,illustration ,front cover ,,the ,,butterfly ,,book ,illustration ,,plate ,i1 ,frontispiece4 ,,spring ,,butterflies4 ,pyrameis ,cardui1 ,linn41 7,the ,painted ,lady72 #b4 ,p4 ,huntera1 ,fabr41 7,hunter's ,butterfly72 #c4 ,grapta ,interrogationis1 ,fabr41 7,the ,question ,sign72 #d4 ,colias ,philodice1 ,godt41 2 #e4 ,do41 7,the ,clouded ,sulphur72 #f4 ,vanessa ,antiopa1 ,linn41 7,the ,mourning ,cloak74 ,,copyrighted ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holland1 #ahih ,,the ,,butterfly ,,book ,a ,,popular ,,guide ,,to ,a ,,knowledge ,,of ,,the ,,butterflies ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holland1 ,,ph4,d41 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,chancellor ,,of ,,the ,,western ,,university ,,of ,,pennsylvania2 ,,director ,,of ,,the ,,carnegie ,,museum1 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa42 ,,fellow ,,of ,,the ,,zo,,logical ,,and ,,entomological ,,societies ,,of ,,london2 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,entomological ,,society ,,of ,,france1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,with #dh ,,plates ,,in ,,color-,,photography1 ,,reproductions ,,of ,,butterflies ,,in ,,the ,,author',s ,,collection1 ,,and ,,many ,,text ,,illustrations ,,presenting ,,most ,,of ,,the ,,species ,,found ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,illustration ,,garden ,,city ,,new ,,york ,,doubleday1 ,,page ,,company #aibb ,,copyright1 #ahih1 ,,by ,w4,j4 ,,holland4 ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,at ,,the ,,country ,,life ,,press1 ,,garden ,,city1 ,n4,y4 ,,to ,,my ,,good ,,wife ,,and ,,my ,,two ,,bonny ,,boys1 ,,the ,,companions ,,of ,,my ,,leisure ,,hours ,,and ,,my ,,vacation ,,rambles1 ,i ,,dedicate ,,this ,,book1 ,,without ,,asking ,,their ,,permission ,,preface ,at some time or other in the life of every healthy young person there appears to be developed what has been styled the collecting mania4 ,whether this tendency is due to the natural acquisitiveness of the human race1 to an innate appreciation of the beautiful and the curious1 or to the development of an instinct such as is possessed by the bower-bird1 the magpie1 and the crow1 which have the curious habit of gathering together and storing away trifles which are bright and attractive to the eye1 ,i leave to students of the mind to decide4 ,the fact is patent that there is no village without its youthful enthusiast whose collection of postage-stamps is dear to his heart1 and no town in which there are not amateur geologists1 archologists1 botanists1 and zologists1 who are eagerly bent upon the formation of collections of such objects as possess an attraction for them4 ,one of the commonest pursuits of boyhood is the formation of a collection of insects4 ,the career of almost every naturalist of renown has been marked in its early stages by a propensity to collect these lower1 yet most interesting and instructive1 forms of animal life4 ,among the insects1 because of their beauty1 butterflies have always held a foremost place in the regard of the amateur collector4 ,for the lack1 however1 of suitable instruction in the art of preserving specimens1 and1 above all1 by reason of the almost entire lack of a convenient and well-illustrated manual1 enabling the collector to identify1 name1 and properly classify the collections which he is making1 much of the labor expended in this direction in the ,united ,states and ,canada fails to accomplish more than the furnishing of temporary recreation4 ,it is otherwise in ,europe4 ,manuals1 comprehensive in scope1 and richly adorned with illustrations of the leading insect forms of ,great ,britain and the ,continent1 have been produced in great numbers in recent years in ,england1 ,france1 and ,germany4 ,the result is that the youthful collector enters the field in those countries in the possession of a vast advantage over his less fortunate ,american fellow4 ,it is to meet this want on this side of the ,atlantic that this volume has been written4 ,its aim is to guide the amateur collector in right paths and to prepare him by the intelligent accomplishment of his labors for the enjoyment of still wider and more difficult researches in this and allied fields of human knowledge4 ,the work is confined to the fauna of the continent of ,north ,america north of the ,rio ,grande of ,texas4 ,it is essentially popular in its character4 ,those who seek a more technical treatment must resort to the writings of others4 ,if ,i shall succeed in this book in creating a more wide-spread interest in the world of insect life and thereby diverting attention in a measure from the persecuted birds1 which ,i love1 but which are in many species threatened with extinction by the too eager attentions which they are receiving from young naturalists1 who are going forth in increased numbers with shot-gun in hand1 ,i think ,i shall render a good service to the country4 ,i flatter myself that ,i have possessed peculiar facilities for the successful accomplishment of the undertaking ,i have proposed to myself1 because of the possession of what is admitted to be undoubtedly the largest and most perfect collection of the butterflies of ,north ,america in existence1 containing the types of ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 and many of those of other authors4 ,i have also enjoyed access to all the other great collections of this country and ,europe1 and have had at my elbow the entire literature relating to the subject4 ,the successful development in recent months of the process of reproducing in colors photographic representations of objects has been to a certain degree the argument for the publication of this book at the present time4 ,a few years ago the preparation of such a work as this at the low price at which it is sold would have been an utter impossibility4 ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 by ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 published in three volumes1 is sold at one hundred and fifty dollars1 and1 as ,i know1 is sold even at this price below the cost of manufacture4 ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 by ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 in three volumes1 is sold at seventy-five dollars1 and likewise represents at this price only a partial return to the learned author for the money1 labor1 and time expended upon it4 ,the present volume1 while not pretending to vie in any respect with the magnificence of the illustrations contained in these beautiful and costly works1 nevertheless presents in recognizable form almost every species figured in them1 and in addition a multitude of others1 many of which have never before been delineated4 ,so far as possible ,i have employed1 in making the illustrations1 the original types from which the author of the species drew his descriptions4 ,this fact will no doubt add greatly to the value of the work1 as it will not only serve as a popular guide1 but have utility also for the scientific student4 ,i am under obligations to numerous friends and correspondents who have aided me1 and take the present opportunity to extend to them all my hearty thanks for the generous manner in which they have assisted me in my pleasant task4 ,i should fail1 however1 to follow the instincts of a grateful heart did ,i not render an especial acknowledgment to ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 of ,coalburg1 ,west ,virginia1 and ,dr4 ,samuel ,h4 ,scudder1 of ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts4 ,justly esteemed as the two foremost lepidopterists of ,america1 it is my honor to claim them as personal friends1 whose kindness has much aided me in this labor of scientific love which ,i have undertaken4 ,for the kind permission given me by ,dr4 ,scudder to use various illustrations contained in the ,butterflies of ,new ,england and other works1 ,i am profoundly grateful4 ,i am under obligations to ,messrs4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons for permission to use the cuts numbered #df-di1 #ea-ef1 #ei1 #fa1 #fb1 and #gc1 which are taken from the work entitled ,taxidermy and ,zological ,collecting1 by ,w4,t4 ,hornaday1 and to the authorities of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum and the heirs of the late ,professor ,c4,v4 ,riley for other illustrations4 ,should this book find the favor which ,i have reason to think it deserves1 ,i shall endeavor shortly to follow it by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,,office ,,of ,,the ,,chancellor1 ,w4,j4,h4 ,,western ,,university ,,of ,,pennsylvania1 ,august #af1 #ahih4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,introduction ,,chap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,the ,,life-,,history ,,and ,,anatomy ,,of ,,butterflies #c-be ,the ,eggs of ,butterflies4 ,caterpillars3 ,structure1 ,form1 ,color1 etc42 ,moults2 ,food of ,caterpillars2 ,duration of ,larval ,state2 ,transformation4 ,the ,pupa1 or ,chrysalis3 ,the ,form of ,chrysalids2 ,duration of ,pupal ,life2 ,the ,transformation from the ,chrysalis to the ,imago4 ,anatomy of ,butterflies3 ,the ,head2 ,the ,thorax2 ,the ,abdomen2 ,the ,legs2 ,the ,wings2 ,internal ,organs2 ,polymorphism and ,dimorphism2 ,albinism and ,melanism2 ,monstrosities2 ,mimicry4 ,the ,distribution of ,butterflies4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,capture1 ,,preparation1 ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,specimens #bf-eg ,collecting ,apparatus3 ,nets2 ,collecting-,jars2 ,field-,boxes2 ,the ,use of the ,net2 ,baits2 ,beating4 ,the ,breeding of ,specimens3 ,how to ,get the ,eggs of ,butterflies2 ,breeding-,cages2 ,how to ,find ,caterpillars2 ,hibernating ,caterpillars4 ,the ,preservation of ,specimens3 ,papering ,specimens2 ,mounting ,butterflies2 ,relaxing ,specimens2 ,the ,preparation and ,preservation of ,butterfly ,eggs2 ,the ,preservation of ,chrysalids2 ,the ,preservation of ,caterpillars4 ,the ,preservation and ,arrangement of ,collections3 ,boxes2 ,cabinets and ,drawers2 ,labeling2 ,arrangement of ,specimens2 ,insect ,pests2 ,greasy ,specimens2 ,mould2 ,repairing ,specimens2 ,packing and ,forwarding ,specimens2 ,pins2 ,the ,forceps4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,butterflies #eh-fh ,the ,place of ,butterflies in the ,animal ,kingdom2 ,the ,principles of ,scientific ,arrangement2 ,the ,species2 ,the ,genus2 ,the ,family1 etc42 ,scientific ,names2 ,synonyms2 ,popular ,names4 ,,iv4 ,,books ,,about ,,north ,,american ,,butterflies #fi-gd ,early ,writers2 ,later ,writers2 ,periodicals4 ,,the ,,book ,,page ,,the ,,butterflies ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,north ,,of ,,mexico4 ,family ,i4 ,nymphalidae1 the ,brush-footed ,butterflies #gg ,subfamily ,euplaeinae1 the ,milkweed ,butterflies #hj ,subfamily ,ithomiinae1 the ,long-winged ,butterflies #he ,subfamily ,heliconiinae1 the ,heliconians #ia ,subfamily ,nymphalinae1 the ,nymphs #ic ,subfamily ,satyrinae1 the ,satyrs1 ,meadow-browns1 and ,arctics #aig ,subfamily ,libytheinae1 the ,snout-butterflies #bbf ,family ,,ii4 ,lemoniidae #bbh ,subfamily ,erycininae1 the ,metal-marks #bbh ,family ,,iii4 ,lycaenidae #bcf ,subfamily ,lycaeninae1 the ,hair-streaks1 the ,blues1 and the ,coppers #bcf ,family ,,iv4 ,papilionidae1 the ,swallowtails and ,allies #bgb ,subfamily ,pierinae1 the ,whites1 the ,sulphurs1 the ,orange-tips #bgb ,subfamily ,papilioninae1 the ,parnassians and ,swallowtails #cjd ,family ,v4 ,hesperiidae1 the ,skippers #cah ,subfamily ,pyrrhopyginae #cai ,subfamily ,hesperiinae1 the ,hesperids #cbj ,subfamily ,pamphilinae #cci ,subfamily ,megathyminae1 genus ,megathymus #cfg ,,digressions ,,and ,,quotations ,,page ,immortality 7,sigourney7 #eg ,hugo's ,flower to ,butterfly 7,translated by ,eugene ,field7 #gd ,superstitions 7,frank ,cowan7 #ij ,luther's ,saddest ,experience 7,yale ,literary ,magazine1 #aheb7 #ajj ,a ,race after a ,butterfly #abg ,suspicious ,conduct #acf ,collecting in ,japan #adi ,faunal ,regions #afa ,widely ,distributed ,butterflies #aga ,the ,butterflies' ,fad 7,ella ,wheeler ,wilcox7 #ahf ,fossil ,insects #aie ,in the ,face of the ,cold #bbd ,uncle ,jotham's ,boarder 7,annie ,trumbull ,slosson7 #bcc ,mimicry #bce ,the ,utility of ,entomology #bef ,size #bga ,instinct #bhj ,red ,rain 7,frank ,cowan7 #bii ,for a ,design of a ,butterfly ,resting on a ,skull 7,mrs4 ,hemans7 #cjc ,the ,caterpillar and the ,ant 7,allan ,ramsay7 #caf ,collections and ,collectors #ccg ,exchanges #cdd ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,in ,,text ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,egg of ,basilarchia disippus1 magnified #c #b4 ,egg of ,basilarchia disippus1 natural size #c #c4 ,egg of ,papilio turnus1 enlarged #d #d4 ,egg of ,anosia plexippus1 magnified #d #e4 ,egg of ,anosia plexippus1 natural size #d #f4 ,egg of ,anthocharis genutia1 magnified #d #g4 ,egg of ,lycna pseudargiolus1 magnified #d #h4 ,egg of ,melita phaton1 magnified #d #i4 ,micropyle of egg of ,pieris oleracea1 magnified #e #aj4 ,eggs of ,grapta comma1 magnified #e #aa4 ,eggs of ,vanessa antiopa1 magnified #e #ab4 ,caterpillar of ,papilio philenor #f #ac4 ,head of caterpillar of ,papilio asterias1 magnified #f #ad4 ,head of caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 magnified #f #ae4 ,head of caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 side view1 enlarged #g #af4 ,caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 natural size #g #ag4 ,fore leg of caterpillar of ,vanessa antiopa1 enlarged #g #ah4 ,anterior segments of caterpillar of ,a4 plexippus #g #ai4 ,proleg of caterpillar of ,vanessa antiopa1 enlarged #g #bj4 ,caterpillar of ,basilarchia disippus #h #ba4 ,early stages of goatweed butterfly #i #bb4 ,head of caterpillar of ,papilio troilus #i #bc4 ,caterpillar of milkweed butterfly changing into chrysalis #aa #bd4 ,chrysalis of milkweed butterfly #ab #be4 ,chrysalis of ,papilio philenor #ab #bf4 ,caterpillar and chrysalis of ,pieris protodice #ab #bg4 ,chrysalis of ,pieris oleracea #ac #bh4 ,butterfly emerging from chrysalis #ac #bi4 ,head of milkweed butterfly1 showing parts #ad #cj4 ,cross-section of sucking-tube of butterfly #ae #ca4 ,longitudinal section of the head of the milkweed butterfly #ae #cb4 ,interior structure of head of milkweed butterfly #af #cc4 ,labial palpus of butterfly #af #cd4 ,legs of butterfly #ag #ce4 ,parts of leg of butterfly #ag #cf4 ,scales on wing of butterfly #ah #cg4 ,androconia from wing of butterfly #ah #ch4 ,outline of wing of butterfly #bj #ci4 ,arrangement of scales on the wing of a butterfly #bj #dj4 ,figure of wing1 showing names of veins #ba #da4 ,internal anatomy of caterpillar of milkweed butterfly #bb #db4 ,internal anatomy of milkweed butterfly #bc #dc4 ,plan for folding net-ring #bg #dd4 ,insect-net #bg #de4 ,plan for making a cheap net #bg #df4 ,cyanide-jar #bi #dg4 ,paper cover for cyanide #bi #dh4 ,method of pinching a butterfly #cj #di4 ,cheap form of breeding-cage #ce #ej4 ,breeding-cage #cf #ea4 ,butterfly in envelope #ch #eb4 ,method of making envelopes #ch #ec4 ,setting-board #ci #ed4 ,setting-block #ci #ee4 ,butterfly on setting-block #ci #ef4 ,setting-needle #dj #eg4 ,setting-board with moth upon it #dj #eh4 ,butterfly pinned on setting-board #da #ei4 ,drying-box #da #fj4 ,drying-box #db #fa4 ,apparatus for inflating larv #de #fb4 ,tip of inflating-tube #df #fc4 ,drying-oven #df #fd4 ,drying-oven #dg #fe4 ,detail drawing of book-box #dh #ff4 ,detail drawing of box #dh #fg4 ,detail drawing of box #di #fh4 ,insect-box #di #fi4 ,detail drawing of drawer for cabinet #ea #gj4 ,detail drawing for paper bottom of box to take place of cork #eb #ga4 ,manner of arranging specimens in cabinet or box #eb #gb4 ,naphthaline cone #ec #gc4 ,butterflies packed for shipment #ee #gd4 ,forceps #ef #ge4 ,forceps #eg #gf4 ,antenn of butterfly #fa #gg4 ,antenn of moths #fb #gh4 ,neuration of genus ,anosia #ha #gi4 ,swarm of milkweed butterflies1 photographed at night #hc #hj4 ,neuration of genus ,mechanitis #hf #ha4 ,neuration of genus ,ceratinia #hh #hb4 ,neuration of genus ,dircenna #hi #hc4 ,fore leg of female ,dircenna klugi #hi #hd4 ,neuration of genus ,heliconius #ia #he4 ,young caterpillar of ,vanessa antiopa #id #hf4 ,neuration of genus ,colnis #ie #hg4 ,neuration of genus ,dione #if #hh4 ,neuration of genus ,euptoieta #ih #hi4 ,neuration of genus ,argynnis #aja #ij4 ,neuration of genus ,brenthis #abi #ia4 ,neuration of genus ,melita #ach #ib4 ,neuration of genus ,phyciodes #aea #ic4 ,neuration of genus ,eresia #aeg #id4 ,neuration of genus ,synchlo #aei #ie4 ,neuration of genus ,grapta #afc #if4 ,neuration of genus ,vanessa #afg #ig4 ,neuration of genus ,pyrameis #agj #ih4 ,neuration of genus ,junonia #agb #ii4 ,neuration of genus ,anartia #agd #ajj4 ,neuration of genus ,hypanartia #age #aja4 ,neuration of genus ,eunica #agf #ajb4 ,neuration of genus ,cystineura #agg #ajc4 ,neuration of genus ,callicore #agh #ajd4 ,neuration of genus ,timetes #agi #aje4 ,neuration of genus ,hypolimnas #aha #ajf4 ,neuration of genus ,basilarchia #ahb #ajg4 ,leaf cut away at end by the caterpillar of ,basilarchia #ahc #ajh4 ,hibernaculum of caterpillar of ,basilarchia #ahc #aji4 ,neuration of genus ,adelpha #ahg #aaj4 ,neuration of genus ,chlorippe #ahh #aaa4 ,neuration of genus ,pyrrhana #aib #aab4 ,neuration of genus ,ageronia #aic #aac4 ,neuration of genus ,victorina #aie #aad4 ,neuration of genus ,debis #aii #aae4 ,neuration of genus ,satyrodes #bjj #aaf4 ,neuration of genus ,neonympha #bja #aag4 ,neuration of genus ,coenonympha #bje #aah4 ,neuration of genus ,erebia #bjh #aai4 ,neuration of genus ,geirocheilus #baa #abj4 ,neuration of genus ,neominois #bab #aba4 ,neuration of genus ,satyrus #bad #abb4 ,neuration of genus ,o,eneis #bai #abc4 ,caterpillars of ,o,eneis macouni #bba #abd4 ,neuration of genus ,libythea #bbf #abe4 ,neuration of base of hind wing of genus ,lemonias #bbh #abf4 ,neuration of genus ,lemonias #bbi #abg4 ,neuration of genus ,calephelis #bcb #abh4 ,neuration of genus ,eumus #bcg #abi4 ,neuration of ,thecla edwardsi #bch #acj4 ,neuration of ,thecla melinus #bdb #aca4 ,neuration of ,thecla damon #bdf #acb4 ,neuration of ,thecla niphon #bdi #acc4 ,neuration of ,thecla titus #bej #acd4 ,neuration of genus ,feniseca #bea #ace4 ,neuration of genus ,chrysophanus #beb #acf4 ,neuration of ,lycna pseudargiolus #bfg #acg4 ,neuration of ,lycna comyntas #bfh #ach4 ,neuration of genus ,dismorphia #bgc #aci4 ,neuration of genus ,neophasia #bgd #adj4 ,neuration of genus ,tachyris #bgf #ada4 ,neuration of genus ,pieris #bgg #adb4 ,neuration of genus ,nathalis #bha #adc4 ,neuration of genus ,euchlo #bhb #add4 ,neuration of genus ,catopsilia #bhf #ade4 ,neuration of genus ,kricogonia #bhg #adf4 ,neuration of genus ,meganostoma #bhh #adg4 ,neuration of genus ,colias #bhi #adh4 ,neuration of genus ,terias #bie #adi4 ,neuration of genus ,parnassius #cje ,an ,astronomer's ,conception of an ,entomologist #cag #aej4 ,head and antenna of genus ,pyrrhopyge #cai #aea4 ,neuration of genus ,pyrrhopyge #cai #aeb4 ,neuration of genus ,eudamus #cba #aec4 ,antenna and neuration of genus ,plestia #cbb #aed4 ,neuration of genus ,epargyreus #cbc #aee4 ,neuration of genus ,thorybes #cbd #aef4 ,neuration of genus ,achalarus #cbf #aeg4 ,antenna and neuration of genus ,hesperia #cbg #aeh4 ,neuration of genus ,systasea #cbi #aei4 ,neuration of genus ,pholisora #ccj #afj4 ,neuration of genus ,thanaos #ccb #afa4 ,neuration of genus ,amblyscirtes #cdj #afb4 ,neuration of genus ,pamphila #cdb #afc4 ,neuration of genus ,oarisma #cdc #afd4 ,neuration of genus ,ancyloxypha #cde #afe4 ,neuration of genus ,copodes #cdf #aff4 ,neuration of genus ,erynnis #cdg #afg4 ,neuration of genus ,thymelicus #cea #afh4 ,neuration of genus ,atalopedes #ceb #afi4 ,neuration of genus ,polites #cec #agj4 ,neuration of genus ,hylephila #ced #aga4 ,neuration of genus ,prenes #cee #agb4 ,neuration of genus ,calpodes #cee #agc4 ,neuration of genus ,lerodea #cef #agd4 ,neuration of genus ,limochores #ceg #age4 ,neuration of genus ,euphyes #cfj #agf4 ,neuration of genus ,oligoria #cfa #agg4 ,neuration of genus ,poanes #cfb #agh4 ,neuration of genus ,phycanassa #cfb #agi4 ,neuration of genus ,atrytone #cfd #ahj4 ,neuration of genus ,lerema #cff #aha4 ,megathymus yucc1 #cfg #ahb4 ,larva of ,megathymus yucc #cfh #ahc4 ,chrysalis of ,megathymus yucc #cfh ,the ,popular ,conception of an ,entomologist #cfi ,,list ,,of ,,colored ,,plates ,produced by the color-photographic process of the ,chicago ,colortype ,company1 #abje ,roscoe ,street1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,facing ,,page ,i4 ,spring ,butterflies ,frontispiece ,,ii4 ,caterpillars of ,papilionid and ,hesperiid #f ,,iii4 ,caterpillars of ,nymphalid #ah ,,iv4 ,chrysalids in ,color and in ,outline--,nymphalid #cj ,v4 ,chrysalids in ,color and in ,outline--,nymphalid1 ,lycnid1 ,pierin #dd ,,vi4 ,chrysalids in ,color and in ,outline--,papilonin and ,hesperiid #eh ,,vii4 ,anosia and ,basilarchia #hj ,,viii4 ,ithomiin1 ,heliconius1 ,dione1 ,colnis1 and ,euptoieta #hh ,,ix4 ,argynnis #ajj ,x4 ,argynnis #ajd ,,xi4 ,argynnis #ajh ,,xii4 ,argynnis #aab ,,xiii4 ,argynnis #aaf ,,xiv4 ,argynnis #abb ,,xv4 ,brenthis #acj ,,xvi4 ,melita #ach ,,xvii4 ,melita1 ,phyciodes1 ,eresia #aeb ,,xviii4 ,argynnis1 ,brenthis1 ,melita1 ,phyciodes1 ,eresia1 ,synchlo1 ,debis1 ,geirocheilus #aef ,,xix4 ,grapta1 ,vanessa #afd ,,xx4 ,grapta1 ,vanessa1 ,junonia1 ,anartia1 ,pyrameis #afh ,,xxi4 ,timetes1 ,hypolimnas1 ,eunica1 ,callicore #agh ,,xxii4 ,basilarchia1 ,adelpha #ahd ,,xxiii4 ,chlorippe #aij ,,xxiv4 ,pyrrhana1 ,ageronia1 ,synchlo1 ,cystineura1 ,hypanartia1 ,victorina #aif ,,xxv4 ,satyrodes1 ,coenonympha1 ,neonympha1 ,neominois1 ,erebia #bjd ,,xxvi4 ,satyrus #bad ,,xxvii4 ,o,eneis #bbj ,,xxviii4 ,libythea1 ,lemonias1 ,calephelis1 ,eumus1 ,chrysophanus1 ,feniseca #bbh ,,xxix4 ,chrysophanus1 ,thecla #bcf ,,xxx4 ,thecla1 ,lycna #bdf ,,xxxi4 ,lycna #bef ,,xxxii4 ,lycna1 ,thecla1 ,nathalis1 ,euchlo #bff ,,xxxiii4 ,catopsilia1 ,pyrameis #bgb ,,xxxiv4 ,euchlo1 ,neophasia1 ,pieris1 ,kricogonia #bhj ,,xxxv4 ,tachyris1 ,pieris1 ,colias #bhh ,,xxxvi4 ,meganostoma1 ,colias #bid ,,xxxvii4 ,terias1 ,dismorphia #bih ,,xxxviii4 ,papilio #cjb ,,xxxix4 ,parnassius #cjf ,,xl4 ,papilio #caj ,,xli4 ,papilio #cad ,,xlii4 ,papilio #caf ,,xliii4 ,papilio1 ,colias1 ,pyrameis1 ,epargyreus #cah ,,xliv4 ,papilio #cbc ,,xlv4 ,papilio1 ,pholisora1 ,eudamus1 ,achalarus1 ,pyrrhopyge1 ,plestia1 ,calpodes1 ,thanao #ccj ,,xlvi4 ,hesperiid #cch ,,xlvii4 ,hesperiid #cej ,,xlviii4 ,hesperiid and ,colias eurytheme #cfj ,,introduction ,,introduction ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,life-,,history ,,and ,,anatomy ,,of ,,butterflies ,the study of butterflies1--creatures selected as the types of airiness and frivolity1--instead of being despised1 will some day be valued as one of the most important branches of biological science4--,,bates1 ,naturalist on the ,amazons4 ,in studying any subject1 it is always well1 if possible1 to commence at the beginning2 and in studying the life of animals1 or of a group of animals1 we should endeavor to obtain a clear idea at the outset of the manner in which they are developed4 ,it is a familiar saying that all life is from an egg4 ,this statement is scientifically true in wide fields which come under the eye of the naturalist1 and butterflies are no exception to the rule4 ,,the ,,eggs ,,of ,,butterflies ,illustration ,,fig4 #a4--;,egg of ,basilarchia disippus1 magnified #cj diameters 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #b4--;,egg of ,basilarchia disippus1 natural size1 at the end of under surface of leaf 7,riley74 ,the eggs of butterflies consist of a membranous shell containing a fluid mass composed of the germ of the future caterpillar and the liquid food which is necessary for its maintenance and development until it escapes from the shell4 ,the forms of these eggs are various4 ,some are spherical1 others hemispherical1 conical1 and cylindrical4 ,some are barrel-shaped2 others have the shape of a cheese1 and still others have the form of a turban4 ,many of them are angled1 some depressed at the ends4 ,their surface is variously ornamented4 ,sometimes they are ribbed1 the ribs running from the center outwardly and downwardly along the sides like the meridian lines upon a globe4 ,between these ribs there is frequently found a fine network of raised lines variously arranged4 ,sometimes the surface is covered with minute depressions1 sometimes with a series of minute elevations variously disposed4 ,as there is great variety in the form of the eggs1 so also there is great variety in their color4 ,brown1 blue1 green1 red1 and yellow eggs occur4 ,greenish or greenish-white are common tints4 ,the eggs are often ornamented with dots and lines of darker color4 ,species which are related to one another show their affinity even in the form of their eggs4 ,at the upper end of the eggs of insects there are one or more curious structures1 known as micropyles 7little doors71 through which the spermatozoa of the male find ingress and they are fertilized4 ,these can only be seen under a good microscope4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #c4--;,egg of ,papilio turnus1 greatly magnified4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #d4--;,egg of ,anosia plexippus1 magnified #cj diameters 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #e4--;,egg of ,anosia plexippus1 natural size1 on under side of leaf 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #f4--;,egg of ,anthocharis genutia1 magnified #bj diameters4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #g4--,turban-shaped egg of ,lycna pseudargiolus1 greatly magnified4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #h4--;,egg of ,melita phaton1 greatly magnified4 ,the eggs are laid upon the food-plant upon which the caterpillar1 after it is hatched1 is destined to live1 and the female reveals wonderful instinct in selecting plants which are appropriate to the development of the larva4 ,as a rule1 the larv are restricted in the range of their food-plants to certain genera1 or families of plants4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #i4--,upper end of egg of ,pieris oleracea1 greatly magnified1 showing the micropyle4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aj4--;,egg of ,grapta comma1 laid in string-like clusters on the under side of leaf4 7,magnified47 ,the eggs are deposited sometimes singly1 sometimes in small clusters1 sometimes in a mass4 ,fertile eggs1 a few days after they have been deposited1 frequently undergo a change of color1 and it is often possible with a magnifying-glass to see through the thin shell the form of the minute caterpillar which is being developed within the egg4 ,unfruitful eggs generally shrivel and dry up after the lapse of a short time4 ,the period of time requisite for the development of the embryo in the egg varies4 ,many butterflies are single-brooded2 others produce two or three generations during the summer in temperate climates1 and even more generations in subtropical or tropical climates4 ,in such cases an interval of only a few days1 or weeks at the most1 separates the time when the egg was deposited and the time when the larva is hatched4 ,when the period of hatching1 or emergence1 has arrived1 the little caterpillar cuts its way forth from the egg through an opening made either at the side or on the top4 ,many species have eggs which appear to be provided with a lid1 a portion of the shell being separated from the remainder by a thin section1 which1 when the caterpillar has reached the full limit allowed by the egg1 breaks under the pressure of the enlarging embryo within1 one portion of the egg flying off1 the remainder adhering to the leaf or twig upon which it has been deposited4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aa4--;,eggs of ,vanessa antiopa1 laid in a mass on a twig4 ,,caterpillars ,structure1 ,form1 ,color1 etc4--,the second stage in which the insects we are studying exist is known as the larval stage4 ,the insect is known as a larva1 or a caterpillar4 ,in general caterpillars have long1 worm-like bodies4 ,frequently they are thickest about the middle1 tapering before and behind1 flattened on the under side4 ,while the cylindrical shape is most common1 there are some families in which the larv are short1 oval1 or slug-shaped1 sometimes curiously modified by ridges and prominences4 ,the body of the larv of lepidoptera consists normally of thirteen rings1 or segments1 the first constituting the head4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ab4--;,caterpillar of ,papilio philenor 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ac4--;,head of caterpillar of ,papilio asterias1 front view1 enlarged4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ad4--;,head of caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 lower side1 magnified #aj diameters3 lb1 labrum1 or upper lip2 md1 mandibles2 mx1 maxilla1 with two palpi2 lm1 labium1 or lower lip1 with one pair of palpi2 s1 spinneret2 a1 antenna2 o1 ocelli4 7,after ,burgess47 ,the head is always conspicuous1 composed of horny or chitinous material1 but varying exceedingly in form and size4 ,it is very rarely small and retracted4 ,it is generally large1 hemispherical1 conical1 or bilobed4 ,in some families it is ornamented by horn-like projections4 ,on the lower side are the mouth-parts1 consisting of the upper lip1 the mandibles1 the antenn1 or feelers1 the under lip1 the maxill1 and two sets of palpi1 known as the maxillary and the labial palpi4 ,in many genera the labium1 or under lip1 is provided with a short1 horny projection known as the spinneret1 through which the silk secreted by the caterpillar is passed4 ,on either side1 just above the mandibles1 are located the eyes1 or ocelli1 which in the caterpillar are simple1 round1 shining prominences1 generally only to be clearly distinguished by the aid of a magnifying-glass4 ,these ocelli are frequently arranged in series on each side4 ,the palpi are organs of touch connected with the maxill and the labium1 or under lip1 and are used in the process of feeding1 and also when the caterpillar is crawling about from place to place4 ,the larva appears to guide itself in great part by means of the palpi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,ii ,reproduced1 with the kind permission of ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 from ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #gf4 ,,caterpillars ,,of ,,papilionid ,,and ,,hesperiid #a4 ,colias eurytheme4 #b4 ,callidryas eubule4 #c4 ,terias lisa4 #d4 ,callidryas eubule4 #e4 ,euchlo genutia4 #f4 ,terias nicippe4 #g4 ,pieris protodice4 #h4 ,pieris napi1 var4 oleracea4 #i4 ,pieris napi1 var4 oleracea4 #aj4 ,colias philodice4 #aa4 ,pieris rap4 #ab4 ,pieris rap4 #ac4 ,papilio philenor4 #ad4 ,papilio ajax4 #ae4 ,papilio turnus4 ,just before pupation4 #af4 ,papilio cresphontes4 #ag4 ,papilio asterias4 ,in second stage4 #ah4 ,papilio troilus4 #ai4 ,papilio troilus4 ,in third stage2 plain4 #bj4 ,papilio philenor4 #ba4 ,papilio philenor4 ,in third stage2 dorsal view4 #bb4 ,papilio troilus4 ,in third stage2 dorsal view4 #bc4 ,achalarus lycidas4 ,dorsal view4 #bd4 ,papilio asterias4 ,in fourth stage2 dorsal view4 #be4 ,thorybes pylades4 #bf4 ,papilio turnus4 ,dorsal view4 #bg4 ,papilio asterias4 #bh4 ,papilio turnus4 #bi4 ,thorybes pylades4 #cj4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 #ca4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 #cb4 ,thorybes bathyllus4 #cc4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 #cd4 ,eudamus proteus4 #ce4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 ,in third stage4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illustration ,,fig4 #ae4--;,head of caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 side view1 showing ocelli4 ,illustration ,,fig #af4--;,caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 milkweed butterfly 7,riley74 ,the body of the caterpillar is covered by a thin skin1 which often lies in wrinkled folds1 admitting of great freedom of motion4 ,the body is composed1 as we have seen1 of rings1 or segments1 the first three of which1 back of the head1 correspond to the thorax of the perfect insect1 and the last nine to the abdomen of the butterfly4 ,on each ring1 with the exception of the second1 the third1 and the last1 there is found on either side a small oval opening known as a spiracle1 through which the creature breathes4 ,as a rule1 the spiracles of the first and eleventh rings are larger in size than the others4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ag4--;,fore leg of caterpillar of ,vanessa antiopa1 enlarged4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ah4--;,anterior segments of caterpillar of milkweed butterfly1 showing thoracic or true legs 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ai4--,proleg of caterpillar of ,vanessa antiopa1 enlarged4 ,every caterpillar has on each of the first three segments a pair of legs1 which are organs composed of three somewhat horny parts covered and bound together with skin1 and armed at their extremities by a sharp claw 7,fig4 #ag74 ,these three pairs of feet in the caterpillar are always known as the fore legs1 and correspond to the six which are found in the butterfly or the moth4 ,in addition1 in most cases1 we find four pairs of prolegs on the under side of the segments from the sixth to the ninth1 and another pair on the last segment1 which latter pair are called the anal prolegs4 ,these organs1 which are necessary to the life of the caterpillar1 do not reappear in the perfect insect1 but are lost when the transformation from the caterpillar to the chrysalis takes place4 ,there are various modifications of this scheme of foot-like appendages1 only the larger and more highly developed forms of lepidoptera having as many pairs of prolegs as have been enumerated4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bj4--;,caterpillar of ,basilarchia disippus1 the viceroy1 natural size 7,riley74 ,the bodies of caterpillars are variously ornamented3 many of them are quite smooth2 many are provided with horny projections1 spines1 and eminences4 ,the coloration of caterpillars is as remarkable in the variety which it displays as is the ornamentation by means of the prominences of which we have just spoken4 ,as caterpillars1 for the most part1 feed upon growing vegetation1 multitudes of them are green in color1 being thus adapted to their surroundings and securing a measure of protection4 ,many are brown1 and exactly mimic the color of the twigs and branches upon which they rest when not engaged in feeding4 ,not a few are very gaily colored1 but in almost every case this gay coloring is found to bear some relation to the color of the objects upon which they rest4 ,caterpillars vary in their social habits4 ,some species are gregarious1 and are found in colonies4 ,these frequently build for themselves defenses1 weaving webs of silk among the branches1 in which they are in part protected from their enemies and also from the inclemencies of the weather4 ,most caterpillars are1 however1 solitary1 and no community life is maintained by the vast majority of species4 ,many species have the habit of drawing together the edges of a leaf1 in which way they form a covering for themselves4 ,the caterpillars of some butterflies are wood-boring1 and construct tunnels in the pith1 or in the soft layers of growing plants4 ,in these cases1 being protected and concealed from view1 the caterpillars are generally white in their coloration1 resembling in this respect the larv of wood-boring beetles4 ,a most curious phenomenon has within comparatively recent years been discovered in connection with the larval stage of certain small butterflies belonging to the family ,lycoenidoe4 ,the caterpillars are carnivorous1 or rather aphidivorous2 they live upon aphids1 or plant-lice1 and scale-insects1 and cover themselves with the white exudations or mealy secretions of the latter4 ,this trait is characteristic of only one of our ,north ,american species1 the ,harvester 7,feniseca tarquinius74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ba4--;,early stages of the goatweed butterfly3 a1 caterpillar2 b1 chrysalis2 c1 leaf drawn together at edges to form a nest4 7,natural size47 7,riley47 ,in addition to being protected from enemies by having colors which enable them to elude observation1 as has been already stated1 some caterpillars are provided with other means of defense4 ,the caterpillars of the swallowtail butterflies are provided with a bifurcate or forked organ1 generally yellow in color1 which is protruded from an opening in the skin back of the head1 and which emits a powerful odor 7,fig4 #bb74 ,this protrusive organ evidently exists only for purposes of defense1 and the secretion of the odor is analogous to the secretion of evil odors by some of the vertebrate animals1 as the skunk4 ,the majority of caterpillars1 when attacked by insect or other enemies1 defend themselves by quickly hurling the anterior part of the body from side to side4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bb4--;,head of caterpillar of ,papilio troilus1 with scent-organs1 or osmateria1 protruded4 ,moults4--,caterpillars in the process of growth and development from time to time shed their skins4 ,this process is called moulting4 ,moulting takes place1 as a rule1 at regular intervals1 though there are exceptions to this rule4 ,the young larva1 having emerged from the egg1 grows for a number of days1 until the epidermis1 or true skin1 has become too small4 ,it then ceases feeding1 attaches itself firmly to some point1 and remains quiet for a time4 ,during this period certain changes are taking place1 and then the skin splits along the middle line from the head to the extremity of the last segment1 and the caterpillar crawls forth from the skin1 which is left behind it1 attached to the leaf or branch to which it was fastened4 ,the skin of the head sometimes remains attached to the head of the caterpillar for a time after it has moulted1 and then falls off to the ground4 ,ordinarily not more than five1 and frequently only four1 moults take place between hatching from the egg and the change into the chrysalis4 ,in cases where caterpillars hibernate1 or pass the winter in inaction1 a long interval necessarily elapses between moults4 ,some arctic species are known in which the development from the egg to the perfect insect covers a period of two or three years1 long periods of hibernation under the arctic snows taking place4 ,the manner in which the caterpillar withdraws itself from its exuvi1 or old skin1 is highly interesting4 ,every little spine or rough prominence is withdrawn from its covering1 and the skin is left as a perfect cast of the creature which has emerged from it1 even the hairs and spines attached to the skin being left behind and replaced by others4 ,the ,food of the ,caterpillar4--,the vast majority of the caterpillars of butterflies subsist upon vegetable food1 the only exceptions being the singular one already noted in which the larv feed upon scale-insects4 ,some of the ,hesperiid1 a group in which the relationship between butterflies and moths is shown1 have larv which burrow in the roots and stems of vegetation4 ,duration of the ,larval ,state4--,the duration of the larval state varies greatly4 ,in temperate climates the majority of species exist in the caterpillar state for from two to three months1 and where hibernation takes place1 for ten months4 ,many caterpillars which hibernate do so immediately after emerging from the egg and before having made the first moult4 ,the great majority1 however1 hibernate after having passed one or more moults4 ,with the approach of spring they renew their feeding upon the first reappearance of the foliage of their proper food-plant1 or are transformed into chrysalids and presently emerge as perfect insects4 ,a few species live gregariously during the period of hibernation1 constructing for themselves a shelter of leaves woven together with strands of silk4 ,transformation4--,the larval or caterpillar stage having been completed1 and full development having been attained1 the caterpillar is transformed into a pupa1 or chrysalis4 ,of this1 the third stage in the life of the insect1 we now shall speak at length4 ,,the ,,pupa1 ,,or ,,chrysalis ,the caterpillars of many butterflies attach themselves by a button of silk to the under surface of a branch or stone1 or other projecting surface1 and are transformed into chrysalids1 which are naked1 and which hang perpendicularly from the surface to which they are attached4 ,other caterpillars attach themselves to surfaces by means of a button of silk which holds the anal extremity of the chrysalis1 and have1 in addition1 a girdle of silk which passes around the middle of the chrysalis1 holding it in place very much as a papoose is held on the back of an ,indian squaw by a strap passed over her shoulders4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bc4--;,caterpillar of ,anosia plexippus1 undergoing change into chrysalis3 a1 caterpillar just before rending of the skin2 b1 chrysalis just before the cremaster1 or hook1 at its end is withdrawn2 c1 chrysalis holding itself in place by the folds of the shed skin caught between the edges of the abdominal segments1 while with the cremaster1 armed with microscopic hooks1 it searches for the button of silk from which it is to hang 7,riley74 7,compare ,fig4 #bd1 showing final form of the chrysalis47 ,the ,form of ,chrysalids4--,the forms assumed by the insect in this stage of its being vary very greatly1 though there is a general resemblance among the different families and subfamilies1 so that it is easy for one who has studied the matter to tell approximately to what family the form belongs1 even when it is not specifically known4 ,chrysalids are in most cases obscure in coloring1 though a few are quite brilliant1 and1 as in the case of the common milkweed butterfly 7,anosia plexippus71 ornamented with golden-hued spots4 ,the chrysalids of the ,nymphalid1 one of the largest groups of butterflies1 are all suspended4 ,the chrysalids of the ,papilionid1 or swallowtail butterflies1 are held in place by girdles1 and generally are bifurcate or cleft at the upper end 7,fig4 #be71 and are greenish or wood-brown in color4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bd4--;,chrysalis of ,anosia plexippus1 final form 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #be4--;,chrysalis of ,papilio philenor3 a1 front view2 b1 side view1 showing manner in which it is held in place by the girdle of silk 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bf4--,pieris protodice3 a1 caterpillar2 b1 chrysalis 7,riley74 ,a study of the structure of all chrysalids shows that within them there is contained the immature butterfly4 ,the segments of the body are ensheathed in the corresponding segments of the chrysalis1 and soldered over these segments are ensheathing plates of chitinous matter under which are the wings of the butterfly1 as well as all the other organs necessary to its existence in the airy realm upon which it enters after emergence from the chrysalis4 ,the practised eye of the observer is soon able to distinguish the location of the various parts of the butterfly in the chrysalis1 and when the time for escape draws near1 it is in many cases possible to discern through the thin1 yet tough and hard1 outer walls of the chrysalis the spots and colors on the wings of the insect4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bg4--;,chrysalis of ,pieris oleracea 7,riley47 ,duration of ,pupal ,life4--,many butterflies remain in the chrysalis stage only for a few weeks2 others hibernate in this state1 and in temperate climates a great many butterflies pass the winter as chrysalids4 ,where1 as is sometimes the case1 there are two or three generations or broods of a species during the year1 the life of one brood is generally longer than that of the others1 because this brood is compelled to overwinter1 or hibernate4 ,there are a number of butterflies known in temperate ,north ,america which have three broods3 a spring brood1 emerging from chrysalids which have overwintered2 an early summer brood2 and a fall brood4 ,the chrysalids in the latter two cases generally represent only a couple of weeks at most in the life of the insect4 ,in tropical and semi-tropical countries many species remain in the chrysalis form during the dry season1 and emerge at the beginning of the rains1 when vegetation is refreshed and new and tender growths occur in the forests4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bh4--;,butterfly 7,papilio asterias7 just emerging from chrysalis4 ,the ,transformation from the ,chrysalis to the ,imago4--,the perfectly developed insect is known technically as the imago4 ,when the time of maturity in the chrysalis state has been reached1 the coverings part in such a way as to allow of the escape of the perfect insect1 which1 as it comes forth1 generally carries with it some suggestion of its caterpillar state in the lengthened abdomen1 which it with apparent difficulty trails after it until it secures a hold upon some object from which it may depend while a process of development 7which lasts generally a few hours7 takes place preparatory to flight4 ,the imago1 as it first emerges1 is provided with small1 flaccid wings1 which1 together with all the organs of sense such as the antenn1 require for their complete development the injection into them of the vital fluids which1 upon first emergence1 are largely contained in the cavities of the thorax and abdomen4 ,hanging pendant on a projecting twig1 or clinging to the side of a rock1 the insect remains fanning its wings1 while by the strong process of circulation a rapid injection of the blood into the wings and other organs takes place1 accompanied by their expansion to normal proportions1 in which they gradually attain to more or less rigidity4 ,hardly anything in the range of insect life is more interesting than this rapid development of the butterfly after its first emergence from the chrysalis4 ,the body is robbed of its liquid contents in a large degree2 the abdomen is shortened up2 the chitinous rings which compose its external skeleton become set and hardened2 the wings are expanded1 and then the moment arrives when1 on airy pinions1 the creature that has lived a worm-like life for weeks and months1 or which has been apparently sleeping the sleep of death in its cerements1 soars aloft in the air1 the companion of the sunlight and the breezes4 ,,anatomy ,,of ,,butterflies ,the body of the butterfly consists of three parts--the head1 the thorax1 and the abdomen4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #bi4--;,head of milkweed butterfly1 stripped of scales and greatly magnified 7after ,burgess73 v1 vertex2 f1 front2 cl1 clypeus2 lb1 labrum1 or upper lip2 md1 mandibles2 a1 antenn2 oc1 eyes2 tk1 spiral tongue1 or proboscis4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #cj4--;,cross-section of the sucking-tube of the milkweed butterfly1 to show the way in which the halves unite to form a central canal 7c73 tr1 trache1 or air-tubes2 n1 nerves2 m1 m#c1 muscles of one side4 7,magnified #abe diameters47 7,burgess47 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ca4--,longitudinal section of the head of the milkweed butterfly3 cl1 clypeus2 mx1 left maxilla1 the right being removed2 mfl1 floor of mouth2 oe1 oesophagus1 or gullet2 ov1 mouth-valve2 sd1 salivary duct2 dm and fm1 dorsal and frontal muscles1 which open the sac4 7,magnified #bj diameters74 7,burgess47 ,the ,head4--,the head is globular1 its breadth generally exceeding its length4 ,the top is called the vertex2 the anterior portion1 corresponding in location to the human face1 is called the front4 ,upon the sides of the head are situated the large compound eyes1 between which are the antenn1 or feelers1 as they are sometimes called4 ,above the mouth is a smooth horny plate1 the clypeus4 ,the labrum1 or upper lip1 is quite small4 ,on both sides of the mouth are rudimentary mandibles1 which are microscopic objects4 ,the true suctorial apparatus is formed by the maxill1 which are produced in the form of semi-cylindrical tubes1 which1 being brought together and interlocking1 form a complete tube1 which is known as the proboscis1 and which1 when not in use1 is curled up spirally1 looking like a watch-spring4 ,at the upper end of the proboscis1 in the head1 is a bulb-like enlargement1 in the walls of which are inserted muscles which have their origin on the inner wall of the head4 ,when these muscles contract1 the bulb-like cavity is enlarged1 a vacuum is produced1 and the fluids in the cup of the flower flow up the proboscis and into the bulb4 ,the bulb is also surrounded by muscles1 which1 when contracting1 compress it4 ,the external opening of the tube has a flap1 or valve1 which1 when the bulb is compressed1 closes and causes the fluid in it to flow backward into the gullet and the stomach4 ,the arrangement is mechanically not unlike that in a bulb-syringe used by physicians4 ,the process of feeding in the case of the butterfly is a process of pumping honeyed water out of the flowers into the stomach4 ,the length of the proboscis varies2 at its base and on either side are placed what are known as the maxillary palpi1 which are very small4 ,the lower lip1 or labium1 which is also almost obsolete in the butterflies1 has on either side two organs known as the labial palpi1 which consist of three joints4 ,in the butterflies the labial palpi are generally well developed1 though in some genera they are quite small4 ,the antenn of butterflies are always provided at the extremity with a club-shaped enlargement1 and because of this clubbed form of the antenn the entire group are known as the ,rhopalocera1 the word being compounded from the ,greek word 771 which means a club1 and the word 77 which means a horn4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #cb4--;,interior view of head of milkweed butterfly3 cl1 clypeus2 cor1 cornea of the eye2 oe1 oesophagus1 or gullet2 fm1 frontal muscle2 dm1 dorsal muscles2 lm1 lateral muscles2 pm1 muscles moving the palpus 7,burgess74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #cc4--,labial palpus of ,colias1 magnified #aj diameters4 ,it will be observed from what has been said that the head in these creatures is to a large extent the seat of the organs of sense and alimentation4 ,what the function of the antenn may be is somewhat doubtful1 the opinion of scientific men being divided4 ,the latest researches would indicate that these organs1 which have been regarded as the organs of smell and sometimes as the organs of hearing1 have probably a compound function1 possibly enabling the creature to hear1 certainly to smell1 but also1 perhaps1 being the seat of impressions which are not strictly like any which we receive through our senses4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #cd4--;,colias philodice3 a1 antenna2 p1 extremity of palpus2 pl1 prothoracic leg2 ml1 mesothoracic leg2 hl1 metathoracic or hind leg2 t1 proboscis4 ,thorax4--,the thorax is more or less oval in form1 being somewhat flattened upon its upper surface4 ,it is composed of three parts1 or segments1 closely united1 which can only be distinguished from one another by a careful dissection4 ,the anterior segment is known as the prothorax1 the middle segment as the mesothorax1 and the after segment as the metathorax4 ,the legs are attached in pairs to these three subdivisions of the thorax1 the anterior pair being therefore sometimes spoken of as the prothoracic legs1 the second pair as the mesothoracic legs1 and the latter pair as the metathoracic legs 7,fig4 #cd74 ,on either side of the mesothorax are attached the anterior pair of wings1 over which1 at their insertion into the body1 are the tegul1 or lappets2 on either side of the metathorax are the posterior pair of wings4 ,it will be seen from what has been said that the thorax bears the organs of locomotion4 ,the under side of the thorax is frequently spoken of by writers1 in describing butterflies1 as the pectus1 or breast4 ,the ,abdomen4--,the abdomen is formed normally of nine segments1 and in most butterflies is shorter than the hind wings4 ,on the last segment there are various appendages1 which are mainly sexual in their nature4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ce4--,leg of butterfly3 c1 coxa2 tr1 trochanter2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia2 tar1 tarsi4 ,the ,legs4--,butterflies have six legs1 arranged in three pairs1 as we have already seen4 ,each leg consists of five parts1 the first of which1 nearest the body1 is called the coxa1 with which articulates a ring-like piece known as the trochanter4 ,to this is attached the femur1 and united with the femur1 forming an angle with it1 is the tibia4 ,to the tibia is attached the tarsus1 or foot1 the last segment of which bears the claws1 which are often very minute and blunt in the butterflies1 though in moths they are sometimes strongly hooked4 ,the tibi are often armed with spines4 ,in some groups of butterflies the anterior pair of legs is aborted1 or dwarfed1 either in one or both sexes1 a fact which is useful in determining the location of species in their systematic order4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #cf4--,magnified representation of arrangement of the scales on the wing of a butterfly4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #cg4--;,androconia from wings of male butterflies3 a1 ,neonympha eurytus2 b1 ,argynnis aphrodite2 c1 ,pieris oleracea4 ,the ,wings4--,the wings of butterflies consist of a framework of horny tubes which are in reality double1 the inner tube being filled with air1 the outer tube with blood1 which circulates most freely during the time that the insect is undergoing the process of development after emergence from the chrysalis1 as has been already described4 ,after emergence the circulation of the blood in the outer portion of the tubes is largely1 if not altogether1 suspended4 ,these horny tubes support a broad membrane1 which is clothed in most species upon both sides with flattened scales which are attached to the membrane in such a way that they overlap one another like the shingles on a roof4 ,these scales are very beautiful objects when examined under a microscope1 and there is considerable diversity in their form as well as in their colors4 ,the males of many species have peculiarly shaped scales arranged in tufts and folds1 which are called androconia1 and are useful in microscopically determining species 7,fig4 #cg74 ,the portion of the wings which is nearest to the thorax at the point where they are attached to the body is called the base2 the middle third of the wing is known as the median or discal area1 the outer third as the limbal area4 ,the anterior margin of the wings is called the costal margin2 the outer edge is known as the external margin1 the inner edge as the inner margin4 ,the shape of the wings varies very much4 ,the tip of the front wing is called the apex1 and this may be rounded1 acute1 falcate 7somewhat sickle-shaped71 or square4 ,the angle formed by the outer margin of the front wing with the inner margin is commonly known as the outer angle4 ,the corresponding angle on the hind wing is known as the anal angle1 and the point which corresponds to the tip or apex of the front wing is known as the external angle 7,fig4 #ch74 ,a knowledge of these terms is necessary in order to understand the technical descriptions which are given by authors4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,iii ,reproduced1 with the kind permission of ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 from ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #gd4 ,,caterpillars ,,of ,,nymphalid #a4 ,o,eneis semidea4 ,penultimate stage4 #b4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #c4 ,neonympha eurytus4 #d4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #e4 ,anosia plexippus4 #f4 ,neonympha eurytus4 #g4 ,o,eneis semidea4 ,just hatched4 #h4 ,neonympha phocion4 #i4 ,satyrodes canthus4 #aj4 ,neonympha eurytus4 #aa4 ,o,eneis jutta4 ,just hatched4 #ab4 ,neonympha phocion4 #ac4 ,neonympha eurytus4 ,penultimate stage4 #ad4 ,neonympha eurytus4 ,plain and enlarged4 #ae4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #af4 ,debis portlandia4 #ag4 ,basilarchia astyanax4 #ah4 ,satyrus alope4 #ai4 ,basilarchia disippus4 #bj4 ,chlorippe clyton4 #ba4 ,basilarchia astyanax4 #bb4 ,basilarchia disippus4 ,plain outline to show the attitude sometimes assumed4 #bc4 ,grapta interrogationis4 #bd4 ,basilarchia disippus4 #be4 ,basilarchia astyanax4 ,plain4 #bf4 ,basilarchia arthemis4 #bg4 ,grapta interrogationis4 #bh4 ,vanessa antiopa4 #bi4 ,junonia coenia4 #cj4 ,junonia coenia4 #ca4 ,grapta progne4 #cb4 ,grapta faunus4 #cc4 ,grapta satyrus4 #cd4 ,pyrameis huntera4 #ce4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 #cf4 ,vanessa milberti4 #cg4 ,pyrameis cardui4 #ch4 ,grapta comma4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,if a wing is examined with the naked eye1 or even with a lens1 a clear conception of the structure of the veins can rarely be formed4 ,therefore it is generally necessary to remove from the wings the scales which cover them1 or else bleach them4 ,the scales may be removed mechanically by rubbing them off4 ,they may be made transparent by the use of chemical agents4 ,in the case of specimens which are so valuable as to forbid a resort to these methods1 a clear knowledge of the structure of the veins may be formed by simply moistening them with pure benzine or chloroform1 which enables the structure of the veins to be seen for a few moments4 ,the evaporation of these fluids is rapid1 and they produce no ill effect upon the color and texture of the wings4 ,in the case of common species1 or in the case of such as are abundantly represented in the possession of the collector1 and the practical destruction of one or two of which is a matter of no moment1 it is easy to use the first method4 ,the wing should be placed between two sheets of fine writing-paper which have been moistened by the breath at the points where the wing is laid1 and then by lightly rubbing the finger-nail or a piece of ivory1 bone1 or other hard substance over the upper piece of paper1 a good many of the scales may be removed4 ,this process may be repeated until almost all of them have been taken off4 ,this method is efficient in the case of many of the small species when they are still fresh2 in the case of the larger species the scales may be removed by means of a camel's-hair pencil such as is used by painters4 ,the chemical method of bleaching wings is simple and inexpensive4 ,for this purpose the wing should be dipped in alcohol and then placed in a vessel containing a bleaching solution of some sort4 ,the best agent is a solution of chloride of lime4 ,after the color has been removed from the wing by the action of the chloride it should be washed in a weak solution of hydrochloric acid4 ,it may then be cleansed in pure water and mounted upon a piece of glass1 as microscopic slides are mounted1 and thus preserved4 ,when thus bleached the wing is capable of being minutely studied1 and all points of its anatomy are brought clearly into view4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ch4--,outline of wing1 giving names of parts4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ci4--;,arrangement of scales on wing of butterfly4 ,the veins in both the fore and hind wings of butterflies may be divided into simple and compound veins4 ,in the fore wing the simple veins are the costal1 the radial1 and the submedian2 in the hind wing1 the costal1 the subcostal1 the upper and lower radial1 the submedian1 and the internal are simple4 ,the costal vein in the hind wing is1 however1 generally provided near the base with a short ascending branch which is known as the precostal vein4 ,in addition to these simple veins there are in the fore wing two branching veins1 one immediately following the costal1 known as the subcostal1 and the other preceding the submedian1 known as the median vein4 ,the branches of these compound veins are known as nervules4 ,the median vein always has three nervules4 ,the nervules of the subcostal veins branch upwardly and outwardly toward the costal margin and the apex of the fore wing4 ,there are always from four to five subcostal nervules4 ,in the hind wing the subcostal is simple4 ,the median vein in the hind wing has three nervules as in the fore wing4 ,between the subcostal and the median veins1 toward the base in both wings1 is inclosed the cell1 which may be wholly or partially open at its outer extremity1 or closed4 ,the veinlets which close the cell at its outward extremity are known as the discocellular veins1 of which there are normally three4 ,from the point of union of these discocellular veins go forth the radial veins known respectively as the upper and lower radials1 though the upper radial in many genera is emitted from the lower margin of the subcostal4 ,an understanding of these terms is1 however1 more readily derived from a study of the figure in which the names of these parts are indicated 7,fig4 #dj74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #dj4--,wing of ,anosia plexippus1 showing the names of the veins and nervules3 ,c1 ,c1 costal veins2 ,,sc1 subcostal vein2 ,,sc#a1 etc41 subcostal nervules2 ,,ur1 upper radial2 ,,lr1 lower radial2 ,m1 median veins2 ,m#a1 ,m#b1 ,m#c1 median nervules2 ,,sm1 submedian veins2 ,i1 internal veins2 ,,pc1 precostal nervule2 ,,udc1 ,,mdc1 ,,ldc1 upper1 middle1 and lower discocellulars4 ,butterflies generally hold their wings erect when they are at rest1 with their two upper surfaces in proximity1 the under surfaces alone displaying their colors to the eye4 ,only in a few genera of the larger butterflies1 and these tropical species1 with which this book does not deal1 is there an exception to this rule1 save in the case of the ,hesperiid1 or skippers1 in which very frequently1 while the anterior wings are folded together1 the posterior wings lie in a horizontal position4 ,internal ,organs4--,thus far we have considered only the external organs of the butterfly4 ,the internal organs have been made the subject of close study and research by many writers1 and a volume might be prepared upon this subject4 ,it will1 however1 suffice for us to call the attention of the student to the principal facts4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #da4--,longitudinal section through the larva of ,anosia plexippus1 1 to show the internal anatomy 7the ,roman numerals indicate the thoracic1 the ,arabic the abdominal segments73 b1 brain2 sog1 suboesophageal ganglion2 nc1 nervous cord2 oe1 oesophagus2 st1 stomach2 i1 intestine2 c1 colon2 sv1 spinning-vessel of one side2 s1 spinneret2 mv1 ,malpighian vessel1 of which only the portions lying on the stomach are shown1 and not the multitudinous convolutions on the intestine2 t1 testis2 dv1 dorsal vessel2 the salivary glands are not shown4 7,magnified #c diameters47 7,burgess47 ,the muscular system finds its principal development in the thorax1 which bears the organs of locomotion4 ,the digestive system consists of the proboscis1 which has already been described1 the gullet1 or oesophagus1 and the stomach1 over which is a large1 bladder-like vessel called the food-reservoir1 a sort of crop preceding the true stomach1 which is a cylindrical tube2 the intestine is a slender tube1 varying in shape in different genera1 divided into the small intestine1 the colon1 and the rectum4 ,butterflies breathe through spiracles1 little oval openings on the sides of the segments of the body1 branching from which inwardly are the trache1 or bronchial tubes4 ,the heart1 which is located in the same relative position as the spine in vertebrate animals1 is a tubular structure4 ,the nervous system lies on the lower or ventral side of the body1 its position being exactly the reverse of that which is found in the higher animals4 ,it consists of nervous cords and ganglia1 or nerve-knots1 in the different segments4 ,those in the head are more largely developed than elsewhere1 forming a rudimentary brain1 the larger portion of which consists of two enormous optic nerves4 ,the student who is desirous of informing himself more thoroughly and accurately as to the internal anatomy of these insects may consult with profit some of the treatises which are mentioned in the list of works dealing with the subject which is given elsewhere in this book4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #db4--,longitudinal section through the imago of ,anosia plexippus1 1 to show the internal anatomy3 t1 tongue2 p1 palpus2 a1 antenna2 pr1 prothorax2 mes1 mesothorax2 met1 metathorax2 ps1 pharyngeal sac2 b1 brain2 sog1 suboesophageal ganglion2 #a-b1 blended first and second ganglia of the larva2 #c-d1 blended third and fourth ganglia of the larva2 l1 l1 l1 the three legs2 ac1 aortal chamber2 dv1 dorsal vessel2 oe1 oesophagus2 res1 reservoir for air or food2 st1 stomach2 mv1 ,malpighian vessels2 i1 intestine2 c1 colon2 r1 rectum2 cp1 copulatory pouch2 o1 oviduct2 ag1 accessory glands2 sp1 spermatheca2 ov1 ovaries 7not fully developed72 nc1 nervous cord4 7,magnified #c diameters47 7,burgess47 ,polymorphism and ,dimorphism4--,species of butterflies often show great differences in the different broods which appear4 ,the brood which emerges in the springtime from the chrysalis1 which has passed the winter under the snows1 may differ very strikingly from the insect which appears in the second or summer brood2 and the insects of the third or fall brood may differ again from either the spring or the summer brood4 ,the careful student notes these differences4 ,such species are called polymorphic1 that is1 appearing under different forms4 ,some species reveal a singular difference between the sexes1 and there may be two forms of the same sex in the same species4 ,this is most common in the case of the female butterfly1 and where there are two forms of the female or the male such a species is said to have dimorphic females or males4 ,this phenomenon is revealed in the case of the well-known ,turnus ,butterfly2 in the colder regions of the continent the females are yellow banded with black1 like the males1 but in more southern portions of the continent black females are quite common1 and these dark females were once thought1 before the truth was known1 to constitute a separate species4 ,albinism and ,melanism4--,albinos1 white or light-colored forms1 are quite common among butterflies1 principally among the females4 ,on the other hand1 melanism1 or a tendency to the production of dark or even black forms1 reveals itself4 ,melanism is rather more common in the case of the male sex than in the female sex4 ,the collector and student will always endeavor1 if possible1 to preserve these curious aberrations1 as they are called4 ,we do not yet entirely understand what are the causes which are at work to produce these changes in the color1 and all such aberrant specimens have interest for the scientific man4 ,monstrosities4--,curious malformations1 producing monstrosities1 sometimes occur among insects1 as in other animals1 and such malformed specimens should likewise be preserved when found4 ,one form of malformation which is not altogether uncommon consists in an apparent confusion of sexes in specimens1 the wings of a male insect being attached to the body of a female1 or half of an insect being male and half female4 ,mimicry4--,one of the most singular and interesting facts in the animal kingdom is what has been styled mimicry4 ,certain colors and forms are possessed by animals which adapt them to their surroundings in such wise that they are in a greater or less degree secured from observation and attack4 ,or they possess forms and colors which cause them to approximate in appearance other creatures1 which for some reason are feared or disliked by animals which might prey upon them1 and in consequence of this resemblance enjoy partial or entire immunity4 ,some butterflies1 for instance1 resemble dried leaves1 and as they are seated upon the twigs of trees they wholly elude the eye4 ,this illustrates the first form of mimicry4 ,other butterflies so closely approximate in form and color species which birds and other insects will not attack1 because of the disagreeable juices which their bodies contain1 that they are shunned by their natural enemies1 in spite of the fact that they belong to groups of insects which are ordinarily greedily devoured by birds and other animals4 ,a good illustration of this fact is found in the case of the ,disippus ,butterfly1 which belongs to a group which is not specially protected1 but is often the prey of insect-eating creatures4 ,this butterfly has assumed almost the exact color and markings of the milkweed butterfly1 ,anosia plexippus1 which is distasteful to birds1 and hence enjoys peculiar freedom from the attacks of enemies4 ,because this adaptation of one form to another evidently serves the purpose of defense this phenomenon has been called protective mimicry4 ,the reader who is curious to know more about the subject will do well to consult the writings of ,mr4 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace and ,mr4 ,darwin1 who have written at length upon mimicry among butterflies4 ,there is here a field of most interesting inquiry for the student4 ,the ,distribution of ,butterflies4--,butterflies are found everywhere that plant life suited to the nourishment of the caterpillars is found4 ,there are some species which are arctic and are found in the brief summer of the cold ,north and upon the lofty summits of high mountains which have an arctic climate4 ,most of them are1 however1 children of the sun1 and chiefly abound in the temperate and tropical regions of the earth4 ,while the number of species which are found in the tropics vastly exceeds the number of species found in the temperate zone1 it is apparently true that the number of specimens of certain species is far more numerous in temperate regions than in the tropics4 ,very rarely in tropical countries are great assemblages of butterflies to be seen1 such as may be found in the summer months in the ,united ,states1 swarming around damp places1 or hovering over the fields of blooming clover or weeds4 ,in the whole vast region extending from the ,rio ,grande of ,texas to the arctic circle it is doubtful whether more than seven hundred species of butterflies are found4 ,on the continent of ,europe there are only about four hundred and fifty species4 ,the number of species of butterflies and the number of species of birds in the ,united ,states are very nearly the same4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,capture1 ,,preparation1 ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,specimens ,what hand would crush the silken-wingd fly1 ,the youngest of inconstant ,april's minions1 ,because it cannot climb the purest sky1 ,where the swan sings1 amid the sun's dominions8 ,not thine4 ,,shelley4 ,do not mash your specimens6--,,the ,,professor4 ,,collecting ,,apparatus ,illustration ,,fig4 #dc4--,plan for folding net-ring3 c1 halves of ring detached2 b1 upper joint of the halves2 a1 ring set2 d1 cap of ferrule2 f1 cap of ferrule1 showing screw in place2 e1 screw 7,riley74 ,nets4--,in the capture of insects of all orders1 and especially of butterflies and moths1 one of the most important instruments is the net4 ,german naturalists make use of what are known as shears 7,scheren71 which are made like gigantic scissors1 having at the end two large oval rings upon which wire gauze or fine netting is stretched4 ,with this implement1 which looks like an old-fashioned candle-snuffer of colossal size1 they succeed in collecting specimens without doing much injury4 ,shears are1 however1 not much in vogue among the naturalists of other countries4 ,the favorite instrument for the ordinary collector is the net4 ,nets may be made in various ways and of various materials4 ,there are a multitude of devices which have been invented for enabling the net to be folded up so as to occupy but little space when not in use4 ,the simplest form of the net1 which can be made almost anywhere1 is constructed as follows3 ,a rod--preferably of bamboo1 or some other light1 stiff material--is used as the handle1 not more than five feet in length4 ,attached to this at its upper end1 a loop or ring made of metal1 or some moderately stiff yet flexible material1 should be tied securely4 ,upon this there should be sewed a bag of fine netting1 preferably tarletan4 ,the bag should be quite long1 not less than eighteen inches deep2 the ring should be not less than a foot in diameter4 ,such a net can be made at a cost of but a few cents1 and will be1 in most cases1 as efficient as any of the more expensive nets which are more carefully constructed4 ,a good1 cheap ring for a net may be made by using the brass ferrule of a fishing-rod4 ,the ferrule should be at least three quarters of an inch in diameter4 ,into this insert the ends of a metal ring made by bending brass1 aluminium1 or iron wire into the proper form4 ,when the ends have been inserted into the ferrule1 melted solder or lead may be poured into it1 and the ends of the wire forming the ring will be thus firmly secured in the ferrule4 ,the ferrule can then be inserted into its mate placed at the end of a bamboo rod4 ,i have commonly obtained for this purpose the last joint or butt of a fishing-rod as the handle of a net4 ,such a handle can often be purchased for a small sum from a dealer in fishing-rods4 ,it can be made very cheaply4 ,any kind of a stick1 if not too heavy1 will do4 ,it is sometimes convenient to have it in your power to lengthen the handle of your net so as to reach objects that are at some elevation above the head1 and for this purpose ,i have had nets made with handles capable of being lengthened by jointed extensions4 ,in collecting in tropical countries1 among tall shrubbery and undergrowth1 nets thus made1 capable of having their handles greatly lengthened1 have often proved serviceable4 ,one of the most successful collectors ,i have ever had in my employment made his net by simply bending a piece of bamboo into the form of the frame of an ,indian snow-shoe1 to which he attached a handle about a foot and a half in length1 and to this he affixed a bag of netting4 ,he was1 however1 a ,japanese1 and possessed a singular dexterity in the capture of specimens with this simple apparatus to which ,i myself never attained4 ,when tarletan cannot be had1 ordinary mosquito-netting will do as the material for the bag4 ,it is1 however1 too coarse in the mesh for many delicate and minute species4 ,very fine netting for the manufacture of the bags is made in ,switzerland1 and can be obtained from reputable dealers4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #dd4--;a1 net2 b1 ferrule to receive handle2 c1 wire hoop to be fastened in the upper end of the ferrule 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #de4--;a1 ring of metal tied with wire at a2 b1 ferrule2 c1 plug put in before pouring in solder 7,riley74 ,in order to protect and preserve the net1 it is well to bind it with some thin muslin at the point where it is joined to the ring4 ,nets are sometimes made with a strip of muslin1 about two inches wide1 attached to the entire circumference of the ring1 and to this strip of muslin the bag is sewed4 ,for my part1 ,i prefer gray or green as the color for a net4 ,white should be avoided1 as experience shows that a white net will often alarm an insect when a net of darker material will not cause it to fly before the collector is ready to bring the net down over the spot where it is settled4 ,collecting-,jars4--,in killing insects various methods have been used4 ,in practice the most approved method is to employ a jar charged with cyanide of potash or with carbonate of ammonia4 ,for large moths and butterflies cyanide of potash and carbonate of ammonia serve very well1 but it must be remembered that carbonate of ammonia bleaches insects which are green in color4 ,it is well1 in my judgment1 to use a drop or two of chloroform in the jar charged with carbonate of ammonia1 for the collection of diurnal lepidoptera4 ,by putting a few drops of chloroform into the jar1 the insect is anesthetized1 and its struggles are made quickly to cease4 ,the principal objection to chloroform is the fact that it induces rigidity of the thoracic muscles1 which subsequently sometimes interferes with handsome setting4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #df4--;,cyanide-jar prepared for use3 ,p1 perforated cardboard2 ,cy1 lumps of cyanide of potash4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #dg4--,piece of paper punctured and slit for pasting over the cyanide in the collecting-jar4 ,in the preparation of the poisoning-jar it is well to use a jar which has a ground-glass stopper1 and the mouth of which is about three inches in diameter4 ,this will be large enough for most specimens4 ,the one-pound hydrate of chloral jars1 provided with glass stoppers and sold by ,schering1 make the neatest collecting-jars that are known to the writer4 ,i have found it well to have such jars partly covered with leather after the fashion of a drinking-flask4 ,an opening in the leather is left on either side1 permitting an inspection of the contents of the jar4 ,the leather protects from breakage4 ,at the bottom of such a jar a few lumps of cyanide of potash1 about the size of a filbert1 should be placed4 ,over this may be laid a little cotton1 to prevent the lumps from rattling about loosely at the bottom of the jar4 ,over the cotton there is pasted a sheet of strong white paper1 perforated with a multitude of holes4 ,in securing the white paper over the cyanide1 the writer has resorted to a simple method which is explained in the annexed diagram4 ,a piece of paper is placed under the jar1 and a circle the size of the inside of the jar is traced upon it4 ,then a disk is cut out about three quarters of an inch greater in diameter than the original circle 7,fig4 #dg74 ,the paper is punctured over the entire surface included within the inner line1 and then1 with a scissors1 little gashes are made from the outer circumference inward1 so as to permit of the folding up of the edge of the disk4 ,a little gum tragacanth is then applied to these upturned edges2 and it is inserted into the jar and pasted securely over the cyanide by the upturned flaps4 ,a jar thus charged will last for a long time1 if kept properly closed when not in use4 ,cyanide of potash has a tendency to deliquesce1 or melt down in the presence of moisture1 and in very humid climates or damp places1 if the jar is not kept well stoppered1 the cyanide will quickly become semi-fluid1 the paper will become moist1 and specimens placed in the jar will be injured or completely ruined4 ,it is well1 however1 to bear in mind the fact that the fumes of hydrocyanic acid 7prussic acid71 which are active in producing the death of the insect1 will not be given off in sufficient volume unless there is some small amount of moisture present in the jar2 and in a very dry climate the writer has found it sometimes necessary to add a drop or two of water from time to time to the cyanide4 ,the same method which has been described for charging a jar with cyanide of potash can be employed in charging it with carbonate of ammonia4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #dh4--,method of disabling a butterfly by pinching it when in the net4 ,field-,boxes4--,in collecting butterflies it is often possible to kill1 or half kill1 the specimens contained in the net by a smart pinch administered to the insect by the thumb and the first finger1 the pressure being applied from without the net 7,fig4 #dh74 ,this mode of procedure1 however1 unless the operator is careful1 is apt to somewhat damage the specimens4 ,the writer prefers to hold the insect firmly between the thumb and the first finger1 and apply a drop or two of chloroform from a vial which should be carried in the upper left-hand vest-pocket4 ,the application of the chloroform will cause the insect to cease its struggles immediately1 and it may then be placed in the poisoning-jar1 or it may be pinned into the field-box4 ,the field-box1 which should be worn at the side1 securely held in its place by a strap going over the shoulder and by another strap around the waist1 may be provided with the poisoning apparatus or may be without it4 ,in the former case the box should be of tin1 and should have securely fastened in one corner some lumps of cyanide1 tied in gauze4 ,the box should be very tight1 so that when it is closed the fumes of the cyanide may be retained4 ,the bottom should be covered with cork1 upon which the specimens1 as they are withdrawn from the poisoning-jar1 should be pinned4 ,it is well to bear strictly in mind that it is a mistake to continue to put one specimen after another into the poisoning-jar until it is half filled or quite filled with specimens4 ,in walking about the field1 if there are several insects in the jar at a time1 they are likely to become rubbed and their beauty partially destroyed by being tossed about as the collector moves from place to place2 and a large insect placed in a jar in which there are one or two smaller insects will in its death-struggles possibly injure the latter4 ,so1 as fast as the insects are partially asphyxiated1 or deprived of the power of motion1 they should be removed from the poisoning-jar to the poisoning-box1 where they are pinned in place and prevented from rubbing one against the other4 ,some collectors prefer simply to stun the insects1 and then pin them into the field-box1 where they are left1 in whole or in part1 to recover their vitality1 to be subsequently put to death upon the return of the collector from the field4 ,this mode of procedure1 while undoubtedly it yields in the hands of a skilful operator the most beautiful specimens1 appears to the writer to be somewhat cruel1 and he does not therefore approve of it4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,iv ,reproduced1 with the kind permission of ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 from ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #hc4 ,,chrysalids ,,in ,,color ,,and ,,in ,,outline--,,nymphalid #a4 ,anosia plexippus4 ,side view4 #b4 ,anosia plexippus4 ,in outline4 #c4 ,anosia plexippus4 ,dorsal view4 #d4 ,o,eneis semidea4 #e4 ,o,eneis semidea4 ,dorsal view4 #f4 ,debis portlandia4 #g4 ,satyrus nephele4 #h4 ,satyrus nephele4 ,dorsal view4 #i4 ,satyrodes canthus4 ,side view4 #aj4 ,neonympha phocion4 ,side view4 #aa4 ,neonympha phocion4 ,side view4 #ab4 ,basilarchia astyanax4 ,side view4 #ac4 ,basilarchia astyanax4 ,side view4 #ad4 ,basilarchia arthemis4 ,side view4 #ae4 ,chlorippe clyton4 ,side view4 #af4 ,chlorippe clyton4 ,side view4 #ag4 ,chlorippe clyton4 ,dorsal view4 #ah4 ,basilarchia disippus4 ,ventral view4 #ai4 ,basilarchia disippus4 ,side view4 #bj4 ,basilarchia disippus4 ,side view4 #ba4 ,grapta interrogationis4 ,dorsal view4 #bb4 ,grapta interrogationis4 ,side view4 #bc4 ,basilarchia arthemis4 ,dorsal view4 #bd4 ,grapta interrogationis4 ,outline of mesothoracic tubercle from the side4 #be4 ,grapta interrogationis4 #bf4 ,grapta interrogationis4 ,outline of head from in front4 #bg4 ,grapta comma4 ,outline of head from in front2 enlarged4 #bh4 ,neonympha eurytus4 ,side view4 #bi4 ,grapta comma4 ,outline of mesothoracic tubercle from the side4 #cj4 ,grapta comma4 ,the same from another specimen4 #ca4 ,grapta faunus4 ,outline of head from in front4 #cb4 ,grapta progne4 ,outline of head from in front4 #cc4 ,grapta faunus4 ,side view4 #cd4 ,grapta faunus4 ,side view in outline4 #ce4 ,grapta faunus4 ,ventral view in outline4 #cf4 ,vanessa j-album4 ,outline of mesothoracic tubercle from the side4 #cg4 ,grapta progne4 ,side view4 #ch4 ,grapta progne4 ,side view4 #ci4 ,grapta comma4 ,side view4 #dj4 ,grapta interrogationis4 ,side view4 #da4 ,grapta satyrus4 ,side view4 #db4 ,grapta satyrus4 ,ventral view4 #dc4 ,vanessa milberti4 ,side view4 #dd4 ,vanessa j-album4 ,side view4 #de4 ,vanessa j-album4 ,ventral view4 #df4 ,grapta comma4 ,side view4 #dg4 ,grapta comma4 ,side view4 #dh4 ,grapta comma4 ,dorsal view4 #di4 ,vanessa milberti4 ,side view4 #ej4 ,vanessa milberti4 ,dorsal view4 #ea4 ,vanessa antiopa4 ,side view4 #eb4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 ,side view4 #ec4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 ,dorsal view4 #ed4 ,pyrameis huntera4 ,side view4 #ee4 ,pyrameis atalanta4 ,side view4 #ef4 ,junonia coenia4 ,side view4 #eg4 ,junonia coenia4 ,dorsal view4 #eh4 ,vanessa antiopa4 ,side view4 #ei4 ,vanessa antiopa4 ,dorsal view4 #fj4 ,pyrameis cardui4 ,side view4 #fa4 ,pyrameis cardui4 ,side view4 #fb4 ,pyrameis cardui4 ,dorsal view4 #fc4 ,pyrameis huntera4 ,dorsal view4 #fd4 ,pyrameis huntera4 ,side view1 with nest woven before pupation4 #fe4 ,junonia coenia4 ,side view4 #ff4 ,junonia coenia4 ,side view4 #fg4 ,junonia coenia4 ,side view4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the ,use of the ,net4--,in the use of the net the old saying is true that practice makes perfect4 ,the bag of the net should be sufficiently long to allow of its being completely closed when hanging from the ring on either side4 ,it is possible to sweep into the net an insect which is fluttering through the air1 and then by a turn of the hand to close the bag and to capture the specimen4 ,when the insect has alighted upon the ground it is best to clap the net over it and then to raise the net with one hand4 ,very many species have the habit of flying upward4 ,this is particularly true of the skippers1 a group of very vigorous and swift-flying butterflies4 ,the writer prefers1 if possible1 to clap the net over the specimens and then to allow them to rise1 and1 by inserting the wide-mouthed collecting-jar below1 to capture them without touching them at all with the fingers4 ,so far as possible the fingers should not be allowed to come in contact with specimens1 whether in or out of the net1 though some persons acquire an extremely delicate yet firm touch which enables them to handle the wings of frail species without removing any of the scales4 ,nothing is more unsightly in a collection than specimens that have been caught and rubbed by the fingers4 ,baits4--,moths are frequently taken by the method of collecting known as sugaring4 ,but it may also be employed for butterflies4 ,for this purpose a mixture of beer and cheap brown sugar may be used4 ,if the beer be stale drippings1 so much the better4 ,in fact1 it is well1 if the collector intends to remain in one locality for some time1 to make a mixture of beer and sugar some hours or a day in advance of its application4 ,in semi-tropical countries a mixture of beer and sugar is hardly as good as a mixture of molasses and water into which a few tablespoonfuls of ,jamaica rum have been put4 ,a mixture thus prepared seems to attract more effectually than the first prescription4 ,having provided a pail with a quart or two of the mixture1 the collector resorts to the point where he proposes to carry on his work4 ,with an ordinary whitewash brush the mixture is applied to the trunks of trees1 stumps1 fence-rails1 and other objects4 ,it is well to apply the mixture to a series of trees and posts located on the side of a bit of woodland1 or along a path through forests1 if comparatively open and not too dense4 ,the writer has rarely had success in sugaring in the depths of forests4 ,his greatest success has always been on paths and at the edge of woods4 ,many beetles and other insects come to the tempting sweets1 and separate jars for capturing these should be carried in the pocket4 ,the collector never should attempt to kill beetles in the same jar into which he is putting butterflies4 ,the hard1 horny bodies and spiny legs of beetles will make sad havoc with the delicate wings of butterflies4 ,many other baits besides this may be employed to attract insects4 ,some writers recommend a bait prepared by boiling dried apples and mashing them into a pulp1 adding a little rum to the mixture1 and applying this to the bark of trees4 ,in tropical countries bananas1 especially rotten bananas1 seem to have a charm for insects4 ,the cane-trash at sugar-mills is very attractive4 ,if possible1 it is well to obtain a quantity of this trash and scatter it along forest paths4 ,some insects have very peculiar appetites and are attracted by things loathsome4 ,the ordure of carnivorous animals seems to have a special charm for some of the most magnificently colored and the rarest of tropical butterflies4 ,a friend of mine in ,africa1 who collected for me for a number of years1 used to keep civet-cats1 the ordure of which was collected and placed at appropriate points in the forest paths2 and he was richly rewarded by obtaining many insects which were not obtained in any other way4 ,putrid fish have a charm for other species1 and dead snakes1 when rankly high1 will attract still others4 ,it may be observed that after the trees have been treated for a succession of days or nights with the sweetening mixture spoken of above1 they become very productive4 ,when collecting in ,japan ,i made it a rule to return in the morning to the spots that ,i had sugared for moths the evening before1 and ,i was always amply repaid by finding multitudes of butterflies and even a good many day-flying moths seated upon the mossy bark1 feasting upon the remnants of the banquet ,i had provided the evening before4 ,there is no sport--,i do not except that of the angler--which is more fascinating than the sport derived by an enthusiastic entomologist from the practice of sugaring4 ,it is well1 however1 to know always where your path leads1 and not to lay it out in the dusk1 as the writer once did when staying at a well-known summer resort in ,virginia4 ,the path which he had chosen as the scene of operations was unfortunately laid1 all unknown to himself1 just in the rear of the poultry-house of a man who sold chickens to the hotel2 and when he saw the dark lantern mysteriously moving about1 he concluded that some one with designs upon his hens was hidden in the woods1 and opened fire with a seven-shooter1 thus coming very near to terminating abruptly the career of an ardent entomologist4 ,beating4--,there are many species which are apparently not attracted by baits such as we have spoken of in the preceding paragraph4 ,the collector1 passing through the grove1 searches diligently with his eye and captures what he can see1 but does not fail also with the end of his net-handle to tap the trunks of trees and to shake the bushes1 and as the insects fly out1 to note the point where they settle1 and then make them his prey4 ,it is well in this work1 as in all collecting1 to proceed somewhat leisurely1 and to keep perfectly cool4 ,the caricature sometimes found in newspapers of the ardent lepidopterist running like a quarter-back across a ten-acre lot in quest of some flying insect does not represent the truly skilful collector1 whose movements are more or less stealthy and cautious4 ,,the ,,breeding ,,of ,,specimens ,by breeding it is possible to obtain specimens in the most perfect condition4 ,bred specimens which have not had an opportunity to fly are always preferred on account of their freshness of color and perfection of form4 ,a great many species which apparently are exceedingly rare may often be obtained in considerable numbers by the process of breeding1 the caterpillar being more readily found than the perfect insect4 ,although the process of breeding involves a good deal of labor and care1 it affords a most delightful field for observation1 and the returns are frequently of the very greatest value4 ,how to ,get the ,eggs of ,butterflies4--,the process of breeding may begin with the egg4 ,the skilful eye of the student will detect the eggs of butterflies upon the leaves upon which they have been deposited4 ,the twig may be cut and placed in a vase1 in water1 and kept fresh until the minute caterpillar emerges1 and then from time to time it may be transferred to fresh leaves of the same species of plant1 and it will continue to make its moults until at last it is transformed into a chrysalis1 and in due season the butterfly emerges4 ,eggs may frequently be obtained in considerable numbers by confining the female under gauze1 with the appropriate food-plant4 ,a knowledge of the food-plant may often be obtained by watching the female and observing upon what plants she deposits her eggs4 ,the exceedingly beautiful researches of ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards were largely promoted by his skill in inducing females to oviposit upon their food-plants4 ,he did this generally by confining the female with the food-plant in a barrel or nail-keg1 the bottom of which had been knocked out1 and over the top of which he tied mosquito-netting4 ,the plant was placed under the keg4 ,the insects thus confined may be fed with a mixture of honey and water placed upon the leaves4 ,in collecting caterpillars it is well to have on hand a number of small boxes in which to place them1 and also a botany-box in which to bring from the field a supply of their appropriate food4 ,the process of breeding may begin with the caterpillar4 ,the collector1 having discovered the caterpillar feeding upon the branch of a certain plant1 provides the creature with a constant supply of the fresh foliage of the same plant1 until it finally pupates4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #di4--;,cheap form of breeding-cage3 ,g1 lid covered with mosquito-netting2 ,e1 pan of earth2 ,b1 bottle for food-plant4 ,breeding-,cages4--,various devices for breeding caterpillars and rearing moths and butterflies are known4 ,one of the most important of these devices is the breeding-cage1 which is sometimes called a vivarium4 ,the simplest form of the vivarium is often the best4 ,in breeding some species the best method is simply to pot a plant of the species upon which the larva is known to feed1 and to place the potted plant in a box over which some mosquito-netting is tied4 ,the writer frequently employs for this purpose cylinders of glass over the top of which perforated cardboard is placed4 ,this method1 however1 can be resorted to only with the more minute forms and with plants that do not attain great height4 ,another form of vivarium is represented in the adjoining woodcut 7,fig4 #ej74 ,the writer has successfully employed1 for breeding insects upon a large scale1 ordinary store boxes provided with a lid made by fastening together four pieces of wood1 making a frame large enough to cover the top of the box1 and covering it with gauze4 ,the food-plant is kept fresh in bottles or jars which are set into the boxes4 ,be careful1 however1 after you have put the branches upon which the caterpillars are feeding into the jars1 to stuff something into the neck of the jar so as to prevent the caterpillar from accidentally getting into the water and drowning himself--a mishap which otherwise might occur4 ,when breeding is undertaken on a still larger scale1 it may be well to set apart for this purpose a room1 preferably in an outbuilding1 all the openings leading from which should be carefully closed so as to prevent the escape of the caterpillars4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ej4--;,breeding-cage3 a1 base1 battened at g to prevent warping2 b1 removable body of cage1 inclosing zinc pan1 f1 f1 containing jar for plant1 d1 and filled with five inches of soil1 e2 c1 removable top1 covered with wire gauze4 ,the doors and sides are of glass 7,riley74 ,how to ,find ,caterpillars4--,many species of caterpillars are not hard to discover2 they are more or less conspicuous objects1 and strike the eye4 ,some species conceal themselves by weaving together the leaves of the plant on which they feed1 or by bending a single leaf into a curved receptacle in which they lie hidden4 ,others conceal themselves during the daytime about the roots of trees or under bark or stones1 only emerging in the night-time to feed upon the foliage4 ,the collector will carefully search for these4 ,the presence of caterpillars is generally indicated by the ravages which they have committed upon the foliage4 ,by carefully scanning a branch the collector will observe that the leaves have been more or less devoured4 ,generally underneath the tree will be found the frass1 or ejectamenta1 of the caterpillar4 ,the presence of the ejectamenta and the evidence of the ravages committed by the larv upon the foliage will give the collector a clue to the whereabouts of the caterpillar4 ,the writer has found it generally advantageous to search for caterpillars that feed upon trees along the wide1 sandy margins of brooks and rivers4 ,the frass is easily discovered upon the sand1 and by casting the eye upward into the foliage it is often easy to detect the insect4 ,the pavements in towns and cities which are bordered by trees may also very well be scanned for evidence of the presence of caterpillars4 ,a favorite collecting-ground of the writer is one of the large cemeteries of the city in which he lives1 in which there are numerous trees and a great quantity of shrubbery4 ,wood-boring species1 as a rule1 are more difficult to obtain and rear than those that feed upon the foliage4 ,hibernating ,caterpillars4--,while some difficulty attends the preservation of chrysalids in the case of those species which pupate in the fall and pass the winter in the chrysalis state under the ground1 far more difficulty attends the preservation of species which hibernate in the caterpillar state4 ,as a rule1 it is found best to expose the boxes containing these species in an ice-house or other cold place1 keeping them there until there is available an abundant supply of the tender shoots of the plant upon which they are in the habit of feeding4 ,they may then be brought forth from cold storage and placed in proximity to the food-plant1 upon which they will proceed to feed4 ,,the ,,preservation ,,of ,,specimens ,papering ,specimens4--,when time and opportunities do not suffice for the proper preparation of butterflies for display in the permanent collection1 the collector may1 in the case of the larger species1 conveniently place them in envelopes1 with their wings folded 7,fig4 #ea71 and they may then be stored in a box until such time as he is able to relax the specimens and properly mount them4 ,thousands of insects are thus annually collected4 ,the small drug envelopes1 or the larger pay-roll envelopes1 which may be bought in boxes by the thousand of any stationer for a comparatively small sum1 are preferable because of their convenience4 ,many collectors1 however1 paper their specimens in envelopes which they make of oblong bits of paper adapted to the size of the insect4 ,the process of making the envelope and of papering the insect is accurately depicted in the accompanying cut 7,fig4 #eb74 ,the writer finds it good in the case of small butterflies to place them in boxes between layers of cheap plush or velvet4 ,a small box1 a few inches long1 may be provided1 and at its bottom a layer of velvet is placed2 upon this a number of small butterflies are laid4 ,over them is placed a layer of velvet1 with its soft pile facing the same side of the velvet at the bottom4 ,on top of this another piece of velvet is laid1 with its pile upward1 and other specimens are again deposited1 and over this another piece of velvet is laid1 and so on4 ,if the box is not filled full at once1 it is well to have enough pieces of velvet cut to fill it1 or else place cotton on top1 so as to keep the layers of velvet from moving or shaking about4 ,a yard or two of plush or velvet will suffice for the packing of a thousand specimens of small butterflies4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ea4--;,butterfly in envelope4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #eb4--,method of folding paper for envelopes3 first fold on line ,,ab2 then on ,,ad and ,,cb2 then on ,,bf and ,,ea4 ,mounting ,butterflies4--,when the collector has time enough at his disposal he should at once mount his specimens as they are intended to be displayed in the collection4 ,we shall now proceed to explain the manner in which this is most advantageously accomplished4 ,the insect should first of all be pinned4 ,the pin should be thrust perpendicularly through the thorax1 midway between the wings1 and at a considerable elevation upon the pin4 ,it should then be placed upon the setting-board or setting-block4 ,setting-boards or setting-blocks are pieces of wood having a groove on the upper surface of sufficient depth to accommodate the body of the insect and to permit the wings to be brought to the level of the upper surface of the board 7,fig4 #ec74 ,they should also be provided either with a cleft or a hole which will permit the pin to be thrust down below the body of the insect for a considerable distance4 ,as a rule1 the wings of all specimens should be mounted at a uniform elevation of about seven eighths of an inch above the point of the pin4 ,this is known as the continental method of mounting1 and is infinitely preferable to the old-fashioned ,english method1 in which the insect was pinned low down upon the pin1 so that its wings touched the surface of the box4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ec4--,setting-board designed by the author4 ,the wings of the insect are held in place by strips of tracing-muslin1 such as is used by engineers4 ,the grooves at the side serve to hold the board in place in the drying-box4 7,see ,fig4 #ei47 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ed4--,setting-block3 ,a1 holes to enable the pin to reach to the cork2 ,c1 cork1 filling groove on the bottom of the block2 ,b1 slit to hold thread4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ee4--,setting-block with butterfly expanded upon it4 ,setting-blocks are most advantageously employed in setting small species1 especially the ,hesperiid1 the wings of which are refractory4 ,when the insect has been pinned upon the setting-board or setting-block1 the next step is to set the wings in the position which they are to maintain when the specimen is thoroughly dry4 ,this is accomplished by means of what are known as setting-needles 7,fig4 #ef74 ,setting-needles may be easily made by simply sticking ordinary needles into wooden matches from which the tips have been removed4 ,in drawing the wings into position1 care should be taken to plant the setting-needle behind the strong nervure on the costal margin of the wing2 otherwise the wings are liable to be torn and disfigured4 ,the rule in setting lepidoptera is to draw the anterior wing forward in such a manner that the posterior margin of this wing is at right angles to the axis of the body1 the axis of the body being a line drawn through the head to the extremity of the abdomen4 ,the hind wing should then be moved forward1 its anterior margin lying under the opposing margin of the front wing4 ,when the wings have thus been adjusted into the position which they are to occupy1 slips of tracing-muslin or of paper should be drawn down over them and securely pinned1 the setting-needles being removed4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ef4--,setting-needle4 ,in pinning down the strips which are to hold the wings in place1 be careful to pin around the wing1 but never1 if possible1 through it4 ,when the wings have been adjusted in the position in which they are to remain1 the antenn1 or feelers1 should be attended to and drawn forward on the same plane as the wings and secured in place4 ,this may ordinarily be done by setting pins in such a position as to hold them where they are to stay4 ,then the body1 if it has a tendency to sag down at the end of the abdomen1 should be raised4 ,this may also be accomplished by means of pins thrust beneath on either side4 ,the figure on the next page shows more clearly what is intended4 ,when the insect has been set1 the board should be put aside in a place where it will not be molested or attacked by pests1 and the specimens upon it allowed to dry4 ,a box with shelves in it is often used for this purpose4 ,this box should have a door at the front covered with wire gauze1 and the back should also be open1 covered with gauze1 so as to allow a free circulation of air4 ,a few balls of naphthaline placed in it will tend to keep away mites and other pests4 ,the time during which the specimen should remain on the board until it is dried varies with its size and the condition of the atmosphere4 ,most butterflies and moths in dry weather will be sufficiently dried to permit of their removal from the setting-boards in a week2 but large1 stout-bodied moths may require as much as two weeks1 or even more time1 before they are dry enough to be taken off the boards4 ,the process of drying may be hastened by placing the boards in an oven1 but the temperature of the oven must be quite low4 ,if too much heat is applied1 great injury is sure to result4 ,only a careful and expert operator should resort to the use of the oven1 a temperature above #abj;,f4 being sure to work mischief4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #eg4--,setting-board with moth expanded upon it 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #eh4--;,butterfly pinned on board1 showing method of holding up body and pinning down antenn4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ei4--;,drying-box3 a1 setting-board partly pulled out2 b1 ,t-shaped strip working in groove on setting-board2 c1 front door1 sliding down by tongue1 d1 working in a groove at side in front4 ,relaxing ,specimens4--,when butterflies or moths have been put up in papers or mounted on pins without having their wings expanded and set it becomes necessary1 before setting them1 to relax them4 ,this may be accomplished in several ways4 ,if the specimens have been pinned it is best to place them on pieces of sheet-cork on a tray of sand which has been thoroughly moistened and treated with a good dose of carbolic acid4 ,over all a bell-glass is put4 ,a tight tin box will serve the same purpose1 but a broad sheet of bibulous paper should always be put over the box1 under the lid1 before closing it1 and in such a way as to leave the edges of the paper projecting around the edges of the lid4 ,this is done to absorb the moisture which might settle by condensation upon the lid and drop upon the specimens4 ,in a bell-glass the moisture generally trickles down the sides4 ,earthenware crocks with closely fitting lids are even better than tin boxes1 but they must have paper put over them1 before closing1 in the same way as is done when tin boxes are used4 ,when specimens have been preserved in papers or envelopes these should be opened a little and laid upon damp1 carbolized sand under a bell-glass or in a closed receptacle of some kind4 ,papered specimens may also be placed in their envelopes between clean towels1 which have been moistened in water to which a little carbolic acid has been added4 ,the towels should be wrung out quite dry before using them4 ,the method of placing between towels should never be used in the case of very small and delicate species and those which are blue or green in color4 ,great care must be exercised not to allow the insects to become soaked or unduly wet4 ,this ruins them4 ,they should1 however1 be damp enough to allow the wings and other organs to be freely moved4 ,when the insects have been relaxed they may be pinned and expanded on setting-boards like freshly caught specimens4 ,it is well in setting the wings of relaxed specimens1 after having thrust the pin through the body1 to take a small forceps and1 seizing the wings just where they join the body1 gently move them so as to open them and make their movement easy before pinning them upon the setting-board4 ,the skilful manipulator in this way quickly ascertains whether they have been sufficiently relaxed to admit of their being readily set4 ,if discovered to be too stiff and liable to break they must be still further relaxed4 ,dried specimens which have been relaxed and then mounted generally require only a short time to dry again1 and need rarely be kept more than twenty-four hours upon the setting-boards4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fj4--;,drying-box 7,riley74 ,the process of setting insects upon setting-blocks is exactly the same as when setting-boards are used1 with the simple difference that1 instead of pinning strips of paper or tracing-muslin over the wings1 the wings are held in place by threads or very narrow tapes1 which are wound around the block4 ,when the wings are not covered with a very deep and velvety covering of scales the threads or tapes maybe used alone2 but when the wings are thus clothed it becomes necessary to put bits of paper or cardboard over the wings before wrapping with the threads4 ,unless this is done the marks of the threads will be left upon the wings4 ,some little skill1 which is easily acquired by practice1 is necessary in order to employ setting-blocks to advantage1 but in the case of small species and species which have refractory wings they are much to be preferred to the boards4 ,the ,preparation and ,preservation of ,eggs4--,the eggs of butterflies may be preserved by simply putting them into tubes containing alcohol1 or they may be placed in vials containing dilute glycerine or a solution of common salt4 ,the vials should be kept tightly corked and should be marked by a label written with a lead-pencil and placed within the bottle1 upon which the name of the species and the date of collection should be noted1 or a reference made to the collector's note-book4 ,unless the eggs of insects are preserved in fluid they are apt in many cases to dry up and become distorted1 because1 on account of their small size1 it is impossible to void them of their contents4 ,the larv escaping from eggs often void the shell very neatly1 leaving1 however1 a large orifice4 ,such remnants of shells may be preserved1 as they often are useful in showing some of the details of marking2 but great vigilance in securing them should be exercised1 for almost all the larv of butterflies have the curious habit of whetting their appetites for future repasts by turning around and either wholly or partially devouring the shell of the egg which they have quitted4 ,eggs are most neatly mounted in the form of microscopic slides in glycerine jelly contained in cells of appropriate depth and diameter4 ,it is best1 if possible1 to mount several specimens upon the same slide1 showing the side of the egg as well as the end4 ,a cabinet filled with the eggs of butterflies thus mounted is valuable and curious4 ,the ,preservation of ,chrysalids4--,chrysalids may be deprived of their vitality by simply immersing them in alcohol1 or they may