i* enables ! /ructure ( ! ve9s to be se5 = a few mom5ts4 ,! evaporation ( ^! fluids is rapid1 & !y produce no ill effect ^u ! color & texture ( ! w+s4 ,9 ! case ( common species1 or 9 ! case ( su* z are abundantly repres5t$ 9 ! possession ( ! collector1 & ! practical de/ruction ( "o or two ( :i* is a matt] ( no mom5t1 x is easy to use ! fir/ me?od4 ,! w+ %\ld be plac$ betwe5 two %eets ( f9e writ+-pap] :i* h be5 moi/5$ by ! brea? at ! po9ts :]e ! w+ is laid1 & !n by lightly rubb+ ! f+]-nail or a piece ( ivory1 bone1 or o!r h>d sub/ance ov] ! upp] piece ( pap]1 a good _m ( ! scales may be remov$4 ,?is process may be repeat$ until almo/ all ( !m h be5 tak5 (f4 ,?is me?od is effici5t 9 ! case ( _m ( ! small species :5 !y are /ill fre%2 9 ! case ( ! l>g] species ! scales may be remov$ by means ( a camel's-hair p5cil su* z is us$ by pa9t]s4 ,! *emical me?od ( blea*+ w+s is simple & inexp5sive4 ,= ?is purpose ! w+ %\ld be dipp$ 9 alcohol & !n plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ a blea*+ solution ( "s sort4 ,! be/ ag5t is a solution ( *loride ( lime4 ,aft] ! color has be5 remov$ f ! w+ by ! action ( ! *loride x %\ld be wa%$ 9 a weak solution ( hydro*loric acid4 ,x may !n be cleans$ 9 pure wat] & m\nt$ ^u a piece ( glass1 z microscopic slides are m\nt$1 & ?us pres]v$4 ,:5 ?us blea*$ ! w+ is capable ( be+ m9utely /udi$1 & all po9ts ( its anatomy are br\ght cle>ly into view4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ch4--,outl9e ( w+1 giv+ names ( p>ts4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ci4--;,arrangem5t ( scales on w+ ( butt]fly4 ,! ve9s 9 bo? ! =e & h9d w+s ( butt]flies may be divid$ into simple & comp\nd ve9s4 ,9 ! =e w+ ! simple ve9s are ! co/al1 ! radial1 & ! subm$ian2 9 ! h9d w+1 ! co/al1 ! subco/al1 ! upp] & l[] radial1 ! subm$ian1 & ! int]nal are simple4 ,! co/al ve9 9 ! h9d w+ is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally provid$ ne> ! base ) a %ort asc5d+ bran* :i* is kn[n z ! preco/al ve94 ,9 addition to ^! simple ve9s !re are 9 ! =e w+ two bran*+ ve9s1 "o imm$iately foll[+ ! co/al1 kn[n z ! subco/al1 & ! o!r prec$+ ! subm$ian1 kn[n z ! m$ian ve94 ,! bran*es ( ^! comp\nd ve9s are kn[n z n]vules4 ,! m$ian ve9 always has ?ree n]vules4 ,! n]vules ( ! subco/al ve9s bran* upw>dly & outw>dly t[>d ! co/al m>g9 & ! apex ( ! =e w+4 ,!re are always f f\r to five subco/al n]vules4 ,9 ! h9d w+ ! subco/al is simple4 ,! m$ian ve9 9 ! h9d w+ has ?ree n]vules z 9 ! =e w+4 ,betwe5 ! subco/al & ! m$ian ve9s1 t[>d ! base 9 bo? w+s1 is inclos$ ! cell1 :i* may be :olly or p>tially op5 at its out] extremity1 or clos$4 ,! ve9lets :i* close ! cell at its outw>d extremity are kn[n z ! discocellul> ve9s1 ( :i* !re are normally ?ree4 ,f ! po9t ( union ( ^! discocellul> ve9s g =? ! radial ve9s kn[n respectively z ! upp] & l[] radials1 ?\gh ! upp] radial 9 _m g5]a is emitt$ f ! l[] m>g9 ( ! subco/al4 ,an und]/&+ ( ^! t]ms is1 h[ev]1 m readily d]iv$ f a /udy ( ! figure 9 :i* ! names ( ^! p>ts are indicat$ 7,fig4 #dj74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dj4--,w+ ( ,anosia plexippus1 %[+ ! names ( ! ve9s & n]vules3 ,c1 ,c1 co/al ve9s2 ,,sc1 subco/al ve92 ,,sc#a1 etc41 subco/al n]vules2 ,,ur1 upp] radial2 ,,lr1 l[] radial2 ,m1 m$ian ve9s2 ,m#a1 ,m#b1 ,m#c1 m$ian n]vules2 ,,sm1 subm$ian ve9s2 ,i1 int]nal ve9s2 ,,pc1 preco/al n]vule2 ,,udc1 ,,mdc1 ,,ldc1 upp]1 middle1 & l[] discocellul>s4 ,butt]flies g5]ally hold _! w+s erect :5 !y are at re/1 ) _! two upp] surfaces 9 proximity1 ! "u surfaces alone display+ _! colors to ! eye4 ,only 9 a few g5]a ( ! l>g] butt]flies1 & ^! tropical species1 ) :i* ?is book does n deal1 is !re an exception to ?is rule1 save 9 ! case ( ! ,hesp]iid1 or skipp]s1 9 :i* v frequ5tly1 :ile ! ant]ior w+s are fold$ toge!r1 ! po/]ior w+s lie 9 a horizontal position4 ,int]nal ,organs4--,?us f> we h consid]$ only ! ext]nal organs ( ! butt]fly4 ,! int]nal organs h be5 made ! subject ( close /udy & rese>* by _m writ]s1 & a volume might be prep>$ ^u ?is subject4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 suffice = u to call ! att5tion ( ! /ud5t to ! pr9cipal facts4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #da4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! l>va ( ,anosia plexippus1 1 to %[ ! int]nal anatomy 7! ,roman num]als indicate ! ?oracic1 ! ,arabic ! abdom9al segm5ts73 b1 bra92 sog1 suboesophageal ganglion2 nc1 n]v\s cord2 oe1 oesophagus2 /1 /oma*2 i1 inte/9e2 c1 colon2 sv1 sp9n+-vessel ( "o side2 s1 sp9n]et2 mv1 ,malpighian vessel1 ( :i* only ! portions ly+ on ! /oma* are %[n1 & n ! multitud9\s convolutions on ! inte/9e2 t1 te/is2 dv1 dorsal vessel2 ! saliv>y gl&s are n %[n4 7,magnifi$ #c diamet]s47 7,burgess47 ,! muscul> sy/em f9ds its pr9cipal developm5t 9 ! ?orax1 :i* be>s ! organs ( locomotion4 ,! dige/ive sy/em consi/s ( ! proboscis1 :i* has already be5 describ$1 ! gullet1 or oesophagus1 & ! /oma*1 ov] :i* is a l>ge1 bladd]-l vessel call$ ! food-res]voir1 a sort ( crop prec$+ ! true /oma*1 :i* is a cyl9drical tube2 ! inte/9e is a sl5d] tube1 v>y+ 9 %ape 9 diff]5t g5]a1 divid$ into ! small inte/9e1 ! colon1 & ! rectum4 ,butt]flies brea! ?r\gh spiracles1 little oval op5+s on ! sides ( ! segm5ts ( ! body1 bran*+ f :i* inw>dly are ! tra*e1 or bron*ial tubes4 ,! he>t1 :i* is locat$ 9 ! same relative position z ! sp9e 9 v]tebrate animals1 is a tubul> /ructure4 ,! n]v\s sy/em lies on ! l[] or v5tral side ( ! body1 its position be+ exactly ! rev]se ( t :i* is f\nd 9 ! high] animals4 ,x consi/s ( n]v\s cords & ganglia1 or n]ve-knots1 9 ! diff]5t segm5ts4 ,^? 9 ! head are m l>gely develop$ ?an else:]e1 =m+ a rudim5t>y bra91 ! l>g] portion ( :i* consi/s ( two enorm\s optic n]ves4 ,! /ud5t :o is desir\s ( in=m+ himself m ?or\ghly & accurately z to ! int]nal anatomy ( ^! insects may consult ) pr(it "s ( ! treatises :i* are m5tion$ 9 ! li/ ( works deal+ ) ! subject :i* is giv5 else:]e 9 ?is book4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #db4--,longitud9al section ?r\gh ! imago ( ,anosia plexippus1 1 to %[ ! int]nal anatomy3 t1 tongue2 p1 palpus2 a1 ant5na2 pr1 pro?orax2 mes1 meso?orax2 met1 meta?orax2 ps1 ph>yngeal sac2 b1 bra92 sog1 suboesophageal ganglion2 #a-b1 bl5d$ fir/ & second ganglia ( ! l>va2 #c-d1 bl5d$ ?ird & f\r? ganglia ( ! l>va2 l1 l1 l1 ! ?ree legs2 ac1 aortal *amb]2 dv1 dorsal vessel2 oe1 oesophagus2 res1 res]voir = air or food2 /1 /oma*2 mv1 ,malpighian vessels2 i1 inte/9e2 c1 colon2 r1 rectum2 cp1 copulatory p\*2 o1 oviduct2 ag1 accessory gl&s2 sp1 sp]ma!ca2 ov1 ov>ies 7n fully develop$72 nc1 n]v\s cord4 7,magnifi$ #c diamet]s47 7,burgess47 ,polymorphism & ,dimorphism4--,species ( butt]flies (t5 %[ great diff]5ces 9 ! diff]5t broods :i* appe>4 ,! brood :i* em]ges 9 ! spr+time f ! *rysalis1 :i* has pass$ ! w9t] "u ! sn[s1 may diff] v /rik+ly f ! insect :i* appe>s 9 ! second or summ] brood2 & ! insects ( ! ?ird or fall brood may diff] aga9 f ei!r ! spr+ or ! summ] brood4 ,! c>eful /ud5t notes ^! diff]5ces4 ,su* species are call$ polymorphic1 t is1 appe>+ "u diff]5t =ms4 ,"s species reveal a s+ul> diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes1 & !re may be two =ms ( ! same sex 9 ! same species4 ,?is is mo/ common 9 ! case ( ! female butt]fly1 & :]e !re are two =ms ( ! female or ! male su* a species is said to h dimorphic females or males4 ,?is ph5om5on is reveal$ 9 ! case ( ! well-kn[n ,turnus ,butt]fly2 9 ! cold] regions ( ! cont95t ! females are yell[ b&$ ) black1 l ! males1 b 9 m s\!rn portions ( ! cont95t black females are q common1 & ^! d>k females 7 once ?\ght1 be=e ! tru? 0 kn[n1 to con/itute a sep>ate species4 ,alb9ism & ,melanism4--,alb9os1 :ite or light-color$ =ms1 are q common among butt]flies1 pr9cipally among ! females4 ,on ! o!r h&1 melanism1 or a t5d5cy to ! production ( d>k or ev5 black =ms1 reveals itself4 ,melanism is r m common 9 ! case ( ! male sex ?an 9 ! female sex4 ,! collector & /ud5t w always endeavor1 if possible1 to pres]ve ^! curi\s ab]rations1 z !y are call$4 ,we d n yet entirely und]/& :at are ! causes :i* are at "w to produce ^! *anges 9 ! color1 & all su* ab]rant specim5s h int]e/ = ! sci5tific man4 ,mon/rosities4--,curi\s mal=mations1 produc+ mon/rosities1 sometimes occur among insects1 z 9 o!r animals1 & su* mal=m$ specim5s %\ld likewise be pres]v$ :5 f\nd4 ,"o =m ( mal=mation :i* is n altoge!r uncommon consi/s 9 an app>5t confusion ( sexes 9 specim5s1 ! w+s ( a male insect be+ atta*$ to ! body ( a female1 or half ( an insect be+ male & half female4 ,mimicry4--,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & int]e/+ facts 9 ! animal k+dom is :at has be5 /yl$ mimicry4 ,c]ta9 colors & =ms are possess$ by animals :i* adapt !m to _! surr\nd+s 9 su* wise t !y are 9 a great] or less degree secur$ f obs]vation & attack4 ,or !y possess =ms & colors :i* cause !m to approximate 9 appe>ance o!r creatures1 :i* = "s reason are fe>$ or dislik$ by animals :i* might prey ^u !m1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is resemblance enjoy p>tial or entire immunity4 ,"s butt]flies1 = in/ance1 resemble dri$ leaves1 & z !y are seat$ ^u ! twigs ( trees !y :olly elude ! eye4 ,?is illu/rates ! fir/ =m ( mimicry4 ,o!r butt]flies s closely approximate 9 =m & color species :i* birds & o!r insects w n attack1 because ( ! disagreeable juices :i* _! bodies conta91 t !y are %unn$ by _! natural enemies1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y belong to gr\ps ( insects :i* are ord9>ily gre$ily dev\r$ by birds & o!r animals4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is fact is f\nd 9 ! case ( ! ,disippus ,butt]fly1 :i* belongs to a gr\p :i* is n specially protect$1 b is (t5 ! prey ( insect-eat+ creatures4 ,?is butt]fly has assum$ almo/ ! exact color & m>k+s ( ! milkwe$ butt]fly1 ,anosia plexippus1 :i* is di/a/eful to birds1 & h5ce enjoys peculi> fre$om f ! attacks ( enemies4 ,because ?is adaptation ( "o =m to ano!r evid5tly s]ves ! purpose ( def5se ?is ph5om5on has be5 call$ protective mimicry4 ,! read] :o is curi\s to "k m ab\t ! subject w d well to consult ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace & ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o h writt5 at l5g? ^u mimicry among butt]flies4 ,!re is "h a field ( mo/ int]e/+ inquiry = ! /ud5t4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,butt]flies4--,butt]flies are f\nd ev]y:]e t plant life suit$ to ! n\ri%m5t ( ! cat]pill>s is f\nd4 ,!re are "s species :i* are arctic & are f\nd 9 ! brief summ] ( ! cold ,nor? & ^u ! l(ty summits ( high m\nta9s :i* h an arctic climate4 ,mo/ ( !m are1 h[ev]1 *ildr5 ( ! sun1 & *iefly ab\nd 9 ! temp]ate & tropical regions ( ! e>?4 ,:ile ! numb] ( species :i* are f\nd 9 ! tropics va/ly exce$s ! numb] ( species f\nd 9 ! temp]ate zone1 x is app>5tly true t ! numb] ( specim5s ( c]ta9 species is f> m num]\s 9 temp]ate regions ?an 9 ! tropics4 ,v r>ely 9 tropical c\ntries are great assemblages ( butt]flies to be se51 su* z may be f\nd 9 ! summ] mon?s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sw>m+ ar\nd damp places1 or hov]+ ov] ! fields ( bloom+ clov] or we$s4 ,9 ! :ole va/ region ext5d+ f ! ,rio ,gr&e ( ,texas to ! arctic circle x is d\btful :e!r m ?an sev5 hundr$ species ( butt]flies are f\nd4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe !re are only ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty species4 ,! numb] ( species ( butt]flies & ! numb] ( species ( birds 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are v ne>ly ! same4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,capture1 ,,prep>ation1 ,,& ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,specim5s ,:at h& w\ld cru% ! silk5-w+d fly1 ,! y\nge/ ( incon/ant ,april's m9ions1 ,because x _c climb ! pure/ sky1 ,:]e ! swan s+s1 amid ! sun's dom9ions8 ,n ?9e4 ,,%elley4 ,d n ma% y\r specim5s6--,,! ,,pr(essor4 ,,collect+ ,,app>atus ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dc4--,plan = fold+ net-r+3 c1 halves ( r+ deta*$2 b1 upp] jo9t ( ! halves2 a1 r+ set2 d1 cap ( f]rule2 f1 cap ( f]rule1 %[+ screw 9 place2 e1 screw 7,riley74 ,nets4--,9 ! capture ( insects ( all ord]s1 & especially ( butt]flies & mo?s1 "o ( ! mo/ important in/rum5ts is ! net4 ,g]man naturali/s make use ( :at are kn[n z %e>s 7,s*]571 :i* are made l gigantic scissors1 hav+ at ! end two l>ge oval r+s ^u :i* wire gauze or f9e nett+ is /ret*$4 ,) ?is implem5t1 :i* looks l an old-fa%ion$ c&le-snuff] ( colossal size1 !y succe$ 9 collect+ specim5s )\t do+ mu* injury4 ,%e>s are1 h[ev]1 n mu* 9 vogue among ! naturali/s ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! favorite in/rum5t = ! ord9>y collector is ! net4 ,nets may be made 9 v>i\s ways & ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,!re are a multitude ( devices :i* h be5 inv5t$ = enabl+ ! net to be fold$ up s z to occupy b little space :5 n 9 use4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! net1 :i* c be made almo/ any:]e1 is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,a rod--pref]ably ( bamboo1 or "s o!r light1 /iff mat]ial--is us$ z ! h&le1 n m ?an five feet 9 l5g?4 ,atta*$ to ?is at its upp] end1 a loop or r+ made ( metal1 or "s mod]ately /iff yet flexible mat]ial1 %\ld be ti$ securely4 ,^u ?is !re %\ld be sew$ a bag ( f9e nett+1 pref]ably t>letan4 ,! bag %\ld be q long1 n less ?an eighte5 in*es deep2 ! r+ %\ld be n less ?an a foot 9 diamet]4 ,su* a net c be made at a co/ ( b a few c5ts1 & w be1 9 mo/ cases1 z effici5t z any ( ! m exp5sive nets :i* are m c>efully con/ruct$4 ,a good1 *eap r+ = a net may be made by us+ ! brass f]rule ( a fi%+-rod4 ,! f]rule %\ld be at lea/ ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,into ?is ins]t ! ends ( a metal r+ made by b5d+ brass1 alum9ium1 or iron wire into ! prop] =m4 ,:5 ! ends h be5 ins]t$ into ! f]rule1 melt$ sold] or lead may be p\r$ into x1 & ! ends ( ! wire =m+ ! r+ w be ?us firmly secur$ 9 ! f]rule4 ,! f]rule c !n be ins]t$ into its mate plac$ at ! end ( a bamboo rod4 ,i h commonly obta9$ = ?is purpose ! la/ jo9t or butt ( a fi%+-rod z ! h&le ( a net4 ,su* a h&le c (t5 be pur*as$ = a small sum f a deal] 9 fi%+-rods4 ,x c be made v *eaply4 ,any k9d ( a /ick1 if n too heavy1 w d4 ,x is sometimes conv5i5t to h x 9 y\r p[] to l5g!n ! h&le ( y\r net s z to rea* objects t are at "s elevation above ! head1 & = ?is purpose ,i h _h nets made ) h&les capable ( be+ l5g!n$ by jo9t$ ext5sions4 ,9 collect+ 9 tropical c\ntries1 among tall %rubb]y & und]gr[?1 nets ?us made1 capable ( hav+ _! h&les greatly l5g!n$1 h (t5 prov$ s]viceable4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful collectors ,i h ev] _h 9 my employm5t made 8 net by simply b5d+ a piece ( bamboo into ! =m ( ! frame ( an ,indian sn[-%oe1 to :i* he atta*$ a h&le ab\t a foot & a half 9 l5g?1 & to ?is he affix$ a bag ( nett+4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a ,japanese1 & possess$ a s+ul> dext]ity 9 ! capture ( specim5s ) ?is simple app>atus to :i* ,i myself nev] atta9$4 ,:5 t>letan _c be _h1 ord9>y mosquito-nett+ w d z ! mat]ial = ! bag4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 too co>se 9 ! me% = _m delicate & m9ute species4 ,v f9e nett+ = ! manufacture ( ! bags is made 9 ,switz]l&1 & c be obta9$ f reputable deal]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dd4--;a1 net2 b1 f]rule to receive h&le2 c1 wire hoop to be fa/5$ 9 ! upp] end ( ! f]rule 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #de4--;a1 r+ ( metal ti$ ) wire at a2 b1 f]rule2 c1 plug put 9 be=e p\r+ 9 sold] 7,riley74 ,9 ord] to protect & pres]ve ! net1 x is well to b9d x ) "s ?9 musl9 at ! po9t :]e x is jo9$ to ! r+4 ,nets are sometimes made ) a /rip ( musl91 ab\t two in*es wide1 atta*$ to ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! r+1 & to ?is /rip ( musl9 ! bag is sew$4 ,= my "p1 ,i pref] gray or gre5 z ! color = a net4 ,:ite %\ld be avoid$1 z exp]i5ce %[s t a :ite net w (t5 al>m an insect :5 a net ( d>k] mat]ial w n cause x to fly be=e ! collector is ready to br+ ! net d[n ov] ! spot :]e x is settl$4 ,collect+-,j>s4--,9 kill+ insects v>i\s me?ods h be5 us$4 ,9 practice ! mo/ approv$ me?od is to employ a j> *>g$ ) cyanide ( pota% or ) c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,= l>ge mo?s & butt]flies cyanide ( pota% & c>bonate ( ammonia s]ve v well1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t c>bonate ( ammonia blea*es insects :i* are gre5 9 color4 ,x is well1 9 my judgm5t1 to use a drop or two ( *lor(orm 9 ! j> *>g$ ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 = ! collection ( diurnal lepidopt]a4 ,by putt+ a few drops ( *lor(orm into ! j>1 ! insect is ane/hetiz$1 & its /ruggles are made quickly to cease4 ,! pr9cipal objection to *lor(orm is ! fact t x induces rigidity ( ! ?oracic muscles1 :i* subsequ5tly sometimes int]f]es ) h&some sett+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #df4--;,cyanide-j> prep>$ = use3 ,p1 p]=at$ c>dbo>d2 ,cy1 lumps ( cyanide ( pota%4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dg4--,piece ( pap] punctur$ & slit = pa/+ ov] ! cyanide 9 ! collect+-j>4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! poison+-j> x is well to use a j> :i* has a gr\nd-glass /opp]1 & ! m\? ( :i* is ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is w be l>ge en\gh = mo/ specim5s4 ,! "o-p\nd hydrate ( *loral j>s1 provid$ ) glass /opp]s & sold by ,s*]+1 make ! neate/ collect+-j>s t are kn[n to ! writ]4 ,i h f\nd x well to h su* j>s p>tly cov]$ ) lea!r aft] ! fa%ion ( a dr9k+-flask4 ,an op5+ 9 ! lea!r is left on ei!r side1 p]mitt+ an inspection ( ! cont5ts ( ! j>4 ,! lea!r protects f breakage4 ,at ! bottom ( su* a j> a few lumps ( cyanide ( pota%1 ab\t ! size ( a filb]t1 %\ld be plac$4 ,ov] ?is may be laid a little cotton1 to prev5t ! lumps f rattl+ ab\t loosely at ! bottom ( ! j>4 ,ov] ! cotton !re is pa/$ a %eet ( /rong :ite pap]1 p]=at$ ) a multitude ( holes4 ,9 secur+ ! :ite pap] ov] ! cyanide1 ! writ] has resort$ to a simple me?od :i* is expla9$ 9 ! annex$ diagram4 ,a piece ( pap] is plac$ "u ! j>1 & a circle ! size ( ! inside ( ! j> is trac$ ^u x4 ,!n a disk is cut out ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* great] 9 diamet] ?an ! orig9al circle 7,fig4 #dg74 ,! pap] is punctur$ ov] ! entire surface includ$ )9 ! inn] l9e1 & !n1 ) a scissors1 little ga%es are made f ! out] circumf]5ce inw>d1 s z to p]mit ( ! fold+ up ( ! edge ( ! disk4 ,a little gum tragacan? is !n appli$ to ^! upturn$ edges2 & x is ins]t$ into ! j> & pa/$ securely ov] ! cyanide by ! upturn$ flaps4 ,a j> ?us *>g$ w la/ = a long "t1 if kept prop]ly clos$ :5 n 9 use4 ,cyanide ( pota% has a t5d5cy to deliquesce1 or melt d[n 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure1 & 9 v humid climates or damp places1 if ! j> is n kept well /opp]$1 ! cyanide w quickly become semi-fluid1 ! pap] w become moi/1 & specim5s plac$ 9 ! j> w be injur$ or completely ru9$4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to be> 9 m9d ! fact t ! fumes ( hydrocyanic acid 7prussic acid71 :i* are active 9 produc+ ! dea? ( ! insect1 w n be giv5 (f 9 suffici5t volume unless !re is "s small am\nt ( moi/ure pres5t 9 ! j>2 & 9 a v dry climate ! writ] has f\nd x sometimes necess>y to add a drop or two ( wat] f "t to "t to ! cyanide4 ,! same me?od :i* has be5 describ$ = *>g+ a j> ) cyanide ( pota% c be employ$ 9 *>g+ x ) c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #dh4--,me?od ( disabl+ a butt]fly by p9*+ x :5 9 ! net4 ,field-,boxes4--,9 collect+ butt]flies x is (t5 possible to kill1 or half kill1 ! specim5s conta9$ 9 ! net by a sm>t p9* adm9i/]$ to ! insect by ! ?umb & ! fir/ f+]1 ! pressure be+ appli$ f )\t ! net 7,fig4 #dh74 ,?is mode ( proc$ure1 h[ev]1 unless ! op]ator is c>eful1 is apt to some:at damage ! specim5s4 ,! writ] pref]s to hold ! insect firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & ! fir/ f+]1 & apply a drop or two ( *lor(orm f a vial :i* %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! upp] left-h& ve/-pocket4 ,! application ( ! *lor(orm w cause ! insect to cease its /ruggles imm$iately1 & x may !n be plac$ 9 ! poison+-j>1 or x may be p9n$ into ! field-box4 ,! field-box1 :i* %\ld be worn at ! side1 securely held 9 its place by a /rap go+ ov] ! %\ld] & by ano!r /rap ar\nd ! wai/1 may be provid$ ) ! poison+ app>atus or may be )\t x4 ,9 ! =m] case ! box %\ld be ( t91 & %\ld h securely fa/5$ 9 "o corn] "s lumps ( cyanide1 ti$ 9 gauze4 ,! box %\ld be v tight1 s t :5 x is clos$ ! fumes ( ! cyanide may be reta9$4 ,! bottom %\ld be cov]$ ) cork1 ^u :i* ! specim5s1 z !y are )drawn f ! poison+-j>1 %\ld be p9n$4 ,x is well to be> /rictly 9 m9d t x is a mi/ake to cont9ue to put "o specim5 aft] ano!r into ! poison+-j> until x is half fill$ or q fill$ ) specim5s4 ,9 walk+ ab\t ! field1 if !re are sev]al insects 9 ! j> at a "t1 !y are likely to become rubb$ & _! beauty p>tially de/roy$ by be+ toss$ ab\t z ! collector moves f place to place2 & a l>ge insect plac$ 9 a j> 9 :i* !re are "o or two small] insects w 9 its dea?-/ruggles possibly injure ! latt]4 ,s1 z fa/ z ! insects are p>tially asphyxiat$1 or depriv$ ( ! p[] ( motion1 !y %\ld be remov$ f ! poison+-j> to ! poison+-box1 :]e !y are p9n$ 9 place & prev5t$ f rubb+ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,"s collectors pref] simply to /un ! insects1 & !n p9 !m into ! field-box1 :]e !y are left1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 to recov] _! vitality1 to be subsequ5tly put to dea? ^u ! return ( ! collector f ! field4 ,?is mode ( proc$ure1 :ile und\bt$ly x yields 9 ! h&s ( a skilful op]ator ! mo/ beautiful specim5s1 appe>s to ! writ] to be some:at cruel1 & he does n !re=e approve ( x4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,iv ,reproduc$1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd]1 f ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #hc4 ,,*rysalids ,,9 ,,color ,,& ,,9 ,,outl9e--,,nymphalid #a4 ,anosia plexippus4 ,side view4 #b4 ,anosia plexippus4 ,9 outl9e4 #c4 ,anosia plexippus4 ,dorsal view4 #d4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #e4 ,o,eneis semidea4 ,dorsal view4 #f4 ,debis portl&ia4 #g4 ,satyrus nephele4 #h4 ,satyrus nephele4 ,dorsal view4 #i4 ,satyrodes can?us4 ,side view4 #aj4 ,neonympha phocion4 ,side view4 #aa4 ,neonympha phocion4 ,side view4 #ab4 ,basil>*ia a/yanax4 ,side view4 #ac4 ,basil>*ia a/yanax4 ,side view4 #ad4 ,basil>*ia ar!mis4 ,side view4 #ae4 ,*lorippe clyton4 ,side view4 #af4 ,*lorippe clyton4 ,side view4 #ag4 ,*lorippe clyton4 ,dorsal view4 #ah4 ,basil>*ia disippus4 ,v5tral view4 #ai4 ,basil>*ia disippus4 ,side view4 #bj4 ,basil>*ia disippus4 ,side view4 #ba4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 ,dorsal view4 #bb4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 ,side view4 #bc4 ,basil>*ia ar!mis4 ,dorsal view4 #bd4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 ,outl9e ( meso?oracic tub]cle f ! side4 #be4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 #bf4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 ,outl9e ( head f 9 front4 #bg4 ,grapta comma4 ,outl9e ( head f 9 front2 enl>g$4 #bh4 ,neonympha eurytus4 ,side view4 #bi4 ,grapta comma4 ,outl9e ( meso?oracic tub]cle f ! side4 #cj4 ,grapta comma4 ,! same f ano!r specim54 #ca4 ,grapta faunus4 ,outl9e ( head f 9 front4 #cb4 ,grapta progne4 ,outl9e ( head f 9 front4 #cc4 ,grapta faunus4 ,side view4 #cd4 ,grapta faunus4 ,side view 9 outl9e4 #ce4 ,grapta faunus4 ,v5tral view 9 outl9e4 #cf4 ,vanessa j-album4 ,outl9e ( meso?oracic tub]cle f ! side4 #cg4 ,grapta progne4 ,side view4 #ch4 ,grapta progne4 ,side view4 #ci4 ,grapta comma4 ,side view4 #dj4 ,grapta int]rogationis4 ,side view4 #da4 ,grapta satyrus4 ,side view4 #db4 ,grapta satyrus4 ,v5tral view4 #dc4 ,vanessa milb]ti4 ,side view4 #dd4 ,vanessa j-album4 ,side view4 #de4 ,vanessa j-album4 ,v5tral view4 #df4 ,grapta comma4 ,side view4 #dg4 ,grapta comma4 ,side view4 #dh4 ,grapta comma4 ,dorsal view4 #di4 ,vanessa milb]ti4 ,side view4 #ej4 ,vanessa milb]ti4 ,dorsal view4 #ea4 ,vanessa antiopa4 ,side view4 #eb4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 ,side view4 #ec4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 ,dorsal view4 #ed4 ,pyrameis hunt]a4 ,side view4 #ee4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 ,side view4 #ef4 ,junonia co5ia4 ,side view4 #eg4 ,junonia co5ia4 ,dorsal view4 #eh4 ,vanessa antiopa4 ,side view4 #ei4 ,vanessa antiopa4 ,dorsal view4 #fj4 ,pyrameis c>dui4 ,side view4 #fa4 ,pyrameis c>dui4 ,side view4 #fb4 ,pyrameis c>dui4 ,dorsal view4 #fc4 ,pyrameis hunt]a4 ,dorsal view4 #fd4 ,pyrameis hunt]a4 ,side view1 ) ne/ wov5 be=e pupation4 #fe4 ,junonia co5ia4 ,side view4 #ff4 ,junonia co5ia4 ,side view4 #fg4 ,junonia co5ia4 ,side view4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! ,use ( ! ,net4--,9 ! use ( ! net ! old say+ is true t practice makes p]fect4 ,! bag ( ! net %\ld be suffici5tly long to all[ ( its be+ completely clos$ :5 hang+ f ! r+ on ei!r side4 ,x is possible to sweep into ! net an insect :i* is flutt]+ ?r\gh ! air1 & !n by a turn ( ! h& to close ! bag & to capture ! specim54 ,:5 ! insect has alight$ ^u ! gr\nd x is be/ to clap ! net ov] x & !n to raise ! net ) "o h&4 ,v _m species h ! habit ( fly+ upw>d4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! skipp]s1 a gr\p ( v vigor\s & swift-fly+ butt]flies4 ,! writ] pref]s1 if possible1 to clap ! net ov] ! specim5s & !n to all[ !m to rise1 &1 by ins]t+ ! wide-m\!d collect+-j> bel[1 to capture !m )\t t\*+ !m at all ) ! f+]s4 ,s f> z possible ! f+]s %\ld n be all[$ to come 9 contact ) specim5s1 :e!r 9 or out ( ! net1 ?\gh "s p]sons acquire an extremely delicate yet firm t\* :i* enables !m to h&le ! w+s ( frail species )\t remov+ any ( ! scales4 ,no?+ is m unsightly 9 a collection ?an specim5s t h be5 caught & rubb$ by ! f+]s4 ,baits4--,mo?s are frequ5tly tak5 by ! me?od ( collect+ kn[n z sug>+4 ,b x may also be employ$ = butt]flies4 ,= ?is purpose a mixture ( be] & *eap br[n sug> may be us$4 ,if ! be] be /ale dripp+s1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,9 fact1 x is well1 if ! collector int5ds to rema9 9 "o locality = "s "t1 to make a mixture ( be] & sug> "s h\rs or a day 9 advance ( its application4 ,9 semi-tropical c\ntries a mixture ( be] & sug> is h>dly z good z a mixture ( molasses & wat] into :i* a few tablespoonfuls ( ,jamaica rum h be5 put4 ,a mixture ?us prep>$ seems to attract m effectually ?an ! fir/ prescription4 ,hav+ provid$ a pail ) a qu>t or two ( ! mixture1 ! collector resorts to ! po9t :]e he proposes to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,) an ord9>y :itewa% bru% ! mixture is appli$ to ! trunks ( trees1 /umps1 f5ce-rails1 & o!r objects4 ,x is well to apply ! mixture to a s]ies ( trees & po/s locat$ on ! side ( a bit ( woodl&1 or along a pa? ?r\gh =e/s1 if comp>atively op5 & n too d5se4 ,! writ] has r>ely _h success 9 sug>+ 9 ! dep?s ( =e/s4 ,8 greate/ success has always be5 on pa?s & at ! edge ( woods4 ,_m beetles & o!r insects come to ! tempt+ sweets1 & sep>ate j>s = captur+ ^! %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4 ,! collector nev] %\ld attempt to kill beetles 9 ! same j> into :i* he is putt+ butt]flies4 ,! h>d1 horny bodies & sp9y legs ( beetles w make sad havoc ) ! delicate w+s ( butt]flies4 ,_m o!r baits besides ?is may be employ$ to attract insects4 ,"s writ]s recomm5d a bait prep>$ by boil+ dri$ apples & ma%+ !m into a pulp1 add+ a little rum to ! mixture1 & apply+ ?is to ! b>k ( trees4 ,9 tropical c\ntries bananas1 especially rott5 bananas1 seem to h a *>m = insects4 ,! cane-tra% at sug>-mills is v attractive4 ,if possible1 x is well to obta9 a quantity ( ?is tra% & scatt] x along =e/ pa?s4 ,"s insects h v peculi> appetites & are attract$ by ?+s loa?some4 ,! ordure ( c>nivor\s animals seems to h a special *>m = "s ( ! mo/ magnific5tly color$ & ! r>e/ ( tropical butt]flies4 ,a fri5d ( m9e 9 ,africa1 :o collect$ = me = a numb] ( ye>s1 us$ to keep civet-cats1 ! ordure ( :i* 0 collect$ & plac$ at appropriate po9ts 9 ! =e/ pa?s2 & he 0 ri*ly rew>d$ by obta9+ _m insects :i* 7 n obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,putrid fi% h a *>m = o!r species1 & dead snakes1 :5 rankly high1 w attract /ill o!rs4 ,x may be obs]v$ t aft] ! trees h be5 treat$ = a succession ( days or nights ) ! sweet5+ mixture spok5 ( above1 !y become v productive4 ,:5 collect+ 9 ,japan ,i made x a rule to return 9 ! morn+ to ! spots t ,i _h sug>$ = mo?s ! ev5+ be=e1 & ,i 0 always amply repaid by f9d+ multitudes ( butt]flies & ev5 a good _m day-fly+ mo?s seat$ ^u ! mossy b>k1 fea/+ ^u ! remnants ( ! banquet ,i _h provid$ ! ev5+ be=e4 ,!re is no sport--,i d n except t ( ! angl]--:i* is m fasc9at+ ?an ! sport d]iv$ by an en?usia/ic entomologi/ f ! practice ( sug>+4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to "k always :]e y\r pa? leads1 & n to lay x out 9 ! dusk1 z ! writ] once did :5 /ay+ at a well-kn[n summ] resort 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! pa? :i* he _h *os5 z ! sc5e ( op]ations 0 un=tunately laid1 all unkn[n to himself1 j 9 ! re> ( ! p\ltry-h\se ( a man :o sold *ick5s to ! hotel2 & :5 he saw ! d>k lant]n my/]i\sly mov+ ab\t1 he conclud$ t "s "o ) designs ^u 8 h5s 0 hidd5 9 ! woods1 & op5$ fire ) a sev5-%oot]1 ?us com+ v ne> to t]m9at+ abruptly ! c>e] ( an ard5t entomologi/4 ,beat+4--,!re are _m species :i* are app>5tly n attract$ by baits su* z we h spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,! collector1 pass+ ?r\gh ! grove1 se>*es dilig5tly ) 8 eye & captures :at he c see1 b does n fail also ) ! end ( 8 net-h&le to tap ! trunks ( trees & to %ake ! bu%es1 & z ! insects fly out1 to note ! po9t :]e !y settle1 & !n make !m 8 prey4 ,x is well 9 ?is "w1 z 9 all collect+1 to proce$ some:at leisurely1 & to keep p]fectly cool4 ,! c>icature sometimes f\nd 9 newspap]s ( ! ard5t lepidopt]i/ runn+ l a qu>t]-back across a t5-acre lot 9 que/ ( "s fly+ insect does n repres5t ! truly skilful collector1 ^: movem5ts are m or less /eal?y & cauti\s4 ,,! ,,bre$+ ,,( ,,specim5s ,by bre$+ x is possible to obta9 specim5s 9 ! mo/ p]fect condition4 ,br$ specim5s :i* h n _h an opportunity to fly are always pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! fre%ness ( color & p]fection ( =m4 ,a great _m species :i* app>5tly are exce$+ly r>e may (t5 be obta9$ 9 consid]able numb]s by ! process ( bre$+1 ! cat]pill> be+ m readily f\nd ?an ! p]fect insect4 ,al?\gh ! process ( bre$+ involves a good deal ( labor & c>e1 x af=ds a mo/ delightful field = obs]vation1 & ! returns are frequ5tly ( ! v greate/ value4 ,h[ to ,get ! ,eggs ( ,butt]flies4--,! process ( bre$+ may beg9 ) ! egg4 ,! skilful eye ( ! /ud5t w detect ! eggs ( butt]flies ^u ! leaves ^u :i* !y h be5 deposit$4 ,! twig may be cut & plac$ 9 a vase1 9 wat]1 & kept fre% until ! m9ute cat]pill> em]ges1 & !n f "t to "t x may be transf]r$ to fre% leaves ( ! same species ( plant1 & x w cont9ue to make its m\lts until at la/ x is trans=m$ into a *rysalis1 & 9 due season ! butt]fly em]ges4 ,eggs may frequ5tly be obta9$ 9 consid]able numb]s by conf9+ ! female "u gauze1 ) ! appropriate food-plant4 ,a k ( ! food-plant may (t5 be obta9$ by wat*+ ! female & obs]v+ ^u :at plants %e deposits h] eggs4 ,! exce$+ly beautiful rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds 7 l>gely promot$ by 8 skill 9 induc+ females to oviposit ^u _! food-plants4 ,he did ?is g5]ally by conf9+ ! female ) ! food-plant 9 a b>rel or nail-keg1 ! bottom ( :i* _h be5 knock$ out1 & ov] ! top ( :i* he ti$ mosquito-nett+4 ,! plant 0 plac$ "u ! keg4 ,! insects ?us conf9$ may be f$ ) a mixture ( honey & wat] plac$ ^u ! leaves4 ,9 collect+ cat]pill>s x is well to h on h& a numb] ( small boxes 9 :i* to place !m1 & also a botany-box 9 :i* to br+ f ! field a supply ( _! appropriate food4 ,! process ( bre$+ may beg9 ) ! cat]pill>4 ,! collector1 hav+ discov]$ ! cat]pill> fe$+ ^u ! bran* ( a c]ta9 plant1 provides ! creature ) a con/ant supply ( ! fre% foliage ( ! same plant1 until x f9ally pupates4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #di4--;,*eap =m ( bre$+-cage3 ,g1 lid cov]$ ) mosquito-nett+2 ,e1 pan ( e>?2 ,b1 bottle = food-plant4 ,bre$+-,cages4--,v>i\s devices = bre$+ cat]pill>s & re>+ mo?s & butt]flies are kn[n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! devices is ! bre$+-cage1 :i* is sometimes call$ a viv>ium4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! viv>ium is (t5 ! be/4 ,9 bre$+ "s species ! be/ me?od is simply to pot a plant ( ! species ^u :i* ! l>va is kn[n to fe$1 & to place ! pott$ plant 9 a box ov] :i* "s mosquito-nett+ is ti$4 ,! writ] frequ5tly employs = ?is purpose cyl9d]s ( glass ov] ! top ( :i* p]=at$ c>dbo>d is plac$4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 c be resort$ to only ) ! m m9ute =ms & ) plants t d n atta9 great height4 ,ano!r =m ( viv>ium is repres5t$ 9 ! adjo9+ woodcut 7,fig4 #ej74 ,! writ] has successfully employ$1 = bre$+ insects ^u a l>ge scale1 ord9>y /ore boxes provid$ ) a lid made by fa/5+ toge!r f\r pieces ( wood1 mak+ a frame l>ge en\gh to cov] ! top ( ! box1 & cov]+ x ) gauze4 ,! food-plant is kept fre% 9 bottles or j>s :i* are set into ! boxes4 ,be c>eful1 h[ev]1 aft] y h put ! bran*es ^u :i* ! cat]pill>s are fe$+ into ! j>s1 to /uff some?+ into ! neck ( ! j> s z to prev5t ! cat]pill> f accid5tally gett+ into ! wat] & dr[n+ himself--a mi%ap :i* o!rwise might occur4 ,:5 bre$+ is und]tak5 on a /ill l>g] scale1 x may be well to set ap>t = ?is purpose a room1 pref]ably 9 an outbuild+1 all ! op5+s lead+ f :i* %\ld be c>efully clos$ s z to prev5t ! escape ( ! cat]pill>s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ej4--;,bre$+-cage3 a1 base1 batt5$ at g to prev5t w>p+2 b1 removable body ( cage1 inclos+ z9c pan1 f1 f1 conta9+ j> = plant1 d1 & fill$ ) five in*es ( soil1 e2 c1 removable top1 cov]$ ) wire gauze4 ,! doors & sides are ( glass 7,riley74 ,h[ to ,f9d ,cat]pill>s4--,_m species ( cat]pill>s are n h>d to discov]2 !y are m or less conspicu\s objects1 & /rike ! eye4 ,"s species conceal !mselves by weav+ toge!r ! leaves ( ! plant on :i* !y fe$1 or by b5d+ a s+le leaf into a curv$ receptacle 9 :i* !y lie hidd54 ,o!rs conceal !mselves dur+ ! daytime ab\t ! roots ( trees or "u b>k or /ones1 only em]g+ 9 ! night-"t to fe$ ^u ! foliage4 ,! collector w c>efully se>* = ^!4 ,! pres5ce ( cat]pill>s is g5]ally indicat$ by ! ravages :i* !y h committ$ ^u ! foliage4 ,by c>efully scann+ a bran* ! collector w obs]ve t ! leaves h be5 m or less dev\r$4 ,g5]ally und]nea? ! tree w be f\nd ! frass1 or ejectam5ta1 ( ! cat]pill>4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ejectam5ta & ! evid5ce ( ! ravages committ$ by ! l>v ^u ! foliage w give ! collector a clue to ! :]eab\ts ( ! cat]pill>4 ,! writ] has f\nd x g5]ally advantage\s to se>* = cat]pill>s t fe$ ^u trees along ! wide1 s&y m>g9s ( brooks & riv]s4 ,! frass is easily discov]$ ^u ! s&1 & by ca/+ ! eye upw>d into ! foliage x is (t5 easy to detect ! insect4 ,! pavem5ts 9 t[ns & cities :i* are bord]$ by trees may also v well be scann$ = evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( cat]pill>s4 ,a favorite collect+-gr\nd ( ! writ] is "o ( ! l>ge cemet]ies ( ! city 9 :i* he lives1 9 :i* !re are num]\s trees & a great quantity ( %rubb]y4 ,wood-bor+ species1 z a rule1 are m difficult to obta9 & re> ?an ^? t fe$ ^u ! foliage4 ,hib]nat+ ,cat]pill>s4--,:ile "s difficulty att5ds ! pres]vation ( *rysalids 9 ! case ( ^? species :i* pupate 9 ! fall & pass ! w9t] 9 ! *rysalis /ate "u ! gr\nd1 f> m difficulty att5ds ! pres]vation ( species :i* hib]nate 9 ! cat]pill> /ate4 ,z a rule1 x is f\nd be/ to expose ! boxes conta9+ ^! species 9 an ice-h\se or o!r cold place1 keep+ !m !re until !re is available an abundant supply ( ! t5d] %oots ( ! plant ^u :i* !y are 9 ! habit ( fe$+4 ,!y may !n be br\ght =? f cold /orage & plac$ 9 proximity to ! food-plant1 ^u :i* !y w proce$ to fe$4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,specim5s ,pap]+ ,specim5s4--,:5 "t & opportunities d n suffice = ! prop] prep>ation ( butt]flies = display 9 ! p]man5t collection1 ! collector may1 9 ! case ( ! l>g] species1 conv5i5tly place !m 9 envelopes1 ) _! w+s fold$ 7,fig4 #ea71 & !y may !n be /or$ 9 a box until su* "t z he is able to relax ! specim5s & prop]ly m\nt !m4 ,?\s&s ( insects are ?us annually collect$4 ,! small drug envelopes1 or ! l>g] pay-roll envelopes1 :i* may be b\ght 9 boxes by ! ?\s& ( any /ation] = a comp>atively small sum1 are pref]able because ( _! conv5i5ce4 ,_m collectors1 h[ev]1 pap] _! specim5s 9 envelopes :i* !y make ( oblong bits ( pap] adapt$ to ! size ( ! insect4 ,! process ( mak+ ! envelope & ( pap]+ ! insect is accurately depict$ 9 ! accompany+ cut 7,fig4 #eb74 ,! writ] f9ds x good 9 ! case ( small butt]flies to place !m 9 boxes betwe5 lay]s ( *eap plu% or velvet4 ,a small box1 a few in*es long1 may be provid$1 & at its bottom a lay] ( velvet is plac$2 ^u ?is a numb] ( small butt]flies are laid4 ,ov] !m is plac$ a lay] ( velvet1 ) its s(t pile fac+ ! same side ( ! velvet at ! bottom4 ,on top ( ?is ano!r piece ( velvet is laid1 ) its pile upw>d1 & o!r specim5s are aga9 deposit$1 & ov] ?is ano!r piece ( velvet is laid1 & s on4 ,if ! box is n fill$ full at once1 x is well to h en\gh pieces ( velvet cut to fill x1 or else place cotton on top1 s z to keep ! lay]s ( velvet f mov+ or %ak+ ab\t4 ,a y>d or two ( plu% or velvet w suffice = ! pack+ ( a ?\s& specim5s ( small butt]flies4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ea4--;,butt]fly 9 envelope4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eb4--,me?od ( fold+ pap] = envelopes3 fir/ fold on l9e ,,ab2 !n on ,,ad & ,,cb2 !n on ,,bf & ,,ea4 ,m\nt+ ,butt]flies4--,:5 ! collector has "t en\gh at 8 disposal he %\ld at once m\nt 8 specim5s z !y are int5d$ to be display$ 9 ! collection4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is mo/ advantage\sly accompli%$4 ,! insect %\ld fir/ ( all be p9n$4 ,! p9 %\ld be ?ru/ p]p5dicul>ly ?r\gh ! ?orax1 midway betwe5 ! w+s1 & at a consid]able elevation ^u ! p94 ,x %\ld !n be plac$ ^u ! sett+-bo>d or sett+-block4 ,sett+-bo>ds or sett+-blocks are pieces ( wood hav+ a groove on ! upp] surface ( suffici5t dep? to accommodate ! body ( ! insect & to p]mit ! w+s to be br\ght to ! level ( ! upp] surface ( ! bo>d 7,fig4 #ec74 ,!y %\ld also be provid$ ei!r ) a cleft or a hole :i* w p]mit ! p9 to be ?ru/ d[n bel[ ! body ( ! insect = a consid]able di/ance4 ,z a rule1 ! w+s ( all specim5s %\ld be m\nt$ at a uni=m elevation ( ab\t sev5 eigh?s ( an in* above ! po9t ( ! p94 ,?is is kn[n z ! cont95tal me?od ( m\nt+1 & is inf9itely pref]able to ! old-fa%ion$ ,engli% me?od1 9 :i* ! insect 0 p9n$ l[ d[n ^u ! p91 s t its w+s t\*$ ! surface ( ! box4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ec4--,sett+-bo>d design$ by ! au?or4 ,! w+s ( ! insect are held 9 place by /rips ( trac+-musl91 su* z is us$ by eng9e]s4 ,! grooves at ! side s]ve to hold ! bo>d 9 place 9 ! dry+-box4 7,see ,fig4 #ei47 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ed4--,sett+-block3 ,a1 holes to enable ! p9 to rea* to ! cork2 ,c1 cork1 fill+ groove on ! bottom ( ! block2 ,b1 slit to hold ?read4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ee4--,sett+-block ) butt]fly exp&$ ^u x4 ,sett+-blocks are mo/ advantage\sly employ$ 9 sett+ small species1 especially ! ,hesp]iid1 ! w+s ( :i* are refractory4 ,:5 ! insect has be5 p9n$ ^u ! sett+-bo>d or sett+-block1 ! next /ep is to set ! w+s 9 ! position :i* !y are to ma9ta9 :5 ! specim5 is ?or\ghly dry4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( :at are kn[n z sett+-ne$les 7,fig4 #ef74 ,sett+-ne$les may be easily made by simply /ick+ ord9>y ne$les into wood5 mat*es f :i* ! tips h be5 remov$4 ,9 draw+ ! w+s into position1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to plant ! sett+-ne$le beh9d ! /rong n]vure on ! co/al m>g9 ( ! w+2 o!rwise ! w+s are liable to be torn & disfigur$4 ,! rule 9 sett+ lepidopt]a is to draw ! ant]ior w+ =w>d 9 su* a mann] t ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ?is w+ is at "r angles to ! axis ( ! body1 ! axis ( ! body be+ a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! head to ! extremity ( ! abdom54 ,! h9d w+ %\ld !n be mov$ =w>d1 its ant]ior m>g9 ly+ "u ! oppos+ m>g9 ( ! front w+4 ,:5 ! w+s h ?us be5 adju/$ into ! position :i* !y are to occupy1 slips ( trac+-musl9 or ( pap] %\ld be drawn d[n ov] !m & securely p9n$1 ! sett+-ne$les be+ remov$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ef4--,sett+-ne$le4 ,9 p9n+ d[n ! /rips :i* are to hold ! w+s 9 place1 be c>eful to p9 ar\nd ! w+1 b nev]1 if possible1 ?r\gh x4 ,:5 ! w+s h be5 adju/$ 9 ! position 9 :i* !y are to rema91 ! ant5n1 or feel]s1 %\ld be att5d$ to & drawn =w>d on ! same plane z ! w+s & secur$ 9 place4 ,?is may ord9>ily be done by sett+ p9s 9 su* a position z to hold !m :]e !y are to /ay4 ,!n ! body1 if x has a t5d5cy to sag d[n at ! end ( ! abdom51 %\ld be rais$4 ,?is may also be accompli%$ by means ( p9s ?ru/ b5ea? on ei!r side4 ,! figure on ! next page %[s m cle>ly :at is int5d$4 ,:5 ! insect has be5 set1 ! bo>d %\ld be put aside 9 a place :]e x w n be mole/$ or attack$ by pe/s1 & ! specim5s ^u x all[$ to dry4 ,a box ) %elves 9 x is (t5 us$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is box %\ld h a door at ! front cov]$ ) wire gauze1 & ! back %\ld also be op51 cov]$ ) gauze1 s z to all[ a free circulation ( air4 ,a few balls ( naph?al9e plac$ 9 x w t5d to keep away mites & o!r pe/s4 ,! "t dur+ :i* ! specim5 %\ld rema9 on ! bo>d until x is dri$ v>ies ) its size & ! condition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,mo/ butt]flies & mo?s 9 dry wea!r w be suffici5tly dri$ to p]mit ( _! removal f ! sett+-bo>ds 9 a week2 b l>ge1 /\t-bodi$ mo?s may require z mu* z two weeks1 or ev5 m "t1 be=e !y are dry en\gh to be tak5 (f ! bo>ds4 ,! process ( dry+ may be ha/5$ by plac+ ! bo>ds 9 an ov51 b ! temp]ature ( ! ov5 mu/ be q l[4 ,if too mu* heat is appli$1 great injury is sure to result4 ,only a c>eful & exp]t op]ator %\ld resort to ! use ( ! ov51 a temp]ature above #abj;,f4 be+ sure to "w mis*ief4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eg4--,sett+-bo>d ) mo? exp&$ ^u x 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #eh4--;,butt]fly p9n$ on bo>d1 %[+ me?od ( hold+ up body & p9n+ d[n ant5n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ei4--;,dry+-box3 a1 sett+-bo>d p>tly pull$ out2 b1 ,t-%ap$ /rip work+ 9 groove on sett+-bo>d2 c1 front door1 slid+ d[n by tongue1 d1 work+ 9 a groove at side 9 front4 ,relax+ ,specim5s4--,:5 butt]flies or mo?s h be5 put up 9 pap]s or m\nt$ on p9s )\t hav+ _! w+s exp&$ & set x becomes necess>y1 be=e sett+ !m1 to relax !m4 ,?is may be accompli%$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,if ! specim5s h be5 p9n$ x is be/ to place !m on pieces ( %eet-cork on a tray ( s& :i* has be5 ?or\ghly moi/5$ & treat$ ) a good dose ( c>bolic acid4 ,ov] all a bell-glass is put4 ,a tight t9 box w s]ve ! same purpose1 b a broad %eet ( bibul\s pap] %\ld always be put ov] ! box1 "u ! lid1 be=e clos+ x1 & 9 su* a way z to leave ! edges ( ! pap] project+ ar\nd ! edges ( ! lid4 ,?is is done to absorb ! moi/ure :i* might settle by cond5sation ^u ! lid & drop ^u ! specim5s4 ,9 a bell-glass ! moi/ure g5]ally trickles d[n ! sides4 ,e>!nw>e crocks ) closely fitt+ lids are ev5 bett] ?an t9 boxes1 b !y mu/ h pap] put ov] !m1 be=e clos+1 9 ! same way z is done :5 t9 boxes are us$4 ,:5 specim5s h be5 pres]v$ 9 pap]s or envelopes ^! %\ld be op5$ a little & laid ^u damp1 c>boliz$ s& "u a bell-glass or 9 a clos$ receptacle ( "s k9d4 ,pap]$ specim5s may also be plac$ 9 _! envelopes betwe5 clean t[els1 :i* h be5 moi/5$ 9 wat] to :i* a little c>bolic acid has be5 add$4 ,! t[els %\ld be wrung out q dry be=e us+ !m4 ,! me?od ( plac+ betwe5 t[els %\ld nev] be us$ 9 ! case ( v small & delicate species & ^? :i* are blue or gre5 9 color4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to all[ ! insects to become soak$ or unduly wet4 ,?is ru9s !m4 ,!y %\ld1 h[ev]1 be damp en\gh to all[ ! w+s & o!r organs to be freely mov$4 ,:5 ! insects h be5 relax$ !y may be p9n$ & exp&$ on sett+-bo>ds l fre%ly caught specim5s4 ,x is well 9 sett+ ! w+s ( relax$ specim5s1 aft] hav+ ?ru/ ! p9 ?r\gh ! body1 to take a small =ceps &1 seiz+ ! w+s j :]e !y jo9 ! body1 g5tly move !m s z to op5 !m & make _! movem5t easy be=e p9n+ !m ^u ! sett+-bo>d4 ,! skilful manipulator 9 ?is way quickly asc]ta9s :e!r !y h be5 suffici5tly relax$ to admit ( _! be+ readily set4 ,if discov]$ to be too /iff & liable to break !y mu/ be /ill fur!r relax$4 ,dri$ specim5s :i* h be5 relax$ & !n m\nt$ g5]ally require only a %ort "t to dry aga91 & ne$ r>ely be kept m ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs ^u ! sett+-bo>ds4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fj4--;,dry+-box 7,riley74 ,! process ( sett+ insects ^u sett+-blocks is exactly ! same z :5 sett+-bo>ds are us$1 ) ! simple diff]5ce t1 in/ead ( p9n+ /rips ( pap] or trac+-musl9 ov] ! w+s1 ! w+s are held 9 place by ?reads or v n>r[ tapes1 :i* are w\nd ar\nd ! block4 ,:5 ! w+s are n cov]$ ) a v deep & velvety cov]+ ( scales ! ?reads or tapes maybe us$ alone2 b :5 ! w+s are ?us clo!d x becomes necess>y to put bits ( pap] or c>dbo>d ov] ! w+s be=e wrapp+ ) ! ?reads4 ,unless ?is is done ! m>ks ( ! ?reads w be left ^u ! w+s4 ,"s little skill1 :i* is easily acquir$ by practice1 is necess>y 9 ord] to employ sett+-blocks to advantage1 b 9 ! case ( small species & species :i* h refractory w+s !y are mu* to be pref]r$ to ! bo>ds4 ,! ,prep>ation & ,pres]vation ( ,eggs4--,! eggs ( butt]flies may be pres]v$ by simply putt+ !m into tubes conta9+ alcohol1 or !y may be plac$ 9 vials conta9+ dilute glyc]9e or a solution ( common salt4 ,! vials %\ld be kept tightly cork$ & %\ld be m>k$ by a label writt5 ) a lead-p5cil & plac$ )9 ! bottle1 ^u :i* ! "n ( ! species & ! date ( collection %\ld be not$1 or a ref]5ce made to ! collector's note-book4 ,unless ! eggs ( insects are pres]v$ 9 fluid !y are apt 9 _m cases to dry up & become di/ort$1 because1 on acc\nt ( _! small size1 x is impossible to void !m ( _! cont5ts4 ,! l>v escap+ f eggs (t5 void ! %ell v neatly1 leav+1 h[ev]1 a l>ge orifice4 ,su* remnants ( %ells may be pres]v$1 z !y (t5 are useful 9 %[+ "s ( ! details ( m>k+2 b great vigilance 9 secur+ !m %\ld be ex]cis$1 = almo/ all ! l>v ( butt]flies h ! curi\s habit ( :ett+ _! appetites = future repa/s by turn+ ar\nd & ei!r :olly or p>tially dev\r+ ! %ell ( ! egg :i* !y h quitt$4 ,eggs are mo/ neatly m\nt$ 9 ! =m ( microscopic slides 9 glyc]9e jelly conta9$ 9 cells ( appropriate dep? & diamet]4 ,x is be/1 if possible1 to m\nt sev]al specim5s ^u ! same slide1 %[+ ! side ( ! egg z well z ! end4 ,a cab9et fill$ ) ! eggs ( butt]flies ?us m\nt$ is valuable & curi\s4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,*rysalids4--,*rysalids may be depriv$ ( _! vitality by simply imm]s+ !m 9 alcohol1 or !y may be kill$ by means ( *lor(orm1 & !y may !n be fa/5$ ^u p9s l ! imago1 & arrang$ appropriately 9 ! collection ) ! species4 ,"s *rysalids1 h[ev]1 lose _! color :5 kill$ 9 ?is way1 & x is occasionally well to void !m ( _! cont5ts by mak+ an op5+ & c>efully remov+ ! p>ts t are conta9$ )91 replac+ ) "s mat]ial :i* w prev5t ! *rysalis f %r9k+ & %rivel+4 ,?is me?od ( pres]v+ ne$1 h[ev]1 be resort$ to only 9 exceptional cases4 ,:5 a butt]fly has escap$ f its *rysalis x frequ5tly leaves ! entire %ell beh9d1 ) ! p>ts some:at sund]$1 yet1 nev]!less1 furni%+ a cle> idea ( ! /ructure ( ! *rysalis4 ,if no o!r specim5 ( ! *rysalis c be obta9$ ?an ^! void$ %ells !y %\ld be pres]v$4 ,! ,pres]vation ( ,cat]pill>s4--,! cat]pill>s ( butt]flies :5 !y fir/ em]ge f ! egg1 & be=e !y make ! fir/ m\lt1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 extremely small1 & are be/ pres]v$ z microscopic objects 9 cells fill$ ) glyc]9e4 ,aft] ea* successive m\lt ! l>va increases rapidly 9 size4 ,^! v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! cat]pill> %\ld all be not$ & pres]v$1 & x is cu/om>y to put up ^! collections 9 vials fill$ ) alcohol or a solution ( =mal9e 7:i* latt]1 by ! by1 is pref]able to alcohol71 or to inflate !m4 ,! me?od ( inflation secures ! be/ specim5s4 ,9 inflat+ l>v ! fir/ /ep is c>efully to remove ! cont5ts ( ! l>val sk94 ,?is may be done by mak+ an incision ) a /\t p9 or a ne$le at ! anal extremity1 & !n1 betwe5 ! folds ( a s(t t[el or clo?1 press+ out ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,! pressure %\ld be fir/ appli$ ne> ! po9t :]e ! pellicle has be5 punctur$1 & %\ld !n be c>ri$ =w>d until ! region ( ! head is rea*$4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to apply only en\gh pressure to expel ! cont5ts ( ! sk9 )\t di/urb+ ! tissues :i* lie ne>e/ to ! epid]mis1 9 :i* ! pigm5ts are locat$1 & n to remove ! hairs :i* are atta*$ to ! body4 ,pressure suffici5t to bruise ! sk9 %\ld nev] be appli$4 ,a little practice soon imp>ts ! requir$ dext]ity4 ,! cont5ts ( ! l>val sk9 hav+ be5 remov$1 ! next /ep is to inflate & dry ! empty sk94 ,a compact /atem5t ( ! me?od ( p]=m+ ?is op]ation is conta9$ 9 ,hornaday's ,taxid]my & ,zological ,collect+1 f ! p5 ( ! writ]1 & ,i h]e) reproduce x3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,v ,reproduc$1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd]1 f ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #hd4 ,,*rysalids ,,9 ,,color ,,& ,,9 ,,outl9e--,,nymphalid1 ,,lyc,,nid1 ,,pi]9 #a4 ,argynnis cybele4 ,side view4 #b4 ,argynnis cybele4 ,dorsal view #c4 ,argynnis cybele4 ,side view4 #d4 ,argynnis idalia4 ,side view4 #e4 ,argynnis aphrodite4 ,side view4 #f4 ,argynnis atlantis4 ,side view4 #g4 ,melita phaton4 ,side view4 #h4 ,euptoieta claudia4 ,side view4 #i4 ,euptoieta claudia4 ,side view4 #aj4 ,br5?is bellona4 ,side view4 #aa4 ,br5?is bellona4 ,side view4 #ab4 ,br5?is myr9a4 ,side view4 #ac4 ,br5?is myr9a4 ,side view4 #ad4 ,br5?is myr9a4 ,dorsal view #ae4 ,melita phaton4 ,side view4 #af4 ,melita phaton4 ,dorsal view4 #ag4 ,melita b>risi4 ,side view4 #ah4 ,melita b>risi4 ,dorsal view4 #ai4 ,phyciodes nycteis4 ,side view4 #bj4 ,phyciodes ?>os4 ,dorsal view4 #ba4 ,phyciodes ?>os4 ,side view4 #bb4 ,phyciodes ?>os4 ,side view4 #bc4 ,liby!a ba*mani4 ,side view4 #bd4 ,liby!a ba*mani4 ,side view4 #be4 ,!cla calanus4 ,side view4 #bf4 ,!cla irus4 ,side view1 enl>g$4 #bg4 ,!cla calanus4 ,side view4 #bh4 ,!cla lip>ops4 ,side view4 #bi4 ,!cla edw>dsi4 ,side view4 #cj4 ,!cla damon4 ,side view4 #ca4 ,!cla damon4 ,side view1 enl>g$4 #cb4 ,!cla irus4 ,dorsal view4 #cc4 ,!cla irus4 ,side view4 #cd4 ,!cla irus4 ,side view4 #ce4 ,!cla acadica4 ,side view4 #cf4 ,lycna pseud>giolus4 ,side view4 #cg4 ,!cla titus4 ,side view4 #ch4 ,!cla niphon4 ,side view4 #ci4 ,!cla mel9us4 ,side view4 ,copi$ f ,abbot's draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #dj4 ,!cla niphon4 ,side view4 ,copi$ f ,abbot's draw+ 9 ,dr4 ,boisduval's libr>y4 #da4 ,lycna scudd]i4 ,side view1 enl>g$4 #db4 ,lycna comyntas4 ,side view4 ,copi$ f ,abbot's draw+ 9 ,dr4 ,boisduval's libr>y4 #dc4 ,lycna pseud>giolus4 ,side view1 enl>g$4 ,copi$ f ,abbot's draw+ 9 ,dr4 ,boisduval's libr>y4 #dd4 ,lyco5a pseud>giolus4 ,side view4 #de4 ,f5iseca t>qu9ius4 ,side view4 #df4 ,f5iseca t>qu9ius4 ,side view4 ,copi$ f ,abbot's draw+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #dg4 ,lycna comyntas4 ,side view1 enl>g$4 #dh4 ,lycna comyntas4 ,side view4 #di4 ,*rysophanus bypophlz4 ,side view4 #ej4 ,*rysophanus ?o4 ,side view4 #ea4 ,t]ias nicippe4 ,side view4 #eb4 ,t]ias nicippe4 ,dorsal view4 #ec4 ,colias eury!me4 ,side view4 #ed4 ,colias philodice4 ,dorsal view4 #ee4 ,colias philodice4 ,side view4 #ef4 ,t]ias lisa4 ,side view4 #eg4 ,pi]is napi1 v>4 ol]acea4 ,side view4 #eh4 ,pi]is rap4 ,side view4 #ei4 ,eu*lo g5utia4 ,side view4 #fj4 ,callidryas eubule4 ,side view #fa4 ,callidryas eubule4 ,side view4 #fb4 ,callidryas eubule4 ,dorsal view4 #fc4 ,pi]is napi1 v>4 ol]acea4 ,side view4 #fd4 ,pi]is rap1 v>4 ol]acea4 ,dorsal view4 #fe4 ,pi]is rap4 ,dorsal view4 #ff4 ,pi]is protodice4 ,dorsal view4 #fg4 ,pi]is protodice4 ,side view4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fa4--;,app>atus = inflat+ l>v3 ,b1 foot-bell[s2 ,k1 rubb] tube2 ,c1 flask2 ,d1 anhydr\s sulphuric acid2 ,e1 ov]fl[-flask2 ,f1 rubb] tube f flask2 ,g1 /&>d ) cock to regulate fl[ ( air2 ,h1 glass tube ) l>va ^u x2 ,i1 copp] dry+-plate2 ,j1 _s-lamp4 ,! simple/ me?od ( inflat+ ! sk9s ( l>v aft] ! cont5ts h be5 )drawn is to ins]t a /raw or grass /em ( appropriate ?ickness into ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! cont5ts h be5 remov$1 & !n by ! brea? to inflate ! specim51 :ile hold+ ov] ! *imney ( an ,arg& lamp1 ! flame ( :i* mu/ be regulat$ s z n to scor* or s+e x4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ! act ( inflat+ n to unduly di/5d ! l>val sk91 ?us produc+ a di/ortion1 & also to dry x ?or\ghly4 ,unless ! latt] precaution is obs]v$ a subsequ5t %r9k+ & disfigurem5t w take place4 ,! process ( inflat+ 9 ! mann] j describ$ is some:at labori\s1 & :ile "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s :i* ! writ] has ev] se5 7 prep>$ 9 ?is primitive mann]1 v>i\s exp$i5ts = less5+ ! labor involv$ h be5 devis$1 "s ( :i* are to be highly comm5d$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fb4--,tip ( inflat+-tube1 ) armature = hold+ l>val sk94 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fc4--;,dry+-ov53 ,a1 lamp2 ,b1 p9 to hold door op52 ,c1 door op52 ,d1 glass cov]4 ,a comp>atively inexp5sive arrangem5t = inflat+ l>v is a modification ( t describ$ 9 ! ',entomologis*e ,na*ri*t5' 7#ahgi1 vol4 v1 p4 #g71 devis$ by ,mr4 ,fritz ,a4 ,wa*tel 7,fig4 #fa74 ,x consi/s ( a foot-bell[s su* z is us$ by *emi/s 9 ! laboratory1 or1 bett] /ill1 ( a small cyl9d] su* z is us$ = hold+ gas 9 op]at+ ! oxyhydrog5 lamp ( a sciopticon4 ,9 ! latt] case ! compress$ air %\ld n h a pressure exce$+ tw5ty p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 & ! cock regulat+ ! fl[ f ! cyl9d] %\ld be capable ( v f9e adju/m5t4 ,by means ( a rubb] tube ! air is convey$ f ! cyl9d] to a c\ple ( flasks1 "o ( :i* conta9s conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! o!r is int5d$ = ! reception ( any ov]fl[ ( ! hydrat$ sulphuric acid :i* may occur4 ,! object ( pass+ ! air ?r\gh sulphuric acid is to rob x1 s f> z possible1 ( its moi/ure4 ,x is !n convey$ into a flask1 :i* is heat$ ^u a s&-ba?1 & !nce by a piece ( flexible tub+ to a tip m\nt$ on a jo9t all[+ v]tical & horizontal motion & secur$ by a /&>d to ! work+-table4 ,! fl[ ( air ?r\gh ! tip is regulat$ by a cock4 ,^u ! tip is fa/5$ a small rubb] tube1 into ! free extremity ( :i* is ins]t$ a f9e-po9t$ glass tube4 ,?is is provid$ ) an armature consi/+ ( two /eel spr+s fa/5$ ^u opposite sides1 & _! ends b5t at "r angles 9 su* a way z to hold ! l>val sk9 firmly to ! extremity ( ! tube4 ,! sk9 hav+ be5 adju/$ ^u ! f9e po9t ( ! tube1 ! bell[s is put into op]ation1 & ! sk9 is inflat$4 ,a dry+ app>atus is provid$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,a copp] plate m\nt$ ^u f\r legs1 & heat$ by an alcohol-lamp plac$ bel[1 has be5 advocat$ by "s4 ,a bett] arrangem5t1 us$ by ! writ]1 consi/s ( a small ov5 heat$ by ! flame ( an alcohol-lamp or by jets ( natural gas1 & provid$ ) circul> op5+s ( v>i\s sizes1 into :i* ! l>val sk9 is introduc$ 7,fig4 #fc74 ,a less comm5dable me?od ( pres]v+ l>v is to place !m 9 alcohol4 ,! l>v %\ld be ti$ up 9 sacks ( light gauze nett+1 & a label ( t\gh pap]1 ) ! date & locality ( capture1 & ! "n1 if kn[n1 writt5 ) a lead-p5cil1 %\ld be atta*$ to ea* su* little sack4 ,d n use ink on labels to be imm]s$1 b a h>d lead-p5cil4 ,alcoholic specim5s are liable to become %rivel$ & discolor$1 & are n ne>ly z valuable z well-inflat$ & dri$ sk9s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fd4--;,dry+-ov53 a1 slid+ door2 b1 lid2 c1 body ( ov5 ) glass sides2 d1 op5+ = ins]t+ inflat+-tube2 e1 copp] bottom2 f1 _s-lamp2 g1 base 7,riley74 ,:5 ! sk9s h be5 inflat$ !y may be m\nt$ readily by be+ plac$ ^u wires wrapp$ ) gre5 silk1 or ^u anneal$ alum9ium wire4 ,! wires are b5t & twi/$ toge!r = a %ort di/ance & !n made to div]ge4 ,! div]g+ ends are press$ toge!r1 a little %ellac is plac$ ^u _! tips1 & !y are !n ins]t$ into ! op5+ at ! anal extremity ( ! l>val sk94 ,^u ! release ( pressure !y spread ap>t1 & aft] ! %ellac has dri$ ! sk9 is firmly held by !m4 ,!y may !n be atta*$ to p9s by simply twi/+ ! free end ( ! wire ab\t ! p91 or !y may be plac$ ^u artificial imitations ( ! leaves & twigs ( _! appropriate food-plants4 ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,& ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,collections ,! secret ( pres]v+ collections ( lepidopt]a 9 beautiful condition is to exclude light1 moi/ure1 & insect pe/s4 ,light ultimately blea*es _m species1 moi/ure leads to m\ld & mildew1 & insect pe/s dev\r ! specim5s4 ,! ma9 ?+ is !re=e to h ! receptacles 9 :i* ! specim5s are plac$ d>k & z ne>ly z possible h]metically seal$ & kept 9 a dry place4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 v>i\s devices h be5 resort$ to4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fe4--;,detail draw+ ( front ( box1 made to resemble a book3 s1 s1 sides1 made ( two pieces ( wood glu$ toge!r across ! gra92 t1 tongue2 g1 groove2 c1 cork2 p1 pap] cov]+ ! cork4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ff4--;,detail draw+ ( front ( box3 t1 top2 b1 bottom2 e1 side2 f1 /rip1 nail$ ar\nd inside z at n2 c1 cork2 p1 pap] l9+4 ,boxes4--,boxes = ! pres]vation ( specim5s are made ) a tongue on ! edges ( ! bottom fitt+ into a groove ^u ! lid1 or !y may be made ) inside pieces fa/5$ ar\nd ! inn] edge ( ! bottom & project+ s z to cat* ! lid4 ,! accompany+ outl9es %[ ! me?od ( jo9+ diff]5t =ms ( boxes 7,figs4 #fe-fg74 ,! bottom ( ! box %\ld be l9$ ) "s sub/ance :i* w enable ! specim5s to be p9n$ into x securely4 ,= ?is purpose %eet-cork ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick is to be pref]r$ to all o!r sub/ances4 ,gr\nd cork press$ into lay]s & cov]$ ) :ite pap] is manufactur$ = ! purpose ( l9+ boxes4 ,turf compress$ into %eets ab\t half an in* ?ick & cov]$ ) pap] is us$ by _m ,european collectors4 ,%eets ( aloe-pi? or ( ! wood ( ! yucca1 half an in* ?ick1 are us$1 & ! pi? ( corn-/alks 7,indian corn or maize7 may also be employ$1 laid into ! box & glu$ neatly to ! bottom4 ,! corn-pi? %\ld be cut into pieces ab\t half an in* squ>e & jo9$ toge!r neatly1 cov]+ x ) ?9 :ite pap] aft] ! surface has be5 made q ev5 & true4 ,cork is1 h[ev]1 ! be/ mat]ial1 =1 ?\gh m exp5sive ?an ! o!r ?+s nam$1 x has great] p[] to hold ! p9s1 & unless ^! are securely fix$ & held 9 place great damage is sure to result4 ,a loose specim5 9 a box w "w incalculable damage4 ,boxes %\ld be made ( light1 ?or\ghly season$ wood1 & %\ld be v tight4 ,!y are sometimes made s t specim5s may be p9n$ bo? ^u ! top & ! bottom1 b ?is is n to be comm5d$4 ,! dep? ( ! box %\ld be suffici5t to admit ( ! use ( ! longe/ insect-p9 9 use1 & a dep? betwe5 top & bottom ( two & a qu>t] in*es is !re=e suffici5t4 ,boxes are sometimes made ) backs 9 imitation ( books1 & a collection arrang$ 9 su* boxes pres5ts an attractive ext]nal appe>ance4 ,a v good box is made = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & = ! ,c>negie ,museum 9 ,pittsburgh 7,fig4 #fh74 ,?is box is ?irte5 in*es long1 n9e in*es wide1 & ?ree in*es ?ick 7ext]nal measurem5t74 ,! dep? betwe5 ! bottom & ! lid on ! inside is two & "o eigh? in*es4 ,! ends & sides are dovetail$2 ! top & bottom are ea* made ( two pieces ( light /uff1 ab\t "o eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 glu$ toge!r 9 su* a way t ! gra9 ( ! two pieces crosses at "r angles1 & all crack+ & w>p+ are ?us prev5t$4 ,! lids are secur$ to ! bottoms by brass hooks fitt+ into eyelets4 ,su* boxes provid$ ) cork d n co/ m ?an fifty-five c5ts apiece :5 b\ght 9 quantities4 ,boxes may be made ( /\t pa/ebo>d ab\t "o eigh? or ?ree sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick1 ) a rabbet-tongue on ! inside4 ,su* boxes are mu* us$ 9 ,france & ,engl&1 & :5 well & sub/antially made are mo/ excell5t4 ,!y may be obta9$ = ab\t ?irty-five c5ts apiece l9$ ) compress$ cork4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fg4--;,detail draw+ ( box1 9 :i* ! tongue1 z1 is made ( /rips ( z9c let into a groove & fa/5$ z at n2 g1 groove to cat* tongue2 s1 s1 top & bottom2 c1 cork4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fh4--;,insect-box = pres]vation ( collections4 ,cab9ets & ,draw]s4--,l>ge collections :i* are int5d$ to be frequ5tly consult$ are be/ pres]v$ 9 cab9ets fitt$ ) glass-cov]$ draw]s4 ,a great deal ( v>iety exi/s 9 ! plans :i* are adopt$ = ! display ( specim5s 9 cab9ets4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! ta/e & ! f9ancial ability ( ! collector4 ,l>ge sums ( money may be exp5d$ ^u cab9ets1 b ! ma9 ?+ is to secure ! specim5s f du/1 m\ld1 & insect pe/s4 ,! po9t to be obs]v$ mo/ c>efully is s to arrange ! draw]s t !y are1 l ! boxes1 practically air-tight4 ,! writ] employs z ! /&>d size = ! draw]s 9 8 own collection & 9 ! ,c>negie ,museum a draw] :i* is tw5ty-two in*es long1 sixte5 in*es wide1 & two in*es deep 7inside measurem5t74 ,! outside dim5sions are3 l5g?1 tw5ty-?ree in*es exclusive ( face2 bread?1 sev5te5 in*es2 height1 two & ?ree eigh?s in*es4 ,! cov]s are glaz$ ) d\ble-/r5g? glass4 ,!y are held ^u ! bottoms by a rabbet plac$ inside ( ! bottom & ne>ly rea*+ ! l[] surface ( ! glass on ! cov] :5 clos$4 ,! draw]s are l9$ ^u ! bottom ) cork five sixte5?s ( an in* ?ick1 & are pap]$ on ! bottom & sides ) good l95 pap]1 :i* does n easily become discolor$4 ,ea* draw] is fac$ ) *]ry & has a knob4 ,^! draw]s are arrang$ 9 cab9ets built 9 sections = conv5i5ce 9 h&l+4 ,! two l[] sections ea* conta9 ?irty draw]s1 ! upp] section n9e4 ,! draw]s are arrang$ 9 ?ree p]p5dicul> s]ies & are made int]*angeable1 s t any draw] w fit into any place 9 any "o ( ! cab9ets4 ,?is is v necess>y1 z x admits ( ! easy re>rangem5t ( collections4 ,on ! sides ( ea* draw] a pocket is cut on ! inn] surface1 :i* communicates ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! rabbet ) ! int]ior4 ,! pap] l9+ ! inside is p]=at$ ov] ?is op5+ ) a numb] ( small holes4 ,! pocket is kept fill$ ) naph?al9e cry/als1 ! fumes ( :i* pass into ! int]ior & t5d to keep away pe/s4 ,! accompany+ figure gives ! details ( con/ruction 7,fig4 #fi74 ,su* draw]s c be made at a co/ ( ab\t #c4ej apiece1 & ! co/ ( a cab9et f9i%$ & suppli$ ) !m is ab\t #cbe1 made ( *]ry1 f9i%$ 9 imitation ( mahogany4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #fi4--;,detail draw+ ( draw] = cab9et3 e1 e1 ends2 b1 bottom2 c1 cork2 p1 p1 pap] /rips 9 corn]s ( lid to exclude du/2 g1 g1 glass ( cov]1 held 9 place by top /rips1 s1 s2 m1 m1 side pieces s]v+ z rabbets on inside2 po1 pocket 9 ends & sides1 sawn out ( ! wood2 x1 op5+ ?r\gh ! rabbet into ?is pocket2 y1 holes ?r\gh ! pap] l9+1 p#a1 all[+ fumes ( naph?al9e to ent] int]ior ( draw]2 f1 front2 k1 knob2 o1 lunette cut 9 edge ( ! top piece to enable ! lid to be rais$ by ins]t+ ! f+]s4 ,"s p]sons pref] to h ! bottoms z well z ! tops ( ! draw]s 9 _! cab9ets made ( glass4 ,9 su* cases ! specim5s are p9n$ ^u n>r[ /rips ( wood cov]$ ) cork1 securely fa/5$ across ! inside ( ! draw]s4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! "u side ( specim5s to be exam9$ & comp>$ ) z mu* fre$om z ! upp] side1 & )\t remov+ !m f ! draw]s2 b ! /rips are liable at times to become loos5$1 & :5 ?is happ5s great havoc is wr\ght among ! specim5s if ! draw] is mov$ c>elessly4 ,besides1 !re is m dang] ( breakage4 ,ano!r way ( provid+ a *eap & v sightly l9+ = ! bottom ( an insect-box is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gj4 ,a frame ( wood l a slate-frame is provid$1 & on bo? sides pap] is /ret*$4 ,to /ret* ! pap] x ought to be soak$ 9 wat] be=e pa/+ to ! frame2 !n :5 x dries x is z tight & smoo? z a drum-head4 ,! beg9n] :o has n a long purse w d well to pres]ve 8 collections 9 boxes su* z h be5 describ$4 ,!y c be obta9$ q *eaply & are mo/ excell5t4 ,cab9ets are m or less ( a luxury = ! amateur1 & are only a necessity 9 ! case ( great collections :i* are con/antly be+ consult$4 ,! boxes may be arrang$ ^u %elves4 ,"s ( ! l>ge/ & be/ collections 9 ! _w are pres]v$ 9 boxes1 notably ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gj4--;,a1 ,a1 side & bottom ( box2 ,b1 frame fitt+ into box2 ,c1 space :i* mu/ be left betwe5 frame & bottom ( box2 ,p1 ,p1 pap] /ret*$ on frame4 ,label+4--,ea* specim5 %\ld h on ! p9 bel[ ! specim5 a small label giv+ ! date ( capture1 if kn[n1 & ! locality4 ,bel[ ?is %\ld be a label ( l>g] size1 giv+ its sci5tific "n1 if asc]ta9$1 & ! sex4 ,labels %\ld be neat & uni=m 9 size4 ,a good size = labels = l>ge species is ab\t "o in* long & five eigh?s ( an in* wide4 ,! labels %\ld be writt5 9 a f9e b legible h&4 ,small] labels may be us$ = small] species4 ,a cr[-quill p5 & ,india ink are to be pref]r$ 9 writ+ labels4 ,arrangem5t ( ,specim5s4--,specim5s are be/ arrang$ 9 r[s4 ,! males %\ld be p9n$ 9 fir/ 9 ! s]ies1 aft] !m ! females4 ,v>ieties %\ld foll[ ! species4 ,aft] ^! %\ld be plac$ any ab]rations or mon/rosities :i* ! collector may possess4 ,! "n ( ! g5us %\ld prec$e all ! species conta9$ 9 ! collection1 & aft] ea* species ! specific "n %\ld be plac$ ,fig4 #ga %[s ! mann] ( arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ga4--,mann] ( arrang+ specim5s 9 cab9et4 ,insect ,pe/s4--,9 ord] to pres]ve collections1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to exclude ! v>i\s =ms ( insect pe/s1 :i* are likely1 unless de/roy$ & kept f attack+ ! specim5s1 to ru9 !m utt]ly 9 comp>atively a %ort "t4 ,! pe/s :i* are mo/ to be fe>$ are beetles belong+ to ! g5]a ,d]me/es & ,an?r5us4 ,9 addition to ^! beetles1 :i* commit _! ravages 9 ! l>val /age1 mo?s & mites prey ^u collections4 ,mo?s are v infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 collections ( insects1 & 9 a long exp]i5ce ! writ] has kn[n only "o or two in/ances 9 :i* any damage 0 inflict$ ^u specim5s by ! l>v ( mo?s4 ,mites are mu* m to be dread$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gb4--,naph?al9e cone4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! ravages ( insects1 all specim5s1 be=e putt+ !m away into ! boxes or draw]s ( ! cab9et 9 :i* !y are to be pres]v$1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a tight box 9 :i* *lor(orm1 or1 bett]1 c>bon bisulphide1 9 a small pan is put1 & !y %\ld be left "h = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 until x is c]ta9 t all life is ext9ct4 ,!n !y %\ld be transf]r$ to ! tight boxes or draw]s 9 :i* !y are to be kept4 ,! pres5ce ( insect pe/s 9 a collection is g5]ally fir/ indicat$ by f9e du/ "u ! specim51 ?is du/ be+ ! excrem5t ( ! l>va :i* is committ+ depr$ations ^u ! specim54 ,9 case ! pres5ce ( ! l>va is detect$1 a lib]al dose ( *lor(orm %\ld at once be adm9i/]$ to ! box or tray 9 :i* ! specim5 is conta9$4 ,! specim5 itself ought to be remov$1 & may be dipp$ into b5z9e4 ,naph?al9e cry/als or camphor is g5]ally employ$ to keep out insect pe/s f boxes4 ,!y are v useful to det] ! entrance ( pe/s1 b :5 !y h once be5 introduc$ into a collection nei!r naph?al9e nor camphor w kill !m4 ,naph?al9e is prep>$ 9 ! =m ( cones atta*$ to a p91 & ^! cones may be plac$ 9 "o corn] ( ! box4 ,!y are made by ,blake ,co4 ( ,philadelphia1 & are 9 vogue among entomologi/s4 ,h[ev]1 a good sub/itute = ! cones may v easily be made by tak+ ! ord9>y mo?-balls :i* are sold ev]y:]e4 ,by heat+ a p9 r$-hot 9 ! flame ( an alcohol-lamp x may be ?ru/ into ! mo?-ball2 z x ent]s x melts ! naph?al9e1 :i* imm$iately aft]w>d cools & holds ! p9 securely fix$ 9 ! mo?-ball4 ,9 atta*+ ^! p9s to mo?-balls1 hold ! p9 securely 9 a =ceps :ile heat+ x 9 ! flame ( ! lamp1 & ?ru/ ! r$-hot p9 into ! c5t] ( ! ball4 ,naph?al9e cry/als & camphor may be secur$ 9 ! corn] ( ! box by ty+ up a quantity ( !m 9 a small piece ( nett+ & p9n+ ! little bag ?us made 9 ! corn] ( ! tray4 ,by foll[+ ^! directions insect pe/s may be kept out ( collections4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve t :ile c>bon bisulphide is m useful ev5 ?an *lor(orm 9 kill+ pe/s1 & is also *eap]1 x %\ld be us$ ) great c>e1 because :5 mix$ ) atmosph]ic air x is highly explosive1 & its use %\ld nev] take place :]e !re are lamps burn+ or :]e !re is fire4 ,besides1 its odor is extremely unpleasant1 unless x has be5 wa%$ 9 m]cury4 ,greasy ,specim5s4--,specim5s occasionally become greasy4 ,:5 ?is happ5s !y may be cleans$ by p9n+ !m d[n on a piece ( cork secur$ to ! bottom ( a clos$ vessel1 & g5tly fill+ x ) b5z9e1 ref9$ gasol9e1 or e!r4 ,aft] leav+ !m long en\gh to remove all ! grease !y may be tak5 out ( ! ba? & all[$ to dry 9 a place :]e !re is no du/4 ,?is op]ation %\ld n take place ne> a light$ lamp or a fire4 ,m\ld4--,:5 specim5s h become m\ldy or mildew$ x is be/ to burn !m up if !y c be sp>$4 ,if n1 aft] !y h be5 ?or\ghly dri$ remove ! m\ld ) a sable or camel's-hair p5cil :i* has be5 rubb$ 9 c>bolic acid 7cry/als liquefi$ by heat74 ,mildew 9 a cab9et is h>d to eradicate1 & heat1 ev5 to burn+1 is ab\t ! only cure1 except ! mild use ( c>bolic acid 9 ! way sugge/$4 ,repair+ ,specim5s4--,torn & ragg$ specim5s are to be pref]r$ to none at all4 ,! half ( a loaf is bett] ?an no bread4 ,until ! torn specim5 c be replac$ by a bett]1 x is always well to reta9 x 9 a collection4 ,b x is sometimes possible to repair torn specim5s 9 su* a way z to make !m m pres5table4 ,if an ant5na1 = in/ance1 has be5 brok5 (f1 x may be replac$ neatly1 s t only a microscopic exam9ation w disclose ! fact t x 0 once away f ! place :]e x belong$4 ,if a w+ has be5 slit1 ! r5t may be m5d$ s neatly t only a v c>eful obs]v] c detect ! fact4 ,if a piece has be5 torn out ( a w+1 x may be replac$ by ! correspond+ portion ( ! w+ ( ano!r specim5 ( ! same sex ( ! same species 9 su* a way z almo/ to defy detection4 ,! prime requisites = ?is "w are pati5ce1 a /eady h&1 a good eye1 a great deal ( gumption1 a few sett+-ne$les1 a jewel]'s =ceps1 & a little %ellac dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,! %ellac us$ 9 replac+ a miss+ ant5na %\ld be ( a ?icki% consi/5cy2 9 repair+ w+s x %\ld be well ?9n$ d[n ) alcohol4 ,9 h&l+ brok5 ant5n x is be/ to use a f9e sable p5cil1 :i* may be moi/5$ v lightly by apply+ x to ! tip ( ! tongue4 ,) ?is x is possible to pick up a loose ant5na & place x :]ev] x is desir$4 ,apply ! %ellac to ! torn edges ( a brok5 w+ ) great delicacy ( t\* & 9 v small quantity4 ,avoid putt+ on ! adhesive mat]ial 9 gobs & sla!rs4 ,repair+ is a f9e art1 :i* is only le>n$ aft] "s pati5t exp]im5tation1 & is only to be practis$ :5 absolutely necess>y4 ,! habit ( "s deal]s ( pat*+ up brok5 specim5s ) p>ts tak5 f o!r species is highly to be reprobat$4 ,su* specim5s are m or less c>icatures ( ! real ?+1 & no truly sci5tific man w admit su* sc>ecr[s into 8 collection1 except "u dire compulsion4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gc4--;,butt]flies p9n$ into a box ov]lapp+ "o ano!r1 or %+l$4 ,pack+ & ,=w>d+ ,specim5s4--,x (t5 becomes necess>y to =w>d specim5s f "o place to ano!r4 ,if x is int5d$ to %ip specim5s :i* h be5 m\nt$ ^u p9s !y %\ld be securely p9n$ 9 a box l9$ ) cork4 ,a great _m exp&$ specim5s may be p9n$ 9 a box by resort+ to ! me?od kn[n z %+l+1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gc4 ,by caus+ ! w+s ( specim5s to ov]lap1 z is %[n 9 ! figure1 a great _m c be accommodat$ 9 a small space4 ,:5 ! specim5s h be5 pack$ ! box %\ld be securely clos$1 its edges %ut ) pap]1 aft] "s drops ( *lor(orm h be5 p\r$ into ! box1 & !n ?is box %\ld be plac$ 9 an out] box conta9+ excelsior1 hay1 cotton1 or loose %av+s 9 suffici5t abundance to prev5t ! j>r+ ( ! inn] box & consequ5t breakage4 ,:]e specim5s are =w>d$ 9 envelopes1 hav+ be5 collect$ 9 ! field1 & are n p9n$1 ! precaution ( surr\nd+ !m ) pack+ su* z has be5 describ$ is n necess>y1 b ! box 9 :i* !y are %ipp$ %\ld always be /rong en\gh to resi/ breakage4 ,?+s =w>d$ by mail or by express always receive r\gh treatm5t1 & ! writ] has lo/ _m f9e specim5s :i* h be5 =w>d$ to him because ! %ipp] 0 c>eless 9 pack+4 ,p9s4--,9 ! prec$+ pages frequ5t ref]5ce has be5 made to insect-p9s4 ,^! are p9s :i* are made long] & ?9n] ?an is ! case ) ord9>y p9s1 & are !re=e adaptable to ! special use to :i* !y are put4 ,!re are a numb] ( mak]s ^: p9s h come into vogue4 ,:at are kn[n z ,k>lsbad] & ,klg] p9s1 made 9 ,g]many1 are ! mo/ widely us$4 ,!y are made ( ord9>y p9-metal 9 v>i\s sizes4 ,! ,k>lsbad] p9s h v f9e po9ts1 b1 ow+ to ! f95ess ( ! po9ts & ! s(tness ( ! metal1 !y are v apt to buckle1 or turn up at ! po9ts4 ,! ,klg] p9s are n expos$ to ! same objection1 z ! po9ts are n q s f9e4 ,! be/ p9s1 h[ev]1 :i* are n[ made are ^? :i* h rec5tly be5 introduc$ by ,messrs4 ,kirby1 ,be>d1 ,co4 ( ,engl&4 ,!y are made ( s(t /eel1 lacqu]$1 possess+ v great /r5g? & consid]able flexibility4 ,! f9e/-siz$ p9 ( ?is make has z mu* /r5g? z ! l>ge/ p9 ( ! o!r makes t h be5 m5tion$1 & ! writ] has nev] kn[n !m to buckle at ! tip1 ev5 :5 p9n$ ?r\gh ! h>de/ insect tissues4 ,:ile ^! p9s are a little m exp5sive ?an o!rs1 ! writ] does n fail to give !m an unqualifi$ pref]5ce4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gd4--;,butt]fly-=ceps1 half-size4 ,! ,=ceps4--,an in/rum5t :i* is almo/ indisp5sable to ! /ud5t ( entomology is ! =ceps4 ,!re are _m =ms ( =ceps1 & x is n necess>y to speak at l5g? 9 ref]5ce to ! v>i\s %apes2 b = ! use ( ! /ud5t ( butt]flies ! =ceps made by ! firm ( ,blake ,co4 ( ,philadelphia is to be pref]r$ to all o!rs4 ,! head ( ?is firm is himself a fam\s entomologi/1 & he has giv5 u 9 ! =ceps :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #gd an in/rum5t :i* comes z ne> p]fection z ! art ( ! mak] ( in/rum5ts c produce4 ,! small =ceps repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ge is v useful 9 p9n+ small specim5s4 ,9 h&l+ m\nt$ specim5s x is well always to take hold ( ! p9 bel[ ! specim5 ) ! =ceps1 & ins]t x into ! cork by ! pressure ( ! =ceps4 ,if ! attempt is made to p9 d[n a specim5 ) ! nak$ f+]s hold+ ! p9 by ! head1 ! f+] is apt to slip & ! specim5 to be ru9$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ge4--;,insect-=ceps4 ,,immortality ,a butt]fly bask$ on a baby's grave1 ,:]e a lily _h *anc$ to gr[3 ,:y art ?\ "h ) ?y gaudy dye1 ,:5 %e ( ! blue & sp>kl+ eye ,mu/ sleep 9 ! *ur*y>d l[8 ,!n x lightly so>$ ?ro' ! sunny air1 ,& spoke f its %9+ track3 ,i 0 a worm till ,i won my w+s1 ,& %e1 :om ?\ m\rn'/1 l a s]aph s+s2 ,w\ld'/ ?\ call ! ble/ "o back8 ,,sig\rney4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,butt]flies ,w+$ fl[]s1 or fly+ gems4 ,,moore4 ,at ! base ( all truly sci5tific k lies ! pr9ciple ( ord]4 ,!re h be5 "s :o h gone s f> z to say t sci5ce is m]ely ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( facts4 ,:ile su* a def9ition is defective1 x is nev]!less true t no real k ( any bran* ( sci5ce is atta9$ until its relation%ip to o!r bran*es ( human k is le>n$1 & until a classification ( ! facts ( :i* x treats has be5 made4 ,:5 a sci5ce treats ( ?+s1 x is necess>y t ^! ?+s %\ld become ! subject ( inve/igation1 until at la/ _! relation to "o ano!r1 & ! :ole class ( ?+s to :i* !y belong1 has be5 discov]$4 ,m5 :o devote !mselves to ! discov]y ( ! relation ( ?+s & to _! ord]ly classification are kn[n z sy/emati/s4 ,! great lead] 9 ?is "w 0 ! immortal ,l9nu1 ! ,fa!r ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 z he has be5 call$4 ,^u ! f\ndation laid by him 9 8 "w entitl$ ,sy/ema ,natur1 or ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature1 all :o h foll[$ aft] him h labor$1 & ! result has be5 ! rise ( ! great mod]n sci5ces ( botany & zology1 :i* treat respectively ( ! vegetable & animal k+doms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,vi ,reproduc$ ) ! k9d p]mission ( ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd]1 f ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #he4 ,,*rysalids ,,9 ,,color ,,& ,,9 ,,outl9e--,,papilion9 ,,& ,,hesp]iid #a4 ,papilio turnus4 #b4 ,papilio turnus4 ,dorsal view4 #c4 ,papilio turnus4 #d4 ,papilio turnus4 #e4 ,papilio troilus4 ,dorsal view4 #f4 ,papilio troilus4 #g4 ,papilio troilus4 #h4 ,papilio cresphontes4 #i4 ,papilio cresphontes4 ,dorsal view4 #aj4 ,papilio cresphontes4 #aa4 ,papilio ajax4 #ab4 ,papilio ajax4 ,dorsal view4 #ac4 ,papilio a/]ias4 #ad4 ,papilio phil5or4 ,dorsal view4 #ae4 ,papilio phil5or4 ,dorsal view4 #af4 ,papilio phil5or4 #ag4 ,papilio phil5or4 #ah4 ,papilio a/]ias4 ,dorsal view4 #ai4 ,papilio a/]ias4 #bj4 ,papilio phil5or4 #ba4 ,a*al>us lycidas4 #bb4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 #bc4 ,eudamus proteus4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #bd4 ,?orybes ba?yllus4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #be4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 #bf4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus4 #bg4 ,?anaos icelus4 #bh4 ,?orybes pylades4 #bi4 ,pholisora catullus4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cj4 ,?anaos lucilius4 #ca4 ,?anaos lucilius4 ,dorsal view4 #cb4 ,?anaos lucilius4 #cc4 ,?anaos juv5alis4 #cd4 ,?anaos p]sius4 #ce4 ,hesp]ia montivaga4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cf4 ,pholisora catullus4 #cg4 ,?anaos m>tialis4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ch4 ,?anaos brizo4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ,dr4 ,boisduval's libr>y4 #ci4 ,hylephila phyloeus4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ,dr4 ,boisduval's libr>y4 #dj4 ,amblyscirtes vialis4 #da4 ,pholisora catullus4 #db4 ,?ymelicus oetna4 ,f ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ,dr4 ,boisduval's libr>y4 #dc4 ,atalop$es huron4 #dd4 ,limo*ores taumas4 #de4 ,amblyscirtes samoset4 ,aft] ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #df4 ,l]ema accius4 ,aft] ! orig9al by ,abbot 9 ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #dg4 ,atalop$es huron4 #dh4 ,calpodes e?lius4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! ,place ( ,butt]flies 9 ! ,animal ,k+dom4--,! animal k+dom1 = purposes ( classification1 has be5 subdivid$ into v>i\s gr\ps kn[n z subk+doms4 ,"o ( ^! subk+doms conta9s ^? animals :i*1 be+ )\t v]tebr1 or an int]nal skeleton1 h an ext]nal skeleton1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( horny r+s1 atta*$ to :i* are v>i\s organs4 ,?is subk+dom is kn[n by naturali/s "u ! "n ( ! ,ar?ropoda4 ,! ^w ,ar?ropoda is d]iv$ f ! ,greek language & is comp\nd$ ( two words1 771 mean+ a jo9t & 771 mean+ a foot4 ,! ,ar?ropoda seem at fir/ sight to be made up ( jo9t$ r+s & feet2 h5ce ! "n4 ,! subk+dom ( ! ,ar?ropoda is aga9 subdivid$ into six classes4 ,^! are ! foll[+3 ,class ,i4 ,! ,cru/acea 7,%rimps1 ,crabs1 ,wat]-fleas1 etc474 ,class ,,ii4 ,! ,podo/omata 7,k+-crabs1 ,trilobites fossil1 etc474 ,class ,,iii4 ,! ,malacopoda 7,p]ipatus1 a curi\s g5us ( worm-l creatures1 f\nd 9 ! tropics1 & alli$ to ! ,myriapods 9 "s important respects74 ,class ,,iv4 ,! ,myriapoda 7,c5tip$es1 etc474 ,class ,v4 ,! ,ara*nida 7,spid]s1 ,mites1 etc474 ,class ,,vi4 ,! ,insecta 7,insects74 ,t bran* ( zology :i* treats ( insects is kn[n z entomology4 ,! ,insecta h be5 v>i\sly subdivid$ by diff]5t sci5tific writ]s1 b ! foll[+ subdivision has mu* 9 x to comm5d x1 & w suffice z an outl9e = ! guidance ( ! advanc$ /ud5t4 ,,class ,,vi4 ,,insecta 7,,insects ,,prop]7 ,,het]ometabola ,= ! mo/ "p und]go+ only a p>tial metamorphosis 9 ! developm5t f ! egg to ! imago4 ,,ord]s #a4 ,?ysanura4 ,subord]s3 ,collembola 7,podura1 ,spr+tails74 ,symphyla 7,scolop5drella74 ,c9ura 7,bri/letails1 etc474 #b4 ,d]matopt]a 7,e>wigs74 #c4 ,pseudoneuropt]a4 ,subord]s3 ,mallophaga 7,bird-lice74 ,platypt]a 7,/one-flies1 ,t]mites1 etc474 ,odonata 7,dragon-flies1 etc474 ,ephem]9a 7,may-flies1 etc474 #d4 ,neuropt]a 7,corydalis1 ,ant-lion1 ,caddis-flies1 etc474 #e4 ,or?opt]a 7,cockroa*1 ,mantis1 ,mole-cricket1 ,gras%opp]1 ,katydid1 etc474 #f4 ,hemipt]a4 ,subord]s3 ,p>asita 7,lice74 ,/]norhyn*a 7,aphids1 ,mealy ,bugs1 etc474 ,homopt]a 7,cicada1 ,tree-hopp]s1 etc474 ,het]opt]a 7,ranatra1 ,belo/oma1 ,wat]-spid]s1 ,squa%-bugs1 ,b$bugs1 etc474 #g4 ,coleopt]a4 ,subord]s3 ,cryptotetram]a 7,lady-birds1 etc474 ,cryptop5tam]a 7,leaf-beetles1 ,longhorns1 ,weevils1 etc474 ,het]om]a 7,bli/]-beetles1 ,meal-beetles1 etc474 ,p5tam]a 7,fire-flies1 ,skipjacks1 ,june-bugs1 ,dung-beetles1 ,/ag-beetles1 ,rove-beetles1 ,tig]-beetles1 etc474 ,,metabola ,und]go+ = ! mo/ "p a complete metamorphosis f egg1 ?r\gh l>va & pupa1 to imago4 ,,ord]s #h4 ,aphanipt]a 7,fleas74 #i4 ,dipt]a4 ,subord]s3 ,or?orhapha 7,hessian ,flies1 ,buffalo-gnats1 ,mosquitos1 ,crane-flies1 ,horse-flies74 ,cyclorhapha 7,syrphus1 ,bot-flies1 ,tsetse1 ,h\se-flies1 etc474 #aj4 ,lepidopt]a4 ,subord]s3 ,rhopaloc]a 7,butt]flies74 ,het]oc]a 7,mo?s74 #aa4 ,hym5opt]a4 ,subord]s3 ,t]ebrantia 7,saw-flies1 ,gall-wasps1 ,i*neumon-flies1 etc474 ,aculeata 7,ants1 ,cuckoo-flies1 ,digg]-wasps1 ,true ,wasps1 ,bees74 ,x w be se5 by glanc+ at ! =ego+ table t ! butt]flies & mo?s are includ$ z subord]s 9 ! t5? gr\p ( ! li/1 to :i* is appli$ ! "n ,lepidopt]a4 ,?is ^w1 l mo/ o!r sci5tific words1 is d]iv$ f ! ,greek1 & is comp\nd$ ( ! n\n 771 :i* signifies a scale1 & ! n\n 771 :i* signifies a w+4 ,! butt]flies & mo?s toge!r con/itute ! ord] ( scale-w+$ insects4 ,! appropriat5ess ( ?is "n w no d\bt be at once recogniz$ by e read]1 :o1 hav+ p]haps un9t5tionally rubb$ (f "s ( ! m9ute scales :i* clo! ! w+s ( a butt]fly1 has tak5 ! tr\ble to exam9e !m "u a microscope1 or :o has att5tively read :at has be5 said ^u ?is subject 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is book4 ,by ref]r+ aga9 to ! classification :i* has be5 giv51 x w be not$ t ! la/ f\r ord]s 9 ! li/ agree 9 t ! creatures includ$ )9 !m und]go = ! mo/ "p :at is kn[n z a complete metamorphosis2 t is to say1 !y pass ?r\gh f\r successive /ages ( developm5t1 exi/+ fir/ z eggs1 !n z worm-l l>v1 or cat]pill>s1 !n z pup1 & f9ally z p]fect1 fully develop$ insects1 gift$ = ! mo/ "p ) ! p[] ( flight1 & capable ( reproduc+ _! k9d4 ,all ( ?is has be5 to "s ext5t already elucidat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ! pres5t volume1 b x may be well to rem9d ! read] ( ^! facts at ?is po9t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gf4--;,ant5n ( butt]flies4 ,a "q :i* is frequ5tly ask$ by ^? :o are n famili> ) ! subject relates to ! mann] 9 :i* x is possible to di/+ui% betwe5 mo?s & butt]flies4 ,a p>tial answ] c be made 9 ! light ( ! habits ( ! two classes ( lepidopt]a4 ,butt]flies are diurnal 9 _! habits1 fly+ betwe5 sunrise & dusk1 & v r>ely tak+ ! w+ at night4 ,?is habit is s univ]sal t ^! insects are frequ5tly call$ by entomologi/s ! diurnal lepidopt]a1 or are simply spok5 ( z diurnals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t _m species ( mo?s are also diurnal 9 _! habits1 ?\gh ! great majority ( !m are nocturnal1 or crepuscul>1 t is1 fly+ at ! dusk ( ! ev5+1 or 9 ! twilight ( ! e>ly morn+4 ,^u ! basis ( m]e habit1 !n1 we are able only to obta9 a p>tial clue to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two subord]s4 ,a m def9ite di/9ction is bas$ ^u /ructure1 & specifically ^u ! /ructure ( ! ant5n4 ,butt]flies h long1 ?read-l ant5n1 provid$ ) a swell+ at ! extremity1 giv+ !m a some:at club-%ap$ appe>ance 7,fig4 #gf74 ,?is =m ( ant5n is v unusual among ! mo?s1 & only occurs 9 a few r>e g5]a1 f\nd 9 tropical c\ntries1 :i* seem to repres5t connect+-l9ks betwe5 ! butt]flies & ! mo?s4 ,all ! true mo?s :i* are f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada h ant5n :i* are n club-%ap$1 b are ( v>i\s o!r =ms4 ,"s mo?s h ?read-l ant5n tap]+ to a f9e po9t2 o!rs h fea!r-%ap$ ant5n2 o!rs /ill h ant5n :i* are prismatic 9 =m1 & provid$ ) a little hook1 or spur1 at ! end2 & !re are _m modifications & v>iations ( ^! =ms4 ,! club-%ap$ =m ( ! ant5n ( butt]flies has l$ naturali/s to call !m ,rhopaloc]a1 z has be5 already expla9$ 9 speak+ ( ?is subject on page #ag4 ,mo?s are call$ ,het]oc]a4 ,! ^w ,het]oc]a is comp\nd$ ( ! ,greek ^w 771 mean+ o!r1 & ! ,greek ^w 771 mean+ a horn4 ,!y are lepidopt]a :i* h ant5n :i* are o!r ?an club-%ap$4 ,besides ! di/9ctions :i* exi/ 9 ! matt] ( ! =m ( ! ant5n1 !re are di/9ctions 9 ! ve9s ( ! w+s1 & 9 ! mann] ( c>ry+ !m :5 at re/ or 9 flight1 :i* are q *>act]i/ic ( ! two gr\ps2 b all ( ^! ?+s ! att5tive /ud5t w quickly le>n = himself by obs]vation4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gg4--;,ant5n ( mo?s4 ,sci5tific ,arrangem5t4--,hav+ ?us ca/ a pass+ glance at ! diff]5ces :i* exi/ betwe5 mo?s & butt]flies1 we take up ! "q ( ! subdivision ( ! butt]flies into natural gr\ps4 ,v>i\s sy/ems ( arrang+ butt]flies h be5 sugge/$ f "t to "t by le>n$ writ]s1 & = a k ( ^! sy/ems ! /ud5t may consult works :i* treat ( !m at l5g?4 ,x is suffici5t = beg9n]s1 = :om ?is book is pr9cipally writt51 to obs]ve t 9 mod]n sci5ce1 = purposes ( conv5i5ce1 z well z f reg>d = ess5tial tru?1 all individuals are look$ ^u z belong+ to a species4 ,a species includes all ^? individuals1 :i* h a common ance/ry1 & are s relat$ 9 =m & /ructure z to be manife/ly sep>able f all o!r simil>ly con/itut$ assemblages ( individuals4 ,= in/ance1 all ! l>ge cats hav+ a tawny sk91 & 9 ! male a %aggy mane1 con/itute a species1 :i* we call ! lion2 ! eagles 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* 9 adult plumage h a sn[-:ite head & neck & a :ite tail1 con/itute a species1 :i* we "k z ! :ite-head$ or bald-head$ eagle4 ,species may !n be gr\p$ toge!r1 & ^? :i* are manife/ly closely relat$ to "o ano!r are reg>d$ z =m+ a natural assemblage ( species1 to :i* we give ! "n ( a g5us4 ,= example1 all ! l>ge cats1 su* z ! lion1 ! tig]1 ! puma1 & ! jagu>1 are gr\p$ toge!r by naturali/s1 & =m a g5us to :i* is giv5 ! ,lat9 "n ,felis1 mean+ cat4 ,! "n ( ! g5us always comes be=e t ( ! species4 ,?us ! tig] is spok5 ( sci5tifically z ,felis tigris4 ,! g5]a :i* are closely relat$ to "o ano!r may aga9 be assembl$ z subfamilies2 & ! subfamilies may be unit$ to =m families4 ,= in/ance1 all ! v>i\s g5]a ( cats =m a family1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,felid1 or ! ,cat ,family4 ,a gr\p ( families con/itutes a subord] or an ord]4 ,! cats belong to ! ,c>nivora1 or ord] ( fle%-eat+ animals4 ,9 zology family names are =m$ ) ! t]m9ation -id1 & subfamily names ) ! t]m9ation -94 ,ev]y?+ j said 9 reg>d to ! classification ( ! high] animals applies likewise to butt]flies4 ,let u take z an illu/ration ! common milkwe$ butt]fly4 ,l9nu = a fanciful reason gave ?is insect ! "n ,plexippus4 ,?is is its specific "n1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f all o!r butt]flies4 ,x belongs to ! g5us ,anosia4 ,! g5us ,anosia is "o ( ! g5]a :i* make up ! subfamily ( ! ,euploe94 ,! ,euploe9 belong to ! great family ( ! ,nymphalid4 ,! ,nymphalid are a "p ( ! subord] ( ! ,rhopaloc]a1 or true butt]flies1 "o ( ! two great subdivisions ( ! ord] ,lepidopt]a1 belong+ to ! great class ,insecta1 ! highe/ class 9 ! subk+dom ( ! ,ar?ropoda4 ,! matt] may be repres5t$ 9 a tabul> =m1 9 ! rev]se ord] f t :i* has be5 giv53 ,subk+dom1 ,ar?ropoda4 ,class1 ,insecta4 ,ord]1 ,lepidopt]a4 ,subord]1 ,rhopaloc]a4 ,family1 ,nymphalid4 ,subfamily1 ,euploe94 ,g5us1 ,anosia4 ,species1 ,plexippus 7,milkwe$ ,butt]fly74 ,v>ieties4--,a /ill fur!r subdivision is 9 "s cases recogniz$ z necess>y4 ,a species :i* has a wide range ov] an ext5sive t]ritory may v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! t]ritory )9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,! butt]flies ( c]ta9 common ,european species are f\nd also 9 ,japan & ,corea1 b1 z a rule1 !y are mu* l>g] 9 ! latt] c\ntries ?an !y are 9 ,europe1 & 9 "s cases m brightly color$4 ,naturali/s h !re=e di/+ui%$ ! ,asiatic f ! ,european =m by giv+ ! =m] :at is kn[n z a v>ietal "n4 ,simil> diff]5ces occur among butt]flies on ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! great yell[ & black-b>r$ swall[tail butt]fly kn[n z ,papilio turnus occurs f ,florida to ,alaska4 ,b ! specim5s f ,alaska are always mu* small] ?an ^? f o!r regions1 & h a v dw>f$ appe>ance4 ,?is dw>f$ =m con/itutes :at is kn[n z a local race1 or v>iety1 ( ! species4 ,! memb]s ( a species :i* occur ^u an isl& frequ5tly diff] 9 m>k$ respects f specim5s :i* occur ^u ! adjac5t ma9l&4 ,by insulation & ! process ( ?r\gh-bre$+ ! creature has come to acquire *>act]i/ics :i* sep>ate x 9 a m>k$ degree f ! closely alli$ cont95tal =m1 & yet n suffici5tly to ju/ify u 9 treat+ x z a di/9ct species4 ,x repres5ts :at is kn[n z an insul> race1 or v>iety1 & we give x !re=e a v>ietal "n4 ,naturali/s also di/+ui% betwe5 seasonal1 dimorphic1 melanic1 & alb9o =ms4 ,names descriptive or designatory ( ^! =ms are frequ5tly appli$ to !m4 ,all ( ?is w become pla9] 9 ! c\rse ( ! /udy ( ! succe$+ pages1 & 9 ! ef=t to classify specim5s :i* ! /ud5t w make4 ,sex4--,! designation ( ! sex is important 9 ! case ( all well-ord]$ collections ( zological specim5s4 ,z a measure ( conv5i5ce1 ! male is usually indicat$ by ! sign ( ,m>s1 1 :ile ! female is indicat$ by ! sign ( ,v5us1 4 ,! inscription1 ,argynnis ,diana1 1 !re=e means t ! specim5 is a male ( ,argynnis ,diana1 & ! inscription1 ,argynnis ,diana1 1 means t ! specim5 is a female ( ! same species4 ,^! signs are inv>iably employ$ by naturali/s to m>k ! sexes4 ,! ,division ( ,butt]flies into ,families4--,)\t attempt+ to g deeply into que/ions ( classification at ! pres5t po9t1 x w be well = u to note ! subdivisions :i* h be5 made into ! l>g] gr\ps1 kn[n z families1 & to %[ h[ butt]flies belong+ to "o or ! o!r ( ^! may be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,!re are five ( ^! families repres5t$ )9 ! t]ritory ( :i* ?is book takes notice4 ,^! five families are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! ,,nymphalid1 or ,bru%-foot$ ,butt]flies4 #b4 ,! ,,lemoniid1 or ,metal-m>ks4 #c4 ,! ,,lyc,,nid1 or ,blues1 ,copp]s1 & ,hair-/reaks4 #d4 ,! ,,papilionid1 or ! ,swall[tails & _! allies4 #e4 ,! ,,hesp]iid1 or ! ,skipp]s4 ,! ,,nymphalid1 ! ,bru%-foot$ ,butt]flies4 ,! butt]flies ( ?is family may be di/+ui%$ z a great class f all o!r butt]flies by ! fact t 9 bo? sexes ! fir/1 or pro?oracic1 pair ( legs is greatly dw>f$1 useless = walk+1 & !re=e c>ri$ fold$ up aga9/ ! brea/4 ,f ?is peculi>ity !y h also be5 call$ ! ,f\r-foot$ ,butt]flies4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( all ! families ( ! butt]flies1 & has be5 subdivid$ into _m subfamilies4 ,"s ( ! g5]a are compos$ ( small species1 b mo/ ( ! g5]a are made up ( m$ium-siz$ or l>ge species4 ,! family is geologically v anci5t1 & mo/ ( ! fossil butt]flies :i* h be5 discov]$ belong to x4 ,! cat]pill>s are 9 mo/ ( ! subfamilies provid$ ) horny or fle%y projections4 ,! *rysalids always hang susp5d$ by ! tail4 ,! ,,lemoniid1 ! ,metal-m>ks4 ,?is family is di/+ui%$ f o!rs by ! fact t ! males h f\r ambulatory or walk+ feet1 :ile ! females h six su* feet4 ,! ant5n are relatively long] ?an 9 ! ,lycnid4 ,! butt]flies belong+ to ?is great gr\p are mo/ly conf9$ to ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w1 & only a few g5]a & species are includ$ 9 ! region cov]$ by ?is volume4 ,!y are usually q small1 b are color$ 9 a bright & odd mann]1 spots & *eck]$ m>k+s be+ v common4 ,_m are extremely brilliant 9 _! colors4 ,! cat]pill>s are small & contract$4 ,"s are said to h *rysalids :i* are susp5d$2 o!rs h *rysalids girdl$ & atta*$ at ! anal extremity1 l ! ,lycnid4 ,! butt]flies 9 _m g5]a h ! habit ( alight+ on ! "u side ( leaves1 ) _! w+s exp&$4 ,! ,,lyc,,nid1 ! ,gossam]-w+$ ,butt]flies4 ,?is great family comprises ! butt]flies :i* are famili>ly kn[n z ! hair-/reaks1 ! blues1 & ! copp]s4 ,! males h f\r & ! females six walk+ feet4 ,! cat]pill>s are small1 %ort1 & slug-%ap$4 ,! *rysalids are provid$ ) a girdle1 are atta*$ at ! end ( ! abdom51 & lie closely appress$ to ! surface ^u :i* !y h und]gone trans=mation4 ,blue is a v common color 9 ?is family1 :i* includes "s ( ! gaye/ ( ! small =ms :i* are f\nd 9 ! butt]fly _w4 ,9 alight+ !y always c>ry _! w+s fold$ toge!r & upright4 ,! ,,papilionid1 ! ,swall[tails & _! allies4 ,^! butt]flies h six walk+ feet 9 bo? sexes4 ,! cat]pill>s are elongate1 & 9 "s g5]a provid$ ) osmat]ia1 or protrusive organs secret+ a p[]ful & disagreeable odor4 ,! *rysalids are elongate1 atta*$ at ! anal extremity1 & held 9 place by a girdle ( silk1 b n closely appress$ to ! surface ^u :i* !y h und]gone trans=mation4 ,! ,,hesp]iid1 or ! ,skipp]s4 ,!y are g5]ally small 9 size1 ) /\t bodies1 v quick & p[]ful 9 fight4 ,!y h six walk+ feet 9 bo? sexes4 ,! tibi ( ! h9d feet1 ) few exceptions1 h spurs4 ,! cat]pill>s are cyl9drical1 smoo?1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d f ! middle1 & g5]ally hav+ l>ge globul> heads4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y und]go trans=mation into *rysalids :i* h a girdle & an anal hook1 or crema/]1 9 a loose cocoon1 compos$ ( a few ?reads ( silk1 & ?us approximate ! mo?s 9 _! habits4 ,! g5us ,mega?ymus has ! curi\s habit ( burr[+ 9 its l>val /age 9 ! und]gr\nd /ems ( ! yucca4 ,to "o or ! o!r ( ^! five families all ! butt]flies1 numb]+ ab\t six hundr$ & fifty species1 :i* are f\nd f ! ,rio ,gr&e ( ,texas to ! arctic circle1 c be ref]r$4 ,sci5tific ,names4--,f :at has be5 said x is pla9 to ! read] t ! /ud5t ( ?is delightful bran* ( sci5ce is c]ta9 to be call$ ^u to use "s r long &1 at fir/ sight1 unc\? words 9 ! pursuit ( ! subject4 ,b exp]i5ce1 t be/ ( tea*]s1 w soon enable him to ma/] any little difficulties :i* may arise f ?is s\rce1 & he w come f9ally to recognize h[ useful ^! t]ms are 9 designat+ di/9ctions :i* exi/1 b :i* are (t5 :olly ov]look$ by ! un$ucat$ & unobs]vant4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 necess>y t ! /ud5t %\ld at ! outset attempt to tax 8 memory ) all ( ! long sci5tific names :i* he enc\nt]s 9 ?is & simil> books4 ,! late ,dr4 ,horn ( ,philadelphia1 :o 0 ju/ly reg>d$1 dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life1 z ! mo/ em95t /ud5t ( ! ,coleopt]a1 or beetles1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 once said to ! writ] t he made x a religi\s duty n to try to rememb] all ! long sci5tific names belong+ to ! ?\s&s ( species 9 8 collection1 b 0 cont5t to h !m atta*$ to ! p9s hold+ ! specim5s 9 8 cab9ets1 :]e he c\ld easily ref] to !m4 ,! /ud5t :o is engag$ 9 collect+ & /udy+ butt]flies w v soon come1 almo/ )\t ef=t1 to "k _! names1 b x is n a s9 to =get !m4 ,9 writ+ ab\t butt]flies x is q cu/om>y to abbreviate ! g5]ic "n by giv+ m]ely its initial4 ,?us 9 writ+ ab\t ! milkwe$ butt]fly1 ,anosia plexippus1 ! naturali/ w designate x z ,a4 plexippus4 ,to ! specific "n he w also atta* ! "n ( ! man :o gave ?is specific "n to ! insect4 ,z ,l9nu 0 ! fir/ to "n ?is insect1 x is prop] to add 8 "n1 :5 writ+ ( x1 or to add an abbreviation ( 8 "n1 z foll[s3 ,a4 plexippus1 ,l9nu1 or ,l9n4 ,9 speak+ ab\t butt]flies x is q common to omit ! g5]ic "n altoge!r & to use only ! specific "n4 ,?us aft] return+ 9 ! ev5+ f a collect+-trip1 ,i might say1 ,i 0 q successful to-day4 ,i took tw5ty ,aphrodites1 f\r ,myr9as1 & two specim5s ( ,atlantis4 ,9 ?is case !re c\ld be no misund]/&+ ( my mean+4 ,i took specim5s ( ?ree species ( ! g5us ,argynnis--,a4 aphrodite1 ,a4 myr9a1 & ,a4 atlantis2 b x is q en\gh to designate !m by ! specific names1 )\t ref]5ce to _! g5]ic classification4 ,synonyms4--,x is a law among sci5tific m5 t ! "n fir/ giv5 to an animal or plant %all be its "n & %all h priority ov] all o!r names4 ,n[1 x has happ5$ n infrequ5tly t an au?or1 n kn[+ t a species has be5 describ$ already1 has r$escrib$ x "u ano!r "n4 ,su* a "n appli$ a second "t to a species already describ$ is call$ a synonym1 & may be publi%$ aft] ! true "n4 ,sometimes species h _h a doz5 or m diff]5t names appli$ to !m by diff]5t writ]s1 b all su* names rank z synonyms accord+ to ! law ( priority4 ,popul> ,names4--,common ,engli% names = butt]flies are mu* 9 vogue 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & !re is no reason :y ,engli% names %\ld n be giv5 to butt]flies1 z well z to birds & to plants4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ?is has be5 done to a great ext5t4 ,i h us$ ! names co9$ by ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudd] & by o!rs1 s f> z possible1 & h 9 o!r cases be5 =c$ myself to co9 names :i* seem$ to be appropriate1 9 ! hope t !y may come ultimately to be widely us$4 ,! tr\ble is t ord9>y p d n take pa9s to obs]ve & note ! di/9ctions :i* exi/ among ! l[] animals4 ,! vocabul>y ( ! common f>m]1 or ev5 ( ! ord9>y pr(essional man1 is b>e ( t]ms to po9t out correctly ! diff]5t ?