be killed by means of chloroform1 and they may then be fastened upon pins like the imago1 and arranged appropriately in the collection with the species4 ,some chrysalids1 however1 lose their color when killed in this way1 and it is occasionally well to void them of their contents by making an opening and carefully removing the parts that are contained within1 replacing with some material which will prevent the chrysalis from shrinking and shriveling4 ,this method of preserving need1 however1 be resorted to only in exceptional cases4 ,when a butterfly has escaped from its chrysalis it frequently leaves the entire shell behind1 with the parts somewhat sundered1 yet1 nevertheless1 furnishing a clear idea of the structure of the chrysalis4 ,if no other specimen of the chrysalis can be obtained than these voided shells they should be preserved4 ,the ,preservation of ,caterpillars4--,the caterpillars of butterflies when they first emerge from the egg1 and before they make the first moult1 are1 for the most part1 extremely small1 and are best preserved as microscopic objects in cells filled with glycerine4 ,after each successive moult the larva increases rapidly in size4 ,these various stages in the development of the caterpillar should all be noted and preserved1 and it is customary to put up these collections in vials filled with alcohol or a solution of formaline 7which latter1 by the by1 is preferable to alcohol71 or to inflate them4 ,the method of inflation secures the best specimens4 ,in inflating larv the first step is carefully to remove the contents of the larval skin4 ,this may be done by making an incision with a stout pin or a needle at the anal extremity1 and then1 between the folds of a soft towel or cloth1 pressing out the contents of the abdominal cavity4 ,the pressure should be first applied near the point where the pellicle has been punctured1 and should then be carried forward until the region of the head is reached4 ,care must be exercised to apply only enough pressure to expel the contents of the skin without disturbing the tissues which lie nearest to the epidermis1 in which the pigments are located1 and not to remove the hairs which are attached to the body4 ,pressure sufficient to bruise the skin should never be applied4 ,a little practice soon imparts the required dexterity4 ,the contents of the larval skin having been removed1 the next step is to inflate and dry the empty skin4 ,a compact statement of the method of performing this operation is contained in ,hornaday's ,taxidermy and ,zological ,collecting1 from the pen of the writer1 and ,i herewith reproduce it3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,v ,reproduced1 with the kind permission of ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 from ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #hd4 ,,chrysalids ,,in ,,color ,,and ,,in ,,outline--,,nymphalid1 ,,lyc,,nid1 ,,pierin #a4 ,argynnis cybele4 ,side view4 #b4 ,argynnis cybele4 ,dorsal view #c4 ,argynnis cybele4 ,side view4 #d4 ,argynnis idalia4 ,side view4 #e4 ,argynnis aphrodite4 ,side view4 #f4 ,argynnis atlantis4 ,side view4 #g4 ,melita phaton4 ,side view4 #h4 ,euptoieta claudia4 ,side view4 #i4 ,euptoieta claudia4 ,side view4 #aj4 ,brenthis bellona4 ,side view4 #aa4 ,brenthis bellona4 ,side view4 #ab4 ,brenthis myrina4 ,side view4 #ac4 ,brenthis myrina4 ,side view4 #ad4 ,brenthis myrina4 ,dorsal view #ae4 ,melita phaton4 ,side view4 #af4 ,melita phaton4 ,dorsal view4 #ag4 ,melita barrisi4 ,side view4 #ah4 ,melita barrisi4 ,dorsal view4 #ai4 ,phyciodes nycteis4 ,side view4 #bj4 ,phyciodes tharos4 ,dorsal view4 #ba4 ,phyciodes tharos4 ,side view4 #bb4 ,phyciodes tharos4 ,side view4 #bc4 ,libythea bachmani4 ,side view4 #bd4 ,libythea bachmani4 ,side view4 #be4 ,thecla calanus4 ,side view4 #bf4 ,thecla irus4 ,side view1 enlarged4 #bg4 ,thecla calanus4 ,side view4 #bh4 ,thecla liparops4 ,side view4 #bi4 ,thecla edwardsi4 ,side view4 #cj4 ,thecla damon4 ,side view4 #ca4 ,thecla damon4 ,side view1 enlarged4 #cb4 ,thecla irus4 ,dorsal view4 #cc4 ,thecla irus4 ,side view4 #cd4 ,thecla irus4 ,side view4 #ce4 ,thecla acadica4 ,side view4 #cf4 ,lycna pseudargiolus4 ,side view4 #cg4 ,thecla titus4 ,side view4 #ch4 ,thecla niphon4 ,side view4 #ci4 ,thecla melinus4 ,side view4 ,copied from ,abbot's drawing in the ,british ,museum4 #dj4 ,thecla niphon4 ,side view4 ,copied from ,abbot's drawing in ,dr4 ,boisduval's library4 #da4 ,lycna scudderi4 ,side view1 enlarged4 #db4 ,lycna comyntas4 ,side view4 ,copied from ,abbot's drawing in ,dr4 ,boisduval's library4 #dc4 ,lycna pseudargiolus4 ,side view1 enlarged4 ,copied from ,abbot's drawing in ,dr4 ,boisduval's library4 #dd4 ,lycoena pseudargiolus4 ,side view4 #de4 ,feniseca tarquinius4 ,side view4 #df4 ,feniseca tarquinius4 ,side view4 ,copied from ,abbot's drawing in the ,british ,museum4 #dg4 ,lycna comyntas4 ,side view1 enlarged4 #dh4 ,lycna comyntas4 ,side view4 #di4 ,chrysophanus bypophlas4 ,side view4 #ej4 ,chrysophanus tho4 ,side view4 #ea4 ,terias nicippe4 ,side view4 #eb4 ,terias nicippe4 ,dorsal view4 #ec4 ,colias eurytheme4 ,side view4 #ed4 ,colias philodice4 ,dorsal view4 #ee4 ,colias philodice4 ,side view4 #ef4 ,terias lisa4 ,side view4 #eg4 ,pieris napi1 var4 oleracea4 ,side view4 #eh4 ,pieris rap4 ,side view4 #ei4 ,euchlo genutia4 ,side view4 #fj4 ,callidryas eubule4 ,side view #fa4 ,callidryas eubule4 ,side view4 #fb4 ,callidryas eubule4 ,dorsal view4 #fc4 ,pieris napi1 var4 oleracea4 ,side view4 #fd4 ,pieris rap1 var4 oleracea4 ,dorsal view4 #fe4 ,pieris rap4 ,dorsal view4 #ff4 ,pieris protodice4 ,dorsal view4 #fg4 ,pieris protodice4 ,side view4 ,illustration ,,plate ,v4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illustration ,,fig4 #fa4--;,apparatus for inflating larv3 ,b1 foot-bellows2 ,k1 rubber tube2 ,c1 flask2 ,d1 anhydrous sulphuric acid2 ,e1 overflow-flask2 ,f1 rubber tube from flask2 ,g1 standard with cock to regulate flow of air2 ,h1 glass tube with larva upon it2 ,i1 copper drying-plate2 ,j1 spirit-lamp4 ,the simplest method of inflating the skins of larv after the contents have been withdrawn is to insert a straw or grass stem of appropriate thickness into the opening through which the contents have been removed1 and then by the breath to inflate the specimen1 while holding over the chimney of an ,argand lamp1 the flame of which must be regulated so as not to scorch or singe it4 ,care must be taken in the act of inflating not to unduly distend the larval skin1 thus producing a distortion1 and also to dry it thoroughly4 ,unless the latter precaution is observed a subsequent shrinking and disfigurement will take place4 ,the process of inflating in the manner just described is somewhat laborious1 and while some of the finest specimens which the writer has ever seen were prepared in this primitive manner1 various expedients for lessening the labor involved have been devised1 some of which are to be highly commended4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fb4--,tip of inflating-tube1 with armature for holding larval skin4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fc4--;,drying-oven3 ,a1 lamp2 ,b1 pin to hold door open2 ,c1 door open2 ,d1 glass cover4 ,a comparatively inexpensive arrangement for inflating larv is a modification of that described in the ',entomologische ,nachrichten' 7#ahgi1 vol4 v1 p4 #g71 devised by ,mr4 ,fritz ,a4 ,wachtel 7,fig4 #fa74 ,it consists of a foot-bellows such as is used by chemists in the laboratory1 or1 better still1 of a small cylinder such as is used for holding gas in operating the oxyhydrogen lamp of a sciopticon4 ,in the latter case the compressed air should not have a pressure exceeding twenty pounds to the square inch1 and the cock regulating the flow from the cylinder should be capable of very fine adjustment4 ,by means of a rubber tube the air is conveyed from the cylinder to a couple of flasks1 one of which contains concentrated sulphuric acid1 and the other is intended for the reception of any overflow of the hydrated sulphuric acid which may occur4 ,the object of passing the air through sulphuric acid is to rob it1 so far as possible1 of its moisture4 ,it is then conveyed into a flask1 which is heated upon a sand-bath1 and thence by a piece of flexible tubing to a tip mounted on a joint allowing vertical and horizontal motion and secured by a standard to the working-table4 ,the flow of air through the tip is regulated by a cock4 ,upon the tip is fastened a small rubber tube1 into the free extremity of which is inserted a fine-pointed glass tube4 ,this is provided with an armature consisting of two steel springs fastened upon opposite sides1 and their ends bent at right angles in such a way as to hold the larval skin firmly to the extremity of the tube4 ,the skin having been adjusted upon the fine point of the tube1 the bellows is put into operation1 and the skin is inflated4 ,a drying apparatus is provided in several ways4 ,a copper plate mounted upon four legs1 and heated by an alcohol-lamp placed below1 has been advocated by some4 ,a better arrangement1 used by the writer1 consists of a small oven heated by the flame of an alcohol-lamp or by jets of natural gas1 and provided with circular openings of various sizes1 into which the larval skin is introduced 7,fig4 #fc74 ,a less commendable method of preserving larv is to place them in alcohol4 ,the larv should be tied up in sacks of light gauze netting1 and a label of tough paper1 with the date and locality of capture1 and the name1 if known1 written with a lead-pencil1 should be attached to each such little sack4 ,do not use ink on labels to be immersed1 but a hard lead-pencil4 ,alcoholic specimens are liable to become shriveled and discolored1 and are not nearly as valuable as well-inflated and dried skins4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fd4--;,drying-oven3 a1 sliding door2 b1 lid2 c1 body of oven with glass sides2 d1 opening for inserting inflating-tube2 e1 copper bottom2 f1 spirit-lamp2 g1 base 7,riley74 ,when the skins have been inflated they may be mounted readily by being placed upon wires wrapped with green silk1 or upon annealed aluminium wire4 ,the wires are bent and twisted together for a short distance and then made to diverge4 ,the diverging ends are pressed together1 a little shellac is placed upon their tips1 and they are then inserted into the opening at the anal extremity of the larval skin4 ,upon the release of pressure they spread apart1 and after the shellac has dried the skin is firmly held by them4 ,they may then be attached to pins by simply twisting the free end of the wire about the pin1 or they may be placed upon artificial imitations of the leaves and twigs of their appropriate food-plants4 ,,the ,,preservation ,,and ,,arrangement ,,of ,,collections ,the secret of preserving collections of lepidoptera in beautiful condition is to exclude light1 moisture1 and insect pests4 ,light ultimately bleaches many species1 moisture leads to mould and mildew1 and insect pests devour the specimens4 ,the main thing is therefore to have the receptacles in which the specimens are placed dark and as nearly as possible hermetically sealed and kept in a dry place4 ,in order to accomplish this1 various devices have been resorted to4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fe4--;,detail drawing of front of box1 made to resemble a book3 s1 s1 sides1 made of two pieces of wood glued together across the grain2 t1 tongue2 g1 groove2 c1 cork2 p1 paper covering the cork4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ff4--;,detail drawing of front of box3 t1 top2 b1 bottom2 e1 side2 f1 strip1 nailed around inside as at n2 c1 cork2 p1 paper lining4 ,boxes4--,boxes for the preservation of specimens are made with a tongue on the edges of the bottom fitting into a groove upon the lid1 or they may be made with inside pieces fastened around the inner edge of the bottom and projecting so as to catch the lid4 ,the accompanying outlines show the method of joining different forms of boxes 7,figs4 #fe-fg74 ,the bottom of the box should be lined with some substance which will enable the specimens to be pinned into it securely4 ,for this purpose sheet-cork about a quarter of an inch thick is to be preferred to all other substances4 ,ground cork pressed into layers and covered with white paper is manufactured for the purpose of lining boxes4 ,turf compressed into sheets about half an inch thick and covered with paper is used by many ,european collectors4 ,sheets of aloe-pith or of the wood of the yucca1 half an inch thick1 are used1 and the pith of corn-stalks 7,indian corn or maize7 may also be employed1 laid into the box and glued neatly to the bottom4 ,the corn-pith should be cut into pieces about half an inch square and joined together neatly1 covering it with thin white paper after the surface has been made quite even and true4 ,cork is1 however1 the best material1 for1 though more expensive than the other things named1 it has greater power to hold the pins1 and unless these are securely fixed and held in place great damage is sure to result4 ,a loose specimen in a box will work incalculable damage4 ,boxes should be made of light1 thoroughly seasoned wood1 and should be very tight4 ,they are sometimes made so that specimens may be pinned both upon the top and the bottom1 but this is not to be commended4 ,the depth of the box should be sufficient to admit of the use of the longest insect-pin in use1 and a depth between top and bottom of two and a quarter inches is therefore sufficient4 ,boxes are sometimes made with backs in imitation of books1 and a collection arranged in such boxes presents an attractive external appearance4 ,a very good box is made for the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture and for the ,carnegie ,museum in ,pittsburgh 7,fig4 #fh74 ,this box is thirteen inches long1 nine inches wide1 and three inches thick 7external measurement74 ,the depth between the bottom and the lid on the inside is two and one eighth inches4 ,the ends and sides are dovetailed2 the top and bottom are each made of two pieces of light stuff1 about one eighth of an inch thick1 glued together in such a way that the grain of the two pieces crosses at right angles1 and all cracking and warping are thus prevented4 ,the lids are secured to the bottoms by brass hooks fitting into eyelets4 ,such boxes provided with cork do not cost more than fifty-five cents apiece when bought in quantities4 ,boxes may be made of stout pasteboard about one eighth or three sixteenths of an inch thick1 with a rabbet-tongue on the inside4 ,such boxes are much used in ,france and ,england1 and when well and substantially made are most excellent4 ,they may be obtained for about thirty-five cents apiece lined with compressed cork4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fg4--;,detail drawing of box1 in which the tongue1 z1 is made of strips of zinc let into a groove and fastened as at n2 g1 groove to catch tongue2 s1 s1 top and bottom2 c1 cork4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fh4--;,insect-box for preservation of collections4 ,cabinets and ,drawers4--,large collections which are intended to be frequently consulted are best preserved in cabinets fitted with glass-covered drawers4 ,a great deal of variety exists in the plans which are adopted for the display of specimens in cabinets4 ,much depends upon the taste and the financial ability of the collector4 ,large sums of money may be expended upon cabinets1 but the main thing is to secure the specimens from dust1 mould1 and insect pests4 ,the point to be observed most carefully is so to arrange the drawers that they are1 like the boxes1 practically air-tight4 ,the writer employs as the standard size for the drawers in his own collection and in the ,carnegie ,museum a drawer which is twenty-two inches long1 sixteen inches wide1 and two inches deep 7inside measurement74 ,the outside dimensions are3 length1 twenty-three inches exclusive of face2 breadth1 seventeen inches2 height1 two and three eighths inches4 ,the covers are glazed with double-strength glass4 ,they are held upon the bottoms by a rabbet placed inside of the bottom and nearly reaching the lower surface of the glass on the cover when closed4 ,the drawers are lined upon the bottom with cork five sixteenths of an inch thick1 and are papered on the bottom and sides with good linen paper1 which does not easily become discolored4 ,each drawer is faced with cherry and has a knob4 ,these drawers are arranged in cabinets built in sections for convenience in handling4 ,the two lower sections each contain thirty drawers1 the upper section nine4 ,the drawers are arranged in three perpendicular series and are made interchangeable1 so that any drawer will fit into any place in any one of the cabinets4 ,this is very necessary1 as it admits of the easy rearrangement of collections4 ,on the sides of each drawer a pocket is cut on the inner surface1 which communicates through an opening in the rabbet with the interior4 ,the paper lining the inside is perforated over this opening with a number of small holes4 ,the pocket is kept filled with naphthaline crystals1 the fumes of which pass into the interior and tend to keep away pests4 ,the accompanying figure gives the details of construction 7,fig4 #fi74 ,such drawers can be made at a cost of about #c4ej apiece1 and the cost of a cabinet finished and supplied with them is about #cbe1 made of cherry1 finished in imitation of mahogany4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #fi4--;,detail drawing of drawer for cabinet3 e1 e1 ends2 b1 bottom2 c1 cork2 p1 p1 paper strips in corners of lid to exclude dust2 g1 g1 glass of cover1 held in place by top strips1 s1 s2 m1 m1 side pieces serving as rabbets on inside2 po1 pocket in ends and sides1 sawn out of the wood2 x1 opening through the rabbet into this pocket2 y1 holes through the paper lining1 p#a1 allowing fumes of naphthaline to enter interior of drawer2 f1 front2 k1 knob2 o1 lunette cut in edge of the top piece to enable the lid to be raised by inserting the fingers4 ,some persons prefer to have the bottoms as well as the tops of the drawers in their cabinets made of glass4 ,in such cases the specimens are pinned upon narrow strips of wood covered with cork1 securely fastened across the inside of the drawers4 ,this arrangement enables the under side of specimens to be examined and compared with as much freedom as the upper side1 and without removing them from the drawers2 but the strips are liable at times to become loosened1 and when this happens great havoc is wrought among the specimens if the drawer is moved carelessly4 ,besides1 there is more danger of breakage4 ,another way of providing a cheap and very sightly lining for the bottom of an insect-box is illustrated in ,fig4 #gj4 ,a frame of wood like a slate-frame is provided1 and on both sides paper is stretched4 ,to stretch the paper it ought to be soaked in water before pasting to the frame2 then when it dries it is as tight and smooth as a drum-head4 ,the beginner who has not a long purse will do well to preserve his collections in boxes such as have been described4 ,they can be obtained quite cheaply and are most excellent4 ,cabinets are more or less of a luxury for the amateur1 and are only a necessity in the case of great collections which are constantly being consulted4 ,the boxes may be arranged upon shelves4 ,some of the largest and best collections in the world are preserved in boxes1 notably those of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gj4--;,a1 ,a1 side and bottom of box2 ,b1 frame fitting into box2 ,c1 space which must be left between frame and bottom of box2 ,p1 ,p1 paper stretched on frame4 ,labeling4--,each specimen should have on the pin below the specimen a small label giving the date of capture1 if known1 and the locality4 ,below this should be a label of larger size1 giving its scientific name1 if ascertained1 and the sex4 ,labels should be neat and uniform in size4 ,a good size for labels for large species is about one inch long and five eighths of an inch wide4 ,the labels should be written in a fine but legible hand4 ,smaller labels may be used for smaller species4 ,a crow-quill pen and ,india ink are to be preferred in writing labels4 ,arrangement of ,specimens4--,specimens are best arranged in rows4 ,the males should be pinned in first in the series1 after them the females4 ,varieties should follow the species4 ,after these should be placed any aberrations or monstrosities which the collector may possess4 ,the name of the genus should precede all the species contained in the collection1 and after each species the specific name should be placed ,fig4 #ga shows the manner of arrangement4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ga4--,manner of arranging specimens in cabinet4 ,insect ,pests4--,in order to preserve collections1 great care must be taken to exclude the various forms of insect pests1 which are likely1 unless destroyed and kept from attacking the specimens1 to ruin them utterly in comparatively a short time4 ,the pests which are most to be feared are beetles belonging to the genera ,dermestes and ,anthrenus4 ,in addition to these beetles1 which commit their ravages in the larval stage1 moths and mites prey upon collections4 ,moths are very infrequently1 however1 found in collections of insects1 and in a long experience the writer has known only one or two instances in which any damage was inflicted upon specimens by the larv of moths4 ,mites are much more to be dreaded4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gb4--,naphthaline cone4 ,in order to prevent the ravages of insects1 all specimens1 before putting them away into the boxes or drawers of the cabinet in which they are to be preserved1 should be placed in a tight box in which chloroform1 or1 better1 carbon bisulphide1 in a small pan is put1 and they should be left here for at least twenty-four hours1 until it is certain that all life is extinct4 ,then they should be transferred to the tight boxes or drawers in which they are to be kept4 ,the presence of insect pests in a collection is generally first indicated by fine dust under the specimen1 this dust being the excrement of the larva which is committing depredations upon the specimen4 ,in case the presence of the larva is detected1 a liberal dose of chloroform should at once be administered to the box or tray in which the specimen is contained4 ,the specimen itself ought to be removed1 and may be dipped into benzine4 ,naphthaline crystals or camphor is generally employed to keep out insect pests from boxes4 ,they are very useful to deter the entrance of pests1 but when they have once been introduced into a collection neither naphthaline nor camphor will kill them4 ,naphthaline is prepared in the form of cones attached to a pin1 and these cones may be placed in one corner of the box4 ,they are made by ,blake ,co4 of ,philadelphia1 and are in vogue among entomologists4 ,however1 a good substitute for the cones may very easily be made by taking the ordinary moth-balls which are sold everywhere4 ,by heating a pin red-hot in the flame of an alcohol-lamp it may be thrust into the moth-ball2 as it enters it melts the naphthaline1 which immediately afterward cools and holds the pin securely fixed in the moth-ball4 ,in attaching these pins to moth-balls1 hold the pin securely in a forceps while heating it in the flame of the lamp1 and thrust the red-hot pin into the center of the ball4 ,naphthaline crystals and camphor may be secured in the corner of the box by tying up a quantity of them in a small piece of netting and pinning the little bag thus made in the corner of the tray4 ,by following these directions insect pests may be kept out of collections4 ,it is proper to observe that while carbon bisulphide is more useful even than chloroform in killing pests1 and is also cheaper1 it should be used with great care1 because when mixed with atmospheric air it is highly explosive1 and its use should never take place where there are lamps burning or where there is fire4 ,besides1 its odor is extremely unpleasant1 unless it has been washed in mercury4 ,greasy ,specimens4--,specimens occasionally become greasy4 ,when this happens they may be cleansed by pinning them down on a piece of cork secured to the bottom of a closed vessel1 and gently filling it with benzine1 refined gasoline1 or ether4 ,after leaving them long enough to remove all the grease they may be taken out of the bath and allowed to dry in a place where there is no dust4 ,this operation should not take place near a lighted lamp or a fire4 ,mould4--,when specimens have become mouldy or mildewed it is best to burn them up if they can be spared4 ,if not1 after they have been thoroughly dried remove the mould with a sable or camel's-hair pencil which has been rubbed in carbolic acid 7crystals liquefied by heat74 ,mildew in a cabinet is hard to eradicate1 and heat1 even to burning1 is about the only cure1 except the mild use of carbolic acid in the way suggested4 ,repairing ,specimens4--,torn and ragged specimens are to be preferred to none at all4 ,the half of a loaf is better than no bread4 ,until the torn specimen can be replaced by a better1 it is always well to retain it in a collection4 ,but it is sometimes possible to repair torn specimens in such a way as to make them more presentable4 ,if an antenna1 for instance1 has been broken off1 it may be replaced neatly1 so that only a microscopic examination will disclose the fact that it was once away from the place where it belonged4 ,if a wing has been slit1 the rent may be mended so neatly that only a very careful observer can detect the fact4 ,if a piece has been torn out of a wing1 it may be replaced by the corresponding portion of the wing of another specimen of the same sex of the same species in such a way as almost to defy detection4 ,the prime requisites for this work are patience1 a steady hand1 a good eye1 a great deal of gumption1 a few setting-needles1 a jeweler's forceps1 and a little shellac dissolved in alcohol4 ,the shellac used in replacing a missing antenna should be of a thickish consistency2 in repairing wings it should be well thinned down with alcohol4 ,in handling broken antenn it is best to use a fine sable pencil1 which may be moistened very lightly by applying it to the tip of the tongue4 ,with this it is possible to pick up a loose antenna and place it wherever it is desired4 ,apply the shellac to the torn edges of a broken wing with great delicacy of touch and in very small quantity4 ,avoid putting on the adhesive material in gobs and slathers4 ,repairing is a fine art1 which is only learned after some patient experimentation1 and is only to be practised when absolutely necessary4 ,the habit of some dealers of patching up broken specimens with parts taken from other species is highly to be reprobated4 ,such specimens are more or less caricatures of the real thing1 and no truly scientific man will admit such scarecrows into his collection1 except under dire compulsion4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gc4--;,butterflies pinned into a box overlapping one another1 or shingled4 ,packing and ,forwarding ,specimens4--,it often becomes necessary to forward specimens from one place to another4 ,if it is intended to ship specimens which have been mounted upon pins they should be securely pinned in a box lined with cork4 ,a great many expanded specimens may be pinned in a box by resorting to the method known as shingling1 which is illustrated in ,fig4 #gc4 ,by causing the wings of specimens to overlap1 as is shown in the figure1 a great many can be accommodated in a small space4 ,when the specimens have been packed the box should be securely closed1 its edges shut with paper1 after some drops of chloroform have been poured into the box1 and then this box should be placed in an outer box containing excelsior1 hay1 cotton1 or loose shavings in sufficient abundance to prevent the jarring of the inner box and consequent breakage4 ,where specimens are forwarded in envelopes1 having been collected in the field1 and are not pinned1 the precaution of surrounding them with packing such as has been described is not necessary1 but the box in which they are shipped should always be strong enough to resist breakage4 ,things forwarded by mail or by express always receive rough treatment1 and the writer has lost many fine specimens which have been forwarded to him because the shipper was careless in packing4 ,pins4--,in the preceding pages frequent reference has been made to insect-pins4 ,these are pins which are made longer and thinner than is the case with ordinary pins1 and are therefore adaptable to the special use to which they are put4 ,there are a number of makers whose pins have come into vogue4 ,what are known as ,karlsbader and ,klger pins1 made in ,germany1 are the most widely used4 ,they are made of ordinary pin-metal in various sizes4 ,the ,karlsbader pins have very fine points1 but1 owing to the fineness of the points and the softness of the metal1 they are very apt to buckle1 or turn up at the points4 ,the ,klger pins are not exposed to the same objection1 as the points are not quite so fine4 ,the best pins1 however1 which are now made are those which have recently been introduced by ,messrs4 ,kirby1 ,beard1 ,co4 of ,england4 ,they are made of soft steel1 lacquered1 possessing very great strength and considerable flexibility4 ,the finest-sized pin of this make has as much strength as the largest pin of the other makes that have been mentioned1 and the writer has never known them to buckle at the tip1 even when pinned through the hardest insect tissues4 ,while these pins are a little more expensive than others1 the writer does not fail to give them an unqualified preference4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gd4--;,butterfly-forceps1 half-size4 ,the ,forceps4--,an instrument which is almost indispensable to the student of entomology is the forceps4 ,there are many forms of forceps1 and it is not necessary to speak at length in reference to the various shapes2 but for the use of the student of butterflies the forceps made by the firm of ,blake ,co4 of ,philadelphia is to be preferred to all others4 ,the head of this firm is himself a famous entomologist1 and he has given us in the forceps which is illustrated in ,fig4 #gd an instrument which comes as near perfection as the art of the maker of instruments can produce4 ,the small forceps represented in ,fig4 #ge is very useful in pinning small specimens4 ,in handling mounted specimens it is well always to take hold of the pin below the specimen with the forceps1 and insert it into the cork by the pressure of the forceps4 ,if the attempt is made to pin down a specimen with the naked fingers holding the pin by the head1 the finger is apt to slip and the specimen to be ruined4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ge4--;,insect-forceps4 ,,immortality ,a butterfly basked on a baby's grave1 ,where a lily had chanced to grow3 ,why art thou here with thy gaudy dye1 ,when she of the blue and sparkling eye ,must sleep in the churchyard low8 ,then it lightly soared thro' the sunny air1 ,and spoke from its shining track3 ,i was a worm till ,i won my wings1 ,and she1 whom thou mourn'st1 like a seraph sings2 ,would'st thou call the blest one back8 ,,sigourney4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,butterflies ,winged flowers1 or flying gems4 ,,moore4 ,at the base of all truly scientific knowledge lies the principle of order4 ,there have been some who have gone so far as to say that science is merely the orderly arrangement of facts4 ,while such a definition is defective1 it is nevertheless true that no real knowledge of any branch of science is attained until its relationship to other branches of human knowledge is learned1 and until a classification of the facts of which it treats has been made4 ,when a science treats of things1 it is necessary that these things should become the subject of investigation1 until at last their relation to one another1 and the whole class of things to which they belong1 has been discovered4 ,men who devote themselves to the discovery of the relation of things and to their orderly classification are known as systematists4 ,the great leader in this work was the immortal ,linnus1 the ,father of ,natural ,history1 as he has been called4 ,upon the foundation laid by him in his work entitled ,systema ,natur1 or ,the ,system of ,nature1 all who have followed after him have labored1 and the result has been the rise of the great modern sciences of botany and zology1 which treat respectively of the vegetable and animal kingdoms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,vi ,reproduced with the kind permission of ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 from ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 iii1 ,plate #he4 ,,chrysalids ,,in ,,color ,,and ,,in ,,outline--,,papilionin ,,and ,,hesperiid #a4 ,papilio turnus4 #b4 ,papilio turnus4 ,dorsal view4 #c4 ,papilio turnus4 #d4 ,papilio turnus4 #e4 ,papilio troilus4 ,dorsal view4 #f4 ,papilio troilus4 #g4 ,papilio troilus4 #h4 ,papilio cresphontes4 #i4 ,papilio cresphontes4 ,dorsal view4 #aj4 ,papilio cresphontes4 #aa4 ,papilio ajax4 #ab4 ,papilio ajax4 ,dorsal view4 #ac4 ,papilio asterias4 #ad4 ,papilio philenor4 ,dorsal view4 #ae4 ,papilio philenor4 ,dorsal view4 #af4 ,papilio philenor4 #ag4 ,papilio philenor4 #ah4 ,papilio asterias4 ,dorsal view4 #ai4 ,papilio asterias4 #bj4 ,papilio philenor4 #ba4 ,achalarus lycidas4 #bb4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 #bc4 ,eudamus proteus4 ,from the original by ,abbot in the ,british ,museum4 #bd4 ,thorybes bathyllus4 ,from the original by ,abbot in the ,british ,museum4 #be4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 #bf4 ,epargyreus tityrus4 #bg4 ,thanaos icelus4 #bh4 ,thorybes pylades4 #bi4 ,pholisora catullus4 ,from the original by ,abbot in the ,british ,museum4 #cj4 ,thanaos lucilius4 #ca4 ,thanaos lucilius4 ,dorsal view4 #cb4 ,thanaos lucilius4 #cc4 ,thanaos juvenalis4 #cd4 ,thanaos persius4 #ce4 ,hesperia montivaga4 ,from the original by ,abbot in the ,british ,museum4 #cf4 ,pholisora catullus4 #cg4 ,thanaos martialis4 ,from the original by ,abbot in the ,british ,museum4 #ch4 ,thanaos brizo4 ,from the original by ,abbot in ,dr4 ,boisduval's library4 #ci4 ,hylephila phyloeus4 ,from the original by ,abbot in ,dr4 ,boisduval's library4 #dj4 ,amblyscirtes vialis4 #da4 ,pholisora catullus4 #db4 ,thymelicus oetna4 ,from the original by ,abbot in ,dr4 ,boisduval's library4 #dc4 ,atalopedes huron4 #dd4 ,limochores taumas4 #de4 ,amblyscirtes samoset4 ,after the original by ,abbot in the ,british ,museum4 #df4 ,lerema accius4 ,after the original by ,abbot in ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history4 #dg4 ,atalopedes huron4 #dh4 ,calpodes ethlius4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the ,place of ,butterflies in the ,animal ,kingdom4--,the animal kingdom1 for purposes of classification1 has been subdivided into various groups known as subkingdoms4 ,one of these subkingdoms contains those animals which1 being without vertebr1 or an internal skeleton1 have an external skeleton1 composed of a series of horny rings1 attached to which are various organs4 ,this subkingdom is known by naturalists under the name of the ,arthropoda4 ,the word ,arthropoda is derived from the ,greek language and is compounded of two words1 771 meaning a joint and 771 meaning a foot4 ,the ,arthropoda seem at first sight to be made up of jointed rings and feet2 hence the name4 ,the subkingdom of the ,arthropoda is again subdivided into six classes4 ,these are the following3 ,class ,i4 ,the ,crustacea 7,shrimps1 ,crabs1 ,water-fleas1 etc474 ,class ,,ii4 ,the ,podostomata 7,king-crabs1 ,trilobites fossil1 etc474 ,class ,,iii4 ,the ,malacopoda 7,peripatus1 a curious genus of worm-like creatures1 found in the tropics1 and allied to the ,myriapods in some important respects74 ,class ,,iv4 ,the ,myriapoda 7,centipedes1 etc474 ,class ,v4 ,the ,arachnida 7,spiders1 ,mites1 etc474 ,class ,,vi4 ,the ,insecta 7,insects74 ,that branch of zology which treats of insects is known as entomology4 ,the ,insecta have been variously subdivided by different scientific writers1 but the following subdivision has much in it to commend it1 and will suffice as an outline for the guidance of the advanced student4 ,,class ,,vi4 ,,insecta 7,,insects ,,proper7 ,,heterometabola ,for the most part undergoing only a partial metamorphosis in the development from the egg to the imago4 ,,orders #a4 ,thysanura4 ,suborders3 ,collembola 7,podura1 ,springtails74 ,symphyla 7,scolopendrella74 ,cinura 7,bristletails1 etc474 #b4 ,dermatoptera 7,earwigs74 #c4 ,pseudoneuroptera4 ,suborders3 ,mallophaga 7,bird-lice74 ,platyptera 7,stone-flies1 ,termites1 etc474 ,odonata 7,dragon-flies1 etc474 ,ephemerina 7,may-flies1 etc474 #d4 ,neuroptera 7,corydalis1 ,ant-lion1 ,caddis-flies1 etc474 #e4 ,orthoptera 7,cockroach1 ,mantis1 ,mole-cricket1 ,grasshopper1 ,katydid1 etc474 #f4 ,hemiptera4 ,suborders3 ,parasita 7,lice74 ,sternorhyncha 7,aphids1 ,mealy ,bugs1 etc474 ,homoptera 7,cicada1 ,tree-hoppers1 etc474 ,heteroptera 7,ranatra1 ,belostoma1 ,water-spiders1 ,squash-bugs1 ,bedbugs1 etc474 #g4 ,coleoptera4 ,suborders3 ,cryptotetramera 7,lady-birds1 etc474 ,cryptopentamera 7,leaf-beetles1 ,longhorns1 ,weevils1 etc474 ,heteromera 7,blister-beetles1 ,meal-beetles1 etc474 ,pentamera 7,fire-flies1 ,skipjacks1 ,june-bugs1 ,dung-beetles1 ,stag-beetles1 ,rove-beetles1 ,tiger-beetles1 etc474 ,,metabola ,undergoing for the most part a complete metamorphosis from egg1 through larva and pupa1 to imago4 ,,orders #h4 ,aphaniptera 7,fleas74 #i4 ,diptera4 ,suborders3 ,orthorhapha 7,hessian ,flies1 ,buffalo-gnats1 ,mosquitos1 ,crane-flies1 ,horse-flies74 ,cyclorhapha 7,syrphus1 ,bot-flies1 ,tsetse1 ,house-flies1 etc474 #aj4 ,lepidoptera4 ,suborders3 ,rhopalocera 7,butterflies74 ,heterocera 7,moths74 #aa4 ,hymenoptera4 ,suborders3 ,terebrantia 7,saw-flies1 ,gall-wasps1 ,ichneumon-flies1 etc474 ,aculeata 7,ants1 ,cuckoo-flies1 ,digger-wasps1 ,true ,wasps1 ,bees74 ,it will be seen by glancing at the foregoing table that the butterflies and moths are included as suborders in the tenth group of the list1 to which is applied the name ,lepidoptera4 ,this word1 like most other scientific words1 is derived from the ,greek1 and is compounded of the noun 771 which signifies a scale1 and the noun 771 which signifies a wing4 ,the butterflies and moths together constitute the order of scale-winged insects4 ,the appropriateness of this name will no doubt be at once recognized by every reader1 who1 having perhaps unintentionally rubbed off some of the minute scales which clothe the wings of a butterfly1 has taken the trouble to examine them under a microscope1 or who has attentively read what has been said upon this subject in the first chapter of this book4 ,by referring again to the classification which has been given1 it will be noted that the last four orders in the list agree in that the creatures included within them undergo for the most part what is known as a complete metamorphosis2 that is to say1 they pass through four successive stages of development1 existing first as eggs1 then as worm-like larv1 or caterpillars1 then as pup1 and finally as perfect1 fully developed insects1 gifted for the most part with the power of flight1 and capable of reproducing their kind4 ,all of this has been to some extent already elucidated in the first chapter of the present volume1 but it may be well to remind the reader of these facts at this point4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gf4--;,antenn of butterflies4 ,a question which is frequently asked by those who are not familiar with the subject relates to the manner in which it is possible to distinguish between moths and butterflies4 ,a partial answer can be made in the light of the habits of the two classes of lepidoptera4 ,butterflies are diurnal in their habits1 flying between sunrise and dusk1 and very rarely taking the wing at night4 ,this habit is so universal that these insects are frequently called by entomologists the diurnal lepidoptera1 or are simply spoken of as diurnals4 ,it is1 however1 true that many species of moths are also diurnal in their habits1 though the great majority of them are nocturnal1 or crepuscular1 that is1 flying at the dusk of the evening1 or in the twilight of the early morning4 ,upon the basis of mere habit1 then1 we are able only to obtain a partial clue to the distinction between the two suborders4 ,a more definite distinction is based upon structure1 and specifically upon the structure of the antenn4 ,butterflies have long1 thread-like antenn1 provided with a swelling at the extremity1 giving them a somewhat club-shaped appearance 7,fig4 #gf74 ,this form of antenn is very unusual among the moths1 and only occurs in a few rare genera1 found in tropical countries1 which seem to represent connecting-links between the butterflies and the moths4 ,all the true moths which are found within the limits of the ,united ,states and ,canada have antenn which are not club-shaped1 but are of various other forms4 ,some moths have thread-like antenn tapering to a fine point2 others have feather-shaped antenn2 others still have antenn which are prismatic in form1 and provided with a little hook1 or spur1 at the end2 and there are many modifications and variations of these forms4 ,the club-shaped form of the antenn of butterflies has led naturalists to call them ,rhopalocera1 as has been already explained in speaking of this subject on page #ag4 ,moths are called ,heterocera4 ,the word ,heterocera is compounded of the ,greek word 771 meaning other1 and the ,greek word 771 meaning a horn4 ,they are lepidoptera which have antenn which are other than club-shaped4 ,besides the distinctions which exist in the matter of the form of the antenn1 there are distinctions in the veins of the wings1 and in the manner of carrying them when at rest or in flight1 which are quite characteristic of the two groups2 but all of these things the attentive student will quickly learn for himself by observation4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gg4--;,antenn of moths4 ,scientific ,arrangement4--,having thus cast a passing glance at the differences which exist between moths and butterflies1 we take up the question of the subdivision of the butterflies into natural groups4 ,various systems of arranging butterflies have been suggested from time to time by learned writers1 and for a knowledge of these systems the student may consult works which treat of them at length4 ,it is sufficient for beginners1 for whom this book is principally written1 to observe that in modern science1 for purposes of convenience1 as well as from regard for essential truth1 all individuals are looked upon as belonging to a species4 ,a species includes all those individuals1 which have a common ancestry1 and are so related in form and structure as to be manifestly separable from all other similarly constituted assemblages of individuals4 ,for instance1 all the large cats having a tawny skin1 and in the male a shaggy mane1 constitute a species1 which we call the lion2 the eagles in the eastern ,united ,states1 which in adult plumage have a snow-white head and neck and a white tail1 constitute a species1 which we know as the white-headed or bald-headed eagle4 ,species may then be grouped together1 and those which are manifestly closely related to one another are regarded as forming a natural assemblage of species1 to which we give the name of a genus4 ,for example1 all the large cats1 such as the lion1 the tiger1 the puma1 and the jaguar1 are grouped together by naturalists1 and form a genus to which is given the ,latin name ,felis1 meaning cat4 ,the name of the genus always comes before that of the species4 ,thus the tiger is spoken of scientifically as ,felis tigris4 ,the genera which are closely related to one another may again be assembled as subfamilies2 and the subfamilies may be united to form families4 ,for instance1 all the various genera of cats form a family1 which is known as the ,felid1 or the ,cat ,family4 ,a group of families constitutes a suborder or an order4 ,the cats belong to the ,carnivora1 or order of flesh-eating animals4 ,in zology family names are formed with the termination -id1 and subfamily names with the termination -in4 ,everything just said in regard to the classification of the higher animals applies likewise to butterflies4 ,let us take as an illustration the common milkweed butterfly4 ,linnus for a fanciful reason gave this insect the name ,plexippus4 ,this is its specific name1 by which it is distinguished from all other butterflies4 ,it belongs to the genus ,anosia4 ,the genus ,anosia is one of the genera which make up the subfamily of the ,euploein4 ,the ,euploein belong to the great family of the ,nymphalid4 ,the ,nymphalid are a part of the suborder of the ,rhopalocera1 or true butterflies1 one of the two great subdivisions of the order ,lepidoptera1 belonging to the great class ,insecta1 the highest class in the subkingdom of the ,arthropoda4 ,the matter may be represented in a tabular form1 in the reverse order from that which has been given3 ,subkingdom1 ,arthropoda4 ,class1 ,insecta4 ,order1 ,lepidoptera4 ,suborder1 ,rhopalocera4 ,family1 ,nymphalid4 ,subfamily1 ,euploein4 ,genus1 ,anosia4 ,species1 ,plexippus 7,milkweed ,butterfly74 ,varieties4--,a still further subdivision is in some cases recognized as necessary4 ,a species which has a wide range over an extensive territory may vary in different parts of the territory within which it is found4 ,the butterflies of certain common ,european species are found also in ,japan and ,corea1 but1 as a rule1 they are much larger in the latter countries than they are in ,europe1 and in some cases more brightly colored4 ,naturalists have therefore distinguished the ,asiatic from the ,european form by giving the former what is known as a varietal name4 ,similar differences occur among butterflies on the continent of ,north ,america4 ,the great yellow and black-barred swallowtail butterfly known as ,papilio turnus occurs from ,florida to ,alaska4 ,but the specimens from ,alaska are always much smaller than those from other regions1 and have a very dwarfed appearance4 ,this dwarfed form constitutes what is known as a local race1 or variety1 of the species4 ,the members of a species which occur upon an island frequently differ in marked respects from specimens which occur upon the adjacent mainland4 ,by insulation and the process of through-breeding the creature has come to acquire characteristics which separate it in a marked degree from the closely allied continental form1 and yet not sufficiently to justify us in treating it as a distinct species4 ,it represents what is known as an insular race1 or variety1 and we give it therefore a varietal name4 ,naturalists also distinguish between seasonal1 dimorphic1 melanic1 and albino forms4 ,names descriptive or designatory of these forms are frequently applied to them4 ,all of this will become plainer in the course of the study of the succeeding pages1 and in the effort to classify specimens which the student will make4 ,sex4--,the designation of the sex is important in the case of all well-ordered collections of zological specimens4 ,as a measure of convenience1 the male is usually indicated by the sign of ,mars1 1 while the female is indicated by the sign of ,venus1 4 ,the inscription1 ,argynnis ,diana1 1 therefore means that the specimen is a male of ,argynnis ,diana1 and the inscription1 ,argynnis ,diana1 1 means that the specimen is a female of the same species4 ,these signs are invariably employed by naturalists to mark the sexes4 ,the ,division of ,butterflies into ,families4--,without attempting to go deeply into questions of classification at the present point1 it will be well for us to note the subdivisions which have been made into the larger groups1 known as families1 and to show how butterflies belonging to one or the other of these may be distinguished from one another4 ,there are five of these families represented within the territory of which this book takes notice4 ,these five families are the following3 #a4 ,the ,,nymphalid1 or ,brush-footed ,butterflies4 #b4 ,the ,,lemoniid1 or ,metal-marks4 #c4 ,the ,,lyc,,nid1 or ,blues1 ,coppers1 and ,hair-streaks4 #d4 ,the ,,papilionid1 or the ,swallowtails and their allies4 #e4 ,the ,,hesperiid1 or the ,skippers4 ,the ,,nymphalid1 the ,brush-footed ,butterflies4 ,the butterflies of this family may be distinguished as a great class from all other butterflies by the fact that in both sexes the first1 or prothoracic1 pair of legs is greatly dwarfed1 useless for walking1 and therefore carried folded up against the breast4 ,from this peculiarity they have also been called the ,four-footed ,butterflies4 ,this is the largest of all the families of the butterflies1 and has been subdivided into many subfamilies4 ,some of the genera are composed of small species1 but most of the genera are made up of medium-sized or large species4 ,the family is geologically very ancient1 and most of the fossil butterflies which have been discovered belong to it4 ,the caterpillars are in most of the subfamilies provided with horny or fleshy projections4 ,the chrysalids always hang suspended by the tail4 ,the ,,lemoniid1 the ,metal-marks4 ,this family is distinguished from others by the fact that the males have four ambulatory or walking feet1 while the females have six such feet4 ,the antenn are relatively longer than in the ,lycnid4 ,the butterflies belonging to this great group are mostly confined to the tropics of the ,new ,world1 and only a few genera and species are included in the region covered by this volume4 ,they are usually quite small1 but are colored in a bright and odd manner1 spots and checkered markings being very common4 ,many are extremely brilliant in their colors4 ,the caterpillars are small and contracted4 ,some are said to have chrysalids which are suspended2 others have chrysalids girdled and attached at the anal extremity1 like the ,lycnid4 ,the butterflies in many genera have the habit of alighting on the under side of leaves1 with their wings expanded4 ,the ,,lyc,,nid1 the ,gossamer-winged ,butterflies4 ,this great family comprises the butterflies which are familiarly known as the hair-streaks1 the blues1 and the coppers4 ,the males have four and the females six walking feet4 ,the caterpillars are small1 short1 and slug-shaped4 ,the chrysalids are provided with a girdle1 are attached at the end of the abdomen1 and lie closely appressed to the surface upon which they have undergone transformation4 ,blue is a very common color in this family1 which includes some of the gayest of the small forms which are found in the butterfly world4 ,in alighting they always carry their wings folded together and upright4 ,the ,,papilionid1 the ,swallowtails and their allies4 ,these butterflies have six walking feet in both sexes4 ,the caterpillars are elongate1 and in some genera provided with osmateria1 or protrusive organs secreting a powerful and disagreeable odor4 ,the chrysalids are elongate1 attached at the anal extremity1 and held in place by a girdle of silk1 but not closely appressed to the surface upon which they have undergone transformation4 ,the ,,hesperiid1 or the ,skippers4 ,they are generally small in size1 with stout bodies1 very quick and powerful in fight4 ,they have six walking feet in both sexes4 ,the tibi of the hind feet1 with few exceptions1 have spurs4 ,the caterpillars are cylindrical1 smooth1 tapering forward and backward from the middle1 and generally having large globular heads4 ,for the most part they undergo transformation into chrysalids which have a girdle and an anal hook1 or cremaster1 in a loose cocoon1 composed of a few threads of silk1 and thus approximate the moths in their habits4 ,the genus ,megathymus has the curious habit of burrowing in its larval stage in the underground stems of the yucca4 ,to one or the other of these five families all the butterflies1 numbering about six hundred and fifty species1 which are found from the ,rio ,grande of ,texas to the arctic circle1 can be referred4 ,scientific ,names4--,from what has been said it is plain to the reader that the student of this delightful branch of science is certain to be called upon to use some rather long and1 at first sight1 uncouth words in the pursuit of the subject4 ,but experience1 that best of teachers1 will soon enable him to master any little difficulties which may arise from this source1 and he will come finally to recognize how useful these terms are in designating distinctions which exist1 but which are often wholly overlooked by the uneducated and unobservant4 ,it is not1 however1 necessary that the student should at the outset attempt to tax his memory with all of the long scientific names which he encounters in this and similar books4 ,the late ,dr4 ,horn of ,philadelphia1 who was justly regarded1 during the latter years of his life1 as the most eminent student of the ,coleoptera1 or beetles1 of ,north ,america1 once said to the writer that he made it a religious duty not to try to remember all the long scientific names belonging to the thousands of species in his collection1 but was content to have them attached to the pins holding the specimens in his cabinets1 where he could easily refer to them4 ,the student who is engaged in collecting and studying butterflies will very soon come1 almost without effort1 to know their names1 but it is not a sin to forget them4 ,in writing about butterflies it is quite customary to abbreviate the generic name by giving merely its initial4 ,thus in writing about the milkweed butterfly1 ,anosia plexippus1 the naturalist will designate it as ,a4 plexippus4 ,to the specific name he will also attach the name of the man who gave this specific name to the insect4 ,as ,linnus was the first to name this insect1 it is proper to add his name1 when writing of it1 or to add an abbreviation of his name1 as follows3 ,a4 plexippus1 ,linnus1 or ,linn4 ,in speaking about butterflies it is quite common to omit the generic name altogether and to use only the specific name4 ,thus after returning in the evening from a collecting-trip1 ,i might say1 ,i was quite successful to-day4 ,i took twenty ,aphrodites1 four ,myrinas1 and two specimens of ,atlantis4 ,in this case there could be no misunderstanding of my meaning4 ,i took specimens of three species of the genus ,argynnis--,a4 aphrodite1 ,a4 myrina1 and ,a4 atlantis2 but it is quite enough to designate them by the specific names1 without reference to their generic classification4 ,synonyms4--,it is a law among scientific men that the name first given to an animal or plant shall be its name and shall have priority over all other names4 ,now1 it has happened not infrequently that an author1 not knowing that a species has been described already1 has redescribed it under another name4 ,such a name applied a second time to a species already described is called a synonym1 and may be published after the true name4 ,sometimes species have had a dozen or more different names applied to them by different writers1 but all such names rank as synonyms according to the law of priority4 ,popular ,names4--,common ,english names for butterflies are much in vogue in ,england and ,scotland1 and there is no reason why ,english names should not be given to butterflies1 as well as to birds and to plants4 ,in the following pages this has been done to a great extent4 ,i have used the names coined by ,dr4 ,s4,h4 ,scudder and by others1 so far as possible1 and have in other cases been forced myself to coin names which seemed to be appropriate1 in the hope that they may come ultimately to be widely used4 ,the trouble is that ordinary people do not take pains to observe and note the distinctions which exist among the lower animals4 ,the vocabulary of the common farmer1 or even of the ordinary professional man1 is bare of terms to point out correctly the different things which come under the eye4 ,all insects are bugs to the vulgar1 and even the airy butterfly1 creature of grace and light1 is put into the same category with roaches and fleas4 ,apropos of the tendency to classify as bugs all things which creep and are small1 it may be worth while to recall the story1 which ,frank ,buckland tells in his ,log-book of a ,fisherman and ,naturalist1 of an adventure which he had1 when a school-boy1 at the booking-office of the ,london1 ,chatham1 and ,dover ,railway ,company in ,dover4 ,he had been for a short trip to ,paris1 and had bought a monkey and a tortoise4 ,upon his return from sunny ,france1 as he was getting his ticket up to ,london1 ,jocko stuck his head out of the bag in which his owner was carrying him4 ,the ticket-agent looked down and said1 ,you will pay half-fare for him4 ,how is that8 exclaimed young ,buckland4 ,well1 we charge half-fare for dogs4 ,but this is not a dog1 replied the indignant lad2 this is a monkey4 ,makes no difference1 was the answer2 you must pay half-fare for him4 ,reluctantly the silver was laid upon the counter4 ,then1 thrusting his hands into the pocket of his greatcoat1 ,buckland drew forth the tortoise1 and1 laying it down1 asked1 ,how much do you charge for this8 ,the ancient receiver of fares furbished his spectacles1 adjusted them to his nose1 took a long look1 and replied1 ,we don't charge nothin' for them2 them 's insects4 ,it is to be hoped that the reader of this book will in the end have a clearer view of facts as to the classification of animals than was possessed by the ticket-agent at ,dover4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,books ,,about ,,north ,,american ,,butterflies ,early ,writers4--,the earliest descriptions of ,north ,american butterflies are found in writings which are now almost unknown1 except to the close student of science4 ,linnus described and named a number of the commoner ,north ,american species1 and some of them were figured by ,charles ,clerck1 his pupil1 whose work entitled ,icones was published at ,stockholm in the year #agei4 ,clerck's work is exceedingly rare1 and the writer believes that he has in his possession the only copy in ,north ,america4 ,johann ,christian ,fabricius1 a pupil of ,linnus1 who was for some time a professor in ,kiel1 and attached to the court of the ,king of ,denmark1 published between the year #agge and the year #agih a number of works upon the general subject of entomology1 in which he gave descriptions1 very brief and unsatisfactory1 of a number of ,north ,american species4 ,his descriptions were written1 as were those of ,linnus1 in the ,latin language4 ,about the same time that ,fabricius was publishing his works1 ,peter ,cramer1 a ,dutchman1 was engaged in giving to the world the four large quartos in which he endeavored to figure and describe the butterflies and moths of ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america4 ,cramer's work was entitled ,papillons ,exotiques1 and contained recognizable illustrations of quite a number of the ,north ,american forms4 ,the book1 however1 is rare and expensive to-day1 but few copies of it being accessible to ,american students4 ,jacob ,hbner1 who was born at ,augsburg in the year #agfa1 undertook the publication1 in the early part of the present century1 of an elaborate work upon the ,european butterflies and moths1 parallel with which he undertook a publication upon the butterflies and moths of foreign lands4 ,the title of his work is ,sammlung ,exotischer ,schmetterlinge4 ,to this work was added1 as an appendix1 partly by ,hbner and partly by his successor and co-laborer1 ,karl ,geyer1 another1 entitled ,zutrge zur ,sammlung ,exotischer ,schmetterlinge4 ,the two works together are illustrated by six hundred and sixty-four colored plates4 ,this great publication contains some scattered figures of ,north ,american species4 ,a good copy sells for from three hundred and fifty to four hundred dollars1 or even more4 ,the first work which was devoted exclusively to an account of the lepidoptera of ,north ,america was published in ,england by ,sir ,james ,edward ,smith1 who was a botanist1 and who gave to the world in two volumes some of the plates which had been drawn by ,john ,abbot1 an ,englishman who lived for a number of years in ,georgia4 ,the work appeared in two folio volumes1 bearing the date #agig4 ,it is entitled ,the ,natural ,history of the ,rarer ,lepidopterous ,insects of ,georgia4 ,it contains one hundred and four plates1 in which the insects are represented in their various stages upon their appropriate food-plants4 ,smith and ,abbot's work contains original descriptions of only about half a dozen of the ,north ,american butterflies1 and figures a number of species which had been already described by earlier authors4 ,it is mainly devoted to the moths4 ,this work is now rare and commands a very high price4 ,the next important work upon the subject was published by ,dr4 ,j4,a4 ,boisduval of ,paris1 a celebrated entomologist1 who was assisted by ,major ,john ,e4 ,leconte4 ,the work appeared in the year #ahcc1 and is entitled ,histoire ,gnrale et ,monographie des ,lepidoptres et des ,chenilles de l',amrique ,septentrionale4 ,it contains seventy-eight colored plates1 each representing butterflies of ,north ,america1 in many cases giving figures of the larva and the chrysalis as well as of the perfect insect4 ,the plates were based very largely upon drawings made by ,john ,abbot1 and represent ninety-three species1 while in the text there are only eighty-five species mentioned1 some of which are not figured4 ,what has been said of all the preceding works is also true of this3 it is very rarely offered for sale1 can only be found upon occasion1 and commands a high price4 ,in the year #ahda ,dr4 ,thaddeus ,william ,harris published ,a ,report on the ,insects of ,massachusetts which are ,injurious to ,vegetation4 ,this work1 which was originally brought out in pursuance of an order of the legislature of ,massachusetts1 by the ,commissioners of the ,zological and ,botanical ,survey of the ,state1 was republished in #ahdb1 and was followed by a third edition in #aheb4 ,the last edition1 revised and improved by ,charles ,l4 ,flint1 ,secretary of the ,massachusetts ,state ,board of ,agriculture1 appeared in #ahfb4 ,this work contains a number of figures and descriptions of the butterflies of ,new ,england1 and1 while now somewhat obsolete1 still contains a great deal of valuable information1 and is well worth being rescued by the student from the shelves of the second-hand book-stalls in which it is now and then to be found4 ,for the ,new ,england student of entomology it remains to a greater or less extent a classic4 ,in #ahfj the ,smithsonian ,institution published a ,catalogue of the ,described ,lepidoptera of ,north ,america1 a compilation prepared by the ,rev4 ,john ,g4 ,morris4 ,this work1 though very far from complete1 contains in a compact form much valuable information1 largely extracted from the writings of previous authors4 ,it is not illustrated4 ,with the book prepared by ,dr4 ,morris the first period in the development of a literature relating to our subject may be said to close1 and the reader will observe that until the end of the sixth decade of this century very little had been attempted in the way of systematically naming1 describing1 and illustrating the riches of the insect fauna of this continent4 ,almost all the work1 with the exception of that done by ,harris1 ,leconte1 and ,morris1 had been done by ,european authors4 ,later ,writers4--,at the close of the ,civil ,war this country witnessed a great intellectual awakening1 and every department of science began to find its zealous students4 ,in the annals of entomology the year #ahfh is memorable because of the issue of the first part of the great work by ,william ,h4 ,edwards1 entitled ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,this work has been within the last year 7#ahig7 brought to completion with the publication of the third volume1 and stands as a superb monument to the scientific attainments and the inextinguishable industry of its learned author4 ,the three volumes are most superbly illustrated1 and contain a wealth of original drawings1 representing all the stages in the life-history of numerous species1 which has never been surpassed4 ,unfortunately1 while including a large number of the species known to inhabit ,north ,america1 the book is nevertheless not what its title would seem to imply1 and is far from complete1 several hundreds of species not being represented in any way1 either in the text or in the illustrations4 ,in spite of this fact it will remain to the ,american student a classic1 holding a place in the domain of entomology analogous to that which is held in the science of ornithology by the ,birds of ,america1 by ,audubon4 ,a work even more elaborate in its design and execution1 contained in three volumes1 is ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 by ,dr4 ,samuel ,hubbard ,scudder1 published in the year #ahhf4 ,no more superbly illustrated and exhaustive monograph on any scientific subject has ever been published than this1 and it must remain a lasting memorial of the colossal industry and vast learning of the author1 one of the most eminent scientific men whom ,america has produced4 ,while the two great works which have been mentioned have illustrated to the highest degree not only the learning of their authors1 but the vast advances which have been made in the art of illustration within the last thirty years1 they do not stand alone as representing the activity of students in this field4 ,a number of smaller1 but useful1 works have appeared from time to time4 ,among these must be mentioned ,the ,butterflies of the ,eastern ,united ,states1 by ,professor ,g4,h4 ,french4 ,this book1 which contains four hundred and two pages and ninety-three figures in the text1 was published in ,philadelphia in #ahhf4 ,it is an admirable little work1 with the help of which the student may learn much in relation to the subject2 but it greatly lacks in illustration1 without which all such publications are not attractive or thoroughly useful to the student4 ,in the same year appeared ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 by ,c4,j4 ,maynard1 a quarto containing seventy-two pages of text and eight colored plates1 the latter very poor4 ,in #ahgh ,herman ,strecker of ,reading1 ,pennsylvania1 published a book entitled ,butterflies and ,moths of ,north ,america1 which is further entitled ,a ,complete ,synonymical ,catalogue4 ,it gives only the synonymy of some four hundred and seventy species of butterflies1 and has never been continued by the author1 as was apparently his intention4 ,it makes no mention of the moths1 except upon the title-page4 ,for the scientific student it has much value1 but is of no value to a beginner4 ,the same author published in parts a work illustrated by fifteen colored plates1 entitled ,lepidoptera-,rhopaloceres and ,heteroceres--,indigenous and ,exotic1 which came out from #ahgb to #ahgi1 and contains recognizable figures of many ,north ,american species4 ,in #ahia there appeared in ,boston1 from the pen of ,c4,j4 ,maynard1 a work entitled ,a ,manual of ,north ,american ,butterflies4 ,this is illustrated by ten very poorly executed plates and a number of equally poorly executed cuts in the text4 ,the work is unfortunately characterized by a number of serious defects which make its use difficult and unsatisfactory for the correct determination of species and their classification4 ,in #ahic ,dr4 ,scudder published two books1 both of them useful1 though brief1 one of them entitled ,the ,life of a ,butterfly1 the other1 ,a ,brief ,guide to the ,commoner ,butterflies of the ,northern ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,both of these books were published in ,new ,york by ,messrs4 ,henry ,holt ,co41 and contain valuable information in relation to the subject1 being to a certain extent an advance upon another work published in #ahha by the same author and firm1 entitled ,butterflies4 ,periodical ,literature4--,the reader must not suppose that the only literature relating to the subject that we are considering is to be found in the volumes that have been mentioned4 ,the original descriptions and the life-histories of a large number of the species of the butterflies of ,north ,america have originally appeared in the pages of scientific periodicals and in the journals and proceedings of different learned societies4 ,among the more important publications which are rich in information in regard to our theme may be mentioned the publications relating to entomology issued by the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 and by the various ,american commonwealths1 chief among the latter being ,riley's ,missouri ,reports4 ,exceedingly valuable are many of the papers contained in the ,transactions of the ,american ,entomological ,society1 ,psyche1 the ,bulletin of the ,brooklyn ,entomological ,society 7#ahgb-he71 ,papilio 7#ahha-hd71 ,entomologica ,americana 7#ahhe-ij71 the ,journal of the ,new ,york ,entomological ,society1 the ,canadian ,entomologist1 and ,entomological ,news4 ,all of these journals are mines of original information1 and the student who proposes to master the subject thoroughly will do well to obtain1 if possible1 complete sets of these periodicals1 as well as of a number of others which might be mentioned1 and to subscribe for such of them as are still being published4 ,there are a number of works upon general entomology1 containing chapters upon the diurnal lepidoptera1 which may be consulted with profit4 ,among the best of these are the following3 ,a ,guide to the ,study of ,insects1 by ,a4,s4 ,packard1 ,jr41 ,m4,d4 7,henry ,holt ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ahhc1 pp4 #gae1 #hvo72 ,a ,textbook of ,entomology1 by ,alpheus ,s4 ,packard1 ,m4,d41 etc4 7,the ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 #ahih1 pp4 #gbi1 #hvo72 ,a ,manual for the ,study of ,insects1 by ,john ,henry ,comstock 7,comstock ,publishing ,company1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 #ahie1 pp4 #gja1 #hvo74 ,,hugo',s ,,flower ,,to ,,butterfly ,sweet1 live with me1 and let my love ,be an enduring tether2 ,oh1 wanton not from spot to spot1 ,but let us dwell together4 ,you've come each morn to sip the sweets ,with which you found me dripping1 ,yet never knew it was not dew1 ,but tears1 that you were sipping4 ,you gambol over honey meads ,where siren bees are humming2 ,but mine the fate to watch and wait ,for my beloved's coming4 ,the sunshine that delights you now ,shall fade to darkness gloomy2 ,you should not fear if1 biding here1 ,you nestled closer to me4 ,so rest you1 love1 and be my love1 ,that my enraptured blooming ,may fill your sight with tender light1 ,your wings with sweet perfuming4 ,or1 if you will not bide with me ,upon this quiet heather1 ,oh1 give me wing1 thou beauteous thing1 ,that we may soar together4 ,,eugene ,,field4 ,,the ,,butterflies ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,north ,,of ,,mexico ,lo1 the bright train their radiant wings unfold6 ,with silver fringed1 and freckled o'er with gold3 ,on the gay bosom of some fragrant flower ,they1 idly fluttering1 live their little hour2 ,their life all pleasure1 and their task all play1 ,all spring their age1 and sunshine all their day4 ,,mrs4 ,,barbauld ,,order ,,lepidoptera ,,suborder ,,rhopalocera 7,,butterflies7 ,,family ,i ,,nymphalid 7,,the ,,brush-,,footed ,,butterflies7 ,the family of the ,nymphalid is composed of butterflies which are of medium and large size1 though a few of the genera are made up of species which are quite small4 ,they may be distinguished from all other butterflies by the fact that the first pair of legs in both sexes is atrophied or greatly reduced in size1 so that they cannot be used in walking1 but are carried folded up upon the breast4 ,the fore feet1 except in the case of the female of the snout-butterflies 7,libythein71 are without tarsal claws1 and hence the name ,brush-footed ,butterflies has been applied to them4 ,as the anterior pair of legs is apparently useless1 they have been called ,the ,four-footed ,butterflies1 which is scientifically a misnomer4 ,egg4--,the eggs of the ,nymphalid1 for the most part1 are dome-shaped or globular1 and are marked with raised longitudinal lines extending from the summit toward the base over the entire surface or over the upper portion of the egg4 ,between these elevations are often found finer and less elevated cross-lines4 ,in a few genera the surface of the eggs is covered with reticulation arranged in geometrical patterns 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars of the ,nymphalid1 as they emerge from the egg1 have heads the diameter of which is larger than that of the body1 and covered with a number of wart-like elevations from which hairs arise4 ,the body of the immature larva generally tapers from before backward 7see ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #g and #aa74 ,the mature larva is cylindrical in form1 sometimes1 as in the ,satyrin1 thicker in the middle4 ,often one or more of the segments are greatly swollen in whole or in part4 ,the larv are generally ornamented with fleshy projections or branching spines4 ,chrysalids4--,the chrysalids are for the most part angular1 and often have strongly marked projections4 ,as a rule1 they hang with the head downward1 having the cremaster1 or anal hook1 attached to a button of silk woven to the under surface of a limb of a tree1 a stone1 or some other projecting surface4 ,a few boreal species construct loose coverings of threads of silk at the roots of grasses1 and here undergo their transformations4 ,the chrysalids are frequently ornamented with golden or silvery spots4 ,this is the largest of all the families of butterflies1 and it is also the most widely distributed4 ,it is represented by species which have their abode in the cold regions of the far ,north and upon the lofty summits of mountains1 where summer reigns for but a few weeks during the year2 and it is enormously developed in equatorial lands1 including here some of the most gloriously colored species in the butterfly world4 ,but although these insects appear to have attained their most superb development in the tropics1 they are more numerous in the temperate regions than other butterflies1 and a certain fearlessness1 and fondness for the haunts of men1 which seems to characterize some of them1 has brought them more under the eyes of observers4 ,the literature of poetry and prose which takes account of the life of the butterfly has mainly dealt with forms belonging to this great assemblage of species4 ,in the classification of the brush-footed butterflies various subdivisions have been suggested by learned authors1 but the species found in the ,united ,states and the countries lying northward upon the continent may be all included in the following six groups1 or subfamilies3 #a4 ,the ,euploeinoe1 the ,euploeids4 #b4 ,the ,ithomiinoe1 the ,ithomiids4 #c4 ,the ,heliconiinoe1 the ,heliconians4 #d4 ,the ,nymphalinoe1 the ,nymphs4 #e4 ,the ,satyrinoe1 the ,satyrs4 #f4 ,the ,libytheinoe1 the ,snout-butterflies4 ,the insects belonging to these different subfamilies may be distinguished by the help of the following analytical table1 which is based upon that of ,professor ,comstock1 given in his ,manual for the ,study of ,insects 7p4 #cif71 which in turn is based upon that of ,dr4 ,scudder1 in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england 7vol4 i1 p4 #aae74 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,subfamilies ,,of ,,the ,,nymphalid ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,canada ,i4 ,with the veins of the fore wings not greatly swollen at the base4 ,a4 ,antenn naked4 7a7 ,fore wings less than twice as long as broad--,euploeinoe4 7b7 ,fore wings twice as long as broad and often translucent1 the abdomen extending far beyond the inner margin of the hind wings--,ithomiinoe4 ,b4 ,antenn clothed with scales1 at least above4 7a7 ,fore wings at least twice as long as broad--,heliconiinoe4 7b7 ,fore wings less than twice as long as broad4 #a4 ,palpi not as long as the thorax--,nymphalinoe4 #b4 ,palpi much longer than the thorax--,libytheinoe4 ,,ii4 ,with some of the veins of the fore wings greatly swollen at the base--,satyrinoe4 ,we now proceed to present the various genera and species of this family which occur within the territorial limits of which this book treats4 ,the reader will do well to accompany the study of the descriptions1 which are at most mere sketches1 by a careful examination of the figures in the plates4 ,in this way a very clear idea of the different species can in most instances be obtained4 ,but with the study of the book should always go1 if possible1 the study of the living things themselves4 ,knowledge of nature founded upon books is at best second-hand4 ,to the fields and the woods1 then1 net in hand6 ,splendid as may be the sight of a great collection of butterflies from all parts of the world1 their wings ,gleaming with purple and gold1 no vision is so exquisite and so inspiring as that which greets the true aurelian as in shady dell or upon sun-lit upland1 with the blue sky above him and the flowers all around him1 he pursues his pleasant1 self-imposed tasks1 drinking in health at every step4 ,,subfamily ,,euploein 7,,the ,,milkweed ,,butterflies7 ,lazily flying ,over the flower-decked prairies1 ,west2 ,basking in sunshine till daylight is dying1 ,and resting all night on ,asclepias' breast2 ,joyously dancing1 ,merrily prancing1 ,chasing his lady-love high in the air1 ,fluttering gaily1 ,frolicking daily1 ,free from anxiety1 sorrow1 and care6 ,c4,v4 ,,riley4 ,butterfly4--,large butterflies2 head large2 the antenn inserted on the summit1 stout1 naked1 that is to say1 not covered with scales1 the club long and not broad2 palpi stout2 the thorax somewhat compressed1 with the top arched4 ,the abdomen is moderately stout1 bearing on the eighth segment1 on either side1 in the case of the male1 clasps which are quite conspicuous4 ,the fore wings are greatly produced at the apex and more or less excavated about the middle of the outer border2 the hind wings are rounded and generally much smaller than the fore wings2 the outer margin is regular1 without tails1 and the inner margin is sometimes channeled so as to enfold the abdomen4 ,the fore legs are greatly atrophied in the male1 less so in the female2 these atrophied legs are not provided with claws1 but on the other legs the claws are well developed4 ,egg4--,the eggs are ovate conical1 broadly flattened at the base and slightly truncated at the top1 with many longitudinal ribs and transverse cross-ridges 7see ,fig4 #d74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,vii ,,anosia ,,and ,,basilarchia #a4 ,anosia plexippus1 ,linnus1 4 #b4 ,anosia berenice1 ,cramer1 4 #c4 ,anosia berenice1 var4 strigosa1 ,bates1 4 #d4 ,basilarchia disippus1 ,godart1 4 #e4 ,basilarchia hulsti1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,vii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,caterpillar4--,on emerging from the chrysalis the head is not larger than the body2 the body has a few scattered hairs on each segment4 ,on reaching maturity the head is small1 the body large1 cylindrical1 without hair1 and conspicuously banded with dark stripes upon a lighter ground1 and on some of the segments there are generally erect fleshy processes of considerable length 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,the caterpillars feed upon different species of the milkweed 7,asclepias74 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is relatively short and thick1 rounded1 with very few projections1 tapers very rapidly over the posterior part of the abdomen1 and is suspended by a long cremaster from a button of silk 7see ,fig4 #bd74 ,the chrysalis is frequently ornamented with golden or silver spots4 ,this subfamily reaches its largest development in the tropical regions of ,asia4 ,only one genus is represented in our fauna1 the genus ,anosia4 ,genus ,,anosia1 ,hbner ,butterfly4--,large-sized butterflies2 fore wings long1 greatly produced at the apex1 having a triangular outline1 the outer margin approximately as long as the inner margin2 the costal border is regularly bowed2 the outer border is slightly excavated1 the outer angle rounded2 the hind wings are well rounded1 the costal border projecting just at the base1 the inner margin likewise projecting at the base and depressed so as to form a channel clasping the abdomen4 ,on the edge of the first median nervule of the male1 about its middle1 there is a scent-pouch covered with scales4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gh4--,neuration of the genus ,anosia4 ,egg4--,the egg is ovate conical1 ribbed perpendicularly with many raised cross-lines between the ridges4 ,the eggs are pale green in color4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 fleshy1 transversely wrinkled1 and has on the second thoracic and eighth abdominal segment pairs of very long and slender fleshy filaments2 the body is ornamented by dark bands upon a greenish-yellow ground-color2 the filaments are black4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is stout1 cylindrical1 rapidly tapering on the abdomen1 and is suspended from a button of silk by a long cremaster4 ,the color of the chrysalis is pale green1 ornamented with golden spots4 ,the larv of the genus ,anosia feed for the most part upon the varieties of milkweed 7,asclepias71 and they are therefore called milkweed butterflies4 ,there are two species of the genus found in our fauna1 one1 ,anosia plexippus1 ,linnus1 which is distributed over the entire continent as far north as southern ,canada1 and the other1 ,anosia berenice1 ,cramer1 which is confined to the extreme southwestern portions of the ,united ,states1 being found in ,texas and ,arizona4 7#a7 ,anosia plexippus1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,the ,monarch74 ,butterfly4--,the upper surface of the wings of this butterfly is bright reddish1 with the borders and veins broadly black1 with two rows of white spots on the outer borders and two rows of pale spots of moderately large size across the apex of the fore wings4 ,the males have the wings less broadly bordered with black than the females1 and on the first median nervule of the hind wings there is a black scent-pouch4 ,egg4--,the egg is ovate conical1 and is well represented in ,fig4 #d in the introductory chapter of this book4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is bright yellow or greenish-yellow1 banded with shining black1 and furnished with black fleshy thread-like appendages before and behind4 ,it likewise is well delineated in ,fig4 #af1 as well as in ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #e4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is about an inch in length1 pale green1 spotted with gold 7see ,fig4 #bd1 and ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #a-c74 ,the butterfly is believed to be polygoneutic1 that is to say1 many broods are produced annually2 and it is believed by writers that with the advent of cold weather these butterflies migrate to the ,south1 the chrysalids and caterpillars which may be undeveloped at the time of the frosts are destroyed1 and that when these insects reappear1 as they do every summer1 they represent a wave of migration coming northward from the warmer regions of the ,gulf ,states4 ,it is not believed that any of them hibernate in any stage of their existence4 ,this insect sometimes appears in great swarms on the eastern and southern coasts of ,new ,jersey in late autumn4 ,the swarms pressing southward are arrested by the ocean4 ,the writer has seen stunted trees on the ,new ,jersey coast in the middle of ,october1 when the foliage has already fallen1 so completely covered with clinging masses of these butterflies as to present the appearance of trees in full leaf 7,fig4 #gi74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #gi4--,swarms of milkweed butterflies resting on a tree4 ,photographed at night by ,professor ,c4,f4 ,nachtrieb4 7,from ,insect ,life1 vol4 v1 p4 #bjf1 by special permission of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture47 ,this butterfly is a great migrant1 and within quite recent years1 with ,yankee instinct1 has crossed the ,pacific1 probably on merchant vessels1 the chrysalids being possibly concealed in bales of hay1 and has found lodgment in ,australia1 where it has greatly multiplied in the warmer parts of the ,island ,continent1 and has thence spread northward and westward1 until in its migrations it has reached ,java and ,sumatra1 and long ago took possession of the ,philippines4 ,moving eastward on the lines of travel1 it has established a more or less precarious foothold for itself in southern ,england1 as many as two or three dozen of these butterflies having been taken in a single year in the ,united ,kingdom4 ,it is well established at the ,cape ,verde ,islands1 and in a short time we may expect to hear of it as having taken possession of the continent of ,africa1 in which the family of plants upon which the caterpillars feed is well represented4 7#b7 ,anosia berenice1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,queen74 ,this butterfly is smaller than the ,monarch1 and the ground-color of the wings is a livid brown4 ,the markings are somewhat similar to those in ,a4 plexippus1 but the black borders of the hind wings are relatively wider1 and the light spots on the apex of the fore wings are whiter and differently located1 as may be learned from the figures given in ,plate ,,vii4 ,there is a variety of this species1 which has been called ,anosia strigosa by ,h4,w4 ,bates 7,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #c1 71 which differs only in that on the upper surface of the hind wings the veins as far as the black outer margin are narrowly edged with grayish-white1 giving them a streaked appearance4 ,this insect is found in ,texas1 ,arizona1 and southern ,new ,mexico4 ,all of the ,euploein are protected insects1 being by nature provided with secretions which are distasteful to birds and predaceous insects4 ,these acrid secretions are probably due to the character of the plants upon which the caterpillars feed1 for many of them eat plants which are more or less rank1 and some of them even poisonous to the higher orders of animals4 ,enjoying on this account immunity from attack1 they have all1 in the process of time1 been mimicked by species in other genera which have not the same immunity4 ,this protective resemblance is well illustrated in ,plate ,,vii4 ,the three upper figures in the plate represent1 as we have seen1 species of the genus ,anosia2 the two lower figures represent two species of the genus ,basilarchia4 ,fig4 #d is the male of ,b4 disippus1 a very common species in the northern ,united ,states1 which mimicks the ,monarch4 ,fig4 #e represents the same sex of ,b4 hulstii1 a species which is found in ,arizona1 and there flies in company with the ,queen1 and its variety1 ,a4 strigosa1 which latter it more nearly resembles4 ,,subfamily ,,ithomiin 7,,the ,,long-,,wings7 ,there be ,insects with little hornes proaking out before their eyes1 but weak and tender they be1 and good for nothing2 as the ,butterflies4--,,pliny1 ,,philemon ,,holland',s ,translation4 ,butterfly4--,this subfamily is composed for the most part of species of moderate size1 though a few are quite large4 ,the fore wings are invariably greatly lengthened and are generally at least twice as long as broad4 ,the hind wings are relatively small1 rounded1 and without tails4 ,the wings in many of the genera are transparent4 ,the extremity of the abdomen in both sexes extends far beyond the margin of the hind wings1 but in the female not so much as in the male4 ,the antenn are not clothed with scales1 and are very long and slender1 with the club also long and slender1 gradually thickening to the tip1 which is often drooping4 ,the fore legs are greatly atrophied in the males1 the tibia and tarsi in this sex being reduced to a minute knob-like appendage1 but being more strongly developed in the females4 ,the life-history of none of the species reputed to be found in our fauna has been carefully worked out4 ,the larv are smooth1 covered in most genera with longitudinal rows of conical prominences4 ,the chrysalids are said to show a likeness to those of the ,euploein1 being short1 thick1 and marked with golden spots4 ,some authors are inclined to view this subfamily as merely constituting a section of the ,euploein4 ,the insects are1 however1 so widely unlike the true ,euploein that it seems well to keep them separate in our system of classification4 ,in appearance they approach the ,heliconians more nearly than the ,euploeids4 ,ithomiid butterflies swarm in the tropics of the ,new ,world1 and several hundreds of species are known to inhabit the hot lands of ,central and ,south ,america4 ,but one genus is found in the ,old ,world1 ,hamadryas1 confined to the ,australian region4 ,they are protected like the ,euploeids and the ,heliconians4 ,in flight they are said to somewhat resemble the dragon-flies of the genus ,agrion1 their narrow wings1 greatly elongated bodies1 and slow1 flitting motion recalling these insects1 which are known by schoolboys as darning-needles4 ,three genera are said to be represented in the extreme southwestern portion of the ,united ,states4 ,i myself have never received specimens of any of them which indisputably came from localities within our limits1 and no such specimens are found in the great collection of ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 which is now in my possession4 ,a paratype of ,reakirt's species1 ,mechanitis californica1 is contained in the collection of ,theodore ,l4 ,mead1 which ,i also possess4 ,mr4 ,mead obtained it from ,herman ,strecker of ,reading1 ,pennsylvania4 ,reakirt gives ,los ,angeles as the locality from which his type came2 but whether he was right in this is open to question1 inasmuch1 so far as is known1 the species has not been found in that neighborhood since described by ,reakirt4 ,genus ,,mechanitis1 ,fabricius ,butterfly4--,butterflies of moderate size1 with the fore wings greatly produced1 the inner margin bowed out just beyond the base1 and deeply excavated between this projection and the inner angle4 ,the lower discocellular vein in the hind wings is apparently continuous with the median vein1 and the lower radial vein being parallel with the median nervules1 the median vein has in consequence the appearance of being four-branched4 ,the submedian vein of the fore wings is forked at the base4 ,the costal margin of the hind wings is clothed with tufted erect hairs in the male sex4 ,the fore legs of the male are greatly atrophied1 the tarsi and the tibia being fused and reduced to a small knob-like appendage4 ,the fore legs of the female are also greatly reduced1 but the tarsi and tibia are still recognizable as slender1 thread-like organs4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hj4--,neuration of the genus ,mechanitis4 ,the letters refer to the names of the veins4 7,see ,fig #dj47 ,the caterpillars are smooth1 cylindrical1 ornamented with rows of short fleshy projections4 ,the chrysalids are short and stout1 suspended1 and marked with golden spots4 ,there are numerous species belonging to this genus1 all natives of tropical ,america4 ,the only species said to be found within the limits of the ,united ,states occurs1 if at all1 in southern ,california4 ,it is1 however1 probably only found in the lower peninsula of ,california1 which is ,mexican territory4 ,no examples from ,upper ,california are known to the writer4 7#a7 ,mechanitis californica1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,californian ,long-wing74 ,the original description given by ,reakirt in the ,proceedings of the ,entomological ,society of ,philadelphia1 vol4 v1 p4 #bbc1 is as follows3 ,expanse1 #b4de-b4ef inches4 ,fore wing above1 brownish-black2 a basal streak over the median nervure1 and two rounded spots near the inner angle1 orange-tawny2 of these the outer is the largest1 sometimes the inner is yellow1 and sometimes both are nearly obsolete2 a spot across the cell near its termination1 much narrower than in ,m4 isthmia1 and in one example reduced to a mere dot on the median nervure2 a more or less interrupted belt across the wing from the costa to near the middle of the outer margin1 and an oblong subapical spot1 yellow2 in the specimen just mentioned there is an additional yellow spot below the medio-central veinlet4 ,beneath the same1 suffused with orange-tawny at the base and the inner angle1 with a row of eight or nine submarginal white spots along the outer margin4 ,hind wing above1 orange-tawny1 with a broad mesial band1 entire1 and a narrow outer border1 from the middle of the costa to the anal angle1 brownish-black4 ,beneath the same1 a yellow spot on the root of the wing2 a band runs along the subcostal nervure from the base to the margin1 where it is somewhat dilated2 immediately below its termination1 a mark in the form of an irregular figure #b1 usually with the upper part inordinately enlarged2 between this and the base1 on the central line of the band above1 three small subtriangular spots2 all these markings blackish-brown2 a submarginal row of seven white spots on the outer margin4 ,body brownish2 wing-lappets and thorax spotted with tawny-orange2 antenn yellowish1 with the base dusky4 ,hab4--,los ,angeles1 ,california4 ,the species is probably only a local race of the insect known to naturalists as ,m4 polymnia1 ,linnus1 as ,reakirt himself admits4 ,the figure in the plate is from one of ,reakirt's paratypes4 ,genus ,,ceratinia1 ,fabricius ,butterfly4--,butterflies of medium size1 very closely related in structure to the butterflies of the genus ,mechanitis4 ,the peculiarity of this genus1 by which it may be distinguished from others belonging to this subfamily1 is the fact that the lower discocellular vein in the hind wing of the male sex is strongly in angled1 while in the genus ,mechanitis it is the middle discocellular vein of the hind wing which is bent inwardly4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown for the most part4 ,there are at least fifty species belonging to this genus found in the tropical regions of ,america2 only one is said to occur occasionally within the limits of the region covered by this volume4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ha4--,neuration of the genus ,ceratinia4 7,for explanation of lettering1 see ,fig4 #dj47 7#a7 ,ceratinia lycaste1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,lycaste74 ,butterfly4--,the butterfly is rather small1 wings semi-transparent1 especially at the apex of the fore wings4 ,the ground-color is pale reddish-orange1 with the border black4 ,there are a few irregular black spots on the discal area of the fore wings1 and a row of minute white spots on the outer border4 ,there is a black band on the middle of the hind wings1 curved to correspond somewhat with the outline of the outer border4 ,the markings on the under side are paler4 ,the variety negreta1 which is represented in the plate1 has a small black spot at the end of the cell of the hind wings1 replacing the black band in the form common upon the ,isthmus of ,panama4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,viii #a4 ,dircenna klugi1 ,hbner1 4 #b4 ,mechanitis californica1 ,reakirt1 4 #c4 ,ceratinia lycaste1 ,fabricius1 4 #d4 ,coloenis delila1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,heliconius charitonius1 ,linnus1 4 #f4 ,coloenis julia1 ,fabricius1 4 #g4 ,dione vanill1 ,linnus1 4 #h4 ,euptoieta hegesia1 ,cramer1 4 #i4 ,euptoieta claudia1 ,cramer1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,viii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,reakirt says that this butterfly occurs about ,los ,angeles1 in ,california1 and the statement has been repeated by numerous authors1 who have apparently based their assertions upon ,reakirt's report4 ,i have no personal knowledge of the occurrence of the species within our borders4 ,it is very abundant1 however1 in the warmer parts of ,mexico and ,central ,america1 and it may possibly occur as a straggler within the ,united ,states4 ,genus ,,dircenna1 ,doubleday ,butterfly4--,medium-sized butterflies1 for the most part with quite transparent wings4 ,the most characteristic features of this genus1 separating it from its near allies1 are the thread-like front feet of the females1 furnished with four-jointed tarsi 7,fig4 #hc71 the very hairy palpi1 and the wide cell of the hind wing1 abruptly terminating about the middle of the wing4 ,furthermore1 in the male sex the hind wing is strongly bowed out about the middle of the costal margin1 and the costal vein tends to coalesce with the subcostal about the middle4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hc4--;,fore leg of ,dircenna klugii1 1 greatly magnified4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is as yet known about the early stages of these insects1 and what has been said of the characteristics of the caterpillars and chrysalids of the subfamily of the ,ithomiin must suffice us here4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hb4--,neuration of the genus ,dircenna4 ,this genus numbers a large array of species which are found in the hottest parts of the tropics of the ,new ,world4 ,they fairly swarm in wooded paths amid the jungle of the ,amazonian region1 and no collection1 however small1 is ever received from those parts without containing specimens belonging to the group4 7#a7 ,dircenna klugii1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,klug's ,dircenna74 ,butterfly4--,fore wings transparent gray1 broken by clear1 transparent1 colorless spots at the apex1 on the outer borders1 and on the middle of the wing4 ,the inner margin of the fore wing is black4 ,the hind wings are transparent yellowish1 with a narrow black outer border marked with small whitish spots4 ,the body is black1 with the thorax spotted with white4 ,expanse1 #b4ge inches4 ,the specimen figured in the plate is from ,mexico4 ,whether the insect has ever been taken within the limits of the ,united ,states is uncertain4 ,it is another of the species attributed to our fauna by ,reakirt1 but which since his day has not been caught in the nets of any of the numerous butterfly-hunters who have searched the region in which he said it occurs4 ,it may1 however1 be found upon the borders of ,mexico1 in the hotter parts of which country it is not at all uncommon4 ,the gentle reader will kindly look for it when visiting ,brownsville1 ,texas1 and southern ,california1 and1 when finding it1 herald the fact to the entomological world4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,superstitions ,if a butterfly alights upon your head1 it foretells good news from a distance4 ,this superstition obtains in ,pennsylvania and ,maryland4 ,the first butterfly seen in the summer brings good luck to him who catches it4 ,this notion prevails in ,new ,york4 ,in western ,pennsylvania it is believed that if the chrysalids of butterflies be found suspended mostly on the under sides of rails1 limbs1 etc41 as it were to protect them from rain1 there will soon be much rain1 or1 as it is termed1 a 'rainy spell'2 but1 on the contrary1 if they are found on twigs and slender branches1 that the weather will be dry and clear4--,,frank ,,cowan1 ,curious ,history of ,insects1 p4 #bbi4 ,,subfamily ,,heliconiin 7,,the ,,heliconians7 ,men1 like butterflies1 ,show not their mealy wings but to the summer4 ,,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 act iii1 sc iii ,medium or large-sized butterflies1 with the fore wings twice as long as they are broad2 the hind wings relatively small and rounded upon the outer margin2 without tails4 ,the palpi are produced4 ,the antenn1 which are nearly as long as the body1 are provided at the tip with a gradually tapering club1 thicker and stouter than in the ,ithomiin1 and are clothed with scales on the upper surface4 ,the fore legs are very feebly developed in both sexes4 ,the eggs are cylindrical1 twice as high as wide1 tapering rather abruptly toward the apex1 which is truncated2 they are ribbed longitudinally1 with strongly developed cross-ridges1 giving the egg a somewhat pitted appearance4 ,the caterpillar1 when emerging from the egg1 has the head somewhat larger than the body2 each segment is clothed with hairs1 which upon the first moult are replaced by branching spines4 ,the caterpillar1 when it reaches maturity1 is provided with six branching spines on each segment4 ,the chrysalis is very peculiar in shape1 and is strongly angulated and covered with curious projections1 which cause it to somewhat resemble a shriveled leaf4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hd4--,neuration of the genus ,heliconius4 ,these butterflies are extremely numerous in the tropics of the ,new ,world1 and are there represented by a number of genera which are rich in species4 ,most of them are very gaily colored1 the prevalent tints being black banded with yellow or crimson1 sometimes marked with a brilliant blue luster4 ,they are evidently very strongly protected4 ,belt1 in his ,naturalist in ,nicaragua1 tells us that birds and other animals observed by him invariably refused to eat these butterflies1 although they swarm in the forests2 and he vainly endeavored to induce a monkey which was very fond of insects to eat them1 the creature revealing by his grimaces that they were extremely distasteful to him4 ,mr4 ,wallace believes their immunity from attack is owing to a strong1 pungent1 semi-aromatic1 or medicinal odor1 which seems to pervade all the juices of their system4 ,genus ,,heliconius1 ,latreille ,the description of the subfamily applies to the genus sufficiently well to obviate the necessity of a more particular description1 as there is but a single species in our fauna4 7#a7 ,heliconius charitonius1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,the ,yellow-barred ,heliconian2 ,the ,zebra74 ,this insect is a deep black1 the fore wings crossed by three bands of yellow3 one near the apex2 another running from the middle of the costa to the middle of the outer margin2 a third running along the lower edge of the cell1 and bending at an obtuse angle from the point where the first median nervule branches toward the outer angle1 at its outer extremity followed by a small yellow dot4 ,the hind wings are crossed by a somewhat broad band of yellow running from the inner margin near the base toward the outer angle1 which it does not reach1 and by a submarginal curved band of paler yellow spots1 gradually diminishing in size from the inner margin toward the outer angle4 ,there are also a number of small twinned whitish spots on the margin of the hind wing near the anal angle4 ,the body is black1 marked with yellow spots and lines2 on the under side both wings are touched with crimson at their base1 and the hind wings have some pale pinkish markings near the outer angle4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon the passion-flower4 ,the chrysalis1 which is dark brown1 has the power when disturbed of emitting a creaking sound as it wriggles about1 a property which is reported to be characteristic of all the insects in the genus4 ,this butterfly is found in the hotter portions of the ,gulf ,states1 and is rather abundant in ,florida1 in the region of the ,indian ,river and on the head waters of the ,st4 ,johns4 ,it ranges southward all over the lowlands of ,mexico1 ,central ,america1 and the ,antilles4 ,,subfamily ,,nymphalin 7,,the ,,nymphs7 ,entomology extends the limits of being in new directions1 so that ,i walk in nature with a sense of greater space and freedom4 ,it suggests1 besides1 that the universe is not rough-hewn1 but perfect in its details4 ,nature will bear the closest inspection2 she invites us to lay our eye level with the smallest leaf and take an insect view of its plane4--,,thoreau4 ,my butterfly-net and pocket magnifying-glass are rare companions for a walk in the country4--,,william ,,hamilton ,,gibson1 ,sharp ,eyes1 p4 #aag4 ,butterfly4--,the butterflies of this subfamily are mainly of moderate or large size1 though some of the genera contain quite small species4 ,the antenn are always more or less heavily clothed with scales1 and are usually as long as the abdomen1 and in a few cases even longer4 ,the club is always well developed2 it is usually long1 but in some genera is short and stout4 ,the palpi are short and stout1 densely clothed with scales and hairs4 ,the thorax is relatively stout1 in some genera exceedingly so4 ,the fore wings are relatively broad1 the length being to the breadth in most cases in the ratio of #e to #c1 or #c to #b1 though in a few mimetic forms these wings are greatly produced1 and narrow1 patterning after the outline of the ,heliconians and ,ithomiids1 which they mimic4 ,the fore wings are in most genera produced at the apex1 and more or less strongly excavated on the outer margin below the apex4 ,the discoidal cell is usually less than half the length of the wing from base to tip4 ,it is occasionally open1 but is more generally closed at its outer extremity by discocellular veins diminishing in thickness from the upper to the lower outer angle of the cell4 ,the costal nervure usually terminates midway between the end of the cell and the tip4 ,the two inner subcostal nervules usually arise before the end of the cell2 the outer subcostal nervules invariably arise beyond the end of the cell4 ,the hind wings are rounded or angulated1 with the outer border scalloped or tailed2 the inner border always affords a channel for the reception of the abdomen4 ,the costal nervule invariably terminates at the external angle of this wing4 ,the discoidal cell is frequently open1 or simply closed by a slender veinlet1 which it is not always easy to detect2 the anal vein is never lacking4 ,the fore legs are greatly reduced in the male1 less so in the female4 ,egg4--,the egg is either somewhat globular1 or else barrel-shaped1 with the sides marked with net-like elevations1 or vertically ribbed 7see ,figs4 #a1 #h1 #aj74 ,caterpillar4--,when first emerging from the egg the caterpillar is generally furnished with long hairs rising singly from wart-like elevations which are arranged either in longitudinal rows or in geometric patterns 7,fig4 #he74 ,as the caterpillars pass their successive moults the hairs are transformed into branching spines or tubercles 7see ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bh-ch74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #he4--;,caterpillar of ,vanessa antiopa1 just hatched4 7,greatly magnified47 7,after ,scudder47 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis invariably hangs suspended from a button of silk1 and is frequently furnished1 especially on the dorsal or upper surface1 with a number of prominences2 the head is usually bifurcate1 or cleft 7see ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ba1 #ci1 etc474 ,this is the largest of all the subfamilies of the butterflies1 and is widely distributed1 including many of the most beautifully colored and most vigorous species which are known4 ,there are twenty-six genera represented in our fauna1 containing about one hundred and seventy species4 ,genus ,,col,,nis1 ,doubleday ,butterfly4--,butterflies of moderately large size1 the fore wings greatly produced and relatively narrow2 the hind wings evenly rounded and relatively small1 of bright reddish-brown color1 with darker markings4 ,the species are mimics1 and in the elongation of their wings reveal the influence of the ,heliconians1 protected species1 which abound in the regions in which the genus attains its greatest development4 ,the median vein in the upper wing is characterized by the presence at the base of a minute1 thorn-like1 external projection2 the second subcostal nervule is emitted beyond the cell2 the cell of the hind wing is open4 ,the life-history of the two species found within our fauna has not as yet been carefully worked out1 and aside from a knowledge of the fact that the caterpillars closely resemble in many respects the caterpillars of the two succeeding genera1 being provided with branching spines on their bodies1 we do not know as yet enough to give any complete account of the early stages of these insects4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hf4--,neuration of the genus ,coloenis1 slightly less than natural size4 7#a7 ,colnis julia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,julia74 ,the upper side is dark reddish-orange1 the borders are black1 a black band extends from the costa at the end of the cell to the outer margin on the line of the third median nervule2 the costal area on the hind wings is silver-gray2 the wings on the under side are pale rusty-red1 mottled with a few darker spots1 principally on the costa1 at the end of the cell1 and at the apex of the primaries4 ,there are a few crimson marks at the base of the hind wings1 and two light-colored lunules near the inner angle of the hind wings4 ,expanse of wing1 #c4ej inches4 ,this butterfly1 which mimics the genus ,heliconius in the outline of the wings1 is very common in the tropics of ,america1 and only appears as an occasional visitant in southern ,texas4 7#b7 ,colnis delila1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,delila74 ,the ,delila ,butterfly very closely resembles ,julia1 and principally differs in being paler in color and without the black band extending from the costa to the outer margin of the primaries4 ,this species has nearly the same form and the same size as the preceding1 and1 like it1 is occasionally found in southern ,texas4 ,it is very common in ,central ,america and the ,west ,indies4 ,one of the earliest memories of my childhood relates to a collection of ,jamaican butterflies in which were a number of specimens of this butterfly1 which ,i have always much admired4 ,genus ,,dione1 ,hbner 7,agraulis1 ,boisd4-,lec47 ,butterfly4--,head large1 the antenn moderately long1 with the club flattened2 the tip of the abdomen does not extend beyond the inner margin of the hind wings2 the cell of the hind wings is open2 the primaries are elongated1 nearly twice as long as broad1 with the exterior margin excavated2 the secondaries at the outer margin denticulate4 ,the prevalent color of the upper side of the wings is fulvous1 adorned with black spots and lines1 the under side of the wings paler brown1 in some of the species laved with pink and brilliantly adorned with large silvery spots1 as in the genus ,argynnis4 ,egg4--,conoidal1 truncated on top1 with fourteen ribs running from the apex to the base1 between which are rows of elevated stri1 causing the surface to