+s :i* come "u ! eye4 ,all insects are bugs to ! vulg>1 & ev5 ! airy butt]fly1 creature ( grace & light1 is put into ! same category ) roa*es & fleas4 ,apropos ( ! t5d5cy to classify z bugs all ?+s :i* creep & are small1 x may be wor? :ile to recall ! /ory1 :i* ,frank ,buckl& tells 9 8 ,log-book ( a ,fi%]man & ,naturali/1 ( an adv5ture :i* he _h1 :5 a s*ool-boy1 at ! book+-(fice ( ! ,london1 ,*a?am1 & ,dov] ,railway ,company 9 ,dov]4 ,he _h be5 = a %ort trip to ,p>is1 & _h b\ght a monkey & a tortoise4 ,^u 8 return f sunny ,france1 z he 0 gett+ 8 ticket up to ,london1 ,jocko /uck 8 head out ( ! bag 9 :i* 8 own] 0 c>ry+ him4 ,! ticket-ag5t look$ d[n & said1 ,y w pay half-f>e = him4 ,h[ is t8 exclaim$ "y ,buckl&4 ,well1 we *>ge half-f>e = dogs4 ,b ?is is n a dog1 repli$ ! indignant lad2 ?is is a monkey4 ,makes no diff]5ce1 0 ! answ]2 y mu/ pay half-f>e = him4 ,reluctantly ! silv] 0 laid ^u ! c\nt]4 ,!n1 ?ru/+ 8 h&s into ! pocket ( 8 greatcoat1 ,buckl& drew =? ! tortoise1 &1 lay+ x d[n1 ask$1 ,h[ mu* d y *>ge = ?is8 ,! anci5t receiv] ( f>es furbi%$ 8 spectacles1 adju/$ !m to 8 nose1 took a long look1 & repli$1 ,we don't *>ge no?9' = !m2 !m 's insects4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! read] ( ?is book w 9 ! end h a cle>] view ( facts z to ! classification ( animals ?an 0 possess$ by ! ticket-ag5t at ,dov]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,books ,,ab\t ,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,butt]flies ,e>ly ,writ]s4--,! e>lie/ descriptions ( ,nor? ,am]ican butt]flies are f\nd 9 writ+s :i* are n[ almo/ unkn[n1 except to ! close /ud5t ( sci5ce4 ,l9nu describ$ & nam$ a numb] ( ! common] ,nor? ,am]ican species1 & "s ( !m 7 figur$ by ,*>les ,cl]ck1 8 pupil1 ^: "w entitl$ ,icones 0 publi%$ at ,/ockholm 9 ! ye> #agei4 ,cl]ck's "w is exce$+ly r>e1 & ! writ] believes t he has 9 8 possession ! only copy 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,johann ,*ri/ian ,fabricius1 a pupil ( ,l9nu1 :o 0 = "s "t a pr(essor 9 ,kiel1 & atta*$ to ! c\rt ( ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye> #agge & ! ye> #agih a numb] ( works ^u ! g5]al subject ( entomology1 9 :i* he gave descriptions1 v brief & unsatisfactory1 ( a numb] ( ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,8 descriptions 7 writt51 z 7 ^? ( ,l9nu1 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,fabricius 0 publi%+ 8 works1 ,pet] ,cram]1 a ,dut*man1 0 engag$ 9 giv+ to ! _w ! f\r l>ge qu>tos 9 :i* he endeavor$ to figure & describe ! butt]flies & mo?s ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,cram]'s "w 0 entitl$ ,papillons ,exotiques1 & conta9$ recognizable illu/rations ( q a numb] ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican =ms4 ,! book1 h[ev]1 is r>e & exp5sive to-day1 b few copies ( x be+ accessible to ,am]ican /ud5ts4 ,jacob ,hbn]1 :o 0 born at ,augsburg 9 ! ye> #agfa1 und]took ! publication1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ( an elaborate "w ^u ! ,european butt]flies & mo?s1 p>allel ) :i* he und]took a publication ^u ! butt]flies & mo?s ( =eign l&s4 ,! title ( 8 "w is ,sammlung ,exotis*] ,s*mett]l+e4 ,to ?is "w 0 add$1 z an app5dix1 p>tly by ,hbn] & p>tly by 8 successor & co-labor]1 ,k>l ,gey]1 ano!r1 entitl$ ,zutrge zur ,sammlung ,exotis*] ,s*mett]l+e4 ,! two works toge!r are illu/rat$ by six hundr$ & sixty-f\r color$ plates4 ,?is great publication conta9s "s scatt]$ figures ( ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,a good copy sells = f ?ree hundr$ & fifty to f\r hundr$ doll>s1 or ev5 m4 ,! fir/ "w :i* 0 devot$ exclusively to an acc\nt ( ! lepidopt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 publi%$ 9 ,engl& by ,sir ,james ,edw>d ,smi?1 :o 0 a botani/1 & :o gave to ! _w 9 two volumes "s ( ! plates :i* _h be5 drawn by ,john ,abbot1 an ,engli%man :o liv$ = a numb] ( ye>s 9 ,georgia4 ,! "w appe>$ 9 two folio volumes1 be>+ ! date #agig4 ,x is entitl$ ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,r>] ,lepidopt]\s ,insects ( ,georgia4 ,x conta9s "o hundr$ & f\r plates1 9 :i* ! insects are repres5t$ 9 _! v>i\s /ages ^u _! appropriate food-plants4 ,smi? & ,abbot's "w conta9s orig9al descriptions ( only ab\t half a doz5 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican butt]flies1 & figures a numb] ( species :i* _h be5 already describ$ by e>li] au?ors4 ,x is ma9ly devot$ to ! mo?s4 ,?is "w is n[ r>e & comm&s a v high price4 ,! next important "w ^u ! subject 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,j4,a4 ,boisduval ( ,p>is1 a celebrat$ entomologi/1 :o 0 assi/$ by ,major ,john ,e4 ,leconte4 ,! "w appe>$ 9 ! ye> #ahcc1 & is entitl$ ,hi/oire ,gnrale et ,monographie des ,lepidoptres et des ,*5illes de l',amrique ,sept5trionale4 ,x conta9s sev5ty-eight color$ plates1 ea* repres5t+ butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 _m cases giv+ figures ( ! l>va & ! *rysalis z well z ( ! p]fect insect4 ,! plates 7 bas$ v l>gely ^u draw+s made by ,john ,abbot1 & repres5t n9ety-?ree species1 :ile 9 ! text !re are only eighty-five species m5tion$1 "s ( :i* are n figur$4 ,:at has be5 said ( all ! prec$+ works is also true ( ?is3 x is v r>ely (f]$ = sale1 c only be f\nd ^u occasion1 & comm&s a high price4 ,9 ! ye> #ahda ,dr4 ,?addeus ,william ,h>ris publi%$ ,a ,report on ! ,insects ( ,massa*usetts :i* are ,injuri\s to ,vegetation4 ,?is "w1 :i* 0 orig9ally br\ght out 9 pursuance ( an ord] ( ! legislature ( ,massa*usetts1 by ! ,commission]s ( ! ,zological & ,botanical ,survey ( ! ,/ate1 0 republi%$ 9 #ahdb1 & 0 foll[$ by a ?ird edition 9 #aheb4 ,! la/ edition1 revis$ & improv$ by ,*>les ,l4 ,fl9t1 ,secret>y ( ! ,massa*usetts ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 appe>$ 9 #ahfb4 ,?is "w conta9s a numb] ( figures & descriptions ( ! butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 &1 :ile n[ some:at obsolete1 /ill conta9s a great deal ( valuable in=mation1 & is well wor? be+ rescu$ by ! /ud5t f ! %elves ( ! second-h& book-/alls 9 :i* x is n[ & !n to be f\nd4 ,= ! ,new ,engl& /ud5t ( entomology x rema9s to a great] or less ext5t a classic4 ,9 #ahfj ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution publi%$ a ,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,lepidopt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a compilation prep>$ by ! ,rev4 ,john ,g4 ,morris4 ,?is "w1 ?\gh v f> f complete1 conta9s 9 a compact =m mu* valuable in=mation1 l>gely extract$ f ! writ+s ( previ\s au?ors4 ,x is n illu/rat$4 ,) ! book prep>$ by ,dr4 ,morris ! fir/ p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( a lit]ature relat+ to our subject may be said to close1 & ! read] w obs]ve t until ! end ( ! six? decade ( ?is c5tury v little _h be5 attempt$ 9 ! way ( sy/ematically nam+1 describ+1 & illu/rat+ ! ri*es ( ! insect fauna ( ?is cont95t4 ,almo/ all ! "w1 ) ! exception ( t done by ,h>ris1 ,leconte1 & ,morris1 _h be5 done by ,european au?ors4 ,lat] ,writ]s4--,at ! close ( ! ,civil ,w> ?is c\ntry witness$ a great intellectual awak5+1 & e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce began to f9d its zeal\s /ud5ts4 ,9 ! annals ( entomology ! ye> #ahfh is memorable because ( ! issue ( ! fir/ "p ( ! great "w by ,william ,h4 ,edw>ds1 entitl$ ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is "w has be5 )9 ! la/ ye> 7#ahig7 br\ght to completion ) ! publication ( ! ?ird volume1 & /&s z a sup]b monum5t to ! sci5tific atta9m5ts & ! inext+ui%able indu/ry ( its le>n$ au?or4 ,! ?ree volumes are mo/ sup]bly illu/rat$1 & conta9 a weal? ( orig9al draw+s1 repres5t+ all ! /ages 9 ! life-hi/ory ( num]\s species1 :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,un=tunately1 :ile includ+ a l>ge numb] ( ! species kn[n to inhabit ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! book is nev]!less n :at its title w\ld seem to imply1 & is f> f complete1 sev]al hundr$s ( species n be+ repres5t$ 9 any way1 ei!r 9 ! text or 9 ! illu/rations4 ,9 spite ( ?is fact x w rema9 to ! ,am]ican /ud5t a classic1 hold+ a place 9 ! doma9 ( entomology analog\s to t :i* is held 9 ! sci5ce ( orni?ology by ! ,birds ( ,am]ica1 by ,audubon4 ,a "w ev5 m elaborate 9 its design & execution1 conta9$ 9 ?ree volumes1 is ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 by ,dr4 ,samuel ,hubb>d ,scudd]1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahhf4 ,no m sup]bly illu/rat$ & exhau/ive monograph on any sci5tific subject has ev] be5 publi%$ ?an ?is1 & x mu/ rema9 a la/+ memorial ( ! colossal indu/ry & va/ le>n+ ( ! au?or1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t sci5tific m5 :om ,am]ica has produc$4 ,:ile ! two great works :i* h be5 m5tion$ h illu/rat$ to ! highe/ degree n only ! le>n+ ( _! au?ors1 b ! va/ advances :i* h be5 made 9 ! art ( illu/ration )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 !y d n /& alone z repres5t+ ! activity ( /ud5ts 9 ?is field4 ,a numb] ( small]1 b useful1 works h appe>$ f "t to "t4 ,among ^! mu/ be m5tion$ ,! ,butt]flies ( ! ,ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,pr(essor ,g4,h4 ,fr5*4 ,?is book1 :i* conta9s f\r hundr$ & two pages & n9ety-?ree figures 9 ! text1 0 publi%$ 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahhf4 ,x is an admirable little "w1 ) ! help ( :i* ! /ud5t may le>n mu* 9 relation to ! subject2 b x greatly lacks 9 illu/ration1 )\t :i* all su* publications are n attractive or ?or\ghly useful to ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 by ,c4,j4 ,mayn>d1 a qu>to conta9+ sev5ty-two pages ( text & eight color$ plates1 ! latt] v poor4 ,9 #ahgh ,h]man ,/reck] ( ,read+1 ,p5nsylvania1 publi%$ a book entitl$ ,butt]flies & ,mo?s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* is fur!r entitl$ ,a ,complete ,synonymical ,catalogue4 ,x gives only ! synonymy ( "s f\r hundr$ & sev5ty species ( butt]flies1 & has nev] be5 cont9u$ by ! au?or1 z 0 app>5tly 8 int5tion4 ,x makes no m5tion ( ! mo?s1 except ^u ! title-page4 ,= ! sci5tific /ud5t x has mu* value1 b is ( no value to a beg9n]4 ,! same au?or publi%$ 9 p>ts a "w illu/rat$ by fifte5 color$ plates1 entitl$ ,lepidopt]a-,rhopaloc]es & ,het]oc]es--,indig5\s & ,exotic1 :i* came out f #ahgb to #ahgi1 & conta9s recognizable figures ( _m ,nor? ,am]ican species4 ,9 #ahia !re appe>$ 9 ,bo/on1 f ! p5 ( ,c4,j4 ,mayn>d1 a "w entitl$ ,a ,manual ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,butt]flies4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by t5 v poorly execut$ plates & a numb] ( equally poorly execut$ cuts 9 ! text4 ,! "w is un=tunately *>act]iz$ by a numb] ( s]i\s defects :i* make its use difficult & unsatisfactory = ! correct det]m9ation ( species & _! classification4 ,9 #ahic ,dr4 ,scudd] publi%$ two books1 bo? ( !m useful1 ?\gh brief1 "o ( !m entitl$ ,! ,life ( a ,butt]fly1 ! o!r1 ,a ,brief ,guide to ! ,common] ,butt]flies ( ! ,nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,bo? ( ^! books 7 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york by ,messrs4 ,h5ry ,holt ,co41 & conta9 valuable in=mation 9 relation to ! subject1 be+ to a c]ta9 ext5t an advance ^u ano!r "w publi%$ 9 #ahha by ! same au?or & firm1 entitl$ ,butt]flies4 ,p]iodical ,lit]ature4--,! read] mu/ n suppose t ! only lit]ature relat+ to ! subject t we are consid]+ is to be f\nd 9 ! volumes t h be5 m5tion$4 ,! orig9al descriptions & ! life-hi/ories ( a l>ge numb] ( ! species ( ! butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica h orig9ally appe>$ 9 ! pages ( sci5tific p]iodicals & 9 ! j\rnals & proce$+s ( diff]5t le>n$ societies4 ,among ! m important publications :i* are ri* 9 in=mation 9 reg>d to our !me may be m5tion$ ! publications relat+ to entomology issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & by ! v>i\s ,am]ican commonweal?s1 *ief among ! latt] be+ ,riley's ,miss\ri ,reports4 ,exce$+ly valuable are _m ( ! pap]s conta9$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,entomological ,society1 ,psy*e1 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,brooklyn ,entomological ,society 7#ahgb-he71 ,papilio 7#ahha-hd71 ,entomologica ,am]icana 7#ahhe-ij71 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,new ,york ,entomological ,society1 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 & ,entomological ,news4 ,all ( ^! j\rnals are m9es ( orig9al in=mation1 & ! /ud5t :o proposes to ma/] ! subject ?or\ghly w d well to obta91 if possible1 complete sets ( ^! p]iodicals1 z well z ( a numb] ( o!rs :i* might be m5tion$1 & to subscribe = su* ( !m z are /ill be+ publi%$4 ,!re are a numb] ( works ^u g5]al entomology1 conta9+ *apt]s ^u ! diurnal lepidopt]a1 :i* may be consult$ ) pr(it4 ,among ! be/ ( ^! are ! foll[+3 ,a ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects1 by ,a4,s4 ,pack>d1 ,jr41 ,m4,d4 7,h5ry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahhc1 pp4 #gae1 #hvo72 ,a ,textbook ( ,entomology1 by ,alpheus ,s4 ,pack>d1 ,m4,d41 etc4 7,! ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahih1 pp4 #gbi1 #hvo72 ,a ,manual = ! ,/udy ( ,insects1 by ,john ,h5ry ,com/ock 7,com/ock ,publi%+ ,company1 ,i?aca1 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 pp4 #gja1 #hvo74 ,,hugo',s ,,fl[] ,,to ,,butt]fly ,sweet1 live ) me1 & let my love ,be an endur+ te!r2 ,oh1 wanton n f spot to spot1 ,b let u dwell toge!r4 ,y've come ea* morn to sip ! sweets ,) :i* y f\nd me dripp+1 ,yet nev] knew x 0 n dew1 ,b te>s1 t y 7 sipp+4 ,y gambol ov] honey meads ,:]e sir5 bees are humm+2 ,b m9e ! fate to wat* & wait ,= my belov$'s com+4 ,! sun%9e t delights y n[ ,%all fade to d>kness gloomy2 ,y %\ld n fe> if1 bid+ "h1 ,y ne/l$ clos] to me4 ,s re/ y1 love1 & be my love1 ,t my enraptur$ bloom+ ,may fill y\r sight ) t5d] light1 ,y\r w+s ) sweet p]fum+4 ,or1 if y w n bide ) me ,^u ?is quiet hea!r1 ,oh1 give me w+1 ?\ beaute\s ?+1 ,t we may so> toge!r4 ,,eug5e ,,field4 ,,! ,,butt]flies ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,nor? ,,( ,,mexico ,lo1 ! bright tra9 _! radiant w+s unfold6 ,) silv] fr+$1 & freckl$ o'er ) gold3 ,on ! gay bosom ( "s fragrant fl[] ,!y1 idly flutt]+1 live _! little h\r2 ,_! life all pleasure1 & _! task all play1 ,all spr+ _! age1 & sun%9e all _! day4 ,,mrs4 ,,b>bauld ,,ord] ,,lepidopt]a ,,subord] ,,rhopaloc]a 7,,butt]flies7 ,,family ,i ,,nymphalid 7,,! ,,bru%-,,foot$ ,,butt]flies7 ,! family ( ! ,nymphalid is compos$ ( butt]flies :i* are ( m$ium & l>ge size1 ?\gh a few ( ! g5]a are made up ( species :i* are q small4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r butt]flies by ! fact t ! fir/ pair ( legs 9 bo? sexes is atrophi$ or greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 s t !y _c be us$ 9 walk+1 b are c>ri$ fold$ up ^u ! brea/4 ,! =e feet1 except 9 ! case ( ! female ( ! sn\t-butt]flies 7,liby!971 are )\t t>sal claws1 & h5ce ! "n ,bru%-foot$ ,butt]flies has be5 appli$ to !m4 ,z ! ant]ior pair ( legs is app>5tly useless1 !y h be5 call$ ,! ,f\r-foot$ ,butt]flies1 :i* is sci5tifically a misnom]4 ,egg4--,! eggs ( ! ,nymphalid1 = ! mo/ "p1 are dome-%ap$ or globul>1 & are m>k$ ) rais$ longitud9al l9es ext5d+ f ! summit t[>d ! base ov] ! entire surface or ov] ! upp] portion ( ! egg4 ,betwe5 ^! elevations are (t5 f\nd f9] & less elevat$ cross-l9es4 ,9 a few g5]a ! surface ( ! eggs is cov]$ ) reticulation arrang$ 9 geometrical patt]ns 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s ( ! ,nymphalid1 z !y em]ge f ! egg1 h heads ! diamet] ( :i* is l>g] ?an t ( ! body1 & cov]$ ) a numb] ( w>t-l elevations f :i* hairs arise4 ,! body ( ! immature l>va g5]ally tap]s f be=e backw>d 7see ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #g & #aa74 ,! mature l>va is cyl9drical 9 =m1 sometimes1 z 9 ! ,satyr91 ?ick] 9 ! middle4 ,(t5 "o or m ( ! segm5ts are greatly swoll5 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,! l>v are g5]ally ornam5t$ ) fle%y projections or bran*+ sp9es4 ,*rysalids4--,! *rysalids are = ! mo/ "p angul>1 & (t5 h /rongly m>k$ projections4 ,z a rule1 !y hang ) ! head d[nw>d1 hav+ ! crema/]1 or anal hook1 atta*$ to a button ( silk wov5 to ! "u surface ( a limb ( a tree1 a /one1 or "s o!r project+ surface4 ,a few boreal species con/ruct loose cov]+s ( ?reads ( silk at ! roots ( grasses1 & "h und]go _! trans=mations4 ,! *rysalids are frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) gold5 or silv]y spots4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( all ! families ( butt]flies1 & x is also ! mo/ widely di/ribut$4 ,x is repres5t$ by species :i* h _! abode 9 ! cold regions ( ! f> ,nor? & ^u ! l(ty summits ( m\nta9s1 :]e summ] reigns = b a few weeks dur+ ! ye>2 & x is enorm\sly develop$ 9 equatorial l&s1 includ+ "h "s ( ! mo/ glori\sly color$ species 9 ! butt]fly _w4 ,b al?\gh ^! insects appe> to h atta9$ _! mo/ sup]b developm5t 9 ! tropics1 !y are m num]\s 9 ! temp]ate regions ?an o!r butt]flies1 & a c]ta9 fe>lessness1 & fondness = ! haunts ( m51 :i* seems to *>act]ize "s ( !m1 has br\ght !m m "u ! eyes ( obs]v]s4 ,! lit]ature ( poetry & prose :i* takes acc\nt ( ! life ( ! butt]fly has ma9ly dealt ) =ms belong+ to ?is great assemblage ( species4 ,9 ! classification ( ! bru%-foot$ butt]flies v>i\s subdivisions h be5 sugge/$ by le>n$ au?ors1 b ! species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! c\ntries ly+ nor?w>d ^u ! cont95t may be all includ$ 9 ! foll[+ six gr\ps1 or subfamilies3 #a4 ,! ,euploe9oe1 ! ,euploeids4 #b4 ,! ,i?omi9oe1 ! ,i?omiids4 #c4 ,! ,heliconi9oe1 ! ,heliconians4 #d4 ,! ,nymphal9oe1 ! ,nymphs4 #e4 ,! ,satyr9oe1 ! ,satyrs4 #f4 ,! ,liby!9oe1 ! ,sn\t-butt]flies4 ,! insects belong+ to ^! diff]5t subfamilies may be di/+ui%$ by ! help ( ! foll[+ analytical table1 :i* is bas$ ^u t ( ,pr(essor ,com/ock1 giv5 9 8 ,manual = ! ,/udy ( ,insects 7p4 #cif71 :i* 9 turn is bas$ ^u t ( ,dr4 ,scudd]1 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl& 7vol4 i1 p4 #aae74 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,subfamilies ,,( ,,! ,,nymphalid ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,canada ,i4 ,) ! ve9s ( ! =e w+s n greatly swoll5 at ! base4 ,a4 ,ant5n nak$4 7a7 ,=e w+s less ?an twice z long z broad--,euploe9oe4 7b7 ,=e w+s twice z long z broad & (t5 transluc5t1 ! abdom5 ext5d+ f> beyond ! inn] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s--,i?omi9oe4 ,b4 ,ant5n clo!d ) scales1 at lea/ above4 7a7 ,=e w+s at lea/ twice z long z broad--,heliconi9oe4 7b7 ,=e w+s less ?an twice z long z broad4 #a4 ,palpi n z long z ! ?orax--,nymphal9oe4 #b4 ,palpi mu* long] ?an ! ?orax--,liby!9oe4 ,,ii4 ,) "s ( ! ve9s ( ! =e w+s greatly swoll5 at ! base--,satyr9oe4 ,we n[ proce$ to pres5t ! v>i\s g5]a & species ( ?is family :i* occur )9 ! t]ritorial limits ( :i* ?is book treats4 ,! read] w d well to accompany ! /udy ( ! descriptions1 :i* are at mo/ m]e sket*es1 by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! figures 9 ! plates4 ,9 ?is way a v cle> idea ( ! diff]5t species c 9 mo/ in/ances be obta9$4 ,b ) ! /udy ( ! book %\ld always g1 if possible1 ! /udy ( ! liv+ ?+s !mselves4 ,k ( nature f\nd$ ^u books is at be/ second-h&4 ,to ! fields & ! woods1 !n1 net 9 h&6 ,spl5did z may be ! sight ( a great collection ( butt]flies f all p>ts ( ! _w1 _! w+s ,gleam+ ) purple & gold1 no vision is s exquisite & s inspir+ z t :i* greets ! true aurelian z 9 %ady dell or ^u sun-lit upl&1 ) ! blue sky above him & ! fl[]s all ar\nd him1 he pursues 8 pleasant1 self-impos$ tasks1 dr9k+ 9 heal? at e /ep4 ,,subfamily ,,euploe9 7,,! ,,milkwe$ ,,butt]flies7 ,lazily fly+ ,ov] ! fl[]-deck$ prairies1 ,we/2 ,bask+ 9 sun%9e till daylight is dy+1 ,& re/+ all night on ,asclepias' brea/2 ,joy\sly danc+1 ,m]rily pranc+1 ,*as+ 8 lady-love high 9 ! air1 ,flutt]+ gaily1 ,frolick+ daily1 ,free f anxiety1 sorr[1 & c>e6 ,c4,v4 ,,riley4 ,butt]fly4--,l>ge butt]flies2 head l>ge2 ! ant5n ins]t$ on ! summit1 /\t1 nak$1 t is to say1 n cov]$ ) scales1 ! club long & n broad2 palpi /\t2 ! ?orax some:at compress$1 ) ! top ar*$4 ,! abdom5 is mod]ately /\t1 be>+ on ! eigh? segm5t1 on ei!r side1 9 ! case ( ! male1 clasps :i* are q conspicu\s4 ,! =e w+s are greatly produc$ at ! apex & m or less excavat$ ab\t ! middle ( ! out] bord]2 ! h9d w+s are r\nd$ & g5]ally mu* small] ?an ! =e w+s2 ! out] m>g9 is regul>1 )\t tails1 & ! inn] m>g9 is sometimes *annel$ s z to enfold ! abdom54 ,! =e legs are greatly atrophi$ 9 ! male1 less s 9 ! female2 ^! atrophi$ legs are n provid$ ) claws1 b on ! o!r legs ! claws are well develop$4 ,egg4--,! eggs are ovate conical1 broadly flatt5$ at ! base & slightly truncat$ at ! top1 ) _m longitud9al ribs & transv]se cross-ridges 7see ,fig4 #d74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,vii ,,anosia ,,& ,,basil>*ia #a4 ,anosia plexippus1 ,l9nu1 4 #b4 ,anosia b]5ice1 ,cram]1 4 #c4 ,anosia b]5ice1 v>4 /rigosa1 ,bates1 4 #d4 ,basil>*ia disippus1 ,god>t1 4 #e4 ,basil>*ia hul/i1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,vii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cat]pill>4--,on em]g+ f ! *rysalis ! head is n l>g] ?an ! body2 ! body has a few scatt]$ hairs on ea* segm5t4 ,on rea*+ maturity ! head is small1 ! body l>ge1 cyl9drical1 )\t hair1 & conspicu\sly b&$ ) d>k /ripes ^u a light] gr\nd1 & on "s ( ! segm5ts !re are g5]ally erect fle%y processes ( consid]able l5g? 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u diff]5t species ( ! milkwe$ 7,asclepias74 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is relatively %ort & ?ick1 r\nd$1 ) v few projections1 tap]s v rapidly ov] ! po/]ior "p ( ! abdom51 & is susp5d$ by a long crema/] f a button ( silk 7see ,fig4 #bd74 ,! *rysalis is frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) gold5 or silv] spots4 ,?is subfamily rea*es its l>ge/ developm5t 9 ! tropical regions ( ,asia4 ,only "o g5us is repres5t$ 9 our fauna1 ! g5us ,anosia4 ,g5us ,,anosia1 ,hbn] ,butt]fly4--,l>ge-siz$ butt]flies2 =e w+s long1 greatly produc$ at ! apex1 hav+ a triangul> outl9e1 ! out] m>g9 approximately z long z ! inn] m>g92 ! co/al bord] is regul>ly b[$2 ! out] bord] is slightly excavat$1 ! out] angle r\nd$2 ! h9d w+s are well r\nd$1 ! co/al bord] project+ j at ! base1 ! inn] m>g9 likewise project+ at ! base & depress$ s z to =m a *annel clasp+ ! abdom54 ,on ! edge ( ! fir/ m$ian n]vule ( ! male1 ab\t its middle1 !re is a sc5t-p\* cov]$ ) scales4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,anosia4 ,egg4--,! egg is ovate conical1 ribb$ p]p5dicul>ly ) _m rais$ cross-l9es betwe5 ! ridges4 ,! eggs are pale gre5 9 color4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 fle%y1 transv]sely wr9kl$1 & has on ! second ?oracic & eigh? abdom9al segm5t pairs ( v long & sl5d] fle%y filam5ts2 ! body is ornam5t$ by d>k b&s ^u a gre5i%-yell[ gr\nd-color2 ! filam5ts are black4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is /\t1 cyl9drical1 rapidly tap]+ on ! abdom51 & is susp5d$ f a button ( silk by a long crema/]4 ,! color ( ! *rysalis is pale gre51 ornam5t$ ) gold5 spots4 ,! l>v ( ! g5us ,anosia fe$ = ! mo/ "p ^u ! v>ieties ( milkwe$ 7,asclepias71 & !y are !re=e call$ milkwe$ butt]flies4 ,!re are two species ( ! g5us f\nd 9 our fauna1 "o1 ,anosia plexippus1 ,l9nu1 :i* is di/ribut$ ov] ! entire cont95t z f> nor? z s\!rn ,canada1 & ! o!r1 ,anosia b]5ice1 ,cram]1 :i* is conf9$ to ! extreme s\?we/]n portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ f\nd 9 ,texas & ,arizona4 7#a7 ,anosia plexippus1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,! ,mon>*74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] surface ( ! w+s ( ?is butt]fly is bright r$di%1 ) ! bord]s & ve9s broadly black1 ) two r[s ( :ite spots on ! out] bord]s & two r[s ( pale spots ( mod]ately l>ge size across ! apex ( ! =e w+s4 ,! males h ! w+s less broadly bord]$ ) black ?an ! females1 & on ! fir/ m$ian n]vule ( ! h9d w+s !re is a black sc5t-p\*4 ,egg4--,! egg is ovate conical1 & is well repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #d 9 ! introductory *apt] ( ?is book4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is bright yell[ or gre5i%-yell[1 b&$ ) %9+ black1 & furni%$ ) black fle%y ?read-l app5dages be=e & beh9d4 ,x likewise is well del9eat$ 9 ,fig4 #af1 z well z 9 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #e4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 pale gre51 spott$ ) gold 7see ,fig4 #bd1 & ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #a-c74 ,! butt]fly is believ$ to be polygoneutic1 t is to say1 _m broods are produc$ annually2 & x is believ$ by writ]s t ) ! adv5t ( cold wea!r ^! butt]flies migrate to ! ,s\?1 ! *rysalids & cat]pill>s :i* may be undevelop$ at ! "t ( ! fro/s are de/roy$1 & t :5 ^! insects reappe>1 z !y d e summ]1 !y repres5t a wave ( migration com+ nor?w>d f ! w>m] regions ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x is n believ$ t any ( !m hib]nate 9 any /age ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is insect sometimes appe>s 9 great sw>ms on ! ea/]n & s\!rn coa/s ( ,new ,j]sey 9 late autumn4 ,! sw>ms press+ s\?w>d are arre/$ by ! ocean4 ,! writ] has se5 /unt$ trees on ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ 9 ! middle ( ,octob]1 :5 ! foliage has already fall51 s completely cov]$ ) cl++ masses ( ^! butt]flies z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( trees 9 full leaf 7,fig4 #gi74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #gi4--,sw>ms ( milkwe$ butt]flies re/+ on a tree4 ,photograph$ at night by ,pr(essor ,c4,f4 ,na*trieb4 7,f ,insect ,life1 vol4 v1 p4 #bjf1 by special p]mission ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47 ,?is butt]fly is a great migrant1 & )9 q rec5t ye>s1 ) ,yankee in/9ct1 has cross$ ! ,pacific1 probably on m]*ant vessels1 ! *rysalids be+ possibly conceal$ 9 bales ( hay1 & has f\nd lodgm5t 9 ,au/ralia1 :]e x has greatly multipli$ 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,isl& ,cont95t1 & has !nce spread nor?w>d & we/w>d1 until 9 its migrations x has rea*$ ,java & ,sumatra1 & long ago took possession ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,mov+ ea/w>d on ! l9es ( travel1 x has e/abli%$ a m or less prec>i\s foo?old = itself 9 s\!rn ,engl&1 z _m z two or ?ree doz5 ( ^! butt]flies hav+ be5 tak5 9 a s+le ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x is well e/abli%$ at ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 & 9 a %ort "t we may expect to he> ( x z hav+ tak5 possession ( ! cont95t ( ,africa1 9 :i* ! family ( plants ^u :i* ! cat]pill>s fe$ is well repres5t$4 7#b7 ,anosia b]5ice1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,que574 ,?is butt]fly is small] ?an ! ,mon>*1 & ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s is a livid br[n4 ,! m>k+s are some:at simil> to ^? 9 ,a4 plexippus1 b ! black bord]s ( ! h9d w+s are relatively wid]1 & ! light spots on ! apex ( ! =e w+s are :it] & diff]5tly locat$1 z may be le>n$ f ! figures giv5 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ?is species1 :i* has be5 call$ ,anosia /rigosa by ,h4,w4 ,bates 7,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #c1 71 :i* diff]s only 9 t on ! upp] surface ( ! h9d w+s ! ve9s z f> z ! black out] m>g9 are n>r[ly edg$ ) grayi%-:ite1 giv+ !m a /reak$ appe>ance4 ,?is insect is f\nd 9 ,texas1 ,arizona1 & s\!rn ,new ,mexico4 ,all ( ! ,euploe9 are protect$ insects1 be+ by nature provid$ ) secretions :i* are di/a/eful to birds & pr$ace\s insects4 ,^! acrid secretions are probably due to ! "* ( ! plants ^u :i* ! cat]pill>s fe$1 = _m ( !m eat plants :i* are m or less rank1 & "s ( !m ev5 poison\s to ! high] ord]s ( animals4 ,enjoy+ on ?is acc\nt immunity f attack1 !y h all1 9 ! process ( "t1 be5 mimick$ by species 9 o!r g5]a :i* h n ! same immunity4 ,?is protective resemblance is well illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,,vii4 ,! ?ree upp] figures 9 ! plate repres5t1 z we h se51 species ( ! g5us ,anosia2 ! two l[] figures repres5t two species ( ! g5us ,basil>*ia4 ,fig4 #d is ! male ( ,b4 disippus1 a v common species 9 ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* mimicks ! ,mon>*4 ,fig4 #e repres5ts ! same sex ( ,b4 hul/ii1 a species :i* is f\nd 9 ,arizona1 & !re flies 9 company ) ! ,que51 & its v>iety1 ,a4 /rigosa1 :i* latt] x m ne>ly resembles4 ,,subfamily ,,i?omi9 7,,! ,,long-,,w+s7 ,!re be ,insects ) little hornes proak+ out be=e _! eyes1 b weak & t5d] !y be1 & good = no?+2 z ! ,butt]flies4--,,pl9y1 ,,philemon ,,holl&',s ,translation4 ,butt]fly4--,?is subfamily is compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( species ( mod]ate size1 ?\gh a few are q l>ge4 ,! =e w+s are inv>iably greatly l5g!n$ & are g5]ally at lea/ twice z long z broad4 ,! h9d w+s are relatively small1 r\nd$1 & )\t tails4 ,! w+s 9 _m ( ! g5]a are transp>5t4 ,! extremity ( ! abdom5 9 bo? sexes ext5ds f> beyond ! m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 b 9 ! female n s mu* z 9 ! male4 ,! ant5n are n clo!d ) scales1 & are v long & sl5d]1 ) ! club also long & sl5d]1 gradually ?ick5+ to ! tip1 :i* is (t5 droop+4 ,! =e legs are greatly atrophi$ 9 ! males1 ! tibia & t>si 9 ?is sex be+ r$uc$ to a m9ute knob-l app5dage1 b be+ m /rongly develop$ 9 ! females4 ,! life-hi/ory ( none ( ! species reput$ to be f\nd 9 our fauna has be5 c>efully work$ out4 ,! l>v are smoo?1 cov]$ 9 mo/ g5]a ) longitud9al r[s ( conical prom95ces4 ,! *rysalids are said to %[ a lik5ess to ^? ( ! ,euploe91 be+ %ort1 ?ick1 & m>k$ ) gold5 spots4 ,"s au?ors are incl9$ to view ?is subfamily z m]ely con/itut+ a section ( ! ,euploe94 ,! insects are1 h[ev]1 s widely unlike ! true ,euploe9 t x seems well to keep !m sep>ate 9 our sy/em ( classification4 ,9 appe>ance !y approa* ! ,heliconians m ne>ly ?an ! ,euploeids4 ,i?omiid butt]flies sw>m 9 ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w1 & sev]al hundr$s ( species are kn[n to inhabit ! hot l&s ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b "o g5us is f\nd 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ,hamadryas1 conf9$ to ! ,au/ralian region4 ,!y are protect$ l ! ,euploeids & ! ,heliconians4 ,9 flight !y are said to some:at resemble ! dragon-flies ( ! g5us ,agrion1 _! n>r[ w+s1 greatly elongat$ bodies1 & sl[1 flitt+ motion recall+ ^! insects1 :i* are kn[n by s*oolboys z d>n+-ne$les4 ,?ree g5]a are said to be repres5t$ 9 ! extreme s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i myself h nev] receiv$ specim5s ( any ( !m :i* indisputably came f localities )9 our limits1 & no su* specim5s are f\nd 9 ! great collection ( ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 :i* is n[ 9 my possession4 ,a p>atype ( ,reakirt's species1 ,me*anitis cali=nica1 is conta9$ 9 ! collection ( ,!odore ,l4 ,mead1 :i* ,i also possess4 ,mr4 ,mead obta9$ x f ,h]man ,/reck] ( ,read+1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,reakirt gives ,los ,angeles z ! locality f :i* 8 type came2 b :e!r he 0 "r 9 ?is is op5 to "q1 inasmu*1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! species has n be5 f\nd 9 t neighborhood s9ce describ$ by ,reakirt4 ,g5us ,,me*anitis1 ,fabricius ,butt]fly4--,butt]flies ( mod]ate size1 ) ! =e w+s greatly produc$1 ! inn] m>g9 b[$ out j beyond ! base1 & deeply excavat$ betwe5 ?is projection & ! inn] angle4 ,! l[] discocellul> ve9 9 ! h9d w+s is app>5tly cont9u\s ) ! m$ian ve91 & ! l[] radial ve9 be+ p>allel ) ! m$ian n]vules1 ! m$ian ve9 has 9 consequ5ce ! appe>ance ( be+ f\r-bran*$4 ,! subm$ian ve9 ( ! =e w+s is =k$ at ! base4 ,! co/al m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s is clo!d ) tuft$ erect hairs 9 ! male sex4 ,! =e legs ( ! male are greatly atrophi$1 ! t>si & ! tibia be+ fus$ & r$uc$ to a small knob-l app5dage4 ,! =e legs ( ! female are also greatly r$uc$1 b ! t>si & tibia are /ill recognizable z sl5d]1 ?read-l organs4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,me*anitis4 ,! lett]s ref] to ! names ( ! ve9s4 7,see ,fig #dj47 ,! cat]pill>s are smoo?1 cyl9drical1 ornam5t$ ) r[s ( %ort fle%y projections4 ,! *rysalids are %ort & /\t1 susp5d$1 & m>k$ ) gold5 spots4 ,!re are num]\s species belong+ to ?is g5us1 all natives ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,! only species said to be f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates occurs1 if at all1 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probably only f\nd 9 ! l[] p59sula ( ,cali=nia1 :i* is ,mexican t]ritory4 ,no examples f ,upp] ,cali=nia are kn[n to ! writ]4 7#a7 ,me*anitis cali=nica1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,cali=nian ,long-w+74 ,! orig9al description giv5 by ,reakirt 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,entomological ,society ( ,philadelphia1 vol4 v1 p4 #bbc1 is z foll[s3 ,expanse1 #b4de-b4ef in*es4 ,=e w+ above1 br[ni%-black2 a basal /reak ov] ! m$ian n]vure1 & two r\nd$ spots ne> ! inn] angle1 orange-tawny2 ( ^! ! out] is ! l>ge/1 sometimes ! inn] is yell[1 & sometimes bo? are ne>ly obsolete2 a spot across ! cell ne> its t]m9ation1 mu* n>r[] ?an 9 ,m4 i/hmia1 & 9 "o example r$uc$ to a m]e dot on ! m$ian n]vure2 a m or less int]rupt$ belt across ! w+ f ! co/a to ne> ! middle ( ! out] m>g91 & an oblong subapical spot1 yell[2 9 ! specim5 j m5tion$ !re is an additional yell[ spot bel[ ! m$io-c5tral ve9let4 ,b5ea? ! same1 suffus$ ) orange-tawny at ! base & ! inn] angle1 ) a r[ ( eight or n9e subm>g9al :ite spots along ! out] m>g94 ,h9d w+ above1 orange-tawny1 ) a broad mesial b&1 entire1 & a n>r[ out] bord]1 f ! middle ( ! co/a to ! anal angle1 br[ni%-black4 ,b5ea? ! same1 a yell[ spot on ! root ( ! w+2 a b& runs along ! subco/al n]vure f ! base to ! m>g91 :]e x is some:at dilat$2 imm$iately bel[ its t]m9ation1 a m>k 9 ! =m ( an irregul> figure #b1 usually ) ! upp] "p inord9ately enl>g$2 betwe5 ?is & ! base1 on ! c5tral l9e ( ! b& above1 ?ree small subtriangul> spots2 all ^! m>k+s blacki%-br[n2 a subm>g9al r[ ( sev5 :ite spots on ! out] m>g94 ,body br[ni%2 w+-lappets & ?orax spott$ ) tawny-orange2 ant5n yell[i%1 ) ! base dusky4 ,hab4--,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia4 ,! species is probably only a local race ( ! insect kn[n to naturali/s z ,m4 polymnia1 ,l9nu1 z ,reakirt himself admits4 ,! figure 9 ! plate is f "o ( ,reakirt's p>atypes4 ,g5us ,,c]at9ia1 ,fabricius ,butt]fly4--,butt]flies ( m$ium size1 v closely relat$ 9 /ructure to ! butt]flies ( ! g5us ,me*anitis4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is g5us1 by :i* x may be di/+ui%$ f o!rs belong+ to ?is subfamily1 is ! fact t ! l[] discocellul> ve9 9 ! h9d w+ ( ! male sex is /rongly 9 angl$1 :ile 9 ! g5us ,me*anitis x is ! middle discocellul> ve9 ( ! h9d w+ :i* is b5t inw>dly4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n = ! mo/ "p4 ,!re are at lea/ fifty species belong+ to ?is g5us f\nd 9 ! tropical regions ( ,am]ica2 only "o is said to occur occasionally )9 ! limits ( ! region cov]$ by ?is volume4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ha4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,c]at9ia4 7,= explanation ( lett]+1 see ,fig4 #dj47 7#a7 ,c]at9ia lyca/e1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,lyca/e74 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]fly is r small1 w+s semi-transp>5t1 especially at ! apex ( ! =e w+s4 ,! gr\nd-color is pale r$di%-orange1 ) ! bord] black4 ,!re are a few irregul> black spots on ! discal area ( ! =e w+s1 & a r[ ( m9ute :ite spots on ! out] bord]4 ,!re is a black b& on ! middle ( ! h9d w+s1 curv$ to correspond some:at ) ! outl9e ( ! out] bord]4 ,! m>k+s on ! "u side are pal]4 ,! v>iety negreta1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 has a small black spot at ! end ( ! cell ( ! h9d w+s1 replac+ ! black b& 9 ! =m common ^u ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,viii #a4 ,dirc5na klugi1 ,hbn]1 4 #b4 ,me*anitis cali=nica1 ,reakirt1 4 #c4 ,c]at9ia lyca/e1 ,fabricius1 4 #d4 ,colo5is delila1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,heliconius *>itonius1 ,l9nu1 4 #f4 ,colo5is julia1 ,fabricius1 4 #g4 ,dione vanill1 ,l9nu1 4 #h4 ,euptoieta hegesia1 ,cram]1 4 #i4 ,euptoieta claudia1 ,cram]1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,reakirt says t ?is butt]fly occurs ab\t ,los ,angeles1 9 ,cali=nia1 & ! /atem5t has be5 repeat$ by num]\s au?ors1 :o h app>5tly bas$ _! ass]tions ^u ,reakirt's report4 ,i h no p]sonal k ( ! occurr5ce ( ! species )9 our bord]s4 ,x is v abundant1 h[ev]1 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & x may possibly occur z a /raggl] )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g5us ,,dirc5na1 ,d\bl$ay ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 = ! mo/ "p ) q transp>5t w+s4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ?is g5us1 sep>at+ x f its ne> allies1 are ! ?read-l front feet ( ! females1 furni%$ ) f\r-jo9t$ t>si 7,fig4 #hc71 ! v hairy palpi1 & ! wide cell ( ! h9d w+1 abruptly t]m9at+ ab\t ! middle ( ! w+4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ! male sex ! h9d w+ is /rongly b[$ out ab\t ! middle ( ! co/al m>g91 & ! co/al ve9 t5ds to coalesce ) ! subco/al ab\t ! middle4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hc4--;,=e leg ( ,dirc5na klugii1 1 greatly magnifi$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is z yet kn[n ab\t ! e>ly /ages ( ^! insects1 & :at has be5 said ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! cat]pill>s & *rysalids ( ! subfamily ( ! ,i?omi9 mu/ suffice u "h4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,dirc5na4 ,?is g5us numb]s a l>ge array ( species :i* are f\nd 9 ! hotte/ p>ts ( ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,!y fairly sw>m 9 wood$ pa?s amid ! jungle ( ! ,amazonian region1 & no collection1 h[ev] small1 is ev] receiv$ f ^? p>ts )\t conta9+ specim5s belong+ to ! gr\p4 7#a7 ,dirc5na klugii1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,klug's ,dirc5na74 ,butt]fly4--,=e w+s transp>5t gray1 brok5 by cle>1 transp>5t1 colorless spots at ! apex1 on ! out] bord]s1 & on ! middle ( ! w+4 ,! inn] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ is black4 ,! h9d w+s are transp>5t yell[i%1 ) a n>r[ black out] bord] m>k$ ) small :iti% spots4 ,! body is black1 ) ! ?orax spott$ ) :ite4 ,expanse1 #b4ge in*es4 ,! specim5 figur$ 9 ! plate is f ,mexico4 ,:e!r ! insect has ev] be5 tak5 )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is unc]ta94 ,x is ano!r ( ! species attribut$ to our fauna by ,reakirt1 b :i* s9ce 8 day has n be5 caught 9 ! nets ( any ( ! num]\s butt]fly-hunt]s :o h se>*$ ! region 9 :i* he said x occurs4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be f\nd ^u ! bord]s ( ,mexico1 9 ! hott] p>ts ( :i* c\ntry x is n at all uncommon4 ,! g5tle read] w k9dly look = x :5 visit+ ,br[nsville1 ,texas1 & s\!rn ,cali=nia1 &1 :5 f9d+ x1 h]ald ! fact to ! entomological _w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sup]/itions ,if a butt]fly alights ^u y\r head1 x =etells good news f a di/ance4 ,?is sup]/ition obta9s 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,m>yl&4 ,! fir/ butt]fly se5 9 ! summ] br+s good luck to him :o cat*es x4 ,?is notion prevails 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania x is believ$ t if ! *rysalids ( butt]flies be f\nd susp5d$ mo/ly on ! "u sides ( rails1 limbs1 etc41 z x 7 to protect !m f ra91 !re w soon be mu* ra91 or1 z x is t]m$1 a 'ra9y spell'2 b1 on ! contr>y1 if !y are f\nd on twigs & sl5d] bran*es1 t ! wea!r w be dry & cle>4--,,frank ,,c[an1 ,curi\s ,hi/ory ( ,insects1 p4 #bbi4 ,,subfamily ,,heliconi9 7,,! ,,heliconians7 ,m51 l butt]flies1 ,%[ n _! mealy w+s b to ! summ]4 ,,%akespe>e1 ,troilus & ,cressida1 act iii1 sc iii ,m$ium or l>ge-siz$ butt]flies1 ) ! =e w+s twice z long z !y are broad2 ! h9d w+s relatively small & r\nd$ ^u ! out] m>g92 )\t tails4 ,! palpi are produc$4 ,! ant5n1 :i* are ne>ly z long z ! body1 are provid$ at ! tip ) a gradually tap]+ club1 ?ick] & /\t] ?an 9 ! ,i?omi91 & are clo!d ) scales on ! upp] surface4 ,! =e legs are v feebly develop$ 9 bo? sexes4 ,! eggs are cyl9drical1 twice z high z wide1 tap]+ r abruptly t[>d ! apex1 :i* is truncat$2 !y are ribb$ longitud9ally1 ) /rongly develop$ cross-ridges1 giv+ ! egg a some:at pitt$ appe>ance4 ,! cat]pill>1 :5 em]g+ f ! egg1 has ! head some:at l>g] ?an ! body2 ea* segm5t is clo!d ) hairs1 :i* ^u ! fir/ m\lt are replac$ by bran*+ sp9es4 ,! cat]pill>1 :5 x rea*es maturity1 is provid$ ) six bran*+ sp9es on ea* segm5t4 ,! *rysalis is v peculi> 9 %ape1 & is /rongly angulat$ & cov]$ ) curi\s projections1 :i* cause x to some:at resemble a %rivel$ leaf4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hd4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,heliconius4 ,^! butt]flies are extremely num]\s 9 ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w1 & are !re repres5t$ by a numb] ( g5]a :i* are ri* 9 species4 ,mo/ ( !m are v gaily color$1 ! preval5t t9ts be+ black b&$ ) yell[ or crimson1 sometimes m>k$ ) a brilliant blue lu/]4 ,!y are evid5tly v /rongly protect$4 ,belt1 9 8 ,naturali/ 9 ,nic>agua1 tells u t birds & o!r animals obs]v$ by him inv>iably refus$ to eat ^! butt]flies1 al?\gh !y sw>m 9 ! =e/s2 & he va9ly endeavor$ to induce a monkey :i* 0 v fond ( insects to eat !m1 ! creature reveal+ by 8 grimaces t !y 7 extremely di/a/eful to him4 ,mr4 ,wallace believes _! immunity f attack is ow+ to a /rong1 pung5t1 semi-aromatic1 or m$ic9al odor1 :i* seems to p]vade all ! juices ( _! sy/em4 ,g5us ,,heliconius1 ,latreille ,! description ( ! subfamily applies to ! g5us suffici5tly well to obviate ! necessity ( a m p>ticul> description1 z !re is b a s+le species 9 our fauna4 7#a7 ,heliconius *>itonius1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,! ,yell[-b>r$ ,heliconian2 ,! ,zebra74 ,?is insect is a deep black1 ! =e w+s cross$ by ?ree b&s ( yell[3 "o ne> ! apex2 ano!r runn+ f ! middle ( ! co/a to ! middle ( ! out] m>g92 a ?ird runn+ along ! l[] edge ( ! cell1 & b5d+ at an obtuse angle f ! po9t :]e ! fir/ m$ian n]vule bran*es t[>d ! out] angle1 at its out] extremity foll[$ by a small yell[ dot4 ,! h9d w+s are cross$ by a some:at broad b& ( yell[ runn+ f ! inn] m>g9 ne> ! base t[>d ! out] angle1 :i* x does n rea*1 & by a subm>g9al curv$ b& ( pal] yell[ spots1 gradually dim9i%+ 9 size f ! inn] m>g9 t[>d ! out] angle4 ,!re are also a numb] ( small tw9n$ :iti% spots on ! m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ ne> ! anal angle4 ,! body is black1 m>k$ ) yell[ spots & l9es2 on ! "u side bo? w+s are t\*$ ) crimson at _! base1 & ! h9d w+s h "s pale p9ki% m>k+s ne> ! out] angle4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! passion-fl[]4 ,! *rysalis1 :i* is d>k br[n1 has ! p[] :5 di/urb$ ( emitt+ a creak+ s\nd z x wriggles ab\t1 a prop]ty :i* is report$ to be *>act]i/ic ( all ! insects 9 ! g5us4 ,?is butt]fly is f\nd 9 ! hott] portions ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & is r abundant 9 ,florida1 9 ! region ( ! ,indian ,riv] & on ! head wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,johns4 ,x ranges s\?w>d all ov] ! l[l&s ( ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! ,antilles4 ,,subfamily ,,nymphal9 7,,! ,,nymphs7 ,entomology ext5ds ! limits ( be+ 9 new directions1 s t ,i walk 9 nature ) a s5se ( great] space & fre$om4 ,x sugge/s1 besides1 t ! univ]se is n r\gh-hewn1 b p]fect 9 its details4 ,nature w be> ! close/ inspection2 %e invites u to lay our eye level ) ! smalle/ leaf & take an insect view ( its plane4--,,?oreau4 ,my butt]fly-net & pocket magnify+-glass are r>e companions = a walk 9 ! c\ntry4--,,william ,,hamilton ,,gibson1 ,%>p ,eyes1 p4 #aag4 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]flies ( ?is subfamily are ma9ly ( mod]ate or l>ge size1 ?\gh "s ( ! g5]a conta9 q small species4 ,! ant5n are always m or less heavily clo!d ) scales1 & are usually z long z ! abdom51 & 9 a few cases ev5 long]4 ,! club is always well develop$2 x is usually long1 b 9 "s g5]a is %ort & /\t4 ,! palpi are %ort & /\t1 d5sely clo!d ) scales & hairs4 ,! ?orax is relatively /\t1 9 "s g5]a exce$+ly s4 ,! =e w+s are relatively broad1 ! l5g? be+ to ! bread? 9 mo/ cases 9 ! ratio ( #e to #c1 or #c to #b1 ?\gh 9 a few mimetic =ms ^! w+s are greatly produc$1 & n>r[1 patt]n+ aft] ! outl9e ( ! ,heliconians & ,i?omiids1 :i* !y mimic4 ,! =e w+s are 9 mo/ g5]a produc$ at ! apex1 & m or less /rongly excavat$ on ! out] m>g9 bel[ ! apex4 ,! discoidal cell is usually less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! w+ f base to tip4 ,x is occasionally op51 b is m g5]ally clos$ at its out] extremity by discocellul> ve9s dim9i%+ 9 ?ickness f ! upp] to ! l[] out] angle ( ! cell4 ,! co/al n]vure usually t]m9ates midway betwe5 ! end ( ! cell & ! tip4 ,! two inn] subco/al n]vules usually arise be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! out] subco/al n]vules inv>iably arise beyond ! end ( ! cell4 ,! h9d w+s are r\nd$ or angulat$1 ) ! out] bord] scallop$ or tail$2 ! inn] bord] always af=ds a *annel = ! reception ( ! abdom54 ,! co/al n]vule inv>iably t]m9ates at ! ext]nal angle ( ?is w+4 ,! discoidal cell is frequ5tly op51 or simply clos$ by a sl5d] ve9let1 :i* x is n always easy to detect2 ! anal ve9 is nev] lack+4 ,! =e legs are greatly r$uc$ 9 ! male1 less s 9 ! female4 ,egg4--,! egg is ei!r some:at globul>1 or else b>rel-%ap$1 ) ! sides m>k$ ) net-l elevations1 or v]tically ribb$ 7see ,figs4 #a1 #h1 #aj74 ,cat]pill>4--,:5 fir/ em]g+ f ! egg ! cat]pill> is g5]ally furni%$ ) long hairs ris+ s+ly f w>t-l elevations :i* are arrang$ ei!r 9 longitud9al r[s or 9 geometric patt]ns 7,fig4 #he74 ,z ! cat]pill>s pass _! successive m\lts ! hairs are trans=m$ into bran*+ sp9es or tub]cles 7see ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bh-ch74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #he4--;,cat]pill> ( ,vanessa antiopa1 j hat*$4 7,greatly magnifi$47 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis inv>iably hangs susp5d$ f a button ( silk1 & is frequ5tly furni%$1 especially on ! dorsal or upp] surface1 ) a numb] ( prom95ces2 ! head is usually bifurcate1 or cleft 7see ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ba1 #ci1 etc474 ,?is is ! l>ge/ ( all ! subfamilies ( ! butt]flies1 & is widely di/ribut$1 includ+ _m ( ! mo/ beautifully color$ & mo/ vigor\s species :i* are kn[n4 ,!re are tw5ty-six g5]a repres5t$ 9 our fauna1 conta9+ ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty species4 ,g5us ,,col,,nis1 ,d\bl$ay ,butt]fly4--,butt]flies ( mod]ately l>ge size1 ! =e w+s greatly produc$ & relatively n>r[2 ! h9d w+s ev5ly r\nd$ & relatively small1 ( bright r$di%-br[n color1 ) d>k] m>k+s4 ,! species are mimics1 & 9 ! elongation ( _! w+s reveal ! influ5ce ( ! ,heliconians1 protect$ species1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! regions 9 :i* ! g5us atta9s its greate/ developm5t4 ,! m$ian ve9 9 ! upp] w+ is *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce at ! base ( a m9ute1 ?orn-l1 ext]nal projection2 ! second subco/al n]vule is emitt$ beyond ! cell2 ! cell ( ! h9d w+ is op54 ,! life-hi/ory ( ! two species f\nd )9 our fauna has n z yet be5 c>efully work$ out1 & aside f a k ( ! fact t ! cat]pill>s closely resemble 9 _m respects ! cat]pill>s ( ! two succe$+ g5]a1 be+ provid$ ) bran*+ sp9es on _! bodies1 we d n "k z yet en\gh to give any complete acc\nt ( ! e>ly /ages ( ^! insects4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hf4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,colo5is1 slightly less ?an natural size4 7#a7 ,colnis julia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,julia74 ,! upp] side is d>k r$di%-orange1 ! bord]s are black1 a black b& ext5ds f ! co/a at ! end ( ! cell to ! out] m>g9 on ! l9e ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule2 ! co/al area on ! h9d w+s is silv]-gray2 ! w+s on ! "u side are pale ru/y-r$1 mottl$ ) a few d>k] spots1 pr9cipally on ! co/a1 at ! end ( ! cell1 & at ! apex ( ! prim>ies4 ,!re are a few crimson m>ks at ! base ( ! h9d w+s1 & two light-color$ lunules ne> ! inn] angle ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse ( w+1 #c4ej in*es4 ,?is butt]fly1 :i* mimics ! g5us ,heliconius 9 ! outl9e ( ! w+s1 is v common 9 ! tropics ( ,am]ica1 & only appe>s z an occasional visitant 9 s\!rn ,texas4 7#b7 ,colnis delila1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,delila74 ,! ,delila ,butt]fly v closely resembles ,julia1 & pr9cipally diff]s 9 be+ pal] 9 color & )\t ! black b& ext5d+ f ! co/a to ! out] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies4 ,?is species has ne>ly ! same =m & ! same size z ! prec$+1 &1 l x1 is occasionally f\nd 9 s\!rn ,texas4 ,x is v common 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ memories ( my *ildhood relates to a collection ( ,jamaican butt]flies 9 :i* 7 a numb] ( specim5s ( ?is butt]fly1 :i* ,i h always mu* admir$4 ,g5us ,,dione1 ,hbn] 7,agraulis1 ,boisd4-,lec47 ,butt]fly4--,head l>ge1 ! ant5n mod]ately long1 ) ! club flatt5$2 ! tip ( ! abdom5 does n ext5d beyond ! inn] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s2 ! cell ( ! h9d w+s is op52 ! prim>ies are elongat$1 ne>ly twice z long z broad1 ) ! ext]ior m>g9 excavat$2 ! second>ies at ! out] m>g9 d5ticulate4 ,! preval5t color ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s is fulv\s1 adorn$ ) black spots & l9es1 ! "u side ( ! w+s pal] br[n1 9 "s ( ! species lav$ ) p9k & brilliantly adorn$ ) l>ge silv]y spots1 z 9 ! g5us ,argynnis4 ,egg4--,conoidal1 truncat$ on top1 ) f\rte5 ribs runn+ f ! apex to ! base1 betwe5 :i* are r[s ( elevat$ /ri1 caus+ ! surface to appe> to be cov]$ ) quadrangul> pits4 ,l>va4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical 9 its mature /age1 tap]+ a little f ! middle t[>d ! head1 :i* is some:at small] ?an ! body4 ,! head & ea* segm5t ( ! body are adorn$ ) bran*+ sp9es4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hg4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,dione4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is susp5d$1 & has on ! dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 a numb] ( small projections4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! abdom9al & ?oracic segm5ts unite on ! dorsal side !re is a deep depression1 succe$$ on ! middle ( ! ?orax by a r\nd$ elevation compos$ ( ! w+-cases4 ,at ! v]tex ( ! *rysalis !re is a conical projection2 on ! v5tral side ! *rysalis is b[$ outw>dly4 ,?is g5us is conf9$ to ! ,new ,_w1 & conta9s five species4 ,x is closely relat$ to ! g5us ,colo5is on ! "o h& & to ! g5us ,argynnis on ! o!r4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ,colo5is by ! m robu/ /ructure ( ! palpi1 :i* closely approximate 9 =m ! palpi ( ! g5us ,argynnis4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! species ( ! g5us ,argynnis by ! =m ( ! w+s & by ! op5 cell ( ! second>ies4 ,! l>va fe$s ^u ! diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,passiflora4 ,i _c at all agree ) ^? :o h rec5tly class$ ?is butt]fly ) ! ,heliconians4 ,9 spite ( c]ta9 resemblances 9 ! e>ly /ages betwe5 ! insect we are consid]+ & ! e>ly /ages ( "s ( ! ,heliconians1 & 9 spite ( ! %ape ( ! w+s1 :i* are rem>kably elongat$1 !re are /ructural peculi>ities en\gh to compel u to keep ?is insect 9 ! ranks ( ! ,nymphal91 :]e x has be5 plac$ = sixty ye>s by v compet5t & critical obs]v]s4 ,9 a popul> "w l ?is x manife/ly is out ( place to ent] into a l5g?y discussion ( a "q ( ?is "*1 b x seems prop] to call att5tion to ! fact t 9 ! judgm5t ( ! writ] ! location ( ?is g5us 9 ! prec$+ subfamily does viol5ce to obvi\s anatomical facts4 7#a7 ,dione vanill1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,! ,gulf ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is bright fulv\s2 ! ve9s on ! =e w+s are black1 v heavy ne> ! tip2 !re are f\r black spots on ! out] bord]1 & ?ree discal spots ( ! same color2 !re are ?ree irregul> black spots t[>d ! end ( ! cell1 pupil$ ) :ite2 ! h9d w+s h a black bord] inclos+ r\nd$ spots ( ! gr\nd-color2 betwe5 ! base & ! out] m>g9 !re are ?ree or f\r black spots2 ! "u side ( ! =e w+s is light orange1 ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side %[+ ?r\gh ^u ! "u side2 ! apex ( ! front w+ is br[n1 inclos+ light silv]y spots2 ! second>ies are br[n1 ) num]\s elongat$ bright silv] spots & pat*es4 ,! female does n diff] f ! male1 except t %e is d>k] & ! m>k+s are heavi]4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4be in*es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 ) ! head some:at small] ?an ! body1 pale yell[i%-br[n 9 color1 m>k$ ) longitud9al d>k-br[n b&s1 ( :i* ! two ^u ! side are deep] 9 color ?an ! "o ^u ! back1 :i* latt] is sometimes almo/ entirely effac$2 ! base is slaty-black4 ,!re are orange spots ab\t ! spiracles4 ,!re are six r[s ( black bran*+ sp9es ^u ! body1 & two simil> sp9es ^u ! head1 ^! latt] some:at recurv$4 ,! feet & legs are black4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! v>i\s species ( passion-fl[] :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is d>k br[n1 m>k$ ) a few small pale spots4 ,?is species ranges f ! latitude ( s\!rn ,virg9ia s\?w>d to ,arizona & ,cali=nia4 ,x is abundant also 9 ! ,antilles & ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,euptoieta1 ,d\bl$ay ,butt]fly4--,butt]flies ( m$ium size1 hav+ w+s ( a yell[i%-br[n color1 m>k$ ) black1 ! "u side ( ! w+s devoid ( silv]y spots su* z are f\nd 9 ! g5]a ,dione & ,argynnis4 ,! palpi h ! second jo9t /rongly develop$1 increas+ 9 ?ickness f beh9d =w>d1 & ?ickly cov]$ ) long hair2 ! ?ird jo9t is v small & po9t$2 ! ant5n are t]m9at$ by a conspicu\s pe>-%ap$ club4 ,! cell ( ! =e w+ is clos$ by a v feeble l[] discocellul> ve91 :i* unites ) ! m$ian ve9 at ! orig9 ( ! second m$ian n]vule2 ! cell ( ! h9d w+ is op51 ?\gh occasionally !re are traces ( a feebly develop$ l[] discocellul> ve9 on ?is w+4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ is slightly excavat$ bel[ ! apex2 ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ is some:at /rongly produc$ at ! end ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,euptoieta4 ,egg4--,%ort1 subconical1 ) f ?irty to =ty v]tical ribs1 pale gre5 9 color4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 ) %ort bran*+ sp9es arrang$ 9 longitud9al r[s ^u ! body1 ! sp9es on ! fir/ segm5t be+ b5t =w>d ov] ! head4 ,! head is some:at small] 9 ! mature /age ?an ! body4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is susp5d$1 m>k$ ^u its dorsal side ) a numb] ( small angul> em95ces1 ) ! head & ! v5tral side ev5ly r\nd$4 ,! l>va ( ^! insects fe$s ^u ! v>i\s species ( passion-fl[]4 ,x is also said to fe$ ^u violets4 ,! butt]flies frequ5t op5 fields1 & are sometimes exce$+ly abundant 9 worn-out l&s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,!re are two species ( ?is g5us1 bo? ( :i* are f\nd )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & range s\?w>dly ov] ! great] portion ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 7#a7 ,euptoieta claudia1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,! ,v>iegat$ ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( bo? w+s is dull f]rug9\s1 d>k] t[>d ! base1 cross$ by an irregul> black m$ian l9e1 :i* is d>k]1 broad]1 & m zigzag on ! =e w+ ?an on ! h9d w+4 ,?is l9e is foll[$ outw>dly on bo? w+s by a pair ( m or less wavy limbal l9es1 inclos+ betwe5 !m a s]ies ( r\nd blacki% spots4 ,! out] m>g9 is black1 ) ! fr+es pale fulv\s1 *eck]$ ) black at ! end ( ea* n]vule4 ,at ! end ( ! cell 9 ! =e w+ !re are two black l9es inclos+ pal] fulv\s spots1 & bo? w+s ne> ! base h "s curv$ black l9es4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are m>k$ some:at z on ! upp] side1 b pal] 9 color1 ) a l>ge apical pat* ( br[ni%-gray brok5 by a transv]se b& ( d>k] br[n4 ,! h9d w+s are d>k br[n1 ) ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side obscurely repeat$2 !y are mottl$ ) gray & cross$ by a broad c5tral b& ( pale buff4 ,! species v>ies v mu*1 accord+ to locality1 bo? 9 size & 9 ! dep? ( ! m>k+s4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4ge in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg is conoidal1 relatively tall] ?an ! eggs ( ! g5us ,argynnis1 :i* closely resemble x4 ,!re is a depression at ! apex1 surr\nd$ by a s]rat$ rim1 =m$ by ! ends ( ! v]tical ribs1 ( :i* !re are ab\t tw5ty1 "s long] & "s %ort]1 ab\t half ( !m rea*+ f ! apex to ! base4 ,betwe5 ^! v]tical ribs !re are a multitude ( small] cross-ridges4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 r$di%-yell[ 9 color1 m>k$ ) two br[n lat]al b&s & a s]ies ( :ite spots ^u ! back4 ,!re are six r[s ( %ort bran*+ sp9es ^u ! body1 :i* are black 9 color2 ! two upp]mo/ ( ^! sp9es on ! fir/ segm5t are mu* elongat$ & are direct$ =w>d4 ,! head is small] ?an ! body 9 ! mature cat]pill>1 & is black4 ,on ! "u side ! cat]pill> is pale or :iti%2 ! legs are blacki%-br[n4 ,x fe$s ^u ! passion-fl[]4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is pe>ly-:ite1 m>k$ ) black spots & longitud9al /reaks4 ,?is species has be5 tak5 z f> nor? z ,long ,isl& & ,connecticut1 ?\gh x is a v r>e visitant 9 ,new ,engl&2 x is q common 9 ,virg9ia & !nce s\?w>d1 & occurs n infrequ5tly 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,indiana1 rang+ we/w>d & s\?w>d ov] ! entire cont95t to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & !nce ext5d+ ov] ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t1 :]ev] favorable conditions occur4 7#b7 ,euptoieta hegesia1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #h1 7,! ,mexican ,fritill>y74 ,! upp] side is m>k$ v mu* z 9 ! prec$+ species1 b all ! l9es are f9] & some:at m regul>1 & ! basal & discal areas ( ! h9d w+s are )\t d>k spots 9 mo/ specim5s4 ,! "u side is less mottl$ & m uni=mly d>k ru/y-br[n ?an 9 ,e4 claudia4 ,expanse1 ab\t #b in*es4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ?is species has n z yet be5 ?or\ghly work$ out1 b !re is e reason to believe t ! insect 9 its e>ly /ages v closely approa*es ! ,v>iegat$ ,fritill>y4 ,x is a ,s\!rn =m1 & only occasionally is tak5 9 ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is common 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,lu!r',s ,,sadde/ ,,exp]i5ce ,lu!r1 he 0 p]secut$1 ,excommunicat$1 hoot$1 ,disappo9t$1 egg$1 & boot$2 ,yell$ at by m9ute/ boys1 ,wak$ up by nocturnal noise1 ,scrat*$ & torn by fi5di% cats1 ,highway$ by voraci\s rats4 ,(t ^u 8 locks s ho>y ,wat] fell f upp] /ory2 ,(t a turnip or potato ,/ruck ^u 8 back or pate1 ,oh6 ,& :]ev] he betook him1 ,a papal bull 0 sure to hook him4 ,b ! sadde/ ( all ,i am =c$ to relate3 ,( a diet ( worms ,he 0 =c$ to p>take-- ,( a diet ( worms ,= ! ,prote/ants' sake2 ,mun*+ crawl+ cat]pill>s1 ,beetles mix$ ) mo?s & mill]s2 ,in/ead ( butt]1 on 8 bread1 ,a sauce ( butt]flies 0 spread4 ,0 n ?is a horrid fea/ ,= a ,*ri/ian & a prie/8 ,n[1 if y d n cr$it me1 ,consult ,d',aubign's hi/ory4 ,y'll f9d :at ,i h told y ,mo/ fe>fully & /]nly true4 ,yale ,lit]>y ,magaz9e1 #aheb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,ix #a4 ,argynnis diana1 ,cram]1 4 #b4 ,argynnis diana1 ,cram]1 4 #c4 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 4 #d4 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,argynnis leto1 ,behr1 4 #f4 ,argynnis leto1 ,behr1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5us ,,argynnis1 ,fabricius 7,! ,fritill>ies1 ! ,silv]-spots7 ,july is ! gala-"t ( butt]flies4 ,mo/ ( !m h j left ! *rysalis1 & _! w+s are p]fect & v fre% 9 color4 ,all ! sunny places are bright ) !m1 yell[ & r$ & :ite & br[n1 & great gorge\s fell[s 9 ri* velvet-l dresses ( blue-black1 orange1 gre51 & m>oon4 ,"s ( !m h _! w+s scallop$1 "s fr+$1 & "s pla92 & !y are ornam5t$ ) brilliant bord]s & fawn-color$ spots & r[s ( silv] cresc5ts4444 ,!y circle ab\t ! fl[]s1 fly across f field to field1 & rise swiftly 9 ! air2 little ones & big ones1 common ones & r>e ones1 b all bright & airy & joy\s--a midsumm] c>nival ( butt]flies4--,,frank ,h4 ,,sweet4 ,butt]fly4--,butt]flies ( m$ium or l>ge size1 g5]ally ) ! upp] surface ( ! w+s r$di%-fulv\s1 ) well-def9$ black m>k+s consi/+ ( wav$ transv]se l9es1 & r\nd$ discal & sagittate black m>k+s ne> ! out] bord]s4 ,on ! "u side ( ! w+s ! design ( ! =e w+s is g5]ally some:at indi/9ctly repeat$1 & ! h9d w+s are m>k$ m or less pr(usely ) l>ge silv]y spots4 ,9 a few cases !re is wide dissimil>ity 9 color betwe5 ! male & ! female sex2 g5]ally ! male sex is m>k$ by ! bright] r$ ( ! upp] surface1 & ! female by ! broad] black m>k+s1 ! pal] gr\nd-color1 & ! sometimes almo/ :ite lunules1 :i* are arrang$ outw>dly at ! base ( ! sagittate spots along ! bord]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #hi4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,argynnis4 ,! eyes are nak$2 ! palpi /rongly develop$1 heavily clo!d ) hair ris+ above ! front1 ) ! la/ jo9t v small & po9t$4 ,! ant5n are mod]ately long1 ) a well-def9$1 flatt5$ club4 ,! abdom5 is %ort] ?an ! h9d w+s2 ! w+s are m or less d5ticulate4 ,! subco/al ve9 is provid$ ) five n]vules1 ( :i* ! two inn]mo/ are inv>iably giv5 =? be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! ?ird subco/al n]vule always is ne>] ! f\r? ?an ! second4 ,! cell ( ! =e w+ is clos$ by a f9e l[] discocellul> ve91 :i* inv>iably jo9s ! m$ian ve9 beyond ! orig9 ( ! second n]vule4 ,! h9d w+ has a well-def9$ preco/al n]vule2 ! cell 9 ?is w+ is clos$ by a mod]ately ?ick l[] discocellul> ve91 :i* jo9s ! m$ian exactly at ! orig9 ( ! second m$ian n]vule4 ,! =e feet ( ! males are sl5d]1 long1 & f9ely clo!d ) hair4 ,! =e feet ( ! females are ( ! same size z ^? ( ! males1 b ?91 cov]$ ) scales1 & only on ! inn] side ( ! tibi clo!d ) mod]ately long hair4 ,egg4--,! eggs are conoidal1 truncat$1 & inw>dly depress$ at ! apex1 r\nd$ at ! base1 & ornam5t$ on ! sides by p>allel rais$ ridges1 n all ( :i* rea* ! apex4 ,betwe5 ^! ridges !re are a numb] ( small rais$ cross-ridges4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 cov]$ ) sp9es1 ! fir/ segm5t always be>+ a pair ( sp9es some:at long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,all ( ! species 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 s f> z _! habits are kn[n1 fe$ ^u violets at night4 ,dur+ ! daytime ! cat]pill>s lie conceal$4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is angul>1 adorn$ ) m or less prom95t projections4 ,! head is bifid4 ,! g5us ,argynnis is "o ( ! l>ge/ g5]a ( ! bru%-foot$ butt]flies4 ,x is well repres5t$ 9 ,europe & 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,asia1 "s magnific5t species be+ f\nd 9 ! ,himalayas & 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x ev5 ext5ds to ,au/ralia1 & rec5tly two species h be5 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! great volcanic peak1 ,kilima-,nj>o1 9 ,africa4 ,b x has f\nd its greate/ developm5t ^u ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! species compos+ ?is g5us are among our mo/ beautiful butt]flies4 ,ow+ to ! fact t !re is a great t5d5cy 9 _m ( ! =ms closely to approximate "o ano!r1 ! accurate di/9ction ( _m ( ! species has tr\bl$ naturali/s1 & x is q probable t "s ( ! s-call$ species w ultimately be discov]$ to be m]ely local races or v>ietal =ms4 ,! species t are f\nd 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 /udi$ v c>efully1 & _! life-hi/ory has be5 work$ out s ?or\ghly t little difficulty is f\nd 9 accurately det]m9+ !m4 ,! greate/ p]plexity occurs 9 connection ) ^? species :i* are f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,:ile silv]y spots are *>act]i/ic ( ! "u side ( mo/ ( ! fritill>ies1 9 "s species ! silv]y spots are n f\nd2 9 o!rs !y are m or less evanesc5t1 occurr+ 9 ! case ( "s individuals1 & be+ abs5t 9 ! case ( o!rs4 7#a7 ,argynnis idalia1 ,drury1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #d1 *rysalis 7,! ,regal ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! =e w+s ( ! male is bright fulv\s1 m>k$ v mu* z 9 o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s is black1 gloss$ ) blue1 hav+ a m>g9al r[ ( fulv\s & a subm>g9al r[ ( cream-color$ spots4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are fulv\s1 ) a m>g9al r[ ( silv] cresc5ts1 & "s silv]y spots on & ne> ! co/a4 ,! h9d w+s are d>k olive-br[n1 m>k$ ) ?ree r[s ( l>ge irregul> spots ( a dull gre5i%-silv]y color4 ,! female is at once di/+ui%$ f ! male by hav+ ! m>g9al r[ ( spots on ! h9d w+s cream-color$1 l ! subm>g9al r[1 & by ! pres5ce ( a simil> r[ ( light spots on ! =e w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-d4jj in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg 9 =m is l ^? ( o!r species ( ,argynnis4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> m\lts five times be=e atta9+ to maturity4 ,:5 fully develop$ x is #a4ge in*es long1 black1 b&$ & /rip$ ) o*re\s & orange-r$1 & adorn$ ) six r[s ( fle%y sp9es surm\nt$ by sev]al black bri/les4 ,! sp9es compos+ ! two dorsal r[s are :ite1 tipp$ ) black2 ^? on ! sides black1 t9t$ ) orange at ! po9t :]e !y jo9 ! body4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on violets1 & is nocturnal 9 its habits4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is br[n1 mottl$ ) yell[ & t9t$ on ! w+-cases ) p9ki%4 ,x is ab\t an in* long1 & 9 outl9e does n dep>t f ! o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,?is exce$+ly beautiful insect ranges f ,ma9e to ,nebraska4 ,x is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,new ,york & nor!rn ,p5nsylvania1 & is report$ f ,arkansas & ,nebraska4 ,x is r local1 & frequ5ts op5 spots on ! bord]s ( woodl&s4 ,at times x is app>5tly common1 & !n = a succession ( seasons is sc>ce4 ,x flies f ! end ( ,june to ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]4 7#b7 ,argynnis diana1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,diana74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side has bo? w+s deep ri* br[n1 bord]$ ) fulv\s1 ?is bord] be+ m or less int]rupt$ by rays ( br[n along ! n]vules & two r[s ( circul> br[n spots1 l>g] on ! =e w+s ?an on ! h9d w+s4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are pale buff1 deeply m>k$ ) black on ! base & middle ( ! =e w+s1 & cl\d$ ) grayi%-fulv\s on ! inn] two ?irds ( ! h9d w+s4 ,a blue spot is locat$ ne> ! end ( ! cell 9 ! =e w+s1 & ! h9d w+s are adorn$ by a m>g9al & subm>g9al r[ ( n>r[ silv]y cresc5ts & a few silv]y spots t[>d ! base4 ,! female on ! upp] side is a ri* blui%-black1 ) ! out] bord] ( ! =e w+s m>k$ by ?ree r[s ( blui%-:ite quadrate spots1 ! out] r[ be+ ! pale/1 & (t5 q :ite4 ,! h9d w+s are adorn$ by ?ree m or less complete r[s ( bright-blue spots1 ! inn] r[ compos$ ( l>ge subquadrate spots1 ea* hav+ a circul> spot ( black at its inn] extremity4 ,on ! "u side ! female has ! gr\nd-color slaty-br[n1 pal] on ! h9d w+s ?an on ! =e w+s1 :i* latt] are ri*ly m>k$ ) blue & black spots4 ,! silv]y cresc5ts f\nd on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s ( ! male reappe> on ! "u side ( ! female1 & are mo/ conspicu\s on ! out] m>g9s4 ,expanse1 #c4be-d4jj in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg is pale gre5i%-:ite1 & con=m$ 9 outl9e to type4 ,cat]pill>4--,! l>va is velvety-black1 adorn$ ) six r[s ( fle%y sp9es arm$ ) bri/les4 ,! sp9es are orange-r$ at ! base4 ,! head is dull br[n4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is dusky-br[n1 ) light]-color$ %ort projections on ! dorsal side4 ,?is spl5did butt]fly1 :i* is ! mo/ magnific5t species ( ! g5us1 is conf9$ to ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,appala*ian region1 occurr+ 9 ! two ,virg9ias & ,c>ol9as1 nor!rn ,georgia1 ,t5nessee1 & ,k5tucky1 & be+ occasionally f\nd 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ,ohio & ,indiana1 & 9 ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 7#c7 ,argynnis nokomis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,nokomis74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,x #a4 ,argynnis nokomis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,argynnis nokomis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,argynnis idalia1 ,drury1 4 #d ,argynnis nevad5sis1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #e4 ,argynnis montivaga1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #f4 ,argynnis alce/is1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,argynnis bremn]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,argynnis electa1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,argynnis atlantis1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,x4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is bright fulv\s1 ) ! *>act]i/ic black m>k+s ( ! g5us4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale gre5i%-yell[1 ) ! =e w+s lav$ ) bright p9k at ! base & on ! inn] m>g94 ,! spots ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! "u side z spots ( silv] bord]$ n>r[ly ) black4 ,! female has ! gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side yell[1 %ad$ outw>dly ) fulv\s4 ,all ! d>k m>k+s ( ! male sex reappe> 9 ?is sex1 b are mu* broad]1 & t5d to fuse & run into "o ano!r1 s z to leave ! yell[ gr\nd-color z small subquadrate or circul> spots1 & :olly to oblit]ate !m at ! base ( ! w+s4 ,on ! "u side ?is sex is m>k$ l ! male1 b ) all ! m>k+s broad]4 ,expanse1 #c4dj-c4fj in*es4 ,?is species1 ! male ( :i* resembles ! male ( ,a4 leto1 & ! female ! same sex ( ,a4 diana1 is z yet q r>e 9 collections4 ,x has be5 tak5 9 ,arizona & s\!rn ,utah4 ,we h no k ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! species4 7#d7 ,argynnis nitocris1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #d1 1 "u side 7,nitocris74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is bright r$di%-fulv\s1 m>k$ l ,a4 nokomis4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is c9namon-r$1 o*re-yell[ at ! tip4 ,! h9d w+s are deep ru/y-r$1 ) a broad yell[i%-r$ subm>g9al belt4 ,! silv] spots are z 9 ,a4 nokomis4 ,! female on ! upp] side is blacki%-br[n1 d>k] ?an ,a4 nokomis4 ,! extradiscal spots 9 ! transv]se r[s are pale yell[1 & ! subm>g9al spots :iti%4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is bright r$1 ) ! tip yell[4 ,! h9d w+s on ?is side are d>k br[n1 ) a subm>g9al yell[ belt4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4ge in*es4 ,?is species1 l ! prec$+1 is f ,arizona1 & no?+ is kn[n ( its egg1 cat]pill>1 or *rysalis4 7#e7 ,argynnis leto1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 7,leto74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is m>k$ mu* z ,a4 nokomis1 b ! gr\nd-color is dull] r$1 & ! basal area is mu* d>k]4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is pale fulv\s1 ^u :i* ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side reappe>2 b !re are no m>g9al silv] cresc5ts4 ,bo? w+s on ! "u side are %ad$ ) br[n t[>d ! base2 ! h9d w+s are trav]s$ by a subm>g9al b& ( light /raw-yell[4 ,! female is m>k$ z ! male1 b ! gr\nd-color is pale /raw-yell[1 & all ! d>k] m>k+s are deep blacki%-br[n1 ^? at ! base ( bo? w+s be+ broad & runn+ into "o ano!r1 s t ! inn] half ( ! w+s appe>s to be broadly br[ni%-black4 ,on ! "u side ?is sex is m>k$ z ! male1 b ) ! d>k portions black] & ! light] portions pale yell[4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4be in*es4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ?is insect rema9s to be work$ out4 ,x is "o ( our mo/ beautiful species1 & occurs 9 ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 7#f7 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #a1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #a-c1 *rysalis 7,! ,great ,spangl$ ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is mu* l ! male ( ,a4 leto1 b ! d>k m>k+s ( ! upp] surface are heavi]1 & ! "u sides ( ! h9d w+s are m heavily silv]$4 ,! yell[i%-buff subm>g9al b& on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is nev] oblit]at$ by be+ invad$ by ! d>k] f]rug9\s ( ! m>g9al & discal tracts ( ! w+4 ,! female has ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s pal] ?an ! male1 & bo? w+s f ! base to ! angl$ m$ian b& on ! upp] side are d>k *ocolate-br[n4 ,all ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side 9 ?is sex are heavi] ?an 9 ! male4 ,on ! "u side ! female is l ! male4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-d4jj in*es4 ,egg4--,%ort1 conoidal1 ribb$ l ^? ( o!r species1 & honey-yell[4 ,cat]pill>4--,! l>va 9 ! mature /ate is black4 ,! head is blacki%1 %ad$ ) *e/nut beh9d4 ,! body is ornam5t$ ) six r[s ( %9+ black bran*+ sp9es1 g5]ally m>k$ ) orange-r$ at _! base4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* is nocturnal1 fe$s on violets1 hib]nat+ imm$iately aft] be+ hat*$ f ! egg1 & fe$+ to maturity 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,*rysalis4-,! *rysalis is d>k br[n1 mottl$ ) r$di%-br[n or slaty-gray4 ,?is species1 :i* ranges ov] ! ,atlantic ,/ates & ! valley ( ! ,mississippi z f> z ! pla9s ( ,nebraska1 appe>s to be s+le-brood$ 9 ! ,nor? & d\ble-brood$ 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c>ol9as1 & ! ,we/]n ,/ates hav+ ! same geographical latitude4 ,a small v>iety ( ?is species1 call$ ,a4 c>p5t]i by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 is f\nd 9 ,new ,mexico ^u ! top ( ,taos ,peak1 & is believ$ to be isolat$ "h 9 a colony1 z ,o,eneis semidea is isolat$ ^u ! summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 ,specim5s ( cybele mu* l ^? ( ?is ,new ,mexican v>iety are f\nd 9 ea/]n ,ma9e & ,nova ,scotia1 & on ! high m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 7#g7 ,argynnis aphrodite1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #aa1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #e1 *rysalis 7,aphrodite74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species closely resembles cybele1 b is g5]ally small]1 & ! yell[ subm>g9al b& on ! h9d w+s is n>r[] ?an 9 cybele1 & (t5 :olly want+1 ! h9d w+s be+ broadly br[n1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! female sex4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s at ! base & on ! inn] m>g9 is also bright] r$4 ,! cat]pill>1 *rysalis1 & egg ( ?is species closely resemble ^? ( cybele4 ,! cat]pill> has1 h[ev]1 a velvety-black spot at ! base ( ea* sp9e1 ! *rysalis has ! tub]cles on ! back %ort] ?an 9 cybele1 & ! basal segm5ts are p>ty-color$1 & n uni=mly color$ z 9 cybele4 7#h7 ,argynnis cipris1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,new ,mexican ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species1 :i* belongs to ! ,aphrodite-gr\p1 may be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! =e w+s are relatively long] & n>r[] ?an 9 aphrodite4 ,! black m>k+s on ! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes are n>r[]1 ! dusky cl\d+ at ! base ( ! w+s is less pron\nc$1 & ! gr\nd-color is bright] r$di%-fulv\s ?an 9 aphrodite4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s lack 9 ! male ! p9ki% %ade at ! base & on ! inn] m>g9 :i* appe>s 9 aphrodite1 & bo? ! male & ! female h ! inn] two ?irds ( ! h9d w+s deep c9namon-r$1 ) only a v n>r[ buff subm>g9al b&1 deeply invad$ on ! side ( ! base by rays ( ! deep] br[n color ( ! inn] portion ( ! w+4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4ae in*es4 ,! insect flies f late ,june to ! end ( ,augu/4 ,cat]pill>1 etc4--,we "k no?+ ( ! l>val /ages ( ?is insect4 ,! specim5s conta9$ 9 ! ,edw>ds collection came f ,colorado1 ,utah1 & ,new ,mexico1 & ^! localities approximately repres5t ! range ( ! species4 7#i7 ,argynnis alce/is1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,! ,ruddy ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,v mu* l aphrodite1 f :i* x may be mo/ easily di/+ui%$ by ! fact t ! h9d w+s are uni=mly d>k c9namon-br[n1 )\t any b& ( buff on ! out] m>g94 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4jj in*es4 ,! insect flies f late ,june to ! end ( ,augu/4 ,egg4--,gre5i%1 conoidal1 ) ab\t eighte5 v]tical ribs4 ,cat]pill>4--,head black1 yell[i% beh9d4 ,! body velvety-black1 ornam5t$ ) black sp9es :i* are yell[i% at _! basal ends4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on violets4 ,*rysalis4--,r$di%-br[n or gray1 irregul>ly mottl$ & /rip$ ) black1 ! abdom9al segm5ts slaty-gray1 m>k$ ) black on ! edges :]e ! %ort angul> projections are locat$4 ,?is butt]fly is f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 ext5d+ f ! prairie l&s ( nor?we/]n ,ohio to ,montana4 ,x l>gely replaces aphrodite 9 ^! regions4 7#aj7 ,argynnis nausica1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #i1 7,! ,arizona ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! species is relat$ to ! =ego+1 b is r small] 9 size4 ,! upp] side ( ! w+s is dusky r$di%-br[n1 ) ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s ( ! g5us4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are p9k1 lav$ ) buff at ! tip4 ,! h9d w+s on ?is side are deep c9namon-br[n1 mottl$ ) buff on ! inn] two ?irds2 a n>r[ b cle>ly def9$ subm>g9al b& ( bright yell[i%-buff surr\nds !m4 ,! silv]y spots are cle>ly m>k$4 ,! female has ! black m>k+s broad] & m conspicu\s ?an ! male4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej in*es4 ,?is insect is q common 9 ! m\nta9 valleys ( ,arizona1 at an elevation ( f six to sev5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & flies 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,we h no k ( ! e>ly /ages1 b x probably does n diff] greatly 9 its l>val /ate f ! alli$ species ( ! g5us4 7#aa7;,argynnis atlantis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #f1 *rysalis 7,! ,m\nta9 ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect1 :i* resembles aphrodite1 is di/+ui%$ f t species by its small] size1 its some:at n>r[] w+s1 ! deep] br[n color ( ! base ( ! w+s on ! upp] side1 & _! d>k] color on ! "u side4 ,! subm>g9al b& is pale yell[1 n>r[1 b di/9ct & always pres5t4 ,expanse1 #b4ej in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xi #a4 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #d4 ,argynnis edw>dsi1 ,reakirt1 4 #e4 ,argynnis edw>dsi1 ,reakirt1 4 #f4 ,argynnis rhodope1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,argynnis bis*(fi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,argynnis cornelia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,argynnis nausica1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,argynnis coronis1 ,behr1 4 #aa4 ,argynnis coronis1 ,behr1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,egg4--,conoidal1 ) twelve to f\rte5 ribs1 honey-yell[4 ,! cat]pill>s are hat*$ 9 ! fall1 & hib]nate )\t fe$+ until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is d>k blacki%-br[n4 ,! body is velvety-purple above1 a little pal] on ! "u side4 ,! usual sp9es occur on ! body1 & are black1 grayi% at ! base4 ,! l>va fe$s on violets4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is light br[n1 speckl$1 except on ! abdom9al segm5ts1 ) black4 ,?is species ranges f ,ma9e to ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & !nce s\?w>d along ! c5tral ridges ( ! ,alleghanies into ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,canada1 & ext5ds we/w>d into ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x is especially common 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire & ! ,adirondacks4 7#ab7 ,argynnis lais1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,nor?we/]n ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is bright r$di%-fulv\s on ! upp] side1 slightly obscur$ by fusc\s at ! base4 ,! discal b& ( spots common to bo? w+s is brok5 & irregul>1 & ! spots on ! h9d w+s are q small4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are buff at ! tips & pale r$ at ! base & on ! inn] m>g91 light] at ! inn] angle4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s z f> z ! out] m>g9 ( ! discal r[ ( silv]y spots is d>k br[n1 mottl+ a yell[i% gr\nd4 ,! subm>g9al b& ( ! h9d w+s is pale yell[ & mod]ately broad4 ,! female is m>k$ mu* z ! male1 b ! discal b& ( spots on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s is conflu5t & broad]1 ! fr+es :iti%1 & ! spots includ$ betwe5 ! sagittate m>g9al spots & ! m>g9al l9es pal] ?an 9 ! male sex4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4bj in*es4 ,cat]pill>1 etc4--,! e>ly /ages are unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ! t]ritories ( ,alb]ta & ,ass9iboia1 & 9 ,briti% ,columbia among ! foot-hills & ! l[] slopes ( ! m\nta9-ranges4 7#ac7 ,argynnis ow5i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,ow5's ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are dull r$di%-fulv\s1 n mu* obscur$ ) br[n on ! base1 ! black m>k+s mod]ately heavy1 ! two m>g9al l9es t5d+ to fl[ toge!r4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are yell[i%-buff f ! base to ! out] r[ ( spots1 or 9 "s specim5s ) ! buff lightly lav$ ) r$di%2 ! n]ves r$di%-br[n4 ,! subapical pat* is d>k br[n1 ) a small silv]$ spot2 ! five subm>g9al spots are small & obscurely silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are d>k br[n on ! discal area & out] m>g91 ) a r n>r[ grayi%-buff subm>g9al b&1 /rongly invad$ by projections ( ! d>k br[n ( ! discal area4 ,! spots ( ! out] discal r[ are g5]ally well silv]$2 ! inn] spots less s 9 mo/ cases4 4--,! female has ! w+s m or less mottl$ ) yell[i% outside ( ! mesial b&4 ,! black m>k+s are v heavy 9 ?is sex4 ,on ! "u side ! spots are well silv]$4 ,! d>k m>k+s on ! upp] side ( ! w+s ( ! male are mu* heavi] ?an 9 ,a4 behr5si4 ,on ! "u side ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes x may be di/+ui%$ f behr5si by ! fact t ! gr\nd-color t[>d ! base is mottl$ ) yell[1 & n solid br[n z 9 behr5si4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4dj in*es4 ,?is species ab\nds on ,m\nt ,%a/a1 9 ,cali=nia1 at an elevation ( sev5 to eight ?\s& feet above sea-level4 7#ad7 ,argynnis cornelia1 ,edw>ds4 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #h1 7,miss ,ow5's ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side ( bo? w+s is d>k br[n f ! base to ! mesial b& ( spots1 ) ! exception ( ! out] end ( ! cell4 ,! space beyond ! b& is r$di%-fulv\s2 ! d>k m>k+s are n v heavy2 ! two m>g9al l9es are f9e1 & conflu5t at ! ends ( ! n]vules4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is r$di%-br[n f ! base to ! out] m>g9 on ! inn] half ( ! w+2 ! out] spaces t[>d ! apex are yell[i%2 ! subapical pat* is r$di%-br[n1 inclos+ a small silv]y spot2 ! out] m>g9 is r$di%-br[n1 adorn$ ) five small silv]y spots t[>d ! apex4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are almo/ solid r$di%-br[n to ! cle> yell[ subm>g9al belt1 only slightly mottl$ on ! discal area ) buff4 ,! spots are small & well silv]$4 4--,! female on ! upp] side is dull] r$1 ) ! d>k m>k+s heavi]2 ! m>g9al spots on ! =e w+s are pale yell[i%1 & ! m>g9al l9es are conflu5t on ! upp] half ( ^! w+s4 ,! w+s on ! "u side 9 ?is sex are z 9 ! male1 b ! gr\nd-color on ! inn] half ( ! w+s is d>k]1 & ! spots are m brilliantly silv]$4 ,expanse1 #b4cj-b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is pretty species is f\nd ) ,a4 electa & ,a4 hesp]is 9 ,colorado4 ,x 0 orig9ally describ$ f specim5s tak5 at ,manit\ & ,ouray1 & nam$ by ,edw>ds 9 honor ( a deceas$ daught] ( ,pr(essor ,ow5 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 7#ae7 ,argynnis electa1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #h1 7,electa74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is dull r$di%-fulv\s on ! upp] side4 ,! black m>k+s are n>r[4 ,! base ( bo? w+s is slightly obscur$4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are pale c9namon-r$1 ) ! tip d>k c9namon-r$4 ,! h9d w+s are broadly d>k c9namon-r$1 mottl$ on ! disk ) a little buff4 ,! subm>g9al b& is buff1 q n>r[1 & (t5 invad$ by ! gr\nd-color ( ! inn] area4 ,! silv]y spots are usually v well m>k$ & di/9ct1 ?\gh 9 a few in/ances ! silv]y color is some:at obscur$4 ,! female has ! black m>k+s a little heavi] ?an 9 ! male2 o!rwise !re is b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be in*es4 ,cat]pill>1 etc4--,! e>ly /ages are unkn[n4 ,?is species has be5 conf\nd$ ) ,a4 atlantis1 f :i* x is :olly di/9ct1 be+ mu* small] 9 size1 ! =e w+s relatively broad]1 & ! m>k+s n s d>k on ! upp] surface4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,colorado & ,montana1 among ! m\nta9s4 7#af7 ,argynnis columbia1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,! ,columbian ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! male has ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s pale r$di%-fulv\s4 ,9 ! m$ian b& ( bo? w+s ! spots d n fl[ toge!r1 b are sep>ate & mod]ately heavy4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is pale fulv\s1 buff at ! tip2 spots silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are light ru/y-r$1 b little mottl$ ) buff on ! disk2 ! subm>g9al b& is n>r[1 buff1 & sometimes almo/ :olly obscur$ by ! d>k] gr\nd-color4 ,! spots1 :i* are small1 are well silv]$4 ,! female is mu* light] ?an ! male1 &1 z usual1 ! d>k l9es are heavi] ?an 9 t sex4 ,! spots ( ! m$ian b& are b5t & p>tly lanceolate1 & ! light spots ( ! out] bord] are :iti%4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej in*es4 ,cat]pill>1 etc4--,! e>ly /ages h n z yet be5 work$ out4 ,?is species1 :i* is relat$ to electa1 may easily be di/+ui%$ f x by ! pale m>g9al s]ies ( light spots1 9 ! male1 betwe5 ! sagittate spots & ! d>k out] m>g9al l9es1 :i* latt] are conflu5t1 =m+ a solid d>k out] bord] to ! w+1 :ile 9 electa !y are sep>at$ by a n>r[ b& ( light-br[n spots4 ,! female is also mu* light] & l>g] ?an 9 electa1 z has be5 po9t$ out4 ,! types :i* came f ! ,c>ib\ m9+ region ( ,briti% ,columbia are 9 my possession1 z are ^? ( mo/ ( ! o!r ,nor? ,am]ican species ( ! g5us4 7#ag7 ,argynnis hesp]is1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,hesp]is74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side ( ! w+s is fulv\s1 %ad$ ) d>k fusc\s = a %ort di/ance f ! base4 ,! black spots ( ! m$ian b& are r broad1 & seem to coalesce ?r\gh d>k m>k+s along ! n]vules4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is pale f]rug9\s1 t+$ ) a little buff at ! tips1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! out] m>g91 are some:at heavily cl\d$ ) d>k f]rug9\s4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is d>k f]rug9\s1 ) a n>r[ buff subm>g9al b&1 :i* 9 "s specim5s is almo/ lo/4 ,! female is pal] ?an ! male 9 ! gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side1 ! black m>k+s are heavi]1 ! m>g9al l9es fuse1 z d also ! sagittate m>g9al m>k+s1 leav+ ! m>g9al spots betwe5 !m1 :i* are q light 9 color1 deeply bord]$ on all sides by black4 ,! "u side is l t ( ! male1 b d>k] & ri*] 9 color4 ,9 nei!r sex are ! light spots m>k$ ) silv]2 !y are opaque1 yell[i%-:ite4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4dj in*es4 ,cat]pill>1 etc4--,! life-hi/ory rema9s to be le>n$4 ,?is insect is n uncommon among ! m\nta9s ( ,colorado4 7#ah7 ,argynnis hippolyta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,hippolyta74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xii #a4 ,argynnis hesp]is1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,argynnis hesp]is1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,argynnis cypris1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,argynnis cypris1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,argynnis ow5i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,argynnis ow5i1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,argynnis rupe/ris1 ,behr1 4 #i4 ,argynnis rupe/ris1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #aj4 ,argynnis hippolyta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,argynnis laura1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,argynnis laura1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,argynnis artonis1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly4--,! male is fulv\s ^u ! upp] side1 all ! d>k m>k+s be+ heavy & black1 & ! basal areas ( ! w+s cl\d$ ) fusc\s1 ?is d>k cl\d+ on ! h9d w+s rea*+ d[n & ne>ly cov]+ ! inn] angle4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are buff1 lav$ ) pale r$ at ! base1 m>k$ ) f]rug9\s on ! out] m>g9 & ab\t ! subapical spots4 ,! subm>g9al & subapical spots are silv]$1 especially ! latt]4 ,! h9d w+s are deep f]rug9\s1 mottl$ ) buff4 ,! subm>g9al b& is buff1 n>r[1 & du/$ ) m or less f]rug9\s4 ,all ! spots are well silv]$4 ,! female has ! basal area ( ! =e w+s bright p9ki%-fulv\s1 & ! belt ( ! second>ies almo/ lo/ 9 ! deep gr\nd-color4 7#ai7 ,argynnis bremn]i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #g1 7,bremn]'s ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is bright fulv\s4 ,! black m>k+s1 especially ^? ab\t ! middle ( ! w+1 are heavy4 ,bo? w+s at ! base are cl\d$ ) fusc\s1 ! "u side ( ! prim>ies r$ t[>d ! base1 buff on ! apical area2 ! subapical & ! upp] m>g9al spots well silv]$2 ! h9d w+s ) ! inn] two ?irds m or less deeply f]rug9\s1 a little mottl$ ) buff1 v r>ely encroa*$ ^u by ! d>k color ( ! inn] area1 except occasionally ne> ! anal angle4 ,expanse1 1 #b4dj in*es2 1 #b4gj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages h n z yet be5 describ$4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 ,montana1 & 9 ! s\!rn portions ( ,briti% ,columbia & ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&4 7#bj7 ,argynnis z]5e1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #i1 1 "u side 7,z]5e74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is r$di%-fulv\s1 ) r heavy black m>k+s1 ! mesial b& ( spots be+ conflu5t4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is r$di%1 incl9+ to p9k1 ) ! apex lav$ ) buff4 ,! h9d w+s h ! gr\nd-color purpli%-gray1 mottl$ on ! inn] two ?irds ) f]rug9\s4 ,! spots are n silv]$1 b are a delicate gray color4 ,! female is color$ l ! male1 b ! r$ at ! base ( ! =e w+s 9 ?is sex is mu* deep]1 & ! yell[ at ! apex ( ! prim>ies contra/s mu* m /rongly4 ,! spots on ! "u side 9 ! female sex are frequ5tly well silv]$1 ?\gh 9 _m specim5s !y are color$ exactly z 9 ! male sex4 ,expanse ( w+1 1 #b4ag in*es2 1 #b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages ( ?is species h n z yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,?is beautiful butt]fly1 :i* is some:at incl9$ to v>iation1 is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 be+ q common ab\t ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,oregon & ,nevada4 ,"o ( ! v>ietal =ms 0 nam$ ,argynnis purpuresc5s by ! late ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 because ( ! decid$ purpli% t9t :i* prevails on ! "u side ( ! second>ies1 ext5d+ ov] ! entire surface ( ! h9d w+s & cov]+ likewise ! apex ( ! =e w+s4 ,?is purpli%-br[n is v m>k$ 9 specim5s collect$ ab\t ! t[n ( ,soda ,spr+s1 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7#ba7 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #g1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,behr's ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is v closely alli$ to ! prec$+ 9 "s respects2 ! upp] surface1 h[ev]1 ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes is bright] ?an 9 z]5e1 & ! d>k m>k+s /& =? m cle>ly ^u ! light] gr\nd-color4 ,! w+s are n %ad$ ) fusc\s t[>d ! base z mu* z 9 ,a4 z]5e4 ,:ile ! m>k+s on ! upp] side are almo/ id5tical ) ^? ( ,dr4 ,boisduval's species1 !y are mu* bright] & cle>]1 giv+ ! insects q a diff]5t aspect4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are color$ z 9 z]5e1 ! prim>ies 9 ! male be+ f]rug9\s1 lav$ ) a little r$ t[>d ! base1 m>k$ ) purpli%-gray t[>d ! apex1 ! light spots ne> ! end ( ! cell on ?is w+ be+ pale buff4 ,! h9d w+s are v uni=mly purpli%-gray1 mottl$ ) d>k br[n1 ! spots v little1 if at all1 silv]$ 9 ! male4 ,9 ! female ! =e w+s are bright r$ at ! base1 & ! h9d w+s are color$ z 9 ! male2 b all ! spots 9 bo? ! =e w+s & h9d w+s are broadly & brightly silv]$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages h n be5 asc]ta9$1 & !re rema9s some?+ "h = "y entomologi/s to accompli%4 ,?is species is q common 9 ! same localities z ! la/1 & "s au?ors are incl9$ to reg>d x z be+ a m]e v>iety1 :i* is a belief t c only be v]ifi$ by c>eful bre$+ f ! egg4 7#bb7 ,argynnis rhodope1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,rhodope74 ,butt]fly4--,9 ! male sex ! upp] side is bright fulv\s1 ) bo? w+s on ! inn] half heavily cl\d$ ) d>k fusc\s4 ,! black m>k+s are v heavy & conflu5t4 ,! out] bord] is solid black1 v slightly1 if at all1 int]rupt$ by a n>r[ m>g9al br[n l9e1 9 ?is respect resembl+ ,a4 atlantis4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are d>k f]rug9\s1 on ! out] m>g9 ri* d>k br[n4 ,betwe5 ! spots at ! end ( ! cell & ! n]vules bel[ ! apex are "s cle>1 bright /raw-yell[ spots4 ,! upp] spots ( ! m>g9al s]ies are silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are d>k r$di%-br[n1 v slightly pal] on ! l9e ( ! m>g9al b&4 ,! spots are pale /raw-yell[1 except ^? ( ! m>g9al s]ies1 :i* are di/9ctly silv]$4 ,! female on ! upp] side is ( a light] & bright] r$1 ) ! m>k+s d>k & heavy z 9 ! male sex4 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s 9 ! female d n diff] f ^? 