appear to be covered with quadrangular pits4 ,larva4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical in its mature stage1 tapering a little from the middle toward the head1 which is somewhat smaller than the body4 ,the head and each segment of the body are adorned with branching spines4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hg4--,neuration of the genus ,dione4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is suspended1 and has on the dorsal surface of the abdomen a number of small projections4 ,at the point where the abdominal and thoracic segments unite on the dorsal side there is a deep depression1 succeeded on the middle of the thorax by a rounded elevation composed of the wing-cases4 ,at the vertex of the chrysalis there is a conical projection2 on the ventral side the chrysalis is bowed outwardly4 ,this genus is confined to the ,new ,world1 and contains five species4 ,it is closely related to the genus ,coloenis on the one hand and to the genus ,argynnis on the other4 ,it is distinguished from ,coloenis by the more robust structure of the palpi1 which closely approximate in form the palpi of the genus ,argynnis4 ,it is distinguished from the species of the genus ,argynnis by the form of the wings and by the open cell of the secondaries4 ,the larva feeds upon the different species of the genus ,passiflora4 ,i cannot at all agree with those who have recently classed this butterfly with the ,heliconians4 ,in spite of certain resemblances in the early stages between the insect we are considering and the early stages of some of the ,heliconians1 and in spite of the shape of the wings1 which are remarkably elongated1 there are structural peculiarities enough to compel us to keep this insect in the ranks of the ,nymphalin1 where it has been placed for sixty years by very competent and critical observers4 ,in a popular work like this it manifestly is out of place to enter into a lengthy discussion of a question of this character1 but it seems proper to call attention to the fact that in the judgment of the writer the location of this genus in the preceding subfamily does violence to obvious anatomical facts4 7#a7 ,dione vanill1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,the ,gulf ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is bright fulvous2 the veins on the fore wings are black1 very heavy near the tip2 there are four black spots on the outer border1 and three discal spots of the same color2 there are three irregular black spots toward the end of the cell1 pupiled with white2 the hind wings have a black border inclosing rounded spots of the ground-color2 between the base and the outer margin there are three or four black spots2 the under side of the fore wings is light orange1 the markings of the upper side showing through upon the under side2 the apex of the front wing is brown1 inclosing light silvery spots2 the secondaries are brown1 with numerous elongated bright silver spots and patches4 ,the female does not differ from the male1 except that she is darker and the markings are heavier4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4be inches4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 with the head somewhat smaller than the body1 pale yellowish-brown in color1 marked with longitudinal dark-brown bands1 of which the two upon the side are deeper in color than the one upon the back1 which latter is sometimes almost entirely effaced2 the base is slaty-black4 ,there are orange spots about the spiracles4 ,there are six rows of black branching spines upon the body1 and two similar spines upon the head1 these latter somewhat recurved4 ,the feet and legs are black4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon the various species of passion-flower which are found in the ,southern ,states4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is dark brown1 marked with a few small pale spots4 ,this species ranges from the latitude of southern ,virginia southward to ,arizona and ,california4 ,it is abundant also in the ,antilles and ,mexico4 ,genus ,,euptoieta1 ,doubleday ,butterfly4--,butterflies of medium size1 having wings of a yellowish-brown color1 marked with black1 the under side of the wings devoid of silvery spots such as are found in the genera ,dione and ,argynnis4 ,the palpi have the second joint strongly developed1 increasing in thickness from behind forward1 and thickly covered with long hair2 the third joint is very small and pointed2 the antenn are terminated by a conspicuous pear-shaped club4 ,the cell of the fore wing is closed by a very feeble lower discocellular vein1 which unites with the median vein at the origin of the second median nervule2 the cell of the hind wing is open1 though occasionally there are traces of a feebly developed lower discocellular vein on this wing4 ,the outer margin of the fore wing is slightly excavated below the apex2 the outer margin of the hind wing is somewhat strongly produced at the end of the third median nervule4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hh4--,neuration of the genus ,euptoieta4 ,egg4--,short1 subconical1 with from thirty to forty vertical ribs1 pale green in color4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 with short branching spines arranged in longitudinal rows upon the body1 the spines on the first segment being bent forward over the head4 ,the head is somewhat smaller in the mature stage than the body4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is suspended1 marked upon its dorsal side with a number of small angular eminences1 with the head and the ventral side evenly rounded4 ,the larva of these insects feeds upon the various species of passion-flower4 ,it is also said to feed upon violets4 ,the butterflies frequent open fields1 and are sometimes exceedingly abundant in worn-out lands in the ,southern ,states4 ,there are two species of this genus1 both of which are found within the ,united ,states1 and range southwardly over the greater portion of ,central and ,south ,america4 7#a7 ,euptoieta claudia1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,the ,variegated ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of both wings is dull ferruginous1 darker toward the base1 crossed by an irregular black median line1 which is darker1 broader1 and more zigzag on the fore wing than on the hind wing4 ,this line is followed outwardly on both wings by a pair of more or less wavy limbal lines1 inclosing between them a series of round blackish spots4 ,the outer margin is black1 with the fringes pale fulvous1 checkered with black at the end of each nervule4 ,at the end of the cell in the fore wing there are two black lines inclosing paler fulvous spots1 and both wings near the base have some curved black lines4 ,on the under side the fore wings are marked somewhat as on the upper side1 but paler in color1 with a large apical patch of brownish-gray broken by a transverse band of darker brown4 ,the hind wings are dark brown1 with the markings of the upper side obscurely repeated2 they are mottled with gray and crossed by a broad central band of pale buff4 ,the species varies very much1 according to locality1 both in size and in the depth of the markings4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4ge inches4 ,egg4--,the egg is conoidal1 relatively taller than the eggs of the genus ,argynnis1 which closely resemble it4 ,there is a depression at the apex1 surrounded by a serrated rim1 formed by the ends of the vertical ribs1 of which there are about twenty1 some longer and some shorter1 about half of them reaching from the apex to the base4 ,between these vertical ribs there are a multitude of smaller cross-ridges4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 reddish-yellow in color1 marked with two brown lateral bands and a series of white spots upon the back4 ,there are six rows of short branching spines upon the body1 which are black in color2 the two uppermost of these spines on the first segment are much elongated and are directed forward4 ,the head is smaller than the body in the mature caterpillar1 and is black4 ,on the under side the caterpillar is pale or whitish2 the legs are blackish-brown4 ,it feeds upon the passion-flower4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pearly-white1 marked with black spots and longitudinal streaks4 ,this species has been taken as far north as ,long ,island and ,connecticut1 though it is a very rare visitant in ,new ,england2 it is quite common in ,virginia and thence southward1 and occurs not infrequently in southern ,illinois and ,indiana1 ranging westward and southward over the entire continent to the ,isthmus of ,panama1 and thence extending over the ,south ,american continent1 wherever favorable conditions occur4 7#b7 ,euptoieta hegesia1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,viii1 ,fig4 #h1 7,the ,mexican ,fritillary74 ,the upper side is marked very much as in the preceding species1 but all the lines are finer and somewhat more regular1 and the basal and discal areas of the hind wings are without dark spots in most specimens4 ,the under side is less mottled and more uniformly dark rusty-brown than in ,e4 claudia4 ,expanse1 about #b inches4 ,the life-history of this species has not as yet been thoroughly worked out1 but there is every reason to believe that the insect in its early stages very closely approaches the ,variegated ,fritillary4 ,it is a ,southern form1 and only occasionally is taken in ,arizona and southern ,california4 ,it is common in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,,luther',s ,,saddest ,,experience ,luther1 he was persecuted1 ,excommunicated1 hooted1 ,disappointed1 egged1 and booted2 ,yelled at by minutest boys1 ,waked up by nocturnal noise1 ,scratched and torn by fiendish cats1 ,highwayed by voracious rats4 ,oft upon his locks so hoary ,water fell from upper story2 ,oft a turnip or potato ,struck upon his back or pate1 ,oh6 ,and wherever he betook him1 ,a papal bull was sure to hook him4 ,but the saddest of all ,i am forced to relate3 ,of a diet of worms ,he was forced to partake-- ,of a diet of worms ,for the ,protestants' sake2 ,munching crawling caterpillars1 ,beetles mixed with moths and millers2 ,instead of butter1 on his bread1 ,a sauce of butterflies was spread4 ,was not this a horrid feast ,for a ,christian and a priest8 ,now1 if you do not credit me1 ,consult ,d',aubign's history4 ,you'll find what ,i have told you ,most fearfully and sternly true4 ,yale ,literary ,magazine1 #aheb4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,ix #a4 ,argynnis diana1 ,cramer1 4 #b4 ,argynnis diana1 ,cramer1 4 #c4 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 4 #d4 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,argynnis leto1 ,behr1 4 #f4 ,argynnis leto1 ,behr1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,ix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,genus ,,argynnis1 ,fabricius 7,the ,fritillaries1 the ,silver-spots7 ,july is the gala-time of butterflies4 ,most of them have just left the chrysalis1 and their wings are perfect and very fresh in color4 ,all the sunny places are bright with them1 yellow and red and white and brown1 and great gorgeous fellows in rich velvet-like dresses of blue-black1 orange1 green1 and maroon4 ,some of them have their wings scalloped1 some fringed1 and some plain2 and they are ornamented with brilliant borders and fawn-colored spots and rows of silver crescents4444 ,they circle about the flowers1 fly across from field to field1 and rise swiftly in the air2 little ones and big ones1 common ones and rare ones1 but all bright and airy and joyous--a midsummer carnival of butterflies4--,,frank ,h4 ,,sweet4 ,butterfly4--,butterflies of medium or large size1 generally with the upper surface of the wings reddish-fulvous1 with well-defined black markings consisting of waved transverse lines1 and rounded discal and sagittate black markings near the outer borders4 ,on the under side of the wings the design of the fore wings is generally somewhat indistinctly repeated1 and the hind wings are marked more or less profusely with large silvery spots4 ,in a few cases there is wide dissimilarity in color between the male and the female sex2 generally the male sex is marked by the brighter red of the upper surface1 and the female by the broader black markings1 the paler ground-color1 and the sometimes almost white lunules1 which are arranged outwardly at the base of the sagittate spots along the border4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #hi4--,neuration of the genus ,argynnis4 ,the eyes are naked2 the palpi strongly developed1 heavily clothed with hair rising above the front1 with the last joint very small and pointed4 ,the antenn are moderately long1 with a well-defined1 flattened club4 ,the abdomen is shorter than the hind wings2 the wings are more or less denticulate4 ,the subcostal vein is provided with five nervules1 of which the two innermost are invariably given forth before the end of the cell2 the third subcostal nervule always is nearer the fourth than the second4 ,the cell of the fore wing is closed by a fine lower discocellular vein1 which invariably joins the median vein beyond the origin of the second nervule4 ,the hind wing has a well-defined precostal nervule2 the cell in this wing is closed by a moderately thick lower discocellular vein1 which joins the median exactly at the origin of the second median nervule4 ,the fore feet of the males are slender1 long1 and finely clothed with hair4 ,the fore feet of the females are of the same size as those of the males1 but thin1 covered with scales1 and only on the inner side of the tibi clothed with moderately long hair4 ,egg4--,the eggs are conoidal1 truncated1 and inwardly depressed at the apex1 rounded at the base1 and ornamented on the sides by parallel raised ridges1 not all of which reach the apex4 ,between these ridges there are a number of small raised cross-ridges4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 covered with spines1 the first segment always bearing a pair of spines somewhat longer than the others4 ,all of the species in ,north ,america1 so far as their habits are known1 feed upon violets at night4 ,during the daytime the caterpillars lie concealed4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is angular1 adorned with more or less prominent projections4 ,the head is bifid4 ,the genus ,argynnis is one of the largest genera of the brush-footed butterflies4 ,it is well represented in ,europe and in the temperate regions of ,asia1 some magnificent species being found in the ,himalayas and in ,china and ,japan4 ,it even extends to ,australia1 and recently two species have been discovered in the vicinity of the great volcanic peak1 ,kilima-,njaro1 in ,africa4 ,but it has found its greatest development upon the continent of ,north ,america4 ,the species composing this genus are among our most beautiful butterflies4 ,owing to the fact that there is a great tendency in many of the forms closely to approximate one another1 the accurate distinction of many of the species has troubled naturalists1 and it is quite probable that some of the so-called species will ultimately be discovered to be merely local races or varietal forms4 ,the species that are found in the eastern part of the ,united ,states have been studied very carefully1 and their life-history has been worked out so thoroughly that little difficulty is found in accurately determining them4 ,the greatest perplexity occurs in connection with those species which are found in the region of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,while silvery spots are characteristic of the under side of most of the fritillaries1 in some species the silvery spots are not found2 in others they are more or less evanescent1 occurring in the case of some individuals1 and being absent in the case of others4 7#a7 ,argynnis idalia1 ,drury1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #d1 chrysalis 7,the ,regal ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the fore wings of the male is bright fulvous1 marked very much as in other species of the genus4 ,the upper side of the hind wings is black1 glossed with blue1 having a marginal row of fulvous and a submarginal row of cream-colored spots4 ,on the under side the fore wings are fulvous1 with a marginal row of silver crescents1 and some silvery spots on and near the costa4 ,the hind wings are dark olive-brown1 marked with three rows of large irregular spots of a dull greenish-silvery color4 ,the female is at once distinguished from the male by having the marginal row of spots on the hind wings cream-colored1 like the submarginal row1 and by the presence of a similar row of light spots on the fore wings4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-d4jj inches4 ,egg4--,the egg in form is like those of other species of ,argynnis4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar moults five times before attaining to maturity4 ,when fully developed it is #a4ge inches long1 black1 banded and striped with ochreous and orange-red1 and adorned with six rows of fleshy spines surmounted by several black bristles4 ,the spines composing the two dorsal rows are white1 tipped with black2 those on the sides black1 tinted with orange at the point where they join the body4 ,the caterpillar feeds on violets1 and is nocturnal in its habits4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is brown1 mottled with yellow and tinted on the wing-cases with pinkish4 ,it is about an inch long1 and in outline does not depart from the other species of the genus4 ,this exceedingly beautiful insect ranges from ,maine to ,nebraska4 ,it is found in northern ,new ,jersey1 the mountainous parts of ,new ,york and northern ,pennsylvania1 and is reported from ,arkansas and ,nebraska4 ,it is rather local1 and frequents open spots on the borders of woodlands4 ,at times it is apparently common1 and then for a succession of seasons is scarce4 ,it flies from the end of ,june to the beginning of ,september4 7#b7 ,argynnis diana1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,diana74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side has both wings deep rich brown1 bordered with fulvous1 this border being more or less interrupted by rays of brown along the nervules and two rows of circular brown spots1 larger on the fore wings than on the hind wings4 ,the wings on the under side are pale buff1 deeply marked with black on the base and middle of the fore wings1 and clouded with grayish-fulvous on the inner two thirds of the hind wings4 ,a blue spot is located near the end of the cell in the fore wings1 and the hind wings are adorned by a marginal and submarginal row of narrow silvery crescents and a few silvery spots toward the base4 ,the female on the upper side is a rich bluish-black1 with the outer border of the fore wings marked by three rows of bluish-white quadrate spots1 the outer row being the palest1 and often quite white4 ,the hind wings are adorned by three more or less complete rows of bright-blue spots1 the inner row composed of large subquadrate spots1 each having a circular spot of black at its inner extremity4 ,on the under side the female has the ground-color slaty-brown1 paler on the hind wings than on the fore wings1 which latter are richly marked with blue and black spots4 ,the silvery crescents found on the under side of the hind wings of the male reappear on the under side of the female1 and are most conspicuous on the outer margins4 ,expanse1 #c4be-d4jj inches4 ,egg4--,the egg is pale greenish-white1 and conformed in outline to type4 ,caterpillar4--,the larva is velvety-black1 adorned with six rows of fleshy spines armed with bristles4 ,the spines are orange-red at the base4 ,the head is dull brown4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is dusky-brown1 with lighter-colored short projections on the dorsal side4 ,this splendid butterfly1 which is the most magnificent species of the genus1 is confined to the southern portion of the ,appalachian region1 occurring in the two ,virginias and ,carolinas1 northern ,georgia1 ,tennessee1 and ,kentucky1 and being occasionally found in the southern portion of ,ohio and ,indiana1 and in ,missouri and ,arkansas4 7#c7 ,argynnis nokomis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,nokomis74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,x #a4 ,argynnis nokomis1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,argynnis nokomis1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,argynnis idalia1 ,drury1 4 #d ,argynnis nevadensis1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #e4 ,argynnis montivaga1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #f4 ,argynnis alcestis1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,argynnis bremneri1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,argynnis electa1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,argynnis atlantis1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,x4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is bright fulvous1 with the characteristic black markings of the genus4 ,on the under side the wings are pale greenish-yellow1 with the fore wings laved with bright pink at the base and on the inner margin4 ,the spots of the upper side reappear on the under side as spots of silver bordered narrowly with black4 ,the female has the ground-color of the upper side yellow1 shaded outwardly with fulvous4 ,all the dark markings of the male sex reappear in this sex1 but are much broader1 and tend to fuse and run into one another1 so as to leave the yellow ground-color as small subquadrate or circular spots1 and wholly to obliterate them at the base of the wings4 ,on the under side this sex is marked like the male1 but with all the markings broader4 ,expanse1 #c4dj-c4fj inches4 ,this species1 the male of which resembles the male of ,a4 leto1 and the female the same sex of ,a4 diana1 is as yet quite rare in collections4 ,it has been taken in ,arizona and southern ,utah4 ,we have no knowledge of the life-history of the species4 7#d7 ,argynnis nitocris1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #d1 1 under side 7,nitocris74 ,butterfly4--,the male is bright reddish-fulvous1 marked like ,a4 nokomis4 ,the under side of the fore wings is cinnamon-red1 ochre-yellow at the tip4 ,the hind wings are deep rusty-red1 with a broad yellowish-red submarginal belt4 ,the silver spots are as in ,a4 nokomis4 ,the female on the upper side is blackish-brown1 darker than ,a4 nokomis4 ,the extradiscal spots in the transverse rows are pale yellow1 and the submarginal spots whitish4 ,the under side of the fore wings is bright red1 with the tip yellow4 ,the hind wings on this side are dark brown1 with a submarginal yellow belt4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4ge inches4 ,this species1 like the preceding1 is from ,arizona1 and nothing is known of its egg1 caterpillar1 or chrysalis4 7#e7 ,argynnis leto1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 7,leto74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is marked much as ,a4 nokomis1 but the ground-color is duller red1 and the basal area is much darker4 ,the under side of the fore wings is pale fulvous1 upon which the markings of the upper side reappear2 but there are no marginal silver crescents4 ,both wings on the under side are shaded with brown toward the base2 the hind wings are traversed by a submarginal band of light straw-yellow4 ,the female is marked as the male1 but the ground-color is pale straw-yellow1 and all the darker markings are deep blackish-brown1 those at the base of both wings being broad and running into one another1 so that the inner half of the wings appears to be broadly brownish-black4 ,on the under side this sex is marked as the male1 but with the dark portions blacker and the lighter portions pale yellow4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4be inches4 ,the life-history of this insect remains to be worked out4 ,it is one of our most beautiful species1 and occurs in ,california and ,oregon4 7#f7 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,ix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #a1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #a-c1 chrysalis 7,the ,great ,spangled ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the male is much like the male of ,a4 leto1 but the dark markings of the upper surface are heavier1 and the under sides of the hind wings are more heavily silvered4 ,the yellowish-buff submarginal band on the under side of the hind wings is never obliterated by being invaded by the darker ferruginous of the marginal and discal tracts of the wing4 ,the female has the ground-color of the wings paler than the male1 and both wings from the base to the angled median band on the upper side are dark chocolate-brown4 ,all the markings of the upper side in this sex are heavier than in the male4 ,on the under side the female is like the male4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-d4jj inches4 ,egg4--,short1 conoidal1 ribbed like those of other species1 and honey-yellow4 ,caterpillar4--,the larva in the mature state is black4 ,the head is blackish1 shaded with chestnut behind4 ,the body is ornamented with six rows of shining black branching spines1 generally marked with orange-red at their base4 ,the caterpillar1 which is nocturnal1 feeds on violets1 hibernating immediately after being hatched from the egg1 and feeding to maturity in the following spring4 ,chrysalis4-,the chrysalis is dark brown1 mottled with reddish-brown or slaty-gray4 ,this species1 which ranges over the ,atlantic ,states and the valley of the ,mississippi as far as the plains of ,nebraska1 appears to be single-brooded in the ,north and double-brooded in ,virginia1 the ,carolinas1 and the ,western ,states having the same geographical latitude4 ,a small variety of this species1 called ,a4 carpenteri by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 is found in ,new ,mexico upon the top of ,taos ,peak1 and is believed to be isolated here in a colony1 as ,o,eneis semidea is isolated upon the summit of ,mount ,washington4 ,specimens of cybele much like those of this ,new ,mexican variety are found in eastern ,maine and ,nova ,scotia1 and on the high mountains of ,north ,carolina4 7#g7 ,argynnis aphrodite1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #aa1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #e1 chrysalis 7,aphrodite74 ,butterfly4--,this species closely resembles cybele1 but is generally smaller1 and the yellow submarginal band on the hind wings is narrower than in cybele1 and often wholly wanting1 the hind wings being broadly brown1 particularly in the female sex4 ,the under side of the fore wings at the base and on the inner margin is also brighter red4 ,the caterpillar1 chrysalis1 and egg of this species closely resemble those of cybele4 ,the caterpillar has1 however1 a velvety-black spot at the base of each spine1 the chrysalis has the tubercles on the back shorter than in cybele1 and the basal segments are party-colored1 and not uniformly colored as in cybele4 7#h7 ,argynnis cipris1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,new ,mexican ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,this species1 which belongs to the ,aphrodite-group1 may be distinguished by the fact that the fore wings are relatively longer and narrower than in aphrodite4 ,the black markings on the upper side of the wings in both sexes are narrower1 the dusky clouding at the base of the wings is less pronounced1 and the ground-color is brighter reddish-fulvous than in aphrodite4 ,on the under side the fore wings lack in the male the pinkish shade at the base and on the inner margin which appears in aphrodite1 and both the male and the female have the inner two thirds of the hind wings deep cinnamon-red1 with only a very narrow buff submarginal band1 deeply invaded on the side of the base by rays of the deeper brown color of the inner portion of the wing4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4ae inches4 ,the insect flies from late ,june to the end of ,august4 ,caterpillar1 etc4--,we know nothing of the larval stages of this insect4 ,the specimens contained in the ,edwards collection came from ,colorado1 ,utah1 and ,new ,mexico1 and these localities approximately represent the range of the species4 7#i7 ,argynnis alcestis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,the ,ruddy ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,very much like aphrodite1 from which it may be most easily distinguished by the fact that the hind wings are uniformly dark cinnamon-brown1 without any band of buff on the outer margin4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4jj inches4 ,the insect flies from late ,june to the end of ,august4 ,egg4--,greenish1 conoidal1 with about eighteen vertical ribs4 ,caterpillar4--,head black1 yellowish behind4 ,the body velvety-black1 ornamented with black spines which are yellowish at their basal ends4 ,the caterpillar feeds on violets4 ,chrysalis4--,reddish-brown or gray1 irregularly mottled and striped with black1 the abdominal segments slaty-gray1 marked with black on the edges where the short angular projections are located4 ,this butterfly is found in the ,western ,states1 extending from the prairie lands of northwestern ,ohio to ,montana4 ,it largely replaces aphrodite in these regions4 7#aj7 ,argynnis nausica1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #i1 7,the ,arizona ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the species is related to the foregoing1 but is rather smaller in size4 ,the upper side of the wings is dusky reddish-brown1 with the characteristic markings of the genus4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pink1 laved with buff at the tip4 ,the hind wings on this side are deep cinnamon-brown1 mottled with buff on the inner two thirds2 a narrow but clearly defined submarginal band of bright yellowish-buff surrounds them4 ,the silvery spots are clearly marked4 ,the female has the black markings broader and more conspicuous than the male4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej inches4 ,this insect is quite common in the mountain valleys of ,arizona1 at an elevation of from six to seven thousand feet above the level of the sea1 and flies in ,july and ,august4 ,we have no knowledge of the early stages1 but it probably does not differ greatly in its larval state from the allied species of the genus4 7#aa7;,argynnis atlantis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #f1 chrysalis 7,the ,mountain ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,this insect1 which resembles aphrodite1 is distinguished from that species by its smaller size1 its somewhat narrower wings1 the deeper brown color of the base of the wings on the upper side1 and their darker color on the under side4 ,the submarginal band is pale yellow1 narrow1 but distinct and always present4 ,expanse1 #b4ej inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xi #a4 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #d4 ,argynnis edwardsi1 ,reakirt1 4 #e4 ,argynnis edwardsi1 ,reakirt1 4 #f4 ,argynnis rhodope1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,argynnis bischoffi1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,argynnis cornelia1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,argynnis nausica1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,argynnis coronis1 ,behr1 4 #aa4 ,argynnis coronis1 ,behr1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,egg4--,conoidal1 with twelve to fourteen ribs1 honey-yellow4 ,the caterpillars are hatched in the fall1 and hibernate without feeding until the following spring4 ,caterpillar4--,the head is dark blackish-brown4 ,the body is velvety-purple above1 a little paler on the under side4 ,the usual spines occur on the body1 and are black1 grayish at the base4 ,the larva feeds on violets4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is light brown1 speckled1 except on the abdominal segments1 with black4 ,this species ranges from ,maine to the mountains of western ,pennsylvania1 and thence southward along the central ridges of the ,alleghanies into ,west ,virginia4 ,it is also found in ,canada1 and extends westward into the region of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it is especially common in the ,white ,mountains of ,new ,hampshire and the ,adirondacks4 7#ab7 ,argynnis lais1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,northwestern ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the male is bright reddish-fulvous on the upper side1 slightly obscured by fuscous at the base4 ,the discal band of spots common to both wings is broken and irregular1 and the spots on the hind wings are quite small4 ,the fore wings on the under side are buff at the tips and pale red at the base and on the inner margin1 lighter at the inner angle4 ,the under side of the hind wings as far as the outer margin of the discal row of silvery spots is dark brown1 mottling a yellowish ground4 ,the submarginal band of the hind wings is pale yellow and moderately broad4 ,the female is marked much as the male1 but the discal band of spots on the upper side of the fore wings is confluent and broader1 the fringes whitish1 and the spots included between the sagittate marginal spots and the marginal lines paler than in the male sex4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4bj inches4 ,caterpillar1 etc4--,the early stages are unknown4 ,this species is found in the territories of ,alberta and ,assiniboia1 and in ,british ,columbia among the foot-hills and the lower slopes of the mountain-ranges4 7#ac7 ,argynnis oweni1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,owen's ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are dull reddish-fulvous1 not much obscured with brown on the base1 the black markings moderately heavy1 the two marginal lines tending to flow together4 ,the fore wings on the under side are yellowish-buff from the base to the outer row of spots1 or in some specimens with the buff lightly laved with reddish2 the nerves reddish-brown4 ,the subapical patch is dark brown1 with a small silvered spot2 the five submarginal spots are small and obscurely silvered4 ,the hind wings are dark brown on the discal area and outer margin1 with a rather narrow grayish-buff submarginal band1 strongly invaded by projections of the dark brown of the discal area4 ,the spots of the outer discal row are generally well silvered2 the inner spots less so in most cases4 4--,the female has the wings more or less mottled with yellowish outside of the mesial band4 ,the black markings are very heavy in this sex4 ,on the under side the spots are well silvered4 ,the dark markings on the upper side of the wings of the male are much heavier than in ,a4 behrensi4 ,on the under side of the wings in both sexes it may be distinguished from behrensi by the fact that the ground-color toward the base is mottled with yellow1 and not solid brown as in behrensi4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4dj inches4 ,this species abounds on ,mount ,shasta1 in ,california1 at an elevation of seven to eight thousand feet above sea-level4 7#ad7 ,argynnis cornelia1 ,edwards4 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #h1 7,miss ,owen's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side of both wings is dark brown from the base to the mesial band of spots1 with the exception of the outer end of the cell4 ,the space beyond the band is reddish-fulvous2 the dark markings are not very heavy2 the two marginal lines are fine1 and confluent at the ends of the nervules4 ,the under side of the fore wings is reddish-brown from the base to the outer margin on the inner half of the wing2 the outer spaces toward the apex are yellowish2 the subapical patch is reddish-brown1 inclosing a small silvery spot2 the outer margin is reddish-brown1 adorned with five small silvery spots toward the apex4 ,the hind wings on the under side are almost solid reddish-brown to the clear yellow submarginal belt1 only slightly mottled on the discal area with buff4 ,the spots are small and well silvered4 4--,the female on the upper side is duller red1 with the dark markings heavier2 the marginal spots on the fore wings are pale yellowish1 and the marginal lines are confluent on the upper half of these wings4 ,the wings on the under side in this sex are as in the male1 but the ground-color on the inner half of the wings is darker1 and the spots are more brilliantly silvered4 ,expanse1 #b4cj-b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this pretty species is found with ,a4 electa and ,a4 hesperis in ,colorado4 ,it was originally described from specimens taken at ,manitou and ,ouray1 and named by ,edwards in honor of a deceased daughter of ,professor ,owen of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 7#ae7 ,argynnis electa1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #h1 7,electa74 ,butterfly4--,the male is dull reddish-fulvous on the upper side4 ,the black markings are narrow4 ,the base of both wings is slightly obscured4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pale cinnamon-red1 with the tip dark cinnamon-red4 ,the hind wings are broadly dark cinnamon-red1 mottled on the disk with a little buff4 ,the submarginal band is buff1 quite narrow1 and often invaded by the ground-color of the inner area4 ,the silvery spots are usually very well marked and distinct1 though in a few instances the silvery color is somewhat obscured4 ,the female has the black markings a little heavier than in the male2 otherwise there is but little difference between the sexes4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be inches4 ,caterpillar1 etc4--,the early stages are unknown4 ,this species has been confounded with ,a4 atlantis1 from which it is wholly distinct1 being much smaller in size1 the fore wings relatively broader1 and the markings not so dark on the upper surface4 ,it is found in ,colorado and ,montana1 among the mountains4 7#af7 ,argynnis columbia1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,the ,columbian ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the male has the upper side of the fore wings pale reddish-fulvous4 ,in the median band of both wings the spots do not flow together1 but are separate and moderately heavy4 ,the under side of the fore wings is pale fulvous1 buff at the tip2 spots silvered4 ,the hind wings on the under side are light rusty-red1 but little mottled with buff on the disk2 the submarginal band is narrow1 buff1 and sometimes almost wholly obscured by the darker ground-color4 ,the spots1 which are small1 are well silvered4 ,the female is much lighter than the male1 and1 as usual1 the dark lines are heavier than in that sex4 ,the spots of the median band are bent and partly lanceolate1 and the light spots of the outer border are whitish4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej inches4 ,caterpillar1 etc4--,the early stages have not as yet been worked out4 ,this species1 which is related to electa1 may easily be distinguished from it by the pale marginal series of light spots1 in the male1 between the sagittate spots and the dark outer marginal lines1 which latter are confluent1 forming a solid dark outer border to the wing1 while in electa they are separated by a narrow band of light-brown spots4 ,the female is also much lighter and larger than in electa1 as has been pointed out4 ,the types which came from the ,caribou mining region of ,british ,columbia are in my possession1 as are those of most of the other ,north ,american species of the genus4 7#ag7 ,argynnis hesperis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,hesperis74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side of the wings is fulvous1 shaded with dark fuscous for a short distance from the base4 ,the black spots of the median band are rather broad1 and seem to coalesce through dark markings along the nervules4 ,the under side of the fore wings is pale ferruginous1 tinged with a little buff at the tips1 which1 together with the outer margin1 are somewhat heavily clouded with dark ferruginous4 ,the under side of the hind wings is dark ferruginous1 with a narrow buff submarginal band1 which in some specimens is almost lost4 ,the female is paler than the male in the ground-color of the upper side1 the black markings are heavier1 the marginal lines fuse1 as do also the sagittate marginal markings1 leaving the marginal spots between them1 which are quite light in color1 deeply bordered on all sides by black4 ,the under side is like that of the male1 but darker and richer in color4 ,in neither sex are the light spots marked with silver2 they are opaque1 yellowish-white4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4dj inches4 ,caterpillar1 etc4--,the life-history remains to be learned4 ,this insect is not uncommon among the mountains of ,colorado4 7#ah7 ,argynnis hippolyta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,hippolyta74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xii #a4 ,argynnis hesperis1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,argynnis hesperis1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,argynnis cypris1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,argynnis cypris1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,argynnis oweni1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,argynnis oweni1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,argynnis rupestris1 ,behr1 4 #i4 ,argynnis rupestris1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #aj4 ,argynnis hippolyta1 ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,argynnis laura1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,argynnis laura1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,argynnis artonis1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly4--,the male is fulvous upon the upper side1 all the dark markings being heavy and black1 and the basal areas of the wings clouded with fuscous1 this dark clouding on the hind wings reaching down and nearly covering the inner angle4 ,the fore wings on the under side are buff1 laved with pale red at the base1 marked with ferruginous on the outer margin and about the subapical spots4 ,the submarginal and subapical spots are silvered1 especially the latter4 ,the hind wings are deep ferruginous1 mottled with buff4 ,the submarginal band is buff1 narrow1 and dusted with more or less ferruginous4 ,all the spots are well silvered4 ,the female has the basal area of the fore wings bright pinkish-fulvous1 and the belt of the secondaries almost lost in the deep ground-color4 7#ai7 ,argynnis bremneri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #g1 7,bremner's ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is bright fulvous4 ,the black markings1 especially those about the middle of the wing1 are heavy4 ,both wings at the base are clouded with fuscous1 the under side of the primaries red toward the base1 buff on the apical area2 the subapical and the upper marginal spots well silvered2 the hind wings with the inner two thirds more or less deeply ferruginous1 a little mottled with buff1 very rarely encroached upon by the dark color of the inner area1 except occasionally near the anal angle4 ,expanse1 1 #b4dj inches2 1 #b4gj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages have not as yet been described4 ,this species is found in ,oregon1 ,washington1 ,montana1 and in the southern portions of ,british ,columbia and ,vancouver's ,island4 7#bj7 ,argynnis zerene1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #i1 1 under side 7,zerene74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is reddish-fulvous1 with rather heavy black markings1 the mesial band of spots being confluent4 ,the under side of the fore wings is reddish1 inclining to pink1 with the apex laved with buff4 ,the hind wings have the ground-color purplish-gray1 mottled on the inner two thirds with ferruginous4 ,the spots are not silvered1 but are a delicate gray color4 ,the female is colored like the male1 but the red at the base of the fore wings in this sex is much deeper1 and the yellow at the apex of the primaries contrasts much more strongly4 ,the spots on the under side in the female sex are frequently well silvered1 though in many specimens they are colored exactly as in the male sex4 ,expanse of wing1 1 #b4ag inches2 1 #b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages of this species have not as yet been ascertained4 ,this beautiful butterfly1 which is somewhat inclined to variation1 is found in northern ,california1 being quite common about ,mount ,shasta4 ,it is also found in ,oregon and ,nevada4 ,one of the varietal forms was named ,argynnis purpurescens by the late ,henry ,edwards1 because of the decided purplish tint which prevails on the under side of the secondaries1 extending over the entire surface of the hind wings and covering likewise the apex of the fore wings4 ,this purplish-brown is very marked in specimens collected about the town of ,soda ,springs1 in northern ,california4 7#ba7 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #g1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,behr's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,this species is very closely allied to the preceding in some respects2 the upper surface1 however1 of the wings in both sexes is brighter than in zerene1 and the dark markings stand forth more clearly upon the lighter ground-color4 ,the wings are not shaded with fuscous toward the base as much as in ,a4 zerene4 ,while the markings on the upper side are almost identical with those of ,dr4 ,boisduval's species1 they are much brighter and clearer1 giving the insects quite a different aspect4 ,on the under side the wings are colored as in zerene1 the primaries in the male being ferruginous1 laved with a little red toward the base1 marked with purplish-gray toward the apex1 the light spots near the end of the cell on this wing being pale buff4 ,the hind wings are very uniformly purplish-gray1 mottled with dark brown1 the spots very little1 if at all1 silvered in the male4 ,in the female the fore wings are bright red at the base1 and the hind wings are colored as in the male2 but all the spots in both the fore wings and hind wings are broadly and brightly silvered4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages have not been ascertained1 and there remains something here for young entomologists to accomplish4 ,this species is quite common in the same localities as the last1 and some authors are inclined to regard it as being a mere variety1 which is a belief that can only be verified by careful breeding from the egg4 7#bb7 ,argynnis rhodope1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,rhodope74 ,butterfly4--,in the male sex the upper side is bright fulvous1 with both wings on the inner half heavily clouded with dark fuscous4 ,the black markings are very heavy and confluent4 ,the outer border is solid black1 very slightly1 if at all1 interrupted by a narrow marginal brown line1 in this respect resembling ,a4 atlantis4 ,on the under side the fore wings are dark ferruginous1 on the outer margin rich dark brown4 ,between the spots at the end of the cell and the nervules below the apex are some clear1 bright straw-yellow spots4 ,the upper spots of the marginal series are silvered4 ,the hind wings are dark reddish-brown1 very slightly paler on the line of the marginal band4 ,the spots are pale straw-yellow1 except those of the marginal series1 which are distinctly silvered4 ,the female on the upper side is of a lighter and brighter red1 with the markings dark and heavy as in the male sex4 ,on the under side the markings in the female do not differ from those in the male1 except that the primaries on the inner half and at the base are bright pinkish-red4 ,expanse1 1 #b4bj inches2 1 #b4dj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this striking species has been heretofore only found in ,british ,columbia4 7#bc7 ,argynnis behrensi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side1 7,behrens' ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is dull fulvous1 clouded with fuscous at the base1 the black markings much narrower and lighter than in the preceding species4 ,the primaries on the under side are pale fulvous1 clouded with dark brown at the apex4 ,the subapical spots and the upper spots of the marginal series on this wing are well silvered4 ,the hind wings on the under side are deep reddish-brown1 with the marginal band only faintly indicated4 ,all the spots are distinctly well silvered4 ,the female does not differ materially from the male1 except in the larger size and the somewhat paler ground-color of the upper side of the wings4 ,on the under side the wings are exactly as in the male1 with the marginal band even less distinct than in that sex4 ,early ,stages4--,not yet ascertained4 ,the type specimens upon which the foregoing description is founded came from ,mendocino1 in ,california4 7#bd7 ,argynnis halcyone11 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side1 7,halcyone74 ,butterfly1 4--,the primaries are produced and relatively narrower than in the preceding species1 fulvous on the upper side1 with the black markings distinct1 the mesial band of the secondaries confluent4 ,the fore wings on the under side are pale fulvous1 reddish at the base1 pale buff at the end of the cell and on the costal margin before the apex4 ,the subapical spots and the pale spots of the marginal series are very little silvered4 ,the hind wings have the inner two thirds deep reddish-brown1 slightly mottled with buff4 ,the marginal band is buff1 and all the spots are well silvered4 4--,the female1 which is considerably larger than the male1 is marked much as in that sex2 but all the black markings are heavier1 and on the under side of the primaries the base and inner margin are laved with red4 ,the marginal band on the hind wings is not as distinct in this sex as in the male1 in many specimens being somewhat obscured by olive-brown4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej inches2 1 #b4ij-c4aj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,not known4 ,this species1 which is still rare in collections1 is found in southern ,colorado and the adjacent parts of ,utah and ,arizona4 7#be7 ,argynnis chitone1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #af1 7,chitone74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are dull fulvous1 greatly obscured by brown at the base of the wings4 ,the dark spots and markings are not heavy4 ,the fore wings on the under side are yellowish-fulvous at the base and on the inner half of the wing2 the apical patch and the nervules on the apical area are heavy ferruginous2 the marginal spots are buff1 with no silver4 ,the hind wings on the under side are light ferruginous1 mottled with buff2 the belt is broad1 clear buff2 the outer margin is brown4 ,all the spots are small and imperfectly silvered4 4--,the female is nearly the same shade as the male1 with the marginal spots on the under side always silvered1 the remainder without silver1 or only now and then with a few silvery scales4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xiii #a4 ,argynnis cybele1 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 #b4 ,argynnis semiramis1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,argynnis semiramis1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,argynnis nitocris1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #e4 ,argynnis halcyone1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,argynnis halcyone1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #h4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 4 #i4 ,argynnis macaria1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,argynnis inornata1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,argynnis liliana1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,argynnis atossa1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #ae4 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xiii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,early ,stages4--,not ascertained4 ,this species occurs in southern ,utah and ,arizona4 7#bf7 ,argynnis platina11 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,skinner's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the original description of this species1 contained in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxix1 p4 #aed1 is as follows3 4--,expands two and a half inches4 ,upper side3 ,rather light tawny or even light buff4 ,black markings dense and wide1 with outer halves of wings looking rather clear or open1 with rows of round spots not very large2 marginal border light2 bases of wings not much obscured4 ,under side3 ,superiors have the two subapical silver spots and silver spots on margin well defined2 color of inner half of wing rosy4 ,the silver spots on the inferiors are large and well defined1 and placed on a very light greenish-gray ground4 ,the intermediate buff band is well defined1 comparatively wide1 and very light in color4 4--,the ground-color on the inferiors below is reddish-brown in the female4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species occurs in ,utah and ,idaho1 and is possibly a varietal form of ,a4 coronis1 specimens agreeing very nearly with the type figured in the plate being contained in the ,edwards collection under the name of ,a4 coronis4 7#bg7 ,argynnis coronis1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 7,coronis74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are yellowish-brown1 with but little brown obscuring the base4 ,the dark markings are not heavy1 but distinct4 ,the fore wings on the under side are buff1 with the basal area orange-fulvous4 ,the subapical and submarginal spots are more or less imperfectly silvered4 ,the hind wings are brown1 mottled with reddish4 ,the discal area is buff1 and the belt is pale yellowish-buff4 ,all the spots are large and well silvered on these wings4 4--,the female is paler than the male1 with the markings on the upper side a little heavier4 ,the wings on the under side are much as in the male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #b4aj-b4ej inches2 1 #b4ej-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages remain to be ascertained4 ,this species ranges from southern ,california northward to the southern part of ,british ,columbia1 and is found as far east as ,utah4 7#bh7 ,argynnis snyderi1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,snyder's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are light tawny1 but little obscured by fuscous at the base4 ,the black markings are moderately heavy and very sharply defined against the lighter ground-color4 ,the outer margin is distinctly but not heavily marked4 ,on the under side of the fore wings there are two subapical and five marginal silver spots4 ,the ground-color of the under side of the hind wings is grayish-green1 with a narrow pale-buff marginal belt4 ,the spots are large and well silvered4 4--,the female is much like the male1 but on the hind wings the ground-color from the base to the outer belt is brownish4 ,expanse1 1 #c4jj inches2 1 #c4cj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species1 which is very closely allied to ,a4 coronis1 is found in ,utah4 7#bi7 ,argynnis callippe1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side 7,callippe74 ,butterfly14--,this species may easily be recognized by the general obscuration of the basal area of the wings1 the light-buff quadrate spots on the discal area of the fore wings1 and the clear oval spots of the same color on the hind wings1 as well as by the light triangular marginal spots1 all standing out distinctly on the darker ground4 ,the wings on the under side are quite pale buff1 with the spots large and well silvered4 ,expanse1 #b4cj-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,callippe is abundant in ,california4 7#cj7 ,argynnis nevadensis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #d1 1 under side 7,the ,nevada ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the ground-color is pale fulvous1 but little obscured with fuscous at the base4 ,the outer margins are heavily bordered with black4 ,the dark markings of the discal area are not heavy4 ,the fore wings on the under side are pale buff1 the spots well silvered2 the hind wings are greenish2 the belt is narrow and clear1 and the spots are large and well silvered4 4--,the female is much like the male1 but larger and paler4 ,the outer margin of the fore wings in this sex is more heavily marked with black1 and the marginal spots are light buff in color4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej-c4jj inches2 1 #c4jj-c4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these remain to be discovered4 ,this species is found in the ,rocky ,mountains of ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,montana1 and ,british ,america4 7#ca7 ,argynnis meadi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side 7,mead's ,silver-spot74 ,butterfly4--,this species is very closely allied to the preceding1 of which it may be an extreme variation1 characterized by the darker color of the fore wings on the upper side1 the nervules being heavily bordered with blackish1 and the deeper1 more solid green of the under side of the wings4 ,all the specimens ,i have seen are considerably smaller in size than ,a4 nevadensis4 ,early ,stages4--,wholly unknown4 ,this species or variety is found from ,utah northward to the province of ,alberta1 in ,british ,america4 7#cb7 ,argynnis edwardsi1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 7,edwards' ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,this beautiful insect is closely related to the ,nevada ,fritillary1 from which it may be distinguished by the brighter color of the upper side1 the heavier black borders1 especially in the female sex1 and the olive-brown color of the under side of the hind wings4 ,the olivaceous of these wings greatly encroaches upon the marginal belt4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been carefully and minutely described by ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xx1 p4 #c4 ,they are not unlike those of ,a4 atlantis in many respects4 ,this species is not uncommon in ,colorado and ,montana4 7#cc7 ,argynnis liliana1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,liliana74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are reddish-fulvous4 ,the black markings and the spots are slight4 ,the fore wings on the under side are yellowish-buff2 the base and the hind margin to below the cell1 brown1 with buff on the median interspaces4 ,the outer end of the cell is yellowish-buff4 ,the subapical patch is brown1 adorned by two or three well-silvered spots4 ,the five upper marginal spots are well silvered4 ,the hind wings are brown1 but little mottled with buff4 ,the spots are well silvered4 ,the marginal belt is narrow1 ochreous-brown4 4--,the female is much paler than the male1 and the marginal spots on both wings are much lighter4 ,on the under side the wings are as in the male sex1 with the basal area and the nervules of the fore wings red4 ,expanse1 1 #b4bj inches2 1 #b4ce inches4 ,egg4--,w4,h4 ,edwards gives the following description3 ,conoidal1 truncated1 depressed at summit1 marked vertically by twenty-two or twenty-three ribs1 which are as in other species of the genus2 the outline of this egg is much as in eurynome1 the base being broad1 the top narrow1 and the height not much more than the breadth2 color yellow4 ,caterpillar4--,the same author has given us a description of the caterpillar immediately after hatching2 but as the young larv were lost after being sent to ,maine to be kept over winter we do not yet know the full life-history4 ,the range of this species is northern ,california and ,utah1 so far as is known at present4 7#cd7 ,argynnis rupestris1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #h1 4 ,fig4 #i1 1 under side 7,the ,cliff-dwelling ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side of the fore wings is deep reddish-fulvous1 with the black markings very heavy4 ,the fore wings on the under side are buff1 shaded with red at the base and on the inner margin4 ,the spots are buff1 without any silver4 ,the hind wings are buff1 mottled with cinnamon-red1 sometimes dark1 sometimes lighter4 ,the marginal belt is narrow1 buff1 encroached upon by the darker color of the median area at the ends of the oval spots4 ,none of the spots is silvered1 except very lightly in exceptional cases4 4--,the female is much like the male on the upper side1 with the dark markings much heavier1 the ground-color somewhat paler1 and the marginal row of spots quite light4 ,the wings on the under side are more brightly tinted than in the male1 and the marginal spots are more or less silvered4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj inches2 1 #b4bj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing is as yet known about the egg and larva4 ,this species is quite abundant at a considerable elevation upon ,mount ,shasta1 ,mount ,bradley1 and in the ,weber ,mountains in ,utah4 7#ce7 ,argynnis laura1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,laura74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side is deep reddish-fulvous1 with both wings somewhat obscured at the base by fuscous4 ,the black markings on the upper side of the wings are heavy2 the outer margin is also heavily banded with dark brown1 the marginal lines being fulvous4 ,the four spots on the hind wings are lighter in color than the ground4 ,the fore wings on the under side are reddish-orange1 with the apex and the hind margin yellowish-buff4 ,the apical and upper marginal spots are more or less well silvered4 ,the hind wings are pale yellow1 the marginal belt very broad and clear yellow4 ,all the spots are large and well silvered4 4--,the female is much paler than the male1 but otherwise closely resembles that sex4 ,expanse1 1 #b4bj inches2 1 #b4ce inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found in northern ,california1 ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,nevada4 7#cf7 ,argynnis macaria1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,macaria74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side of the wings is yellowish-fulvous1 the black markings very light4 ,the fore wings on the under side are orange-red1 at the apex yellowish-buff4 ,the subapical upper marginal spots are lightly silvered4 ,the hind wings are yellowish-buff on the outer third1 mottled with brown on the basal and median areas4 ,the marginal belt is clear buff4 ,the spots are large and well silvered4 4--,the female is paler than the male4 ,on the upper side of the hind wings the second row of silver spots is indicated by spots much paler than the ground4 ,the black markings are lighter than in the male4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj inches2 1 #b4bj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species1 which is somewhat like ,a4 coronis1 but smaller1 and brighter fulvous1 is found in ,california1 but is still quite rare in collections4 7#cg7 ,argynnis semiramis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #c1 7,semiramis74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings are bright fulvous on the upper side1 with the black markings much as in ,a4 adiante1 slight on the fore wings and even slighter on the hind wings4 ,the under side of the fore wings is cinnamon-red at the base and on the inner half of the wing1 beyond this buff4 ,the apical patch and the outer margin are brown4 ,the upper marginal spots and two spots on the subapical patch are well silvered4 ,the hind wings are rusty-brown from the base to the second row of spots1 mottled with lighter brown4 ,the marginal belt is clear brownish-buff4 ,all the spots are well silvered4 4--,the female on the upper side is colored like the male1 with the dark markings somewhat heavier4 ,on the under side the fore wings are laved over almost their entire surface with red1 the upper angle of the cell alone being buff4 ,the hind wings are in many specimens fawn-colored throughout1 except that the marginal band is paler4 ,in a few specimens the ground is darker and the band more distinct4 ,all the spots are well silvered4 ,expanse1 1 #b4fj inches2 1 #b4ge-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history of this butterfly has not been ascertained4 ,the species appears to be very common at ,san ,bernardino1 ,california1 and vicinity1 and resembles ,a4 adiante on the upper side and ,a4 coronis upon the lower side4 7#ch7 ,argynnis inornata1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side 7,the ,plain ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,this species resembles ,a4 rupestris in its markings1 but is somewhat paler1 the black margins are heavy and the black markings on the disk comparatively light2 the base of the wings is obscured with fuscous4 ,on the under side the fore wings are cinnamon-brown1 with the apical area buff4 ,the hind wings are reddish-brown1 with the marginal band clear buff4 ,all the spots are buff1 and completely devoid of silvery scales4 4--,paler than the male on the upper side4 ,the fore wings on the under side are orange-fulvous2 the hind wings are pale greenish-brown1 mottled with buff4 ,in some specimens a few silver scales are found on the submarginal spots4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej inches2 1 #b4gj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this butterfly1 which is as yet not very common in collections1 is found in ,california and ,nevada4 7#ci7 ,argynnis atossa1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,atossa74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xiv #a4 ,argynnis meadi1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,argynnis meadi1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #c4 ,argynnis ,columbia1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,argynnis adiante1 ,boisduval1 4 #e4 ,argynnis clio1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,argynnis clio1 ,edwards1 4 #g4 ,argynnis clio1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #h4 ,argynnis opis1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #i4 ,argynnis zerene1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #aj4 ,argynnis behrensi1 ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,argynnis aphrodite11 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 #ab4 ,argynnis lais1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,argynnis lais1 ,edwards1 4 #ad4 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edwards1 4 #ae4 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #af4 ,argynnis chitone1 ,edwards1 4 #ag4 ,argynnis monticola1 ,behr1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side is bright yellowish-fulvous1 with the wings at the base slightly dusted with brown4 ,the margins of both wings are bordered by a single line1 there being no trace of the outer line usually found in other species of the genus4 ,the dark markings of the outer margin are almost entirely absent1 and those of the discal and basil areas very greatly reduced4 ,on the under side both wings are very pale1 the spots entirely without silver1 in some specimens even their location being but faintly indicated4 ,the fore wings at the base and on the inner margin are laved with bright red4 4--,the female resembles the male1 except that the red on the under side of the fore wings is in many specimens very bright and fiery4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej inches2 1 #b4ge-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,entirely unknown4 ,this butterfly1 which is still rare in collections1 has been taken in southern ,california4 ,it may be an extreme variation of the next species1 ,a4 adiante1 ,boisduval4 7#dj7 ,argynnis adiante1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #d1 7,adiante74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are bright fulvous2 the black markings are slight4 ,the fore wings on the under side are pale buff1 much lighter at the apex1 laved with orange-red at the base4 ,the hind wings are pale buff1 clouded with fawn color on the basal and discal areas4 ,all the spots which are generally silvered in other species are in this species wholly devoid of silvery scales4 4--,the female is like the male1 but the black markings on the upper side are heavier1 and the basal area and inner half of the primaries are laved with brighter and deeper red4 ,expanse1 1 #b4cj-b4dj inches2 1 #b4cj-b4fj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found in southern ,california1 and is somewhat local in its habits1 hitherto having been taken only in the ,santa ,cruz ,mountains4 7#da7 ,argynnis artonis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #ac1 1 under side 7,artonis74 ,butterfly1 4--,closely resembling ,a4 eurynome1 ,edwards1 from which species it may be at once distinguished by the entire absence of silvery scales upon the under side of the wings1 and also by the fact that the silver spots on the under side of the hind wings are not compressed and elongated as much as in eurynome1 and by the further fact that all the dark marginal markings of the under side are obliterated4 4--,the female does not differ materially from the male1 except that the dark markings on the upper side are all much heavier1 standing out very distinctly upon the paler ground1 and the marginal spots within the lunules are very light in color and relatively large4 ,on the under side the fore wings are laved with red1 very much as in the female of ,a4 adiante4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge-b4jj inches2 1 #b4jj-b4ae inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these still remain to be ascertained4 ,this interesting butterfly1 which seems to indicate a transition between the butterflies of the ,adiante-group and those of the ,eurynome-group1 has been found in ,colorado1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 and ,arizona4 7#db7 ,argynnis clio1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,fig4 #g1 1 under side 7,clio74 ,butterfly4--,closely resembling ,a4 eurynome and ,a4 artonis4 ,like artonis1 the spots on the under side of the wing are without silver4 ,the female very closely resembles the female of artonis1 and in fact ,i am unable to distinguish the types of the females of the two species by any marks which seem to be satisfactory4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge inch2 1 #a4ge-a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species1 which is as yet comparatively rare in collections1 is found in ,montana and the province of ,alberta1 in ,british ,america1 at a considerable elevation4 7#dc7 ,argynnis opis1 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side 7,opis74 ,butterfly4--,this species1 which apparently belongs to the ,eurynome-group1 appears by the location of its markings to be closely related to eurynome1 but on the upper side the wings of both the male and female are more heavily obscured with fuscous at the base2 the dark markings are heavier than in eurynome1 and in both sexes it is smaller in size1 being the smallest of all the species of the genus thus far found in ,north ,america4 ,the spots on the under side of the wings are none of them silvered4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing is known of these4 ,the types came from ,bald ,mountain1 in the ,caribou mining district of ,british ,columbia4 7#dd7 ,argynnis bischoffi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xi1 ,fig4 #g1 7,bischoff's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the fore wings on the upper side are bright reddish-fulvous1 the base of the primaries and the inner half of the secondaries being heavily obscured by blackish1 so as to conceal the markings4 ,both wings have moderately heavy black marginal borders4 ,the other markings are as in ,a4 eurynome4 ,on the under side the fore wings are buff1 laved with reddish at the base4 ,the hind wings are pale buff1 with the basal and discal areas mottled with green4 ,the marginal belt is clear buff4 ,in some specimens the spots on the under side are not silvered2 in others they are well silvered4 4--,the female on the upper side is very pale buff1 slightly laved with fulvous on the outer margin of both wings4 ,all the markings are heavy2 the margins of both wings are solid black1 the spots within the lunules being pale and almost white4 ,the fore wings at the base and the inner half of the hind wings are almost solid black4 ,on the under side the wings are very much as in the male1 and the same variation as to the silvering of the spots is found4 ,expanse1 1 #a4hj inch2 1 #a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the types of this genus came from ,sitka1 in ,alaska4 ,it may be an extreme boreal variation of ,a4 eurynome4 7#de7 ,argynnis eurynome1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,xiv1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 1 under side 7,eurynome74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are bright yellowish-fulvous1 but little obscured at the base4 ,the outer margins are edged by two fine lines which are occasionally confluent4 ,the under side of the fore wings is pale buff1 laved with cinnamon-brown at the base and along the nervules2 the spots on the margin and in the apical area are well silvered4 ,the hind wings on the under side are buff1 with the basal and discal areas mottled with pale brown or pale olive-green4 ,the marginal belt is broad and clear buff2 all the spots are well silvered4 4--,the female is like the male1 but paler1 with the dark markings1 especially those of the margin1 heavier4 ,the marginal spots inclosed by the lunules are much paler than the ground-color1 and in many specimens almost white4 ,on the under side the wings in this sex are like those of the male1 but the fore wings are more heavily laved with cinnamon-brown at the base4 ,expanse1 1 #a4gj-b4jj inches2 1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,mr4 ,edwards1 in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 ii1 has given us a beautiful figure of the egg of this species4 ,of the other stages we have no knowledge4 ,a4 eurynome is a very common butterfly in ,colorado1 ,montana1 and ,british ,america1 and is the representative of a considerable group1 to which the four preceding species belong1 if1 indeed1 they are not local races or climatic varieties of eurynome1 a fact which can be demonstrated only by the careful breeding of specimens from various localities4 ,there is a fine field here for study and experiment4 7#df7 ,argynnis montivaga1 ,behr1 ,plate ,x1 ,fig4 #e1 1 under side 7,montivaga74 ,butterfly4--,this species in both sexes very closely approximates the foregoing4 ,the main points of distinction consist in the somewhat darker red of the upper side of the wings1 the slightly heavier dark markings1 and the absence on the under side1 especially of the hind wings1 of the olive-green shade which is characteristic of typical specimens of ,a4 eurynome4 ,the mottling of the basal and median areas on this side is reddish-brown4 ,the spots are more or less silvered on the under side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge inch2 1 #a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found in the ,sierras of ,california and among the mountains of ,nevada4 7#dg7 ,argynnis egleis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xiii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ae1 7,egleis74 ,butterfly1 4--,the ground-color of the wings on the upper side is deep fulvous1 with rather heavy black markings4 ,the wings on the under side are pale fulvous1 mottled with buff on the subapical interspaces of the fore wings4 ,the basal and discal areas of the hind wings are mottled with brown1 which in many specimens is of a distinctly purplish shade4 ,in some specimens the inner half of the primaries is rather heavily laved with red4 ,the spots on the under side are either silvered or without silver1 in the latter case being pale buff4 4--,the female is much like the male1 but paler4 ,the red on the under side of the primaries is deeper1 and the purplish-brown on the inner surface of the secondaries is also darker4 ,expanse1 1 #b4be inches2 1 #b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these remain to be ascertained4 ,this is a common species in ,california and ,nevada4 ,for many years it has been placed in all catalogues at the end of the list of the species of this genus1 where ,i also leave it1 though to my way of thinking its proper location is near ,a4 rupestris4 ,it certainly reveals but small affinity to the species of the ,eurynome group4 ,besides the species of ,argynnis enumerated in the foregoing pages and delineated upon the plates1 there are several others of more or less doubtful validity credited to our fauna1 and a number of varieties which have received names4 ,with all of these the more advanced student will become familiar as he prosecutes his researches1 but it is not necessary to speak of them here4 ,a ,,race ,,after ,a ,,butterfly ,there is much that is pleasing about first things4 ,i shall never forget the first dollar ,i earned2 the first trout ,i took with my fly2 the first muskalonge ,i gaffed beside my canoe on a still ,canadian lake2 the first voyage ,i made across the ,atlantic4 ,so ,i shall never forget my first capture of a female specimen of ,argynnis diana4 ,my home in my boyhood was in ,north ,carolina1 in the village of ,salem1 famous as one of the most successful of the settlements made by the ,moravian ,brethren under the lead of the good ,count ,zinzendorf1 and well known throughout the ,southern ,states as the seat of an excellent seminary for young ladies4 ,the ,civil ,war broke out1 and the hopes cherished of sending me ,north to be educated were disappointed4 ,i was left to pursue my studies under a tutor1 and to roam the neighborhood in quest of insects1 of which ,i gathered a large collection4 ,one day ,i spied upon a bed of verbenas a magnificent butterfly with broad expanse of wing and large blue spots upon the secondaries4 ,in breathless haste ,i rushed into the house and got my net4 ,to the joy of my heart1 when ,i returned to the spot1 the beauty was still hovering over the crimson blossoms4 ,but1 as ,i drew near with fell intent1 it rose and sailed away4 ,across the garden1 over the fence1 across the churchyard1 out into the street1 with leisurely flight the coveted prize sped its way1 while ,i quickly followed1 net in hand4 ,once upon the dusty street1 its flight was accelerated2 my rapid walking was converted into a run4 ,down past the church and--horribile dictu6--past the boarding-school that pesky butterfly flew4 ,i would rather have faced a cannonade in those days than a bevy of boarding-school misses1 but there was no alternative4 ,there were the dreaded females at the windows 7for it was ,saturday1 and vacation hour71 and there was my butterfly4 ,sweating1 blushing1 inwardly anathematizing my luck1 ,i rushed past the school1 only to be overwhelmed with mortification by the rascally porter of the institution1 who was sweeping the pavement1 and who bawled out after me3 ,oh1 it's no use2 you can't catch it6 ,it's frightened2 you're so ugly6 ,and now it began to rise in its flight4 ,it was plainly my last chance1 for it would in a moment be lost over the housetops4 ,i made an upward leap1 and by a fortunate sweep of the net succeeded in capturing my prize4 ,many years later1 after a long interval in which ornithology and botany had engrossed my mind to the exclusion of entomology1 my boyish love for the butterflies was renewed1 and ,i found out the name of the choice thing ,i had captured on that hot ,july day on the streets of ,salem1 and returned to ,north ,carolina for the special purpose of collecting a quantity of these superb insects4 ,my quest was entirely successful1 though my specimens were not taken at ,salem1 but under the shadow of ,mount ,mitchell1 in the flower-spangled valleys which lie at its feet4 ,genus ,,brenthis1 ,hbner ,the garden is fragrant everywhere2 ,in its lily-bugles the gold bee sups1 ,and butterflies flutter on winglets fair ,round the tremulous meadow buttercups4 ,,munkittrick4 ,butterfly4-,small or medium-sized butterflies1 very closely approximating in form and color the species of the genus ,argynnis1 in which they are included by many writers4 ,the principal structural difference between the two genera is found in the fact that in the genus ,brenthis only one of the subcostal nervules arises before or at the end of the cell of the primaries1 while in ,argynnis the two innermost subcostal nervules thus arise4 ,in ,brenthis the palpi are not as stout as in ,argynnis1 and the short basal spur or branch of the median vein of the front wings1 which is characteristic of the latter genus1 is altogether lacking in ,brenthis4 ,egg4--,the eggs are subconical1 almost twice as high as wide1 truncated at the top1 and marked with thirteen or fourteen raised longitudinal ridges connected by a multitude of smaller cross-ridges4 ,larva4--,the caterpillars are not noticeably different in their general appearance from those of the genus ,argynnis1 except that they are smaller and generally not as dark in color as the larv of the latter genus4 ,they feed1 like the caterpillars of ,argynnis1 upon violets4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pendant1 about six tenths of an inch long1 and armed with two rows of sharp conical tubercles on the back4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ij4--,neuration of the genus ,brenthis1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,brenthis myrina1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ab-ad1 chrysalis 7,the ,silver-bordered ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is fulvous2 the black markings are light1 the borders heavy4 ,the fore wings on the under side are yellowish-fulvous1 ferruginous at the tip1 with the marginal spots lightly silvered4 ,the hind wings are ferruginous1 mottled with buff4 ,the spots1 which are small1 are well silvered4 ,expanse1 1 #a4dj inch2 1 #a4gj inch4 ,egg4--,the egg is conoidal1 about one third higher than wide1 marked by sixteen or seventeen vertical ribs1 between which are a number of delicate cross-lines4 ,it is pale greenish-yellow in color4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar has been carefully studied1 and its various stages are fully described in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 by ,dr4 ,scudder4 ,in its final stage it is about seven eighths of an inch long1 dark olive-brown1 marked with green1 the segments being adorned with fleshy tubercles armed with needle-shaped projections1 the tubercles on the side of the first thoracic segment being four times as long as the others1 cylindrical in form1 and blunt at the upper end1 the spines projecting upward at an angle of forty-five degrees to the axis of the tubercle4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is yellowish-brown1 spotted with darker brown spots1 those of the thoracic and first and second abdominal segments having the lustre of mother-of-pearl4 ,this very pretty little species has a wide range1 extending from ,new ,england to ,montana1 from ,nova ,scotia to ,alaska1 and southward along the ridges of the ,alleghanies into ,virginia and the mountains of ,north ,carolina4 7#b7 ,brenthis triclaris1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,hbner's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the male above is bright fulvous1 with the base of the fore wings and the inner margin of the hind wings heavily obscured with blackish scales4 ,the usual dark markings are finer than in the preceding species2 the black marginal borders are not so heavy4 ,the submarginal spots are relatively large and distinct in most specimens1 and uniform in size4 ,the light spots of the under side of the median band of the hind wings show through from below on the upper side lighter than the ground-color of the wings4 ,on the under side the fore wings are fulvous1 tipped with ferruginous4 ,the hind wings are broadly ferruginous1 with a couple of bright-yellow spots near the base and a curved band of yellow spots crossing the median area4 ,the outer margin about the middle is marked with pale fulvous4 ,the spots on the under side are none of them silvered4 4--,the female is much paler than the male in most cases1 and the marginal spots within the lunules are very pale1 almost white4 ,the submarginal row of round black spots is relatively large and distinct1 quite uniform in size4 ,on the under side the wings are much more conspicuously marked on the secondaries than in the male sex1 being crossed by three conspicuous bands of irregularly shaped yellow spots1 one at the base and one on either side of the discal area4 ,the submarginal round spots of the upper side reappear on the under side as small1 slightly silvered1 yellow spots4 ,the marginal spots are bright yellow1 slightly glossed with silver4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this extremely beautiful little species is found throughout arctic ,america1 is not uncommon in ,labrador1 and also occurs upon the loftier summits of the ,rocky ,mountains in ,colorado and elsewhere4 ,it is1 as most species of the genus1 essentially arctic in its habits4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xv #a4 ,brenthis myrina1 ,cramer1 4 #b4 ,brenthis myrina1 ,cramer1 1 under side4 #c4 ,brenthis triclaris1 ,hbner1 4 #d4 ,brenthis chariclea1 ,schneider1 4 #e4 ,brenthis boisduvali1 ,duponchel1 4 #f4 ,brenthis boisduvali1 ,duponchel1 1 under side4 #g4 ,brenthis montinus1 ,scudder1 4 #h4 ,brenthis montinus1 ,scudder1 1 under side4 #i4 ,brenthis freija1 ,thunberg1 4 #aj4 ,brenthis freija1 ,thunberg1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,brenthis polaris1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,brenthis polaris1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #ac4 ,brenthis frigga1 ,thunberg1 4 #ad4 ,brenthis frigga1 ,thunberg1 1 under side4 #ae4 ,brenthis alberta11 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,brenthis bellona1 ,fabricius1 4 #ag4 ,brenthis epithore1 ,boisduval1 4 #ah4 ,brenthis epithore1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#c7 ,brenthis helena1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #af1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ag1 7,helena74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are fulvous1 greatly obscured by brown at the base of the fore wings and along the inner margin of the hind wings4 ,the usual black markings are light1 and the marginal border is also not so heavily marked as in ,b4 myrina4 ,the fore wings on the under side are pale fulvous1 laved with ferruginous at the tip4 ,the hind wings are brightly ferruginous1 with small yellow marginal spots1 and paler spots inclining to buff on the costal border and at the end of the cell1 about the region of the median nervules4 4--,the female is very much like the male on the upper side1 but the ground-color is paler4 ,on the under side the wings are somewhat paler1 and all the spots and light markings1 especially on the secondaries1 are far more conspicuous1 being bright yellow1 and standing out very prominently upon the dark ferruginous ground4 ,expanse1 #a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages of this insect are not as yet known4 ,helena appears to be a common species in ,colorado1 ,montana1 and ,new ,mexico4 ,it is subject to considerable variation1 both in the intensity of the coloring of the under side of the wings1 and in the distinctness of the maculation4 7#d7 ,brenthis montinus1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side 7,the ,white ,mountain ,fritillary74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side is fulvous1 closely resembling ,b4 chariclea1 but the ground-color is darker4 ,the under side of the hind wings is deep ferruginous1 mottled with white1 the most conspicuous of the white spots being a white bar occurring at the end of the cell1 and a small round white spot at the base of the wing4 ,the hind wings have also a marginal row of slightly silvered white spots4 4--,the female is very much like the male1 but the ground-color of the upper side is paler4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4ge inch4 ,this interesting butterfly is found on the barren summits of ,mount ,washington1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,it represents the survival of the arctic fauna on these desolate peaks1 and1 like the arctic flora of the spot where it is found1 is a souvenir of the ice-age1 which once shrouded the northeastern regions of the ,united ,states with glaciers4 7#e7 ,brenthis chariclea1 ,schneider1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #d1 7,chariclea74 ,butterfly1 4--,fulvous on the upper side1 with heavy black markings1 both wings greatly obscured at the base by fuscous4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pale yellowish-fulvous1 mottled with ferruginous at the tip and on the outer margin4 ,the hind wings on the under side are dark purplish-ferruginous1 mottled with yellow1 crossed by a central row of conspicuous yellow spots4 ,the row of marginal spots and two or three small spots at the base are white1 slightly silvered4 4--,the female differs from the male in having the markings of the upper side darker and heavier1 and the outer margins more heavily marked with black1 and having all the spots on the under side more distinctly defined against the dark ground4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,this species1 like ,b4 freija1 is circumpolar1 being found in ,lapland1 ,greenland1 and throughout arctic ,america4 ,it also occurs within the limits of the ,united ,states1 in the ,yellowstone ,park at considerable elevations1 and is not uncommon on the high mountains in ,british ,columbia1 numerous specimens having been captured in recent years about ,banff and ,laggan1 in ,alberta4 7#f7 ,brenthis boisduvali1 ,duponchel1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #e4 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,boisduval's ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,somewhat closely resembling ,b4 chariclea1 but with the markings much heavier on the outer margin1 and the base of the wings generally more deeply obscured with dark brown4 ,the wings on the under side in color and marking closely approximate those of ,b4 chariclea1 and ,i have been unable to distinguish the specimens marked as boisduvali1 and contained in the ,edwards collection1 from the specimens designated as ,b4 chariclea in the same collection1 so far as the color and maculation of the under sides of these specimens are concerned4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species1 originally described from ,labrador1 is found throughout boreal ,america and ,british ,columbia4 7#g7 ,brenthis freija1 ,thunberg1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side 7,the ,lapland ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the wings are pale fulvous1 the fore wings at the base and the hind wings on the inner half being deeply obscured with fuscous4 ,the markings are quite heavy4 ,the fore wings on the under side are very pale fulvous1 yellowish at the tip1 mottled with ferruginous4 ,the hind wings are ferruginous on the under side1 mottled with yellow4 ,the spots are quite large1 consisting of lines and dashes1 and a marginal row of small lunulate spots1 pale yellow or white1 slightly silvered4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,this butterfly is circumpolar1 being found in ,norway1 ,lapland1 northern ,russia1 and ,siberia1 through ,alaska1 ,british ,america1 and ,labrador1 occurring also upon the highest peaks of the ,rocky ,mountains as far south as ,colorado4 7#h7 ,brenthis polaris1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 1 under side 7,the ,polar ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side dull fulvous2 the markings on the inner half of the wings are confluent1 and lost in the brownish vestiture which obscures this portion of the wing4 ,the outer median area is defined by irregular zigzag spots which flow together4 ,beyond these the submarginal row of small black spots stands out distinctly upon the lighter ground-color of the wings4 ,the outer margin is marked by black spots at the end of the nervules1 on the fore wings somewhat widely separated1 on the hind wings narrowly separated by the lighter ground-color4 ,on the under side the wings are fulvous1 with a marginal row of white checkerings on both wings4 ,the hind wing is deeply mottled with ferruginous1 on which the lighter white markings stand forth very conspicuously4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch42 1 #a4ej-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this butterfly has been found in ,labrador1 ,greenland1 and other portions of arctic ,america1 as far north as latitude #ha #eb4 7#i7 ,brenthis frigga1 ,thunberg1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 lower side 7,frigga74 ,butterfly1 4--,on the upper side this butterfly somewhat closely resembles polaris1 but the markings are not so compact--more diffuse4 ,the fore wings at the base and the hind wings on the inner two thirds are heavily obscured with brown4 ,the outer margins are more heavily shaded with blackish-brown than in ,b4 polaris4 ,on the under side the wings are quite differently marked4 ,the fore wings are fulvous1 shaded with brown at the tips1 and marked with light yellow on the interspaces beyond the end of the cell4 ,the hind wings are dark ferruginous1 shading into purplish-gray on the outer margin1 with a whitish quadrate spot on the costa near the base1 marked with two dark spots1 and a bar of pale1 somewhat obscured spots1 forming an irregular band across the middle of the hind wings4 4--,the female does not differ greatly from the male1 except that the spots on the under side of the hind wings stand forth more conspicuously1 being lighter in color and better defined4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-b4jj inches4 ,this pretty little butterfly occurs in ,labrador1 across the continent as far west as northern ,alaska1 and is also occasionally taken upon the alpine summits of the ,rocky ,mountains as far south as ,colorado4 7#aj7 ,brenthis bellona1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #af1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #aj1 chrysalis1 side view2 ,fig4 #aa1 chrysalis1 side view 7,meadow ,fritillary74 ,butterfly4--,pale fulvous on the upper side1 with the dark markings on the inner half of the wing narrow1 but more or less confluent4 ,the dark markings on the outer part of the wing are slighter4 ,the fore wings are a little angled on the outer margin below the apex4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pale fulvous1 mottled with purple at the tip and on the outer margin4 ,the hind wings on this side are ferruginous1 mottled with purple4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4hj inch4 ,egg4--,the egg of this species is similar in form1 size1 color1 and markings to the egg of ,b4 myrina4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar also in its early stages closely resembles myrina1 but in its mature form it differs in not having the spines on the second segment of the body lengthened as in that species4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis1 which is represented in ,plate ,v1 is bluish-gray in color1 marked with dark spots4 ,the life-history has been given us by several authors4 ,this butterfly is very common in the whole of the northern ,united ,states1 as far south as the mountain-ranges of ,virginia1 and occurs throughout ,quebec1 ,ontario1 and ,british ,america1 as far west as the foot-hills of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it flies commonly with ,b4 myrina1 the only other species of the genus found in the densely populated portions of our territory1 from which it may be at once distinguished by the entire absence of the silvered markings which make ,b4 myrina so bright and attractive4 7#aa7 ,brenthis epithore1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 1 under side 7,epithore74 ,butterfly4--,this species on the upper side is pale fulvous1 with the markings slighter than in ,b4 bellona1 and the inner half of the hind wings much more heavily clouded with fuscous4 ,on the under side the wings are somewhat like those of ,b4 bellona1 but less purple and mottled more distinctly with yellow4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4he inch4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,this species appears to replace ,b4 bellona1 its close ally1 in ,california1 ,oregon1 and the ,states eastward as far as parts of ,colorado4 7#ab7 ,brenthis alberta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xv1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,alberta74 ,butterfly4--,this1 the least attractive in appearance of the species composing the genus1 has pale wings with a washed-out appearance on the upper side1 almost all the dark markings being greatly reduced or obliterated4 ,on the under side the wings are even more obscurely marked than on the upper side4 ,the female is darker than the male1 and specimens have a greasy look4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ee inch2 1 #a4fe-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown1 except the egg and the young caterpillar1 which have been most beautifully figured by ,edwards in vol4 iii of ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,the only locality from which specimens have as yet been received by collectors is ,laggan1 in ,alberta1 where the species apparently is not uncommon at lofty elevations above sea-level4 7#ac7 ,brenthis astarte1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 1 under side 7,astarte74 ,butterfly4--,this rare insect1 the largest of the genus1 may at once be distinguished from all others by the very beautiful markings of the under side of the hind wings1 crossed by a band of irregular1 bright-yellow spots1 which are narrowly edged with black1 and beyond the black bordered by red4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj inches2 1 #b4ae inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the first description and figure of this insect were given by ,doubleday and ,hewitson in their large and now very valuable work on ,the ,genera of ,diurnal ,lepidoptera4 ,they correctly attributed it to the ,rocky ,mountains1 but ,kirby afterward gave ,jamaica as its habitat1 and this led to its subsequent redescription by ,edwards under the name ,victoria4 ,it is a rare species still1 having been received only from ,laggan1 ,alberta1 where it was rediscovered by that most indefatigable collector and observer1 ,mr4 ,t4,e4 ,bean4 ,it frequents the highest summits of the lofty mountains about this desolate locality4 ,mr4 ,bean says3 ,astarte seems always on the lookout for an entomologist1 whose advent is carefully noted1 and at any approach of such a monster nearer than about fifteen feet1 its wings rise to half-mast1 vibrate there a doubtful instant1 and away goes the butterfly4 ,in addition to the thirteen species figured in our plates there are two other species of the genus1 ,b4 butleri1 ,edwards1 from ,grinnell ,land1 and ,b4 improba1 ,butler1 from near the arctic circle4 ,it is not likely that many of the readers of this book will encounter these insects in their rambles1 and if they should1 they will be able to ascertain their names quickly1 by conferring with the author4 ,,suspicious ,,conduct ,the entomologist must not expect to be always thoroughly understood4 ,the ways of scientific men sometimes appear strange1 mysterious1 bordering even upon the insane1 to those who are uninitiated4 ,a celebrated ,american naturalist relates that on one occasion1 when chasing butterflies through a meadow belonging to a farmer1 the latter came out and viewed him with manifest anxiety4 ,but when the nature of the efforts of the man of science had been finally explained1 the farmer heaved a sigh of relief1 remarking1 in ,pennsylvania ,dutch1 that he had surely thought1 when he first saw him1 that he had just escaped from a lunatic asylum4 ,the writer1 a number of years ago1 after having despatched a very comfortable lunch1 sallied forth one afternoon1 in quest of insects1 and in the course of his wanderings came upon a refuse-heap by the roadside1 opposite a substantial house1 and on this heap discovered an ancient ham1 which was surrounded by a multitude of beetles of various species known to be partial to decomposed1 or semi-decomposed1 animal matter4 ,he proceeded immediately to bottle a number of the specimens4 ,while engaged in so doing1 the window of the house across the way was thrown up1 and an elderly female thrust her head out1 and in strident voice exclaimed3 ,hey1 there6 ,what are you doin' with that ham8 ,i say1 don't you know that that ham is spiled8 ,as he paid no attention to her1 she presently appeared at the door1 came across the street1 and remarked3 ,see here1 mister2 that ham's spiled2 ,lucy and me throwed it out1 knowin' it was no good4 ,if you want a good meal of wittles1 come into the house1 and we will feed you1 but for mercy's sake leave that spiled ham alone4 ,it took considerable effort to assure her that no designs upon the ham were cherished1 and she went away1 evidently completely mystified at the wild conduct of the well-dressed man who was grubbing in the rubbish-pile4 ,genus ,,melit,a1 ,fabricius 7,the ,checker-spots7 ,the fresh young ,flie1444 444 joy'd to range abroad in fresh attire1 ,through the wide compass of the ayrie coast2 ,and1 with unwearied wings1 each part t'inquire ,of the wide rule of his renowned sire4 ,,spenser4 ,butterfly4--,small4 ,the tibi and the tarsi of the mesothoracic and metathoracic legs are more lightly armed with spines than in the genera ,argynnis and ,brenthis4 ,the palpi are not swollen4 ,they are clothed with long hairs and have the third joint finely pointed4 ,the antenn are about half as long as the costa of the fore wings1 and are provided with a short1 heavy1 excavated1 or spoon-shaped club4 ,the subcostal of the fore wings is five-branched1 the first nervule always arising before the end of the cell1 the second at the end or just beyond it4 ,the cell of the primaries is closed1 of the secondaries open4 ,the markings upon the wings are altogether different from those in the two preceding genera1 and the spots on the under side of the wings are not silvered1 as in the genus ,brenthis4 ,egg4--,the egg is rounded at the base1 subconical1 truncated1 and depressed at the upper end and fluted by light raised ridges 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #h74 ,caterpillar4--,the larv are cylindrical1 armed in the mature form on each segment with comparatively short spines thickly covered with diverging hairs1 or needle-shaped spines4 ,they are known in some species to be gregarious in their early stages1 and then to separate before maturity4 ,they feed upon the ,scrophulariace1 upon ,castileja1 ,diplopappus1 and other plants4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pendant1 rounded at the head1 provided with more or less sharply pointed tubercles on the dorsal surface1 and generally white or some shade of light gray1 blotched with brown or black1 and marked with reddish or orange spots on the dorsal side4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ia4--,neuration of the genus ,melita4 ,this genus is very large and is distributed widely over all the colder portions of the north temperate zone4 ,there are many species found in ,europe1 in ,siberia1 in ,china1 and in the northern islands of ,japan4 ,on the upper slopes of the ,himalayas it is also represented by a few species4 ,in ,north ,america the genus is well represented1 the most of the species being found upon the mountain-slopes and in the valleys of the ,pacific coast region4 ,only two species occur in the ,eastern ,states4 7#a7 ,melita phaton1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 chrysalis 7,the ,baltimore74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side is black1 with a marginal row of red spots1 followed by three rows of pale-yellow spots on the fore wings and two on the hind wings4 ,besides these there are some large red spots on the cells of both wings1 a large red spot about the middle of the costa of the hind wing1 and a few scattering yellow spots1 forming an incomplete fourth row on the fore wing and an incomplete third row on the hind wing4 ,on the under side all the spots of the upper side reappear1 but heavier and more distinct1 and on the hind wings there are two additional rows of yellow spots1 and a number of irregular patches of red and yellow at the base of both wings4 4--,the female is much like the male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge-b4jj inches2 1 #b4jj-b4fj inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xvi #a4 ,melita phaton1 ,drury1 4 #b4 ,melita chalcedon1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 4 #c4 ,melita macglashani1 ,rivers1 4 #d4 ,melita augusta1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,melita colon1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,melita nubigena1 ,behr1 4 #g4 ,melita baroni1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,melita editha11 ,boisduval1 4 #i4 ,melita nubigena1 var1 wheeleri1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,melita rubicunda1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,melita acastus1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,melita acastus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ac4 ,melita palla1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,melita palla1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #ae4 ,melita gabbi1 ,behr1 4 #af4 ,melita taylori1 ,edwards1 4 #ag4 ,melita fulvia1 ,edwards1 4 #ah4 ,melita dymas1 ,edwards1 4 #ai4 ,melita perse1 ,edwards1 4 #bj4 ,melita leanira1 ,boisduval1 4 #ba4 ,melita nympha1 ,edwards1 4 #bb4 ,melita arachne1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,egg4--,the egg which is outlined upon p4 #d1 ,fig4 #h1 is brownish-yellow when first laid1 then changes to crimson and becomes black just before hatching4 ,the eggs are laid by the female in large clusters on the under side of the leaf of the food-plant4 ,caterpillar4--,the life-history in all the stages will be found minutely described by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 ii1 and by ,scudder in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 i4 ,the mature larva is black1 banded with orange-red1 and beset with short1 bristly1 black spines4 ,before and during hibernation1 which takes place after the third moult1 the caterpillars are gregarious1 and construct for themselves a web in which they pass the winter4 ,after the rigors of winter are past1 and the food-plant1 which is commonly ,chelone glabra1 begins to send up fresh shoots1 they recover animation1 scatter1 and fall to feeding again1 and after the fifth moult reach maturity4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pendant1 formed generally at a considerable distance from the spot where the caterpillar feeds1 for the larv wander off widely just before pupation4 ,it is pearly-gray1 blotched with dark brown in stripes and spots1 with some orange markings4 ,this very beautiful butterfly is quite local1 found in colonies in swampy places where the food-plant grows1 but in these spots sometimes appearing in swarms4 ,it occurs in the northern portions of the ,united ,states and in ,canada1 extending as far north as the ,lake of the ,woods1 and as far south as ,west ,virginia4 ,it does not occur west of the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#b7 ,melita chalcedon1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #b1 7,chalcedon74 ,butterfly4--,the male and female are much alike4 ,the wings are black1 spotted with red and ochreous-yellow4 ,on the under side they are brick-red1 with the spots of the upper side repeated1 and in addition at the base a number of large and distinct yellow spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge-b4jj inches2 1 #b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,for a knowledge of these the reader may consult ,edwards1 ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 i1 and ,papilio1 vol4 iv1 p4 #fc2 ,wright1 ,papilio1 vol4 iii1 p4 #abc1 and other authorities4 ,the egg is pale yellowish when first laid1 pitted at the base1 and ribbed vertically above4 ,the caterpillar is black1 with the bristling processes on the segments longer than in the preceding species4 ,the chrysalis is pale gray1 blotched with brown4 ,the food-plants are ,mimulus and ,castileja4 ,this very pretty species is apparently quite common in northern ,california about ,mount ,shasta4 ,it is subject to variation1 and ,i possess a dozen remarkable aberrations1 in one of which the fore wings are solid black without spots1 and the hind wings marked by only one central band of large yellow spots2 another representing the opposite color extreme1 in which yellow has almost wholly replaced the black and red4 ,the majority of these aberrant forms are females4 ,they are very striking4 7#c7 ,melita macglashani1 ,rivers1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #c1 7,macglashan's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,larger than the preceding species1 with the red spots on the outer margin bigger1 the yellow spots generally larger and paler4 ,expanse1 1 #a4he-b4jj inches2 1 #b4be-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this insect is represented in the ,edwards collection by a considerable series4 ,they come from ,truckee1 ,california4 7#d7 ,melita colon1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #e1 7,colon74 ,butterfly4--,of the same size and general appearance as ,m4 chalcedon1 with which ,i believe it to be identical1 the only possible satisfactory mark of distinction which ,i am able to discover on comparing the types with a long series of chalcedon being the reduced size of the marginal row of yellow spots on the upper side of the primaries1 which in one of the types figured in the plate are almost obsolete4 ,they appear1 however1 in other specimens labeled ,type4 ,the learned author of the species lays stress1 in his original description1 upon the shape of the spots composing the band of spots second from the margin on the under side of the hind wings2 but ,i find that the same points he dwells upon as diacritic of this species are apparent in many specimens of what undoubtedly are chalcedon4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not been recorded4 ,the types came from the region of the ,columbia ,river1 in ,washington and ,oregon4 7#e7 ,melita anicia1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 var4 beani1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,bean's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,m4 anicia is a well-known ,californian species1 smaller than ,m4 chalcedon1 and with a great deal of red on the basal and discal areas of both wings upon the upper side4 ,an extremely small and dark form of this species1 found on the bleak1 inhospitable mountain-tops about ,laggan1 in ,alberta1 has been named by ,dr4 ,skinner in honor of ,mr4 ,bean1 its discoverer4 ,the figure in our plate1 which is taken from ,dr4 ,skinner's original type1 sufficiently defines the characteristics of the upper surface4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages of ,m4 anicia and its varietal forms are quite unknown4 ,m4 anicia is found in ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,washington1 and ,british ,america4 7#f7 ,melita nubigena1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #f1 2 var4 wheeleri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #i1 7,the ,clouded ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,smaller than any of the foregoing species1 and characterized by the much redder ground-color of the upper side of the wings1 an extreme form being the variety ,m4 wheeleri1 in which the black ground-color is greatly reduced and almost wholly obliterated on parts of the primaries4 ,there are other marks of distinction given in the figures in the plate which will enable the student easily to recognize this species1 which is subject to much variation1 especially in the female sex4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,mead1 in the ,report upon the ,lepidoptera of the ,wheeler ,survey1 has described the caterpillar and chrysalis4 ,the species is common in ,nevada4 7#g7 ,melita augusta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #d1 7,augusta74 ,butterfly14--,this is another species in which red predominates as the color of the upper side1 but it may at once be distinguished by the broad1 clear red band on the secondaries1 on either side of which are the marginal and outer median rows of yellow spots1 and by the bands of yellow spots on the primaries1 which are not so well marked in ,m4 nubigena4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4ge inch2 1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is southern ,california4 7#h7 ,melita baroni1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig #g1 7,baron's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,this species closely resembles chalcedon upon the upper side1 but is smaller and much more heavily spotted with deep red on the upper side toward the base and on the median area of the wings4 ,the bands of light spots on the under side are paler than in chalcedon1 being white or very pale yellow1 narrow1 and more regular4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4hj inch2 1 #a4fj-a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are in part given by ,edwards1 ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 iii4 ,the food-plant is ,castileja4 ,the young larv have the same habit as those of ,m4 phaton in the matter of spinning a common web in which to hibernate4 ,the species is found in northern ,california4 7#i7 ,melita rubicunda1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,ruddy ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,of the same size as ,m4 baroni1 from which it is most easily distinguished1 among other things1 by the tendency of the outer row of small yellow spots near the margin of the hind wings on the upper side to become greatly reduced1 and in a majority of specimens to be altogether wanting1 as in the specimen figured in our plate4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4fj inch2 1 #a4hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,for a knowledge of what is thus far known of these the reader may consult the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xvii1 p4 #aee4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,scrophularia4 ,the range of this species is in northern ,california4 7#aj7 ,melita taylori1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #af1 7,taylor's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,this insect resembles ,m4 baroni1 but is smaller1 the red spots on the wings are larger and more conspicuous1 and the light bands of pale spots more regular and paler in color1 in many specimens being quite white4 ,it looks at first sight like a diminutive edition of ,baron's ,checker-spot1 and possibly is only a northern race of this species4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ej inch2 1 #a4ej-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,danby of ,victoria1 ,b4,c41 informs us in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #aba1 that the food-plant of this species is the ribwort-plantain 7,plantago lanceolata1 ,linn474 ,it is found on ,vancouver's ,island4 7#aa7 ,melita editha1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #h1 7,editha74 ,butterfly4--,characterized by the considerable enlargement and the disposition in regular bands of the pale spots on the upper side of the primaries1 and by the tendency to a grayish cast in the darker markings of the upper side1 some specimens1 especially females1 being quite gray4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the food-plants1 according to ,henry ,edwards1 who described the caterpillar and chrysalis in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 v1 p4 #afg1 are ,erodium cicutarium1 clover1 and violets4 ,the habitat of this species is southern ,california4 7#ab7 ,melita acastus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 1 under side 7,acastus74 ,butterfly4--,with thinner and less robust wings than any of the species of the genus hitherto mentioned4 ,it is prevalently fulvous upon the upper side1 and on the under side of the hind wings heavily and somewhat regularly banded with yellowish-white spots1 possessing some pearly luster4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,common in ,nevada1 ,utah1 and ,montana4 7#ac7 ,melita palla1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 under side 7,the ,northern ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side resembling the preceding species1 but with the median band of spots on the hind wings paler4 ,on the under side the markings are different1 as is shown in the plate4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the larva and chrysalis were described by ,henry ,edwards1 the actor naturalist1 in the ,proceedings of the ,california ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 v1 p4 #afg4 ,the food-plant is ,castileja4 ,the species ranges from ,california to ,colorado1 and northward into ,british ,columbia4 7#ad7 ,melita whitneyi1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side 7,whitney's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the markings are much as in ,m4 palla1 the spots are lighter fulvous and larger than in that species1 the yellow bands on the under side are more prominent1 and the marginal spots have a silvery luster which is lacking in ,m4 palla4 ,the female has the yellow of the under side more prominent than is the case in the male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4gj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,altogether unknown4 ,whitney's ,checker-spot ranges from ,california into ,nevada4 7#ae7 ,melita hoffmanni1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 aberration 7,hoffmann's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,general style of marking much as in the two preceding species1 but with the basal area black1 and the black markings toward the outer margin not so heavy1 giving it here a more fulvous appearance4 ,the median bands on both wings are broader and paler than in ,m4 palla4 ,the under side is much as in the last-mentioned species1 but the yellow markings are more prominent4 4--,much like the male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce inch2 1 #a4de inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species1 which is found in ,california and ,nevada1 is subject to extreme variation1 and ,i have placed upon the plate one out of many beautiful and singular aberrations which ,i possess4 7#af7 ,melita gabbi1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,gabb's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,in the style of its markings on the upper side it almost completely resembles ,m4 acastus1 but the dark markings are slighter1 giving the wings a more fulvous appearance4 ,on the under side the bands are narrower1 defined more sharply with black1 and pearly1 almost silvery white1 whereas in acastus they are pale yellowish-white1 and not so lustrous4 ,expanse1 1 #a4bj inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is southern ,california4 7#ag7 ,melita harrisi1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ag-ah1 chrysalis 7,harris' ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,wings fulvous1 black at the base and on the outer margin1 with five fulvous spots in the cell of the fore wing1 two below the cell2 and three in the cell of the hind wing4 ,the black border is widest at the apex of the fore wing1 and below this runs inwardly on the veins4 ,there are two white spots near the apex4 ,at the anal angle on the hind wing the border is somewhat divided so as to present the appearance of two indistinct lines4 ,on the under side the wings are fulvous1 marked with black bands and spots1 and crossed by bands and crescents of pale yellow1 as is shown in the figure on the plate4 4--,the female is much like the male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4ge inch4 ,egg4--,the eggs are lemon-yellow1 in the form of a truncated cone1 with fifteen or sixteen vertical ribs1 which are highest about the middle4 ,caterpillar4--,the matured caterpillar is reddish-fulvous1 with a black stripe on the back4 ,each segment is marked with one black ring before and two black rings behind the sets of spiny tubercles with which the segments are adorned4 ,there are nine rows of spines1 those above the feet being quite small4 ,the spines are black1 tapering1 and set with diverging black hairs4 ,the food-plants are aster and ,diplopappus umbellatus4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pearly-gray or white1 blotched with dark brown or black4 ,this choice little butterfly ranges from ,nova ,scotia to ,wisconsin1 extending as far south as northern ,illinois1 and northward to ,ottawa4 7#ah7 ,melita elada1 ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,hewitson's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,the wings on the upper side are black1 crossed by numerous bands of small fulvous spots1 the one crossing the middle of the median area being composed of the largest spots4 ,the fore wings on the under side are fulvous1 shading outwardly into ferruginous4 ,the spots and bands of the upper side reappear upon the under side1 but are lighter1 and the submarginal row of crescents is pale yellow and very distinct1 the spot between the second and third median nervules being the largest1 and the spot between the fourth and fifth subcostals being only a little smaller4 ,the under side of the hind wings is deep ferruginous1 crossed by bands of pearly pale-yellow spots1 those of the outer margin being the largest4 4--,the female is much like the male1 with the ground-color a little paler4 ,expanse1 1 4#ij inch2 1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this little species is found in western ,texas1 ,arizona1 and northern ,mexico4 7#ai7 ,melita dymas1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ah1 7,dymas74 ,butterfly4--,this species is closely related in size and the style of some of the markings to the foregoing species1 but may be at once distinguished by the lighter ground-color1 which is pale fulvous1 and the totally different style of the marginal markings on the under side of the wings4 ,the female represented in the plate is a trifle paler than the male4 ,expanse1 1 4#he inch2 1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is southwestern ,texas4 7#bj7 ,melita perse1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ai1 7,perse74 ,butterfly4--,this is nearly related to the two foregoing species1 but the ground-color is darker fulvous than in dymas1 the markings are slight as in that species1 and the arrangement of the spots and bands on the under side is similar4 ,the marginal crescents on the under side of the primaries are largest at the apex and rapidly diminish in size1 vanishing altogether about the middle of the wing4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch2 1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these remain to be discovered4 ,the only specimens so far found have come from ,arizona4 7#ba7 ,melita chara1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 1 under side 7,chara74 ,butterfly4--,no lengthy description of this pretty little species is required1 as the plate1 which gives both sides of the wings1 shows their peculiarities with sufficient accuracy to enable an exact determination to be made4 ,the whitish spot on the costa before the apex on the upper side1 and the chalky-white markings and spots on the under side1 serve at once to distinguish this form from its near allies4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,i have a large series of this species1 all from ,arizona1 where it appears to be common4 7#bb7 ,melita leanira1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #bj1 7,leanira74 ,butterfly1 4--,ground-color brownish-black1 fulvous on the costa1 with submarginal1 median1 and basal rows of yellow spots4 ,both the primaries and secondaries have a marginal row of red spots1 and the former have in addition a submarginal row of such spots4 ,the under side of the primaries is reddish-fulvous1 with the markings of the upper side reproduced4 ,the secondaries have a marginal row of yellow crescents1 then a black band inclosing yellow spots1 then a median band of long yellow crescents4 ,the remainder of the wing to its insertion is black1 spotted with yellow4 4--,much like the male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this pretty insect ranges from southern ,california and ,arizona to ,nevada1 ,montana1 and ,british ,america4 7#bc7 ,melita wrighti1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side1 7,wright's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly4--,much like ,m4 leanira1 but with more fulvous upon the upper side of the wings1 and the under side yellow4 ,the black bands on the secondaries are reduced1 and the dividing-lines between the spots are confined to the nervules1 which are narrowly black4 ,this is probably only a varietal form of the preceding species4 ,i figure the types4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj inch2 1 #a4hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 southern ,california4 7#bd7 ,melita alma1 ,strecker1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,strecker's ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side of the wings is bright fulvous1 with the margins and veins black4 ,there are three rows of transverse spots paler than the ground-color4 ,the fore wings on the under side are pale fulvous1 with pale-yellow spots and a submarginal and marginal row of yellow spots separated by a narrow black line4 ,the hind wings on this side are yellow1 with the veins and margins black1 and a transverse double band of black on the outer margin of the median area4 4--,much like the male1 but larger1 and redder on the upper side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the specimens ,i have came from the ,death ,valley4 ,the species occurs in southern ,utah and ,arizona4 7#be7 ,melita thekla1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ae1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #af1 7,thekla74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side of the wings is fulvous1 black toward the base and on the outer margin4 ,the primaries are adorned with a large oval pale-fulvous spot at the end of the cell1 a small one on the middle of the upper side of the cell1 and another small one below the cell1 at the origin of the first median nervule4 ,the discal area is defined outwardly by a very irregular fine black transverse line1 beyond which is a transverse band of pale-fulvous oblong spots1 an incomplete series of spots of the ground-color sharply defined upon the black outer shade1 followed by a row of irregular white submarginal spots4 ,the transverse bands of spots on the primaries are repeated upon the secondaries1 where they are more regular and the spots more even in size4 ,on the under side both wings are pale red1 with the light spots of the upper side reappearing as pale-yellow sharply defined spots4 ,the fringes are checkered black and white4 4--,much like the male1 but larger4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce-a4ej inch2 1 #a4ej-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is common in ,texas4 ,it is identical1 as an examination of the type shows1 with ,m4 bolli1 ,edwards1 and the latter name as a synonym falls into disuse4 7#bf7 ,melita minuta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,smaller ,checker-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,this species is fulvous on the upper side1 rather regularly banded with black lines4 ,the veins are also black4 ,the result is that the wings appear to be more regularly checkered than in any other species which is closely allied to this4 ,the markings of the under side are white edged with black1 and are shown very well in the plate1 so that a lengthy description is unnecessary4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ce inch2 1 #a4ej-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the specific name1 minuta1 is not altogether appropriate4 ,there are many smaller species of the genus4 ,it is found rather commonly in ,colorado1 ,arizona1 and ,new ,mexico4 7#bg7 ,melita arachne1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #bb1 7,arachne74 ,butterfly4--,i have given in the plate a figure of a female bearing this name in the ,edwards collection4 ,it is remarkably pale on the upper side4 ,there is a large series of types and paratypes in the collection1 but all of them vary on the upper side of the wings in the intensity of the fulvous ground-color and the width of the black markings4 ,underneath they are absolutely like ,m4 minuta4 ,i think ,m4 arachne is without much doubt a synonym for ,m4 minuta4 ,the species varies very greatly4 ,the types are from ,colorado and western ,texas4 ,expanse as in ,m4 minuta4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 7#bh7 ,melita nympha1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvi1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,nympha74 ,butterfly4--,this species differs from ,m4 minuta only in having the black markings darker and the outer median bands of spots on the upper side yellow4 ,on the under side the pattern of the markings is exactly as in ,m4 minuta4 ,it seems to me to be a dark1 aberrant form of ,m4 minuta1 but is very well marked1 and constant in a large series of specimens1 so that we cannot be sure until some one breeds these creatures from the egg4 ,expanse1 the same as that of ,m4 minuta4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 ,arizona4 ,in addition to the species of the genus ,melita illustrated in our plates there are a few others which are credited to our fauna1 some of these correctly and some erroneously1 and a number of so-called species have been described which are not true species1 but varieties or aberrations4 ,,collecting ,,in ,,japan ,i was tired of the ,seiyo-ken1 the only hotel at which foreigners could be entertained without the discomfort of sleeping upon the floor4 ,there is a better hotel in ,tokyo now4 ,i had looked out for five days from my window upon the stinking canal through which the tide ebbs and flows in ,tsukiji4 ,i felt if ,i stayed longer in the lowlands that ,i would contract malarial fever or some other uncomfortable ailment1 and resolved to betake myself to the mountains1 the glorious mountains1 which rise all through the interior of the country1 wrapped in verdure1 their giant summits capped with clouds1 many of them the abode of volcanic thunder4 ,so ,i went by rail to the terminus of the road1 got together the coolies to pull and push my jinrikishas1 and1 accompanied by a troop of native collectors1 made my way up the ,usui-toge1 the pass over which travelers going from western ,japan into eastern ,japan laboriously crept twelve years ago4 ,what a sunset when we reached an elevation of three thousand feet above the paddy-fields which stretch across the ,kwanto to the ,gulf of ,yeddo6 ,what a furious thunder-storm came on just as night closed in6 ,then at half-past nine the moon struggled out from behind the clouds1 and we pushed on up over the muddy roads1 until at last a cold breath of night air sweeping from the west began to fan our faces1 and we realized that we were at the top of the pass1 and before us in the dim moonlight loomed the huge form of ,asama-yama1 that furious volcano1 which more than once has laid the land waste for leagues around1 and compared with which ,vesuvius is a pygmy4 ,we slept on ,japanese mats1 and in the morning1 the drops glittering on every leaf1 we started out to walk through the fields to ,oiwake1 our baggage going forward1 we intending to loiter all day amid the charms of nature4 ,seven species of lilies bloomed about us in the hedges and the fields2 a hundred plants1 graceful and beautiful in blossom1 scented the air with their aroma1 and everywhere were butterflies and bees4 ,above us hung in the sky a banner1 the great cloud which by day and by night issues from the crater of ,asama-yama4 ,five species of fritillaries flashed their silvery wings by copse and stream2 great black papilios soared across the meadows2 blue lycnas1 bright chrysophani1 and a dozen species of wood-nymphs gamboled over the low herbage and among the grass4 ,torosan1 my chief collector1 was in his element4 ,dana-san 7my lord1 or my master71 this kind ,yokohama no have got4 ,dana-san1 this kind me no catchee ,tokyo side4 ,and so we wandered down the mountain-slope1 taking species new alike to ,american and ,japanese1 until the sun was sinking in the west4 ,the cloud-banner had grown crimson and purple in the sunset when we wandered into the hospitable doorway of the wayside inn at ,oiwake4 ,there we made our headquarters for the week1 and thence we carried away a thousand butterflies and moths and two thousand beetles as the guerdon of our chase4 ,genus ,,phyciodes1 ,doubleday 7,the ,crescent-spots7 ,flusheth the rise with her purple favor1 ,gloweth the cleft with her golden ring4 ',twixt the two brown butterflies waver ,lightly settle1 and sleepily swing4 ,,jean ,,ingelow4 ,butterfly4--,the butterflies composing this genus are generally quite small4 ,their wings on the upper side are fulvous1 or brown with black margins1 spots1 and lines upon the upper side of the wings1 and with the under side of the wings reproducing the spots of the upper side in paler tints4 ,of the spots of the under side of the wings one of the most characteristic is the pale crescent situated on the outer margin of the hind wings1 between the ends of the second and third median nervules4 ,this spot is frequently pearly-white or silvered4 ,structurally the butterflies of this genus may be distinguished from the preceding genus by the enlarged second joint of the palpi and the very fine1 extremely pointed third joint4 ,in the neuration of the wings and in their habits these butterflies closely approximate ,melita4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ib4--,neuration of the genus ,phyciodes4 ,eggs4--,the eggs are always higher than broad1 with the surface at the base more or less pitted1 giving them a thimble-like appearance4 ,on the upper end in some species they have a few short1 vertical ridges1 radiating from the micropyle4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 marked with pale longitudinal stripes upon a darker ground1 and adorned with tubercles arranged in regular rows4 ,these tubercles are generally much shorter than in the genus ,melita4 ,the caterpillars do not1 so far as is known1 weave webs at any time4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pendant1 with the head slightly bifid4 ,the dorsal region of the abdomen is provided with slight tubercles4 ,the color is generally some shade of pale gray1 blotched with black or dark brown4 ,this genus finds its principal development in ,south and ,central ,america1 which are very rich in species1 some of them mimicking in a most marvelous manner the butterflies of the protected genus ,heliconius and its allies4 ,the species found in the ,united ,states and ,canada are for the most part not very gaily colored insects1 chaste shades of brown1 or yellow1 and black predominating4 7#a7 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bh1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ai1 chrysalis 7,nycteis74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side very closely resembling ,melita harrisi1 for which it may easily be mistaken upon the wing4 ,the under side of the hind wings is very different1 and may at once be distinguished by the lighter color of the base of the wing1 and the pale1 silvery crescent on the outer margin4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4fe inch2 1 #a4fe-b4jj inches4 ,egg4--,the egg is half as high again as broad1 marked with sixteen or seventeen vertical ribs above1 and pitted about the middle by hexagonal cells4 ,it is pale green in color4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar undergoes four moults after hatching4 ,in the mature stage it is velvety-black1 with a dull orange stripe along the back1 and purplish streaks on the sides4 ,the body is studded with whitish spots1 each giving rise to a delicate black hair1 and is further beset with rather short1 black1 hairy spines4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is pearly-gray1 blotched with dark brown4 ,the life-history of this species has been carefully worked out1 and all the details may be found described in the most minute manner by ,edwards and by ,scudder4 ,the insect ranges from ,maine to ,north ,carolina1 and thence westward to the foot-hills of the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#b7 ,phyciodes ismeria1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 1 under side 7,ismeria74 ,butterfly1 4--,easily distinguished from all other allied species by the double row of small light spots on the dark margin of the fore wings on the upper side1 and by the silvery1 narrow1 and greatly bent line of bright silvery spots crossing the middle of the hind wings on the under side4 4--,the female is like the male1 but larger and paler and all the spots on the upper side are pale fulvous1 and not as distinctly white on the outer margin as in the male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae-a4ce inch2 1 #a4ce-b4jj inches4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar1 according to ,boisduval and ,leconte1 is yellowish1 with blackish spines and three longitudinal blackish stripes4 ,the head1 the thoracic legs1 and the under side are black2 the other legs are yellow4 ,chrysalis4--,according to the same authors1 the chrysalis is pale gray1 with paler light spots and nearly white dorsal tubercles4 ,this insect ranges over a wide territory from ,canada to the ,southern and ,western ,states east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#c7 ,phyciodes vesta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,fig4 #ai1 1 under side 7,vesta74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xvii #a4 ,melita alma1 ,strecker1 4 #b4 ,melita elada1 ,hewitson1 4 #c4 ,melita chara1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,melita chara1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #e4 ,melita harrisi1 ,scudder1 4 #f4 ,melita harrisi1 ,scudder1 1 under side4 #g4 ,melita whitneyi1 ,behr1 4 #h4 ,melita whitneyi1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #i4 ,melita wrighti1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,melita wrighti1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,melita minuta1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ab4 ,melita minuta1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,melita hoffmanni1 ,behr1 4 #ad4 ,melita hoffmanni1 ,behr1 1 aberration4 #ae4 ,melita thekla1 ,edwards1 under side4 #af4 ,melita thekla1 ,edwards1 4 #ag4 ,phyciodes vesta1 ,edwards1 4 #ah4 ,phyciodes vesta1 ,edwards1 4 #ai4 ,phyciodes vesta1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #bj4 ,phyciodes picta1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ba4 ,phyciodes picta1 ,edwards1 4 #bb4 ,phyciodes phaon1 ,edwards1 4 #bc4 ,phyciodes phaon1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #bd4 ,phyciodes ismeria1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 4 #be4 ,phyciodes ismeria1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 1 under side4 #bf4 ,phyciodes montana1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #bg4 ,phyciodes montana1 ,behr1 4 #bh4 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 1 under side4 #bi4 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 4 #cj4 ,phyciodes nycteis1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 4 #ca4 ,phyciodes orseis1 ,edwards1 4 #cb4 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edwards1 4 #cc4 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edwards1 4 #cd4 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ce4 ,phyciodes batesi1 ,reakirt1 4 #cf4 ,phyciodes batesi1 ,reakirt1 1 under side4 #cg4 ,phyciodes pratensis1 ,behr1 4 #ch4 ,phyciodes pratensis1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #ci4 ,eresia punctata1 ,edwards1 4 #dj4 ,phyciodes mylitta1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #da4 ,phyciodes mylitta1 ,edwards1 4 #db4 ,eresia frisia1 ,poey1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly1 4--,on the upper side it closely resembles the winter form marcia of ,phyciodes tharos1 ,drury2 but the black markings are more evenly distributed4 ,the under side is a pale yellowish-fulvous1 and the black markings are slight4 4--,the female is like the male1 but paler4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the chrysalis has been described by ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xi1 p4 #abi4 ,this is all we know of the early life of the insect4 ,it is found in ,texas and ,mexico4 7#d7 ,phyciodes phaon1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bb1 2 ,fig4 #bc4 1 under side 7,phaon74 ,butterfly1 4--,the ground-color of the male is paler on the upper side than in ,phyciodes tharos1 and the black markings are much heavier4 ,the median band on the fore wings is yellowish4 ,the wings on the under side are yellow1 shaded with fulvous on the primaries1 on which the dark markings are heavy4 4--,like the male4 ,expanse1 1 4#ij inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this insect inhabits the ,gulf ,states1 and has been occasionally taken in ,kansas4 7#e7 ,phyciodes tharos1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 var4 marcia1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #bj-bb1 chrysalis 7,the ,pearl ,crescent74 ,butterfly4--,this very common and well-known little insect scarcely needs to be described4 ,the upper side is bright fulvous1 with heavy black borders2 all the other dark markings are slight4 ,the wings on the under side are paler1 with the dark markings of the upper side showing through1 and there are additional markings of brown on the hind wings4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages of this insect have been worked out with the most extreme care by ,mr4 ,edwards1 and the reader who is curious to know about them should consult ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,dr4 ,scudder also has minutely and laboriously described the early stages in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the egg is light greenish-yellow4 ,the caterpillar1 which feeds upon various species of aster and allied ,composit1 is dark brown after the third moult1 its back dotted with yellow1 adorned with short1 black1 bristly spines1 which are yellow at the base4 ,the chrysalis is grayish-white1 mottled with dark spots and lines4 ,this species is one of many dimorphic species1 the winter form marcia1 which emerges in spring1 having the under side brighter1 and the light markings more conspicuous on that side than in the summer form1 which has been called morpheus4 ,concerning all of this1 and the way in which cold affects the color of butterflies1 the reader will do well to consult the splendid pages of ,edwards and of ,scudder4 ,the pretty little ,pearl ,crescent ranges from southern ,labrador to ,florida2 in fact1 all over ,north ,america north of ,texas and south of the region of ,hudson ,bay1 except the ,pacific coast of ,california4 7#f7 ,phyciodes batesi1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 1 under side 7,bates' ,crescent-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,on the upper side much like ,p4 tharos1 with the black markings very heavy4 ,the under side of the hind wings is uniformly pale fulvous or yellow1 with a row of faint submarginal brown spots4 4--,like the male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4ej-a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species ranges from ,new ,york to ,virginia1 and westward to ,ohio4 7#g7 ,phyciodes pratensis1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 1 under side 7,the ,meadow ,crescent-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,the butterfly resembles the preceding species on the upper side1 but the ground-color is much paler and the black markings are not so heavy4 ,the under side of the wings is pale fulvous1 spotted with yellow4 4--,the female has the black markings of the upper side heavier than the male1 and all the spots pale yellow4 ,the markings on the under side are heavier than in the male sex4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the range of this species is the ,pacific coast from ,oregon to ,arizona4 7#h7 ,phyciodes orseis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ca1 7,orseis74 ,butterfly1 4--,the dark markings on the upper side are much heavier than in either of the two preceding species1 and the fulvous spots are smaller1 the marginal crescents more regular and distinct4 ,the markings on the under side are also much heavier than in ,p4 batesi or ,p4 pratensis4 4--,the female is like the male1 but all the dark markings are heavier and the pale markings lighter4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce inch2 1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these remain to be described4 ,phyciodes orseis ranges from ,washington ,territory in the north to ,mexico in the south4 7#i7 ,phyciodes camillus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #cb1 2 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 1 under side 7,the ,camillus ,crescent74 ,butterfly1 4--,the male is more like ,p4 pratensis1 but the light spots on the primaries are paler1 on the secondaries brighter1 fulvous4 ,the dark markings on the under side are less pronounced than in pratensis4 4--,the female is much like the male4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are wholly unknown4 ,the species is reported from ,british ,columbia1 ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,kansas1 and ,texas4 7#aj7 ,phyciodes mylitta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #dj1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #da1 7,the ,mylitta ,crescent74 ,butterfly1 4--,broadly bright fulvous on the upper side1 with the dark markings slight2 on the under side closely resembling ,p4 tharos1 var4 marcia1 ,edwards4 4--,the female is like the male1 but paler4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4be-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,mr4 ,harrison ,g4 ,dyar in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #bjc4 ,the eggs are laid in clusters upon the thistle 7,carduus74 ,the caterpillar in its final stage after the fourth moult is black1 yellowish below1 with a faint twinned yellow dorsal line and faint lines of the same color on the sides4 ,the spines1 which are arranged in six rows1 are black2 those of segments four1 five1 and six1 yellow4 ,the chrysalis is dull wood-brown4 ,this species has a wide range in the region of the ,rocky ,mountains1 extending from ,washington to ,arizona1 and eastward to ,colorado4 7#aa7 ,phyciodes barnesi1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,barnes' ,crescent-spot74 ,butterfly1 4--,very like the following species1 with the light fulvous of the upper side of the wings more widely extended1 causing the dark markings to be greatly restricted4 ,the figure in the plate is1 in this species as in most others1 that of the type1 and ,i am under obligations to ,dr4 ,skinner for kind permission to have the use of the specimen4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,the type came from ,colorado ,springs4 7#ab7 ,phyciodes montana1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bf1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #bg1 7,the ,mountain ,crescent-spot74 ,butterfly4--,upon the upper side the wings are marked much as in ,p4 camillus1 but are prevalently bright fulvous1 with the dark markings quite slight in most specimens4 ,on the under side the wings are pale yellowish-fulvous4 ,the female usually has the secondaries crossed by a broad median band of very pale spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is the ,sierras of ,california and ,nevada4 7#ac7 ,phyciodes picta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #bj1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ba1 7,the ,painted ,crescent-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the butterfly in both sexes somewhat closely resembles ,p4 phaon on the upper side4 ,on the under side the fore wings are red on the median area1 with the base1 the costa1 the apex1 and the outer margin pale yellow2 the black markings very prominent4 ,the hind wings on the under side are nearly immaculate yellow4 ,expanse1 1 4#hj-a4aj inch2 1 #a4aj-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these may be found described with minute exactness by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards in the pages of the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xvi1 pp4 #afc-afg4 ,the egg is yellowish-green4 ,the caterpillar moults five times4 ,when mature it is about six tenths of an inch long1 armed with seven principal rows of short spines1 which appear to vary in color in the spring and fall broods1 being light brown in the ,june brood and greenish-yellow in the ,october brood4 ,the prevalent color of the caterpillar is some shade of yellowish-or greenish-brown1 mottled with lighter and darker tints4 ,the chrysalis is yellowish-brown4 ,the food-plants of the caterpillar are various species of aster4 ,this species is found as far north as ,nebraska1 and is abundant in ,colorado and ,new ,mexico1 ranging southward through ,arizona into ,mexico4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xviii #a4 ,phyciodes tharos1 ,drury1 4 #b4 ,phyciodes tharos1 ,drury1 4 #c4 ,phyciodes tharos1 var4 marcia1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,phyciodes tharos1 var4 marcia1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,phyciodes barnesi1 ,skinner1 4 #f4 ,argynnis snyderi1 ,skinner1 4 #g4 ,argynnis platina1 ,skinner1 4 #h4 ,eresia texana1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,eresia texana1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #aj4 ,synchlo janais1 ,drury1 4 #aa4 ,synchlo lacinia1 ,hubner1 4 #ab4 ,eresia ianthe1 ,fabricius1 4 #ac4 ,melita anicia1 var4 beani1 ,skinner1 4 #ad4 ,brenthis astarte1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 4 #ae4 ,brenthis astarte1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 1 under side4 #af4 ,brenthis helena1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ag4 ,brenthis helena1 ,edwards1 4 #ah4 ,debis creola1 ,skinner1 4 #ai4 ,debis creola1 ,skinner1 4 #bj4 ,debis portlandia1 ,fabricius1 4 #ba4 ,geirocheilus tritonia1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,genus ,,eresia1 ,doubleday ,butterfly4--,small butterflies1 closely resembling the species of the genus ,phyciodes in the neuration of the wings1 and only differing from them in the outline of the outer margin of the primaries1 which are more or less excavated about the middle4 ,in the style of the markings they differ somewhat widely from the butterflies of the genus ,phyciodes1 notably in the absence of the crescents on the margins of the wings4 ,the wings on the upper side are generally some shade of deep brown or black1 marked with spots and bands of white or fulvous1 the median band on the hind wings being generally more or less conspicuous4 ,in the pattern of their markings they illustrate a transition from the genus ,phyciodes to the genus ,synchlo4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ic4--,neuration of the genus ,eresia1 slightly enlarged4 ,egg4--,hitherto undescribed4 ,caterpillar4--,cylindrical1 with seven rows of spines1 one dorsal1 and three lateral on each side2 the spines are short1 blunt1 and armed with short bristles4 ,the head is subcordate1 with the vertices rounded4 ,it moults four times4 ,chrysalis4--,cylindrical1 abdomen stout1 head-case short1 beveled1 nearly square at top1 the vertices pyramidal4 ,there are three rows of small tubercles on the dorsal side of the abdomen4 ,the caterpillars so far as known feed upon various ,composit1 as ,diclippa and ,actinomeris4 ,the genus1 which is somewhat doubtfully separable from ,phyciodes1 and probably possesses only subgeneric value1 is well represented in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,but three species are found in the faunal region of which this book treats4 7#a7 ,eresia frisia1 ,poey1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #db1 7,frisia74 ,butterfly4--,upper side reddish-fulvous1 clouded with fuscous at the base4 ,on the basal area are waved black lines1 separate on the hind wings1 more or less blended on the fore wings4 ,the outer border is broadly black4 ,between this border and the basal third the wing is crossed by irregular black bands1 the spaces between which are paler fulvous than the base and the hind wings1 those near the outer margin being whitish4 ,these bands are continued broadly across the hind wings4 ,the wings on the under side are fulvous1 mottled with dark brown and white1 and spotted with conspicuous white spots4 ,the male and the female closely resemble each other4 ,expanse1 #a4dj inch4 ,the early stages are wholly unknown4 ,the only locality within the limits of the ,united ,states in which this insect has been found is ,key ,west1 in ,florida4 ,it is abundant in the ,antilles1 ,mexico1 ,central and ,south ,america4 7#b7 ,eresia texana1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 1 under side 7,the ,texan ,eresia74 ,butterfly4--,black on the upper side of the wings1 shading into reddish-brown on the basal area4 ,the fore wings are spotted on the median and limbal areas with white1 and the hind wings are adorned by a conspicuous median band of small white spots4 ,on the under side the fore wings are fulvous at the base1 broadly dark brown beyond the middle4 ,the light spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side4 ,the hind wings on the under side are marbled wood-brown on the basal area and the inner margin1 darker brown externally4 ,the white macular band of the upper side reappears on this side1 but less distinct than above4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ej inch2 1 #a4fj-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,for the only account of the life-history of this species the reader is referred to the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xi1 p4 #abg1 where the indefatigable ,edwards gives us an interesting account of his original observations4 ,this insect ranges from ,texas into ,mexico4 ,it has been confounded by some with a closely allied insect1 ,eresia ianthe1 ,fabricius1 and to show the difference we have given in ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ab1 a representation of that species1 by means of which the reader will be enabled to mark the difference on the upper surfaces of the two species4 7#c7 ,eresia punctata1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xvii1 ,fig4 #ci1 7,the ,dotted ,eresia74 ,butterfly4--,a lengthy description of this little species is scarcely necessary1 as the figure in the plate will suffice for its accurate determination4 ,nothing is known of its early stages4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,it is found in ,new ,mexico1 ,texas1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 ,it has been recently declared to be identical with ,e4 tulcis1 ,bates1 an opinion ,i am not quite prepared to accept1 but which1 if correct1 will force us1 according to the law of priority1 to substitute the name given by ,bates for that given by ,edwards4 ,genus ,,synchlo1 ,boisduval 7,the ,patched ,butterflies7 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized or small butterflies1 rather gaily colored1 although the species found in the ,united ,states are not very brilliant4 ,they may be distinguished structurally from the butterflies of the two preceding genera not only by their larger size and the spindle-formed third article of the palpi1 which in the genera ,eresia and ,phyciodes is thin and pointed like a needle1 but also by the fact that the lower discocellular vein of the fore wings is generally quite straight and not bowed or angled as in the before-mentioned genera4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #id4--,neuration of the genus ,synchlo1 enlarged4 ,egg4--,similar in appearance to the eggs of the genus ,phyciodes3 obovoid1 truncated1 and slightly depressed at top1 rounded at the bottom2 the lower three fifths with shallow depressions2 the upper part with about twenty-four light blunt-edged ribs4 ,the eggs are laid in clusters upon the leaves of ,helianthus4 ,caterpillar4--,varying in color1 generally black or some shade of red or brown1 covered with spines which are arranged as in the genus ,melita and are thickly beset with diverging bristles4 ,the caterpillar moults four times4 ,chrysalis4--,shaped as in the genus ,melita1 light in color1 blotched with dark brown or black spots and lines4 ,the genus is well represented in ,central and ,south ,america4 ,some of the species are polymorphic1 many varieties being produced from a single batch of eggs4 ,the result has been considerable confusion in the specific nomenclature4 7#a7 ,synchlo janais1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,crimson-patch74 ,butterfly4--,fore wings black above1 spotted with white2 hind wings black above1 marked in the center with a broad band of crimson4 ,on the under side the markings of the upper side of the fore wings are reproduced4 ,the hind wings on the under side are black at the base and on the outer third2 immediately at the base is a yellow bar2 across the middle is a broad yellow band laved outwardly by red1 upon which are numerous black spots4 ,there is a marginal row of yellow spots and an inner row of smaller white spots on the limbal area4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,what is known of these is contained in articles published by ,mr4 ,william ,schaus1 ,papilio1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ahh2 and by ,henry ,edwards1 ,entomologica ,americana1 vol4 iii1 p4 #afa1 to which the reader may refer4 ,the habitat of the species is ,texas1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 ,the insect is very variable in the markings both of the upper and under sides1 and several so-called species are only varietal forms of this4 7#b7 ,synchlo lacinia1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 form crocale1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #i1 7,lacinia74 ,butterfly4--,this is a protean species1 a dozen or more well-marked varietal forms being produced1 many of them from a single batch of eggs4 ,the wings on the upper side are black2 both primaries and secondaries are crossed about the middle by a band of spots1 generally broken on the primaries and continuous on the secondaries4 ,these spots in the typical form lacinia are fulvous1 and the bands are broad4 ,in the form crocale the spots are white1 the bands narrow4 ,a great variety of intergrading forms are known and are represented in the author's collection1 most of them bred specimens reared from the egg4 ,on the under side the fore wings are marked as on the upper side4 ,the hind wings on the under side are black1 with a marginal row of spots1 a transverse straight median band1 a short basal band1 and a costal edging1 all bright straw-yellow2 in addition there is a submarginal row of small white spots and a crimson patch of variable size at the anal angle4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-b4jj inches2 1 #a4ge-b4ge inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these are described fully by ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxv1 p4 #bhf4 ,lacinia ranges from ,texas and ,new ,mexico to ,bolivia4 ,,faunal ,,regions ,that branch of zological science which treats of the geographical distribution of animals is known as zogeography4 ,none of the zological sciences has contributed more to a knowledge of the facts with which zogeography deals than the science of entomology4 ,various divisions of the surface of the earth1 based upon the character of the living beings which inhabit them1 have been suggested4 ,at the present time1 however1 it is agreed that in a general way five major subdivisions are sufficient for the purposes of the science1 and we therefore recognize five faunal regions1 namely1 the ,palarctic1 which includes the temperate regions of the eastern hemisphere2 the ,indo-,malayan1 covering the tropics of ,asia and the islands lying south of that great continent1 including ,australia2 the ,ethiopian1 covering the continent of ,africa south of the lands bordering on the ,mediterranean1 and extending northward into the southern part of ,arabia2 the ,neotropical1 covering the continent of ,south ,america and the islands of the ,caribbean ,sea and the ,gulf of ,mexico2 and1 finally1 the ,nearctic1 covering the temperate and polar regions of ,north ,america4 ,the butterflies with which this volume deals are mostly nearctic species1 only a few species representing the neotropical region being found as stragglers into the extreme southern portion of the ,united ,states4 ,these five faunal regions are characterized by the presence of certain groups of insects which are more or less peculiar to them4 ,in the ,palarctic ,region1 for instance1 we find a very great development of the ,satyrin1 of the genera ,argynnis1 ,melita1 and ,lycna1 and of the genus ,colias4 ,the genus ,papilio is but poorly represented1 there being only three species found on the entire continent of ,europe1 and comparatively few in ,asia north of the ,himalayan mountain-ranges4 ,as soon as we pass from the boundaries of the ,palarctic ,region into ,india there is discovered a great number of species of the genus ,papilio4 ,the ,euploein1 of various genera1 swarm1 and splendid creatures1 magnificent in color1 present themselves1 replacing among the ,nymphalin the small and obscurely colored forms which are found among the mountains of ,europe and on the great ,asiatic steppes4 ,in the ,indo-,malayan ,region one of the most gorgeous of the papilionine genera is known as ,ornithoptera4 ,these great bird-wing butterflies are most brilliant in color in the male1 and in the female attain an expanse of wing reaching in some species eight and even nine inches1 so that it would be impossible to represent them in their natural dimensions upon a page such as that which is before the reader4 ,one of these giants of the butterfly family1 named ,victoria after her ,majesty the ,queen of ,england1 is found in the ,solomon ,islands1 and is probably the largest of all known butterflies4 ,one specimen1 belonging to the author1 has an expanse of wing exceeding nine inches4 ,among the strangest of recent discoveries is ,ornithoptera paradisea1 which is found in ,new ,guinea4 ,the male has the hind wings produced in the form of a very delicate and slender tail2 the upper surfaces of the wing are broadly marked with shining green and lustrous orange upon a velvety-black ground4 ,the female is black with white spots1 slightly marked with yellow1 being obscure in color1 as is for the most part characteristic of this sex among butterflies1 as well as other animals4 ,the ,ethiopian ,region is rich in beautiful butterflies of the genus ,callosune1 which are white or yellow1 having the tips of the anterior wings marked with crimson or purple4 ,there are many scores of species of these which are found on the grassy park-like lands of southeastern ,africa1 and they range northward through ,abyssinia into ,arabia1 and a few species even invade the hot lands of the ,indian peninsula4 ,in the great forests of the ,congo and in fact throughout tropical ,africa1 the genus ,acra1 composed of beautiful insects with long1 narrow wings like the genus ,heliconius1 but for the most part yellow1 rich brown1 and red1 spotted with black1 abound4 ,and here1 too1 are found some of the noblest species belonging to the great genus ,papilio1 among them that most singular and1 until recently1 rarest of the genus1 ,papilio antimachus of ,drury1 one specimen of which1 among a dozen or more in the author's possession1 has wings which exceed in expanse even those of ,ornithoptera victoria1 though this butterfly1 which seems to mimic the genus ,acra1 has comparatively narrow wings1 and they1 therefore1 do not cover so large an area as is covered in the case of the genus ,ornithoptera4 ,in the ,neotropical ,region we are confronted by swarms of butterflies belonging to the ,ithomiin1 the ,heliconiin1 and the ,acrin1 all of which are known to be protected species1 and which are mimicked by other species among the butterflies and moths of the region which they frequent4 ,a naturalist familiar with the characteristics of the butterfly fauna of ,south ,america can at a glance determine whether a collection placed before him is from that country or not1 merely by his knowledge of the peculiar coloration which is characteristic of the lepidoptera of the region4 ,the most brilliant butterflies of the neotropical fauna are the ,morphos1 glorious insects1 the under side of their wings marked with eye-like spots1 the upper side resplendent in varying tints of iridescent blue4 ,in the ,nearctic ,region there is a remarkable development of the genera ,argynnis1 ,melita1 and ,phyciodes4 ,there are also a great many species of the ,satyrin and of the ,hesperiid1 or skippers4 ,the genus ,colias is also well represented4 ,the ,nearctic ,region extends southwardly into northern ,mexico1 at high elevations1 and is even continued along the chain of the ,andes1 and there are species which are found in the vicinity of ,san ,francisco which occur in ,chili and ,patagonia4 ,in fact1 when we get to the southern extremity both of ,africa and of ,south ,america we find certain genera characteristic of the north temperate zone1 or closely allied to them1 well represented4 ,genus ,,grapta1 ,kirby 7,the ,angle-,wings7 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized or small1 characterized by the more or less deeply excavated inner and outer margins of the fore wings1 the tail-like projection of the hind wings at the extremity of the third median nervule1 the closed cell of the same wings1 and the thick squamation of the palpi on the under side1 while on the sides and tops of the palpi there are but few scales4 ,they are tawny on the upper side1 spotted and bordered with black2 on the under side mimicking the bark of trees and dead leaves1 often with a c-shaped silvery spot on the hind wings4 ,the insects hibernate in the butterfly form in hollow trees and other hiding-places4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ie4--,neuration of the genus ,grapta4 ,egg4--,the eggs are taller than broad1 tapering upward from the base4 ,the summit is broad and flat4 ,the sides are marked by a few equidistant narrow longitudinal ribs1 which increase in height to the top4 ,a few delicate cross-lines are interwoven between these ribs4 ,they are laid in clusters or in short string-like series 7see p4 #e1 ,fig4 #aj74 ,caterpillar4--,the head is somewhat quadrate in outline1 the body cylindrical1 adorned with rows of branching spines 7see ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bg1 #ca-cc1 #ch74 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalids have the head more or less bifid4 ,there is a prominent thoracic tubercle1 and a double row of dorsal tubercles on the abdomen4 ,viewed from the back they are more or less excavated on the sides of the thorax4 ,in color they are generally some shade of wood-brown or greenish4 ,the caterpillars feed for the most part upon the ,urticace1 plants of the nettle tribe1 such as the stinging-nettle1 the elm1 and the hop-vine1 though the azalea and wild currants furnish the food of some species4 ,the genus is confined mainly to the north temperate zone4 7#a7 ,grapta interrogationis1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side2 form fabricii1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #a1 2 form umbrosa1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bc1 larva1 from a blown specimen2 ,fig4 #bg1 larva1 copied from a drawing by ,abbot2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #bd-bf1 #dj1 chrysalis 7,the ,question-sign74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by its large size1 being the largest species of the genus in our fauna4 ,the fore wings are decidedly falcate1 or sickle-shaped1 bright fulvous on the upper side1 spotted and bordered with dark brown and edged with pale blue4 ,on the under side they are mottled brown1 shaded with pale purplish1 and have a silvery mark shaped like a semicolon on the hind wings4 ,the dimorphic variety umbrosa1 ,lintner1 has the upper side of the hind wings almost entirely black1 except at the base4 ,expanse1 #b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been frequently described1 and the reader who wishes to know all about the minute details of the life-history will do well to consult the pages of ,edwards and ,scudder1 who have written voluminously upon the subject4 ,the food-plants are the elm1 the hop-vine1 and various species of nettles4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xix #a4 ,grapta interrogationis1 ,fabricius1 var4 fabricii1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,grapta interrogations1 ,fabricius1 var4 umbrosa1 ,lintner1 4 #c4 ,grapta comma1 ,harris1 var4 dryas1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,grapta comma1 ,harris1 var4 harrisi1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,grapta silenas1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,grapta silenus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,grapta hylas1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,grapta hylas1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #i4 ,vanessa j-album1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 4 #aj4 ,grapta gracilis1 ,grote and ,robinson1 4 #aa4 ,grapta gracilis1 ,grote and ,robinson1 1 under side4 #ab4 ,grapta faunus1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,grapta faunus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ad4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edwards1 var4 marsyas1 ,edwards1 4 #ae4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edwards1 var4 marsyas1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,this is one of our commonest butterflies4 ,it is double-brooded in the ,middle ,states4 ,it hibernates in the imago form4 ,when the first warm winds of spring begin to blow1 it may be found at the sap-pans in the sugar-camps1 sipping the sweets which drip from the wounded trunks of the maples4 ,it ranges all over the ,united ,states1 except the ,pacific coast1 and is common throughout ,canada and ,nova ,scotia4 7#b7 ,grapta comma1 ,harris1 form dryas1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 form harrisi1 ,edwards1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ch1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #bg1 #bi1 #cj1 #ci1 #df-dh1 chrysalis 7,the ,comma ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,dimorphic1 in the form dryas with the hind wings heavily suffused with black1 in the form harrisi predominantly fulvous4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,the caterpillars feed upon the ,urticace1 and are very common upon the nettle4 ,they vary greatly in color1 some being almost snow-white4 ,this species is found throughout ,canada and the adjacent provinces1 and ranges south to the ,carolinas and ,texas and over the ,northwestern ,states4 7#c7 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side2 form marsyas1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cc1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #da1 #db1 chrysalis 7,the ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,the species is so accurately depicted in the plates that a description is hardly necessary4 ,the form marsyas is smaller1 brighter1 and with the dark spots on the upper side of the hind wings reduced in size4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,the food-plant of the caterpillar is the nettle4 ,it occurs occasionally in ,ontario1 and thence ranges west1 being not uncommon from ,colorado to ,california and ,oregon4 7#d7 ,grapta hylas1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side 7,the ,colorado ,angle-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the butterfly closely resembles ,g4 silenus on the upper side1 but may easily be distinguished by the uniform pale purplish-gray of the lower side of the wings4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,the early stages are unknown4 ,the insect has thus far been found only in ,colorado1 but no doubt occurs in other ,states of the ,rocky ,mountain region4 7#e7 ,grapta faunus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,fig4 #ac1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cb1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ca1 #cc-ce1 chrysalis 7,the ,faun74 ,butterfly4--,this species is readily recognized by the deep indentations of the hind wings1 the heavy black border1 and the dark tints of the under side mottled with paler shades4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4ae inches4 ,the caterpillar feeds on willows4 ,it is found from ,new ,england to the ,carolinas1 and thence westward to the ,pacific4 7#f7 ,grapta zephyrus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,the ,zephyr74 ,butterfly4--,fulvous1 marked with yellowish toward the outer margins1 the dark markings upon which are not as heavy as in the other species of the genus4 ,on the under side the wings are paler than is the case in other species1 reddish-brown1 marbled with darker brown lines and frecklings4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,the caterpillar1 which feeds upon ,azalea occidentalis1 is described and figured by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 i4 ,zephyrus is found throughout the region of the ,rocky ,mountains1 from ,colorado to ,california1 and from ,oregon to ,new ,mexico4 7#g7 ,grapta gracilis1 ,grote and ,robinson1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 1 under side 7,the ,graceful ,angle-wing74 ,butterfly4--,a small species1 rather heavily marked with dark brown or blackish on the upper side4 ,the wings on the under side are very dark1 crossed about the middle by a pale-gray or white band shading off toward the outer margins4 ,this light band serves as a means of easily identifying the species4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,the early stages are unknown4 ,the species has been found on the ,white ,mountains in ,new ,hampshire1 in ,maine1 ,canada1 and ,british ,america1 as far west as ,alaska4 7#h7 ,grapta silenus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,silenus74 ,butterfly4--,larger than gracilis1 and the wings more deeply excised1 as in faunus4 ,on the under side the wings are very dark1 with lighter irrorations1 especially on the fore wings4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4cj inches4 ,the early stages have never been studied4 ,this species appears to be found only in ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,british ,columbia4 7#i7 ,grapta progne1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ca1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #cb1 #cg1 #ch1 chrysalis 7,progne74 ,butterfly4--,a rather small species1 with light-fulvous fore wings1 shading into yellow toward the outer margins2 the dark markings slight1 but deep in color4 ,the secondaries are heavily bordered with black on the outer margin4 ,on the under side the wings are very dark1 variegated with paler shades1 somewhat as in ,g4 gracilis4 ,expanse1 #a4he-b4jj inches4 ,the early stages have been quite fully described by various authors1 and the reader may consult ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bff-bfh1 for a full account4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the elm1 but more commonly on various species of the ,grossulace1 or currant tribe1 wild or domesticated4 ,it ranges from ,siberia to ,nova ,scotia1 and southward as far as ,pennsylvania4 ,there are several other species of ,grapta found in our fauna1 which are not delineated in this book2 but they are rare species1 of which little is as yet known4 ,the types are in the collection of the writer1 and if the reader finds any species which he cannot identify by means of this book the author will be pleased to help him to the full extent of his ability4 ,genus ,,vanessa1 ,fabricius 7,the ,tortoise-shells7 ,illustration ,,fig4 #if4--,neuration of the genus ,vanessa4 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized insects1 the wings on the upper side generally some shade of black or brown1 marked with red1 yellow1 or orange4 ,the head is moderately large1 the eyes hairy1 the palpi more or less heavily scaled1 the prothoracic legs feeble and hairy4 ,the lower discocellular vein of the fore wings1 when present1 unites with the third median nervule1 not at its origin1 but beyond on the curve4 ,the cell of the primaries may or may not be closed4 ,the cell of the secondaries is open4 ,the fore wings have the outer margin more or less deeply excavated between the extremities of the upper radial and the first median1 at which points the wings are rather strongly produced4 ,the hind wings have the outer margin denticulate1 strongly produced at the extremity of the third median nervule4 ,egg4--,short1 ovoid1 broad at the base1 tapering toward the summit1 which is broad and adorned with a few narrow1 quite high longitudinal ridges1 increasing in height toward the apex4 ,between these ribs are a few delicate cross-lines4 ,they are generally laid in large clusters upon twigs of the food-plant4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar moults four times4 ,in the mature form it is cylindrical1 the segments adorned with long1 branching spines arranged in longitudinal rows2 the spines much longer1 and branching rather than beset with bristles1 as in the genus ,grapta4 ,it lives upon elms1 willows1 and poplars4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis in general appearance is not unlike the chrysalis of ,grapta4 ,the genus is mainly restricted to the north temperate zone and the mountain regions of tropical lands adjacent thereto4 ,the insects hibernate in the imago form1 and are among the first butterflies to take wing in the springtime4 7#a7 ,vanessa j-album1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xix1 ,fig4 #i1 7,the ,compton ,tortoise74 ,butterfly4--,no description is required1 as the figure in the plate will enable it to be immediately recognized4 ,on the under side of the wings it resembles in color the species of the genus ,grapta1 from which the straight edge of the inner margin of the primaries at once distinguishes it4 ,it is a very close ally of the ,european ,v4 vau-album4 ,expanse1 #b4fj-b4ge inches4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon various species of willow4 ,it is a ,northern form1 being found in ,pennsylvania upon the summits of the ,alleghanies1 and thence north to ,labrador on the east and ,alaska on the west4 ,it is always a rather scarce insect4 7#b7 ,vanessa californica1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,the ,california ,tortoise-shell74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side deep fulvous1 mottled with yellow1 spotted and bordered with black4 ,on the under side dark brown2 pale on the outer half of the primaries1 the entire surface marked with dark lines and fine stri4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the larva and chrysalis have been described by ,henry ,edwards in the ,proceedings of the ,california ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 v1 p4 #aga4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon ,ceanothus thyrsiflorus4 ,this insect is a close ally of the ,european ,v4 xanthomelas4 ,it ranges from ,colorado to ,california and as far north as ,oregon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xx #a4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,grapta satyrus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #c4 ,grapta progne1 ,cramer1 4 #d4 ,grapta progne1 ,cramer1 1 under side4 #e4 ,grapta zephyrus1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,grapta zephyrus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,junonia coenia1 ,hbner1 4 #h4 ,junonia lavinia1 ,cramer1 4 #i4 ,junonia genoveva1 ,cramer1 4 #aj4 ,vanessa milberti1 ,godart1 4 #aa4 ,vanessa californica1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,pyrameis cary1 ,hbner1 4 #ac4 ,anartia jatroph1 ,linnus1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xx4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#c7 ,vanessa milberti1 ,godart1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cf1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #dc1 #di1 #ej1 chrysalis 7,milbert's ,tortoise-shell74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by the broad yellow submarginal band on both wings1 shaded outwardly by red4 ,it is nearly related to the ,european ,v4 urtic4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,the life-history has been worked out and described by numerous writers4 ,the caterpillars feed upon the nettle 7,urtica74 ,this pretty little fly ranges from the mountains of ,west ,virginia northward to ,nova ,scotia and ,newfoundland1 thence westward to the ,pacific4 7#d7 ,vanessa antiopa1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bh1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ea1 #eh1 #ei1 chrysalis 7,the ,mourning-cloak2 ,the ,camberwell ,beauty74 ,butterfly4--,this familiar insect needs no description4 ,it is well known to every boy in the north temperate zone4 ,it is one of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful species of the tribe4 ,a rare aberration in which the yellow border invades the wing nearly to the middle1 obliterating the blue spots1 is sometimes found4 ,the author has a fine example of this freak4 ,the eggs are laid in clusters upon the twigs of the food-plant in spring 7see p4 #e1 ,fig4 #aa74 ,there are at least two broods in the ,northern ,states4 ,the caterpillars feed on willows1 elms1 and various species of the genus ,populus4 ,genus ,,pyrameis1 ,doubleday ,butterfly4--,the wings in their neuration approach closely to the preceding genus1 but are not angulate1 and the ornamentation of the under side tends to become ocellate1 or marked by eye-like spots1 and in many of the species is ocellate4 ,egg4--,the egg is broadly ovoid1 being much like the egg of the genus ,vanessa4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar in its mature form is covered with spines1 but these are not relatively as large as in ,vanessa1 and are not as distinctly branching4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis approaches in outline the chrysalis of the preceding genus1 and is only differentiated by minor structural peculiarities4 ,the genus includes only a few species1 but some of them have a wide range1 ,pyrameis cardui being almost cosmopolitan1 and having a wider distribution than any other known butterfly4 7#a7 ,pyrameis atalanta1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ce1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 chrysalis 7,the ,red ,admiral74 ,this familiar butterfly1 which is found throughout ,north ,america1 ,europe1 northern ,asia1 and ,africa1 needs no description beyond what is furnished in the plates4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,the food-plants are ,humulus1 ,boehmeria1 and ,urtica4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ig4--,neuration of the genus ,pyrameis4 7#b7 ,pyrameis huntera1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cd1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ed1 #fc1 #fd1 chrysalis 7,hunter's ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,marked much like the following species1 but easily distinguished at a glance by the two large eye-like spots on the under side of the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been frequently described1 and are in part well depicted in ,plates ,,iii and ,,iv4 ,the food-plants are cudweed 7,gnaphalium7 and ,antennaria4 ,hunter's ,butterfly ranges from ,nova ,scotia to ,mexico and ,central ,america east of the ,sierras4 7#c7 ,pyrameis cardui1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #cg1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #fj-fb1 chrysalis 7,the ,painted ,lady2 ,the ,thistle-butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this is undoubtedly the most widely distributed of all known butterflies1 being found in almost all parts of the temperate regions of the earth and in many tropical lands in both hemispheres4 ,it is easily distinguished from the preceding species by the more numerous and much smaller eye-like spots on the under side of the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been again and again described at great length and with minute particularity by a score of authors4 ,the food-plants of the caterpillar are thistles 7,carduus71 ,urtica1 ,cnicus1 and ,altha4 7#d7 ,pyrameis cary1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,west ,coast ,lady74 ,butterfly4--,this species is easily distinguished from ,p4 cardui1 its nearest ally1 by the absence of the roseate tint peculiar to that species1 the tawnier ground-color of the upper surfaces1 and the complete black band which crosses the middle of the cell of the primaries4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not all been thoroughly described1 but we have an account of the larva and chrysalis from the pen of ,henry ,edwards1 in the ,proceedings of the ,california ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 v1 p4 #cbi4 ,the food-plant of the caterpillar is ,lavatera assurgentiflora4 ,this species ranges from ,vancouver's ,island to ,argentina1 and is found as far east as ,utah4 ,,widely ,,distributed ,,butterflies ,the primal curse declared that the earth1 because of man's sin1 should bring forth thorns and thistles1 and thistles are almost everywhere4 ,wherever thistles grow1 there is found the thistle-butterfly1 or the ,painted ,lady1 as ,english collectors are in the habit of calling it1 ,pyrameis cardui4 ,all over ,europe1 all over ,north ,america1 in ,africa1--save in the dense jungles of the ,congo1--throughout ,south ,america1 in far-off ,australia1 and in many of the islands of the sea this beautiful butterfly is found4 ,at some times it is scarce1 and then again there are seasons when it fairly swarms1 every thistle-top having one of the gaily colored creatures seated upon its head1 and among the thorny environment of the leaves being found the web which the caterpillar weaves4 ,another butterfly which bids fair ultimately to take possession of the earth is our own ,anosia plexippus1 the wanderings of which have already been alluded to4 ,many species are found in the arctic regions both of the ,old ,world and the ,new4 ,obscure forms are these1 and lowly in their organization1 survivors of the ice-age1 hovering on the borderline of eternal frost1 and pointing to the long-distant time when the great land-masses about the northern pole were knit together1 as geologists teach us4 ,one of the curious phenomena in the distribution of butterflies is the fact that in ,florida we find ,hypolimnas misippus1 a species which is exceedingly common in ,africa and in the ,indo-,malayan subregion4 ,another curious phenomenon of a like character is the presence in the ,canary ,islands of a ,pyrameis1 which appears to be only a subvariety of the well-known ,pyrameis indica1 which is common in ,india1 southern ,china1 and ,japan4 ,away off in southeastern ,africa1 upon the peaks and foot-hills which surround the huge volcanic masses of ,kilima-,njaro1 ,kenia1 and ,ruwenzori1 was discovered by the martyred ,bishop ,hannington a beautiful species of ,argynnis1 representing a genus nowhere else found upon the continent of ,africa south of ,mediterranean lands4 ,strange isolation this for a butterfly claiming kin to the fritillaries that sip the sweets from clover-blossoms in the ,bernese ,oberland1 in the valleys of ,thibet1 and on the prairies of the ,united ,states4 ,genus ,,junonia1 ,hbner 7,peacock ,butterflies7 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized butterflies1 with eye-like spots upon the upper wings4 ,their neuration is very much like that of the butterflies belonging to the genus ,pyrameis1 to which they are closely allied4 ,the eyes are naked1 the fore feet are scantily clothed with hair1 and the lower discocellular vein of the fore wing1 when present1 does not terminate on the arch of the third median nervule before its origin1 as in the genus ,vanessa1 but immediately at the origin of the third median nervule4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ih4--,neuration of the genus ,junonia4 ,egg4--,broader than high1 the top flattened1 marked by ten vertical ribs1 very narrow1 but not very high4 ,between the ribs are a few delicate cross-lines4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 the segments being adorned with rows of branching spines and longitudinally striped4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is arched on the dorsal surface and marked by two rows of dorsal tubercles1 concave on the ventral side4 ,the head is slightly bifid1 with the vertices rounded4 ,there are eighteen or more species which belong to this genus1 of which some are neotropical1 but the greater number are found in the tropical regions of the ,old ,world4 ,three forms occur within the limits of the ,united ,states1 which have by some authors been reckoned as distinct species1 and by others are regarded merely as varietal forms4 7#a7 ,junonia coenia1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cj1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ef1 #eg1 #fe-fg1 chrysalis 7,the ,buckeye74 ,butterfly4--,the figure in the plate is far better than any verbal description4 ,on the under side the eye-like spots of the upper side are reproduced1 but are much smaller1 especially on the hind wings4 ,there is much variety in the ground-color of the wings on the under side4 ,some specimens are reddish-gray1 and some are quite heavily and solidly pinkish-red on the secondaries4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be inches4 ,egg4--,the egg is dark green4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is dark in color1 longitudinally striped1 and adorned with branching spines1 two of which are on the head and point forward4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is generally pale wood-brown1 strongly arched on the dorsal and concave on the ventral side4 ,it always hangs at less than a right angle to the surface from which it depends4 ,this is a very common butterfly in the ,southern ,states1 ranging northward as far as ,new ,england1 westward to the ,pacific1 and southward to ,colombia4 ,the caterpillar feeds on various species of plantain 7,plantago71 also ,gerardia and ,antirrhinum4 ,when ,i was a lad in western ,north ,carolina these insects fairly swarmed one summer2 thousands of the caterpillars could be found in worn-out fields1 feeding on the narrow-leaved plantain1 and every fence-rail had one or more of their chrysalids hanging from the under side4 ,i have never seen such multitudes of this species since then4 ,the butterflies are quite pugnacious1 and will fight with other passing butterflies1 dashing forth upon them1 and chasing them away4 7#b7 ,junonia lavinia1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #h1 7,lavinia74 ,butterfly4--,this species may be distinguished by the more rounded apex and the more deeply excavated outer margin of the fore wings1 and also by the decided elongation of the outer margin of the hind wings at the end of the submedian vein4 ,the wings are paler on the upper side than in the preceding species1 and the eye-like spots much smaller4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,the early stages are not accurately known4 ,the insect is common in the ,antilles and ,south ,america1 but is only now and then taken in the extreme southern parts of ,texas4 7#c7 ,junonia genoveva1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #i1 7,genoveva74 ,butterfly4--,much darker above than either of the two preceding species4 ,the transverse subapical band is pale yellow1 almost white2 the ocelli of the wings are more as in lavinia than in coenia4 ,expanse1 about #b4jj inches4 ,this form1 if found at all in our fauna1 is confined to the extreme ,south4 ,i have seen and possess some specimens reputed to have come from ,texas4 ,the specimen figured in the plate was taken in ,jamaica1 where this form is prevalent4 ,genus ,,anartia1 ,doubleday ,butterfly4--,the head is small2 the eyes are round and prominent2 the tongue is long2 the antenn are relatively long1 having the club short1 compressed1 and pointed4 ,the palpi have the second joint thick1 the third joint gradually tapering and lightly clothed with scales4 ,the fore wings are rounded at the apex1 and have the outer and inner margins somewhat excavated4 ,the outer margin of the hind wings is sinuous1 produced at the end of the third median nervule4 ,the cell of the hind wing is open4 ,the subcostal nervules in the fore wing are remarkable because of the tendency of the first and second to fuse with the costal vein4 ,the prothoracic feet of the male are small and weak2 of the female1 stronger4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ii4--,neuration of the genus ,anartia4 ,early ,stages4--,these1 so far as is known to the writer1 await description4 ,there are four species belonging to this genus1 only one of which is found within the limits of the ,united ,states4 ,the others are found in ,central and ,south ,america4 7#a7 ,anartia jatroph1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xx1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,white ,peacock74 ,butterfly4--,there can be no mistake made in the identification of this species if the figure we give is consulted4 ,the male and female are much alike4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,so far as is known to me1 these have never been described4 ,the butterfly is common throughout the tropics of the ,new ,world1 and is occasionally found in southern ,texas and ,florida4 ,genus ,,hypanartia1 ,hbner 7,the ,banded ,reds7 ,butterfly4--,the palpi of medium size1 well clothed with scales2 the second joint moderately thick2 the third very little thinner1 blunt at the tip4 ,the antenn have a distinct1 short1 well-rounded club4 ,the fore wings have the first two subcostal nervules arising before the end of the cell1 close to each other4 ,the third subcostal arises midway between the end of the cell and the origin of the fourth subcostal4 ,the cell of the fore wing is closed by a stout lower discocellular vein which is more or less continuous with the third median nervule4 ,the hind wing has the cell open or only partially closed4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajj4--,neuration of the genus ,hypanartia4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is known of the early stages of this genus4 ,the species reckoned as belonging to ,hypanartia number less than a dozen1 most of which are found in tropical ,america1 but1 singularly enough1 two species occur in tropical and southern ,africa1 and another has been described from ,madagascar4 7#a7 ,hypanartia lethe1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,lethe74 ,this very handsome insect1 which is quite common in tropical ,america1 is another straggler into our fauna1 being occasionally found in southern ,texas4 ,but little is known of its early life-history4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,genus ,,eunica1 ,hbner 7,the ,violet-wings7 ,butterfly4--,the head is narrow1 hairy2 the eyes prominent4 ,the antenn are long and slender1 having a greatly enlarged club marked with two grooves4 ,the palpi have the third joint in the case of the female longer than in the case of the male4 ,they are relatively short1 thickly clothed with hairs and scales lying closely appressed to the surface4 ,the fore wing has the costal and median vein enlarged and swollen at the base4 ,the subcostal has five nervules1 the first two of which arise before the end of the cell1 the third midway between the end of the cell and the fourth nervule4 ,the upper discocellular vein is wanting2 the middle discocellular vein is bent inwardly2 the lower discocellular vein is somewhat weak and joins the median vein exactly at the origin of the second median nervule4 ,the cell of the hind wing is lightly closed4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is known of the early stages of this genus4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aja4--,neuration of the genus ,eunica4 ,the butterflies are characterized by the dark-brown or black ground-color of the upper side1 generally glossed with rich blue or purple4 ,on the under side the markings are exceedingly variable and in most cases very beautiful4 ,the genus is characteristic of the neotropical fauna1 and there are over sixty species which have been described4 ,the males are said by ,bates1 to whom we are indebted for most of our knowledge of these insects1 to have the habit of congregating about noon and in the early afternoon in moist places by the banks of streams1 returning toward nightfall to the haunts of the females4 ,in this respect they resemble club-men1 who at the same hours are generally to be found congregating where there is something to drink4 ,only two species are found in our region1 and are confined to the hottest parts of ,texas and ,florida1 ranging thence southward over the ,antilles and ,central ,america as far as ,bolivia4 7#a7 ,eunica monima1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,the ,dingy ,purple-wing74 ,butterfly4--,this obscure little butterfly represents in ,florida and ,texas the great genus to which it belongs1 and gives but a feeble idea of the splendid character of its congeners1 among which are some exceedingly beautiful insects4 ,nothing is known of its life-history4 ,it is common in the ,antilles and ,mexico4 ,another species of the genus1 ,eunica tatila1 has recently been reported from the extreme southern portion of ,florida4 ,genus ,,cystineura1 ,boisduval ,and here and yonder a flaky butterfly ,was doubting in the air4 ,,mcdonald4 ,butterfly4--,small butterflies1 with elongated fore wings1 the hind wings with the outer margin rounded1 slightly crenulate4 ,the head is small2 the palpi are very delicate and thin1 scantily clothed with scales4 ,the costal vein of the fore wing is much swollen near the base4 ,the subcostal vein of this wing sends forth two branches before the end of the cell4 ,the upper discocellular vein is lacking2 the middle discocellular is short and bent inwardly2 the lower discocellular is almost obliterated1 and reaches the median vein at the origin of the second median nervule4 ,in the hind wing the cell is open1 and the two radial veins spring from the same point4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajb4--,neuration of the genus ,cystineura4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is as yet definitely ascertained as to these4 ,but one species is found within the limits covered by this work4 ,seven species have been described1 all of them inhabiting ,central or ,south ,america4 7#a7 ,cystineura amymone1 ,mntries1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #g1 7,amymone74 ,butterfly4--,the fore wings are white on the upper side1 dusted with gray at the base1 on the costa1 the apex1 and the outer margin4 ,the hind wings are gray on the basal area1 pale yellowish-brown on the limbal area1 with a narrow fuscous margin4 ,on the under side the markings of the upper side reappear1 the gray tints being replaced by yellow4 ,the hind wings are yellowish1 with a white transverse band near the base and an incomplete series of white spots on the limbal area4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,the early stages await description4 ,the insect is found about ,brownsville1 ,texas1 and throughout ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,genus ,,callicore1 ,hbner 7,the ,leopard-spots7 ,butterfly4--,small-sized butterflies1 with the upper side of the wings dark in color1 marked with bands of shining metallic blue or silvery-green1 the under side of the wings generally more or less brilliantly colored1 carmine upon the primaries and silvery-white upon the secondaries1 with the apex of the primaries marked with black transverse bands and the body of the secondaries traversed by curiously arranged bands of deep black1 these bands inclosing about the middle of the wing circular or pear-shaped spots4 ,all of the subcostal nervules in this genus arise beyond the end of the cell4 ,the costal and the median veins are swollen near the base4 ,the cell in both the fore and hind wings is open4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajc4--,neuration of the genus ,callicore4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is known of these4 ,this genus numbers about thirty species1 almost all of which are found in ,south ,america1 only one being known to inhabit the ,united ,states1 being found in the extreme southern portion of ,florida1 and there only rarely4 7#a7 ,callicore clymena1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,the ,leopard-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are black1 the primaries crossed by an oblique iridescent bluish-green band1 and the secondaries marked by a similarly colored marginal band4 ,on the under side the primaries are crimson from the base to the outer third1 which is white1 margined with black1 and crossed by an outer narrow black band and an inner broad black band4 ,the secondaries on this side are white1 marked about the middle by two large coalescing black spots1 and nearer the costa a large pear-shaped spot1 both ringed about with black lines4 ,beyond these black rings are two black bands conformed to the outline of the inner and outer margins of the wing1 and1 in addition1 a fine black marginal line4 ,the costa is edged with crimson4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxi #a4 ,timetes coresia1 ,godart1 4 #b4 ,timetes coresia1 ,godart1 1 under side4 #c4 ,timetes petreus1 ,cramer1 4 #d4 ,timetes chiron1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,callicore clymena1 ,cramer1 4 #f4 ,callicore clymena1 ,cramer1 1 under side4 #g4 ,eunica monima1 ,cramer1 4 #h4 ,eunica monima1 ,cramer1 4 #i4 ,hypolimnas misippus1 ,linnus1 4 #aj4 ,hypolimnas misippus1 ,linnus1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the ,leopard-spot is found occasionally in ,florida1 but quite commonly in the ,antilles1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 ,genus ,,timetes1 ,boisduval 7,the ,dagger-wings7 ,butterfly4--,the palpi are moderately long1 thickly clothed with scales1 the last joint elongated and pointed4 ,the antenn have a well-developed club4 ,the fore wings and the hind wings have the cell open4 ,in the fore wing the subcostal vein1 which has five branches1 emits the first nervule well before the end of the cell1 the second a little beyond it1 and the third and fourth near together1 before the apex of the wing4 ,the third median nervule of the hind wing is greatly produced and forms the support of the long tail which adorns this wing4 ,between the end of the submedian vein and the first median nervule is another lobe-like prolongation of the outer margin of the wing4 ,the butterflies are characterized for the most part by dark upper surfaces1 with light under surfaces marked with broad bands and lines of varying intensity of color4 ,they are easily distinguished from the butterflies of all other genera of the ,nymphalid by the remarkable tail-like appendage of the hind wing1 giving them somewhat the appearance of miniature ,papilionid4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajd4--,neuration of the genus ,timetes4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing of note has been recorded of their early stages which may be accepted as reliable1 and there is an opportunity here for study and research4 ,there are about twenty-five species belonging to the genus1 all found within the tropical regions of ,america4 ,four species are occasionally taken in the extreme southern portions of ,florida and ,texas4 ,they are all1 however1 very common in the ,antilles1 ,mexico1 and more southern lands4 7#a7 ,timetes coresia1 ,godart1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side 7,the ,waiter74 ,butterfly4--,easily recognized by means of our figures1 which show that this creature deserves the trivial name ,i have bestowed upon it4 ,in its dark coat and white vest it gracefully attends the feasts of ,flora4 ,expanse1 #b4ej inches4 ,so far as ,i am aware1 nothing reliable has been recorded as to the early stages of this insect4 ,it is occasionally found in ,texas4 7#b7 ,timetes petreus1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #c1 7,the ,ruddy ,dagger-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is accurately delineated in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are pale1 with the dark bands of the upper side reproduced4 ,expanse1 #b4fj inches4 ,it occurs in southern ,florida and ,texas1 and elsewhere in tropical ,america4 7#c7 ,timetes chiron1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,many-banded ,dagger-wing74 ,butterfly4--,easily recognized by means of the figure in the plate4 ,like the preceding species1 this is occasionally found in ,texas4 ,it is very common in ,mexico1 ,south ,america1 and the ,antilles4 ,genus ,,hypolimnas1 ,hbner 7,the ,tropic ,queens7 ,butterfly4--,eyes naked4 ,the palpi are produced1 rising above the head1 heavily scaled4 ,the antenn have a well-developed1 finely pointed club4 ,the fore wings have stout costal and median veins4 ,the subcostal throws out five nervules1 the first two before the end of the cell1 the third midway between the end of the cell and the outer border2 the fourth and the fifth diverge from each other midway between the third and the outer border1 and both terminate below the apex4 ,the upper discocellular vein is wanting2 the middle discocellular vein is bent inwardly2 the lower discocellular is very weak1 and1 in some species1 wanting4 ,the cell of the hind wing is lightly closed4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 thickest toward the middle4 ,the head is adorned with two erect rugose spines2 the segments have dorsal rows of branching spines1 and three lateral rows on either side of the shorter spines4 ,it feeds on various species of malvaceous plants and also on the common portulaca4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is thick1 with the head obtusely pointed2 the abdominal segments adorned with a double row of tubercles4 ,the thorax is convex4 ,this genus1 which includes a large number of species1 reaches its fullest development in the tropics of the ,old ,world1 and includes some of the most beautiful1 as well as the most singular1 forms1 which mimic the protected species of the ,euploein1 or milkweed butterflies1 of the ,indo-,malayan and ,ethiopian regions4 ,in some way one of the most widely spread of these species1 which is found throughout the tropics of ,asia and ,africa1 has obtained lodgment upon the soil of the ,new ,world1 and is occasionally found in ,florida1 where it is by no means common4 ,it may be that it was introduced from ,africa in the time of the slave-trade1 having been accidentally brought over by ship4 ,that this is not impossible is shown by the fact that the writer has1 on several occasions1 obtained in the city of ,pittsburgh specimens of rare and beautiful tropical insects which emerged from chrysalids that were found attached to bunches of bananas brought from ,honduras4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aje4--,neuration of the genus ,hypolimnas4 7#a7 ,hypolimnas misippus1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,mimic74 ,butterfly1 4--,on the upper side the wings are velvety-black1 with two conspicuous white spots on the fore wing1 and a larger one on the middle of the hind wing1 the margins of these spots reflecting iridescent purple4 ,on the under side the wings are white1 intricately marked with black lines1 and black and reddish-ochraceous spots and shades4 4--,the female mimics two or three forms of an ,oriental milkweed butterfly1 the pattern of the upper side of the wings conforming to that of the variety of the protected species which is most common in the region where the insect is found4 ,the species mimicked is ,danais chrysippus1 of which at least three varietal forms or local races are known4 ,the ,american butterfly conforms in the female sex to the typical ,d4 chrysippus1 to which it presents upon the upper side a startling likeness4 ,on the under side it is marked much as the male4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej inches2 1 #c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,what has been said as to the early stages in the description of the genus must suffice for the species4 ,but little is as yet accurately known upon the subject4 ,the range of ,h4 misippus is southern ,florida1 the ,antilles1 and the northern parts of ,south ,america4 ,it is not common on this side of the ,atlantic1 but very common in ,africa1 tropical ,asia1 and the islands south as far as northern ,australia4 ,genus ,,basilarchia1 ,scudder 7,the ,white ,admirals7 ,butterfly4--,head large2 the eyes are large1 naked2 the antenn are moderately long1 with a distinct club2 the palpi are compact1 stout1 produced1 densely scaled4 ,the fore wings are subtriangular1 the apex well rounded1 the lower two thirds of the outer margin slightly excavated4 ,the first two subcostal nervules arise before the end of the cell4 ,the hind wings are rounded1 crenulate4 ,egg4--,nearly spherical1 with the surface pitted with large hexagonal cells 7see p4 #c1 ,fig4 #a74 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar in its mature state is cylindrical1 somewhat thicker before than behind1 with the second segment adorned with two prominent rugose club-shaped tubercles4 ,the fifth segment1 and the ninth and tenth segments also1 are ornamented with dorsal prominences 7see p4 #h1 ,fig4 #bj74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajf4--,neuration of the genus ,basilarchia4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is suspended by a stout cremaster2 the abdominal segments are rounded4 ,on the middle of the dorsum is a prominent projecting boss4 ,the thorax is rounded4 ,the head is rounded or slightly bifid4 ,the caterpillars feed upon the leaves of various species of oak1 birch1 willow1 and linden4 ,the eggs are laid upon the extreme tip of the leaves1 and the infant caterpillar1 feeding upon the leaf in immediate proximity to the point where it has been hatched1 attaches bits of bitten leaf by strands of silk to the midrib1 thus stiffening its perch and preventing its curling as the rib dries4 ,out of bits of leaves thus detached it constructs a packet of material1 which it moves forward along the midrib until it has completed its second moult4 ,by this time winter begins to come on1 and it cuts away for itself the material of the leaf on either side of the rib1 from the tip toward the base1 glues the rib of the leaf to the stem by means of silk1 draws together the edges of the remaining portions of the leaf1 and constructs a tube-like hibernaculum1 or winter quarters1 exactly fitting the body1 in which it passes the winter4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajg4--,leaf cut away at end by caterpillar of ,basilarchia 7,riley74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,hibernaculum1 or winter quarters1 of larva of ,basilarchia4 ,there are a number of species of the genus found in the ,united ,states1 the habits of which have been carefully studied1 and they are among our most interesting butterflies1 several species being mimics of protected species4 7#a7 ,basilarchia astyanax1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #ag1 #ba1 #be1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac1 chrysalis 7,the ,red-spotted ,purple74 ,butterfly4--,this common but most beautiful species is sufficiently characterized by the plate so far as the upper surface is concerned4 ,on the under side the wings are brownish1 banded with black on the margins2 the lunules are on this side as above1 but the inner band of spots is red4 ,there are two red spots at the base of the fore wings1 and four at the base of the hind wings4 ,the palpi are white below1 and the abdomen is marked with a lateral white line on each side4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4be inches4 ,egg4--,the egg1 which resembles somewhat closely that of ,b4 disippus 7see p4 #c1 ,fig4 #a71 is yellowish-green1 gradually turning dark brown as the time for the emergence of the caterpillar approaches4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is so well delineated in ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ag1 as to obviate the necessity for a lengthy verbal description4 ,chrysalis4--,what has been said of the caterpillar is also true of the chrysalis 7see ,plate ,,iv74 ,the larva feeds upon the willow1 cherry1 apple1 linden 7,tilia71 huckleberry1 currant1 and other allied shrubs and trees4 ,the butterfly is somewhat variable1 and a number of varietal forms have been described4 ,it ranges generally over the ,united ,states and southern ,canada as far as the ,rocky ,mountain ranges in the ,west1 and is even said to occur at high elevations in ,mexico4 7#b7 ,basilarchia arthemis1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #d1 1 form lamina1 ,fabricius2 ,fig4 #e1 1 form proserpina1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bf1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ad1 #bc1 chrysalis 7,the ,banded ,purple74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished in the form lamina from astyanax1 which in other respects it somewhat closely resembles1 by the broad white bands crossing both the fore wings and the hind wings1 and followed on the secondaries by a submarginal row of red spots shading inwardly into blue4 ,in the form proserpina there is a tendency on the part of the white bands to become obsolete1 and in some specimens they do entirely disappear4 ,the likeness to astyanax in such cases is striking1 and the main point by which the forms may then be discriminated is the persistence of the red spots on the upper side of the secondaries2 but even these frequently are obsolete4 ,expanse1 #b4ej inches4 ,egg4--,the egg is grayish-green1 with kite-shaped cells4 ,caterpillar4--,greenish-or olive-brown1 blotched with white in its mature form1 which is well represented in ,plate ,,iii4 ,it feeds upon the willow1 the hawthorn 7,cratgus71 and probably other plants4 ,chrysalis4--,the figure in ,plate ,,iv is sufficiently exact to obviate the necessity for further description4 ,this beautiful insect ranges through northern ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 ,quebec1 ,ontario1 and the watershed of the ,great ,lakes1 spreading southward at suitable elevations into ,pennsylvania4 ,i have taken it about ,cresson1 ,pennsylvania1 at an elevation of twenty-five hundred feet above sea-level4 ,it is not uncommon about ,meadville1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the species appears to be1 like all the others of the genus1 somewhat unstable and plastic1 or else hybridization is very frequent in this genus4 ,probably all the species have arisen from a common stock4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxii #a4 ,basilarchia astyanax1 ,fabricius1 4 #b4 ,heterochroa californica1 ,butler1 4 #c4 ,basilarchia lorquini1 ,boisduval1 4 #d4 ,basilarchia arthemis1 ,drury1 4 #e4 ,basilarchia arthemis1 ,drury1 var4 proserpina1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,basilarchia weidemeyeri1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#c7 ,basilarchia weidemeyeri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,weidemeyer's ,admiral74 ,butterfly4--,superficially like arthemis1 but easily distinguished by the absence of the lunulate marginal bands of blue on the margins of the hind wings and by the presence of a submarginal series of white spots on both wings4 ,expanse1 #c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,w4,h4 ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxiv1 p4 #ajg1 and show great likeness to the following species1 ,b4 disippus4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon cottonwood 7,populus74 ,the insect is found on the ,pacific slope and eastward to ,montana1 ,nebraska1 and ,new ,mexico4 7#d7 ,basilarchia disippus1 ,godart1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #ai1 #bb1 #bd1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ah-bj1 chrysalis 7,the ,viceroy74 ,butterfly4--,this species mimics ,anosia plexippus in a remarkable manner1 as may be seen by referring to ,plate ,,vii4 ,an aberration in which the mesial dark transverse band on the secondaries has disappeared was named pseudodorippus by ,dr4 ,strecker4 ,the type is in the ,mead collection1 now belonging to the writer4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have all been carefully studied by numerous writers4 ,the egg is depicted on p4 #c1 ,fig4 #a4 ,the caterpillar is shown on p4 #h1 as well as in ,plate ,,iii4 ,the species ranges everywhere from southern ,canada and ,british ,america into the ,gulf ,states4 7#e7 ,basilarchia hulsti1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,vii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,hulst's ,admiral74 ,butterfly4--,this form is apparently a mimic of ,anosia berenice4 ,the ground-color of the wings is not so bright as in ,b4 disippus1 and the mesial band of the secondaries on the upper side is relieved by a series of small whitish spots1 one on each interspace4 ,the perfect insect can easily be distinguished by its markings4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4fj inches4 ,thus far it is only known from ,utah and ,arizona4 ,the early stages have not been described4 7#f7 ,basilarchia lorquini1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,lorquin's ,admiral74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from all the other species of the genus by the yellowish-white bar near the end of the cell of the fore wings and the reddish color of the apex and upper margin of the same wings4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ge inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been partially described by ,henry ,edwards1 and minutely worked out by ,dr4 ,dyar1 for whose description the reader may consult the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #agb4 ,the food-plant of the caterpillar is ,populus1 willows1 and the choke-cherry 7,prunus demissa74 ,besides the forms figured in our plates there is a species in ,florida named floridensis by ,strecker1 and subsequently eros by ,edwards1 which is generally larger and much darker than ,b4 disippus1 which it otherwise closely approximates4 ,,the ,,butterflies' ,,fad ,i happened one night in my travels ,to stray into ,butterfly ,vale1 ,where my wondering eyes beheld butterflies ,with wings that were wide as a sail4 ,they lived in such houses of grandeur1 ,their days were successions of joys1 ,and the very last fad these butterflies had ,was making collections of boys4 ,there were boys of all sizes and ages ,pinned up on their walls4 ,when ,i said ',twas a terrible sight to see boys in that plight1 ,i was answered3 ',oh1 well1 they are dead4 ,we catch them alive1 but we kill them ,with ether--a very nice way3 ,just look at this fellow--his hair is so yellow1 ,and his eyes such a beautiful gray4 ',then there is a droll little darky1 ,as black as the clay at our feet2 ,he sets off that blond that is pinned just beyond ,in a way most artistic and neat4 ,and now let me show you the latest1-- ,a specimen really select1 ,a boy with a head that is carroty-red ,and a face that is funnily specked4 ',we cannot decide where to place him2 ,those spots bar him out of each class2 ,we think him a treasure to study at leisure ,and analyze under a glass4' ,i seemed to grow cold as ,i listened ,to the words that these butterflies spoke2 ,with fear overcome1 ,i was speechless and dumb1 ,and then with a start--,i awoke6 ,,ella ,,wheeler ,,wilcox4 ,genus ,,adelpha1 ,hbner 7,the ,sisters7 ,butterfly4--,this genus is very closely allied to the preceding1 and is the ,south ,american representative of ,basilarchia4 ,the only difference which is noticeable structurally is in the fact that the eyes are hairy1 the palpi not so densely clothed with scales4 ,the prothoracic legs of the males are smaller than in ,basilarchia4 ,the cell of the primaries is very slightly closed by the lower discocellular vein1 which reaches the