9 ! male1 except t ! prim>ies on ! inn] half & at ! base are bright p9ki%-r$4 ,expanse1 1 #b4bj in*es2 1 #b4dj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is /rik+ species has be5 h]et(ore only f\nd 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 7#bc7 ,argynnis behr5si1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side1 7,behr5s' ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is dull fulv\s1 cl\d$ ) fusc\s at ! base1 ! black m>k+s mu* n>r[] & light] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,! prim>ies on ! "u side are pale fulv\s1 cl\d$ ) d>k br[n at ! apex4 ,! subapical spots & ! upp] spots ( ! m>g9al s]ies on ?is w+ are well silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are deep r$di%-br[n1 ) ! m>g9al b& only fa9tly indicat$4 ,all ! spots are di/9ctly well silv]$4 ,! female does n diff] mat]ially f ! male1 except 9 ! l>g] size & ! some:at pal] gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are exactly z 9 ! male1 ) ! m>g9al b& ev5 less di/9ct ?an 9 t sex4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,n yet asc]ta9$4 ,! type specim5s ^u :i* ! =ego+ description is f\nd$ came f ,m5doc9o1 9 ,cali=nia4 7#bd7 ,argynnis halcyone11 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side1 7,halcyone74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! prim>ies are produc$ & relatively n>r[] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species1 fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) ! black m>k+s di/9ct1 ! mesial b& ( ! second>ies conflu5t4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are pale fulv\s1 r$di% at ! base1 pale buff at ! end ( ! cell & on ! co/al m>g9 be=e ! apex4 ,! subapical spots & ! pale spots ( ! m>g9al s]ies are v little silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s h ! inn] two ?irds deep r$di%-br[n1 slightly mottl$ ) buff4 ,! m>g9al b& is buff1 & all ! spots are well silv]$4 4--,! female1 :i* is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! male1 is m>k$ mu* z 9 t sex2 b all ! black m>k+s are heavi]1 & on ! "u side ( ! prim>ies ! base & inn] m>g9 are lav$ ) r$4 ,! m>g9al b& on ! h9d w+s is n z di/9ct 9 ?is sex z 9 ! male1 9 _m specim5s be+ some:at obscur$ by olive-br[n4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej in*es2 1 #b4ij-c4aj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,n kn[n4 ,?is species1 :i* is /ill r>e 9 collections1 is f\nd 9 s\!rn ,colorado & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,utah & ,arizona4 7#be7 ,argynnis *itone1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #af1 7,*itone74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are dull fulv\s1 greatly obscur$ by br[n at ! base ( ! w+s4 ,! d>k spots & m>k+s are n heavy4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are yell[i%-fulv\s at ! base & on ! inn] half ( ! w+2 ! apical pat* & ! n]vules on ! apical area are heavy f]rug9\s2 ! m>g9al spots are buff1 ) no silv]4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are light f]rug9\s1 mottl$ ) buff2 ! belt is broad1 cle> buff2 ! out] m>g9 is br[n4 ,all ! spots are small & imp]fectly silv]$4 4--,! female is ne>ly ! same %ade z ! male1 ) ! m>g9al spots on ! "u side always silv]$1 ! rema9d] )\t silv]1 or only n[ & !n ) a few silv]y scales4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xiii #a4 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 #b4 ,argynnis semiramis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,argynnis semiramis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,argynnis nitocris1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #e4 ,argynnis halcyone1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,argynnis halcyone1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #h4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 4 #i4 ,argynnis mac>ia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,argynnis inornata1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,argynnis liliana1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,argynnis atossa1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #ae4 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xiii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e>ly ,/ages4--,n asc]ta9$4 ,?is species occurs 9 s\!rn ,utah & ,arizona4 7#bf7 ,argynnis plat9a11 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,sk9n]'s ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! orig9al description ( ?is species1 conta9$ 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxix1 p4 #aed1 is z foll[s3 4--,exp&s two & a half in*es4 ,upp] side3 ,r light tawny or ev5 light buff4 ,black m>k+s d5se & wide1 ) out] halves ( w+s look+ r cle> or op51 ) r[s ( r\nd spots n v l>ge2 m>g9al bord] light2 bases ( w+s n mu* obscur$4 ,"u side3 ,sup]iors h ! two subapical silv] spots & silv] spots on m>g9 well def9$2 color ( inn] half ( w+ rosy4 ,! silv] spots on ! inf]iors are l>ge & well def9$1 & plac$ on a v light gre5i%-gray gr\nd4 ,! int]m$iate buff b& is well def9$1 comp>atively wide1 & v light 9 color4 4--,! gr\nd-color on ! inf]iors bel[ is r$di%-br[n 9 ! female4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species occurs 9 ,utah & ,idaho1 & is possibly a v>ietal =m ( ,a4 coronis1 specim5s agree+ v ne>ly ) ! type figur$ 9 ! plate be+ conta9$ 9 ! ,edw>ds collection "u ! "n ( ,a4 coronis4 7#bg7 ,argynnis coronis1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 7,coronis74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are yell[i%-br[n1 ) b little br[n obscur+ ! base4 ,! d>k m>k+s are n heavy1 b di/9ct4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are buff1 ) ! basal area orange-fulv\s4 ,! subapical & subm>g9al spots are m or less imp]fectly silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are br[n1 mottl$ ) r$di%4 ,! discal area is buff1 & ! belt is pale yell[i%-buff4 ,all ! spots are l>ge & well silv]$ on ^! w+s4 4--,! female is pal] ?an ! male1 ) ! m>k+s on ! upp] side a little heavi]4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are mu* z 9 ! male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #b4aj-b4ej in*es2 1 #b4ej-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages rema9 to be asc]ta9$4 ,?is species ranges f s\!rn ,cali=nia nor?w>d to ! s\!rn "p ( ,briti% ,columbia1 & is f\nd z f> ea/ z ,utah4 7#bh7 ,argynnis snyd]i1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,snyd]'s ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are light tawny1 b little obscur$ by fusc\s at ! base4 ,! black m>k+s are mod]ately heavy & v %>ply def9$ aga9/ ! light] gr\nd-color4 ,! out] m>g9 is di/9ctly b n heavily m>k$4 ,on ! "u side ( ! =e w+s !re are two subapical & five m>g9al silv] spots4 ,! gr\nd-color ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is grayi%-gre51 ) a n>r[ pale-buff m>g9al belt4 ,! spots are l>ge & well silv]$4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male1 b on ! h9d w+s ! gr\nd-color f ! base to ! out] belt is br[ni%4 ,expanse1 1 #c4jj in*es2 1 #c4cj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species1 :i* is v closely alli$ to ,a4 coronis1 is f\nd 9 ,utah4 7#bi7 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side 7,callippe74 ,butt]fly14--,?is species may easily be recogniz$ by ! g5]al obscuration ( ! basal area ( ! w+s1 ! light-buff quadrate spots on ! discal area ( ! =e w+s1 & ! cle> oval spots ( ! same color on ! h9d w+s1 z well z by ! light triangul> m>g9al spots1 all /&+ out di/9ctly on ! d>k] gr\nd4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are q pale buff1 ) ! spots l>ge & well silv]$4 ,expanse1 #b4cj-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,callippe is abundant 9 ,cali=nia4 7#cj7 ,argynnis nevad5sis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #d1 1 "u side 7,! ,nevada ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! gr\nd-color is pale fulv\s1 b little obscur$ ) fusc\s at ! base4 ,! out] m>g9s are heavily bord]$ ) black4 ,! d>k m>k+s ( ! discal area are n heavy4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are pale buff1 ! spots well silv]$2 ! h9d w+s are gre5i%2 ! belt is n>r[ & cle>1 & ! spots are l>ge & well silv]$4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male1 b l>g] & pal]4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s 9 ?is sex is m heavily m>k$ ) black1 & ! m>g9al spots are light buff 9 color4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej-c4jj in*es2 1 #c4jj-c4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! rema9 to be discov]$4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,montana1 & ,briti% ,am]ica4 7#ca7 ,argynnis meadi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side 7,mead's ,silv]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is v closely alli$ to ! prec$+1 ( :i* x may be an extreme v>iation1 *>act]iz$ by ! d>k] color ( ! =e w+s on ! upp] side1 ! n]vules be+ heavily bord]$ ) blacki%1 & ! deep]1 m solid gre5 ( ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,all ! specim5s ,i h se5 are consid]ably small] 9 size ?an ,a4 nevad5sis4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:olly unkn[n4 ,?is species or v>iety is f\nd f ,utah nor?w>d to ! prov9ce ( ,alb]ta1 9 ,briti% ,am]ica4 7#cb7 ,argynnis edw>dsi1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 7,edw>ds' ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,?is beautiful insect is closely relat$ to ! ,nevada ,fritill>y1 f :i* x may be di/+ui%$ by ! bright] color ( ! upp] side1 ! heavi] black bord]s1 especially 9 ! female sex1 & ! olive-br[n color ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! olivace\s ( ^! w+s greatly encroa*es ^u ! m>g9al belt4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 c>efully & m9utely describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xx1 p4 #c4 ,!y are n unlike ^? ( ,a4 atlantis 9 _m respects4 ,?is species is n uncommon 9 ,colorado & ,montana4 7#cc7 ,argynnis liliana1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,liliana74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are r$di%-fulv\s4 ,! black m>k+s & ! spots are slight4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are yell[i%-buff2 ! base & ! h9d m>g9 to bel[ ! cell1 br[n1 ) buff on ! m$ian int]spaces4 ,! out] end ( ! cell is yell[i%-buff4 ,! subapical pat* is br[n1 adorn$ by two or ?ree well-silv]$ spots4 ,! five upp] m>g9al spots are well silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are br[n1 b little mottl$ ) buff4 ,! spots are well silv]$4 ,! m>g9al belt is n>r[1 o*re\s-br[n4 4--,! female is mu* pal] ?an ! male1 & ! m>g9al spots on bo? w+s are mu* light]4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are z 9 ! male sex1 ) ! basal area & ! n]vules ( ! =e w+s r$4 ,expanse1 1 #b4bj in*es2 1 #b4ce in*es4 ,egg4--,w4,h4 ,edw>ds gives ! foll[+ description3 ,conoidal1 truncat$1 depress$ at summit1 m>k$ v]tically by tw5ty-two or tw5ty-?ree ribs1 :i* are z 9 o!r species ( ! g5us2 ! outl9e ( ?is egg is mu* z 9 eurynome1 ! base be+ broad1 ! top n>r[1 & ! height n mu* m ?an ! bread?2 color yell[4 ,cat]pill>4--,! same au?or has giv5 u a description ( ! cat]pill> imm$iately aft] hat*+2 b z ! "y l>v 7 lo/ aft] be+ s5t to ,ma9e to be kept ov] w9t] we d n yet "k ! full life-hi/ory4 ,! range ( ?is species is nor!rn ,cali=nia & ,utah1 s f> z is kn[n at pres5t4 7#cd7 ,argynnis rupe/ris1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #h1 4 ,fig4 #i1 1 "u side 7,! ,cliff-dwell+ ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side ( ! =e w+s is deep r$di%-fulv\s1 ) ! black m>k+s v heavy4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are buff1 %ad$ ) r$ at ! base & on ! inn] m>g94 ,! spots are buff1 )\t any silv]4 ,! h9d w+s are buff1 mottl$ ) c9namon-r$1 sometimes d>k1 sometimes light]4 ,! m>g9al belt is n>r[1 buff1 encroa*$ ^u by ! d>k] color ( ! m$ian area at ! ends ( ! oval spots4 ,none ( ! spots is silv]$1 except v lightly 9 exceptional cases4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male on ! upp] side1 ) ! d>k m>k+s mu* heavi]1 ! gr\nd-color some:at pal]1 & ! m>g9al r[ ( spots q light4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are m brightly t9t$ ?an 9 ! male1 & ! m>g9al spots are m or less silv]$4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj in*es2 1 #b4bj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ is z yet kn[n ab\t ! egg & l>va4 ,?is species is q abundant at a consid]able elevation ^u ,m\nt ,%a/a1 ,m\nt ,bradley1 & 9 ! ,web] ,m\nta9s 9 ,utah4 7#ce7 ,argynnis laura1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,laura74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side is deep r$di%-fulv\s1 ) bo? w+s some:at obscur$ at ! base by fusc\s4 ,! black m>k+s on ! upp] side ( ! w+s are heavy2 ! out] m>g9 is also heavily b&$ ) d>k br[n1 ! m>g9al l9es be+ fulv\s4 ,! f\r spots on ! h9d w+s are light] 9 color ?an ! gr\nd4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are r$di%-orange1 ) ! apex & ! h9d m>g9 yell[i%-buff4 ,! apical & upp] m>g9al spots are m or less well silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are pale yell[1 ! m>g9al belt v broad & cle> yell[4 ,all ! spots are l>ge & well silv]$4 4--,! female is mu* pal] ?an ! male1 b o!rwise closely resembles t sex4 ,expanse1 1 #b4bj in*es2 1 #b4ce in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,nevada4 7#cf7 ,argynnis mac>ia1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,mac>ia74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is yell[i%-fulv\s1 ! black m>k+s v light4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are orange-r$1 at ! apex yell[i%-buff4 ,! subapical upp] m>g9al spots are lightly silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are yell[i%-buff on ! out] ?ird1 mottl$ ) br[n on ! basal & m$ian areas4 ,! m>g9al belt is cle> buff4 ,! spots are l>ge & well silv]$4 4--,! female is pal] ?an ! male4 ,on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s ! second r[ ( silv] spots is indicat$ by spots mu* pal] ?an ! gr\nd4 ,! black m>k+s are light] ?an 9 ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj in*es2 1 #b4bj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species1 :i* is some:at l ,a4 coronis1 b small]1 & bright] fulv\s1 is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 b is /ill q r>e 9 collections4 7#cg7 ,argynnis semiramis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #c1 7,semiramis74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s are bright fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) ! black m>k+s mu* z 9 ,a4 adiante1 slight on ! =e w+s & ev5 slight] on ! h9d w+s4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is c9namon-r$ at ! base & on ! inn] half ( ! w+1 beyond ?is buff4 ,! apical pat* & ! out] m>g9 are br[n4 ,! upp] m>g9al spots & two spots on ! subapical pat* are well silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are ru/y-br[n f ! base to ! second r[ ( spots1 mottl$ ) light] br[n4 ,! m>g9al belt is cle> br[ni%-buff4 ,all ! spots are well silv]$4 4--,! female on ! upp] side is color$ l ! male1 ) ! d>k m>k+s some:at heavi]4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are lav$ ov] almo/ _! entire surface ) r$1 ! upp] angle ( ! cell alone be+ buff4 ,! h9d w+s are 9 _m specim5s fawn-color$ ?r\gh\t1 except t ! m>g9al b& is pal]4 ,9 a few specim5s ! gr\nd is d>k] & ! b& m di/9ct4 ,all ! spots are well silv]$4 ,expanse1 1 #b4fj in*es2 1 #b4ge-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory ( ?is butt]fly has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! species appe>s to be v common at ,san ,b]n>d9o1 ,cali=nia1 & vic9ity1 & resembles ,a4 adiante on ! upp] side & ,a4 coronis ^u ! l[] side4 7#ch7 ,argynnis inornata1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side 7,! ,pla9 ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,?is species resembles ,a4 rupe/ris 9 its m>k+s1 b is some:at pal]1 ! black m>g9s are heavy & ! black m>k+s on ! disk comp>atively light2 ! base ( ! w+s is obscur$ ) fusc\s4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are c9namon-br[n1 ) ! apical area buff4 ,! h9d w+s are r$di%-br[n1 ) ! m>g9al b& cle> buff4 ,all ! spots are buff1 & completely devoid ( silv]y scales4 4--,pal] ?an ! male on ! upp] side4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are orange-fulv\s2 ! h9d w+s are pale gre5i%-br[n1 mottl$ ) buff4 ,9 "s specim5s a few silv] scales are f\nd on ! subm>g9al spots4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej in*es2 1 #b4gj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is butt]fly1 :i* is z yet n v common 9 collections1 is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 7#ci7 ,argynnis atossa1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,atossa74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xiv #a4 ,argynnis meadi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,argynnis meadi1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,argynnis ,columbia1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,argynnis adiante1 ,boisduval1 4 #e4 ,argynnis clio1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,argynnis clio1 ,edw>ds1 4 #g4 ,argynnis clio1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #h4 ,argynnis opis1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,argynnis z]5e1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #aj4 ,argynnis behr5si1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,argynnis aphrodite11 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 #ab4 ,argynnis lais1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,argynnis lais1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ad4 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ae4 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #af4 ,argynnis *itone1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ag4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side is bright yell[i%-fulv\s1 ) ! w+s at ! base slightly du/$ ) br[n4 ,! m>g9s ( bo? w+s are bord]$ by a s+le l9e1 !re be+ no trace ( ! out] l9e usually f\nd 9 o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,! d>k m>k+s ( ! out] m>g9 are almo/ entirely abs5t1 & ^? ( ! discal & basil areas v greatly r$uc$4 ,on ! "u side bo? w+s are v pale1 ! spots entirely )\t silv]1 9 "s specim5s ev5 _! location be+ b fa9tly indicat$4 ,! =e w+s at ! base & on ! inn] m>g9 are lav$ ) bright r$4 4--,! female resembles ! male1 except t ! r$ on ! "u side ( ! =e w+s is 9 _m specim5s v bright & fi]y4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej in*es2 1 #b4ge-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,entirely unkn[n4 ,?is butt]fly1 :i* is /ill r>e 9 collections1 has be5 tak5 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x may be an extreme v>iation ( ! next species1 ,a4 adiante1 ,boisduval4 7#dj7 ,argynnis adiante1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #d1 7,adiante74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are bright fulv\s2 ! black m>k+s are slight4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are pale buff1 mu* light] at ! apex1 lav$ ) orange-r$ at ! base4 ,! h9d w+s are pale buff1 cl\d$ ) fawn color on ! basal & discal areas4 ,all ! spots :i* are g5]ally silv]$ 9 o!r species are 9 ?is species :olly devoid ( silv]y scales4 4--,! female is l ! male1 b ! black m>k+s on ! upp] side are heavi]1 & ! basal area & inn] half ( ! prim>ies are lav$ ) bright] & deep] r$4 ,expanse1 1 #b4cj-b4dj in*es2 1 #b4cj-b4fj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & is some:at local 9 its habits1 hi!rto hav+ be5 tak5 only 9 ! ,santa ,cruz ,m\nta9s4 7#da7 ,argynnis artonis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ac1 1 "u side 7,artonis74 ,butt]fly1 4--,closely resembl+ ,a4 eurynome1 ,edw>ds1 f :i* species x may be at once di/+ui%$ by ! entire abs5ce ( silv]y scales ^u ! "u side ( ! w+s1 & also by ! fact t ! silv] spots on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s are n compress$ & elongat$ z mu* z 9 eurynome1 & by ! fur!r fact t all ! d>k m>g9al m>k+s ( ! "u side are oblit]at$4 4--,! female does n diff] mat]ially f ! male1 except t ! d>k m>k+s on ! upp] side are all mu* heavi]1 /&+ out v di/9ctly ^u ! pal] gr\nd1 & ! m>g9al spots )9 ! lunules are v light 9 color & relatively l>ge4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are lav$ ) r$1 v mu* z 9 ! female ( ,a4 adiante4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es2 1 #b4jj-b4ae in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! /ill rema9 to be asc]ta9$4 ,?is int]e/+ butt]fly1 :i* seems to indicate a transition betwe5 ! butt]flies ( ! ,adiante-gr\p & ^? ( ! ,eurynome-gr\p1 has be5 f\nd 9 ,colorado1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 & ,arizona4 7#db7 ,argynnis clio1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,fig4 #g1 1 "u side 7,clio74 ,butt]fly4--,closely resembl+ ,a4 eurynome & ,a4 artonis4 ,l artonis1 ! spots on ! "u side ( ! w+ are )\t silv]4 ,! female v closely resembles ! female ( artonis1 & 9 fact ,i am unable to di/+ui% ! types ( ! females ( ! two species by any m>ks :i* seem to be satisfactory4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge in*2 1 #a4ge-a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species1 :i* is z yet comp>atively r>e 9 collections1 is f\nd 9 ,montana & ! prov9ce ( ,alb]ta1 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 at a consid]able elevation4 7#dc7 ,argynnis opis1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side 7,opis74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species1 :i* app>5tly belongs to ! ,eurynome-gr\p1 appe>s by ! location ( its m>k+s to be closely relat$ to eurynome1 b on ! upp] side ! w+s ( bo? ! male & female are m heavily obscur$ ) fusc\s at ! base2 ! d>k m>k+s are heavi] ?an 9 eurynome1 & 9 bo? sexes x is small] 9 size1 be+ ! smalle/ ( all ! species ( ! g5us ?us f> f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s are none ( !m silv]$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ is kn[n ( ^!4 ,! types came f ,bald ,m\nta91 9 ! ,c>ib\ m9+ di/rict ( ,briti% ,columbia4 7#dd7 ,argynnis bis*(fi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #g1 7,bis*(f's ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! =e w+s on ! upp] side are bright r$di%-fulv\s1 ! base ( ! prim>ies & ! inn] half ( ! second>ies be+ heavily obscur$ by blacki%1 s z to conceal ! m>k+s4 ,bo? w+s h mod]ately heavy black m>g9al bord]s4 ,! o!r m>k+s are z 9 ,a4 eurynome4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are buff1 lav$ ) r$di% at ! base4 ,! h9d w+s are pale buff1 ) ! basal & discal areas mottl$ ) gre54 ,! m>g9al belt is cle> buff4 ,9 "s specim5s ! spots on ! "u side are n silv]$2 9 o!rs !y are well silv]$4 4--,! female on ! upp] side is v pale buff1 slightly lav$ ) fulv\s on ! out] m>g9 ( bo? w+s4 ,all ! m>k+s are heavy2 ! m>g9s ( bo? w+s are solid black1 ! spots )9 ! lunules be+ pale & almo/ :ite4 ,! =e w+s at ! base & ! inn] half ( ! h9d w+s are almo/ solid black4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are v mu* z 9 ! male1 & ! same v>iation z to ! silv]+ ( ! spots is f\nd4 ,expanse1 1 #a4hj in*2 1 #a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! types ( ?is g5us came f ,sitka1 9 ,alaska4 ,x may be an extreme boreal v>iation ( ,a4 eurynome4 7#de7 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 1 "u side 7,eurynome74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are bright yell[i%-fulv\s1 b little obscur$ at ! base4 ,! out] m>g9s are edg$ by two f9e l9es :i* are occasionally conflu5t4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is pale buff1 lav$ ) c9namon-br[n at ! base & along ! n]vules2 ! spots on ! m>g9 & 9 ! apical area are well silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are buff1 ) ! basal & discal areas mottl$ ) pale br[n or pale olive-gre54 ,! m>g9al belt is broad & cle> buff2 all ! spots are well silv]$4 4--,! female is l ! male1 b pal]1 ) ! d>k m>k+s1 especially ^? ( ! m>g91 heavi]4 ,! m>g9al spots inclos$ by ! lunules are mu* pal] ?an ! gr\nd-color1 & 9 _m specim5s almo/ :ite4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s 9 ?is sex are l ^? ( ! male1 b ! =e w+s are m heavily lav$ ) c9namon-br[n at ! base4 ,expanse1 1 #a4gj-b4jj in*es2 1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,mr4 ,edw>ds1 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 has giv5 u a beautiful figure ( ! egg ( ?is species4 ,( ! o!r /ages we h no k4 ,a4 eurynome is a v common butt]fly 9 ,colorado1 ,montana1 & ,briti% ,am]ica1 & is ! repres5tative ( a consid]able gr\p1 to :i* ! f\r prec$+ species belong1 if1 inde$1 !y are n local races or climatic v>ieties ( eurynome1 a fact :i* c be demon/rat$ only by ! c>eful bre$+ ( specim5s f v>i\s localities4 ,!re is a f9e field "h = /udy & exp]im5t4 7#df7 ,argynnis montivaga1 ,behr1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #e1 1 "u side 7,montivaga74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species 9 bo? sexes v closely approximates ! =ego+4 ,! ma9 po9ts ( di/9ction consi/ 9 ! some:at d>k] r$ ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 ! slightly heavi] d>k m>k+s1 & ! abs5ce on ! "u side1 especially ( ! h9d w+s1 ( ! olive-gre5 %ade :i* is *>act]i/ic ( typical specim5s ( ,a4 eurynome4 ,! mottl+ ( ! basal & m$ian areas on ?is side is r$di%-br[n4 ,! spots are m or less silv]$ on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge in*2 1 #a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ! ,si]ras ( ,cali=nia & among ! m\nta9s ( ,nevada4 7#dg7 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ae1 7,egleis74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s on ! upp] side is deep fulv\s1 ) r heavy black m>k+s4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are pale fulv\s1 mottl$ ) buff on ! subapical int]spaces ( ! =e w+s4 ,! basal & discal areas ( ! h9d w+s are mottl$ ) br[n1 :i* 9 _m specim5s is ( a di/9ctly purpli% %ade4 ,9 "s specim5s ! inn] half ( ! prim>ies is r heavily lav$ ) r$4 ,! spots on ! "u side are ei!r silv]$ or )\t silv]1 9 ! latt] case be+ pale buff4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male1 b pal]4 ,! r$ on ! "u side ( ! prim>ies is deep]1 & ! purpli%-br[n on ! inn] surface ( ! second>ies is also d>k]4 ,expanse1 1 #b4be in*es2 1 #b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! rema9 to be asc]ta9$4 ,?is is a common species 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 ,= _m ye>s x has be5 plac$ 9 all catalogues at ! end ( ! li/ ( ! species ( ?is g5us1 :]e ,i also leave x1 ?\gh to my way ( ?9k+ its prop] location is ne> ,a4 rupe/ris4 ,x c]ta9ly reveals b small aff9ity to ! species ( ! ,eurynome gr\p4 ,besides ! species ( ,argynnis enum]at$ 9 ! =ego+ pages & del9eat$ ^u ! plates1 !re are sev]al o!rs ( m or less d\btful validity cr$it$ to our fauna1 & a numb] ( v>ieties :i* h receiv$ names4 ,) all ( ^! ! m advanc$ /ud5t w become famili> z he prosecutes 8 rese>*es1 b x is n necess>y to speak ( !m "h4 ,a ,,race ,,aft] ,a ,,butt]fly ,!re is mu* t is pleas+ ab\t fir/ ?+s4 ,i %all nev] =get ! fir/ doll> ,i e>n$2 ! fir/ tr\t ,i took ) my fly2 ! fir/ muskalonge ,i gaff$ beside my canoe on a /ill ,canadian lake2 ! fir/ voyage ,i made across ! ,atlantic4 ,s ,i %all nev] =get my fir/ capture ( a female specim5 ( ,argynnis diana4 ,my home 9 my boyhood 0 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ! village ( ,salem1 fam\s z "o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! settlem5ts made by ! ,moravian ,bre?r5 "u ! lead ( ! good ,c\nt ,z9z5dorf1 & well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn ,/ates z ! seat ( an excell5t sem9>y = "y ladies4 ,! ,civil ,w> broke out1 & ! hopes *]i%$ ( s5d+ me ,nor? to be educat$ 7 disappo9t$4 ,i 0 left to pursue my /udies "u a tutor1 & to roam ! neighborhood 9 que/ ( insects1 ( :i* ,i ga!r$ a l>ge collection4 ,"o day ,i spi$ ^u a b$ ( v]b5as a magnific5t butt]fly ) broad expanse ( w+ & l>ge blue spots ^u ! second>ies4 ,9 brea?less ha/e ,i ru%$ into ! h\se & got my net4 ,to ! joy ( my he>t1 :5 ,i return$ to ! spot1 ! beauty 0 /ill hov]+ ov] ! crimson blossoms4 ,b1 z ,i drew ne> ) fell int5t1 x rose & sail$ away4 ,across ! g>d51 ov] ! f5ce1 across ! *ur*y>d1 out into ! /reet1 ) leisurely flight ! covet$ prize sp$ its way1 :ile ,i quickly foll[$1 net 9 h&4 ,once ^u ! du/y /reet1 its flight 0 accel]at$2 my rapid walk+ 0 conv]t$ into a run4 ,d[n pa/ ! *ur* &--horribile dictu6--pa/ ! bo>d+-s*ool t pesky butt]fly flew4 ,i w\ld r h fac$ a cannonade 9 ^? days ?an a bevy ( bo>d+-s*ool misses1 b !re 0 no alt]native4 ,!re 7 ! dread$ females at ! w9d[s 7= x 0 ,saturday1 & vacation h\r71 & !re 0 my butt]fly4 ,sweat+1 blu%+1 inw>dly ana!matiz+ my luck1 ,i ru%$ pa/ ! s*ool1 only to be ov]:elm$ ) mortification by ! rascally port] ( ! in/itution1 :o 0 sweep+ ! pavem5t1 & :o bawl$ out aft] me3 ,oh1 x's no use2 y c't cat* x6 ,x's fright5$2 y're s ugly6 ,& n[ x began to rise 9 its flight4 ,x 0 pla9ly my la/ *ance1 = x w\ld 9 a mom5t be lo/ ov] ! h\setops4 ,i made an upw>d leap1 & by a =tunate sweep ( ! net succe$$ 9 captur+ my prize4 ,_m ye>s lat]1 aft] a long int]val 9 :i* orni?ology & botany _h engross$ my m9d to ! exclusion ( entomology1 my boyi% love = ! butt]flies 0 r5ew$1 & ,i f\nd out ! "n ( ! *oice ?+ ,i _h captur$ on t hot ,july day on ! /reets ( ,salem1 & return$ to ,nor? ,c>ol9a = ! special purpose ( collect+ a quantity ( ^! sup]b insects4 ,my que/ 0 entirely successful1 ?\gh my specim5s 7 n tak5 at ,salem1 b "u ! %ad[ ( ,m\nt ,mit*ell1 9 ! fl[]-spangl$ valleys :i* lie at its feet4 ,g5us ,,br5?is1 ,hbn] ,! g>d5 is fragrant ev]y:]e2 ,9 its lily-bugles ! gold bee sups1 ,& butt]flies flutt] on w+lets fair ,r\nd ! tremul\s mead[ butt]cups4 ,,munkittrick4 ,butt]fly4-,small or m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 v closely approximat+ 9 =m & color ! species ( ! g5us ,argynnis1 9 :i* !y are includ$ by _m writ]s4 ,! pr9cipal /ructural diff]5ce betwe5 ! two g5]a is f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 ! g5us ,br5?is only "o ( ! subco/al n]vules arises be=e or at ! end ( ! cell ( ! prim>ies1 :ile 9 ,argynnis ! two inn]mo/ subco/al n]vules ?us arise4 ,9 ,br5?is ! palpi are n z /\t z 9 ,argynnis1 & ! %ort basal spur or bran* ( ! m$ian ve9 ( ! front w+s1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! latt] g5us1 is altoge!r lack+ 9 ,br5?is4 ,egg4--,! eggs are subconical1 almo/ twice z high z wide1 truncat$ at ! top1 & m>k$ ) ?irte5 or f\rte5 rais$ longitud9al ridges connect$ by a multitude ( small] cross-ridges4 ,l>va4--,! cat]pill>s are n noticeably diff]5t 9 _! g5]al appe>ance f ^? ( ! g5us ,argynnis1 except t !y are small] & g5]ally n z d>k 9 color z ! l>v ( ! latt] g5us4 ,!y fe$1 l ! cat]pill>s ( ,argynnis1 ^u violets4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is p5dant1 ab\t six t5?s ( an in* long1 & arm$ ) two r[s ( %>p conical tub]cles on ! back4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ij4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,br5?is1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,br5?is myr9a1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ab-ad1 *rysalis 7,! ,silv]-bord]$ ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is fulv\s2 ! black m>k+s are light1 ! bord]s heavy4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are yell[i%-fulv\s1 f]rug9\s at ! tip1 ) ! m>g9al spots lightly silv]$4 ,! h9d w+s are f]rug9\s1 mottl$ ) buff4 ,! spots1 :i* are small1 are well silv]$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4dj in*2 1 #a4gj in*4 ,egg4--,! egg is conoidal1 ab\t "o ?ird high] ?an wide1 m>k$ by sixte5 or sev5te5 v]tical ribs1 betwe5 :i* are a numb] ( delicate cross-l9es4 ,x is pale gre5i%-yell[ 9 color4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> has be5 c>efully /udi$1 & its v>i\s /ages are fully describ$ 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 by ,dr4 ,scudd]4 ,9 its f9al /age x is ab\t sev5 eigh?s ( an in* long1 d>k olive-br[n1 m>k$ ) gre51 ! segm5ts be+ adorn$ ) fle%y tub]cles arm$ ) ne$le-%ap$ projections1 ! tub]cles on ! side ( ! fir/ ?oracic segm5t be+ f\r times z long z ! o!rs1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 & blunt at ! upp] end1 ! sp9es project+ upw>d at an angle ( =ty-five degrees to ! axis ( ! tub]cle4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is yell[i%-br[n1 spott$ ) d>k] br[n spots1 ^? ( ! ?oracic & fir/ & second abdom9al segm5ts hav+ ! lu/re ( "m-(-pe>l4 ,?is v pretty little species has a wide range1 ext5d+ f ,new ,engl& to ,montana1 f ,nova ,scotia to ,alaska1 & s\?w>d along ! ridges ( ! ,alleghanies into ,virg9ia & ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 7#b7 ,br5?is tricl>is1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,hbn]'s ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! male above is bright fulv\s1 ) ! base ( ! =e w+s & ! inn] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s heavily obscur$ ) blacki% scales4 ,! usual d>k m>k+s are f9] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species2 ! black m>g9al bord]s are n s heavy4 ,! subm>g9al spots are relatively l>ge & di/9ct 9 mo/ specim5s1 & uni=m 9 size4 ,! light spots ( ! "u side ( ! m$ian b& ( ! h9d w+s %[ ?r\gh f bel[ on ! upp] side light] ?an ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are fulv\s1 tipp$ ) f]rug9\s4 ,! h9d w+s are broadly f]rug9\s1 ) a c\ple ( bright-yell[ spots ne> ! base & a curv$ b& ( yell[ spots cross+ ! m$ian area4 ,! out] m>g9 ab\t ! middle is m>k$ ) pale fulv\s4 ,! spots on ! "u side are none ( !m silv]$4 4--,! female is mu* pal] ?an ! male 9 mo/ cases1 & ! m>g9al spots )9 ! lunules are v pale1 almo/ :ite4 ,! subm>g9al r[ ( r\nd black spots is relatively l>ge & di/9ct1 q uni=m 9 size4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are mu* m conspicu\sly m>k$ on ! second>ies ?an 9 ! male sex1 be+ cross$ by ?ree conspicu\s b&s ( irregul>ly %ap$ yell[ spots1 "o at ! base & "o on ei!r side ( ! discal area4 ,! subm>g9al r\nd spots ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! "u side z small1 slightly silv]$1 yell[ spots4 ,! m>g9al spots are bright yell[1 slightly gloss$ ) silv]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is extremely beautiful little species is f\nd ?r\gh\t arctic ,am]ica1 is n uncommon 9 ,labrador1 & also occurs ^u ! l(ti] summits ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,colorado & else:]e4 ,x is1 z mo/ species ( ! g5us1 ess5tially arctic 9 its habits4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xv #a4 ,br5?is myr9a1 ,cram]1 4 #b4 ,br5?is myr9a1 ,cram]1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,br5?is tricl>is1 ,hbn]1 4 #d4 ,br5?is *>iclea1 ,s*neid]1 4 #e4 ,br5?is boisduvali1 ,dupon*el1 4 #f4 ,br5?is boisduvali1 ,dupon*el1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,br5?is mont9us1 ,scudd]1 4 #h4 ,br5?is mont9us1 ,scudd]1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,br5?is freija1 ,?unb]g1 4 #aj4 ,br5?is freija1 ,?unb]g1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,br5?is pol>is1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,br5?is pol>is1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #ac4 ,br5?is frigga1 ,?unb]g1 4 #ad4 ,br5?is frigga1 ,?unb]g1 1 "u side4 #ae4 ,br5?is alb]ta11 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,br5?is bellona1 ,fabricius1 4 #ag4 ,br5?is epi?ore1 ,boisduval1 4 #ah4 ,br5?is epi?ore1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#c7 ,br5?is hel5a1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #af1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ag1 7,hel5a74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are fulv\s1 greatly obscur$ by br[n at ! base ( ! =e w+s & along ! inn] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! usual black m>k+s are light1 & ! m>g9al bord] is also n s heavily m>k$ z 9 ,b4 myr9a4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are pale fulv\s1 lav$ ) f]rug9\s at ! tip4 ,! h9d w+s are brightly f]rug9\s1 ) small yell[ m>g9al spots1 & pal] spots incl9+ to buff on ! co/al bord] & at ! end ( ! cell1 ab\t ! region ( ! m$ian n]vules4 4--,! female is v mu* l ! male on ! upp] side1 b ! gr\nd-color is pal]4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are some:at pal]1 & all ! spots & light m>k+s1 especially on ! second>ies1 are f> m conspicu\s1 be+ bright yell[1 & /&+ out v prom95tly ^u ! d>k f]rug9\s gr\nd4 ,expanse1 #a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages ( ?is insect are n z yet kn[n4 ,hel5a appe>s to be a common species 9 ,colorado1 ,montana1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,x is subject to consid]able v>iation1 bo? 9 ! int5sity ( ! color+ ( ! "u side ( ! w+s1 & 9 ! di/9ctness ( ! maculation4 7#d7 ,br5?is mont9us1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side 7,! ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side is fulv\s1 closely resembl+ ,b4 *>iclea1 b ! gr\nd-color is d>k]4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is deep f]rug9\s1 mottl$ ) :ite1 ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! :ite spots be+ a :ite b> occurr+ at ! end ( ! cell1 & a small r\nd :ite spot at ! base ( ! w+4 ,! h9d w+s h also a m>g9al r[ ( slightly silv]$ :ite spots4 4--,! female is v mu* l ! male1 b ! gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side is pal]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4ge in*4 ,?is int]e/+ butt]fly is f\nd on ! b>r5 summits ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,x repres5ts ! survival ( ! arctic fauna on ^! desolate peaks1 &1 l ! arctic flora ( ! spot :]e x is f\nd1 is a s\v5ir ( ! ice-age1 :i* once %r\d$ ! nor!a/]n regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) glaci]s4 7#e7 ,br5?is *>iclea1 ,s*neid]1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #d1 7,*>iclea74 ,butt]fly1 4--,fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) heavy black m>k+s1 bo? w+s greatly obscur$ at ! base by fusc\s4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are pale yell[i%-fulv\s1 mottl$ ) f]rug9\s at ! tip & on ! out] m>g94 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are d>k purpli%-f]rug9\s1 mottl$ ) yell[1 cross$ by a c5tral r[ ( conspicu\s yell[ spots4 ,! r[ ( m>g9al spots & two or ?ree small spots at ! base are :ite1 slightly silv]$4 4--,! female diff]s f ! male 9 hav+ ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side d>k] & heavi]1 & ! out] m>g9s m heavily m>k$ ) black1 & hav+ all ! spots on ! "u side m di/9ctly def9$ aga9/ ! d>k gr\nd4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,?is species1 l ,b4 freija1 is circumpol>1 be+ f\nd 9 ,lapl&1 ,gre5l&1 & ?r\gh\t arctic ,am]ica4 ,x also occurs )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k at consid]able elevations1 & is n uncommon on ! high m\nta9s 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 num]\s specim5s hav+ be5 captur$ 9 rec5t ye>s ab\t ,banff & ,laggan1 9 ,alb]ta4 7#f7 ,br5?is boisduvali1 ,dupon*el1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #e4 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,boisduval's ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,some:at closely resembl+ ,b4 *>iclea1 b ) ! m>k+s mu* heavi] on ! out] m>g91 & ! base ( ! w+s g5]ally m deeply obscur$ ) d>k br[n4 ,! w+s on ! "u side 9 color & m>k+ closely approximate ^? ( ,b4 *>iclea1 & ,i h be5 unable to di/+ui% ! specim5s m>k$ z boisduvali1 & conta9$ 9 ! ,edw>ds collection1 f ! specim5s designat$ z ,b4 *>iclea 9 ! same collection1 s f> z ! color & maculation ( ! "u sides ( ^! specim5s are conc]n$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species1 orig9ally describ$ f ,labrador1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t boreal ,am]ica & ,briti% ,columbia4 7#g7 ,br5?is freija1 ,?unb]g1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side 7,! ,lapl& ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s are pale fulv\s1 ! =e w+s at ! base & ! h9d w+s on ! inn] half be+ deeply obscur$ ) fusc\s4 ,! m>k+s are q heavy4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are v pale fulv\s1 yell[i% at ! tip1 mottl$ ) f]rug9\s4 ,! h9d w+s are f]rug9\s on ! "u side1 mottl$ ) yell[4 ,! spots are q l>ge1 consi/+ ( l9es & da%es1 & a m>g9al r[ ( small lunulate spots1 pale yell[ or :ite1 slightly silv]$4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,?is butt]fly is circumpol>1 be+ f\nd 9 ,norway1 ,lapl&1 nor!rn ,russia1 & ,sib]ia1 ?r\gh ,alaska1 ,briti% ,am]ica1 & ,labrador1 occurr+ also ^u ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s z f> s\? z ,colorado4 7#h7 ,br5?is pol>is1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 1 "u side 7,! ,pol> ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side dull fulv\s2 ! m>k+s on ! inn] half ( ! w+s are conflu5t1 & lo/ 9 ! br[ni% ve/iture :i* obscures ?is portion ( ! w+4 ,! out] m$ian area is def9$ by irregul> zigzag spots :i* fl[ toge!r4 ,beyond ^! ! subm>g9al r[ ( small black spots /&s out di/9ctly ^u ! light] gr\nd-color ( ! w+s4 ,! out] m>g9 is m>k$ by black spots at ! end ( ! n]vules1 on ! =e w+s some:at widely sep>at$1 on ! h9d w+s n>r[ly sep>at$ by ! light] gr\nd-color4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are fulv\s1 ) a m>g9al r[ ( :ite *eck]+s on bo? w+s4 ,! h9d w+ is deeply mottl$ ) f]rug9\s1 on :i* ! light] :ite m>k+s /& =? v conspicu\sly4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*42 1 #a4ej-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is butt]fly has be5 f\nd 9 ,labrador1 ,gre5l&1 & o!r portions ( arctic ,am]ica1 z f> nor? z latitude #ha #eb4 7#i7 ,br5?is frigga1 ,?unb]g1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 l[] side 7,frigga74 ,butt]fly1 4--,on ! upp] side ?is butt]fly some:at closely resembles pol>is1 b ! m>k+s are n s compact--m diffuse4 ,! =e w+s at ! base & ! h9d w+s on ! inn] two ?irds are heavily obscur$ ) br[n4 ,! out] m>g9s are m heavily %ad$ ) blacki%-br[n ?an 9 ,b4 pol>is4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are q diff]5tly m>k$4 ,! =e w+s are fulv\s1 %ad$ ) br[n at ! tips1 & m>k$ ) light yell[ on ! int]spaces beyond ! end ( ! cell4 ,! h9d w+s are d>k f]rug9\s1 %ad+ into purpli%-gray on ! out] m>g91 ) a :iti% quadrate spot on ! co/a ne> ! base1 m>k$ ) two d>k spots1 & a b> ( pale1 some:at obscur$ spots1 =m+ an irregul> b& across ! middle ( ! h9d w+s4 4--,! female does n diff] greatly f ! male1 except t ! spots on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s /& =? m conspicu\sly1 be+ light] 9 color & bett] def9$4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-b4jj in*es4 ,?is pretty little butt]fly occurs 9 ,labrador1 across ! cont95t z f> we/ z nor!rn ,alaska1 & is also occasionally tak5 ^u ! alp9e summits ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s z f> s\? z ,colorado4 7#aj7 ,br5?is bellona1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #af1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #aj1 *rysalis1 side view2 ,fig4 #aa1 *rysalis1 side view 7,mead[ ,fritill>y74 ,butt]fly4--,pale fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) ! d>k m>k+s on ! inn] half ( ! w+ n>r[1 b m or less conflu5t4 ,! d>k m>k+s on ! out] "p ( ! w+ are slight]4 ,! =e w+s are a little angl$ on ! out] m>g9 bel[ ! apex4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are pale fulv\s1 mottl$ ) purple at ! tip & on ! out] m>g94 ,! h9d w+s on ?is side are f]rug9\s1 mottl$ ) purple4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4hj in*4 ,egg4--,! egg ( ?is species is simil> 9 =m1 size1 color1 & m>k+s to ! egg ( ,b4 myr9a4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> also 9 its e>ly /ages closely resembles myr9a1 b 9 its mature =m x diff]s 9 n hav+ ! sp9es on ! second segm5t ( ! body l5g!n$ z 9 t species4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,v1 is blui%-gray 9 color1 m>k$ ) d>k spots4 ,! life-hi/ory has be5 giv5 u by sev]al au?ors4 ,?is butt]fly is v common 9 ! :ole ( ! nor!rn ,unit$ ,/ates1 z f> s\? z ! m\nta9-ranges ( ,virg9ia1 & occurs ?r\gh\t ,quebec1 ,ont>io1 & ,briti% ,am]ica1 z f> we/ z ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x flies commonly ) ,b4 myr9a1 ! only o!r species ( ! g5us f\nd 9 ! d5sely populat$ portions ( our t]ritory1 f :i* x may be at once di/+ui%$ by ! entire abs5ce ( ! silv]$ m>k+s :i* make ,b4 myr9a s bright & attractive4 7#aa7 ,br5?is epi?ore1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 1 "u side 7,epi?ore74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species on ! upp] side is pale fulv\s1 ) ! m>k+s slight] ?an 9 ,b4 bellona1 & ! inn] half ( ! h9d w+s mu* m heavily cl\d$ ) fusc\s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are some:at l ^? ( ,b4 bellona1 b less purple & mottl$ m di/9ctly ) yell[4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4he in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,?is species appe>s to replace ,b4 bellona1 its close ally1 9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ! ,/ates ea/w>d z f> z p>ts ( ,colorado4 7#ab7 ,br5?is alb]ta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,alb]ta74 ,butt]fly4--,?is1 ! lea/ attractive 9 appe>ance ( ! species compos+ ! g5us1 has pale w+s ) a wa%$-out appe>ance on ! upp] side1 almo/ all ! d>k m>k+s be+ greatly r$uc$ or oblit]at$4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are ev5 m obscurely m>k$ ?an on ! upp] side4 ,! female is d>k] ?an ! male1 & specim5s h a greasy look4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ee in*2 1 #a4fe-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n1 except ! egg & ! "y cat]pill>1 :i* h be5 mo/ beautifully figur$ by ,edw>ds 9 vol4 iii ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! only locality f :i* specim5s h z yet be5 receiv$ by collectors is ,laggan1 9 ,alb]ta1 :]e ! species app>5tly is n uncommon at l(ty elevations above sea-level4 7#ac7 ,br5?is a/>te1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 1 "u side 7,a/>te74 ,butt]fly4--,?is r>e insect1 ! l>ge/ ( ! g5us1 may at once be di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! v beautiful m>k+s ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s1 cross$ by a b& ( irregul>1 bright-yell[ spots1 :i* are n>r[ly edg$ ) black1 & beyond ! black bord]$ by r$4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj in*es2 1 #b4ae in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! fir/ description & figure ( ?is insect 7 giv5 by ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson 9 _! l>ge & n[ v valuable "w on ,! ,g5]a ( ,diurnal ,lepidopt]a4 ,!y correctly attribut$ x to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b ,kirby aft]w>d gave ,jamaica z its habitat1 & ?is l$ to its subsequ5t r$escription by ,edw>ds "u ! "n ,victoria4 ,x is a r>e species /ill1 hav+ be5 receiv$ only f ,laggan1 ,alb]ta1 :]e x 0 r$iscov]$ by t mo/ indefatigable collector & obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,t4,e4 ,bean4 ,x frequ5ts ! highe/ summits ( ! l(ty m\nta9s ab\t ?is desolate locality4 ,mr4 ,bean says3 ,a/>te seems always on ! look\t = an entomologi/1 ^: adv5t is c>efully not$1 & at any approa* ( su* a mon/] ne>] ?an ab\t fifte5 feet1 its w+s rise to half-ma/1 vibrate !re a d\btful in/ant1 & away goes ! butt]fly4 ,9 addition to ! ?irte5 species figur$ 9 our plates !re are two o!r species ( ! g5us1 ,b4 butl]i1 ,edw>ds1 f ,gr9nell ,l&1 & ,b4 improba1 ,butl]1 f ne> ! arctic circle4 ,x is n likely t _m ( ! read]s ( ?is book w enc\nt] ^! insects 9 _! rambles1 & if !y %\ld1 !y w be able to asc]ta9 _! names quickly1 by conf]r+ ) ! au?or4 ,,suspici\s ,,conduct ,! entomologi/ mu/ n expect to be always ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,! ways ( sci5tific m5 sometimes appe> /range1 my/]i\s1 bord]+ ev5 ^u ! insane1 to ^? :o are un9itiat$4 ,a celebrat$ ,am]ican naturali/ relates t on "o occasion1 :5 *as+ butt]flies ?r\gh a mead[ belong+ to a f>m]1 ! latt] came out & view$ him ) manife/ anxiety4 ,b :5 ! nature ( ! ef=ts ( ! man ( sci5ce _h be5 f9ally expla9$1 ! f>m] heav$ a sigh ( relief1 rem>k+1 9 ,p5nsylvania ,dut*1 t he _h surely ?\ght1 :5 he fir/ saw him1 t he _h j escap$ f a lunatic asylum4 ,! writ]1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 aft] hav+ despat*$ a v com=table lun*1 salli$ =? "o aft]noon1 9 que/ ( insects1 & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 w&]+s came ^u a refuse-heap by ! roadside1 opposite a sub/antial h\se1 & on ?is heap discov]$ an anci5t ham1 :i* 0 surr\nd$ by a multitude ( beetles ( v>i\s species kn[n to be p>tial to decompos$1 or semi-decompos$1 animal matt]4 ,he proce$$ imm$iately to bottle a numb] ( ! specim5s4 ,:ile engag$ 9 s do+1 ! w9d[ ( ! h\se across ! way 0 ?r[n up1 & an eld]ly female ?ru/ h] head out1 & 9 /rid5t voice exclaim$3 ,hey1 !re6 ,:at are y do9' ) t ham8 ,i say1 don't y "k t t ham is spil$8 ,z he paid no att5tion to h]1 %e pres5tly appe>$ at ! door1 came across ! /reet1 & rem>k$3 ,see "h1 mi/]2 t ham's spil$2 ,lucy & me ?r[$ x out1 kn[9' x 0 no good4 ,if y want a good meal ( wittles1 come into ! h\se1 & we w fe$ y1 b = m]cy's sake leave t spil$ ham alone4 ,x took consid]able ef=t to assure h] t no designs ^u ! ham 7 *]i%$1 & %e w5t away1 evid5tly completely my/ifi$ at ! wild conduct ( ! well-dress$ man :o 0 grubb+ 9 ! rubbi%-pile4 ,g5us ,,melit,a1 ,fabricius 7,! ,*eck]-spots7 ,! fre% "y ,flie1444 444 joy'd to range abroad 9 fre% attire1 ,?r\gh ! wide compass ( ! ayrie coa/2 ,&1 ) unwe>i$ w+s1 ea* "p t'inquire ,( ! wide rule ( 8 r5[n$ sire4 ,,sp5s]4 ,butt]fly4--,small4 ,! tibi & ! t>si ( ! meso?oracic & meta?oracic legs are m lightly arm$ ) sp9es ?an 9 ! g5]a ,argynnis & ,br5?is4 ,! palpi are n swoll54 ,!y are clo!d ) long hairs & h ! ?ird jo9t f9ely po9t$4 ,! ant5n are ab\t half z long z ! co/a ( ! =e w+s1 & are provid$ ) a %ort1 heavy1 excavat$1 or spoon-%ap$ club4 ,! subco/al ( ! =e w+s is five-bran*$1 ! fir/ n]vule always aris+ be=e ! end ( ! cell1 ! second at ! end or j beyond x4 ,! cell ( ! prim>ies is clos$1 ( ! second>ies op54 ,! m>k+s ^u ! w+s are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? 9 ! two prec$+ g5]a1 & ! spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s are n silv]$1 z 9 ! g5us ,br5?is4 ,egg4--,! egg is r\nd$ at ! base1 subconical1 truncat$1 & depress$ at ! upp] end & flut$ by light rais$ ridges 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #h74 ,cat]pill>4--,! l>v are cyl9drical1 arm$ 9 ! mature =m on ea* segm5t ) comp>atively %ort sp9es ?ickly cov]$ ) div]g+ hairs1 or ne$le-%ap$ sp9es4 ,!y are kn[n 9 "s species to be greg>i\s 9 _! e>ly /ages1 & !n to sep>ate be=e maturity4 ,!y fe$ ^u ! ,scrophul>iace1 ^u ,ca/ileja1 ,diplopappus1 & o!r plants4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is p5dant1 r\nd$ at ! head1 provid$ ) m or less %>ply po9t$ tub]cles on ! dorsal surface1 & g5]ally :ite or "s %ade ( light gray1 blot*$ ) br[n or black1 & m>k$ ) r$di% or orange spots on ! dorsal side4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ia4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,melita4 ,?is g5us is v l>ge & is di/ribut$ widely ov] all ! cold] portions ( ! nor? temp]ate zone4 ,!re are _m species f\nd 9 ,europe1 9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ! nor!rn isl&s ( ,japan4 ,on ! upp] slopes ( ! ,himalayas x is also repres5t$ by a few species4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! g5us is well repres5t$1 ! mo/ ( ! species be+ f\nd ^u ! m\nta9-slopes & 9 ! valleys ( ! ,pacific coa/ region4 ,only two species occur 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 7#a7 ,melita phaton1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 *rysalis 7,! ,baltimore74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side is black1 ) a m>g9al r[ ( r$ spots1 foll[$ by ?ree r[s ( pale-yell[ spots on ! =e w+s & two on ! h9d w+s4 ,besides ^! !re are "s l>ge r$ spots on ! cells ( bo? w+s1 a l>ge r$ spot ab\t ! middle ( ! co/a ( ! h9d w+1 & a few scatt]+ yell[ spots1 =m+ an incomplete f\r? r[ on ! =e w+ & an incomplete ?ird r[ on ! h9d w+4 ,on ! "u side all ! spots ( ! upp] side reappe>1 b heavi] & m di/9ct1 & on ! h9d w+s !re are two additional r[s ( yell[ spots1 & a numb] ( irregul> pat*es ( r$ & yell[ at ! base ( bo? w+s4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es2 1 #b4jj-b4fj in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xvi #a4 ,melita phaton1 ,drury1 4 #b4 ,melita *alc$on1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 4 #c4 ,melita macgla%ani1 ,riv]s1 4 #d4 ,melita augu/a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,melita colon1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,melita nubig5a1 ,behr1 4 #g4 ,melita b>oni1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,melita edi?a11 ,boisduval1 4 #i4 ,melita nubig5a1 v>1 :eel]i1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,melita rubicunda1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,melita aca/us1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,melita aca/us1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ac4 ,melita palla1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,melita palla1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #ae4 ,melita gabbi1 ,behr1 4 #af4 ,melita taylori1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ag4 ,melita fulvia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ah4 ,melita dymas1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ai4 ,melita p]se1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bj4 ,melita leanira1 ,boisduval1 4 #ba4 ,melita nympha1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bb4 ,melita ara*ne1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,egg4--,! egg :i* is outl9$ ^u p4 #d1 ,fig4 #h1 is br[ni%-yell[ :5 fir/ laid1 !n *anges to crimson & becomes black j be=e hat*+4 ,! eggs are laid by ! female 9 l>ge clu/]s on ! "u side ( ! leaf ( ! food-plant4 ,cat]pill>4--,! life-hi/ory 9 all ! /ages w be f\nd m9utely describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 & by ,scudd] 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 i4 ,! mature l>va is black1 b&$ ) orange-r$1 & beset ) %ort1 bri/ly1 black sp9es4 ,be=e & dur+ hib]nation1 :i* takes place aft] ! ?ird m\lt1 ! cat]pill>s are greg>i\s1 & con/ruct = !mselves a web 9 :i* !y pass ! w9t]4 ,aft] ! rigors ( w9t] are pa/1 & ! food-plant1 :i* is commonly ,*elone glabra1 beg9s to s5d up fre% %oots1 !y recov] animation1 scatt]1 & fall to fe$+ aga91 & aft] ! fif? m\lt rea* maturity4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is p5dant1 =m$ g5]ally at a consid]able di/ance f ! spot :]e ! cat]pill> fe$s1 = ! l>v w&] (f widely j be=e pupation4 ,x is pe>ly-gray1 blot*$ ) d>k br[n 9 /ripes & spots1 ) "s orange m>k+s4 ,?is v beautiful butt]fly is q local1 f\nd 9 colonies 9 swampy places :]e ! food-plant gr[s1 b 9 ^! spots sometimes appe>+ 9 sw>ms4 ,x occurs 9 ! nor!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,canada1 ext5d+ z f> nor? z ! ,lake ( ! ,woods1 & z f> s\? z ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x does n occur we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#b7 ,melita *alc$on1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #b1 7,*alc$on74 ,butt]fly4--,! male & female are mu* alike4 ,! w+s are black1 spott$ ) r$ & o*re\s-yell[4 ,on ! "u side !y are brick-r$1 ) ! spots ( ! upp] side repeat$1 & 9 addition at ! base a numb] ( l>ge & di/9ct yell[ spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es2 1 #b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= a k ( ^! ! read] may consult ,edw>ds1 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 & ,papilio1 vol4 iv1 p4 #fc2 ,wright1 ,papilio1 vol4 iii1 p4 #abc1 & o!r au?orities4 ,! egg is pale yell[i% :5 fir/ laid1 pitt$ at ! base1 & ribb$ v]tically above4 ,! cat]pill> is black1 ) ! bri/l+ processes on ! segm5ts long] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,! *rysalis is pale gray1 blot*$ ) br[n4 ,! food-plants are ,mimulus & ,ca/ileja4 ,?is v pretty species is app>5tly q common 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia ab\t ,m\nt ,%a/a4 ,x is subject to v>iation1 & ,i possess a doz5 rem>kable ab]rations1 9 "o ( :i* ! =e w+s are solid black )\t spots1 & ! h9d w+s m>k$ by only "o c5tral b& ( l>ge yell[ spots2 ano!r repres5t+ ! opposite color extreme1 9 :i* yell[ has almo/ :olly replac$ ! black & r$4 ,! majority ( ^! ab]rant =ms are females4 ,!y are v /rik+4 7#c7 ,melita macgla%ani1 ,riv]s1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #c1 7,macgla%an's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species1 ) ! r$ spots on ! out] m>g9 bigg]1 ! yell[ spots g5]ally l>g] & pal]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4he-b4jj in*es2 1 #b4be-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is insect is repres5t$ 9 ! ,edw>ds collection by a consid]able s]ies4 ,!y come f ,truckee1 ,cali=nia4 7#d7 ,melita colon1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #e1 7,colon74 ,butt]fly4--,( ! same size & g5]al appe>ance z ,m4 *alc$on1 ) :i* ,i believe x to be id5tical1 ! only possible satisfactory m>k ( di/9ction :i* ,i am able to discov] on comp>+ ! types ) a long s]ies ( *alc$on be+ ! r$uc$ size ( ! m>g9al r[ ( yell[ spots on ! upp] side ( ! prim>ies1 :i* 9 "o ( ! types figur$ 9 ! plate are almo/ obsolete4 ,!y appe>1 h[ev]1 9 o!r specim5s label$ ,type4 ,! le>n$ au?or ( ! species lays /ress1 9 8 orig9al description1 ^u ! %ape ( ! spots compos+ ! b& ( spots second f ! m>g9 on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s2 b ,i f9d t ! same po9ts he dwells ^u z diacritic ( ?is species are app>5t 9 _m specim5s ( :at und\bt$ly are *alc$on4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n be5 record$4 ,! types came f ! region ( ! ,columbia ,riv]1 9 ,wa%+ton & ,oregon4 7#e7 ,melita anicia1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 v>4 beani1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,bean's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,m4 anicia is a well-kn[n ,cali=nian species1 small] ?an ,m4 *alc$on1 & ) a great deal ( r$ on ! basal & discal areas ( bo? w+s ^u ! upp] side4 ,an extremely small & d>k =m ( ?is species1 f\nd on ! bleak1 inhospitable m\nta9-tops ab\t ,laggan1 9 ,alb]ta1 has be5 nam$ by ,dr4 ,sk9n] 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,bean1 its discov]]4 ,! figure 9 our plate1 :i* is tak5 f ,dr4 ,sk9n]'s orig9al type1 suffici5tly def9es ! *>act]i/ics ( ! upp] surface4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages ( ,m4 anicia & its v>ietal =ms are q unkn[n4 ,m4 anicia is f\nd 9 ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,briti% ,am]ica4 7#f7 ,melita nubig5a1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #f1 2 v>4 :eel]i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #i1 7,! ,cl\d$ ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,small] ?an any ( ! =ego+ species1 & *>act]iz$ by ! mu* r$d] gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 an extreme =m be+ ! v>iety ,m4 :eel]i1 9 :i* ! black gr\nd-color is greatly r$uc$ & almo/ :olly oblit]at$ on p>ts ( ! prim>ies4 ,!re are o!r m>ks ( di/9ction giv5 9 ! figures 9 ! plate :i* w enable ! /ud5t easily to recognize ?is species1 :i* is subject to mu* v>iation1 especially 9 ! female sex4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,mead1 9 ! ,report ^u ! ,lepidopt]a ( ! ,:eel] ,survey1 has describ$ ! cat]pill> & *rysalis4 ,! species is common 9 ,nevada4 7#g7 ,melita augu/a1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #d1 7,augu/a74 ,butt]fly14--,?is is ano!r species 9 :i* r$ pr$om9ates z ! color ( ! upp] side1 b x may at once be di/+ui%$ by ! broad1 cle> r$ b& on ! second>ies1 on ei!r side ( :i* are ! m>g9al & out] m$ian r[s ( yell[ spots1 & by ! b&s ( yell[ spots on ! prim>ies1 :i* are n s well m>k$ 9 ,m4 nubig5a4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4ge in*2 1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#h7 ,melita b>oni1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig #g1 7,b>on's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species closely resembles *alc$on ^u ! upp] side1 b is small] & mu* m heavily spott$ ) deep r$ on ! upp] side t[>d ! base & on ! m$ian area ( ! w+s4 ,! b&s ( light spots on ! "u side are pal] ?an 9 *alc$on1 be+ :ite or v pale yell[1 n>r[1 & m regul>4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4hj in*2 1 #a4fj-a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are 9 "p giv5 by ,edw>ds1 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 iii4 ,! food-plant is ,ca/ileja4 ,! "y l>v h ! same habit z ^? ( ,m4 phaton 9 ! matt] ( sp9n+ a common web 9 :i* to hib]nate4 ,! species is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7#i7 ,melita rubicunda1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,ruddy ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,( ! same size z ,m4 b>oni1 f :i* x is mo/ easily di/+ui%$1 among o!r ?+s1 by ! t5d5cy ( ! out] r[ ( small yell[ spots ne> ! m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s on ! upp] side to become greatly r$uc$1 & 9 a majority ( specim5s to be altoge!r want+1 z 9 ! specim5 figur$ 9 our plate4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4fj in*2 1 #a4hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= a k ( :at is ?us f> kn[n ( ^! ! read] may consult ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xvii1 p4 #aee4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,scrophul>ia4 ,! range ( ?is species is 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7#aj7 ,melita taylori1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #af1 7,taylor's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect resembles ,m4 b>oni1 b is small]1 ! r$ spots on ! w+s are l>g] & m conspicu\s1 & ! light b&s ( pale spots m regul> & pal] 9 color1 9 _m specim5s be+ q :ite4 ,x looks at fir/ sight l a dim9utive edition ( ,b>on's ,*eck]-spot1 & possibly is only a nor!rn race ( ?is species4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ej in*2 1 #a4ej-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,danby ( ,victoria1 ,b4,c41 in=ms u 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #aba1 t ! food-plant ( ?is species is ! ribwort-planta9 7,plantago lanceolata1 ,l9n474 ,x is f\nd on ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&4 7#aa7 ,melita edi?a1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #h1 7,edi?a74 ,butt]fly4--,*>act]iz$ by ! consid]able enl>gem5t & ! disposition 9 regul> b&s ( ! pale spots on ! upp] side ( ! prim>ies1 & by ! t5d5cy to a grayi% ca/ 9 ! d>k] m>k+s ( ! upp] side1 "s specim5s1 especially females1 be+ q gray4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! food-plants1 accord+ to ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 :o describ$ ! cat]pill> & *rysalis 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 v1 p4 #afg1 are ,erodium cicut>ium1 clov]1 & violets4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#ab7 ,melita aca/us1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 1 "u side 7,aca/us74 ,butt]fly4--,) ?9n] & less robu/ w+s ?an any ( ! species ( ! g5us hi!rto m5tion$4 ,x is preval5tly fulv\s ^u ! upp] side1 & on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s heavily & some:at regul>ly b&$ ) yell[i%-:ite spots1 possess+ "s pe>ly lu/]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,common 9 ,nevada1 ,utah1 & ,montana4 7#ac7 ,melita palla1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 "u side 7,! ,nor!rn ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b ) ! m$ian b& ( spots on ! h9d w+s pal]4 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s are diff]5t1 z is %[n 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! l>va & *rysalis 7 describ$ by ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ! actor naturali/1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 v1 p4 #afg4 ,! food-plant is ,ca/ileja4 ,! species ranges f ,cali=nia to ,colorado1 & nor?w>d into ,briti% ,columbia4 7#ad7 ,melita :itneyi1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side 7,:itney's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! m>k+s are mu* z 9 ,m4 palla1 ! spots are light] fulv\s & l>g] ?an 9 t species1 ! yell[ b&s on ! "u side are m prom95t1 & ! m>g9al spots h a silv]y lu/] :i* is lack+ 9 ,m4 palla4 ,! female has ! yell[ ( ! "u side m prom95t ?an is ! case 9 ! male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4gj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,altoge!r unkn[n4 ,:itney's ,*eck]-spot ranges f ,cali=nia into ,nevada4 7#ae7 ,melita h(fmanni1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 ab]ration 7,h(fmann's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,g5]al /yle ( m>k+ mu* z 9 ! two prec$+ species1 b ) ! basal area black1 & ! black m>k+s t[>d ! out] m>g9 n s heavy1 giv+ x "h a m fulv\s appe>ance4 ,! m$ian b&s on bo? w+s are broad] & pal] ?an 9 ,m4 palla4 ,! "u side is mu* z 9 ! la/-m5tion$ species1 b ! yell[ m>k+s are m prom95t4 4--,mu* l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce in*2 1 #a4de in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada1 is subject to extreme v>iation1 & ,i h plac$ ^u ! plate "o out ( _m beautiful & s+ul> ab]rations :i* ,i possess4 7#af7 ,melita gabbi1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,gabb's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,9 ! /yle ( its m>k+s on ! upp] side x almo/ completely resembles ,m4 aca/us1 b ! d>k m>k+s are slight]1 giv+ ! w+s a m fulv\s appe>ance4 ,on ! "u side ! b&s are n>r[]1 def9$ m %>ply ) black1 & pe>ly1 almo/ silv]y :ite1 :]eas 9 aca/us !y are pale yell[i%-:ite1 & n s lu/r\s4 ,expanse1 1 #a4bj in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#ag7 ,melita h>risi1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ag-ah1 *rysalis 7,h>ris' ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,w+s fulv\s1 black at ! base & on ! out] m>g91 ) five fulv\s spots 9 ! cell ( ! =e w+1 two bel[ ! cell2 & ?ree 9 ! cell ( ! h9d w+4 ,! black bord] is wide/ at ! apex ( ! =e w+1 & bel[ ?is runs inw>dly on ! ve9s4 ,!re are two :ite spots ne> ! apex4 ,at ! anal angle on ! h9d w+ ! bord] is some:at divid$ s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( two indi/9ct l9es4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are fulv\s1 m>k$ ) black b&s & spots1 & cross$ by b&s & cresc5ts ( pale yell[1 z is %[n 9 ! figure on ! plate4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4ge in*4 ,egg4--,! eggs are lemon-yell[1 9 ! =m ( a truncat$ cone1 ) fifte5 or sixte5 v]tical ribs1 :i* are highe/ ab\t ! middle4 ,cat]pill>4--,! matur$ cat]pill> is r$di%-fulv\s1 ) a black /ripe on ! back4 ,ea* segm5t is m>k$ ) "o black r+ be=e & two black r+s beh9d ! sets ( sp9y tub]cles ) :i* ! segm5ts are adorn$4 ,!re are n9e r[s ( sp9es1 ^? above ! feet be+ q small4 ,! sp9es are black1 tap]+1 & set ) div]g+ black hairs4 ,! food-plants are a/] & ,diplopappus umbellatus4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is pe>ly-gray or :ite1 blot*$ ) d>k br[n or black4 ,?is *oice little butt]fly ranges f ,nova ,scotia to ,wiscons91 ext5d+ z f> s\? z nor!rn ,ill9ois1 & nor?w>d to ,ottawa4 7#ah7 ,melita elada1 ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,hewitson's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are black1 cross$ by num]\s b&s ( small fulv\s spots1 ! "o cross+ ! middle ( ! m$ian area be+ compos$ ( ! l>ge/ spots4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are fulv\s1 %ad+ outw>dly into f]rug9\s4 ,! spots & b&s ( ! upp] side reappe> ^u ! "u side1 b are light]1 & ! subm>g9al r[ ( cresc5ts is pale yell[ & v di/9ct1 ! spot betwe5 ! second & ?ird m$ian n]vules be+ ! l>ge/1 & ! spot betwe5 ! f\r? & fif? subco/als be+ only a little small]4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is deep f]rug9\s1 cross$ by b&s ( pe>ly pale-yell[ spots1 ^? ( ! out] m>g9 be+ ! l>ge/4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male1 ) ! gr\nd-color a little pal]4 ,expanse1 1 4#ij in*2 1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is little species is f\nd 9 we/]n ,texas1 ,arizona1 & nor!rn ,mexico4 7#ai7 ,melita dymas1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ah1 7,dymas74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is closely relat$ 9 size & ! /yle ( "s ( ! m>k+s to ! =ego+ species1 b may be at once di/+ui%$ by ! light] gr\nd-color1 :i* is pale fulv\s1 & ! totally diff]5t /yle ( ! m>g9al m>k+s on ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,! female repres5t$ 9 ! plate is a trifle pal] ?an ! male4 ,expanse1 1 4#he in*2 1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is s\?we/]n ,texas4 7#bj7 ,melita p]se1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ai1 7,p]se74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is ne>ly relat$ to ! two =ego+ species1 b ! gr\nd-color is d>k] fulv\s ?an 9 dymas1 ! m>k+s are slight z 9 t species1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! spots & b&s on ! "u side is simil>4 ,! m>g9al cresc5ts on ! "u side ( ! prim>ies are l>ge/ at ! apex & rapidly dim9i% 9 size1 vani%+ altoge!r ab\t ! middle ( ! w+4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*2 1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! rema9 to be discov]$4 ,! only specim5s s f> f\nd h come f ,arizona4 7#ba7 ,melita *>a1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 1 "u side 7,*>a74 ,butt]fly4--,no l5g?y description ( ?is pretty little species is requir$1 z ! plate1 :i* gives bo? sides ( ! w+s1 %[s _! peculi>ities ) suffici5t accuracy to enable an exact det]m9ation to be made4 ,! :iti% spot on ! co/a be=e ! apex on ! upp] side1 & ! *alky-:ite m>k+s & spots on ! "u side1 s]ve at once to di/+ui% ?is =m f its ne> allies4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,i h a l>ge s]ies ( ?is species1 all f ,arizona1 :]e x appe>s to be common4 7#bb7 ,melita leanira1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #bj1 7,leanira74 ,butt]fly1 4--,gr\nd-color br[ni%-black1 fulv\s on ! co/a1 ) subm>g9al1 m$ian1 & basal r[s ( yell[ spots4 ,bo? ! prim>ies & second>ies h a m>g9al r[ ( r$ spots1 & ! =m] h 9 addition a subm>g9al r[ ( su* spots4 ,! "u side ( ! prim>ies is r$di%-fulv\s1 ) ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side reproduc$4 ,! second>ies h a m>g9al r[ ( yell[ cresc5ts1 !n a black b& inclos+ yell[ spots1 !n a m$ian b& ( long yell[ cresc5ts4 ,! rema9d] ( ! w+ to its ins]tion is black1 spott$ ) yell[4 4--,mu* l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is pretty insect ranges f s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,arizona to ,nevada1 ,montana1 & ,briti% ,am]ica4 7#bc7 ,melita wrighti1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side1 7,wright's ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ,m4 leanira1 b ) m fulv\s ^u ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & ! "u side yell[4 ,! black b&s on ! second>ies are r$uc$1 & ! divid+-l9es betwe5 ! spots are conf9$ to ! n]vules1 :i* are n>r[ly black4 ,?is is probably only a v>ietal =m ( ! prec$+ species4 ,i figure ! types4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj in*2 1 #a4hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#bd7 ,melita alma1 ,/reck]1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,/reck]'s ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is bright fulv\s1 ) ! m>g9s & ve9s black4 ,!re are ?ree r[s ( transv]se spots pal] ?an ! gr\nd-color4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are pale fulv\s1 ) pale-yell[ spots & a subm>g9al & m>g9al r[ ( yell[ spots sep>at$ by a n>r[ black l9e4 ,! h9d w+s on ?is side are yell[1 ) ! ve9s & m>g9s black1 & a transv]se d\ble b& ( black on ! out] m>g9 ( ! m$ian area4 4--,mu* l ! male1 b l>g]1 & r$d] on ! upp] side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! specim5s ,i h came f ! ,dea? ,valley4 ,! species occurs 9 s\!rn ,utah & ,arizona4 7#be7 ,melita !kla1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ae1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #af1 7,!kla74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is fulv\s1 black t[>d ! base & on ! out] m>g94 ,! prim>ies are adorn$ ) a l>ge oval pale-fulv\s spot at ! end ( ! cell1 a small "o on ! middle ( ! upp] side ( ! cell1 & ano!r small "o bel[ ! cell1 at ! orig9 ( ! fir/ m$ian n]vule4 ,! discal area is def9$ outw>dly by a v irregul> f9e black transv]se l9e1 beyond :i* is a transv]se b& ( pale-fulv\s oblong spots1 an incomplete s]ies ( spots ( ! gr\nd-color %>ply def9$ ^u ! black out] %ade1 foll[$ by a r[ ( irregul> :ite subm>g9al spots4 ,! transv]se b&s ( spots on ! prim>ies are repeat$ ^u ! second>ies1 :]e !y are m regul> & ! spots m ev5 9 size4 ,on ! "u side bo? w+s are pale r$1 ) ! light spots ( ! upp] side reappe>+ z pale-yell[ %>ply def9$ spots4 ,! fr+es are *eck]$ black & :ite4 4--,mu* l ! male1 b l>g]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce-a4ej in*2 1 #a4ej-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is common 9 ,texas4 ,x is id5tical1 z an exam9ation ( ! type %[s1 ) ,m4 bolli1 ,edw>ds1 & ! latt] "n z a synonym falls into disuse4 7#bf7 ,melita m9uta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,small] ,*eck]-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,?is species is fulv\s on ! upp] side1 r regul>ly b&$ ) black l9es4 ,! ve9s are also black4 ,! result is t ! w+s appe> to be m regul>ly *eck]$ ?an 9 any o!r species :i* is closely alli$ to ?is4 ,! m>k+s ( ! "u side are :ite edg$ ) black1 & are %[n v well 9 ! plate1 s t a l5g?y description is unnecess>y4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ce in*2 1 #a4ej-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! specific "n1 m9uta1 is n altoge!r appropriate4 ,!re are _m small] species ( ! g5us4 ,x is f\nd r commonly 9 ,colorado1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico4 7#bg7 ,melita ara*ne1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #bb1 7,ara*ne74 ,butt]fly4--,i h giv5 9 ! plate a figure ( a female be>+ ?is "n 9 ! ,edw>ds collection4 ,x is rem>kably pale on ! upp] side4 ,!re is a l>ge s]ies ( types & p>atypes 9 ! collection1 b all ( !m v>y on ! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 ! int5sity ( ! fulv\s gr\nd-color & ! wid? ( ! black m>k+s4 ,und]nea? !y are absolutely l ,m4 m9uta4 ,i ?9k ,m4 ara*ne is )\t mu* d\bt a synonym = ,m4 m9uta4 ,! species v>ies v greatly4 ,! types are f ,colorado & we/]n ,texas4 ,expanse z 9 ,m4 m9uta4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 7#bh7 ,melita nympha1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,nympha74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species diff]s f ,m4 m9uta only 9 hav+ ! black m>k+s d>k] & ! out] m$ian b&s ( spots on ! upp] side yell[4 ,on ! "u side ! patt]n ( ! m>k+s is exactly z 9 ,m4 m9uta4 ,x seems to me to be a d>k1 ab]rant =m ( ,m4 m9uta1 b is v well m>k$1 & con/ant 9 a l>ge s]ies ( specim5s1 s t we _c be sure until "s "o bre$s ^! creatures f ! egg4 ,expanse1 ! same z t ( ,m4 m9uta4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 ,arizona4 ,9 addition to ! species ( ! g5us ,melita illu/rat$ 9 our plates !re are a few o!rs :i* are cr$it$ to our fauna1 "s ( ^! correctly & "s errone\sly1 & a numb] ( s-call$ species h be5 describ$ :i* are n true species1 b v>ieties or ab]rations4 ,,collect+ ,,9 ,,japan ,i 0 tir$ ( ! ,seiyo-k51 ! only hotel at :i* =eign]s c\ld be ent]ta9$ )\t ! discom=t ( sleep+ ^u ! floor4 ,!re is a bett] hotel 9 ,tokyo n[4 ,i _h look$ out = five days f my w9d[ ^u ! /9k+ canal ?r\gh :i* ! tide ebbs & fl[s 9 ,tsukiji4 ,i felt if ,i /ay$ long] 9 ! l[l&s t ,i w\ld contract mal>ial fev] or "s o!r uncom=table ailm5t1 & resolv$ to betake myself to ! m\nta9s1 ! glori\s m\nta9s1 :i* rise all ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 wrapp$ 9 v]dure1 _! giant summits capp$ ) cl\ds1 _m ( !m ! abode ( volcanic ?und]4 ,s ,i w5t by rail to ! t]m9us ( ! road1 got toge!r ! coolies to pull & pu% my j9riki%as1 &1 accompani$ by a troop ( native collectors1 made my way up ! ,usui-toge1 ! pass ov] :i* travel]s go+ f we/]n ,japan into ea/]n ,japan labori\sly crept twelve ye>s ago4 ,:at a sunset :5 we rea*$ an elevation ( ?ree ?\s& feet above ! paddy-fields :i* /ret* across ! ,kwanto to ! ,gulf ( ,y$do6 ,:at a furi\s ?und]-/orm came on j z night clos$ 96 ,!n at half-pa/ n9e ! moon /ruggl$ out f beh9d ! cl\ds1 & we pu%$ on up ov] ! muddy roads1 until at la/ a cold brea? ( night air sweep+ f ! we/ began to fan our faces1 & we realiz$ t we 7 at ! top ( ! pass1 & be=e u 9 ! dim moonlight loom$ ! huge =m ( ,asama-yama1 t furi\s volcano1 :i* m ?an once has laid ! l& wa/e = leagues ar\nd1 & comp>$ ) :i* ,vesuvius is a pygmy4 ,we slept on ,japanese mats1 & 9 ! morn+1 ! drops glitt]+ on e leaf1 we />t$ out to walk ?r\gh ! fields to ,oiwake1 our baggage go+ =w>d1 we int5d+ to loit] all day amid ! *>ms ( nature4 ,sev5 species ( lilies bloom$ ab\t u 9 ! h$ges & ! fields2 a hundr$ plants1 graceful & beautiful 9 blossom1 sc5t$ ! air ) _! aroma1 & ev]y:]e 7 butt]flies & bees4 ,above u hung 9 ! sky a bann]1 ! great cl\d :i* by day & by night issues f ! crat] ( ,asama-yama4 ,five species ( fritill>ies fla%$ _! silv]y w+s by copse & /ream2 great black papilios so>$ across ! mead[s2 blue lycnas1 bright *rysophani1 & a doz5 species ( wood-nymphs gambol$ ov] ! l[ h]bage & among ! grass4 ,torosan1 my *ief collector1 0 9 8 elem5t4 ,dana-san 7my "l1 or my ma/]71 ?is k9d ,yokohama no h got4 ,dana-san1 ?is k9d me no cat*ee ,tokyo side4 ,& s we w&]$ d[n ! m\nta9-slope1 tak+ species new alike to ,am]ican & ,japanese1 until ! sun 0 s9k+ 9 ! we/4 ,! cl\d-bann] _h gr[n crimson & purple 9 ! sunset :5 we w&]$ into ! hospitable doorway ( ! wayside inn at ,oiwake4 ,!re we made our headqu>t]s = ! week1 & !nce we c>ri$ away a ?\s& butt]flies & mo?s & two ?\s& beetles z ! gu]don ( our *ase4 ,g5us ,,phyciodes1 ,d\bl$ay 7,! ,cresc5t-spots7 ,flu%e? ! rise ) h] purple favor1 ,gl[e? ! cleft ) h] gold5 r+4 ',twixt ! two br[n butt]flies wav] ,lightly settle1 & sleepily sw+4 ,,jean ,,+el[4 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]flies compos+ ?is g5us are g5]ally q small4 ,_! w+s on ! upp] side are fulv\s1 or br[n ) black m>g9s1 spots1 & l9es ^u ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & ) ! "u side ( ! w+s reproduc+ ! spots ( ! upp] side 9 pal] t9ts4 ,( ! spots ( ! "u side ( ! w+s "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic is ! pale cresc5t situat$ on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 betwe5 ! ends ( ! second & ?ird m$ian n]vules4 ,?is spot is frequ5tly pe>ly-:ite or silv]$4 ,/ructurally ! butt]flies ( ?is g5us may be di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ g5us by ! enl>g$ second jo9t ( ! palpi & ! v f9e1 extremely po9t$ ?ird jo9t4 ,9 ! neuration ( ! w+s & 9 _! habits ^! butt]flies closely approximate ,melita4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ib4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,phyciodes4 ,eggs4--,! eggs are always high] ?an broad1 ) ! surface at ! base m or less pitt$1 giv+ !m a ?imble-l appe>ance4 ,on ! upp] end 9 "s species !y h a few %ort1 v]tical ridges1 radiat+ f ! micropyle4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 m>k$ ) pale longitud9al /ripes ^u a d>k] gr\nd1 & adorn$ ) tub]cles arrang$ 9 regul> r[s4 ,^! tub]cles are g5]ally mu* %ort] ?an 9 ! g5us ,melita4 ,! cat]pill>s d n1 s f> z is kn[n1 weave webs at any "t4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is p5dant1 ) ! head slightly bifid4 ,! dorsal region ( ! abdom5 is provid$ ) slight tub]cles4 ,! color is g5]ally "s %ade ( pale gray1 blot*$ ) black or d>k br[n4 ,?is g5us f9ds its pr9cipal developm5t 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :i* are v ri* 9 species1 "s ( !m mimick+ 9 a mo/ m>vel\s mann] ! butt]flies ( ! protect$ g5us ,heliconius & its allies4 ,! species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada are = ! mo/ "p n v gaily color$ insects1 *a/e %ades ( br[n1 or yell[1 & black pr$om9at+4 7#a7 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bh1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ai1 *rysalis 7,nycteis74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side v closely resembl+ ,melita h>risi1 = :i* x may easily be mi/ak5 ^u ! w+4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is v diff]5t1 & may at once be di/+ui%$ by ! light] color ( ! base ( ! w+1 & ! pale1 silv]y cresc5t on ! out] m>g94 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4fe in*2 1 #a4fe-b4jj in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg is half z high aga9 z broad1 m>k$ ) sixte5 or sev5te5 v]tical ribs above1 & pitt$ ab\t ! middle by hexagonal cells4 ,x is pale gre5 9 color4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> und]goes f\r m\lts aft] hat*+4 ,9 ! mature /age x is velvety-black1 ) a dull orange /ripe along ! back1 & purpli% /reaks on ! sides4 ,! body is /udd$ ) :iti% spots1 ea* giv+ rise to a delicate black hair1 & is fur!r beset ) r %ort1 black1 hairy sp9es4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is pe>ly-gray1 blot*$ ) d>k br[n4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ?is species has be5 c>efully work$ out1 & all ! details may be f\nd describ$ 9 ! mo/ m9ute mann] by ,edw>ds & by ,scudd]4 ,! insect ranges f ,ma9e to ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & !nce we/w>d to ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#b7 ,phyciodes ism]ia1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 1 "u side 7,ism]ia74 ,butt]fly1 4--,easily di/+ui%$ f all o!r alli$ species by ! d\ble r[ ( small light spots on ! d>k m>g9 ( ! =e w+s on ! upp] side1 & by ! silv]y1 n>r[1 & greatly b5t l9e ( bright silv]y spots cross+ ! middle ( ! h9d w+s on ! "u side4 4--,! female is l ! male1 b l>g] & pal] & all ! spots on ! upp] side are pale fulv\s1 & n z di/9ctly :ite on ! out] m>g9 z 9 ! male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae-a4ce in*2 1 #a4ce-b4jj in*es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>1 accord+ to ,boisduval & ,leconte1 is yell[i%1 ) blacki% sp9es & ?ree longitud9al blacki% /ripes4 ,! head1 ! ?oracic legs1 & ! "u side are black2 ! o!r legs are yell[4 ,*rysalis4--,accord+ to ! same au?ors1 ! *rysalis is pale gray1 ) pal] light spots & ne>ly :ite dorsal tub]cles4 ,?is insect ranges ov] a wide t]ritory f ,canada to ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#c7 ,phyciodes ve/a1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,fig4 #ai1 1 "u side 7,ve/a74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xvii #a4 ,melita alma1 ,/reck]1 4 #b4 ,melita elada1 ,hewitson1 4 #c4 ,melita *>a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,melita *>a1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #e4 ,melita h>risi1 ,scudd]1 4 #f4 ,melita h>risi1 ,scudd]1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,melita :itneyi1 ,behr1 4 #h4 ,melita :itneyi1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,melita wrighti1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,melita wrighti1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,melita m9uta1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ab4 ,melita m9uta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,melita h(fmanni1 ,behr1 4 #ad4 ,melita h(fmanni1 ,behr1 1 ab]ration4 #ae4 ,melita !kla1 ,edw>ds1 "u side4 #af4 ,melita !kla1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ag4 ,phyciodes ve/a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ah4 ,phyciodes ve/a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ai4 ,phyciodes ve/a1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #bj4 ,phyciodes picta1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ba4 ,phyciodes picta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bb4 ,phyciodes phaon1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bc4 ,phyciodes phaon1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #bd4 ,phyciodes ism]ia1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 4 #be4 ,phyciodes ism]ia1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 1 "u side4 #bf4 ,phyciodes montana1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #bg4 ,phyciodes montana1 ,behr1 4 #bh4 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 1 "u side4 #bi4 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 4 #cj4 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 4 #ca4 ,phyciodes orseis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cb4 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cc4 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cd4 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ce4 ,phyciodes batesi1 ,reakirt1 4 #cf4 ,phyciodes batesi1 ,reakirt1 1 "u side4 #cg4 ,phyciodes prat5sis1 ,behr1 4 #ch4 ,phyciodes prat5sis1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #ci4 ,eresia punctata1 ,edw>ds1 4 #dj4 ,phyciodes mylitta1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #da4 ,phyciodes mylitta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #db4 ,eresia frisia1 ,poey1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly1 4--,on ! upp] side x closely resembles ! w9t] =m m>cia ( ,phyciodes ?>os1 ,drury2 b ! black m>k+s are m ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,! "u side is a pale yell[i%-fulv\s1 & ! black m>k+s are slight4 4--,! female is l ! male1 b pal]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! *rysalis has be5 describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xi1 p4 #abi4 ,?is is all we "k ( ! e>ly life ( ! insect4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,texas & ,mexico4 7#d7 ,phyciodes phaon1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bb1 2 ,fig4 #bc4 1 "u side 7,phaon74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! gr\nd-color ( ! male is pal] on ! upp] side ?an 9 ,phyciodes ?>os1 & ! black m>k+s are mu* heavi]4 ,! m$ian b& on ! =e w+s is yell[i%4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are yell[1 %ad$ ) fulv\s on ! prim>ies1 on :i* ! d>k m>k+s are heavy4 4--,l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 4#ij in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is insect inhabits ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & has be5 occasionally tak5 9 ,kansas4 7#e7 ,phyciodes ?>os1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 v>4 m>cia1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #bj-bb1 *rysalis 7,! ,pe>l ,cresc5t74 ,butt]fly4--,?is v common & well-kn[n little insect sc>cely ne$s to be describ$4 ,! upp] side is bright fulv\s1 ) heavy black bord]s2 all ! o!r d>k m>k+s are slight4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are pal]1 ) ! d>k m>k+s ( ! upp] side %[+ ?r\gh1 & !re are additional m>k+s ( br[n on ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages ( ?is insect h be5 work$ out ) ! mo/ extreme c>e by ,mr4 ,edw>ds1 & ! read] :o is curi\s to "k ab\t !m %\ld consult ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,scudd] also has m9utely & labori\sly describ$ ! e>ly /ages 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! egg is light gre5i%-yell[4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* fe$s ^u v>i\s species ( a/] & alli$ ,composit1 is d>k br[n aft] ! ?ird m\lt1 its back dott$ ) yell[1 adorn$ ) %ort1 black1 bri/ly sp9es1 :i* are yell[ at ! base4 ,! *rysalis is grayi%-:ite1 mottl$ ) d>k spots & l9es4 ,?is species is "o ( _m dimorphic species1 ! w9t] =m m>cia1 :i* em]ges 9 spr+1 hav+ ! "u side bright]1 & ! light m>k+s m conspicu\s on t side ?an 9 ! summ] =m1 :i* has be5 call$ morpheus4 ,conc]n+ all ( ?is1 & ! way 9 :i* cold affects ! color ( butt]flies1 ! read] w d well to consult ! spl5did pages ( ,edw>ds & ( ,scudd]4 ,! pretty little ,pe>l ,cresc5t ranges f s\!rn ,labrador to ,florida2 9 fact1 all ov] ,nor? ,am]ica nor? ( ,texas & s\? ( ! region ( ,hudson ,bay1 except ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,cali=nia4 7#f7 ,phyciodes batesi1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 1 "u side 7,bates' ,cresc5t-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,on ! upp] side mu* l ,p4 ?>os1 ) ! black m>k+s v heavy4 ,! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is uni=mly pale fulv\s or yell[1 ) a r[ ( fa9t subm>g9al br[n spots4 4--,l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4ej-a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species ranges f ,new ,york to ,virg9ia1 & we/w>d to ,ohio4 7#g7 ,phyciodes prat5sis1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 1 "u side 7,! ,mead[ ,cresc5t-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! butt]fly resembles ! prec$+ species on ! upp] side1 b ! gr\nd-color is mu* pal] & ! black m>k+s are n s heavy4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is pale fulv\s1 spott$ ) yell[4 4--,! female has ! black m>k+s ( ! upp] side heavi] ?an ! male1 & all ! spots pale yell[4 ,! m>k+s on ! "u side are heavi] ?an 9 ! male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! range ( ?is species is ! ,pacific coa/ f ,oregon to ,arizona4 7#h7 ,phyciodes orseis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ca1 7,orseis74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! d>k m>k+s on ! upp] side are mu* heavi] ?an 9 ei!r ( ! two prec$+ species1 & ! fulv\s spots are small]1 ! m>g9al cresc5ts m regul> & di/9ct4 ,! m>k+s on ! "u side are also mu* heavi] ?an 9 ,p4 batesi or ,p4 prat5sis4 4--,! female is l ! male1 b all ! d>k m>k+s are heavi] & ! pale m>k+s light]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce in*2 1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! rema9 to be describ$4 ,phyciodes orseis ranges f ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory 9 ! nor? to ,mexico 9 ! s\?4 7#i7 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #cb1 2 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 1 "u side 7,! ,camillus ,cresc5t74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! male is m l ,p4 prat5sis1 b ! light spots on ! prim>ies are pal]1 on ! second>ies bright]1 fulv\s4 ,! d>k m>k+s on ! "u side are less pron\nc$ ?an 9 prat5sis4 4--,! female is mu* l ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are :olly unkn[n4 ,! species is report$ f ,briti% ,columbia1 ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,kansas1 & ,texas4 7#aj7 ,phyciodes mylitta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #dj1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #da1 7,! ,mylitta ,cresc5t74 ,butt]fly1 4--,broadly bright fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) ! d>k m>k+s slight2 on ! "u side closely resembl+ ,p4 ?>os1 v>4 m>cia1 ,edw>ds4 4--,! female is l ! male1 b pal]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4be-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,h>rison ,g4 ,dy> 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #bjc4 ,! eggs are laid 9 clu/]s ^u ! ?i/le 7,c>duus74 ,! cat]pill> 9 its f9al /age aft] ! f\r? m\lt is black1 yell[i% bel[1 ) a fa9t tw9n$ yell[ dorsal l9e & fa9t l9es ( ! same color on ! sides4 ,! sp9es1 :i* are arrang$ 9 six r[s1 are black2 ^? ( segm5ts f\r1 five1 & six1 yell[4 ,! *rysalis is dull wood-br[n4 ,?is species has a wide range 9 ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ext5d+ f ,wa%+ton to ,arizona1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado4 7#aa7 ,phyciodes b>nesi1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,b>nes' ,cresc5t-spot74 ,butt]fly1 4--,v l ! foll[+ species1 ) ! light fulv\s ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s m widely ext5d$1 caus+ ! d>k m>k+s to be greatly re/rict$4 ,! figure 9 ! plate is1 9 ?is species z 9 mo/ o!rs1 t ( ! type1 & ,i am "u obligations to ,dr4 ,sk9n] = k9d p]mission to h ! use ( ! specim54 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,! type came f ,colorado ,spr+s4 7#ab7 ,phyciodes montana1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bf1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #bg1 7,! ,m\nta9 ,cresc5t-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,^u ! upp] side ! w+s are m>k$ mu* z 9 ,p4 camillus1 b are preval5tly bright fulv\s1 ) ! d>k m>k+s q slight 9 mo/ specim5s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale yell[i%-fulv\s4 ,! female usually has ! second>ies cross$ by a broad m$ian b& ( v pale spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is ! ,si]ras ( ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 7#ac7 ,phyciodes picta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bj1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ba1 7,! ,pa9t$ ,cresc5t-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]fly 9 bo? sexes some:at closely resembles ,p4 phaon on ! upp] side4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are r$ on ! m$ian area1 ) ! base1 ! co/a1 ! apex1 & ! out] m>g9 pale yell[2 ! black m>k+s v prom95t4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are ne>ly immaculate yell[4 ,expanse1 1 4#hj-a4aj in*2 1 #a4aj-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! may be f\nd describ$ ) m9ute exactness by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds 9 ! pages ( ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xvi1 pp4 #afc-afg4 ,! egg is yell[i%-gre54 ,! cat]pill> m\lts five times4 ,:5 mature x is ab\t six t5?s ( an in* long1 arm$ ) sev5 pr9cipal r[s ( %ort sp9es1 :i* appe> to v>y 9 color 9 ! spr+ & fall broods1 be+ light br[n 9 ! ,june brood & gre5i%-yell[ 9 ! ,octob] brood4 ,! preval5t color ( ! cat]pill> is "s %ade ( yell[i%-or gre5i%-br[n1 mottl$ ) light] & d>k] t9ts4 ,! *rysalis is yell[i%-br[n4 ,! food-plants ( ! cat]pill> are v>i\s species ( a/]4 ,?is species is f\nd z f> nor? z ,nebraska1 & is abundant 9 ,colorado & ,new ,mexico1 rang+ s\?w>d ?r\gh ,arizona into ,mexico4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xviii #a4 ,phyciodes ?>os1 ,drury1 4 #b4 ,phyciodes ?>os1 ,drury1 4 #c4 ,phyciodes ?>os1 v>4 m>cia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,phyciodes ?>os1 v>4 m>cia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,phyciodes b>nesi1 ,sk9n]1 4 #f4 ,argynnis snyd]i1 ,sk9n]1 4 #g4 ,argynnis plat9a1 ,sk9n]1 4 #h4 ,eresia texana1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,eresia texana1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #aj4 ,syn*lo janais1 ,drury1 4 #aa4 ,syn*lo lac9ia1 ,hubn]1 4 #ab4 ,eresia ian!1 ,fabricius1 4 #ac4 ,melita anicia1 v>4 beani1 ,sk9n]1 4 #ad4 ,br5?is a/>te1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 4 #ae4 ,br5?is a/>te1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 1 "u side4 #af4 ,br5?is hel5a1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ag4 ,br5?is hel5a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ah4 ,debis creola1 ,sk9n]1 4 #ai4 ,debis creola1 ,sk9n]1 4 #bj4 ,debis portl&ia1 ,fabricius1 4 #ba4 ,geiro*eilus tritonia1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5us ,,eresia1 ,d\bl$ay ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies1 closely resembl+ ! species ( ! g5us ,phyciodes 9 ! neuration ( ! w+s1 & only diff]+ f !m 9 ! outl9e ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies1 :i* are m or less excavat$ ab\t ! middle4 ,9 ! /yle ( ! m>k+s !y diff] some:at widely f ! butt]flies ( ! g5us ,phyciodes1 notably 9 ! abs5ce ( ! cresc5ts on ! m>g9s ( ! w+s4 ,! w+s on ! upp] side are g5]ally "s %ade ( deep br[n or black1 m>k$ ) spots & b&s ( :ite or fulv\s1 ! m$ian b& on ! h9d w+s be+ g5]ally m or less conspicu\s4 ,9 ! patt]n ( _! m>k+s !y illu/rate a transition f ! g5us ,phyciodes to ! g5us ,syn*lo4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ic4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,eresia1 slightly enl>g$4 ,egg4--,hi!rto undescrib$4 ,cat]pill>4--,cyl9drical1 ) sev5 r[s ( sp9es1 "o dorsal1 & ?ree lat]al on ea* side2 ! sp9es are %ort1 blunt1 & arm$ ) %ort bri/les4 ,! head is subcordate1 ) ! v]tices r\nd$4 ,x m\lts f\r times4 ,*rysalis4--,cyl9drical1 abdom5 /\t1 head-case %ort1 bevel$1 ne>ly squ>e at top1 ! v]tices pyramidal4 ,!re are ?ree r[s ( small tub]cles on ! dorsal side ( ! abdom54 ,! cat]pill>s s f> z kn[n fe$ ^u v>i\s ,composit1 z ,diclippa & ,act9om]is4 ,! g5us1 :i* is some:at d\btfully sep>able f ,phyciodes1 & probably possesses only subg5]ic value1 is well repres5t$ 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b ?ree species are f\nd 9 ! faunal region ( :i* ?is book treats4 7#a7 ,eresia frisia1 ,poey1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #db1 7,frisia74 ,butt]fly4--,upp] side r$di%-fulv\s1 cl\d$ ) fusc\s at ! base4 ,on ! basal area are wav$ black l9es1 sep>ate on ! h9d w+s1 m or less bl5d$ on ! =e w+s4 ,! out] bord] is broadly black4 ,betwe5 ?is bord] & ! basal ?ird ! w+ is cross$ by irregul> black b&s1 ! spaces betwe5 :i* are pal] fulv\s ?an ! base & ! h9d w+s1 ^? ne> ! out] m>g9 be+ :iti%4 ,^! b&s are cont9u$ broadly across ! h9d w+s4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are fulv\s1 mottl$ ) d>k br[n & :ite1 & spott$ ) conspicu\s :ite spots4 ,! male & ! female closely resemble ea* o!r4 ,expanse1 #a4dj in*4 ,! e>ly /ages are :olly unkn[n4 ,! only locality )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 :i* ?is insect has be5 f\nd is ,key ,we/1 9 ,florida4 ,x is abundant 9 ! ,antilles1 ,mexico1 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 7#b7 ,eresia texana1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 1 "u side 7,! ,texan ,eresia74 ,butt]fly4--,black on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 %ad+ into r$di%-br[n on ! basal area4 ,! =e w+s are spott$ on ! m$ian & limbal areas ) :ite1 & ! h9d w+s are adorn$ by a conspicu\s m$ian b& ( small :ite spots4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are fulv\s at ! base1 broadly d>k br[n beyond ! middle4 ,! light spots ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! l[] side4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are m>bl$ wood-br[n on ! basal area & ! inn] m>g91 d>k] br[n ext]nally4 ,! :ite macul> b& ( ! upp] side reappe>s on ?is side1 b less di/9ct ?an above4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ej in*2 1 #a4fj-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= ! only acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is species ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xi1 p4 #abg1 :]e ! indefatigable ,edw>ds gives u an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 orig9al obs]vations4 ,?is insect ranges f ,texas into ,mexico4 ,x has be5 conf\nd$ by "s ) a closely alli$ insect1 ,eresia ian!1 ,fabricius1 & to %[ ! diff]5ce we h giv5 9 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ab1 a repres5tation ( t species1 by means ( :i* ! read] w be enabl$ to m>k ! diff]5ce on ! upp] surfaces ( ! two species4 7#c7 ,eresia punctata1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ci1 7,! ,dott$ ,eresia74 ,butt]fly4--,a l5g?y description ( ?is little species is sc>cely necess>y1 z ! figure 9 ! plate w suffice = its accurate det]m9ation4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its e>ly /ages4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 ,arizona1 & ,mexico4 ,x has be5 rec5tly decl>$ to be id5tical ) ,e4 tulcis1 ,bates1 an op9ion ,i am n q prep>$ to accept1 b :i*1 if correct1 w =ce u1 accord+ to ! law ( priority1 to sub/itute ! "n giv5 by ,bates = t giv5 by ,edw>ds4 ,g5us ,,syn*lo1 ,boisduval 7,! ,pat*$ ,butt]flies7 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ or small butt]flies1 r gaily color$1 al?\gh ! species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are n v brilliant4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$ /ructurally f ! butt]flies ( ! two prec$+ g5]a n only by _! l>g] size & ! sp9dle-=m$ ?ird article ( ! palpi1 :i* 9 ! g5]a ,eresia & ,phyciodes is ?9 & po9t$ l a ne$le1 b also by ! fact t ! l[] discocellul> ve9 ( ! =e w+s is g5]ally q /raight & n b[$ or angl$ z 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ g5]a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #id4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,syn*lo1 enl>g$4 ,egg4--,simil> 9 appe>ance to ! eggs ( ! g5us ,phyciodes3 obovoid1 truncat$1 & slightly depress$ at top1 r\nd$ at ! bottom2 ! l[] ?ree fif?s ) %all[ depressions2 ! upp] "p ) ab\t tw5ty-f\r light blunt-edg$ ribs4 ,! eggs are laid 9 clu/]s ^u ! leaves ( ,helian?us4 ,cat]pill>4--,v>y+ 9 color1 g5]ally black or "s %ade ( r$ or br[n1 cov]$ ) sp9es :i* are arrang$ z 9 ! g5us ,melita & are ?ickly beset ) div]g+ bri/les4 ,! cat]pill> m\lts f\r times4 ,*rysalis4--,%ap$ z 9 ! g5us ,melita1 light 9 color1 blot*$ ) d>k br[n or black spots & l9es4 ,! g5us is well repres5t$ 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,"s ( ! species are polymorphic1 _m v>ieties be+ produc$ f a s+le bat* ( eggs4 ,! result has be5 consid]able confusion 9 ! specific nom5clature4 7#a7 ,syn*lo janais1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,crimson-pat*74 ,butt]fly4--,=e w+s black above1 spott$ ) :ite2 h9d w+s black above1 m>k$ 9 ! c5t] ) a broad b& ( crimson4 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s are reproduc$4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are black at ! base & on ! out] ?ird2 imm$iately at ! base is a yell[ b>2 across ! middle is a broad yell[ b& lav$ outw>dly by r$1 ^u :i* are num]\s black spots4 ,!re is a m>g9al r[ ( yell[ spots & an inn] r[ ( small] :ite spots on ! limbal area4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at is kn[n ( ^! is conta9$ 9 articles publi%$ by ,mr4 ,william ,s*aus1 ,papilio1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ahh2 & by ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,entomologica ,am]icana1 vol4 iii1 p4 #afa1 to :i* ! read] may ref]4 ,! habitat ( ! species is ,texas1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! insect is v v>iable 9 ! m>k+s bo? ( ! upp] & "u sides1 & sev]al s-call$ species are only v>ietal =ms ( ?is4 7#b7 ,syn*lo lac9ia1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 =m crocale1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #i1 7,lac9ia74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is a protean species1 a doz5 or m well-m>k$ v>ietal =ms be+ produc$1 _m ( !m f a s+le bat* ( eggs4 ,! w+s on ! upp] side are black2 bo? prim>ies & second>ies are cross$ ab\t ! middle by a b& ( spots1 g5]ally brok5 on ! prim>ies & cont9u\s on ! second>ies4 ,^! spots 9 ! typical =m lac9ia are fulv\s1 & ! b&s are broad4 ,9 ! =m crocale ! spots are :ite1 ! b&s n>r[4 ,a great v>iety ( int]grad+ =ms are kn[n & are repres5t$ 9 ! au?or's collection1 mo/ ( !m br$ specim5s re>$ f ! egg4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are m>k$ z on ! upp] side4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are black1 ) a m>g9al r[ ( spots1 a transv]se /raight m$ian b&1 a %ort basal b&1 & a co/al edg+1 all bright /raw-yell[2 9 addition !re is a subm>g9al r[ ( small :ite spots & a crimson pat* ( v>iable size at ! anal angle4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-b4jj in*es2 1 #a4ge-b4ge in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are describ$ fully by ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxv1 p4 #bhf4 ,lac9ia ranges f ,texas & ,new ,mexico to ,bolivia4 ,,faunal ,,regions ,t bran* ( zological sci5ce :i* treats ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals is kn[n z zogeography4 ,none ( ! zological sci5ces has contribut$ m to a k ( ! facts ) :i* zogeography deals ?an ! sci5ce ( entomology4 ,v>i\s divisions ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 bas$ ^u ! "* ( ! liv+ be+s :i* inhabit !m1 h be5 sugge/$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 x is agre$ t 9 a g5]al way five major subdivisions are suffici5t = ! purposes ( ! sci5ce1 & we !re=e recognize five faunal regions1 namely1 ! ,palarctic1 :i* includes ! temp]ate regions ( ! ea/]n hemisph]e2 ! ,indo-,malayan1 cov]+ ! tropics ( ,asia & ! isl&s ly+ s\? ( t great cont95t1 includ+ ,au/ralia2 ! ,e?iopian1 cov]+ ! cont95t ( ,africa s\? ( ! l&s bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ext5d+ nor?w>d into ! s\!rn "p ( ,arabia2 ! ,neotropical1 cov]+ ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! isl&s ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 &1 f9ally1 ! ,ne>ctic1 cov]+ ! temp]ate & pol> regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! butt]flies ) :i* ?is volume deals are mo/ly ne>ctic species1 only a few species repres5t+ ! neotropical region be+ f\nd z /raggl]s into ! extreme s\!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! five faunal regions are *>act]iz$ by ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( insects :i* are m or less peculi> to !m4 ,9 ! ,palarctic ,region1 = in/ance1 we f9d a v great developm5t ( ! ,satyr91 ( ! g5]a ,argynnis1 ,melita1 & ,lycna1 & ( ! g5us ,colias4 ,! g5us ,papilio is b poorly repres5t$1 !re be+ only ?ree species f\nd on ! entire cont95t ( ,europe1 & comp>atively few 9 ,asia nor? ( ! ,himalayan m\nta9-ranges4 ,z soon z we pass f ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,palarctic ,region into ,india !re is discov]$ a great numb] ( species ( ! g5us ,papilio4 ,! ,euploe91 ( v>i\s g5]a1 sw>m1 & spl5did creatures1 magnific5t 9 color1 pres5t !mselves1 replac+ among ! ,nymphal9 ! small & obscurely color$ =ms :i* are f\nd among ! m\nta9s ( ,europe & on ! great ,asiatic /eppes4 ,9 ! ,indo-,malayan ,region "o ( ! mo/ gorge\s ( ! papilion9e g5]a is kn[n z ,orni?opt]a4 ,^! great bird-w+ butt]flies are mo/ brilliant 9 color 9 ! male1 & 9 ! female atta9 an expanse ( w+ rea*+ 9 "s species eight & ev5 n9e in*es1 s t x w\ld be impossible to repres5t !m 9 _! natural dim5sions ^u a page su* z t :i* is be=e ! read]4 ,"o ( ^! giants ( ! butt]fly family1 nam$ ,victoria aft] h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 ( ,engl&1 is f\nd 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 & is probably ! l>ge/ ( all kn[n butt]flies4 ,"o specim51 belong+ to ! au?or1 has an expanse ( w+ exce$+ n9e in*es4 ,among ! /range/ ( rec5t discov]ies is ,orni?opt]a p>adisea1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! male has ! h9d w+s produc$ 9 ! =m ( a v delicate & sl5d] tail2 ! upp] surfaces ( ! w+ are broadly m>k$ ) %9+ gre5 & lu/r\s orange ^u a velvety-black gr\nd4 ,! female is black ) :ite spots1 slightly m>k$ ) yell[1 be+ obscure 9 color1 z is = ! mo/ "p *>act]i/ic ( ?is sex among butt]flies1 z well z o!r animals4 ,! ,e?iopian ,region is ri* 9 beautiful butt]flies ( ! g5us ,callosune1 :i* are :ite or yell[1 hav+ ! tips ( ! ant]ior w+s m>k$ ) crimson or purple4 ,!re are _m scores ( species ( ^! :i* are f\nd on ! grassy p>k-l l&s ( s\!a/]n ,africa1 & !y range nor?w>d ?r\gh ,abyss9ia into ,arabia1 & a few species ev5 invade ! hot l&s ( ! ,indian p59sula4 ,9 ! great =e/s ( ! ,congo & 9 fact ?r\gh\t tropical ,africa1 ! g5us ,acra1 compos$ ( beautiful insects ) long1 n>r[ w+s l ! g5us ,heliconius1 b = ! mo/ "p yell[1 ri* br[n1 & r$1 spott$ ) black1 ab\nd4 ,& "h1 too1 are f\nd "s ( ! noble/ species belong+ to ! great g5us ,papilio1 among !m t mo/ s+ul> &1 until rec5tly1 r>e/ ( ! g5us1 ,papilio antima*us ( ,drury1 "o specim5 ( :i*1 among a doz5 or m 9 ! au?or's possession1 has w+s :i* exce$ 9 expanse ev5 ^? ( ,orni?opt]a victoria1 ?\gh ?is butt]fly1 :i* seems to mimic ! g5us ,acra1 has comp>atively n>r[ w+s1 & !y1 !re=e1 d n cov] s l>ge an area z is cov]$ 9 ! case ( ! g5us ,orni?opt]a4 ,9 ! ,neotropical ,region we are confront$ by sw>ms ( butt]flies belong+ to ! ,i?omi91 ! ,heliconi91 & ! ,acr91 all ( :i* are kn[n to be protect$ species1 & :i* are mimick$ by o!r species among ! butt]flies & mo?s ( ! region :i* !y frequ5t4 ,a naturali/ famili> ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ! butt]fly fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica c at a glance det]m9e :e!r a collection plac$ be=e him is f t c\ntry or n1 m]ely by 8 k ( ! peculi> coloration :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! lepidopt]a ( ! region4 ,! mo/ brilliant butt]flies ( ! neotropical fauna are ! ,morphos1 glori\s insects1 ! "u side ( _! w+s m>k$ ) eye-l spots1 ! upp] side respl5d5t 9 v>y+ t9ts ( iridesc5t blue4 ,9 ! ,ne>ctic ,region !re is a rem>kable developm5t ( ! g5]a ,argynnis1 ,melita1 & ,phyciodes4 ,!re are also a great _m species ( ! ,satyr9 & ( ! ,hesp]iid1 or skipp]s4 ,! g5us ,colias is also well repres5t$4 ,! ,ne>ctic ,region ext5ds s\?w>dly into nor!rn ,mexico1 at high elevations1 & is ev5 cont9u$ along ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & !re are species :i* are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,san ,francisco :i* occur 9 ,*ili & ,patagonia4 ,9 fact1 :5 we get to ! s\!rn extremity bo? ( ,africa & ( ,s\? ,am]ica we f9d c]ta9 g5]a *>act]i/ic ( ! nor? temp]ate zone1 or closely alli$ to !m1 well repres5t$4 ,g5us ,,grapta1 ,kirby 7,! ,angle-,w+s7 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ or small1 *>act]iz$ by ! m or less deeply excavat$ inn] & out] m>g9s ( ! =e w+s1 ! tail-l projection ( ! h9d w+s at ! extremity ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule1 ! clos$ cell ( ! same w+s1 & ! ?ick squamation ( ! palpi on ! "u side1 :ile on ! sides & tops ( ! palpi !re are b few scales4 ,!y are tawny on ! upp] side1 spott$ & bord]$ ) black2 on ! "u side mimick+ ! b>k ( trees & dead leaves1 (t5 ) a c-%ap$ silv]y spot on ! h9d w+s4 ,! insects hib]nate 9 ! butt]fly =m 9 holl[ trees & o!r hid+-places4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ie4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,grapta4 ,egg4--,! eggs are tall] ?an broad1 tap]+ upw>d f ! base4 ,! summit is broad & flat4 ,! sides are m>k$ by a few equidi/ant n>r[ longitud9al ribs1 :i* increase 9 height to ! top4 ,a few delicate cross-l9es are int]wov5 betwe5 ^! ribs4 ,!y are laid 9 clu/]s or 9 %ort /r+-l s]ies 7see p4 #e1 ,fig4 #aj74 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is some:at quadrate 9 outl9e1 ! body cyl9drical1 adorn$ ) r[s ( bran*+ sp9es 7see ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bg1 #ca-cc1 #ch74 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalids h ! head m or less bifid4 ,!re is a prom95t ?oracic tub]cle1 & a d\ble r[ ( dorsal tub]cles on ! abdom54 ,view$ f ! back !y are m or less excavat$ on ! sides ( ! ?orax4 ,9 color !y are g5]ally "s %ade ( wood-br[n or gre5i%4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ = ! mo/ "p ^u ! ,urticace1 plants ( ! nettle tribe1 su* z ! /++-nettle1 ! elm1 & ! hop-v9e1 ?\gh ! azalea & wild currants furni% ! food ( "s species4 ,! g5us is conf9$ ma9ly to ! nor? temp]ate zone4 7#a7 ,grapta int]rogationis1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side2 =m fabricii1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #a1 2 =m umbrosa1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bc1 l>va1 f a bl[n specim52 ,fig4 #bg1 l>va1 copi$ f a draw+ by ,abbot2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bd-bf1 #dj1 *rysalis 7,! ,"q-sign74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by its l>ge size1 be+ ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us 9 our fauna4 ,! =e w+s are decid$ly falcate1 or sickle-%ap$1 bright fulv\s on ! upp] side1 spott$ & bord]$ ) d>k br[n & edg$ ) pale blue4 ,on ! "u side !y are mottl$ br[n1 %ad$ ) pale purpli%1 & h a silv]y m>k %ap$ l a semicolon on ! h9d w+s4 ,! dimorphic v>iety umbrosa1 ,l9tn]1 has ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s almo/ entirely black1 except at ! base4 ,expanse1 #b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 frequ5tly describ$1 & ! read] :o wi%es to "k all ab\t ! m9ute details ( ! life-hi/ory w d well to consult ! pages ( ,edw>ds & ,scudd]1 :o h writt5 volum9\sly ^u ! subject4 ,! food-plants are ! elm1 ! hop-v9e1 & v>i\s species ( nettles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xix #a4 ,grapta int]rogationis1 ,fabricius1 v>4 fabricii1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,grapta int]rogations1 ,fabricius1 v>4 umbrosa1 ,l9tn]1 4 #c4 ,grapta comma1 ,h>ris1 v>4 dryas1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,grapta comma1 ,h>ris1 v>4 h>risi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,grapta sil5as1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,grapta sil5us1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,grapta hylas1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,grapta hylas1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,vanessa j-album1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 4 #aj4 ,grapta gracilis1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 4 #aa4 ,grapta gracilis1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 1 "u side4 #ab4 ,grapta faunus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,grapta faunus1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ad4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edw>ds1 v>4 m>syas1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ae4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edw>ds1 v>4 m>syas1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is is "o ( our commone/ butt]flies4 ,x is d\ble-brood$ 9 ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,x hib]nates 9 ! imago =m4 ,:5 ! fir/ w>m w9ds ( spr+ beg9 to bl[1 x may be f\nd at ! sap-pans 9 ! sug>-camps1 sipp+ ! sweets :i* drip f ! w\nd$ trunks ( ! maples4 ,x ranges all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except ! ,pacific coa/1 & is common ?r\gh\t ,canada & ,nova ,scotia4 7#b7 ,grapta comma1 ,h>ris1 =m dryas1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 =m h>risi1 ,edw>ds1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ch1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #ci1 #df-dh1 *rysalis 7,! ,comma ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,dimorphic1 9 ! =m dryas ) ! h9d w+s heavily suffus$ ) black1 9 ! =m h>risi pr$om9antly fulv\s4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! ,urticace1 & are v common ^u ! nettle4 ,!y v>y greatly 9 color1 "s be+ almo/ sn[-:ite4 ,?is species is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,canada & ! adjac5t prov9ces1 & ranges s\? to ! ,c>ol9as & ,texas & ov] ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates4 7#c7 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side2 =m m>syas1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cc1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #da1 #db1 *rysalis 7,! ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,! species is s accurately depict$ 9 ! plates t a description is h>dly necess>y4 ,! =m m>syas is small]1 bright]1 & ) ! d>k spots on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s r$uc$ 9 size4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,! food-plant ( ! cat]pill> is ! nettle4 ,x occurs occasionally 9 ,ont>io1 & !nce ranges we/1 be+ n uncommon f ,colorado to ,cali=nia & ,oregon4 7#d7 ,grapta hylas1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side 7,! ,colorado ,angle-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]fly closely resembles ,g4 sil5us on ! upp] side1 b may easily be di/+ui%$ by ! uni=m pale purpli%-gray ( ! l[] side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,! e>ly /ages are unkn[n4 ,! insect has ?us f> be5 f\nd only 9 ,colorado1 b no d\bt occurs 9 o!r ,/ates ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 7#e7 ,grapta faunus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,fig4 #ac1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cb1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ca1 #cc-ce1 *rysalis 7,! ,faun74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is readily recogniz$ by ! deep ind5tations ( ! h9d w+s1 ! heavy black bord]1 & ! d>k t9ts ( ! "u side mottl$ ) pal] %ades4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4ae in*es4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on will[s4 ,x is f\nd f ,new ,engl& to ! ,c>ol9as1 & !nce we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 7#f7 ,grapta zephyrus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,! ,zephyr74 ,butt]fly4--,fulv\s1 m>k$ ) yell[i% t[>d ! out] m>g9s1 ! d>k m>k+s ^u :i* are n z heavy z 9 ! o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal] ?an is ! case 9 o!r species1 r$di%-br[n1 m>bl$ ) d>k] br[n l9es & freckl+s4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* fe$s ^u ,azalea occid5talis1 is describ$ & figur$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 i4 ,zephyrus is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f ,colorado to ,cali=nia1 & f ,oregon to ,new ,mexico4 7#g7 ,grapta gracilis1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 1 "u side 7,! ,graceful ,angle-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,a small species1 r heavily m>k$ ) d>k br[n or blacki% on ! upp] side4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are v d>k1 cross$ ab\t ! middle by a pale-gray or :ite b& %ad+ (f t[>d ! out] m>g9s4 ,?is light b& s]ves z a means ( easily id5tify+ ! species4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,! e>ly /ages are unkn[n4 ,! species has be5 f\nd on ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 ,ma9e1 ,canada1 & ,briti% ,am]ica1 z f> we/ z ,alaska4 7#h7 ,grapta sil5us1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,sil5us74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an gracilis1 & ! w+s m deeply excis$1 z 9 faunus4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are v d>k1 ) light] irrorations1 especially on ! =e w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4cj in*es4 ,! e>ly /ages h nev] be5 /udi$4 ,?is species appe>s to be f\nd only 9 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 7#i7 ,grapta progne1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ca1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cg1 #ch1 *rysalis 7,progne74 ,butt]fly4--,a r small species1 ) light-fulv\s =e w+s1 %ad+ into yell[ t[>d ! out] m>g9s2 ! d>k m>k+s slight1 b deep 9 color4 ,! second>ies are heavily bord]$ ) black on ! out] m>g94 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are v d>k1 v>iegat$ ) pal] %ades1 some:at z 9 ,g4 gracilis4 ,expanse1 #a4he-b4jj in*es4 ,! e>ly /ages h be5 q fully describ$ by v>i\s au?ors1 & ! read] may consult ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bff-bfh1 = a full acc\nt4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! elm1 b m commonly on v>i\s species ( ! ,grossulace1 or currant tribe1 wild or dome/icat$4 ,x ranges f ,sib]ia to ,nova ,scotia1 & s\?w>d z f> z ,p5nsylvania4 ,!re are sev]al o!r species ( ,grapta f\nd 9 our fauna1 :i* are n del9eat$ 9 ?is book2 b !y are r>e species1 ( :i* little is z yet kn[n4 ,! types are 9 ! collection ( ! writ]1 & if ! read] f9ds any species :i* he _c id5tify by means ( ?is book ! au?or w be pleas$ to help him to ! full ext5t ( 8 ability4 ,g5us ,,vanessa1 ,fabricius 7,! ,tortoise-%ells7 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #if4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,vanessa4 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ insects1 ! w+s on ! upp] side g5]ally "s %ade ( black or br[n1 m>k$ ) r$1 yell[1 or orange4 ,! head is mod]ately l>ge1 ! eyes hairy1 ! palpi m or less heavily scal$1 ! pro?oracic legs feeble & hairy4 ,! l[] discocellul> ve9 ( ! =e w+s1 :5 pres5t1 unites ) ! ?ird m$ian n]vule1 n at its orig91 b beyond on ! curve4 ,! cell ( ! prim>ies may or may n be clos$4 ,! cell ( ! second>ies is op54 ,! =e w+s h ! out] m>g9 m or less deeply excavat$ betwe5 ! extremities ( ! upp] radial & ! fir/ m$ian1 at :i* po9ts ! w+s are r /rongly produc$4 ,! h9d w+s h ! out] m>g9 d5ticulate1 /rongly produc$ at ! extremity ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,egg4--,%ort1 ovoid1 broad at ! base1 tap]+ t[>d ! summit1 :i* is broad & adorn$ ) a few n>r[1 q high longitud9al ridges1 increas+ 9 height t[>d ! apex4 ,betwe5 ^! ribs are a few delicate cross-l9es4 ,!y are g5]ally laid 9 l>ge clu/]s ^u twigs ( ! food-plant4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> m\lts f\r times4 ,9 ! mature =m x is cyl9drical1 ! segm5ts adorn$ ) long1 bran*+ sp9es arrang$ 9 longitud9al r[s2 ! sp9es mu* long]1 & bran*+ r ?an beset ) bri/les1 z 9 ! g5us ,grapta4 ,x lives ^u elms1 will[s1 & popl>s4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis 9 g5]al appe>ance is n unlike ! *rysalis ( ,grapta4 ,! g5us is ma9ly re/rict$ to ! nor? temp]ate zone & ! m\nta9 regions ( tropical l&s adjac5t !reto4 ,! insects hib]nate 9 ! imago =m1 & are among ! fir/ butt]flies to take w+ 9 ! spr+time4 7#a7 ,vanessa j-album1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #i1 7,! ,compton ,tortoise74 ,butt]fly4--,no description is requir$1 z ! figure 9 ! plate w enable x to be imm$iately recogniz$4 ,on ! "u side ( ! w+s x resembles 9 color ! species ( ! g5us ,grapta1 f :i* ! /raight edge ( ! inn] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies at once di/+ui%es x4 ,x is a v close ally ( ! ,european ,v4 vau-album4 ,expanse1 #b4fj-b4ge in*es4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u v>i\s species ( will[4 ,x is a ,nor!rn =m1 be+ f\nd 9 ,p5nsylvania ^u ! summits ( ! ,alleghanies1 & !nce nor? to ,labrador on ! ea/ & ,alaska on ! we/4 ,x is always a r sc>ce insect4 7#b7 ,vanessa cali=nica1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,! ,cali=nia ,tortoise-%ell74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side deep fulv\s1 mottl$ ) yell[1 spott$ & bord]$ ) black4 ,on ! "u side d>k br[n2 pale on ! out] half ( ! prim>ies1 ! entire surface m>k$ ) d>k l9es & f9e /ri4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! l>va & *rysalis h be5 describ$ by ,h5ry ,edw>ds 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 v1 p4 #aga4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ,ceano?us ?yrsiflorus4 ,?is insect is a close ally ( ! ,european ,v4 xan?omelas4 ,x ranges f ,colorado to ,cali=nia & z f> nor? z ,oregon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xx #a4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,grapta progne1 ,cram]1 4 #d4 ,grapta progne1 ,cram]1 1 "u side4 #e4 ,grapta zephyrus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,grapta zephyrus1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,junonia co5ia1 ,hbn]1 4 #h4 ,junonia lav9ia1 ,cram]1 4 #i4 ,junonia g5oveva1 ,cram]1 4 #aj4 ,vanessa milb]ti1 ,god>t1 4 #aa4 ,vanessa cali=nica1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,pyrameis c>y1 ,hbn]1 4 #ac4 ,an>tia jatroph1 ,l9nu1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xx4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#c7 ,vanessa milb]ti1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cf1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #dc1 #di1 #ej1 *rysalis 7,milb]t's ,tortoise-%ell74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by ! broad yell[ subm>g9al b& on bo? w+s1 %ad$ outw>dly by r$4 ,x is ne>ly relat$ to ! ,european ,v4 urtic4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,! life-hi/ory has be5 work$ out & describ$ by num]\s writ]s4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! nettle 7,urtica74 ,?is pretty little fly ranges f ! m\nta9s ( ,we/ ,virg9ia nor?w>d to ,nova ,scotia & ,newf\ndl&1 !nce we/w>d to ! ,pacific4 7#d7 ,vanessa antiopa1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bh1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ea1 #eh1 #ei1 *rysalis 7,! ,m\rn+-cloak2 ,! ,camb]well ,beauty74 ,butt]fly4--,?is famili> insect ne$s no description4 ,x is well kn[n to e boy 9 ! nor? temp]ate zone4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ z well z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful species ( ! tribe4 ,a r>e ab]ration 9 :i* ! yell[ bord] invades ! w+ ne>ly to ! middle1 oblit]at+ ! blue spots1 is sometimes f\nd4 ,! au?or has a f9e example ( ?is freak4 ,! eggs are laid 9 clu/]s ^u ! twigs ( ! food-plant 9 spr+ 7see p4 #e1 ,fig4 #aa74 ,!re are at lea/ two broods 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on will[s1 elms1 & v>i\s species ( ! g5us ,populus4 ,g5us ,,pyrameis1 ,d\bl$ay ,butt]fly4--,! w+s 9 _! neuration approa* closely to ! prec$+ g5us1 b are n angulate1 & ! ornam5tation ( ! "u side t5ds to become ocellate1 or m>k$ by eye-l spots1 & 9 _m ( ! species is ocellate4 ,egg4--,! egg is broadly ovoid1 be+ mu* l ! egg ( ! g5us ,vanessa4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> 9 its mature =m is cov]$ ) sp9es1 b ^! are n relatively z l>ge z 9 ,vanessa1 & are n z di/9ctly bran*+4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis approa*es 9 outl9e ! *rysalis ( ! prec$+ g5us1 & is only diff]5tiat$ by m9or /ructural peculi>ities4 ,! g5us includes only a few species1 b "s ( !m h a wide range1 ,pyrameis c>dui be+ almo/ cosmopolitan1 & hav+ a wid] di/ribution ?an any o!r kn[n butt]fly4 7#a7 ,pyrameis atalanta1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ce1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 *rysalis 7,! ,r$ ,admiral74 ,?is famili> butt]fly1 :i* is f\nd ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,europe1 nor!rn ,asia1 & ,africa1 ne$s no description beyond :at is furni%$ 9 ! plates4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,! food-plants are ,humulus1 ,boehm]ia1 & ,urtica4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ig4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pyrameis4 7#b7 ,pyrameis hunt]a1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cd1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ed1 #fc1 #fd1 *rysalis 7,hunt]'s ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,m>k$ mu* l ! foll[+ species1 b easily di/+ui%$ at a glance by ! two l>ge eye-l spots on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 frequ5tly describ$1 & are 9 "p well depict$ 9 ,plates ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,! food-plants are cudwe$ 7,gnaphalium7 & ,ant5n>ia4 ,hunt]'s ,butt]fly ranges f ,nova ,scotia to ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica ea/ ( ! ,si]ras4 7#c7 ,pyrameis c>dui1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cg1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #fj-fb1 *rysalis 7,! ,pa9t$ ,lady2 ,! ,?i/le-butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all kn[n butt]flies1 be+ f\nd 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! temp]ate regions ( ! e>? & 9 _m tropical l&s 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by ! m num]\s & mu* small] eye-l spots on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 aga9 & aga9 describ$ at great l5g? & ) m9ute p>ticul>ity by a score ( au?ors4 ,! food-plants ( ! cat]pill> are ?i/les 7,c>duus71 ,urtica1 ,cnicus1 & ,al?a4 7#d7 ,pyrameis c>y1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,we/ ,coa/ ,lady74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is easily di/+ui%$ f ,p4 c>dui1 its ne>e/ ally1 by ! abs5ce ( ! roseate t9t peculi> to t species1 ! tawni] gr\nd-color ( ! upp] surfaces1 & ! complete black b& :i* crosses ! middle ( ! cell ( ! prim>ies4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n all be5 ?or\ghly describ$1 b we h an acc\nt ( ! l>va & *rysalis f ! p5 ( ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 v1 p4 #cbi4 ,! food-plant ( ! cat]pill> is ,lavat]a assurg5tiflora4 ,?is species ranges f ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& to ,arg5t9a1 & is f\nd z f> ea/ z ,utah4 ,,widely ,,di/ribut$ ,,butt]flies ,! primal curse decl>$ t ! e>?1 because ( man's s91 %\ld br+ =? ?orns & ?i/les1 & ?i/les are almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,:]ev] ?i/les gr[1 !re is f\nd ! ?i/le-butt]fly1 or ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 z ,engli% collectors are 9 ! habit ( call+ x1 ,pyrameis c>dui4 ,all ov] ,europe1 all ov] ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ,africa1--save 9 ! d5se jungles ( ! ,congo1--?r\gh\t ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 f>-(f ,au/ralia1 & 9 _m ( ! isl&s ( ! sea ?is beautiful butt]fly is f\nd4 ,at "s times x is sc>ce1 & !n aga9 !re are seasons :5 x fairly sw>ms1 e ?i/le-top hav+ "o ( ! gaily color$ creatures seat$ ^u its head1 & among ! ?orny environm5t ( ! leaves be+ f\nd ! web :i* ! cat]pill> weaves4 ,ano!r butt]fly :i* bids fair ultimately to take possession ( ! e>? is our own ,anosia plexippus1 ! w&]+s ( :i* h already be5 allud$ to4 ,_m species are f\nd 9 ! arctic regions bo? ( ! ,old ,_w & ! ,new4 ,obscure =ms are ^!1 & l[ly 9 _! organization1 survivors ( ! ice-age1 hov]+ on ! bord]l9e ( et]nal fro/1 & po9t+ to ! long-di/ant "t :5 ! great l&-masses ab\t ! nor!rn pole 7 knit toge!r1 z geologi/s tea* u4 ,"o ( ! curi\s ph5om5a 9 ! di/ribution ( butt]flies is ! fact t 9 ,florida we f9d ,hypolimnas misippus1 a species :i* is exce$+ly common 9 ,africa & 9 ! ,indo-,malayan subregion4 ,ano!r curi\s ph5om5on ( a l "* is ! pres5ce 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s ( a ,pyrameis1 :i* appe>s to be only a subv>iety ( ! well-kn[n ,pyrameis indica1 :i* is common 9 ,india1 s\!rn ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,away (f 9 s\!a/]n ,africa1 ^u ! peaks & foot-hills :i* surr\nd ! huge volcanic masses ( ,kilima-,nj>o1 ,k5ia1 & ,ruw5zori1 0 discov]$ by ! m>tyr$ ,bi%op ,hann+ton a beautiful species ( ,argynnis1 repres5t+ a g5us n[h]e else f\nd ^u ! cont95t ( ,africa s\? ( ,m$it]ranean l&s4 ,/range isolation ?is = a butt]fly claim+ k9 to ! fritill>ies t sip ! sweets f clov]-blossoms 9 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 9 ! valleys ( ,?ibet1 & on ! prairies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g5us ,,junonia1 ,hbn] 7,peacock ,butt]flies7 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 ) eye-l spots ^u ! upp] w+s4 ,_! neuration is v mu* l t ( ! butt]flies belong+ to ! g5us ,pyrameis1 to :i* !y are closely alli$4 ,! eyes are nak$1 ! =e feet are scantily clo!d ) hair1 & ! l[] discocellul> ve9 ( ! =e w+1 :5 pres5t1 does n t]m9ate on ! ar* ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule be=e its orig91 z 9 ! g5us ,vanessa1 b imm$iately at ! orig9 ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ih4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,junonia4 ,egg4--,broad] ?an high1 ! top flatt5$1 m>k$ by t5 v]tical ribs1 v n>r[1 b n v high4 ,betwe5 ! ribs are a few delicate cross-l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 ! segm5ts be+ adorn$ ) r[s ( bran*+ sp9es & longitud9ally /rip$4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is ar*$ on ! dorsal surface & m>k$ by two r[s ( dorsal tub]cles1 concave on ! v5tral side4 ,! head is slightly bifid1 ) ! v]tices r\nd$4 ,!re are eighte5 or m species :i* belong to ?is g5us1 ( :i* "s are neotropical1 b ! great] numb] are f\nd 9 ! tropical regions ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,?ree =ms occur )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* h by "s au?ors be5 reckon$ z di/9ct species1 & by o!rs are reg>d$ m]ely z v>ietal =ms4 7#a7 ,junonia co5ia1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ef1 #eg1 #fe-fg1 *rysalis 7,! ,buckeye74 ,butt]fly4--,! figure 9 ! plate is f> bett] ?an any v]bal description4 ,on ! "u side ! eye-l spots ( ! upp] side are reproduc$1 b are mu* small]1 especially on ! h9d w+s4 ,!re is mu* v>iety 9 ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s on ! "u side4 ,"s specim5s are r$di%-gray1 & "s are q heavily & solidly p9ki%-r$ on ! second>ies4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg is d>k gre54 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is d>k 9 color1 longitud9ally /rip$1 & adorn$ ) bran*+ sp9es1 two ( :i* are on ! head & po9t =w>d4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is g5]ally pale wood-br[n1 /rongly ar*$ on ! dorsal & concave on ! v5tral side4 ,x always hangs at less ?an a "r angle to ! surface f :i* x dep5ds4 ,?is is a v common butt]fly 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 rang+ nor?w>d z f> z ,new ,engl&1 we/w>d to ! ,pacific1 & s\?w>d to ,colombia4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on v>i\s species ( planta9 7,plantago71 also ,g]>dia & ,antirrh9um4 ,:5 ,i 0 a lad 9 we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a ^! insects fairly sw>m$ "o summ]2 ?\s&s ( ! cat]pill>s c\ld be f\nd 9 worn-out fields1 fe$+ on ! n>r[-leav$ planta91 & e f5ce-rail _h "o or m ( _! *rysalids hang+ f ! "u side4 ,i h nev] se5 su* multitudes ( ?is species s9ce !n4 ,! butt]flies are q pugnaci\s1 & w fight ) o!r pass+ butt]flies1 da%+ =? ^u !m1 & *as+ !m away4 7#b7 ,junonia lav9ia1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #h1 7,lav9ia74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species may be di/+ui%$ by ! m r\nd$ apex & ! m deeply excavat$ out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s1 & also by ! decid$ elongation ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s at ! end ( ! subm$ian ve94 ,! w+s are pal] on ! upp] side ?an 9 ! prec$+ species1 & ! eye-l spots mu* small]4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,! e>ly /ages are n accurately kn[n4 ,! insect is common 9 ! ,antilles & ,s\? ,am]ica1 b is only n[ & !n tak5 9 ! extreme s\!rn p>ts ( ,texas4 7#c7 ,junonia g5oveva1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #i1 7,g5oveva74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* d>k] above ?an ei!r ( ! two prec$+ species4 ,! transv]se subapical b& is pale yell[1 almo/ :ite2 ! ocelli ( ! w+s are m z 9 lav9ia ?an 9 co5ia4 ,expanse1 ab\t #b4jj in*es4 ,?is =m1 if f\nd at all 9 our fauna1 is conf9$ to ! extreme ,s\?4 ,i h se5 & possess "s specim5s reput$ to h come f ,texas4 ,! specim5 figur$ 9 ! plate 0 tak5 9 ,jamaica1 :]e ?is =m is preval5t4 ,g5us ,,an>tia1 ,d\bl$ay ,butt]fly4--,! head is small2 ! eyes are r\nd & prom95t2 ! tongue is long2 ! ant5n are relatively long1 hav+ ! club %ort1 compress$1 & po9t$4 ,! palpi h ! second jo9t ?ick1 ! ?ird jo9t gradually tap]+ & lightly clo!d ) scales4 ,! =e w+s are r\nd$ at ! apex1 & h ! out] & inn] m>g9s some:at excavat$4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s is s9u\s1 produc$ at ! end ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! cell ( ! h9d w+ is op54 ,! subco/al n]vules 9 ! =e w+ are rem>kable because ( ! t5d5cy ( ! fir/ & second to fuse ) ! co/al ve94 ,! pro?oracic feet ( ! male are small & weak2 ( ! female1 /rong]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ii4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,an>tia4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^!1 s f> z is kn[n to ! writ]1 await description4 ,!re are f\r species belong+ to ?is g5us1 only "o ( :i* is f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! o!rs are f\nd 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica4 7#a7 ,an>tia jatroph1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,:ite ,peacock74 ,butt]fly4--,!re c be no mi/ake made 9 ! id5tification ( ?is species if ! figure we give is consult$4 ,! male & female are mu* alike4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,s f> z is kn[n to me1 ^! h nev] be5 describ$4 ,! butt]fly is common ?r\gh\t ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w1 & is occasionally f\nd 9 s\!rn ,texas & ,florida4 ,g5us ,,hypan>tia1 ,hbn] 7,! ,b&$ ,r$s7 ,butt]fly4--,! palpi ( m$ium size1 well clo!d ) scales2 ! second jo9t mod]ately ?ick2 ! ?ird v little ?9n]1 blunt at ! tip4 ,! ant5n h a di/9ct1 %ort1 well-r\nd$ club4 ,! =e w+s h ! fir/ two subco/al n]vules aris+ be=e ! end ( ! cell1 close to ea* o!r4 ,! ?ird subco/al arises midway betwe5 ! end ( ! cell & ! orig9 ( ! f\r? subco/al4 ,! cell ( ! =e w+ is clos$ by a /\t l[] discocellul> ve9 :i* is m or less cont9u\s ) ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! h9d w+ has ! cell op5 or only p>tially clos$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,hypan>tia4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is kn[n ( ! e>ly /ages ( ?is g5us4 ,! species reckon$ z belong+ to ,hypan>tia numb] less ?an a doz51 mo/ ( :i* are f\nd 9 tropical ,am]ica1 b1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 two species occur 9 tropical & s\!rn ,africa1 & ano!r has be5 describ$ f ,madagasc>4 7#a7 ,hypan>tia le!1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,le!74 ,?is v h&some insect1 :i* is q common 9 tropical ,am]ica1 is ano!r /raggl] into our fauna1 be+ occasionally f\nd 9 s\!rn ,texas4 ,b little is kn[n ( its e>ly life-hi/ory4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,g5us ,,eunica1 ,hbn] 7,! ,violet-w+s7 ,butt]fly4--,! head is n>r[1 hairy2 ! eyes prom95t4 ,! ant5n are long & sl5d]1 hav+ a greatly enl>g$ club m>k$ ) two grooves4 ,! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t 9 ! case ( ! female long] ?an 9 ! case ( ! male4 ,!y are relatively %ort1 ?ickly clo!d ) hairs & scales ly+ closely appress$ to ! surface4 ,! =e w+ has ! co/al & m$ian ve9 enl>g$ & swoll5 at ! base4 ,! subco/al has five n]vules1 ! fir/ two ( :i* arise be=e ! end ( ! cell1 ! ?ird midway betwe5 ! end ( ! cell & ! f\r? n]vule4 ,! upp] discocellul> ve9 is want+2 ! middle discocellul> ve9 is b5t inw>dly2 ! l[] discocellul> ve9 is some:at weak & jo9s ! m$ian ve9 exactly at ! orig9 ( ! second m$ian n]vule4 ,! cell ( ! h9d w+ is lightly clos$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is kn[n ( ! e>ly /ages ( ?is g5us4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aja4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,eunica4 ,! butt]flies are *>act]iz$ by ! d>k-br[n or black gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side1 g5]ally gloss$ ) ri* blue or purple4 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s are exce$+ly v>iable & 9 mo/ cases v beautiful4 ,! g5us is *>act]i/ic ( ! neotropical fauna1 & !re are ov] sixty species :i* h be5 describ$4 ,! males are said by ,bates1 to :om we are indebt$ = mo/ ( our k ( ^! insects1 to h ! habit ( congregat+ ab\t noon & 9 ! e>ly aft]noon 9 moi/ places by ! banks ( /reams1 return+ t[>d nightfall to ! haunts ( ! females4 ,9 ?is respect !y resemble club-m51 :o at ! same h\rs are g5]ally to be f\nd congregat+ :]e !re is some?+ to dr9k4 ,only two species are f\nd 9 our region1 & are conf9$ to ! hotte/ p>ts ( ,texas & ,florida1 rang+ !nce s\?w>d ov] ! ,antilles & ,c5tral ,am]ica z f> z ,bolivia4 7#a7 ,eunica monima1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,! ,d+y ,purple-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,?is obscure little butt]fly repres5ts 9 ,florida & ,texas ! great g5us to :i* x belongs1 & gives b a feeble idea ( ! spl5did "* ( its cong5]s1 among :i* are "s exce$+ly beautiful insects4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( its life-hi/ory4 ,x is common 9 ! ,antilles & ,mexico4 ,ano!r species ( ! g5us1 ,eunica tatila1 has rec5tly be5 report$ f ! extreme s\!rn portion ( ,florida4 ,g5us ,,cy/9eura1 ,boisduval ,& "h & yond] a flaky butt]fly ,0 d\bt+ 9 ! air4 ,,mcdonald4 ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies1 ) elongat$ =e w+s1 ! h9d w+s ) ! out] m>g9 r\nd$1 slightly cr5ulate4 ,! head is small2 ! palpi are v delicate & ?91 scantily clo!d ) scales4 ,! co/al ve9 ( ! =e w+ is mu* swoll5 ne> ! base4 ,! subco/al ve9 ( ?is w+ s5ds =? two bran*es be=e ! end ( ! cell4 ,! upp] discocellul> ve9 is lack+2 ! middle discocellul> is %ort & b5t inw>dly2 ! l[] discocellul> is almo/ oblit]at$1 & rea*es ! m$ian ve9 at ! orig9 ( ! second m$ian n]vule4 ,9 ! h9d w+ ! cell is op51 & ! two radial ve9s spr+ f ! same po9t4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,cy/9eura4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is z yet def9itely asc]ta9$ z to ^!4 ,b "o species is f\nd )9 ! limits cov]$ by ?is "w4 ,sev5 species h be5 describ$1 all ( !m inhabit+ ,c5tral or ,s\? ,am]ica4 7#a7 ,cy/9eura amymone1 ,mntries1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #g1 7,amymone74 ,butt]fly4--,! =e w+s are :ite on ! upp] side1 du/$ ) gray at ! base1 on ! co/a1 ! apex1 & ! out] m>g94 ,! h9d w+s are gray on ! basal area1 pale yell[i%-br[n on ! limbal area1 ) a n>r[ fusc\s m>g94 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side reappe>1 ! gray t9ts be+ replac$ by yell[4 ,! h9d w+s are yell[i%1 ) a :ite transv]se b& ne> ! base & an incomplete s]ies ( :ite spots on ! limbal area4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,! e>ly /ages await description4 ,! insect is f\nd ab\t ,br[nsville1 ,texas1 & ?r\gh\t ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,g5us ,,callicore1 ,hbn] 7,! ,leop>d-spots7 ,butt]fly4--,small-siz$ butt]flies1 ) ! upp] side ( ! w+s d>k 9 color1 m>k$ ) b&s ( %9+ metallic blue or silv]y-gre51 ! "u side ( ! w+s g5]ally m or less brilliantly color$1 c>m9e ^u ! prim>ies & silv]y-:ite ^u ! second>ies1 ) ! apex ( ! prim>ies m>k$ ) black transv]se b&s & ! body ( ! second>ies trav]s$ by curi\sly arrang$ b&s ( deep black1 ^! b&s inclos+ ab\t ! middle ( ! w+ circul> or pe>-%ap$ spots4 ,all ( ! subco/al n]vules 9 ?is g5us arise beyond ! end ( ! cell4 ,! co/al & ! m$ian ve9s are swoll5 ne> ! base4 ,! cell 9 bo? ! =e & h9d w+s is op54 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajc4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,callicore4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,?is g5us numb]s ab\t ?irty species1 almo/ all ( :i* are f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 only "o be+ kn[n to inhabit ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ f\nd 9 ! extreme s\!rn portion ( ,florida1 & !re only r>ely4 7#a7 ,callicore clym5a1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,! ,leop>d-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are black1 ! prim>ies cross$ by an oblique iridesc5t blui%-gre5 b&1 & ! second>ies m>k$ by a simil>ly color$ m>g9al b&4 ,on ! "u side ! prim>ies are crimson f ! base to ! out] ?ird1 :i* is :ite1 m>g9$ ) black1 & cross$ by an out] n>r[ black b& & an inn] broad black b&4 ,! second>ies on ?is side are :ite1 m>k$ ab\t ! middle by two l>ge coalesc+ black spots1 & ne>] ! co/a a l>ge pe>-%ap$ spot1 bo? r+$ ab\t ) black l9es4 ,beyond ^! black r+s are two black b&s con=m$ to ! outl9e ( ! inn] & out] m>g9s ( ! w+1 &1 9 addition1 a f9e black m>g9al l9e4 ,! co/a is edg$ ) crimson4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxi #a4 ,timetes coresia1 ,god>t1 4 #b4 ,timetes coresia1 ,god>t1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,timetes petreus1 ,cram]1 4 #d4 ,timetes *iron1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,callicore clym5a1 ,cram]1 4 #f4 ,callicore clym5a1 ,cram]1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,eunica monima1 ,cram]1 4 #h4 ,eunica monima1 ,cram]1 4 #i4 ,hypolimnas misippus1 ,l9nu1 4 #aj4 ,hypolimnas misippus1 ,l9nu1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! ,leop>d-spot is f\nd occasionally 9 ,florida1 b q commonly 9 ! ,antilles1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,g5us ,,timetes1 ,boisduval 7,! ,dagg]-w+s7 ,butt]fly4--,! palpi are mod]ately long1 ?ickly clo!d ) scales1 ! la/ jo9t elongat$ & po9t$4 ,! ant5n h a well-develop$ club4 ,! =e w+s & ! h9d w+s h ! cell op54 ,9 ! =e w+ ! subco/al ve91 :i* has five bran*es1 emits ! fir/ n]vule well be=e ! end ( ! cell1 ! second a little beyond x1 & ! ?ird & f\r? ne> toge!r1 be=e ! apex ( ! w+4 ,! ?ird m$ian n]vule ( ! h9d w+ is greatly produc$ & =ms ! support ( ! long tail :i* adorns ?is w+4 ,betwe5 ! end ( ! subm$ian ve9 & ! fir/ m$ian n]vule is ano!r lobe-l prolongation ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! w+4 ,! butt]flies are *>act]iz$ = ! mo/ "p by d>k upp] surfaces1 ) light "u surfaces m>k$ ) broad b&s & l9es ( v>y+ int5sity ( color4 ,!y are easily di/+ui%$ f ! butt]flies ( all o!r g5]a ( ! ,nymphalid by ! rem>kable tail-l app5dage ( ! h9d w+1 giv+ !m some:at ! appe>ance ( m9iature ,papilionid4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajd4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,timetes4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ ( note has be5 record$ ( _! e>ly /ages :i* may be accept$ z reliable1 & !re is an opportunity "h = /udy & rese>*4 ,!re are ab\t tw5ty-five species belong+ to ! g5us1 all f\nd )9 ! tropical regions ( ,am]ica4 ,f\r species are occasionally tak5 9 ! extreme s\!rn portions ( ,florida & ,texas4 ,!y are all1 h[ev]1 v common 9 ! ,antilles1 ,mexico1 & m s\!rn l&s4 7#a7 ,timetes coresia1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side 7,! ,wait]74 ,butt]fly4--,easily recogniz$ by means ( our figures1 :i* %[ t ?is creature des]ves ! trivial "n ,i h be/[$ ^u x4 ,9 its d>k coat & :ite ve/ x gracefully att5ds ! fea/s ( ,flora4 ,expanse1 #b4ej in*es4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 no?+ reliable has be5 record$ z to ! e>ly /ages ( ?is insect4 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 ,texas4 7#b7 ,timetes petreus1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #c1 7,! ,ruddy ,dagg]-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is accurately del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale1 ) ! d>k b&s ( ! upp] side reproduc$4 ,expanse1 #b4fj in*es4 ,x occurs 9 s\!rn ,florida & ,texas1 & else:]e 9 tropical ,am]ica4 7#c7 ,timetes *iron1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,_m-b&$ ,dagg]-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,easily recogniz$ by means ( ! figure 9 ! plate4 ,l ! prec$+ species1 ?is is occasionally f\nd 9 ,texas4 ,x is v common 9 ,mexico1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,antilles4 ,g5us ,,hypolimnas1 ,hbn] 7,! ,tropic ,que5s7 ,butt]fly4--,eyes nak$4 ,! palpi are produc$1 ris+ above ! head1 heavily scal$4 ,! ant5n h a well-develop$1 f9ely po9t$ club4 ,! =e w+s h /\t co/al & m$ian ve9s4 ,! subco/al ?r[s out five n]vules1 ! fir/ two be=e ! end ( ! cell1 ! ?ird midway betwe5 ! end ( ! cell & ! out] bord]2 ! f\r? & ! fif? div]ge f ea* o!r midway betwe5 ! ?ird & ! out] bord]1 & bo? t]m9ate bel[ ! apex4 ,! upp] discocellul> ve9 is want+2 ! middle discocellul> ve9 is b5t inw>dly2 ! l[] discocellul> is v weak1 &1 9 "s species1 want+4 ,! cell ( ! h9d w+ is lightly clos$4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 ?icke/ t[>d ! middle4 ,! head is adorn$ ) two erect rugose sp9es2 ! segm5ts h dorsal r[s ( bran*+ sp9es1 & ?ree lat]al r[s on ei!r side ( ! %ort] sp9es4 ,x fe$s on v>i\s species ( malvace\s plants & also on ! common portulaca4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is ?ick1 ) ! head obtusely po9t$2 ! abdom9al segm5ts adorn$ ) a d\ble r[ ( tub]cles4 ,! ?orax is convex4 ,?is g5us1 :i* includes a l>ge numb] ( species1 rea*es its fulle/ developm5t 9 ! tropics ( ! ,old ,_w1 & includes "s ( ! mo/ beautiful1 z well z ! mo/ s+ul>1 =ms1 :i* mimic ! protect$ species ( ! ,euploe91 or milkwe$ butt]flies1 ( ! ,indo-,malayan & ,e?iopian regions4 ,9 "s way "o ( ! mo/ widely spread ( ^! species1 :i* is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! tropics ( ,asia & ,africa1 has obta9$ lodgm5t ^u ! soil ( ! ,new ,_w1 & is occasionally f\nd 9 ,florida1 :]e x is by no means common4 ,x may be t x 0 introduc$ f ,africa 9 ! "t ( ! slave-trade1 hav+ be5 accid5tally br\ght ov] by %ip4 ,t ?is is n impossible is %[n by ! fact t ! writ] has1 on sev]al occasions1 obta9$ 9 ! city ( ,pittsburgh specim5s ( r>e & beautiful tropical insects :i* em]g$ f *rysalids t 7 f\nd atta*$ to bun*es ( bananas br\ght f ,honduras4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aje4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,hypolimnas4 7#a7 ,hypolimnas misippus1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,mimic74 ,butt]fly1 4--,on ! upp] side ! w+s are velvety-black1 ) two conspicu\s :ite spots on ! =e w+1 & a l>g] "o on ! middle ( ! h9d w+1 ! m>g9s ( ^! spots reflect+ iridesc5t purple4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are :ite1 intricately m>k$ ) black l9es1 & black & r$di%-o*race\s spots & %ades4 4--,! female mimics two or ?ree =ms ( an ,ori5tal milkwe$ butt]fly1 ! patt]n ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s con=m+ to t ( ! v>iety ( ! protect$ species :i* is mo/ common 9 ! region :]e ! insect is f\nd4 ,! species mimick$ is ,danais *rysippus1 ( :i* at lea/ ?ree v>ietal =ms or local races are kn[n4 ,! ,am]ican butt]fly con=ms 9 ! female sex to ! typical ,d4 *rysippus1 to :i* x pres5ts ^u ! upp] side a />tl+ lik5ess4 ,on ! "u side x is m>k$ mu* z ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej in*es2 1 #c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at has be5 said z to ! e>ly /ages 9 ! description ( ! g5us mu/ suffice = ! species4 ,b little is z yet accurately kn[n ^u ! subject4 ,! range ( ,h4 misippus is s\!rn ,florida1 ! ,antilles1 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is n common on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 b v common 9 ,africa1 tropical ,asia1 & ! isl&s s\? z f> z nor!rn ,au/ralia4 ,g5us ,,basil>*ia1 ,scudd] 7,! ,:ite ,admirals7 ,butt]fly4--,head l>ge2 ! eyes are l>ge1 nak$2 ! ant5n are mod]ately long1 ) a di/9ct club2 ! palpi are compact1 /\t1 produc$1 d5sely scal$4 ,! =e w+s are subtriangul>1 ! apex well r\nd$1 ! l[] two ?irds ( ! out] m>g9 slightly excavat$4 ,! fir/ two subco/al n]vules arise be=e ! end ( ! cell4 ,! h9d w+s are r\nd$1 cr5ulate4 ,egg4--,ne>ly sph]ical1 ) ! surface pitt$ ) l>ge hexagonal cells 7see p4 #c1 ,fig4 #a74 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> 9 its mature /ate is cyl9drical1 some:at ?ick] be=e ?an beh9d1 ) ! second segm5t adorn$ ) two prom95t rugose club-%ap$ tub]cles4 ,! fif? segm5t1 & ! n9? & t5? segm5ts also1 are ornam5t$ ) dorsal prom95ces 7see p4 #h1 ,fig4 #bj74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajf4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,basil>*ia4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is susp5d$ by a /\t crema/]2 ! abdom9al segm5ts are r\nd$4 ,on ! middle ( ! dorsum is a prom95t project+ boss4 ,! ?orax is r\nd$4 ,! head is r\nd$ or slightly bifid4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! leaves ( v>i\s species ( oak1 bir*1 will[1 & l9d54 ,! eggs are laid ^u ! extreme tip ( ! leaves1 & ! infant cat]pill>1 fe$+ ^u ! leaf 9 imm$iate proximity to ! po9t :]e x has be5 hat*$1 atta*es bits ( bitt5 leaf by /r&s ( silk to ! midrib1 ?us /iff5+ its p]* & prev5t+ its curl+ z ! rib dries4 ,out ( bits ( leaves ?us deta*$ x con/ructs a packet ( mat]ial1 :i* x moves =w>d along ! midrib until x has complet$ its second m\lt4 ,by ?is "t w9t] beg9s to come on1 & x cuts away = itself ! mat]ial ( ! leaf on ei!r side ( ! rib1 f ! tip t[>d ! base1 glues ! rib ( ! leaf to ! /em by means ( silk1 draws toge!r ! edges ( ! rema9+ portions ( ! leaf1 & con/ructs a tube-l hib]naculum1 or w9t] qu>t]s1 exactly fitt+ ! body1 9 :i* x passes ! w9t]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajg4--,leaf cut away at end by cat]pill> ( ,basil>*ia 7,riley74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,hib]naculum1 or w9t] qu>t]s1 ( l>va ( ,basil>*ia4 ,!re are a numb] ( species ( ! g5us f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! habits ( :i* h be5 c>efully /udi$1 & !y are among our mo/ int]e/+ butt]flies1 sev]al species be+ mimics ( protect$ species4 7#a7 ,basil>*ia a/yanax1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #ag1 #ba1 #be1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 *rysalis 7,! ,r$-spott$ ,purple74 ,butt]fly4--,?is common b mo/ beautiful species is suffici5tly *>act]iz$ by ! plate s f> z ! upp] surface is conc]n$4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are br[ni%1 b&$ ) black on ! m>g9s2 ! lunules are on ?is side z above1 b ! inn] b& ( spots is r$4 ,!re are two r$ spots at ! base ( ! =e w+s1 & f\r at ! base ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! palpi are :ite bel[1 & ! abdom5 is m>k$ ) a lat]al :ite l9e on ea* side4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4be in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg1 :i* resembles some:at closely t ( ,b4 disippus 7see p4 #c1 ,fig4 #a71 is yell[i%-gre51 gradually turn+ d>k br[n z ! "t = ! em]g5ce ( ! cat]pill> approa*es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is s well del9eat$ 9 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ag1 z to obviate ! necessity = a l5g?y v]bal description4 ,*rysalis4--,:at has be5 said ( ! cat]pill> is also true ( ! *rysalis 7see ,plate ,,iv74 ,! l>va fe$s ^u ! will[1 *]ry1 apple1 l9d5 7,tilia71 huckleb]ry1 currant1 & o!r alli$ %rubs & trees4 ,! butt]fly is some:at v>iable1 & a numb] ( v>ietal =ms h be5 describ$4 ,x ranges g5]ally ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates & s\!rn ,canada z f> z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ranges 9 ! ,we/1 & is ev5 said to occur at high elevations 9 ,mexico4 7#b7 ,basil>*ia ar!mis1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #d1 1 =m lam9a1 ,fabricius2 ,fig4 #e1 1 =m pros]p9a1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bf1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ad1 #bc1 *rysalis 7,! ,b&$ ,purple74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ 9 ! =m lam9a f a/yanax1 :i* 9 o!r respects x some:at closely resembles1 by ! broad :ite b&s cross+ bo? ! =e w+s & ! h9d w+s1 & foll[$ on ! second>ies by a subm>g9al r[ ( r$ spots %ad+ inw>dly into blue4 ,9 ! =m pros]p9a !re is a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! :ite b&s to become obsolete1 & 9 "s specim5s !y d entirely disappe>4 ,! lik5ess to a/yanax 9 su* cases is /rik+1 & ! ma9 po9t by :i* ! =ms may !n be discrim9at$ is ! p]si/5ce ( ! r$ spots on ! upp] side ( ! second>ies2 b ev5 ^! frequ5tly are obsolete4 ,expanse1 #b4ej in*es4 ,egg4--,! egg is grayi%-gre51 ) kite-%ap$ cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,gre5i%-or olive-br[n1 blot*$ ) :ite 9 its mature =m1 :i* is well repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,x fe$s ^u ! will[1 ! haw?orn 7,cratgus71 & probably o!r plants4 ,*rysalis4--,! figure 9 ,plate ,,iv is suffici5tly exact to obviate ! necessity = fur!r description4 ,?is beautiful insect ranges ?r\gh nor!rn ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york1 ,quebec1 ,ont>io1 & ! wat]%$ ( ! ,great ,lakes1 spread+ s\?w>d at suitable elevations into ,p5nsylvania4 ,i h tak5 x ab\t ,cresson1 ,p5nsylvania1 at an elevation ( tw5ty-five hundr$ feet above sea-level4 ,x is n uncommon ab\t ,meadville1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! species appe>s to be1 l all ! o!rs ( ! g5us1 some:at un/able & pla/ic1 or else hybridization is v frequ5t 9 ?is g5us4 ,probably all ! species h aris5 f a common /ock4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxii #a4 ,basil>*ia a/yanax1 ,fabricius1 4 #b4 ,het]o*roa cali=nica1 ,butl]1 4 #c4 ,basil>*ia lorqu9i1 ,boisduval1 4 #d4 ,basil>*ia ar!mis1 ,drury1 4 #e4 ,basil>*ia ar!mis1 ,drury1 v>4 pros]p9a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,basil>*ia weidemey]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#c7 ,basil>*ia weidemey]i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,weidemey]'s ,admiral74 ,butt]fly4--,sup]ficially l ar!mis1 b easily di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( ! lunulate m>g9al b&s ( blue on ! m>g9s ( ! h9d w+s & by ! pres5ce ( a subm>g9al s]ies ( :ite spots on bo? w+s4 ,expanse1 #c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxiv1 p4 #ajg1 & %[ great lik5ess to ! foll[+ species1 ,b4 disippus4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u cottonwood 7,populus74 ,! insect is f\nd on ! ,pacific slope & ea/w>d to ,montana1 ,nebraska1 & ,new ,mexico4 7#d7 ,basil>*ia disippus1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #ai1 #bb1 #bd1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ah-bj1 *rysalis 7,! ,vic]oy74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species mimics ,anosia plexippus 9 a rem>kable mann]1 z may be se5 by ref]r+ to ,plate ,,vii4 ,an ab]ration 9 :i* ! mesial d>k transv]se b& on ! second>ies has disappe>$ 0 nam$ pseudodorippus by ,dr4 ,/reck]4 ,! type is 9 ! ,mead collection1 n[ belong+ to ! writ]4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h all be5 c>efully /udi$ by num]\s writ]s4 ,! egg is depict$ on p4 #c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! cat]pill> is %[n on p4 #h1 z well z 9 ,plate ,,iii4 ,! species ranges ev]y:]e f s\!rn ,canada & ,briti% ,am]ica into ! ,gulf ,/ates4 7#e7 ,basil>*ia hul/i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,hul/'s ,admiral74 ,butt]fly4--,?is =m is app>5tly a mimic ( ,anosia b]5ice4 ,! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s is n s bright z 9 ,b4 disippus1 & ! mesial b& ( ! second>ies on ! upp] side is reliev$ by a s]ies ( small :iti% spots1 "o on ea* int]space4 ,! p]fect insect c easily be di/+ui%$ by its m>k+s4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4fj in*es4 ,?us f> x is only kn[n f ,utah & ,arizona4 ,! e>ly /ages h n be5 describ$4 7#f7 ,basil>*ia lorqu9i1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,lorqu9's ,admiral74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f all ! o!r species ( ! g5us by ! yell[i%-:ite b> ne> ! end ( ! cell ( ! =e w+s & ! r$di% color ( ! apex & upp] m>g9 ( ! same w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ge in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 p>tially describ$ by ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 & m9utely work$ out by ,dr4 ,dy>1 = ^: description ! read] may consult ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #agb4 ,! food-plant ( ! cat]pill> is ,populus1 will[s1 & ! *oke-*]ry 7,prunus demissa74 ,besides ! =ms figur$ 9 our plates !re is a species 9 ,florida nam$ florid5sis by ,/reck]1 & subsequ5tly eros by ,edw>ds1 :i* is g5]ally l>g] & mu* d>k] ?an ,b4 disippus1 :i* x o!rwise closely approximates4 ,,! ,,butt]flies' ,,fad ,i happ5$ "o night 9 my travels ,to /ray into ,butt]fly ,vale1 ,:]e my wond]+ eyes beheld butt]flies ,) w+s t 7 wide z a sail4 ,!y liv$ 9 su* h\ses ( gr&eur1 ,_! days 7 successions ( joys1 ,& ! v la/ fad ^! butt]flies _h ,0 mak+ collections ( boys4 ,!re 7 boys ( all sizes & ages ,p9n$ up on _! walls4 ,:5 ,i said ',twas a t]rible sight to see boys 9 t plight1 ,i 0 answ]$3 ',oh1 well1 !y are dead4 ,we cat* !m alive1 b we kill !m ,) e!r--a v nice way3 ,j look at ?is fell[--8 hair is s yell[1 ,& 8 eyes su* a beautiful gray4 ',!n !re is a droll little d>ky1 ,z black z ! clay at our feet2 ,he sets (f t blond t is p9n$ j beyond ,9 a way mo/ arti/ic & neat4 ,& n[ let me %[ y ! late/1-- ,a specim5 really select1 ,a boy ) a head t is c>roty-r$ ,& a face t is funnily speck$4 ',we _c decide :]e to place him2 ,^? spots b> him out ( ea* class2 ,we ?9k him a treasure to /udy at leisure ,& analyze "u a glass4' ,i seem$ to gr[ cold z ,i li/5$ ,to ! words t ^! butt]flies spoke2 ,) fe> ov]come1 ,i 0 spee*less & dumb1 ,& !n ) a />t--,i awoke6 ,,ella ,,:eel] ,,wilcox4 ,g5us ,,adelpha1 ,hbn] 7,! ,si/]s7 ,butt]fly4--,?is g5us is v closely alli$ to ! prec$+1 & is ! ,s\? ,am]ican repres5tative ( ,basil>*ia4 ,! only diff]5ce :i* is noticeable /ructurally is 9 ! fact t ! eyes are hairy1 ! palpi n s d5sely clo!d ) scales4 ,! pro?oracic legs ( ! males are small] ?an 9 ,basil>*ia4 ,! cell ( ! prim>ies is v slightly clos$ by ! l[] discocellul> ve91 :i* rea*es ! m$ian a little beyond ! orig9 ( ! second m$ian n]vule4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ is r>ely excavat$1 z 9 ,basil>*ia1 & ! l[] extremity ( ! h9d w+ ne> ! anal angle is g5]ally m produc$ ?an 9 ! la/-m5tion$ g5us4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory ( ! g5us has n be5 c>efully work$ out1 b an acc\nt has be5 publi%$ rec5tly ( ! cat]pill> ( ! only species f\nd )9 our fauna1 :i* %[s t1 :ile 9 g5]al resembl+ ! cat]pill>s ( ! g5us ,basil>*ia1 ! segm5ts are adorn$ ) m bran*+ sp9es & ) %ort fle%y tub]cles1 giv+ rise to small clu/]s ( hairs4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aji4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,adelpha4 ,! *rysalids are ( peculi> =m1 ) bifid heads & broad w+-cases4 ,!y are g5]ally br[n 9 color1 ) metallic spots4 ,! only species 9 our fauna is conf9$ to s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,arizona1 & ,mexico4 7#a7 ,adelpha cali=nica1 ,butl]1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,cali=nian ,si/]74 ,butt]fly4--,easily recogniz$ by ! l>ge subtriangul> pat* ( orange-r$ at ! apex ( ! prim>ies4 ,9 its habits & mann] ( flight x closely resembles ! species ( ! g5us ,basil>*ia4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,s f> z is kn[n to ! writ]1 ^! h n be5 describ$1 except p>tially by ,h5ry ,edw>ds 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 vol4 v1 p4 #aga4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u oaks4 ,! insect is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 & ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,*lorippe1 ,boisduval 7,! ,hackb]ry ,butt]flies7 ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies1 g5]ally "s %ade ( fulv\s1 m>k$ ) eye-l spots on ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! second>ies1 & occasionally ^u ! out] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies1 ! =e w+s z well z ! h9d w+s be+ 9 addition m or less /rongly spott$ & b&$ ) black4 ,! eyes are nak$2 ! ant5n are /raight1 provid$ ) a /\t1 oval club2 ! palpi are porrect1 ! second jo9t heavily clo!d ) hairs1 ! ?ird jo9t %ort1 likewise cov]$ ) scales4 ,! co/al ve9 ( ! =e w+ is /\t4 ,! fir/ subco/al ve9 alone arises be=e ! end ( ! cell4 ,! cell is op5 9 bo? w+s4 ,egg4--,! eggs1 :i* are deposit$ 9 clu/]s1 are ne>ly globul>1 ! summit broad & convex4 ,! egg is ornam5t$ by f eighte5 to tw5ty r broad v]tical ribs1 hav+ no great elevation1 betwe5 :i* are num]\s fa9t & delicate cross-l9es4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aaj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,clorippe1 4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is subquadrate1 ) ! summit cr[n$ by a pair ( div]g+ /\t coronal sp9es :i* h ^u !m a numb] ( radiat+ sp9ules4 ,back ( ! head1 on ! sides1 is a frill ( curv$ sp9es4 ,! body is cyl9drical1 ?icke/ at ! middle1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d f ?is po9t4 ,! anal prolegs are widely div]g5t & elongat$1 z 9 _m g5]a ( ! ,satyr9oe4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is compress$ lat]ally & keel$ on ! dorsal side1 concave on ! v5tral side1 ! head di/9ctly bifid4 ,! crema/] is v rem>kable1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a flatt5$ disk1 ! sides /udd$ ) hooks1 by means ( :i* ! *rysalis is atta*$ to ! surface1 f :i* x dep5ds 9 su* a mann] t ! v5tral surface is p>allel to ! plane ( support4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u ! ,celtis1 or hackb]ry4 ,!re are a numb] ( species1 ma9ly conf9$ to ! s\?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?\gh "s ( !m range s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,two only are kn[n 9 ! ,middle ,/ates4 ,! species are d\ble-brood$ 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & ! cat]pill>s produc$ f eggs laid by ! second brood hib]nate4 7#a7 ,*lorippe celtis1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 1 "u side 7,! ,hackb]ry ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! prim>ies at ! base & ! second>ies except at ! out] angle pale olive-br[n1 ! re/ ( ! w+s black4 ,! d>k apical tract ( ! prim>ies is m>k$ by two irregul>1 some:at brok5 b&s ( :ite spots4 ,!re is a r$-r+$ eye-spot betwe5 ! fir/ & second m$ian n]vules1 ne> ! m>g9 ( ! =e w+1 & !re are six su* spots on ea* h9d w+4 ,on ! "u side ! gr\nd-color is grayi%-purple2 ! spots & m>k+s ( ! upp] side reappe> on ?is side4 4--,! female has ! w+s1 z is always ! case 9 ?is g5us1 mu* broad] & n s po9t$ at ! apex ( ! prim>ies z 9 ! male sex1 & ! color is mu* pal]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4hj in*2 1 #b4aj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are beautifully describ$ & del9eat$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! hackb]ry 7,celtis occid5talis74 ,?is species is f\nd g5]ally f s\!rn ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,x is n1 s f> z is kn[n1 f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/4 7#b7 ,*lorippe antonia1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,antonia74 ,butt]fly4--,bright yell[i%-fulv\s on ! upp] side4 ,easily di/+ui%$ f celtis by ! two eye-spots ne> ! m>g9 ( ! prim>ies4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,antonia is f\nd 9 ,texas4 7#c7 ,*lorippe montis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,! ,m\nta9 ,emp]or74 ,butt]fly4--,v closely alli$ to ,c4 antonia 9 ! /yle & location ( ! m>k+s1 b t9t$ ) pale a%5-gray on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & n yell[i%-fulv\s z 9 ! la/-nam$ species4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge in*2 1 #b4ae in*es4 ,! e>ly /ages are unkn[n4 ,montis occurs 9 ,arizona & ,colorado1 & by "s writ]s is reg>d$ z a v>ietal =m ( antonia1 9 :i* op9ion !y may be correct4 7#d7 ,*lorippe leilia1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,leilia74 ,butt]fly4--,l antonia1 ?is species has two extra-m$ian eye-spots on ! prim>ies1 & ?us may be di/+ui%$ f celtis4 ,f antonia x may be sep>at$ by its l>g] size & ! deep] r$di%-br[n color ( ! upp] surfaces4 ,expanse1 #b4aj-b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,s f> we h receiv$ ?is butt]fly only f ,arizona4 7#e7 ,*lorippe alicia1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 7,alicia74 ,butt]fly4--,v bright fawn at ! base ( ! w+s1 %ad+ into pale buff outw>dly4 ,!re is b "o eye-spot on ! prim>ies4 ,! six eye-spots on ! second>ies are black & v conspicu\s4 ,! m>g9al b&s are d>k] & heavi] ?an 9 any o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj in*es2 1 #b4ej in*es4 ,! e>ly /ages are only p>tially kn[n4 ,alicia ranges ?r\gh ! ,gulf ,/ates f ,florida to ,texas4 7#f7 ,*lorippe clyton1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bj1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ae-ag1 *rysalis 7,! ,tawny ,emp]or74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! =e w+s )\t an extra-m$ian eye-spot1 & ! second>ies broadly obscur$ ) d>k br[n or blacki%1 especially on ! out] bord]s1 s t ! eye-spots are sc>cely1 if at all1 visible4 4--,mu* l>g] & pal] 9 color ?an ! male1 ! eye-spots on ! second>ies conspicu\s4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj in*es2 1 #b4ej-b4fe in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory has be5 c>efully work$ out1 & ! read] :o wi%es to "k all ab\t x %\ld consult ! writ+s ( ,edw>ds & ,scudd]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxiii #a4 ,*lorippe flora1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,*lorippe flora1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,*lorippe celtis1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #d4 ,*lorippe celtis1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #e4 ,*lorippe clyton1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #f4 ,*lorippe clyton1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #g4 ,*lorippe montis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,*lorippe montis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,*lorippe alicia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,*lorippe alicia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,*lorippe leilia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,*lorippe antonia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,*lorippe celtis1 ,boisd4-,lec41 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is species is occasionally f\nd 9 ,new ,engl&1 & ranges !nce we/w>d to ,mi*igan1 & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,x is q common 9 ! valley ( ! ,ohio4 7#g7 ,*lorippe flora1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,flora74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! gr\nd-color is bright r$di%-fulv\s on ! upp] side4 ,! usual m>k+s occur1 b !re is no eye-spot1 or ocellus1 on ! prim>ies4 ,! h9d w+s are n heavily obscur$ ) d>k br[n1 z 9 clyton1 & ! six ocelli /& =? conspicu\sly ^u ! r$di% gr\nd4 ,! h9d w+s are m /rongly angulat$ ?an 9 any o!r species4 ,! bord]s are q solidly black4 4--,! female is mu* l>g] ?an ! male1 & looks l a v pale female ( clyton4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge in*2 1 #b4ce in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory has be5 describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xiii1 p4 #ha4 ,! habits ( ! insect 9 its e>ly /ages & ! appe>ance ( ! l>va & *rysalis d n diff] widely f ^? ( ,c4 clyton1 its ne>e/ ally4 ,flora is f\nd 9 ,florida & on ! bord]s ( ! ,gulf to ,texas4 ,g5us ,,pyrrhan,a1 ,s*atz 7,! ,leaf-w+s7 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 on ! upp] side ( ! w+s = ! mo/ "p r$ or fulv\s1 on ! "u side ( ! w+s obscurely mottl$ on ! second>ies & ! co/al & apical tracts ( ! prim>ies 9 su* a mann] z to cause !m to appe> on ?is side l ru/y & fad$ leaves4 ,/ructurally !y are *>act]iz$ by ! some:at falcate %ape ( ! prim>ies & ! /rongly produc$ out] m>g9 ( ! second>ies ab\t ! t]m9ation ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! fir/ & second subco/al n]vules coalesce ) "o ano!r & ) ! co/al ve94 ,! co/al m>g9 ( ! =e w+ at ! base is /rongly angulat$1 & ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! prim>ies is /raight4 ,! cell ( ! second>ies is v feebly clos$4 ,egg4--,sph]ical1 flatt5$ at ! base & some:at depress$ at ! apex1 ) a few p>allel horizontal s]ies ( rais$ po9ts ab\t ! summit4 ,cat]pill>4--,head some:at globul> 9 appe>ance2 ! ant]ior portion ( ! fir/ ?oracic segm5t ( ! body is mu* small] 9 diamet] ?an ! head2 ! body is cyl9drical1 tap]+ to a po9t4 ,*rysalis4--,%ort1 /\t1 ) transv]se ridges above ! w+s on ! middle ( ! abdom51 keel$ on ! sides4 ,! crema/] is small & furni%$ ) a globul> tip1 ! face ( :i* is on ! same plane z ! v5tral surface ( ! body1 caus+ ! *rysalis to hang some:at obliquely f ! surface :i* supports x4 ,?is is a l>ge g5us ( mo/ly tropical species1 possess$ ( r s+ul> habits4 ,! cat]pill>s 9 ! e>ly /ages ( _! exi/5ce h mu* ! same habits z ! cat]pill>s ( ! g5us ,basil>*ia1 :i* h be5 already describ$4 ,aft] pass+ ! ?ird m\lt !y con/ruct = !mselves ne/s by weav+ ! edges ( a leaf toge!r1 & ?us conceal !mselves f sight1 em]g+ 9 ! dusk to fe$ ^u ! food-plant4 ,!y live ^u ! ,euphorbiace1 ! ,laurace1 & ! ,pip]ace4 ,! insects are d\ble-brood$ 9 ! cool] regions ( ! ,nor?1 & are probably _m-brood$ 9 ! tropics4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aaa4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pyrrhana4 7#a7 ,pyrrhana &ria1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #a1 7,! ,goatwe$ ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly1 4--,solidly bright r$ above1 ! out] m>g9s n>r[ly dusky on ! bord]s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are gray1 du/$ ) br[n scales1 caus+ !m to resemble ! surface ( a dri$ leaf4 4--,! female has ! upp] side pal] & m>k$ by pale fulv\s b&s1 z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej in*es2 1 #c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,9 ,fig4 #ba1 on p4 #i1 is a good repres5tation ( ! mature cat]pill>1 ! ne/ :i* x con/ructs = itself1 & ! *rysalis4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! life-hi/ory may be f\nd 9 ! ,fif? ,miss\ri ,report f ! p5 ( ! late ,c4,v4 ,riley4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,croton capitatum4 ,! insect ranges f ,ill9ois & ,nebraska to ,texas4 7#b7 ,pyrrhana morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #b1 7,morrison's ,goatwe$ ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly1 4--,mu* l ,p4 &ria1 b m brilliantly & lu/r\sly r$ on ! upp] side1 & m>k$ ) pal] macul> b&s l ! female4 4--,diff]+ f ! female ( ,p4 &ria 9 ! m macul>1 or spott$1 arrangem5t ( ! light b&s on ! w+s1 z is well %[n 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species occurs 9 ,arizona & ,mexico4 7#c7 ,pyrrhana portia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,portia74 ,butt]fly4--,spl5did purpli%-r$ on ! upp] side4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are lav$ ) bright yell[ on ! basal & inn] m>g9al tracts1 & ! second>ies are d>k br[n1 irrorat$ ) blacki% scales arrang$ 9 spots & /ri4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,portia occurs 9 ! extreme s\!rn "p ( ,florida & 9 ! ,antilles4 ,g5us ,,ag]onia1 ,hbn] 7,! ,calicoes7 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aab4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,ag]onia4 ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n mod]ately long1 delicate1 t]m9at$ 9 a gradually ?ick5$ club4 ,! eyes are nak$2 ! palpi are compress$1 only slightly porrect1 n d5sely cov]$ ) scales4 ,! neuration is alike 9 bo? sexes1 ! co/al & ! m$ian ve9s greatly ?ick5$ t[>d ! base4 ,! fir/ & second subco/als arise f be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! f\r? & fif? subco/als arise f a common /em emitt$ f ! ?ird subco/al beyond ! end ( ! cell4 ,! cells 9 bo? ! =e & h9d w+s are clos$4 ,! butt]flies are ( m$ium or l>ge size1 curi\sly m>k$ ) *eck]$ spots1 blue & :ite1 ) broad pal] %ades on ! "u side ( ! second>ies4 ,!y are rapid fli]s & are said to alight on ! trunks ( trees ) _! w+s exp&$ & _! heads d[n4 ,:5 fly+ !y emit a click+ s\nd ) _! w+s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,! *rysalids are sl5d] & h two e>-l tub]cles on ! head4 ,?is g5us is1 /rictly speak+1 neotropical4 ,ab\t tw5ty-five species h be5 describ$ f ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 "s ( !m be+ exce$+ly beautiful & ri* 9 color4 ,! two species cr$it$ to our fauna are report$ z be+ occasionally f\nd 9 ,texas4 ,i h specim5s ( "o ( ! species :i* c]ta9ly came f ,texas4 ,i _c be s sure ( ! o!r4 7#a7 ,ag]onia f]onia1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,:ite-skirt$ ,calico74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! only o!r species ( ! g5us f\nd 9 our fauna by ! :ite gr\nd-color ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is rem>kable insect is said to be occasionally f\nd 9 ,texas4 7#b7 ,ag]onia =nax1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #e1 1 "u side 7,! ,orange-skirt$ ,calico74 ,butt]fly4--,closely resembl+ ! prec$+ species on ! upp] side1 b at once di/+ui%$ by ! orange-yell[ gr\nd-color ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+4 ,expanse1 #b4fj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,l its cong5]1 ,a4 =nax is report$ only f ! hott] p>ts ( ,texas4 ,g5us ,,victor9a1 ,blan*>d 7,! ,mala*ites7 ,butt]fly4--,l>ge butt]flies1 curi\sly & conspicu\sly m>k$ ) light-gre5i% spots ^u a d>k] gr\nd2 w+s ^u ! "u side m>bl$ ) br[n ab\t ! spots & hav+ a sat9y lu/]4 ,! ?ird m$ian n]vule ( ! =e w+ is v /rongly b[$ upw>d4 ,! cells ( bo? w+s are op54 ,! h9d w+ is tail$ at ! end ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! two fir/ subco/als arise be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! f\r? & fif? spr+ f a common /em :i* is emitt$ f ! ?ird beyond ! end ( ! cell1 z ! cut %[s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k no?+ ( ^!4 ,?is g5us1 9 :i* are reckon$ five species1 all f\nd 9 ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w1 is repres5t$ by b a s+le species 9 our fauna1 :i* occurs 9 s\?we/]n ,texas & 9 ,florida4 ,x is v common 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aac4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,victor9a4 7#a7 ,victor9a /5eles1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #f1 7,! ,pe>ly ,mala*ite74 ,?is spl5did insect is occasionally f\nd 9 s\!rn ,florida & ! extreme s\!rn "p ( ,texas4 ,x is common ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica4 ,no?+ has ev] be5 writt5 ^u its e>ly /ages4 ,,fossil ,,insects ,inve/igations )9 comp>atively rec5t times h l$ to ! discov]y ( a ho/ ( fossil insects4 ,a few localities 9 ,europe & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are ri* 9 su* rema9s1 & ! numb] ( species t h be5 describ$ am\nts to sev]al ?\s&s4 ,/rangely en\gh1 "s ( ^! fossil insects are v closely alli$ 9 =m to species t are liv+ at ! pres5t "t1 %[+ ! extreme antiquity ( _m ( our g5]a4 ,"o ( ! comp>atively rec5t discov]ies has be5 ! fossil rema9s ( a butt]fly :i* ,dr4 ,scudd]1 :o has describ$ x1 decl>es to be v ne> to ! ,african ,liby!a labdaca1 :i* diff]s 9 c]ta9 m9or anatomical respects f ! ,am]ican ,liby!as :i* are figur$ 9 ?is "w2 & ,dr4 ,scudd] has !re=e propos$ a new g5]ic "n1 ,di*ora1 mean+ an inhabitant ( two l&s1 :i* he applies to ! ,african species because relat$ to ! ext9ct ,am]ican butt]fly4 ,! /range discov]ies1 :i* h be5 made by palontologi/s z to ! huge "* ( _m ( ! mammals1 birds1 & reptiles :i* at "o "t t5ant$ ! globe1 are p>allel$ by rec5t discov]ies made 9 insect-be>+ /rata 9 ,france4 ,m4 ,*>les ,brongni>t ( ! ,p>is ,museum is prep>+ an acc\nt ( ! collection :i* he has made at ,comm5try1 & among ! creatures :i* he proposes to figure is an insect :i* is reg>d$ by ,brongni>t z "o ( ! =]unn]s ( our dragon-flies1 :i* _h an expanse ( w+ ( two feet1 a v]itable giant 9 ! insect _w4 ,( fossil butt]flies !re h ?us f> be5 discov]$ sixte5 species4 ,( ^!1 six belong to ! subfamily ( ! ,nymphalid1 & five ( ! six 7 f\nd 9 ! fossilif]\s /rata ( ,florissant1 ,colorado4 ,two species belong to ! subfamily ,satyr91 bo? occurr+ 9 deposits f\nd 9 s\!rn ,france1 & repres5t+ g5]a m ne>ly alli$ to ^? n[ f\nd 9 ,india & ,am]ica ?an to ! ,satyr9 exi/+ at ! pres5t "t 9 ,europe4 ,"o ( ! fossils to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made belongs to ! subfamily ( ! ,liby!94 ,! rema9d] repres5t ! subfamilies ( ! ,pi]91 ! ,papilion91 & ! family ,hesp]iid4 ,x is rem>kable t ! butt]flies :i* h be5 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate %[ a v close aff9ity to g5]a exi/+ at ! pres5t "t1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! w>m] regions ( ! e>?4 ,?\gh ages h elaps$ s9ce _! rema9s 7 emb$d$ 9 ! mud :i* became trans=m$ into /one1 ! processes ( life h n wr\ght any m>k$ /ructural *anges 9 ! c5turies :i* h fl$4 ,?is fixity ( type is c]ta9ly rem>kable 9 creatures s l[ly 9 _! organization4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxiv #a4 ,pyrrhana &ria1 ,scudd]1 4 #b4 ,pyrrhana morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,pyrrhana portia1 ,fabricius1 4 #d4 ,ag]onia f]onia1 ,l9nu1 4 #e4 ,ag]onia =nax1 ,hbn]1 1 "u side4 #f4 ,victor9a /5eles1 ,l9nu1 4 #g4 ,cy/9eura amymone1 ,mntries1 4 #h4 ,syn*lo crocale1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,syn*lo crocale1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,eurema le!1 ,fabricius1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,subfamily ,,satyr9 7,,! ,,satyrs7 ,aught unsavory or unclean ,ha? my insect nev] se52 ,b violets & bilb]ry bells1 ,maple-sap & daffodils1 ,grass ) gre5 flag half-ma/ high1 ,succory to mat* ! sky1 ,columb9e ) horn ( honey1 ,sc5t$ f]n & agrimony1 ,clov]1 cat*-fly1 add]'s-tongue ,& bri]-roses dwelt among4 ,,em]son4 ,! butt]flies belong+ to ?is subfamily are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( m$ium size1 & are g5]ally obscure 9 color1 be+ ( "s %ade ( br[n or gray1 ?\gh a few species )9 our t]ritory are brightly color$4 ,gaily color$ species belong+ to ?is subfamily are m num]\s 9 ! tropics ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,! w+s are v g5]ally ornam5t$1 especially ^u ! "u side1 by eye-l spots1 d>k1 pupil$ 9 ! c5t] ) a po9t ( light] color1 & r+$ ar\nd ) "o or m light circles4 ,!y are possess$ ( a weak flight1 flitt+ & danc+ ab\t among h]bage1 & (t5 hid+ among ! we$s & grasses4 ,mo/ ( !m are =e/-lov+ insects1 ?\gh a few inhabit ! cold & bleak summits ( m\nta9s & grassy pat*es ne> ! m>g9s ( /reams 9 ! f> ,nor?1 :ile "s are f\nd on ! treeless prairies ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ! w>m] regions ( ! ,gulf ,/ates a few species are f\nd :i* h ! habit ( flitt+ ab\t ! grass ( ! roadsides & 9 op5 spaces ab\t h\ses4 ,! ve9s ( ! =e w+s are g5]ally greatly swoll5 at ! base1 enabl+ !m ?us to be quickly di/+ui%$ f all o!r butt]flies ( ?is family4 ,! eggs1 s f> z we h k ( !m1 are subsph]ical1 some:at high] ?an broad1 g5]ally ribb$ along ! sides1 p>ticul>ly ne> ! apex1 & r\nd$ at ! base1 :i* is g5]ally broad] ?an ! apex4 ,! cat]pill>s at ! "t ( em]g5ce f ! egg h ! head consid]ably l>g] ?an ! rema9d] ( ! body2 b :5 !y h rea*$ maturity !y are cyl9drical1 tap]+ a little f ! middle to ei!r end4 ,!y are bifurcat$ at ! anal extremity1 a "* :i* enables !m to be di/+ui%$ at a glance f ! l>v ( all o!r ,am]ican butt]flies except ^? ( ! g5us ,*lorippe4 ,!y are mo/ly pale gre5 or light br[n 9 color1 ornam5t$ ) /ripes along ! sides4 ,!y fe$ ^u grasses & s$ges1 ly+ 9 concealm5t dur+ ! daytime1 & em]g+ at dusk to take _! n\ri%m5t4 ,! *rysalids are r /\t 9 =m1 b little angulat$1 & )\t any m>k$ prom95ces or projections4 ,!y are gre5 or br[n 9 color4 ,mo/ ( !m are p5dant1 b a few =ms pupate at ! roots ( grasses or "u /ones ly+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,! butt]flies ( ?is subfamily h be5 arrang$1 s f> z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! faunal region ( :i* ?is book treats1 9 n9e g5]a1 :i* include ab\t sixty species4 ,x is q possible t a numb] ( species /ill rema9 to be discov]$ & describ$1 ?\gh x is also true t "s ( ! s-call$ species are likely to prove 9 ! end little m ?an local races or v>ieties4 ,g5us ,,debis1 ,we/wood 7,! ,ey$ ,nymphs7 ,! wild bee & ! butt]fly ,are bright & happy ?+s to see1 ,liv+ b5ea? a summ] sky4 ,,eliza ,,cook4 ,butt]fly4--,*>act]iz$ by ! /\t b n greatly swoll5 co/al ve9 ( ! =e w+1 by ! r %ort co/al ve9 ( ! h9d w+1 :i* t]m9ates be=e q rea*+ ! out] angle1 by ! great l5g? ( ! l[] discocellul> ve9 ( ! =e w+1 & by ! prolongation ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ at ! end ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ is ei!r r\nd$ or slightly excavat$4 ,! palpi are long & n>r[1 ?ickly clo!d ) hairs bel[2 ! ant5n are mod]ately long1 gradually ?ick5+ t[>d ! tip1 )\t a well-m>k$ club2 ! =e legs 9 bo? sexes greatly atrophi$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aad4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,debis4 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,egg4--,flatt5$ sph]oidal1 broadly truncat$ at ! base1 ! surface smoo?4 ,cat]pill>4--,body long1 sl5d]1 tap]+ f ! middle2 ! head cleft1 ea* half be+ produc$ upw>d z a conical horn2 ! anal segm5t provid$ ) a pair ( horns simil> to ^? ( ! head1 produc$ longitud9ally backw>d4 ,*rysalis4--,/rongly convex dorsally1 concave v5trally1 ) a /\t tub]cul> em95ce on ! ?orax1 )\t any o!r project+ tub]cles or em95ces2 light gre5 9 color4 ,?is g5us is l>ge1 & is well repres5t$ 9 ,asia & ! ,indo-,malayan region4 ,i _c see any good gr\nd = g5]ically sep>at+ ! two species f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica f _! cong5]s ( ,asiatic c\ntries1 z has be5 done by "s writ]s4 7#a7 ,debis portl&ia1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #af1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #f1 *rysalis 7,! ,pe>ly ,eye74 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]fly1 ! male ( :i* is well depict$ z to its upp] side on ! plate1 does n diff] greatly 9 ! sexes4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are m>k$ ) a s]ies ( beautiful ocelli4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! insect is s+le-brood$2 9 ! region ( ,we/ ,virg9ia & s\?w>d x is d\ble-brood$4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! illu/rations give a good idea ( ! mature l>va & ! *rysalis4 ,! cat]pill>1 l mo/ ( ! ,satyr91 fe$s ^u grasses4 ,! range ( ?is pretty insect is ext5sive1 x be+ f\nd f ,ma9e to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & we/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#b7 ,debis creola1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,fig4 #ai1 7,! ,creole74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by ! elongat$ pat*es ( d>k rais$ scales ^u ! =e w+s1 situat$ on ! int]spaces betwe5 ! m$ian n]vules4 ,! female has m yell[ ^u ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s ?an ,d4 portl&ia4 ,expanse1 #b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,creola ranges f ,florida to ,mexico along ! ,gulf4 ,g5us ,,satyrodes1 ,scudd] 7,! ,grass-nymphs7 ,butt]fly4--,! head is mod]ately l>ge2 ! eyes are n prom95t1 hairy2 ! ant5n are ab\t half z long z ! co/a ( ! =e w+1 n di/9ctly clubb$1 gradually ?ick5+ t[>d ! extremity4 ,! palpi are sl5d]1 compress$1 hairy bel[1 ) ! la/ jo9t r %ort & po9t$4 ,! =e & h9d w+s are ev5ly r\nd$ on ! out] m>g94 ,! co/al ve9 ( ! =e w+ is ?ick5$1 b n greatly swoll54 ,! fir/ & second subco/als are emitt$ well be=e ! end ( ! cell1 ! ?ird beyond x1 & ! f\r? & fif? f a common /em1 bo? t]m9at+ bel[ ! apex4 ,! upp] discocellul> ve9 is want+1 & ! upp] radial1 !re=e1 spr+s f ! upp] angle ( ! cell ( ! =e w+4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aae4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,satyrodes4 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,egg4--,flatt5$ sph]oidal1 broad] ?an high1 flat at ! base & r\nd$ above4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is full1 ! summit ( ei!r half produc$ upw>d & =w>d into a sl5d]1 conical horn4 ,! body is ne>ly cyl9drical1 tap]+ backw>d1 ! la/ segm5t furni%$ ) two po9t$1 backw>d projections1 resembl+ ! horns ( ! head4 ,*rysalis4--,relatively long] & m sl5d] ?an 9 ! prec$+ g5us1 ) ! ?oracic prom95ce m acute & ! head m %>ply po9t$4 ,?is g5us 0 erect$ to receive ! s+le species :i*1 until ! pres5t "t1 is its sole repres5tative4 7#a7 ,satyrodes can?us1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #i1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #i1 *rysalis 7,! ,common ,grass-nymph74 ,butt]fly4--,x always haunts mead[s & hides among ! tufts ( tall grasses gr[+ 9 moi/ places4 ,x is r common 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,nor!rn ,/ates g5]ally4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,canada & is report$ f ! cool upp] m\nta9 valleys 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,x has a weak1 j]k+ flight1 & is easily tak5 :5 f\nd4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 well describ$ by v>i\s writ]s4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u grasses4 ,g5us ,,neonympha1 ,we/wood 7,! ,spangl$ ,nymphs7 ,oh6 ! bonny1 bonny dell1 :aur ! primroses won1 ,luik9' oot o' _! leaves l wee sons o' ! sun2 ,:aur ! wild roses h+ l flick]s o' flame1 ,& fa' at ! t\* wi' a da9ty %ame2 ,:aur ! bee sw+s ow] ! :ite-clov]y sod1 ,& ! butt]fly flits l a /ray ?\*t o' ,god4 ,,macdonald4 ,butt]fly4--,eyes hairy4 ,! co/al & m$ian ve9s ( ! =e w+s are mu* swoll5 at ! base4 ,! palpi are ?91 compress$1 ?ickly clo!d bel[ ) long hairs4 ,! ant5n are comp>atively %ort1 gradually ?ick5+ t[>d ! out] extremity1 & )\t a well-def9$ club4 ,bo? ! =e w+ & ! h9d w+ h ! out] m>g9 ev5ly r\nd$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aaf4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,neonympha4 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,egg4--,globul>1 flatt5$ at ! base1 m>k$ ) irregul> polygonal cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is l>ge1 r\nd$1 ! two halves produc$ conically & /udd$ ) little conical papill4 ,! la/ segm5t ( ! body is bifurcate4 ,*rysalis4--,relatively long1 /rongly produc$ at ! v]tex2 elevat$ on ! ?orax into a blunt tub]cul> prom95ce2 gre5 9 color4 ,?is g5us1 :i* has by "s writ]s be5 sunk into ! g5us ,eupty*ia1 ,hbn]1 is q ext5sive4 ,ne>ly two hundr$ species are includ$ 9 ,eupty*ia1 :i* is enorm\sly develop$ 9 ! tropical regions ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,sev5 species ( ,neonympha are f\nd )9 ! region ( :i* ?is book treats4 7#a7 ,neonympha gemma1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side 7,! ,gemm$ ,br[n74 ,butt]fly4--,^u ! upp] side ! w+s are pale m\se-gray1 ) a c\ple ( tw9n$ black spots on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are r$di%-gray1 m>k$ ) irregul> f]rug9\s l9es4 ,ne> ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s is a r[ ( silv]$ spots1 ! spots correspond+ 9 location to ! d>k m>g9al spots be+ exp&$ into a violet pat* m>k$ 9 ! middle by a tw9n$ black spot c5t]$ ) silv]4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 beautifully describ$ & figur$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! egg is some:at globul>1 r high] ?an wide1 flatt5$ at ! base1 & m>k$ ) num]\s %all[ reticulat$ depressions4 ,! cat]pill> ( ! spr+ brood is pale gre51 ( ! fall brood pale br[n1 m>k$ respectively ) num]\s longitud9al /ripes ( d>k] gre5 or br[n4 ,x has two long1 elevat$1 horn-l projections ^u ! head1 & on ! anal segm5t two simil> projections po9t+ /raight backw>d4 ,! *rysalis is small1 gre51 or br[n1 /rongly bifid at ! head4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! insect ranges f ,we/ ,virg9ia to ,mexico4 7#b7 ,neonympha h5%awi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #h1 7,h5%aw's ,br[n74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ,n4 gemma1 b consid]ably l>g] & decid$ly r$di% ^u ! upp] side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,mr4 ,edw>ds has figur$ ! egg1 :i* is diff]5t 9 %ape f t ( ! prec$+ species1 be+ broad] ?an high1 subglobul>1 flatt5$ broadly at ! base1 gre5 9 color1 & almo/ devoid ( sculptur+s ^u its surface4 ,( ! o!r /ages we "k no?+4 ,h5%aw's ,butt]fly ranges ?r\gh s\!rn ,colorado into ,mexico4 7#c7 ,neonympha phocion1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #g1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #h1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #aj & #aa 7,! ,georgian ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is immaculate gray2 b5ea? pale1 ) two f]rug9\s transv]se l9es4 ,betwe5 ^! l9es is a f]rug9\s l9e on ea* w+1 rudely describ+ a circle4 ,9 ! circle on ! =e w+ are ?ree or f\r eye-spots ) a blue pupil & a yell[ iris2 9 ! circle on ! h9d w+ are six eye-spots :i* are oblong & h ! pupil oval4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 fully describ$1 & are n unlike ^? ( o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! insect ranges f ,new ,j]sey to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico z f> we/ z ,texas4 7#d7 ,neonympha eurytus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #bh1 *rysalis 7,! ,little ,wood-satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f o!r species 9 our fauna by ! pres5ce ( two m or less p]fectly develop$ ocelli on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+ & also ( ! h9d w+4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,?is is a r common butt]fly1 ! l>val /ages ( :i* h be5 fully describ$ by v>i\s au?ors4 ,! egg is ev5 tall] 9 proportion to its bread? ?an t ( ,n4 gemma1 :i* x o!rwise closely resembles 9 outl9e & sculptur+4 ,! cat]pill> is pale br[n1 con=m$ 9 g5]al =m to t ( o!r species ( ! g5us1 b some:at /\t]4 ,x fe$s on grasses4 ,! *rysalis is pale br[n1 mottl$ ) d>k] br[n4 ,! insect ranges ?r\gh ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 & ,texas4 7#e7 ,neonympha mit*elli1 ,fr5*1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,mit*ell's ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r species ( ! g5us by ! eye-spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s1 f\r on ea* ( ! prim>ies & six on ea* ( ! second>ies1 arrang$ 9 a /raight s]ies on ! out] ?ird1 well remov$ f ! m>g94 ,^! spots are black1 r+$ ab\t ) yell[ & pupil$ ) blue4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species is local1 & ?us f> is record$ only f nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 ne> ,lake ,hopatcong1 & ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan4 ,no d\bt x occurs else:]e1 b has be5 ov]look$ by collectors4 7#f7 ,neonympha sosybius1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #e1 1 "u side 7,! ,c>ol9ian ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] surface is immaculate d>k m\se-gray4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal]1 ) ?ree transv]se undulatory l9es1 "o def9+ ! basal1 ! o!r ! m$ian area1 & "o j )9 ! m>g94 ,betwe5 ! la/ two are r[s ( ocelli4 ,! spots 9 ^! r[s are obscure1 except ! fir/ on ! prim>ies & ! second & la/ two on ! second>ies1 :i* are black1 r+$ ab\t ) yell[ & pupil$ ) blue4 ,! female is l ! male1 b a trifle l>g]4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,edw>ds1 ,fr5*1 & ,scudd]1 & d n diff] /rik+ly f ^? ( o!r species4 ,! species ranges f ! latitude ( ,new ,j]sey s\?w>d1 ?r\gh\t ! s\!rn half ( ! ,mississippi ,valley to ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 7#g7 ,neonympha rubricata1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,! ,r$ ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by its mu* r$d] color f all its cong5]s1 among :i* x has its close/ ally 9 ,n4 eurytus4 ,x has an eye-spot ne> ! apex ( ! =e w+1 & "o ne> ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+4 ,! basal area ( ! prim>ies b5ea? is bright r$di%2 ! second>ies on ?is side are gray1 cross$ by two transv]se l9es z 9 ! prec$+ species1 & a d\ble subm>g9al l9e4 ,on ! =e w+s ! d\ble subm>g9al l9e is repeat$1 & 9 addition !re is ano!r l9e :i* runs upw>d f j be=e ! inn] angle to ! co/a1 at ab\t "o ?ird ( its l5g? f ! apex4 ,! eye-spots ( ! upp] side reappe> bel[1 & 9 addition !re is ano!r ne> ! out] angle ( ! second>ies1 & a few silv]y well-def9$ ocelli betwe5 ! two on ! second>ies4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! ,r$ ,satyr is f\nd 9 ,texas1 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxv #a4 ,satyrodes can?us1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #b4 ,neonympha gemma1 ,hbn]1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,neonympha rubricata1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,neonympha eurytus1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,neonympha sosybius1 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 #f4 ,neonympha mit*elli1 ,fr5*1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,neonympha phocion1 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 #h4 ,neonympha h5%awi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,co5onympha cali=nia1 ,dbl4-,hew41 v>4 galact9us1 ,boisd41 4 #aj4 ,co5onympha cali=nia1 ,dbl4-,hew41 v>4 eryngii1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,co5onympha o*racea1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,co5onympha o*racea1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ac4 ,co5onympha inornata1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ad4 ,co5onympha cali=nia1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #ae4 ,neom9ois rid+sii1 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,neom9ois dionysius1 ,scudd]1 4 #ag4 ,erebia magdal5a1 ,/reck]1 4 #ah4 ,erebia s(ia1 ,/reck]1 e!la1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ai4 ,erebia discoidalis1 ,kirby1 4 #bj4 ,erebia tynd>us1 v>4 callias1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ba4 ,co5onympha ampelos1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #bb4 ,co5onympha kodiak1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bc4 ,erebia disa1 v>4 manc9us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bd4 ,co5onympha hayd5i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #be4 ,co5onympha elko1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #bf4 ,co5onympha elko1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bg4 ,co5onympha pamphiloides1 ,reakirt1 4 #bh4 ,erebia epipsodea1 ,butl]1 4 #bi4 ,co5onympha inornata1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cj4 ,co5onympha ampelos1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ca4 ,co5onympha pamphiloides1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5us ,,co5onympha1 ,we/wood 7,! ,r+lets7 ,!re is a diff]5cy betwe5 a grub & a butt]fly2 yet y\r butt]fly 0 a grub4--,,%akespe>e4 ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies4 ,! co/al1 m$ian1 & subm$ian ve9s are all /rongly swoll54 ,! palpi are v heavily clo!d ) hairs1 ! la/ jo9t q long & porrect4 ,! ant5n are %ort1 delicate1 gradually b di/9ctly clubb$4 ,! eyes are nak$4 ,bo? w+s on ! out] m>g9 are ev5ly r\nd$4 ,egg4--,! egg is conical1 truncat$1 flat on ! top1 r\nd$ at ! base1 ) ! sides m>k$ ) num]\s l[1 n>r[ ribs1 betwe5 :i* are slight cross-l9es1 especially t[>d ! apex4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is globul>2 ! body is cyl9drical1 tap]+ gradually backw>d1 furni%$ 9 ! la/ segm5t ) two small horizontal cone-%ap$ projections4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aag4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,co5onympha4 ,*rysalis4--,v5trally /raight1 dorsally convex1 /rongly produc$ 9 a r\nd$1 some:at keel$ em95ce ov] ! ?orax2 po9t$ at ! end4 ,g5]ally gre5 or light drab 9 color1 ) d>k m>k+s on ! sides ( ! w+-cases4 ,?is g5us is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate regions bo? ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w1 & includes 9 our fauna a numb] ( =ms1 ! mo/ ( :i* are peculi> to ! ,pacific coa/4 7#a7 ,co5onympha cali=nia1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 =m galact9us1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #i1 2 =m eryngii1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,cali=nia ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species is to be di/+ui%$ f its ne> allies by its :ite color4 ,! =m galact9us is ! w9t] =m2 ! =m cali=nia ! summ] =m4 ,! =m] is *>act]iz$ by ! d>k] color ( ! h9d w+s on ! "u side & ! m prom95t developm5t ( ! m>g9al ocelli4 ,! =m eryngii is simply a yell[] =m1 ) less d>k %ad+ on ! "u side4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 mo/ c>efully & beautifully work$ out by ,edw>ds1 & ! read]1 = a full k ( !m1 may consult ! spl5did plate 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 iii4 ,! species ranges f ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& s\?w>d on ! ,pacific coa/ & ea/w>d into ,nevada4 7#b7 ,co5onympha elko1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #be1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #bf1 7,! ,elko ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,yell[ on bo? sides ( ! w+s1 ! l[] side pal] ?an ! upp]1 & ! basal area lightly cl\d$ ) fusc\s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ,nevada & ,wa%+ton4 7#c7 ,co5onympha inornata1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ac1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #bi1 7,! ,pla9 ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are o*re\s-br[n1 light] on ! disk4 ,! co/al m>g9 ( ! =e w+s & ! out] m>g9 ( bo? =e & h9d w+s are gray4 ,! ocellus at ! apex ( ! =e w+s on ! "u side is fa9tly visible on ! upp] side4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are color$ z on ! upp] side z f> z ! t]m9ation ( ! discal area1 :i* is m>k$ by a n>r[ transv]se b& ( pale yell[1 foll[$ by a conspicu\s ocellus4 ,! h9d w+s are gray1 d>ke/ t[>d ! base1 beh9d ! irregul> :iti% transv]se b& :i* crosses ! out] portion ( ! disk4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species occurs 9 ,montana1 ,m9nesota1 ,briti% ,am]ica1 & ,newf\ndl&4 ,newf\ndl& specim5s1 ( :i* ,i possess a l>ge s]ies1 are di/9ctly d>k] 9 color ?an ^? tak5 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,"s rec5t writ]s are incl9$ to reg>d ?is z a v>iety ( ! ,european ,c4 typhon4 ,i am p]suad$ t !y are mi/ak54 7#d7 ,co5onympha o*racea1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 1 "u side 7,! ,o*re ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,glossy o*re\s1 yell[ above1 ) no m>k+s b ^? :i* %[ ?r\gh f bel[4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are m>k$ precisely z 9 ! prec$+ species1 except t !re are two or ?ree small rays on ! second>ies ne> ! base1 "o on ! cell & "o on ei!r side ( x1 ( ! same t9t z ! discal transv]se b&1 & 9 "s specim5s !re is a s]ies ( incomplete m>g9al ocelli on ! h9d w+s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,o*racea ranges f ,briti% ,columbia to ,arizona1 z f> ea/ z ,kansas4 7#e7 ,co5onympha ampelos1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ba1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #cj1 7,! ,r+less ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,di/+ui%$ f its allies by ! total abs5ce ( ocelli on bo? w+s1 above & bel[4 ,o!rwise ! species is v ne> o*racea4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ ) m9ute accuracy by ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xix1 p4 #da4 ,ampelos occurs f ,nevada & ,montana we/w>d to ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&4 7#f7 ,co5onympha kodiak1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bb1 7,! ,alaskan ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* d>k] bo? on ! upp] & "u sides ?an ,c4 cali=nia1 :i* 9 _m o!r respects x resembles4 ,! figure 9 ! plate is t ( ! type4 ,x is z yet r>e 9 collections4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ is kn[n ( ^!4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,alaska4 7#g7 ,co5onympha pamphiloides1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bg1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ca1 7,! ,utah ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,r l>g] ?an ! o!r species ( ! g5us f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,easily di/+ui%$ by ! m>g9al r[ ( ocelli on ! second>ies1 :i* are always pres5t1 ?\gh (t5 bl9d1 t is to say1 )\t a di/9ct d>k pupil4 ,! au?or ( ! species nam$ x f a suppos$ lik5ess to ! ,european ,c4 pamphilus4 ,! resemblance is only sup]ficial4 ,c4 pamphilus is a mu* small] insect & mu* m pla9ly m>k$1 judg+ f ! l>ge s]ies ( specim5s ,i h receiv$ f v>i\s ,european localities4 ,pamphilus has no eye-spots on ! h9d w+s4 ,!y are a conspicu\s feature ( pamphiloides1 m s ?an 9 any o!r ,nor? ,am]ican species except ,c4 hayd5i4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 ,utah & ,cali=nia4 7#h7 ,co5onympha hayd5i1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bd1 1 "u side 7,hayd5's ,r+let74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k immaculate m\se-gray on ! upp] side4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale ho>y gray1 ) ! h9d w+s adorn$ by a m>g9al s]ies ( small ocelli1 black1 r+$ ab\t ) yell[ & pupil$ ) pale blue4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,hayd5's ,r+let is f\nd 9 ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wyom+1 & ,colorado4 ,g5us ,,erebia1 ,dalman 7,! ,alp9es7 ,!n we ga!r1 z we travel1 ,bits ( moss & dirty gravel1 ,& we *ip (f little specim5s ( /one2 ,& we c>ry home z prizes ,funny bugs ( h&y sizes1 ,j to give ! day a sci5tific tone4 ,,*>les ,,edw>d ,,c>ryl4 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ or small butt]flies1 d>k 9 color1 w+s m>k$ on ! "u side ) eye-l spots2 ! ant5n %ort1 ) a gradually ?ick5$ club4 ,! eyes are nak$4 ,! co/al ve9 ( ! =e w+ is g5]ally /rongly swoll5 at ! base4 ,! subco/al ve9 is five-bran*$2 ! fir/ two n]vules g5]ally emitt$ be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! ?ird ne>] ! f\r? ?an ! end ( ! cell2 ! f\r? & fif? n]vules spr+ f a common /em1 ! f\r? t]m9at+ imm$iately on ! apex4 ,! l[] radial is frequ5tly project$ inw>dly into ! cell f ! po9t :]e x int]sects ! union ( ! middle & l[] discocellul> ve9s4 ,! out] m>g9s ( bo? w+s are ev5ly r\nd$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aah4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,erebia1 enl>g$4 ,egg4--,subconical1 flatt5$ at ! base & at ! top1 ! sides m>k$ by num]\s rais$ v]tical ridges1 :i* occasionally bran* or int]sect ea* o!r4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head is globul>1 ! body cyl9drical1 tap]+ gradually backw>d f ! head1 ! la/ segm5t slightly bifurcate4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is =m$ ab\t ! roots ( grass & on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ei!r ly+ loosely !re or surr\nd$ by a few /r&s ( silk4 ,! *rysalis is convex1 bo? v5trally & dorsally1 hump$ on ! ?orax1 produc$ at ! head2 all ! projections well r\nd$4 ,! *rysalids are g5]ally "s %ade ( light br[n or a%5-gray1 ) d>k] /ripes & spots4 ,?is g5us is arctic1 & only f\nd 9 ! cool] regions ( ! ,nor? or ^u elevat$ m\nta9 summits4 ,a few species range d[nw>d to l[] levels 9 m temp]ate climates1 b ^! are exceptional cases4 7#a7 ,erebia discoidalis1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ai1 7,! ,r$-/reak$ ,alp9e74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by ! pla9 black w+s1 reliev$ by a r$di%-br[n %ade on ! disk ( ! prim>ies on ! upp] side4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,hi!rto undescrib$4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ! f> ,nor?4 ,my specim5s came f ! %ores ( ,hudson ,bay4 7#b7 ,erebia disa1 v>4 manc9us1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bc1 7,! ,alaskan ,alp9e74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s are d>k br[n on ! upp] side4 ,on ! out] ?ird bel[ ! apex are ?ree or f\r black ocelli1 broadly r+$ ) r$ & pupil$ ) :ite4 ,! upp] ocellus is g5]ally bipupil$1 t is to say1 ! black spot is tw9n$1 & !re are two small light spots 9 x4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are z on ! upp] side4 ,! h9d w+s are broadly s[n ) gray scales1 giv+ !m a ho>y appe>ance4 ,! base is m or less gray1 & !re is a broad1 regul>ly curv$ mesial b& ( d>k gray1 :i* 9 "s specim5s is v di/9ct1 9 o!rs m or less obsolete4 ,! female does n diff] f ! male1 except t ! ocelli on ! =e w+s are l>g] & m conspicu\s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ,alaska & on ! m\nta9s ( ,briti% ,columbia4 7#c7 ,erebia callias1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bj1 7,! ,colorado ,alp9e74 ,butt]fly4--,pale br[n on ! upp] side1 ) a m or less indi/9ctly def9$ broad transv]se b& ( r$di% on ! out] ?ird ( ! =e w+s4 ,at ! apical end ( ?is b& are two black ocelli1 pupil$ ) :ite4 ,! =e w+s on ! "u side are r$di%1 ) ! co/a & out] m>g9 grayi%4 ,! ocelli on ?is side are z on ! upp] side4 ,! h9d w+s are gray1 du/$ ) br[n scales & cross$ by n>r[1 irregul>1 d>k-br[n subbasal1 m$ian1 & subm>g9al l9es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is n uncommon on ! high m\nta9s ( ,colorado & ,new ,mexico4 ,x is reg>d$ z a v>iety ( ! ,european ,e4 tynd>us1 ,esp]1 by _m4 ,all ! specim5s ( tynd>us 9 my collection1 & !re are _m1 lack ! ocelli on ! =e w+1 or !y are v feebly indicat$ on ! "u side4 ,o!rwise ! two =ms agree pretty closely4 7#d7 ,erebia epipsodea1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bh1 7,! ,common ,alp9e74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s are d>k br[n on ! upp] side1 ) f\r or five black ocelli1 pupil$ ) :ite & broadly surr\nd$ by r$ ne> ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s1 & ) ?ree or f\r simil> ocelli locat$ on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! spots on ! upp] side reappe> on ! "u side1 & 9 addition ! h9d w+s are cov]$ by a broad curv$ m$ian blacki% b&4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 c>efully describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 iii1 & by ,h4,h4 ,lyman 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxviii1 p4 #bgd4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! species ranges f ,new ,mexico 7at high elevations7 nor?w>d to ,alaska4 ,x is common on ! m\nta9s ( ,briti% ,columbia4 7#e7 ,erebia s(ia ,/reck] 7e!la1 ,edw>ds71 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ah1 7,s(ia74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k br[n on ! upp] side1 ) an ev5 subm>g9al b& ( r$ spots on ! prim>ies1 & five simil> spots on ! second>ies1 ! la/ two ( ! latt] some:at di/ant f ea* o!r & f ! fir/ ?ree1 :i* are ne>] ! out] angle4 ,on ! "u side ! prim>ies are r$di%1 ) ! subm>g9al b& z on ! upp] side1 b pal]4 ,on ! second>ies1 :i* are a little pal] bel[ ?an above1 ! spots ( ! upp] side are repeat$1 b !y are yell[i%-:ite1 /&+ =? conspicu\sly ^u ! d>k] gr\nd-color4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,hi!rto undescrib$4 ,s(ia has be5 f\nd at ,=t ,*ur*ill 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 9 ! ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k1 & 9 a few localities 9 ,colorado4 ,x is /ill r>e 9 collections4 ,! figure 9 ! plate is t ( ! female type ( ,edw>ds' e!la1 e!la be+ a synonym = s(ia4 7#f7 ,erebia magdal5a1 ,/reck]1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,magdal5a74 ,butt]fly4--,uni=mly d>k blacki%-br[n on bo? sides ( ! w+s1 ) no spots or m>k+s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 p>tially describ$ & figur$ by ,edw>ds4 ,?is species has ?us f> be5 f\nd only 9 ,colorado at an elevation ( f t5 to twelve ?\s& feet above sea-level4 ,!re are two or ?ree o!r species ( ?is obscure g5us1 b !y are r>e boreal insects1 ( :i* little is z yet kn[n4 ,g5us ,,geiro*eilus1 ,butl] ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 d>k 9 color1 ) light eye-l spots on ! prim>ies & br[n bord]s on ! second>ies4 ,! ant5n are %ort1 ) a gradually tap]+ club2 ! palpi are long1 sl5d]1 compress$1 well clo!d ) scales on ! l[] surface4 ,! co/a ( ! =e w+s is /rongly ar*$1 ! out] m>g9 ev5ly r\nd$1 ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s regul>ly scallop$4 ,! co/al ve9 ( ! prim>ies is some:at ?ickly swoll5 at ! base4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aai4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,geiro*eilus4 7#a7 ,geiro*eilus tritonia1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,tritonia74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s ( ! upp] side are d>k br[n1 ) a subm>g9al r[ ( :ite-c5t]$ ocelli bel[ ! apex ( ! prim>ies4 ,! second>ies are m>k$ ) a subm>g9al b& ( r$4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are z on ! upp] side4 ,! h9d w+s h ! subm>g9al b& purpli%-r$1 irrorat$ ) :iti% & d>k-br[n scales1 on ! inn] edge reliev$ by a numb] ( imp]fectly develop$ ocelli1 :i* are p>tially r+$ ab\t on ! side ( ! base by pale yell[4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,tritonia occurs 9 s\!rn ,arizona & nor!rn ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,neom9ois1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$1 ) ! co/a & inn] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ /raight1 ! out] m>g9 ( ! same w+ ev5ly r\nd$4 ,! h9d w+s h ! out] m>g9 ev5ly r\nd$1 & ! co/al m>g9 q /rongly produc$1 or b5t at an angle1 j above ! orig9 ( ! co/al ve94 ,! inn] m>g9 is /raight4 ,! co/al ve9 ( ! =e w+ is slightly swoll54 ,! co/al m>g9 at ! extremity ( ! second co/al n]vule is slightly b5t inw>d2 ! upp] discocellul> ve9 is want+2 ! l[] radial ve9 is emitt$ f ! l[] discocellul> a little bel[ ! po9t at :i* x unites ) ! middle discocellul>4 ,! middle discocellul> ( ! h9d w+ appe>s z an inw>d cont9uation ( ! l[] radial = "s di/ance1 :5 x b5ds upw>d sudd5ly to ! orig9 ( ! upp] radial4 ,! head is small2 ! ant5n are %ort1 ) a ?91 gradually develop$ club2 ! palpi are sl5d]1 compress$1 well clo!d ) long hairs bel[4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,neom9ois1 enl>g$4 ,egg4--,! egg is some:at b>rel-%ap$1 broad] at ! base ?an at ! top1 ) ! summit r\nd$4 ,! sides are ornam5t$ ) f\rte5 or fifte5 v]tical rais$ ridges1 :i* are q broad1 & sometimes =k or run into ea* o!r4 ,on ! sides ^! ridges seem to be regul>ly excis$ at _! bases1 & betwe5 !m on ! surface are _m horizontal rais$ cross-l9es1 giv+ ! depress$ surface ! appe>ance ( be+ fill$ ) %all[ cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,! mature cat]pill> has ! head globul>1 ! body cyl9drical1 gradually tap]+ backw>d1 & provid$ ) two v %ort conical anal horns4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is =m$ "u ! surface ( ! e>?2 x is r\nd$1 some:at c>9ate1 or keel-%ap$1 :]e ! w+-cases unite on ! v5tral side4 ,! head is r\nd$1 ! ?orax /rongly ar*$1 ! dorsal side ( ! abdom5 v convex4 ,on ei!r side ( ! head are small clu/]s ( f9e processes %ap$ some:at l an ,indian club1 ! ?ick5$ "p /udd$ ) little spur-l projections4 ,^! c only be se5 "u ! microscope4 ,b two species ( ! g5us are kn[n )9 our faunal limits4 7#a7 ,neom9ois rid+si1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,rid+s' ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is well depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,! "u side is pal] ?an ! upp] side1 & ! basal & m$ian areas ( bo? w+s are pr(usely mottl$ ) n>r[ pale-br[n /ri1 ! second>ies cross$ by a d>k] mesial b&1 ! out] m>g9 ( :i* is %>ply ind5t$4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 beautifully asc]ta9$1 describ$1 & figur$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! egg1 l>va1 & *rysalis agree ) ! g5]ic description already giv51 :i* is bas$ ^u ! rese>*es ( ,edw>ds4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,/ates ( ! ,pacific coa/4 7#b7 ,neom9ois dionysius1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #af1 7,scudd]'s ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by ! l>g] & pal] subm>g9al m>k+s on ! upp] side ( ! w+s & ! pale color ( ! basal tract 9 bo? w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! m$ian b& ( ! second>ies is n>r[] & m irregul>ly curv$ ?an 9 rid+si1 ) ! d5tations ( ! out] m>g9 m %>ply produc$4 ,expanse1 #a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ has be5 writt5 on ! e>ly /ages1 b no d\bt !y agree closely ) ^? ( ! o!r species4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,utah1 ,colorado1 & ,arizona4 ,ha/ ?\ he>d ! butt]flies1 ,:at !y say betwixt _! w+s8 ,,t5nyson1 ,adel9e4 ,g5us ,,satyrus1 ,we/wood 7,! ,wood-nymphs7 ,flutt]+1 l "s va91 pa9t$ butt]fly1 ,f glade to glade along ! =e/ pa?4 ,,arnold1 ,light ( ,asia4 ,butt]fly4--,butt]flies ( m$ium size1 _! w+s m>k$ ) eye-l spots1 or ocelli4 ,^u ! upp] surface !y are g5]ally obscurely color$ ( "s %ade ( gray or br[n1 occasionally m>k$ ) b&s ( yell[4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are g5]ally beautifully /riat$ & spott$1 ) ! eye-l spots m prom95t4 ,! co/al ve9 at ! base is greatly swoll52 ! m$ian & subm$ian ve9s less s4 ,! fir/ & second subco/al n]vules arise v ne> ! end ( ! cell1 slightly be=e x4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ is ev5ly r\nd$2 ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ some:at scallop$2 ! head small1 ! eyes ( mod]ate size1 full1 nak$2 ! ant5n gradually ?ick5+ to a broadly r\nd$ club1 :i* is slightly depress$2 ! palpi sl5d]1 compress$1 pr(usely clo!d b5ea? ) long hairs4 ,! =e legs are v small4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aba4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,satyrus4 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,egg4--,%ort1 b>rel-%ap$1 greatly dim9i%+ 9 size on ! upp] half2 truncat$ at ! summit2 ! sides furni%$ ) a l>ge numb] ( v]tical ribs1 n v high1 ) num]\s delicate cross-l9es betwe5 !m4 ,at ! summit ! ribs are connect$ by a wav$1 rais$ elevation4 ,cat]pill>4--,head globul>2 body cyl9drical1 tap]+ f ! middle =w>d & backw>d2 provid$ ) %ort & sl5d] div]g+ anal horns4 ,*rysalis4--,%ap$ v mu* z 9 ! g5us ,debis1 f :i* x is h>dly di/+ui%able4 ,g5]ally gre5 9 color4 ,?is g5us includes num]\s species :i* are m or less subject to v>ietal modifications4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h treat$ z species a numb] ( =ms :i* by "s writ]s are reckon$ z m]e v>ieties4 ,:e!r ! view ( ^? :o reg>d ^! =ms 9 ! light ( v>ieties is correct is n p]fectly pla9 to me1 & we _c be sure until m ext5sive exp]im5ts 9 bre$+ h be5 c>ri$ out4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxvi #a4 ,satyrus alope1 ,fabricius1 4 #b4 ,satyrus alope1 ,fabricius1 4 #c4 ,satyrus nephele1 ,kirby1 4 #d4 ,satyrus nephele1 ,kirby1 1 "u side4 #e4 ,satyrus ariane1 ,boisduval1 4 #f4 ,satyrus ariane1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,satyrus oetus1 ,boisduval1 4 #h4 ,satyrus oetus1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,satyrus olympus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,satyrus olympus1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,satyrus *>on1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,satyrus *>on1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,satyrus meadi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ad4 ,satyrus meadi1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ae4 ,satyrus b>oni1 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,satyrus b>oni1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ag4 ,satyrus gabbi1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ah4 ,satyrus pegala1 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 #ai4 ,satyrus paulus1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #bj4 ,satyrus /h5ele1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#a7 ,satyrus pegala1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 "u side 7,! ,s\!rn ,wood-nymph74 ,butt]fly4--,! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us 9 our fauna1 easily recogniz$ by ! broad yell[ subm>g9al b& on ! prim>ies1 m>k$ ) a s+le eye-spot 9 ! male & two eye-spots 9 ! female4 ,! plate gives a correct idea ( ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #b4ge in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h only be5 p>tially asc]ta9$4 ,! cat]pill>1 l all o!rs ( ! g5us1 fe$s on grasses4 ,?is insect is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates & z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey1 & is probably only a l>ge ,s\!rn =m ( ! next species4 7#b7 ,satyrus alope1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ah1 l>va 7,! ,common ,wood-nymph74 ,butt]fly4--,closely resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b only two ?irds ( its size4 ,! figures 9 our plate give a correct idea ( its appe>ance4 ,! numb] ( ! ocelli is n con/ant1 & occasionally specim5s occur 9 :i* !y are almo/ want+4 ,sev]al v>ietal =ms h be5 describ$3 ,s4 m>itima1 f ,long ,isl& & ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 9 :i* ! w+s are small]1 ! b& incl9$ to orange-yell[1 & ! upp] side ( ! w+s is d>k] ?an 9 ! typical =m2 & ,s4 texana1 f ! extreme ,s\?1 9 :i* ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s is pal] br[n1 ! yell[ b& o*re\s1 & ! spots on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s l>g] ?an 9 ! o!r =ms4 7a7 ,satyrus alope1 =m nephele1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 *rysalis 7,! ,cl\d$ ,wood-nymph74 ,?is v>ietal =m ( ,s4 alope1 long held to be a species1 b n[ kn[n to be a dimorphic v>iety1 is *>act]iz$ by ! p>tial or entire suppression ( ! yell[ b& on ! prim>ies & ! t5d5cy ( ! eye-spots to become obsolete4 ,x is ! ,nor!rn =m ( ! species1 & is f\nd 9 ,canada1 ,new ,engl&1 & on ! cont95t g5]ally1 f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 nor? ( ! latitude ( c5tral ,new ,york & s\?w>d on ! m\nta9 masses ( ! ,appala*ian ranges4 7b7 ,satyrus alope1 =m olympus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side 7,olympus74 ,?is =m ( ,s4 alope is common 9 ! region we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! males are a trifle d>k] & ! females a %ade pal] ?an 9 ! =m nephele1 :i* !y closely approximate1 & f :i* x w\ld almo/ be impossible to sep>ate !m )\t a k ( ! c\ntry :5ce !y come4 7c7 ,satyrus alope1 =m ariane1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,ariane74 ,9 ariane we h a decid$ly dw>f$ =m1 9 :i* ! males & ! females are q d>k4 ,! ocelli1 ?\gh small1 are p]si/5t1 well def9$1 r>ely %[+ a t5d5cy to disappe> completely4 ,?is =m is f\nd 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 ,oregon1 & ! nor?we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7d7 ,satyrus b>oni1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 1 "u side 7,b>on's ,satyr74 ,?is is ano!r =m1 d>k on ! upp] side & r$di% bel[1 9 :i* ! ocelli on ! "u side %[ a t5d5cy to become obsolete1 & 9 "s specim5s are :olly want+4 ,!re are o!r v>ietal =ms1 "o ( :i*1 nam$ bopis by ,behr1 is commonly f\nd on ! ,pacific coa/ 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ,wa%+ton1 & ! ocelli1 :ile prom95t on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 are almo/ obsolete bel[4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages ( ,s4 alope 7typical =m7 & its v>iety nephele h be5 well describ$ by sev]al au?ors4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a f9e field = ! entomologi/ to "w out ! causes ( ! r rem>kable v>iation to :i* ! species is subject4 7#c7 ,satyrus gabbi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ag1 1 "u side 7,gabb's ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is d>k r$di%-br[n1 ! female pale fawn4 ,! ocelli 9 bo? sexes are v well develop$ on bo? sides ( ! w+s4 ,! anal s]ies on ! second>ies consi/s ( ?ree spots1 ( :i* ! "o 9 ! middle is always l>ge4 ,expanse1 #b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,gabb's ,satyr is f\nd 9 ,oregon & ,utah4 7#d7 ,satyrus meadi1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 "u side 7,mead's ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,?is well-m>k$ species is comp>atively small1 & may easily be di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! bright r$ on ! limbal area above & on ! middle area ( ! prim>ies bel[4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ & figur$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 iii4 ,! cat]pill> is gre51 m>k$ by pal] /ripes & loz5ge-%ap$ spots ( pale gre5 on ! side4 ,! *rysalis is pale gre54 ,! egg is pale saffron4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on grass4 ,mead's ,satyr ranges ?r\gh ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,utah1 & ,arizona4 7#e7 ,satyrus paulus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ai1 1 "u side 7,! ,small ,wood-nymph74 ,butt]fly4--,a little small] ?an ,s4 nephele1 d>k br[n above 9 bo? sexes1 ! =e w+s always ) two pupilate ocelli1 "o ne> ! apex1 ! o!r ne> ! inn] angle1 mo/ conspicu\sly develop$ 9 ! female4 ,! second>ies h "o or two spots ( ! same k9d ne> ! anal angle4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale r$di%-br[n1 abundantly m>k$ by transv]se /ri4 ,! prim>ies are m>k$ ) gray at ! apex & on ! out] m>g91 & h a subm>g9al & subm$ian transv]se f]rug9\s l9e1 betwe5 :i* ! ocelli are locat$4 ,! second>ies are cross$ by a broad d>k] m$ian b& def9$ inw>dly & outw>dly by n>r[ d>k l9es4 ,! out] ?ird is pale gray1 mottl$ ) d>k] spots & l9es1 & trav]s$ by a d>k f]rug9\s subm>g9al l9e4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,paulus occurs 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z a v>iety ( /h5ele by "s writ]s2 b ,i am conv9c$ ( its di/9ctness1 ?\gh !re is consid]able resemblance4 7#f7 ,satyrus *>on1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,d>k ,wood-nymph74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is d>k 9 color2 ! female is pal]4 ,!re are two eye-spots on ! =e w+s 9 ! usual location1 indi/9ct on ! upp]1 di/9ct on ! l[] side ( ! w+s4 ,! "u sides ( ! w+s are v>iable4 ,9 ! type !y are d>k2 9 o!r specim5s !y are pal]4 ,!y may or may n h ocelli on ! second>ies4 ,! =m ) obsolesc5t ocelli has be5 nam$ silve/ris by ,edw>ds4 ,bo? ! =e & h9d w+s are abundantly & ev5ly m>k$ by little /ri1 & cross$ on ei!r side ( ! m$ian area by obscure1 irregul>1 transv]se d>k l9es1 ei!r "o or bo? ( :i* may be want+ 9 "s specim5s4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ & beautifully figur$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 great "w1 to :i* ! read] may ref]4 ,! cat]pill> is gre51 cyl9drical1 tap]+ be=e & beh9d1 m>k$ ) longitud9al pale-yell[ l9es4 ,! *rysalis is gre5 or black1 /rip$ ) n>r[ :ite l9es4 ,! egg is some:at firk9-%ap$1 flat at ! top & base1 v]tically ribb$1 & honey-yell[4 ,! l>va fe$s on grasses4 ,*>on is f\nd 9 ! ,nor?we/1 rang+ f ,briti% ,columbia z f> z ,new ,mexico4 7#g7 ,satyrus oetus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side 7,boisduval's ,satyr74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an *>on1 pal] on ! upp] side1 especially 9 ! female sex1 9 :i* ! out] ?ird ( ! prim>ies is r$di%-fawn4 ,on ! "u side ! second>ies ( ! male are )\t ocelli1 or at mo/ fa9t traces ( ocelli appe>4 ,9 ! female ! ocelli ne> ! anal angle ( ! second>ies are usually well develop$4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,! species is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7#h7 ,satyrus /h5ele1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #bj1 1 "u side 7,! ,lea/ ,wood-nymph74 ,butt]fly4--,q small1 sup]ficially resembl+ *>on4 ,! female is pal] & ! ocelli are l>g] & m di/9ct ?an 9 *>on4 ,! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ?is species is ! irregul>1 d>k1 twice-/rangulat$ b& ( ! second>ies1 bord]$ on bo? sides ext]nally by :iti% %ades4 ,?is is %[n 9 our figure4 ,expanse1 #a4dj-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species is ,cali=nian4 ,g5us ,,o5eis1 ,hbn] 7,*ionobas1 ,boisd47 7,! ,arctics7 ,to reside ,9 ?rill+ region ( ?ick-ribb$ ice4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are %ort2 ! eyes ( mod]ate size2 ! front full1 protub]ant2 ! palpi sl5d]2 ! =e w+s some:at produc$ at ! tip1 ) ! out] m>g9s r\nd$ & ! h9d m>g9s v slightly1 if at all1 s9uat$4 ,! n]vules ( ! =e w+s are slightly dilat$ t[>d ! base2 ! h9d w+s are elongat$1 oval1 ) ! out] m>g9s ev5ly r\nd$4 ,! color ( ^! butt]flies is "s %ade ( br[n2 ! out] m>g9 is g5]ally light] ?an ! base ( ! w+1 & is m>k$ ) black spots1 sometimes pupil$ ) :ite4 ,! w+s are g5]ally m>bl$ & mottl$ on ! und]side1 & sometimes cross$ on ! middle ( ! h9d w+s by a broad b& ( d>k] color4 ,! fr+es are br[n1 *eck]$ ) :ite4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,o,eneis1 enl>g$4 ,egg4--,! egg is ovate-sph]ical1 high] ?an broad1 m>k$ on ! side f ! apex to ! base ) rais$ sculptur$ ridges4 ,^! eggs are deposit$1 s f> z we h be5 able to le>n1 on dri$ grass & ! /ems ( plants 9 proximity to ! gr[+ plants ^u :i* ! "y cat]pill>s are de/9$ to fe$4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head ( ! cat]pill> :5 x em]ges f ! egg is some:at l>g] ?an ! re/ ( ! body1 b z x passes successive m\lts & atta9s maturity ! relative ?ickness ( ! body increases1 & ! adult l>va tap]s a little f ab\t ! middle 9 ei!r direction4 ,! l>v are pale gre5 or br[n1 m>k$ by d>k] /ripes ^u ! back & on ! sides1 ! m>k+s on ! sides be+ 9 mo/ species m conspicu\s ?an ^? on ! back4 ,! species all fe$ on grasses4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalids are /\t1 v slightly angulat$1 & are =m$1 s f> z we "k1 unatta*$1 "u /ones & at ! roots ( grasses4 ,:5 pupat+1 ! cat]pill> (t5 makes = itself a slight depression or cell 9 ! soil1 9 :i* a few ?reads ( silk h be5 deposit$1 ?\gh n en\gh to ju/ify u 9 call+ ! /ructure a cocoon4 ,?is g5us is compos$ ( butt]flies :i* are ma9ly arctic 9 _! habitat1 or dwell ^u ! summits ( l(ty m\nta9s1 :]e ! summ] is b brief4 ,only a few species are f\nd at comp>atively l[ elevations1 & ^! 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 or ! p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates imm$iately contigu\s to ! ,canadian l9e4 ,! mo/ widely kn[n ( all ! species up to ?is "t is ! ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,butt]fly1 ,o,eneis semidea1 ,say1 a colony ( :i* has exi/$ probably ev] s9ce ! glacial p]iod ^u ! l(tie/ summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,a numb] ( species are f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,"o species1 ,o,eneis jutta1 ,hbn]1 occurs 9 ,ma9e1 ,nova ,scotia1 & p>ts adjac5t4 ,!re are 9 all ab\t a score ( species ( ?is g5us recogniz$ by au?ors z occurr+ 9 our fauna4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ^! insects are boreal or arctic 9 _! habits1 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds has ) m>vel\s skill & pati5ce succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! eggs & re>+ at 8 home 9 ,coalburg1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 a numb] ( species4 ,we are indebt$ to him = m ( our k ( ! g5]ic *>act]i/ics ( ^! insects1 9 _! e>ly /ages1 ?an _h be5 asc]ta9$ hi!rto dur+ a c5tury ( inve/igation4 ,8 "w is "o ( ! beautiful triumphs ( t endur+ zeal :i* is a supreme quality 9 ! naturali/4 ,9 _! e>ly /ages all ( ! species %[ a close lik5ess to "o ano!r4 7#a7 ,o,eneis gigas1 ,butl]1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,great] ,arctic74 ,butt]fly4--,?is1 "o ( ! l>ge/ species 9 ! g5us1 occurs on ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&4 ,! butt]fly hides among ! d>k mosses & ^u ! trunks ( pro/rate trees4 ,! males are vigilant & inquisitive1 & d>t out sudd5ly :5 al>m$1 or attract$ by pass+ insects4 ,! females h a sl[] & m leisurely flight & are m readily tak54 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,edw>ds has figur$ ! egg & ! cat]pill> 9 its fir/ ?ree /ages1 b ! rema9+ life-hi/ory ( ! species awaits inve/igation4 7#b7 ,o,eneis iduna1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,iduna ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect1 :i* ev5 exce$s ,,oe4 gigas 9 size1 is f\nd on ! ,coa/ ,range 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x is decid$ly light] on ! out] ?ird ( ! w+s ?an ! prec$+ species1 ! male be+ preval5tly a pale yell[i%-br[n1 ) ! basal & m$ian areas ( ! =e w+ d>k br[n4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are some:at light] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species1 & ! transv]se l9es are m di/9ctly m>k$4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4cj in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxvii #a4 ,o,eneis gigas1 ,butl]1 4 #b4 ,o,eneis gigas1 ,butl]1 4 #c4 ,o,eneis mac\ni1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,o,eneis iduna1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,o,eneis jutta1 ,hbn]1 4 #f4 ,o,eneis taygete1 ,hbn]1 4 #g4 ,o,eneis brucei1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,o,eneis v>una1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,o,eneis ivallda1 ,mead1 4 #aj4 ,o,eneis *ryxus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #aa4 ,o,eneis semidea1 ,say1 4 #ab4 ,o,eneis uhl]i1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 mo/ beautifully del9eat$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 7#c7 ,o,eneis mac\ni1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,mac\n's ,arctic74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abc4--;,cat]pill>s ( ,o,eneis mac\ni 7,riley74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is closely alli$ to ! two =ego+1 b may be di/+ui%$ by ! broad m$ian b& ( d>k br[n trav]s+ ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s1 z well z by o!r peculi>ities ( m>k+4 ,x lacks ! b> ( rais$ scales :i* is f\nd 9 ! male sex ab\t ! l[] "p ( ! cell ( ! =e w+ 9 mo/ ( ! species ( ! g5us4 ,x has be5 f\nd ?us f> only on ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior & at ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! t]ritory ( ,alb]ta4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= a k ( ^! 9 all _! m9ute details ! read] is aga9 ref]r$ to ! pages ( ! indefatigable ,edw>ds4 7#d7 ,o,eneis *ryxus1 ,we/wood1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,*ryxus ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is widely di/ribut$1 be+ f\nd 9 ,colorado1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & ! vic9ity ( ,hudson ,bay4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!r species by ! d>k] br[n color1 :i* cov]s ! basal & m$ian areas ( bo? ! =e & h9d w+s1 leav+ a broad b& ( light] br[n on ! out] m>g94 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are beautifully mottl$ ) :ite & d>k br[n4 ,o,eneis calais1 ,scudd]1 is probably only a =m ( *ryxus1 :i* is some:at light] 9 color on ! base ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory is fully record$ 9 ! pages ( ,edw>ds4 7#e7 ,o,eneis ivallda1 ,mead1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,mead's ,arctic74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is easily di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by ! peculi> pale a%5-br[n ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s4 ,x is n a common species1 & is app>5tly re/rict$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,nevada1 pr9cipally ab\t ,lake ,tahoe1 ?\gh x probably occurs else:]e4 ,expanse1 #a4ij-b4aj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 7#f7 ,o,eneis v>una1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #h1 7,! ,v>una ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is mu* small] ?an any ( ^? :i* h ?us f> be5 m5tion$4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! prairie l&s ( ,montana1 ,nor? ,dakota1 & ! p>ts ( ,canada adjac5t4 ,x is n uncommon ab\t ,calg>y4 ,x is light 9 color on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & on ! "u side x is mottl$ ) br[n1 /rongly m>k$ ) blacki% blot*es or %ades4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 7#g7 ,o,eneis uhl]i1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,uhl]'s ,arctic74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is f\nd 9 ,colorado4 ,x is r$d] on ! upp] side ?an v>una1 & ! females are g5]ally v ri*ly ornam5t$ ) eye-spots on ! out] bord]s ( bo? ! =e & h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4de-a4ee in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 mo/ ?or\ghly describ$ & beautifully del9eat$ by ,edw>ds4 7#h7 ,o,eneis jutta1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,! ,nova ,scotian74 ,butt]fly4--,?is beautiful species1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ,europe1 is n uncommon 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e z f> s\? z ,bangor1 & occurs also 9 ,nova ,scotia1 & ranges !nce we/w>d to ,ottawa & ! ,hudson ,bay c\ntry4 ,x is "o ( ! m conspicu\s species ( ! g5us1 ! eye-l spots ^u ! w+s hav+ a v /rik+ appe>ance4 ,expanse1 #a4hj-b4aj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= a ?or\gh k ( ^! ! read] may consult ! pages ( ,scudd] & ,edw>ds4 7#i7 ,o,eneis semidea1 ,say1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #g1 #ae1 l>va2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 *rysalis 7,! ,:ite ,m\nta9 ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species has ?9 w+s1 & is mu* d>k] 9 color ?an any ( ! species :i* h ?us f> be5 m5tion$4 ,x is re/rict$ 9 its habitat to ! summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & only reappe>s on ! high m\nta9s ( ,colorado & 9 ,labrador4 ,its life-hi/ory has be5 v c>efully work$ out4 ,x is to be hop$ t entomologi/s & t\ri/s resort+ to ,m\nt ,wa%+ton w n suff] x to disappe> by reason ( too :olesale a capture ( ! specim5s1 :i* hov] ab\t ! b>r5 rocks on :i* ! race has exi/$ s9ce ! great cont95tal ice-%eet melt$ away & vani%$ f ! face ( ,new ,engl&4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! curi\s read] is aga9 ref]r$ = a k ( ^! to ! pages ( ,scudd] & ,edw>ds4 ,!y are simil> to ^? ( o!r species1 & ! g5]ic description :i* has be5 giv5 mu/ suffice = all 9 ?is "w4 7#aj7 ,o,eneis brucei1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,bruce's ,arctic74 ,butt]fly4--,?\gh some:at closely relat$ to ! la/ species1 ,bruce's ,arctic may at once be di/+ui%$ f x by ! broad d>k b& on ! "u side ( ! second>ies & ! great transluc5cy ( ! w+s1 :i* p]mits a label to be read ?r\gh !m4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,colorado & 9 ,briti% ,columbia at an elevation ( f twelve to ?irte5 ?\s& feet above sea-level4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,all we "k ( ^! is conta9$ 9 ! pages ( ,edw>ds' great "w4 7#aa7 ,o,eneis taygete1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,! ,labrador ,arctic74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ,,oe4 brucei1 b ! w+s are n s transluc5t z 9 t species1 & ! broad mesial b& on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s is diff]5tly %ap$1 be+ m /rongly direct$ outw>d j bel[ ! co/a4 ,! figure 9 ! plate is f a specim5 tak5 at ,na91 9 ,labrador4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,!re are eight or n9e o!r species ( ,o,eneis 9 our fauna1 b !y are all arctic1 & mo/ ( !m v r>e4 ,^? we h describ$ & figur$ w give a good idea ( ! g5us4 ,,9 ,,! ,,face ,,( ,,! ,,cold ,:5 ! full moon hangs high ov]head1 ! sn[ creaks und]foot1 ! nor? w9d ro>s ) furi\s bla/1 & ! trees ( ! =e/s crack 9 ! fro/ ) a report l t ( cannon1 !n1 hang+ 9 its little ne/ on ! b>e bran*es ( ! w9d-toss$ trees1 ! t9y cat]pill> ( ! ,vic]oy keeps ! sp>k ( life :]e m5 freeze & die4 ,no?+ 9 ! realm ( nature is m wond]ful ?an ! mann] 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ m9ute animal =ms resi/ cold4 ,! g5]a ,erebia & ,o,eneis1 & _m species ( ! g5us ,br5?is1 are1 z we h already le>n$1 inhabitants ( ! arctic regions or ( l(ty ,alp9e summits1 ! climate ( :i* is arctic4 ,_! cat]pill>s (t5 hib]nate 9 a temp]ature ( f =ty to fifty1 & ev5 sev5ty1 degrees bel[ z]o1 ,fahr5heit4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t cat]pill>s freeze 9 ! w9t] & ?aw out 9 ! spr+1 at t "t rega9+ _! vitality4 ,?us f> ! writ] is unable to asc]ta9 t any exp]im5ts or obs]vations h positively decid$ = or aga9/ ?is view4 ,a numb] ( record$ cases 9 :i* cat]pill>s are positively /at$ to h be5 froz5 & to h aft]w>d be5 f\nd to be full ( vitality :5 ?aw$ are op5 to "q4 ,! mo/ circum/antial acc\nt is t by ,comm&] ,james ,ross1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s41 quot$ by ,curtis 9 ! ,entomological ,app5dix to ! ,n>rative ( ,sir ,john ,ross's second voyage to ! arctic regions4 ,! specim5s ^u :i* ! obs]vations 7 made 7 ! cat]pill>s ( ,l>ia rossi1 a mo? :i* is f\nd abundantly 9 ! arctic regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i quote f ! acc\nt3 ,ab\t ?irty ( ! cat]pill>s 7 put into a box 9 ! middle ( ,septemb]1 & aft] be+ expos$ to ! sev]e w9t] temp]ature ( ! next ?ree mon?s1 !y 7 br\ght into a w>m cab91 :]e1 9 less ?an two h\rs1 e "o ( !m return$ to life1 & cont9u$ = a :ole day walk+ ab\t2 !y 7 aga9 expos$ to ! air at a temp]ature ( ab\t =ty degrees bel[ z]o1 & became imm$iately h>d-froz52 9 ?is /ate !y rema9$ a week1 & on be+ br\ght aga9 into ! cab91 only tw5ty-?ree came to life2 ^! 71 at ! end ( f\r h\rs1 put out once m into ! air & aga9 h>d-froz52 aft] ano!r week !y 7 aga9 br\ght 91 :5 only elev5 7 re/or$ to life2 a f\r? "t !y 7 expos$ to ! w9t] temp]ature1 & only two return$ to life on be+ aga9 br\ght into ! cab92 ^! two surviv$ ! w9t]1 & 9 ,may an imp]fect ,l>ia 0 produc$ f "o1 & six flies f ! o!r4 ,! =ego+ acc\nt seems to v]ify m ?or\ghly ! /ories t h be5 told ?an any?+ else ,i h be5 able to discov] )9 ! limits ( entomological lit]ature1 b does n conclude argum5t4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ 9 ^! days1 :5 me?ods ( artificial freez+ h be5 s highly p]fect$1 to und]take a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to prove or disprove1 z ! case may be1 ! view :i* has be5 held s9ce ! "t ( ! anci5ts4 ,!re is "h a field = nice inve/igation on ! "p ( "s read] ( ?is book4 ,9 mak+ ! exp]im5t x probably w\ld be well to select ! l>v ( species :i* are kn[n to hib]nate dur+ ! w9t] & to be capable ( )/&+ a great degree ( cold4 ,! effect ( cold sudd5ly appli$ to ! *rysalids ( butt]flies at ! mom5t ( pupation is (t5 to produce rem>kable *anges 9 ! m>k+s4 ,! spots ^u ! w+s ( butt]flies em]g+ f *rysalids ?us treat$ are frequ5tly r5d]$ m or less indi/9ct & blurr$4 ,! d>k m>k+s are int5sifi$ 9 color & enl>g$2 ! pale m>k+s are also 9 "s cases asc]ta9$ to exp]i5ce enl>gem5t4 ,_m ( ! /range & really beautiful ab]rations kn[n to collectors h no d\bt be5 produc$ by ! action ( fro/ :i* has occurr$ at ! season :5 ! l>va 0 pupat+4 ,! species believ$ by ! writ] to be mo/ prolific 9 ab]rations are species :i* pupate e>ly 9 ! spr+ f cat]pill>s :i* h hib]nat$ or :i* pupate late 9 ! autumn4 ,"s are species f\nd at consid]able altitudes above sea-level1 :]e late fro/s & e>ly fro/s are apt to occur4 ,a numb] ( v beautiful exp]im5ts ^u ! effect ( cold ^u ! color ( butt]flies h be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s1 & "s v curi\s ph5om5a h be5 obs]v$4 ,! writ] has 9 8 collection a consid]able numb] ( /rik+ly ab]rant specim5s :i* em]g$ f *rysalids treat$ to a sudd5 artificial l[]+ ( ! temp]ature at ! critical p]iod ( pupation4 ,,subfamily ,,liby!9 7,,! ,,sn\t-,,butt]flies7 ,:at m felicitie c fall to creature ,?an to enjoy delight ) lib]tie1 ,& to be ,"l ( all ! workes ( ,nature1 ,to raigne 9 ?' aire f ?' e>? to highe/ skie1 ,to fe$ on fl[res & we$s ( glori\s feature1 ,to take :atev] ?+ do? please ! eie8 ,,sp5s]4 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]flies ( ?is family are v readily di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by _! long project+ palpi1 & by ! fact t ! males h f\r feet adapt$ to walk+1 :ile ! females h six1 9 :i* respect !y approa* ! ,eryc9id4 ,only "o g5us is repres5t$ 9 our faunal region1 ! g5us ,liby!a4 ,g5us ,,liby!a1 ,fabricius 7,! ,sn\t-butt]flies7 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abd4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,liby!a4 ,butt]fly4--,r small 9 size1 ) ! eyes mod]ately l>ge2 ! ant5n ) a di/9ct club at ! end2 ! palpi ) ! la/ jo9t extremely long & heavily clo!d ) hair4 ,! w+s h ! out] m>g9 /rongly excis$ betwe5 ! fir/ m$ian n]vule & ! l[] radial ve94 ,betwe5 ! upp] & l[] radial ve9s ! w+ is /rongly produc$ outw>dly2 ! inn] m>g9 is b[$ out t[>d ! base be=e ! inn] angle4 ,! co/a ( ! h9d w+ is b5t upw>d at ! base & excis$ be=e ! out] angle2 ! w+ is produc$ at ! ends ( ! subco/al ve91 ! ?ird m$ian n]vule1 & ! extremity ( ! subm$ian ve94 ,!re is also a slight projection at ! extremity ( ! fir/ m$ian n]vule4 ,( ^! projections ! "o at ! extremity ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule is ! mo/ pron\nc$4 ,! cell ( ! prim>ies & ( ! second>ies is lightly clos$4 ,egg4--,! egg is ovoid1 ne>ly twice z high z wide1 ) n>r[ v]tical ridges on ! sides1 e o!r ridge mu* high] ?an its mate & increas+ 9 height t[>d ! v]tex1 :]e !y abruptly t]m9ate1 _! extremities rang+ ar\nd ! small depress$ micropyle4 ,betwe5 ^! ridges are m9ute cross-l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> has ! head small1 ! ant]ior segm5ts greatly swoll5 & ov]>*+ ! head4 ,! rema9d] ( ! body is cyl9drical4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is ( a some:at s+ul> %ape1 ! abdom5 conical1 ! head %>ply po9t$1 a rais$ ridge runn+ f ! extremity ( ! head to ! middle ( ! fir/ abdom9al segm5t on ei!r side1 & betwe5 ^! ridges is ! slightly project+ ?oracic tub]cle4 ,on ! v5tral side ! outl9e is ne>ly /raight4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ,celtis occid5talis4 ,?ree species are reckon$ z belong+ to our fauna4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ^! species are 9 reality su*1 & !re is reason to believe t ! ?ree are m]ely v>ietal =ms or races1 no /ructural diff]5ce be+ app>5t 9 any ( !m1 & ! only diff]5ces consi/+ 9 ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s4 7#a7 ,liby!a ba*manni1 ,kirtl&1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd1 *rysalis 7,! ,sn\t-butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! foll[+ species by ! r$d] color ( ! light spots on ! upp] side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! g5]ic description mu/ suffice = ^!4 ,!y h be5 frequ5tly describ$4 ,! butt]fly ranges f ,new ,engl& & ,ont>io s\?w>d & we/w>d ov] ! :ole c\ntry z f> z ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 7#b7 ,liby!a c>95ta1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,! ,s\!rn ,sn\t-butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ! prec$+ species1 b readily di/+ui%$ f x by ! pal] yell[i%-fulv\s light m>k+s ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n be5 c>efully describ$ z yet4 ,l4 c>95ta ranges f ,new ,mexico into ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,family ,,ii4 ,,lemoniid ,,subfamily ,,eryc99 7,,! ,,metal-,,m>ks7 ,i wond] :at x is t baby dreams4 ,d memories haunt him ( "s glad place ,butt]fly-haunt$1 halcyon ) fl[]s1 ,:]e once1 be=e he f\nd ?is e>? ( ours1 ,he walk$ ) glory fill+ 8 sweet face8 ,,edg> ,,fawcett4 ,butt]fly4--,small1 ! males hav+ f\r ambulatory feet1 ! females six1 9 :i* respect !y resemble ! ,liby!91 f :i* !y may readily be di/+ui%$ by ! small palpi4 ,!re is great v>iety 9 ! %ape & neuration ( ! w+s4 ,! g5]a ( ?is subfamily h ! preco/al ve9 on ! extreme inn] m>g9 ( ! w+2 9 "s g5]a free at its end1 & project+ s z to =m a %ort fr5ulum1 z 9 _m g5]a ( ! mo?s4 ,9 addition ! co/al ve9 s5ds up a bran* at ! po9t f :i* ! preco/al is usually emitt$4 ,?is app>5t d\bl+ ( ! preco/al is f\nd 9 no o!r gr\p ( butt]flies1 & is a /rong diacritical m>k by :i* !y may be recogniz$4 ,!y are said to c>ry _! w+s exp&$ :5 at re/1 & frequ5tly alight on ! "u surface ( leaves1 9 ?is respect some:at approa*+ 9 _! habit ! pyralid mo?s4 ,_m ( ! species are mo/ gorge\sly color$2 b ^? :i* are f\nd )9 our region are = ! mo/ "p n gaily m>k$4 ,!y may be di/+ui%$ f ! ,lycnid n only by ! peculi> neuration & mann] ( c>ry+ ! w+s1 b by ! relatively long] & m sl5d] ant5n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abe4--,neuration ( base ( h9d w+ ( ! g5us ,lemonias3 ,,pc1 preco/al ve92 ,,pc'1 second preco/al ve94 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,comp>atively little is kn[n ( ^!1 ?\gh 9 c]ta9 respects ! l>v & ! *rysalis %[ a relation%ip to ! ,lycnid1 ) :i* "s writ]s h 9 fact gr\p$ !m1 b errone\sly1 z ! writ] believes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxviii #a4 ,liby!a ba*manni1 ,kirtl&1 4 #b4 ,liby!a ba*manni1 ,kirtl&1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,liby!a c>95ta1 ,cram]1 4 #d4 ,lemonias cy!ra1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #e4 ,lemonias cy!ra1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,lemonias virgulti1 ,behr1 4 #g4 ,lemonias mormo1 ,feld]1 1 "u side4 #h4 ,lemonias nais1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,lemonias nais1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,lemonias duryi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,lemonias palm]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,calephelis borealis1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 1 "u side4 #ac4 ,calephelis borealis1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 4 #ad4 ,calephelis nemesis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ae4 ,calephelis au/ralis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,calephelis co5ius1 ,l9nu1 4 #ag4 ,lemonias zela1 ,butl]1 4 #ah4 ,lemonias zela1 ,butl]1 4 #ai4 ,lemonias cleis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bj4 ,lemonias cleis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ba4 ,f5iseca t>qu9ius1 ,fabricius1 4 #bb4 ,eumoeus atala1 ,poey1 1 "u side4 #bc4 ,*rysophanus virg9i5sis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bd4 ,*rysophanus virg9i5sis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #be4 ,*rysophanus hypophloeus1 ,boisduval1 4 #bf4 ,*rysophanus edi?a1 ,mead1 4 #bg4 ,*rysophanus edi?a1 ,mead1 4 #bh4 ,*rysophanus epixan!1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #bi4 ,*rysophanus xan?oides1 ,boisduval1 4 #cj4 ,*rysophanus xan?oides1 ,boisduval1 4 #ca4 ,*rysophanus ?o1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #cb4 ,*rysophanus ?o1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #cc4 ,*rysophanus helloides1 ,boisduval1 4 #cd4 ,*rysophanus helloides1 ,boisduval1 4 #ce4 ,*rysophanus gorgon1 ,boisduval1 4 #cf4 ,*rysophanus gorgon1 ,boisduval1 4 #cg4 ,*rysophanus m>iposa1 ,reakirt1 4 #ch4 ,*rysophanus m>iposa1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,almo/ all ( ! species are ,am]ican1 & ! family atta9s its highe/ developm5t 9 ! tropical regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,g5us ,,lemonias1 ,we/wood ,butt]fly4--,small1 brightly color$1 ! sexes (t5 diff]+ greatly 9 appe>ance f ea* o!r4 ,! eyes are nak$4 ,! palpi are produc$1 porrect2 ! la/ jo9t is %ort1 ?91 po9t$1 & depress$4 ,! ant5n are mod]ately long1 provid$ ) a gradually ?ick5+1 inconspicu\s club4 ,! upp] discocellul> ve9 is want+ 9 ! =e w+4 ,! middle & l[] discocellul>s are ( equal l5g?4 ,! h9d w+ has ! end ( ! cell obliquely t]m9at$ by ! middle & l[] discocellul> ve9s4 ,! apex ( ! =e w+ is some:at po9t$1 ! outw>d m>g9 /raight4 ,! outw>d m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ is ev5ly r\nd$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abf4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,lemonias4 ,egg4--,flatt5$1 turban-%ap$1 ) a small1 depress$1 circul> micropyle1 ! :ole surface cov]$ ) m9ute hexagonal reticulations4 ,cat]pill>4--,%ort1 flatt5$1 tap]+ po/]iorly2 ! segm5ts ar*$2 provid$ ) tufts ( hair rang$ 9 longitud9al s]ies1 ! hairs on ! sides & at ! anal extremity be+ long1 b5t outw>d & d[nw>d4 ,*rysalis4--,%ort1 susp5d$ at ! anal extremity1 & held 9 position by a silk girdle1 b n closely appress$ to ! surface ^u :i* pupation has tak5 place2 ?ickly cov]$ ) %ort1 project+ hair4 ,! citadel ( ?is g5us is f\nd ab\t ! head wat]s ( ! ,amazon1 :]e !re are _m species4 ,!nce ! g5us spreads nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 be+ repres5t$ 9 ! limits ( our fauna by only a few species1 :i* are f\nd on ! extreme s\!rn bord]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#a7 ,lemonias mormo1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #g1 1 "u side 7,! ,mormon74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are d>k a%5-gray1 ) ! prim>ies f ! base to ! limbal area1 & inw>dly z f> z ! bottom ( ! cell & ! fir/ m$ian n]vule1 r$4 ,! w+s are pr(usely m>k$ ) :ite spots v>i\sly dispos$4 ,! "u side is accurately depict$ 9 our plate4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n be5 /udi$4 ,! ,mormon is f\nd 9 ,utah1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 & ,cali=nia4 7#b7 ,lemonias duryi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,dury's ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,! only specim5 z yet kn[n is ! type figur$ 9 our plate4 ,i d\bt :e!r x is entitl$ to specific rank1 & am incl9$ to believe x to be a =m ( ! succe$+ species 9 :i* r$ has replac$ ! great] "p ( ! gray on ! upp] side ( bo? w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! specim5 came f ,new ,mexico4 7#c7 ,lemonias cy!ra1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #d1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #e1 7,cy!ra74 ,butt]fly4--,di/+ui%$ f ,l4 mormo by ! r$ subm>g9al b& on ! second>ies on ! upp] side1 ! great] preval5ce ( r$ on ! prim>ies1 & by ! t5d5cy ( ! spots on ! "u side ( ! second>ies1 j aft] ! co/a1 to fuse & =m an elongate pe>ly-:ite ray4 ,! subm>g9al spots on ! l[] side ( ! =e w+s are small] ?an 9 mormo4 ,! sexes d n diff] except 9 size4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,cy!ra is f\nd 9 ,arizona & ,mexico4 7#d7 ,lemonias virgulti1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,behr's ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ! prec$+ species on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 b d>k]4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are mu* d>k] ?an 9 ,l4 cy!ra1 & ! pe>ly-:ite spots relatively small]1 /&+ out v di/9ctly on ?is d>k] gr\nd4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,virgulti is common 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia & ,mexico4 7#e7 ,lemonias nais1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 7,nais74 ,butt]fly4--,! gr\nd-color ( ! upp] side is bright r$1 cl\d$ ) fusc\s on ! base ( ! h9d w+s & bord]$ ) ! same color4 ,!re is a small preco/al :ite spot on ! prim>ies ne> ! apex4 ,! w+s are pr(usely m>k$ ) small black spots arrang$ 9 transv]se s]ies & b&s4 ,! fr+es are *eck]$ ) :ite4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale r$di%1 mottl$ ) buff on ! second>ies4 ,! black spots & m>k+s ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! "u side & /& out boldly on ! light] gr\nd-color4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are beautifully del9eat$ 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 ,! egg is pale gre51 turban-%ap$1 cov]$ ) hexagonal reticulations4 ,! cat]pill> is r /\t & %ort1 ! fir/ segm5t project+ ov] ! head4 ,! body is some:at flatt5$ & tap]+ beh9d1 cov]$ ) tufts ( hairs project+ outw>d & d[nw>d on all sides1 only ! two r[s ( %ort tufts on ! back s5d+ _! hairs upw>d4 ,! color is m\se-gray1 /rip$ longitud9ally on ! back ) yell[i%-:ite1 ! tufts m or less r+$ ab\t at _! base ) circles ( ! same color4 ,! *rysalis is blacki%-br[n1 atta*$ at ! anal end1 held 9 place by a girdle1 b n closely appress$ to ! surface on :i* pupation has tak5 place1 & ?ickly /udd$ ) small project+ hairs4 ,! l>va lives on ! wild plum4 ,nais occurs f ,colorado to ,mexico ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#f7 ,lemonias palm]i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,palm]'s ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,small] ?an any ( ! prec$+ species4 ,! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s is m\se-gray1 spott$ ) :ite2 on ! "u side ! w+s are :iti%-gray1 lav$ ) pale r$ at ! base ( ! =e w+s4 ,! :ite spots ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 4#ge-4ie in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are1 s f> z !y h be5 work$ out by ,edw>ds1 q simil> 9 _m respects to ^? ( ! prec$+ species4 ,! range ( ! species is f ,utah s\?w>d to ,mexico4 7#g7 ,lemonias zela1 ,butl]1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 7,zela74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( bo? sexes is del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale r$1 m>k$ ) a few black spots1 repres5t+ on ! "u side ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side4 ,( ^!1 ! spots ( ! m$ian & subm>g9al b&s are mo/ conspicu\s4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4ce in*4 7a7 ,lemonias zela1 ,butl]1 v>4 cleis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,fig4 #bj1 7,cleis74 ,! pale v>iety1 cleis1 is suffici5tly well repres5t$ 9 our plate to ne$ no description4 ,on ! "u side x is l ,l4 zela4 ,! species occurs 9 ,arizona & ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,calephelis1 ,grote & ,rob9son ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abg4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,calephelis4 ,butt]fly4--,v small1 br[n or r$di% 9 color1 ) metallic spots ^u ! w+s4 ,head small2 eyes nak$2 ant5n relatively long1 sl5d]1 ) a bluntly r\nd$ club4 ,palpi v %ort2 ! ?ird jo9t small1 po9t$4 ,! accompany+ cut %[s ! neuration4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,entirely unkn[n4 7#a7 ,calephelis cnius1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #af1 7,! ,little ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,v small1 r$di%-br[n on ! upp] side1 bright] r$ on ! "u side4 ,on bo? ! upp] & "u sides ! w+s are pr(usely spott$ ) small /eely-blue metallic m>k+s1 arrang$ 9 m or less regul> transv]se s]ies1 especially on ! out] m>g94 ,expanse1 4#ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory is unkn[n4 ,cnius is common 9 ,florida1 & ranges !nce nor?w>d to ,virg9ia & we/w>d to ,texas4 7#b7 ,calephelis borealis1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ab1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,nor!rn ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,fully twice z l>ge z ! prec$+ species4 ,! w+s on ! upp] side are sooty-br[n1 spott$ ) black1 & m>k$ by a m>g9al & subm>g9al s]ies ( small metallic spots4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are light r$1 spott$ ) a multitude ( small black spots arrang$ 9 regul> s]ies4 ,! two r[s ( metallic spots ne> ! m>g9s are repeat$ m di/9ctly on ?is side4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is r>e insect has be5 tak5 f ,new ,york to ,virg9ia1 & z f> we/ z ,mi*igan & ,ill9ois4 ,! only specim5 ,i h ev] se5 9 life ,i took at ! ,:ite ,sulphur ,spr+s 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,x settl$ on ! "u side ( a twig ( black bir*1 ) exp&$ w+s1 j ov] my head1 & by a lucky /roke ( ! net ,i swept x 94 7#c7 ,calephelis au/ralis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,! ,s\!rn ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s 9 ! male sex are m po9t$ at ! apex ?an 9 ! prec$+ species1 & 9 bo? sexes are small] 9 expanse4 ,! color ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s is dusky1 on ! "u side pale yell[i%-r$4 ,on bo? sides ! w+s are obscurely m>k$ ) d>k spots arrang$ 9 transv]se s]ies4 ,! m>g9al & subm>g9al metallic b&s ( spots are z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,au/ralis ranges f ,texas & ,arizona into ,mexico4 7#d7 ,calephelis nemesis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,! ,dusky ,metal-m>k74 ,butt]fly4--,v small1--z small z co5ius1--b ) ! =e w+s at ! apex decid$ly po9t$ 9 ! male sex4 ,! w+s are dusky-br[n above1 light] obscure r$di% bel[4 ,bo? ! prim>ies & ! second>ies on ! upp] side are cross$ by a d>k m$ian b&1 broad] on ! prim>ies at ! co/a4 ,! metallic m>k+s are q small & indi/9ct4 ,expanse1 4#he in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,nemesis occurs 9 ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,,uncle ,,jo?am',s ,,bo>d] ,i've kep' summ] bo>d]s = ye>s1 & all[$ ,i kn[$ all ! sorts t !re be2 ,b !re come an old fell] ?is season along1 ,t turn$ out a beat] = me4 ,:atev] t fell] 0 art]1 ,i v[ ,i ha9't got ! slighte/ idee4 ,he _h an old bait-net ( ?91 rott5 /uff ,t a m9n] c\ld bite 8 way ?r\gh2 ,b he nev] w5t fi%9'--at lea/1 9 ! way ,t fi%]m5 g5'ally d2 ,b he c>ri$ t bait-net :]ev] he w5t2 ,! h&le 0 j'int$ 9 two4 ,& ! bottles & boxes t *ap fet*$ along6 ,:y1 a doctor w\ld nev] want m2 ,if !y held pills & physic1 he'd got full en\gh ,to fit out a m$ic9e-/ore4 ,& he'd got heaps ( p9s1 dreffle l5g?y & slim1 ,all]s dropp9' ab\t on ! floor4 ,well1 true z ,i live1 t old fell] j sp5t ,8 hull days 9 loaf9' ab\t ,& pick9' up hopp]s & roa*es & flies-- ,n to use = 8 bait to ket* tr\t1 ,b to kill & /ick p9s 9 & squ9t at & all4 ,he 0 crazy 's a coot1 ?' a9't no d\bt4 ,he'd see a poor mill] a-fly9' along1-- ,! commone/1 e-day k9d1-- ,& he'd waddle on art] x1 fat z he 01 ,& foll] up s(tly beh9d1 ,till he'd flop t-air bait-net "r ov] its head1 ,& ,i'd laugh till nigh out ( my m9d4 ,:y1 he'd lay on ! gr\nd = an h\r at a /ret* ,& scrat* 9 ! dirt l a h52 ,he'd scrape all ! b>k (f ! bu%es & trees1 ,& turn ! /ones ov]2 & !n ,he'd peek "u logs1 or he'd pry into holes4 ,i'm glad !re a9't no m se* m54 ,my wife see a box 9 8 b$room1 "o day1 ,je/ sw>m9' ) live cat]pill>s2 ,he f$ 'em on leaves (f ( all k9ds ( trees-- ,! ellums & bir*es & will]s2 ,& he'd got piles ( boxes1 *ock-full to ! top ,) crickets & bees & mo?-mill]s4 ,i ask$ him1 "o "t1 :at 8 bus9ess might be4 ,( c\rse1 ,i fu/ made "s apology4 ,he tri$ to expla91 b su* awful big words6 ,sorto' =r51 outl&i%1 & collegey4 ',s ne>'s ,i c tell1 '/ead ( ent]9' a trade1 ,he 0 try9' to je/ ent] mology4 ,& ,hannah1 my wife1 says %e's he]d o' se* ?+s2 ,%e guesses 8 bra9 w>n't s mell]4 ,!re's a ?+ !y call ,nat'ral ,hi/]ry1 %e says1 ,&1 :atev] ! folks !re may tell h]1 ,till x's settl$ %e's wrong %e'll je/ hold t-air man ,0 a ,nat'ral ,hi/]rical fell]4 ,,annie ,,trumbull ,,slosson4 ,,mimicry ,protective mimicry z x occurs 9 animals may be ! simulation 9 =m or color1 or bo?1 ( natural objects1 or x may be ! simulation ( ! =m & color ( ano!r animal1 :i* = "s reason enjoys immunity f ! attacks ( species :i* ord9>ily prey ^u its k9d4 ,( c\rse ?is mimicry is unconsci\s & is ! result ( a sl[ process ( developm5t :i* has1 no d\bt1 gone on = ages4 ,rem>kable in/ances ( mimicry1 9 :i* ?+s are simulat$1 are f\nd 9 ! insect _w4 ,! walk+-/icks1 z !y are call$1 creatures :i* resemble ! twigs ( trees2 ! leaf-insects1 9 :i* ! foliage ( plants is app>5tly reproduc$ 9 animate =ms2 ! leaf-butt]fly ( ,india1 9 :i* ! =m & ! color & ev5 ! v5ation ( leaves are reproduc$1 are illu/rations ( mimicry :i* are famili> to all :o h giv5 any att5tion to ! subject4 ,repulsive objects are frequ5tly mimick$4 ,a spid] has be5 lately describ$ f ! ,indo-,malayan region1 :i*1 z x re/s ^u ! leaves1 exactly resembles a pat* ( bird-lime4 ,! resemblance is s exact z to deceive ! mo/ sagaci\s1 & ! discov]y ( ! creature 0 due to ! fact t ! naturali/ :o happ5$ to see x obs]v$1 to 8 surprise1 t :at he 0 positive 0 a mass ( ordure 0 actually 9 motion4 ,a simil> case ( mimicry is obs]vable among "s ( ! small acontiid mo?s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ^! is pure :ite1 ) ! tips ( ! =e w+s d>k gre5i%-br[n4 ,x sits on ! upp] side ( leaves1 ) its =e w+s fold$ ov]1 or roll$ ab\t ! h9d w+s1 & 9 ?is attitude x s ne>ly approximates 9 appe>ance ! ordure ( a sp>r[ z to h (t5 deceiv$ me :5 collect+4 ,,family ,,iii4 ,,lyc,,nid 7,,! ,,blues1 ,,! ,,copp]s1 ,,! ,,hair-,,/reaks7 ,,subfamily ,,lyc,,n9 ,m>k1 :ile he moves amid ! sunny beam1 ,o'er 8 s(t w+s ! v>y+ lu/]s gleam4 ,laun*$ into air1 on purple plumes he so>s1 ,gay nature's face ) wanton glance explores2 ,pr\d ( 8 v>y+ beauties1 w+s 8 way1 ,& spoils ! faire/ fl[]s1 himself m fair ?an !y4 ,quot$ z f ,hawor? by ,scudd]4 ,butt]fly4--,small1 9 bo? sexes hav+ all feet adapt$ to walk+4 ,!re is exce$+ div]sity ( =m 9 ! v>i\s g5]a compos+ ?is family4 ,_m ( ! g5]a are *>act]iz$ by ! brilliant blue on ! upp] side ( ! w+s2 9 o!r g5]a %ades ( copp]y-r$ pr$om9ate4 ,! hair-/reaks frequ5tly h ! h9d w+s adorn$ ) "o or m sl5d]1 elongat$ tails4 ,9 ,africa & 9 ,asia !re are num]\s g5]a :i* /rongly mimic protect$ insects belong+ to ! ,acr94 ,egg4--,! eggs are = ! mo/ "p flatt5$ or turban-%ap$1 curi\sly & beautifully adorn$ ) ridges1 m9ute em95ces1 & reticulations4 ,"s ( !m "u ! microscope /rongly resemble ! %ells ( sea-biscuits ) ! rays remov$ 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #g74 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s are = ! mo/ "p slug-%ap$1 flatt5$4 ,!y are vegetable fe$]s1 save ! l>v ( two or ?ree g5]a1 :i* are aphidivor\s1 fe$+ ^u mealy bugs or plant-lice4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalids are %ort1 compress$1 atta*$ at ! anal extremity1 ) a girdle or c9cture ab\t ! middle1 closely fa/5$ to ! surface ^u :i* pupation takes place4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxix #a4 ,*rysophanus arota1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,*rysophanus arota1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,*rysophanus sirius1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,*rysophanus sirius1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,*rysophanus rubidus1 ,behr1 4 #f4 ,*rysophanus rubidus1 ,behr1 4 #g4 ,*rysophanus sn[i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,*rysophanus sn[i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,!cla halesus1 ,cram]1 4 #aj4 ,!cla m-album1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #aa4 ,!cla crysalus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,!cla grunus1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,!cla autolycus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ad4 ,!cla alce/is1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ae4 ,!cla acadica1 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,!cla acadica1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ag4 ,!cla itys1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ah4 ,!cla cecrops1 ,hbn]1 1 "u side4 #ai4 ,!cla wittfeldi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bj4 ,!cla wittfeldi1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ba4 ,!cla sp9etorum1 ,boisduval1 4 #bb4 ,!cla favonius1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 4 #bc4 ,!cla lta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bd4 ,!cla lta1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #be4 ,!cla ad5o/omatis1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #bf4 ,!cla calanus1 ,hbn]1 4 #bg4 ,!cla edw>dsi1 ,saund]s1 4 #bh4 ,!cla lip>ops1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #bi4 ,!cla damon1 ,cram]1 v>4 discoidalis1 ,sk9n]1 4 #cj4 ,!cla tacita1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #ca4 ,!cla mel9us1 ,hbn]1 =m humuli1 ,h>ris1 4 #cb4 ,!cla damon1 ,cram]1 1 "u side4 #cc4 ,!cla spium1 ,boisduval1 4 #cd4 ,!cla spium1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #ce4 ,!cla ines1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cf4 ,!cla *alcis1 ,behr1 4 #cg4 ,!cla *alcis1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #ch4 ,!cla acis1 ,drury1 1 "u side4 #ci4 ,!cla sim?is1 ,drury1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5us ,,eum,,u1 ,hbn] ,butt]fly4--,m$ium size or small2 d>k 9 color1 ) ! "u side & ! bord]s ( ! upp] sides beautifully adorn$ ) spots hav+ a metallic lu/]4 ,! palpi are div]g5t1 long] 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,! ant5n are /\t1 r %ort1 ) a gradually ?ick5$ club4 ,! eyes are nak$4 ,! ve9s on ! =e w+ are /\t4 ,! accompany+ cut gives a cle> idea ( ! neuration4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ is kn[n ( ^!4 ,?ree species are reckon$ z belong+ to ! g5us1 two ( !m be+ f\nd sp>+ly 9 ! extreme s\!rn limits ( our fauna4 7#a7 ,eumu atala1 ,poey1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bb1 1 "u side 7,atala74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,eumu4 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by ! figure 9 ! plate f all o!r species except its cong5] ,e4 m9yas1 ,hbn]1 :i* c be readily sep>at$ f x by its l>g] size4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,atala is f\nd 9 ,florida & ,cuba4 ,m9yas occurs 9 s\?we/]n ,texas1 & !nce s\?w>d to ,brazil4 ,g5us ,,!cla1 ,fabricius 7,! ,hair-/reaks7 ,^! be ! pretty g5ii ( ! fl['rs1 ,da9tily f$ ) honey & pure dew4 ,,hood4 ,butt]fly4--,small or m$ium-siz$2 on ! upp] side (t5 color$ brilliantly ) iridesc5t blue or gre51 sometimes d>k br[n or r$di%2 on ! "u side m>k$ ) l9es & spots v>i\sly dispos$1 sometimes obscure 9 color1 v frequ5tly mo/ brilliantly color$4 ,v>i\s subdivisions bas$ ^u ! neuration ( ! w+s h be5 made 9 ! g5us 9 rec5t ye>s1 & ^! subdivisions are entitl$ to be accept$ by ^? :o are engag$ 9 a comp>ative /udy ( ! species belong+ to ?is great gr\p4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z mo/ ,am]ican writ]s h h]et(ore classifi$ all ( ^! insects "u ! g5us ,!cla1 ! au?or has decid$ n to deviate f famili> usage1 & w !re=e n attempt to effect a subdivision accord+ to ! views ( rec5t writ]s1 :i* he nev]!less approves z sci5tifically accurate4 ,egg4--,consid]able div]sity exi/s 9 ! =m ( ! eggs ( ! v>i\s species includ$ "u ?is g5us z treat$ 9 ?is book1 b all ( !m may be said to be turban-%ap$1 m or less depress$ at ! upp] extremity1 ) _! surfaces beautifully adorn$ ) m9ute projections arrang$ 9 geometric patt]ns4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #abi4--,neuration ( ,!cla edw>dsi4 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,typical neuration ( ! g5us4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s are slug-%ap$1 _! heads m9ute1 ! body abruptly tap]+ at ! anal extremity4 ,!y fe$ ^u ! t5d] leaves ( ! ends ( bran*es1 "s ( !m ^u ! leaves ( fl[]s ( v>i\s species4 ,*rysalis4--,:at has be5 said conc]n+ ! *rysalids ( ! family applies likewise to ! *rysalids ( ?is & ! succe$+ g5]a4 ,!y lie closely appress$ to ! surface ^u :i* !y are =m$1 & are held 9 place by an atta*m5t at ! anal extremity1 z well z by a slight girdle ( silk ab\t ! middle4 ,9 color !y are g5]ally "s %ade ( br[n4 7#a7 ,!cla grunus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,boisduval's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s are br[n on ! upp] side1 light] on ! disk2 9 "s specim5s1 m frequ5tly ( ! female sex1 bright orange-tawny4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale tawny1 ) transv]se m>g9al & subm>g9al s]ies ( small d>k spots on bo? w+s4 ,two or ?ree ( ! m>g9al spots ne> ! anal angle are black1 ea* cr[n$ ) a metallic-gre5 cresc5t4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h1 9 "p1 be5 describ$ by ,dy>1 ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxv1 p4 #id4 ,! cat]pill> is %ort1 flatt5$1 ! segm5ts ar*$1 ! body tap]+ backw>d1 blui%-gre51 cov]$ ) little d>k w>ty prom95ces be>+ tufts ( hairs1 obscurely /rip$ longitud9ally ) brok51 pale l9es1 & hav+ a diamond-%ap$ %ield back ( ! head4 ,! *rysalis is ?ick & con=m$ to ! g5]ic type ( /ructure4 ,! color is pale gre51 /rip$ & dott$ ) pale yell[ on ! abdom54 ,! cat]pill> fe$s 9 ! ,yosemite ,valley ^u ! "y leaves ( ! live-oak 7,qu]cus *rysolepis74 ,! insect is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 7#b7 ,!cla crysalus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,! ,colorado ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are royal purple1 broadly m>g9$ ) black4 ,on ! =e w+s a broad oblique black b& runs f ! middle ( ! co/a to ! middle ( ! out] m>g94 ,at ! inn] angles ( bo? w+s are conspicu\s orange spots4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are fawn1 m>k$ ) :ite l9es edg$ ) br[n4 ,! orange spots reappe> on ?is side1 b at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s are trans=m$ to r$ eye-spots1 pupil$ ) black & m>g9$ ) metallic gre54 ,! h9d w+s are tail$4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,! v>iety citima1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 diff]s 9 be+ )\t ! orange spots & hav+ ! gr\nd-color ( ! "u side a%5-gray4 ,specim5s connect+ ! typical ) ! v>ietal =m are 9 my possession4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,f\nd 9 s\!rn ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#c7 ,!cla halesus1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #i1 7,! ,great ,purple ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! h9d w+s h a long tail1 & are lob$ at ! anal angle4 ,! w+s are fusc\s1 iridesc5t blui%-gre5 at ! base4 ,! body is blui%-gre5 above4 ,on ! "u side ! ?orax is black1 spott$ ) :ite1 ! abdom5 bright orange-r$4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are ev5ly w>m sepia1 spott$ ) crimson at _! bases1 gloss$ ) a ray ( metallic gre5 on ! =e w+s 9 ! male sex1 & 9 bo? sexes spl5didly adorn$ at ! anal angle by s]ies ( metallic-gre5 & iridesc5t blue & r$ spots4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,all we "k ( !m is d]iv$ f ! draw+s ( ,abbot1 publi%$ by ,boisduval & ,leconte1 & ?is is b little4 ,! cat]pill> is said by ,abbot to fe$ on v>i\s oaks4 ,x is v common 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico2 is n sc>ce 9 ! hot p>ts ( ! ,gulf ,/ates2 & is ev5 report$ z hav+ be5 captur$ 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,x also occurs 9 ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#d7 ,!cla m-album1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,:ite-,m ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,small] ?an ! prec$+ species2 on ! upp] side some:at l x2 b ! iridesc5t color at ! base ( ! w+s is blue1 & n s gre5 z 9 halesus4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are q diff]5tly m>k$4 ,! =e w+ is cross$ by a subm>g9al & a m$ian l9e ( :ite1 %ad$ ) br[n1 ! m$ian l9e mo/ di/9ct4 ,?is l9e is cont9u$ ^u ! h9d w+s1 & ne> ! anal angle is zigzagg$1 s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( an inv]t$ ,m4 ,ne> ! out] angle ( ! ,m-spot is a r\nd$ crimson pat*4 ,! anal angle is deep black1 gloss$ ) iridesc5t blue4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4de in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,all we "k ( ?is pretty species is bas$ ^u ! acc\nt & draw+s ( ,abbot made 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,we ne$ bett] in=mation4 ,accord+ to ,abbot1 ! cat]pill> fe$s on a/ragalus & diff]5t oaks4 ,?is species has be5 tak5 z f> nor? z ,j]sey ,city & ,wiscons91 & ranges s\?w>d z f> z ,v5ezuela4 ,its citadel is f\nd 9 ! live-oak hummocks ( ! ,gulf ,/ates & ! oak =e/s on ! highl&s ( ,mexico & m s\!rn c\ntries4 7#e7 ,!cla m>tialis1 ,h]ri*-,s*ff]1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 "u side 7,! ,m>tial ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! insect figur$ 9 ! plate1 :i* may easily be recogniz$ by its "u side1 has be5 det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,sk9n] to be ! above species4 ,my specim5s com+ f ! ,edw>ds collection are label$ ,!cla acis1 4 ,!y 7 tak5 at ,key ,we/4 ,a comp>ison ) ! "u side ( ,t4 acis 7see ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ch7 w reveal ! great diff]5ce4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 s\!rn ,florida & ,cuba4 7#f7 ,!cla favonius1 ,abbot & ,smi?1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bb1 7,! ,s\!rn ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s are dusky-br[n above1 ) a small pale oval sex-m>k 9 ! male ne> ! upp] edge ( ! cell 9 ! prim>ies4 ,on ei!r side ( ! second m$ian n]vule1 ne> ! out] m>g9 ( bo? w+s1 are bright orange-r$ pat*es1 mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! female4 ,! h9d w+s ne> ! anal angle are blacki%1 m>g9$ ) a f9e :ite l9e4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are m>k$ mu* z 9 m-album1 b 9 ! region ( ! m$ian n]vules1 midway betwe5 _! orig9 & t]m9ation1 is a r broad transv]se c>m9e /reak1 edg$ inw>dly ) d>k l9es4 ,?is is l>ge/ & mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! female sex4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$1 9 "p1 by ,abbot & ,smi? & ,pack>d4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on oaks4 ,favonius is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & z f> nor? z ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 7#g7 ,!cla wittfeldi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,fig4 #bj1 1 "u side 7,wittfeld's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! figures 9 ! plate give a correct idea ( bo? ! upp] & "u sides ( ?is insect4 ,x is mu* d>k] 9 gr\nd-color ?an any ( its cong5]s4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! types :i* are 9 my possession came f ! ,indian ,riv] di/rict 9 ,florida4 7#h7 ,!cla autolycus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,texas ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side resembl+ favonius1 b ) ! orange-r$ spots on ! w+s mu* broad]1 rang+ f ! l[] radial ve9 to ! subm$ian 9 ! =e w+s4 ,! c>m9e spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s are n arrang$ across ! m$ian n]vules1 z 9 favonius1 b are 9 ! vic9ity ( ! anal angle1 cr[n+ ! black cresc5ts ne> ! inn] end ( ! out] m>g94 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ,texas1 & is also said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,miss\ri & ,kansas4 7#i7 ,!cla alce/is1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,alce/is74 ,butt]fly4--,uni=mly slaty-gray on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 ) ! usual oval sex-m>k on ! =e w+ ( ! male1 & a few blui% scales ne> ! anal angle4 ,! gr\nd-color ( ! w+s on ! "u side is z above1 b some:at pal]4 ,a :ite b> closes ! cell ( bo? w+s4 ,bo? w+s are cross$ by :ite l9es1 mu* z 9 m-album4 ,! anal angle is m>k$ ) black1 foll[$ outw>dly by a broad pat* ( iridesc5t gre5i%-blue scales4 ,betwe5 ! end ( ! subm>g9al ve9 & ! fir/ m$ian n]vule is a black spot surm\nt$ ) c>m9e1 edg$ inw>dly ) black2 ?ree or f\r c>m9e cresc5ts simil>ly edg$1 b rapidly dim9i%+ 9 size1 ext5d z a transv]se subm>g9al b& t[>d ! co/a4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,alce/is is f\nd 9 ,texas & ,arizona4 7#aj7 ,!cla mel9us1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ci1 *rysalis 7,! ,common ,hair-/reak74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acj4--,neuration ( ,!cla mel9us4 7,aft] ,scudd]47 ,typical ( subg5us ,uranotes4 ,butt]fly4--,mu* confusion has aris5 f ! fact t ?is insect has receiv$ a numb] ( names & has also be5 conf\nd$ ) o!rs4 ,fig4 #ca 9 ,plate ,,xxix repres5ts ! insect label$ humuli1 ,h>ris1 9 ! ,edw>ds collection2 ,fig4 #bj 9 ,plate ,,xxxii repres5ts ! insect label$ mel9us1 ,hbn]4 ,!re is a v l>ge s]ies ( bo? 9 ! collection1 b a m9ute comp>ison fails to reveal any specific diff]5ce4 ,humuli ( ,h>ris is ! same z mel9us ( ,hbn]2 & rec5t au?ors1 ,i ?9k1 are "r 9 s9k+ ! "n giv5 by ,h>ris z a synonym4 ,?is common little butt]fly may easily be recogniz$ by its pla9 slaty upp] surface1 adorn$ by a l>ge black spot1 cr[n$ ) crimson betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! two tails ( ! second>ies4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are 9 "p well kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! hop-v9e4 ,mel9us is f\nd all ov] temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ranges s\?w>d into ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica at suitable elevations4 7#aa7 ,!cla acadica1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ce1 *rysalis 7,! ,acadian ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is pale slaty-gray above1 ) "s ill-def9$ orange spots ne> ! anal angle1 ! usual oval sex-m>k on ! =e w+4 ,! female is l ! male above2 b ! orange spots at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s are broad]1 & 9 "s specim5s simil> spots appe> on ! =e w+s ne> ! inn] angle4 ,on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes ! w+s are pale wood-br[n1 adorn$ by a black b> at ! end ( ! cells1 subm>g9al & m$ian b&s ( small black spots surr\nd$ ) :ite1 & on ! second>ies by a subm>g9al s]ies ( r$ cresc5ts dim9i%+ 9 size f ! anal angle t[>d ! out] angle4 ,ne> ! anal angle are two black spots sep>at$ by a broad pat* ( blui%-gre5 scales4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= a k ( :at is kn[n ( ^! ! read] may consult ! pages ( ,scudd] & ,edw>ds4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u will[s4 ,x is f\nd all ov] ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 rang+ f ,quebec to ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&4 ,x seems to be v common on ,m\nt ,hood1 f :i* ,i h a l>ge s]ies ( specim5s4 7#ab7 ,!cla itys1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,itys74 ,butt]fly4--,! only specim5 ( ?is species kn[n to me is figur$ 9 ! plate4 ,x is ! type4 ,( its e>ly /ages no?+ is kn[n4 ,x 0 tak5 9 ,arizona4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 7#ac7 ,!cla edw>dsi1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bg1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #bi1 *rysalis 7,edw>ds' ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k plumbe\s-br[n on ! upp] side1 ) a pale sex-m>k on ! =e w+ ( ! male4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal] & a trifle w>m] br[n1 ) _! out] halves m>k$ ) num]\s f9e :ite brok5 l9es arrang$ 9 pairs1 ) ! space betwe5 !m d>k] ?an ! gr\nd-color ( ! w+4 ,! usual black spots1 gre5 scales1 & r$ cresc5ts are f\nd ne> ! anal angle on ! "u side4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= all t is kn[n ( ^! ! read] w d well to consult ! pages ( ,scudd]4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on oaks4 ,! species ranges f ,quebec we/w>d to ,colorado & ,nebraska1 be+ f\nd commonly 9 ,new ,engl&4 7#ad7 ,!cla calanus1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #be1 #bg1 *rysalis 7,! ,b&$ ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side resembl+ ! prec$+ species v closely1 b a trifle d>k]1 & w>m] br[n4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are m>k$ by f9e :ite l9es on ! out] half1 :i* are n brok51 z 9 edw>dsi1 b =m cont9u\s b&s4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on oaks4 ,! life-hi/ory is describ$ ) m9ute exactness by ,scudd] 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 ii1 p4 #hhh4 ,?is insect has a wide range1 be+ f\nd f ! prov9ce ( ,quebec to ,texas & ,colorado4 ,x is common 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania4 7#ae7 ,!cla lip>ops1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bh1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #bh1 *rysalis 7,! ,/rip$ ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k br[n on ! upp] side1 grayi% bel[4 ,! l9es are arrang$ mu* z 9 ,t4 edw>dsi1 b are f>!r ap>t1 (t5 v n>r[1 sc>cely def9+ ! d>k b&s betwe5 !m4 ,! spots at ! anal angle are obscure & blacki%4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,mu* l ^? ( ! alli$ species4 ,scudd]1 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 gives a full acc\nt ( !m4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on a v>iety ( plants--oaks1 will[s1 ! wild plum1 & o!r rosace\s plants1 z well z on ! ,ericace4 ,x ranges ?r\gh ! nor!rn ,atlantic ,/ates & ,quebec to ,colorado & ,montana1 b is local 9 its habits1 & n[h]e common4 7#af7 ,!cla *alcis1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cf1 2 ,fig4 #cg1 1 "u side 7,! ,bronz$ ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side uni=mly br[n4 ,on ! "u side d>k1 ) a n>r[ subm>g9al & an irregul> m$ian transv]se b&1 & a pale %ort b> clos+ ! cell on bo? w+s2 a black spot at ! anal angle ( ! second>ies1 prec$$ by a few blui%-gre5 scales4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 ,cali=nia & ,utah4 7#ag7 ,!cla spium1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 7,! ,h$ge-r[ ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,almo/ id5tically l ! prec$+ species1 except t ! w+s on ! upp] side are a trifle r$d]1 on ! "u side pal]2 ! l9es on ! "u side ( ! w+s are n>r[ly def9$ ext]nally by :ite1 & ! anal spots are bett] develop$ & def9$ on ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,pacific ,/ates1 & ,i am incl9$ to believe x id5tical ) *alcis4 ,if ?is %\ld be prov$ to be true ! latt] "n w s9k z a synonym4 7#ah7 ,!cla ad5o/omatis1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #be1 7,! ,gray ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,m\se-gray on ! upp] side1 ) a few :ite l9es on ! out] m>g9 ne> ! anal angle2 ho>y-gray on ! "u side1 d>k] on ! m$ian & basal areas4 ,! limbal area is def9$ inw>dly by a f9e :ite l9e1 is pal] ?an ! re/ ( ! w+1 & on ! second>ies is m>k$ by a full1 regul>ly curv$ subm>g9al s]ies ( small d>k lunules4 ,expanse1 #a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,habitat1 ,cali=nia4 7#ai7 ,!cla sp9etorum1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,! ,?icket ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k blacki% on ! upp] side1 ) bo? w+s at ! base %ot ) blui%-gre54 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale r$di%-br[n1 m>k$ mu* z 9 ! foll[+ species1 b ! l9es & spots are broad]1 m di/9ct1 & conspicu\s4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,?is species is report$1 s f>1 f ,colorado1 ,cali=nia1 & ,wa%+ton4 7#bj7 ,!cla nelsoni1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,nelson's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,bright fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) ! co/a1 ! out] m>g9s1 ! base1 & ! ve9s ( bo? =e & h9d w+s fusc\s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal] r$1 ) an incomplete n>r[ :ite l9e %ad$ ) deep r$ j beyond ! m$ian area1 & n rea*+ ! inn] m>g94 ,?is l9e is repeat$ on ! h9d w+ z an irregul>ly curv$ m$ian l9e4 ,betwe5 x & ! out] m>g9 on ?is w+ are a few d>k lunules ne> ! anal angle4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,i _c discov] any acc\nt ( ^!4 ,! species has be5 f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,colorado4 7#ba7 ,!cla bl59a1 ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #i1 1 "u side 7,hewitson's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,br[n on ! upp] side1 9 "s specim5s bright fulv\s bord]$ ) br[n4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale r$1 %ot ) pea-gre5 on ! second>ies & at ! base ( ! prim>ies4 ,! m>k+s ( ! "u side are mu* z 9 ! prec$+ species1 b ! l9e on ! h9d w+ divid+ ! discal f ! limbal area is broad] & v :ite1 & ! spots betwe5 x & ! m>g9 m conspicu\s4 ,expanse1 #a4ab in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,x is report$ f ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,x has be5 nam$ siva by ,edw>ds1 & ! figure is f 8 type s label$4 7#bb7 ,!cla damon1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cb1 1 "u side2 v>4 discoidalis1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca1 *rysalis 7,! ,olive ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side bright fulv\s1 ) ! co/a1 ! out] m>g9s1 & ! ve9s ( bo? w+s blacki%1 d>ke/ at ! apex4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are gre5i%1 cross$ on ! =e w+ by a /raight1 incomplete :ite l9e1 & on ! h9d w+ by a simil> irregul> l9e4 ,bo? ( ^! l9es are m>g9$ int]nally by br[n4 ,!re are a c\ple ( %ort :ite l9es on ! h9d w+ ne> ! base1 & ! usual cresc5tic spots & m>k+s on ! out] bord] & at ! anal angle4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4jj in*4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aca4--,neuration ( ,!cla damon1 enl>g$4 ,type ( subg5us ,mitura1 ,scudd]4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by sev]al au?ors4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! r$ c$> 7,junip]us virg9iana1 ,l9nu74 ,x is d\ble-brood$ 9 ! ,nor? & triple-brood$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,damon ranges f ,ont>io to ,texas ov] ! entire ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#bc7 ,!cla sim?is1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ci1 1 "u side 7,sim?is74 ,butt]fly4--,resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b ! :ite b& on ! second>ies is /raight1 & ! out] m>g9s are heavily m>k$ ) br[n4 ,expanse1 4#he-a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species occurs 9 ,texas1 ,mexico1 & s\?w>d4 7#bd7 ,!cla acis1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ch1 1 "u side 7,drury's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is d>k br[n4 ,! "u side is %[n 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 4#ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is v pretty species is f\nd 9 ! extreme s\!rn portions ( ,florida & ! ,antilles4 7#be7 ,!cla cecrops1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 "u side 7,cecrops74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxx #a4 ,!cla dumetorum1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,!cla dumetorum1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,!cla aff9is1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #d4 ,!cla behri1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,!cla behri1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #f4 ,!cla clytie1 ,edw>ds1 4 #g4 ,!cla cecrops1 ,hbn]1 4 #h4 ,!cla nelsoni1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,!cla bl59a1 ,hewitson1 1 "u side4 7,! figure is t ( ! type ( ,t4 siva1 ,edw>ds47 #aj4 ,!cla titus1 ,fabricius1 4 #aa4 ,!cla niphon1 ,hbn]1 4 #ab4 ,!cla irus1 ,god>t1 4 #ac4 ,!cla nelsoni1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,!cla titus1 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 #ae4 ,!cla augu/us1 ,kirby1 4 #af4 ,lyco5a fulig9osa1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ag4 ,!cla eryphon1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #ah4 ,!cla m>tialis1 1 "u side4 #ai4 ,lyco5a pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 m>g9ata1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #bj4 ,lyco5a pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 lucia1 ,kirby1 1 "u side4 #ba4 ,!cla h5rici1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 4 #bb4 ,!cla niphon1 ,hbn]1 1 "u side4 #bc4 ,lyco5a c\p]i1 ,grote1 4 #bd4 ,lyco5a fulla1 ,edw>ds1 4 #be4 ,lyco5a fulla1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bf4 ,lyco5a cl>a1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #bg4 ,lyco5a m>9a1 ,reakirt1 1 "u side4 #bh4 ,lyco5a do$alus1 ,behr1 1 "u side4 #bi4 ,lyco5a ic>ioides1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #cj4 ,lyco5a enoptes1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #ca4 ,lyco5a glaucon1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #cb4 ,lyco5a pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 1 "u side4 #cc4 ,lyco5a isola1 ,reakirt1 1 "u side4 7,! figure is t ( ! type ( ,l4 aloe1 ,edw>ds47 #cd4 ,lyco5a c\p]i1 ,grote1 1 "u side4 #ce4 ,lyco5a antiacis1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #cf4 ,lyco5a antiacis1 ,boisduval1 4 #cg4 ,lyco5a ph]es1 ,boisduval1 4 #ch4 ,lyco5a isola1 ,reakirt1 4 #ci4 ,lyco5a glaucon1 ,edw>ds1 4 #dj4 ,lyco5a a/]1 ,edw>ds1 4 #da4 ,lyco5a antiacis1 ,boisduval1 4 #db4 ,lyco5a ph]es1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #dc4 ,lyco5a x]xes1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #dd4 ,lyco5a sagittig]a1 ,feld]1 1 "u side4 #de4 ,lyco5a ammon1 ,lucas1 1 "u side4 #df4 ,lyco5a a/]1 ,edw>ds1 4 #dg4 ,lyco5a a/]1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #dh4 ,lyco5a scudd]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #di4 ,lyco5a scudd]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ej4 ,lyco5a lygdamas1 ,d\bl$ay1 1 "u side4 #ea4 ,lyco5a enoptes1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxx4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly4--,d>k br[n1 gloss$ at ! base ( ! w+s & on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! second>ies ) blue4 ,! "u side is well del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,cecrops is common 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & has be5 tak5 z f> nor? z ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & s\!rn ,indiana4 7#bf7 ,!cla clytie1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #f1 7,clytie74 ,butt]fly4--,blue above1 ) ! apical two ?irds ( ! =e w+s black4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are :ite1 ) ! usual m>g9al & transv]se m>k+s q small & fa9t4 ,expanse1 4#ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 ,texas & ,arizona4 7#bg7 ,!cla ines1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ce1 7,ines74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ! prec$+ species1 b small]1 ) ! second>ies m>k$ ) blacki% on ! co/a4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are slaty-gray1 ) num]\s f9e l9es & a broad m$ian d>k %ade on ! h9d w+s1 runn+ f ! co/a to ! middle ( ! w+4 ,expanse1 4#ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,ines is f\nd 9 ,arizona4 7#bh7 ,!cla behri1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 1 "u side 7,behr's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,bo? sides are well display$ 9 ! plate1 & !re=e ne$ no p>ticul> description4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia & ,oregon1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado4 7#bi7 ,!cla augu/us1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,! ,br[n ,elf974 ,butt]fly4--,br[n on ! upp] side2 pal] on ! "u side4 ,! =e w+s are m>k$ by a /raight incomplete m$ian b&1 & ! h9d w+s by an irregul>ly curv$ m$ian b& or l9e4 ,back ( ^! l9es t[>d ! base bo? w+s are d>k] br[n4 ,expanse1 4#ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are n well kn[n4 ,h5ry ,edw>ds describes ! cat]pill> z c>m9e-r$1 cov]$ ) v %ort hair1 ea* segm5t involute above1 ) deep d\ble fove4 ,! *rysalis is describ$ by ! same obs]v] z be+ pit*y-br[n1 cov]$ ) v %ort bri/ly hair1 ! w+-cases pal]4 ,! food-plant is unkn[n4 ,?is species is boreal 9 its haunts1 & is f\nd 9 ,new ,engl& & nor?w>d & we/w>d into ! ,briti% possessions4 7#cj7 ,!cla irus1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #cb-cd1 *rysalis 7,! ,ho>y ,elf974 ,butt]fly4--,grayi%-br[n on ! upp] side4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are ( ! same color1 pal] on ! out] m>g9s1 & d>k] t[>d ! base4 ,! species is subject to consid]able v>iation4 ,! v>iety arsace1 ,boisduval1 has ! h9d w+s m>k$ ) r$di% ne> ! anal angle1 & ! out] m>g9 bel[ m>k$ ) ho>y-purple4 ,! usual small cresc5tic spots appe> on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 or !y may be abs5t4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,an epitome ( all t is kn[n is to be f\nd 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on "y plums j aft] ! leaves ( ! blossom h dropp$ away4 ,! species is r r>e1 b has be5 f\nd f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,engl&4 7#ca7 ,!cla h5rici1 ,grote & ,rob9son1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,h5ry's ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ! prec$+ species on ! upp] side1 b ) ! out] half ( ! w+s broadly r$di%-br[n4 ,! second>ies on ! "u side are broadly blacki%-br[n on ! basal half1 ) ! out] m>g9 pal]4 ,! division betwe5 ! d>k & light %ades is irregul> & v %>ply def9$1 (t5 indicat$ by a m or less p]fect irregul>ly curv$ m$ian :ite l9e4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #abc4 ,! habits ( ! l>va are id5tical ) ^? ( ! prec$+ species4 ,x occurs f ,ma9e to ,we/ ,virg9ia1 b is r>e4 7#cb7 ,!cla eryphon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ag1 1 "u side 7,eryphon74 ,butt]fly4--,closely resembl+ ! foll[+ species bo? on ! upp] & "u side ( ! w+s1 b easily di/+ui%$ by ! fact t1 on ! "u side ( ! =e w+s1 ! inn] ( ! two d>k b&s on ! out] ?ird ( ! w+ is n %>ply angulat$ bel[ ! ?ird m$ian n]vule1 z 9 ,t4 niphon1 b is m ev51 & 9 g5]al p>allel ) ! subm>g9al l9e4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n be5 describ$4 ,eryphon replaces ! ,ea/]n ,t4 niphon on ! ,pacific coa/4 7#cc7 ,!cla niphon1 ,hbn]1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ch1 #dj1 *rysalis 7,! ,b&$ ,elf974 ,butt]fly4--,r$di%-br[n on ! upp] side4 ,! "u side is accurately depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 elaborately describ$ by ,scudd] 9 8 great "w4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u p9e4 ,! ,b&$ ,elf9 is f\nd f ,nova ,scotia to ,colorado1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :]e its food-plant occurs1 b is nev] abundant4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acb4--,neuration ( ,!cla niphon1 enl>g$4 ,typical ( subg5us ,incisalia1 ,m9ot4 7#cd7 ,!cla aff9is1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side 7,! ,gre5-w+$ ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side closely resembl+ ! foll[+ species4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are uni=mly bright gre54 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,! types came f ,utah4 ,i also h specim5s f ,cali=nia4 7#ce7 ,!cla dumetorum1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side 7,! ,gre5 ,:ite-spott$ ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k fawn-color above1 sometimes t+$ ext]nally ) r$di%4 ,on ! "u side bo? w+s are gre51 ! prim>ies hav+ a %ort /raight b& ( :ite spots on ! out] ?ird1 & ! second>ies a small :ite spot on ! co/a beyond ! middle1 & two or ?ree conspicu\s :ite spots ne> ! anal angle4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! eggs are laid on ! unop5$ fl[]-heads ( ,hosackia argophylla4 ,?is is all we "k ( ! life-hi/ory4 ,! species ranges f ,oregon & ,cali=nia ea/w>d z f> z ,colorado4 7#cf7 ,!cla lta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,fig4 #bd1 1 "u side 7,! ,e>ly ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s br[n1 gloss$ ) bright blue above2 on ! "u side pale fawn1 ) a b& ( pale-r$ spots on bo? w+s ab\t ! middle1 & a few simil> spots on ! out] & inn] m>g9s ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 4#ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,only ! egg1 describ$ & figur$ by ,scudd]1 is kn[n4 ,x ranges f ,quebec to s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & we/w>d to ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & has be5 tak5 on ,m\nt ,graham1 9 ,arizona4 ,x appe>s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,x is /ill r>e 9 collections4 7#cg7 ,!cla titus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #cg1 *rysalis 7,! ,coral ,hair-/reak74 ,butt]fly4--,uni=mly gray-br[n on ! upp] side4 ,"s specim5s ( ! female h a few r$ spots at ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are color$ z on ! upp] side2 b ! h9d w+s h a conspicu\s subm>g9al b& ( coral-r$ spots on _! out] ?ird4 ,expanse1 #a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 well describ$ by sev]al au?ors4 ,! fulle/ acc\nt is giv5 by ,scudd]4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! leaves ( ! wild *]ry & ! wild plum4 ,! insect occurs f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 f ,ma9e to ,georgia4 ,x is n v common4 ,!re are "s t5 or m o!r species ( ?is g5us f\nd 9 our fauna1 b ! species figur$ 9 our plates w suffice to give a good idea ( ! g5us4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acc4--,neuration ( ,!cla titus1 enl>g$4 ,typical ( subg5us ,/rymon1 ,hbn]4 ,g5us ,,f5iseca1 ,grote 7,! ,h>ve/]s7 ,^u 8 pa9t$ w+s1 ! butt]fly ,roam'd1 a gay blossom ( ! sunny sky4 ,,willis ,g4 ,,cl>k4 ,butt]fly4--,small1 bright orange-yell[1 on ! upp] side spott$ ) black1 on ! "u side m or less mottl$ & %ad$ ) gray & br[n1 ! m>k+s ( ! upp] side reappe>+4 ,! cut %[s ! neuration1 :i* ne$ n be m9utely describ$4 ,egg4--,subglobul>1 mu* wid] ?an high1 its surface smoo?1 m>k$ ) a multitude ( v f9e & indi/9ct rais$ ridges1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( be+ cov]$ by v delicate polygonal cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,9 its mature /age ! cat]pill> is %ort1 slug-%ap$1 cov]$ ) a multitude ( bri/l+ hairs1 ^u :i* x ga!rs ! :ite exudations or scales ( ! mealy bugs ^u :i* x fe$s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acd4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,f5iseca1 enl>g$4 ,*rysalis4--,small1 br[n 9 color2 :5 view$ dorsally %[+ a rem>kable & /rik+ lik5ess to ! face ( a monkey1 a s+ul> ph5om5on :i* also appe>s ev5 m /rik+ly 9 *rysalids ( ! alli$ g5us ,spalgis1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,africa & ,asia4 ,b "o species ( ! g5us is kn[n4 7#a7 ,f5iseca t>qu9ius1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #de1 #df1 *rysalis 7,! ,h>ve/]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is well depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,!re is consid]able v>iation1 h[ev]1 9 ! size ( ! black m>k+s ^u ! upp] surface1 & ,i h specim5s 9 :i* !y almo/ entirely disappe>4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal]2 ! spots ( ! upp] side reappe>1 &1 9 addition1 ! h9d w+s are mottl$ pr(usely ) small pale-br[n spots4 ,expanse1 #a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at has be5 said ( ^! 