median a little beyond the origin of the second median nervule4 ,the outer margin of the fore wing is rarely excavated1 as in ,basilarchia1 and the lower extremity of the hind wing near the anal angle is generally more produced than in the last-mentioned genus4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history of the genus has not been carefully worked out1 but an account has been published recently of the caterpillar of the only species found within our fauna1 which shows that1 while in general resembling the caterpillars of the genus ,basilarchia1 the segments are adorned with more branching spines and with short fleshy tubercles1 giving rise to small clusters of hairs4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aji4--,neuration of the genus ,adelpha4 ,the chrysalids are of peculiar form1 with bifid heads and broad wing-cases4 ,they are generally brown in color1 with metallic spots4 ,the only species in our fauna is confined to southern ,california1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 7#a7 ,adelpha californica1 ,butler1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,californian ,sister74 ,butterfly4--,easily recognized by the large subtriangular patch of orange-red at the apex of the primaries4 ,in its habits and manner of flight it closely resembles the species of the genus ,basilarchia4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,so far as is known to the writer1 these have not been described1 except partially by ,henry ,edwards in the ,proceedings of the ,california ,academy of ,sciences1 vol4 v1 p4 #aga4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon oaks4 ,the insect is found in ,california1 ,nevada1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 ,genus ,,chlorippe1 ,boisduval 7,the ,hackberry ,butterflies7 ,butterfly4--,small butterflies1 generally some shade of fulvous1 marked with eye-like spots on the posterior margin of the secondaries1 and occasionally upon the outer margin of the primaries1 the fore wings as well as the hind wings being in addition more or less strongly spotted and banded with black4 ,the eyes are naked2 the antenn are straight1 provided with a stout1 oval club2 the palpi are porrect1 the second joint heavily clothed with hairs1 the third joint short1 likewise covered with scales4 ,the costal vein of the fore wing is stout4 ,the first subcostal vein alone arises before the end of the cell4 ,the cell is open in both wings4 ,egg4--,the eggs1 which are deposited in clusters1 are nearly globular1 the summit broad and convex4 ,the egg is ornamented by from eighteen to twenty rather broad vertical ribs1 having no great elevation1 between which are numerous faint and delicate cross-lines4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aaj4--,neuration of the genus ,clorippe1 4 ,caterpillar4--,the head is subquadrate1 with the summit crowned by a pair of diverging stout coronal spines which have upon them a number of radiating spinules4 ,back of the head1 on the sides1 is a frill of curved spines4 ,the body is cylindrical1 thickest at the middle1 tapering forward and backward from this point4 ,the anal prolegs are widely divergent and elongated1 as in many genera of the ,satyrinoe4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is compressed laterally and keeled on the dorsal side1 concave on the ventral side1 the head distinctly bifid4 ,the cremaster is very remarkable1 presenting the appearance of a flattened disk1 the sides studded with hooks1 by means of which the chrysalis is attached to the surface1 from which it depends in such a manner that the ventral surface is parallel to the plane of support4 ,the caterpillars feed upon the ,celtis1 or hackberry4 ,there are a number of species1 mainly confined to the southwestern portion of the ,united ,states1 though some of them range southward into ,mexico4 ,two only are known in the ,middle ,states4 ,the species are double-brooded in the more northern parts of the country1 and the caterpillars produced from eggs laid by the second brood hibernate4 7#a7 ,chlorippe celtis1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 1 under side 7,the ,hackberry ,butterfly74 ,butterfly1 4--,the primaries at the base and the secondaries except at the outer angle pale olive-brown1 the rest of the wings black4 ,the dark apical tract of the primaries is marked by two irregular1 somewhat broken bands of white spots4 ,there is a red-ringed eye-spot between the first and second median nervules1 near the margin of the fore wing1 and there are six such spots on each hind wing4 ,on the under side the ground-color is grayish-purple2 the spots and markings of the upper side reappear on this side4 4--,the female has the wings1 as is always the case in this genus1 much broader and not so pointed at the apex of the primaries as in the male sex1 and the color is much paler4 ,expanse1 1 #a4hj inch2 1 #b4aj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these are beautifully described and delineated by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 ii4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the hackberry 7,celtis occidentalis74 ,this species is found generally from southern ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,illinois to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,it is not1 so far as is known1 found on the ,pacific coast4 7#b7 ,chlorippe antonia1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,antonia74 ,butterfly4--,bright yellowish-fulvous on the upper side4 ,easily distinguished from celtis by the two eye-spots near the margin of the primaries4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,antonia is found in ,texas4 7#c7 ,chlorippe montis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,the ,mountain ,emperor74 ,butterfly4--,very closely allied to ,c4 antonia in the style and location of the markings1 but tinted with pale ashen-gray on the upper side of the wings1 and not yellowish-fulvous as in the last-named species4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge inch2 1 #b4ae inches4 ,the early stages are unknown4 ,montis occurs in ,arizona and ,colorado1 and by some writers is regarded as a varietal form of antonia1 in which opinion they may be correct4 7#d7 ,chlorippe leilia1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,leilia74 ,butterfly4--,like antonia1 this species has two extra-median eye-spots on the primaries1 and thus may be distinguished from celtis4 ,from antonia it may be separated by its larger size and the deeper reddish-brown color of the upper surfaces4 ,expanse1 #b4aj-b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,so far we have received this butterfly only from ,arizona4 7#e7 ,chlorippe alicia1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 7,alicia74 ,butterfly4--,very bright fawn at the base of the wings1 shading into pale buff outwardly4 ,there is but one eye-spot on the primaries4 ,the six eye-spots on the secondaries are black and very conspicuous4 ,the marginal bands are darker and heavier than in any other species of the genus4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj inches2 1 #b4ej inches4 ,the early stages are only partially known4 ,alicia ranges through the ,gulf ,states from ,florida to ,texas4 7#f7 ,chlorippe clyton1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #bj1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #ae-ag1 chrysalis 7,the ,tawny ,emperor74 ,butterfly1 4--,the fore wings without an extra-median eye-spot1 and the secondaries broadly obscured with dark brown or blackish1 especially on the outer borders1 so that the eye-spots are scarcely1 if at all1 visible4 4--,much larger and paler in color than the male1 the eye-spots on the secondaries conspicuous4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj inches2 1 #b4ej-b4fe inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history has been carefully worked out1 and the reader who wishes to know all about it should consult the writings of ,edwards and ,scudder4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxiii #a4 ,chlorippe flora1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,chlorippe flora1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,chlorippe celtis1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #d4 ,chlorippe celtis1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #e4 ,chlorippe clyton1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #f4 ,chlorippe clyton1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #g4 ,chlorippe montis1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,chlorippe montis1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,chlorippe alicia1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,chlorippe alicia1 ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,chlorippe leilia1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,chlorippe antonia1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,chlorippe celtis1 ,boisd4-,lec41 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxiii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,this species is occasionally found in ,new ,england1 and ranges thence westward to ,michigan1 and southward to the ,gulf ,states4 ,it is quite common in the valley of the ,ohio4 7#g7 ,chlorippe flora1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxiii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,flora74 ,butterfly1 4--,the ground-color is bright reddish-fulvous on the upper side4 ,the usual markings occur1 but there is no eye-spot1 or ocellus1 on the primaries4 ,the hind wings are not heavily obscured with dark brown1 as in clyton1 and the six ocelli stand forth conspicuously upon the reddish ground4 ,the hind wings are more strongly angulated than in any other species4 ,the borders are quite solidly black4 4--,the female is much larger than the male1 and looks like a very pale female of clyton4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge inch2 1 #b4ce inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history has been described by ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xiii1 p4 #ha4 ,the habits of the insect in its early stages and the appearance of the larva and chrysalis do not differ widely from those of ,c4 clyton1 its nearest ally4 ,flora is found in ,florida and on the borders of the ,gulf to ,texas4 ,genus ,,pyrrhan,a1 ,schatz 7,the ,leaf-wings7 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized butterflies1 on the upper side of the wings for the most part red or fulvous1 on the under side of the wings obscurely mottled on the secondaries and the costal and apical tracts of the primaries in such a manner as to cause them to appear on this side like rusty and faded leaves4 ,structurally they are characterized by the somewhat falcate shape of the primaries and the strongly produced outer margin of the secondaries about the termination of the third median nervule4 ,the first and second subcostal nervules coalesce with one another and with the costal vein4 ,the costal margin of the fore wing at the base is strongly angulated1 and the posterior margin of the primaries is straight4 ,the cell of the secondaries is very feebly closed4 ,egg4--,spherical1 flattened at the base and somewhat depressed at the apex1 with a few parallel horizontal series of raised points about the summit4 ,caterpillar4--,head somewhat globular in appearance2 the anterior portion of the first thoracic segment of the body is much smaller in diameter than the head2 the body is cylindrical1 tapering to a point4 ,chrysalis4--,short1 stout1 with transverse ridges above the wings on the middle of the abdomen1 keeled on the sides4 ,the cremaster is small and furnished with a globular tip1 the face of which is on the same plane as the ventral surface of the body1 causing the chrysalis to hang somewhat obliquely from the surface which supports it4 ,this is a large genus of mostly tropical species1 possessed of rather singular habits4 ,the caterpillars in the early stages of their existence have much the same habits as the caterpillars of the genus ,basilarchia1 which have been already described4 ,after passing the third moult they construct for themselves nests by weaving the edges of a leaf together1 and thus conceal themselves from sight1 emerging in the dusk to feed upon the food-plant4 ,they live upon the ,euphorbiace1 the ,laurace1 and the ,piperace4 ,the insects are double-brooded in the cooler regions of the ,north1 and are probably many-brooded in the tropics4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aaa4--,neuration of the genus ,pyrrhana4 7#a7 ,pyrrhana andria1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #a1 7,the ,goatweed ,butterfly74 ,butterfly1 4--,solidly bright red above1 the outer margins narrowly dusky on the borders4 ,on the under side the wings are gray1 dusted with brown scales1 causing them to resemble the surface of a dried leaf4 4--,the female has the upper side paler and marked by pale fulvous bands1 as shown in the plate4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej inches2 1 #c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,in ,fig4 #ba1 on p4 #i1 is a good representation of the mature caterpillar1 the nest which it constructs for itself1 and the chrysalis4 ,a full account of the life-history may be found in the ,fifth ,missouri ,report from the pen of the late ,c4,v4 ,riley4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,croton capitatum4 ,the insect ranges from ,illinois and ,nebraska to ,texas4 7#b7 ,pyrrhana morrisoni1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #b1 7,morrison's ,goatweed ,butterfly74 ,butterfly1 4--,much like ,p4 andria1 but more brilliantly and lustrously red on the upper side1 and marked with paler macular bands like the female4 4--,differing from the female of ,p4 andria in the more macular1 or spotted1 arrangement of the light bands on the wings1 as is well shown in the plate4 ,expanse1 #b4be-b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species occurs in ,arizona and ,mexico4 7#c7 ,pyrrhana portia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,portia74 ,butterfly4--,splendid purplish-red on the upper side4 ,on the under side the fore wings are laved with bright yellow on the basal and inner marginal tracts1 and the secondaries are dark brown1 irrorated with blackish scales arranged in spots and stri4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,portia occurs in the extreme southern part of ,florida and in the ,antilles4 ,genus ,,ageronia1 ,hbner 7,the ,calicoes7 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aab4--,neuration of the genus ,ageronia4 ,butterfly4--,the antenn moderately long1 delicate1 terminated in a gradually thickened club4 ,the eyes are naked2 the palpi are compressed1 only slightly porrect1 not densely covered with scales4 ,the neuration is alike in both sexes1 the costal and the median veins greatly thickened toward the base4 ,the first and second subcostals arise from before the end of the cell2 the fourth and fifth subcostals arise from a common stem emitted from the third subcostal beyond the end of the cell4 ,the cells in both the fore and hind wings are closed4 ,the butterflies are of medium or large size1 curiously marked with checkered spots1 blue and white1 with broad paler shades on the under side of the secondaries4 ,they are rapid fliers and are said to alight on the trunks of trees with their wings expanded and their heads down4 ,when flying they emit a clicking sound with their wings4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is known of these4 ,the chrysalids are slender and have two ear-like tubercles on the head4 ,this genus is1 strictly speaking1 neotropical4 ,about twenty-five species have been described from ,central and ,south ,america1 some of them being exceedingly beautiful and rich in color4 ,the two species credited to our fauna are reported as being occasionally found in ,texas4 ,i have specimens of one of the species which certainly came from ,texas4 ,i cannot be so sure of the other4 7#a7 ,ageronia feronia1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,white-skirted ,calico74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the only other species of the genus found in our fauna by the white ground-color of the under side of the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #b4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this remarkable insect is said to be occasionally found in ,texas4 7#b7 ,ageronia fornax1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #e1 1 under side 7,the ,orange-skirted ,calico74 ,butterfly4--,closely resembling the preceding species on the upper side1 but at once distinguished by the orange-yellow ground-color of the under side of the hind wing4 ,expanse1 #b4fj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,like its congener1 ,a4 fornax is reported only from the hotter parts of ,texas4 ,genus ,,victorina1 ,blanchard 7,the ,malachites7 ,butterfly4--,large butterflies1 curiously and conspicuously marked with light-greenish spots upon a darker ground2 wings upon the under side marbled with brown about the spots and having a satiny luster4 ,the third median nervule of the fore wing is very strongly bowed upward4 ,the cells of both wings are open4 ,the hind wing is tailed at the end of the third median nervule4 ,the two first subcostals arise before the end of the cell2 the fourth and fifth spring from a common stem which is emitted from the third beyond the end of the cell1 as the cut shows4 ,early ,stages4--,we know nothing of these4 ,this genus1 in which are reckoned five species1 all found in the tropics of the ,new ,world1 is represented by but a single species in our fauna1 which occurs in southwestern ,texas and in ,florida4 ,it is very common in the ,west ,indies and ,central ,america4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aac4--,neuration of the genus ,victorina4 7#a7 ,victorina steneles1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxiv1 ,fig4 #f1 7,the ,pearly ,malachite74 ,this splendid insect is occasionally found in southern ,florida and the extreme southern part of ,texas4 ,it is common throughout tropical ,america4 ,nothing has ever been written upon its early stages4 ,,fossil ,,insects ,investigations within comparatively recent times have led to the discovery of a host of fossil insects4 ,a few localities in ,europe and in ,north ,america are rich in such remains1 and the number of species that have been described amounts to several thousands4 ,strangely enough1 some of these fossil insects are very closely allied in form to species that are living at the present time1 showing the extreme antiquity of many of our genera4 ,one of the comparatively recent discoveries has been the fossil remains of a butterfly which ,dr4 ,scudder1 who has described it1 declares to be very near to the ,african ,libythea labdaca1 which differs in certain minor anatomical respects from the ,american ,libytheas which are figured in this work2 and ,dr4 ,scudder has therefore proposed a new generic name1 ,dichora1 meaning an inhabitant of two lands1 which he applies to the ,african species because related to the extinct ,american butterfly4 ,the strange discoveries1 which have been made by palontologists as to the huge character of many of the mammals1 birds1 and reptiles which at one time tenanted the globe1 are paralleled by recent discoveries made in insect-bearing strata in ,france4 ,m4 ,charles ,brongniart of the ,paris ,museum is preparing an account of the collection which he has made at ,commentry1 and among the creatures which he proposes to figure is an insect which is regarded by ,brongniart as one of the forerunners of our dragon-flies1 which had an expanse of wing of two feet1 a veritable giant in the insect world4 ,of fossil butterflies there have thus far been discovered sixteen species4 ,of these1 six belong to the subfamily of the ,nymphalid1 and five of the six were found in the fossiliferous strata of ,florissant1 ,colorado4 ,two species belong to the subfamily ,satyrin1 both occurring in deposits found in southern ,france1 and representing genera more nearly allied to those now found in ,india and ,america than to the ,satyrin existing at the present time in ,europe4 ,one of the fossils to which reference has already been made belongs to the subfamily of the ,libythein4 ,the remainder represent the subfamilies of the ,pierin1 the ,papilionin1 and the family ,hesperiid4 ,it is remarkable that the butterflies which have been found in a fossil state show a very close affinity to genera existing at the present time1 for the most part1 in the warmer regions of the earth4 ,though ages have elapsed since their remains were embedded in the mud which became transformed into stone1 the processes of life have not wrought any marked structural changes in the centuries which have fled4 ,this fixity of type is certainly remarkable in creatures so lowly in their organization4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxiv #a4 ,pyrrhana andria1 ,scudder1 4 #b4 ,pyrrhana morrisoni1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,pyrrhana portia1 ,fabricius1 4 #d4 ,ageronia feronia1 ,linnus1 4 #e4 ,ageronia fornax1 ,hbner1 1 under side4 #f4 ,victorina steneles1 ,linnus1 4 #g4 ,cystineura amymone1 ,mntries1 4 #h4 ,synchlo crocale1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #i4 ,synchlo crocale1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,eurema lethe1 ,fabricius1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,subfamily ,,satyrin 7,,the ,,satyrs7 ,aught unsavory or unclean ,hath my insect never seen2 ,but violets and bilberry bells1 ,maple-sap and daffodils1 ,grass with green flag half-mast high1 ,succory to match the sky1 ,columbine with horn of honey1 ,scented fern and agrimony1 ,clover1 catch-fly1 adder's-tongue ,and brier-roses dwelt among4 ,,emerson4 ,the butterflies belonging to this subfamily are1 for the most part1 of medium size1 and are generally obscure in color1 being of some shade of brown or gray1 though a few species within our territory are brightly colored4 ,gaily colored species belonging to this subfamily are more numerous in the tropics of both hemispheres4 ,the wings are very generally ornamented1 especially upon the under side1 by eye-like spots1 dark1 pupiled in the center with a point of lighter color1 and ringed around with one or more light circles4 ,they are possessed of a weak flight1 flitting and dancing about among herbage1 and often hiding among the weeds and grasses4 ,most of them are forest-loving insects1 though a few inhabit the cold and bleak summits of mountains and grassy patches near the margins of streams in the far ,north1 while some are found on the treeless prairies of the ,west4 ,in the warmer regions of the ,gulf ,states a few species are found which have the habit of flitting about the grass of the roadsides and in open spaces about houses4 ,the veins of the fore wings are generally greatly swollen at the base1 enabling them thus to be quickly distinguished from all other butterflies of this family4 ,the eggs1 so far as we have knowledge of them1 are subspherical1 somewhat higher than broad1 generally ribbed along the sides1 particularly near the apex1 and rounded at the base1 which is generally broader than the apex4 ,the caterpillars at the time of emergence from the egg have the head considerably larger than the remainder of the body2 but when they have reached maturity they are cylindrical1 tapering a little from the middle to either end4 ,they are bifurcated at the anal extremity1 a character which enables them to be distinguished at a glance from the larv of all other ,american butterflies except those of the genus ,chlorippe4 ,they are mostly pale green or light brown in color1 ornamented with stripes along the sides4 ,they feed upon grasses and sedges1 lying in concealment during the daytime1 and emerging at dusk to take their nourishment4 ,the chrysalids are rather stout in form1 but little angulated1 and without any marked prominences or projections4 ,they are green or brown in color4 ,most of them are pendant1 but a few forms pupate at the roots of grasses or under stones lying upon the ground4 ,the butterflies of this subfamily have been arranged1 so far as they are represented in the faunal region of which this book treats1 in nine genera1 which include about sixty species4 ,it is quite possible that a number of species still remain to be discovered and described1 though it is also true that some of the so-called species are likely to prove in the end little more than local races or varieties4 ,genus ,,debis1 ,westwood 7,the ,eyed ,nymphs7 ,the wild bee and the butterfly ,are bright and happy things to see1 ,living beneath a summer sky4 ,,eliza ,,cook4 ,butterfly4--,characterized by the stout but not greatly swollen costal vein of the fore wing1 by the rather short costal vein of the hind wing1 which terminates before quite reaching the outer angle1 by the great length of the lower discocellular vein of the fore wing1 and by the prolongation of the outer margin of the hind wing at the end of the third median nervule4 ,the outer margin of the fore wing is either rounded or slightly excavated4 ,the palpi are long and narrow1 thickly clothed with hairs below2 the antenn are moderately long1 gradually thickening toward the tip1 without a well-marked club2 the fore legs in both sexes greatly atrophied4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aad4--,neuration of the genus ,debis4 7,after ,scudder47 ,egg4--,flattened spheroidal1 broadly truncated at the base1 the surface smooth4 ,caterpillar4--,body long1 slender1 tapering from the middle2 the head cleft1 each half being produced upward as a conical horn2 the anal segment provided with a pair of horns similar to those of the head1 produced longitudinally backward4 ,chrysalis4--,strongly convex dorsally1 concave ventrally1 with a stout tubercular eminence on the thorax1 without any other projecting tubercles or eminences2 light green in color4 ,this genus is large1 and is well represented in ,asia and the ,indo-,malayan region4 ,i cannot see any good ground for generically separating the two species found in ,north ,america from their congeners of ,asiatic countries1 as has been done by some writers4 7#a7 ,debis portlandia1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #af1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #f1 chrysalis 7,the ,pearly ,eye74 ,butterfly4--,the butterfly1 the male of which is well depicted as to its upper side on the plate1 does not differ greatly in the sexes4 ,the hind wings on the under side are marked with a series of beautiful ocelli4 ,in the ,north the insect is single-brooded2 in the region of ,west ,virginia and southward it is double-brooded4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the illustrations give a good idea of the mature larva and the chrysalis4 ,the caterpillar1 like most of the ,satyrin1 feeds upon grasses4 ,the range of this pretty insect is extensive1 it being found from ,maine to the ,gulf of ,mexico1 and westward to the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#b7 ,debis creola1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,fig4 #ai1 7,the ,creole74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the preceding species by the elongated patches of dark raised scales upon the fore wings1 situated on the interspaces between the median nervules4 ,the female has more yellow upon the upper side of the fore wings than ,d4 portlandia4 ,expanse1 #b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,creola ranges from ,florida to ,mexico along the ,gulf4 ,genus ,,satyrodes1 ,scudder 7,the ,grass-nymphs7 ,butterfly4--,the head is moderately large2 the eyes are not prominent1 hairy2 the antenn are about half as long as the costa of the fore wing1 not distinctly clubbed1 gradually thickening toward the extremity4 ,the palpi are slender1 compressed1 hairy below1 with the last joint rather short and pointed4 ,the fore and hind wings are evenly rounded on the outer margin4 ,the costal vein of the fore wing is thickened1 but not greatly swollen4 ,the first and second subcostals are emitted well before the end of the cell1 the third beyond it1 and the fourth and fifth from a common stem1 both terminating below the apex4 ,the upper discocellular vein is wanting1 and the upper radial1 therefore1 springs from the upper angle of the cell of the fore wing4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aae4--,neuration of the genus ,satyrodes4 7,after ,scudder47 ,egg4--,flattened spheroidal1 broader than high1 flat at the base and rounded above4 ,caterpillar4--,the head is full1 the summit of either half produced upward and forward into a slender1 conical horn4 ,the body is nearly cylindrical1 tapering backward1 the last segment furnished with two pointed1 backward projections1 resembling the horns of the head4 ,chrysalis4--,relatively longer and more slender than in the preceding genus1 with the thoracic prominence more acute and the head more sharply pointed4 ,this genus was erected to receive the single species which1 until the present time1 is its sole representative4 7#a7 ,satyrodes canthus1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #i1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #i1 chrysalis 7,the ,common ,grass-nymph74 ,butterfly4--,it always haunts meadows and hides among the tufts of tall grasses growing in moist places4 ,it is rather common in ,new ,england and the ,northern ,states generally4 ,it is found in ,canada and is reported from the cool upper mountain valleys in the ,carolinas4 ,it has a weak1 jerking flight1 and is easily taken when found4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been well described by various writers4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon grasses4 ,genus ,,neonympha1 ,westwood 7,the ,spangled ,nymphs7 ,oh6 the bonny1 bonny dell1 whaur the primroses won1 ,luikin' oot o' their leaves like wee sons o' the sun2 ,whaur the wild roses hing like flickers o' flame1 ,and fa' at the touch wi' a dainty shame2 ,whaur the bee swings ower the white-clovery sod1 ,and the butterfly flits like a stray thoucht o' ,god4 ,,macdonald4 ,butterfly4--,eyes hairy4 ,the costal and median veins of the fore wings are much swollen at the base4 ,the palpi are thin1 compressed1 thickly clothed below with long hairs4 ,the antenn are comparatively short1 gradually thickening toward the outer extremity1 and without a well-defined club4 ,both the fore wing and the hind wing have the outer margin evenly rounded4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aaf4--,neuration of the genus ,neonympha4 7,after ,scudder47 ,egg4--,globular1 flattened at the base1 marked with irregular polygonal cells4 ,caterpillar4--,the head is large1 rounded1 the two halves produced conically and studded with little conical papill4 ,the last segment of the body is bifurcate4 ,chrysalis4--,relatively long1 strongly produced at the vertex2 elevated on the thorax into a blunt tubercular prominence2 green in color4 ,this genus1 which has by some writers been sunk into the genus ,euptychia1 ,hbner1 is quite extensive4 ,nearly two hundred species are included in ,euptychia1 which is enormously developed in the tropical regions of the ,new ,world4 ,seven species of ,neonympha are found within the region of which this book treats4 7#a7 ,neonympha gemma1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side 7,the ,gemmed ,brown74 ,butterfly4--,upon the upper side the wings are pale mouse-gray1 with a couple of twinned black spots on the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,on the under side the wings are reddish-gray1 marked with irregular ferruginous lines4 ,near the outer margin of the hind wings is a row of silvered spots1 the spots corresponding in location to the dark marginal spots being expanded into a violet patch marked in the middle by a twinned black spot centered with silver4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been beautifully described and figured by ,edwards in the third volume of ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,the egg is somewhat globular1 rather higher than wide1 flattened at the base1 and marked with numerous shallow reticulated depressions4 ,the caterpillar of the spring brood is pale green1 of the fall brood pale brown1 marked respectively with numerous longitudinal stripes of darker green or brown4 ,it has two long1 elevated1 horn-like projections upon the head1 and on the anal segment two similar projections pointing straight backward4 ,the chrysalis is small1 green1 or brown1 strongly bifid at the head4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the insect ranges from ,west ,virginia to ,mexico4 7#b7 ,neonympha henshawi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #h1 7,henshaw's ,brown74 ,butterfly4--,much like ,n4 gemma1 but considerably larger and decidedly reddish upon the upper side of the wings4 ,expanse1 #a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,mr4 ,edwards has figured the egg1 which is different in shape from that of the preceding species1 being broader than high1 subglobular1 flattened broadly at the base1 green in color1 and almost devoid of sculpturings upon its surface4 ,of the other stages we know nothing4 ,henshaw's ,butterfly ranges through southern ,colorado into ,mexico4 7#c7 ,neonympha phocion1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #g1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #h1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #aj and #aa 7,the ,georgian ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is immaculate gray2 beneath pale1 with two ferruginous transverse lines4 ,between these lines is a ferruginous line on each wing1 rudely describing a circle4 ,in the circle on the fore wing are three or four eye-spots with a blue pupil and a yellow iris2 in the circle on the hind wing are six eye-spots which are oblong and have the pupil oval4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been fully described1 and are not unlike those of other species of the genus4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the insect ranges from ,new ,jersey to the ,gulf of ,mexico as far west as ,texas4 7#d7 ,neonympha eurytus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #c1 #f1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,fig4 #bh1 chrysalis 7,the ,little ,wood-satyr74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from other species in our fauna by the presence of two more or less perfectly developed ocelli on the upper side of the fore wing and also of the hind wing4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,this is a rather common butterfly1 the larval stages of which have been fully described by various authors4 ,the egg is even taller in proportion to its breadth than that of ,n4 gemma1 which it otherwise closely resembles in outline and sculpturing4 ,the caterpillar is pale brown1 conformed in general form to that of other species of the genus1 but somewhat stouter4 ,it feeds on grasses4 ,the chrysalis is pale brown1 mottled with darker brown4 ,the insect ranges through ,canada and the ,united ,states to ,nebraska1 ,kansas1 and ,texas4 7#e7 ,neonympha mitchelli1 ,french1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,mitchell's ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the other species of the genus by the eye-spots on the under side of the wings1 four on each of the primaries and six on each of the secondaries1 arranged in a straight series on the outer third1 well removed from the margin4 ,these spots are black1 ringed about with yellow and pupiled with blue4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species is local1 and thus far is recorded only from northern ,new ,jersey1 near ,lake ,hopatcong1 and the ,state of ,michigan4 ,no doubt it occurs elsewhere1 but has been overlooked by collectors4 7#f7 ,neonympha sosybius1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #e1 1 under side 7,the ,carolinian ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,the upper surface is immaculate dark mouse-gray4 ,on the under side the wings are paler1 with three transverse undulatory lines1 one defining the basal1 the other the median area1 and one just within the margin4 ,between the last two are rows of ocelli4 ,the spots in these rows are obscure1 except the first on the primaries and the second and last two on the secondaries1 which are black1 ringed about with yellow and pupiled with blue4 ,the female is like the male1 but a trifle larger4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,edwards1 ,french1 and ,scudder1 and do not differ strikingly from those of other species4 ,the species ranges from the latitude of ,new ,jersey southward1 throughout the southern half of the ,mississippi ,valley to ,mexico and ,central ,america4 7#g7 ,neonympha rubricata1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #c1 7,the ,red ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by its much redder color from all its congeners1 among which it has its closest ally in ,n4 eurytus4 ,it has an eye-spot near the apex of the fore wing1 and one near the anal angle of the hind wing4 ,the basal area of the primaries beneath is bright reddish2 the secondaries on this side are gray1 crossed by two transverse lines as in the preceding species1 and a double submarginal line4 ,on the fore wings the double submarginal line is repeated1 and in addition there is another line which runs upward from just before the inner angle to the costa1 at about one third of its length from the apex4 ,the eye-spots of the upper side reappear below1 and in addition there is another near the outer angle of the secondaries1 and a few silvery well-defined ocelli between the two on the secondaries4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the ,red ,satyr is found in ,texas1 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxv #a4 ,satyrodes canthus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #b4 ,neonympha gemma1 ,hbner1 1 under side4 #c4 ,neonympha rubricata1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,neonympha eurytus1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,neonympha sosybius1 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 #f4 ,neonympha mitchelli1 ,french1 1 under side4 #g4 ,neonympha phocion1 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 #h4 ,neonympha henshawi1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,coenonympha california1 ,dbl4-,hew41 var4 galactinus1 ,boisd41 4 #aj4 ,coenonympha california1 ,dbl4-,hew41 var4 eryngii1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,coenonympha ochracea1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,coenonympha ochracea1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ac4 ,coenonympha inornata1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ad4 ,coenonympha california1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #ae4 ,neominois ridingsii1 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,neominois dionysius1 ,scudder1 4 #ag4 ,erebia magdalena1 ,strecker1 4 #ah4 ,erebia sofia1 ,strecker1 ethela1 ,edwards1 4 #ai4 ,erebia discoidalis1 ,kirby1 4 #bj4 ,erebia tyndarus1 var4 callias1 ,edwards1 4 #ba4 ,coenonympha ampelos1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #bb4 ,coenonympha kodiak1 ,edwards1 4 #bc4 ,erebia disa1 var4 mancinus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bd4 ,coenonympha haydeni1 ,edwards1 4 #be4 ,coenonympha elko1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #bf4 ,coenonympha elko1 ,edwards1 4 #bg4 ,coenonympha pamphiloides1 ,reakirt1 4 #bh4 ,erebia epipsodea1 ,butler1 4 #bi4 ,coenonympha inornata1 ,edwards1 4 #cj4 ,coenonympha ampelos1 ,edwards1 4 #ca4 ,coenonympha pamphiloides1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,genus ,,coenonympha1 ,westwood 7,the ,ringlets7 ,there is a differency between a grub and a butterfly2 yet your butterfly was a grub4--,,shakespeare4 ,butterfly4--,small butterflies4 ,the costal1 median1 and submedian veins are all strongly swollen4 ,the palpi are very heavily clothed with hairs1 the last joint quite long and porrect4 ,the antenn are short1 delicate1 gradually but distinctly clubbed4 ,the eyes are naked4 ,both wings on the outer margin are evenly rounded4 ,egg4--,the egg is conical1 truncated1 flat on the top1 rounded at the base1 with the sides marked with numerous low1 narrow ribs1 between which are slight cross-lines1 especially toward the apex4 ,caterpillar4--,the head is globular2 the body is cylindrical1 tapering gradually backward1 furnished in the last segment with two small horizontal cone-shaped projections4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aag4--,neuration of the genus ,coenonympha4 ,chrysalis4--,ventrally straight1 dorsally convex1 strongly produced in a rounded1 somewhat keeled eminence over the thorax2 pointed at the end4 ,generally green or light drab in color1 with dark markings on the sides of the wing-cases4 ,this genus is distributed throughout the temperate regions both of the ,old and the ,new ,world1 and includes in our fauna a number of forms1 the most of which are peculiar to the ,pacific coast4 7#a7 ,coenonympha california1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 form galactinus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #i1 2 form eryngii1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,california ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,this little species is to be distinguished from its near allies by its white color4 ,the form galactinus is the winter form2 the form california the summer form4 ,the former is characterized by the darker color of the hind wings on the under side and the more prominent development of the marginal ocelli4 ,the form eryngii is simply a yellower form1 with less dark shading on the under side4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been most carefully and beautifully worked out by ,edwards1 and the reader1 for a full knowledge of them1 may consult the splendid plate in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 iii4 ,the species ranges from ,vancouver's ,island southward on the ,pacific coast and eastward into ,nevada4 7#b7 ,coenonympha elko1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #be1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #bf1 7,the ,elko ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,yellow on both sides of the wings1 the lower side paler than the upper1 and the basal area lightly clouded with fuscous4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,this species is found in ,nevada and ,washington4 7#c7 ,coenonympha inornata1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ac1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #bi1 7,the ,plain ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are ochreous-brown1 lighter on the disk4 ,the costal margin of the fore wings and the outer margin of both fore and hind wings are gray4 ,the ocellus at the apex of the fore wings on the under side is faintly visible on the upper side4 ,on the under side the fore wings are colored as on the upper side as far as the termination of the discal area1 which is marked by a narrow transverse band of pale yellow1 followed by a conspicuous ocellus4 ,the hind wings are gray1 darkest toward the base1 behind the irregular whitish transverse band which crosses the outer portion of the disk4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species occurs in ,montana1 ,minnesota1 ,british ,america1 and ,newfoundland4 ,newfoundland specimens1 of which ,i possess a large series1 are distinctly darker in color than those taken in the ,northwest4 ,some recent writers are inclined to regard this as a variety of the ,european ,c4 typhon4 ,i am persuaded that they are mistaken4 7#d7 ,coenonympha ochracea1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 1 under side 7,the ,ochre ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,glossy ochreous1 yellow above1 with no markings but those which show through from below4 ,on the under side the wings are marked precisely as in the preceding species1 except that there are two or three small rays on the secondaries near the base1 one on the cell and one on either side of it1 of the same tint as the discal transverse band1 and in some specimens there is a series of incomplete marginal ocelli on the hind wings4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,ochracea ranges from ,british ,columbia to ,arizona1 as far east as ,kansas4 7#e7 ,coenonympha ampelos1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ba1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #cj1 7,the ,ringless ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,distinguished from its allies by the total absence of ocelli on both wings1 above and below4 ,otherwise the species is very near ochracea4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described with minute accuracy by ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xix1 p4 #da4 ,ampelos occurs from ,nevada and ,montana westward to ,vancouver's ,island4 7#f7 ,coenonympha kodiak1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bb1 7,the ,alaskan ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,much darker both on the upper and under sides than ,c4 california1 which in many other respects it resembles4 ,the figure in the plate is that of the type4 ,it is as yet rare in collections4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing is known of these4 ,it is found in ,alaska4 7#g7 ,coenonympha pamphiloides1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bg1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ca1 7,the ,utah ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,rather larger than the other species of the genus found in ,north ,america4 ,easily distinguished by the marginal row of ocelli on the secondaries1 which are always present1 though often blind1 that is to say1 without a distinct dark pupil4 ,the author of the species named it from a supposed likeness to the ,european ,c4 pamphilus4 ,the resemblance is only superficial4 ,c4 pamphilus is a much smaller insect and much more plainly marked1 judging from the large series of specimens ,i have received from various ,european localities4 ,pamphilus has no eye-spots on the hind wings4 ,they are a conspicuous feature of pamphiloides1 more so than in any other ,north ,american species except ,c4 haydeni4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 ,utah and ,california4 7#h7 ,coenonympha haydeni1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bd1 1 under side 7,hayden's ,ringlet74 ,butterfly4--,dark immaculate mouse-gray on the upper side4 ,on the under side the wings are pale hoary gray1 with the hind wings adorned by a marginal series of small ocelli1 black1 ringed about with yellow and pupiled with pale blue4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,hayden's ,ringlet is found in ,montana1 ,idaho1 ,wyoming1 and ,colorado4 ,genus ,,erebia1 ,dalman 7,the ,alpines7 ,then we gather1 as we travel1 ,bits of moss and dirty gravel1 ,and we chip off little specimens of stone2 ,and we carry home as prizes ,funny bugs of handy sizes1 ,just to give the day a scientific tone4 ,,charles ,,edward ,,carryl4 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized or small butterflies1 dark in color1 wings marked on the under side with eye-like spots2 the antenn short1 with a gradually thickened club4 ,the eyes are naked4 ,the costal vein of the fore wing is generally strongly swollen at the base4 ,the subcostal vein is five-branched2 the first two nervules generally emitted before the end of the cell2 the third nearer the fourth than the end of the cell2 the fourth and fifth nervules spring from a common stem1 the fourth terminating immediately on the apex4 ,the lower radial is frequently projected inwardly into the cell from the point where it intersects the union of the middle and lower discocellular veins4 ,the outer margins of both wings are evenly rounded4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aah4--,neuration of the genus ,erebia1 enlarged4 ,egg4--,subconical1 flattened at the base and at the top1 the sides marked by numerous raised vertical ridges1 which occasionally branch or intersect each other4 ,caterpillar4--,the head is globular1 the body cylindrical1 tapering gradually backward from the head1 the last segment slightly bifurcate4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is formed about the roots of grass and on the surface of the ground1 either lying loosely there or surrounded by a few strands of silk4 ,the chrysalis is convex1 both ventrally and dorsally1 humped on the thorax1 produced at the head2 all the projections well rounded4 ,the chrysalids are generally some shade of light brown or ashen-gray1 with darker stripes and spots4 ,this genus is arctic1 and only found in the cooler regions of the ,north or upon elevated mountain summits4 ,a few species range downward to lower levels in more temperate climates1 but these are exceptional cases4 7#a7 ,erebia discoidalis1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ai1 7,the ,red-streaked ,alpine74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by the plain black wings1 relieved by a reddish-brown shade on the disk of the primaries on the upper side4 ,early ,stages4--,hitherto undescribed4 ,this species is found in the far ,north4 ,my specimens came from the shores of ,hudson ,bay4 7#b7 ,erebia disa1 var4 mancinus1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bc1 7,the ,alaskan ,alpine74 ,butterfly4--,the wings are dark brown on the upper side4 ,on the outer third below the apex are three or four black ocelli1 broadly ringed with red and pupiled with white4 ,the upper ocellus is generally bipupiled1 that is to say1 the black spot is twinned1 and there are two small light spots in it4 ,on the under side the fore wings are as on the upper side4 ,the hind wings are broadly sown with gray scales1 giving them a hoary appearance4 ,the base is more or less gray1 and there is a broad1 regularly curved mesial band of dark gray1 which in some specimens is very distinct1 in others more or less obsolete4 ,the female does not differ from the male1 except that the ocelli on the fore wings are larger and more conspicuous4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found in ,alaska and on the mountains of ,british ,columbia4 7#c7 ,erebia callias1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bj1 7,the ,colorado ,alpine74 ,butterfly4--,pale brown on the upper side1 with a more or less indistinctly defined broad transverse band of reddish on the outer third of the fore wings4 ,at the apical end of this band are two black ocelli1 pupiled with white4 ,the fore wings on the under side are reddish1 with the costa and outer margin grayish4 ,the ocelli on this side are as on the upper side4 ,the hind wings are gray1 dusted with brown scales and crossed by narrow1 irregular1 dark-brown subbasal1 median1 and submarginal lines4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is not uncommon on the high mountains of ,colorado and ,new ,mexico4 ,it is regarded as a variety of the ,european ,e4 tyndarus1 ,esper1 by many4 ,all the specimens of tyndarus in my collection1 and there are many1 lack the ocelli on the fore wing1 or they are very feebly indicated on the under side4 ,otherwise the two forms agree pretty closely4 7#d7 ,erebia epipsodea1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #bh1 7,the ,common ,alpine74 ,butterfly4--,the wings are dark brown on the upper side1 with four or five black ocelli1 pupiled with white and broadly surrounded by red near the outer margin of the fore wings1 and with three or four similar ocelli located on the upper side of the hind wings4 ,the spots on the upper side reappear on the under side1 and in addition the hind wings are covered by a broad curved median blackish band4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been carefully described by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 iii1 and by ,h4,h4 ,lyman in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxviii1 p4 #bgd4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the species ranges from ,new ,mexico 7at high elevations7 northward to ,alaska4 ,it is common on the mountains of ,british ,columbia4 7#e7 ,erebia sofia ,strecker 7ethela1 ,edwards71 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ah1 7,sofia74 ,butterfly4--,dark brown on the upper side1 with an even submarginal band of red spots on the primaries1 and five similar spots on the secondaries1 the last two of the latter somewhat distant from each other and from the first three1 which are nearer the outer angle4 ,on the under side the primaries are reddish1 with the submarginal band as on the upper side1 but paler4 ,on the secondaries1 which are a little paler below than above1 the spots of the upper side are repeated1 but they are yellowish-white1 standing forth conspicuously upon the darker ground-color4 ,early ,stages4--,hitherto undescribed4 ,sofia has been found at ,fort ,churchill in ,british ,america1 in the ,yellowstone ,national ,park1 and in a few localities in ,colorado4 ,it is still rare in collections4 ,the figure in the plate is that of the female type of ,edwards' ethela1 ethela being a synonym for sofia4 7#f7 ,erebia magdalena1 ,strecker1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,magdalena74 ,butterfly4--,uniformly dark blackish-brown on both sides of the wings1 with no spots or markings4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been partially described and figured by ,edwards4 ,this species has thus far been found only in ,colorado at an elevation of from ten to twelve thousand feet above sea-level4 ,there are two or three other species of this obscure genus1 but they are rare boreal insects1 of which little is as yet known4 ,genus ,,geirocheilus1 ,butler ,butterfly4--,medium-sized butterflies1 dark in color1 with light eye-like spots on the primaries and brown borders on the secondaries4 ,the antenn are short1 with a gradually tapering club2 the palpi are long1 slender1 compressed1 well clothed with scales on the lower surface4 ,the costa of the fore wings is strongly arched1 the outer margin evenly rounded1 the outer margin of the hind wings regularly scalloped4 ,the costal vein of the primaries is somewhat thickly swollen at the base4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aai4--,neuration of the genus ,geirocheilus4 7#a7 ,geirocheilus tritonia1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xviii1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,tritonia74 ,butterfly4--,the wings of the upper side are dark brown1 with a submarginal row of white-centered ocelli below the apex of the primaries4 ,the secondaries are marked with a submarginal band of red4 ,on the under side the fore wings are as on the upper side4 ,the hind wings have the submarginal band purplish-red1 irrorated with whitish and dark-brown scales1 on the inner edge relieved by a number of imperfectly developed ocelli1 which are partially ringed about on the side of the base by pale yellow4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,tritonia occurs in southern ,arizona and northern ,mexico4 ,genus ,,neominois1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,medium-sized1 with the costa and inner margin of the fore wing straight1 the outer margin of the same wing evenly rounded4 ,the hind wings have the outer margin evenly rounded1 and the costal margin quite strongly produced1 or bent at an angle1 just above the origin of the costal vein4 ,the inner margin is straight4 ,the costal vein of the fore wing is slightly swollen4 ,the costal margin at the extremity of the second costal nervule is slightly bent inward2 the upper discocellular vein is wanting2 the lower radial vein is emitted from the lower discocellular a little below the point at which it unites with the middle discocellular4 ,the middle discocellular of the hind wing appears as an inward continuation of the lower radial for some distance1 when it bends upward suddenly to the origin of the upper radial4 ,the head is small2 the antenn are short1 with a thin1 gradually developed club2 the palpi are slender1 compressed1 well clothed with long hairs below4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abj4--,neuration of the genus ,neominois1 enlarged4 ,egg4--,the egg is somewhat barrel-shaped1 broader at the base than at the top1 with the summit rounded4 ,the sides are ornamented with fourteen or fifteen vertical raised ridges1 which are quite broad1 and sometimes fork or run into each other4 ,on the sides these ridges seem to be regularly excised at their bases1 and between them on the surface are many horizontal raised cross-lines1 giving the depressed surface the appearance of being filled with shallow cells4 ,caterpillar4--,the mature caterpillar has the head globular1 the body cylindrical1 gradually tapering backward1 and provided with two very short conical anal horns4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is formed under the surface of the earth2 it is rounded1 somewhat carinate1 or keel-shaped1 where the wing-cases unite on the ventral side4 ,the head is rounded1 the thorax strongly arched1 the dorsal side of the abdomen very convex4 ,on either side of the head are small clusters of fine processes shaped somewhat like an ,indian club1 the thickened part studded with little spur-like projections4 ,these can only be seen under the microscope4 ,but two species of the genus are known within our faunal limits4 7#a7 ,neominois ridingsi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,ridings' ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is well depicted in the plate4 ,the under side is paler than the upper side1 and the basal and median areas of both wings are profusely mottled with narrow pale-brown stri1 the secondaries crossed by a darker mesial band1 the outer margin of which is sharply indented4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been beautifully ascertained1 described1 and figured by ,edwards in the third volume of ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,the egg1 larva1 and chrysalis agree with the generic description already given1 which is based upon the researches of ,edwards4 ,it is found in the ,mountain ,states of the ,pacific coast4 7#b7 ,neominois dionysius1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xxv1 ,fig4 #af1 7,scudder's ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,distinguished from the preceding species by the larger and paler submarginal markings on the upper side of the wings and the pale color of the basal tract in both wings4 ,on the under side the median band of the secondaries is narrower and more irregularly curved than in ridingsi1 with the dentations of the outer margin more sharply produced4 ,expanse1 #a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing has been written on the early stages1 but no doubt they agree closely with those of the other species4 ,it is found in ,utah1 ,colorado1 and ,arizona4 ,hast thou heard the butterflies1 ,what they say betwixt their wings8 ,,tennyson1 ,adeline4 ,genus ,,satyrus1 ,westwood 7,the ,wood-nymphs7 ,fluttering1 like some vain1 painted butterfly1 ,from glade to glade along the forest path4 ,,arnold1 ,light of ,asia4 ,butterfly4--,butterflies of medium size1 their wings marked with eye-like spots1 or ocelli4 ,upon the upper surface they are generally obscurely colored of some shade of gray or brown1 occasionally marked with bands of yellow4 ,on the under side the wings are generally beautifully striated and spotted1 with the eye-like spots more prominent4 ,the costal vein at the base is greatly swollen2 the median and submedian veins less so4 ,the first and second subcostal nervules arise very near the end of the cell1 slightly before it4 ,the outer margin of the fore wing is evenly rounded2 the outer margin of the hind wing somewhat scalloped2 the head small1 the eyes of moderate size1 full1 naked2 the antenn gradually thickening to a broadly rounded club1 which is slightly depressed2 the palpi slender1 compressed1 profusely clothed beneath with long hairs4 ,the fore legs are very small4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aba4--,neuration of the genus ,satyrus4 7,after ,scudder47 ,egg4--,short1 barrel-shaped1 greatly diminishing in size on the upper half2 truncated at the summit2 the sides furnished with a large number of vertical ribs1 not very high1 with numerous delicate cross-lines between them4 ,at the summit the ribs are connected by a waved1 raised elevation4 ,caterpillar4--,head globular2 body cylindrical1 tapering from the middle forward and backward2 provided with short and slender diverging anal horns4 ,chrysalis4--,shaped very much as in the genus ,debis1 from which it is hardly distinguishable4 ,generally green in color4 ,this genus includes numerous species which are more or less subject to varietal modifications4 ,in the following pages ,i have treated as species a number of forms which by some writers are reckoned as mere varieties4 ,whether the view of those who regard these forms in the light of varieties is correct is not perfectly plain to me1 and we cannot be sure until more extensive experiments in breeding have been carried out4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxvi #a4 ,satyrus alope1 ,fabricius1 4 #b4 ,satyrus alope1 ,fabricius1 4 #c4 ,satyrus nephele1 ,kirby1 4 #d4 ,satyrus nephele1 ,kirby1 1 under side4 #e4 ,satyrus ariane1 ,boisduval1 4 #f4 ,satyrus ariane1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #g4 ,satyrus oetus1 ,boisduval1 4 #h4 ,satyrus oetus1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #i4 ,satyrus olympus1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,satyrus olympus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,satyrus charon1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,satyrus charon1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,satyrus meadi1 ,edwards1 4 #ad4 ,satyrus meadi1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ae4 ,satyrus baroni1 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,satyrus baroni1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ag4 ,satyrus gabbi1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ah4 ,satyrus pegala1 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 #ai4 ,satyrus paulus1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #bj4 ,satyrus sthenele1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- 7#a7 ,satyrus pegala1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 under side 7,the ,southern ,wood-nymph74 ,butterfly4--,the largest species of the genus in our fauna1 easily recognized by the broad yellow submarginal band on the primaries1 marked with a single eye-spot in the male and two eye-spots in the female4 ,the plate gives a correct idea of the under side of the wings4 ,expanse1 #b4ge inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have only been partially ascertained4 ,the caterpillar1 like all others of the genus1 feeds on grasses4 ,this insect is found in the ,gulf ,states and as far north as ,new ,jersey1 and is probably only a large ,southern form of the next species4 7#b7 ,satyrus alope1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #ah1 larva 7,the ,common ,wood-nymph74 ,butterfly4--,closely resembling the preceding species1 but only two thirds of its size4 ,the figures in our plate give a correct idea of its appearance4 ,the number of the ocelli is not constant1 and occasionally specimens occur in which they are almost wanting4 ,several varietal forms have been described3 ,s4 maritima1 from ,long ,island and ,martha's ,vineyard1 in which the wings are smaller1 the band inclined to orange-yellow1 and the upper side of the wings is darker than in the typical form2 and ,s4 texana1 from the extreme ,south1 in which the ground-color of the wings is paler brown1 the yellow band ochreous1 and the spots on the under side of the hind wings larger than in the other forms4 7a7 ,satyrus alope1 form nephele1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 chrysalis 7,the ,clouded ,wood-nymph74 ,this varietal form of ,s4 alope1 long held to be a species1 but now known to be a dimorphic variety1 is characterized by the partial or entire suppression of the yellow band on the primaries and the tendency of the eye-spots to become obsolete4 ,it is the ,northern form of the species1 and is found in ,canada1 ,new ,england1 and on the continent generally1 from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 north of the latitude of central ,new ,york and southward on the mountain masses of the ,appalachian ranges4 7b7 ,satyrus alope1 form olympus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side 7,olympus74 ,this form of ,s4 alope is common in the region west of the ,mississippi4 ,the males are a trifle darker and the females a shade paler than in the form nephele1 which they closely approximate1 and from which it would almost be impossible to separate them without a knowledge of the country whence they come4 7c7 ,satyrus alope1 form ariane1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,ariane74 ,in ariane we have a decidedly dwarfed form1 in which the males and the females are quite dark4 ,the ocelli1 though small1 are persistent1 well defined1 rarely showing a tendency to disappear completely4 ,this form is found in ,british ,america1 ,oregon1 and the northwestern portion of the ,united ,states4 7d7 ,satyrus baroni1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 1 under side 7,baron's ,satyr74 ,this is another form1 dark on the upper side and reddish below1 in which the ocelli on the under side show a tendency to become obsolete1 and in some specimens are wholly wanting4 ,there are other varietal forms1 one of which1 named bopis by ,behr1 is commonly found on the ,pacific coast in northern ,california1 ,oregon1 and ,washington1 and the ocelli1 while prominent on the upper side of the wings1 are almost obsolete below4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages of ,s4 alope 7typical form7 and its variety nephele have been well described by several authors4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,there is1 however1 a fine field for the entomologist to work out the causes of the rather remarkable variation to which the species is subject4 7#c7 ,satyrus gabbi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ag1 1 under side 7,gabb's ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,the male is dark reddish-brown1 the female pale fawn4 ,the ocelli in both sexes are very well developed on both sides of the wings4 ,the anal series on the secondaries consists of three spots1 of which the one in the middle is always large4 ,expanse1 #b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,gabb's ,satyr is found in ,oregon and ,utah4 7#d7 ,satyrus meadi1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 under side 7,mead's ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,this well-marked species is comparatively small1 and may easily be distinguished from all others by the bright red on the limbal area above and on the middle area of the primaries below4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described and figured by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 iii4 ,the caterpillar is green1 marked by paler stripes and lozenge-shaped spots of pale green on the side4 ,the chrysalis is pale green4 ,the egg is pale saffron4 ,the caterpillars feed on grass4 ,mead's ,satyr ranges through ,colorado1 ,montana1 ,utah1 and ,arizona4 7#e7 ,satyrus paulus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #ai1 1 under side 7,the ,small ,wood-nymph74 ,butterfly4--,a little smaller than ,s4 nephele1 dark brown above in both sexes1 the fore wings always with two pupilate ocelli1 one near the apex1 the other near the inner angle1 most conspicuously developed in the female4 ,the secondaries have one or two spots of the same kind near the anal angle4 ,on the under side the wings are pale reddish-brown1 abundantly marked by transverse stri4 ,the primaries are marked with gray at the apex and on the outer margin1 and have a submarginal and submedian transverse ferruginous line1 between which the ocelli are located4 ,the secondaries are crossed by a broad darker median band defined inwardly and outwardly by narrow dark lines4 ,the outer third is pale gray1 mottled with darker spots and lines1 and traversed by a dark ferruginous submarginal line4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,paulus occurs in ,california and ,nevada4 ,it has been regarded as a variety of sthenele by some writers2 but ,i am convinced of its distinctness1 though there is considerable resemblance4 7#f7 ,satyrus charon1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,dark ,wood-nymph74 ,butterfly4--,the male is dark in color2 the female is paler4 ,there are two eye-spots on the fore wings in the usual location1 indistinct on the upper1 distinct on the lower side of the wings4 ,the under sides of the wings are variable4 ,in the type they are dark2 in other specimens they are paler4 ,they may or may not have ocelli on the secondaries4 ,the form with obsolescent ocelli has been named silvestris by ,edwards4 ,both the fore and hind wings are abundantly and evenly marked by little stri1 and crossed on either side of the median area by obscure1 irregular1 transverse dark lines1 either one or both of which may be wanting in some specimens4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described and beautifully figured by ,edwards in the third volume of his great work1 to which the reader may refer4 ,the caterpillar is green1 cylindrical1 tapering before and behind1 marked with longitudinal pale-yellow lines4 ,the chrysalis is green or black1 striped with narrow white lines4 ,the egg is somewhat firkin-shaped1 flat at the top and base1 vertically ribbed1 and honey-yellow4 ,the larva feeds on grasses4 ,charon is found in the ,northwest1 ranging from ,british ,columbia as far as ,new ,mexico4 7#g7 ,satyrus oetus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side 7,boisduval's ,satyr74 ,butterfly4--,larger than charon1 paler on the upper side1 especially in the female sex1 in which the outer third of the primaries is reddish-fawn4 ,on the under side the secondaries of the male are without ocelli1 or at most faint traces of ocelli appear4 ,in the female the ocelli near the anal angle of the secondaries are usually well developed4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,the species is found in northern ,california4 7#h7 ,satyrus sthenele1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxvi1 ,fig4 #bj1 1 under side 7,the ,least ,wood-nymph74 ,butterfly4--,quite small1 superficially resembling charon4 ,the female is paler and the ocelli are larger and more distinct than in charon4 ,the distinguishing mark of this species is the irregular1 dark1 twice-strangulated band of the secondaries1 bordered on both sides externally by whitish shades4 ,this is shown in our figure4 ,expanse1 #a4dj-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species is ,californian4 ,genus ,,oeneis1 ,hbner 7,chionobas1 ,boisd47 7,the ,arctics7 ,to reside ,in thrilling region of thick-ribbed ice4 ,,shakespeare4 ,butterfly4--,the antenn are short2 the eyes of moderate size2 the front full1 protuberant2 the palpi slender2 the fore wings somewhat produced at the tip1 with the outer margins rounded and the hind margins very slightly1 if at all1 sinuated4 ,the nervules of the fore wings are slightly dilated toward the base2 the hind wings are elongated1 oval1 with the outer margins evenly rounded4 ,the color of these butterflies is some shade of brown2 the outer margin is generally lighter than the base of the wing1 and is marked with black spots1 sometimes pupiled with white4 ,the wings are generally marbled and mottled on the underside1 and sometimes crossed on the middle of the hind wings by a broad band of darker color4 ,the fringes are brown1 checkered with white4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abb4--,neuration of the genus ,o,eneis1 enlarged4 ,egg4--,the egg is ovate-spherical1 higher than broad1 marked on the side from the apex to the base with raised sculptured ridges4 ,these eggs are deposited1 so far as we have been able to learn1 on dried grass and the stems of plants in proximity to the growing plants upon which the young caterpillars are destined to feed4 ,caterpillar4--,the head of the caterpillar when it emerges from the egg is somewhat larger than the rest of the body1 but as it passes successive moults and attains maturity the relative thickness of the body increases1 and the adult larva tapers a little from about the middle in either direction4 ,the larv are pale green or brown1 marked by darker stripes upon the back and on the sides1 the markings on the sides being in most species more conspicuous than those on the back4 ,the species all feed on grasses4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalids are stout1 very slightly angulated1 and are formed1 so far as we know1 unattached1 under stones and at the roots of grasses4 ,when pupating1 the caterpillar often makes for itself a slight depression or cell in the soil1 in which a few threads of silk have been deposited1 though not enough to justify us in calling the structure a cocoon4 ,this genus is composed of butterflies which are mainly arctic in their habitat1 or dwell upon the summits of lofty mountains1 where the summer is but brief4 ,only a few species are found at comparatively low elevations1 and these in ,british ,america1 or the parts of the ,united ,states immediately contiguous to the ,canadian line4 ,the most widely known of all the species up to this time is the ,white ,mountain ,butterfly1 ,o,eneis semidea1 ,say1 a colony of which has existed probably ever since the glacial period upon the loftiest summit of ,mount ,washington1 in ,new ,hampshire4 ,a number of species are found in the region of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,one species1 ,o,eneis jutta1 ,hbner1 occurs in ,maine1 ,nova ,scotia1 and parts adjacent4 ,there are in all about a score of species of this genus recognized by authors as occurring in our fauna4 ,in spite of the fact that these insects are boreal or arctic in their habits1 ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards has with marvelous skill and patience succeeded in obtaining the eggs and rearing at his home in ,coalburg1 ,west ,virginia1 a number of species4 ,we are indebted to him for more of our knowledge of the generic characteristics of these insects1 in their early stages1 than had been ascertained hitherto during a century of investigation4 ,his work is one of the beautiful triumphs of that enduring zeal which is a supreme quality in the naturalist4 ,in their early stages all of the species show a close likeness to one another4 7#a7 ,o,eneis gigas1 ,butler1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,greater ,arctic74 ,butterfly4--,this1 one of the largest species in the genus1 occurs on ,vancouver's ,island4 ,the butterfly hides among the dark mosses and upon the trunks of prostrate trees4 ,the males are vigilant and inquisitive1 and dart out suddenly when alarmed1 or attracted by passing insects4 ,the females have a slower and more leisurely flight and are more readily taken4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,edwards has figured the egg and the caterpillar in its first three stages1 but the remaining life-history of the species awaits investigation4 7#b7 ,o,eneis iduna1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,iduna ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this insect1 which even exceeds ,,oe4 gigas in size1 is found on the ,coast ,range in northern ,california4 ,it is decidedly lighter on the outer third of the wings than the preceding species1 the male being prevalently a pale yellowish-brown1 with the basal and median areas of the fore wing dark brown4 ,on the under side the wings are somewhat lighter than in the preceding species1 and the transverse lines are more distinctly marked4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4cj inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxvii #a4 ,o,eneis gigas1 ,butler1 4 #b4 ,o,eneis gigas1 ,butler1 4 #c4 ,o,eneis macouni1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,o,eneis iduna1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,o,eneis jutta1 ,hbner1 4 #f4 ,o,eneis taygete1 ,hbner1 4 #g4 ,o,eneis brucei1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,o,eneis varuna1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,o,eneis ivallda1 ,mead1 4 #aj4 ,o,eneis chryxus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #aa4 ,o,eneis semidea1 ,say1 4 #ab4 ,o,eneis uhleri1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,early ,stages4--,these have been most beautifully delineated by ,edwards in the third volume of ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 7#c7 ,o,eneis macouni1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,macoun's ,arctic74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abc4--;,caterpillars of ,o,eneis macouni 7,riley74 ,butterfly4--,this species is closely allied to the two foregoing1 but may be distinguished by the broad median band of dark brown traversing the under side of the hind wings1 as well as by other peculiarities of marking4 ,it lacks the bar of raised scales which is found in the male sex about the lower part of the cell of the fore wing in most of the species of the genus4 ,it has been found thus far only on the north shore of ,lake ,superior and at the eastern base of the ,rocky ,mountains in the territory of ,alberta4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,for a knowledge of these in all their minute details the reader is again referred to the pages of the indefatigable ,edwards4 7#d7 ,o,eneis chryxus1 ,westwood1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,chryxus ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this species is widely distributed1 being found in ,colorado1 ,british ,columbia1 and the vicinity of ,hudson ,bay4 ,it is distinguished from other species by the darker brown color1 which covers the basal and median areas of both the fore and hind wings1 leaving a broad band of lighter brown on the outer margin4 ,on the under side the wings are beautifully mottled with white and dark brown4 ,o,eneis calais1 ,scudder1 is probably only a form of chryxus1 which is somewhat lighter in color on the base of the wings4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history is fully recorded in the pages of ,edwards4 7#e7 ,o,eneis ivallda1 ,mead1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,mead's ,arctic74 ,butterfly4--,this species is easily distinguished from all others by the peculiar pale ashen-brown of the upper side of the wings4 ,it is not a common species1 and is apparently restricted to the mountains of ,nevada1 principally about ,lake ,tahoe1 though it probably occurs elsewhere4 ,expanse1 #a4ij-b4aj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 7#f7 ,o,eneis varuna1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #h1 7,the ,varuna ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this species is much smaller than any of those which have thus far been mentioned4 ,it is found in the prairie lands of ,montana1 ,north ,dakota1 and the parts of ,canada adjacent4 ,it is not uncommon about ,calgary4 ,it is light in color on the upper side of the wings1 and on the under side it is mottled with brown1 strongly marked with blackish blotches or shades4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 7#g7 ,o,eneis uhleri1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,uhler's ,arctic74 ,butterfly4--,this species is found in ,colorado4 ,it is redder on the upper side than varuna1 and the females are generally very richly ornamented with eye-spots on the outer borders of both the fore and hind wings4 ,expanse1 #a4de-a4ee inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been most thoroughly described and beautifully delineated by ,edwards4 7#h7 ,o,eneis jutta1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,the ,nova ,scotian74 ,butterfly4--,this beautiful species1 which is also found in ,europe1 is not uncommon in the ,state of ,maine as far south as ,bangor1 and occurs also in ,nova ,scotia1 and ranges thence westward to ,ottawa and the ,hudson ,bay country4 ,it is one of the more conspicuous species of the genus1 the eye-like spots upon the wings having a very striking appearance4 ,expanse1 #a4hj-b4aj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,for a thorough knowledge of these the reader may consult the pages of ,scudder and ,edwards4 7#i7 ,o,eneis semidea1 ,say1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #g1 #ae1 larva2 ,plate ,,iv1 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 chrysalis 7,the ,white ,mountain ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this species has thin wings1 and is much darker in color than any of the species which have thus far been mentioned4 ,it is restricted in its habitat to the summit of ,mount ,washington1 in ,new ,hampshire1 and only reappears on the high mountains of ,colorado and in ,labrador4 ,its life-history has been very carefully worked out4 ,it is to be hoped that entomologists and tourists resorting to ,mount ,washington will not suffer it to disappear by reason of too wholesale a capture of the specimens1 which hover about the barren rocks on which the race has existed since the great continental ice-sheet melted away and vanished from the face of ,new ,england4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the curious reader is again referred for a knowledge of these to the pages of ,scudder and ,edwards4 ,they are similar to those of other species1 and the generic description which has been given must suffice for all in this work4 7#aj7 ,o,eneis brucei1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,bruce's ,arctic74 ,butterfly4--,though somewhat closely related to the last species1 ,bruce's ,arctic may at once be distinguished from it by the broad dark band on the under side of the secondaries and the great translucency of the wings1 which permits a label to be read through them4 ,it is found in ,colorado and in ,british ,columbia at an elevation of from twelve to thirteen thousand feet above sea-level4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,all we know of these is contained in the pages of ,edwards' great work4 7#aa7 ,o,eneis taygete1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,the ,labrador ,arctic74 ,butterfly4--,much like ,,oe4 brucei1 but the wings are not so translucent as in that species1 and the broad mesial band on the under side of the hind wings is differently shaped1 being more strongly directed outward just below the costa4 ,the figure in the plate is from a specimen taken at ,nain1 in ,labrador4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,there are eight or nine other species of ,o,eneis in our fauna1 but they are all arctic1 and most of them very rare4 ,those we have described and figured will give a good idea of the genus4 ,,in ,,the ,,face ,,of ,,the ,,cold ,when the full moon hangs high overhead1 the snow creaks underfoot1 the north wind roars with furious blast1 and the trees of the forests crack in the frost with a report like that of cannon1 then1 hanging in its little nest on the bare branches of the wind-tossed trees1 the tiny caterpillar of the ,viceroy keeps the spark of life where men freeze and die4 ,nothing in the realm of nature is more wonderful than the manner in which some of the most minute animal forms resist cold4 ,the genera ,erebia and ,o,eneis1 and many species of the genus ,brenthis1 are1 as we have already learned1 inhabitants of the arctic regions or of lofty ,alpine summits1 the climate of which is arctic4 ,their caterpillars often hibernate in a temperature of from forty to fifty1 and even seventy1 degrees below zero1 ,fahrenheit4 ,it has been alleged that caterpillars freeze in the winter and thaw out in the spring1 at that time regaining their vitality4 ,thus far the writer is unable to ascertain that any experiments or observations have positively decided for or against this view4 ,a number of recorded cases in which caterpillars are positively stated to have been frozen and to have afterward been found to be full of vitality when thawed are open to question4 ,the most circumstantial account is that by ,commander ,james ,ross1 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s41 quoted by ,curtis in the ,entomological ,appendix to the ,narrative of ,sir ,john ,ross's second voyage to the arctic regions4 ,the specimens upon which the observations were made were the caterpillars of ,laria rossi1 a moth which is found abundantly in the arctic regions of ,north ,america4 ,i quote from the account3 ,about thirty of the caterpillars were put into a box in the middle of ,september1 and after being exposed to the severe winter temperature of the next three months1 they were brought into a warm cabin1 where1 in less than two hours1 every one of them returned to life1 and continued for a whole day walking about2 they were again exposed to the air at a temperature of about forty degrees below zero1 and became immediately hard-frozen2 in this state they remained a week1 and on being brought again into the cabin1 only twenty-three came to life2 these were1 at the end of four hours1 put out once more into the air and again hard-frozen2 after another week they were again brought in1 when only eleven were restored to life2 a fourth time they were exposed to the winter temperature1 and only two returned to life on being again brought into the cabin2 these two survived the winter1 and in ,may an imperfect ,laria was produced from one1 and six flies from the other4 ,the foregoing account seems to verify more thoroughly the stories that have been told than anything else ,i have been able to discover within the limits of entomological literature1 but does not conclude argument4 ,it would be interesting in these days1 when methods of artificial freezing have been so highly perfected1 to undertake a series of experiments to prove or disprove1 as the case may be1 the view which has been held since the time of the ancients4 ,there is here a field for nice investigation on the part of some reader of this book4 ,in making the experiment it probably would be well to select the larv of species which are known to hibernate during the winter and to be capable of withstanding a great degree of cold4 ,the effect of cold suddenly applied to the chrysalids of butterflies at the moment of pupation is often to produce remarkable changes in the markings4 ,the spots upon the wings of butterflies emerging from chrysalids thus treated are frequently rendered more or less indistinct and blurred4 ,the dark markings are intensified in color and enlarged2 the pale markings are also in some cases ascertained to experience enlargement4 ,many of the strange and really beautiful aberrations known to collectors have no doubt been produced by the action of frost which has occurred at the season when the larva was pupating4 ,the species believed by the writer to be most prolific in aberrations are species which pupate early in the spring from caterpillars which have hibernated or which pupate late in the autumn4 ,some are species found at considerable altitudes above sea-level1 where late frosts and early frosts are apt to occur4 ,a number of very beautiful experiments upon the effect of cold upon the color of butterflies have been made in recent years1 and some very curious phenomena have been observed4 ,the writer has in his collection a considerable number of strikingly aberrant specimens which emerged from chrysalids treated to a sudden artificial lowering of the temperature at the critical period of pupation4 ,,subfamily ,,libythein 7,,the ,,snout-,,butterflies7 ,what more felicitie can fall to creature ,than to enjoy delight with libertie1 ,and to be ,lord of all the workes of ,nature1 ,to raigne in th' aire from th' earth to highest skie1 ,to feed on flowres and weeds of glorious feature1 ,to take whatever thing doth please the eie8 ,,spenser4 ,butterfly4--,the butterflies of this family are very readily distinguished from all others by their long projecting palpi1 and by the fact that the males have four feet adapted to walking1 while the females have six1 in which respect they approach the ,erycinid4 ,only one genus is represented in our faunal region1 the genus ,libythea4 ,genus ,,libythea1 ,fabricius 7,the ,snout-butterflies7 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abd4--,neuration of the genus ,libythea4 ,butterfly4--,rather small in size1 with the eyes moderately large2 the antenn with a distinct club at the end2 the palpi with the last joint extremely long and heavily clothed with hair4 ,the wings have the outer margin strongly excised between the first median nervule and the lower radial vein4 ,between the upper and lower radial veins the wing is strongly produced outwardly2 the inner margin is bowed out toward the base before the inner angle4 ,the costa of the hind wing is bent upward at the base and excised before the outer angle2 the wing is produced at the ends of the subcostal vein1 the third median nervule1 and the extremity of the submedian vein4 ,there is also a slight projection at the extremity of the first median nervule4 ,of these projections the one at the extremity of the third median nervule is the most pronounced4 ,the cell of the primaries and of the secondaries is lightly closed4 ,egg4--,the egg is ovoid1 nearly twice as high as wide1 with narrow vertical ridges on the sides1 every other ridge much higher than its mate and increasing in height toward the vertex1 where they abruptly terminate1 their extremities ranging around the small depressed micropyle4 ,between these ridges are minute cross-lines4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar has the head small1 the anterior segments greatly swollen and overarching the head4 ,the remainder of the body is cylindrical4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is of a somewhat singular shape1 the abdomen conical1 the head sharply pointed1 a raised ridge running from the extremity of the head to the middle of the first abdominal segment on either side1 and between these ridges is the slightly projecting thoracic tubercle4 ,on the ventral side the outline is nearly straight4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon ,celtis occidentalis4 ,three species are reckoned as belonging to our fauna4 ,it is1 however1 doubtful whether these species are in reality such1 and there is reason to believe that the three are merely varietal forms or races1 no structural difference being apparent in any of them1 and the only differences consisting in the ground-color of the wings4 7#a7 ,libythea bachmanni1 ,kirtland1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #bc1 #bd1 chrysalis 7,the ,snout-butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the following species by the redder color of the light spots on the upper side of the wings4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the generic description must suffice for these4 ,they have been frequently described4 ,the butterfly ranges from ,new ,england and ,ontario southward and westward over the whole country as far as ,new ,mexico and ,arizona4 7#b7 ,libythea carinenta1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,the ,southern ,snout-butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,much like the preceding species1 but readily distinguished from it by the paler yellowish-fulvous light markings of the upper side of the wings4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not been carefully described as yet4 ,l4 carinenta ranges from ,new ,mexico into ,south ,america4 ,,family ,,ii4 ,,lemoniid ,,subfamily ,,erycinin 7,,the ,,metal-,,marks7 ,i wonder what it is that baby dreams4 ,do memories haunt him of some glad place ,butterfly-haunted1 halcyon with flowers1 ,where once1 before he found this earth of ours1 ,he walked with glory filling his sweet face8 ,,edgar ,,fawcett4 ,butterfly4--,small1 the males having four ambulatory feet1 the females six1 in which respect they resemble the ,libythein1 from which they may readily be distinguished by the small palpi4 ,there is great variety in the shape and neuration of the wings4 ,the genera of this subfamily have the precostal vein on the extreme inner margin of the wing2 in some genera free at its end1 and projecting so as to form a short frenulum1 as in many genera of the moths4 ,in addition the costal vein sends up a branch at the point from which the precostal is usually emitted4 ,this apparent doubling of the precostal is found in no other group of butterflies1 and is a strong diacritical mark by which they may be recognized4 ,they are said to carry their wings expanded when at rest1 and frequently alight on the under surface of leaves1 in this respect somewhat approaching in their habit the pyralid moths4 ,many of the species are most gorgeously colored2 but those which are found within our region are for the most part not gaily marked4 ,they may be distinguished from the ,lycnid not only by the peculiar neuration and manner of carrying the wings1 but by the relatively longer and more slender antenn4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abe4--,neuration of base of hind wing of the genus ,lemonias3 ,,pc1 precostal vein2 ,,pc'1 second precostal vein4 ,early ,stages4--,comparatively little is known of these1 though in certain respects the larv and the chrysalis show a relationship to the ,lycnid1 with which some writers have in fact grouped them1 but erroneously1 as the writer believes4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxviii #a4 ,libythea bachmanni1 ,kirtland1 4 #b4 ,libythea bachmanni1 ,kirtland1 1 under side4 #c4 ,libythea carinenta1 ,cramer1 4 #d4 ,lemonias cythera1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #e4 ,lemonias cythera1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,lemonias virgulti1 ,behr1 4 #g4 ,lemonias mormo1 ,felder1 1 under side4 #h4 ,lemonias nais1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,lemonias nais1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,lemonias duryi1 ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,lemonias palmeri1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,calephelis borealis1 ,grote and ,robinson1 1 under side4 #ac4 ,calephelis borealis1 ,grote and ,robinson1 4 #ad4 ,calephelis nemesis1 ,edwards1 4 #ae4 ,calephelis australis1 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,calephelis coenius1 ,linnus1 4 #ag4 ,lemonias zela1 ,butler1 4 #ah4 ,lemonias zela1 ,butler1 4 #ai4 ,lemonias cleis1 ,edwards1 4 #bj4 ,lemonias cleis1 ,edwards1 4 #ba4 ,feniseca tarquinius1 ,fabricius1 4 #bb4 ,eumoeus atala1 ,poey1 1 under side4 #bc4 ,chrysophanus virginiensis1 ,edwards1 4 #bd4 ,chrysophanus virginiensis1 ,edwards1 4 #be4 ,chrysophanus hypophloeus1 ,boisduval1 4 #bf4 ,chrysophanus editha1 ,mead1 4 #bg4 ,chrysophanus editha1 ,mead1 4 #bh4 ,chrysophanus epixanthe1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #bi4 ,chrysophanus xanthoides1 ,boisduval1 4 #cj4 ,chrysophanus xanthoides1 ,boisduval1 4 #ca4 ,chrysophanus tho1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #cb4 ,chrysophanus tho1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #cc4 ,chrysophanus helloides1 ,boisduval1 4 #cd4 ,chrysophanus helloides1 ,boisduval1 4 #ce4 ,chrysophanus gorgon1 ,boisduval1 4 #cf4 ,chrysophanus gorgon1 ,boisduval1 4 #cg4 ,chrysophanus mariposa1 ,reakirt1 4 #ch4 ,chrysophanus mariposa1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,almost all of the species are ,american1 and the family attains its highest development in the tropical regions of ,south ,america4 ,genus ,,lemonias1 ,westwood ,butterfly4--,small1 brightly colored1 the sexes often differing greatly in appearance from each other4 ,the eyes are naked4 ,the palpi are produced1 porrect2 the last joint is short1 thin1 pointed1 and depressed4 ,the antenn are moderately long1 provided with a gradually thickening1 inconspicuous club4 ,the upper discocellular vein is wanting in the fore wing4 ,the middle and lower discocellulars are of equal length4 ,the hind wing has the end of the cell obliquely terminated by the middle and lower discocellular veins4 ,the apex of the fore wing is somewhat pointed1 the outward margin straight4 ,the outward margin of the hind wing is evenly rounded4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abf4--,neuration of the genus ,lemonias4 ,egg4--,flattened1 turban-shaped1 with a small1 depressed1 circular micropyle1 the whole surface covered with minute hexagonal reticulations4 ,caterpillar4--,short1 flattened1 tapering posteriorly2 the segments arched2 provided with tufts of hair ranged in longitudinal series1 the hairs on the sides and at the anal extremity being long1 bent outward and downward4 ,chrysalis4--,short1 suspended at the anal extremity1 and held in position by a silk girdle1 but not closely appressed to the surface upon which pupation has taken place2 thickly covered with short1 projecting hair4 ,the citadel of this genus is found about the head waters of the ,amazon1 where there are many species4 ,thence the genus spreads northward and southward1 being represented in the limits of our fauna by only a few species1 which are found on the extreme southern borders of the ,united ,states4 7#a7 ,lemonias mormo1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #g1 1 under side 7,the ,mormon74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are dark ashen-gray1 with the primaries from the base to the limbal area1 and inwardly as far as the bottom of the cell and the first median nervule1 red4 ,the wings are profusely marked with white spots variously disposed4 ,the under side is accurately depicted in our plate4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not been studied4 ,the ,mormon is found in ,utah1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 and ,california4 7#b7 ,lemonias duryi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,dury's ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,the only specimen as yet known is the type figured in our plate4 ,i doubt whether it is entitled to specific rank1 and am inclined to believe it to be a form of the succeeding species in which red has replaced the greater part of the gray on the upper side of both wings4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the specimen came from ,new ,mexico4 7#c7 ,lemonias cythera1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #d1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #e1 7,cythera74 ,butterfly4--,distinguished from ,l4 mormo by the red submarginal band on the secondaries on the upper side1 the greater prevalence of red on the primaries1 and by the tendency of the spots on the under side of the secondaries1 just after the costa1 to fuse and form an elongate pearly-white ray4 ,the submarginal spots on the lower side of the fore wings are smaller than in mormo4 ,the sexes do not differ except in size4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,cythera is found in ,arizona and ,mexico4 7#d7 ,lemonias virgulti1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,behr's ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,much like the preceding species on the upper side of the wings1 but darker4 ,the hind wings on the under side are much darker than in ,l4 cythera1 and the pearly-white spots relatively smaller1 standing out very distinctly on this darker ground4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,virgulti is common in southern ,california and ,mexico4 7#e7 ,lemonias nais1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 7,nais74 ,butterfly4--,the ground-color of the upper side is bright red1 clouded with fuscous on the base of the hind wings and bordered with the same color4 ,there is a small precostal white spot on the primaries near the apex4 ,the wings are profusely marked with small black spots arranged in transverse series and bands4 ,the fringes are checkered with white4 ,on the under side the wings are pale reddish1 mottled with buff on the secondaries4 ,the black spots and markings of the upper side reappear on the under side and stand out boldly on the lighter ground-color4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are beautifully delineated in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 ii4 ,the egg is pale green1 turban-shaped1 covered with hexagonal reticulations4 ,the caterpillar is rather stout and short1 the first segment projecting over the head4 ,the body is somewhat flattened and tapering behind1 covered with tufts of hairs projecting outward and downward on all sides1 only the two rows of short tufts on the back sending their hairs upward4 ,the color is mouse-gray1 striped longitudinally on the back with yellowish-white1 the tufts more or less ringed about at their base with circles of the same color4 ,the chrysalis is blackish-brown1 attached at the anal end1 held in place by a girdle1 but not closely appressed to the surface on which pupation has taken place1 and thickly studded with small projecting hairs4 ,the larva lives on the wild plum4 ,nais occurs from ,colorado to ,mexico east of the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#f7 ,lemonias palmeri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,palmer's ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,smaller than any of the preceding species4 ,the ground-color of the wings is mouse-gray1 spotted with white2 on the under side the wings are whitish-gray1 laved with pale red at the base of the fore wings4 ,the white spots of the upper side reappear on the under side4 ,expanse1 4#ge-4ie inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are1 so far as they have been worked out by ,edwards1 quite similar in many respects to those of the preceding species4 ,the range of the species is from ,utah southward to ,mexico4 7#g7 ,lemonias zela1 ,butler1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 7,zela74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of both sexes is delineated in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are pale red1 marked with a few black spots1 representing on the under side the markings of the upper side4 ,of these1 the spots of the median and submarginal bands are most conspicuous4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4ce inch4 7a7 ,lemonias zela1 ,butler1 var4 cleis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,fig4 #bj1 7,cleis74 ,the pale variety1 cleis1 is sufficiently well represented in our plate to need no description4 ,on the under side it is like ,l4 zela4 ,the species occurs in ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,genus ,,calephelis1 ,grote and ,robinson ,illustration ,,fig4 #abg4--,neuration of the genus ,calephelis4 ,butterfly4--,very small1 brown or reddish in color1 with metallic spots upon the wings4 ,head small2 eyes naked2 antenn relatively long1 slender1 with a bluntly rounded club4 ,palpi very short2 the third joint small1 pointed4 ,the accompanying cut shows the neuration4 ,early ,stages4--,entirely unknown4 7#a7 ,calephelis cnius1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #af1 7,the ,little ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,very small1 reddish-brown on the upper side1 brighter red on the under side4 ,on both the upper and under sides the wings are profusely spotted with small steely-blue metallic markings1 arranged in more or less regular transverse series1 especially on the outer margin4 ,expanse1 4#ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history is unknown4 ,cnius is common in ,florida1 and ranges thence northward to ,virginia and westward to ,texas4 7#b7 ,calephelis borealis1 ,grote and ,robinson1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ab1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,northern ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,fully twice as large as the preceding species4 ,the wings on the upper side are sooty-brown1 spotted with black1 and marked by a marginal and submarginal series of small metallic spots4 ,on the under side the wings are light red1 spotted with a multitude of small black spots arranged in regular series4 ,the two rows of metallic spots near the margins are repeated more distinctly on this side4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this rare insect has been taken from ,new ,york to ,virginia1 and as far west as ,michigan and ,illinois4 ,the only specimen ,i have ever seen in life ,i took at the ,white ,sulphur ,springs in ,west ,virginia4 ,it settled on the under side of a twig of black birch1 with expanded wings1 just over my head1 and by a lucky stroke of the net ,i swept it in4 7#c7 ,calephelis australis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,the ,southern ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,the wings in the male sex are more pointed at the apex than in the preceding species1 and in both sexes are smaller in expanse4 ,the color of the upper side of the wings is dusky1 on the under side pale yellowish-red4 ,on both sides the wings are obscurely marked with dark spots arranged in transverse series4 ,the marginal and submarginal metallic bands of spots are as in the preceding species4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,australis ranges from ,texas and ,arizona into ,mexico4 7#d7 ,calephelis nemesis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,the ,dusky ,metal-mark74 ,butterfly4--,very small1--as small as coenius1--but with the fore wings at the apex decidedly pointed in the male sex4 ,the wings are dusky-brown above1 lighter obscure reddish below4 ,both the primaries and the secondaries on the upper side are crossed by a dark median band1 broader on the primaries at the costa4 ,the metallic markings are quite small and indistinct4 ,expanse1 4#he inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,nemesis occurs in ,arizona and southern ,california4 ,,uncle ,,jotham',s ,,boarder ,i've kep' summer boarders for years1 and allowed ,i knowed all the sorts that there be2 ,but there come an old feller this season along1 ,that turned out a beater for me4 ,whatever that feller was arter1 ,i vow ,i hain't got the slightest idee4 ,he had an old bait-net of thin1 rotten stuff ,that a minner could bite his way through2 ,but he never went fishin'--at least1 in the way ,that fishermen gen'ally do2 ,but he carried that bait-net wherever he went2 ,the handle was j'inted in two4 ,and the bottles and boxes that chap fetched along6 ,why1 a doctor would never want more2 ,if they held pills and physic1 he'd got full enough ,to fit out a medicine-store4 ,and he'd got heaps of pins1 dreffle lengthy and slim1 ,allers droppin' about on the floor4 ,well1 true as ,i live1 that old feller just spent ,his hull days in loafin' about ,and pickin' up hoppers and roaches and flies-- ,not to use for his bait to ketch trout1 ,but to kill and stick pins in and squint at and all4 ,he was crazy 's a coot1 th' ain't no doubt4 ,he'd see a poor miller a-flyin' along1-- ,the commonest1 every-day kind1-- ,and he'd waddle on arter it1 fat as he was1 ,and foller up softly behind1 ,till he'd flop that-air bait-net right over its head1 ,and ,i'd laugh till nigh out of my mind4 ,why1 he'd lay on the ground for an hour at a stretch ,and scratch in the dirt like a hen2 ,he'd scrape all the bark off the bushes and trees1 ,and turn the stones over2 and then ,he'd peek under logs1 or he'd pry into holes4 ,i'm glad there ain't no more sech men4 ,my wife see a box in his bedroom1 one day1 ,jest swarmin' with live caterpillars2 ,he fed 'em on leaves off of all kinds of trees-- ,the ellums and birches and willers2 ,and he'd got piles of boxes1 chock-full to the top ,with crickets and bees and moth-millers4 ,i asked him1 one time1 what his business might be4 ,of course1 ,i fust made some apology4 ,he tried to explain1 but such awful big words6 ,sorto' forren1 outlandish1 and collegey4 ',s near's ,i can tell1 'stead of enterin' a trade1 ,he was tryin' to jest enter mology4 ,and ,hannah1 my wife1 says she's heerd o' sech things2 ,she guesses his brain warn't so meller4 ,there's a thing they call ,nat'ral ,histerry1 she says1 ,and1 whatever the folks there may tell her1 ,till it's settled she's wrong she'll jest hold that-air man ,was a ,nat'ral ,histerrical feller4 ,,annie ,,trumbull ,,slosson4 ,,mimicry ,protective mimicry as it occurs in animals may be the simulation in form or color1 or both1 of natural objects1 or it may be the simulation of the form and color of another animal1 which for some reason enjoys immunity from the attacks of species which ordinarily prey upon its kind4 ,of course this mimicry is unconscious and is the result of a slow process of development which has1 no doubt1 gone on for ages4 ,remarkable instances of mimicry1 in which things are simulated1 are found in the insect world4 ,the walking-sticks1 as they are called1 creatures which resemble the twigs of trees2 the leaf-insects1 in which the foliage of plants is apparently reproduced in animate forms2 the leaf-butterfly of ,india1 in which the form and the color and even the venation of leaves are reproduced1 are illustrations of mimicry which are familiar to all who have given any attention to the subject4 ,repulsive objects are frequently mimicked4 ,a spider has been lately described from the ,indo-,malayan region1 which1 as it rests upon the leaves1 exactly resembles a patch of bird-lime4 ,the resemblance is so exact as to deceive the most sagacious1 and the discovery of the creature was due to the fact that the naturalist who happened to see it observed1 to his surprise1 that what he was positive was a mass of ordure was actually in motion4 ,a similar case of mimicry is observable among some of the small acontiid moths of ,north ,america4 ,one of these is pure white1 with the tips of the fore wings dark greenish-brown4 ,it sits on the upper side of leaves1 with its fore wings folded over1 or rolled about the hind wings1 and in this attitude it so nearly approximates in appearance the ordure of a sparrow as to have often deceived me when collecting4 ,,family ,,iii4 ,,lyc,,nid 7,,the ,,blues1 ,,the ,,coppers1 ,,the ,,hair-,,streaks7 ,,subfamily ,,lyc,,nin ,mark1 while he moves amid the sunny beam1 ,o'er his soft wings the varying lusters gleam4 ,launched into air1 on purple plumes he soars1 ,gay nature's face with wanton glance explores2 ,proud of his varying beauties1 wings his way1 ,and spoils the fairest flowers1 himself more fair than they4 ,quoted as from ,haworth by ,scudder4 ,butterfly4--,small1 in both sexes having all feet adapted to walking4 ,there is exceeding diversity of form in the various genera composing this family4 ,many of the genera are characterized by the brilliant blue on the upper side of the wings2 in other genera shades of coppery-red predominate4 ,the hair-streaks frequently have the hind wings adorned with one or more slender1 elongated tails4 ,in ,africa and in ,asia there are numerous genera which strongly mimic protected insects belonging to the ,acrin4 ,egg4--,the eggs are for the most part flattened or turban-shaped1 curiously and beautifully adorned with ridges1 minute eminences1 and reticulations4 ,some of them under the microscope strongly resemble the shells of sea-biscuits with the rays removed 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #g74 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars are for the most part slug-shaped1 flattened4 ,they are vegetable feeders1 save the larv of two or three genera1 which are aphidivorous1 feeding upon mealy bugs or plant-lice4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalids are short1 compressed1 attached at the anal extremity1 with a girdle or cincture about the middle1 closely fastened to the surface upon which pupation takes place4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxix #a4 ,chrysophanus arota1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,chrysophanus arota1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,chrysophanus sirius1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,chrysophanus sirius1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,chrysophanus rubidus1 ,behr1 4 #f4 ,chrysophanus rubidus1 ,behr1 4 #g4 ,chrysophanus snowi1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,chrysophanus snowi1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,thecla halesus1 ,cramer1 4 #aj4 ,thecla m-album1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #aa4 ,thecla crysalus1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,thecla grunus1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,thecla autolycus1 ,edwards1 4 #ad4 ,thecla alcestis1 ,edwards1 4 #ae4 ,thecla acadica1 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,thecla acadica1 ,edwards1 4 #ag4 ,thecla itys1 ,edwards1 4 #ah4 ,thecla cecrops1 ,hbner1 1 under side4 #ai4 ,thecla wittfeldi1 ,edwards1 4 #bj4 ,thecla wittfeldi1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ba4 ,thecla spinetorum1 ,boisduval1 4 #bb4 ,thecla favonius1 ,smith and ,abbot1 4 #bc4 ,thecla lta1 ,edwards1 4 #bd4 ,thecla lta1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #be4 ,thecla adenostomatis1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #bf4 ,thecla calanus1 ,hbner1 4 #bg4 ,thecla edwardsi1 ,saunders1 4 #bh4 ,thecla liparops1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #bi4 ,thecla damon1 ,cramer1 var4 discoidalis1 ,skinner1 4 #cj4 ,thecla tacita1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #ca4 ,thecla melinus1 ,hbner1 form humuli1 ,harris1 4 #cb4 ,thecla damon1 ,cramer1 1 under side4 #cc4 ,thecla spium1 ,boisduval1 4 #cd4 ,thecla spium1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #ce4 ,thecla ines1 ,edwards1 4 #cf4 ,thecla chalcis1 ,behr1 4 #cg4 ,thecla chalcis1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #ch4 ,thecla acis1 ,drury1 1 under side4 #ci4 ,thecla simthis1 ,drury1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,genus ,,eum,,us1 ,hbner ,butterfly4--,medium size or small2 dark in color1 with the under side and the borders of the upper sides beautifully adorned with spots having a metallic luster4 ,the palpi are divergent1 longer in the female than in the male4 ,the antenn are stout1 rather short1 with a gradually thickened club4 ,the eyes are naked4 ,the veins on the fore wing are stout4 ,the accompanying cut gives a clear idea of the neuration4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing is known of these4 ,three species are reckoned as belonging to the genus1 two of them being found sparingly in the extreme southern limits of our fauna4 7#a7 ,eumus atala1 ,poey1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bb1 1 under side 7,atala74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abh4--,neuration of the genus ,eumus4 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by the figure in the plate from all other species except its congener ,e4 minyas1 ,hbner1 which can be readily separated from it by its larger size4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,atala is found in ,florida and ,cuba4 ,minyas occurs in southwestern ,texas1 and thence southward to ,brazil4 ,genus ,,thecla1 ,fabricius 7,the ,hair-streaks7 ,these be the pretty genii of the flow'rs1 ,daintily fed with honey and pure dew4 ,,hood4 ,butterfly4--,small or medium-sized2 on the upper side often colored brilliantly with iridescent blue or green1 sometimes dark brown or reddish2 on the under side marked with lines and spots variously disposed1 sometimes obscure in color1 very frequently most brilliantly colored4 ,various subdivisions based upon the neuration of the wings have been made in the genus in recent years1 and these subdivisions are entitled to be accepted by those who are engaged in a comparative study of the species belonging to this great group4 ,inasmuch1 however1 as most ,american writers have heretofore classified all of these insects under the genus ,thecla1 the author has decided not to deviate from familiar usage1 and will therefore not attempt to effect a subdivision according to the views of recent writers1 which he nevertheless approves as scientifically accurate4 ,egg4--,considerable diversity exists in the form of the eggs of the various species included under this genus as treated in this book1 but all of them may be said to be turban-shaped1 more or less depressed at the upper extremity1 with their surfaces beautifully adorned with minute projections arranged in geometric patterns4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #abi4--,neuration of ,thecla edwardsi4 7,after ,scudder47 ,typical neuration of the genus4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars are slug-shaped1 their heads minute1 the body abruptly tapering at the anal extremity4 ,they feed upon the tender leaves of the ends of branches1 some of them upon the leaves of flowers of various species4 ,chrysalis4--,what has been said concerning the chrysalids of the family applies likewise to the chrysalids of this and the succeeding genera4 ,they lie closely appressed to the surface upon which they are formed1 and are held in place by an attachment at the anal extremity1 as well as by a slight girdle of silk about the middle4 ,in color they are generally some shade of brown4 7#a7 ,thecla grunus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,boisduval's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the wings are brown on the upper side1 lighter on the disk2 in some specimens1 more frequently of the female sex1 bright orange-tawny4 ,on the under side the wings are pale tawny1 with transverse marginal and submarginal series of small dark spots on both wings4 ,two or three of the marginal spots near the anal angle are black1 each crowned with a metallic-green crescent4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have1 in part1 been described by ,dyar1 ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxv1 p4 #id4 ,the caterpillar is short1 flattened1 the segments arched1 the body tapering backward1 bluish-green1 covered with little dark warty prominences bearing tufts of hairs1 obscurely striped longitudinally with broken1 pale lines1 and having a diamond-shaped shield back of the head4 ,the chrysalis is thick and conformed to the generic type of structure4 ,the color is pale green1 striped and dotted with pale yellow on the abdomen4 ,the caterpillar feeds in the ,yosemite ,valley upon the young leaves of the live-oak 7,quercus chrysolepis74 ,the insect is found in ,california and ,nevada4 7#b7 ,thecla crysalus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,the ,colorado ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are royal purple1 broadly margined with black4 ,on the fore wings a broad oblique black band runs from the middle of the costa to the middle of the outer margin4 ,at the inner angles of both wings are conspicuous orange spots4 ,on the under side the wings are fawn1 marked with white lines edged with brown4 ,the orange spots reappear on this side1 but at the anal angle of the hind wings are transformed to red eye-spots1 pupiled with black and margined with metallic green4 ,the hind wings are tailed4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,the variety citima1 ,henry ,edwards1 differs in being without the orange spots and having the ground-color of the under side ashen-gray4 ,specimens connecting the typical with the varietal form are in my possession4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,found in southern ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,arizona1 and southern ,california4 7#c7 ,thecla halesus1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #i1 7,the ,great ,purple ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the hind wings have a long tail1 and are lobed at the anal angle4 ,the wings are fuscous1 iridescent bluish-green at the base4 ,the body is bluish-green above4 ,on the under side the thorax is black1 spotted with white1 the abdomen bright orange-red4 ,the wings on the under side are evenly warm sepia1 spotted with crimson at their bases1 glossed with a ray of metallic green on the fore wings in the male sex1 and in both sexes splendidly adorned at the anal angle by series of metallic-green and iridescent blue and red spots4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,all we know of them is derived from the drawings of ,abbot1 published by ,boisduval and ,leconte1 and this is but little4 ,the caterpillar is said by ,abbot to feed on various oaks4 ,it is very common in ,central ,america and ,mexico2 is not scarce in the hot parts of the ,gulf ,states2 and is even reported as having been captured in southern ,illinois4 ,it also occurs in ,arizona and southern ,california4 7#d7 ,thecla m-album1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,white-,m ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,smaller than the preceding species2 on the upper side somewhat like it2 but the iridescent color at the base of the wings is blue1 and not so green as in halesus4 ,on the under side the wings are quite differently marked4 ,the fore wing is crossed by a submarginal and a median line of white1 shaded with brown1 the median line most distinct4 ,this line is continued upon the hind wings1 and near the anal angle is zigzagged1 so as to present the appearance of an inverted ,m4 ,near the outer angle of the ,m-spot is a rounded crimson patch4 ,the anal angle is deep black1 glossed with iridescent blue4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4de inch4 ,early ,stages4--,all we know of this pretty species is based upon the account and drawings of ,abbot made in the last century4 ,we need better information4 ,according to ,abbot1 the caterpillar feeds on astragalus and different oaks4 ,this species has been taken as far north as ,jersey ,city and ,wisconsin1 and ranges southward as far as ,venezuela4 ,its citadel is found in the live-oak hummocks of the ,gulf ,states and the oak forests on the highlands of ,mexico and more southern countries4 7#e7 ,thecla martialis1 ,herrich-,schffer1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 under side 7,the ,martial ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the insect figured in the plate1 which may easily be recognized by its under side1 has been determined by ,dr4 ,skinner to be the above species4 ,my specimens coming from the ,edwards collection are labeled ,thecla acis1 4 ,they were taken at ,key ,west4 ,a comparison with the under side of ,t4 acis 7see ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ch7 will reveal the great difference4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 southern ,florida and ,cuba4 7#f7 ,thecla favonius1 ,abbot and ,smith1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bb1 7,the ,southern ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the wings are dusky-brown above1 with a small pale oval sex-mark in the male near the upper edge of the cell in the primaries4 ,on either side of the second median nervule1 near the outer margin of both wings1 are bright orange-red patches1 most conspicuous in the female4 ,the hind wings near the anal angle are blackish1 margined with a fine white line4 ,on the under side the wings are marked much as in m-album1 but in the region of the median nervules1 midway between their origin and termination1 is a rather broad transverse carmine streak1 edged inwardly with dark lines4 ,this is largest and most conspicuous in the female sex4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described1 in part1 by ,abbot and ,smith and ,packard4 ,the caterpillar feeds on oaks4 ,favonius is found in the ,gulf ,states1 and as far north as ,south ,carolina4 7#g7 ,thecla wittfeldi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,fig4 #bj1 1 under side 7,wittfeld's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the figures in the plate give a correct idea of both the upper and under sides of this insect4 ,it is much darker in ground-color than any of its congeners4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the types which are in my possession came from the ,indian ,river district in ,florida4 7#h7 ,thecla autolycus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,texas ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side resembling favonius1 but with the orange-red spots on the wings much broader1 ranging from the lower radial vein to the submedian in the fore wings4 ,the carmine spots on the under side of the wings are not arranged across the median nervules1 as in favonius1 but are in the vicinity of the anal angle1 crowning the black crescents near the inner end of the outer margin4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found in ,texas1 and is also said to have been found in ,missouri and ,kansas4 7#i7 ,thecla alcestis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,alcestis74 ,butterfly4--,uniformly slaty-gray on the upper side of the wings1 with the usual oval sex-mark on the fore wing of the male1 and a few bluish scales near the anal angle4 ,the ground-color of the wings on the under side is as above1 but somewhat paler4 ,a white bar closes the cell of both wings4 ,both wings are crossed by white lines1 much as in m-album4 ,the anal angle is marked with black1 followed outwardly by a broad patch of iridescent greenish-blue scales4 ,between the end of the submarginal vein and the first median nervule is a black spot surmounted with carmine1 edged inwardly with black2 three or four carmine crescents similarly edged1 but rapidly diminishing in size1 extend as a transverse submarginal band toward the costa4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,alcestis is found in ,texas and ,arizona4 7#aj7 ,thecla melinus1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ci1 chrysalis 7,the ,common ,hair-streak74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #acj4--,neuration of ,thecla melinus4 7,after ,scudder47 ,typical of subgenus ,uranotes4 ,butterfly4--,much confusion has arisen from the fact that this insect has received a number of names and has also been confounded with others4 ,fig4 #ca in ,plate ,,xxix represents the insect labeled humuli1 ,harris1 in the ,edwards collection2 ,fig4 #bj in ,plate ,,xxxii represents the insect labeled melinus1 ,hbner4 ,there is a very large series of both in the collection1 but a minute comparison fails to reveal any specific difference4 ,humuli of ,harris is the same as melinus of ,hbner2 and recent authors1 ,i think1 are right in sinking the name given by ,harris as a synonym4 ,this common little butterfly may easily be recognized by its plain slaty upper surface1 adorned by a large black spot1 crowned with crimson between the origin of the two tails of the secondaries4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are in part well known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the hop-vine4 ,melinus is found all over temperate ,north ,america1 and ranges southward into ,mexico and ,central ,america at suitable elevations4 7#aa7 ,thecla acadica1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ce1 chrysalis 7,the ,acadian ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the male is pale slaty-gray above1 with some ill-defined orange spots near the anal angle1 the usual oval sex-mark on the fore wing4 ,the female is like the male above2 but the orange spots at the anal angle of the hind wings are broader1 and in some specimens similar spots appear on the fore wings near the inner angle4 ,on the under side in both sexes the wings are pale wood-brown1 adorned by a black bar at the end of the cells1 submarginal and median bands of small black spots surrounded with white1 and on the secondaries by a submarginal series of red crescents diminishing in size from the anal angle toward the outer angle4 ,near the anal angle are two black spots separated by a broad patch of bluish-green scales4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,for a knowledge of what is known of these the reader may consult the pages of ,scudder and ,edwards4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon willows4 ,it is found all over the ,northern ,states1 ranging from ,quebec to ,vancouver's ,island4 ,it seems to be very common on ,mount ,hood1 from which ,i have a large series of specimens4 7#ab7 ,thecla itys1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,itys74 ,butterfly4--,the only specimen of this species known to me is figured in the plate4 ,it is the type4 ,of its early stages nothing is known4 ,it was taken in ,arizona4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 7#ac7 ,thecla edwardsi1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bg1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #bi1 chrysalis 7,edwards' ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,dark plumbeous-brown on the upper side1 with a pale sex-mark on the fore wing of the male4 ,on the under side the wings are paler and a trifle warmer brown1 with their outer halves marked with numerous fine white broken lines arranged in pairs1 with the space between them darker than the ground-color of the wing4 ,the usual black spots1 green scales1 and red crescents are found near the anal angle on the under side4 ,early ,stages4--,for all that is known of these the reader will do well to consult the pages of ,scudder4 ,the caterpillar feeds on oaks4 ,the species ranges from ,quebec westward to ,colorado and ,nebraska1 being found commonly in ,new ,england4 7#ad7 ,thecla calanus1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #be1 #bg1 chrysalis 7,the ,banded ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side resembling the preceding species very closely1 but a trifle darker1 and warmer brown4 ,on the under side the wings are marked by fine white lines on the outer half1 which are not broken1 as in edwardsi1 but form continuous bands4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on oaks4 ,the life-history is described with minute exactness by ,scudder in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 ii1 p4 #hhh4 ,this insect has a wide range1 being found from the province of ,quebec to ,texas and ,colorado4 ,it is common in western ,pennsylvania4 7#ae7 ,thecla liparops1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bh1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #bh1 chrysalis 7,the ,striped ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,dark brown on the upper side1 grayish below4 ,the lines are arranged much as in ,t4 edwardsi1 but are farther apart1 often very narrow1 scarcely defining the dark bands between them4 ,the spots at the anal angle are obscure and blackish4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,much like those of the allied species4 ,scudder1 in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 gives a full account of them4 ,the caterpillar feeds on a variety of plants--oaks1 willows1 the wild plum1 and other rosaceous plants1 as well as on the ,ericace4 ,it ranges through the northern ,atlantic ,states and ,quebec to ,colorado and ,montana1 but is local in its habits1 and nowhere common4 7#af7 ,thecla chalcis1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cf1 2 ,fig4 #cg1 1 under side 7,the ,bronzed ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side uniformly brown4 ,on the under side dark1 with a narrow submarginal and an irregular median transverse band1 and a pale short bar closing the cell on both wings2 a black spot at the anal angle of the secondaries1 preceded by a few bluish-green scales4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 ,california and ,utah4 7#ag7 ,thecla spium1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 7,the ,hedge-row ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,almost identically like the preceding species1 except that the wings on the upper side are a trifle redder1 on the under side paler2 the lines on the under side of the wings are narrowly defined externally by white1 and the anal spots are better developed and defined on the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found throughout the ,pacific ,states1 and ,i am inclined to believe it identical with chalcis4 ,if this should be proved to be true the latter name will sink as a synonym4 7#ah7 ,thecla adenostomatis1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #be1 7,the ,gray ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,mouse-gray on the upper side1 with a few white lines on the outer margin near the anal angle2 hoary-gray on the under side1 darker on the median and basal areas4 ,the limbal area is defined inwardly by a fine white line1 is paler than the rest of the wing1 and on the secondaries is marked by a full1 regularly curved submarginal series of small dark lunules4 ,expanse1 #a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,habitat1 ,california4 7#ai7 ,thecla spinetorum1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,the ,thicket ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,dark blackish on the upper side1 with both wings at the base shot with bluish-green4 ,on the under side the wings are pale reddish-brown1 marked much as in the following species1 but the lines and spots are broader1 more distinct1 and conspicuous4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,this species is reported1 so far1 from ,colorado1 ,california1 and ,washington4 7#bj7 ,thecla nelsoni1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,nelson's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,bright fulvous on the upper side1 with the costa1 the outer margins1 the base1 and the veins of both fore and hind wings fuscous4 ,on the under side the wings are paler red1 with an incomplete narrow white line shaded with deep red just beyond the median area1 and not reaching the inner margin4 ,this line is repeated on the hind wing as an irregularly curved median line4 ,between it and the outer margin on this wing are a few dark lunules near the anal angle4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,i cannot discover any account of these4 ,the species has been found in ,california and ,colorado4 7#ba7 ,thecla blenina1 ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #i1 1 under side 7,hewitson's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,brown on the upper side1 in some specimens bright fulvous bordered with brown4 ,on the under side the wings are pale red1 shot with pea-green on the secondaries and at the base of the primaries4 ,the markings of the under side are much as in the preceding species1 but the line on the hind wing dividing the discal from the limbal area is broader and very white1 and the spots between it and the margin more conspicuous4 ,expanse1 #a4ab inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,it is reported from ,arizona and southern ,california4 ,it has been named siva by ,edwards1 and the figure is from his type so labeled4 7#bb7 ,thecla damon1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cb1 1 under side2 var4 discoidalis1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca1 chrysalis 7,the ,olive ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side bright fulvous1 with the costa1 the outer margins1 and the veins of both wings blackish1 darkest at the apex4 ,on the under side the wings are greenish1 crossed on the fore wing by a straight1 incomplete white line1 and on the hind wing by a similar irregular line4 ,both of these lines are margined internally by brown4 ,there are a couple of short white lines on the hind wing near the base1 and the usual crescentic spots and markings on the outer border and at the anal angle4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4jj inch4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aca4--,neuration of ,thecla damon1 enlarged4 ,type of subgenus ,mitura1 ,scudder4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by several authors4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the red cedar 7,juniperus virginiana1 ,linnus74 ,it is double-brooded in the ,north and triple-brooded in the ,south4 ,damon ranges from ,ontario to ,texas over the entire eastern half of the ,united ,states4 7#bc7 ,thecla simthis1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ci1 1 under side 7,simthis74 ,butterfly4--,resembling the preceding species1 but the white band on the secondaries is straight1 and the outer margins are heavily marked with brown4 ,expanse1 4#he-a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species occurs in ,texas1 ,mexico1 and southward4 7#bd7 ,thecla acis1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ch1 1 under side 7,drury's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is dark brown4 ,the under side is shown in the plate4 ,expanse1 4#ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this very pretty species is found in the extreme southern portions of ,florida and the ,antilles4 7#be7 ,thecla cecrops1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 under side 7,cecrops74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxx #a4 ,thecla dumetorum1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,thecla dumetorum1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #c4 ,thecla affinis1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #d4 ,thecla behri1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,thecla behri1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #f4 ,thecla clytie1 ,edwards1 4 #g4 ,thecla cecrops1 ,hbner1 4 #h4 ,thecla nelsoni1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #i4 ,thecla blenina1 ,hewitson1 1 under side4 7,the figure is that of the type of ,t4 siva1 ,edwards47 #aj4 ,thecla titus1 ,fabricius1 4 #aa4 ,thecla niphon1 ,hbner1 4 #ab4 ,thecla irus1 ,godart1 4 #ac4 ,thecla nelsoni1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,thecla titus1 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 #ae4 ,thecla augustus1 ,kirby1 4 #af4 ,lycoena fuliginosa1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ag4 ,thecla eryphon1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #ah4 ,thecla martialis1 1 under side4 #ai4 ,lycoena pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 marginata1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #bj4 ,lycoena pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 lucia1 ,kirby1 1 under side4 #ba4 ,thecla henrici1 ,grote and ,robinson1 4 #bb4 ,thecla niphon1 ,hbner1 1 under side4 #bc4 ,lycoena couperi1 ,grote1 4 #bd4 ,lycoena fulla1 ,edwards1 4 #be4 ,lycoena fulla1 ,edwards1 4 #bf4 ,lycoena clara1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #bg4 ,lycoena marina1 ,reakirt1 1 under side4 #bh4 ,lycoena doedalus1 ,behr1 1 under side4 #bi4 ,lycoena icarioides1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #cj4 ,lycoena enoptes1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #ca4 ,lycoena glaucon1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #cb4 ,lycoena pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 1 under side4 #cc4 ,lycoena isola1 ,reakirt1 1 under side4 7,the figure is that of the type of ,l4 aloe1 ,edwards47 #cd4 ,lycoena couperi1 ,grote1 1 under side4 #ce4 ,lycoena antiacis1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #cf4 ,lycoena antiacis1 ,boisduval1 4 #cg4 ,lycoena pheres1 ,boisduval1 4 #ch4 ,lycoena isola1 ,reakirt1 4 #ci4 ,lycoena glaucon1 ,edwards1 4 #dj4 ,lycoena aster1 ,edwards1 4 #da4 ,lycoena antiacis1 ,boisduval1 4 #db4 ,lycoena pheres1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #dc4 ,lycoena xerxes1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #dd4 ,lycoena sagittigera1 ,felder1 1 under side4 #de4 ,lycoena ammon1 ,lucas1 1 under side4 #df4 ,lycoena aster1 ,edwards1 4 #dg4 ,lycoena aster1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #dh4 ,lycoena scudderi1 ,edwards1 4 #di4 ,lycoena scudderi1 ,edwards1 4 #ej4 ,lycoena lygdamas1 ,doubleday1 1 under side4 #ea4 ,lycoena enoptes1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxx4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly4--,dark brown1 glossed at the base of the wings and on the inner margin of the secondaries with blue4 ,the under side is well delineated in the plate4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,cecrops is common in the ,southern ,states1 and has been taken as far north as ,west ,virginia1 ,kentucky1 and southern ,indiana4 7#bf7 ,thecla clytie1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #f1 7,clytie74 ,butterfly4--,blue above1 with the apical two thirds of the fore wings black4 ,the wings on the under side are white1 with the usual marginal and transverse markings quite small and faint4 ,expanse1 4#ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 ,texas and ,arizona4 7#bg7 ,thecla ines1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #ce1 7,ines74 ,butterfly4--,much like the preceding species1 but smaller1 with the secondaries marked with blackish on the costa4 ,on the under side the wings are slaty-gray1 with numerous fine lines and a broad median dark shade on the hind wings1 running from the costa to the middle of the wing4 ,expanse1 4#ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,ines is found in ,arizona4 7#bh7 ,thecla behri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 1 under side 7,behr's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,both sides are well displayed in the plate1 and therefore need no particular description4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species is found in northern ,california and ,oregon1 and eastward to ,colorado4 7#bi7 ,thecla augustus1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,the ,brown ,elfin74 ,butterfly4--,brown on the upper side2 paler on the under side4 ,the fore wings are marked by a straight incomplete median band1 and the hind wings by an irregularly curved median band or line4 ,back of these lines toward the base both wings are darker brown4 ,expanse1 4#ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are not well known4 ,henry ,edwards describes the caterpillar as carmine-red1 covered with very short hair1 each segment involute above1 with deep double fove4 ,the chrysalis is described by the same observer as being pitchy-brown1 covered with very short bristly hair1 the wing-cases paler4 ,the food-plant is unknown4 ,this species is boreal in its haunts1 and is found in ,new ,england and northward and westward into the ,british possessions4 7#cj7 ,thecla irus1 ,godart1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #cb-cd1 chrysalis 7,the ,hoary ,elfin74 ,butterfly4--,grayish-brown on the upper side4 ,the wings on the under side are of the same color1 paler on the outer margins1 and darker toward the base4 ,the species is subject to considerable variation4 ,the variety arsace1 ,boisduval1 has the hind wings marked with reddish near the anal angle1 and the outer margin below marked with hoary-purple4 ,the usual small crescentic spots appear on the outer margin of the hind wings1 or they may be absent4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,an epitome of all that is known is to be found in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds on young plums just after the leaves of the blossom have dropped away4 ,the species is rather rare1 but has been found from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific in the latitude of ,new ,england4 7#ca7 ,thecla henrici1 ,grote and ,robinson1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,henry's ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,much like the preceding species on the upper side1 but with the outer half of the wings broadly reddish-brown4 ,the secondaries on the under side are broadly blackish-brown on the basal half1 with the outer margin paler4 ,the division between the dark and light shades is irregular and very sharply defined1 often indicated by a more or less perfect irregularly curved median white line4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,edwards in the ,american ,naturalist1 vol4 xvi1 p4 #abc4 ,the habits of the larva are identical with those of the preceding species4 ,it occurs from ,maine to ,west ,virginia1 but is rare4 7#cb7 ,thecla eryphon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ag1 1 under side 7,eryphon74 ,butterfly4--,closely resembling the following species both on the upper and under side of the wings1 but easily distinguished by the fact that1 on the under side of the fore wings1 the inner of the two dark bands on the outer third of the wing is not sharply angulated below the third median nervule1 as in ,t4 niphon1 but is more even1 and in general parallel with the submarginal line4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not been described4 ,eryphon replaces the ,eastern ,t4 niphon on the ,pacific coast4 7#cc7 ,thecla niphon1 ,hbner1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ch1 #dj1 chrysalis 7,the ,banded ,elfin74 ,butterfly4--,reddish-brown on the upper side4 ,the under side is accurately depicted in the plate4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been elaborately described by ,scudder in his great work4 ,the caterpillars feed upon pine4 ,the ,banded ,elfin is found from ,nova ,scotia to ,colorado1 in the ,northern ,states1 where its food-plant occurs1 but is never abundant4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #acb4--,neuration of ,thecla niphon1 enlarged4 ,typical of subgenus ,incisalia1 ,minot4 7#cd7 ,thecla affinis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side 7,the ,green-winged ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side closely resembling the following species4 ,on the under side the wings are uniformly bright green4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,the types came from ,utah4 ,i also have specimens from ,california4 7#ce7 ,thecla dumetorum1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side 7,the ,green ,white-spotted ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,dark fawn-color above1 sometimes tinged externally with reddish4 ,on the under side both wings are green1 the primaries having a short straight band of white spots on the outer third1 and the secondaries a small white spot on the costa beyond the middle1 and two or three conspicuous white spots near the anal angle4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the eggs are laid on the unopened flower-heads of ,hosackia argophylla4 ,this is all we know of the life-history4 ,the species ranges from ,oregon and ,california eastward as far as ,colorado4 7#cf7 ,thecla lta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,fig4 #bd1 1 under side 7,the ,early ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,the wings brown1 glossed with bright blue above2 on the under side pale fawn1 with a band of pale-red spots on both wings about the middle1 and a few similar spots on the outer and inner margins of the hind wings4 ,expanse1 4#ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,only the egg1 described and figured by ,scudder1 is known4 ,it ranges from ,quebec to southern ,new ,jersey1 and westward to ,west ,virginia1 and has been taken on ,mount ,graham1 in ,arizona4 ,it appears in early spring4 ,it is still rare in collections4 7#cg7 ,thecla titus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #cg1 chrysalis 7,the ,coral ,hair-streak74 ,butterfly4--,uniformly gray-brown on the upper side4 ,some specimens of the female have a few red spots at the anal angle of the hind wing4 ,on the under side the wings are colored as on the upper side2 but the hind wings have a conspicuous submarginal band of coral-red spots on their outer third4 ,expanse1 #a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been well described by several authors4 ,the fullest account is given by ,scudder4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the wild cherry and the wild plum4 ,the insect occurs from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 from ,maine to ,georgia4 ,it is not very common4 ,there are some ten or more other species of this genus found in our fauna1 but the species figured in our plates will suffice to give a good idea of the genus4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #acc4--,neuration of ,thecla titus1 enlarged4 ,typical of subgenus ,strymon1 ,hbner4 ,genus ,,feniseca1 ,grote 7,the ,harvesters7 ,upon his painted wings1 the butterfly ,roam'd1 a gay blossom of the sunny sky4 ,,willis ,g4 ,,clark4 ,butterfly4--,small1 bright orange-yellow1 on the upper side spotted with black1 on the under side more or less mottled and shaded with gray and brown1 the markings of the upper side reappearing4 ,the cut shows the neuration1 which need not be minutely described4 ,egg4--,subglobular1 much wider than high1 its surface smooth1 marked with a multitude of very fine and indistinct raised ridges1 giving it the appearance of being covered by very delicate polygonal cells4 ,caterpillar4--,in its mature stage the caterpillar is short1 slug-shaped1 covered with a multitude of bristling hairs1 upon which it gathers the white exudations or scales of the mealy bugs upon which it feeds4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #acd4--,neuration of the genus ,feniseca1 enlarged4 ,chrysalis4--,small1 brown in color2 when viewed dorsally showing a remarkable and striking likeness to the face of a monkey1 a singular phenomenon which also appears even more strikingly in chrysalids of the allied genus ,spalgis1 which is found in ,africa and ,asia4 ,but one species of the genus is known4 7#a7 ,feniseca tarquinius1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #de1 #df1 chrysalis 7,the ,harvester74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is well depicted in the plate4 ,there is considerable variation1 however1 in the size of the black markings upon the upper surface1 and ,i have specimens in which they almost entirely disappear4 ,on the under side the wings are paler2 the spots of the upper side reappear1 and1 in addition1 the hind wings are mottled profusely with small pale-brown spots4 ,expanse1 #a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,what has been said of these in the description of the genus will suffice for the species4 ,this curious little insect1 which finds its nearest allies in ,asia and ,africa1 ranges all over the ,atlantic ,states from ,nova ,scotia to the ,carolinas1 and throughout the valley of the ,mississippi4 ,genus ,,chrysophanus1 ,doubleday 7,the ,coppers7 ,atoms of color thou hast called to life 7,we name them butterflies7 float lazily ,on clover swings1 their drop of honey made ,by thee1 dear queen1 already for their need4 ,,mary ,,butts4 ,butterfly4--,small butterflies1 with the upper side of the wings some shade of coppery-red or orange1 frequently glossed with purple4 ,on the under side the wings are marked with a multitude of small spots and lines4 ,the neuration of the wing is delineated in the figure herewith given1 and needs no further description4 ,egg4--,the eggs are hemispherical1 flattened on the base1 the upper surface deeply pitted with polygonal or somewhat circular depressions4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ace4--,neuration of ,chrysophanus tho1 enlarged4 ,typical of the genus4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars1 so far as known1 are decidedly slug-shaped1 thickest in the middle1 tapering forward and backward1 and having a very small head4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalids are small1 rounded at either end1 and held in place by a girdle of silk a little forward of the middle4 ,this genus is found in the temperate regions of both the ,new and the ,old ,world1 and also in ,south ,africa4 7#a7 ,chrysophanus arota1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,arota74 ,butterfly4--,the plate gives a good idea of the upper side of the wings in both sexes4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pale gray in the male and pale red in the female1 with the outer margin lavender4 ,the spots of the upper side reappear on the disk4 ,the hind wings on the under side are purplish-gray on the inner two thirds and paler gray on the outer third1 with many black spots on the disk1 margined with white4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been partially described by ,dyar in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #bjd4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the wild gooseberry 7,ribes74 ,arota is a ,californian species4 7#b7 ,chrysophanus virginiensis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,fig4 #bd1 7,the ,nevada ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,allied to the preceding species1 but easily distinguished by the submarginal white bands of crescent-shaped spots on the under side4 ,these are particularly distinct on the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,virginiensis1 so named because the first specimens came from ,virginia ,city1 ranges in ,california1 ,nevada1 and ,colorado4 7#c7 ,chrysophanus xanthoides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 7,the ,great ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,the student will easily recognize it by its larger size1 it being the largest species of the genus in ,north ,america1 and by its creamy-white under surface1 spotted with distinct small black spots1 in large part reproducing the spots of the upper side4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fe inch4 7#d7 ,chrysophanus editha1 ,mead1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,fig4 #bg1 7,editha74 ,butterfly4--,this is a much smaller species than the last1 which it somewhat resembles on the upper side4 ,on the under side it is wholly unlike xanthoides1 the wings being pale pearly-gray1 pale ochreous on the outer margins1 the spots of the fore wings black and of the hind wings ochreous1 narrowly margined with white or fine black lines4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,entirely unknown4 ,this species is found in ,nevada4 7#e7 ,chrysophanus gorgon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 7,gorgon74 ,butterfly4--,somewhat like the preceding species1 but with the fore wings of the male redder on the upper side1 and of the female more broadly mottled with pale red1 the spots in some specimens inclining to buff4 ,the under side of the wings is white1 marked with the usual series of black spots4 ,the secondaries have a marginal series of elongated pale-red spots1 tipped at either end with black4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we as yet know nothing of these4 ,gorgon is found in ,california and ,nevada4 7#f7 ,chrysophanus tho1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,fig4 #cb1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ej1 chrysalis 7,the ,bronze ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,the plate makes a description of the upper side of the wings unnecessary4 ,on the under side the fore wing in both sexes is bright tawny-red1 pale gray at the apex2 the hind wings are bluish-gray1 with a broad band of carmine on the outer margin4 ,both wings are profusely adorned with small black spots4 ,expanse1 #a4cj-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are only partially known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,rumex4 ,it is not uncommon in northern ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,pennsylvania1 and ranges from ,maine to ,kansas and ,colorado4 7#g7 ,chrysophanus mariposa1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 7,reakirt's ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,small1 with a broad dusky band on the hind wing of the male and on the fore wing of the female4 ,the male is purplish-red above1 the female bright red1 with the usual spots4 ,on the under side the ground-color of the fore wings is pale red1 of the hind wings clear ashen-gray1 with the characteristic markings of the genus4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,the insect ranges from ,british ,columbia into northern ,california1 ,montana1 and ,colorado4 7#h7 ,chrysophanus helloides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 7,the ,purplish ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,the male has the fore wings broadly shot with iridescent purple4 ,the female is well delineated in the plate4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pale red1 the hind wings reddish-gray1 with a marginal row of brick-red crescents4 ,the usual black spots are found on both wings4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know next to nothing of these4 ,the ,purplish ,copper is found in the ,northwestern ,states from northern ,illinois and ,iowa to ,vancouver's ,island4 7#i7 ,chrysophanus epixanthe1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #bh1 7,the ,least ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,the smallest species of the genus in ,north ,america4 ,on the upper side the wings of the male are dark fuscous1 shot with purple1 and having a few red spots near the anal angle of the secondaries4 ,the female on the upper side is pale gray1 and more profusely marked with black spots4 ,on the under side the wings are light gray1 bluish at the base1 and marked with the usual spots4 ,expanse1 4#he-4ie inch4 ,early ,stages4--,little is known of these4 ,this is a ,northern species1 ranging from ,newfoundland1 where it is common1 to ,british ,columbia1 never south of the latitude of ,new ,england4 7#aj7 ,chrysophanus hypophlas1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxviii1 ,fig4 #be1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #di1 chrysalis 7,the ,american ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,this is one of the commonest butterflies in the ,united ,states4 ,the figure in the plate will serve to recall it to the mind of every reader4 ,it is abundant everywhere except in the ,gulf ,states1 and ranges as far north as ,manitoba and the ,hudson ,bay region4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have often been described4 ,the caterpillar1 which is small and slug-shaped1 feeds upon the common sorrel 7,rumex acetosella74 7#aa7 ,chrysophanus snowi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,snow's ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,this is a medium-sized species1 easily recognized by the even1 rather wide black border on both wings on the upper side1 and the dirty-gray color of the hind wings on the under side4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,snow's ,copper1 which is named in honor of the amiable ,chancellor of the ,university of ,kansas1 occurs in ,colorado at high elevations1 and is reported from ,alberta and ,british ,columbia4 7#ab7 ,chrysophanus rubidus1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 7,the ,ruddy ,copper74 ,butterfly4--,this is a rather large species4 ,the male on the upper side is prevalently pale1 lustrous red1 with a narrow black marginal band and uniformly conspicuous white fringes4 ,the upper side of the female is accurately depicted in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are shining white1 the secondaries immaculate4 ,expanse1 #a4cj-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are altogether unknown4 ,this exceedingly beautiful species is found in ,oregon1 ,nevada1 and ,montana4 7#ac7 ,chrysophanus sirius1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 7,sirius74 ,butterfly4--,the male closely resembles the preceding species on the upper side1 but is brighter red1 especially along the nervules of the fore wings4 ,the female on the upper side is dusky4 ,on the under side the wings are whitish or pale gray1 but the hind wings are not without spots1 as in the preceding species1 and carry the characteristic markings of the genus4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species has been found from ,fort ,mc,cleod1 in ,british ,america1 as far south as ,arizona1 among the ,north ,american ,cordilleras4 ,,the ,,utility ,,of ,,entomology ,all the forces of nature are interdependent4 ,many plants would not bear seeds or fruit were it not for the activity of insects1 which cause the pollen to be deposited upon the pistil and the seed-vessel to be fertilized4 ,attempts were made many years ago to grow clover in ,australia1 but the clover did not make seed4 ,all the seed required for planting had to be imported at much expense from ,europe4 ,it was finally ascertained that the reason why the clover failed to make seed was because throughout ,australia there were no bumblebees4 ,bumblebees were introduced1 and now clover grows luxuriantly in ,australia1 making seed abundantly2 and ,australian meats1 carried in the cold-storage rooms of great ocean steamers1 are used to feed the people of ,manila1 ,hong-,kong1 ,yokohama1 and even ,london4 ,a few years ago the orange-groves in southern ,california became infested with a scale-insect1 which threatened to ruin them and to bring orange-growing in that part of the land to an unprofitable end4 ,the matter received the careful attention of the chief entomologist of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 the lamented ,professor ,c4,v4 ,riley4 ,in the course of the studies which he and his associates prosecuted1 it was ascertained that the same scale-insect which was ruining the orange-groves of ,california is found in the orange-groves of ,queensland1 but that in ,queensland this insect did comparatively small injury to the trees4 ,investigation disclosed the fact that in ,queensland the scale-insect was kept down by the ravages of a parasitic insect which preyed upon it4 ,this parasite1 by order of the chief entomologist1 was immediately imported1 in considerable numbers1 into southern ,california1 and let loose among the orange-groves4 ,the result has been most beneficial4 ,these are two illustrations1 from among hundreds which might be cited1 of the very practical value of entomological knowledge4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxi #a4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 lucia1 ,kirby1 4 #b4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 marginata1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 marginata1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 nigra1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 violacea1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #g4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #h4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 neglecta1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 neglecta1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 piasus1 ,boisduval1 4 #aa4 ,lycna ddalus1 ,behr1 4 #ab4 ,lycna ddalus1 ,behr1 4 #ac4 ,lycna heteronea1 ,boisduval1 4 #ad4 ,lycna heteronea1 ,boisduval1 4 #ae4 ,lycna spiolus1 ,boisduval1 4 #af4 ,lycna spiolus1 ,boisduval1 4 #ag4 ,lycna lygdamas1 ,doubleday1 4 #ah4 ,lycna lygdamas1 ,doubleday1 4 #ai4 ,lycna sagittigera1 ,felder1 4 #bj4 ,lycna sagittigera1 ,felder1 4 #ba4 ,lycna sonorensis1 ,felder1 4 #bb4 ,lycna sonorensis1 ,felder1 4 #bc4 ,lycna shasta1 ,edwards1 4 #bd4 ,lycna shasta1 ,edwards1 4 #be4 ,lycna melissa1 ,edwards1 4 #bf4 ,lycna melissa1 ,edwards1 4 #bg4 ,lycna acmon1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bh4 ,lycna acmon1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bi4 ,lycna comyntas1 ,godart1 4 #cj4 ,lycna comyntas1 ,godart1 4 #ca4 ,lycna ammon1 ,lucas1 4 #cb4 ,lycna marina1 ,reakirt1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the annual loss suffered by agricultural communities through ignorance of entomological facts is very great4 ,every plant has its insect enemy1 or1 more correctly1 its insect lover1 which feeds upon it1 delights in its luxuriance1 but makes short work1 it may be of leaves1 it may be of flowers1 it may be of fruit4 ,it has been estimated that every known species of plant has five or six species of insects which habitually feed upon it4 ,where the plant is one that is valuable to man and is grown for his use1 the horticulturist or the farmer finds himself confronted1 presently1 by the ravages of these creatures1 and unless he has correct information as to the best manner in which to combat them1 he is likely to suffer losses of a serious character4 ,we all have read of the havoc wrought by the ,kansas locust1 or grasshopper1 and of the ruin brought about by insects of the same class in ,asia and in ,africa4 ,we all have heard of the ,hessian fly1 of the weevil1 and of the army-worm4 ,the legislature of ,massachusetts has in recent years been spending hundreds of thousands of dollars in the attempt to exterminate the gipsy-moth4 ,the caterpillar of the cabbage-butterfly ruins every year material enough to supply sauer-kraut to half of the people4 ,the codling-moth1 the little pinkish caterpillar of which worms its way through apples1 is estimated to destroy five millions of dollars' worth of apples every year within the limits of the ,united ,states4 ,and what shall we say of the potato-bug1 that prettily striped beetle1 which1 starting from the far ,west1 has taken possession of the potato-fields of the continent1 and for the extermination of which there is annually spent1 by the agricultural communities of the ,united ,states1 several millions of dollars in labor and in poisons8 ,a few facts like these serve to show that the study of entomology is not a study which deserves to be placed in the category of useless pursuits4 ,viewed merely from a utilitarian standpoint1 this study is one of the most important1 far outranking1 in its actual value to communities1 the study of many branches of zological science which some people affect to regard as of a higher order4 ,the legislature of ,pennsylvania acted wisely in passing a law which demands that in every high school established within the ,state there shall be at least one teacher capable of giving instruction in botany and in entomology4 ,the importance of entomology1 while not perceived by the masses as yet1 has been recognized by almost all the legislatures of the ,states2 and not only the general government of the ,united ,states1 but the governments of the individual commonwealths1 are at the present time employing a number of carefully trained men1 whose business is to ascertain the facts and instruct the people as to the best manner in which to ward off the attacks of the insect swarms1 which are respecters neither of size nor beauty in the vegetable world1 attacking alike the majestic oak and the lowliest mosses4 ,genus ,,lyc,,na1 ,fabricius 7,the ,blues7 ,bright butterflies ,fluttered their vans1 azure and green and gold4 ,,sir ,,edwin ,,arnold4 ,butterfly4--,generally small1 for the most part blue on the upper side of the wings1 white or gray on the under side1 variously marked with spots and lines4 ,what has been said in reference to the subdivision of the genus ,thecla may be repeated in regard to the genus which we are considering4 ,it has been in recent years subdivided by writers who have given close attention to the matter1 and these subdivisions are entirely defensible from a scientific standpoint4 ,nevertheless1 owing to the close resemblance which prevails throughout the group1 in this book1 which is intended for popular use1 the author has deemed it best not to separate the species1 as to do so presupposes a minute anatomical knowledge1 which the general reader is not likely to possess4 ,egg4--,the eggs are for the most part flattened1 turban-shaped 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #g74 ,caterpillar4--,slug-shaped1 as in the preceding genera1 feeding upon the petals and bracts of flowers1 or upon delicate terminal leaves4 ,chrysalis4--,closely resembling the chrysalids of the preceding genera4 ,this genus is very widely distributed in the temperate regions of both hemispheres4 ,many of the species are inhabitants of the cold ,north or high mountain summits1 while others are found in the tropics4 7#a7 ,lycna fuliginosa1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #af1 1 under side 7,the ,sooty ,gossamer-wing74 ,butterfly4--,dark gray on the upper side in both sexes4 ,on the under side the figure in the plate gives a correct representation of the color and markings4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species occurs in northern ,california1 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,oregon1 and ,washington4 7#b7 ,lycna heteronea1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ai1 1 under side 7,the ,varied ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side the male is blue1 the female brown4 ,on the under side the wings are white1 with faint pale-brown spots on the hind wings and distinct black spots on the fore wings1 more numerous than in ,l4 lycea1 which it closely resembles on the under side4 ,it is the largest species of the genus1 and the female reminds us by its markings on the upper side of the females of ,chrysophanus4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,heteronea ranges from ,colorado to ,california1 at suitable elevations among the mountains4 7#c7 ,lycna clara1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bf1 7,the ,bright ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the figure in the plate is that of the type of the female1 the only specimen in my collection4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are entirely unknown4 ,the type came from southern ,california4 7#d7 ,lycna lycea1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ah1 1 under side 7,lycea74 ,butterfly4--,the perfect insect is very nearly as large as ,l4 heteronea4 ,the male is lilac-blue on the upper side1 with the margins dusky4 ,the black spots of the under side do not show through on the upper side1 as in ,l4 heteronea4 ,the female is dusky1 with the wings shot with blue at their bases1 more especially on the fore wing4 ,there are no black spots on the upper side of the wings in this sex1 as in ,l4 heteronea4 ,on the under side the wings are whitish4 ,the spots on this side are well delineated in our figure in ,plate ,,xxxii4 ,expanse1 #a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,the butterfly is found in the region of the ,rocky ,mountains1 from ,new ,mexico to ,montana4 7#e7 ,lycna fulla1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 7,fulla74 ,butterfly4--,smaller than the preceding species4 ,the upper side of the male is not lilac-blue1 but ultramarine4 ,the female is almost indistinguishable on the upper side from the female of ,l4 lycea4 ,on the under side the wings are pale stone-gray1 with a black spot at the end of the cell of the primaries and a large white spot at the end of the cell of the secondaries4 ,the other spots1 which are always ringed about with white1 are located much as in ,l4 icarioides 7see ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bi74 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,fulla occurs in northern ,california1 ,oregon1 ,washington1 and ,british ,columbia4 7#f7 ,lycna icarioides1 ,boisduval 7mintha1 ,edwards71 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bi1 1 under side 7,boisduval's ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the insect on the upper side closely resembles the preceding species in both sexes4 ,on the under side it may be at once distinguished from the following species by the absence on the margin of the hind wings of the fine black terminal line1 and by having only one1 not two rows of submarginal black spots4 ,there are other marked and striking differences1 and the merging of ,l4 ddalus1 ,behr1 with this species1 which has been advocated by some recent writers1 is no doubt due to their lack of sufficient and accurately identified material4 ,expanse1 #a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species1 which is not common1 is found in southern ,california4 7#g7 ,lycna ddalus1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bh1 1 under side 7,behr's ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the wings of the male on the upper side are deep lustrous blue1 with darker borders and white fringes4 ,the wings of the female are brown1 margined with reddish4 ,the name oechaja was applied to this sex by ,dr4 ,behr1 before it was known to be the female of his ,l4 doedalus4 ,expanse1 #a4ab inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not yet been studied4 ,ddalus is common in southern ,california4 7#h7 ,lycna spiolus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 7,the ,greenish ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side has the wings blue1 shot in certain lights with brilliant green4 ,the female on the same side is dusky1 with greenish-blue scales at the bases of the wings1 and often with reddish markings on the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,on the under side the wings are gray or pale wood-brown1 with greenish-blue at their base and a profusion of small black spots margined with white4 ,now and then the black spots are lost1 the white margins spreading inwardly and usurping the place of the black4 ,expanse1 4#ie-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await further study4 ,the species ranges from ,british ,columbia to ,colorado4 7#i7 ,lycna pheres1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #db1 1 under side 7,pheres74 ,butterfly4--,the male is pale shining blue above1 with dusky borders4 ,the female is dusky1 with a little blue at the base of the wings on the same side4 ,below1 the spots on the fore wings are strongly defined2 on the hind wings they are white on a pale stone-gray ground4 ,expanse1 #a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know no more of these than we do of those of the preceding species4 ,pheres has nearly the same range as soepiolus4 7#aj7 ,lycna xerxes1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dc1 1 under side 7,xerxes74 ,butterfly4--,the wings in both sexes are dusky above1 shot with blue1 more widely in the male than in the female4 ,on the under side the wings are dark stone-color1 with all the spots on both wings white1 very rarely slightly pupiled with blackish4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species is found in central ,california4 7#aa7 ,lycna antiacis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ce1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #cf1 2 ,fig4 #da1 7,the ,eyed ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side the male is pale lilac-blue1 the female dusky1 heavily marked with blue at the base of the wings4 ,on the under side the wings are deep1 warm stone-gray4 ,there is a single quite regular band of large-sized black spots on the fore wing beyond the middle1 and a triply festooned curved band of similar spots on the hind wing4 ,these spots are all margined with white4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,the insect is found in ,california4 7#ab7 ,lycna couperi1 ,grote1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cd1 1 under side 7,couper's ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the wings of the male above are pale shining blue1 with a narrow black border2 of the female darker blue1 broadly margined externally with dusky4 ,on the under side the wings are dark brownish-gray1 with the spots arranged much as in ,l4 antiacis1 but with those of the hind wings generally white1 and without a dark pupil4 ,the series on the fore wing is usually distinctly pupiled with black4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species is found in ,newfoundland1 ,labrador1 ,anticosti1 and westward and northward4 ,it is a boreal form4 7#ac7 ,lycna lygdamas1 ,doubleday1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ej1 1 under side 7,the ,silvery ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male has the upper side of the wings pale silvery-blue1 narrowly edged with black2 the wings of the female on the upper side are darker blue1 dusky on the borders1 with a dark spot at the end of the cell of the primaries4 ,on the under side the wings are pale chocolate-brown1 with a submarginal band of black spots1 margined with white1 on both wings1 as well as a spot at the end of the cells1 and one or two on the costa of the secondaries4 ,expanse1 4#he-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are yet to be ascertained4 ,the insect is reported from ,michigan to ,georgia4 7#ad7 ,lycna sagittigera1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dd1 1 under side 7,the ,arrow-head ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the wings in both sexes are variable pale blue1 dusky on the margins1 with white fringes checkered with dusky at the ends of the veins4 ,on the under side the wings are dark gray1 profusely spotted1 the most characteristic markings being a white ray in the cell of the hind wings1 a broad submarginal band of white arrow-shaped markings on both wings1 with a black spot at the tip of each sagittate maculation and a dark triangular shade between the barbs4 ,these markings are not shown as they should be in ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,they are only faintly indicated4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,this butterfly ranges from ,oregon to ,mexico1 and eastward as far as ,colorado on the mountains4 7#ae7 ,lycna speciosa1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #a 2 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side 7,the ,small ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,quite small2 the male pale blue above1 edged with dusky2 the female dusky1 with the inner two thirds shot with blue4 ,the maculation of the under side is as represented in the plate4 ,expanse1 4#hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,habitat1 southern ,california4 7#af7 ,lycna sonorensis1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 7,the ,sonora ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from all other species of the genus by the red spots in the region of the median nervules on the upper side4 ,expanse1 4#hg inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this lovely little insect is found rather abundantly in southern ,california and northern ,mexico4 7#ag7 ,lycna podarce1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 7,the ,gray ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male is grayish-blue above1 with dusky margins1 lighter on the disk of both the fore and hind wings4 ,there are a few dark marginal crescents on the hind wings4 ,on the under side the wings are very pale1 profusely spotted1 the spot at the end of the cell of the secondaries being large and whitish1 without a pupil1 the rest being black ringed about with white4 ,the female is dark brown above1 the fore wings having a black spot ringed about with yellowish at the end of the cell4 ,expanse1 #a4je inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have never been described4 ,the species is thus far known from ,california1 ,nevada1 and ,colorado4 ,it is alpine in its habits4 7#ah7 ,lycna aquilo1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side 7,the ,labrador ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male is dusky bluish-gray on the upper side2 the female somewhat darker4 ,it is easily distinguished from other species by the dark-brown shades on the under side of the secondaries4 ,expanse1 4#hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,it is found in ,labrador and arctic ,america4 7#ai7 ,lycna rustica1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ag1 1 under side 7,the ,rustic ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,much like the preceding species1 but a third larger1 and brighter blue on the upper side of the wings of the male4 ,on the under side the disposition of the spots and markings is precisely as in ,l4 aquilo1 but on the secondaries the dark spots and shades are all replaced by white on a pale-gray ground4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we are in complete ignorance as to these4 ,the butterfly is found in ,british ,america and on the ,western ,cordilleras4 7#bj7 ,lycna enoptes1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cj1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ea1 7,the ,dotted ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are purplish-blue1--pale in the male1 darker in the female1--bordered with dusky1 more heavily in the female than in the male4 ,the fringes are white1 checkered with dusky at the ends of the veins4 ,the female sometimes has the hind wings marked on the upper side with red marginal spots on the inner half of the border4 ,on the under side the wings are pale bluish-gray1 marked with a profusion of small black spots1 those on the outer margin arranged in two parallel lines1 between which1 on the hind wings1 are red spots4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,awaiting description4 ,enoptes ranges from ,washington to ,arizona4 7#ba7 ,lycna glaucon1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ca1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ci1 7,the ,colorado ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,purplish-blue1 closely resembling the preceding species1 but having the black margin of the wings broader than in ,l4 enoptes1 with the dark crescents of the marginal series on the under side showing through as darker spots in the margins of the hind wings4 ,the female has a band of orange spots on the margins of the secondaries4 ,the two marginal rows of spots on the lower side of the wings are arranged and colored as in the preceding species4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,of these we must again confess ignorance4 ,glaucon ranges from ,washington into ,california1 and eastward to ,colorado1 where it is quite common in the mountain valleys4 7#bb7 ,lycna battoides1 ,behr1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,behr's ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side paler blue than the preceding species1 with the hind margin tinged with reddish1 shining through from below1 and small crescentic dark spots4 ,on the under side the wings are smoky-gray1 with all the black spots1 which are arranged as in the preceding species1 greatly enlarged and quadrate1 and a broad submarginal border of orange on the hind wings4 ,the female is like the male1 but with more orange on the upper side of the hind wings4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is1 as yet1 known of these4 ,the insect ranges from ,california and ,arizona to ,colorado4 7#bc7 ,lycna shasta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,fig4 #bd1 7,the ,shasta ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the figures in the plate give a fairly good idea of the upper side of this species in both sexes1 though the male is not quite so dark a blue as represented4 ,on the under side the wings have the usual black spots1 on a dirty-gray ground1 and1 in addition1 on the hind wings there are a number of small marginal spots surmounted by metallic-colored bluish-green scales1 somewhat like those found in some species of the genus ,thecla4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,so far as ,i know1 these have never been described4 ,my specimens are all from ,montana and ,nevada4 ,it is also reported from northern ,california1 ,oregon1 and ,kansas1 though ,i question the latter locality4 7#bd7 ,lycna melissa1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #be1 2 ,fig4 #bf1 7,the ,orange-margined ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is pale blue1 with a narrow black marginal line and white fringes4 ,the female is brown or lilac-gray1 with a series of orange-red crescents on the margins of both wings4 ,on the under side the wings are stone-gray1 with the usual spots1 and on the secondaries the orange-colored marginal spots are oblong1 tipped inwardly with black and outwardly by a series of metallic-green maculations4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know very little about these4 ,it is found from ,kansas to ,arizona1 and northward to ,montana4 7#be7 ,lycna scudderi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dh1 2 ,fig4 #di1 2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #da1 chrysalis 7,scudder's ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the commonest ,eastern representative of the group to which the preceding four or five and the following three species belong4 ,on the upper side the male cannot be distinguished from ,l4 melissa2 the female is darker and has only a few orange crescents on the outer margin of the hind wing4 ,on the under side the wings are shining white1 the spots are much reduced in size1 the large orange spots found in ,l4 melissa are replaced by quite small yellowish or ochreous spots1 and the patches of metallic scales defining them externally are very minute4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are accurately described by ,dr4 ,scudder in his great work1 ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 and by others4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon the lupine1 and probably other leguminous plants4 ,it is widely distributed through the basin of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 the region of the ,great ,lakes1 and northward as far as ,british ,columbia1 being also found on the ,catskill ,mountains4 ,i have found it very common at times about ,saratoga1 ,new ,york4 7#bf7 ,lycna acmon1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #bg1 2 ,fig4 #bh1 7,acmon74 ,butterfly4--,the plate gives a good representation of the male and the female of this pretty species1 which may at a glance be distinguished from all its allies by the broad orange-red band on the hind wings1 marked by small black spots4 ,on the under side it is marked much as ,l4 melissa4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,it is found from ,arizona to ,washington and ,montana4 7#bg7 ,lycna aster1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #dj1 2 ,fig4 #df1 2 ,fig4 #dg1 1 under side 7,the ,aster ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,on the under side this species is very like enoptes and other allied species4 ,the male looks like a dwarfed specimen of ,l4 scudderi4 ,the female is dull bluish-gray above1 with black spots on the outer margins of the wing1 most distinct on the secondaries1 and1 instead of a band of orange spots before them1 a diffuse band of blue spots1 paler than the surrounding parts of the wing4 ,expanse1 4#ie-a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these furnish a field for investigation4 ,the insect is reported thus far only from ,newfoundland1 from which locality ,i obtained1 through the purchase of the ,mead collection1 a large and interesting series4 7#bh7 ,lycna annetta1 ,mead1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 7,annetta74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxii #a4 ,lycna speciosa1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,lycna speciosa1 ,henry ,edwards1 1 under side4 #c4 ,lycna hanno1 ,stoll1 1 under side4 #d4 ,lycna isophthalma1 ,herrich-,schffer1 4 #e4 ,lycna exilis1 ,boisduval1 4 #f4 ,lycna theonus1 ,lucas1 4 #g4 ,lycna amyntula1 ,boisduval1 4 #h4 ,lycna amyntula1 ,boisduval1 4 #i4 ,lycna aquilo1 ,boisduval1 4 #aj4 ,lycna aquilo1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,lycna battoides1 ,behr1 4 #ab4 ,lycna comyntas1 ,godart1 1 under side4 #ac4 ,lycna annetta1 ,mead1 4 #ad4 ,lycna annetta1 ,mead1 4 #ae4 ,lycna podarce1 ,felder1 4 #af4 ,lycna podarce1 ,felder1 4 #ag4 ,lycna rustica1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ah4 ,lycna lycea1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ai4 ,lycna beteronea1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #bj4 ,thecla melinus1 ,hbner1 4 #ba4 ,nathalis iole1 ,boisduval1 4 #bb4 ,nathalis iole1 ,boisduval1 4 #bc4 ,euchlo creusa1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #bd4 ,euchlo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 4 #be4 ,euchlo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 4 #bf4 ,euchlo cethura1 ,felder1 4 #bg4 ,euchlo cethura1 ,felder1 4 #bh4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 4 #bi4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 4 #cj4 ,euchlo lanceolata1 ,boisduval1 4 #ca4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 reakirti1 ,edwards1 4 #cb4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 reakirti1 ,edwards1 4 #cc4 ,euchlo pima1 ,edwards1 4 #cd4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 julia1 ,edwards1 4 #ce4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 stella1 ,edwards1 4 #cf4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 stella1 ,edwards1 4 #cg4 ,euchlo genutia1 ,fabricius1 4 #ch4 ,euchlo genutia1 ,fabricius1 4 #ci4 ,euchlo olympia1 ,edwards1 var4 rosa1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly4--,the male closely resembles the male of ,l4 melissa on the upper side4 ,the female is paler than the male1 which is unusual in this genus1 and has a washed-out appearance4 ,on the under side the markings are very like those found in ,l4 scudderi4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,entirely unknown4 ,the types which ,i possess came from ,utah4 7#bi7 ,lycna pseudargiolus1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cb1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #cf1 #dc1 #dd1 chrysalis 7,the ,common ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,this common but most interesting insect has been made the subject of most exhaustive and elaborate study by ,mr4 ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 and the result has been to show that it is highly subject to variation4 ,it illustrates the phenomena of polymorphism most beautifully4 ,the foregoing references to the plate cite the figures of the typical summer form4 ,in addition to this form the following forms have received names3 7a7 ,winter form lucia1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bj1 1 under side4 ,this appears in ,new ,england in the early spring from overwintering chrysalids1 and is characterized by the brown patch on the middle of the hind wing on the under side4 7b7 ,winter form marginata1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #ai1 1 under side4 ,this appears at the same time as the preceding form4 ,the specimens figured in the plate were taken in ,manitoba4 ,this form is characterized by the dark margins of the wings on the under side4 7c7 ,winter form violacea1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #e1 4 ,this is the common winter form4 ,the spots below are distinct1 but never fused or melted together1 as in the two preceding forms4 7d7 ,form nigra1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #d1 4 ,the wings on the under side are as in violacea1 but are black above4 ,it is found in ,west ,virginia and occurs also in ,colorado4 7e7 ,summer form neglecta1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 4 ,this is smaller than the typical form pseudargiolus1 also has the dark spots on the under side of the wings more distinct1 and the hind wings1 especially in the female1 paler4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #acf4--,neuration of ,lycna pseudargiolus1 enlarged4 ,typical of subgenus ,cyaniris1 ,dalman4 7f7 ,southern form piasus1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #aj1 4 ,this form1 which is uniformly darker blue on the upper side than the others1 is found in ,arizona4 ,there are still other forms which have been named and described4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been traced through all stages with minutest care4 ,the egg is delineated in this book on p4 #d1 ,fig4 #g4 ,the caterpillar is slug-shaped1 and feeds on the tender leaves and petals of a great variety of plants4 ,the range of the species is immense4 ,it extends from ,alaska to ,florida1 and from ,anticosti to ,arizona4 7#cj7 ,lycna amyntula1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,the ,western ,tailed ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,closely resembling ,l4 comyntas1 of which it may be only a slightly modified ,western form4 ,until the test of breeding has been applied we cannot be sure of this4 ,the figures in the plate give a very good representation of the upper side of the wings of this species4 ,early ,stages4--,but little has been found out concerning these4 ,it ranges from the eastern foot-hills of the ,rocky ,mountains to the ,pacific in ,british ,america and the northern tier of ,western ,states4 7#ca7 ,lycna comyntas1 ,godart1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 2 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ab1 1 under side2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #db1 #dg1 #dh1 chrysalis 7,the ,eastern ,tailed ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the blue of the upper side of the male in the plate is too dark2 but the female and the under side of the wings are accurately delineated4 ,the species is generally tailed1 but specimens without tails occur4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are well known and have been fully described4 ,the caterpillar feeds on leguminous plants4 ,this delicate little species ranges from the valley of the ,saskatchewan to ,costa ,rica1 and from the ,atlantic to the foot-hills of the ,western ,cordilleras4 ,it is common in the ,middle and ,western ,states1 flitting about roadsides and weedy forest paths4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #acg4--,neuration of ,lycna comyntas1 enlarged4 ,typical of the subgenus ,everes1 ,hbner4 7#cb7 ,lycna isola1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #cc1 1 under side2 ,fig4 #ch1 7,reakirt's ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is pale lilac-blue1 with the outer borders and the ends of the veins narrowly dusky4 ,the female is brownish-gray on the upper side1 with the wings at their base glossed with blue4 ,in both sexes there is a rather conspicuous black spot on the margin of the hind wings between the first and second median nervules4 ,the under side is accurately depicted in our plate1 to which the student may refer4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species occurs in ,texas1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 7#cc7 ,lycna hanno1 ,stoll1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side 7,the ,florida ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,larger than the preceding species1 on the upper side resembling ,l4 isola2 but the blue of the male is not lilac1 but bright purplish1 and the female is much darker4 ,on the under side a striking distinction is found in the absence on the fore wing of the postmedian band of large dark spots so conspicuous in ,l4 isola4 ,expanse1 4#he inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we have no information as to these4 ,the insect occurs in ,florida and throughout the ,antilles and ,central ,america4 7#cd7 ,lycna isophthalma1 ,herrich-,schffer1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,dwarf ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,light brown on the upper side in both sexes1 with the outer margin of the hind wings set with a row of dark spots1 which on the under side are defined by circlets of metallic scales4 ,the under side is pale brown1 profusely marked by light spots and short bands4 ,expanse1 4#ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,up to this time we have learned very little concerning them4 ,the species occurs in the ,gulf ,states and the ,antilles4 7#ce7 ,lycna exilis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #e1 7,the ,pygmy ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side this1 which is the smallest of ,north ,american butterflies1 very closely resembles the foregoing species1 but may be instantly distinguished by the white spot at the inner angle of the fore wing and the white fringes of the same wing near the apex4 ,the hind wings on the under side are set with a marginal series of dark spots ringed about with metallic scales4 ,expanse1 4#fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the ,pygmy is found in the ,gulf ,states and throughout tropical ,america4 7#cf7 ,lycna ammon1 ,lucas1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #de1 1 under side 7,the ,indian ,river ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male is brilliant lilac-blue on the upper side2 the female shining violet-blue1 with very dark and wide black borders on the fore wings and one or two conspicuous black eye-spots near the anal angle of the hind wings1 each surmounted by a carmine crescent4 ,the figure in ,plate ,,xxx gives a correct representation of the under side4 ,expanse1 4#ie-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this beautiful little insect is not uncommon in southern ,florida1 and also occurs in the ,antilles and tropical ,america4 7#cg7 ,lycna marina1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxxi1 ,fig4 #cb1 2 ,plate ,,xxx1 ,fig4 #bg1 1 under side 7,the ,marine ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male1 on the upper side1 is pale dusky-lilac1 the dark bands of the lower side appearing faintly on the upper side4 ,the female is dark brown on the upper side1 with the wings at the base shot with bright lilac-blue2 the dark bands on the disk in this sex are prominent1 especially on the fore wings4 ,the under side of the wings is accurately depicted in ,plate ,,xxx and therefore requires no description4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,marina is found in ,texas1 ,arizona1 southern ,california1 and southward4 7#ch7 ,lycna theonus1 ,lucas1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #f1 7,the ,west ,indian ,blue74 ,butterfly4--,the male is shining lavender-blue1 this color glossing the dark outer borders of the wings2 the female is white1 with the outer costal borders heavily blackish1 the primaries shot with shining sky-blue toward the base4 ,on the under side the wings are crossed by dark bands of spots1 arranged much as in ,l4 marina1 but darker4 ,the hind wings1 near the anal angle1 have conspicuous eye-spots both above and below4 ,expanse1 4#hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this lovely insect is found in the ,gulf ,states and all over the hot lands of the ,new ,world4 ,,size ,size1 like wealth1 is only relative4 ,the farmer who owns a hundred acres appears rich to the laborer whom he employs to cut his wheat2 but many a millionaire spends in one month as much as would purchase two such farms4 ,the earth seems great to us1 and the sun still greater2 but doubtless there are suns the diameter of which is equal to the distance from the earth to the sun1 in which both earth and sun would be swallowed up as mere drops in an ocean of fire4 ,in the animal kingdom there are vast disparities in size1 and these disparities are revealed in the lower as well as in the higher classes4 ,in the class of mammals we find tiny mice and great elephants2 in the insect world we find beetles which are microscopic in size1 and1 not distantly related to them1 beetles as large as a clenched fist4 ,the disparity between a field-mouse and a sulphur-bottomed whale is no greater than the disparity in size which exists between the smallest and the largest of the beetle tribe4 ,and so it is with the lepidoptera4 ,it would take several thousands of the ,pygmy ,blue1 ,lycna exilis1 to equal in weight one of the great bird-wing butterflies of the ,australian tropics4 ,the greatest disparity in size in the order of the lepidoptera is not1 however1 shown in the butterflies1 but among the moths4 ,there are moths the wings of which do not cover more than three sixteenths of an inch in expanse1 and there are moths with great bulky bodies and wings spreading from eight to nine inches4 ,it would require ten thousand of the former to equal in weight one of the latter1 and the disproportion in size is as great as that which exists between a shrew and a hippopotamus1 or between a minnow and a basking-shark4 ,it is said that1 taking the sulphur-bottomed whale as the representative of the most colossal development of flesh and blood now existing on land or in the sea1 and then with the microscope reaching down into the realm of protozoan life1 the common blow-fly will be ascertained to occupy the middle point on the descending scale4 ,man is1 therefore1 not only mentally1 but even physically1 a great creature1 though he stands sometimes amazed at what he regards as the huge proportions of other creatures belonging to the vertebrates4 ,,family ,,iv ,,papilionid 7,,the ,,swallowtails ,,and ,,allies7 ,the butterflies of this family in both sexes are provided with six ambulatory feet4 ,the caterpillars are elongate1 and in the genera ,papilio and ,ornithoptera have osmateria1 or protrusive scent-organs1 used for purposes of defense4 ,the chrysalids in all the genera are more or less elongate1 attached at the anal extremity1 and held in place by a girdle of silk1 but they never lie appressed to the surface upon which pupation takes place1 as is true in the ,erycinid and ,lycnid4 ,,subfamily ,,pierin 7,,the ,,sulphurs ,,and ,,whites7 ,fly1 white butterflies1 out to sea1 ,frail pale wings for the winds to try2 ,small white wings that we scarce can see ,fly4 ,here and there may a chance-caught eye ,note1 in a score of you1 twain or three ,brighter or darker of tinge or dye2 ,some fly light as a laugh of glee1 ,some fly soft as a long1 low sigh3 ,all to the haven where each would be1--,fly4 ,,swinburne4 ,butterfly4--,for the most part medium-sized or small butterflies1 white or yellow in color1 with dark marginal markings4 ,in many genera the subcostal vein of the fore wing has five1 or even in some cases six nervules1 and the upper radial is lacking in this wing4 ,early ,stages4--,the eggs are spindle-shaped1 marked with vertical ridges and cross-lines4 ,the caterpillars are cylindrical1 relatively long1 generally green in color1 longitudinally striped with darker or paler lines4 ,the chrysalids are generally more or less pointed at the head1 with the wing-cases in many of the genera greatly developed on the ventral side1 forming a deep1 keel-shaped projection upon this surface4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxiii #a4 ,catopsilia agarithe1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,catopsilia eubule1 ,linnus1 4 #c4 ,catopsilia eubule1 ,linnus1 1 under side4 #d4 ,catopsilia philea1 ,linnus1 4 #e4 ,colias eurytheme1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #f4 ,pyrameis huntera1 ,fabricius1 1 under side4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxiii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,this subfamily is very large1 and is enormously developed in the tropics of both hemispheres4 ,some of the genera are very widely distributed in temperate regions1 especially the genera ,pieris and ,colias4 ,genus ,,dismorphia1 ,hbner ,i saw him run after a gilded butterfly2 and when he caught it1 he let it go again2 and after it again2 and over and over he comes1 and up again2 catched it again4 ,,shakespeare1 ,coriolanus4 ,butterfly4--,the butterflies are medium sized1 varying much in the form of wing1 in some species greatly resembling other ,pierin in outline1 but more frequently resembling the ,ithomiid and ,heliconiid butterflies1 which they mimic4 ,some of them represent transitional forms between the type commonly represented in the genus ,pieris and the forms found in the two above-mentioned protected groups4 ,the eyes are not prominent4 ,the palpi are quite small4 ,the basal joint is long1 the middle joint oval1 and the third joint small1 oval1 or slightly club-shaped4 ,the antenn are long1 thin1 terminating in a gradually enlarged spindle-shaped club2 the fore wings being sometimes oval1 more frequently elongated1 twice1 or even three times1 as long as broad1 especially in the male sex2 the apex pointed1 falcate1 or rounded4 ,the cell is long and narrow4 ,the first subcostal vein varies as to location1 rising either before or after the end of the cell1 and1 in numerous cases1 coalescing with the costal vein1 as is shown in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,of the early stages of these interesting insects we have no satisfactory knowledge4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ach4--,neuration of the genus ,dismorphia4 ,the species of the genus belong exclusively to the tropical regions of the ,new ,world4 ,there are about a hundred species which have already been named and described1 and undoubtedly there are many more which remain to be discovered4 ,these insects can always be distinguished from the protected genera which they mimic by the possession of six well-developed ambulatory feet in both sexes1 the protected genera being possessed of only four feet adapted to walking4 7#a7 ,dismorphia melite1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,fig4 #ah1 7,the ,mime74 ,butterfly4--,the figures in the plate make a description of the upper side unnecessary4 ,on the under side the wings of the male are shining white1 except the costa1 which is evenly dull ochreous from the base to the apex4 ,the hind wings are ochreous1 mottled with pale brown4 ,the female1 on the under side1 has the fore wings very pale yellow1 with the black spots of the upper side reproduced2 the hind wings are deeper yellow1 mottled with pale-brown spots and crossed by a moderately broad transverse pale-brown band of the same color4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species is credited to our fauna on the authority of ,reakirt4 ,it is abundant in ,mexico4 ,it mimics certain forms of ,ithomiin4 ,genus ,,neophasia1 ,behr ,it was an hour of universal joy4 ,the lark was up and at the gate of heaven1 ,singing1 as sure to enter when he came2 ,the butterfly was basking in my path1 ,his radiant wings unfolded4 ,,rogers4 ,butterfly4--,medium sized1 white in color1 more nearly related in the structure of its wings to the ,european genus ,aporia than to any other of the ,american pieridine genera4 ,the upper radial is lacking1 and the subcostal is provided with five branches1 the first emitted well before the end of the cell2 the second likewise emitted before the end of the cell and terminating at the apex2 the third1 fourth1 and fifth rising from a common stalk at the outer upper angle of the cell4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aci4--,neuration of the genus ,neophasia4 ,early ,stages4--,the egg is flask-shaped1 fluted on the sides1 recalling the shape of the pearl-top lamp-chimney4 ,the caterpillar1 in its mature form1 is about an inch long4 ,the body is cylindrical1 terminating in two short anal tails4 ,the color is dark green1 with a broad white band on each side1 and a narrow band of white on the back4 ,the feet are black1 and the prolegs greenish-yellow4 ,the chrysalis is dark green1 striped with white1 resembling the chrysalids of the genus ,colias1 but somewhat more slender4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon conifers4 ,but one species is known4 7#a7 ,neophasia menapia1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #g1 7,the ,pine ,white74 ,butterfly4--,the insect on the under side sometimes has the outer margin of the secondaries marked with spots of bright pinkish-red1 resembling in this style of coloration certain species of the genus ,delias of the ,indo-,malayan fauna4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been thoroughly described by ,edwards in his third volume4 ,the caterpillar infests the pine-trees and firs of the northern ,pacific ,states4 ,the larva lets itself down by a silken thread1 often a hundred feet in length1 and pupates on the ferns and shrubbery at the foot of the trees4 ,it sometimes works great damage to the pine woods4 ,genus ,,tachyris1 ,wallace ,the virtuoso thus1 at noon1 ,broiling beneath a ,july sun1 ,the gilded butterfly pursues ,o'er hedge and ditch1 through gaps and mews2 ,and1 after many a vain essay ,to captivate the tempting prey1 ,gives him at length the lucky pat1 ,and has him safe beneath his hat2 ,then lifts it gently from the ground2 ,but1 ah6 't is lost as soon as found4 ,culprit his liberty regains1 ,flits out of sight1 and mocks his pains4 ,,cowper4 ,this genus1 which includes about seventy species1 may be distinguished from all other genera belonging to the ,pierin by the two stiff brush-like clusters of hairs which are found in the male sex attached to the abdominal clasps4 ,all of the species belonging to the genus are found in the ,old ,world1 with exception of the species described in this book1 which has a wide range throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the ,new ,world4 ,the peculiarities of neuration are well shown in the accompanying cut1 in which the hind wing has been somewhat unduly magnified in proportion to the fore wing4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history of our species has not been thoroughly studied1 but we have ascertained enough of the early stages of various species found in the tropics of the ,old ,world to know that there is a very close relationship between this genus and that which follows in our classification4 7#a7 ,tachyris ilaire1 ,godart1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 7,the ,florida ,white74 ,butterfly4--,the hind wings of the male on the under side1 which is not shown in the plate1 are very pale saffron4 ,the under side of the wings in the female is pearly-white1 marked with bright orange-yellow at the base of the primaries4 ,a melanic form of the female sometimes occurs in which the wings are almost wholly dull blackish on both sides4 ,early ,stages4--,we know1 as yet1 but little of these4 ,the insect is universally abundant in the tropics of ,america1 and occurs in southern ,florida4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adj4--,neuration of the genus ,tachyris4 ,hind wing relatively enlarged4 ,genus ,,pieris1 ,schrank 7,the ,whites7 ,and there1 like a dream in a swoon1 ,i swear ,i saw ,pan lying1--his limbs in the dew ,and the shade1 and his face in the dazzle and glare ,of the glad sunshine2 while everywhere1 ,over1 across1 and around him blew ,filmy dragon-flies hither and there1 ,and little white butterflies1 two and two4 ,in eddies of odorous air4 ,,james ,,whitcomb ,,riley4 ,butterfly4--,medium-sized butterflies1 white in color1 marked in many species on both the upper and under sides with dark brown4 ,the antenn are distinctly clubbed1 moderate in length4 ,the palpi are short1 delicate1 compressed1 with the terminal joint quite short and pointed4 ,the subcostal vein of the primaries has four branches1 the first subcostal arising before the end of the cell1 the second at its upper outer angle1 and the third and fourth from a common stem emitted at the same point4 ,the outer margin of the primaries is straight1 the outer margin of the secondaries more or less evenly rounded4 ,egg4--,the egg is spindle-shaped1 with vertical raised ridges4 ,caterpillar4--,elongate1 the head hemispherical1 very slightly1 if at all1 larger in diameter than the body4 ,the caterpillars feed upon cruciferous plants4 ,chrysalis4--,attached by the anal extremity1 and held in place by a silk girdle2 slightly concave on the ventral side2 convex on the dorsal side1 with a distinct or pointed hump-like projection on the thorax4 ,at the point where the thoracic and abdominal segments unite in some species there is in addition a distinct keel-shaped eminence1 and at the head the chrysalis is furnished with a short conical projection4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ada4--,neuration of the genus ,pieris4 7#a7 ,pieris monuste1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,great ,southern ,white74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings1 depicted in the plate1 requires no comment4 ,on the under side the black marginal markings of the primaries reappear as pale-brown markings4 ,the hind wing is pale yellow or grayish-saffron1 crossed by an ill-defined pale-brown transverse band of spots1 and has the veins marked with pale brown1 and interspersed between them pale-brown rays on the interspaces4 ,early ,stages4--,what we know of these is derived principally from ,abbot through ,boisduval1 and there is opportunity here for investigation4 ,the species has a wide range through tropical ,america1 and is not uncommon in the ,gulf ,states4 7#b7 ,pieris beckeri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 7,becker's ,white74 ,butterfly4--,this species1 through the green markings of the under side of the hind wings1 concentrated in broad blotches on the disk1 recalls somewhat the species of the genus ,euchlo1 and by these markings it may easily be discriminated from all other allied species4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been in part described by ,edwards in the second volume of ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,the species ranges from ,oregon to central ,california1 and eastward to ,colorado4 7#c7 ,pieris occidentalis1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,western ,white74 ,butterfly4--,not unlike the preceding species on the upper side1 but easily distinguished by the markings of the under side of the wings1 which are not concentrated in blotches1 but extend as broad longitudinal rays on either side of the veins from the base to the outer margin4 ,early ,stages4--,these require further investigation4 ,we do not1 as yet1 know much about them4 ,the species has a wide range in the mountain ,states of the ,west1 where it replaces the ,eastern ,p4 protodice4 7#d7 ,pieris protodice1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #g1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ff1 #fg1 chrysalis 7see also p4 #ab1 ,fig4 #bf7 7,the ,common ,white74 ,butterfly4--,allied to the foregoing species1 especially to ,p4 occidentalis2 but it may always be quickly distinguished by the pure1 immaculate white color of the hind wings of the male on the under side1 and by the fact that in the female the hind wings are more lightly marked along the veins by gray-green4 ,winter form vernalis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ah1 4 ,what has been said of the typical or summer form does not hold true of this winter form1 which emerges from chrysalids which have withstood the cold from autumn until spring4 ,the butterflies emerging from these are generally dwarfed in size1 and in the males have the dark spots on the upper side of the wings almost obsolete or greatly reduced1 and the dark markings along the veins on the under side well developed1 as in ,p4 occidentalis4 ,the females1 on the contrary1 show little reduction in the size and intensity of any of the spots1 but rather a deepening of color1 except in occasional instances4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history of this insect has often been described4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon cruciferous plants1 like many of its congeners4 ,it ranges from the ,atlantic to the ,rocky ,mountains1 from ,canada to the ,gulf ,states4 7#e7 ,pieris sisymbri1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,california ,white74 ,butterfly4--,smaller in size than the preceding species1 with the veins of the fore wing black1 contrasting sharply with the white ground-color4 ,all the spots are smaller and more regular1 especially those on the outer margin of the fore wing1 giving the edge an evenly checkered appearance4 ,on the under side the hind wings have the veins somewhat widely bordered with gray1 interrupted about the middle of the wing by the divergence of the lines on either side of the veins in such a way as to produce the effect of a series of arrow-points with their barbs directed toward the base4 ,the female is like the male1 with the markings a little heavier4 ,a yellow varietal form is sometimes found4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history is given and illustrated by ,edwards in his second volume4 ,the caterpillar1 which is green1 banded with black1 feeds upon the ,crucifer4 7#f7 ,pieris napi1 ,esper1 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #h1 #i1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #eg1 #fc1 #fd1 chrysalis 7,the ,mustard ,white74 ,butterfly4--,this is a ,protean species1 of which there exist many forms1 the result of climatic and local influences4 ,even the larva and chrysalis show in different regions slight microscopic differences1 for the influences which affect the imago are operative also in the early stages of development4 ,the typical form which is found in ,europe is rarely found in ,north ,america1 though ,i have specimens from the northern parts of the ,pacific coast region which are absolutely indistinguishable from ,european specimens in color and markings4 ,i give a few of the well-marked forms or varieties found in ,north ,america to which names have been given4 7a7 ,winter form oleracea-hiemalis1 ,harris1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #af1 7see also p4 #e1 ,fig4 #i1 and p4 #ac1 ,fig4 #bg74 ,the wings are white above in both sexes4 ,below the fore wings are tipped with pale yellow1 and the entire hind wing is yellow4 ,the veins at the apex of the fore wings and on the hind wings are margined with dusky4 7b7 ,aberrant form virginiensis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ad1 4 ,the wings are white above1 slightly tipped at the apex of the fore wings with blackish4 ,below the wings are white1 faintly1 but broadly1 margined with pale dusky4 7c7 ,form pallida1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ae1 4 ,in this form the wings are white above and below1 with a small black spot on the fore wing of the female above1 and hardly any trace of dark shading along the veins on the under side4 7d7 ,alpine or arctic form bryoni1 ,ochsenheimer1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ag1 4 ,in this form1 which is found in ,alaska1 ,siberia1 and the ,alps of ,europe1 the veins above and below are strongly bordered with blackish1 and the ground-color of the hind wings and the apex of the fore wings on the under side are distinctly bright yellow4 7e7 ,newfoundland variety acadica1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #ai1 4 ,this form is larger than the others1 and in markings intermediate between pallida and bryoni4 ,the under side in both sexes and the upper side in the female are distinctly yellowish4 ,early ,stages4--,these are well known and have often been described1 but some of the varietal forms need further study4 ,the species ranges from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 and from ,alaska to the northern limits of the ,gulf ,states4 7#g7 ,pieris rap1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #eh1 #fe1 chrysalis 7,the ,cabbage-butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this common species1 which is a recent importation from ,europe1 scarcely needs any description4 ,it is familiar to everyone4 ,the story of its introduction and the way in which it has spread over the continent has been well told by ,dr4 ,scudder in the second volume of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 p4 #aage4 ,the insect reached ,quebec about #ahfj4 ,how it came no man knows2 perhaps in a lot of cabbages imported from abroad2 maybe a fertile female was brought over as a stowaway4 ,at all events1 it came4 ,estimates show that a single female of this species might be the progenitor in a few generations of millions4 ,in #ahfc the butterfly was already common about ,quebec1 and was spreading rapidly4 ,by the year #ahha it had spread over the eastern half of the continent1 the advancing line of colonization reaching from ,hudson ,bay to southern ,texas4 ,in #ahhf it reached ,denver1 as in #ahhd it had reached the head waters of the ,missouri1 and it now possesses the cabbage-fields from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 to the incalculable damage of all who provide the raw material for sauer-kraut4 ,the injury annually done by the caterpillar is estimated to amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxiv #a4 ,euchlo cethura1 ,felder1 var4 morrisoni1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,euchlo creusa1 ,dbl4-,hew41 1 under side4 #c4 ,euchlo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #d4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 flora1 ,wright1 4 #e4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 flora1 ,wright1 4 #f4 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 var4 julia1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #g4 ,neophasia menapia1 ,felder1 4 #h4 ,pieris beckeri1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,pieris beckeri1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,pieris protodice1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #aa4 ,pieris protodice1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ab4 ,pieris sisymbri1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,pieris occidentalis1 ,reakirt1 4 #ad4 ,pieris virginiensis1 ,edwards1 4 #ae4 ,pieris napi1 ,esper1 var4 pallida1 ,scudder1 4 #af4 ,pieris napi1 ,esper1 var4 oleracea-hiemalis1 ,harris1 4 #ag4 ,pieris napi1 ,esper1 var4 bryoni1 ,ochsenheimer1 4 #ah4 ,pieris protodice1 ,boisd4-,lec41 var4 vernalis1 ,edwards1 4 #ai4 ,pieris napi1 ,esper1 var4 acadica1 ,edwards1 4 #bj4 ,kricogonia lyside1 ,godart1 4 #ba4 ,kricogonia lyside1 ,godart1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxiv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,instinct ,two city fathers were standing in the market-place beside a pile of cabbages4 ,a naturalist1 who was their friend1 came by4 ,as he approached1 a cabbage-butterfly1 fluttering about the place lit on the straw hat of one of the dignitaries4 ,the naturalist1 accosting him1 said3 ,friend1 do you know what rests upon your head8 ,no1 said he4 ,a butterfly4 ,well1 said he1 that brings good luck4 ,yes1 replied the naturalist2 and the insect reveals to me the wonderful instinct with which nature has provided it4 ,how is that8 quoth the city father4 ,it is a cabbage-butterfly that rests upon your head4 ,genus ,,nathalis1 ,boisduval ,the butterflies1 gay triflers ,who in the sunlight sport4 ,,heine4 ,butterfly4--,the butterfly is very small1 yellow1 margined with black4 ,the upper radial vein in the fore wing is wanting4 ,the subcostal has four nervules1 the third and fourth rising from a common stalk emitted from the upper outer corner of the cell1 the first and second from before the end of the cell4 ,the precostal vein on the hind wing is reduced to a small swelling beyond the base4 ,the palpi are slender2 the third joint long and curved2 the second joint oval2 the third fine1 spindle-shaped1 and pointed4 ,the antenn are rather short1 with a somewhat thick and abruptly developed club4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adb4--,neuration of the genus ,nathalis1 enlarged4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is known of these4 ,three species belong to this genus1 which is confined to the subtropical regions of the ,new ,world1 one species only invading the region of which this volume treats4 7#a7 ,nathalis iole1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 7,the ,dwarf ,yellow74 ,butterfly4--,this little species1 which cannot be mistaken1 and which requires no description1 as the plate conveys more information concerning it than could be given in mere words1 ranges from southern ,illinois and ,missouri to ,arizona and southern ,california4 ,its life-history has not yet been described4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4be inch4 ,the identification of this species with ,n4 felicia1 ,poey1 which is found in ,cuba1 is doubtfully correct4 ,the two species are very closely allied1 but1 nevertheless1 distinct from each other4 ,genus ,,euchlo1 ,hbner 7,anthocharis of authors7 7,the ,orange-tips7 ,when daffodils begin to peer1 ,with1 heigh6 the doxy over the dale1 ,why1 then comes in the sweet o' the year2 ,for the red blood reigns in the winter's pale4 ,,shakespeare4 ,butterfly4--,small butterflies1 white in color1 with the apical region of the primaries dark brown1 marked with spots and bands of yellowish-orange or crimson4 ,on the under side the wings are generally more or less profusely mottled with green spots and stri4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adc4--,neuration of the genus ,euchlo4 ,egg4--,spindle-shaped 7see p4 #d1 ,fig4 #f71 laterally marked with raised vertical ridges1 between which are finer cross-lines4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar1 in its mature stage1 is relatively long1 with the head small4 ,chrysalis4--,with the head relatively enormously projecting2 wing-cases compressed1 and uniting to form a conspicuous keel-shaped projection1 the highest point of which lies at the juncture of the two ends of the silk girdle where they are attached to the supporting surface4 ,there are numerous species of this genus1 and all are exceedingly pretty4 7#a7 ,euchlo sara1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bh1 2 ,fig4 #bi1 7,sara74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side in both sexes are shown in the figures above cited4 ,on the under side the hind wings are marked with dark irregular patches of greenish-brown scales loosely scattered over the surface1 and having a mossy appearance4 ,there are several forms which are regarded by recent writers as varieties and may probably be such4 ,of these we give the following3 7a7 ,variety reakirti1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,fig4 #cb1 7,reakirt's ,orange-tip7 flora1 ,wright1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 4 ,this form hardly differs at all from the form sara1 except in being smaller1 and having the margins of the hind wings marked with dark spots at the ends of the veins4 7b7 ,variety ,stella1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 7,stella74 ,the females of this form are prevalently yellowish on the upper side of the wings2 otherwise they are marked exactly as the preceding variety4 7c7 ,variety julia1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cd1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side 7,julia74 ,the only distinction in this form is the fact that the black bar dividing the red apical patch from the white on the remainder of the wing is broken1 or tends to diminution at its middle4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species1 in all its forms1 belongs to the mountain ,states of the ,pacific coast4 ,flora1 ,wright1 is regarded by ,beutenmller1 who has given us the latest revision of the genus1 as identical with sara4 ,it comes nearer the variety reakirti than any other form1 as will be seen by an examination of the plates which give figures of the types4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ge inch4 7#b7 ,euchlo ausonides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side 7,ausonides74 ,butterfly4--,on the under side the fore wings are greenish2 the hind wings are marked with three irregular green bands1 the outer one forking into six or seven branches toward the outer and inner margins4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the larva and chrysalis are described by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 ii4 ,the caterpillar is pale whitish-green1 with dark-green longitudinal stripes on the side and back4 ,it feeds on cruciferous plants4 ,ausonides ranges from ,arizona to ,alaska1 and eastward to ,colorado4 7#c7 ,euchlo creusa1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bc1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #b1 1 under side 7,creusa74 ,butterfly4--,similar to the preceding species1 but smaller1 the white more lustrous on the under side1 and the green markings on the under side of the wings heavier4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know very little of these4 ,the species is reported from ,california1 ,colorado1 and ,alberta4 ,i possess a singular varietal form or aberration from ,arizona1 in which the black spot on the upper side of the primaries fills the outer half of the cell4 7#d7 ,euchlo rosa1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #ci1 1 under side 7,rosa74 ,butterfly4--,pure white1 without any red at the tip of the primaries4 ,the transapical black band is broken in the middle1 and a black bar closes the cell4 ,the under side is well represented in the plate4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,entirely unknown4 ,the species is found in ,texas4 7#e7 ,euchlo cethura1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,fig4 #bg1 2 form morrisoni1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #a1 7,cethura74 ,butterfly4--,this delicate little insect1 for the identification of which the plates will abundantly serve1 has been regarded as existing in two varietal forms1 one of which has been named after the indefatigable collector ,morrison1 whose death is still lamented by the elder generation of ,american entomologists4 ,the varietal form is characterized by the heavier green markings of the under side of the wings4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj inch4 7#f7 ,euchlo pima1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cc1 7,the ,pima ,orange-tip74 ,butterfly4--,this beautiful and well-marked species1 the most brilliant of the genus1 is yellow on the upper side in both sexes4 ,the red of the upper side appears on the lower side4 ,the hind wings are heavily marked with solid green bands4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the only specimens thus far known have come from ,arizona4 7#g7 ,euchlo genutia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #e1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ei1 chrysalis2 ,fig4 #f1 p4 #d1 egg 7,the ,falcate ,orange-tip74 ,butterfly4--,this species is readily recognized by the decidedly falcate tip of the fore wings4 ,the first brood appears in early spring4 ,it is single-brooded in the ,northern ,states1 but is double-brooded in the western portions of ,north ,carolina1 where ,i have taken it quite abundantly late in the autumn4 ,expanse1 #a4cj-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history is well known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,sisymbrium1 ,arabis1 ,cardamine1 and other cruciferous plants4 ,it ranges from ,new ,england to ,texas1 but is not found1 so far as is known1 in the regions of the ,rocky ,mountains and on the ,pacific coast4 7#h7 ,euchlo lanceolata1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxii1 ,fig4 #cj1 7,boisduval's ,marble74 ,butterfly4--,the figure gives a correct idea of the upper surface of the male4 ,the female on the upper side is marked with light-black spots on the outer margin near the apex4 ,on the under side in both sexes the apex of the primaries and the entire surface of the secondaries1 except a small spot on the costa1 are profusely sprinkled with small brown scales4 ,the veins of the hind wing are brown4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ie inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar1 which feeds upon ,turritis1 is green1 shaded on the sides with pale blue1 striped laterally with white1 and covered with transverse rows of minute black points1 each bearing a short black bristle4 ,we know nothing of the other stages4 ,the species ranges from northern ,california to ,alaska4 ,genus ,,catopsilia1 ,hbner 7,the ,great ,sulphurs7 ,a golden butterfly1 upon whose wings ,there must be surely character'd strange things1 99 99 99 99 99 ,onward it flew1 444 then high it soar'd1 ,and downward suddenly began to dip1 ,as if1 athirst with so much toil1 't would sip ,the crystal spout-head2 so it did1 with touch ,most delicate1 as though afraid to smutch ,even with mealy gold the waters clear4 ,,keats1 ,endymion4 ,butterfly4--,large butterflies1 brilliant lemon-yellow or orange-yellow1 marked with a few darker spots and with a narrow band of brown1 especially in the female sex1 on the outer margin of the primaries4 ,they are very quick and vigorous in flight1 more so than is the case in any of the preceding genera4 ,egg4--,the eggs are spindle-shaped1 flat at the base1 and acutely pointed1 with a few longitudinal ribs and a multitude of delicate cross-lines4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is relatively long1 with the head small2 the segments somewhat moniliform1 resembling beads strung together1 the surface covered with a multitude of minute papill ranged in transverse rows4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is strongly concave on the dorsal side1 with the head greatly produced as a long1 pointed1 conical projection2 the wing-cases are compressed and form a very wide1 keel-shaped projection on the ventral side4 ,this peculiar formation of the wing-cases reaches its greatest development in this genus4 ,the butterflies of this genus are mainly tropical4 ,four or five species1 however1 are found in the warmer parts of the ,united ,states1 and one of them ranges north as far as northern ,new ,jersey1 and has been occasionally taken even in northern ,illinois4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #add4--,neuration of the genus ,catopsilia4 7#a7 ,catopsilia eubule1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #b1 #d1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #fj-fb1 chrysalis 7,the ,cloudless ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,this splendid and vigorous butterfly is found from ,new ,england and ,wisconsin to ,patagonia1 being very abundant in the tropics1 where it congregates in great swarms upon moist places by the side of streams4 ,it haunts in great numbers the orange-groves of the ,south1 and is very fond of flowers4 ,it is rare on the northern limits of its range1 though quite common on the coast of ,new ,jersey4 ,expanse1 #b4ej inches4 ,the caterpillar feeds on leguminous plants1 but especially upon the different species of ,cassia4 7#b7 ,catopsilia philea1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,red-barred ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,this is another noble species of this fine genus1 which includes some of the showiest insects of the subfamily4 ,it may be readily recognized by the bar of deep orange crossing the cell of the primaries1 and by the orange tint on the outer margin of the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is as yet known of these4 ,the larva feeds on the same kinds of plants as the larva of ,c4 eubule4 ,it occurs in ,texas1 and is said to have also been found in ,illinois as a straggler4 ,it is abundant in ,mexico1 ,central ,america1 and southward4 7#c7 ,catopsilia agarithe1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,the ,large ,orange ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,about the same size as ,c4 eubule1 but deep orange on both sides of the wings4 ,the wings of the female are bordered somewhat heavily with brown1 and are duller in color than those of the male4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar1 which resembles that of eubule1 feeds upon various species of ,cassia4 ,the chrysalis is also much like that of eubule4 ,we need1 however1 fuller information than that which we possess1 drawn1 for the most part1 from the pages of authors who wrote in the last century4 ,the species occurs in the hot parts of the ,gulf ,states1 and is common throughout tropical ,america4 ,genus ,,kricogonia1 ,reakirt ,butterfly4--,medium sized1 bright yellow on the upper and lower sides1 with some dark markings1 especially in the male4 ,the primaries in the male are generally quite strongly falcate4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ade4--,neuration of the genus ,kricogonia4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing has1 as yet1 been satisfactorily ascertained in relation to these4 ,the genus is not large1 and is confined to the tropical regions of the ,new ,world1 being represented in our fauna in the vicinity of the city of ,brownsville1 in ,texas4 7#a7 ,kricogonia lyside1 ,godart 7form terissa1 ,lucas71 ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,fig4 #ba1 7,lyside74 ,butterfly4--,this insect1 which may easily be distinguished from all its allies by its peculiar markings1 is found in ,florida and ,texas1 and is widely spread over the ,antilles and tropical ,america4 ,we know nothing of its life-history4 ,a number of closely allied forms1 reckoned as species1 are known from the ,antilles and ,central ,america4 ,they are so closely related to each other that it is believed that they are possibly only varieties or local races4 ,we cannot1 however1 be sure of this until the test of breeding has been applied4 ,expanse1 #a4ij-b4aj inches4 ,genus ,,meganostoma1 ,reakirt 7,the ,dog-face ,butterflies7 ,let me smell the wild white rose1 ,smell the woodbine and the may2 ,mark1 upon a sunny day1 ,sated from their blossoms rise1 ,honey-bees and butterflies4 ,,jean ,,ingelow4 ,butterfly4--,closely resembling those of the following genus1 ,colias1 from which they may be readily distinguished by the more acutely pointed apex of the fore wings and by the remarkable coloration of these wings in the male sex1 the dark outer borders being disposed upon the lighter ground-color so as to present the appearance of a rude outline of the head of a dog1 whence these butterflies have sometimes been called the dog-face butterflies4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adf4--,neuration of the genus ,meganostoma4 ,egg4--,fusiform1 strongly pointed at the apex1 broader at the base1 the sides marked with a few delicate ridges1 between which are numerous cross-lines4 ,caterpillar4--,elongate1 cylindrical1 the head relatively small1 striped on either side by a whitish lateral line1 each segment having a transverse darker line4 ,they feed upon leguminous plants4 ,chrysalis4--,pointed at the head1 convex on the abdominal segments on the dorsal side1 with a decided hump on the thorax4 ,the wing-covers unite to form a moderately deep carinate1 or keel-shaped1 projection on the ventral side1 not1 however1 nearly as large as in the genus ,catopsilia4 ,but two species of the genus are found within our fauna1 one widely distributed throughout the ,southern and ,southwestern ,states1 the other confined to the ,pacific coast4 7#a7 ,meganostoma eurydice1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,californian ,dog-face74 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxv #a4 ,pieris monuste1 ,linnus1 4 #b4 ,pieris monuste1 ,linnus1 4 #c4 ,pieris rap1 ,linnus1 4 #d4 ,tachyris ilaire1 ,godart1 4 #e4 ,tachyris ilaire1 ,godart1 4 #f4 ,colias alexandra1 ,edwards1 4 #g4 ,colias alexandra1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,colias scudderi1 ,reakirt1 4 #i4 ,colias scudderi1 ,reakirt1 4 #aj4 ,colias interior1 ,scudder1 4 #aa4 ,colias interior1 ,scudder1 4 #ab4 ,colias chrysomelas1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,colias chrysomelas1 ,henry ,edwards1 4 #ad4 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval1 4 #ae4 ,colias eriphyle1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly4--,the splendid purplish iridescence of the fore wings of the male is only faintly indicated in the plate4 ,this beautiful insect is peculiar to the ,pacific coast1 and there is a wide difference in appearance between the sexes4 ,expanse1 #a4hj-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds upon ,amorpha californica4 ,the life-history has been accurately described1 and the various stages depicted1 by ,edwards4 7#b7 ,meganostoma csonia1 ,stoll1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 7,the ,southern ,dog-face74 ,butterfly4--,the sexes are much alike in this species1 which ranges widely over the ,southern ,states1 and is found even in southern ,illinois and sometimes still farther north4 ,expanse1 #b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been fully described by various authors1 most carefully by ,edwards4 ,genus ,,colias1 ,fabricius 7,the ,sulphurs7 ,above the arching jimson-weeds flare twos ,and twos of sallow-yellow butterflies1 ,like blooms of lorn primroses blowing loose ,when autumn winds arise4 ,,james ,,whitcomb ,,riley ,butterfly4--,medium-sized butterflies1 yellow or orange in color1 with black borders upon the wings4 ,in many species this border is heavier in the female than in the male4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adg4--,neuration of the genus ,colias4 ,egg4--,the egg is spindle-shaped1 thickest at the middle1 tapering at the apex and at the base1 generally attached by an enlarged disk-like expansion to the point on which it is laid4 ,the upper extremity is rounded2 the sides are marked by small vertical ridges1 between which are delicate cross-lines4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars strongly resemble in appearance those of the preceding genus1 from which1 superficially1 they cannot be distinguished by any anatomical peculiarities4 ,they feed upon ,leguminos1 and especially upon clover 7,trifolium74 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalids do not generally differ in appearance from the chrysalids of the genus ,meganostoma1 though the wing-cases do not form as high a keel-shaped projection from the ventral side as in that genus4 ,this genus is very extensive1 being represented throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres1 and also occurring in the cooler portions of ,south ,america1 especially along the ranges of the ,andes4 ,one species is found in temperate ,south ,africa4 ,the brightly colored butterflies1 which are sometimes found congregating in immense numbers in moist places1 are familiar objects1 and swarm upon the clover-fields and by the roadside in the summer months throughout the ,united ,states4 7#a7 ,colias meadi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,fig4 #f1 7,mead's ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are orange1 greenish on the under side4 ,the discal spot on the lower side is centered with green4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the life-history has been written by ,edwards1 and may be found in the pages of the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xxi1 p4 #da4 ,the larva feeds on clover4 ,the species is alpine in its habits1 and is found in ,colorado from nine to twelve thousand feet above sea-level4 7#b7 ,colias elis1 ,strecker1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,fig4 #ad1 7,strecker's ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,this species is discriminated from the preceding principally by the narrower black margins on the wings of the male and the more abundant yellow maculation of the borders in the female4 ,expanse1 #a4ee-a4ij inch4 ,early ,stages4--,closely resembling those of the preceding species1 of which it may be only a varietal form4 ,the habitat of the species is on the lofty peaks of the ,western ,cordilleras4 7#c7 ,colias eurytheme1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,plate ,,xxxiii1 ,fig4 #e1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #a1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ec1 chrysalis 7,eurytheme74 ,butterfly4--,this species has been made in recent years the subject of exhaustive study1 and has been discovered to be strongly polymorphic--that is to say1 liable to great variation4 ,not only does albinism assert itself in the production of white forms1 but there are many seasonal and climatic forms4 ,we are not yet through with our studies1 and there is doubtless much more to be ascertained4 ,the figures cited above represent the typical form of the species4 ,we have given1 in addition to these1 the following forms3 7a7 ,winter form ariadne1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 4 ,this form1 emerging from chrysalids which have overwintered1 is like the type in having the fore wings tinged with orange4 ,expanse1 #a4ge inch4 7b7 ,winter form keewaydin1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 4 ,this is a larger form1 more deeply flushed with orange1 though not quite as deeply as shown in the plate4 ,expanse1 #a4he inch4 7c7 ,summer form eriphyle1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #c1 1 under side4 ,this summer form differs from typical ,c4 eurytheme in being yellow and not laved with orange4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on clover1 as do most of the species of the genus4 ,the range of eurytheme is very wide4 ,it extends from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 and from ,canada to the far ,south1 though rare in the lower parts of ,florida and ,texas in the hot lands4 7#d7 ,colias philodice1 ,godart1 ,plate ,i 7,frontispiece71 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #aj1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ed1 #ee1 chrysalis 7,the ,common ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,we are all familiar with this species1 the puddle butterfly of our childhood1 which sits in swarms on moist places by the wayside1 and makes the clover-fields gay with the flash of yellow wings in summer4 ,there are many aberrational forms1 albinos and negroes1 white forms and dark forms1 dwarfed forms and large forms1 but in the main the species is remarkably constant1 and seasonal forms and distinctly local races do not abound as in the case of the preceding species4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4hj inch2 1 #a4fj-b4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the food-plant is clover4 ,the eggs are pale yellow1 changing1 after being laid1 to crimson4 ,the caterpillar is slender1 green1 striped longitudinally with paler green4 ,the chrysalis is pale green4 ,the species ranges from ,new ,england to ,florida1 and westward to the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#e7 ,colias chrysomelas1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #ab1 2 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,gold-and-black ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,larger than ,c4 philodice4 ,the male on the upper side is bright lemon-yellow1 with broad black margins on both wings4 ,the female is paler1 with the black margin of the hind wing lacking or very faintly indicated1 and the margin of the fore wing much broken up by yellow spots4 ,on the under side the wings of the male are dusky-orange1 pale yellow on the disk of the primaries2 the wings of the female on this side are pale yellow4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj-b4aj inches2 1 #b4be-b4cj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,undescribed4 ,the home of this species is on the ,coast ,range of northern ,california4 7#f7 ,colias alexandra1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,fig4 #g1 7,the ,alexandra ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,larger than ,c4 philodice4 ,the male is pale canary-yellow1 with much narrower black borders than the preceding species4 ,the female is pale yellow or white1 without black borders1 or1 at most1 faint traces of them at the apex of the primaries4 ,on the under side the wings are silvery-gray1 yellow only at the base and on the inner margin of the primaries4 ,the discal spot on the hind wings is white4 ,expanse1 1 #a4he inch2 1 #b4aj-b4cj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar is uniformly yellowish-green1 with a white band on each side1 broken with orange-red dashes running through it4 ,the chrysalis1 which resembles that of ,c4 philodice in form1 is yellowish-green1 darkest on the dorsal side1 and adorned with three small red dots on the ventral side of the abdomen near the wing-cases4 ,the caterpillar eats ,astragalus1 ,thermopsis1 and white clover4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ij-b4ae inches2 1 #b4jj-b4cj inches4 ,the species is found in ,colorado and the mountain regions to the north and west of that ,state4 7#g7 ,colias interior1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,fig4 #aa1 7,the ,pink-edged ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side closely resembles ,c4 philodice1 but is smaller1 the fringes of the wings rose-colored4 ,the female is pale yellow above1 more frequently white1 with the tips of the fore wings lightly marked with blackish4 ,on the under side the fore wings at the apex and the entire surface of the hind wings are rusty orange-yellow4 ,the discal spot on the hind wings is silvery1 bordered with rosy-red4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj-a4ge inch2 1 #a4fj-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,little is as yet known of these4 ,the species was first found by ,professor ,louis ,agassiz on the north shore of ,lake ,superior4 ,it ranges through a rather narrow belt of country1 through ,quebec1 ,ontario1 and westward to the ,rocky ,mountains north of the valley of the ,st4 ,lawrence and the ,great ,lakes4 7#h7 ,colias scudderi1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,fig4 #i1 7,scudder's ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is colored like ,c4 philodice1 but the black borders are much wider4 ,the fringes are rosy4 ,the female is generally white1--very rarely slightly yellow1--with very pale dark borders1 or often without any trace of black on the outer margin of the wings4 ,on the under side the apex of the fore wings and the entire surface of the hind wings are greenish-gray4 ,the discal spot of the secondaries is well silvered and margined with pale red4 ,expanse1 #a4hj-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,we know but little of these1 except that the caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the huckleberry and the willow4 ,scudder's ,sulphur is found in ,colorado1 ,utah1 ,montana1 and ,british ,columbia4 7#i7 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 7,the ,labrador ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is pale yellow1 with a greenish tinge on the hind wings2 the black borders are narrow2 the fringes are pink4 ,the female on the upper side is white1 with very little or no black on the outer borders1 the black marking being confined to the apex of the fore wings4 ,on the under side the wings are much as in ,c4 interior1 and it is possible that the two forms are varieties of one and the same species4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4he inch4 ,early ,stages4--,little is known of these4 ,pelidne is rather abundant in ,labrador at the proper season1 and ranges thence westward and northward in boreal ,america4 7#aj7 ,colias nastes1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,arctic ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,easily recognized in both sexes by the pale-greenish tint of the wings and the tendency of the outer border of the fore wings of the male to become divided1 like those of the female1 by a band of pale spots4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this is an arctic species1 which is found in ,labrador1 ,greenland1 the far ,north in ,british ,america and ,alaska1 and on the summits of the ,rocky ,mountains in ,british ,columbia4 7#aa7 ,colias behri1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xxxvi1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,behr's ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,this very rare little species may be easily recognized by the dark-greenish tint of the upper side of the wings and the light spot on the upper side of the hind wings4 ,the female has the outer borders dusky like the male1 the dusky shade running inward on the lines of the veins and nervules4 ,expanse1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know little of these4 ,the insect has hitherto been taken only at considerable elevations among the ,western ,sierras1 and the peaks and lofty meadows about the ,yosemite ,valley have been until recently the classic locality for the species4 ,there are a number of other species of the genus ,colias1 and numerous varieties which have been named and described from the western and northwestern portions of our region2 but it requires almost as much skill to distinguish them as is required to discriminate between the different species of willows1 asters1 and goldenrods1 among plants1 and we do not think it worth while to burden the student with an account of these1 and of the controversies which are being waged about them4 ,if any reader of this book becomes entangled in perplexities concerning the species of ,colias1 the writer will be glad to try to aid him to correct conclusions by personal conference or correspondence4 ,genus ,,terias1 ,swainson 7,the ,small ,sulphurs7 ,hurt no living thing3 ,ladybird1 nor butterfly1 ,nor moth with dusty wing1 ,nor cricket chirping cheerily1 ,nor grasshopper so light of leap1 ,nor dancing gnat1 nor beetle fat1 ,nor harmless worms that creep4 ,,christina ,,rossetti4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxvi #a4 ,meganostoma eurydice1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,meganostoma eurydice1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,meganostoma csonia1 ,stoll1 4 #d4 ,meganostoma csonia1 ,stoll1 4 #e4 ,colias meadi1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,colias meadi1 ,edwards1 4 #g4 ,colias ariadne1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,colias ariadne1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,colias keewaydin1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,colias keewaydin1 ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,colias nastes1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,colias nastes1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,colias elis1 ,strecker1 4 #ad4 ,colias elis1 ,strecker1 4 #ae4 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval 7labradorensis1 ,scudder71 4 #af4 ,colias pelidne1 ,boisduval 7labradorensis1 ,scudder71 4 #ag4 ,colias behri1 ,edwards1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,butterfly4--,small butterflies1 bright orange or yellow1 margined with black4 ,they are more delicate in structure and have thinner wings than most of the genera belonging to the subfamily of the ,pierin4 ,the outer margin of the wings is generally straight or slightly rounded1 though in a few species the apex is somewhat acuminate4 ,the outer margin of the hind wings is generally rounded1 though in a few species it is acuminate4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adh4--,neuration of the genus ,terias4 ,egg4--,strongly spindle-shaped1 pointed and rounded at the base and at the apex1 much swollen at the middle1 its sides marked by numerous broad but slightly raised vertical ridges4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars are small1 relatively long1 cylindrical1 with the head quite small1 the thoracic segments somewhat larger than the others1 giving the anterior portion of the body a slightly humped appearance4 ,they feed upon leguminous plants4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is compressed laterally1 with the head pointed and the wing-cases forming a deep1 keel-shaped projection on the ventral side1 more pronounced than in any other genus except ,catopsilia4 ,there are an immense number of species belonging to this genus scattered through the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres4 ,many of the species are dimorphic or polymorphic1 and much confusion has arisen1 especially in relation to the ,oriental species1 on account of the great tendency to the production of seasonal varieties1 many of which are strikingly different from one another4 7#a7 ,terias gundlachia1 ,poey1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,gundlach's ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,this species is easily recognized by the orange-yellow tint of the upper side of the wings and the sharply pointed hind wings4 ,expanse1 #a4hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know nothing of these4 ,the species is found in ,texas1 ,arizona1 ,mexico1 and ,cuba4 7#b7 ,terias proterpia1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,proterpia74 ,butterfly4--,even deeper orange than the preceding species4 ,the hind wings are1 however1 less pointed2 the veins and nervules are black at their ends1 and the costal margin of the fore wings is evenly bordered with black1 which does not run down on the outer margin as in ,t4 gundlachia4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,proterpia is found in ,texas1 ,arizona1 and ,mexico4 7#c7 ,terias nicippe1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 var4 flava1 2 ,fig4 #f1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #f1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,figs4 #ea1 #eb1 chrysalis 7,nicippe74 ,butterfly4--,the plate gives so full a presentation of this common species as to make a lengthy description unnecessary4 ,it is subject to considerable variation4 ,i have specimens of many varying shades of orange and yellow1 and a few albino females4 ,the orange form depicted in ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,figs4 #c and #d1 is typical4 ,the form flava is not uncommon4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these are not as well known as they should be in view of the excessive abundance of the insect in long-settled parts of the country4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon ,cassia in preference to all other plants1 but will eat other leguminos4 ,nicippe is very rare in ,new ,england1 but is common south of latitude #dj as far as the ,rocky ,mountains1 and ranges over ,cuba1 ,mexico1 and ,guatemala1 into ,venezuela and even ,brazil4 ,it fairly swarms at times in the ,carolinas1 ,tennessee1 ,kentucky1 and southern ,indiana and ,illinois4 ,i have encountered clouds of it on the wing near ,jeffersonville1 ,indiana1 and thence north along the lines of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad as far as ,seymour4 ,it is not common in western ,pennsylvania1 but in former years was taken rather frequently about ,pittsburgh4 7#d7 ,terias mexicana1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 1 under side 7,the ,mexican ,yellow74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from all other species in our fauna by the pointed hind wings1 margined on the outer border with black1 and by the heavy black border of the fore wings1 deeply excised inwardly1 recalling the fore wing of the species of the genus ,meganostoma4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ge inch2 1 #a4he inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we do not1 as yet1 know much about these4 ,t4 mexicana is very common in ,arizona1 and occurs also in ,texas4 ,it is abundant in ,mexico4 7#e7 ,terias damaris1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side 7,damaris74 ,butterfly4--,allied to the preceding species1 but readily distinguished from it by the less deeply excised outer border of the fore wing1 by the fact that the black outer margin of the secondaries extends inwardly beyond the angulated point of the wing1 and by the different color and style of the markings of the lower side4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,damaris occurs in ,arizona1 and thence ranges south into ,venezuela4 7#f7 ,terias westwoodi4 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,westwood's ,yellow74 ,butterfly4--,pale yellow or orange-yellow1 with a narrow black border on the fore wings1 beginning on the costa beyond the middle1 and not quite reaching the inner angle4 ,on the under side the wings are pale yellow1 immaculate1 or at the apex of the fore wing and the outer angle of the hind wing broadly marked with very pale reddish-brown4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,westwood's ,yellow occurs in ,texas and ,arizona1 but is not common4 ,it is abundant farther south4 7#g7 ,terias lisa1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ac1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #c1 larva2 ,plate ,v1 ,fig4 #ef1 chrysalis 7,the ,little ,sulphur74 ,butterfly4--,allied to the three following species1 from which it may at once be distinguished by the absence of the black bar on the inner margin of the fore wings and by the profusely mottled surface of the under side of the hind wings4 ,it is subject to considerable variation1 albino females and melanic males being sometimes found1 as well as dwarfed specimens of very small size4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not been thoroughly studied and described1 in spite of the fact that the insect is very common in many easily accessible localities4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,cassia and on clover4 ,t4 lisa ranges from ,new ,england south and west as far as the foot-hills of the ,rocky ,mountains1 and into ,mexico and ,honduras4 ,it is found in the ,antilles and ,bermuda4 ,an interesting account of the appearance of a vast swarm of these butterflies in the ,bermudas is given by ,jones in ,psyche1 vol4 i1 p4 #aba3 ,early in the morning of the first day of ,october last year 7#ahgd71 several persons living on the north side of the main island perceived1 as they thought1 a cloud coming over from the northwest1 which drew nearer and nearer to the shore1 on reaching which it divided into two parts1 one of which went eastward1 and the other westward1 gradually falling upon the land4 ,they were not long in ascertaining that what they had taken for a cloud was an immense concourse of small yellow butterflies 7,terias lisa1 ,boisduval71 which flitted about all the open grassy patches and cultivated grounds in a lazy manner1 as if fatigued after their long voyage over the deep4 ,fishermen out near the reefs1 some few miles to the north of the island1 very early that morning1 stated that numbers of these insects fell upon their boats1 literally covering them4 ,they did not stay long upon the islands1 however1 only a few days1 but during that time thousands must have fallen victims to the vigorous appetite of the bluebird 7,sialia sialis1 ,baird7 and blackbird 7,mimus carolinensis1 ,gray71 which were continually preying upon them4 ,as the nearest point of land is ,cape ,hatteras1 about six hundred miles distant1 it is seen that1 weak and feeble as this little creature appears1 it must possess1 when aided by favoring winds1 great power of sustained flight4 7#h7 ,terias elathea1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,elathea74 ,butterfly4--,distinguished from its near ally1 ,t4 delia1 by the fact that the ground-color of the hind wings is white4 ,the female in this1 as in the allied species1 is without the black bar on the inner margin of the primaries4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,elathea is found in ,florida1 ,mexico1 and the ,antilles4 7#i7 ,terias delia1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,delia74 ,butterfly4--,almost exactly like the preceding species1 but having the upper side of the hind wings yellow4 ,on the under side the fore wing at the tip and the entire hind wing are red4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is known of them4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,cassia4 ,delia occurs commonly in the ,gulf ,states4 7#aj7 ,terias jucunda1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xxxvii1 ,fig4 #ae1 2 ,fig4 #af1 1 under side 7,the ,fairy ,yellow74 ,butterfly4--,distinguished from the preceding species by the dark marginal band surrounding the hind wing and the pale under surface4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this little species is found in the ,gulf ,states4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxvii #a4 ,terias gundlachia1 ,poey1 4 #b4 ,terias proterpia1 ,fabricius1 4 #c4 ,terias nicippe1 ,cramer1 4 #d4 ,terias nicippe1 ,cramer1 4 #e4 ,terias nicippe1 ,cramer1 var4 flava1 ,strecker1 4 #f4 ,terias nicippe1 ,cramer1 1 under side4 #g4 ,terias mexicana1 ,boisduval1 4 #h4 ,terias mexicana1 ,boisduval1 1 under side4 #i4 ,terias damaris1 ,felder1 4 #aj4 ,terias damaris1 ,felder1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,terias westwoodi1 ,boisduval1 4 #ab4 ,terias elathea1 ,cramer1 4 #ac4 ,terias lisa1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ad4 ,terias delia1 ,cramer1 4 #ae4 ,terias jucunda1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #af4 ,terias jucunda1 ,boisd4-,lec41 1 under side4 #ag4 ,dismorphia melite1 ,linnus1 4 #ah4 ,dismorphia melite1 ,linnus1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,red ,,rain ,the lepidopterous insects in general1 soon after they emerge from the pupa state1 and commonly during their first flight1 discharge some drops of a red-colored fluid1 more or less intense in different species1 which1 in some instances1 where their numbers have been considerable1 have produced the appearance of a 'shower of blood1' as this natural phenomenon is sometimes called4 ,showers of blood have been recorded by historians and poets as preternatural--have been considered in the light of prodigies1 and regarded1 where they have happened1 as fearful prognostics of impending evil4 ,there are two passages in ,homer1 which1 however poetical1 are applicable to a rain of this kind2 and among the prodigies which took place after the death of the great dictator1 ,ovid particularly mentions a shower of blood3 ',spe faces vis mediis ardere sub astris1 ,spe inter nimbos gutt cecidere cruent4' 7',with threatening signs the lowering skies were fill'd1 ,and sanguine drops from murky clouds distilled4'7 ,among the numerous prodigies reported by ,livy to have happened in the year #bad ,b4,c41 it is instanced that at ,mantua a stagnating piece of water1 caused by the overflowing of the river ,mincius1 appeared as of blood2 and in the cattle-market at ,rome a shower of blood fell in the ,istrian ,street4 ,after mentioning several other remarkable phenomena that happened during that year1 ,livy concludes by saying that these prodigies were expiated1 conformably to the answers of the aruspices1 by victims of the greater kinds1 and supplication was ordered to be performed to all the deities who had shrines at ,rome4 ,again1 it is stated by ,livy that many alarming prodigies were seen at ,rome in the year #aha ,b4,c41 and others reported from abroad2 among which was a shower of blood which fell in the courts of the temples of ,vulcan and ,concord4 ,after mentioning that the image of ,juno ,sospita shed tears1 and that a pestilence broke out in the country1 this writer adds that these prodigies1 and the mortality which prevailed1 alarmed the ,senate so much that they ordered the consuls to sacrifice to such gods as their judgment should direct victims of the larger kinds1 and that the decemvirs should consult their books4 ,pursuant to their direction1 a supplication for one day was proclaimed to be performed at every shrine in ,rome2 and they advised1 besides1 and the ,senate voted1 and the consul proclaimed1 that there should be a supplication and public worship for three days throughout all ,italy4 ,in the year #afi ,b4,c41 ,livy also mentions that a shower of blood fell in the middle of the day4 ,the decemvirs were again called upon to consult their books1 and again were sacrifices offered to the deities4 ,the account1 also1 of ,livy1 of the bloody sweat on some of the statues of the gods1 must be referred to the same phenomenon1 as the predilection of those ages to marvel1 says ,thomas ,browne1 and the want of accurate investigation in the cases recorded1 as well as the rare occurrence of these atmospherical depositions in our own times1 inclines us to include them among the blood-red drops deposited by insects4 ,in ,stow's ',annales of ,england' we have two accounts of showers of blood1 and from an edition printed in ,london in #aeib1 we make our quotations3 ',rivallus1 sonne of ,cunedagius1 succeeded his father1 in whose time 7in the year #gff ,b4,c47 it rained bloud three dayes3 after which tempest ensued a great multitude of venemous flies1 which slew much people1 and then a great mortalitie throughout this lande1 caused almost desolation of the same4' ,the second account is as follows3 ',in the time of ,brithricus 7,a4,d4 #ghf7 it rayned blood1 which falling on men's clothes1 appeared like crosses4' ,hollingshed1 ,grafton1 and ,fabyan have also recorded these instances in their respective chronicles of ,england4 ,a remarkable instance of bloody rain is introduced into the very interesting ,icelandic ghost-story of ,thorgunna4 ,it appears that in the year of our ,lord #ajji a woman called ,thorgunna came from the ,hebrides to ,iceland1 where she stayed at the house of ,thorodd2 and during the hay season a shower of blood fell1 but only1 singularly1 on that portion of the hay she had not piled up as her share1 which so appalled her that she betook herself to her bed1 and soon afterward died4 ,she left1 to finish the story1 a remarkable will1 which1 from not being executed1 was the cause of several violent deaths1 the appearance of ghosts1 and1 finally1 a legal action of ejectment against the ghosts1 which1 it need hardly be said1 drove them effectually away4 ,in #ajag a shower of blood fell in ,aquitaine2 and ,sleidan relates that in the year #aeec a vast multitude of butterflies swarmed through a great part of ,germany1 and sprinkled plants1 leaves1 buildings1 clothes1 and men with bloody drops1 as if it had rained blood4 ,we learn also from ,bateman's ',doome' that these 'drops of bloude upon hearbes and trees' in #aeec were deemed among the forewarnings of the deaths of ,charles and ,philip1 dukes of ,brunswick4 ,in ,frankfort1 in the year #abif1 among other prodigies1 some spots of blood led to a massacre of the ,jews1 in which ten thousand of these unhappy descendants of ,abraham lost their lives4 ,in the beginning of ,july1 #afjh1 an extensive shower of blood took place at ,aix1 in ,france1 which threw the people of that place into the utmost consternation1 and1 which is a much more important fact1 led to the first satisfactory and philosophical explanation of this phenomenon1 but too late1 alas6 to save the ,jews of ,frankfort4 ,this explanation was given by ,m4 ,peiresc1 a celebrated philosopher of that place1 and is thus referred to by his biographer1 ,gassendi3 ',nothing in the whole year #afjh did more please him than that he observed and philosophized about1 the bloody rain1 which was commonly reported to have fallen about the beginning of ,july2 great drops thereof were plainly to be seen1 both in the city itself1 upon the walls of the churchyard of the church1 which is near the city wall1 and upon the city walls themselves2 also upon the walls of villages1 hamlets1 and towns1 for some miles round about2 for in the first place1 he went himself to see those wherewith the stones were coloured1 and did what he could to come to speak with those husbandmen1 who1 beyond ,lambesk1 were reported to have been affrighted at the falling of said rain1 that they left their work1 and ran as fast as their legs could carry them into the adjacent houses4 ,whereupon1 he found that it was a fable that was reported1 touching those husbandmen4 ,nor was he pleased that naturalists should refer this kind of rain to vapours drawn up out of red earth aloft in the air1 which congealing afterwards into liquor1 fall down in this form2 because such vapours as are drawne aloft by heat1 ascend without colour1 as we may know by the alone example of red roses1 out of which the vapours that arise by heat are congealed into transparent water4 ,he was less pleased with the common people1 and some divines1 who judged that it was the work of the devils and witches who had killed innocent young children2 for this he counted a mere conjecture1 possibly also injurious to the goodness and providence of ,god4 ',in the meanwhile an accident happened1 out of which he conceived he had collected the true cause thereof4 ,for1 some months before1 he shut up in a box a certain palmer-worm which he had found1 rare for its bigness and form2 which1 when he had forgotten1 he heard a buzzing in the box1 and when he opened it1 found the palmer-worm1 having cast its coat1 to be turned into a beautiful ,butterfly1 which presently flew away1 leaving in the bottom of the box a red drop as broad as an ordinary sous or shilling2 and because this happened about the beginning of the same month and about the same time an incredible multitude of ,butterflies were observed flying in the air1 he was therefore of opinion that such kind of ,butterflies resting on the walls had there shed such like drops1 and of the same bigness4 ,whereupon1 he went the second time1 and found1 by experience1 that those drops were not to be found on the housetops1 nor upon the round sides of the stones which stuck out1 as it would have happened1 if blood had fallen from the sky1 but rather where the stones were somewhat hollowed1 and in holes1 where such small creatures might shroud and nestle themselves4 ,moreover1 the walls which were so spotted1 were not in the middle of towns1 but they were such as bordered upon the fields1 nor were they on the highest parts1 but only so moderately high as ,butterflies are commonly wont to fly4 ',thus1 therefore1 he interpreted that which ,gregory of ,tours relates touching a bloody rain seen at ,paris in divers places1 in the days of ,childebert1 and on a certain house in the territory of ,senlis2 also that which is storied1 touching raining of blood about the end of ,june1 in the days of ,king ,robert2 so that the blood which fell upon flesh1 garments or stones could not be washed out1 but that which fell on wood might2 for it was the same season of ,butterflies1 and experience hath taught us1 that no water will wash these spots out of the stones1 while they are fresh and new4 ,when he had said these and such like things to various1 a great company of auditors being present1 it was agreed that they should go together and search out the matter1 and as they went up and down1 here and there1 through the fields1 they found many drops upon stones and rocks2 but they were only on the hollow and under parts of the stones1 but not upon those which lay most open to the skies4' ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxviii #a4 ,papilio zolicaon1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,papilio daunus1 ,boisduval1 4 #c4 ,papilio pilumnus1 ,boisduval1 4 7,the figures in this plate are reduced1 being only two thirds of the natural size47 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,this memorable shower of blood was produced by the ,vanessa urtic or ,v4 polychloros1 most probably1 since these species of butterflies are said to have been uncommonly plentiful at the time when1 and in the particular district where1 the phenomenon was observed4 ,,frank ,,cowan1 ,curious ,history of ,insects4 ,,for ,a ,,design ,,of ,a ,,butterfly ,,resting ,,on ,a ,,skull ,creature of air and light1 ,emblem of that which may not fade or die1 ,wilt thou not speed thy flight1 ,to chase the south wind through the glowing sky8 ,what lures thee thus to stay1 ,with ,silence and ,decay1 ,fix'd on the wreck of cold ,mortality8 ,the thoughts once chamber'd there ,have gather'd up their treasures1 and are gone-- ,will the dust tell us where ,they that have burst the prison-house are flown8 ,rise1 nursling of the day1 ,if thou wouldst trace their way-- ,earth hath no voice to make the secret known4 ,who seeks the vanish'd bird ,by the forsaken nest and broken shell8-- ,far thence he sings unheard1 ,yet free and joyous in the woods to dwell4 ,thou of the sunshine born1 ,take the bright wings of morn6 ,thy hope calls heavenward from yon ruin'd cell4 ,,mrs4 ,,heman4 ,,subfamily ,,papilionin ,butterfly4--,generally large1 and often with the hind wings adorned by tail-like projections4 ,the most characteristic structural feature of the group is the absence of the internal vein of the hind wings4 ,the submedian vein occupies the position usually held in other subfamilies by the internal4 ,early ,stages4--,in that portion of the group which includes the genus ,parnassius and its allies1 the caterpillars are not1 so far as is known1 provided with scent-organs1 and pupation takes place upon the ground1 or among loosely scattered leaves1 which are interwoven1 at the time of pupation1 with a few strands of silk4 ,the genus ,papilio and its allies have large1 fleshy1 more or less cylindrical caterpillars1 possessed of osmateria1 or offensive scent-organs1 and a general resemblance runs through the chrysalids of all species1 which are attached by a button of silk at the anal extremity and supported in the middle by a silk girdle4 ,genus ,,parnassius1 ,latreille 7,the ,parnassians7 ,some to the sun their insect wings unfold1 ,waft on the breeze1 or sink in clouds of gold2 ,transparent forms1 too fine for mortal sight1 ,their fluid bodies half dissolv'd in light4 ,,pope4 ,butterfly4--,of medium size1 with more or less diaphanous wings1 generally white or yellow in color1 marked with black spots and round pink or yellow spots1 margined with black4 ,the head is relatively small1 thickly clothed with hairs4 ,the antenn are short and straight1 having a gradually thickened club4 ,the palpi are very thin1 straight1 and clothed with long hairs4 ,the wings are generally translucent on the margin1 with a rounded apex4 ,the upper radial is lacking4 ,the subcostal is five-branched1 the third1 fourth1 and fifth nervules being emitted from a common stalk which springs from the upper outer angle of the cell4 ,the first subcostal nervule rises well before the end of the cell2 the second from the same point from which the stalk which bears the other three nervules springs4 ,the cell of the hind wing is evenly rounded at its outer extremity4 ,the inner margin of the hind wing is more or less excavated4 ,early ,stages4--,the egg is turban-shaped1 flattened1 profusely covered with small elevations1 giving it a shagreened appearance4 ,the caterpillars have very small heads4 ,they are flattened1 having a somewhat leech-like appearance2 they are black or dark brown in color1 marked with numerous light spots4 ,the chrysalis is short1 rounded at the head1 and pupation takes place on the surface of the ground1 among leaves and litter1 a few loose threads of silk being spun about the spot in which transformation occurs4 ,the butterflies of this genus are classified with the ,papilionin1 because of the fact that the internal vein of the hind wings is always wanting1 a characteristic of all papilionine genera4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #adi4--,neuration of the genus ,parnassius4 7#a7 ,parnassius clodius1 ,mntries1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 ,figs4 #g1 #i1 2 ,figs4 #h1 #aj1 7,clodius74 ,butterfly4--,the species may be distinguished from the following by the uniformly larger size and the more translucent outer margins of the fore wings in the male4 ,expanse1 1 #b4ej-b4ge inches2 1 #b4ej-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these await study4 ,the egg and young larva were described by ,w4,h4 ,edwards in the ,canadian ,entomologist1 vol4 xi1 p4 #adb1 but we have no account of the later stages4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,sedum and ,saxifraga4 ,clodius is found upon the mountains of ,california in spring and early summer4 ,it is1 like all its congeners1 an alpine or boreal species4 7#b7 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,doubleday and ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xxxix1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,fig4 #d1 2 var4 behri1 ,edwards1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 2 var4 hermodur1 ,henry ,edwards1 ,fig4 #f1 2 mate of hermodur1 ,fig4 #e1 7,smintheus74 ,butterfly4--,this very beautiful insect is greatly subject to variation1 and the plate shows a few of the more striking forms1 of which the dark female1 named hermodur by the late ,henry ,edwards1 is one of the most beautiful4 ,expanse1 1 #b4jj-b4ej inches2 1 #b4be-c4jj inches4 ,smintheus is found at proper elevations upon the mountains from ,colorado to ,california1 and from ,new ,mexico to ,montana4 ,the life-history is most exquisitely delineated by ,edwards in ,the ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vol4 iii4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,sedum and ,saxifraga4 ,genus ,,papilio1 ,linnus 7,the ,swallowtails7 ,the butterfly the ancient ,grecians made ,the soul's fair emblem1 and its only name-- ,but of the soul1 escaped the slavish trade ,of mortal life6 ,for in this earthly frame ,ours is the reptile's lot--much toil1 much blame1-- ,manifold motions making little speed1 ,and to deform and kill the things whereon we feed4 ,,coleridge4 ,butterfly4--,generally large1 frequently with the hind wings tailed4 ,a figure of the neuration characteristic of this genus is given on p4 #bj1 ,fig4 #ch4 ,from this it will be seen that the internal vein of the hind wing is lacking1 the submedian vein occupying the space which is commonly occupied by the internal vein4 ,the median vein of the fore wing is connected with the submedian by a short vein1 from the point of union of which with the submedian there proceeds a short internal vein in this wing4 ,there is great diversity of form in the wings of this genus1 some species even mimicking the species of the ,euploein and ,heliconiid very closely1 and being entirely without tails4 ,in all cases1 however1 in spite of obvious diversities in color and in form1 there is substantial anatomical agreement in the structure of the wings2 and the caterpillars and chrysalids reveal very strongly marked affinities throughout the whole vast assemblage of species1 which at the present time includes about five hundred distinct forms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xxxix #a4 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 var4 behri1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 var4 behri1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #d4 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 4 #e4 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 1 mate of hermodur4 #f4 ,parnassius smintheus1 ,dbl4-,hew41 var4 hermodur1 1 ,henry ,edwards4 #g4 ,parnassius clodius1 ,mntries1 7baldur1 ,edwards74 #h4 ,parnassius clodius1 ,mntries1 7baldur1 ,edwards74 #i4 ,parnassius clodius1 ,mntries1 4 #aj4 ,parnassius clodius1 ,mntries1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xxxix4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,early ,stages4--,the eggs are somewhat globular1 flattened at the base1 and smooth4 ,the caterpillars are cylindrical1 smooth1 fleshy1 thicker in the anterior portion of the body than in the posterior portion1 and are always provided with osmateria1 or protrusive scent-organs1 which1 when the larva is alarmed1 are thrust forth1 and emit a musky odor1 not highly disagreeable to the human nostrils1 but evidently intended to deter other creatures from attacking them4 ,the chrysalids are always attached by a button of silk at the anal extremity1 and held in place by a girdle of silk about the middle4 ,the chrysalids are1 however1 never closely appressed to the surface upon which pupation takes place4 ,there are about twenty-seven species of this genus found within the limits of boreal ,america4 ,our fauna is therefore much richer in these magnificently colored and showy butterflies than is the fauna of all ,europe1 in which but three species are known from the ,dardanelles to the ,north ,cape and ,gibraltar4 ,the genus is wonderfully developed in the tropics both of the ,new and the ,old ,world1 and has always been a favorite with collectors1 containing many of the largest as well as the handsomest insects of the order4 7#a7 ,papilio ajax1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #ad1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab1 chrysalis 7,ajax74 ,butterfly4--,this insect1 which is one of the most beautiful in our fauna1 has been the subject of attentive study in recent years1 and is now known to be seasonally polymorphic4 ,we have given in ,plate ,,xliv figures of several of the forms4 7a7 ,winter form walshi2 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #d1 4 ,in this form1 which emerges from chrysalids which have been exposed to the cold of the winter1 the black bands of the wings are narrower and a trifle paler than in the other forms1 the tails of the hind wing tipped with white1 and the crimson spot on the inner margin near the anal angle forming a conspicuous bent bar4 ,a variety of this form1 with a more or less distinct crimson line parallel to the inner margin on the upper side of the hind wing1 has been named ,papilio ajax1 var4 abbotti1 by ,edwards4 ,another winter form1 for which ,i propose the name floridensis1 is represented in ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #b1 by a male specimen4 ,it is characterized by the great breadth and intensity of the black bands on the upper side of the wings1 which are quite as broad as in the summer form marcellus4 ,i find this form prevalent in the spring of the year on the ,st4 ,johns ,river1 in ,florida4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge inches4 7b7 ,winter form telamonides1 ,felder1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #a1 4 ,in this form the tails of the hind wings are somewhat longer than in walshi1 and are not simply tipped1 but bordered on either side for half their length with white1 and the red spots near the anal angle do not coalesce to form a crimson bar1 but are separate4 ,the black transverse bands on the upper side are wider than in walshi4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4jj inches4 7c7 ,summer form marcellus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #c1 4 ,in this form1 which represents the second generation emerging in the summer and fall from chrysalids produced from eggs of walshi1 floridensis1 and telamonides1 the tails of the hind wings are greatly lengthened1 being fully twice as long as in walshi1 the black bands are greatly widened1 and there is but a single small spot of crimson 7sometimes none7 above the anal angle of the secondaries4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these are well known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the papaw 7,asimina triloba71 and wherever this plant is found the butterfly is generally common4 ,ajax ranges from southern ,new ,england1 where it is very rare1 west and south over the entire country to the foot-hills of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it is very common in the lower ,appalachian region1 and in southern ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee is especially abundant4 7#b7 ,papilio eurymedon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xliv1 ,fig4 #e1 7,eurymedon74 ,butterfly4--,this beautiful insect belongs to the same group as the four succeeding species4 ,in the style of the markings it recalls ,p4 turnus1 but the ground-color is always pale whitish-yellow or white1 the tails of the hind wings are more slender1 and the white marginal spots on the under side of the fore wings are fused together1 forming a continuous band4 ,there are other differences1 but these1 with the help of the plate1 will suffice for the ready identification of the species4 ,expanse1 #c4ej-d4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar resembles that of ,p4 turnus1 but may be distinguished by its paler color and the much smaller spots composing the longitudinal series on the back and sides1 and by the different color of the head4 ,it feeds upon a variety of plants1 and is especially partial to ,rhamnus californicus4 ,the species ranges from ,mexico to ,alaska1 and eastward as far as ,colorado4 ,it is abundant in the valleys of the ,coast ,range1 and ,i have found it very common in the caon of the ,fraser ,river1 in ,british ,columbia1 in the month of ,june4 7#c7 ,papilio rutulus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #a1 7,rutulus74 ,butterfly4--,the insect very closely resembles the following species in color and markings1 but the female is never dimorphic as in ,p4 turnus1 and the marginal spots on the under side of the fore wings run together1 forming a continuous band1 as in eurymedon1 and are not separate as in ,p4 turnus4 ,by these marks it may always be distinguished4 ,expanse1 1 #c4ej-d4jj inches2 1 #c4ge-d4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described with accuracy by ,w4,h4 ,edwards in the second volume of his great work4 ,the caterpillar differs from that of ,p4 turnus in many minute particulars4 ,it feeds on alder and willow4 ,it is the representative on the ,pacific coast of its ,eastern congener1 the common ,tiger ,swallowtail4 7#d7 ,papilio turnus1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,fig4 #b1 dimorphic form glaucus1 ,linnus1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ae1 #bf1 #bh1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #a-d1 chrysalis 7,the ,tiger ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,the lordly ,turnus is one of the most beautiful insects of the ,carolinian fauna4 ,the plate shows the figures about one third smaller than in life1 but they are sufficient for the immediate identification of the species4 ,the species is dimorphic in the female sex in the southern portions of the territory which it occupies4 ,the black form of the female was regarded for a long while as a distinct species1 until by the test of breeding it was ascertained that some eggs laid by yellow females produced black females1 and that1 conversely1 eggs laid by black females often produced yellow females4 ,in ,canada and northward and westward in northern latitudes the dark dimorphic female does not occur4 ,a small yellow dwarfed form is common about ,sitka1 whence ,i have obtained numerous specimens4 ,expanse1 1 #c4jj-d4jj inches2 1 #c4ej-e4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the egg is outlined on p4 #d1 ,fig4 #c4 ,it is green or bluish-green1 quite smooth1 with a few reddish spots in some specimens4 ,the caterpillar feeds on a great variety of plants1 but has a peculiar preference for the leaves of various species of wild cherry 7,cerasus74 ,the chrysalis is accurately portrayed in ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #a-d4 ,the metropolis of this species seems to be the wooded forests of the ,appalachian ranges at comparatively low levels4 ,it abounds in southwestern ,pennsylvania1 the ,virginias1 the ,carolinas1 ,kentucky1 and ,tennessee4 ,i have often found as many as a dozen of these magnificent butterflies congregated on a moist spot on the banks of the ,monongahela4 ,at ,berkeley ,springs1 in ,west ,virginia1 ,i counted1 one summer day1 forty specimens hovering over the weeds and flowers in a small deserted field4 ,the movements of the butterfly on the wing are bold and rapid4 ,its flight is dashing4 ,now aloft to the tops of the highest trees1 now down in the shadows of the undergrowth1 hither and thither it goes1 often settling for a moment on some attractive flower1 or staying its flight to quench its thirst on the sandy edge of a brook1 and then away again over the fields and into the forests4 ,in ,new ,england it is not very abundant1 and in the ,gulf ,states1 while numerous1 is still less common than about the head waters of the ,ohio4 7#e7 ,papilio daunus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,daunus74 ,butterfly4--,this magnificent species1 which is even larger than turnus 7the figures in the plate are greatly reduced71 resembles the preceding species in color and markings1 but may at once be distinguished by the two tails on the hind wing and the projection of the lobe at the anal angle of this wing4 ,it is found among the eastern valleys of the ,rocky ,mountain ranges1 and descends into ,mexico4 ,in ,arizona it is quite common4 ,expanse1 #d4jj-e4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not yet been thoroughly studied1 but what we know of them shows that the species is allied very closely to its immediate congeners1 and the caterpillar feeds upon the same plants1 principally ,rosace4 7#f7 ,papilio pilumnus1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,pilumnus74 ,butterfly4--,resembling the preceding species1 but smaller1 having the bands and black margins of the wings decidedly broader1 and the lobe of the anal angle of the hind wing so much lengthened as to give the wing the appearance of being furnished with three tails4 ,expanse1 #c4hj-d4cj inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xl #a4 ,papilio asterias1 ,cramer1 4 #b4 ,papilio bairdi1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,papilio hollandi1 ,edwards1 4 #d4 ,papilio brucei1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,papilio brevicauda1 ,saunders1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xl4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,early ,stages4--,all we know of these is derived from the brief account given by ,schaus in ,papilio1 vol4 iv1 p4 #ajj4 ,mr4 ,schaus says that the larva feeds on laurel4 ,the insect is ,mexican1 and only occasionally occurs in ,arizona4 7#g7 ,papilio thoas1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,thoas74 ,butterfly4--,this species is readily distinguished from its near ally1 ,p4 cresphontes1 by the greater and more uniform breadth of the median band of yellow spots traversing both the fore and the hind wing1 and by the almost total absence of the curved submarginal series of spots on the primaries4 ,there are other points of difference1 but these are so marked as to make the determination of the species easy4 ,early ,stages4--,these have never been fully described1 but we know that the caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of the lemon1 the orange1 and other plants of the citrus group4 ,p4 thoas is not common within the limits of the ,united ,states1 where it is generally replaced by the following species2 but it occasionally occurs in the hot lands of the extreme southern portion of ,texas4 7#h7 ,papilio cresphontes1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #af1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #h-aj1 chrysalis 7,the ,giant ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,the principal points of difference between this and the preceding species1 its closest ally1 have already been pointed out1 and are brought into view upon the plate4 ,early ,stages4--,these are quite well known4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon ,ptelea1 ,xanthoxylon1 and various species of ,citrus4 ,it is very common in the orange-groves of ,florida1 where the people call the caterpillar the orange-puppy1 and complain at times of the ravages perpetrated by it upon their trees4 ,it appears to have been gradually spreading northward1 and in quite recent years has appeared at points in the ,northern ,states where before it had never been observed4 ,it has been recently taken in ,ontario4 ,it has become rather abundant in the vicinity of the city of ,pittsburgh1 where no observer had seen it prior to the year #ahid4 ,it is one of the largest and most showy species of the genus found within our faunal limits4 7#i7 ,papilio aliaska1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #a1 7,the ,alaskan ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,this interesting form of the species1 known to entomologists as ,papilio machaon1 ,linnus1 and to every ,english school-boy as the ,swallowtail1 represents a colonization from the ,asiatic mainland of this insect1 which is the sole representative of the genus on ,english soil4 ,it differs from the ,english butterfly by having more yellow on the upper side of the wings1 and by having the tails of the secondaries much shorter4 ,early ,stages4--,undoubtedly these are very much like those of the forms found in ,europe and ,asia1 and the caterpillar must be sought upon umbelliferous plants4 ,thus far this insect has been received only from ,alaska1 and is still rare in collections4 7#aj7 ,papilio zolicaon1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xxxviii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,zolicaon74 ,butterfly4--,this species is somewhat nearly related to the preceding1 but may at once be distinguished from it by the broader black borders of the wings1 the deeper black on the upper side1 and the longer tails of the secondaries4 ,the figure given in the plate is only two thirds of the natural size4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been fully described by ,edwards1 and are shown to be much like those of ,p4 asterias4 ,the caterpillar1 like that of the last-mentioned species1 feeds upon the ,umbellifer4 ,zolicaon ranges southward from ,vancouver's ,island to ,arizona1 and eastward to ,colorado4 ,it is more abundant in the valleys and foot-hills than on the sierras4 7#aa7 ,papilio nitra1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #b1 7,nitra74 ,butterfly4--,this insect1 which is still very rare in collections1 is very nearly related to the preceding species1 it having1 no doubt1 with the succeeding species1 sprung from the same original stock as zolicaon and aliaska4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the insect occurs in ,montana and the portions of ,british ,america adjacent on the north4 7#ab7 ,papilio indra1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #c1 7,indra74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by the short tails of the secondaries1 and the narrow bands of yellow spots on the wings closely resembling those found in the same location on the wings of ,p4 asterias1 4 ,expanse1 #b4ej-b4ge inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these still await description4 ,indra occurs on the mountains of ,colorado1 ,nevada1 and ,california4 7#ac7 ,papilio brevicauda1 ,saunders1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #e1 7,the ,newfoundland ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,there are two varieties of this species--one with bright-yellow spots1 one with the spots more or less deeply marked with orange-yellow on the upper sides of the wing4 ,the latter variety is represented in the plate4 ,the form with the yellow spots is common on the island of ,anticosti2 the other occurs quite abundantly in ,newfoundland4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,both the caterpillar and the chrysalis show a very strong likeness to those of ,p4 asterias4 ,the larva feeds on umbelliferous plants4 ,the range of the species is confined to the extreme northeastern part of our faunal territory4 7#ad7 ,papilio bairdi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #b1 7,baird's ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this form1 the male of which is represented in the plate1 is the ,western representative of ,p4 asterias1 and is characterized in general by the fact that the size is larger than that of asterias1 and the postmedian band of yellow spots is broader4 ,the female is generally darker and larger than that sex in asterias4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,not unlike those of ,p4 asterias4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon ,umbellifer4 ,the seat of this species or form is ,arizona1 whence it ranges northward4 7#ae7 ,papilio brucei1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #d1 7,bruce's ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this species1 which is thought to be the result of a union between ,p4 oregonia and ,p4 bairdi1 is found in ,colorado4 ,oregonia is1 unfortunately1 not represented in our plates4 ,it flies in ,oregon and ,washington1 where ,p4 bairdi is not found4 ,in ,colorado and adjacent regions meeting with the form bairdi1 which ranges northward from ,arizona1 hybridization has occurred1 and we have a fixed form breeding either toward bairdi or oregonia4 ,to this form1 characterized by more yellow on the bands of the wings than in ,p4 bairdi1 and less than in oregonia1 ,mr4 ,edwards has applied the name ,p4 brucei1 in honor of ,mr4 ,bruce of ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 who has done much to elucidate the problems connected with the species4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4fj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been fully described by ,edwards4 ,they are much like those of asterias1 and the food-plants belong to the same class4 ,bruce's ,butterfly is found quite abundantly in ,colorado4 7#af7 ,papilio hollandi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #c1 7,holland's ,butterfly74 ,butterfly4--,this species or form1 which belongs to the ,asterias-group1 in the breadth of the yellow spots on the upper side of the wings holds a place intermediate between ,p4 bairdi and ,p4 zolicaon1 between which it has been suggested that it may be a hybrid1 which has become fixed1 and therefore a species4 ,it is characterized by the fact that the abdomen is always striped laterally with yellow or is wholly yellow4 ,expanse1 #c4be-c4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,we know as yet but little of these4 ,the insect occurs in ,arizona and northward to ,colorado4 7#ag7 ,papilio asterias1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xl1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ag1 #bd1 #bg1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ah1 #ai1 chrysalis 7,the ,common ,eastern ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,the male is well represented in the plate4 ,the female lacks the bright-yellow band of postmedian spots on the primaries1 or they are but faintly indicated4 ,the species is subject to considerable variation in size and the intensity of the markings4 ,a very remarkable aberration in which the yellow spots cover almost the entire outer half of the wings has been found on several occasions1 and was named ,papilio calverleyi by ,grote4 ,the female of this form from the type in the author's collection is represented in ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #f4 ,expanse1 #b4ge-c4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on the ,umbellifer1 and is common on parsley and parsnips in gardens4 ,in the ,south ,i have found that it had a special liking for fennel1 and a few plants in the kitchen-garden always yielded me in my boyhood an abundant supply of the larv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xli #a4 ,papilio machaon1 ,linnus1 var4 aliaska1 ,scudder1 4 #b4 ,papilio nitra1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,papilio indra1 ,reakirt1 4 #d4 ,papilio polydamas1 ,linnus1 4 #e4 ,papilio troilus1 ,linnus1 4 #f4 ,papilio asterias1 ,cramer1 var4 calverleyi1 ,grote1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xli4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,p4 asterias ranges all over the ,atlantic ,states and the valley of the ,mississippi4 7#ah7 ,papilio troilus1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #e-g1 chrysalis 7,the ,spice-bush ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is accurately depicted in the plate4 ,the female has less bluish-green on the upper side of the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #c4ge-d4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar lives upon the leaves of the common spicewood and sassafras1 and draws the edges of a leaf together1 thus forming a nest in which it lies hidden4 ,the insect is found throughout the ,atlantic ,states and in the ,mississippi ,valley4 7#ai7 ,papilio palamedes1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,palamedes74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is very accurately depicted in the figure just cited4 ,on the under side the predominant tint is bright yellow4 ,expanse1 #c4ej-d4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,these are described by ,scudder in the third volume of his work on ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,magnolia glauca1 and on plants belonging to the order ,laurace4 ,the insect ranges from southern ,virginia1 near the coast1 to the extreme southern end of ,florida1 and westward to southern ,missouri and eastern ,texas4 7#bj7 ,papilio philenor1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xlii1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #ac1 #bj1 #ba1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #ad1 #ag1 #bj1 chrysalis 7,the ,pipe-vine ,swallowtail74 ,butterfly4--,the figures in the plates obviate the necessity for describing this familiar but most beautiful insect1 the glossy blue-green of which flashes all summer long in the sunlight about the verandas over which the ,aristolochia spreads the shade of its great cordate leaves4 ,expanse1 #c4ge-d4be inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds upon the leaves of ,aristolochia sipho 7the ,dutchman's-pipe7 and ,aristolochia serpentaria1 which abound in the forest lands of the ,appalachian region4 ,philenor is always abundant during the summer months in the ,middle ,atlantic ,states1 and ranges from ,massachusetts to ,arizona1 into southern ,california and southward into ,mexico4 ,it is double-brooded in western ,pennsylvania1 and the writer has found females ovipositing as late as ,october4 ,the caterpillars are familiar objects about houses on which the ,aristolochia is grown as an ornamental vine4 7#ba7 ,papilio polydamas1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xli1 ,fig4 #d1 7,polydamas74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished by the absence of tails on the hind margin of the secondaries4 ,the butterfly recalls the preceding species by the color of the wings on the upper side4 ,on the under side the fore wings are marked as on the upper side2 the hind wings have a marginal row of large red spots4 ,expanse1 #c4jj-c4ej inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar is dark brown1 and in many points resembles that of ,p4 philenor in outline1 but the segments are spotted with ocellate yellow and red spots4 ,it feeds on various species of ,aristolochia4 ,the chrysalis resembles that of ,p4 philenor4 ,this lovely insect represents in the ,united ,states a great group of butterflies closely allied to it1 which are natives of the tropics of the ,new ,world4 ,it occurs in southern ,florida and ,texas1 and thence ranges southward over ,cuba1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 ,,the ,,caterpillar ,,and ,,the ,,ant ,a pensy ,ant1 right trig and clean1 ,came ae day whidding o'er the green1 ,where1 to advance her pride1 she saw ,a ,caterpillar1 moving slaw4 ',good ev'n t' ye1 ,mistress ,ant1' said he2 ',how's a' at hame8 ,i'm blyth to s' ye4' ,the saucy ,ant view'd him wi' scorn1 ,nor wad civilities return2 ,but gecking up her head1 quoth she1 ',poor animal6 ,i pity thee2 ,wha scarce can claim to be a creature1 ,but some experiment o' ,nature1 ,whase silly shape displeased her eye1 ,and thus unfinish'd was flung bye4 ,for me1 ,i'm made wi' better grace1 ,wi' active limbs and lively face2 ,and cleverly can move wi' ease ,frae place to place where'er ,i please2 ,can foot a minuet or jig1 ,and snoov't like ony whirly-gig2 ,which gars my jo aft grip my hand1 ,till his heart pitty-pattys1 and-- ,but laigh my qualities ,i bring1 ,to stand up clashing wi' a thing1 ,a creeping thing the like o' thee4 ,not worthy o' a farewell t' ye4' ,the airy ,ant syne turned awa1 ,and left him wi' a proud gaffa4 ,the ,caterpillar was struck dumb1 ,and never answered her a mum3 ,the humble reptile fand some pain1 ,thus to be banter'd wi' disdain4 ,but tent neist time the ,ant came by1 ,the worm was grown a ,butterfly2 ,transparent were his wings and fair1 ,which bare him flight'ring through the air4 ,upon a flower he stapt his flight1 ,and thinking on his former slight1 ,thus to the ,ant himself addrest3 ',pray1 ,madam1 will ye please to rest8 ,and notice what ,i now advise3 ,inferiors ne'er too much despise1 ,for fortune may gie sic a turn1 ,to raise aboon ye what ye scorn3 ,for instance1 now ,i spread my wing ,in air1 while you're a creeping thing4' ,,allan ,,ramsay4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlii #a4 ,papilio palamedes1 ,drury1 4 #b4 ,papilio philenor1 ,linnus1 4 #c4 ,papilio cresphontes1 ,cramer1 4 #d4 ,papilio thoas1 ,linnus1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xlii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illustration ,,family ,v ,,hesperiid 7,,the ,,skippers7 ,bedouins of the pathless air4--,h4,h4 ,butterfly4--,the butterflies belonging to this family are generally quite small1 with stout bodies1 the thorax strongly developed in order to accommodate the muscles of flight4 ,they are exceedingly rapid in their movements4 ,both sexes possess six feet adapted to walking1 and the tibi of the hind feet1 with few exceptions1 have spurs4 ,the lower radial vein of the hind wing in many of the genera is lacking1 or is merely indicated by a fold in the wing4 ,there is great variety in the form as well as in the coloration of the wings4 ,egg4--,the eggs1 so far as we are acquainted with them1 may be said to be1 almost without exception1 more or less hemispherical1 with the flat section of the hemisphere serving as the base4 ,they are sometimes smooth1 but not infrequently ornamented with raised longitudinal ridges and cross-lines1 the ornamentation in some cases being very beautiful and curious4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars are cylindrical1 smooth1 tapering forward and backward from the middle1 and generally possess large globular heads4 ,they commonly undergo transformation into chrysalids which have an anal hook1 or cremaster1 in a loose cocoon woven of a few strands of silk4 ,this family1 the study of which presents more difficulties than are presented by any other family of butterflies1 is not very well developed in the ,palarctic ,region1 but finds its most enormous development in the ,nearctic and ,neotropical ,regions4 ,it is also very strongly developed in the ,indo-,malayan and ,ethiopian ,regions4 ,there are1 at the present time1 in the neighborhood of two thousand species belonging to this family which have been named and described4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xliii #a4 ,papilio turnus1 ,linnus1 4 #b4 ,papilio turnus1 ,linnus1 dimorphic 1 glaucus1 ,linnus4 #c4 ,colias eriphyle1 ,edwards1 ,colias hageni1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #d4 ,pyrameis atalanta1 ,linnus1 4 #e4 ,epargyreus tityrus1 ,fabricius1 4 7,the figures in this plate are reduced1 being only three fourths of the natural size47 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xliii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,subfamily ,,pyrrhopygin ,seeing only what is fair1 ,sipping only what is sweet4 ,,emerson4 ,this subfamily is composed of closely related genera which are found only in the ,new ,world4 ,they may be easily recognized by the large blunt club of the antenn4 ,the cell of the fore wing is always very long1 being two thirds the length of the costa2 the lower radial vein usually rises from the end of the cell1 a little above the third median nervule1 and at a considerable remove from the upper radial4 ,they are said when at rest to extend all their wings horizontally4 ,but one genus belonging to this subfamily is represented within the limits of the ,united ,states4 ,genus ,,pyrrhopyge1 ,hbner ,butterfly4--,the neuration is as represented in the cut1 and need not1 therefore1 be described at length4 ,the club of the antenn is thickened1 usually bluntly pointed and bent into a hook4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aej4--;,head and antenna of ,pyrrhopyge1 magnified #b diameters4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aea4--,neuration of the genus ,pyrrhopyge4 7#a7 ,pyrrhopyge araxes1 ,hewitson1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #i1 7,araxes74 ,butterfly4--,easily recognized from the figure in the plate4 ,the hind wings are prevalently yellow on the under side4 ,it is wholly unlike any other species found within the faunal limits with which this book deals4 ,the wings expand about two inches4 ,we have no knowledge whatever of the life-history of the insect4 ,it occurs in southern ,texas occasionally1 but is quite common in ,mexico and more southern countries4 ,,subfamily ,,hesperiin 7,,the ,,hesperids7 ,twine ye in an airy round1 ,brush the dew and print the lea2 ,skip and gambol1 hop and bound4 ,,drake1 ,the ,culprit ,fay4 ,this subfamily falls into two groups3 ,group ,a4--,in this group the cell of the fore wing is always more than two thirds the length of the costa2 the lower radial vein lies approximately equidistant between the third median nervule and the upper radial4 ,the hind wing is frequently produced at the extremity of the submedian vein into a long tail or tooth-like projection4 ,the fore wing is usually furnished in the male sex with a costal fold1 but is never marked with a discal stigma1 or bunch of raised scales4 ,the antenn always terminate in a fine point and are usually bent into a hook4 ,the butterflies when at rest1 for the most part1 hold their wings erect1 though some of them hold them extended horizontally4 ,group ,b4--,in this group the cell of the fore wing is less than two thirds the length of the costa1 and the lower radial is always emitted from the end of the cell near the upper angle1 much nearer to the upper radial than to the third median4 ,the hind wings are often somewhat lobed at the anal angle1 but never produced as in the first group4 ,the antenn are very seldom hooked4 ,genus ,,eudamus1 ,swainson ,butterfly4--,the antenn terminate in a fine point bent into a hook at the thickest part of the club4 ,the cell of the fore wing is very long4 ,the discocellulars are inwardly oblique and on the same straight line1 the upper discocellulars being reduced to a mere point4 ,the lower radial is equidistant between the upper radial and the third median nervule4 ,the hind wing is without the lower radial and is always produced into a long tail4 ,egg4--,the egg is more nearly globular than is true in most of the genera1 but is strongly flattened at the base and is marked with a number of transverse longitudinal ridges1 somewhat widely separated1 between which are finer cross-lines4 ,the micropyle at the summit is deeply depressed4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is cylindrical1 tapering rapidly from the middle forward and backward4 ,the head is much larger than the neck and is distinctly bilobed4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is provided with a somewhat hooked cremaster1 is rounded at the head1 humped over the thorax1 and marked on the dorsal side of the abdominal segments with a few small conical projections4 ,the chrysalis is formed between leaves loosely drawn together with a few strands of silk4 ,this genus is confined to the tropics of the ,new ,world1 and is represented in the extreme southern portions of the ,united ,states by the species figured in our plate--,e4 proteus4 7#a7 ,eudamus proteus1 ,linnus1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #cd1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bc1 chrysalis 7,the ,long-tailed ,skipper74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aeb4--,neuration of the genus ,eudamus4 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is brown1 glossed with green at the base of both wings4 ,the spots on the primaries of both sexes are alike1 and are well represented in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are pale brown2 the primaries are marked as on the upper side2 the secondaries have the anal portion and the tail dark brown2 in addition they are crossed by a short dark band at the end of the cell1 and another similar but longer postmedian band1 which does not quite reach the costa and loses itself below in the dark shade which covers the anal portion of the wing4 ,about the middle of the costa of the hind wings are two small subquadrate black spots4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the plates give us representations based upon ,abbot's drawings of the mature caterpillar and the chrysalis4 ,the student who desires to know more may consult the pages of ,scudder's ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon leguminous plants1 especially upon the ,wistaria and various species of ,clitoria 7,butterfly-pea74 ,it makes a rude nest for itself by drawing two of the leaves together with strands of silk4 ,the species is tropical and is found all over the tropics and subtropical regions of the ,new ,world1 but ranges northward along the ,atlantic sea-coast1 being occasionally found as far north as ,new ,york ,city1 where it has been taken in ,central ,park4 ,genus ,,plestia1 ,mabille ,butterfly4--,the club of the antenn is flattened1 sickle-shaped1 terminating in a fine point4 ,the male has a costal fold upon the fore wing4 ,the lower radial is nearer to the upper radial than to the third median nervule4 ,the hind wing is produced into a short tail4 ,the fifth vein is wanting4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this genus is peculiar to ,mexico and ,central ,america4 ,but one species is found within our limits1 and is confined to ,arizona4 7#a7 ,plestia dorus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,the ,short-tailed ,arizona ,skipper74 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aec4--;,genus ,plestia4 ,antenna1 magnified #b diameters4 ,neuration4 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is accurately depicted in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are hoary4 ,the spots of the upper side reappear1 the lower spots of the primaries being partially lost in the broad honey-yellow tint which covers the inner margin of that wing4 ,the secondaries are crossed by obscure dark-brown basal1 median1 and postmedian bands1 portions of which are annular1 or composed of ring-like spots4 ,the anal angle is clouded with dark brown4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species has been taken in considerable numbers in ,arizona1 and ranges thence southward into ,mexico4 ,genus ,,epargyreus1 ,hbner ,butterfly4--,the antenn have the club stout1 gradually thickened1 tapering to a fine point1 and abruptly bent into a hook4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xliv #a4 ,papilio ajax1 ,linnus1 var4 telamonides1 ,felder1 4 #b4 ,papilio ajax1 ,linnus1 var4 floridensis1 ,holland1 7,this is the dark form found in ,florida in the early spring47 #c4 ,papilio ajax1 ,linnus1 var4 marcellus1 ,boisduval1 4 #d4 ,papilio ajax1 ,linnus1 var4 walshi1 4 #e4 ,papilio eurymedon1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xliv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the palpi are profusely covered with thick scales1 in which the third joint is almost entirely concealed4 ,the fore wing of the male is furnished with a costal fold2 the hind wing is prominently toothed at the extremity of the submedian vein4 ,egg4--,the egg is elevated1 hemispherical2 that is to say1 it is flattened at the base1 rounded above1 its height being almost equal to the width4 ,it is marked by about ten narrow1 greatly elevated longitudinal ridges1 which sometimes fork below the summit1 and between which are a multitude of fine cross-lines4 ,the micropyle is greatly depressed4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar closely resembles the caterpillar of the genus ,eudamus1 but the head is not as strongly bilobed4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis likewise resembles the chrysalis of the genus ,eudamus2 the cremaster1 however1 is not as strongly hooked as in that genus4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aed4--,neuration of the genus ,epargyreus4 7#a7 ,epargyreus tityrus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xliii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cc1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 chrysalis 7,the ,silver-spotted ,skipper74 ,butterfly4-,this very common and beautiful insect may easily be recognized from the figure in the plate4 ,the broad1 irregular silvery spot on the under side of the hind wings distinguishes it at a glance from all other related species in our fauna4 ,expanse1 #a4ge-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4-,these have been accurately described by several authors1 and a very full account of them is contained in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds upon leguminous plants1 and is especially common upon the ,wistaria1 which is grown about verandas1 and on the common locust 7,robinia pseudacacia74 ,the caterpillar makes a nest for itself in the same manner as ,eudamus proteus4 ,pupation generally takes place among fallen leaves or rubbish at the foot of the trees upon which the caterpillar has fed4 ,this butterfly has a wide range1 extending to the ,gulf1 south of a line passing from ,quebec to ,vancouver1 and ranging still farther south as far as the ,isthmus of ,panama4 ,it is single-brooded in the ,north1 and double- or triple-brooded in the ,south4 ,genus ,,thorybes1 ,scudder 7,the ,dusky-wings7 ,butterfly4--,the club of the antenn is not very heavy1 hooked1 the hooked portion about as long as the rest of the club4 ,the palpi are directed forward1 with the second joint heavily scaled1 and the third joint very small4 ,the fore wing may be with or without the costal fold in the male sex4 ,the cut gives a correct idea of the neuration4 ,the hind wing is evenly rounded on the outer margin1 sometimes slightly angled at the extremity of the submedian vein4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aee4--,neuration of the genus ,thorybes4 ,egg4--,the egg is subglobular1 somewhat flattened at the base and on top1 marked with numerous fine and not much elevated longitudinal ridges4 ,the micropyle covers the upper surface of the egg and is not depressed4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar somewhat resembles that of the genus ,epargvreus1 but is relatively shorter1 the head proportionately larger and more globular4 ,the neck is greatly strangulated4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is somewhat curved in outline1 with a strongly hooked cremaster and a prominent projection on the back of the thoracic region4 7#a7 ,thorybes pylades1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,figs4 #be1 #bi1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bh1 chrysalis 7,the ,northern ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is represented correctly in ,plate ,,xlviii4 ,on the under side the wings are dark brown1 shading into hoary-gray on the outer margins4 ,the hind wings are crossed by irregular basal1 median1 and postmedian brown bands of darker spots1 shaded with deeper brown internally4 ,the translucent spots of the upper side reappear on the lower side of the fore wings4 ,expanse1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are elaborately described in the pages of ,dr4 ,scudder's great work4 ,the caterpillar feeds on clover1 ,lespedeza1 and ,desmodium4 ,this insect is found throughout the ,united ,states and ,canada1 but is not as yet reported from the central masses of the ,rocky ,mountain region4 ,it probably1 however1 occurs there also in suitable locations4 ,it is very common in ,new ,england4 7#b7 ,thorybes bathyllus1 ,smith and ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #cb1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bd1 chrysalis 7,the ,southern ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the preceding species by the much larger size of the translucent spots on the fore wings4 ,expanse1 #a4dj-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the habits of the larva are very similar to those of the preceding species1 and the caterpillar feeds on herbaceous leguminos4 ,it ranges from the ,connecticut ,valley1 where it is rare1 southward along the coast and through the ,mississippi ,valley as far south and west as ,texas4 7#c7 ,thorybes milia1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ci1 7,mrs4 ,owen's ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,this little species1 which may readily be identified by the figure of the type given in the plate1 is as yet quite rare in collections4 ,we know nothing of the early stages4 ,the types were taken at ,fort ,klamath1 in ,oregon4 ,dr4 ,skinner named it in honor of the estimable wife of ,professor ,owen of the ,university of ,wisconsin1 the discoverer of the species4 ,expanse1 #a4bj inch4 7#d7 ,thorybes epigena1 ,butler1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,butler's ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,readily distinguished by its large size1 the conspicuous white fringes of the hind wings on the upper side1 and the broad white marginal band of these wings on the under side4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this insect is common in ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,genus ,,achalarus1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn and palpi are as in the preceding genus4 ,the neuration is represented in the cut4 ,the hind wing is slightly lobed at the anal angle2 the fore wing may or may not be provided with a costal fold4 7#a7 ,achalarus lycidas1 ,smith and ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #aj1 1 under side2 ,plate ,,ii1 ,fig4 #bc1 larva2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ba1 chrysalis 7,the ,hoary-edge74 ,butterfly4--,the general appearance of the upper side of the wings strongly recalls ,e4 tityrus1 but the hoary edge of the secondaries and the absence of the broad median silvery spot found in tityrus at once serve to discriminate the two forms4 ,expanse1 #a4fe-a4ie inch4 ,early ,stages4--,what is known of them may be ascertained by consulting the pages of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar is found on the leaves of ,desmodium 7,beggar's-lice74 ,the insect is rare in southern ,new ,england1 and ranges thence southward and westward to ,texas1 being scarce in the ,mississippi ,valley north of ,kentucky1 and apparently not ranging west of ,missouri4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aef4--,neuration of the genus ,achalarus4 7#b7 ,achalarus cellus1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,golden-banded ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the figure in the plate will enable the instant identification of this beautiful species1 which1 on the under side1 has the hind wings banded much as in ,e4 proteus4 ,expanse1 #b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,what little we know of these is based mainly upon the observations of ,abbot1 and there is an opportunity here for some young naturalist to render a good service to science by rearing the insect through all stages from the egg4 ,the habits of the larva are not greatly different from those of allied species4 ,a4 cellus is found in the ,virginias1 and thence southward and westward to ,arizona and ,mexico4 ,it is common in the ,carolinas4 ,genus ,,hesperia1 ,fabricius ,butterfly4--,the antenn are relatively short2 the club is stout and blunt at the tip4 ,the palpi are bent upward1 with the third joint buried in the scales covering the second joint4 ,the hind wing is usually evenly rounded4 ,in all the ,american species the male is provided with a costal fold4 ,the neuration is represented in the cut4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 ribbed4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar is much like those which have been previously described1 but is relatively much smaller4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis has a somewhat blunt and not very distinctly developed cremaster4 7#a7 ,hesperia domicella1 ,erichson1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ai1 7,erichson's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,allied to the following species1 from which it is easily discriminated by the broad1 solid white bands on both the fore and the hind wings4 ,expanse1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,h4 domicella is found in ,arizona1 ,mexico1 and southward4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,genus ,hesperia4 ,neuration4 ,antenna1 magnified #c diameters4 7#b7 ,hesperia montivaga1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ce1 chrysalis 7,the ,checkered ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is correctly delineated in the plate4 ,the under side of the fore wings is much paler than the upper side1 but with all the spots and markings of that side reproduced4 ,the hind wings are creamy-white1 crossed by median1 postmedian1 and marginal irregular bands of ochreous1 somewhat annular spots4 ,there is a triangular black spot at the anal angle of the secondaries4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know little of these4 ,the caterpillar probably feeds on malvaceous plants1 as do most of the species of the genus4 ,the insect ranges from the ,middle ,states to ,arizona1 and westward to the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#c7 ,hesperia centaure1 ,rambur1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,grizzled ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side may easily be recognized by the help of the figure in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are darker than in the preceding species2 the spots of the primaries reappear on this side1 the submarginal curved row of spots coalescing to form a narrow white band1 the white spot at the end of the cell flowing around the dark spot1 which it only partly incloses on the upper side1 and forming an eye-like spot4 ,the hind wings are brown1 scaled with green1 and crossed by basal1 median1 and marginal bands of quadrate spots4 ,the fringes are whitish1 checkered with gray4 ,expanse1 #a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await description4 ,this species1 which originally was believed to be confined to ,scandinavia and ,lapland in ,europe1 and to eastern ,labrador in this country1 is now known to have a wide range in ,north ,america1 extending from ,labrador to the ,carolinas on the ,appalachian ranges1 and occurring on the ,rocky ,mountains from ,british ,columbia to southern ,colorado4 7#d7 ,hesperia cspitalis1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,the ,two-banded ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side strongly resembling the preceding species1 but the inner row of white spots on the hind wings is more complete4 ,on the under side the fore wings are black1 crossed by a double row of white spots1 as on the upper side1 these spots standing out conspicuously on the dark ground4 ,the hind wings on the under side are more or less ferruginous1 with the white spots more or less conspicuous4 ,the fringes are checkered white and gray4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is known concerning these4 ,the species occurs in ,california1 ,oregon1 and ,nevada4 7#e7 ,hesperia xanthus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,the ,xanthus ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,resembling the preceding species1 but easily distinguished by the larger size of all the spots on the upper side of the wing and the paler under side1 the secondaries being marked somewhat as in ,h4 montivaga4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,hitherto undescribed4 ,the species has thus far been received only from southern ,colorado1 but undoubtedly will be found elsewhere in that portion of the land4 7#f7 ,hesperia scriptura1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,small ,checkered ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,quite small4 ,the hind wings on the upper side are almost entirely dark gray1 the only white mark being a spot or two at the end of the cell4 ,the fore wings are marked on this side as in the two foregoing species4 ,on the under side the fore wings are blackish toward the base1 with the costa1 the apex1 and the outer margin narrowly whitish4 ,the hind wings below are pale1 with an incomplete median band of white spots and broad white fringes1 which are not checkered with darker color as in the preceding species4 ,expanse1 4#he inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is southern ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico1 and ,arizona4 7#g7 ,hesperia nessus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ag1 7,nessus74 ,butterfly4--,this singularly marked little species1 which probably might be separated from this genus on account of the slender and prolonged palpi1 and no doubt would be by some of the hair-splitting makers of genera1 ,i am content to leave where it has been placed by recent writers4 ,it can be readily recognized by the figure in the plate1 as there is nothing else like it in our fauna4 ,expanse1 4#hj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,nessus occurs in ,texas and ,arizona4 ,there are a few other species of this genus found within the limits of the ,united ,states1 but enough have been represented to