9 ! description ( ! g5us w suffice = ! species4 ,?is curi\s little insect1 :i* f9ds its ne>e/ allies 9 ,asia & ,africa1 ranges all ov] ! ,atlantic ,/ates f ,nova ,scotia to ! ,c>ol9as1 & ?r\gh\t ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 ,g5us ,,*rysophanus1 ,d\bl$ay 7,! ,copp]s7 ,atoms ( color ?\ ha/ call$ to life 7,we "n !m butt]flies7 float lazily ,on clov] sw+s1 _! drop ( honey made ,by !e1 de> que51 already = _! ne$4 ,,m>y ,,butts4 ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies1 ) ! upp] side ( ! w+s "s %ade ( copp]y-r$ or orange1 frequ5tly gloss$ ) purple4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are m>k$ ) a multitude ( small spots & l9es4 ,! neuration ( ! w+ is del9eat$ 9 ! figure h]e) giv51 & ne$s no fur!r description4 ,egg4--,! eggs are hemisph]ical1 flatt5$ on ! base1 ! upp] surface deeply pitt$ ) polygonal or some:at circul> depressions4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ace4--,neuration ( ,*rysophanus ?o1 enl>g$4 ,typical ( ! g5us4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s1 s f> z kn[n1 are decid$ly slug-%ap$1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d1 & hav+ a v small head4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalids are small1 r\nd$ at ei!r end1 & held 9 place by a girdle ( silk a little =w>d ( ! middle4 ,?is g5us is f\nd 9 ! temp]ate regions ( bo? ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w1 & also 9 ,s\? ,africa4 7#a7 ,*rysophanus arota1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,arota74 ,butt]fly4--,! plate gives a good idea ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are pale gray 9 ! male & pale r$ 9 ! female1 ) ! out] m>g9 lav5d]4 ,! spots ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! disk4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are purpli%-gray on ! inn] two ?irds & pal] gray on ! out] ?ird1 ) _m black spots on ! disk1 m>g9$ ) :ite4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 p>tially describ$ by ,dy> 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #bjd4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! wild gooseb]ry 7,ribes74 ,arota is a ,cali=nian species4 7#b7 ,*rysophanus virg9i5sis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,fig4 #bd1 7,! ,nevada ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ to ! prec$+ species1 b easily di/+ui%$ by ! subm>g9al :ite b&s ( cresc5t-%ap$ spots on ! "u side4 ,^! are p>ticul>ly di/9ct on ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,virg9i5sis1 s nam$ because ! fir/ specim5s came f ,virg9ia ,city1 ranges 9 ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 & ,colorado4 7#c7 ,*rysophanus xan?oides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 7,! ,great ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! /ud5t w easily recognize x by its l>g] size1 x be+ ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & by its creamy-:ite "u surface1 spott$ ) di/9ct small black spots1 9 l>ge "p reproduc+ ! spots ( ! upp] side4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fe in*4 7#d7 ,*rysophanus edi?a1 ,mead1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,fig4 #bg1 7,edi?a74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is a mu* small] species ?an ! la/1 :i* x some:at resembles on ! upp] side4 ,on ! "u side x is :olly unlike xan?oides1 ! w+s be+ pale pe>ly-gray1 pale o*re\s on ! out] m>g9s1 ! spots ( ! =e w+s black & ( ! h9d w+s o*re\s1 n>r[ly m>g9$ ) :ite or f9e black l9es4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,entirely unkn[n4 ,?is species is f\nd 9 ,nevada4 7#e7 ,*rysophanus gorgon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 7,gorgon74 ,butt]fly4--,some:at l ! prec$+ species1 b ) ! =e w+s ( ! male r$d] on ! upp] side1 & ( ! female m broadly mottl$ ) pale r$1 ! spots 9 "s specim5s incl9+ to buff4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is :ite1 m>k$ ) ! usual s]ies ( black spots4 ,! second>ies h a m>g9al s]ies ( elongat$ pale-r$ spots1 tipp$ at ei!r end ) black4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we z yet "k no?+ ( ^!4 ,gorgon is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada4 7#f7 ,*rysophanus ?o1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,fig4 #cb1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ej1 *rysalis 7,! ,bronze ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! plate makes a description ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s unnecess>y4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+ 9 bo? sexes is bright tawny-r$1 pale gray at ! apex2 ! h9d w+s are blui%-gray1 ) a broad b& ( c>m9e on ! out] m>g94 ,bo? w+s are pr(usely adorn$ ) small black spots4 ,expanse1 #a4cj-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are only p>tially kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,rumex4 ,x is n uncommon 9 nor!rn ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,p5nsylvania1 & ranges f ,ma9e to ,kansas & ,colorado4 7#g7 ,*rysophanus m>iposa1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 7,reakirt's ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,small1 ) a broad dusky b& on ! h9d w+ ( ! male & on ! =e w+ ( ! female4 ,! male is purpli%-r$ above1 ! female bright r$1 ) ! usual spots4 ,on ! "u side ! gr\nd-color ( ! =e w+s is pale r$1 ( ! h9d w+s cle> a%5-gray1 ) ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s ( ! g5us4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,! insect ranges f ,briti% ,columbia into nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,montana1 & ,colorado4 7#h7 ,*rysophanus helloides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 7,! ,purpli% ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! male has ! =e w+s broadly %ot ) iridesc5t purple4 ,! female is well del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are pale r$1 ! h9d w+s r$di%-gray1 ) a m>g9al r[ ( brick-r$ cresc5ts4 ,! usual black spots are f\nd on bo? w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k next to no?+ ( ^!4 ,! ,purpli% ,copp] is f\nd 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates f nor!rn ,ill9ois & ,i[a to ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&4 7#i7 ,*rysophanus epixan!1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bh1 7,! ,lea/ ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! smalle/ species ( ! g5us 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,on ! upp] side ! w+s ( ! male are d>k fusc\s1 %ot ) purple1 & hav+ a few r$ spots ne> ! anal angle ( ! second>ies4 ,! female on ! upp] side is pale gray1 & m pr(usely m>k$ ) black spots4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are light gray1 blui% at ! base1 & m>k$ ) ! usual spots4 ,expanse1 4#he-4ie in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,?is is a ,nor!rn species1 rang+ f ,newf\ndl&1 :]e x is common1 to ,briti% ,columbia1 nev] s\? ( ! latitude ( ,new ,engl&4 7#aj7 ,*rysophanus hypophlz1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #be1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #di1 *rysalis 7,! ,am]ican ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is "o ( ! commone/ butt]flies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! figure 9 ! plate w s]ve to recall x to ! m9d ( e read]4 ,x is abundant ev]y:]e except 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & ranges z f> nor? z ,manitoba & ! ,hudson ,bay region4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h (t5 be5 describ$4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* is small & slug-%ap$1 fe$s ^u ! common sorrel 7,rumex acetosella74 7#aa7 ,*rysophanus sn[i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,sn['s ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is a m$ium-siz$ species1 easily recogniz$ by ! ev51 r wide black bord] on bo? w+s on ! upp] side1 & ! dirty-gray color ( ! h9d w+s on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,sn['s ,copp]1 :i* is nam$ 9 honor ( ! amiable ,*ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 occurs 9 ,colorado at high elevations1 & is report$ f ,alb]ta & ,briti% ,columbia4 7#ab7 ,*rysophanus rubidus1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 7,! ,ruddy ,copp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is a r l>ge species4 ,! male on ! upp] side is preval5tly pale1 lu/r\s r$1 ) a n>r[ black m>g9al b& & uni=mly conspicu\s :ite fr+es4 ,! upp] side ( ! female is accurately depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are %9+ :ite1 ! second>ies immaculate4 ,expanse1 #a4cj-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are altoge!r unkn[n4 ,?is exce$+ly beautiful species is f\nd 9 ,oregon1 ,nevada1 & ,montana4 7#ac7 ,*rysophanus sirius1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 7,sirius74 ,butt]fly4--,! male closely resembles ! prec$+ species on ! upp] side1 b is bright] r$1 especially along ! n]vules ( ! =e w+s4 ,! female on ! upp] side is dusky4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are :iti% or pale gray1 b ! h9d w+s are n )\t spots1 z 9 ! prec$+ species1 & c>ry ! *>act]i/ic m>k+s ( ! g5us4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species has be5 f\nd f ,=t ,mc,cleod1 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 z f> s\? z ,arizona1 among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,cordill]as4 ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,entomology ,all ! =ces ( nature are int]dep5d5t4 ,_m plants w\ld n be> se$s or fruit 7 x n = ! activity ( insects1 :i* cause ! poll5 to be deposit$ ^u ! pi/il & ! se$-vessel to be f]tiliz$4 ,attempts 7 made _m ye>s ago to gr[ clov] 9 ,au/ralia1 b ! clov] did n make se$4 ,all ! se$ requir$ = plant+ _h to be import$ at mu* exp5se f ,europe4 ,x 0 f9ally asc]ta9$ t ! reason :y ! clov] fail$ to make se$ 0 because ?r\gh\t ,au/ralia !re 7 no bumblebees4 ,bumblebees 7 introduc$1 & n[ clov] gr[s luxuriantly 9 ,au/ralia1 mak+ se$ abundantly2 & ,au/ralian meats1 c>ri$ 9 ! cold-/orage rooms ( great ocean /eam]s1 are us$ to fe$ ! p ( ,manila1 ,hong-,kong1 ,yokohama1 & ev5 ,london4 ,a few ye>s ago ! orange-groves 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia became infe/$ ) a scale-insect1 :i* ?reat5$ to ru9 !m & to br+ orange-gr[+ 9 t "p ( ! l& to an unpr(itable end4 ,! matt] receiv$ ! c>eful att5tion ( ! *ief entomologi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! lam5t$ ,pr(essor ,c4,v4 ,riley4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! /udies :i* he & 8 associates prosecut$1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! same scale-insect :i* 0 ru9+ ! orange-groves ( ,cali=nia is f\nd 9 ! orange-groves ( ,que5sl&1 b t 9 ,que5sl& ?is insect did comp>atively small injury to ! trees4 ,inve/igation disclos$ ! fact t 9 ,que5sl& ! scale-insect 0 kept d[n by ! ravages ( a p>asitic insect :i* prey$ ^u x4 ,?is p>asite1 by ord] ( ! *ief entomologi/1 0 imm$iately import$1 9 consid]able numb]s1 into s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & let loose among ! orange-groves4 ,! result has be5 mo/ b5eficial4 ,^! are two illu/rations1 f among hundr$s :i* might be cit$1 ( ! v practical value ( entomological k4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxi #a4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 lucia1 ,kirby1 4 #b4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 m>g9ata1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 m>g9ata1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 nigra1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 violacea1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #g4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #h4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 neglecta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 neglecta1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 piasus1 ,boisduval1 4 #aa4 ,lycna ddalus1 ,behr1 4 #ab4 ,lycna ddalus1 ,behr1 4 #ac4 ,lycna het]onea1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,lycna het]onea1 ,boisduval1 4 #ae4 ,lycna spiolus1 ,boisduval1 4 #af4 ,lycna spiolus1 ,boisduval1 4 #ag4 ,lycna lygdamas1 ,d\bl$ay1 4 #ah4 ,lycna lygdamas1 ,d\bl$ay1 4 #ai4 ,lycna sagittig]a1 ,feld]1 4 #bj4 ,lycna sagittig]a1 ,feld]1 4 #ba4 ,lycna sonor5sis1 ,feld]1 4 #bb4 ,lycna sonor5sis1 ,feld]1 4 #bc4 ,lycna %a/a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bd4 ,lycna %a/a1 ,edw>ds1 4 #be4 ,lycna melissa1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bf4 ,lycna melissa1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bg4 ,lycna acmon1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bh4 ,lycna acmon1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bi4 ,lycna comyntas1 ,god>t1 4 #cj4 ,lycna comyntas1 ,god>t1 4 #ca4 ,lycna ammon1 ,lucas1 4 #cb4 ,lycna m>9a1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! annual loss suff]$ by agricultural communities ?r\gh ignorance ( entomological facts is v great4 ,e plant has its insect enemy1 or1 m correctly1 its insect lov]1 :i* fe$s ^u x1 delights 9 its luxuriance1 b makes %ort "w1 x may be ( leaves1 x may be ( fl[]s1 x may be ( fruit4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t e kn[n species ( plant has five or six species ( insects :i* habitually fe$ ^u x4 ,:]e ! plant is "o t is valuable to man & is gr[n = 8 use1 ! horticulturi/ or ! f>m] f9ds himself confront$1 pres5tly1 by ! ravages ( ^! creatures1 & unless he has correct in=mation z to ! be/ mann] 9 :i* to combat !m1 he is likely to suff] losses ( a s]i\s "*4 ,we all h read ( ! havoc wr\ght by ! ,kansas locu/1 or gras%opp]1 & ( ! ru9 br\ght ab\t by insects ( ! same class 9 ,asia & 9 ,africa4 ,we all h he>d ( ! ,hessian fly1 ( ! weevil1 & ( ! army-worm4 ,! legislature ( ,massa*usetts has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 sp5d+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 ! attempt to ext]m9ate ! gipsy-mo?4 ,! cat]pill> ( ! cabbage-butt]fly ru9s e ye> mat]ial en\gh to supply sau]-kraut to half ( ! p4 ,! codl+-mo?1 ! little p9ki% cat]pill> ( :i* worms its way ?r\gh apples1 is e/imat$ to de/roy five millions ( doll>s' wor? ( apples e ye> )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& :at %all we say ( ! potato-bug1 t prettily /rip$ beetle1 :i*1 />t+ f ! f> ,we/1 has tak5 possession ( ! potato-fields ( ! cont95t1 & = ! ext]m9ation ( :i* !re is annually sp5t1 by ! agricultural communities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 sev]al millions ( doll>s 9 labor & 9 poisons8 ,a few facts l ^! s]ve to %[ t ! /udy ( entomology is n a /udy :i* des]ves to be plac$ 9 ! category ( useless pursuits4 ,view$ m]ely f a utilit>ian /&po9t1 ?is /udy is "o ( ! mo/ important1 f> outrank+1 9 its actual value to communities1 ! /udy ( _m bran*es ( zological sci5ce :i* "s p affect to reg>d z ( a high] ord]4 ,! legislature ( ,p5nsylvania act$ wisely 9 pass+ a law :i* dem&s t 9 e high s*ool e/abli%$ )9 ! ,/ate !re %all be at lea/ "o tea*] capable ( giv+ in/ruction 9 botany & 9 entomology4 ,! importance ( entomology1 :ile n p]ceiv$ by ! masses z yet1 has be5 recogniz$ by almo/ all ! legislatures ( ! ,/ates2 & n only ! g5]al gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ! gov]nm5ts ( ! individual commonweal?s1 are at ! pres5t "t employ+ a numb] ( c>efully tra9$ m51 ^: bus9ess is to asc]ta9 ! facts & in/ruct ! p z to ! be/ mann] 9 :i* to w>d (f ! attacks ( ! insect sw>ms1 :i* are respect]s nei!r ( size nor beauty 9 ! vegetable _w1 attack+ alike ! maje/ic oak & ! l[lie/ mosses4 ,g5us ,,lyc,,na1 ,fabricius 7,! ,blues7 ,bright butt]flies ,flutt]$ _! vans1 azure & gre5 & gold4 ,,sir ,,edw9 ,,arnold4 ,butt]fly4--,g5]ally small1 = ! mo/ "p blue on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 :ite or gray on ! "u side1 v>i\sly m>k$ ) spots & l9es4 ,:at has be5 said 9 ref]5ce to ! subdivision ( ! g5us ,!cla may be repeat$ 9 reg>d to ! g5us :i* we are consid]+4 ,x has be5 9 rec5t ye>s subdivid$ by writ]s :o h giv5 close att5tion to ! matt]1 & ^! subdivisions are entirely def5sible f a sci5tific /&po9t4 ,nev]!less1 ow+ to ! close resemblance :i* prevails ?r\gh\t ! gr\p1 9 ?is book1 :i* is int5d$ = popul> use1 ! au?or has deem$ x be/ n to sep>ate ! species1 z to d s presupposes a m9ute anatomical k1 :i* ! g5]al read] is n likely to possess4 ,egg4--,! eggs are = ! mo/ "p flatt5$1 turban-%ap$ 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #g74 ,cat]pill>4--,slug-%ap$1 z 9 ! prec$+ g5]a1 fe$+ ^u ! petals & bracts ( fl[]s1 or ^u delicate t]m9al leaves4 ,*rysalis4--,closely resembl+ ! *rysalids ( ! prec$+ g5]a4 ,?is g5us is v widely di/ribut$ 9 ! temp]ate regions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,_m ( ! species are inhabitants ( ! cold ,nor? or high m\nta9 summits1 :ile o!rs are f\nd 9 ! tropics4 7#a7 ,lycna fulig9osa1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #af1 1 "u side 7,! ,sooty ,gossam]-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,d>k gray on ! upp] side 9 bo? sexes4 ,on ! "u side ! figure 9 ! plate gives a correct repres5tation ( ! color & m>k+s4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species occurs 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,oregon1 & ,wa%+ton4 7#b7 ,lycna het]onea1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ai1 1 "u side 7,! ,v>i$ ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side ! male is blue1 ! female br[n4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are :ite1 ) fa9t pale-br[n spots on ! h9d w+s & di/9ct black spots on ! =e w+s1 m num]\s ?an 9 ,l4 lycea1 :i* x closely resembles on ! "u side4 ,x is ! l>ge/ species ( ! g5us1 & ! female rem9ds u by its m>k+s on ! upp] side ( ! females ( ,*rysophanus4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,het]onea ranges f ,colorado to ,cali=nia1 at suitable elevations among ! m\nta9s4 7#c7 ,lycna cl>a1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bf1 7,! ,bright ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! figure 9 ! plate is t ( ! type ( ! female1 ! only specim5 9 my collection4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are entirely unkn[n4 ,! type came f s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#d7 ,lycna lycea1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 "u side 7,lycea74 ,butt]fly4--,! p]fect insect is v ne>ly z l>ge z ,l4 het]onea4 ,! male is lilac-blue on ! upp] side1 ) ! m>g9s dusky4 ,! black spots ( ! "u side d n %[ ?r\gh on ! upp] side1 z 9 ,l4 het]onea4 ,! female is dusky1 ) ! w+s %ot ) blue at _! bases1 m especially on ! =e w+4 ,!re are no black spots on ! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 ?is sex1 z 9 ,l4 het]onea4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are :iti%4 ,! spots on ?is side are well del9eat$ 9 our figure 9 ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,expanse1 #a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,! butt]fly is f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f ,new ,mexico to ,montana4 7#e7 ,lycna fulla1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 7,fulla74 ,butt]fly4--,small] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! upp] side ( ! male is n lilac-blue1 b ultram>9e4 ,! female is almo/ indi/+ui%able on ! upp] side f ! female ( ,l4 lycea4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale /one-gray1 ) a black spot at ! end ( ! cell ( ! prim>ies & a l>ge :ite spot at ! end ( ! cell ( ! second>ies4 ,! o!r spots1 :i* are always r+$ ab\t ) :ite1 are locat$ mu* z 9 ,l4 ic>ioides 7see ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bi74 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,fulla occurs 9 nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 7#f7 ,lycna ic>ioides1 ,boisduval 7m9?a1 ,edw>ds71 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bi1 1 "u side 7,boisduval's ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! insect on ! upp] side closely resembles ! prec$+ species 9 bo? sexes4 ,on ! "u side x may be at once di/+ui%$ f ! foll[+ species by ! abs5ce on ! m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s ( ! f9e black t]m9al l9e1 & by hav+ only "o1 n two r[s ( subm>g9al black spots4 ,!re are o!r m>k$ & /rik+ diff]5ces1 & ! m]g+ ( ,l4 ddalus1 ,behr1 ) ?is species1 :i* has be5 advocat$ by "s rec5t writ]s1 is no d\bt due to _! lack ( suffici5t & accurately id5tifi$ mat]ial4 ,expanse1 #a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species1 :i* is n common1 is f\nd 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#g7 ,lycna ddalus1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bh1 1 "u side 7,behr's ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s ( ! male on ! upp] side are deep lu/r\s blue1 ) d>k] bord]s & :ite fr+es4 ,! w+s ( ! female are br[n1 m>g9$ ) r$di%4 ,! "n oe*aja 0 appli$ to ?is sex by ,dr4 ,behr1 be=e x 0 kn[n to be ! female ( 8 ,l4 do$alus4 ,expanse1 #a4ab in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n yet be5 /udi$4 ,ddalus is common 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#h7 ,lycna spiolus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 7,! ,gre5i% ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side has ! w+s blue1 %ot 9 c]ta9 lights ) brilliant gre54 ,! female on ! same side is dusky1 ) gre5i%-blue scales at ! bases ( ! w+s1 & (t5 ) r$di% m>k+s on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are gray or pale wood-br[n1 ) gre5i%-blue at _! base & a pr(usion ( small black spots m>g9$ ) :ite4 ,n[ & !n ! black spots are lo/1 ! :ite m>g9s spread+ inw>dly & usurp+ ! place ( ! black4 ,expanse1 4#ie-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await fur!r /udy4 ,! species ranges f ,briti% ,columbia to ,colorado4 7#i7 ,lycna ph]es1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #db1 1 "u side 7,ph]es74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is pale %9+ blue above1 ) dusky bord]s4 ,! female is dusky1 ) a little blue at ! base ( ! w+s on ! same side4 ,bel[1 ! spots on ! =e w+s are /rongly def9$2 on ! h9d w+s !y are :ite on a pale /one-gray gr\nd4 ,expanse1 #a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k no m ( ^! ?an we d ( ^? ( ! prec$+ species4 ,ph]es has ne>ly ! same range z soepiolus4 7#aj7 ,lycna x]xes1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dc1 1 "u side 7,x]xes74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s 9 bo? sexes are dusky above1 %ot ) blue1 m widely 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are d>k /one-color1 ) all ! spots on bo? w+s :ite1 v r>ely slightly pupil$ ) blacki%4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species is f\nd 9 c5tral ,cali=nia4 7#aa7 ,lycna antiacis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ce1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #cf1 2 ,fig4 #da1 7,! ,ey$ ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side ! male is pale lilac-blue1 ! female dusky1 heavily m>k$ ) blue at ! base ( ! w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are deep1 w>m /one-gray4 ,!re is a s+le q regul> b& ( l>ge-siz$ black spots on ! =e w+ beyond ! middle1 & a triply fe/oon$ curv$ b& ( simil> spots on ! h9d w+4 ,^! spots are all m>g9$ ) :ite4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,! insect is f\nd 9 ,cali=nia4 7#ab7 ,lycna c\p]i1 ,grote1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cd1 1 "u side 7,c\p]'s ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s ( ! male above are pale %9+ blue1 ) a n>r[ black bord]2 ( ! female d>k] blue1 broadly m>g9$ ext]nally ) dusky4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are d>k br[ni%-gray1 ) ! spots arrang$ mu* z 9 ,l4 antiacis1 b ) ^? ( ! h9d w+s g5]ally :ite1 & )\t a d>k pupil4 ,! s]ies on ! =e w+ is usually di/9ctly pupil$ ) black4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species is f\nd 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ,labrador1 ,antico/i1 & we/w>d & nor?w>d4 ,x is a boreal =m4 7#ac7 ,lycna lygdamas1 ,d\bl$ay1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ej1 1 "u side 7,! ,silv]y ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male has ! upp] side ( ! w+s pale silv]y-blue1 n>r[ly edg$ ) black2 ! w+s ( ! female on ! upp] side are d>k] blue1 dusky on ! bord]s1 ) a d>k spot at ! end ( ! cell ( ! prim>ies4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale *ocolate-br[n1 ) a subm>g9al b& ( black spots1 m>g9$ ) :ite1 on bo? w+s1 z well z a spot at ! end ( ! cells1 & "o or two on ! co/a ( ! second>ies4 ,expanse1 4#he-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are yet to be asc]ta9$4 ,! insect is report$ f ,mi*igan to ,georgia4 7#ad7 ,lycna sagittig]a1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dd1 1 "u side 7,! ,arr[-head ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s 9 bo? sexes are v>iable pale blue1 dusky on ! m>g9s1 ) :ite fr+es *eck]$ ) dusky at ! ends ( ! ve9s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are d>k gray1 pr(usely spott$1 ! mo/ *>act]i/ic m>k+s be+ a :ite ray 9 ! cell ( ! h9d w+s1 a broad subm>g9al b& ( :ite arr[-%ap$ m>k+s on bo? w+s1 ) a black spot at ! tip ( ea* sagittate maculation & a d>k triangul> %ade betwe5 ! b>bs4 ,^! m>k+s are n %[n z !y %\ld be 9 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,!y are only fa9tly indicat$4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,?is butt]fly ranges f ,oregon to ,mexico1 & ea/w>d z f> z ,colorado on ! m\nta9s4 7#ae7 ,lycna speciosa1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #a 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side 7,! ,small ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,q small2 ! male pale blue above1 edg$ ) dusky2 ! female dusky1 ) ! inn] two ?irds %ot ) blue4 ,! maculation ( ! "u side is z repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 4#hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,habitat1 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#af7 ,lycna sonor5sis1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 7,! ,sonora ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f all o!r species ( ! g5us by ! r$ spots 9 ! region ( ! m$ian n]vules on ! upp] side4 ,expanse1 4#hg in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is lovely little insect is f\nd r abundantly 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia & nor!rn ,mexico4 7#ag7 ,lycna pod>ce1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 7,! ,gray ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is grayi%-blue above1 ) dusky m>g9s1 light] on ! disk ( bo? ! =e & h9d w+s4 ,!re are a few d>k m>g9al cresc5ts on ! h9d w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are v pale1 pr(usely spott$1 ! spot at ! end ( ! cell ( ! second>ies be+ l>ge & :iti%1 )\t a pupil1 ! re/ be+ black r+$ ab\t ) :ite4 ,! female is d>k br[n above1 ! =e w+s hav+ a black spot r+$ ab\t ) yell[i% at ! end ( ! cell4 ,expanse1 #a4je in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h nev] be5 describ$4 ,! species is ?us f> kn[n f ,cali=nia1 ,nevada1 & ,colorado4 ,x is alp9e 9 its habits4 7#ah7 ,lycna aquilo1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side 7,! ,labrador ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is dusky blui%-gray on ! upp] side2 ! female some:at d>k]4 ,x is easily di/+ui%$ f o!r species by ! d>k-br[n %ades on ! "u side ( ! second>ies4 ,expanse1 4#hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,labrador & arctic ,am]ica4 7#ai7 ,lycna ru/ica1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ag1 1 "u side 7,! ,ru/ic ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,mu* l ! prec$+ species1 b a ?ird l>g]1 & bright] blue on ! upp] side ( ! w+s ( ! male4 ,on ! "u side ! disposition ( ! spots & m>k+s is precisely z 9 ,l4 aquilo1 b on ! second>ies ! d>k spots & %ades are all replac$ by :ite on a pale-gray gr\nd4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we are 9 complete ignorance z to ^!4 ,! butt]fly is f\nd 9 ,briti% ,am]ica & on ! ,we/]n ,cordill]as4 7#bj7 ,lycna enoptes1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cj1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ea1 7,! ,dott$ ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are purpli%-blue1--pale 9 ! male1 d>k] 9 ! female1--bord]$ ) dusky1 m heavily 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,! fr+es are :ite1 *eck]$ ) dusky at ! ends ( ! ve9s4 ,! female sometimes has ! h9d w+s m>k$ on ! upp] side ) r$ m>g9al spots on ! inn] half ( ! bord]4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale blui%-gray1 m>k$ ) a pr(usion ( small black spots1 ^? on ! out] m>g9 arrang$ 9 two p>allel l9es1 betwe5 :i*1 on ! h9d w+s1 are r$ spots4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,await+ description4 ,enoptes ranges f ,wa%+ton to ,arizona4 7#ba7 ,lycna glaucon1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ca1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ci1 7,! ,colorado ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,purpli%-blue1 closely resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b hav+ ! black m>g9 ( ! w+s broad] ?an 9 ,l4 enoptes1 ) ! d>k cresc5ts ( ! m>g9al s]ies on ! "u side %[+ ?r\gh z d>k] spots 9 ! m>g9s ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female has a b& ( orange spots on ! m>g9s ( ! second>ies4 ,! two m>g9al r[s ( spots on ! l[] side ( ! w+s are arrang$ & color$ z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,( ^! we mu/ aga9 confess ignorance4 ,glaucon ranges f ,wa%+ton into ,cali=nia1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado1 :]e x is q common 9 ! m\nta9 valleys4 7#bb7 ,lycna battoides1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,behr's ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side pal] blue ?an ! prec$+ species1 ) ! h9d m>g9 t+$ ) r$di%1 %9+ ?r\gh f bel[1 & small cresc5tic d>k spots4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are smoky-gray1 ) all ! black spots1 :i* are arrang$ z 9 ! prec$+ species1 greatly enl>g$ & quadrate1 & a broad subm>g9al bord] ( orange on ! h9d w+s4 ,! female is l ! male1 b ) m orange on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is1 z yet1 kn[n ( ^!4 ,! insect ranges f ,cali=nia & ,arizona to ,colorado4 7#bc7 ,lycna %a/a1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,fig4 #bd1 7,! ,%a/a ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! figures 9 ! plate give a fairly good idea ( ! upp] side ( ?is species 9 bo? sexes1 ?\gh ! male is n q s d>k a blue z repres5t$4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s h ! usual black spots1 on a dirty-gray gr\nd1 &1 9 addition1 on ! h9d w+s !re are a numb] ( small m>g9al spots surm\nt$ by metallic-color$ blui%-gre5 scales1 some:at l ^? f\nd 9 "s species ( ! g5us ,!cla4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,s f> z ,i "k1 ^! h nev] be5 describ$4 ,my specim5s are all f ,montana & ,nevada4 ,x is also report$ f nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ,kansas1 ?\gh ,i "q ! latt] locality4 7#bd7 ,lycna melissa1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #be1 2 ,fig4 #bf1 7,! ,orange-m>g9$ ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is pale blue1 ) a n>r[ black m>g9al l9e & :ite fr+es4 ,! female is br[n or lilac-gray1 ) a s]ies ( orange-r$ cresc5ts on ! m>g9s ( bo? w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are /one-gray1 ) ! usual spots1 & on ! second>ies ! orange-color$ m>g9al spots are oblong1 tipp$ inw>dly ) black & outw>dly by a s]ies ( metallic-gre5 maculations4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k v little ab\t ^!4 ,x is f\nd f ,kansas to ,arizona1 & nor?w>d to ,montana4 7#be7 ,lycna scudd]i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dh1 2 ,fig4 #di1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #da1 *rysalis 7,scudd]'s ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! commone/ ,ea/]n repres5tative ( ! gr\p to :i* ! prec$+ f\r or five & ! foll[+ ?ree species belong4 ,on ! upp] side ! male _c be di/+ui%$ f ,l4 melissa2 ! female is d>k] & has only a few orange cresc5ts on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are %9+ :ite1 ! spots are mu* r$uc$ 9 size1 ! l>ge orange spots f\nd 9 ,l4 melissa are replac$ by q small yell[i% or o*re\s spots1 & ! pat*es ( metallic scales def9+ !m ext]nally are v m9ute4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are accurately describ$ by ,dr4 ,scudd] 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 & by o!rs4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! lup9e1 & probably o!r legum9\s plants4 ,x is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! bas9 ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & nor?w>d z f> z ,briti% ,columbia1 be+ also f\nd on ! ,catskill ,m\nta9s4 ,i h f\nd x v common at times ab\t ,s>atoga1 ,new ,york4 7#bf7 ,lycna acmon1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #bg1 2 ,fig4 #bh1 7,acmon74 ,butt]fly4--,! plate gives a good repres5tation ( ! male & ! female ( ?is pretty species1 :i* may at a glance be di/+ui%$ f all its allies by ! broad orange-r$ b& on ! h9d w+s1 m>k$ by small black spots4 ,on ! "u side x is m>k$ mu* z ,l4 melissa4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,x is f\nd f ,arizona to ,wa%+ton & ,montana4 7#bg7 ,lycna a/]1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dj1 2 ,fig4 #df1 2 ,fig4 #dg1 1 "u side 7,! ,a/] ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! "u side ?is species is v l enoptes & o!r alli$ species4 ,! male looks l a dw>f$ specim5 ( ,l4 scudd]i4 ,! female is dull blui%-gray above1 ) black spots on ! out] m>g9s ( ! w+1 mo/ di/9ct on ! second>ies1 &1 in/ead ( a b& ( orange spots be=e !m1 a diffuse b& ( blue spots1 pal] ?an ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! w+4 ,expanse1 4#ie-a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! furni% a field = inve/igation4 ,! insect is report$ ?us f> only f ,newf\ndl&1 f :i* locality ,i obta9$1 ?r\gh ! pur*ase ( ! ,mead collection1 a l>ge & int]e/+ s]ies4 7#bh7 ,lycna annetta1 ,mead1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 7,annetta74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxii #a4 ,lycna speciosa1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,lycna speciosa1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #c4 ,lycna hanno1 ,/oll1 1 "u side4 #d4 ,lycna isoph?alma1 ,h]ri*-,s*ff]1 4 #e4 ,lycna exilis1 ,boisduval1 4 #f4 ,lycna !onus1 ,lucas1 4 #g4 ,lycna amyntula1 ,boisduval1 4 #h4 ,lycna amyntula1 ,boisduval1 4 #i4 ,lycna aquilo1 ,boisduval1 4 #aj4 ,lycna aquilo1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,lycna battoides1 ,behr1 4 #ab4 ,lycna comyntas1 ,god>t1 1 "u side4 #ac4 ,lycna annetta1 ,mead1 4 #ad4 ,lycna annetta1 ,mead1 4 #ae4 ,lycna pod>ce1 ,feld]1 4 #af4 ,lycna pod>ce1 ,feld]1 4 #ag4 ,lycna ru/ica1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ah4 ,lycna lycea1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ai4 ,lycna bet]onea1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #bj4 ,!cla mel9us1 ,hbn]1 4 #ba4 ,na?alis iole1 ,boisduval1 4 #bb4 ,na?alis iole1 ,boisduval1 4 #bc4 ,eu*lo creusa1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bd4 ,eu*lo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 4 #be4 ,eu*lo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 4 #bf4 ,eu*lo ce?ura1 ,feld]1 4 #bg4 ,eu*lo ce?ura1 ,feld]1 4 #bh4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 4 #bi4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 4 #cj4 ,eu*lo lanceolata1 ,boisduval1 4 #ca4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 reakirti1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cb4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 reakirti1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cc4 ,eu*lo pima1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cd4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 julia1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ce4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 /ella1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cf4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 /ella1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cg4 ,eu*lo g5utia1 ,fabricius1 4 #ch4 ,eu*lo g5utia1 ,fabricius1 4 #ci4 ,eu*lo olympia1 ,edw>ds1 v>4 rosa1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly4--,! male closely resembles ! male ( ,l4 melissa on ! upp] side4 ,! female is pal] ?an ! male1 :i* is unusual 9 ?is g5us1 & has a wa%$-out appe>ance4 ,on ! "u side ! m>k+s are v l ^? f\nd 9 ,l4 scudd]i4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,entirely unkn[n4 ,! types :i* ,i possess came f ,utah4 7#bi7 ,lycna pseud>giolus1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cb1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #cf1 #dc1 #dd1 *rysalis 7,! ,common ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,?is common b mo/ int]e/+ insect has be5 made ! subject ( mo/ exhau/ive & elaborate /udy by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 & ! result has be5 to %[ t x is highly subject to v>iation4 ,x illu/rates ! ph5om5a ( polymorphism mo/ beautifully4 ,! =ego+ ref]5ces to ! plate cite ! figures ( ! typical summ] =m4 ,9 addition to ?is =m ! foll[+ =ms h receiv$ names3 7a7 ,w9t] =m lucia1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bj1 1 "u side4 ,?is appe>s 9 ,new ,engl& 9 ! e>ly spr+ f ov]w9t]+ *rysalids1 & is *>act]iz$ by ! br[n pat* on ! middle ( ! h9d w+ on ! "u side4 7b7 ,w9t] =m m>g9ata1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ai1 1 "u side4 ,?is appe>s at ! same "t z ! prec$+ =m4 ,! specim5s figur$ 9 ! plate 7 tak5 9 ,manitoba4 ,?is =m is *>act]iz$ by ! d>k m>g9s ( ! w+s on ! "u side4 7c7 ,w9t] =m violacea1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #e1 4 ,?is is ! common w9t] =m4 ,! spots bel[ are di/9ct1 b nev] fus$ or melt$ toge!r1 z 9 ! two prec$+ =ms4 7d7 ,=m nigra1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #d1 4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are z 9 violacea1 b are black above4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia & occurs also 9 ,colorado4 7e7 ,summ] =m neglecta1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 4 ,?is is small] ?an ! typical =m pseud>giolus1 also has ! d>k spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s m di/9ct1 & ! h9d w+s1 especially 9 ! female1 pal]4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acf4--,neuration ( ,lycna pseud>giolus1 enl>g$4 ,typical ( subg5us ,cyaniris1 ,dalman4 7f7 ,s\!rn =m piasus1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #aj1 4 ,?is =m1 :i* is uni=mly d>k] blue on ! upp] side ?an ! o!rs1 is f\nd 9 ,arizona4 ,!re are /ill o!r =ms :i* h be5 nam$ & describ$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 trac$ ?r\gh all /ages ) m9ute/ c>e4 ,! egg is del9eat$ 9 ?is book on p4 #d1 ,fig4 #g4 ,! cat]pill> is slug-%ap$1 & fe$s on ! t5d] leaves & petals ( a great v>iety ( plants4 ,! range ( ! species is imm5se4 ,x ext5ds f ,alaska to ,florida1 & f ,antico/i to ,arizona4 7#cj7 ,lycna amyntula1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,! ,we/]n ,tail$ ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,closely resembl+ ,l4 comyntas1 ( :i* x may be only a slightly modifi$ ,we/]n =m4 ,until ! te/ ( bre$+ has be5 appli$ we _c be sure ( ?is4 ,! figures 9 ! plate give a v good repres5tation ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s ( ?is species4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little has be5 f\nd out conc]n+ ^!4 ,x ranges f ! ea/]n foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! ,pacific 9 ,briti% ,am]ica & ! nor!rn ti] ( ,we/]n ,/ates4 7#ca7 ,lycna comyntas1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 2 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ab1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #db1 #dg1 #dh1 *rysalis 7,! ,ea/]n ,tail$ ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! blue ( ! upp] side ( ! male 9 ! plate is too d>k2 b ! female & ! "u side ( ! w+s are accurately del9eat$4 ,! species is g5]ally tail$1 b specim5s )\t tails occur4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are well kn[n & h be5 fully describ$4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on legum9\s plants4 ,?is delicate little species ranges f ! valley ( ! ,saskat*ewan to ,co/a ,rica1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! foot-hills ( ! ,we/]n ,cordill]as4 ,x is common 9 ! ,middle & ,we/]n ,/ates1 flitt+ ab\t roadsides & we$y =e/ pa?s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #acg4--,neuration ( ,lycna comyntas1 enl>g$4 ,typical ( ! subg5us ,ev]es1 ,hbn]4 7#cb7 ,lycna isola1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cc1 1 "u side2 ,fig4 #ch1 7,reakirt's ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is pale lilac-blue1 ) ! out] bord]s & ! ends ( ! ve9s n>r[ly dusky4 ,! female is br[ni%-gray on ! upp] side1 ) ! w+s at _! base gloss$ ) blue4 ,9 bo? sexes !re is a r conspicu\s black spot on ! m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s betwe5 ! fir/ & second m$ian n]vules4 ,! "u side is accurately depict$ 9 our plate1 to :i* ! /ud5t may ref]4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species occurs 9 ,texas1 ,arizona1 & ,mexico4 7#cc7 ,lycna hanno1 ,/oll1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side 7,! ,florida ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species1 on ! upp] side resembl+ ,l4 isola2 b ! blue ( ! male is n lilac1 b bright purpli%1 & ! female is mu* d>k]4 ,on ! "u side a /rik+ di/9ction is f\nd 9 ! abs5ce on ! =e w+ ( ! po/m$ian b& ( l>ge d>k spots s conspicu\s 9 ,l4 isola4 ,expanse1 4#he in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we h no in=mation z to ^!4 ,! insect occurs 9 ,florida & ?r\gh\t ! ,antilles & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 7#cd7 ,lycna isoph?alma1 ,h]ri*-,s*ff]1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,dw>f ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,light br[n on ! upp] side 9 bo? sexes1 ) ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s set ) a r[ ( d>k spots1 :i* on ! "u side are def9$ by circlets ( metallic scales4 ,! "u side is pale br[n1 pr(usely m>k$ by light spots & %ort b&s4 ,expanse1 4#ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,up to ?is "t we h le>n$ v little conc]n+ !m4 ,! species occurs 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates & ! ,antilles4 7#ce7 ,lycna exilis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,! ,pygmy ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side ?is1 :i* is ! smalle/ ( ,nor? ,am]ican butt]flies1 v closely resembles ! =ego+ species1 b may be in/antly di/+ui%$ by ! :ite spot at ! inn] angle ( ! =e w+ & ! :ite fr+es ( ! same w+ ne> ! apex4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are set ) a m>g9al s]ies ( d>k spots r+$ ab\t ) metallic scales4 ,expanse1 4#fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! ,pygmy is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates & ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica4 7#cf7 ,lycna ammon1 ,lucas1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #de1 1 "u side 7,! ,indian ,riv] ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is brilliant lilac-blue on ! upp] side2 ! female %9+ violet-blue1 ) v d>k & wide black bord]s on ! =e w+s & "o or two conspicu\s black eye-spots ne> ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+s1 ea* surm\nt$ by a c>m9e cresc5t4 ,! figure 9 ,plate ,,xxx gives a correct repres5tation ( ! "u side4 ,expanse1 4#ie-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is beautiful little insect is n uncommon 9 s\!rn ,florida1 & also occurs 9 ! ,antilles & tropical ,am]ica4 7#cg7 ,lycna m>9a1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #cb1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bg1 1 "u side 7,! ,m>9e ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male1 on ! upp] side1 is pale dusky-lilac1 ! d>k b&s ( ! l[] side appe>+ fa9tly on ! upp] side4 ,! female is d>k br[n on ! upp] side1 ) ! w+s at ! base %ot ) bright lilac-blue2 ! d>k b&s on ! disk 9 ?is sex are prom95t1 especially on ! =e w+s4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is accurately depict$ 9 ,plate ,,xxx & !re=e requires no description4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,m>9a is f\nd 9 ,texas1 ,arizona1 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & s\?w>d4 7#ch7 ,lycna !onus1 ,lucas1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,! ,we/ ,indian ,blue74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is %9+ lav5d]-blue1 ?is color gloss+ ! d>k out] bord]s ( ! w+s2 ! female is :ite1 ) ! out] co/al bord]s heavily blacki%1 ! prim>ies %ot ) %9+ sky-blue t[>d ! base4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are cross$ by d>k b&s ( spots1 arrang$ mu* z 9 ,l4 m>9a1 b d>k]4 ,! h9d w+s1 ne> ! anal angle1 h conspicu\s eye-spots bo? above & bel[4 ,expanse1 4#hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is lovely insect is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates & all ov] ! hot l&s ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,,size ,size1 l weal?1 is only relative4 ,! f>m] :o owns a hundr$ acres appe>s ri* to ! labor] :om he employs to cut 8 :eat2 b _m a millionaire sp5ds 9 "o mon? z mu* z w\ld pur*ase two su* f>ms4 ,! e>? seems great to u1 & ! sun /ill great]2 b d\btless !re are suns ! diamet] ( :i* is equal to ! di/ance f ! e>? to ! sun1 9 :i* bo? e>? & sun w\ld be swall[$ up z m]e drops 9 an ocean ( fire4 ,9 ! animal k+dom !re are va/ disp>ities 9 size1 & ^! disp>ities are reveal$ 9 ! l[] z well z 9 ! high] classes4 ,9 ! class ( mammals we f9d t9y mice & great elephants2 9 ! insect _w we f9d beetles :i* are microscopic 9 size1 &1 n di/antly relat$ to !m1 beetles z l>ge z a cl5*$ fi/4 ,! disp>ity betwe5 a field-m\se & a sulphur-bottom$ :ale is no great] ?an ! disp>ity 9 size :i* exi/s betwe5 ! smalle/ & ! l>ge/ ( ! beetle tribe4 ,& s x is ) ! lepidopt]a4 ,x w\ld take sev]al ?\s&s ( ! ,pygmy ,blue1 ,lycna exilis1 to equal 9 weight "o ( ! great bird-w+ butt]flies ( ! ,au/ralian tropics4 ,! greate/ disp>ity 9 size 9 ! ord] ( ! lepidopt]a is n1 h[ev]1 %[n 9 ! butt]flies1 b among ! mo?s4 ,!re are mo?s ! w+s ( :i* d n cov] m ?an ?ree sixte5?s ( an in* 9 expanse1 & !re are mo?s ) great bulky bodies & w+s spread+ f eight to n9e in*es4 ,x w\ld require t5 ?\s& ( ! =m] to equal 9 weight "o ( ! latt]1 & ! disproportion 9 size is z great z t :i* exi/s betwe5 a %rew & a hippopotamus1 or betwe5 a m9n[ & a bask+-%>k4 ,x is said t1 tak+ ! sulphur-bottom$ :ale z ! repres5tative ( ! mo/ colossal developm5t ( fle% & blood n[ exi/+ on l& or 9 ! sea1 & !n ) ! microscope rea*+ d[n into ! realm ( protozoan life1 ! common bl[-fly w be asc]ta9$ to occupy ! middle po9t on ! desc5d+ scale4 ,man is1 !re=e1 n only m5tally1 b ev5 physically1 a great creature1 ?\gh he /&s sometimes amaz$ at :at he reg>ds z ! huge proportions ( o!r creatures belong+ to ! v]tebrates4 ,,family ,,iv ,,papilionid 7,,! ,,swall[tails ,,& ,,allies7 ,! butt]flies ( ?is family 9 bo? sexes are provid$ ) six ambulatory feet4 ,! cat]pill>s are elongate1 & 9 ! g5]a ,papilio & ,orni?opt]a h osmat]ia1 or protrusive sc5t-organs1 us$ = purposes ( def5se4 ,! *rysalids 9 all ! g5]a are m or less elongate1 atta*$ at ! anal extremity1 & held 9 place by a girdle ( silk1 b !y nev] lie appress$ to ! surface ^u :i* pupation takes place1 z is true 9 ! ,eryc9id & ,lycnid4 ,,subfamily ,,pi]9 7,,! ,,sulphurs ,,& ,,:ites7 ,fly1 :ite butt]flies1 out to sea1 ,frail pale w+s = ! w9ds to try2 ,small :ite w+s t we sc>ce c see ,fly4 ,"h & !re may a *ance-caught eye ,note1 9 a score ( y1 twa9 or ?ree ,bright] or d>k] ( t+e or dye2 ,"s fly light z a laugh ( glee1 ,"s fly s(t z a long1 l[ sigh3 ,all to ! hav5 :]e ea* w\ld be1--,fly4 ,,sw9burne4 ,butt]fly4--,= ! mo/ "p m$ium-siz$ or small butt]flies1 :ite or yell[ 9 color1 ) d>k m>g9al m>k+s4 ,9 _m g5]a ! subco/al ve9 ( ! =e w+ has five1 or ev5 9 "s cases six n]vules1 & ! upp] radial is lack+ 9 ?is w+4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! eggs are sp9dle-%ap$1 m>k$ ) v]tical ridges & cross-l9es4 ,! cat]pill>s are cyl9drical1 relatively long1 g5]ally gre5 9 color1 longitud9ally /rip$ ) d>k] or pal] l9es4 ,! *rysalids are g5]ally m or less po9t$ at ! head1 ) ! w+-cases 9 _m ( ! g5]a greatly develop$ on ! v5tral side1 =m+ a deep1 keel-%ap$ projection ^u ?is surface4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxiii #a4 ,catopsilia ag>i!1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,catopsilia eubule1 ,l9nu1 4 #c4 ,catopsilia eubule1 ,l9nu1 1 "u side4 #d4 ,catopsilia philea1 ,l9nu1 4 #e4 ,colias eury!me1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #f4 ,pyrameis hunt]a1 ,fabricius1 1 "u side4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is subfamily is v l>ge1 & is enorm\sly develop$ 9 ! tropics ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,"s ( ! g5]a are v widely di/ribut$ 9 temp]ate regions1 especially ! g5]a ,pi]is & ,colias4 ,g5us ,,dismorphia1 ,hbn] ,i saw him run aft] a gild$ butt]fly2 & :5 he caught x1 he let x g aga92 & aft] x aga92 & ov] & ov] he comes1 & up aga92 cat*$ x aga94 ,,%akespe>e1 ,coriolanus4 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]flies are m$ium siz$1 v>y+ mu* 9 ! =m ( w+1 9 "s species greatly resembl+ o!r ,pi]9 9 outl9e1 b m frequ5tly resembl+ ! ,i?omiid & ,heliconiid butt]flies1 :i* !y mimic4 ,"s ( !m repres5t transitional =ms betwe5 ! type commonly repres5t$ 9 ! g5us ,pi]is & ! =ms f\nd 9 ! two above-m5tion$ protect$ gr\ps4 ,! eyes are n prom95t4 ,! palpi are q small4 ,! basal jo9t is long1 ! middle jo9t oval1 & ! ?ird jo9t small1 oval1 or slightly club-%ap$4 ,! ant5n are long1 ?91 t]m9at+ 9 a gradually enl>g$ sp9dle-%ap$ club2 ! =e w+s be+ sometimes oval1 m frequ5tly elongat$1 twice1 or ev5 ?ree times1 z long z broad1 especially 9 ! male sex2 ! apex po9t$1 falcate1 or r\nd$4 ,! cell is long & n>r[4 ,! fir/ subco/al ve9 v>ies z to location1 ris+ ei!r be=e or aft] ! end ( ! cell1 &1 9 num]\s cases1 coalesc+ ) ! co/al ve91 z is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,( ! e>ly /ages ( ^! int]e/+ insects we h no satisfactory k4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ach4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,dismorphia4 ,! species ( ! g5us belong exclusively to ! tropical regions ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,!re are ab\t a hundr$ species :i* h already be5 nam$ & describ$1 & und\bt$ly !re are _m m :i* rema9 to be discov]$4 ,^! insects c always be di/+ui%$ f ! protect$ g5]a :i* !y mimic by ! possession ( six well-develop$ ambulatory feet 9 bo? sexes1 ! protect$ g5]a be+ possess$ ( only f\r feet adapt$ to walk+4 7#a7 ,dismorphia melite1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 7,! ,mime74 ,butt]fly4--,! figures 9 ! plate make a description ( ! upp] side unnecess>y4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s ( ! male are %9+ :ite1 except ! co/a1 :i* is ev5ly dull o*re\s f ! base to ! apex4 ,! h9d w+s are o*re\s1 mottl$ ) pale br[n4 ,! female1 on ! "u side1 has ! =e w+s v pale yell[1 ) ! black spots ( ! upp] side reproduc$2 ! h9d w+s are deep] yell[1 mottl$ ) pale-br[n spots & cross$ by a mod]ately broad transv]se pale-br[n b& ( ! same color4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species is cr$it$ to our fauna on ! au?ority ( ,reakirt4 ,x is abundant 9 ,mexico4 ,x mimics c]ta9 =ms ( ,i?omi94 ,g5us ,,neophasia1 ,behr ,x 0 an h\r ( univ]sal joy4 ,! l>k 0 up & at ! gate ( heav51 ,s++1 z sure to ent] :5 he came2 ,! butt]fly 0 bask+ 9 my pa?1 ,8 radiant w+s unfold$4 ,,rog]s4 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium siz$1 :ite 9 color1 m ne>ly relat$ 9 ! /ructure ( its w+s to ! ,european g5us ,aporia ?an to any o!r ( ! ,am]ican pi]id9e g5]a4 ,! upp] radial is lack+1 & ! subco/al is provid$ ) five bran*es1 ! fir/ emitt$ well be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! second likewise emitt$ be=e ! end ( ! cell & t]m9at+ at ! apex2 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? ris+ f a common /alk at ! out] upp] angle ( ! cell4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aci4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,neophasia4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! egg is flask-%ap$1 flut$ on ! sides1 recall+ ! %ape ( ! pe>l-top lamp-*imney4 ,! cat]pill>1 9 its mature =m1 is ab\t an in* long4 ,! body is cyl9drical1 t]m9at+ 9 two %ort anal tails4 ,! color is d>k gre51 ) a broad :ite b& on ea* side1 & a n>r[ b& ( :ite on ! back4 ,! feet are black1 & ! prolegs gre5i%-yell[4 ,! *rysalis is d>k gre51 /rip$ ) :ite1 resembl+ ! *rysalids ( ! g5us ,colias1 b some:at m sl5d]4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u conif]s4 ,b "o species is kn[n4 7#a7 ,neophasia m5apia1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #g1 7,! ,p9e ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,! insect on ! "u side sometimes has ! out] m>g9 ( ! second>ies m>k$ ) spots ( bright p9ki%-r$1 resembl+ 9 ?is /yle ( coloration c]ta9 species ( ! g5us ,delias ( ! ,indo-,malayan fauna4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 ?or\ghly describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 8 ?ird volume4 ,! cat]pill> infe/s ! p9e-trees & firs ( ! nor!rn ,pacific ,/ates4 ,! l>va lets itself d[n by a silk5 ?read1 (t5 a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & pupates on ! f]ns & %rubb]y at ! foot ( ! trees4 ,x sometimes works great damage to ! p9e woods4 ,g5us ,,ta*yris1 ,wallace ,! virtuoso ?us1 at noon1 ,broil+ b5ea? a ,july sun1 ,! gild$ butt]fly pursues ,o'er h$ge & dit*1 ?r\gh gaps & mews2 ,&1 aft] _m a va9 essay ,to captivate ! tempt+ prey1 ,gives him at l5g? ! lucky pat1 ,& has him safe b5ea? 8 hat2 ,!n lifts x g5tly f ! gr\nd2 ,b1 ah6 't is lo/ z soon z f\nd4 ,culprit 8 lib]ty rega9s1 ,flits out ( sight1 & mocks 8 pa9s4 ,,c[p]4 ,?is g5us1 :i* includes ab\t sev5ty species1 may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r g5]a belong+ to ! ,pi]9 by ! two /iff bru%-l clu/]s ( hairs :i* are f\nd 9 ! male sex atta*$ to ! abdom9al clasps4 ,all ( ! species belong+ to ! g5us are f\nd 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ) exception ( ! species describ$ 9 ?is book1 :i* has a wide range ?r\gh\t ! tropical & subtropical regions ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,! peculi>ities ( neuration are well %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut1 9 :i* ! h9d w+ has be5 some:at unduly magnifi$ 9 proportion to ! =e w+4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory ( our species has n be5 ?or\ghly /udi$1 b we h asc]ta9$ en\gh ( ! e>ly /ages ( v>i\s species f\nd 9 ! tropics ( ! ,old ,_w to "k t !re is a v close relation%ip betwe5 ?is g5us & t :i* foll[s 9 our classification4 7#a7 ,ta*yris ilaire1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 7,! ,florida ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,! h9d w+s ( ! male on ! "u side1 :i* is n %[n 9 ! plate1 are v pale saffron4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s 9 ! female is pe>ly-:ite1 m>k$ ) bright orange-yell[ at ! base ( ! prim>ies4 ,a melanic =m ( ! female sometimes occurs 9 :i* ! w+s are almo/ :olly dull blacki% on bo? sides4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k1 z yet1 b little ( ^!4 ,! insect is univ]sally abundant 9 ! tropics ( ,am]ica1 & occurs 9 s\!rn ,florida4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,ta*yris4 ,h9d w+ relatively enl>g$4 ,g5us ,,pi]is1 ,s*rank 7,! ,:ites7 ,& !re1 l a dream 9 a swoon1 ,i swe> ,i saw ,pan ly+1--8 limbs 9 ! dew ,& ! %ade1 & 8 face 9 ! dazzle & gl>e ,( ! glad sun%9e2 :ile ev]y:]e1 ,ov]1 across1 & ar\nd him blew ,filmy dragon-flies hi!r & !re1 ,& little :ite butt]flies1 two & two4 ,9 eddies ( odor\s air4 ,,james ,,:itcomb ,,riley4 ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 :ite 9 color1 m>k$ 9 _m species on bo? ! upp] & "u sides ) d>k br[n4 ,! ant5n are di/9ctly clubb$1 mod]ate 9 l5g?4 ,! palpi are %ort1 delicate1 compress$1 ) ! t]m9al jo9t q %ort & po9t$4 ,! subco/al ve9 ( ! prim>ies has f\r bran*es1 ! fir/ subco/al aris+ be=e ! end ( ! cell1 ! second at its upp] out] angle1 & ! ?ird & f\r? f a common /em emitt$ at ! same po9t4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies is /raight1 ! out] m>g9 ( ! second>ies m or less ev5ly r\nd$4 ,egg4--,! egg is sp9dle-%ap$1 ) v]tical rais$ ridges4 ,cat]pill>4--,elongate1 ! head hemisph]ical1 v slightly1 if at all1 l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! body4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ ^u crucif]\s plants4 ,*rysalis4--,atta*$ by ! anal extremity1 & held 9 place by a silk girdle2 slightly concave on ! v5tral side2 convex on ! dorsal side1 ) a di/9ct or po9t$ hump-l projection on ! ?orax4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! ?oracic & abdom9al segm5ts unite 9 "s species !re is 9 addition a di/9ct keel-%ap$ em95ce1 & at ! head ! *rysalis is furni%$ ) a %ort conical projection4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ada4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pi]is4 7#a7 ,pi]is monu/e1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,great ,s\!rn ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s1 depict$ 9 ! plate1 requires no comm5t4 ,on ! "u side ! black m>g9al m>k+s ( ! prim>ies reappe> z pale-br[n m>k+s4 ,! h9d w+ is pale yell[ or grayi%-saffron1 cross$ by an ill-def9$ pale-br[n transv]se b& ( spots1 & has ! ve9s m>k$ ) pale br[n1 & int]sp]s$ betwe5 !m pale-br[n rays on ! int]spaces4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at we "k ( ^! is d]iv$ pr9cipally f ,abbot ?r\gh ,boisduval1 & !re is opportunity "h = inve/igation4 ,! species has a wide range ?r\gh tropical ,am]ica1 & is n uncommon 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 7#b7 ,pi]is beck]i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 7,beck]'s ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species1 ?r\gh ! gre5 m>k+s ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s1 conc5trat$ 9 broad blot*es on ! disk1 recalls some:at ! species ( ! g5us ,eu*lo1 & by ^! m>k+s x may easily be discrim9at$ f all o!r alli$ species4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 9 "p describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ! second volume ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! species ranges f ,oregon to c5tral ,cali=nia1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado4 7#c7 ,pi]is occid5talis1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,we/]n ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,n unlike ! prec$+ species on ! upp] side1 b easily di/+ui%$ by ! m>k+s ( ! "u side ( ! w+s1 :i* are n conc5trat$ 9 blot*es1 b ext5d z broad longitud9al rays on ei!r side ( ! ve9s f ! base to ! out] m>g94 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! require fur!r inve/igation4 ,we d n1 z yet1 "k mu* ab\t !m4 ,! species has a wide range 9 ! m\nta9 ,/ates ( ! ,we/1 :]e x replaces ! ,ea/]n ,p4 protodice4 7#d7 ,pi]is protodice1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #g1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 *rysalis 7see also p4 #ab1 ,fig4 #bf7 7,! ,common ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ to ! =ego+ species1 especially to ,p4 occid5talis2 b x may always be quickly di/+ui%$ by ! pure1 immaculate :ite color ( ! h9d w+s ( ! male on ! "u side1 & by ! fact t 9 ! female ! h9d w+s are m lightly m>k$ along ! ve9s by gray-gre54 ,w9t] =m v]nalis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ah1 4 ,:at has be5 said ( ! typical or summ] =m does n hold true ( ?is w9t] =m1 :i* em]ges f *rysalids :i* h )/ood ! cold f autumn until spr+4 ,! butt]flies em]g+ f ^! are g5]ally dw>f$ 9 size1 & 9 ! males h ! d>k spots on ! upp] side ( ! w+s almo/ obsolete or greatly r$uc$1 & ! d>k m>k+s along ! ve9s on ! "u side well develop$1 z 9 ,p4 occid5talis4 ,! females1 on ! contr>y1 %[ little r$uction 9 ! size & int5sity ( any ( ! spots1 b r a deep5+ ( color1 except 9 occasional in/ances4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory ( ?is insect has (t5 be5 describ$4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u crucif]\s plants1 l _m ( its cong5]s4 ,x ranges f ! ,atlantic to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 f ,canada to ! ,gulf ,/ates4 7#e7 ,pi]is sisymbri1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,cali=nia ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,small] 9 size ?an ! prec$+ species1 ) ! ve9s ( ! =e w+ black1 contra/+ %>ply ) ! :ite gr\nd-color4 ,all ! spots are small] & m regul>1 especially ^? on ! out] m>g9 ( ! =e w+1 giv+ ! edge an ev5ly *eck]$ appe>ance4 ,on ! "u side ! h9d w+s h ! ve9s some:at widely bord]$ ) gray1 int]rupt$ ab\t ! middle ( ! w+ by ! div]g5ce ( ! l9es on ei!r side ( ! ve9s 9 su* a way z to produce ! effect ( a s]ies ( arr[-po9ts ) _! b>bs direct$ t[>d ! base4 ,! female is l ! male1 ) ! m>k+s a little heavi]4 ,a yell[ v>ietal =m is sometimes f\nd4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory is giv5 & illu/rat$ by ,edw>ds 9 8 second volume4 ,! cat]pill>1 :i* is gre51 b&$ ) black1 fe$s ^u ! ,crucif]4 7#f7 ,pi]is napi1 ,esp]1 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #eg1 #fc1 #fd1 *rysalis 7,! ,mu/>d ,:ite74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is a ,protean species1 ( :i* !re exi/ _m =ms1 ! result ( climatic & local influ5ces4 ,ev5 ! l>va & *rysalis %[ 9 diff]5t regions slight microscopic diff]5ces1 = ! influ5ces :i* affect ! imago are op]ative also 9 ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t4 ,! typical =m :i* is f\nd 9 ,europe is r>ely f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?\gh ,i h specim5s f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,pacific coa/ region :i* are absolutely indi/+ui%able f ,european specim5s 9 color & m>k+s4 ,i give a few ( ! well-m>k$ =ms or v>ieties f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to :i* names h be5 giv54 7a7 ,w9t] =m ol]acea-hiemalis1 ,h>ris1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #af1 7see also p4 #e1 ,fig4 #i1 & p4 #ac1 ,fig4 #bg74 ,! w+s are :ite above 9 bo? sexes4 ,bel[ ! =e w+s are tipp$ ) pale yell[1 & ! entire h9d w+ is yell[4 ,! ve9s at ! apex ( ! =e w+s & on ! h9d w+s are m>g9$ ) dusky4 7b7 ,ab]rant =m virg9i5sis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ad1 4 ,! w+s are :ite above1 slightly tipp$ at ! apex ( ! =e w+s ) blacki%4 ,bel[ ! w+s are :ite1 fa9tly1 b broadly1 m>g9$ ) pale dusky4 7c7 ,=m pallida1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ae1 4 ,9 ?is =m ! w+s are :ite above & bel[1 ) a small black spot on ! =e w+ ( ! female above1 & h>dly any trace ( d>k %ad+ along ! ve9s on ! "u side4 7d7 ,alp9e or arctic =m bryoni1 ,o*s5heim]1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ag1 4 ,9 ?is =m1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,alaska1 ,sib]ia1 & ! ,alps ( ,europe1 ! ve9s above & bel[ are /rongly bord]$ ) blacki%1 & ! gr\nd-color ( ! h9d w+s & ! apex ( ! =e w+s on ! "u side are di/9ctly bright yell[4 7e7 ,newf\ndl& v>iety acadica1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ai1 4 ,?is =m is l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 & 9 m>k+s int]m$iate betwe5 pallida & bryoni4 ,! "u side 9 bo? sexes & ! upp] side 9 ! female are di/9ctly yell[i%4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are well kn[n & h (t5 be5 describ$1 b "s ( ! v>ietal =ms ne$ fur!r /udy4 ,! species ranges f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & f ,alaska to ! nor!rn limits ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 7#g7 ,pi]is rap1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #eh1 #fe1 *rysalis 7,! ,cabbage-butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is common species1 :i* is a rec5t importation f ,europe1 sc>cely ne$s any description4 ,x is famili> to ev]yone4 ,! /ory ( its introduction & ! way 9 :i* x has spread ov] ! cont95t has be5 well told by ,dr4 ,scudd] 9 ! second volume ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 p4 #aage4 ,! insect rea*$ ,quebec ab\t #ahfj4 ,h[ x came no man kn[s2 p]haps 9 a lot ( cabbages import$ f abroad2 maybe a f]tile female 0 br\ght ov] z a /[away4 ,at all ev5ts1 x came4 ,e/imates %[ t a s+le female ( ?is species might be ! prog5itor 9 a few g5]ations ( millions4 ,9 #ahfc ! butt]fly 0 already common ab\t ,quebec1 & 0 spread+ rapidly4 ,by ! ye> #ahha x _h spread ov] ! ea/]n half ( ! cont95t1 ! advanc+ l9e ( colonization rea*+ f ,hudson ,bay to s\!rn ,texas4 ,9 #ahhf x rea*$ ,d5v]1 z 9 #ahhd x _h rea*$ ! head wat]s ( ! ,miss\ri1 & x n[ possesses ! cabbage-fields f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 to ! incalculable damage ( all :o provide ! raw mat]ial = sau]-kraut4 ,! injury annually done by ! cat]pill> is e/imat$ to am\nt to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxiv #a4 ,eu*lo ce?ura1 ,feld]1 v>4 morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,eu*lo creusa1 ,dbl4-,hew41 1 "u side4 #c4 ,eu*lo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #d4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 flora1 ,wright1 4 #e4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 flora1 ,wright1 4 #f4 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 v>4 julia1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,neophasia m5apia1 ,feld]1 4 #h4 ,pi]is beck]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,pi]is beck]i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,pi]is protodice1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #aa4 ,pi]is protodice1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ab4 ,pi]is sisymbri1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,pi]is occid5talis1 ,reakirt1 4 #ad4 ,pi]is virg9i5sis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ae4 ,pi]is napi1 ,esp]1 v>4 pallida1 ,scudd]1 4 #af4 ,pi]is napi1 ,esp]1 v>4 ol]acea-hiemalis1 ,h>ris1 4 #ag4 ,pi]is napi1 ,esp]1 v>4 bryoni1 ,o*s5heim]1 4 #ah4 ,pi]is protodice1 ,boisd4-,lec41 v>4 v]nalis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ai4 ,pi]is napi1 ,esp]1 v>4 acadica1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bj4 ,kricogonia lyside1 ,god>t1 4 #ba4 ,kricogonia lyside1 ,god>t1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,in/9ct ,two city fa!rs 7 /&+ 9 ! m>ket-place beside a pile ( cabbages4 ,a naturali/1 :o 0 _! fri5d1 came by4 ,z he approa*$1 a cabbage-butt]fly1 flutt]+ ab\t ! place lit on ! /raw hat ( "o ( ! dignit>ies4 ,! naturali/1 acco/+ him1 said3 ,fri5d1 d y "k :at re/s ^u y\r head8 ,no1 said he4 ,a butt]fly4 ,well1 said he1 t br+s good luck4 ,yes1 repli$ ! naturali/2 & ! insect reveals to me ! wond]ful in/9ct ) :i* nature has provid$ x4 ,h[ is t8 quo? ! city fa!r4 ,x is a cabbage-butt]fly t re/s ^u y\r head4 ,g5us ,,na?alis1 ,boisduval ,! butt]flies1 gay trifl]s ,:o 9 ! sunlight sport4 ,,he9e4 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]fly is v small1 yell[1 m>g9$ ) black4 ,! upp] radial ve9 9 ! =e w+ is want+4 ,! subco/al has f\r n]vules1 ! ?ird & f\r? ris+ f a common /alk emitt$ f ! upp] out] corn] ( ! cell1 ! fir/ & second f be=e ! end ( ! cell4 ,! preco/al ve9 on ! h9d w+ is r$uc$ to a small swell+ beyond ! base4 ,! palpi are sl5d]2 ! ?ird jo9t long & curv$2 ! second jo9t oval2 ! ?ird f9e1 sp9dle-%ap$1 & po9t$4 ,! ant5n are r %ort1 ) a some:at ?ick & abruptly develop$ club4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,na?alis1 enl>g$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,?ree species belong to ?is g5us1 :i* is conf9$ to ! subtropical regions ( ! ,new ,_w1 "o species only invad+ ! region ( :i* ?is volume treats4 7#a7 ,na?alis iole1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 7,! ,dw>f ,yell[74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species1 :i* _c be mi/ak51 & :i* requires no description1 z ! plate conveys m in=mation conc]n+ x ?an c\ld be giv5 9 m]e words1 ranges f s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri to ,arizona & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,its life-hi/ory has n yet be5 describ$4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4be in*4 ,! id5tification ( ?is species ) ,n4 felicia1 ,poey1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,cuba1 is d\btfully correct4 ,! two species are v closely alli$1 b1 nev]!less1 di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,g5us ,,eu*lo1 ,hbn] 7,an?o*>is ( au?ors7 7,! ,orange-tips7 ,:5 daffodils beg9 to pe]1 ,)1 heigh6 ! doxy ov] ! dale1 ,:y1 !n comes 9 ! sweet o' ! ye>2 ,= ! r$ blood reigns 9 ! w9t]'s pale4 ,,%akespe>e4 ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies1 :ite 9 color1 ) ! apical region ( ! prim>ies d>k br[n1 m>k$ ) spots & b&s ( yell[i%-orange or crimson4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are g5]ally m or less pr(usely mottl$ ) gre5 spots & /ri4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adc4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,eu*lo4 ,egg4--,sp9dle-%ap$ 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #f71 lat]ally m>k$ ) rais$ v]tical ridges1 betwe5 :i* are f9] cross-l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>1 9 its mature /age1 is relatively long1 ) ! head small4 ,*rysalis4--,) ! head relatively enorm\sly project+2 w+-cases compress$1 & unit+ to =m a conspicu\s keel-%ap$ projection1 ! highe/ po9t ( :i* lies at ! juncture ( ! two ends ( ! silk girdle :]e !y are atta*$ to ! support+ surface4 ,!re are num]\s species ( ?is g5us1 & all are exce$+ly pretty4 7#a7 ,eu*lo s>a1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bh1 2 ,fig4 #bi1 7,s>a74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side 9 bo? sexes are %[n 9 ! figures above cit$4 ,on ! "u side ! h9d w+s are m>k$ ) d>k irregul> pat*es ( gre5i%-br[n scales loosely scatt]$ ov] ! surface1 & hav+ a mossy appe>ance4 ,!re are sev]al =ms :i* are reg>d$ by rec5t writ]s z v>ieties & may probably be su*4 ,( ^! we give ! foll[+3 7a7 ,v>iety reakirti1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,fig4 #cb1 7,reakirt's ,orange-tip7 flora1 ,wright1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 4 ,?is =m h>dly diff]s at all f ! =m s>a1 except 9 be+ small]1 & hav+ ! m>g9s ( ! h9d w+s m>k$ ) d>k spots at ! ends ( ! ve9s4 7b7 ,v>iety ,/ella1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 7,/ella74 ,! females ( ?is =m are preval5tly yell[i% on ! upp] side ( ! w+s2 o!rwise !y are m>k$ exactly z ! prec$+ v>iety4 7c7 ,v>iety julia1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cd1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side 7,julia74 ,! only di/9ction 9 ?is =m is ! fact t ! black b> divid+ ! r$ apical pat* f ! :ite on ! rema9d] ( ! w+ is brok51 or t5ds to dim9ution at its middle4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species1 9 all its =ms1 belongs to ! m\nta9 ,/ates ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,flora1 ,wright1 is reg>d$ by ,beut5mll]1 :o has giv5 u ! late/ revision ( ! g5us1 z id5tical ) s>a4 ,x comes ne>] ! v>iety reakirti ?an any o!r =m1 z w be se5 by an exam9ation ( ! plates :i* give figures ( ! types4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ge in*4 7#b7 ,eu*lo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side 7,ausonides74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are gre5i%2 ! h9d w+s are m>k$ ) ?ree irregul> gre5 b&s1 ! out] "o =k+ into six or sev5 bran*es t[>d ! out] & inn] m>g9s4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! l>va & *rysalis are describ$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 ii4 ,! cat]pill> is pale :iti%-gre51 ) d>k-gre5 longitud9al /ripes on ! side & back4 ,x fe$s on crucif]\s plants4 ,ausonides ranges f ,arizona to ,alaska1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado4 7#c7 ,eu*lo creusa1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #b1 1 "u side 7,creusa74 ,butt]fly4--,simil> to ! prec$+ species1 b small]1 ! :ite m lu/r\s on ! "u side1 & ! gre5 m>k+s on ! "u side ( ! w+s heavi]4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k v little ( ^!4 ,! species is report$ f ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 & ,alb]ta4 ,i possess a s+ul> v>ietal =m or ab]ration f ,arizona1 9 :i* ! black spot on ! upp] side ( ! prim>ies fills ! out] half ( ! cell4 7#d7 ,eu*lo rosa1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ci1 1 "u side 7,rosa74 ,butt]fly4--,pure :ite1 )\t any r$ at ! tip ( ! prim>ies4 ,! transapical black b& is brok5 9 ! middle1 & a black b> closes ! cell4 ,! "u side is well repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,entirely unkn[n4 ,! species is f\nd 9 ,texas4 7#e7 ,eu*lo ce?ura1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,fig4 #bg1 2 =m morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #a1 7,ce?ura74 ,butt]fly4--,?is delicate little insect1 = ! id5tification ( :i* ! plates w abundantly s]ve1 has be5 reg>d$ z exi/+ 9 two v>ietal =ms1 "o ( :i* has be5 nam$ aft] ! indefatigable collector ,morrison1 ^: dea? is /ill lam5t$ by ! eld] g5]ation ( ,am]ican entomologi/s4 ,! v>ietal =m is *>act]iz$ by ! heavi] gre5 m>k+s ( ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj in*4 7#f7 ,eu*lo pima1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cc1 7,! ,pima ,orange-tip74 ,butt]fly4--,?is beautiful & well-m>k$ species1 ! mo/ brilliant ( ! g5us1 is yell[ on ! upp] side 9 bo? sexes4 ,! r$ ( ! upp] side appe>s on ! l[] side4 ,! h9d w+s are heavily m>k$ ) solid gre5 b&s4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! only specim5s ?us f> kn[n h come f ,arizona4 7#g7 ,eu*lo g5utia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ei1 *rysalis2 ,fig4 #f1 p4 #d1 egg 7,! ,falcate ,orange-tip74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is readily recogniz$ by ! decid$ly falcate tip ( ! =e w+s4 ,! fir/ brood appe>s 9 e>ly spr+4 ,x is s+le-brood$ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 b is d\ble-brood$ 9 ! we/]n portions ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e ,i h tak5 x q abundantly late 9 ! autumn4 ,expanse1 #a4cj-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory is well kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,sisymbrium1 ,arabis1 ,c>dam9e1 & o!r crucif]\s plants4 ,x ranges f ,new ,engl& to ,texas1 b is n f\nd1 s f> z is kn[n1 9 ! regions ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & on ! ,pacific coa/4 7#h7 ,eu*lo lanceolata1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cj1 7,boisduval's ,m>ble74 ,butt]fly4--,! figure gives a correct idea ( ! upp] surface ( ! male4 ,! female on ! upp] side is m>k$ ) light-black spots on ! out] m>g9 ne> ! apex4 ,on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes ! apex ( ! prim>ies & ! entire surface ( ! second>ies1 except a small spot on ! co/a1 are pr(usely spr9kl$ ) small br[n scales4 ,! ve9s ( ! h9d w+ are br[n4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ie in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill>1 :i* fe$s ^u ,turritis1 is gre51 %ad$ on ! sides ) pale blue1 /rip$ lat]ally ) :ite1 & cov]$ ) transv]se r[s ( m9ute black po9ts1 ea* be>+ a %ort black bri/le4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! o!r /ages4 ,! species ranges f nor!rn ,cali=nia to ,alaska4 ,g5us ,,catopsilia1 ,hbn] 7,! ,great ,sulphurs7 ,a gold5 butt]fly1 ^u ^: w+s ,!re mu/ be surely "*'d /range ?+s1 99 99 99 99 99 ,onw>d x flew1 444 !n high x so>'d1 ,& d[nw>d sudd5ly began to dip1 ,z if1 a?ir/ ) s mu* toil1 't w\ld sip ,! cry/al sp\t-head2 s x did1 ) t\* ,mo/ delicate1 z ?\gh afraid to smut* ,ev5 ) mealy gold ! wat]s cle>4 ,,keats1 ,endymion4 ,butt]fly4--,l>ge butt]flies1 brilliant lemon-yell[ or orange-yell[1 m>k$ ) a few d>k] spots & ) a n>r[ b& ( br[n1 especially 9 ! female sex1 on ! out] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies4 ,!y are v quick & vigor\s 9 flight1 m s ?an is ! case 9 any ( ! prec$+ g5]a4 ,egg4--,! eggs are sp9dle-%ap$1 flat at ! base1 & acutely po9t$1 ) a few longitud9al ribs & a multitude ( delicate cross-l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is relatively long1 ) ! head small2 ! segm5ts some:at monili=m1 resembl+ beads /rung toge!r1 ! surface cov]$ ) a multitude ( m9ute papill rang$ 9 transv]se r[s4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is /rongly concave on ! dorsal side1 ) ! head greatly produc$ z a long1 po9t$1 conical projection2 ! w+-cases are compress$ & =m a v wide1 keel-%ap$ projection on ! v5tral side4 ,?is peculi> =mation ( ! w+-cases rea*es its greate/ developm5t 9 ?is g5us4 ,! butt]flies ( ?is g5us are ma9ly tropical4 ,f\r or five species1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o ( !m ranges nor? z f> z nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 & has be5 occasionally tak5 ev5 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #add4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,catopsilia4 7#a7 ,catopsilia eubule1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #b1 #d1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #fj-fb1 *rysalis 7,! ,cl\dless ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,?is spl5did & vigor\s butt]fly is f\nd f ,new ,engl& & ,wiscons9 to ,patagonia1 be+ v abundant 9 ! tropics1 :]e x congregates 9 great sw>ms ^u moi/ places by ! side ( /reams4 ,x haunts 9 great numb]s ! orange-groves ( ! ,s\?1 & is v fond ( fl[]s4 ,x is r>e on ! nor!rn limits ( its range1 ?\gh q common on ! coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,expanse1 #b4ej in*es4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on legum9\s plants1 b especially ^u ! diff]5t species ( ,cassia4 7#b7 ,catopsilia philea1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,r$-b>r$ ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is ano!r noble species ( ?is f9e g5us1 :i* includes "s ( ! %[ie/ insects ( ! subfamily4 ,x may be readily recogniz$ by ! b> ( deep orange cross+ ! cell ( ! prim>ies1 & by ! orange t9t on ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is z yet kn[n ( ^!4 ,! l>va fe$s on ! same k9ds ( plants z ! l>va ( ,c4 eubule4 ,x occurs 9 ,texas1 & is said to h also be5 f\nd 9 ,ill9ois z a /raggl]4 ,x is abundant 9 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & s\?w>d4 7#c7 ,catopsilia ag>i!1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,! ,l>ge ,orange ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,ab\t ! same size z ,c4 eubule1 b deep orange on bo? sides ( ! w+s4 ,! w+s ( ! female are bord]$ some:at heavily ) br[n1 & are dull] 9 color ?an ^? ( ! male4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill>1 :i* resembles t ( eubule1 fe$s ^u v>i\s species ( ,cassia4 ,! *rysalis is also mu* l t ( eubule4 ,we ne$1 h[ev]1 full] in=mation ?an t :i* we possess1 drawn1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! pages ( au?ors :o wrote 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! species occurs 9 ! hot p>ts ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & is common ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica4 ,g5us ,,kricogonia1 ,reakirt ,butt]fly4--,m$ium siz$1 bright yell[ on ! upp] & l[] sides1 ) "s d>k m>k+s1 especially 9 ! male4 ,! prim>ies 9 ! male are g5]ally q /rongly falcate4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ade4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,kricogonia4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ has1 z yet1 be5 satisfactorily asc]ta9$ 9 relation to ^!4 ,! g5us is n l>ge1 & is conf9$ to ! tropical regions ( ! ,new ,_w1 be+ repres5t$ 9 our fauna 9 ! vic9ity ( ! city ( ,br[nsville1 9 ,texas4 7#a7 ,kricogonia lyside1 ,god>t 7=m t]issa1 ,lucas71 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,fig4 #ba1 7,lyside74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect1 :i* may easily be di/+ui%$ f all its allies by its peculi> m>k+s1 is f\nd 9 ,florida & ,texas1 & is widely spread ov] ! ,antilles & tropical ,am]ica4 ,we "k no?+ ( its life-hi/ory4 ,a numb] ( closely alli$ =ms1 reckon$ z species1 are kn[n f ! ,antilles & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,!y are s closely relat$ to ea* o!r t x is believ$ t !y are possibly only v>ieties or local races4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 be sure ( ?is until ! te/ ( bre$+ has be5 appli$4 ,expanse1 #a4ij-b4aj in*es4 ,g5us ,,megano/oma1 ,reakirt 7,! ,dog-face ,butt]flies7 ,let me smell ! wild :ite rose1 ,smell ! woodb9e & ! may2 ,m>k1 ^u a sunny day1 ,sat$ f _! blossoms rise1 ,honey-bees & butt]flies4 ,,jean ,,+el[4 ,butt]fly4--,closely resembl+ ^? ( ! foll[+ g5us1 ,colias1 f :i* !y may be readily di/+ui%$ by ! m acutely po9t$ apex ( ! =e w+s & by ! rem>kable coloration ( ^! w+s 9 ! male sex1 ! d>k out] bord]s be+ dispos$ ^u ! light] gr\nd-color s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a rude outl9e ( ! head ( a dog1 :5ce ^! butt]flies h sometimes be5 call$ ! dog-face butt]flies4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adf4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,megano/oma4 ,egg4--,fusi=m1 /rongly po9t$ at ! apex1 broad] at ! base1 ! sides m>k$ ) a few delicate ridges1 betwe5 :i* are num]\s cross-l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,elongate1 cyl9drical1 ! head relatively small1 /rip$ on ei!r side by a :iti% lat]al l9e1 ea* segm5t hav+ a transv]se d>k] l9e4 ,!y fe$ ^u legum9\s plants4 ,*rysalis4--,po9t$ at ! head1 convex on ! abdom9al segm5ts on ! dorsal side1 ) a decid$ hump on ! ?orax4 ,! w+-cov]s unite to =m a mod]ately deep c>9ate1 or keel-%ap$1 projection on ! v5tral side1 n1 h[ev]1 ne>ly z l>ge z 9 ! g5us ,catopsilia4 ,b two species ( ! g5us are f\nd )9 our fauna1 "o widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates1 ! o!r conf9$ to ! ,pacific coa/4 7#a7 ,megano/oma eurydice1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,cali=nian ,dog-face74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxv #a4 ,pi]is monu/e1 ,l9nu1 4 #b4 ,pi]is monu/e1 ,l9nu1 4 #c4 ,pi]is rap1 ,l9nu1 4 #d4 ,ta*yris ilaire1 ,god>t1 4 #e4 ,ta*yris ilaire1 ,god>t1 4 #f4 ,colias alex&ra1 ,edw>ds1 4 #g4 ,colias alex&ra1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,colias scudd]i1 ,reakirt1 4 #i4 ,colias scudd]i1 ,reakirt1 4 #aj4 ,colias int]ior1 ,scudd]1 4 #aa4 ,colias int]ior1 ,scudd]1 4 #ab4 ,colias *rysomelas1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,colias *rysomelas1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 4 #ad4 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval1 4 #ae4 ,colias eriphyle1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly4--,! spl5did purpli% iridesc5ce ( ! =e w+s ( ! male is only fa9tly indicat$ 9 ! plate4 ,?is beautiful insect is peculi> to ! ,pacific coa/1 & !re is a wide diff]5ce 9 appe>ance betwe5 ! sexes4 ,expanse1 #a4hj-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ,amorpha cali=nica4 ,! life-hi/ory has be5 accurately describ$1 & ! v>i\s /ages depict$1 by ,edw>ds4 7#b7 ,megano/oma csonia1 ,/oll1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 7,! ,s\!rn ,dog-face74 ,butt]fly4--,! sexes are mu* alike 9 ?is species1 :i* ranges widely ov] ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & is f\nd ev5 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois & sometimes /ill f>!r nor?4 ,expanse1 #b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 fully describ$ by v>i\s au?ors1 mo/ c>efully by ,edw>ds4 ,g5us ,,colias1 ,fabricius 7,! ,sulphurs7 ,above ! ar*+ jimson-we$s fl>e twos ,& twos ( sall[-yell[ butt]flies1 ,l blooms ( lorn primroses bl[+ loose ,:5 autumn w9ds arise4 ,,james ,,:itcomb ,,riley ,butt]fly4--,m$ium-siz$ butt]flies1 yell[ or orange 9 color1 ) black bord]s ^u ! w+s4 ,9 _m species ?is bord] is heavi] 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adg4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,colias4 ,egg4--,! egg is sp9dle-%ap$1 ?icke/ at ! middle1 tap]+ at ! apex & at ! base1 g5]ally atta*$ by an enl>g$ disk-l expansion to ! po9t on :i* x is laid4 ,! upp] extremity is r\nd$2 ! sides are m>k$ by small v]tical ridges1 betwe5 :i* are delicate cross-l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s /rongly resemble 9 appe>ance ^? ( ! prec$+ g5us1 f :i*1 sup]ficially1 !y _c be di/+ui%$ by any anatomical peculi>ities4 ,!y fe$ ^u ,legum9os1 & especially ^u clov] 7,trifolium74 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalids d n g5]ally diff] 9 appe>ance f ! *rysalids ( ! g5us ,megano/oma1 ?\gh ! w+-cases d n =m z high a keel-%ap$ projection f ! v5tral side z 9 t g5us4 ,?is g5us is v ext5sive1 be+ repres5t$ ?r\gh\t ! temp]ate regions ( bo? hemisph]es1 & also occurr+ 9 ! cool] portions ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially along ! ranges ( ! ,&es4 ,"o species is f\nd 9 temp]ate ,s\? ,africa4 ,! brightly color$ butt]flies1 :i* are sometimes f\nd congregat+ 9 imm5se numb]s 9 moi/ places1 are famili> objects1 & sw>m ^u ! clov]-fields & by ! roadside 9 ! summ] mon?s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#a7 ,colias meadi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 7,mead's ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are orange1 gre5i% on ! "u side4 ,! discal spot on ! l[] side is c5t]$ ) gre54 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! life-hi/ory has be5 writt5 by ,edw>ds1 & may be f\nd 9 ! pages ( ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #da4 ,! l>va fe$s on clov]4 ,! species is alp9e 9 its habits1 & is f\nd 9 ,colorado f n9e to twelve ?\s& feet above sea-level4 7#b7 ,colias elis1 ,/reck]1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 7,/reck]'s ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is discrim9at$ f ! prec$+ pr9cipally by ! n>r[] black m>g9s on ! w+s ( ! male & ! m abundant yell[ maculation ( ! bord]s 9 ! female4 ,expanse1 #a4ee-a4ij in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,closely resembl+ ^? ( ! prec$+ species1 ( :i* x may be only a v>ietal =m4 ,! habitat ( ! species is on ! l(ty peaks ( ! ,we/]n ,cordill]as4 7#c7 ,colias eury!me1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #e1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #a1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ec1 *rysalis 7,eury!me74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s ! subject ( exhau/ive /udy1 & has be5 discov]$ to be /rongly polymorphic--t is to say1 liable to great v>iation4 ,n only does alb9ism ass]t itself 9 ! production ( :ite =ms1 b !re are _m seasonal & climatic =ms4 ,we are n yet ?r\gh ) our /udies1 & !re is d\btless mu* m to be asc]ta9$4 ,! figures cit$ above repres5t ! typical =m ( ! species4 ,we h giv51 9 addition to ^!1 ! foll[+ =ms3 7a7 ,w9t] =m ariadne1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 4 ,?is =m1 em]g+ f *rysalids :i* h ov]w9t]$1 is l ! type 9 hav+ ! =e w+s t+$ ) orange4 ,expanse1 #a4ge in*4 7b7 ,w9t] =m keewayd91 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 4 ,?is is a l>g] =m1 m deeply flu%$ ) orange1 ?\gh n q z deeply z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,expanse1 #a4he in*4 7c7 ,summ] =m eriphyle1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #c1 1 "u side4 ,?is summ] =m diff]s f typical ,c4 eury!me 9 be+ yell[ & n lav$ ) orange4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on clov]1 z d mo/ ( ! species ( ! g5us4 ,! range ( eury!me is v wide4 ,x ext5ds f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 & f ,canada to ! f> ,s\?1 ?\gh r>e 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ,florida & ,texas 9 ! hot l&s4 7#d7 ,colias philodice1 ,god>t1 ,plate ,i 7,frontispiece71 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #aj1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ed1 #ee1 *rysalis 7,! ,common ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,we are all famili> ) ?is species1 ! puddle butt]fly ( our *ildhood1 :i* sits 9 sw>ms on moi/ places by ! wayside1 & makes ! clov]-fields gay ) ! fla% ( yell[ w+s 9 summ]4 ,!re are _m ab]rational =ms1 alb9os & negroes1 :ite =ms & d>k =ms1 dw>f$ =ms & l>ge =ms1 b 9 ! ma9 ! species is rem>kably con/ant1 & seasonal =ms & di/9ctly local races d n ab\nd z 9 ! case ( ! prec$+ species4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4hj in*2 1 #a4fj-b4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! food-plant is clov]4 ,! eggs are pale yell[1 *ang+1 aft] be+ laid1 to crimson4 ,! cat]pill> is sl5d]1 gre51 /rip$ longitud9ally ) pal] gre54 ,! *rysalis is pale gre54 ,! species ranges f ,new ,engl& to ,florida1 & we/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#e7 ,colias *rysomelas1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,gold-&-black ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an ,c4 philodice4 ,! male on ! upp] side is bright lemon-yell[1 ) broad black m>g9s on bo? w+s4 ,! female is pal]1 ) ! black m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ lack+ or v fa9tly indicat$1 & ! m>g9 ( ! =e w+ mu* brok5 up by yell[ spots4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s ( ! male are dusky-orange1 pale yell[ on ! disk ( ! prim>ies2 ! w+s ( ! female on ?is side are pale yell[4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj-b4aj in*es2 1 #b4be-b4cj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,undescrib$4 ,! home ( ?is species is on ! ,coa/ ,range ( nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7#f7 ,colias alex&ra1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,fig4 #g1 7,! ,alex&ra ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an ,c4 philodice4 ,! male is pale can>y-yell[1 ) mu* n>r[] black bord]s ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! female is pale yell[ or :ite1 )\t black bord]s1 or1 at mo/1 fa9t traces ( !m at ! apex ( ! prim>ies4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are silv]y-gray1 yell[ only at ! base & on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies4 ,! discal spot on ! h9d w+s is :ite4 ,expanse1 1 #a4he in*2 1 #b4aj-b4cj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> is uni=mly yell[i%-gre51 ) a :ite b& on ea* side1 brok5 ) orange-r$ da%es runn+ ?r\gh x4 ,! *rysalis1 :i* resembles t ( ,c4 philodice 9 =m1 is yell[i%-gre51 d>ke/ on ! dorsal side1 & adorn$ ) ?ree small r$ dots on ! v5tral side ( ! abdom5 ne> ! w+-cases4 ,! cat]pill> eats ,a/ragalus1 ,!rmopsis1 & :ite clov]4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ij-b4ae in*es2 1 #b4jj-b4cj in*es4 ,! species is f\nd 9 ,colorado & ! m\nta9 regions to ! nor? & we/ ( t ,/ate4 7#g7 ,colias int]ior1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 7,! ,p9k-edg$ ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side closely resembles ,c4 philodice1 b is small]1 ! fr+es ( ! w+s rose-color$4 ,! female is pale yell[ above1 m frequ5tly :ite1 ) ! tips ( ! =e w+s lightly m>k$ ) blacki%4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s at ! apex & ! entire surface ( ! h9d w+s are ru/y orange-yell[4 ,! discal spot on ! h9d w+s is silv]y1 bord]$ ) rosy-r$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj-a4ge in*2 1 #a4fj-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,little is z yet kn[n ( ^!4 ,! species 0 fir/ f\nd by ,pr(essor ,l\is ,agassiz on ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,x ranges ?r\gh a r n>r[ belt ( c\ntry1 ?r\gh ,quebec1 ,ont>io1 & we/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s nor? ( ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,great ,lakes4 7#h7 ,colias scudd]i1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 7,scudd]'s ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is color$ l ,c4 philodice1 b ! black bord]s are mu* wid]4 ,! fr+es are rosy4 ,! female is g5]ally :ite1--v r>ely slightly yell[1--) v pale d>k bord]s1 or (t5 )\t any trace ( black on ! out] m>g9 ( ! w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! apex ( ! =e w+s & ! entire surface ( ! h9d w+s are gre5i%-gray4 ,! discal spot ( ! second>ies is well silv]$ & m>g9$ ) pale r$4 ,expanse1 #a4hj-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k b little ( ^!1 except t ! cat]pill> fe$s on ! leaves ( ! huckleb]ry & ! will[4 ,scudd]'s ,sulphur is f\nd 9 ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,montana1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 7#i7 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 7,! ,labrador ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is pale yell[1 ) a gre5i% t+e on ! h9d w+s2 ! black bord]s are n>r[2 ! fr+es are p9k4 ,! female on ! upp] side is :ite1 ) v little or no black on ! out] bord]s1 ! black m>k+ be+ conf9$ to ! apex ( ! =e w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are mu* z 9 ,c4 int]ior1 & x is possible t ! two =ms are v>ieties ( "o & ! same species4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4he in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,pelidne is r abundant 9 ,labrador at ! prop] season1 & ranges !nce we/w>d & nor?w>d 9 boreal ,am]ica4 7#aj7 ,colias na/es1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,arctic ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,easily recogniz$ 9 bo? sexes by ! pale-gre5i% t9t ( ! w+s & ! t5d5cy ( ! out] bord] ( ! =e w+s ( ! male to become divid$1 l ^? ( ! female1 by a b& ( pale spots4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is is an arctic species1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,labrador1 ,gre5l&1 ! f> ,nor? 9 ,briti% ,am]ica & ,alaska1 & on ! summits ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ,briti% ,columbia4 7#aa7 ,colias behri1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,behr's ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,?is v r>e little species may be easily recogniz$ by ! d>k-gre5i% t9t ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s & ! light spot on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! female has ! out] bord]s dusky l ! male1 ! dusky %ade runn+ inw>d on ! l9es ( ! ve9s & n]vules4 ,expanse1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k little ( ^!4 ,! insect has hi!rto be5 tak5 only at consid]able elevations among ! ,we/]n ,si]ras1 & ! peaks & l(ty mead[s ab\t ! ,yosemite ,valley h be5 until rec5tly ! classic locality = ! species4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r species ( ! g5us ,colias1 & num]\s v>ieties :i* h be5 nam$ & describ$ f ! we/]n & nor?we/]n portions ( our region2 b x requires almo/ z mu* skill to di/+ui% !m z is requir$ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! diff]5t species ( will[s1 a/]s1 & gold5rods1 among plants1 & we d n ?9k x wor? :ile to burd5 ! /ud5t ) an acc\nt ( ^!1 & ( ! controv]sies :i* are be+ wag$ ab\t !m4 ,if any read] ( ?is book becomes entangl$ 9 p]plexities conc]n+ ! species ( ,colias1 ! writ] w be glad to try to aid him to correct conclusions by p]sonal conf]5ce or correspond5ce4 ,g5us ,,t]ias1 ,swa9son 7,! ,small ,sulphurs7 ,hurt no liv+ ?+3 ,ladybird1 nor butt]fly1 ,nor mo? ) du/y w+1 ,nor cricket *irp+ *e]ily1 ,nor gras%opp] s light ( leap1 ,nor danc+ gnat1 nor beetle fat1 ,nor h>mless worms t creep4 ,,*ri/9a ,,rossetti4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxvi #a4 ,megano/oma eurydice1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,megano/oma eurydice1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,megano/oma csonia1 ,/oll1 4 #d4 ,megano/oma csonia1 ,/oll1 4 #e4 ,colias meadi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,colias meadi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #g4 ,colias ariadne1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,colias ariadne1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,colias keewayd91 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,colias keewayd91 ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,colias na/es1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,colias na/es1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,colias elis1 ,/reck]1 4 #ad4 ,colias elis1 ,/reck]1 4 #ae4 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval 7labrador5sis1 ,scudd]71 4 #af4 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval 7labrador5sis1 ,scudd]71 4 #ag4 ,colias behri1 ,edw>ds1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butt]fly4--,small butt]flies1 bright orange or yell[1 m>g9$ ) black4 ,!y are m delicate 9 /ructure & h ?9n] w+s ?an mo/ ( ! g5]a belong+ to ! subfamily ( ! ,pi]94 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! w+s is g5]ally /raight or slightly r\nd$1 ?\gh 9 a few species ! apex is some:at acum9ate4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s is g5]ally r\nd$1 ?\gh 9 a few species x is acum9ate4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,t]ias4 ,egg4--,/rongly sp9dle-%ap$1 po9t$ & r\nd$ at ! base & at ! apex1 mu* swoll5 at ! middle1 its sides m>k$ by num]\s broad b slightly rais$ v]tical ridges4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s are small1 relatively long1 cyl9drical1 ) ! head q small1 ! ?oracic segm5ts some:at l>g] ?an ! o!rs1 giv+ ! ant]ior portion ( ! body a slightly hump$ appe>ance4 ,!y fe$ ^u legum9\s plants4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is compress$ lat]ally1 ) ! head po9t$ & ! w+-cases =m+ a deep1 keel-%ap$ projection on ! v5tral side1 m pron\nc$ ?an 9 any o!r g5us except ,catopsilia4 ,!re are an imm5se numb] ( species belong+ to ?is g5us scatt]$ ?r\gh ! tropical & subtropical regions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,_m ( ! species are dimorphic or polymorphic1 & mu* confusion has aris51 especially 9 relation to ! ,ori5tal species1 on acc\nt ( ! great t5d5cy to ! production ( seasonal v>ieties1 _m ( :i* are /rik+ly diff]5t f "o ano!r4 7#a7 ,t]ias gundla*ia1 ,poey1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,gundla*'s ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is easily recogniz$ by ! orange-yell[ t9t ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s & ! %>ply po9t$ h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k no?+ ( ^!4 ,! species is f\nd 9 ,texas1 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 & ,cuba4 7#b7 ,t]ias prot]pia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,prot]pia74 ,butt]fly4--,ev5 deep] orange ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! h9d w+s are1 h[ev]1 less po9t$2 ! ve9s & n]vules are black at _! ends1 & ! co/al m>g9 ( ! =e w+s is ev5ly bord]$ ) black1 :i* does n run d[n on ! out] m>g9 z 9 ,t4 gundla*ia4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,prot]pia is f\nd 9 ,texas1 ,arizona1 & ,mexico4 7#c7 ,t]ias nicippe1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 v>4 flava1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #f1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ea1 #eb1 *rysalis 7,nicippe74 ,butt]fly4--,! plate gives s full a pres5tation ( ?is common species z to make a l5g?y description unnecess>y4 ,x is subject to consid]able v>iation4 ,i h specim5s ( _m v>y+ %ades ( orange & yell[1 & a few alb9o females4 ,! orange =m depict$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,figs4 #c & #d1 is typical4 ,! =m flava is n uncommon4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are n z well kn[n z !y %\ld be 9 view ( ! excessive abundance ( ! insect 9 long-settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ,cassia 9 pref]5ce to all o!r plants1 b w eat o!r legum9os4 ,nicippe is v r>e 9 ,new ,engl&1 b is common s\? ( latitude #dj z f> z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ranges ov] ,cuba1 ,mexico1 & ,guatemala1 into ,v5ezuela & ev5 ,brazil4 ,x fairly sw>ms at times 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 & s\!rn ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 ,i h enc\nt]$ cl\ds ( x on ! w+ ne> ,jeff]sonville1 ,indiana1 & !nce nor? along ! l9es ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad z f> z ,seym\r4 ,x is n common 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 b 9 =m] ye>s 0 tak5 r frequ5tly ab\t ,pittsburgh4 7#d7 ,t]ias mexicana1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 "u side 7,! ,mexican ,yell[74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f all o!r species 9 our fauna by ! po9t$ h9d w+s1 m>g9$ on ! out] bord] ) black1 & by ! heavy black bord] ( ! =e w+s1 deeply excis$ inw>dly1 recall+ ! =e w+ ( ! species ( ! g5us ,megano/oma4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge in*2 1 #a4he in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we d n1 z yet1 "k mu* ab\t ^!4 ,t4 mexicana is v common 9 ,arizona1 & occurs also 9 ,texas4 ,x is abundant 9 ,mexico4 7#e7 ,t]ias dam>is1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side 7,dam>is74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ to ! prec$+ species1 b readily di/+ui%$ f x by ! less deeply excis$ out] bord] ( ! =e w+1 by ! fact t ! black out] m>g9 ( ! second>ies ext5ds inw>dly beyond ! angulat$ po9t ( ! w+1 & by ! diff]5t color & /yle ( ! m>k+s ( ! l[] side4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,dam>is occurs 9 ,arizona1 & !nce ranges s\? into ,v5ezuela4 7#f7 ,t]ias we/woodi4 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,we/wood's ,yell[74 ,butt]fly4--,pale yell[ or orange-yell[1 ) a n>r[ black bord] on ! =e w+s1 beg9n+ on ! co/a beyond ! middle1 & n q rea*+ ! inn] angle4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale yell[1 immaculate1 or at ! apex ( ! =e w+ & ! out] angle ( ! h9d w+ broadly m>k$ ) v pale r$di%-br[n4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,we/wood's ,yell[ occurs 9 ,texas & ,arizona1 b is n common4 ,x is abundant f>!r s\?4 7#g7 ,t]ias lisa1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #c1 l>va2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ef1 *rysalis 7,! ,little ,sulphur74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ to ! ?ree foll[+ species1 f :i* x may at once be di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( ! black b> on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! =e w+s & by ! pr(usely mottl$ surface ( ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,x is subject to consid]able v>iation1 alb9o females & melanic males be+ sometimes f\nd1 z well z dw>f$ specim5s ( v small size4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ & describ$1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! insect is v common 9 _m easily accessible localities4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,cassia & on clov]4 ,t4 lisa ranges f ,new ,engl& s\? & we/ z f> z ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & into ,mexico & ,honduras4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,antilles & ,b]muda4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! appe>ance ( a va/ sw>m ( ^! butt]flies 9 ! ,b]mudas is giv5 by ,jones 9 ,psy*e1 vol4 i1 p4 #aba3 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( ! fir/ day ( ,octob] la/ ye> 7#ahgd71 sev]al p]sons liv+ on ! nor? side ( ! ma9 isl& p]ceiv$1 z !y ?\ght1 a cl\d com+ ov] f ! nor?we/1 :i* drew ne>] & ne>] to ! %ore1 on rea*+ :i* x divid$ into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* w5t ea/w>d1 & ! o!r we/w>d1 gradually fall+ ^u ! l&4 ,!y 7 n long 9 asc]ta9+ t :at !y _h tak5 = a cl\d 0 an imm5se conc\rse ( small yell[ butt]flies 7,t]ias lisa1 ,boisduval71 :i* flitt$ ab\t all ! op5 grassy pat*es & cultivat$ gr\nds 9 a lazy mann]1 z if fatigu$ aft] _! long voyage ov] ! deep4 ,fi%]m5 out ne> ! reefs1 "s few miles to ! nor? ( ! isl&1 v e>ly t morn+1 /at$ t numb]s ( ^! insects fell ^u _! boats1 lit]ally cov]+ !m4 ,!y did n /ay long ^u ! isl&s1 h[ev]1 only a few days1 b dur+ t "t ?\s&s mu/ h fall5 victims to ! vigor\s appetite ( ! bluebird 7,sialia sialis1 ,baird7 & blackbird 7,mimus c>ol95sis1 ,gray71 :i* 7 cont9ually prey+ ^u !m4 ,z ! ne>e/ po9t ( l& is ,cape ,hatt]as1 ab\t six hundr$ miles di/ant1 x is se5 t1 weak & feeble z ?is little creature appe>s1 x mu/ possess1 :5 aid$ by favor+ w9ds1 great p[] ( su/a9$ flight4 7#h7 ,t]ias ela!a1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,ela!a74 ,butt]fly4--,di/+ui%$ f its ne> ally1 ,t4 delia1 by ! fact t ! gr\nd-color ( ! h9d w+s is :ite4 ,! female 9 ?is1 z 9 ! alli$ species1 is )\t ! black b> on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,ela!a is f\nd 9 ,florida1 ,mexico1 & ! ,antilles4 7#i7 ,t]ias delia1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,delia74 ,butt]fly4--,almo/ exactly l ! prec$+ species1 b hav+ ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s yell[4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+ at ! tip & ! entire h9d w+ are r$4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is kn[n ( !m4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,cassia4 ,delia occurs commonly 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 7#aj7 ,t]ias jucunda1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 1 "u side 7,! ,fairy ,yell[74 ,butt]fly4--,di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by ! d>k m>g9al b& surr\nd+ ! h9d w+ & ! pale "u surface4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is little species is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxvii #a4 ,t]ias gundla*ia1 ,poey1 4 #b4 ,t]ias prot]pia1 ,fabricius1 4 #c4 ,t]ias nicippe1 ,cram]1 4 #d4 ,t]ias nicippe1 ,cram]1 4 #e4 ,t]ias nicippe1 ,cram]1 v>4 flava1 ,/reck]1 4 #f4 ,t]ias nicippe1 ,cram]1 1 "u side4 #g4 ,t]ias mexicana1 ,boisduval1 4 #h4 ,t]ias mexicana1 ,boisduval1 1 "u side4 #i4 ,t]ias dam>is1 ,feld]1 4 #aj4 ,t]ias dam>is1 ,feld]1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,t]ias we/woodi1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,t]ias ela!a1 ,cram]1 4 #ac4 ,t]ias lisa1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ad4 ,t]ias delia1 ,cram]1 4 #ae4 ,t]ias jucunda1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #af4 ,t]ias jucunda1 ,boisd4-,lec41 1 "u side4 #ag4 ,dismorphia melite1 ,l9nu1 4 #ah4 ,dismorphia melite1 ,l9nu1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,r$ ,,ra9 ,! lepidopt]\s insects 9 g5]al1 soon aft] !y em]ge f ! pupa /ate1 & commonly dur+ _! fir/ flight1 dis*>ge "s drops ( a r$-color$ fluid1 m or less int5se 9 diff]5t species1 :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 :]e _! numb]s h be5 consid]able1 h produc$ ! appe>ance ( a '%[] ( blood1' z ?is natural ph5om5on is sometimes call$4 ,%[]s ( blood h be5 record$ by hi/orians & poets z pret]natural--h be5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( prodigies1 & reg>d$1 :]e !y h happ5$1 z fe>ful progno/ics ( imp5d+ evil4 ,!re are two passages 9 ,hom]1 :i*1 h[ev] poetical1 are applicable to a ra9 ( ?is k9d2 & among ! prodigies :i* took place aft] ! dea? ( ! great dictator1 ,ovid p>ticul>ly m5tions a %[] ( blood3 ',spe faces vis m$iis ard]e sub a/ris1 ,spe int] nimbos gutt cecid]e cru5t4' 7',) ?reat5+ signs ! l[]+ skies 7 fill'd1 ,& sangu9e drops f murky cl\ds di/ill$4'7 ,among ! num]\s prodigies report$ by ,livy to h happ5$ 9 ! ye> #bad ,b4,c41 x is in/anc$ t at ,mantua a /agnat+ piece ( wat]1 caus$ by ! ov]fl[+ ( ! riv] ,m9cius1 appe>$ z ( blood2 & 9 ! cattle-m>ket at ,rome a %[] ( blood fell 9 ! ,i/rian ,/reet4 ,aft] m5tion+ sev]al o!r rem>kable ph5om5a t happ5$ dur+ t ye>1 ,livy concludes by say+ t ^! prodigies 7 expiat$1 con=mably to ! answ]s ( ! aruspices1 by victims ( ! great] k9ds1 & supplication 0 ord]$ to be p]=m$ to all ! deities :o _h %r9es at ,rome4 ,aga91 x is /at$ by ,livy t _m al>m+ prodigies 7 se5 at ,rome 9 ! ye> #aha ,b4,c41 & o!rs report$ f abroad2 among :i* 0 a %[] ( blood :i* fell 9 ! c\rts ( ! temples ( ,vulcan & ,concord4 ,aft] m5tion+ t ! image ( ,juno ,sospita %$ te>s1 & t a pe/il5ce broke out 9 ! c\ntry1 ?is writ] adds t ^! prodigies1 & ! mortality :i* prevail$1 al>m$ ! ,s5ate s mu* t !y ord]$ ! consuls to sacrifice to su* gods z _! judgm5t %\ld direct victims ( ! l>g] k9ds1 & t ! decemvirs %\ld consult _! books4 ,pursuant to _! direction1 a supplication = "o day 0 proclaim$ to be p]=m$ at e %r9e 9 ,rome2 & !y advis$1 besides1 & ! ,s5ate vot$1 & ! consul proclaim$1 t !re %\ld be a supplication & public wor%ip = ?ree days ?r\gh\t all ,italy4 ,9 ! ye> #afi ,b4,c41 ,livy also m5tions t a %[] ( blood fell 9 ! middle ( ! day4 ,! decemvirs 7 aga9 call$ ^u to consult _! books1 & aga9 7 sacrifices (f]$ to ! deities4 ,! acc\nt1 also1 ( ,livy1 ( ! bloody sweat on "s ( ! /atues ( ! gods1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ! same ph5om5on1 z ! pr$ilection ( ^? ages to m>vel1 says ,?omas ,br[ne1 & ! want ( accurate inve/igation 9 ! cases record$1 z well z ! r>e occurr5ce ( ^! atmosph]ical depositions 9 our own times1 incl9es u to include !m among ! blood-r$ drops deposit$ by insects4 ,9 ,/['s ',annales ( ,engl&' we h two acc\nts ( %[]s ( blood1 & f an edition pr9t$ 9 ,london 9 #aeib1 we make our quotations3 ',rivallus1 sonne ( ,cun$agius1 succe$$ 8 fa!r1 9 ^: "t 79 ! ye> #gff ,b4,c47 x ra9$ bl\d ?ree dayes3 aft] :i* tempe/ ensu$ a great multitude ( v5em\s flies1 :i* slew mu* p1 & !n a great mortalitie ?r\gh\t ?is l&e1 caus$ almo/ desolation ( ! same4' ,! second acc\nt is z foll[s3 ',9 ! "t ( ,bri?ricus 7,a4,d4 #ghf7 x rayn$ blood1 :i* fall+ on m5's clo!s1 appe>$ l crosses4' ,holl+%$1 ,grafton1 & ,fabyan h also record$ ^! in/ances 9 _! respective *ronicles ( ,engl&4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( bloody ra9 is introduc$ into ! v int]e/+ ,icel&ic gho/-/ory ( ,?orgunna4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #ajji a woman call$ ,?orgunna came f ! ,hebrides to ,icel&1 :]e %e /ay$ at ! h\se ( ,?orodd2 & dur+ ! hay season a %[] ( blood fell1 b only1 s+ul>ly1 on t portion ( ! hay %e _h n pil$ up z h] %>e1 :i* s appall$ h] t %e betook h]self to h] b$1 & soon aft]w>d di$4 ,%e left1 to f9i% ! /ory1 a rem>kable w1 :i*1 f n be+ execut$1 0 ! cause ( sev]al viol5t dea?s1 ! appe>ance ( gho/s1 &1 f9ally1 a legal action ( ejectm5t aga9/ ! gho/s1 :i*1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 drove !m effectually away4 ,9 #ajag a %[] ( blood fell 9 ,aquita9e2 & ,sleidan relates t 9 ! ye> #aeec a va/ multitude ( butt]flies sw>m$ ?r\gh a great "p ( ,g]many1 & spr9kl$ plants1 leaves1 build+s1 clo!s1 & m5 ) bloody drops1 z if x _h ra9$ blood4 ,we le>n also f ,bateman's ',doome' t ^! 'drops ( bl\de ^u he>bes & trees' 9 #aeec 7 deem$ among ! =ew>n+s ( ! dea?s ( ,*>les & ,philip1 dukes ( ,brunswick4 ,9 ,frank=t1 9 ! ye> #abif1 among o!r prodigies1 "s spots ( blood l$ to a massacre ( ! ,jews1 9 :i* t5 ?\s& ( ^! unhappy desc5dants ( ,abraham lo/ _! lives4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 #afjh1 an ext5sive %[] ( blood took place at ,aix1 9 ,france1 :i* ?rew ! p ( t place into ! utmo/ con/]nation1 &1 :i* is a mu* m important fact1 l$ to ! fir/ satisfactory & philosophical explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 b too late1 alas6 to save ! ,jews ( ,frank=t4 ,?is explanation 0 giv5 by ,m4 ,peiresc1 a celebrat$ philosoph] ( t place1 & is ?us ref]r$ to by 8 biograph]1 ,gass5di3 ',no?+ 9 ! :ole ye> #afjh did m please him ?an t he obs]v$ & philosophiz$ ab\t1 ! bloody ra91 :i* 0 commonly report$ to h fall5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,july2 great drops !re( 7 pla9ly to be se51 bo? 9 ! city itself1 ^u ! walls ( ! *ur*y>d ( ! *ur*1 :i* is ne> ! city wall1 & ^u ! city walls !mselves2 also ^u ! walls ( villages1 hamlets1 & t[ns1 = "s miles r\nd ab\t2 = 9 ! fir/ place1 he w5t himself to see ^? :]e) ! /ones 7 col\r$1 & did :at he c\ld to come to speak ) ^? husb&m51 :o1 beyond ,lambesk1 7 report$ to h be5 affright$ at ! fall+ ( said ra91 t !y left _! "w1 & ran z fa/ z _! legs c\ld c>ry !m into ! adjac5t h\ses4 ,:]eupon1 he f\nd t x 0 a fable t 0 report$1 t\*+ ^? husb&m54 ,nor 0 he pleas$ t naturali/s %\ld ref] ?is k9d ( ra9 to vap\rs drawn up out ( r$ e>? al(t 9 ! air1 :i* congeal+ aft]w>ds into liquor1 fall d[n 9 ?is =m2 because su* vap\rs z are drawne al(t by heat1 asc5d )\t col\r1 z we may "k by ! alone example ( r$ roses1 out ( :i* ! vap\rs t arise by heat are congeal$ into transp>5t wat]4 ,he 0 less pleas$ ) ! common p1 & "s div9es1 :o judg$ t x 0 ! "w ( ! devils & wit*es :o _h kill$ innoc5t "y *ildr52 = ?is he c\nt$ a m]e conjecture1 possibly also injuri\s to ! goodness & provid5ce ( ,god4 ',9 ! mean:ile an accid5t happ5$1 out ( :i* he conceiv$ he _h collect$ ! true cause !re(4 ,=1 "s mon?s be=e1 he %ut up 9 a box a c]ta9 palm]-worm :i* he _h f\nd1 r>e = its bigness & =m2 :i*1 :5 he _h =gott51 he he>d a buzz+ 9 ! box1 & :5 he op5$ x1 f\nd ! palm]-worm1 hav+ ca/ its coat1 to be turn$ into a beautiful ,butt]fly1 :i* pres5tly flew away1 leav+ 9 ! bottom ( ! box a r$ drop z broad z an ord9>y s\s or %ill+2 & because ?is happ5$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! same mon? & ab\t ! same "t an incr$ible multitude ( ,butt]flies 7 obs]v$ fly+ 9 ! air1 he 0 !re=e ( op9ion t su* k9d ( ,butt]flies re/+ on ! walls _h !re %$ su* l drops1 & ( ! same bigness4 ,:]eupon1 he w5t ! second "t1 & f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 t ^? drops 7 n to be f\nd on ! h\setops1 nor ^u ! r\nd sides ( ! /ones :i* /uck out1 z x w\ld h happ5$1 if blood _h fall5 f ! sky1 b r :]e ! /ones 7 some:at holl[$1 & 9 holes1 :]e su* small creatures might %r\d & ne/le !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ! walls :i* 7 s spott$1 7 n 9 ! middle ( t[ns1 b !y 7 su* z bord]$ ^u ! fields1 nor 7 !y on ! highe/ p>ts1 b only s mod]ately high z ,butt]flies are commonly wont to fly4 ',?us1 !re=e1 he int]pret$ t :i* ,gregory ( ,t\rs relates t\*+ a bloody ra9 se5 at ,p>is 9 div]s places1 9 ! days ( ,*ildeb]t1 & on a c]ta9 h\se 9 ! t]ritory ( ,s5lis2 also t :i* is /ori$1 t\*+ ra9+ ( blood ab\t ! end ( ,june1 9 ! days ( ,k+ ,rob]t2 s t ! blood :i* fell ^u fle%1 g>m5ts or /ones c\ld n be wa%$ out1 b t :i* fell on wood might2 = x 0 ! same season ( ,butt]flies1 & exp]i5ce ha? taught u1 t no wat] w wa% ^! spots out ( ! /ones1 :ile !y are fre% & new4 ,:5 he _h said ^! & su* l ?+s to v>i\s1 a great company ( auditors be+ pres5t1 x 0 agre$ t !y %\ld g toge!r & se>* out ! matt]1 & z !y w5t up & d[n1 "h & !re1 ?r\gh ! fields1 !y f\nd _m drops ^u /ones & rocks2 b !y 7 only on ! holl[ & "u p>ts ( ! /ones1 b n ^u ^? :i* lay mo/ op5 to ! skies4' ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxviii #a4 ,papilio zolicaon1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,papilio daunus1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,papilio pilumnus1 ,boisduval1 4 7,! figures 9 ?is plate are r$uc$1 be+ only two ?irds ( ! natural size47 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,?is memorable %[] ( blood 0 produc$ by ! ,vanessa urtic or ,v4 poly*loros1 mo/ probably1 s9ce ^! species ( butt]flies are said to h be5 uncommonly pl5tiful at ! "t :51 & 9 ! p>ticul> di/rict :]e1 ! ph5om5on 0 obs]v$4 ,,frank ,,c[an1 ,curi\s ,hi/ory ( ,insects4 ,,= ,a ,,design ,,( ,a ,,butt]fly ,,re/+ ,,on ,a ,,skull ,creature ( air & light1 ,emblem ( t :i* may n fade or die1 ,wilt ?\ n spe$ ?y flight1 ,to *ase ! s\? w9d ?r\gh ! gl[+ sky8 ,:at lures !e ?us to /ay1 ,) ,sil5ce & ,decay1 ,fix'd on ! wreck ( cold ,mortality8 ,! ?\ghts once *amb]'d !re ,h ga!r'd up _! treasures1 & are gone-- ,w ! du/ tell u :]e ,!y t h bur/ ! prison-h\se are fl[n8 ,rise1 nursl+ ( ! day1 ,if ?\ w\ld/ trace _! way-- ,e>? ha? no voice to make ! secret kn[n4 ,:o seeks ! vani%'d bird ,by ! =sak5 ne/ & brok5 %ell8-- ,f> !nce he s+s unhe>d1 ,yet free & joy\s 9 ! woods to dwell4 ,?\ ( ! sun%9e born1 ,take ! bright w+s ( morn6 ,?y hope calls heav5w>d f yon ru9'd cell4 ,,mrs4 ,,heman4 ,,subfamily ,,papilion9 ,butt]fly4--,g5]ally l>ge1 & (t5 ) ! h9d w+s adorn$ by tail-l projections4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic /ructural feature ( ! gr\p is ! abs5ce ( ! int]nal ve9 ( ! h9d w+s4 ,! subm$ian ve9 occupies ! position usually held 9 o!r subfamilies by ! int]nal4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,9 t portion ( ! gr\p :i* includes ! g5us ,p>nassius & its allies1 ! cat]pill>s are n1 s f> z is kn[n1 provid$ ) sc5t-organs1 & pupation takes place ^u ! gr\nd1 or among loosely scatt]$ leaves1 :i* are int]wov51 at ! "t ( pupation1 ) a few /r&s ( silk4 ,! g5us ,papilio & its allies h l>ge1 fle%y1 m or less cyl9drical cat]pill>s1 possess$ ( osmat]ia1 or (f5sive sc5t-organs1 & a g5]al resemblance runs ?r\gh ! *rysalids ( all species1 :i* are atta*$ by a button ( silk at ! anal extremity & support$ 9 ! middle by a silk girdle4 ,g5us ,,p>nassius1 ,latreille 7,! ,p>nassians7 ,"s to ! sun _! insect w+s unfold1 ,waft on ! breeze1 or s9k 9 cl\ds ( gold2 ,transp>5t =ms1 too f9e = mortal sight1 ,_! fluid bodies half dissolv'd 9 light4 ,,pope4 ,butt]fly4--,( m$ium size1 ) m or less diaphan\s w+s1 g5]ally :ite or yell[ 9 color1 m>k$ ) black spots & r\nd p9k or yell[ spots1 m>g9$ ) black4 ,! head is relatively small1 ?ickly clo!d ) hairs4 ,! ant5n are %ort & /raight1 hav+ a gradually ?ick5$ club4 ,! palpi are v ?91 /raight1 & clo!d ) long hairs4 ,! w+s are g5]ally transluc5t on ! m>g91 ) a r\nd$ apex4 ,! upp] radial is lack+4 ,! subco/al is five-bran*$1 ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? n]vules be+ emitt$ f a common /alk :i* spr+s f ! upp] out] angle ( ! cell4 ,! fir/ subco/al n]vule rises well be=e ! end ( ! cell2 ! second f ! same po9t f :i* ! /alk :i* be>s ! o!r ?ree n]vules spr+s4 ,! cell ( ! h9d w+ is ev5ly r\nd$ at its out] extremity4 ,! inn] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ is m or less excavat$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! egg is turban-%ap$1 flatt5$1 pr(usely cov]$ ) small elevations1 giv+ x a %agre5$ appe>ance4 ,! cat]pill>s h v small heads4 ,!y are flatt5$1 hav+ a some:at lee*-l appe>ance2 !y are black or d>k br[n 9 color1 m>k$ ) num]\s light spots4 ,! *rysalis is %ort1 r\nd$ at ! head1 & pupation takes place on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 among leaves & litt]1 a few loose ?reads ( silk be+ spun ab\t ! spot 9 :i* trans=mation occurs4 ,! butt]flies ( ?is g5us are classifi$ ) ! ,papilion91 because ( ! fact t ! int]nal ve9 ( ! h9d w+s is always want+1 a *>act]i/ic ( all papilion9e g5]a4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #adi4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,p>nassius4 7#a7 ,p>nassius clodius1 ,mntries1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 ,figs4 #g1 #i1 2 ,figs4 #h1 #aj1 7,clodius74 ,butt]fly4--,! species may be di/+ui%$ f ! foll[+ by ! uni=mly l>g] size & ! m transluc5t out] m>g9s ( ! =e w+s 9 ! male4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej-b4ge in*es2 1 #b4ej-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await /udy4 ,! egg & "y l>va 7 describ$ by ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds 9 ! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 vol4 xi1 p4 #adb1 b we h no acc\nt ( ! lat] /ages4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,s$um & ,saxifraga4 ,clodius is f\nd ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,x is1 l all its cong5]s1 an alp9e or boreal species4 7#b7 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,d\bl$ay & ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 v>4 behri1 ,edw>ds1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 v>4 h]modur1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 ,fig4 #f1 2 mate ( h]modur1 ,fig4 #e1 7,sm9!us74 ,butt]fly4--,?is v beautiful insect is greatly subject to v>iation1 & ! plate %[s a few ( ! m /rik+ =ms1 ( :i* ! d>k female1 nam$ h]modur by ! late ,h5ry ,edw>ds1 is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj-b4ej in*es2 1 #b4be-c4jj in*es4 ,sm9!us is f\nd at prop] elevations ^u ! m\nta9s f ,colorado to ,cali=nia1 & f ,new ,mexico to ,montana4 ,! life-hi/ory is mo/ exquisitely del9eat$ by ,edw>ds 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 vol4 iii4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,s$um & ,saxifraga4 ,g5us ,,papilio1 ,l9nu 7,! ,swall[tails7 ,! butt]fly ! anci5t ,grecians made ,! s\l's fair emblem1 & its only "n-- ,b ( ! s\l1 escap$ ! slavi% trade ,( mortal life6 ,= 9 ?is e>?ly frame ,ours is ! reptile's lot--mu* toil1 mu* blame1-- ,manifold motions mak+ little spe$1 ,& to de=m & kill ! ?+s :]eon we fe$4 ,,col]idge4 ,butt]fly4--,g5]ally l>ge1 frequ5tly ) ! h9d w+s tail$4 ,a figure ( ! neuration *>act]i/ic ( ?is g5us is giv5 on p4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! int]nal ve9 ( ! h9d w+ is lack+1 ! subm$ian ve9 occupy+ ! space :i* is commonly occupi$ by ! int]nal ve94 ,! m$ian ve9 ( ! =e w+ is connect$ ) ! subm$ian by a %ort ve91 f ! po9t ( union ( :i* ) ! subm$ian !re proce$s a %ort int]nal ve9 9 ?is w+4 ,!re is great div]sity ( =m 9 ! w+s ( ?is g5us1 "s species ev5 mimick+ ! species ( ! ,euploe9 & ,heliconiid v closely1 & be+ entirely )\t tails4 ,9 all cases1 h[ev]1 9 spite ( obvi\s div]sities 9 color & 9 =m1 !re is sub/antial anatomical agreem5t 9 ! /ructure ( ! w+s2 & ! cat]pill>s & *rysalids reveal v /rongly m>k$ aff9ities ?r\gh\t ! :ole va/ assemblage ( species1 :i* at ! pres5t "t includes ab\t five hundr$ di/9ct =ms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xxxix #a4 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 v>4 behri1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 v>4 behri1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #d4 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #e4 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 1 mate ( h]modur4 #f4 ,p>nassius sm9!us1 ,dbl4-,hew41 v>4 h]modur1 1 ,h5ry ,edw>ds4 #g4 ,p>nassius clodius1 ,mntries1 7baldur1 ,edw>ds74 #h4 ,p>nassius clodius1 ,mntries1 7baldur1 ,edw>ds74 #i4 ,p>nassius clodius1 ,mntries1 4 #aj4 ,p>nassius clodius1 ,mntries1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! eggs are some:at globul>1 flatt5$ at ! base1 & smoo?4 ,! cat]pill>s are cyl9drical1 smoo?1 fle%y1 ?ick] 9 ! ant]ior portion ( ! body ?an 9 ! po/]ior portion1 & are always provid$ ) osmat]ia1 or protrusive sc5t-organs1 :i*1 :5 ! l>va is al>m$1 are ?ru/ =?1 & emit a musky odor1 n highly disagreeable to ! human no/rils1 b evid5tly int5d$ to det] o!r creatures f attack+ !m4 ,! *rysalids are always atta*$ by a button ( silk at ! anal extremity1 & held 9 place by a girdle ( silk ab\t ! middle4 ,! *rysalids are1 h[ev]1 nev] closely appress$ to ! surface ^u :i* pupation takes place4 ,!re are ab\t tw5ty-sev5 species ( ?is g5us f\nd )9 ! limits ( boreal ,am]ica4 ,our fauna is !re=e mu* ri*] 9 ^! magnific5tly color$ & %[y butt]flies ?an is ! fauna ( all ,europe1 9 :i* b ?ree species are kn[n f ! ,d>danelles to ! ,nor? ,cape & ,gibralt>4 ,! g5us is wond]fully develop$ 9 ! tropics bo? ( ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w1 & has always be5 a favorite ) collectors1 conta9+ _m ( ! l>ge/ z well z ! h&some/ insects ( ! ord]4 7#a7 ,papilio ajax1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ad1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 *rysalis 7,ajax74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 our fauna1 has be5 ! subject ( att5tive /udy 9 rec5t ye>s1 & is n[ kn[n to be seasonally polymorphic4 ,we h giv5 9 ,plate ,,xliv figures ( sev]al ( ! =ms4 7a7 ,w9t] =m wal%i2 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #d1 4 ,9 ?is =m1 :i* em]ges f *rysalids :i* h be5 expos$ to ! cold ( ! w9t]1 ! black b&s ( ! w+s are n>r[] & a trifle pal] ?an 9 ! o!r =ms1 ! tails ( ! h9d w+ tipp$ ) :ite1 & ! crimson spot on ! inn] m>g9 ne> ! anal angle =m+ a conspicu\s b5t b>4 ,a v>iety ( ?is =m1 ) a m or less di/9ct crimson l9e p>allel to ! inn] m>g9 on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+1 has be5 nam$ ,papilio ajax1 v>4 abbotti1 by ,edw>ds4 ,ano!r w9t] =m1 = :i* ,i propose ! "n florid5sis1 is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #b1 by a male specim54 ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! great bread? & int5sity ( ! black b&s on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 :i* are q z broad z 9 ! summ] =m m>cellus4 ,i f9d ?is =m preval5t 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> on ! ,/4 ,johns ,riv]1 9 ,florida4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge in*es4 7b7 ,w9t] =m telamonides1 ,feld]1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #a1 4 ,9 ?is =m ! tails ( ! h9d w+s are some:at long] ?an 9 wal%i1 & are n simply tipp$1 b bord]$ on ei!r side = half _! l5g? ) :ite1 & ! r$ spots ne> ! anal angle d n coalesce to =m a crimson b>1 b are sep>ate4 ,! black transv]se b&s on ! upp] side are wid] ?an 9 wal%i4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4jj in*es4 7c7 ,summ] =m m>cellus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #c1 4 ,9 ?is =m1 :i* repres5ts ! second g5]ation em]g+ 9 ! summ] & fall f *rysalids produc$ f eggs ( wal%i1 florid5sis1 & telamonides1 ! tails ( ! h9d w+s are greatly l5g!n$1 be+ fully twice z long z 9 wal%i1 ! black b&s are greatly wid5$1 & !re is b a s+le small spot ( crimson 7sometimes none7 above ! anal angle ( ! second>ies4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are well kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! leaves ( ! papaw 7,asim9a triloba71 & :]ev] ?is plant is f\nd ! butt]fly is g5]ally common4 ,ajax ranges f s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 :]e x is v r>e1 we/ & s\? ov] ! entire c\ntry to ! foot-hills ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x is v common 9 ! l[] ,appala*ian region1 & 9 s\!rn ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee is especially abundant4 7#b7 ,papilio eurym$on1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #e1 7,eurym$on74 ,butt]fly4--,?is beautiful insect belongs to ! same gr\p z ! f\r succe$+ species4 ,9 ! /yle ( ! m>k+s x recalls ,p4 turnus1 b ! gr\nd-color is always pale :iti%-yell[ or :ite1 ! tails ( ! h9d w+s are m sl5d]1 & ! :ite m>g9al spots on ! "u side ( ! =e w+s are fus$ toge!r1 =m+ a cont9u\s b&4 ,!re are o!r diff]5ces1 b ^!1 ) ! help ( ! plate1 w suffice = ! ready id5tification ( ! species4 ,expanse1 #c4ej-d4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> resembles t ( ,p4 turnus1 b may be di/+ui%$ by its pal] color & ! mu* small] spots compos+ ! longitud9al s]ies on ! back & sides1 & by ! diff]5t color ( ! head4 ,x fe$s ^u a v>iety ( plants1 & is especially p>tial to ,rhamnus cali=nicus4 ,! species ranges f ,mexico to ,alaska1 & ea/w>d z f> z ,colorado4 ,x is abundant 9 ! valleys ( ! ,coa/ ,range1 & ,i h f\nd x v common 9 ! caon ( ! ,fras] ,riv]1 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 9 ! mon? ( ,june4 7#c7 ,papilio rutulus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #a1 7,rutulus74 ,butt]fly4--,! insect v closely resembles ! foll[+ species 9 color & m>k+s1 b ! female is nev] dimorphic z 9 ,p4 turnus1 & ! m>g9al spots on ! "u side ( ! =e w+s run toge!r1 =m+ a cont9u\s b&1 z 9 eurym$on1 & are n sep>ate z 9 ,p4 turnus4 ,by ^! m>ks x may always be di/+ui%$4 ,expanse1 1 #c4ej-d4jj in*es2 1 #c4ge-d4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ ) accuracy by ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds 9 ! second volume ( 8 great "w4 ,! cat]pill> diff]s f t ( ,p4 turnus 9 _m m9ute p>ticul>s4 ,x fe$s on ald] & will[4 ,x is ! repres5tative on ! ,pacific coa/ ( its ,ea/]n cong5]1 ! common ,tig] ,swall[tail4 7#d7 ,papilio turnus1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 dimorphic =m glaucus1 ,l9nu1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ae1 #bf1 #bh1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #a-d1 *rysalis 7,! ,tig] ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,! lordly ,turnus is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful insects ( ! ,c>ol9ian fauna4 ,! plate %[s ! figures ab\t "o ?ird small] ?an 9 life1 b !y are suffici5t = ! imm$iate id5tification ( ! species4 ,! species is dimorphic 9 ! female sex 9 ! s\!rn portions ( ! t]ritory :i* x occupies4 ,! black =m ( ! female 0 reg>d$ = a long :ile z a di/9ct species1 until by ! te/ ( bre$+ x 0 asc]ta9$ t "s eggs laid by yell[ females produc$ black females1 & t1 conv]sely1 eggs laid by black females (t5 produc$ yell[ females4 ,9 ,canada & nor?w>d & we/w>d 9 nor!rn latitudes ! d>k dimorphic female does n occur4 ,a small yell[ dw>f$ =m is common ab\t ,sitka1 :5ce ,i h obta9$ num]\s specim5s4 ,expanse1 1 #c4jj-d4jj in*es2 1 #c4ej-e4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! egg is outl9$ on p4 #d1 ,fig4 #c4 ,x is gre5 or blui%-gre51 q smoo?1 ) a few r$di% spots 9 "s specim5s4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on a great v>iety ( plants1 b has a peculi> pref]5ce = ! leaves ( v>i\s species ( wild *]ry 7,c]asus74 ,! *rysalis is accurately portray$ 9 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #a-d4 ,! metropolis ( ?is species seems to be ! wood$ =e/s ( ! ,appala*ian ranges at comp>atively l[ levels4 ,x ab\nds 9 s\?we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,virg9ias1 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,k5tucky1 & ,t5nessee4 ,i h (t5 f\nd z _m z a doz5 ( ^! magnific5t butt]flies congregat$ on a moi/ spot on ! banks ( ! ,monongahela4 ,at ,b]keley ,spr+s1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,i c\nt$1 "o summ] day1 =ty specim5s hov]+ ov] ! we$s & fl[]s 9 a small des]t$ field4 ,! movem5ts ( ! butt]fly on ! w+ are bold & rapid4 ,its flight is da%+4 ,n[ al(t to ! tops ( ! highe/ trees1 n[ d[n 9 ! %ad[s ( ! und]gr[?1 hi!r & ?i!r x goes1 (t5 settl+ = a mom5t on "s attractive fl[]1 or /ay+ its flight to qu5* its ?ir/ on ! s&y edge ( a brook1 & !n away aga9 ov] ! fields & into ! =e/s4 ,9 ,new ,engl& x is n v abundant1 & 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 :ile num]\s1 is /ill less common ?an ab\t ! head wat]s ( ! ,ohio4 7#e7 ,papilio daunus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,daunus74 ,butt]fly4--,?is magnific5t species1 :i* is ev5 l>g] ?an turnus 7! figures 9 ! plate are greatly r$uc$71 resembles ! prec$+ species 9 color & m>k+s1 b may at once be di/+ui%$ by ! two tails on ! h9d w+ & ! projection ( ! lobe at ! anal angle ( ?is w+4 ,x is f\nd among ! ea/]n valleys ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 ranges1 & desc5ds into ,mexico4 ,9 ,arizona x is q common4 ,expanse1 #d4jj-e4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n yet be5 ?or\ghly /udi$1 b :at we "k ( !m %[s t ! species is alli$ v closely to its imm$iate cong5]s1 & ! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! same plants1 pr9cipally ,rosace4 7#f7 ,papilio pilumnus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,pilumnus74 ,butt]fly4--,resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b small]1 hav+ ! b&s & black m>g9s ( ! w+s decid$ly broad]1 & ! lobe ( ! anal angle ( ! h9d w+ s mu* l5g!n$ z to give ! w+ ! appe>ance ( be+ furni%$ ) ?ree tails4 ,expanse1 #c4hj-d4cj in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xl #a4 ,papilio a/]ias1 ,cram]1 4 #b4 ,papilio bairdi1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,papilio holl&i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #d4 ,papilio brucei1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,papilio brevicauda1 ,saund]s1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xl4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,e>ly ,/ages4--,all we "k ( ^! is d]iv$ f ! brief acc\nt giv5 by ,s*aus 9 ,papilio1 vol4 iv1 p4 #ajj4 ,mr4 ,s*aus says t ! l>va fe$s on laurel4 ,! insect is ,mexican1 & only occasionally occurs 9 ,arizona4 7#g7 ,papilio ?oas1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,?oas74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is readily di/+ui%$ f its ne> ally1 ,p4 cresphontes1 by ! great] & m uni=m bread? ( ! m$ian b& ( yell[ spots trav]s+ bo? ! =e & ! h9d w+1 & by ! almo/ total abs5ce ( ! curv$ subm>g9al s]ies ( spots on ! prim>ies4 ,!re are o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce1 b ^! are s m>k$ z to make ! det]m9ation ( ! species easy4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h nev] be5 fully describ$1 b we "k t ! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! leaves ( ! lemon1 ! orange1 & o!r plants ( ! citrus gr\p4 ,p4 ?oas is n common )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is g5]ally replac$ by ! foll[+ species2 b x occasionally occurs 9 ! hot l&s ( ! extreme s\!rn portion ( ,texas4 7#h7 ,papilio cresphontes1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #af1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #h-aj1 *rysalis 7,! ,giant ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ species1 its close/ ally1 h already be5 po9t$ out1 & are br\ght into view ^u ! plate4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are q well kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ,ptelea1 ,xan?oxylon1 & v>i\s species ( ,citrus4 ,x is v common 9 ! orange-groves ( ,florida1 :]e ! p call ! cat]pill> ! orange-puppy1 & compla9 at times ( ! ravages p]petrat$ by x ^u _! trees4 ,x appe>s to h be5 gradually spread+ nor?w>d1 & 9 q rec5t ye>s has appe>$ at po9ts 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates :]e be=e x _h nev] be5 obs]v$4 ,x has be5 rec5tly tak5 9 ,ont>io4 ,x has become r abundant 9 ! vic9ity ( ! city ( ,pittsburgh1 :]e no obs]v] _h se5 x prior to ! ye> #ahid4 ,x is "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ %[y species ( ! g5us f\nd )9 our faunal limits4 7#i7 ,papilio aliaska1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #a1 7,! ,alaskan ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,?is int]e/+ =m ( ! species1 kn[n to entomologi/s z ,papilio ma*aon1 ,l9nu1 & to e ,engli% s*ool-boy z ! ,swall[tail1 repres5ts a colonization f ! ,asiatic ma9l& ( ?is insect1 :i* is ! sole repres5tative ( ! g5us on ,engli% soil4 ,x diff]s f ! ,engli% butt]fly by hav+ m yell[ on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & by hav+ ! tails ( ! second>ies mu* %ort]4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,und\bt$ly ^! are v mu* l ^? ( ! =ms f\nd 9 ,europe & ,asia1 & ! cat]pill> mu/ be s\ght ^u umbellif]\s plants4 ,?us f> ?is insect has be5 receiv$ only f ,alaska1 & is /ill r>e 9 collections4 7#aj7 ,papilio zolicaon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,zolicaon74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species is some:at ne>ly relat$ to ! prec$+1 b may at once be di/+ui%$ f x by ! broad] black bord]s ( ! w+s1 ! deep] black on ! upp] side1 & ! long] tails ( ! second>ies4 ,! figure giv5 9 ! plate is only two ?irds ( ! natural size4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 fully describ$ by ,edw>ds1 & are %[n to be mu* l ^? ( ,p4 a/]ias4 ,! cat]pill>1 l t ( ! la/-m5tion$ species1 fe$s ^u ! ,umbellif]4 ,zolicaon ranges s\?w>d f ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& to ,arizona1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado4 ,x is m abundant 9 ! valleys & foot-hills ?an on ! si]ras4 7#aa7 ,papilio nitra1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #b1 7,nitra74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect1 :i* is /ill v r>e 9 collections1 is v ne>ly relat$ to ! prec$+ species1 x hav+1 no d\bt1 ) ! succe$+ species1 sprung f ! same orig9al /ock z zolicaon & aliaska4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! insect occurs 9 ,montana & ! portions ( ,briti% ,am]ica adjac5t on ! nor?4 7#ab7 ,papilio indra1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #c1 7,indra74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by ! %ort tails ( ! second>ies1 & ! n>r[ b&s ( yell[ spots on ! w+s closely resembl+ ^? f\nd 9 ! same location on ! w+s ( ,p4 a/]ias1 4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! /ill await description4 ,indra occurs on ! m\nta9s ( ,colorado1 ,nevada1 & ,cali=nia4 7#ac7 ,papilio brevicauda1 ,saund]s1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #e1 7,! ,newf\ndl& ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,!re are two v>ieties ( ?is species--"o ) bright-yell[ spots1 "o ) ! spots m or less deeply m>k$ ) orange-yell[ on ! upp] sides ( ! w+4 ,! latt] v>iety is repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,! =m ) ! yell[ spots is common on ! isl& ( ,antico/i2 ! o!r occurs q abundantly 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,bo? ! cat]pill> & ! *rysalis %[ a v /rong lik5ess to ^? ( ,p4 a/]ias4 ,! l>va fe$s on umbellif]\s plants4 ,! range ( ! species is conf9$ to ! extreme nor!a/]n "p ( our faunal t]ritory4 7#ad7 ,papilio bairdi1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #b1 7,baird's ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is =m1 ! male ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 is ! ,we/]n repres5tative ( ,p4 a/]ias1 & is *>act]iz$ 9 g5]al by ! fact t ! size is l>g] ?an t ( a/]ias1 & ! po/m$ian b& ( yell[ spots is broad]4 ,! female is g5]ally d>k] & l>g] ?an t sex 9 a/]ias4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,n unlike ^? ( ,p4 a/]ias4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ,umbellif]4 ,! seat ( ?is species or =m is ,arizona1 :5ce x ranges nor?w>d4 7#ae7 ,papilio brucei1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #d1 7,bruce's ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species1 :i* is ?\ght to be ! result ( a union betwe5 ,p4 oregonia & ,p4 bairdi1 is f\nd 9 ,colorado4 ,oregonia is1 un=tunately1 n repres5t$ 9 our plates4 ,x flies 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton1 :]e ,p4 bairdi is n f\nd4 ,9 ,colorado & adjac5t regions meet+ ) ! =m bairdi1 :i* ranges nor?w>d f ,arizona1 hybridization has occurr$1 & we h a fix$ =m bre$+ ei!r t[>d bairdi or oregonia4 ,to ?is =m1 *>act]iz$ by m yell[ on ! b&s ( ! w+s ?an 9 ,p4 bairdi1 & less ?an 9 oregonia1 ,mr4 ,edw>ds has appli$ ! "n ,p4 brucei1 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,bruce ( ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 :o has done mu* to elucidate ! problems connect$ ) ! species4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4fj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 fully describ$ by ,edw>ds4 ,!y are mu* l ^? ( a/]ias1 & ! food-plants belong to ! same class4 ,bruce's ,butt]fly is f\nd q abundantly 9 ,colorado4 7#af7 ,papilio holl&i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #c1 7,holl&'s ,butt]fly74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species or =m1 :i* belongs to ! ,a/]ias-gr\p1 9 ! bread? ( ! yell[ spots on ! upp] side ( ! w+s holds a place int]m$iate betwe5 ,p4 bairdi & ,p4 zolicaon1 betwe5 :i* x has be5 sugge/$ t x may be a hybrid1 :i* has become fix$1 & !re=e a species4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! fact t ! abdom5 is always /rip$ lat]ally ) yell[ or is :olly yell[4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k z yet b little ( ^!4 ,! insect occurs 9 ,arizona & nor?w>d to ,colorado4 7#ag7 ,papilio a/]ias1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ag1 #bd1 #bg1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ah1 #ai1 *rysalis 7,! ,common ,ea/]n ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is well repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,! female lacks ! bright-yell[ b& ( po/m$ian spots on ! prim>ies1 or !y are b fa9tly indicat$4 ,! species is subject to consid]able v>iation 9 size & ! int5sity ( ! m>k+s4 ,a v rem>kable ab]ration 9 :i* ! yell[ spots cov] almo/ ! entire out] half ( ! w+s has be5 f\nd on sev]al occasions1 & 0 nam$ ,papilio calv]leyi by ,grote4 ,! female ( ?is =m f ! type 9 ! au?or's collection is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #f4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! ,umbellif]1 & is common on p>sley & p>snips 9 g>d5s4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,i h f\nd t x _h a special lik+ = f5nel1 & a few plants 9 ! kit*5-g>d5 always yield$ me 9 my boyhood an abundant supply ( ! l>v4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xli #a4 ,papilio ma*aon1 ,l9nu1 v>4 aliaska1 ,scudd]1 4 #b4 ,papilio nitra1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,papilio indra1 ,reakirt1 4 #d4 ,papilio polydamas1 ,l9nu1 4 #e4 ,papilio troilus1 ,l9nu1 4 #f4 ,papilio a/]ias1 ,cram]1 v>4 calv]leyi1 ,grote1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xli4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p4 a/]ias ranges all ov] ! ,atlantic ,/ates & ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 7#ah7 ,papilio troilus1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #e-g1 *rysalis 7,! ,spice-bu% ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is accurately depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,! female has less blui%-gre5 on ! upp] side ( ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #c4ge-d4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> lives ^u ! leaves ( ! common spicewood & sassafras1 & draws ! edges ( a leaf toge!r1 ?us =m+ a ne/ 9 :i* x lies hidd54 ,! insect is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,atlantic ,/ates & 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 7#ai7 ,papilio palam$es1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,palam$es74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is v accurately depict$ 9 ! figure j cit$4 ,on ! "u side ! pr$om9ant t9t is bright yell[4 ,expanse1 #c4ej-d4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are describ$ by ,scudd] 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 "w on ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,magnolia glauca1 & on plants belong+ to ! ord] ,laurace4 ,! insect ranges f s\!rn ,virg9ia1 ne> ! coa/1 to ! extreme s\!rn end ( ,florida1 & we/w>d to s\!rn ,miss\ri & ea/]n ,texas4 7#bj7 ,papilio phil5or1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ac1 #bj1 #ba1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #ad1 #ag1 #bj1 *rysalis 7,! ,pipe-v9e ,swall[tail74 ,butt]fly4--,! figures 9 ! plates obviate ! necessity = describ+ ?is famili> b mo/ beautiful insect1 ! glossy blue-gre5 ( :i* fla%es all summ] long 9 ! sunlight ab\t ! v]&as ov] :i* ! ,ari/olo*ia spreads ! %ade ( its great cordate leaves4 ,expanse1 #c4ge-d4be in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u ! leaves ( ,ari/olo*ia sipho 7! ,dut*man's-pipe7 & ,ari/olo*ia s]p5t>ia1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! =e/ l&s ( ! ,appala*ian region4 ,phil5or is always abundant dur+ ! summ] mon?s 9 ! ,middle ,atlantic ,/ates1 & ranges f ,massa*usetts to ,arizona1 into s\!rn ,cali=nia & s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,x is d\ble-brood$ 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & ! writ] has f\nd females oviposit+ z late z ,octob]4 ,! cat]pill>s are famili> objects ab\t h\ses on :i* ! ,ari/olo*ia is gr[n z an ornam5tal v9e4 7#ba7 ,papilio polydamas1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #d1 7,polydamas74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ by ! abs5ce ( tails on ! h9d m>g9 ( ! second>ies4 ,! butt]fly recalls ! prec$+ species by ! color ( ! w+s on ! upp] side4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are m>k$ z on ! upp] side2 ! h9d w+s h a m>g9al r[ ( l>ge r$ spots4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4ej in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> is d>k br[n1 & 9 _m po9ts resembles t ( ,p4 phil5or 9 outl9e1 b ! segm5ts are spott$ ) ocellate yell[ & r$ spots4 ,x fe$s on v>i\s species ( ,ari/olo*ia4 ,! *rysalis resembles t ( ,p4 phil5or4 ,?is lovely insect repres5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a great gr\p ( butt]flies closely alli$ to x1 :i* are natives ( ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,x occurs 9 s\!rn ,florida & ,texas1 & !nce ranges s\?w>d ov] ,cuba1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,cat]pill> ,,& ,,! ,,ant ,a p5sy ,ant1 "r trig & clean1 ,came ae day :idd+ o'er ! gre51 ,:]e1 to advance h] pride1 %e saw ,a ,cat]pill>1 mov+ slaw4 ',good ev'n t' ye1 ,mi/ress ,ant1' said he2 ',h['s a' at hame8 ,i'm bly? to s' ye4' ,! saucy ,ant view'd him wi' scorn1 ,nor wad civilities return2 ,b geck+ up h] head1 quo? %e1 ',poor animal6 ,i pity !e2 ,:a sc>ce c claim to be a creature1 ,b "s exp]im5t o' ,nature1 ,:ase silly %ape displeas$ h] eye1 ,& ?us unf9i%'d 0 flung bye4 ,= me1 ,i'm made wi' bett] grace1 ,wi' active limbs & lively face2 ,& clev]ly c move wi' ease ,frae place to place :]e'er ,i please2 ,c foot a m9uet or jig1 ,& snoov't l ony :irly-gig2 ,:i* g>s my jo aft grip my h&1 ,till 8 he>t pitty-pattys1 &-- ,b laigh my qualities ,i br+1 ,to /& up cla%+ wi' a ?+1 ,a creep+ ?+ ! l o' !e4 ,n wor?y o' a f>ewell t' ye4' ,! airy ,ant syne turn$ awa1 ,& left him wi' a pr\d gaffa4 ,! ,cat]pill> 0 /ruck dumb1 ,& nev] answ]$ h] a mum3 ,! humble reptile f& "s pa91 ,?us to be bant]'d wi' disda94 ,b t5t nei/ "t ! ,ant came by1 ,! worm 0 gr[n a ,butt]fly2 ,transp>5t 7 8 w+s & fair1 ,:i* b>e him flight'r+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,^u a fl[] he /apt 8 flight1 ,& ?9k+ on 8 =m] slight1 ,?us to ! ,ant himself addre/3 ',pray1 ,madam1 w ye please to re/8 ,& notice :at ,i n[ advise3 ,inf]iors ne'er too mu* despise1 ,= =tune may gie sic a turn1 ,to raise aboon ye :at ye scorn3 ,= in/ance1 n[ ,i spread my w+ ,9 air1 :ile y're a creep+ ?+4' ,,allan ,,ramsay4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xlii #a4 ,papilio palam$es1 ,drury1 4 #b4 ,papilio phil5or1 ,l9nu1 4 #c4 ,papilio cresphontes1 ,cram]1 4 #d4 ,papilio ?oas1 ,l9nu1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xlii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration ,,family ,v ,,hesp]iid 7,,! ,,skipp]s7 ,b$\9s ( ! pa?less air4--,h4,h4 ,butt]fly4--,! butt]flies belong+ to ?is family are g5]ally q small1 ) /\t bodies1 ! ?orax /rongly develop$ 9 ord] to accommodate ! muscles ( flight4 ,!y are exce$+ly rapid 9 _! movem5ts4 ,bo? sexes possess six feet adapt$ to walk+1 & ! tibi ( ! h9d feet1 ) few exceptions1 h spurs4 ,! l[] radial ve9 ( ! h9d w+ 9 _m ( ! g5]a is lack+1 or is m]ely indicat$ by a fold 9 ! w+4 ,!re is great v>iety 9 ! =m z well z 9 ! coloration ( ! w+s4 ,egg4--,! eggs1 s f> z we are acqua9t$ ) !m1 may be said to be1 almo/ )\t exception1 m or less hemisph]ical1 ) ! flat section ( ! hemisph]e s]v+ z ! base4 ,!y are sometimes smoo?1 b n infrequ5tly ornam5t$ ) rais$ longitud9al ridges & cross-l9es1 ! ornam5tation 9 "s cases be+ v beautiful & curi\s4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s are cyl9drical1 smoo?1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d f ! middle1 & g5]ally possess l>ge globul> heads4 ,!y commonly und]go trans=mation into *rysalids :i* h an anal hook1 or crema/]1 9 a loose cocoon wov5 ( a few /r&s ( silk4 ,?is family1 ! /udy ( :i* pres5ts m difficulties ?an are pres5t$ by any o!r family ( butt]flies1 is n v well develop$ 9 ! ,palarctic ,region1 b f9ds its mo/ enorm\s developm5t 9 ! ,ne>ctic & ,neotropical ,regions4 ,x is also v /rongly develop$ 9 ! ,indo-,malayan & ,e?iopian ,regions4 ,!re are1 at ! pres5t "t1 9 ! neighborhood ( two ?\s& species belong+ to ?is family :i* h be5 nam$ & describ$4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xliii #a4 ,papilio turnus1 ,l9nu1 4 #b4 ,papilio turnus1 ,l9nu1 dimorphic 1 glaucus1 ,l9nu4 #c4 ,colias eriphyle1 ,edw>ds1 ,colias hag5i1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #d4 ,pyrameis atalanta1 ,l9nu1 4 #e4 ,ep>gyreus tityrus1 ,fabricius1 4 7,! figures 9 ?is plate are r$uc$1 be+ only ?ree f\r?s ( ! natural size47 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xliii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,subfamily ,,pyrrhopyg9 ,see+ only :at is fair1 ,sipp+ only :at is sweet4 ,,em]son4 ,?is subfamily is compos$ ( closely relat$ g5]a :i* are f\nd only 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,!y may be easily recogniz$ by ! l>ge blunt club ( ! ant5n4 ,! cell ( ! =e w+ is always v long1 be+ two ?irds ! l5g? ( ! co/a2 ! l[] radial ve9 usually rises f ! end ( ! cell1 a little above ! ?ird m$ian n]vule1 & at a consid]able remove f ! upp] radial4 ,!y are said :5 at re/ to ext5d all _! w+s horizontally4 ,b "o g5us belong+ to ?is subfamily is repres5t$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,g5us ,,pyrrhopyge1 ,hbn] ,butt]fly4--,! neuration is z repres5t$ 9 ! cut1 & ne$ n1 !re=e1 be describ$ at l5g?4 ,! club ( ! ant5n is ?ick5$1 usually bluntly po9t$ & b5t into a hook4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aej4--;,head & ant5na ( ,pyrrhopyge1 magnifi$ #b diamet]s4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aea4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pyrrhopyge4 7#a7 ,pyrrhopyge araxes1 ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #i1 7,araxes74 ,butt]fly4--,easily recogniz$ f ! figure 9 ! plate4 ,! h9d w+s are preval5tly yell[ on ! "u side4 ,x is :olly unlike any o!r species f\nd )9 ! faunal limits ) :i* ?is book deals4 ,! w+s exp& ab\t two in*es4 ,we h no k :atev] ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! insect4 ,x occurs 9 s\!rn ,texas occasionally1 b is q common 9 ,mexico & m s\!rn c\ntries4 ,,subfamily ,,hesp]i9 7,,! ,,hesp]ids7 ,tw9e ye 9 an airy r\nd1 ,bru% ! dew & pr9t ! lea2 ,skip & gambol1 hop & b\nd4 ,,drake1 ,! ,culprit ,fay4 ,?is subfamily falls into two gr\ps3 ,gr\p ,a4--,9 ?is gr\p ! cell ( ! =e w+ is always m ?an two ?irds ! l5g? ( ! co/a2 ! l[] radial ve9 lies approximately equidi/ant betwe5 ! ?ird m$ian n]vule & ! upp] radial4 ,! h9d w+ is frequ5tly produc$ at ! extremity ( ! subm$ian ve9 into a long tail or too?-l projection4 ,! =e w+ is usually furni%$ 9 ! male sex ) a co/al fold1 b is nev] m>k$ ) a discal /igma1 or bun* ( rais$ scales4 ,! ant5n always t]m9ate 9 a f9e po9t & are usually b5t into a hook4 ,! butt]flies :5 at re/1 = ! mo/ "p1 hold _! w+s erect1 ?\gh "s ( !m hold !m ext5d$ horizontally4 ,gr\p ,b4--,9 ?is gr\p ! cell ( ! =e w+ is less ?an two ?irds ! l5g? ( ! co/a1 & ! l[] radial is always emitt$ f ! end ( ! cell ne> ! upp] angle1 mu* ne>] to ! upp] radial ?an to ! ?ird m$ian4 ,! h9d w+s are (t5 some:at lob$ at ! anal angle1 b nev] produc$ z 9 ! fir/ gr\p4 ,! ant5n are v seldom hook$4 ,g5us ,,eudamus1 ,swa9son ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n t]m9ate 9 a f9e po9t b5t into a hook at ! ?icke/ "p ( ! club4 ,! cell ( ! =e w+ is v long4 ,! discocellul>s are inw>dly oblique & on ! same /raight l9e1 ! upp] discocellul>s be+ r$uc$ to a m]e po9t4 ,! l[] radial is equidi/ant betwe5 ! upp] radial & ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! h9d w+ is )\t ! l[] radial & is always produc$ into a long tail4 ,egg4--,! egg is m ne>ly globul> ?an is true 9 mo/ ( ! g5]a1 b is /rongly flatt5$ at ! base & is m>k$ ) a numb] ( transv]se longitud9al ridges1 some:at widely sep>at$1 betwe5 :i* are f9] cross-l9es4 ,! micropyle at ! summit is deeply depress$4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is cyl9drical1 tap]+ rapidly f ! middle =w>d & backw>d4 ,! head is mu* l>g] ?an ! neck & is di/9ctly bilob$4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is provid$ ) a some:at hook$ crema/]1 is r\nd$ at ! head1 hump$ ov] ! ?orax1 & m>k$ on ! dorsal side ( ! abdom9al segm5ts ) a few small conical projections4 ,! *rysalis is =m$ betwe5 leaves loosely drawn toge!r ) a few /r&s ( silk4 ,?is g5us is conf9$ to ! tropics ( ! ,new ,_w1 & is repres5t$ 9 ! extreme s\!rn portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! species figur$ 9 our plate--,e4 proteus4 7#a7 ,eudamus proteus1 ,l9nu1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #cd1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bc1 *rysalis 7,! ,long-tail$ ,skipp]74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aeb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,eudamus4 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is br[n1 gloss$ ) gre5 at ! base ( bo? w+s4 ,! spots on ! prim>ies ( bo? sexes are alike1 & are well repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale br[n2 ! prim>ies are m>k$ z on ! upp] side2 ! second>ies h ! anal portion & ! tail d>k br[n2 9 addition !y are cross$ by a %ort d>k b& at ! end ( ! cell1 & ano!r simil> b long] po/m$ian b&1 :i* does n q rea* ! co/a & loses itself bel[ 9 ! d>k %ade :i* cov]s ! anal portion ( ! w+4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! co/a ( ! h9d w+s are two small subquadrate black spots4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! plates give u repres5tations bas$ ^u ,abbot's draw+s ( ! mature cat]pill> & ! *rysalis4 ,! /ud5t :o desires to "k m may consult ! pages ( ,scudd]'s ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u legum9\s plants1 especially ^u ! ,wi/>ia & v>i\s species ( ,clitoria 7,butt]fly-pea74 ,x makes a rude ne/ = itself by draw+ two ( ! leaves toge!r ) /r&s ( silk4 ,! species is tropical & is f\nd all ov] ! tropics & subtropical regions ( ! ,new ,_w1 b ranges nor?w>d along ! ,atlantic sea-coa/1 be+ occasionally f\nd z f> nor? z ,new ,york ,city1 :]e x has be5 tak5 9 ,c5tral ,p>k4 ,g5us ,,ple/ia1 ,mabille ,butt]fly4--,! club ( ! ant5n is flatt5$1 sickle-%ap$1 t]m9at+ 9 a f9e po9t4 ,! male has a co/al fold ^u ! =e w+4 ,! l[] radial is ne>] to ! upp] radial ?an to ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! h9d w+ is produc$ into a %ort tail4 ,! fif? ve9 is want+4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is g5us is peculi> to ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,b "o species is f\nd )9 our limits1 & is conf9$ to ,arizona4 7#a7 ,ple/ia dorus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,! ,%ort-tail$ ,arizona ,skipp]74 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aec4--;,g5us ,ple/ia4 ,ant5na1 magnifi$ #b diamet]s4 ,neuration4 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is accurately depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are ho>y4 ,! spots ( ! upp] side reappe>1 ! l[] spots ( ! prim>ies be+ p>tially lo/ 9 ! broad honey-yell[ t9t :i* cov]s ! inn] m>g9 ( t w+4 ,! second>ies are cross$ by obscure d>k-br[n basal1 m$ian1 & po/m$ian b&s1 portions ( :i* are annul>1 or compos$ ( r+-l spots4 ,! anal angle is cl\d$ ) d>k br[n4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species has be5 tak5 9 consid]able numb]s 9 ,arizona1 & ranges !nce s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,ep>gyreus1 ,hbn] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n h ! club /\t1 gradually ?ick5$1 tap]+ to a f9e po9t1 & abruptly b5t into a hook4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xliv #a4 ,papilio ajax1 ,l9nu1 v>4 telamonides1 ,feld]1 4 #b4 ,papilio ajax1 ,l9nu1 v>4 florid5sis1 ,holl&1 7,?is is ! d>k =m f\nd 9 ,florida 9 ! e>ly spr+47 #c4 ,papilio ajax1 ,l9nu1 v>4 m>cellus1 ,boisduval1 4 #d4 ,papilio ajax1 ,l9nu1 v>4 wal%i1 4 #e4 ,papilio eurym$on1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xliv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! palpi are pr(usely cov]$ ) ?ick scales1 9 :i* ! ?ird jo9t is almo/ entirely conceal$4 ,! =e w+ ( ! male is furni%$ ) a co/al fold2 ! h9d w+ is prom95tly too!d at ! extremity ( ! subm$ian ve94 ,egg4--,! egg is elevat$1 hemisph]ical2 t is to say1 x is flatt5$ at ! base1 r\nd$ above1 its height be+ almo/ equal to ! wid?4 ,x is m>k$ by ab\t t5 n>r[1 greatly elevat$ longitud9al ridges1 :i* sometimes =k bel[ ! summit1 & betwe5 :i* are a multitude ( f9e cross-l9es4 ,! micropyle is greatly depress$4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> closely resembles ! cat]pill> ( ! g5us ,eudamus1 b ! head is n z /rongly bilob$4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis likewise resembles ! *rysalis ( ! g5us ,eudamus2 ! crema/]1 h[ev]1 is n z /rongly hook$ z 9 t g5us4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aed4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,ep>gyreus4 7#a7 ,ep>gyreus tityrus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 *rysalis 7,! ,silv]-spott$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4-,?is v common & beautiful insect may easily be recogniz$ f ! figure 9 ! plate4 ,! broad1 irregul> silv]y spot on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+s di/+ui%es x at a glance f all o!r relat$ species 9 our fauna4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4-,^! h be5 accurately describ$ by sev]al au?ors1 & a v full acc\nt ( !m is conta9$ 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u legum9\s plants1 & is especially common ^u ! ,wi/>ia1 :i* is gr[n ab\t v]&as1 & on ! common locu/ 7,rob9ia pseudacacia74 ,! cat]pill> makes a ne/ = itself 9 ! same mann] z ,eudamus proteus4 ,pupation g5]ally takes place among fall5 leaves or rubbi% at ! foot ( ! trees ^u :i* ! cat]pill> has f$4 ,?is butt]fly has a wide range1 ext5d+ to ! ,gulf1 s\? ( a l9e pass+ f ,quebec to ,vanc\v]1 & rang+ /ill f>!r s\? z f> z ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,x is s+le-brood$ 9 ! ,nor?1 & d\ble- or triple-brood$ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,g5us ,,?orybes1 ,scudd] 7,! ,dusky-w+s7 ,butt]fly4--,! club ( ! ant5n is n v heavy1 hook$1 ! hook$ portion ab\t z long z ! re/ ( ! club4 ,! palpi are direct$ =w>d1 ) ! second jo9t heavily scal$1 & ! ?ird jo9t v small4 ,! =e w+ may be ) or )\t ! co/al fold 9 ! male sex4 ,! cut gives a correct idea ( ! neuration4 ,! h9d w+ is ev5ly r\nd$ on ! out] m>g91 sometimes slightly angl$ at ! extremity ( ! subm$ian ve94 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aee4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,?orybes4 ,egg4--,! egg is subglobul>1 some:at flatt5$ at ! base & on top1 m>k$ ) num]\s f9e & n mu* elevat$ longitud9al ridges4 ,! micropyle cov]s ! upp] surface ( ! egg & is n depress$4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> some:at resembles t ( ! g5us ,ep>gvreus1 b is relatively %ort]1 ! head proportionately l>g] & m globul>4 ,! neck is greatly /rangulat$4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is some:at curv$ 9 outl9e1 ) a /rongly hook$ crema/] & a prom95t projection on ! back ( ! ?oracic region4 7#a7 ,?orybes pylades1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #be1 #bi1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bh1 *rysalis 7,! ,nor!rn ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is repres5t$ correctly 9 ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are d>k br[n1 %ad+ into ho>y-gray on ! out] m>g9s4 ,! h9d w+s are cross$ by irregul> basal1 m$ian1 & po/m$ian br[n b&s ( d>k] spots1 %ad$ ) deep] br[n int]nally4 ,! transluc5t spots ( ! upp] side reappe> on ! l[] side ( ! =e w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are elaborately describ$ 9 ! pages ( ,dr4 ,scudd]'s great "w4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on clov]1 ,lesp$eza1 & ,desmodium4 ,?is insect is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 b is n z yet report$ f ! c5tral masses ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 region4 ,x probably1 h[ev]1 occurs !re also 9 suitable locations4 ,x is v common 9 ,new ,engl&4 7#b7 ,?orybes ba?yllus1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #cb1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bd1 *rysalis 7,! ,s\!rn ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by ! mu* l>g] size ( ! transluc5t spots on ! =e w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4dj-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! habits ( ! l>va are v simil> to ^? ( ! prec$+ species1 & ! cat]pill> fe$s on h]bace\s legum9os4 ,x ranges f ! ,connecticut ,valley1 :]e x is r>e1 s\?w>d along ! coa/ & ?r\gh ! ,mississippi ,valley z f> s\? & we/ z ,texas4 7#c7 ,?orybes milia1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ci1 7,mrs4 ,ow5's ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species1 :i* may readily be id5tifi$ by ! figure ( ! type giv5 9 ! plate1 is z yet q r>e 9 collections4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! e>ly /ages4 ,! types 7 tak5 at ,=t ,klama?1 9 ,oregon4 ,dr4 ,sk9n] nam$ x 9 honor ( ! e/imable wife ( ,pr(essor ,ow5 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ! discov]] ( ! species4 ,expanse1 #a4bj in*4 7#d7 ,?orybes epig5a1 ,butl]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,butl]'s ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,readily di/+ui%$ by its l>ge size1 ! conspicu\s :ite fr+es ( ! h9d w+s on ! upp] side1 & ! broad :ite m>g9al b& ( ^! w+s on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is insect is common 9 ,arizona & ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,a*al>us1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n & palpi are z 9 ! prec$+ g5us4 ,! neuration is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,! h9d w+ is slightly lob$ at ! anal angle2 ! =e w+ may or may n be provid$ ) a co/al fold4 7#a7 ,a*al>us lycidas1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #aj1 1 "u side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #bc1 l>va2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ba1 *rysalis 7,! ,ho>y-edge74 ,butt]fly4--,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s /rongly recalls ,e4 tityrus1 b ! ho>y edge ( ! second>ies & ! abs5ce ( ! broad m$ian silv]y spot f\nd 9 tityrus at once s]ve to discrim9ate ! two =ms4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ie in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at is kn[n ( !m may be asc]ta9$ by consult+ ! pages ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> is f\nd on ! leaves ( ,desmodium 7,begg>'s-lice74 ,! insect is r>e 9 s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 & ranges !nce s\?w>d & we/w>d to ,texas1 be+ sc>ce 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley nor? ( ,k5tucky1 & app>5tly n rang+ we/ ( ,miss\ri4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aef4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,a*al>us4 7#b7 ,a*al>us cellus1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,gold5-b&$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! figure 9 ! plate w enable ! in/ant id5tification ( ?is beautiful species1 :i*1 on ! "u side1 has ! h9d w+s b&$ mu* z 9 ,e4 proteus4 ,expanse1 #b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at little we "k ( ^! is bas$ ma9ly ^u ! obs]vations ( ,abbot1 & !re is an opportunity "h = "s "y naturali/ to r5d] a good s]vice to sci5ce by re>+ ! insect ?r\gh all /ages f ! egg4 ,! habits ( ! l>va are n greatly diff]5t f ^? ( alli$ species4 ,a4 cellus is f\nd 9 ! ,virg9ias1 & !nce s\?w>d & we/w>d to ,arizona & ,mexico4 ,x is common 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,g5us ,,hesp]ia1 ,fabricius ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are relatively %ort2 ! club is /\t & blunt at ! tip4 ,! palpi are b5t upw>d1 ) ! ?ird jo9t buri$ 9 ! scales cov]+ ! second jo9t4 ,! h9d w+ is usually ev5ly r\nd$4 ,9 all ! ,am]ican species ! male is provid$ ) a co/al fold4 ,! neuration is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 ribb$4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> is mu* l ^? :i* h be5 previ\sly describ$1 b is relatively mu* small]4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis has a some:at blunt & n v di/9ctly develop$ crema/]4 7#a7 ,hesp]ia domicella1 ,eri*son1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ai1 7,eri*son's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ to ! foll[+ species1 f :i* x is easily discrim9at$ by ! broad1 solid :ite b&s on bo? ! =e & ! h9d w+s4 ,expanse1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,h4 domicella is f\nd 9 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 & s\?w>d4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,g5us ,hesp]ia4 ,neuration4 ,ant5na1 magnifi$ #c diamet]s4 7#b7 ,hesp]ia montivaga1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ce1 *rysalis 7,! ,*eck]$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is correctly del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,! "u side ( ! =e w+s is mu* pal] ?an ! upp] side1 b ) all ! spots & m>k+s ( t side reproduc$4 ,! h9d w+s are creamy-:ite1 cross$ by m$ian1 po/m$ian1 & m>g9al irregul> b&s ( o*re\s1 some:at annul> spots4 ,!re is a triangul> black spot at ! anal angle ( ! second>ies4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k little ( ^!4 ,! cat]pill> probably fe$s on malvace\s plants1 z d mo/ ( ! species ( ! g5us4 ,! insect ranges f ! ,middle ,/ates to ,arizona1 & we/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#c7 ,hesp]ia c5taure1 ,rambur1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,grizzl$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side may easily be recogniz$ by ! help ( ! figure 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are d>k] ?an 9 ! prec$+ species2 ! spots ( ! prim>ies reappe> on ?is side1 ! subm>g9al curv$ r[ ( spots coalesc+ to =m a n>r[ :ite b&1 ! :ite spot at ! end ( ! cell fl[+ ar\nd ! d>k spot1 :i* x only p>tly incloses on ! upp] side1 & =m+ an eye-l spot4 ,! h9d w+s are br[n1 scal$ ) gre51 & cross$ by basal1 m$ian1 & m>g9al b&s ( quadrate spots4 ,! fr+es are :iti%1 *eck]$ ) gray4 ,expanse1 #a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await description4 ,?is species1 :i* orig9ally 0 believ$ to be conf9$ to ,sc&9avia & ,lapl& 9 ,europe1 & to ea/]n ,labrador 9 ?is c\ntry1 is n[ kn[n to h a wide range 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ext5d+ f ,labrador to ! ,c>ol9as on ! ,appala*ian ranges1 & occurr+ on ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s f ,briti% ,columbia to s\!rn ,colorado4 7#d7 ,hesp]ia cspitalis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,! ,two-b&$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side /rongly resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b ! inn] r[ ( :ite spots on ! h9d w+s is m complete4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are black1 cross$ by a d\ble r[ ( :ite spots1 z on ! upp] side1 ^! spots /&+ out conspicu\sly on ! d>k gr\nd4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are m or less f]rug9\s1 ) ! :ite spots m or less conspicu\s4 ,! fr+es are *eck]$ :ite & gray4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is kn[n conc]n+ ^!4 ,! species occurs 9 ,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 & ,nevada4 7#e7 ,hesp]ia xan?us1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,! ,xan?us ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,resembl+ ! prec$+ species1 b easily di/+ui%$ by ! l>g] size ( all ! spots on ! upp] side ( ! w+ & ! pal] "u side1 ! second>ies be+ m>k$ some:at z 9 ,h4 montivaga4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,hi!rto undescrib$4 ,! species has ?us f> be5 receiv$ only f s\!rn ,colorado1 b und\bt$ly w be f\nd else:]e 9 t portion ( ! l&4 7#f7 ,hesp]ia scriptura1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,small ,*eck]$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,q small4 ,! h9d w+s on ! upp] side are almo/ entirely d>k gray1 ! only :ite m>k be+ a spot or two at ! end ( ! cell4 ,! =e w+s are m>k$ on ?is side z 9 ! two =ego+ species4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are blacki% t[>d ! base1 ) ! co/a1 ! apex1 & ! out] m>g9 n>r[ly :iti%4 ,! h9d w+s bel[ are pale1 ) an incomplete m$ian b& ( :ite spots & broad :ite fr+es1 :i* are n *eck]$ ) d>k] color z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,expanse1 4#he in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is s\!rn ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,arizona4 7#g7 ,hesp]ia nessus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,nessus74 ,butt]fly4--,?is s+ul>ly m>k$ little species1 :i* probably might be sep>at$ f ?is g5us on acc\nt ( ! sl5d] & prolong$ palpi1 & no d\bt w\ld be by "s ( ! hair-splitt+ mak]s ( g5]a1 ,i am cont5t to leave :]e x has be5 plac$ by rec5t writ]s4 ,x c be readily recogniz$ by ! figure 9 ! plate1 z !re is no?+ else l x 9 our fauna4 ,expanse1 4#hj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,nessus occurs 9 ,texas & ,arizona4 ,!re are a few o!r species ( ?is g5us f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b en\gh h be5 repres5t$ to give a cle> conception ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! gr\p1 :i* is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,g5us ,,sy/asea1 ,butl] ,butt]fly4--,! palpi are porrect1 ! ?ird jo9t project+ =w>d1 ! second jo9t d5sely scal$ bel[4 ,! ant5n are sl5d]1 ! club mod]ately /\t1 some:at bluntly po9t$1 b5t1 n hook$4 ,! h9d w+s are some:at cr5ulate1 & deeply excis$ opposite ! end ( ! cell4 ,! fif? ve9 is lack+4 ,9 ! =e w+ ! l[] radial arises f a po9t ne>] ! upp] radial ?an ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! =e w+s are cross$ ab\t ! middle by transluc5t spots or b&s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! e>ly /ages are unkn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aeh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,sy/asea4 7#a7 ,sy/asea zampa1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #a1 7,zampa74 ,butt]fly4--,! w+s on ! upp] side are o*re\s1 mottl$ & cl\d$ ) d>k br[n4 ,! prim>ies are m>k$ ab\t ! middle & be=e ! apex by transluc5t transv]se l9e> spots4 ,9 addition !re are a numb] ( pale opaque spots on ! prim>ies4 ,! second>ies are trav]s$ by a pale subm>g9al :iti% l9e4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is pale1 ) ! light m>k+s ( ! upp] side indi/9ctly sep>at$4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is int]e/+ little species occurs 9 ,arizona & nor!rn ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,pholisora1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! palpi are porrect1 ! second jo9t loosely scal$1 ! ?ird jo9t sl5d] & conspicu\s4 ,! ant5n h ! club gradually ?ick5$1 ! tip blunt4 ,! =e w+ is relatively n>r[1 provid$ ) a co/al fold 9 ! case ( ! male4 ,! cut gives a correct idea ( ! neuration4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aei4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pholisora4 ,egg4--,! egg is curi\sly =m$1 mu* flatt5$ at ! base1 m>k$ on ! side ) longitud9al ridges & cross-l9es1 ^! ridges develop+ alt]nately at _! apical extremities into ?ick5$1 m or less rugose elevations1 ! ridges po9t+ inw>dly & surr\nd+ ! deeply depress$ micropyle4 ,cat]pill>4--,sl5d]1 ) ! head broad1 r\nd$2 ! body /\t1 ?icke/ 9 ! middle1 tap]+ t[>d ei!r end1 & some:at flatt5$ bel[4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is sl5d]1 v slightly convex on ! v5tral side1 some:at concave on ! dorsal side beh9d ! ?orax4 ,! w+-cases are relatively small] ?an 9 ! prec$+ g5]a4 7#a7 ,pholisora catullus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cf1 #da1 *rysalis 7,! ,sooty-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,black on bo? sides ( ! w+s1 ) a fa9t m>g9al s]ies & a conspicu\s subm>g9al s]ies ( light spots on ! prim>ies 9 ! male sex on ! upp] side1 &1 9 addition to ^!1 9 ! female sex1 a fa9t m>g9al s]ies on ! second>ies4 ,on ! "u side only ! upp] spots ( ! subm>g9al s]ies ( ! prim>ies reappe>4 ,expanse1 4#hj-a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on lamb's-qu>t] 7,*5opodium album7 & ! ,am>antace4 ,x =ms a case = itself by fold+ ! leaf along ! midrib & /it*+ ! edges toge!r ) a few ?reads ( silk4 ,x lies conceal$ dur+ ! day & fe$s at night4 ,a m9ute acc\nt ( all its peculi>ities is giv5 by ,scudd] 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aeai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xlv #a4 ,papilio rutulus1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,pholisora alpheus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #c4 ,calpodes e?lius1 ,cram]1 4 #d4 ,pholisora catullus1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,?anaos afranius1 ,l9tn]1 4 #f4 ,eudamus proteus1 ,l9nu1 4 #g4 ,?anaos brizo1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #h4 ,?anaos clitus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,pyrrhopyge araxes1 ,hewitson1 4 #aj4 ,a*al>us lycidas1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 1 "u side4 #aa4 ,ple/ia dorus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,a*al>us cellus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xlv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,! insect ranges ov] ! :ole ( temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica4 7#b7 ,pholisora hayhur/i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #af1 7,hayhur/'s ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ species by ! some:at cr5ulate %ape ( ! out] m>g9 ( ! h9d w+s1 ! :ite color ( ! "u side ( ! abdom51 & ! diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! :ite spots on ! =e w+s1 z well z by ! d>k b&s :i* cross bo? ! =e & ! h9d w+s on ! upp] side4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4ae in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,our in=mation z to ^! is incomplete4 ,! species ranges f ! latitude ( s\!rn ,p5nsylvania we/w>d & s\?w>d to ! ,gulf1 z f> z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#c7 ,pholisora libya1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,! ,mohave ,sooty-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,easily di/+ui%$ f ! two prec$+ species by ! :ite fr+es ( ! w+s & by ! m>k+s ( ! "u side4 ,! prim>ies on ! l[] side are d>k1 tipp$ at ! apex ) light gray1 & 9 ! female hav+ ! co/a & ! out] m>g9 broadly edg$ ) light gray4 ,! h9d w+s are pale gray ( v>y+ %ades1 m>k$ ) a numb] ( l>ge circul> :ite spots on ! disk & a m>g9al s]ies ( small :ite spots4 ,expanse1 1 4#hj-a4be in*2 1 #a4ae-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! await full description4 ,?is species is f\nd f ,nevada to ,arizona1 & is app>5tly v common 9 ! ,mohave ,des]t4 7#d7 ,pholisora alpheus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #b1 7,alpheus74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species is ne>] ,p4 hayhur/i ?an any ( ! o!rs we h describ$1 b may at once be recogniz$ & discrim9at$ by ! *eck]$ m>g9s & :ite tip ( ! =e w+ & ! l9e> %ape ( ! spots compos+ ! subm>g9al & m$ian b&s on ! upp] side ( ?is w+4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are m>k$ ) a numb] ( light spots arrang$ 9 m>g9al & m$ian b&s4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,alpheus occurs 9 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 & ,new ,mexico4 ,!re are f\r o!r species ( ! g5us f\nd 9 our fauna4 ,g5us ,,?anaos1 ,boisduval 7,! ,dusky-w+s7 ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n h a mod]ately l>ge club1 curv$1 bluntly po9t$4 ,! palpi are porrect1 ! ?ird jo9t almo/ conceal$ 9 ! d5se hairy ve/iture ( ! second jo9t4 ,! neuration ( ! w+s is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,! =e w+ 9 ! case ( ! male always has a co/al fold4 ,! butt]flies compris$ 9 ?is g5us are all1 )\t exception1 d>k 9 color1 9 a few species hav+ bright spots ^u ! h9d w+s4 ,! g5us rea*es its l>ge/ developm5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! discrim9ation ( ! v>i\s species is some:at difficult4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,?anaos4 ,egg4--,! egg is some:at l ! egg 9 ! g5us ,a*al>us1 b ! micropyle at ! upp] end ( ! egg is relatively l>g] & n z deeply depress$ bel[ ! surface4 ,! sides are ornam5t$1 z 9 ,a*al>us1 by rais$ v]tical ridges1 betwe5 :i* are num]\s cross-ridges2 9 a few cases ! v]tical ridges are bead$1 or m>k$ by a s]ies ( m9ute globose prom95ces1 ^u ! edge4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s are cyl9drical1 tap]+ f ! middle =w>d & backw>d1 m>k$ ) lat]al & dorsal /ripes1 ) ! neck less /rangulat$ ?an 9 ! prec$+ g5]a4 ,*rysalis4--,n greatly diff]+ 9 outl9e f ! *rysalis ( ! prec$+ g5]a1 9 mo/ species hav+ ! outl9e ( ! dorsum /raight on ! abdom9al segm5ts1 ) ! ?oracic segm5ts =m+ a slight hump or elevation2 convex on ! v5tral side1 ! crema/] be+ usually well develop$4 7#a7 ,?anaos brizo1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ch1 *rysalis 7,! ,sleepy ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! b& ( po/m$ian spots on ! =e w+ is compos$ ( annul> d>k m>k+s1 is regul>1 crosses ! w+ f ! co/a to ! h9d m>g91 & is reproduc$ on ! "u side z a s]ies ( pale-yell[i% spots m or less di/9ct4 ,! h9d w+s h a d\ble s]ies ( fa9t yell[ spots2 ^! z well z ! m>g9al spots ( ! prim>ies are v di/9ct on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on oaks1 ,galactia1 & possibly ,baptisia4 ,! life-hi/ory has be5 only p>tially asc]ta9$1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! insect has a wide range & is n uncommon4 ,brizo occurs f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 rang+ f ! latitude ( ,new ,engl& to t ( ,arizona4 7#b7 ,?anaos icelus1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bg1 *rysalis 7,! ,dreamy ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,preval5tly small] 9 size ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is pal] ?an ! upp] side1 & ! out] ?ird ( bo? ! prim>ies & second>ies is m>k$ ) a pr(usion ( small indi/9ct yell[ spots1 :i* d n =m well-def9$ b&s z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+ ! m$ian area is g5]ally m>k$ by a broad b& ( pale gray1 b ?is is n inv>iably ! case4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,scudd]4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on a v>iety ( plants1 z ! asp51 oaks1 & wit*-hazel4 ,icelus ranges across ! cont95t f ,nova ,scotia to ,oregon1 & s\? to ,florida & ,arizona4 7#c7 ,?anaos somnus1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,! ,d>k ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,a little l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species1 especially 9 ! female sex4 ,! male is g5]ally q d>k1 ! b&+ ( ! =e w+ on ! upp] side obscur$4 ,! h9d w+s h a r[ ( light m>g9al & subm>g9al spots1 m di/9ct on ! "u side ?an on ! upp]4 ,! female g5]ally is light gray on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 ) broad m$ian & subm>g9al b&s ( d>k br[n1 t5d+ to fuse or coalesce at a po9t ne> ! orig9 ( ! fir/ m$ian n]vule4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,all ( ! specim5s ,i h ev] se5 came f s\!rn ,florida4 7#d7 ,?anaos lucilius1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #cj-cb1 *rysalis 7,lucilius' ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species may be di/+ui%$ f ,t4 pacuvius1 a ne> ally1 by ! m mottl$ surface ( ! second>ies1 :i* 9 pacuvius are almo/ solidly black2 & f ,t4 m>tialis1 ano!r close ally1 by ! abs5ce ( ! purpli%-gray ca/ peculi> to bo? sides ( ! w+s ( ! latt] species1 & ! less regul> arrangem5t ( ! b&s ( spots on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+s4 ,! plate does n %[ ^! delicate b con/ant m>ks ( diff]5ce z well z might be desir$4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,dr4 ,scudd] has fully describ$ ^!4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! columb9e 7,aquilegia canad5sis74 ,lucilius ranges f ,new ,engl& to ,georgia1 is common 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & ext5ds we/w>d at lea/ z f> z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 7#e7 ,?anaos p]sius1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #cd1 *rysalis 7,p]sius' ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,?is is a v v>iable species1 "s specim5s be+ light & o!rs d>k 9 color4 ,!re is sc>cely any positive clue to ! specific id5tity ( ! insect except t :i* is d]iv$ f ! /udy ( ! g5ital armature ( ! male1 :i* is a microscopic rese>* capable ( be+ p]=m$ only by an exp]t 9 su* matt]s4 ,! /ud5t may be p>don$ if1 9 attempt+ to classify ! species ( ?is g5us1 & ! pres5t species 9 p>ticul>1 he %\ld gr[ we>y1 & quote a few biblical expressions relat+ to ,beelzebub1 ! god ( flies4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4de in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on will[s4 ,scudd] has ) pati5t c>e describ$ its life-hi/ory4 ,! insect ranges f ,new ,engl& s\?w>d1 & inl& across ! cont95t to ! ,pacific4 7#f7 ,?anaos afranius1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #e1 7,afranius' ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,closely relat$ to ! prec$+ species4 ,! h9d w+s on ! upp] side 9 ! male sex are almo/ solid black1 ! fr+es pal]4 ,on ! "u side !re is a d\ble r[ ( light spots along ! m>g9 ( ! h9d w+ 9 bo? sexes4 ,! female is g5]ally pal] 9 color on ! upp] side ?an ! male4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,all ! specim5s ,i h se5 come f ,arizona1 :]e ! ?+ is app>5tly common4 7#g7 ,?anaos m>tialis1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #cg1 *rysalis 7,m>tial's ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is pal] ?an 9 mo/ species1 & has a di/9ctly purpli%-gray ca/4 ,! =e w+s are cross$ by irregul> b&s ( d>k spots4 ,! h9d w+s on ! out] half are pr(usely mottl$ ) small pale spots4 ,all ! light spots are repeat$ on ! "u side ( bo? w+s1 & are m di/9ct on ?is side ?an on ! upp]4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are p>tly kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on ,indig(]a & ,am>antus4 ,! species ranges f ,massa*usetts to ,georgia1 & we/w>d to ,miss\ri & ,new ,mexico4 7#h7 ,?anaos juv5alis1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #cc1 *rysalis 7,juv5al's ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! w+s h a numb] ( transluc5t spots arrang$ z a transv]se s]ies beyond ! middle ( ! w+4 ,!y are f> m di/9ct & l>g] 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is pal] ?an ! upp] side1 & pr(usely b indi/9ctly m>k$ ) light spots4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,= a full k ( ^! ! read] may consult ! pages ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on oaks & legum9\s plants ( v>i\s species4 ,?is insect ranges f ,quebec to ,florida1 & we/w>d z f> z ,arizona1 :]e x appe>s to be common4 7#i7 ,?anaos petronius1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,petronius' ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ 9 size to ! prec$+ species1 b ! transluc5t spots ( ! transv]se b& are n1 z 9 t species1 cont9u$ t[>d ! inn] m>g91 b t]m9ate at ! fir/ m$ian n]vule4 ,! out] ?ird ( ! prim>ies is pale1 ! inn] two ?irds v d>k4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s ( ! male is uni=mly dusky1 slightly1 if at all1 m>k$ ) light] spots4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s ( ! female is less di/9ctly m>k$ ) light spots ?an is ! case 9 alli$ species4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species has ?us f> be5 f\nd only 9 ,florida4 7#aj7 ,?anaos horatius1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,horace's ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,small] ?an ,t4 juv5alis1 :i* x resembles 9 ! long transv]se s]ies ( transluc5t spots4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 pal] on ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & m pr(usely mottl$ on ! h9d w+ bo? above & bel[1 ?\gh !re is consid]able v>iation 9 ?is reg>d4 ,expanse1 #a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> probably fe$s on ! ,legum9os4 ,we "k v little ab\t ! life-hi/ory ( ! species4 ,! butt]fly ranges f ,massa*usetts to ,texas4 7#aa7 ,?anaos nvius1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,nvius' ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,?is insect is closely alli$ to ,t4 petronius1 b ! transluc5t spots on ! =e w+ are small]1 & !re is g5]ally a light spot ne> ! co/a be=e ! ?ree subapical transluc5t spots4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is ! region ( ! ,indian ,riv]1 9 ,florida4 7#ab7 ,?anaos pacuvius1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,pacuvius' ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,small1 ) ! =e w+s on ! upp] side r regul>ly b&$ ) d>k br[n ^u a light] gr\nd4 ,! h9d w+s are almo/ solid black above1 ) ! fr+es t[>d ! anal angle pure :ite4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is species occurs 9 ,colorado1 ,mexico1 & ,arizona4 7#ac7 ,?anaos clitus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #h1 7,clitus74 ,butt]fly4--,l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! h9d w+s are solidly deep black1 fr+$ broadly ) pure :ite4 ,! =e w+s ( ! male are d>k1 ( ! female light]4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is ,arizona & ,new ,mexico4 7#ad7 ,?anaos fun]alis1 ,l9tn]1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,! ,fun]eal ,dusky-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,closely alli$ to ! prec$+ species1 ( :i* x may be only a small] v>ietal =m4 ,expanse1 #a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,fun]alis occurs 9 we/]n ,texas & ,arizona4 ,! g5us ,?anaos is "o ( ! mo/ difficult g5]a to "w out 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ( ! subject4 ,! species are n only obscurely m>k$1 b !y v>y 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y mann]4 ,except by a microscopic exam9ation ( ! g5ital armature1 :i* c be c>ri$ on only :5 ! /ud5t possesses consid]able anatomical k & an abundance ( mat]ial1 !re is no way ( rea*+ a satisfactory det]m9ation 9 _m cases4 ,,collections ,,& ,,collectors ,9 almo/ e community !re is to be f\nd "s "o :o is int]e/$ 9 insects1 & :o has =m$ a collection4 ,! commone/ =m ( a collection is exce$+ly primitive & unsci5tific1 9 :i* a few local species are p9n$ toge!r 9 a glass-cov]$ box or receptacle1 :i* is !n fram$ & hung ^u ! wall4 ,almo/ e village b>-room conta9s "s su* mon/r\s assemblage ( insects1 skew]$ on p9s1 9 m or less frightful attitudes4 ,z evid5c+ an innate int]e/ 9 ! beauties ( natural objects1 ^! ?+s are int]e/+1 b %[ a want ( in=mation :i*1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 is l>gely due to a lack ( lit]ature relat+ to ! subject 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 _m ( ! s*ools ( ! l& small collections1 arrang$ m sci5tifically1 h be5 made1 & "s ( ! collections conta9$ 9 ! high s*ools ( our l>g] t[ns & cities are cr$itable to ! zeal ( tea*]s & ( pupils4 ,!re is no reason :y e s*ool ( importance %\ld n1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 secure l>ge & accurately nam$ collections1 n only ( ! insects1 b ( ! o!r animals1 z well z ! plants & m9]als ( ! region 9 :i* x is locat$4 ,e high s*ool %\ld h a room set ap>t = ! use ( ^? /ud5ts :o are int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( natural hi/ory1 & !y ought to be enc\rag$ to br+ toge!r collections :i* %\ld be prop]ly arrang$ & pres]v$4 ,! exp5se is n great1 & ! practical value ( ! tra9+ :i* su* /udies imp>t to ! m9ds ( "y p is ine/imable4 ,! great sy/ematic collections 9 entomology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are = ! mo/ "p 9 ! h&s ( ! museums & univ]sities ( ! c\ntry4 ,! entomological collections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton are l>ge & ri* 9 int]e/+ mat]ial4 ,! collections possess$ by ,h>v>d ,college & ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory are ext5sive2 s are also ! collections ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces 9 ,philadelphia1 & ^? ( ! ,c>negie ,museum 9 ,pittsburgh4 ,! collection 9 ! latt] in/itution is altoge!r ! l>ge/ & mo/ p]fect collection ( ! butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 exi/5ce1 & cov]s also v l>gely ! butt]flies ( ! _w1 !re be+ ab\t twelve ?\s& species ( butt]flies repres5t$1 includ+ repres5tatives ( all kn[n g5]a4 ,! =mation ( great collections has always _h a *>m = ^? :o h possess$ ! k1 ! "t1 & ! means to =m !m2 & ! ranks ( ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! /udy ( butt]flies include _m ( ! mo/ fam\s naturali/s1 among !m n a few ( noble rank4 ,"o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic collectors 9 ,europe at ! pres5t "t is ! ,gr& ,duke ,ni*olas ( ,russia4 ,! ,ne/or among ,g]man collectors is ,dr4 ,/aud+] ( ,dresd54 ,9 ,france ,m4 ,*>les ,ob]?r ( ,r5nes is ! possessor ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ p]fect collection on ,fr5* soil4 ,9 ,engl& !re are a numb] ( magnific5t collections1 aside f ! great collection conta9$ 9 ! ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,^! are 9 ! possession ( ,"l ,wals+ham1 ! ,hon4 ,walt] ,ro?s*ild1 ,mr4 ,f4,d4 ,godman1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,druce1 ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,elwes1 & o!rs1 all ( :om hold high rank 9 ! doma9 ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,!re are _m m5 :o make ! collect+ ( natural-hi/ory specim5s a bus9ess4 ,!y are among ! mo/ intrepid & indefatigable explor]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! late ,h5ry ,w4 ,bates & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace 7 9 e>ly life lead]s 9 ?is "w1 & we are indebt$ to _! rese>*es = a k ( ?\s&s ( species4 ,two ( ! mo/ successful collectors :o h foll[$ 9 _! foot/eps are ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,h4 ,smi? & ,mr4 ,william ,doh]ty1 bo? ( !m ,am]icans2 ,mr4 ,smi? "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic & successful explor]s 9 ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,doh]ty ! mo/ dilig5t explor] ( ! ,indo-,malayan ,region4 ,! /ory ( ! travels & adv5tures ( ^! two m5 is a tale full ( romantic int]e/1 :i*1 alas6 has be5 by nei!r ( !m fully told4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xlvi #a4 ,sy/asea zampa1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,erynnis manitoba1 ,scudd]1 4 #c4 ,erynnis manitoba1 ,scudd]1 4 #d4 ,atalop$es huron1 ,edw>ds1 4 #e4 ,atalop$es huron1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,atrytone vitellius1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 4 #g4 ,atrytone melane1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,atrytone melane1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,l]ema hianna1 ,scudd]1 4 #aj4 ,l]ema hianna1 ,scudd]1 4 #aa4 ,erynnis otto1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,erynnis otto1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ac4 ,erynnis sassacus1 ,h>ris1 4 #ad4 ,phycanassa viator1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ae4 ,phycanassa viator1 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,limo*ores pontiac1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ag4 ,limo*ores pontiac1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ah4 ,hylephila phylu1 ,drury1 4 #ai4 ,hylephila phylu1 ,drury1 4 #bj4 ,atrytone byssus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ba4 ,limo*ores palatka1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bb4 ,?ymelicus my/ic1 ,scudd]1 4 #bc4 ,?ymelicus my/ic1 ,scudd]1 4 #bd4 ,atrytone delaw>e1 ,edw>ds1 4 #be4 ,atrytone delaw>e1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bf4 ,erynnis morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bg4 ,erynnis morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bh4 ,?ymelicus tna1 ,boisduval1 4 #bi4 ,?ymelicus tna1 ,boisduval1 4 #cj4 ,limo*ores manataaqua1 ,scudd]1 4 #ca4 ,euphyes metacomet1 ,h>ris1 4 #cb4 ,euphyes v]na1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cc4 ,l]odea eufala1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cd4 ,pr5es ocola1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ce4 ,oligoria maculata1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cf4 ,l]ema c>ol9a1 ,sk9n]1 4 #cg4 ,phycanassa a>oni1 ,sk9n]1 4 #ch4 ,phycanassa h[>di1 ,sk9n]1 4 #ci4 ,?orybes milia1 ,sk9n]1 4 #dj4 ,limo*ores yehl1 ,sk9n]1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,subfamily ,,pamphil9 ,into ! sun%9e1 ,full ( light1 ,leap+ & fla%+ ,f morn till night4 ,,russell4 ,! ,pamphil9 f\nd 9 our fauna fall into two gr\ps4 ,gr\p ,a4--,! ant5n are n greatly hook$ & g5]ally %>ply po9t$2 ! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t %ort & inconspicu\s2 ! cell ( ! =e w+ is always less ?an two ?irds ! l5g? ( ! co/a2 ! l[] radial is some:at ne>] to ! ?ird m$ian n]vule ?an to ! upp] radial4 ,! h9d w+ is (t5 lob$4 ,! l[] radial 9 ! h9d w+ is g5]ally lack+4 ,! male nev] has a co/al fold on ! =e w+s1 & b r>ely is provid$ ) a discal /igma4 ,b ?ree g5]a belong+ to ?is section ( ?is subfamily are f\nd 9 our fauna1 namely1 ! g5]a ,amblyscirtes1 ,pamphila1 & ,o>isma4 ,gr\p ,b4--,! ant5n are sometimes curv$1 b nev] hook$1 ! palpi hav+ ! ?ird jo9t m9ute1 sometimes horizontally porrect$4 ,! cell ( ! =e w+ is less ?an two ?irds ! l5g? ( ! co/a4 ,! l[] radial arises mu* ne>] to ! ?ird m$ian n]vule ?an to ! upp] radial4 ,! h9d w+ is elongat$1 b nev] tail$4 ,! male is nev] provid$ on ! =e w+ ) a co/al fold1 b is 9 _m g5]a furni%$ ) a discal /igma on ! =e w+4 ,:5 9 a /ate ( re/ ! majority ( ! species elevate _! =e w+s & depress _! h9d w+s1 an attitude :i* is peculi> to ! insects ( ?is gr\p4 ,g5us ,,amblyscirtes1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are %ort1 ) a mod]ately ?ick club1 crook$ at ! end2 ! ?ird jo9t ( ! palpi is bluntly conical1 %ort1 & erect4 ,! co/a ( ! =e w+ is /raight1 slightly curv$ inw>dly be=e ! apex4 ,! neuration is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical4 ,cat]pill>4--,n diff]+ mat]ially 9 its *>act]i/ics f ! cat]pill>s ( o!r hesp]id g5]a4 ,*rysalis4--,some:at sl5d]1 ) ! dorsal & v5tral outl9es /raight] ?an 9 any ( ! prec$+ g5]a1 & ! dorsum v slightly elevat$ 9 ! region ( ! ?oracic segm5ts4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afa4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,amblyscirtes4 7#a7 ,amblyscirtes vialis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #dj1 *rysalis 7,! ,roadside ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species1 an exceptionally bright example ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 may be kn[n by ! d>k color ( ! upp] surface1 almo/ uni=mly br[n1 ) a few subapical light spots at ! co/a4 ,9 ! specim5 t is figur$ ^! light spots are cont9u$ across ! w+ z a curv$ b&1 b ?is is n usual4 ,! w+s on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes are v mu* z on ! upp] side1 save t bo? w+s on ! out] ?ird are lightly lav$ ) gray4 ,expanse1 #a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ ) m9ute accuracy by ,dr4 ,scudd]4 ,! ,roadside ,skipp] ranges f ,montreal to ,florida1 & we/w>d z f> z ,nevada & ,texas4 ,x is n a common species 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi2 x seems to be f> m common 9 s\!rn ,new ,engl& & 9 ,colorado4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,i h obta9$ m specim5s f ^! localities ?an f any o!rs4 7#b7 ,amblyscirtes samoset1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #de1 *rysalis 7,pepp]-&-salt ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species on ! upp] side has ! gr\nd-color z 9 ! prec$+ species2 ! fr+es on bo? w+s are pale gray4 ,!re are ?ree small subapical spots on ! =e w+1 ?ree some:at l>g] spots1 "o on ei!r side ( ! second m$ian n]vule & ! ?ird ne> ! inn] m>g91 & two v m9ute spots at ! end ( ! cell4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale gray1 ! :ite spots ( ! upp] side ( ! =e w+ reappe>+4 ,! h9d w+ is 9 addition m>k$ by a semicircul> m$ian b& ( :ite spots1 a small spot at ! end ( ! cell1 & ano!r conspicu\s :ite spot ab\t ! middle ( ! co/a4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> app>5tly fe$s ^u grasses4 ,we "k z yet v little ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! insect4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 along ! summits ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9-ranges z f> s\? z ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & is report$ to be common 9 ,wiscons9 & ,mi*igan4 7#c7 ,amblyscirtes nus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,! ,bronze ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is obscure little species has ! upp] side ( ! w+s some:at tawny4 ,! m>k+s1 :i* are simil> to ^? 9 ,a4 samoset1 are n :ite1 b yell[4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are d>k] ?an 9 samoset4 ,! spots ( ! =e w+ are ! same1 b ! spots on ! "u side ( ! h9d w+ are diff]5t1 & =m a zigzag po/m$ian transv]se b&1 ) a s+le small spot at ! end ( ! cell1 & ano!r ( ! same size beyond ! middle ( ! co/a4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are unkn[n4 ,! species occurs 9 we/]n ,texas & ,arizona4 7#d7 ,amblyscirtes simius1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #h1 7,simius74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is correctly figur$ 9 ! plate4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are q pale2 ! spots ( ! =e w+ reappe> on ! "u side1 & ! =e w+ is blacki% at ! base2 ! h9d w+ has ! angle at ! base broadly :ite1 ) a broad :ite blot* at ! end ( ! cell1 & a semicircul> curv$ b& ( obscure spots trav]s+ ! middle ( ! w+4 ,expanse1 1 4#ij in*2 1 #a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species 0 orig9ally describ$ f ,colorado4 7#e7 ,amblyscirtes textor1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #af1 1 "u side 7,! ,wov5-w+$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species1 ! "u side ( :i* is accurately del9eat$ 9 ! plate1 ne$s no description to *>act]ize x1 z its peculi> m>k+s s]ve at once to di/+ui% x f all o!r species4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4de in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is little insect ranges f ,nor? ,c>ol9a s\?w>d to ,florida1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas4 ,g5us ,,pamphila1 ,fabricius ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are v %ort1 less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! co/a4 ,! club is /\t1 elongate1 & blunt at its extremity2 ! palpi are porrect1 d5sely clo!d ) scales1 conceal+ ! ?ird jo9t1 :i* is m9ute1 sl5d]1 & bluntly conical4 ,! body is long1 sl5d]1 & some:at produc$ beyond ! h9d m>g9 ( ! second>ies4 ,! neuration ( ! w+s is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 v]tically ribb$1 ! int]spaces uni=mly m>k$ ) little pitt$ depressions4 ,cat]pill>4--,! body is cyl9drical1 sl5d]1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d2 ! neck less /rangulat$ ?an 9 _m ( ! g5]a4 ,! body is some:at hairy2 ! spiracles on ! sides op5 f m9ute subconical elevations4 ,*rysalis4--,n mat]ially diff]+ 9 outl9e & /ructure f ! *rysalids ( o!r g5]a :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,only a s+le species belong+ to ! g5us is f\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pamphila4 7#a7 ,pamphila m&an1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlxii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,! ,arctic ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,no description ( ?is int]e/+ little insect is necess>y1 z ! figure 9 ! plate w enable ! /ud5t at once to di/+ui% x4 ,x is :olly unlike any o!r species4 ,expanse1 #a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,scudd] & ,mr4 ,flet*]4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! insect ranges f s\!rn ,labrador z f> s\? z ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s & ! ,adirondacks1 !nce we/w>d1 foll[+ a l9e nor? ( ! ,great ,lakes to ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& & ,alaska4 ,x ranges s\?w>d along ! summits ( ! ,we/]n ,cordill]as z f> z nor!rn ,cali=nia4 ,g5us ,,o>isma1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,closely relat$ to ! prec$+ g5us4 ,! ant5n are v %ort2 ! club is long1 cyl9drical1 bluntly r\nd$ at ! apex1 n curv$4 ,! palpi are /\t1 ! apical jo9t v sl5d]1 elongat$1 & porrect4 ,! head is broad2 ! body is long & sl5d]1 project+ some:at beyond ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! second>ies4 ,! neuration ( ! w+s is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,s f> z kn[n to me ! life-hi/ory ( no butt]fly ( ?is g5us has yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afc4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,o>isma4 7#a7 ,o>isma g>ita1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,g>ita74 ,butt]fly4--,?is obscure little insect is light fulv\s on ! upp] side1 ) ! co/a ( ! h9d w+ some:at broadly m>k$ ) lead5 gray2 on ! "u side ! =e w+s are bright] fulv\s1 ) ! inn] m>g9 lav$ ) d>k gray4 ,! h9d w+s are pal] fulv\s1 incl9+ to gray1 ) ! inn] m>g9 bright] fulv\s4 ,expanse1 4#ge-a4jj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k little ( ^!4 ,! species is f\nd 9 s\!rn ,colorado1 rang+ !nce we/w>d & s\?w>d to ,arizona4 7#b7 ,o>isma p[e%eik1 ,p>k]1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,p[e%eik74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species may be di/+ui%$ f its ally g>ita by its l>g] size1 ! d>k] color ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s1 & ! r$ m>k+s on ! co/a ( ! =e w+s4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are black1 edg$ on ! co/a & out] m>g9 = a %ort di/ance bel[ ! apex ) light fulv\s4 ,! h9d w+s are dusky1 ) ! ve9s & n]vules :ite1 /&+ =? conspicu\sly ^u ! d>k] gr\nd-color4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,p[e%eik occurs 9 ,wiscons91 & ranges !nce we/w>d to ,nebraska1 nor?w>d to ,dakota1 & s\?w>d z f> z ,colorado4 ,,ex*anges ,"o ( ! be/ ways ( add+ to a collection is by ! me?od kn[n z ex*ang+4 ,a collector 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry may f9d species :i* are r>e1 or altoge!r unkn[n1 9 ano!r "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,by a sy/em ( ex*anges ) o!r collectors he is able to supply ! gaps :i* may exi/ 9 8 collection4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 c>es to effect ex*anges ) collectors :o are c>eless or slov5ly 9 ! prep>ation ( _! specim5s1 or inaccurate 9 nam+ !m4 ,a collector :o contemplates mak+ an ex*ange %\ld1 z ! fir/ /ep1 prep>e d\ble li/s1 9 "o ( :i* he gives ! names & ! numb] ( specim5s ( ei!r sex ( ! butt]flies :i* he is able to (f] 9 ex*ange2 9 ! o!r he sets =? ! ?+s :i* he desires to obta94 ,! fir/ li/ is said to be a li/ ( (f]ta2 ! second is a li/ ( desid]ata4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! mann] 9 :i* su* li/s may be conv5i5tly arrang$1 ,i give ! foll[+3 ,,(f]ta ,papilio turnus1 #c2 #d4 ,dimorphic v>4 glaucus1 #f4 ,colias alex&ra1 #d2 #f4 ,,desid]ata ,papilio nitra1 4 ,papilio brevicauda1 orange-spott$ v>4 ,! collector :o receives ^! li/s ( (f]ta & desid]ata w be able to decide :at 8 correspond5t has :i* he desires1 & :at !re may be 9 8 own collection :i* ! correspond5t wi%es t he c (f] 9 ex*ange2 & ! process ( ex*ange is ?us imm$iately facilitat$4 ,p]sons :o ex*ange insects ) o!rs %\ld always be extremely c>eful z to ! mann] ( pack+ ! specim5s1 & ! directions giv5 9 ! introductory portion ( ?is book %\ld be v c>efully foll[$4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 prev5t+ damage to specim5s 9 transit4 ,g5us ,,ancyloxypha1 ,feld] ,butt]fly4--,v small1 ! ant5n v %ort1 ! club /raight1 bluntly po9t$4 ,! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t long1 sl5d]1 & sub]ect4 ,! neuration ( ! w+s is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,! abdom5 is sl5d]1 ext5d+ beyond ! h9d m>g9 ( ! second>ies4 ,! =e w+s are )\t a discal /igma4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 m>k$ ) loz5ge-%ap$ cells2 yell[ :5 laid1 lat] m>k$ ) orange-r$ pat*es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! entire life-hi/ory has n yet be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! cat]pill>s live ^u m>% grasses2 !y con/ruct = !mselves a ne/ by draw+ toge!r ! edges ( a blade ( grass ) b&s ( silk4 ,9 =m !y d n diff] f o!r hesp]id l>v4 ,*rysalis4--,n z yet accurately kn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afd4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,ancyloxypha4 7#a7 ,ancyloxypha numitor1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,numitor74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is correctly del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are black1 m>g9$ on ! co/a & on ! out] m>g9 ) r$di%-fulv\s4 ,! h9d w+s are pale fulv\s4 ,expanse1 4#ge-4ie in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at has be5 said 9 ref]5ce to ^! 9 connection ) ! description ( ! g5us mu/ suffice = ! species4 ,?is pretty little insect is widely di/ribut$1 & ab\nds among grasses ab\t wat]c\rses4 ,x ranges f ! prov9ce ( ,quebec to ea/]n ,florida1 !nce we/w>d across ! ,mississippi ,valley z f> z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,g5us ,,cop,,odes1 ,spey] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are v %ort2 ! club is ?ick1 /raight1 r\nd$ at ! tip2 ! palpi are z 9 ! prec$+ g5us4 ,! neuration ( ! w+s is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,! abdom5 is sl5d]1 ext5d+ beyond ! h9d m>g9 ( ! second>ies4 ,! male is provid$ 9 mo/ species ) a l9e> /igma4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n z yet be5 describ$4 7#a7 ,copodes procris1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,procris74 ,butt]fly4--,! plate gives an excell5t idea ( ! upp] side ( ?is dim9utive species4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are color$ z on ! upp] side1 save t ! =e w+s at ! base ne> ! inn] m>g9 are blacki%1 & t ! h9d w+s are a trifle pal] ?an on ! upp] side4 ,! sexes d n diff] 9 color4 ,expanse1 4#ge-a4jj in*4 ,?is pretty little butt]fly is a ,s\!rn species1 is f\nd pl5tifully 9 ,texas & ,arizona1 & occurs also v commonly 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afe4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,copodes4 7#b7 ,copodes wrighti1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,wright's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is species may be easily di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by ! d>k fr+es ( bo? ! =e & ! h9d w+ & by ! diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! discal /igma on ! =e w+4 ,on ! "u side x is color$ v mu* z procris4 ,expanse1 4#ge-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species is f\nd 9 ! ,mohave ,des]t & s\!rn ,cali=nia4 7#c7 ,copodes myrtis1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,myrtis74 ,butt]fly4--,?is dim9utive little species may be readily recogniz$ by ! plate4 ,! =e w+s are some:at broadly m>g9$ ) dusky at ! apex & along ! out] m>g92 ! h9d w+s on ! co/a are broadly & on ! out] edge n>r[ly m>g9$ ) dusky4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are blacki% at ! base4 ,expanse1 4#ge in*4 ,! only specim5s ( ?is butt]fly t ,i h ev] se5 came f ,arizona4 ,! type is figur$ 9 ! plate4 ,g5us ,,erynnis1 ,s*rank ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are %ort1 less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! co/a2 ! club is robu/1 ) a v m9ute t]m9al crook2 ! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t m9ute1 sub]ect1 & bluntly conical4 ,!re is a discal /igma on ! =e w+ ( ! male4 ,egg4--,some:at sph]ical4 ,cat]pill>4--,fe$s ^u grasses1 & is /\t] 9 =m ?an mo/ hesp]id l>v1 & sluggi% 9 proportion to its /\tness4 ,x does n make a ne/1 b conceals itself betwe5 ! leaves ( grass at ! po9t :]e !y unite ) ! /em1 & is n v difficult to discov]4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is elongat$1 cyl9drical4 ,our k ( ?is /age is n v accurate z yet4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aff4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,erynnis1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,erynnis manitoba1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 7,! ,canadian ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly1 4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal]1 ! =e w+s fulv\s on ! cell1 pale gray at ! apex & on ! out] m>g94 ,!re is a black %ade at ! base ( ! prim>ies1 & a black /reak correspond+ 9 location to ! discal /igma on ! upp] side4 ,! h9d w+s are pale f]rug9\s1 except a broad /reak along ! inn] m>g91 :i* is :iti%4 ,all ! light spots ( ! upp] side ( bo? w+s reappe> on ! "u side1 b are m di/9ctly def9$1 & are pe>ly-:ite 9 color4 4--,! female1 on ! "u side ( ! =e w+1 has ! black discal /reak replac$ by a broad f]rug9\s %ade4 ,! h9d w+s are d>k]1 & ! light spots /& =? m conspicu\sly ^u ! d>k] gr\nd4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! rema9 to be asc]ta9$4 ,! ,canadian ,skipp] is f\nd across ! entire cont95t nor? ( a l9e r\ghly approximat+ ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,along ! ,we/]n ,cordill]as x desc5ds into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z f> s\? z ,colorado & nor!rn ,cali=nia4 7#b7 ,erynnis morrisoni1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,fig4 #bg1 7,morrison's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes is suffici5tly well del9eat$ 9 ! plate to obviate ! necessity = description4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are pale fulv\s1 black at ! base & f]rug9\s at ! tip1 ! f]rug9\s %ade int]rupt$ by ! subapical pale spots1 :i* on ?is side ( ! w+ are pe>ly-:ite4 ,! h9d w+s are deep f]rug9\s1 obscur$ on ! inn] m>g9 by long pale-br[n hairs4 ,f ! base to ! end ( ! cell !re is a broad silv]y-:ite ray4 ,beyond ! cell ! curv$ po/m$ian b& ( fulv\s spots :i* appe>s above reappe>s z a b& ( pe>ly-:ite1 :i* /&s =? conspicu\sly on ! d>k gr\nd4 ,expanse1 1 #a4bj in*2 1 #a4bj-a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species ranges f s\!rn ,colorado to ,arizona4 7#c7 ,erynnis sassacus1 ,h>ris1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,! ,indian ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! female is l>g]1 ! fulv\s gr\nd-color pal]1 ! out] m>g9al %ades d>k]1 & ! discal /igma is replac$ by a d>k-br[n %ade4 ,on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes ! w+s are pale fulv\s1 ) ! spots ( ! upp] side feebly reproduc$ z fa9t light] spots4 ,! =e w+s 9 bo? sexes are black at ! base4 ,expanse1 1 #a4aj-a4be in*2 1 #a4be-a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill>1 :i* is plump] ?an mo/ hesp]id l>v1 fe$s on grasses4 ,! insect ranges f ,new ,engl& to ,georgia1 & we/w>d to ,colorado4 7#d7 ,erynnis otto1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,otto74 ,butt]fly4--,consid]ably l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,! w+s ( ! male on ! upp] side are pale fulv\s1 n>r[ly bord]$ ) black4 ,! discal /igma is d>k & prom95t4 ,! female has ! w+s on ! upp] side m broadly b m fa9tly m>g9$ ) dusky4 ,! w+s ( bo? sexes on ! "u side are uni=mly pale fulv\s or buff1 m>k$ ) d>k br[n or blacki% at ! base ( ! =e w+s4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce in*2 1 #a4de-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is ,kansas & ,nebraska4 7#e7 ,erynnis metea1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 7,! ,cobweb ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s is fairly well repres5t$ 9 ! plate1 ! male be+ a little too r$1 & ! w+s at ! base & ! discal /igma n be+ d>k en\gh4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are br[n1 d>k] ?an on ! upp] side4 ,! pale m>k+s ( ! upp] side are all repeat$ bel[ z di/9ct pe>ly-:ite spots1 & 9 addition on ! h9d w+s ne> ! base !re is a curv$ b& ( simil> :ite spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4bj in*2 1 #a4be-a4cj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k z yet b little ( ^!4 ,! species occurs 9 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,york1 & we/w>d to ,wiscons94 7#f7 ,erynnis uncas1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bg1 2 ,fig4 #bh1 7,uncas74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s ( bo? sexes is well repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes ! w+s are beautifully m>k$ ) conspicu\s pe>ly-:ite spots on a gre5i%-gray gr\nd4 ,! spots are def9$ inw>dly & outw>dly by d>k olive %ades & spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj in*2 1 #a4ee in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k no?+ ( ^!4 ,! insect ranges f ,p5nsylvania to ,colorado & ,montana4 7#g7 ,erynnis attalus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bc1 7,attalus74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is fairly well depict$ 9 ! plate1 b ! light spots are too r$4 ,! female is l>g] & d>k]4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are dusky1 ) ! light spots reproduc$ 9 fa9t gray4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4de in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species occurs v r>ely 9 ,new ,engl&1 is f\nd f ,new ,j]sey to ,florida & ,texas1 & ranges we/w>d to ,wiscons9 & ,i[a4 7#h7 ,erynnis sylvanoides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #dd1 7,! ,woodl& ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is well %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! female on ! upp] side has less fulv\s1 ! w+s be+ preval5tly fusc\s1 & ! r$ color r$uc$ to a spot at ! end ( ! cell4 ,!re is a m$ian b& ( fulv\s spots on bo? w+s4 ,on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes ! w+s are q pale gray1 ) ! co/a ne> ! base & ! cell ( ! prim>ies r$di%4 ,! prim>ies at ! base ne> ! inn] m>g9 are black4 ,! spots ( ! upp] side reappe>1 b are pale & fa9t4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species ranges along ! ,pacific coa/ f ,briti% ,columbia to ,cali=nia1 & ea/w>d to ,colorado4 7#i7 ,erynnis leon>dus1 ,h>ris1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 7,leon>d's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,/\t] & l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species1 & notably d>k] 9 color+4 ,! upp] side ( ! w+s is %[n 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are d>k brick-r$4 ,! prim>ies are blacki% on ! out] half1 int]rupt$ by ! spots ( ! m$ian s]ies1 :i* on ! "u side are l>ge1 di/9ct1 & %ade f pale fulv\s to :ite t[>d ! inn] m>g94 ,! second>ies h a r\nd pale spot at ! end ( ! cell1 & a curv$ m$ian b& ( simil> spots1 correspond+ 9 location to ^? on ! upp] side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are only imp]fectly kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! butt]fly1 :i* haunts fl[]s & may easily be captur$ ^u !m1 ranges f ,new ,engl& & ,ont>io s\?w>d to ,florida1 & we/w>d to ,i[a & ,kansas4 7#aj7 ,erynnis sn[i1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 7,sn['s ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s ( bo? sexes is well repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are uni=mly r$di%-br[n1 ) ! prim>ies black at ! base1 & ! m$ian spots enl>g$ ne> ! inn] m>g9 & :iti%1 z 9 ! prec$+ species4 ,! light spots ( ! upp] side reappe> bel[ z pale spots1 :i* are well def9$ on ! d>k gr\nd-color4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species ranges f s\!rn ,colorado to ,arizona4 ,g5us ,,?ymelicus1 ,hbn] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are %ort1 less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! co/a2 ! club is /\t & %ort1 some:at crook$ j at ! end4 ,! ?ird jo9t ( ! palpi is conical1 almo/ conceal$ 9 ! ?ick ve/iture ( ! second jo9t4 ,! neuration is giv5 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,! egg is hemisph]ical1 ) ! surface m>k$ by irregul> angul> cells =m$ by slightly rais$ l9es4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill>s fe$ on grasses4 ,!y are long & sl5d]1 ?ick] beh9d ?an be=e1 cov]$ ) %ort hair4 ,!y are g5]ally d>k 9 color1 & n gre5 z are ! cat]pill>s 9 mo/ ( ! hesp]id g5]a4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xlvii #a4 ,pamphila m&an1 ,edw>ds1 4 #b4 ,ancyloxypha numitor1 ,fabricius1 4 #c4 ,o>isma g>ita1 ,reakirt1 4 #d4 ,o>isma p[e%iek1 ,p>k]1 4 #e4 ,amblyscirtes vialis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #f4 ,amblyscirtes samoset1 ,scudd]1 4 #g4 ,amblyscirtes nus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #h4 ,amblyscirtes simius1 ,edw>ds1 4 #i4 ,copodes procris1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aj4 ,copodes wrighti1 ,edw>ds1 4 #aa4 ,copodes myrtis1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ab4 ,hesp]ia scriptura1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,hesp]ia c5taure1 ,rambur1 4 #ad4 ,hesp]ia cspitalis1 ,boisduval1 4 #ae4 ,hesp]ia xan?us1 ,edw>ds1 4 #af4 ,amblyscirtes textor1 ,edw>ds1 1 "u side4 #ag4 ,hesp]ia nessus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ah4 ,hesp]ia montivaga1 ,reakirt1 4 #ai4 ,hesp]ia domicella1 ,eri*son1 4 #bj4 ,limo*ores taumas1 ,fabricius1 4 #ba4 ,poanes massasoit1 ,scudd]1 4 #bb4 ,poanes massasoit1 ,scudd]1 4 #bc4 ,erynnis attalus1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bd4 ,polites peckius1 ,kirby1 4 #be4 ,polites peckius1 ,kirby1 4 #bf4 ,polites m>don1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bg4 ,erynnis uncas1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bh4 ,erynnis uncas1 ,edw>ds1 4 #bi4 ,erynnis sn[i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cj4 ,erynnis sn[i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ca4 ,atrytone taxiles1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cb4 ,atrytone taxiles1 ,edw>ds1 4 #cc4 ,erynnis metea1 ,scudd]1 4 #cd4 ,erynnis metea1 ,scudd]1 4 #ce4 ,erynnis leon>dus1 ,h>ris1 4 #cf4 ,erynnis leon>dus1 ,h>ris1 4 #cg4 ,atrytone zabulon1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ch4 ,atrytone zabulon1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ci4 ,atrytone pocahontas1 ,scudd]1 4 #dj4 ,?ymelicus brettus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #da4 ,?ymelicus brettus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #db4 ,polites sabuleti1 ,edw>ds1 4 #dc4 ,polites sabuleti1 ,edw>ds1 4 #dd4 ,erynnis sylvanoides1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,*rysalis4--,i c discov] no acc\nt ( any obs]vations made ^u ! *rysalids ( ?is g5us4 7#a7 ,?ymelicus brettus1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #dj1 2 ,fig4 #da1 7,! ,:irlab\t74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side resembles ,hylephila phylu1 b may be di/+ui%$ by ! broad] & d>k] spots on ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,! co/al & out] m>g9s ( ! second>ies are also g5]ally m broadly bord]$ ) fusc\s ?an 9 phylu1 a fact n %[n 9 ! specim5 figur$ 9 ! plate4 ,! female is q diff]5t f ! female ( phylu1 z w be se5 by a comp>ison ( ! figures ( ! two sexes4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are only p>tially kn[n4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afg4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,?ymelicus1 enl>g$4 ,! insect is v r>e 9 ! ,nor?1 a few specim5s hav+ be5 tak5 9 ,new ,engl& & ,wiscons94 ,x is f\nd commonly 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 & !nce s\?w>d to ! ,gulf1 & is abundant 9 ! ,antilles1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 7#b7 ,?ymelicus tna1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bh1 2 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #db1 *rysalis 7,! ,volcanic ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,bo? sexes are well repres5t$ on ! upp] side 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal]1 ) ! light spots ( ! upp] side repeat$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:at we "k ( ^! is well /at$ 9 ! pages ( ,dr4 ,scudd]'s great "w4 ,! cat]pill> usually fe$s on grasses4 ,! species ranges f ,new ,engl&1 ,ont>io1 & ,wiscons9 on ! nor? to ! ,gulf1 & z f> we/ z ,i[a & ,texas4 7#c7 ,?ymelicus my/ic1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bb1 2 ,fig4 #bc1 7,! ,long-da%74 ,butt]fly4--,no description ( ! upp] side is ne$$1 ! figures 9 ! plate be+ suffici5t to enable id5tification4 ,on ! "u side ! prim>ies are fulv\s on ! co/a at ! base4 ,! rema9d] ( ! prim>ies & ! second>ies are d>k f]rug9\s1 ) ! light spots ( ! upp] side all repeat$ greatly enl>g$1 pale1 & /&+ out boldly ^u ! d>k gr\nd-color4 ,! h9d w+s are pale br[n on ! inn] m>g94 ,expanse1 1 #a4aj in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 elaborately describ$ by ,scudd]4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses1 mak+ a tubul> ne/ = itself among ! leaves4 ,! insect ranges ?r\gh s\!rn ,canada & ,new ,engl& to ,p5nsylvania1 & we/w>d to ,wiscons94 ,g5us ,,atalop$es1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,ant5n %ort1 less ?an half ! l5g? ( ! co/a2 club %ort1 /\t1 crook$ j at ! end2 ! palpi z 9 ! prec$+ g5us4 ,! cut %[s ! neuration4 ,! only m>k ( di/9ction betwe5 ?is g5us & ! two g5]a t foll[ is f\nd 9 ! %ape ( ! discal /igma on ! w+ ( ! male1 :i* is describ$ z foll[s by ,dr4 ,scudd]3 ,discal /igma 9 male consi/+ (1 fir/1 a longitud9al /reak at base ( middle m$ian int]space1 ( %9+ black1 recurv$ rods2 second1 ( a semilun> field ( dead-black erect rods 9 ! l[e/ m$ian int]space1 ov]hung above by long1 curv+ scales2 foll[$ bel[ by a %ort1 small /riga ( %9+ black scales1 & outside by a l>ge field ( erect1 loosely compact$ scales4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,atalop$es1 enl>g$4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 cov]$ ) a network ( delicate rais$ l9es describ+ small polygons ov] ! surface2 m9utely punctate4 ,cat]pill>4--,cyl9drical1 tap]+ backw>d & =w>d2 head l>ge2 ! neck less con/rict$ ?an 9 ! g5us ,eudamus or 9 ! g5us ,?anaos2 d>k 9 color4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 a little hump$ ^u ! ?orax1 ) ! tongue-%ea? free & project+ to ! end ( ! fif? abdom9al segm5t4 7#a7 ,atalop$es huron1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #dc1 #dg1 *rysalis 7,! ,sa*em74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes is well repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal]1 ) ! light spots ( ! upp] side fa9tly repeat$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are describ$ 9 full ) pa9/ak+ accuracy by ,scudd] 9 ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! species ranges f s\!rn ,new ,york to ,florida1 !nce we/w>d & s\?w>d into ,mexico4 ,g5us ,,polites1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n & ! palpi are z 9 ! prec$+ g5us2 ! neuration ( ! w+s is also v mu* ! same4 ,?is is ano!r g5us f\nd$ by ,dr4 ,scudd] ^u ! %ape ( ! discal /igma 9 ! w+ ( ! male4 ,8 description ( ?is feature is z foll[s3 ,discal /igma ( male consi/+ ( an int]rupt$1 g5tly arcuate or s9uate /reak ( dead-black retrorse scales or rods1 edg$ bel[1 especially 9 ! middle1 by a bord] ( simil>1 b du/-color$1 erect rods1 & foll[$ b5ea? by an inconspicu\s l>ge area ( loosely compact$1 erect1 dusky scales4 ,egg4--,approximately hemisph]ical1 ! height1 h[ev]1 be+ great] ?an 9 ! egg ( ! prec$+ g5us2 reticulat$1 ! l9es =m+ hexagonal figures ^u ! surface4 ,cat]pill>1 etc4--,( ! /ages beyond ! egg we "k z yet comp>atively little4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #afi4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,polites1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,polites peckius1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 7,peck's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is little species1 ! upp] side ( :i* 9 bo? sexes is correctly %[n 9 ! plate1 has ! "u side ( ! w+s d>k br[n1 ) ! light spots ( ! upp] side greatly enl>g$1 especially ^u ! disks ( ! w+s1 fus$1 & pale yell[1 ?us contra/+ /rongly ) ! re/ ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are n ?or\ghly kn[n z yet4 ,! l>va fe$s on grasses4 ,peck's ,skipp] ranges f ,canada s\?w>d to ,virg9ia1 & we/ to ,kansas & ,i[a4 7#b7 ,polites m>don1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bf1 7,! ,oregon ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale gray1 ) ! light spots ( ! prim>ies & a curv$ m$ian b& ( spots on ! second>ies :iti%4 ,expanse1 1 #a4aj in*2 1 #a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! only specim5s ,i h1 includ+ ! types1 7 tak5 9 ,oregon & ,wa%+ton4 7#c7 ,polites sabuleti1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #db1 2 ,fig4 #dc1 7,! ,s&-hill ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,small1 ! male on ! upp] side look+ l a dim9utive & d>kly bord]$ phylu4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal] ?an on ! upp] side2 ! /ill pal] spots ( ! discal areas are def9$ outw>dly & inw>dly by elongat$ d>k spots4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! habitat ( ?is species is ,cali=nia4 ,g5us ,,hylephila1 ,billb]g ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are v %ort1 sc>cely "o ?ird ! l5g? ( ! co/a ( ! =e w+2 ! club is robu/ & %ort1 ) a v m9ute crook at ! end2 ! palpi are z 9 ! two prec$+ g5]a4 ,! neuration ( ! w+s is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,z yet b p>tially kn[n4 ,! l>va fe$s on grasses1 & ! mature =m has be5 figur$ by ,abbot1 a copy ( ^: draw+ is giv5 by ,dr4 ,scudd] 9 ,plate #gg ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,hylephila1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,hylephila phylu1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ci1 *rysalis 7,! ,fi]y ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is correctly %[n 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pale yell[1 ) a few small1 r\nd spots on ! m>g9 & disk ( ! h9d w+s1 a black pat* at ! base1 l>ge black m>g9al spots1 & a c5tral1 int]rupt$1 longitud9al black /reak on ! disk ( ! prim>ies4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be in*4 ,! insect ranges f ,connecticut to ,patagonia1 ov] all ! mo/ habitable p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,i h tak5 x frequ5tly 9 s\!rn ,indiana1 :]e ,i (t5 h collect$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,g5us ,,pr5es1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are %ort1 n half ! l5g? ( ! co/a4 ,! head is broad1 & ! ant5n are ins]t$ widely ap>t4 ,! club is mod]ate1 t]m9at+ 9 a f9e po9t :i* is b5t back at "r angles1 =m+ a di/9ct crook4 ,! abdom5 is long & sl5d]1 b does n project beyond ! h9d m>g9 ( ! second>ies4 ,! =e w+s are po9t$ at ! apex & are relatively long] & n>r[] ?an 9 ! prec$+ g5us4 ,! neuration is illu/rat$ 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h n yet be5 /udi$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aga4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,pr5es1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,pr5es ocola1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cd1 7,! ,ocola ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,accurately depict$ 9 ! plate4 ,! "u side is l ! upp] side1 b a %ade pal]4 ,! "u side ( ! abdom5 is :iti%4 ,expanse1 #a4de-a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is is a ,s\!rn species1 f\nd commonly 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & rang+ nor?w>d to ,p5nsylvania1 s\!rn ,ohio1 & ,indiana4 ,g5us ,,calpodes1 ,hbn] ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agb4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,calpodes1 enl>g$4 ,butt]fly4--,r l>ge1 /\t2 head broad2 ant5n z 9 ! prec$+ g5us1 b /\t]4 ,! neuration1 consid]ably enl>g$1 is accurately del9eat$ 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 ornam5t$ ) irregul>1 m or less p5tagonal cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,cyl9drical1 sl5d]1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d f ! n9? segm5t1 rapidly dim9i%+ 9 size po/]iorly2 ! head relatively small1 ! neck n mu* /rangulat$2 spiracles surr\nd$ by radiat+ blacki% bri/les4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is relatively sl5d]1 g5tly convex bo? on ! v5tral & dorsal aspects1 ) a curv$ delicate frontal tub]cle4 ,! tongue-case is long & projects = a consid]able di/ance beyond ! some:at %ort crema/]4 7#a7 ,calpodes e?lius1 ,cram]1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #dh1 *rysalis 7,! ,brazilian ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,!re c be no mi/ak+ ?is robu/ & ?ick-bodi$ species4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are dull olive1 blacki% at ! base ( ! prim>ies1 ) all ! spots ( ! upp] side repeat$4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4ae in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s on ! leaves ( ! canna4 ,x is common 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & ranges nor? to ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,a /ray specim5 0 once tak5 at ,we/ ,f>ms1 ,new ,york4 ,s\?w>d x ranges ev]y:]e ?r\gh ! ,antilles to ,arg5t9a1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,g5us ,,l]odea1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are ab\t half z long z ! co/a2 ! club is robu/1 slightly elongat$1 ) a di/9ct crook at ! extremity2 ! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t erect1 m9ute1 & bluntly conical4 ,! neuration is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are n kn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agc4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,l]odea1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,l]odea eufala1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cc1 7,eufala74 ,butt]fly4--,! plate %[s ! upp] side ( ! female4 ,! male is n diff]5t1 except t ! =e w+s are a little m po9t$ at ! apex4 ,! "u side is l ! upp] side1 b a %ade pal]4 ,! l[] side ( ! abdom5 is :iti%4 ,:5 se5 on ! w+ ! creature looks l a small ,pr5es ocola4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,?is butt]fly is f\nd 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,g5us ,,limo*ores1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are ab\t half z long z ! co/a2 ! club is robu/1 elongate1 ) a v %ort t]m9al crook2 ! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t erect1 %ort1 bluntly conical4 ,! male has a l9e> discal /igma on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+1 z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 some:at flatt5$ on ! top1 ! surface brok5 up by delicate rais$ l9es into p5tagonal cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,l>ge/ on ! f\r? & fif? abdom9al segm5ts1 tap]+ to ei!r end4 ,! l>v fe$ on grasses1 & con/ruct a tube-l ne/ ( delicate films ( silk betwe5 ! blades4 ,*rysalis4--,comp>atively sl5d]1 /rongly convex on ! ?oracic segm5ts & on ! dorsal side ( ! la/ segm5ts ( ! abdom54 ,on ! v5tral side ! *rysalis is ne>ly /raight4 ,! crema/]1 :i* is %ort1 is b5t upw>d at an oblique angle ) ! l9e ( ! v5tral surface4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agd4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,limo*ores1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,limo*ores taumas1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #dd1 *rysalis 7,! ,fawny-edg$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is excell5tly portray$ 9 ! plate4 ,! female is )\t ! tawny edge on ! =e w+1 ! entire w+ be+ olivace\s1 ) ?ree small subapical spots & a m$ian r[ ( f\r spots beyond ! end ( ! cell1 increas+ 9 size t[>d ! inn] m>g94 ,on ! "u side 9 bo? sexes ! w+s are uni=mly dull olivace\s1 ) ! spots ( ! upp] side repeat$4 ,! co/a ( ! male is edg$ ) r$ on ?is side1 z well z on ! upp] side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*2 1 #a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! read] :o wi%es to "k ab\t !m may consult ! pages ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,! insect ranges f ,canada to ! ,gulf1 & we/w>d to ,texas1 ,colorado1 & ,montana4 7#b7 ,limo*ores manataaqua1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cj1 7,! ,cross-l9e ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is dusky-olive1 ) a black discal /reak bel[ ! cell1 :i* is slightly t\*$ ) r$di%1 becom+ deep] & cle>] r$ on ! co/a at ! base4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are m or less pale gray1 ) a transv]se s]ies ( pale spots on ! prim>ies1 & a v fa9t curv$ discal s]ies ( simil> spots on ! second>ies4 ,! female1 ! upp] side ( :i* is well %[n 9 ! plate1 is m>k$ bel[ mu* l ! male4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! h be5 describ$ by ,scudd]4 ,! insect occurs 9 ,new ,engl& & ,canada1 & ranges we/w>d to ,nebraska4 7#c7 ,limo*ores pontiac1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #af1 2 ,fig4 #ag1 7,pontiac74 ,butt]fly4--,?is f9e insect is s well repres5t$ 9 ! plate z to require b little description4 ,! w+s are pale r$1 cl\d$ ) dusky on ! "u side1 ! spots ( ! upp] side be+ indi/9ctly repeat$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,! insect ranges f ,massa*usetts to ,i[a & ,nebraska1 & seems to h its metropolis ab\t ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 7#d7 ,limo*ores palatka1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,! ,palatka ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male ne$s no description4 ,! female closely resembles ! female ( ,l4 byssus1 :i* is %[n 9 ! plate at ,fig4 #bj1 b diff]s f ! female ( t species 9 hav+ ! m$ian spots on ! prim>ies mu* r$uc$ 9 size1 ! b& ( spots be+ greatly int]rupt$ beyond ! end ( ! cell4 ,on ! h9d w+ ! female has ! entire surface ( ! second>ies inside ( ! broad out] b& fulv\s1 z %[n 9 ! figure ( ! male1 & n simply m>k$ by a transv]se n>r[ b& ( spots4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are bright fulv\s1 cl\d$ ) black at ! base & ne> ! out] angle4 ,! h9d w+s are uni=mly dull r$di%-br[n4 ,?is species has be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,scudd] ) a species nam$ dion by ,edw>ds1 b :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4fe in*2 1 #a4ij-b4jj in*es4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k no?+ ( ^!4 ,! insect is conf9$ to ,florida1 all ! specim5s :i* ,i h se5 com+ f ! region ( ! ,indian ,riv]4 7#e7 ,limo*ores byssus1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bj1 7,byssus74 ,butt]fly4--,alli$ to ! prec$+ species4 ,! discal /igma ( ! male ^u ! =e w+s is mu* long] ?an 9 ,l4 palatka4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! second>ies is n z %>ply def9$ z 9 t species1 b %ades ins5sibly into ! light] gre5i%-fulv\s ( ! basal "p ( ! w+4 ,! female on ! upp] side is di/+ui%$ f ! female ( ! prec$+ species by ! re/riction ( ! discal b& ( spots on ! h9d w+ to a few small light-color$ spaces beyond ! end ( ! cell1 & by ! regul> cont9uation ( ! b& ( yell[ spots across ! prim>ies f ! subapical spots to ! subm$ian n]vule ne> ! middle ( ! inn] m>g94 ,on ! "u side ! prim>ies & ! second>ies are v bright1 cle> orange-r$1 ) ! base & inn] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies brightly lav$ ) blacki%4 ,! m$ian s]ies ( spots 9 ! male are v fa9tly indicat$ on ! =e w+s1 b are m /rongly indicat$ on ^? ( ! female4 ,expanse1 1 #a4de in*2 1 #a4fe in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k little ( ^!4 ,! insect is f\nd 9 ,florida4 7#f7 ,limo*ores yehl1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #dj1 7,sk9n]'s ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is %[n 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are light]1 ! second>ies uni=mly pale c9namon-br[n1 m>k$ ) a semicircle ( f\r yell[i% r\nd spots1 ) a small spot on ! cell t[>d ! base4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! species has be5 tak5 9 ,florida1 & is z yet n common 9 collections4 ,! figure is t ( ! type4 ,g5us ,,euphyes1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n h ! club /\t1 elongate1 furni%$ ) a %ort crook at ! end2 ! palpi are d5sely scal$2 ! ?ird jo9t is sl5d]1 bluntly conical1 project+ beyond ! ve/iture ( ! second jo9t4 ,! neuration is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical4 ,cat]pill>4--,! head small1 body cyl9drical1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d f ! middle1 ! body pr(usely cov]$ ) m9ute tap]+ hairs aris+ f small1 w>t-l protub]ances4 ,*rysalis4--,?us f> undescrib$4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #age4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,euphyes1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,euphyes v]na1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cb1 7,! ,little ,glass-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is correctly del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are pal]1 incl9+ to purpli%-r$4 ,! spots ( ! upp] side are repeat$1 b 9 addition ab\t ! middle ( ! h9d w+s !re is a semicircle ( pale spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4ce in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we d n "k mu* ( ^!2 :at little we d "k may be f\nd record$ 9 ! pages ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! cat]pill> fe$s on grasses4 ,x ranges f s\!rn ,new ,engl& to ,virg9ia1 we/w>d to ,kansas1 & nor?w>d to ! prov9ce ( ,alb]ta4 ,x is q common 9 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois4 7#b7 ,euphyes metacomet1 ,h>ris1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ca1 7,! ,dun ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! male is d>k 9 color on ! upp] side1 & on ! "u side ! w+s are a %ade light]1 ! l[] side ( ! abdom5 be+ g5]ally pal]4 ,! female has "s fa9t traces ( transluc5t apical spots ne> ! co/a1 & two m9ute transluc5t spots on ei!r side ( ! second m$ian n]vule ne> its orig94 ,on ! "u side ! spots ( ! upp] side reappe>4 ,!re is a fa9t trace ( a semicircle ( pale spots ab\t ! middle ( ! h9d w+4 ,! female specim5s v>y on ! "u side f pale br[n to a di/9ctly purpli%-br[n4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4cj in*4 ,e>ly /ages4--,next to no?+ is kn[n ( ^!4 ,x ranges f ,quebec to ! ,c>ol9as1 & we/w>d to ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 & ! ,briti% possessions ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 z f> nor? z ! latitude ( ! nor!rn %ores ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,( ,,plate ,,xlviii #a4 ,?anaos p]sius1 ,scudd]1 4 #b4 ,?anaos somnus1 ,l9tn]1 4 #c4 ,?anaos nvius1 ,l9tn]1 4 #d4 ,?anaos m>tialis1 ,scudd]1 4 #e4 ,?orybes ba?yllus1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 4 #f4 ,?orybes pylades1 ,scudd]1 4 #g4 ,?anaos petronius1 ,l9tn]1 4 #h4 ,l]ema accius1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 4 #i4 ,?anaos pacuvius1 ,l9tn]1 4 #aj4 ,?anaos lucilius1 ,l9tn]1 4 #aa4 ,?anaos juv5alis1 ,fabricius1 4 #ab4 ,?anaos fun]alis1 ,l9tn]1 4 #ac4 ,?orybes epig5a1 ,butl]1 4 #ad4 ,pholisora libya1 ,scudd]1 4 #ae4 ,?anaos horatius1 ,scudd]1 4 #af4 ,pholisora hayhur/i1 ,edw>ds1 4 #ag4 ,?anaos icelus1 ,l9tn]1 4 #ah4 ,colias eury!me1 ,boisduval1 1 alb9o4 ,illu/ration ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,g5us ,,oligoria1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are z 9 ! prec$+ g5us2 ! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t m9ute & almo/ entirely conceal$ 9 ! ?ick ve/iture ( ! second jo9t4 ,! neuration is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,we "k v little ( ^!1 & !re is "h a field = inve/igation4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agf4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,oligoria1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,oligoria maculata1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ce1 7,! ,tw9-spot74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! male is z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! female closely resembles ! male1 b ! spots on ! =e w+ are l>g]4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are br[n1 almo/ z d>k z on ! upp] side4 ,! prim>ies are :iti% ne> ! out] angle4 ,! spots ( ! upp] side ( ! prim>ies are reproduc$ on ! l[] side4 ,! h9d w+s h ?ree conspicu\s pe>ly-:ite spots ab\t ! middle1 two locat$ "o on ei!r side ( ! second m$ian n]vule1 & "o remov$ f ^!1 locat$ betwe5 ! upp] radial & ! subco/al n]vule4 ,expanse1 1 #a4dj in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,b little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,?is is a ,s\!rn species1 f\nd abundantly 9 ,florida1 & rang+ nor?w>d into ,georgia & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,a specim5 is report$ to h be5 tak5 ne> ,albany1 ,new ,york1 & dilig5t collect+ may %[ t x has a f> m nor!rn range ?an has h]et(ore be5 suppos$4 ,g5us ,,poanes1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are %ort2 ! club is /\t1 b5t1 acum9ate at ! tip4 ,! ?ird jo9t ( ! palpi is sl5d]1 cyl9drical1 %ort4 ,! neuration ( ! g5us is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,no?+ is kn[n ( ^!1 & !y await inve/igation4 7#a7 ,poanes massasoit1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 7,! ,mulb]ry-w+74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( ! w+s 9 bo? sexes is correctly %[n 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are black1 ) ! co/a & ! out] m>g9 bord]$ ) r$di%1 ) ?ree small subapical light spots & two or ?ree m$ian spots4 ,on ! "u side ! h9d w+s are bright yell[1 bord]$ on ! co/a & on ! out] m>g9 = "p ( _! di/ance ) r$di%-br[n4 ,! female on ! "u side is m obscurely m>k$ ?an ! male1 & ! h9d w+s are m or less gray 9 _m specim5s1 lack+ ! bright yell[ :i* appe>s ^u ! w+s ( ! male4 ,!re is consid]able v>iation on ! "u side ( ! w+s4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4bj in*4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agg4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,poanes1 enl>g$4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,n kn[n4 ,! species ranges f ,new ,engl& we/w>d z f> z ,nebraska1 & its range does n appe> to ext5d s\? ( ,p5nsylvania1 ?\gh x has be5 report$ f ,colorado1 & ev5 f nor!rn ,texas1 9 ! ,we/4 ,g5us ,,phycanassa1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,ant5n %ort2 club /raight1 ) a small crook at ! end4 ,! palpi are z 9 ! prec$+ g5us1 b a trifle long]4 ,! neuration is %[n 9 ! cut1 & is v mu* l t ( ! prec$+ g5us4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,^! are :olly unkn[n4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agh4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,phycanassa1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,phycanassa viator1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 7,! ,broad-w+$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,accurately del9eat$ 9 ! plate4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are z on ! upp] side1 b pal]1 & ! second>ies are trav]s$ f ! base to ! middle ( ! out] m>g9 by a pale light-color$ longitud9al ray1 :i* is m or less obscur$ 9 "s specim5s1 especially ( ! female4 ,! light spots ( ! upp] side appe> indi/9ctly on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4de in*2 1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,x is n uncommon 9 ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & has be5 f\nd z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey1 nor!rn ,ill9ois1 & ,wiscons94 7#b7 ,phycanassa h[>di1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ch1 7,h[>d's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! figure 9 ! plate gives ! upp] side ( ! male1 9 :i* ! discal /reak is compos$ ( light-color$ scales ( ! same t9t z ! re/ ( ! w+1 9 ?is respect resembl+ ! alli$ ,p4 a>oni4 ,! "u side ( ! w+s is describ$ by ,dr4 ,sk9n] z foll[s3 ,sup]iors ) tawny c5tral area & bord] same z upp] side4 ,!re is a l>ge triangul> spot ext5d+ into ! w+ f ! base4 ,! tawny color above ?is spot is ( a d>k] hue ?an t bel[ & outside ( x4 ,inf]iors v light br[n1 g5]ally ) f\r or five v fa9t tawny spots 9 ! c5tral area4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej in*2 1 #a4fj in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! home ( ?is species is ,florida4 7#c7 ,phycanassa a>oni1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cg1 7,a>on's ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,?is small species1 ! male ( :i* is figur$ 9 ! plate1 may be easily recogniz$ f ! figure !re giv54 ,on ! "u side ! =e w+s are black at ! base2 ! middle area ( ! w+ is tawny1 pal] ?an on ! upp] side1 & bord]$ z above1 b ! bord] bel[ is c9namon-br[n & n fusc\s4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are uni=mly light c9namon-br[n1 )\t any spots4 ,! female is l ! male1 b l>g]1 ! colors some:at light] & ! m>k+s n s well def9$4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! specim5s ?us f> conta9$ 9 collections h all be5 tak5 ab\t ,cape ,may1 9 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! salt-m>%es4 ,g5us ,,atrytone1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n h a /\t club1 some:at elongate1 & furni%$ ) a %ort crook at ! end4 ,! palpi are v mu* z 9 ! prec$+ g5us4 ,! neuration is %[n 9 ! cut4 ,!re is no discal /igma on ! =e w+ ( ! male4 ,egg4--,! egg is hemisph]ical1 some:at broadly flatt5$ at ! apex1 cov]$ ) small cells1 ! inn] surface ( :i* is m>k$ ) m9ute punctulations4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u common grasses1 mak+ a loose ne/ ( silk = itself at ! po9t :]e ! leaf jo9s ! /em4 ,! head is small2 ! body is cyl9drical1 ?ick1 tap]+ abruptly at ei!r end4 ,*rysalis4--,cov]$ ) delicate hair2 ! tongue-case free4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #agi4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,atrytone1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,atrytone vitellius1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #f1 7,! ,i[a ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is z %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! female on ! upp] side has ! h9d w+s almo/ entirely fusc\s1 v slightly yell[i% ab\t ! middle ( ! disk4 ,! =e w+s h ! inn] & out] m>g9s m broadly bord]$ ) fusc\s ?an ! male1 & ?r\gh ! middle ( ! cell !re runs a d>k ray4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are bright pale yell[1 ) ! inn] m>g9 ( ! prim>ies cl\d$ ) br[n4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4de in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,! species ranges ?r\gh ! ,gulf ,/ates1 & nor?w>d 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi z f> z ,nebraska & ,i[a4 ,x seems to be q common 9 ,nebraska1 & probably has a wid] di/ribution ?an is report$4 7#b7 ,atrytone zabulon1 ,boisduval & ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 7,! ,hobomok ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side ( bo? sexes is %[n 9 ! plate4 ,! color on ! disk ( ! w+s is1 h[ev]1 a little too r$4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are bright yell[1 ) ! bases & ! out] m>g9 bord]$ ) d>k br[n4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u grasses4 ,! life-hi/ory has be5 describ$ ) m9ute accuracy by ,dr4 ,scudd]4 ,! species ranges f ,new ,engl& to ,georgia1 & we/w>d to ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,x is v common 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 & ! valley ( ! ,ohio4 ,dimorphic v>4 pocahontas1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ci1 4 ,?is is a melanic1 or black1 female v>iety ( zabulon1 :i* is n uncommon4 ,x is rem>kable because ( ! :ite spots on ! prim>ies & ! d>k color ( ! "u side ( ! w+s4 7#c7 ,atrytone taxiles1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,fig4 #cb1 7,taxiles74 ,butt]fly4--,! =e w+s on ! "u side ( ! male are bright yell[1 black at ! base1 slightly cl\d$ on ! out] m>g9 ) pale br[n4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side 9 ?is sex are /ill pal] yell[1 m>g9$ ext]nally ) pale br[n1 & cross$ ne> ! base & on ! disk by irregul> b&s ( pale br[n4 ,9 ! female sex ! =e w+s on ! "u side are fulv\s1 m>k$ mu* z 9 ! male1 b d>k]1 especially t[>d ! apex1 :]e ! subapical spots & two small pale spots beyond ! end ( ! cell ne> ! out] m>g9 int]rupt ! br[n color4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are pale f]rug9\s1 cross$ by b&s ( light] spots1 & mottl$ ) d>k] br[n4 ,expanse1 1 #a4de in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! range ( ?is species is f ,colorado & ,nevada to ,arizona4 7#d7 ,atrytone delaw>e1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 7,! ,delaw>e ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,no description ( ! upp] side ( ! w+s is necess>y4 ,on ! "u side ! w+s are bright orange-r$1 cl\d$ ) black at ! base & on ! out] angle ( ! =e w+s4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ce in*2 1 #a4ce-a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little is kn[n ( ^!4 ,! butt]fly is f\nd f s\!rn ,new ,engl& & nor!rn ,new ,york z f> s\? z ,florida & ,texas1 rang+ we/ to ! ,yell[/one & s\!rn ,colorado4 7#e7 ,atrytone melane1 ,edw>ds1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,! ,umb] ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side some:at resembles ,a4 zabulon1 v>4 pocahontas2 ! female likewise closely resembles specim5s ( ?is v>iety4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are f]rug9\s1 cl\d$ ) blacki% t[>d ! base ( ! inn] angle1 ! light spots ( ! upp] side be+ repeat$4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are r$di%1 ) a broad irregul> curv$ m$ian b& ( pale-yell[ spots4 ,9 ! female ! b& ( spots is f> m obscure4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,! insect is f\nd 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,g5us ,,l]ema1 ,scudd] ,butt]fly4--,! ant5n are z 9 ! prec$+ g5us2 ! palpi h ! ?ird jo9t erect1 %ort1 conical4 ,! neuration is repres5t$ 9 ! cut4 ,! male has a l9e> gl&ul> /reak on ! upp] side ( ! =e w+4 ,egg4--,hemisph]ical1 cov]$ ) m or less regul>ly p5tagonal cells4 ,cat]pill>4--,! cat]pill> fe$s ^u grasses4 ,! body is sl5d]1 tap]+ =w>d & backw>d2 ! head is small4 ,*rysalis4--,! *rysalis is sl5d]1 smoo?1 ) a tap]+ conical projection at ! head1 & ! tongue-case long & free1 rea*+ almo/ to ! end ( ! abdom54 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahj4--,neuration ( ! g5us ,l]ema1 enl>g$4 7#a7 ,l]ema accius1 ,smi? & ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #df1 *rysalis 7,accius74 ,butt]fly4--,! male on ! upp] side is d>k blacki%-br[n1 ) ?ree small subapical spots1 & "o small spot bel[ ^!1 ne> ! orig9 ( ! ?ird m$ian n]vule4 ,! female is exactly l ! male1 except t x has two spots1 ! l>g] "o be+ plac$ bel[ ! small spot correspond+ to ! "o on ! =e w+ ( ! male4 ,! w+s on ! "u side are d>k fusc\s1 some:at cl\d$ ) d>k] br[n1 ! spots ( ! upp] side reappe>+ on ! "u side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4dj in*2 1 #a4ej in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,v little has be5 writt5 ^u ! e>ly /ages4 ,! butt]fly ranges f s\!rn ,connecticut to ,florida1 !nce we/w>d to ,texas1 & along ! ,gulf coa/ 9 ,mexico4 7#b7 ,l]ema hianna1 ,scudd]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 7,! ,du/$ ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,! upp] side is accurately repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,! w+s on ! l[] side are z on ! upp] side1 a trifle pal] & some:at gray] on ! out] m>g94 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae in*2 1 #a4be in*4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,unkn[n4 ,x ranges ?r\gh s\!rn ,new ,engl&1 we/w>d to ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 & ,nebraska1 9 a comp>atively n>r[ /rip ( c\ntry4 7#c7 ,l]ema c>ol9a1 ,sk9n]1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cf1 7,! ,c>ol9a ,skipp]74 ,butt]fly4--,on ! upp] side ! butt]fly is z repres5t$ 9 ! plate4 ,! spots are repeat$ on ! "u side ( ! =e w+1 b less di/9ctly def9$4 ,! co/a is edg$ ) br[ni%-yell[4 ,! h9d w+s on ! "u side are yell[1 spott$ ) small d>k-br[n dots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj in*4 ,! female is unkn[n4 ,e>ly ,/ages4--,:olly unkn[n4 ,?is species has ?us f> be5 f\nd only 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & is /ill extremely r>e 9 collections4 ,! figure 9 ! plate repres5ts ! type4 ,i h se5 o!r specim5s4 ,i place x provisionally 9 ! g5us ,l]ema1 ?\gh x und\bt$ly does n belong "h1 & probably may repres5t a new g5us4 ,lack+ mat]ial = dissection1 ,i cont5t myself ) ?is ref]5ce4 ,g5us ,,mega?ymus1 ,riley ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #aha4--,mega?ymus yucc1 4 ,?is g5us comprises butt]flies hav+ v /\t bodies1 broad w+s1 /rongly clubb$ ant5n1 v m9ute palpi4 ,! cat]pill>s are wood-bor+ 9 _! habits1 liv+ 9 ! pi? & und]gr\nd roots ( diff]5t species ( ,yucca4 ,! life-hi/ory ( ! species repres5t$ 9 ! cuts has be5 well describ$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,c4,v4 ,riley1 & ! /ud5t :o is curi\s to "k m ab\t ?is rem>kable insect w d well to consult ! ,eigh? ,annual ,report ( ! ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,miss\ri 7p4 #afi71 or ! ,transactions ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce 7vol4 iii1 p4 #cbc71 9 :i*1 ) great le>n+1 ! au?or has pati5tly set =? :at is kn[n 9 ref]5ce to ! insect4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahb4--,mega?ymus yucc3 a1 egg1 magnifi$2 b1 egg f :i* l>va has escap$2 bb1 bbb1 unhat*$ eggs1 natural size2 c1 newly hat*$ l>va1 magnifi$2 cc1 l>va1 natural size2 d1 head1 enl>g$ to %[ ! m\?-p>ts2 e1 maxill>y palpi2 f1 ant5na2 g1 labial palpi2 h1 sp9n]et4 ,! g5us ,mega?ymus is ref]r$ by "s writ]s to ! ,ca/niid1 a g5us ( day-fly+ mo?s1 :i* seem to connect ! mo?s ) ! butt]flies2 b ! consid]ation ( ! anatomical /ructure ( ?is insect makes su* a ref]5ce impossible4 ,! g5us prop]ly repres5ts a subfamily ( ! ,hesp]iid1 :i* might be nam$ ! ,mega?ym94 ,! species repres5t$ 9 our cuts is ,mega?ymus yucc1 ,boisduval & ,leconte4 ,!re are a numb] ( o!r species ( ,mega?ymus t are f\nd 9 our ,s\!rn ,/ates1 pr9cipally 9 ,texas & ,arizona4 ,!y are int]e/+ insects1 ! life-hi/ory ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases obscure1 z yet4 ,illu/ration ,,fig4 #ahc4--;,*rysalis ( ,mega?ymus yucc4 ,conclusion ,we "h br+ to a conclusion our survey ( ! butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re are1 9 addition to ! species t h be5 describ$ & figur$ 9 ! plates1 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five o!r species1 pr9cipally ,hesp]iid1 :i* h n be5 m5tion$4 ,! field ( exploration has n by any means be5 exhau/$1 & !re is no d\bt t 9 ! lapse ( "t a numb] ( o!r species w be discov]$ to inhabit our faunal limits4 ,! writ] ( ^! pages w\ld deem x a great privilege to aid ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject 9 nam+ & id5tify+ any mat]ial :i* !y may n be able to "n & id5tify by ! help ( ?is book4 ,9 lay+ d[n 8 p51 at ! end ( :at has be5 to him a pleasurable task1 he aga9 r5ews ! hope t :at he has writt5 may t5d to /imulate a deep] & m intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! wond]s ( creative wisdom1 & takes occasion to rem9d ! read] t x is true1 z 0 said by ,fabricius1 t nature is mo/ to be admir$ 9 ^? works :i* are lea/--,natura maxime mir&a 9 m9imis4 ,illu/ration ,,supplem5t>y ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,! fir/ edition ( ?is book hav+ be5 ne>ly exhau/$ 9 less ?an a mon? aft] publication1 ! au?or has n yet _h opportunity to avail himself ( ! criticisms ( sci5tific fri5ds :o are presumably look+ = s9s ( omission & commission1 ( :i* x is s9c]ely hop$ !y w acqua9t him :5 discov]$4 ,?us f> all criticisms h be5 ( an approbatory "*1 & h only express$ pleasure4 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,h>rison ,g4 ,dy>1 ! ,honor>y ,curator ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,entomology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 = rem9d+ him ( ! fact1 :i* he _h c>elessly ov]look$1 t ! l>va & *rysalis ( ,eumu atala 7see p4 #bcg7 h be5 fully describ$ by ,scudd]1 ,memoirs ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 ii41 p4 #dac1 & by ,s*w>tz1 ,insect ,life1 vol4 i41 p4 #ci4 ,! cat]pill> is f\nd abundantly ^u ! coontie 7,zamia integrifolia1 ,willd5[71 & ! insect1 accord+ to ,s*w>tz1 fairly sw>ms 9 ! p9e-woods betwe5 ! %ores ( ,biscayne ,bay & ! ,ev]glades4 ,,index a>oni1 ,phycanassa1 #cfc ,abbot1 ,john1 #gj abbotti1 ,papilio1 #cjg abdom51 #g1 #ag ab]rations1 #bd acadica1 ,!cla1 #bdb2 ,pi]is1 #bhj aca/us1 ,melita1 #adc accius1 ,l]ema1 #cff ,a*al>us1 g5us1 #cbe2 cellus1 #cbf2 lycidas1 #cbe acis1 ,!cla1 #bdj1 #bdf acmon1 ,lycna1 #bff ,acra1 g5us1 #afb ,acr91 subfamily1 #afb ,act9om]is1 #aeg ,adelpha1 g5us1 #ahg2 cali=nica1 #ahg ad5o/omatis1 ,!cla1 #bde adiante1 ,argynnis1 #abc ,admiral1 ,! 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,place ( ,butt]flies 9 !1 #eh annetta1 ,lycna1 #bff ,anosia1 g5us1 #ha2 b]5ice1 #hb1 #hd2 plexippus1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #fc1 #hb1 #aga2 /rigosa1 #hd ant5n ( cat]pill>1 #f2 ( butt]fly1 #ad1 #af1 #bc1 #fa ,ant5n>ia1 #agj ,an?o*>is1 g5us1 #bhb ,an?r5us1 a museum pe/1 #ec antiacis1 ,lycna1 #bfa antiopa1 ,vanessa1 #e1 #g1 #id1 #afi ,antirrh9um1 #agc antonia1 ,*lorippe1 #ahi aortal *amb]1 #bc aphrodite1 ,argynnis1 #ajg app>atus1 collect+1 #bf2 = bre$+ butt]flies1 #cd2 = m\nt+ butt]flies1 #ci2 = inflat+ cat]pill>s1 #de2 = pres]v+ specim5s1 #dh2 p9s1 #ef2 =ceps1 #ef ,aquilegia canad5sis1 #ccd aquilo1 ,lycna1 #bfc ,arabis1 #bhd ara*ne1 ,melita1 #adh ,ara*nida1 #ei arctic butt]flies1 #aga ,arctics1 ,!1 #bah2 ,bruce's1 #bbc2 ,great]1 #bbj2 ,labrador1 #bbc2 ,mac\n's1 #bba2 ,mead's1 #bbb2 ,uhl]'s1 #bbb ,argynnis1 g5us1 #if1 #ii1 #aja1 #afa1 #agb2 adiante1 #abc2 alce/is1 #ajg2 aphrodite1 #ah1 #ajg2 artonis1 #abc2 atlantis1 #ajh2 atossa1 #abb2 behr5si1 #aae2 bis*(fi1 #abd2 bremn]i1 #aac2 callippe1 #aah2 c>p5t]i1 #ajf2 *itone1 #aaf2 cipris1 #ajg2 clio1 #abd2 columbia1 #aaa2 cornelia1 #aaj2 coronis1 #aag2 cybele1 #ajf2 diana1 #ajc2 edw>dsi1 #aai2 egleis1 #abf2 electa1 #aaa2 eurynome1 #abe2 halcyone1 #aaf2 hesp]is1 #aab2 hippolyta1 #aab2 idalia1 #ajc2 inornata1 #abb2 lais1 #aji2 laura1 #abj2 leto1 #aje2 liliana1 #aai2 mac>ia1 #aba2 meadi1 #aai2 monticola1 #aad2 montivaga1 #abf2 nausica1 #ajh2 nevad5sis1 #aah2 nitocris1 #aje2 nokomis1 #ajd2 opis1 #abd2 ow5i1 #aji2 plat9a1 #aag2 purpuresc5s1 #aad2 rhodope1 #aae2 rupe/ris1 #abj2 semiramis1 #aba2 snyd]i1 #aah2 z]5e1 #aac ariadne1 ,colias1 #bi ariane1 ,satyrus1 #baf ,ari/olo*ia1 #cae1 #caf army-worm1 #beg ,arnold1 ,sir ,edw91 quotations f1 #bad1 #beh arota1 ,*rysophanus1 #beb arrangem5t1 ( specim5s1 #eb2 ( species1 #fb arsace1 ,!cla1 #bdh ar!mis1 ,basil>*ia1 #ahd ,ar?ropoda1 def9ition (1 #ei2 subdivisions (1 #ei artonis1 ,argynnis1 #abc ,asama-yama1 volcano1 #aej ,asclepias1 #ha ,asim9a triloba1 #cjh a/>te1 ,br5?is1 #ace a/]1 ,lycna1 #bff a/]ias1 ,papilio1 #cad ,a/ragalus1 #bdj a/yanax1 ,basil>*ia1 #ahd atala1 ,eumu1 #bcg1 #cgj atalanta1 ,pyrameis1 #agj ,atalop$es1 g5us1 #ceb2 huron1 #ceb atlantis1 ,argynnis1 #ajh atossa1 ,argynnis1 #abb ,atrytone1 g5us1 #cfc2 delaw>e1 #cfe2 melane1 #cfe2 pocahontas1 #cfd2 taxiles1 #cfe2 vitellius1 #cfd2 zabulon1 #cfd attalus1 ,erynnis1 #cdi augu/a1 ,melita1 #ada augu/us1 ,!cla1 #bdg ausonides1 ,eu*lo1 #bhc au/ralis1 ,calephelis1 #bcc autolycus1 ,!cla1 #bda ,azalea occid5talis1 #aff ba*manni1 ,liby!a1 #bbg bairdi1 ,papilio1 #cac baits = butt]flies1 #cb ,b&$ ,r$s1 ,!1 #age ,baptisia1 #ccc ,b>bauld1 ,mrs41 quotation f1 #gf b>nesi1 ,phyciodes1 #aee b>oni1 ,melita1 #ada2 ,satyrus1 #baf base ( w+1 #ai ,basil>*ia1 g5us1 #ahb2 ar!mis1 #ahd2 a/yanax1 #ahc2 disippus1 #c1 #h1 #hd1 #ahe2 eros1 #ahf2 florid5sis1 #ahf2 hul/i1 #hd1 #ahe2 lorqu9i1 #ahe2 pros]p9a1 #ahd2 pseudodorippus1 #ahe2 weidemey]i1 #ahe ,bates1 ,h4,w41 on /udy ( butt]flies1 #c2 z a collector1 #cch batesi1 ,phyciodes1 #aed ba?yllus1 ,?orybes1 #cbe battoides1 ,lycna1 #bfd beani1 ,melita1 #adj beat+ = lepidopt]a1 #cc beck]i1 ,pi]is1 #bgg ,beelzebub1 ! 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,pe>ly1 #aie ,malacopoda1 #ei m-album1 ,!cla1 #bdj ,malpighian vessel1 #bb1 #bc manataaqua1 ,limo*ores1 #ceg manc9us1 ,erebia1 #bji m&an1 ,pamphila1 #cdb m&ibles ( cat]pill>1 #f manitoba1 ,erynnis1 #cdg ,_m-b&$ ,dagg]-w+1 ,!1 #ahj m>cellus1 ,papilio1 #cjh m>cia1 ,phyciodes1 #aec m>don1 ,polites1 #ced m>g9ata1 ,lycna1 #bfg m>9a1 ,lycna1 #bgj m>iposa1 ,*rysophanus1 #bed m>itima1 ,satyrus1 #bae m>syas1 ,grapta1 #afe m>tialis1 ,!cla1 #bdj2 ,?anaos1 #cce massasoit1 ,poanes1 #cfa ,maxill1 ( cat]pill>s1 #f2 ( butt]flies1 #ad ,mayn>d1 ,c4,j41 #gb1 #gc ,mc,donald1 quotation f1 #agg meadi1 ,argynnis1 #aai2 ,satyrus1 #baf2 ,colias1 #bij ,me*anitis1 g5us1 #hf2 cali=nica1 #hg2 i/hmia1 #hg2 polymnia1 #hh m$ian area ( w+1 #ai m$ian n]vules1 #ba m$ian ve91 #bj1 #ba ,megano/oma1 g5us1 #bhh2 csonia1 #bhi2 eurydice1 #bhh ,mega?ym91 subfamily1 #cfh ,mega?ymus1 g5us1 #cfg2 yucc1 #cfh melane1 ,atrytone1 #cfe melanism1 #bd mel9us1 ,!cla1 #bdb melissa1 ,lycna1 #bfe ,melita1 g5us1 #acg1 #afa1 #afc2 aca/us1 #adc2 alma1 #adg2 anicia1 #adj2 ara*ne1 #adh2 augu/a1 #ada2 b>oni1 #ada2 beani1 #adj2 bolli1 #adg2 *alc$on1 #aci2 *>a1 #adf2 colon1 #adj2 dymas1 #ade2 edi?a1 #adb2 elada1 #ade2 gabbi1 #add2 h>risi1 #add2 h(fmanni1 #adc2 leanira1 #adf2 macgla%ani1 #adj2 m9uta1 #adh2 nubig5a1 #ada2 nympha1 #adh2 palla1 #adc2 p]se1 #adf2 phaton1 #d1 #ach2 rubicunda1 #adb2 taylori1 #adb2 !kla1 #adg2 :eel]i1 #ada2 :itneyi1 #adc2 wrighti1 #adg melite1 ,dismorphia1 #bgd m5apia1 ,neophasia1 #bge meso?orax1 #ag1 #bc ,metabola1 #fj metacomet1 ,euphyes1 #cfj ,metal-m>ks1 ,!1 #bbh ,metal-m>ks1 ,!1 #bcj2 ,behr's1 #bcj2 ,dury's1 #bcj2 ,dusky1 #bcc2 ,little1 #bcb2 ,nor!rn1 #bcb2 ,palm]'s1 #bca2 ,s\!rn1 #bcc meta?orax1 #ag1 #bc metea1 ,erynnis1 #cdh mexicana1 ,t]ias1 #bif micropyle1 #d middle discocellul> ve91 #ba milb]ti1 ,vanessa1 #afi mildew1 #ed ,milkwe$ ,butt]fly4 ,see ,anosia ,mime1 ,!1 #bgd ,mimic1 ,!1 #aha ,mimicry1 #bd1 #bce m9?a1 ,lycna1 #bfj m9uta1 ,melita1 #adh m9yas1 ,eumu1 #bcg misippus1 ,hypolimnas1 #aga1 #aha ,miss\ri ,reports1 ,!1 by ,c4,v4 ,riley1 #gc ,mon>*1 ,!1 #hb monima1 ,eunica1 #agf ,monkey1 /ory ab\t1 #fh2 butt]flies di/a/eful to1 #ib mon/rosities1 #bd montana1 ,phyciodes1 #aef monticola1 ,argynnis1 #aad mont9us1 ,br5?is1 #aca montis1 ,*lorippe1 #aij montivaga1 ,argynnis1 #abf2 ,hesp]ia1 #cbg monu/e1 ,pi]is1 #bgg ,moore1 ,?omas1 quotation f1 #eh ,moravian ,bre?r51 #abg mormo1 ,lemonias1 #bbi ,mormon1 ,!1 #bbi morpheus1 ,phyciodes1 #aed ,morris1 ,rev4 ,john ,g41 ,catalogue ( ! ,describ$ ,lepidopt]a ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ga morrisoni1 ,erynnis1 #cdg2 ,eu*lo1 #bhd2 ,pyrrhana1 #aic mo?s1 h[ to di/+ui%1 f butt]flies1 #fb m\ld on specim5s1 #ed m\lt+ ( cat]pill>s1 #i m\nt+ butt]flies1 #ch2 ,engli% me?od1 #ci2 cont95tal me?od1 #ci2 on sett+-bo>ds1 #dj2 on sett+-blocks1 #db ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 ,n4,h41 #bbj ,m\rn+-cloak1 ,!1 #afi ,mulb]ry-w+1 ,!1 #cfa ,munkittrick1 quotation f1 #abh muscles ( head ( butt]fly1 #ae1 #af mylitta1 ,phyciodes1 #aee ,myriapoda1 #ei myr9a1 ,br5?is1 #abi myrtis1 ,copodes1 #cdf my/ic1 ,?ymelicus1 #cea nvius1 ,?anaos1 #ccf nais1 ,lemonias1 #bcj names1 family1 #fc2 g5]ic1 #fc2 specific1 #fc2 sci5tific1 #ff2 popul>1 #fh2 use (1 #fg ,naph?al9e z a prev5tative ( infection1 #ec ,naph?al9e cones1 #ec napi1 ,pi]is1 #bgi na/es1 ,colias1 #bic ,na?alis1 g5us1 #bha2 iole1 #bha2 felicia1 #bha nausica1 ,argynnis1 #ajh ,ne>ctic ,faunal ,region1 #afa1 #afc neglecta1 ,lycna1 #bfg negreta1 ,c]at9ia1 #hh nelsoni1 ,!cla1 #bde nemesis1 ,calephelis1 #bcc ,neom9ois1 g5us1 #bab2 dionysius1 #bac2 rid+si1 #bac ,neonympha1 g5us1 #bja2 eurytus1 #ah1 #bjc2 gemma1 #bjb2 h5%awi1 #bjb2 mit*elli1 #bjc2 phocion1 #bjb2 rubricata1 #bjd2 sosybius1 #bjd ,neophasia1 g5us1 #bgd ,neotropical ,faunal ,region1 #afa1 #afb nephele1 ,satyrus1 #bae n]v\s sy/em ( lepidopt]a1 #bb1 #bc n]vules1 #ba nessus1 ,hesp]ia1 #cbi nets1 #bf-bh2 ! use (1 #ca nevad5sis1 ,argynnis1 #aah ,news1 ,! ,entomological1 #gc ,new ,york ,entomological ,society1 ,j\rnal ( !1 #gc ,ni*olas1 ,gr& ,duke1 #cch nicippe1 ,t]ias1 #bif nigra1 ,lycna1 #bfg niphon1 ,!cla1 #bdi nitocris1 ,argynnis1 #aje nitra1 ,papilio1 #cab nokomis1 ,argynnis1 #ajd ,nova ,scotian1 ,!1 #bbb nubig5a1 ,melita1 #ada numb] ( species ( butt]flies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #be numitor1 ,ancyloxypha1 #cde nycteis1 ,phyciodes1 #aea nympha1 ,melita1 #adh ,nymphalid1 #fe1 #gg2 subfamilies (1 #gh2 fossil1 #aif ,nymphal91 subfamily1 #gh1 #ic2 eggs (1 #id2 ,indo-,malayan1 #afa ,nymphs1 ,! 7see ,nymphal972 ,ey$1 #aih2 ,common ,grass1 #bjj2 ,spangl$1 #bja ,o>isma1 g5us1 #cdc2 g>ita1 #cdc2 p[e%eik1 #cdc ,ob]l&1 ,b]nese1 #agb ,ob]?r1 ,m4 ,*>les1 #cch occid5talis1 ,pi]is1 #bgh o*racea1 ,co5onympha1 #bjf ocola1 ,pr5es1 #cee ,o,eneis1 g5us1 #bah1 #bbd2 brucei1 #bbc2 calais1 #bba2 *ryxus1 #bba2 gigas1 #bbj2 iduna1 #bbj2 ivalida1 #bbb2 jutta1 #bbb2 mac\ni1 #bba2 semidea1 #bbb2 taygete1 #bbc2 uhl]i1 #bbb2 v>una1 #bbb oesophagus1 ( butt]fly1 #ae1 #af1 #bc2 ( cat]pill>1 #bb oetus1 ,satyrus1 #bah ol]acea-hiemalis1 ,pi]is1 #bgi ,oligoria1 g5us1 #cfa2 maculata1 #cfa olympus1 ,satyrus1 #bae opis1 ,argynnis1 #abd ,orange-tips1 ,!1 #bhb2 ,falcate1 #bhd2 ,pima1 #bhd2 ,reakirt's1 #bhb oregonia1 ,papilio1 #cad ,orni?opt]a1 g5us1 #afb1 #bgb2 p>adisea1 #afb2 victoria1 #afb orseis1 ,phyciodes1 #aed osmat]ia1 #i otto1 ,erynnis1 #cdh out] angle ( w+1 #ai oviduct1 #bc ow5i1 ,argynnis1 #aji ,pack>d1 ,a4,s41 ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ,insects1 #gd2 ,a ,text-book ( ,entomology1 #gd pack+ specim5s1 #ee pacuvius1 ,?anaos1 #ccf ,palarctic ,faunal ,region1 #afa palam$es1 ,papilio1 #cae palatka1 ,limo*ores1 #ceh palla1 ,melita1 #adc pallida1 ,pi]is1 #big palm]i1 ,lemonias1 #bca palpi1 ( cat]pill>s1 #f2 ( butt]flies1 #af1 #bc ,pamphila1 g5us1 #cdb2 m&an1 #cdb ,pamphil91 subfamily1 #cci pamphiloides1 ,co5onympha1 #bjg pamphilus1 ,co5onympha1 #bjg pap]+ specim5s1 #cg ,papilio1 g5us1 #afa1 #afb1 #bgb1 #cjf2 abbotti1 #cjg2 ajax1 #cjg2 aliaska1 #cab2 antima*us1 #afb2 a/]ias1 #f1 #ac1 #cad2 bairdi1 #cac2 brevicauda1 #cac2 brucei1 #cac2 calv]leyi1 #cad2 cresphontes1 #caa2 daunus1 #caj2 eurym$on1 #cjh2 florid5sis1 #cjg2 glaucus1 #cji2 holl&i1 #cad2 indra1 #cab2 ma*aon1 #cab2 m>cellus1 #cjh2 nitra1 #cab2 oregonia1 #cad2 palam$es1 #cae2 phil5or1 #f1 #ab1 #cae2 pilumnus1 #caj2 polydamas1 #caf2 rutulus1 #cji2 telamonides1 #cjh2 ?oas1 #caa2 troilus1 #i1 #cae2 turnus1 #c1 #bc1 #cji2 wal%i1 #cjg2 zolicaon1 #cab ,papilio1 j\rnal devot$ to entomology1 #gc ,papilionid1 #ff1 #bgb ,papilion91 subfamily1 #cjd2 fossil1 #aif p>adisea1 ,orni?opt]a1 #afb ,p>nassians1 ,!1 #cjd ,p>nassius1 g5us1 #cjd2 behri1 #cjf2 clodius1 #cje2 h]modur1 #cjf2 sm9!us1 #cjf ,passiflora1 #if passion-fl[]1 #ib1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii ,pat*$ ,butt]flies1 ,!1 #aei paulus1 ,satyrus1 #bag ,peacock ,butt]flies1 #agb ,peacock1 ,! ,:ite1 #agd ,pe>ly-eye1 ,!1 #aii peckius1 ,polites1 #cec pectus1 #ag pegala1 ,satyrus1 #bae pelidne1 ,colias1 #bic ,p]iodical lit]ature ( entomology1 #gc p]se1 ,melita1 #adf p]sius1 ,?anaos1 #ccd petronius1 ,?anaos1 #cce phaton1 ,melita1 #ach phaon1 ,phyciodes1 #aec ph]es1 ,lycna1 #bfa philea1 ,catopsilia1 #bhf phil5or1 ,papilio1 #cae philodice1 ,colias1 #bia phocion1 ,neonympha1 #bjb ,pholisora1 g5us1 #ccj2 alpheus1 #cca2 catullus1 #ccj2 hayhur/i1 #cca2 libya1 #cca ,phycanassa1 g5us1 #cfb2 a>oni1 #cfc2 h[>di1 #cfc2 viator1 #cfb ,phyciodes1 g5us1 #aej2 b>nesi1 #aee2 batesi1 #aed2 camillus1 #aee2 ism]ia1 #aeb2 m>cia1 #aec2 montana1 #aef2 morpheus1 #aed2 mylitta1 #aee2 nycteis1 #aea2 orseis1 #aed2 phaon1 #aec2 picta1 #aef2 prat5sis1 #aed2 ?>os1 #aec2 ve/a1 #aeb phylu1 ,hylephila1 #ced piasus1 ,lycna1 #bfh picta1 ,phyciodes1 #aef ,pi]91 subfamily1 #bgb2 fossil1 #aif ,pi]is1 g5us1 #bgf2 acadica1 #bhj2 beck]i1 #bgg2 bryoni1 #bgi2 monu/e1 #bgg2 napi1 #bgi2 occid5talis1 #bgh2 ol]acea1 #e1 #ac1 #ah2 ol]acea-hiemalis1 #bgi2 pallida1 #bgi2 protodice1 #ab1 #bgh2 rap1 #bhj2 sisymbri1 #bgh2 v]nalis1 #bgh2 virg9i5sis1 #bgi pilumnus1 ,papilio1 #caj pima1 ,eu*lo1 #bhd p9s1 #ef ,pip]ace1 #aib ,plantago1 #agc plat9a1 ,argynnis1 #aag ,ple/ia1 g5us1 #cbb2 dorus1 #cbb plexippus1 ,anosia1 #hb ,pl9y1 quotation f1 #he ,poanes1 g5us1 #cfa2 massasoit1 #cfa pocahontas1 ,atrytone1 #cfd pod>ce1 ,lycna1 #bfc ,podo/omata1 #ei pol>is1 ,br5?is1 #acc ,polites1 g5us1 #cec2 m>don1 #ced2 peckius1 #cec2 sabuleti1 #ced polydamas1 ,papilio1 #caf polymnia1 ,me*anitis1 #hh polymorphism1 #bc pontiac1 ,limo*ores1 #ceh ,pope1 ,alex&]1 quotation f1 #cjd ,populus1 #afi portia1 ,pyrrhana1 #aic portl&ia1 ,debis1 #aii potato-bug1 #beg p[e%eik1 ,o>isma1 #cdc prat5sis1 ,phyciodes1 #aed preco/al ve9s ( ,eryc991 #bbh ,pr5es1 g5us1 #cee2 ocola1 #cee proboscis ( butt]flies1 #ad-af1 #bc procris1 ,copodes1 #cde progne1 ,grapta1 #aff prolegs1 ( cat]pill>s1 #g2 anal1 #h pros]p9a1 ,basil>*ia1 #ahd protective mimicry1 #be prot]pia1 ,t]ias1 #bie proteus1 ,eudamus1 #cba pro?orax1 #ag1 #bc protodice1 ,pi]is1 #bgh pseud>giolus1 ,lycna1 #bfg pseudodorippus1 ,basil>*ia1 #ahe ,psy*e1 j\rnal devot$ to entomology1 #gc ,ptelea1 #caa punctata1 ,eresia1 #aeh pupa4 ,see ,*rysalis ,purple1 ,! ,b&$1 #ahd2 ,! ,r$-spott$1 #ahc purpuresc5s1 ,argynnis1 #aad pylades1 ,?orybes1 #cbd ,pyrameis1 g5us1 #afi2 atalanta1 #agj2 c>dui1 #agj1 #aga2 c>y1 #agj2 hunt]a1 #agj2 indica1 #agb ,pyrrhana1 g5us1 #aia2 &ria1 #i1 #aib morrisoni1 #aic2 portia1 #aic ,pyrrhopyge1 g5us1 #cai2 araxes1 #cai ,pyrrhopyg91 subfamily1 #cai ,que51 ,!1 #hd ,que5s1 ,! ,tropic1 #ahj ,qu]cus1 *rysolepis1 #bci ,"q-sign1 ,!1 #afd ,race aft] a ,butt]fly1 #abg ,ramsay1 ,allan1 quotation f1 #caf rap1 ,pi]is1 #bhj ,reakirt1 #hg-ij reakirti1 ,eu*lo1 #bhb rectum1 #bb1 #bc ,r$ ,ra91 #bii ,r$s1 ,! ,b&$1 #age ,regions1 ,faunal1 #afa relax+ specim5s1 #da ,repair+ brok5 specim5s1 #ee ,rhamnus cali=nicus1 #cji rhodope1 ,argynnis1 #aae ,rhopaloc]a1 orig9 ( t]m1 #af2 subord] ( lepidopt]a1 #fj1 #fb ,ribes1 #beb rid+si1 ,neom9ois1 #bac ,riley1 ,james ,:itcomb1 quotation f1 #bgf ,riley1 ,pr(essor ,c4,v41 vii1 #gc1 #hj1 #bef ,r+lets1 ,!1 #bje2 ,alaskan1 #bjg2 ,cali=nian1 #bje2 ,elko1 #bjf2 ,hayd5's1 #bjg2 ,o*re1 #bjf2 ,pla91 #bjf2 ,r+less1 #bjg2 ,utah1 #bjg ,rob9ia pseudacacia1 #cbc ,rog]s1 quotation f1 #bid rosa1 ,eu*lo1 #bhd ,ross1 ,comm&] ,james1 #bbd ,rossetti1 ,*ri/9a1 quotation f1 #bid rossi1 ,l>ia1 #bbd ,ro?s*ild1 ,hon4 ,walt]1 #cch rubicunda1 ,melita1 #adb rubidus1 ,*rysophanus1 #bee rubricata1 ,neonympha1 #bjd ,ruddy ,dagg]-w+1 ,!1 #ahj ,rumex1 #bec rupe/ris1 ,argynnis1 #abj ,russell1 quotation f1 #cci ru/ica1 ,lycna1 #bfc rutulus1 ,papilio1 #cji sabuleti1 ,polites1 #ced ,sa*em1 ,!1 #ceb spiolus1 ,lycna1 #bfj spium1 ,!cla1 #bdd sagittig]a1 ,lycna1 #bfb samoset1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cdj s>a1 ,eu*lo1 #bhb sassacus1 ,erynnis1 #cdh sassafras1 #cae ,satyr1 ,!1 #afe ,satyr91 subfamily1 #gh1 #aig2 fossil1 #aif ,satyrs1 ,!3 ,b>on's1 #baf2 ,boisduval's1 #bah2 ,c>ol9ian1 #bjd2 ,gabb's1 #baf2 ,georgian1 #bjb2 ,little ,wood-1 #bjc2 ,mead's1 #baf2 ,mit*ell's1 #bjc2 ,r$1 #bjd2 ,rid+s'1 #bac2 ,scudd]'s1 #bac ,satyrodes1 g5us1 #bjj2 can?us1 #bjj ,satyrus1 g5us1 #bad2 alope1 #bae2 ariane1 #baf2 b>oni1 #baf2 bopis1 #baf2 *>on1 #bag2 gabbi1 #baf2 m>itima1 #bae2 meadi1 #baf2 nephele1 #bae2 oetus1 #bah2 olympus1 #bae2 paulus1 #bag2 pegala1 #bae2 /h5ele1 #bah2 texana1 #bae satyrus1 ,grapta1 #afe sau]-kraut1 #beg ,saxifraga1 #cjf scales ( w+s1 #ah2 h[ to remove1 #ai2 arrangem5t on w+1 #bj scale-insects1 injuri\s to orange-trees1 #bef ,s*aus1 ,william1 #afj scriptura1 ,hesp]ia1 #cbh ,scudd]1 ,dr4 ,s4,h41 au?or ( ,! ,butt]flies ( ,new ,engl&1 vi1 vii4 #gb1 #gc ,scudd]i1 ,lycna1 #bfe2 ,colias1 #bic ,s$um1 #cjf segm5ts con/itut+ ext]nal skeleton ( cat]pill>1 #f semidea1 ,o,eneis1 #bbb semiramis1 ,argynnis1 #aba sett+-blocks1 #ci sett+-bo>ds1 #ci sett+-ne$les1 #dj sex1 #fd sex-signs1 #fd ,%akespe>e1 quotations f1 #ia1 #bje1 #bah1 #bgc %a/a1 ,lycna1 #bfe %ellac1 #ee ,%elley1 quotation f1 #bf ,%+l+ butt]flies :5 pack+ = %ipm5t1 #ee ,sig\rney1 ,mrs41 quotation f1 #eg sil5us1 ,grapta1 #aff ,silv]-spot1 ,arizona1 #ajh2 ,bremn]'s1 #aac2 ,columbian1 #aaa2 ,mead's1 #aai2 ,m\nta91 #ajh2 ,new ,mexican1 #ajg2 ,nevada1 #aah2 ,nor?we/]n1 #aji2 ,ow5's1 #aai sim?is1 ,!cla1 #bdf simius1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cda sirius1 ,*rysophanus1 #bee ,si/]s1 ,!1 #ahg2 ,cali=nian1 #ahg sisymbri1 ,pi]is1 #bgh ,sisymbrium1 #bhd siva1 ,!cla1 #bdf size1 #bga ,sk9n]1 ,dr4 ,h5ry1 #cbe1 #cfc ,skipp]s1 ,!1 #cah2 ,a>on's1 #cfc2 ,arctic1 #cdb2 ,brazilian1 #cef2 ,broad-w+$1 #cfb2 ,bronze1 #cda2 ,canadian1 #cdg2 ,c>ol9a1 #cfg2 ,*eck]$1 #cbg2 ,cobweb1 #cdh2 ,cross-l9e1 #ceg2 ,delaw>e1 #cfe2 ,dun1 #cfj2 ,du/$1 #cff2 ,eri*son's1 #cbg2 ,fi]y1 #ced2 ,gold5-b&$1 #cbf2 ,grizzl$1 #cbg2 ,hayhur/'s1 #cca2 ,hobomok1 #cfd2 ,h[>d's1 #cfc2 ,indian1 #cdh2 ,i[a1 #cfd2 ,leon>d's1 #cdi2 ,long-tail$1 #cba2 ,morrison's1 #cdg2 ,ocola1 #cee2 ,oregon1 #ced2 ,palatka1 #ceh2 ,peck's1 #cec2 ,pepp]-&-salt1 #cdj2 ,roadside1 #cdj2 ,s&-hill1 #ced2 ,%ort-tail$1 #cbb2 ,silv]-spott$1 #cbc2 ,sk9n]'s1 #cei2 ,small-*eck]$1 #cbh2 ,sn['s1 #cej2 ,tawny-edg$1 #ceg2 ,two-b&$1 #cbh2 ,umb]1 #cfe2 ,volcanic1 #cea2 ,woodl&1 #cdj2 ,wov5w+$1 #cda2 ,wright's1 #cdf2 ,xan?us1 #cbh ,slosson1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,trumbull1 quotation f1 #bcc ,small ,sulphurs1 #bid2 ,gundla*'s1 #bie sm9!us1 ,p>nassius1 #cjf ,smi?1 ,h]b]t ,h41 #cch ,smi?1 ,sir ,james ,edw>d1 #gj ,smi? & ,abbot1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,r>] ,lepidopt]\s ,insects ( ,georgia1 #gj ,sn\t-butt]flies1 #bbf1 #bbg2 ,s\!rn1 #bbg ,sn[1 ,*ancellor ,f4,h41 #bee sn[i1 ,*rysophanus1 #bee2 ,erynnis1 #cej snyd]i1 ,argynnis1 #aah s(ia1 ,erebia1 #baj somnus1 ,?anaos1 #ccc sonor5sis1 ,lycna1 #bfc ,sooty-w+1 ,!1 #ccj2 ,mohave1 #cca sosybius1 ,neonympha1 #bjd species1 def9ition (1 #fb speciosa1 ,lycna1 #bfb ,sp5s]1 ,edmund1 ,quotation f1 #bbf sp]ma!ca1 #bc spicewood1 #cae sp9etorum1 ,!cla1 #bde sp9n]et1 #f1 #bb sp9n+-vessel1 #bb ,/aud+]1 ,dr4 ,otto1 #cch /ella1 ,eu*lo1 #bhc /5eles1 ,victor9a1 #aie /h5ele1 ,satyrus1 #bah /oma*1 #bb1 #bc ,/reck]1 ,h]man1 #gb /rigosa1 ,anosia1 #hd subco/al n]vules1 #ba subco/al ve91 #bj1 #ba subfamily names1 #fc subm$ian ve91 #bj1 #ba suboesophageal ganglion1 #bb1 #bc sug>+1 #cb ,sulphurs1 ,!1 #bgb1 #bhi2 ,alex&ra1 #bib2 ,arctic1 #bic2 ,behr's1 #bid2 ,cl\dless1 #bhf2 ,common1 #bia2 ,gold-&-black1 #bia2 ,great1 #bhe2 ,labrador1 #bic2 ,l>ge ,orange1 #bhg2 ,little1 #big2 ,mead's1 #bij2 ,p9k-edg$1 #bib2 ,r$-b>r$1 #bhf2 ,scudd]'s1 #bic2 ,/reck]'s1 #bij ,sup]/itions1 #ij ,suspici\s ,conduct1 #acf ,swall[tails1 ,!1 #bgb1 #cjf2 ,alaskan1 #cab2 ,common ,ea/]n1 #cad2 ,giant1 #caa2 ,newf\ndl&1 #cac2 ,pipe-v9e1 #cae2 ,spice-bu%1 #cae2 ,tig]1 #cji ,sw9burne1 quotation f1 #bgb sylvanoides1 ,erynnis1 #cdi ,syn*lo1 g5us1 #aei2 crocale1 #afj2 janais1 #aei2 lac9ia1 #aei ,sy/asea1 g5us1 #cbi2 zampa1 #cbi ,ta*yris1 g5us1 #bge2 ilaire1 #bgf tacita1 ,!cla1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cj t>qu9ius1 ,f5iseca1 #bea t>si1 #ag1 #ah tatila1 ,eunica1 #agf taumas1 ,limo*ores1 #ceg taxiles1 ,atrytone1 #cfe taygete1 ,o,eneis1 #bbc taylori1 ,melita1 #adb tegul1 #ag telamonides1 ,papilio1 #cjh ,t5nyson1 quotation f1 #bac ,t]ias1 g5us1 #bid2 dam>is1 #bif2 delia1 #bih2 ela!a1 #bih2 flava1 #bif2 gundla*ia1 #bie2 jucunda1 #bih2 lisa1 #big2 mexicana1 #bif2 nicippe1 #bif2 prot]pia1 #bie2 we/woodi1 #big t]issa1 ,kricogonia1 #bhg te/is1 #bb texana1 ,eresia1 #aeh2 ,satyrus1 #bae textor1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cda ,?anaos1 g5us1 #ccb2 afranius1 #ccd2 brizo1 #ccb2 clitus1 #ccf2 fun]alis1 #ccf2 horatius1 #ccf2 icelus1 #ccc2 juv5alis1 #cce2 lucilius1 #ccc2 m>tialis #cce2 nvius1 #ccf2 pacuvius1 #ccf2 p]sius1 #ccd2 petronius1 #cce2 somnus1 #ccc ?>os1 ,phyciodes1 #aec ,!cla1 g5us1 #bcg2 acadica1 #bdb2 acis1 #bdj1 #bdf2 ad5o/omatis1 #bde2 aff9is1 #bdi2 alce/is1 #bda2 arsace1 #bdh2 augu/us1 #bdg2 autolycus1 #bda2 behri1 #bdg2 bl59a1 #bde2 calanus1 #bdc2 cecrops1 #bdf2 *alcis1 #bdd2 citima1 #bci2 clytie1 #bdg2 crysalus1 #bci2 damon1 #bdf2 discoidalis1 #bdf2 dumetorum1 #bdi2 edw>dsi1 #bdc2 eryphon1 #bdh2 favonius1 #bdj2 grunus1 #bch2 halesus1 #bci2 h5rici1 #bdh2 humuli1 #bdb2 ines1 #bdg2 irus1 #bdh2 itys1 #bdc2 lta1 #bdi2 lip>ops1 #bdd2 m-album1 #bdj2 m>tialis1 #bdj2 mel9us1 #bdb2 nelsoni1 #bde2 niphon1 #bdi2 spium1 #bdd2 simtnis1 #bdf2 siva1 #bdf2 sp9etorum1 #bde2 tacita1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cj2 titus1 #bej2 wittfeldi1 #bda !kla1 ,melita1 #adg !onus1 ,lycna1 #bgj ,?ibet1 #agb ?oas1 ,papilio1 #caa ?o1 ,*rysophanus1 #bec ?orax1 #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #bb1 #bc ,?oreau1 ,quotation f1 #ic ,?orybes1 g5us1 #cbd2 milia1 #cbe2 ba?yllus1 #cbe2 epig5a1 #cbe2 pylades1 #cbd ,?ymelicus1 g5us1 #cej2 tna1 #cea2 brettus1 #cea2 my/ic1 #cea tibia1 #ag1 #ah tig]1 #fc ,timetes1 g5us1 #agi2 *iron1 #ahj2 coresia1 #ahj2 petreus1 #ahj tip = inflat+ tube1 #df titus1 ,!cla1 #bej tityrus1 ,ep>gyreus1 #cbc ,tokyo1 #adi ,tongue4 ,see ,proboscis ,tortoise1 ,! ,compton1 #afh ,tortoise-%ells1 ,!1 #afg2 ! ,cali=nia1 #afh2 ,milb]t's1 #afi tra*e1 #ae1 #bb ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,entomological ,society1 #gc trans=mations1 egg to cat]pill>1 #e2 cat]pill> to *rysalis1 #aa2 *rysalis to butt]fly1 #ac tricl>is1 ,br5?is1 #acj tritonia1 ,geiro*eilus1 #baa tro*ant]1 #ag1 #ah troilus1 ,papilio1 #cae tulcis1 ,eresia1 #aeh turnus1 ,papilio1 #cji ,turritis1 #bhe ,tw9-spot1 ,!1 #cfa tynd>us1 ,erebia1 #baj types ( butt]flies nam$ by ,w4,h4 ,edw>ds1 vi2 us$ 9 prep>ation ( ?is book1 vii typhon1 ,co5onympha1 #bjf uhl]i1 ,o,eneis1 #bbb ,umbellif]1 #cab1 #cac1 #cad umbrosa1 ,grapta1 #afd uncas1 ,erynnis1 #cdi ,uncle ,jo?am's ,bo>d]1 #bcc ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #di1 #gc ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum1 #gc upp] discocellul> ve91 #ba upp] radial ve91 #bj1 #ba ,urtica1 #afd1 #afi urtica1 ,vanessa1 #afi ,urticace1 #afd1 #afe ,utility ( ,entomology1 ,!1 #bef ,vanessa1 g5us1 #afg2 antiopa1 #e1 #g1 #id1 #afi2 cali=nica1 #afh2 j-album1 #afh2 milb]ti1 #afi2 urtic1 #afi2 vau-album1 #afh2 xan?omelas1 #afh vanill1 ,dione1 #ig v>ieties1 #fd2 insul>1 #fd v>una1 ,o,eneis1 #bbb vau-album1 ,vanessa1 #afh ve9s ( w+s1 #bj1 #ba v]na1 ,euphyes1 #cfj v]nalis1 ,pi]is1 #bgh ,v]tex1 def9ition (1 #ad ve/a1 ,phyciodes1 #aeb vialis1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cdj viator1 ,phycanassa1 #cfb ,vic]oy1 ,!1 #ahe victoria1 ,orni?opt]a1 #afc ,victor9a1 g5us1 #aid2 /5eles1 #aie violacea1 ,lycna1 #bfg violets1 #ih1 #ajb ,violet-w+s1 ,!1 #age2 ,! ,d+y1 #agf virg9i5sis1 ,*rysophanus1 #beb2 ,pi]is1 #bgi virgulti1 ,lemonias1 #bcj vitellius1 ,atrytone1 #cfd ,wallace1 ,alfr$ ,russel1 #ib1 #cch wal%i1 ,papilio1 #cjg ,wals+ham1 ,"l1 #cch weidemey]i1 ,basil>*ia1 #ahe we/woodi1 ,t]ias1 #big :eel]i1 ,melita1 #ada ,:irlab\t1 ,!1#cea ,:ite ,admirals1 ,!1 #ahb ,:ite ,peacock1 ,!1 #agd ,:ites1 ,!1 #bgb2 ,beck]'s1 #bgg2 ,cabbage1 #bhj2 ,cali=nia1 #bgh2 ,common1 #bgh2 ,florida1 #bgf2 ,great ,s\!rn1 #bgg2 ,mu/>d1 #bgi2 ,p9e1 #bge2 ,we/]n1 #bgh :itneyi1 ,melita1 #adc ,wilcox1 ,ella ,:eel]1 quotation f1 #ahf w+s ( butt]flies1 #ah1 #ba w9t] qu>t]s ( ,basil>*ia1 #ahc ,wi/>ia1 #cbb wittfeldi1 ,!cla1 #bda ,wood-nymphs1 ,!1 #bad2 ,cl\d$1 #bae2 ,common1 #bae2 ,d>k1 #bag2 ,lea/1 #bah2 ,small1 #bag2 ,s\!rn1 #bae wrighti1 ,melita1 #adg2 ,copodes1 #cdf writ]s1 e>ly1 ^u butt]flies ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #fi2 lat]1 #ga xan?oides1 ,*rysophanus1 #bec xan?omelas1 ,vanessa1 #afh xan?us1 ,hesp]ia1 #cbh x]xes1 ,lycna1 #bfa ,yale ,lit]>y ,magaz9e1 #ajj yehl1 ,limo*ores1 #cei ,yell[1 ,! ,dw>f1 #bha2 ,! ,fairy1 #bih ,! ,mexican1 #bif2 ,we/wood's1 #big yucc1 ,mega?ymus1 #cfh zabulon1 ,atrytone1 #cfd zampa1 ,sy/asea1 #cbi ,zebra1 ,!4 ,see ,*>itonius zela1 ,lemonias1 #bca zephyrus1 ,grapta1 #aff z]5e1 ,argynnis1 #aac zolicaon1 ,papilio1 #cab 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s punctuation & spell+ errors repair$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]score & bold text by equal signs4 ,! c>at "* is us$ to d5ote a sup]script4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation has be5 repair$4 ,! oe & ae ligatures 9 ! text has be5 left z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al book4 ,9 ambigu\s cases1 ! text has be5 left z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al book4