give a clear conception of the characteristics of the group1 which is widely distributed throughout the world4 ,genus ,,systasea1 ,butler ,butterfly4--,the palpi are porrect1 the third joint projecting forward1 the second joint densely scaled below4 ,the antenn are slender1 the club moderately stout1 somewhat bluntly pointed1 bent1 not hooked4 ,the hind wings are somewhat crenulate1 and deeply excised opposite the end of the cell4 ,the fifth vein is lacking4 ,in the fore wing the lower radial arises from a point nearer the upper radial than the third median nervule4 ,the fore wings are crossed about the middle by translucent spots or bands4 ,early ,stages4--,the early stages are unknown4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aeh4--,neuration of the genus ,systasea4 7#a7 ,systasea zampa1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #a1 7,zampa74 ,butterfly4--,the wings on the upper side are ochreous1 mottled and clouded with dark brown4 ,the primaries are marked about the middle and before the apex by translucent transverse linear spots4 ,in addition there are a number of pale opaque spots on the primaries4 ,the secondaries are traversed by a pale submarginal whitish line4 ,the under side of the wings is pale1 with the light markings of the upper side indistinctly separated4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this interesting little species occurs in ,arizona and northern ,mexico4 ,genus ,,pholisora1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the palpi are porrect1 the second joint loosely scaled1 the third joint slender and conspicuous4 ,the antenn have the club gradually thickened1 the tip blunt4 ,the fore wing is relatively narrow1 provided with a costal fold in the case of the male4 ,the cut gives a correct idea of the neuration4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aei4--,neuration of the genus ,pholisora4 ,egg4--,the egg is curiously formed1 much flattened at the base1 marked on the side with longitudinal ridges and cross-lines1 these ridges developing alternately at their apical extremities into thickened1 more or less rugose elevations1 the ridges pointing inwardly and surrounding the deeply depressed micropyle4 ,caterpillar4--,slender1 with the head broad1 rounded2 the body stout1 thickest in the middle1 tapering toward either end1 and somewhat flattened below4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is slender1 very slightly convex on the ventral side1 somewhat concave on the dorsal side behind the thorax4 ,the wing-cases are relatively smaller than in the preceding genera4 7#a7 ,pholisora catullus1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #bi1 #cf1 #da1 chrysalis 7,the ,sooty-wing74 ,butterfly4--,black on both sides of the wings1 with a faint marginal series and a conspicuous submarginal series of light spots on the primaries in the male sex on the upper side1 and1 in addition to these1 in the female sex1 a faint marginal series on the secondaries4 ,on the under side only the upper spots of the submarginal series of the primaries reappear4 ,expanse1 4#hj-a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on lamb's-quarter 7,chenopodium album7 and the ,amarantace4 ,it forms a case for itself by folding the leaf along the midrib and stitching the edges together with a few threads of silk4 ,it lies concealed during the day and feeds at night4 ,a minute account of all its peculiarities is given by ,scudder in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aeai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlv #a4 ,papilio rutulus1 ,boisduval1 4 #b4 ,pholisora alpheus1 ,edwards1 4 #c4 ,calpodes ethlius1 ,cramer1 4 #d4 ,pholisora catullus1 ,fabricius1 4 #e4 ,thanaos afranius1 ,lintner1 4 #f4 ,eudamus proteus1 ,linnus1 4 #g4 ,thanaos brizo1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #h4 ,thanaos clitus1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,pyrrhopyge araxes1 ,hewitson1 4 #aj4 ,achalarus lycidas1 ,smith and ,abbot1 1 under side4 #aa4 ,plestia dorus1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,achalarus cellus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xlv4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,the insect ranges over the whole of temperate ,north ,america4 7#b7 ,pholisora hayhursti1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #af1 7,hayhurst's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the preceding species by the somewhat crenulate shape of the outer margin of the hind wings1 the white color of the under side of the abdomen1 and the different arrangement of the white spots on the fore wings1 as well as by the dark bands which cross both the fore and the hind wings on the upper side4 ,expanse1 4#ij-a4ae inch4 ,early ,stages4--,our information as to these is incomplete4 ,the species ranges from the latitude of southern ,pennsylvania westward and southward to the ,gulf1 as far as the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#c7 ,pholisora libya1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ad1 7,the ,mohave ,sooty-wing74 ,butterfly4--,easily distinguished from the two preceding species by the white fringes of the wings and by the markings of the under side4 ,the primaries on the lower side are dark1 tipped at the apex with light gray1 and in the female having the costa and the outer margin broadly edged with light gray4 ,the hind wings are pale gray of varying shades1 marked with a number of large circular white spots on the disk and a marginal series of small white spots4 ,expanse1 1 4#hj-a4be inch2 1 #a4ae-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these await full description4 ,this species is found from ,nevada to ,arizona1 and is apparently very common in the ,mohave ,desert4 7#d7 ,pholisora alpheus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #b1 7,alpheus74 ,butterfly4--,this little species is nearer ,p4 hayhursti than any of the others we have described1 but may at once be recognized and discriminated by the checkered margins and white tip of the fore wing and the linear shape of the spots composing the submarginal and median bands on the upper side of this wing4 ,the hind wings on the under side are marked with a number of light spots arranged in marginal and median bands4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,alpheus occurs in ,nevada1 ,arizona1 and ,new ,mexico4 ,there are four other species of the genus found in our fauna4 ,genus ,,thanaos1 ,boisduval 7,the ,dusky-wings7 ,butterfly4--,the antenn have a moderately large club1 curved1 bluntly pointed4 ,the palpi are porrect1 the third joint almost concealed in the dense hairy vestiture of the second joint4 ,the neuration of the wings is represented in the cut4 ,the fore wing in the case of the male always has a costal fold4 ,the butterflies comprised in this genus are all1 without exception1 dark in color1 in a few species having bright spots upon the hind wings4 ,the genus reaches its largest development in ,north ,america4 ,the discrimination of the various species is somewhat difficult4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afj4--,neuration of the genus ,thanaos4 ,egg4--,the egg is somewhat like the egg in the genus ,achalarus1 but the micropyle at the upper end of the egg is relatively larger and not as deeply depressed below the surface4 ,the sides are ornamented1 as in ,achalarus1 by raised vertical ridges1 between which are numerous cross-ridges2 in a few cases the vertical ridges are beaded1 or marked by a series of minute globose prominences1 upon the edge4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars are cylindrical1 tapering from the middle forward and backward1 marked with lateral and dorsal stripes1 with the neck less strangulated than in the preceding genera4 ,chrysalis4--,not greatly differing in outline from the chrysalis of the preceding genera1 in most species having the outline of the dorsum straight on the abdominal segments1 with the thoracic segments forming a slight hump or elevation2 convex on the ventral side1 the cremaster being usually well developed4 7#a7 ,thanaos brizo1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ch1 chrysalis 7,the ,sleepy ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the band of postmedian spots on the fore wing is composed of annular dark markings1 is regular1 crosses the wing from the costa to the hind margin1 and is reproduced on the under side as a series of pale-yellowish spots more or less distinct4 ,the hind wings have a double series of faint yellow spots2 these as well as the marginal spots of the primaries are very distinct on the under side4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on oaks1 ,galactia1 and possibly ,baptisia4 ,the life-history has been only partially ascertained1 in spite of the fact that the insect has a wide range and is not uncommon4 ,brizo occurs from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 ranging from the latitude of ,new ,england to that of ,arizona4 7#b7 ,thanaos icelus1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ag1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #bg1 chrysalis 7,the ,dreamy ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,prevalently smaller in size than the preceding species4 ,the under side of the wings is paler than the upper side1 and the outer third of both the primaries and secondaries is marked with a profusion of small indistinct yellow spots1 which do not form well-defined bands as in the preceding species4 ,on the upper side of the fore wing the median area is generally marked by a broad band of pale gray1 but this is not invariably the case4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,scudder4 ,the caterpillar feeds on a variety of plants1 as the aspen1 oaks1 and witch-hazel4 ,icelus ranges across the continent from ,nova ,scotia to ,oregon1 and south to ,florida and ,arizona4 7#c7 ,thanaos somnus1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,the ,dark ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,a little larger than the preceding species1 especially in the female sex4 ,the male is generally quite dark1 the banding of the fore wing on the upper side obscured4 ,the hind wings have a row of light marginal and submarginal spots1 more distinct on the under side than on the upper4 ,the female generally is light gray on the upper side of the wings1 with broad median and submarginal bands of dark brown1 tending to fuse or coalesce at a point near the origin of the first median nervule4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is known of these4 ,all of the specimens ,i have ever seen came from southern ,florida4 7#d7 ,thanaos lucilius1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #aj1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #cj-cb1 chrysalis 7,lucilius' ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,this species may be distinguished from ,t4 pacuvius1 a near ally1 by the more mottled surface of the secondaries1 which in pacuvius are almost solidly black2 and from ,t4 martialis1 another close ally1 by the absence of the purplish-gray cast peculiar to both sides of the wings of the latter species1 and the less regular arrangement of the bands of spots on the upper side of the fore wings4 ,the plate does not show these delicate but constant marks of difference as well as might be desired4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,dr4 ,scudder has fully described these4 ,the caterpillar feeds on the columbine 7,aquilegia canadensis74 ,lucilius ranges from ,new ,england to ,georgia1 is common in western ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia1 and extends westward at least as far as the ,rocky ,mountains4 7#e7 ,thanaos persius1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #a1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #cd1 chrysalis 7,persius' ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,this is a very variable species1 some specimens being light and others dark in color4 ,there is scarcely any positive clue to the specific identity of the insect except that which is derived from the study of the genital armature of the male1 which is a microscopic research capable of being performed only by an expert in such matters4 ,the student may be pardoned if1 in attempting to classify the species of this genus1 and the present species in particular1 he should grow weary1 and quote a few biblical expressions relating to ,beelzebub1 the god of flies4 ,expanse1 #a4bj-a4de inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on willows4 ,scudder has with patient care described its life-history4 ,the insect ranges from ,new ,england southward1 and inland across the continent to the ,pacific4 7#f7 ,thanaos afranius1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #e1 7,afranius' ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,closely related to the preceding species4 ,the hind wings on the upper side in the male sex are almost solid black1 the fringes paler4 ,on the under side there is a double row of light spots along the margin of the hind wing in both sexes4 ,the female is generally paler in color on the upper side than the male4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,all the specimens ,i have seen come from ,arizona1 where the thing is apparently common4 7#g7 ,thanaos martialis1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #cg1 chrysalis 7,martial's ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is paler than in most species1 and has a distinctly purplish-gray cast4 ,the fore wings are crossed by irregular bands of dark spots4 ,the hind wings on the outer half are profusely mottled with small pale spots4 ,all the light spots are repeated on the under side of both wings1 and are more distinct on this side than on the upper4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are partly known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on ,indigofera and ,amarantus4 ,the species ranges from ,massachusetts to ,georgia1 and westward to ,missouri and ,new ,mexico4 7#h7 ,thanaos juvenalis1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #cc1 chrysalis 7,juvenal's ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,larger than the preceding species4 ,the wings have a number of translucent spots arranged as a transverse series beyond the middle of the wing4 ,they are far more distinct and larger in the female than in the male4 ,the under side of the wings is paler than the upper side1 and profusely but indistinctly marked with light spots4 ,expanse1 #a4ce-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,for a full knowledge of these the reader may consult the pages of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds on oaks and leguminous plants of various species4 ,this insect ranges from ,quebec to ,florida1 and westward as far as ,arizona1 where it appears to be common4 7#i7 ,thanaos petronius1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,petronius' ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,allied in size to the preceding species1 but the translucent spots of the transverse band are not1 as in that species1 continued toward the inner margin1 but terminate at the first median nervule4 ,the outer third of the primaries is pale1 the inner two thirds very dark4 ,the under side of the wings of the male is uniformly dusky1 slightly1 if at all1 marked with lighter spots4 ,the under side of the wings of the female is less distinctly marked with light spots than is the case in allied species4 ,expanse1 #a4ej-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species has thus far been found only in ,florida4 7#aj7 ,thanaos horatius1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ae1 7,horace's ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,smaller than ,t4 juvenalis1 which it resembles in the long transverse series of translucent spots4 ,it is1 however1 paler on the upper side of the wings1 and more profusely mottled on the hind wing both above and below1 though there is considerable variation in this regard4 ,expanse1 #a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar probably feeds on the ,leguminos4 ,we know very little about the life-history of the species4 ,the butterfly ranges from ,massachusetts to ,texas4 7#aa7 ,thanaos nvius1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,nvius' ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,this insect is closely allied to ,t4 petronius1 but the translucent spots on the fore wing are smaller1 and there is generally a light spot near the costa before the three subapical translucent spots4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is the region of the ,indian ,river1 in ,florida4 7#ab7 ,thanaos pacuvius1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,pacuvius' ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,small1 with the fore wings on the upper side rather regularly banded with dark brown upon a lighter ground4 ,the hind wings are almost solid black above1 with the fringes toward the anal angle pure white4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this species occurs in ,colorado1 ,mexico1 and ,arizona4 7#ac7 ,thanaos clitus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #h1 7,clitus74 ,butterfly4--,larger than the preceding species4 ,the hind wings are solidly deep black1 fringed broadly with pure white4 ,the fore wings of the male are dark1 of the female lighter4 ,expanse1 #a4fj-a4ge inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is ,arizona and ,new ,mexico4 7#ad7 ,thanaos funeralis1 ,lintner1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #ab1 7,the ,funereal ,dusky-wing74 ,butterfly4--,closely allied to the preceding species1 of which it may be only a smaller varietal form4 ,expanse1 #a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,funeralis occurs in western ,texas and ,arizona4 ,the genus ,thanaos is one of the most difficult genera to work out in the present state of our knowledge of the subject4 ,the species are not only obscurely marked1 but they vary in the most extraordinary manner4 ,except by a microscopic examination of the genital armature1 which can be carried on only when the student possesses considerable anatomical knowledge and an abundance of material1 there is no way of reaching a satisfactory determination in many cases4 ,,collections ,,and ,,collectors ,in almost every community there is to be found some one who is interested in insects1 and who has formed a collection4 ,the commonest form of a collection is exceedingly primitive and unscientific1 in which a few local species are pinned together in a glass-covered box or receptacle1 which is then framed and hung upon the wall4 ,almost every village bar-room contains some such monstrous assemblage of insects1 skewered on pins1 in more or less frightful attitudes4 ,as evidencing an innate interest in the beauties of natural objects1 these things are interesting1 but show a want of information which1 as has been already pointed out1 is largely due to a lack of literature relating to the subject in this country4 ,in many of the schools of the land small collections1 arranged more scientifically1 have been made1 and some of the collections contained in the high schools of our larger towns and cities are creditable to the zeal of teachers and of pupils4 ,there is no reason why every school of importance should not1 in the lapse of time1 secure large and accurately named collections1 not only of the insects1 but of the other animals1 as well as the plants and minerals of the region in which it is located4 ,every high school should have a room set apart for the use of those students who are interested in the study of natural history1 and they ought to be encouraged to bring together collections which should be properly arranged and preserved4 ,the expense is not great1 and the practical value of the training which such studies impart to the minds of young people is inestimable4 ,the great systematic collections in entomology in the ,united ,states are for the most part in the hands of the museums and universities of the country4 ,the entomological collections of the ,united ,states government at ,washington are large and rich in interesting material4 ,the collections possessed by ,harvard ,college and the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history are extensive2 so are also the collections of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences in ,philadelphia1 and those of the ,carnegie ,museum in ,pittsburgh4 ,the collection in the latter institution is altogether the largest and most perfect collection of the butterflies of ,north ,america in existence1 and covers also very largely the butterflies of the world1 there being about twelve thousand species of butterflies represented1 including representatives of all known genera4 ,the formation of great collections has always had a charm for those who have possessed the knowledge1 the time1 and the means to form them2 and the ranks of those who are engaged in the study of butterflies include many of the most famous naturalists1 among them not a few of noble rank4 ,one of the most enthusiastic collectors in ,europe at the present time is the ,grand ,duke ,nicholas of ,russia4 ,the ,nestor among ,german collectors is ,dr4 ,staudinger of ,dresden4 ,in ,france ,m4 ,charles ,oberthr of ,rennes is the possessor of the largest and most perfect collection on ,french soil4 ,in ,england there are a number of magnificent collections1 aside from the great collection contained in the ,british ,natural ,history ,museum4 ,these are in the possession of ,lord ,walsingham1 the ,hon4 ,walter ,rothschild1 ,mr4 ,f4,d4 ,godman1 ,mr4 ,herbert ,druce1 ,mr4 ,h4,j4 ,elwes1 and others1 all of whom hold high rank in the domain of scientific research4 ,there are many men who make the collecting of natural-history specimens a business4 ,they are among the most intrepid and indefatigable explorers of the present time4 ,the late ,henry ,w4 ,bates and ,mr4 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace were in early life leaders in this work1 and we are indebted to their researches for a knowledge of thousands of species4 ,two of the most successful collectors who have followed in their footsteps are ,mr4 ,herbert ,h4 ,smith and ,mr4 ,william ,doherty1 both of them ,americans2 ,mr4 ,smith one of the most enthusiastic and successful explorers in ,south and ,central ,america1 ,mr4 ,doherty the most diligent explorer of the ,indo-,malayan ,region4 ,the story of the travels and adventures of these two men is a tale full of romantic interest1 which1 alas6 has been by neither of them fully told4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlvi #a4 ,systasea zampa1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,erynnis manitoba1 ,scudder1 4 #c4 ,erynnis manitoba1 ,scudder1 4 #d4 ,atalopedes huron1 ,edwards1 4 #e4 ,atalopedes huron1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,atrytone vitellius1 ,smith and ,abbot1 4 #g4 ,atrytone melane1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,atrytone melane1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,lerema hianna1 ,scudder1 4 #aj4 ,lerema hianna1 ,scudder1 4 #aa4 ,erynnis otto1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,erynnis otto1 ,edwards1 4 #ac4 ,erynnis sassacus1 ,harris1 4 #ad4 ,phycanassa viator1 ,edwards1 4 #ae4 ,phycanassa viator1 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,limochores pontiac1 ,edwards1 4 #ag4 ,limochores pontiac1 ,edwards1 4 #ah4 ,hylephila phylus1 ,drury1 4 #ai4 ,hylephila phylus1 ,drury1 4 #bj4 ,atrytone byssus1 ,edwards1 4 #ba4 ,limochores palatka1 ,edwards1 4 #bb4 ,thymelicus mystic1 ,scudder1 4 #bc4 ,thymelicus mystic1 ,scudder1 4 #bd4 ,atrytone delaware1 ,edwards1 4 #be4 ,atrytone delaware1 ,edwards1 4 #bf4 ,erynnis morrisoni1 ,edwards1 4 #bg4 ,erynnis morrisoni1 ,edwards1 4 #bh4 ,thymelicus tna1 ,boisduval1 4 #bi4 ,thymelicus tna1 ,boisduval1 4 #cj4 ,limochores manataaqua1 ,scudder1 4 #ca4 ,euphyes metacomet1 ,harris1 4 #cb4 ,euphyes verna1 ,edwards1 4 #cc4 ,lerodea eufala1 ,edwards1 4 #cd4 ,prenes ocola1 ,edwards1 4 #ce4 ,oligoria maculata1 ,edwards1 4 #cf4 ,lerema carolina1 ,skinner1 4 #cg4 ,phycanassa aaroni1 ,skinner1 4 #ch4 ,phycanassa howardi1 ,skinner1 4 #ci4 ,thorybes milia1 ,skinner1 4 #dj4 ,limochores yehl1 ,skinner1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xlvi4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,subfamily ,,pamphilin ,into the sunshine1 ,full of light1 ,leaping and flashing ,from morn till night4 ,,russell4 ,the ,pamphilin found in our fauna fall into two groups4 ,group ,a4--,the antenn are not greatly hooked and generally sharply pointed2 the palpi have the third joint short and inconspicuous2 the cell of the fore wing is always less than two thirds the length of the costa2 the lower radial is somewhat nearer to the third median nervule than to the upper radial4 ,the hind wing is often lobed4 ,the lower radial in the hind wing is generally lacking4 ,the male never has a costal fold on the fore wings1 and but rarely is provided with a discal stigma4 ,but three genera belonging to this section of this subfamily are found in our fauna1 namely1 the genera ,amblyscirtes1 ,pamphila1 and ,oarisma4 ,group ,b4--,the antenn are sometimes curved1 but never hooked1 the palpi having the third joint minute1 sometimes horizontally porrected4 ,the cell of the fore wing is less than two thirds the length of the costa4 ,the lower radial arises much nearer to the third median nervule than to the upper radial4 ,the hind wing is elongated1 but never tailed4 ,the male is never provided on the fore wing with a costal fold1 but is in many genera furnished with a discal stigma on the fore wing4 ,when in a state of rest the majority of the species elevate their fore wings and depress their hind wings1 an attitude which is peculiar to the insects of this group4 ,genus ,,amblyscirtes1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are short1 with a moderately thick club1 crooked at the end2 the third joint of the palpi is bluntly conical1 short1 and erect4 ,the costa of the fore wing is straight1 slightly curved inwardly before the apex4 ,the neuration is represented in the cut4 ,egg4--,hemispherical4 ,caterpillar4--,not differing materially in its characteristics from the caterpillars of other hesperid genera4 ,chrysalis4--,somewhat slender1 with the dorsal and ventral outlines straighter than in any of the preceding genera1 and the dorsum very slightly elevated in the region of the thoracic segments4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afa4--,neuration of the genus ,amblyscirtes4 7#a7 ,amblyscirtes vialis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #dj1 chrysalis 7,the ,roadside ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this little species1 an exceptionally bright example of which is represented in the plate1 may be known by the dark color of the upper surface1 almost uniformly brown1 with a few subapical light spots at the costa4 ,in the specimen that is figured these light spots are continued across the wing as a curved band1 but this is not usual4 ,the wings on the under side in both sexes are very much as on the upper side1 save that both wings on the outer third are lightly laved with gray4 ,expanse1 #a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described with minute accuracy by ,dr4 ,scudder4 ,the ,roadside ,skipper ranges from ,montreal to ,florida1 and westward as far as ,nevada and ,texas4 ,it is not a common species in the valley of the ,mississippi2 it seems to be far more common in southern ,new ,england and in ,colorado4 ,at all events1 ,i have obtained more specimens from these localities than from any others4 7#b7 ,amblyscirtes samoset1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #f1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #de1 chrysalis 7,pepper-and-salt ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this little species on the upper side has the ground-color as in the preceding species2 the fringes on both wings are pale gray4 ,there are three small subapical spots on the fore wing1 three somewhat larger spots1 one on either side of the second median nervule and the third near the inner margin1 and two very minute spots at the end of the cell4 ,on the under side the wings are pale gray1 the white spots of the upper side of the fore wing reappearing4 ,the hind wing is in addition marked by a semicircular median band of white spots1 a small spot at the end of the cell1 and another conspicuous white spot about the middle of the costa4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar apparently feeds upon grasses4 ,we know as yet very little of the life-history of the insect4 ,it is found in ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 along the summits of the ,appalachian mountain-ranges as far south as ,west ,virginia1 and is reported to be common in ,wisconsin and ,michigan4 7#c7 ,amblyscirtes nus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #g1 7,the ,bronze ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this obscure little species has the upper side of the wings somewhat tawny4 ,the markings1 which are similar to those in ,a4 samoset1 are not white1 but yellow4 ,the wings on the under side are darker than in samoset4 ,the spots of the fore wing are the same1 but the spots on the under side of the hind wing are different1 and form a zigzag postmedian transverse band1 with a single small spot at the end of the cell1 and another of the same size beyond the middle of the costa4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are unknown4 ,the species occurs in western ,texas and ,arizona4 7#d7 ,amblyscirtes simius1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #h1 7,simius74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is correctly figured in the plate4 ,the wings on the under side are quite pale2 the spots of the fore wing reappear on the under side1 and the fore wing is blackish at the base2 the hind wing has the angle at the base broadly white1 with a broad white blotch at the end of the cell1 and a semicircular curved band of obscure spots traversing the middle of the wing4 ,expanse1 1 4#ij inch2 1 #a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species was originally described from ,colorado4 7#e7 ,amblyscirtes textor1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #af1 1 under side 7,the ,woven-winged ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this little species1 the under side of which is accurately delineated in the plate1 needs no description to characterize it1 as its peculiar markings serve at once to distinguish it from all other species4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4de inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this little insect ranges from ,north ,carolina southward to ,florida1 ,louisiana1 and ,texas4 ,genus ,,pamphila1 ,fabricius ,butterfly4--,the antenn are very short1 less than half the length of the costa4 ,the club is stout1 elongate1 and blunt at its extremity2 the palpi are porrect1 densely clothed with scales1 concealing the third joint1 which is minute1 slender1 and bluntly conical4 ,the body is long1 slender1 and somewhat produced beyond the hind margin of the secondaries4 ,the neuration of the wings is represented in the cut4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 vertically ribbed1 the interspaces uniformly marked with little pitted depressions4 ,caterpillar4--,the body is cylindrical1 slender1 tapering forward and backward2 the neck less strangulated than in many of the genera4 ,the body is somewhat hairy2 the spiracles on the sides open from minute subconical elevations4 ,chrysalis4--,not materially differing in outline and structure from the chrysalids of other genera which have already been described4 ,only a single species belonging to the genus is found in ,north ,america4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afb4--,neuration of the genus ,pamphila4 7#a7 ,pamphila mandan1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlxii1 ,fig4 #a1 7,the ,arctic ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,no description of this interesting little insect is necessary1 as the figure in the plate will enable the student at once to distinguish it4 ,it is wholly unlike any other species4 ,expanse1 #a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,dr4 ,scudder and ,mr4 ,fletcher4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the insect ranges from southern ,labrador as far south as the ,white ,mountains and the ,adirondacks1 thence westward1 following a line north of the ,great ,lakes to ,vancouver's ,island and ,alaska4 ,it ranges southward along the summits of the ,western ,cordilleras as far as northern ,california4 ,genus ,,oarisma1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,closely related to the preceding genus4 ,the antenn are very short2 the club is long1 cylindrical1 bluntly rounded at the apex1 not curved4 ,the palpi are stout1 the apical joint very slender1 elongated1 and porrect4 ,the head is broad2 the body is long and slender1 projecting somewhat beyond the posterior margin of the secondaries4 ,the neuration of the wings is represented in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,so far as known to me the life-history of no butterfly of this genus has yet been ascertained4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afc4--,neuration of the genus ,oarisma4 7#a7 ,oarisma garita1 ,reakirt1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #c1 7,garita74 ,butterfly4--,this obscure little insect is light fulvous on the upper side1 with the costa of the hind wing somewhat broadly marked with leaden gray2 on the under side the fore wings are brighter fulvous1 with the inner margin laved with dark gray4 ,the hind wings are paler fulvous1 inclining to gray1 with the inner margin brighter fulvous4 ,expanse1 4#ge-a4jj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know little of these4 ,the species is found in southern ,colorado1 ranging thence westward and southward to ,arizona4 7#b7 ,oarisma powesheik1 ,parker1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #d1 7,powesheik74 ,butterfly4--,this species may be distinguished from its ally garita by its larger size1 the darker color of the upper side of the wings1 and the red markings on the costa of the fore wings4 ,on the under side the fore wings are black1 edged on the costa and outer margin for a short distance below the apex with light fulvous4 ,the hind wings are dusky1 with the veins and nervules white1 standing forth conspicuously upon the darker ground-color4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,powesheik occurs in ,wisconsin1 and ranges thence westward to ,nebraska1 northward to ,dakota1 and southward as far as ,colorado4 ,,exchanges ,one of the best ways of adding to a collection is by the method known as exchanging4 ,a collector in one part of the country may find species which are rare1 or altogether unknown1 in another part of the country4 ,by a system of exchanges with other collectors he is able to supply the gaps which may exist in his collection4 ,no one1 however1 cares to effect exchanges with collectors who are careless or slovenly in the preparation of their specimens1 or inaccurate in naming them4 ,a collector who contemplates making an exchange should1 as the first step1 prepare double lists1 in one of which he gives the names and the number of specimens of either sex of the butterflies which he is able to offer in exchange2 in the other he sets forth the things which he desires to obtain4 ,the first list is said to be a list of offerta2 the second is a list of desiderata4 ,as an illustration of the manner in which such lists may be conveniently arranged1 ,i give the following3 ,,offerta ,papilio turnus1 #c2 #d4 ,dimorphic var4 glaucus1 #f4 ,colias alexandra1 #d2 #f4 ,,desiderata ,papilio nitra1 4 ,papilio brevicauda1 orange-spotted var4 ,the collector who receives these lists of offerta and desiderata will be able to decide what his correspondent has which he desires1 and what there may be in his own collection which the correspondent wishes that he can offer in exchange2 and the process of exchange is thus immediately facilitated4 ,persons who exchange insects with others should always be extremely careful as to the manner of packing the specimens1 and the directions given in the introductory portion of this book should be very carefully followed4 ,too much care cannot be taken in preventing damage to specimens in transit4 ,genus ,,ancyloxypha1 ,felder ,butterfly4--,very small1 the antenn very short1 the club straight1 bluntly pointed4 ,the palpi have the third joint long1 slender1 and suberect4 ,the neuration of the wings is shown in the cut4 ,the abdomen is slender1 extending beyond the hind margin of the secondaries4 ,the fore wings are without a discal stigma4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 marked with lozenge-shaped cells2 yellow when laid1 later marked with orange-red patches4 ,caterpillar4--,the entire life-history has not yet been ascertained4 ,the caterpillars live upon marsh grasses2 they construct for themselves a nest by drawing together the edges of a blade of grass with bands of silk4 ,in form they do not differ from other hesperid larv4 ,chrysalis4--,not as yet accurately known4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afd4--,neuration of the genus ,ancyloxypha4 7#a7 ,ancyloxypha numitor1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #b1 7,numitor74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is correctly delineated in the plate4 ,on the under side the fore wings are black1 margined on the costa and on the outer margin with reddish-fulvous4 ,the hind wings are pale fulvous4 ,expanse1 4#ge-4ie inch4 ,early ,stages4--,what has been said in reference to these in connection with the description of the genus must suffice for the species4 ,this pretty little insect is widely distributed1 and abounds among grasses about watercourses4 ,it ranges from the province of ,quebec to eastern ,florida1 thence westward across the ,mississippi ,valley as far as the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,genus ,,cop,,odes1 ,speyer ,butterfly4--,the antenn are very short2 the club is thick1 straight1 rounded at the tip2 the palpi are as in the preceding genus4 ,the neuration of the wings is represented in the cut4 ,the abdomen is slender1 extending beyond the hind margin of the secondaries4 ,the male is provided in most species with a linear stigma4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not as yet been described4 7#a7 ,copodes procris1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #i1 7,procris74 ,butterfly4--,the plate gives an excellent idea of the upper side of this diminutive species4 ,on the under side the wings are colored as on the upper side1 save that the fore wings at the base near the inner margin are blackish1 and that the hind wings are a trifle paler than on the upper side4 ,the sexes do not differ in color4 ,expanse1 4#ge-a4jj inch4 ,this pretty little butterfly is a ,southern species1 is found plentifully in ,texas and ,arizona1 and occurs also very commonly in southern ,california4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afe4--,neuration of the genus ,copodes4 7#b7 ,copodes wrighti1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #aj1 7,wright's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this species may be easily distinguished from the preceding by the dark fringes of both the fore and the hind wing and by the different arrangement of the discal stigma on the fore wing4 ,on the under side it is colored very much as procris4 ,expanse1 4#ge-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species is found in the ,mohave ,desert and southern ,california4 7#c7 ,copodes myrtis1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #aa1 7,myrtis74 ,butterfly4--,this diminutive little species may be readily recognized by the plate4 ,the fore wings are somewhat broadly margined with dusky at the apex and along the outer margin2 the hind wings on the costa are broadly and on the outer edge narrowly margined with dusky4 ,on the under side the fore wings are blackish at the base4 ,expanse1 4#ge inch4 ,the only specimens of this butterfly that ,i have ever seen came from ,arizona4 ,the type is figured in the plate4 ,genus ,,erynnis1 ,schrank ,butterfly4--,the antenn are short1 less than half the length of the costa2 the club is robust1 with a very minute terminal crook2 the palpi have the third joint minute1 suberect1 and bluntly conical4 ,there is a discal stigma on the fore wing of the male4 ,egg4--,somewhat spherical4 ,caterpillar4--,feeds upon grasses1 and is stouter in form than most hesperid larv1 and sluggish in proportion to its stoutness4 ,it does not make a nest1 but conceals itself between the leaves of grass at the point where they unite with the stem1 and is not very difficult to discover4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is elongated1 cylindrical4 ,our knowledge of this stage is not very accurate as yet4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aff4--,neuration of the genus ,erynnis1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,erynnis manitoba1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #b1 2 ,fig4 #c1 7,the ,canadian ,skipper74 ,butterfly1 4--,the upper side of the wings is depicted in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are paler1 the fore wings fulvous on the cell1 pale gray at the apex and on the outer margin4 ,there is a black shade at the base of the primaries1 and a black streak corresponding in location to the discal stigma on the upper side4 ,the hind wings are pale ferruginous1 except a broad streak along the inner margin1 which is whitish4 ,all the light spots of the upper side of both wings reappear on the under side1 but are more distinctly defined1 and are pearly-white in color4 4--,the female1 on the under side of the fore wing1 has the black discal streak replaced by a broad ferruginous shade4 ,the hind wings are darker1 and the light spots stand forth more conspicuously upon the darker ground4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these remain to be ascertained4 ,the ,canadian ,skipper is found across the entire continent north of a line roughly approximating the boundary between the ,united ,states and the ,dominion of ,canada4 ,along the ,western ,cordilleras it descends into the ,united ,states1 as far south as ,colorado and northern ,california4 7#b7 ,erynnis morrisoni1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bf1 2 ,fig4 #bg1 7,morrison's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings in both sexes is sufficiently well delineated in the plate to obviate the necessity for description4 ,on the under side the fore wings are pale fulvous1 black at the base and ferruginous at the tip1 the ferruginous shade interrupted by the subapical pale spots1 which on this side of the wing are pearly-white4 ,the hind wings are deep ferruginous1 obscured on the inner margin by long pale-brown hairs4 ,from the base to the end of the cell there is a broad silvery-white ray4 ,beyond the cell the curved postmedian band of fulvous spots which appears above reappears as a band of pearly-white1 which stands forth conspicuously on the dark ground4 ,expanse1 1 #a4bj inch2 1 #a4bj-a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species ranges from southern ,colorado to ,arizona4 7#c7 ,erynnis sassacus1 ,harris1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ac1 7,the ,indian ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is as shown in the plate4 ,the female is larger1 the fulvous ground-color paler1 the outer marginal shades darker1 and the discal stigma is replaced by a dark-brown shade4 ,on the under side in both sexes the wings are pale fulvous1 with the spots of the upper side feebly reproduced as faint lighter spots4 ,the fore wings in both sexes are black at the base4 ,expanse1 1 #a4aj-a4be inch2 1 #a4be-a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar1 which is plumper than most hesperid larv1 feeds on grasses4 ,the insect ranges from ,new ,england to ,georgia1 and westward to ,colorado4 7#d7 ,erynnis otto1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #aa1 2 ,fig4 #ab1 7,otto74 ,butterfly4--,considerably larger than the preceding species4 ,the wings of the male on the upper side are pale fulvous1 narrowly bordered with black4 ,the discal stigma is dark and prominent4 ,the female has the wings on the upper side more broadly but more faintly margined with dusky4 ,the wings of both sexes on the under side are uniformly pale fulvous or buff1 marked with dark brown or blackish at the base of the fore wings4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ce inch2 1 #a4de-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is ,kansas and ,nebraska4 7#e7 ,erynnis metea1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #cc1 2 ,fig4 #cd1 7,the ,cobweb ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings is fairly well represented in the plate1 the male being a little too red1 and the wings at the base and the discal stigma not being dark enough4 ,on the under side the wings are brown1 darker than on the upper side4 ,the pale markings of the upper side are all repeated below as distinct pearly-white spots1 and in addition on the hind wings near the base there is a curved band of similar white spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4bj inch2 1 #a4be-a4cj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know as yet but little of these4 ,the species occurs in ,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 and westward to ,wisconsin4 7#f7 ,erynnis uncas1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bg1 2 ,fig4 #bh1 7,uncas74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings of both sexes is well represented in the plate4 ,on the under side in both sexes the wings are beautifully marked with conspicuous pearly-white spots on a greenish-gray ground4 ,the spots are defined inwardly and outwardly by dark olive shades and spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj inch2 1 #a4ee inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know nothing of these4 ,the insect ranges from ,pennsylvania to ,colorado and ,montana4 7#g7 ,erynnis attalus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bc1 7,attalus74 ,butterfly4--,the male is fairly well depicted in the plate1 but the light spots are too red4 ,the female is larger and darker4 ,on the under side the wings are dusky1 with the light spots reproduced in faint gray4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4de inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species occurs very rarely in ,new ,england1 is found from ,new ,jersey to ,florida and ,texas1 and ranges westward to ,wisconsin and ,iowa4 7#h7 ,erynnis sylvanoides1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #dd1 7,the ,woodland ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is well shown in the plate4 ,the female on the upper side has less fulvous1 the wings being prevalently fuscous1 and the red color reduced to a spot at the end of the cell4 ,there is a median band of fulvous spots on both wings4 ,on the under side in both sexes the wings are quite pale gray1 with the costa near the base and the cell of the primaries reddish4 ,the primaries at the base near the inner margin are black4 ,the spots of the upper side reappear1 but are pale and faint4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species ranges along the ,pacific coast from ,british ,columbia to ,california1 and eastward to ,colorado4 7#i7 ,erynnis leonardus1 ,harris1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ce1 2 ,fig4 #cf1 7,leonard's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,stouter and larger than the preceding species1 and notably darker in coloring4 ,the upper side of the wings is shown in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are dark brick-red4 ,the primaries are blackish on the outer half1 interrupted by the spots of the median series1 which on the under side are large1 distinct1 and shade from pale fulvous to white toward the inner margin4 ,the secondaries have a round pale spot at the end of the cell1 and a curved median band of similar spots1 corresponding in location to those on the upper side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are only imperfectly known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the butterfly1 which haunts flowers and may easily be captured upon them1 ranges from ,new ,england and ,ontario southward to ,florida1 and westward to ,iowa and ,kansas4 7#aj7 ,erynnis snowi1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,fig4 #cj1 7,snow's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings of both sexes is well represented in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are uniformly reddish-brown1 with the primaries black at the base1 and the median spots enlarged near the inner margin and whitish1 as in the preceding species4 ,the light spots of the upper side reappear below as pale spots1 which are well defined on the dark ground-color4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4dj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species ranges from southern ,colorado to ,arizona4 ,genus ,,thymelicus1 ,hbner ,butterfly4--,the antenn are short1 less than half the length of the costa2 the club is stout and short1 somewhat crooked just at the end4 ,the third joint of the palpi is conical1 almost concealed in the thick vestiture of the second joint4 ,the neuration is given in the cut4 ,egg4--,the egg is hemispherical1 with the surface marked by irregular angular cells formed by slightly raised lines4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillars feed on grasses4 ,they are long and slender1 thicker behind than before1 covered with short hair4 ,they are generally dark in color1 and not green as are the caterpillars in most of the hesperid genera4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlvii #a4 ,pamphila mandan1 ,edwards1 4 #b4 ,ancyloxypha numitor1 ,fabricius1 4 #c4 ,oarisma garita1 ,reakirt1 4 #d4 ,oarisma poweshiek1 ,parker1 4 #e4 ,amblyscirtes vialis1 ,edwards1 4 #f4 ,amblyscirtes samoset1 ,scudder1 4 #g4 ,amblyscirtes nus1 ,edwards1 4 #h4 ,amblyscirtes simius1 ,edwards1 4 #i4 ,copodes procris1 ,edwards1 4 #aj4 ,copodes wrighti1 ,edwards1 4 #aa4 ,copodes myrtis1 ,edwards1 4 #ab4 ,hesperia scriptura1 ,boisduval1 4 #ac4 ,hesperia centaure1 ,rambur1 4 #ad4 ,hesperia cspitalis1 ,boisduval1 4 #ae4 ,hesperia xanthus1 ,edwards1 4 #af4 ,amblyscirtes textor1 ,edwards1 1 under side4 #ag4 ,hesperia nessus1 ,edwards1 4 #ah4 ,hesperia montivaga1 ,reakirt1 4 #ai4 ,hesperia domicella1 ,erichson1 4 #bj4 ,limochores taumas1 ,fabricius1 4 #ba4 ,poanes massasoit1 ,scudder1 4 #bb4 ,poanes massasoit1 ,scudder1 4 #bc4 ,erynnis attalus1 ,edwards1 4 #bd4 ,polites peckius1 ,kirby1 4 #be4 ,polites peckius1 ,kirby1 4 #bf4 ,polites mardon1 ,edwards1 4 #bg4 ,erynnis uncas1 ,edwards1 4 #bh4 ,erynnis uncas1 ,edwards1 4 #bi4 ,erynnis snowi1 ,edwards1 4 #cj4 ,erynnis snowi1 ,edwards1 4 #ca4 ,atrytone taxiles1 ,edwards1 4 #cb4 ,atrytone taxiles1 ,edwards1 4 #cc4 ,erynnis metea1 ,scudder1 4 #cd4 ,erynnis metea1 ,scudder1 4 #ce4 ,erynnis leonardus1 ,harris1 4 #cf4 ,erynnis leonardus1 ,harris1 4 #cg4 ,atrytone zabulon1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ch4 ,atrytone zabulon1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #ci4 ,atrytone pocahontas1 ,scudder1 4 #dj4 ,thymelicus brettus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #da4 ,thymelicus brettus1 ,boisd4-,lec41 4 #db4 ,polites sabuleti1 ,edwards1 4 #dc4 ,polites sabuleti1 ,edwards1 4 #dd4 ,erynnis sylvanoides1 ,boisduval1 4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xlvii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,chrysalis4--,i can discover no account of any observations made upon the chrysalids of this genus4 7#a7 ,thymelicus brettus1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #dj1 2 ,fig4 #da1 7,the ,whirlabout74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side resembles ,hylephila phylus1 but may be distinguished by the broader and darker spots on the under side of the wings4 ,the costal and outer margins of the secondaries are also generally more broadly bordered with fuscous than in phylus1 a fact not shown in the specimen figured in the plate4 ,the female is quite different from the female of phylus1 as will be seen by a comparison of the figures of the two sexes4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are only partially known4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afg4--,neuration of the genus ,thymelicus1 enlarged4 ,the insect is very rare in the ,north1 a few specimens having been taken in ,new ,england and ,wisconsin4 ,it is found commonly in the ,carolinas1 and thence southward to the ,gulf1 and is abundant in the ,antilles1 ,mexico1 and ,central ,america4 7#b7 ,thymelicus tna1 ,boisduval1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bh1 2 ,fig4 #bi1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #db1 chrysalis 7,the ,volcanic ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,both sexes are well represented on the upper side in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are paler1 with the light spots of the upper side repeated4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,what we know of these is well stated in the pages of ,dr4 ,scudder's great work4 ,the caterpillar usually feeds on grasses4 ,the species ranges from ,new ,england1 ,ontario1 and ,wisconsin on the north to the ,gulf1 and as far west as ,iowa and ,texas4 7#c7 ,thymelicus mystic1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bb1 2 ,fig4 #bc1 7,the ,long-dash74 ,butterfly4--,no description of the upper side is needed1 the figures in the plate being sufficient to enable identification4 ,on the under side the primaries are fulvous on the costa at the base4 ,the remainder of the primaries and the secondaries are dark ferruginous1 with the light spots of the upper side all repeated greatly enlarged1 pale1 and standing out boldly upon the dark ground-color4 ,the hind wings are pale brown on the inner margin4 ,expanse1 1 #a4aj inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been elaborately described by ,scudder4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses1 making a tubular nest for itself among the leaves4 ,the insect ranges through southern ,canada and ,new ,england to ,pennsylvania1 and westward to ,wisconsin4 ,genus ,,atalopedes1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,antenn short1 less than half the length of the costa2 club short1 stout1 crooked just at the end2 the palpi as in the preceding genus4 ,the cut shows the neuration4 ,the only mark of distinction between this genus and the two genera that follow is found in the shape of the discal stigma on the wing of the male1 which is described as follows by ,dr4 ,scudder3 ,discal stigma in male consisting of1 first1 a longitudinal streak at base of middle median interspace1 of shining black1 recurved rods2 second1 of a semilunar field of dead-black erect rods in the lowest median interspace1 overhung above by long1 curving scales2 followed below by a short1 small striga of shining black scales1 and outside by a large field of erect1 loosely compacted scales4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afh4--,neuration of the genus ,atalopedes1 enlarged4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 covered with a network of delicate raised lines describing small polygons over the surface2 minutely punctate4 ,caterpillar4--,cylindrical1 tapering backward and forward2 head large2 the neck less constricted than in the genus ,eudamus or in the genus ,thanaos2 dark in color4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is slender1 cylindrical1 a little humped upon the thorax1 with the tongue-sheath free and projecting to the end of the fifth abdominal segment4 7#a7 ,atalopedes huron1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #d1 2 ,fig4 #e1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,figs4 #dc1 #dg1 chrysalis 7,the ,sachem74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings in both sexes is well represented in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are paler1 with the light spots of the upper side faintly repeated4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are described in full with painstaking accuracy by ,scudder in ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the species ranges from southern ,new ,york to ,florida1 thence westward and southward into ,mexico4 ,genus ,,polites1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn and the palpi are as in the preceding genus2 the neuration of the wings is also very much the same4 ,this is another genus founded by ,dr4 ,scudder upon the shape of the discal stigma in the wing of the male4 ,his description of this feature is as follows3 ,discal stigma of male consisting of an interrupted1 gently arcuate or sinuate streak of dead-black retrorse scales or rods1 edged below1 especially in the middle1 by a border of similar1 but dust-colored1 erect rods1 and followed beneath by an inconspicuous large area of loosely compacted1 erect1 dusky scales4 ,egg4--,approximately hemispherical1 the height1 however1 being greater than in the egg of the preceding genus2 reticulated1 the lines forming hexagonal figures upon the surface4 ,caterpillar1 etc4--,of the stages beyond the egg we know as yet comparatively little4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #afi4--,neuration of the genus ,polites1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,polites peckius1 ,kirby1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 7,peck's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this little species1 the upper side of which in both sexes is correctly shown in the plate1 has the under side of the wings dark brown1 with the light spots of the upper side greatly enlarged1 especially upon the disks of the wings1 fused1 and pale yellow1 thus contrasting strongly with the rest of the wings4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these are not thoroughly known as yet4 ,the larva feeds on grasses4 ,peck's ,skipper ranges from ,canada southward to ,virginia1 and west to ,kansas and ,iowa4 7#b7 ,polites mardon1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bf1 7,the ,oregon ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,on the under side the wings are pale gray1 with the light spots of the primaries and a curved median band of spots on the secondaries whitish4 ,expanse1 1 #a4aj inch2 1 #a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the only specimens ,i have1 including the types1 were taken in ,oregon and ,washington4 7#c7 ,polites sabuleti1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #db1 2 ,fig4 #dc1 7,the ,sand-hill ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,small1 the male on the upper side looking like a diminutive and darkly bordered phylus4 ,on the under side the wings are paler than on the upper side2 the still paler spots of the discal areas are defined outwardly and inwardly by elongated dark spots4 ,expanse1 #a4jj-a4aj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the habitat of this species is ,california4 ,genus ,,hylephila1 ,billberg ,butterfly4--,the antenn are very short1 scarcely one third the length of the costa of the fore wing2 the club is robust and short1 with a very minute crook at the end2 the palpi are as in the two preceding genera4 ,the neuration of the wings is represented in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,as yet but partially known4 ,the larva feeds on grasses1 and the mature form has been figured by ,abbot1 a copy of whose drawing is given by ,dr4 ,scudder in ,plate #gg of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agj4--,neuration of the genus ,hylephila1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,hylephila phylus1 ,drury1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ah1 2 ,fig4 #ai1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #ci1 chrysalis 7,the ,fiery ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is correctly shown in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are pale yellow1 with a few small1 round spots on the margin and disk of the hind wings1 a black patch at the base1 large black marginal spots1 and a central1 interrupted1 longitudinal black streak on the disk of the primaries4 ,expanse1 #a4ae-a4be inch4 ,the insect ranges from ,connecticut to ,patagonia1 over all the most habitable parts of the ,new ,world4 ,i have taken it frequently in southern ,indiana1 where ,i often have collected in recent years4 ,genus ,,prenes1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are short1 not half the length of the costa4 ,the head is broad1 and the antenn are inserted widely apart4 ,the club is moderate1 terminating in a fine point which is bent back at right angles1 forming a distinct crook4 ,the abdomen is long and slender1 but does not project beyond the hind margin of the secondaries4 ,the fore wings are pointed at the apex and are relatively longer and narrower than in the preceding genus4 ,the neuration is illustrated in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,these have not yet been studied4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #aga4--,neuration of the genus ,prenes1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,prenes ocola1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cd1 7,the ,ocola ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,accurately depicted in the plate4 ,the under side is like the upper side1 but a shade paler4 ,the under side of the abdomen is whitish4 ,expanse1 #a4de-a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this is a ,southern species1 found commonly in the ,gulf ,states1 and ranging northward to ,pennsylvania1 southern ,ohio1 and ,indiana4 ,genus ,,calpodes1 ,hbner ,illustration ,,fig4 #agb4--,neuration of the genus ,calpodes1 enlarged4 ,butterfly4--,rather large1 stout2 head broad2 antenn as in the preceding genus1 but stouter4 ,the neuration1 considerably enlarged1 is accurately delineated in the cut4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 ornamented with irregular1 more or less pentagonal cells4 ,caterpillar4--,cylindrical1 slender1 tapering forward and backward from the ninth segment1 rapidly diminishing in size posteriorly2 the head relatively small1 the neck not much strangulated2 spiracles surrounded by radiating blackish bristles4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is relatively slender1 gently convex both on the ventral and dorsal aspects1 with a curved delicate frontal tubercle4 ,the tongue-case is long and projects for a considerable distance beyond the somewhat short cremaster4 7#a7 ,calpodes ethlius1 ,cramer1 ,plate ,,xlv1 ,fig4 #c1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #dh1 chrysalis 7,the ,brazilian ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,there can be no mistaking this robust and thick-bodied species4 ,the wings on the under side are dull olive1 blackish at the base of the primaries1 with all the spots of the upper side repeated4 ,expanse1 #b4jj-b4ae inches4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds on the leaves of the canna4 ,it is common in the ,gulf ,states1 and ranges north to ,south ,carolina4 ,a stray specimen was once taken at ,west ,farms1 ,new ,york4 ,southward it ranges everywhere through the ,antilles to ,argentina1 in ,south ,america4 ,genus ,,lerodea1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are about half as long as the costa2 the club is robust1 slightly elongated1 with a distinct crook at the extremity2 the palpi have the third joint erect1 minute1 and bluntly conical4 ,the neuration is represented in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,these are not known4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agc4--,neuration of the genus ,lerodea1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,lerodea eufala1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cc1 7,eufala74 ,butterfly4--,the plate shows the upper side of the female4 ,the male is not different1 except that the fore wings are a little more pointed at the apex4 ,the under side is like the upper side1 but a shade paler4 ,the lower side of the abdomen is whitish4 ,when seen on the wing the creature looks like a small ,prenes ocola4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,this butterfly is found in the ,gulf ,states4 ,genus ,,limochores1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are about half as long as the costa2 the club is robust1 elongate1 with a very short terminal crook2 the palpi have the third joint erect1 short1 bluntly conical4 ,the male has a linear discal stigma on the upper side of the fore wing1 as shown in the cut4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 somewhat flattened on the top1 the surface broken up by delicate raised lines into pentagonal cells4 ,caterpillar4--,largest on the fourth and fifth abdominal segments1 tapering to either end4 ,the larv feed on grasses1 and construct a tube-like nest of delicate films of silk between the blades4 ,chrysalis4--,comparatively slender1 strongly convex on the thoracic segments and on the dorsal side of the last segments of the abdomen4 ,on the ventral side the chrysalis is nearly straight4 ,the cremaster1 which is short1 is bent upward at an oblique angle with the line of the ventral surface4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agd4--,neuration of the genus ,limochores1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,limochores taumas1 ,fabricius1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #bj1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #dd1 chrysalis 7,the ,fawny-edged ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is excellently portrayed in the plate4 ,the female is without the tawny edge on the fore wing1 the entire wing being olivaceous1 with three small subapical spots and a median row of four spots beyond the end of the cell1 increasing in size toward the inner margin4 ,on the under side in both sexes the wings are uniformly dull olivaceous1 with the spots of the upper side repeated4 ,the costa of the male is edged with red on this side1 as well as on the upper side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch2 1 #a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the reader who wishes to know about them may consult the pages of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,the insect ranges from ,canada to the ,gulf1 and westward to ,texas1 ,colorado1 and ,montana4 7#b7 ,limochores manataaqua1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cj1 7,the ,cross-line ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is dusky-olive1 with a black discal streak below the cell1 which is slightly touched with reddish1 becoming deeper and clearer red on the costa at the base4 ,the wings on the under side are more or less pale gray1 with a transverse series of pale spots on the primaries1 and a very faint curved discal series of similar spots on the secondaries4 ,the female1 the upper side of which is well shown in the plate1 is marked below much like the male4 ,expanse1 #a4aj-a4bj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,these have been described by ,scudder4 ,the insect occurs in ,new ,england and ,canada1 and ranges westward to ,nebraska4 7#c7 ,limochores pontiac1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #af1 2 ,fig4 #ag1 7,pontiac74 ,butterfly4--,this fine insect is so well represented in the plate as to require but little description4 ,the wings are pale red1 clouded with dusky on the under side1 the spots of the upper side being indistinctly repeated4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,little is known of these4 ,the insect ranges from ,massachusetts to ,iowa and ,nebraska1 and seems to have its metropolis about the southern end of ,lake ,michigan4 7#d7 ,limochores palatka1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ba1 7,the ,palatka ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male needs no description4 ,the female closely resembles the female of ,l4 byssus1 which is shown in the plate at ,fig4 #bj1 but differs from the female of that species in having the median spots on the primaries much reduced in size1 the band of spots being greatly interrupted beyond the end of the cell4 ,on the hind wing the female has the entire surface of the secondaries inside of the broad outer band fulvous1 as shown in the figure of the male1 and not simply marked by a transverse narrow band of spots4 ,on the under side the fore wings are bright fulvous1 clouded with black at the base and near the outer angle4 ,the hind wings are uniformly dull reddish-brown4 ,this species has been identified by ,dr4 ,scudder with a species named dion by ,edwards1 but which is a very different thing4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej-a4fe inch2 1 #a4ij-b4jj inches4 ,early ,stages4--,we know nothing of these4 ,the insect is confined to ,florida1 all the specimens which ,i have seen coming from the region of the ,indian ,river4 7#e7 ,limochores byssus1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bj1 7,byssus74 ,butterfly4--,allied to the preceding species4 ,the discal stigma of the male upon the fore wings is much longer than in ,l4 palatka4 ,the outer margin of the secondaries is not as sharply defined as in that species1 but shades insensibly into the lighter greenish-fulvous of the basal part of the wing4 ,the female on the upper side is distinguished from the female of the preceding species by the restriction of the discal band of spots on the hind wing to a few small light-colored spaces beyond the end of the cell1 and by the regular continuation of the band of yellow spots across the primaries from the subapical spots to the submedian nervule near the middle of the inner margin4 ,on the under side the primaries and the secondaries are very bright1 clear orange-red1 with the base and inner margin of the primaries brightly laved with blackish4 ,the median series of spots in the male are very faintly indicated on the fore wings1 but are more strongly indicated on those of the female4 ,expanse1 1 #a4de inch2 1 #a4fe inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we know little of these4 ,the insect is found in ,florida4 7#f7 ,limochores yehl1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #dj1 7,skinner's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is shown in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are lighter1 the secondaries uniformly pale cinnamon-brown1 marked with a semicircle of four yellowish round spots1 with a small spot on the cell toward the base4 ,expanse1 #a4be-a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the species has been taken in ,florida1 and is as yet not common in collections4 ,the figure is that of the type4 ,genus ,,euphyes1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn have the club stout1 elongate1 furnished with a short crook at the end2 the palpi are densely scaled2 the third joint is slender1 bluntly conical1 projecting beyond the vestiture of the second joint4 ,the neuration is shown in the cut4 ,egg4--,hemispherical4 ,caterpillar4--,the head small1 body cylindrical1 tapering forward and backward from the middle1 the body profusely covered with minute tapering hairs arising from small1 wart-like protuberances4 ,chrysalis4--,thus far undescribed4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #age4--,neuration of the genus ,euphyes1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,euphyes verna1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cb1 7,the ,little ,glass-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is correctly delineated in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are paler1 inclining to purplish-red4 ,the spots of the upper side are repeated1 but in addition about the middle of the hind wings there is a semicircle of pale spots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4ce inch4 ,early ,stages4--,we do not know much of these2 what little we do know may be found recorded in the pages of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england4 ,the caterpillar feeds on grasses4 ,it ranges from southern ,new ,england to ,virginia1 westward to ,kansas1 and northward to the province of ,alberta4 ,it is quite common in ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,illinois4 7#b7 ,euphyes metacomet1 ,harris1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ca1 7,the ,dun ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the male is dark in color on the upper side1 and on the under side the wings are a shade lighter1 the lower side of the abdomen being generally paler4 ,the female has some faint traces of translucent apical spots near the costa1 and two minute translucent spots on either side of the second median nervule near its origin4 ,on the under side the spots of the upper side reappear4 ,there is a faint trace of a semicircle of pale spots about the middle of the hind wing4 ,the female specimens vary on the under side from pale brown to a distinctly purplish-brown4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4cj inch4 ,early stages4--,next to nothing is known of these4 ,it ranges from ,quebec to the ,carolinas1 and westward to ,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 and the ,british possessions east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 as far north as the latitude of the northern shores of ,lake ,superior4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,explanation ,,of ,,plate ,,xlviii #a4 ,thanaos persius1 ,scudder1 4 #b4 ,thanaos somnus1 ,lintner1 4 #c4 ,thanaos nvius1 ,lintner1 4 #d4 ,thanaos martialis1 ,scudder1 4 #e4 ,thorybes bathyllus1 ,smith and ,abbot1 4 #f4 ,thorybes pylades1 ,scudder1 4 #g4 ,thanaos petronius1 ,lintner1 4 #h4 ,lerema accius1 ,smith and ,abbot1 4 #i4 ,thanaos pacuvius1 ,lintner1 4 #aj4 ,thanaos lucilius1 ,lintner1 4 #aa4 ,thanaos juvenalis1 ,fabricius1 4 #ab4 ,thanaos funeralis1 ,lintner1 4 #ac4 ,thorybes epigena1 ,butler1 4 #ad4 ,pholisora libya1 ,scudder1 4 #ae4 ,thanaos horatius1 ,scudder1 4 #af4 ,pholisora hayhursti1 ,edwards1 4 #ag4 ,thanaos icelus1 ,lintner1 4 #ah4 ,colias eurytheme1 ,boisduval1 1 albino4 ,illustration ,,plate ,,xlviii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,genus ,,oligoria1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are as in the preceding genus2 the palpi have the third joint minute and almost entirely concealed in the thick vestiture of the second joint4 ,the neuration is represented in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,we know very little of these1 and there is here a field for investigation4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agf4--,neuration of the genus ,oligoria1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,oligoria maculata1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ce1 7,the ,twin-spot74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the male is as shown in the plate4 ,the female closely resembles the male1 but the spots on the fore wing are larger4 ,on the under side the wings are brown1 almost as dark as on the upper side4 ,the primaries are whitish near the outer angle4 ,the spots of the upper side of the primaries are reproduced on the lower side4 ,the hind wings have three conspicuous pearly-white spots about the middle1 two located one on either side of the second median nervule1 and one removed from these1 located between the upper radial and the subcostal nervule4 ,expanse1 1 #a4dj inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,but little is known of these4 ,this is a ,southern species1 found abundantly in ,florida1 and ranging northward into ,georgia and the ,carolinas4 ,a specimen is reported to have been taken near ,albany1 ,new ,york1 and diligent collecting may show that it has a far more northern range than has heretofore been supposed4 ,genus ,,poanes1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are short2 the club is stout1 bent1 acuminate at the tip4 ,the third joint of the palpi is slender1 cylindrical1 short4 ,the neuration of the genus is shown in the cut4 ,early ,stages4--,nothing is known of these1 and they await investigation4 7#a7 ,poanes massasoit1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ba1 2 ,fig4 #bb1 7,the ,mulberry-wing74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of the wings in both sexes is correctly shown in the plate4 ,on the under side the fore wings are black1 with the costa and the outer margin bordered with reddish1 with three small subapical light spots and two or three median spots4 ,on the under side the hind wings are bright yellow1 bordered on the costa and on the outer margin for part of their distance with reddish-brown4 ,the female on the under side is more obscurely marked than the male1 and the hind wings are more or less gray in many specimens1 lacking the bright yellow which appears upon the wings of the male4 ,there is considerable variation on the under side of the wings4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4bj inch4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agg4--,neuration of the genus ,poanes1 enlarged4 ,early ,stages4--,not known4 ,the species ranges from ,new ,england westward as far as ,nebraska1 and its range does not appear to extend south of ,pennsylvania1 though it has been reported from ,colorado1 and even from northern ,texas1 in the ,west4 ,genus ,,phycanassa1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,antenn short2 club straight1 with a small crook at the end4 ,the palpi are as in the preceding genus1 but a trifle longer4 ,the neuration is shown in the cut1 and is very much like that of the preceding genus4 ,early ,stages4--,these are wholly unknown4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agh4--,neuration of the genus ,phycanassa1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,phycanassa viator1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ad1 2 ,fig4 #ae1 7,the ,broad-winged ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,accurately delineated in the plate4 ,on the under side the wings are as on the upper side1 but paler1 and the secondaries are traversed from the base to the middle of the outer margin by a pale light-colored longitudinal ray1 which is more or less obscured in some specimens1 especially of the female4 ,the light spots of the upper side appear indistinctly on the under side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4de inch2 1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,it is not uncommon in the ,gulf ,states1 and has been found as far north as ,new ,jersey1 northern ,illinois1 and ,wisconsin4 7#b7 ,phycanassa howardi1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #ch1 7,howard's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the figure in the plate gives the upper side of the male1 in which the discal streak is composed of light-colored scales of the same tint as the rest of the wing1 in this respect resembling the allied ,p4 aaroni4 ,the under side of the wings is described by ,dr4 ,skinner as follows3 ,superiors with tawny central area and border same as upper side4 ,there is a large triangular spot extending into the wing from the base4 ,the tawny color above this spot is of a darker hue than that below and outside of it4 ,inferiors very light brown1 generally with four or five very faint tawny spots in the central area4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ej inch2 1 #a4fj inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the home of this species is ,florida4 7#c7 ,phycanassa aaroni1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cg1 7,aaron's ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,this small species1 the male of which is figured in the plate1 may be easily recognized from the figure there given4 ,on the under side the fore wings are black at the base2 the middle area of the wing is tawny1 paler than on the upper side1 and bordered as above1 but the border below is cinnamon-brown and not fuscous4 ,the hind wings on the under side are uniformly light cinnamon-brown1 without any spots4 ,the female is like the male1 but larger1 the colors somewhat lighter and the markings not so well defined4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the specimens thus far contained in collections have all been taken about ,cape ,may1 in ,new ,jersey1 in the salt-marshes4 ,genus ,,atrytone1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn have a stout club1 somewhat elongate1 and furnished with a short crook at the end4 ,the palpi are very much as in the preceding genus4 ,the neuration is shown in the cut4 ,there is no discal stigma on the fore wing of the male4 ,egg4--,the egg is hemispherical1 somewhat broadly flattened at the apex1 covered with small cells1 the inner surface of which is marked with minute punctulations4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar feeds upon common grasses1 making a loose nest of silk for itself at the point where the leaf joins the stem4 ,the head is small2 the body is cylindrical1 thick1 tapering abruptly at either end4 ,chrysalis4--,covered with delicate hair2 the tongue-case free4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #agi4--,neuration of the genus ,atrytone1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,atrytone vitellius1 ,smith and ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #f1 7,the ,iowa ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is as shown in the plate4 ,the female on the upper side has the hind wings almost entirely fuscous1 very slightly yellowish about the middle of the disk4 ,the fore wings have the inner and outer margins more broadly bordered with fuscous than the male1 and through the middle of the cell there runs a dark ray4 ,on the under side the wings are bright pale yellow1 with the inner margin of the primaries clouded with brown4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4de inch4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is known of these4 ,the species ranges through the ,gulf ,states1 and northward in the valley of the ,mississippi as far as ,nebraska and ,iowa4 ,it seems to be quite common in ,nebraska1 and probably has a wider distribution than is reported4 7#b7 ,atrytone zabulon1 ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #cg1 2 ,fig4 #ch1 7,the ,hobomok ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side of both sexes is shown in the plate4 ,the color on the disk of the wings is1 however1 a little too red4 ,on the under side the wings are bright yellow1 with the bases and the outer margin bordered with dark brown4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,the caterpillar feeds upon grasses4 ,the life-history has been described with minute accuracy by ,dr4 ,scudder4 ,the species ranges from ,new ,england to ,georgia1 and westward to the ,great ,plains4 ,it is very common in ,pennsylvania1 ,virginia1 and the valley of the ,ohio4 ,dimorphic var4 pocahontas1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ci1 4 ,this is a melanic1 or black1 female variety of zabulon1 which is not uncommon4 ,it is remarkable because of the white spots on the primaries and the dark color of the under side of the wings4 7#c7 ,atrytone taxiles1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvii1 ,fig4 #ca1 2 ,fig4 #cb1 7,taxiles74 ,butterfly4--,the fore wings on the under side of the male are bright yellow1 black at the base1 slightly clouded on the outer margin with pale brown4 ,the hind wings on the under side in this sex are still paler yellow1 margined externally with pale brown1 and crossed near the base and on the disk by irregular bands of pale brown4 ,in the female sex the fore wings on the under side are fulvous1 marked much as in the male1 but darker1 especially toward the apex1 where the subapical spots and two small pale spots beyond the end of the cell near the outer margin interrupt the brown color4 ,the hind wings on the under side are pale ferruginous1 crossed by bands of lighter spots1 and mottled with darker brown4 ,expanse1 1 #a4de inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the range of this species is from ,colorado and ,nevada to ,arizona4 7#d7 ,atrytone delaware1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #bd1 2 ,fig4 #be1 7,the ,delaware ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,no description of the upper side of the wings is necessary4 ,on the under side the wings are bright orange-red1 clouded with black at the base and on the outer angle of the fore wings4 ,expanse1 1 #a4be-a4ce inch2 1 #a4ce-a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,very little is known of these4 ,the butterfly is found from southern ,new ,england and northern ,new ,york as far south as ,florida and ,texas1 ranging west to the ,yellowstone and southern ,colorado4 7#e7 ,atrytone melane1 ,edwards1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #g1 2 ,fig4 #h1 7,the ,umber ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side somewhat resembles ,a4 zabulon1 var4 pocahontas2 the female likewise closely resembles specimens of this variety4 ,the wings on the under side are ferruginous1 clouded with blackish toward the base of the inner angle1 the light spots of the upper side being repeated4 ,the hind wings on the under side are reddish1 with a broad irregular curved median band of pale-yellow spots4 ,in the female the band of spots is far more obscure4 ,expanse1 1 #a4cj inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,the insect is found in southern ,california4 ,genus ,,lerema1 ,scudder ,butterfly4--,the antenn are as in the preceding genus2 the palpi have the third joint erect1 short1 conical4 ,the neuration is represented in the cut4 ,the male has a linear glandular streak on the upper side of the fore wing4 ,egg4--,hemispherical1 covered with more or less regularly pentagonal cells4 ,caterpillar4--,the caterpillar feeds upon grasses4 ,the body is slender1 tapering forward and backward2 the head is small4 ,chrysalis4--,the chrysalis is slender1 smooth1 with a tapering conical projection at the head1 and the tongue-case long and free1 reaching almost to the end of the abdomen4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ahj4--,neuration of the genus ,lerema1 enlarged4 7#a7 ,lerema accius1 ,smith and ,abbot1 ,plate ,,xlviii1 ,fig4 #h1 2 ,plate ,,vi1 ,fig4 #df1 chrysalis 7,accius74 ,butterfly4--,the male on the upper side is dark blackish-brown1 with three small subapical spots1 and one small spot below these1 near the origin of the third median nervule4 ,the female is exactly like the male1 except that it has two spots1 the larger one being placed below the small spot corresponding to the one on the fore wing of the male4 ,the wings on the under side are dark fuscous1 somewhat clouded with darker brown1 the spots of the upper side reappearing on the under side4 ,expanse1 1 #a4dj inch2 1 #a4ej inch4 ,early ,stages4--,very little has been written upon the early stages4 ,the butterfly ranges from southern ,connecticut to ,florida1 thence westward to ,texas1 and along the ,gulf coast in ,mexico4 7#b7 ,lerema hianna1 ,scudder1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #i1 2 ,fig4 #aj1 7,the ,dusted ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,the upper side is accurately represented in the plate4 ,the wings on the lower side are as on the upper side1 a trifle paler and somewhat grayer on the outer margin4 ,expanse1 1 #a4ae inch2 1 #a4be inch4 ,early ,stages4--,unknown4 ,it ranges through southern ,new ,england1 westward to ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 and ,nebraska1 in a comparatively narrow strip of country4 7#c7 ,lerema carolina1 ,skinner1 ,plate ,,xlvi1 ,fig4 #cf1 7,the ,carolina ,skipper74 ,butterfly4--,on the upper side the butterfly is as represented in the plate4 ,the spots are repeated on the under side of the fore wing1 but less distinctly defined4 ,the costa is edged with brownish-yellow4 ,the hind wings on the under side are yellow1 spotted with small dark-brown dots4 ,expanse1 1 #a4jj inch4 ,the female is unknown4 ,early ,stages4--,wholly unknown4 ,this species has thus far been found only in ,north ,carolina1 and is still extremely rare in collections4 ,the figure in the plate represents the type4 ,i have seen other specimens4 ,i place it provisionally in the genus ,lerema1 though it undoubtedly does not belong here1 and probably may represent a new genus4 ,lacking material for dissection1 ,i content myself with this reference4 ,genus ,,megathymus1 ,riley ,illustration ,,fig4 #aha4--,megathymus yucc1 4 ,this genus comprises butterflies having very stout bodies1 broad wings1 strongly clubbed antenn1 very minute palpi4 ,the caterpillars are wood-boring in their habits1 living in the pith and underground roots of different species of ,yucca4 ,the life-history of the species represented in the cuts has been well described by the late ,professor ,c4,v4 ,riley1 and the student who is curious to know more about this remarkable insect will do well to consult the ,eighth ,annual ,report of the ,state ,entomologist of ,missouri 7p4 #afi71 or the ,transactions of the ,st4 ,louis ,academy of ,science 7vol4 iii1 p4 #cbc71 in which1 with great learning1 the author has patiently set forth what is known in reference to the insect4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ahb4--,megathymus yucc3 a1 egg1 magnified2 b1 egg from which larva has escaped2 bb1 bbb1 unhatched eggs1 natural size2 c1 newly hatched larva1 magnified2 cc1 larva1 natural size2 d1 head1 enlarged to show the mouth-parts2 e1 maxillary palpi2 f1 antenna2 g1 labial palpi2 h1 spinneret4 ,the genus ,megathymus is referred by some writers to the ,castniid1 a genus of day-flying moths1 which seem to connect the moths with the butterflies2 but the consideration of the anatomical structure of this insect makes such a reference impossible4 ,the genus properly represents a subfamily of the ,hesperiid1 which might be named the ,megathymin4 ,the species represented in our cuts is ,megathymus yucc1 ,boisduval and ,leconte4 ,there are a number of other species of ,megathymus that are found in our ,southern ,states1 principally in ,texas and ,arizona4 ,they are interesting insects1 the life-history of which is1 however1 in many cases obscure1 as yet4 ,illustration ,,fig4 #ahc4--;,chrysalis of ,megathymus yucc4 ,conclusion ,we here bring to a conclusion our survey of the butterflies of ,north ,america4 ,there are1 in addition to the species that have been described and figured in the plates1 about one hundred and twenty-five other species1 principally ,hesperiid1 which have not been mentioned4 ,the field of exploration has not by any means been exhausted1 and there is no doubt that in the lapse of time a number of other species will be discovered to inhabit our faunal limits4 ,the writer of these pages would deem it a great privilege to aid those who are interested in the subject in naming and identifying any material which they may not be able to name and identify by the help of this book4 ,in laying down his pen1 at the end of what has been to him a pleasurable task1 he again renews the hope that what he has written may tend to stimulate a deeper and more intelligent interest in the wonders of creative wisdom1 and takes occasion to remind the reader that it is true1 as was said by ,fabricius1 that nature is most to be admired in those works which are least--,natura maxime miranda in minimis4 ,illustration ,,supplementary ,,note ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition ,the first edition of this book having been nearly exhausted in less than a month after publication1 the author has not yet had opportunity to avail himself of the criticisms of scientific friends who are presumably looking for sins of omission and commission1 of which it is sincerely hoped they will acquaint him when discovered4 ,thus far all criticisms have been of an approbatory character1 and have only expressed pleasure4 ,the writer is indebted to ,mr4 ,harrison ,g4 ,dyar1 the ,honorary ,curator of the ,department of ,entomology in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 for reminding him of the fact1 which he had carelessly overlooked1 that the larva and chrysalis of ,eumus atala 7see p4 #bcg7 have been fully described by ,scudder1 ,memoirs of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 vol4 ii41 p4 #dac1 and by ,schwartz1 ,insect ,life1 vol4 i41 p4 #ci4 ,the caterpillar is found abundantly upon the coontie 7,zamia integrifolia1 ,willdenow71 and the insect1 according to ,schwartz1 fairly swarms in the pine-woods between the shores of ,biscayne ,bay and the ,everglades4 ,,index aaroni1 ,phycanassa1 #cfc ,abbot1 ,john1 #gj abbotti1 ,papilio1 #cjg abdomen1 #g1 #ag aberrations1 #bd acadica1 ,thecla1 #bdb2 ,pieris1 #bhj acastus1 ,melita1 #adc accius1 ,lerema1 #cff ,achalarus1 genus1 #cbe2 cellus1 #cbf2 lycidas1 #cbe acis1 ,thecla1 #bdj1 #bdf acmon1 ,lycna1 #bff ,acra1 genus1 #afb ,acrin1 subfamily1 #afb ,actinomeris1 #aeg ,adelpha1 genus1 #ahg2 californica1 #ahg adenostomatis1 ,thecla1 #bde adiante1 ,argynnis1 #abc ,admiral1 ,the ,red1 #agj ,admirals1 ,the ,white1 #ahb2 ,hulst's1 #ahe2 ,lorquin's1 #ahe milia1 ,thorybes1 #cbe nus1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cda tna1 ,thymelicus1 #cea affinis1 ,thecla1 #bdi afranius1 ,thanaos1 #ccd agarithe1 ,catopsilia1 #bhg ,ageronia1 genus1 #aic2 feronia1 #aid2 fornax1 #aid ,agraulis1 genus1 #if ,agrion1 genus of dragon-flies1 #hf ajax1 ,papilio1 #cjg alberta1 ,brenthis1 #ace albinism1 #bd albinos1 #fd alcestis1 ,argynnis1 #ajg2 ,thecla1 #bda alexandra1 ,colias1 #bib aliaska1 ,papilio1 #cab alicia1 ,chlorippe1 #aij alma1 ,melita1 #adg alope1 ,satyrus1 #bae alpheus1 ,pholisora1 #cca ,alpines1 ,the1 #bjh2 ,alaskan1 #bji2 ,colorado1 #bji2 ,common1 #baj2 ,red-streaked1 #bji ,altha1 #agj ,amarantace1 #ccj ,amarantus1 #cce ,amblyscirtes1 genus1 #cci2 nus1 #cda2 samoset1 #cdj2 simius1 #cda2 textor1 #cda2 vialis1 #cdj ,american ,entomological ,society1 #gc ammon1 ,lycna1 #bgj ,amorpha californica1 #bhi ampelos1 ,coenonympha1 #bjg amymone1 ,cystineura1 #agg amyntula1 ,lycna1 #bfh anal angle of wing1 #ai ,anartia1 genus1 #agd2 jatroph1 #agd ,anatomy of ,butterflies1 #ad-be ,ancyloxypha1 genus1 #cdd2 numitor1 #cde andria1 ,pyrrhana1 #i1 #aib androconia1 #ah1 #ai ,angle-wings1 ,the1 #afc2 ,colorado1 #afe2 ,graceful1 #aff anicia1 ,melita1 #adj ,animal ,kingdom1 ,the ,place of ,butterflies in the1 #eh annetta1 ,lycna1 #bff ,anosia1 genus1 #ha2 berenice1 #hb1 #hd2 plexippus1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #fc1 #hb1 #aga2 strigosa1 #hd antenn of caterpillar1 #f2 of butterfly1 #ad1 #af1 #bc1 #fa ,antennaria1 #agj ,anthocharis1 genus1 #bhb ,anthrenus1 a museum pest1 #ec antiacis1 ,lycna1 #bfa antiopa1 ,vanessa1 #e1 #g1 #id1 #afi ,antirrhinum1 #agc antonia1 ,chlorippe1 #ahi aortal chamber1 #bc aphrodite1 ,argynnis1 #ajg apparatus1 collecting1 #bf2 for breeding butterflies1 #cd2 for mounting butterflies1 #ci2 for inflating caterpillars1 #de2 for preserving specimens1 #dh2 pins1 #ef2 forceps1 #ef ,aquilegia canadensis1 #ccd aquilo1 ,lycna1 #bfc ,arabis1 #bhd arachne1 ,melita1 #adh ,arachnida1 #ei arctic butterflies1 #aga ,arctics1 ,the1 #bah2 ,bruce's1 #bbc2 ,greater1 #bbj2 ,labrador1 #bbc2 ,macoun's1 #bba2 ,mead's1 #bbb2 ,uhler's1 #bbb ,argynnis1 genus1 #if1 #ii1 #aja1 #afa1 #agb2 adiante1 #abc2 alcestis1 #ajg2 aphrodite1 #ah1 #ajg2 artonis1 #abc2 atlantis1 #ajh2 atossa1 #abb2 behrensi1 #aae2 bischoffi1 #abd2 bremneri1 #aac2 callippe1 #aah2 carpenteri1 #ajf2 chitone1 #aaf2 cipris1 #ajg2 clio1 #abd2 columbia1 #aaa2 cornelia1 #aaj2 coronis1 #aag2 cybele1 #ajf2 diana1 #ajc2 edwardsi1 #aai2 egleis1 #abf2 electa1 #aaa2 eurynome1 #abe2 halcyone1 #aaf2 hesperis1 #aab2 hippolyta1 #aab2 idalia1 #ajc2 inornata1 #abb2 lais1 #aji2 laura1 #abj2 leto1 #aje2 liliana1 #aai2 macaria1 #aba2 meadi1 #aai2 monticola1 #aad2 montivaga1 #abf2 nausica1 #ajh2 nevadensis1 #aah2 nitocris1 #aje2 nokomis1 #ajd2 opis1 #abd2 oweni1 #aji2 platina1 #aag2 purpurescens1 #aad2 rhodope1 #aae2 rupestris1 #abj2 semiramis1 #aba2 snyderi1 #aah2 zerene1 #aac ariadne1 ,colias1 #bi ariane1 ,satyrus1 #baf ,aristolochia1 #cae1 #caf army-worm1 #beg ,arnold1 ,sir ,edwin1 quotations from1 #bad1 #beh arota1 ,chrysophanus1 #beb arrangement1 of specimens1 #eb2 of species1 #fb arsace1 ,thecla1 #bdh arthemis1 ,basilarchia1 #ahd ,arthropoda1 definition of1 #ei2 subdivisions of1 #ei artonis1 ,argynnis1 #abc ,asama-yama1 volcano1 #aej ,asclepias1 #ha ,asimina triloba1 #cjh astarte1 ,brenthis1 #ace aster1 ,lycna1 #bff asterias1 ,papilio1 #cad ,astragalus1 #bdj astyanax1 ,basilarchia1 #ahd atala1 ,eumus1 #bcg1 #cgj atalanta1 ,pyrameis1 #agj ,atalopedes1 genus1 #ceb2 huron1 #ceb atlantis1 ,argynnis1 #ajh atossa1 ,argynnis1 #abb ,atrytone1 genus1 #cfc2 delaware1 #cfe2 melane1 #cfe2 pocahontas1 #cfd2 taxiles1 #cfe2 vitellius1 #cfd2 zabulon1 #cfd attalus1 ,erynnis1 #cdi augusta1 ,melita1 #ada augustus1 ,thecla1 #bdg ausonides1 ,euchlo1 #bhc australis1 ,calephelis1 #bcc autolycus1 ,thecla1 #bda ,azalea occidentalis1 #aff bachmanni1 ,libythea1 #bbg bairdi1 ,papilio1 #cac baits for butterflies1 #cb ,banded ,reds1 ,the1 #age ,baptisia1 #ccc ,barbauld1 ,mrs41 quotation from1 #gf barnesi1 ,phyciodes1 #aee baroni1 ,melita1 #ada2 ,satyrus1 #baf base of wing1 #ai ,basilarchia1 genus1 #ahb2 arthemis1 #ahd2 astyanax1 #ahc2 disippus1 #c1 #h1 #hd1 #ahe2 eros1 #ahf2 floridensis1 #ahf2 hulsti1 #hd1 #ahe2 lorquini1 #ahe2 proserpina1 #ahd2 pseudodorippus1 #ahe2 weidemeyeri1 #ahe ,bates1 ,h4,w41 on study of butterflies1 #c2 as a collector1 #cch batesi1 ,phyciodes1 #aed bathyllus1 ,thorybes1 #cbe battoides1 ,lycna1 #bfd beani1 ,melita1 #adj beating for lepidoptera1 #cc beckeri1 ,pieris1 #bgg ,beelzebub1 the god of flies1 #ccd behrensi1 ,argynnis1 #aae behri1 ,colias1 #bid2 ,parnassius1 #cjf2 ,thecla1 #bdg bellona1 ,brenthis1 #acd ,belt1 ,naturalist in ,nicaragua1 #ia berenice1 ,anosia1 #hd bischoffi1 ,argynnis1 #abd ,blake ,co41 forceps1 #ef bleaching wings of butterflies1 #bj blenina1 ,thecla1 #bde blow-fly1 holding middle place in scale of animal existence1 #bga ,blues1 ,the1 #bcf1 #beh2 ,arrow-head1 #bfb2 ,aster1 #bff2 ,behr's1 #bfj1 #bfd2 ,boisduval's1 #bfj2 ,bright1 #bei2 ,colorado1 #bfd2 ,common1 #bfg2 ,couper's1 #bfa2 ,dotted1 #bfd2 ,dwarf1 #bfi2 ,eastern tailed1 #bfh2 ,eyed1 #bfa2 ,florida1 #bfi2 ,gray1 #bfc2 ,greenish1 #bfj2 ,indian ,river1 #bgj2 ,labrador1 #bfc2 ,marine1 #bgj2 ,orange-margined1 #bfe2 ,pygmy1 #bfi1 #bga2 ,reakirt's1 #bfh2 ,rustic1 #bfc2 ,scudder's1 #bfe2 ,shasta1 #bfe2 ,silvery1 #bfb2 ,small1 #bfb2 ,sonora1 #bfc2 ,varied1 #bei2 ,western tailed1 #bfh2 ,west ,indian1 #bgj ,boehmeria1 #agj ,boisduval1 ,dr4 ,j4,a41 #gj ,boisduval and ,leconte1 ,histoire ,gnrale et ,monographie des ,lepidoptres et des ,chenilles de l',amrique ,septentrionale1 #gj boisduvali1 ,brenthis1 #acb ,boisduval's ,marble1 #bhe bolli1 ,melita1 #adg ,books about ,north ,american ,butterflies1 #fi bopis1 ,satyrus1 #baf borealis1 ,calephelis1 #bcb boxes for preserving collections1 #dh brain1 #bb1 #bc breeding butterflies1 #cd-cg breeding-cages1 #ce1 #cf bremneri1 ,argynnis1 #aac ,brenthis1 genus1 #abh1 #bbd2 alberta1 #ace2 astarte1 #ace2 bellona1 #acd2 boisduvali1 #acb2 chariclea1 #acb2 epithore1 #ace2 freija1 #acb2 frigga1 #acc2 helena1 #aca2 montinus1 #aca2 myrina1 #abi2 polaris1 #acc2 triclaris1 #acj brettus1 ,thymelicus1 #cea brevicauda1 ,papilio1 #cac ,british ,museum1 #cch brizo1 ,thanaos1 #ccb bronchial tubes1 #bb ,brongniart1 ,m4 ,charles1 #aif ,brooklyn ,entomological ,society1 #gc ,brown1 ,the ,gemmed1 #bjb2 ,henshaw's1 #bjb brucei1 ,o,eneis1 #bbc2 ,papilio1 #cac ,brush-footed ,butterflies4 ,see ,nymphalid bryoni1 ,pieris1 #bgi ,buckeye1 ,the1 #agc ,buckland1 ,frank1 story of1 #fh ,bulletin ,brooklyn ,entomological ,society1 #gc bumblebees in ,australia1 #bef ,butterflies' ,fad1 ,the1 #ahf ,butterflies and ,moths of ,north ,america1 ,strecker1 #gb ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 ,the1 by ,s4,h4 ,scudder1 #gb2 by ,c4,j4 ,maynard1 #gb ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 by ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 #ga ,butterflies1 ,widely ,distributed1 #aga ,butterfly1 ,baird's1 #cac2 ,bruce's1 #cac2 ,chryxus1 #bba2 ,holland's1 #cad2 ,iduna1 #bbj2 ,varuna1 #bbb2 ,white ,mountain1 #bbb ,butts1 ,mary1 quotation from1 #bea byssus1 ,limochores1 #ceh cabinets1 #ej cnius1 ,calephelis1 #bcb csonia1 ,meganostoma1 #bhi cspitalis1 ,hesperia1 #cbh ,calais1 ,o,eneis1 #bba calanus1 ,thecla1 #bdc ,calephelis1 genus1 #bcb2 australis1 #bcc2 borealis1 #bcb2 cnius1 #bcb2 nemesis1 #bcc ,calicoes1 ,the1 #aic2 ,orange-skirted1 #aid2 ,white-skirted1 #aid ,california1 ,coenonympha1 #bje californica1 ,adelpha1 #ahg2 ,mechanitis1 #hg2 ,vanessa1 #afh callias1 ,erebia1 #bji ,callicore1 genus1 #agh2 clymena1 #agh callippe1 ,argynnis1 #aah ,callosune1 genus1 #afb ,calpodes1 genus1 #cee2 ethlius1 #cef calverleyi1 ,papilio1 #cad ,camberwell ,beauty1 ,the1 #afi camillus1 ,phyciodes1 #aee canthus1 ,satyrodes1 #bjj ,cardamine1 #bhd cardui1 ,pyrameis1 #agj1 #aga ,carduus1 #agj carinenta1 ,libythea1 #bbg ,carnegie ,museum1 ,the1 #di1 #ej1 #cch carolina1 ,lerema1 #cfg carpenteri1 ,argynnis1 #ajf ,carryl1 ,charles ,edward1 quotation from1 #bjh cary1 ,pyrameis1 #agj ,cassia1 #bhf ,castniid1 family1 #cfh ,caterpillar and the ,ant1 ,the1 #caf caterpillars1 structure1 form1 color1 etc41 #e-aa2 social habits1 #h2 nests1 #h2 wood-boring1 #h2 moulting1 #i2 manner of defense1 #i2 protected by color1 #h2 duration of life of1 #aj2 preservation of1 #dd-dh2 carnivorous1 #i4 ,see ,feniseca ,catopsilia1 genus1 #bhe2 agarithe1 #bhg2 eubule1 #bhf2 philea1 #bhf catullus1 ,pholisora1 #ccj ,ceanothus thyrsiflorus1 #afh cecrops1 ,thecla1 #bdf cellus1 ,achalarus1 #cbf celtis1 ,chlorippe1 #ahi ,celtis1 genus of plants1 #ahh centaure1 ,hesperia1 #cbg ,cerasus 7,wild ,cherry71 #caj ,ceratinia1 genus1 #hh2 lycaste1 #hh2 var4 negreta1 #hh cethura1 ,euchlo1 #bhd chalcedon1 ,melita1 #aci chalcis1 ,thecla1 #bdd chara1 ,melita1 #adf chariclea1 ,brenthis1 #acb charitonius1 ,heliconius1 #ib charon1 ,satyrus1 #bag ,chenopodium album1 #ccj ,chicken-thief1 a supposed1 #cc ,chionobas1 genus1 #bah chiron1 ,timetes1 #ahj chitone1 ,argynnis1 #aaf ,chlorippe1 genus1 #ahh2 alicia1 #aij2 antonia1 #ahi2 celtis1 #ahi2 clyton1 #aij2 flora1 #aia2 leilia1 #aij2 montis1 #aij chrysalis1 form of1 #aa2 color1 #ab2 duration of life of1 #ac2 preservation of1 #dc chrysippus1 ,danais1 #ahb chrysomelas1 ,colias1 #bia ,chrysophanus1 genus1 #bea2 arota1 #beb2 editha1 #bec2 epixanthe1 #bed2 gorgon1 #bec2 helloides1 #bed2 hypophlas1 #bed2 mariposa1 #bed2 rubidus1 #bee2 sirius1 #bee2 snowi1 #bee2 tho1 #bec2 virginiensis1 #beb2 xanthoides1 #bec cipris1 ,argynnis1 #ajg citima1 ,thecla1 #bci ,citrus1 #caa clara1 ,lycna1 #bei ,clark1 ,willis ,g41 quotation from1 #bej ,classification of ,butterflies1 #eh claudia1 ,euptoieta1 #ii cleis1 ,lemonias1 #bcb ,clerck1 ,charles1 #fi2 ,icones1 #fi clio1 ,argynnis1 #abd ,clitoria1 #cbb clitus1 ,thanaos1 #ccf clodius1 ,parnassius1 #cje club-men1 #agf clymena1 ,callicore1 #agh clypeus1 #ad1 #ae clytie1 ,thecla1 #bdg clyton1 ,chlorippe1 #aij ,cnicus1 #agj ,codling-moth1 #beg coenia1 ,junonia1 #agc ,coenonympha1 genus1 #bje2 ampelos1 #bjg2 ,california1 #bje2 elko1 #bjf2 eryngii1 #bej2 galactinus1 #bje2 haydeni1 #bjg2 inornata1 #bjf2 kodiak1 #bjg2 ochracea1 #bjf2 pamphiloides1 #bjg2 pamphilus1 #bjg2 typhon1 #bjf ,colnis1 genus1 #id2 delila1 #ie2 julia1 #ie ,cold1 ,in the ,face of the1 #bbd2 effects of1 on butterflies1 #bbe ,coleridge1 ,s4,t41 quotation from1 #cjf ,colias1 genus1 #afa1 #afc1 #bhi2 alexandra1 #bib2 ariadne1 #bia2 behri1 #bid2 chrysomelas1 #bia2 elis1 #bij2 eriphyle1 #bia2 eurytheme1 #bij2 interior1 #bib2 keewaydin1 #bia2 meadi1 #bij2 nastes1 #bic2 pelidne1 #bic2 philodice1 #ag1 #bia2 scudderi1 #bic collecting apparatus1 #bf-cd collecting-jars1 #bh-cj ,collections and ,collectors1 #ccg colon1 ,melita1 #adj colon1 ,the1 #bb color1 of eggs of butterflies1 #d2 of caterpillars1 #h ,columbia1 ,argynnis1 #aaa comma1 ,grapta1 #afe ,comstock1 ,john ,henry1 ,a ,manual for the ,study of ,insects1 #gd comyntas1 ,lycna1 #bfh ,cook1 ,eliza1 quotation from1 #aih ,copodes1 genus1 #cde2 myrtis1 #cdf2 procris1 #cde2 wrighti1 #cdf ,coppers1 ,the1 #bcf1 #bea2 ,american1 #bed2 ,bronze1 #bec2 ,great1 #bec2 ,least1 #bed2 ,nevada1 #beb2 ,purplish1 #bed2 ,reakirt's1 #bed2 ,ruddy1 #bee2 ,snow's1 #bee coresia1 ,timetes1 #ahj cornelia1 ,argynnis1 #aaj coronis1 ,argynnis1 #aag costal margin of wing1 #ai costal vein1 #bj1 #ba couperi1 ,lycna1 #bfa ,cowan1 ,frank1 quotations from1 #ij1 #bii ,cowper1 quotation from1 #bge coxa1 #ag1 #ah ,cramer1 ,peter1 #fi2 ,papillons ,exotiques1 #fi cremaster1 #aa creola1 ,debis1 #aii ,creole1 ,the1 #aii ,crescent-spots1 ,the1 #aej2 ,pearl1 #aec cresphontes1 ,papilio1 #caa creusa1 ,euchlo1 #bhc ,crimson-patch1 ,the1 #aei crocale1 ,synchlo1 #afj ,crustacea1 #ei crysalus1 ,thecla1 #bci cybele1 ,argynnis1 #ajf ,cystineura1 genus1 #agg2 amymone1 #agg cythera1 ,lemonias1 #bcj ddalus1 ,lycna1 #bfj ,dagger-wings1 ,the1 #agi2 ,many-banded1 #ahj2 ,ruddy1 #ahj damaris1 ,terias1 #bif damon1 ,thecla1 #bdf ,danais chrysippus1 #ahb darning-needles1 #hf daunus1 ,papilio1 #caj ,debis1 genus1 #aih2 creola1 #aii2 portlandia1 #aii delaware1 ,atrytone1 #cfe delia1 ,terias1 #bih delila1 ,colnis1 #ie ,dermestes1 a museum pest1 #ec diana1 ,argynnis1 #ajc1 #abg ,dichora1 genus1 #aie ,diclippa1 #aeg dimorphism1 #bc ,dione1 genus1 #if2 vanill1 #ig dionysius1 ,neominois1 #bac ,dircenna1 genus1 #hi2 klugi1 #hi disa1 ,erebia1 #bji discal area of wing1 #ai discocellular veins1 #ba discoidalis1 ,erebia1 #bji2 ,thecla1 #bdf disippus1 ,basilarchia1 #c1 #h1 #hd1 #ahe ,dismorphia1 genus1 #bgc2 melite1 #bgd ,distribution of ,butterflies1 #be ,dog-face ,butterflies1 #bhh2 ,californian1 #bhh2 ,southern1 #bhi ,doherty1 ,william1 #cch domicella1 ,hesperia1 #cbg dorsal vessel1 #bb dorus1 ,plestia1 #cbb ,drake1 ,joseph ,rodman1 quotation from1 #cbj ,druce1 ,herbert1 #cch dryas1 ,grapta1 #afe drying-boxes1 #db drying-ovens1 #df1 #dg dumetorum1 ,thecla1 #bdi duryi1 ,lemonias1 #bcj ,dusky-wings1 ,the1 #cbd1 #ccb2 ,afranius'1 #ccd2 ,butler's1 #cbe2 ,dark1 #ccc2 ,dreamy1 #ccc2 ,funereal1 #ccf2 ,horace's1 #ccf2 ,juvenal's1 #cce2 ,lucilius'1 #ccc2 ,martial's1 #cce2 ,nvius'1 #ccf2 ,northern1 #cbd2 ,mrs4 ,owen's1 #cbe2 ,pacuvius'1 #ccf2 ,persius'1 #ccd2 ,petronius'1 #cce2 ,sleepy1 #ccb2 ,southern1 #cbe ,dyar1 ,harrison ,g41 #ahf dymas1 ,melita1 #ade eagle1 white-headed1 #fc editha1 ,chrysophanus1 #bec2 ,melita1 #adb ,edwards1 ,w4,h41 ,author of ,butterflies of ,north ,america1 vi1 #ga2 types of butterflies named by1 vi edwardsi1 ,argynnis1 #aai2 ,thecla1 #bdc eggs of butterflies1 #c-e2 how to secure1 #cd2 preparation and preservation of1 #dc egleis1 ,argynnis1 #abf elada1 ,melita1 #ade elathea1 ,terias1 #bih electa1 ,argynnis1 #aaa ,elfin1 ,banded1 #bdi2 ,brown1 #bdg2 ,hoary1 #bdh elis1 ,colias1 #bij elko1 ,coenonympha1 #bjf ,elwes1 ,henry ,j41 #cch ,emerson1 ,ralph ,waldo1 quotations from1 #aig1 #cai ,emperor1 ,the ,mountain1 #aij2 ,the ,tawny1 #aij enoptes1 ,lycna1 #bfd ,entomologica ,americana1 #gc ,entomologist1 ,the ,canadian1 #gc entomology1 definition of1 #ei2 in high schools1 #beg envelopes for butterflies1 #cg ,epargyreus1 genus1 #cbb2 tityrus1 #cbc epigena1 ,thorybes1 #cbe epipsodea1 ,erebia1 #baj epithore1 ,brenthis1 #ace epixanthe1 ,chrysophanus1 #bed ,erebia1 genus1 #bjh1 #bbd2 callias1 #bji2 disa1 #bji2 discoidalis1 #bji2 epipsodea1 #baj2 ethela1 #baj2 magdalena1 #baa2 mancinus1 #bji2 sofia1 #baj2 tyndarus1 #baj ,eresia1 genus1 #aeg2 frisia1 #aeg2 ianthe1 #aeh2 punctata1 #aeh2 texana1 #aeh2 tulcis1 #aeh ,ericace1 #bdd eriphyle1 ,colias1 #bia eros1 ,basilarchia1 #ahf ,erycinin1 subfamily1 #bbh eryngii1 ,coenonympha1 #bje ,erynnis1 genus1 #cdf2 attalus1 #cdi2 leonardus1 #cdi2 manitoba1 #cdg2 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,coenonympha1 #bjg papering specimens1 #cg ,papilio1 genus1 #afa1 #afb1 #bgb1 #cjf2 abbotti1 #cjg2 ajax1 #cjg2 aliaska1 #cab2 antimachus1 #afb2 asterias1 #f1 #ac1 #cad2 bairdi1 #cac2 brevicauda1 #cac2 brucei1 #cac2 calverleyi1 #cad2 cresphontes1 #caa2 daunus1 #caj2 eurymedon1 #cjh2 floridensis1 #cjg2 glaucus1 #cji2 hollandi1 #cad2 indra1 #cab2 machaon1 #cab2 marcellus1 #cjh2 nitra1 #cab2 oregonia1 #cad2 palamedes1 #cae2 philenor1 #f1 #ab1 #cae2 pilumnus1 #caj2 polydamas1 #caf2 rutulus1 #cji2 telamonides1 #cjh2 thoas1 #caa2 troilus1 #i1 #cae2 turnus1 #c1 #bc1 #cji2 walshi1 #cjg2 zolicaon1 #cab ,papilio1 journal devoted to entomology1 #gc ,papilionid1 #ff1 #bgb ,papilionin1 subfamily1 #cjd2 fossil1 #aif paradisea1 ,ornithoptera1 #afb ,parnassians1 ,the1 #cjd ,parnassius1 genus1 #cjd2 behri1 #cjf2 clodius1 #cje2 hermodur1 #cjf2 smintheus1 #cjf ,passiflora1 #if passion-flower1 #ib1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii ,patched ,butterflies1 ,the1 #aei paulus1 ,satyrus1 #bag ,peacock ,butterflies1 #agb ,peacock1 ,the ,white1 #agd ,pearly-eye1 ,the1 #aii peckius1 ,polites1 #cec pectus1 #ag pegala1 ,satyrus1 #bae pelidne1 ,colias1 #bic ,periodical literature of entomology1 #gc perse1 ,melita1 #adf persius1 ,thanaos1 #ccd petronius1 ,thanaos1 #cce phaton1 ,melita1 #ach phaon1 ,phyciodes1 #aec pheres1 ,lycna1 #bfa philea1 ,catopsilia1 #bhf philenor1 ,papilio1 #cae philodice1 ,colias1 #bia phocion1 ,neonympha1 #bjb ,pholisora1 genus1 #ccj2 alpheus1 #cca2 catullus1 #ccj2 hayhursti1 #cca2 libya1 #cca ,phycanassa1 genus1 #cfb2 aaroni1 #cfc2 howardi1 #cfc2 viator1 #cfb ,phyciodes1 genus1 #aej2 barnesi1 #aee2 batesi1 #aed2 camillus1 #aee2 ismeria1 #aeb2 marcia1 #aec2 montana1 #aef2 morpheus1 #aed2 mylitta1 #aee2 nycteis1 #aea2 orseis1 #aed2 phaon1 #aec2 picta1 #aef2 pratensis1 #aed2 tharos1 #aec2 vesta1 #aeb phylus1 ,hylephila1 #ced piasus1 ,lycna1 #bfh picta1 ,phyciodes1 #aef ,pierin1 subfamily1 #bgb2 fossil1 #aif ,pieris1 genus1 #bgf2 acadica1 #bhj2 beckeri1 #bgg2 bryoni1 #bgi2 monuste1 #bgg2 napi1 #bgi2 occidentalis1 #bgh2 oleracea1 #e1 #ac1 #ah2 oleracea-hiemalis1 #bgi2 pallida1 #bgi2 protodice1 #ab1 #bgh2 rap1 #bhj2 sisymbri1 #bgh2 vernalis1 #bgh2 virginiensis1 #bgi pilumnus1 ,papilio1 #caj pima1 ,euchlo1 #bhd pins1 #ef ,piperace1 #aib ,plantago1 #agc platina1 ,argynnis1 #aag ,plestia1 genus1 #cbb2 dorus1 #cbb plexippus1 ,anosia1 #hb ,pliny1 quotation from1 #he ,poanes1 genus1 #cfa2 massasoit1 #cfa pocahontas1 ,atrytone1 #cfd podarce1 ,lycna1 #bfc ,podostomata1 #ei polaris1 ,brenthis1 #acc ,polites1 genus1 #cec2 mardon1 #ced2 peckius1 #cec2 sabuleti1 #ced polydamas1 ,papilio1 #caf polymnia1 ,mechanitis1 #hh polymorphism1 #bc pontiac1 ,limochores1 #ceh ,pope1 ,alexander1 quotation from1 #cjd ,populus1 #afi portia1 ,pyrrhana1 #aic portlandia1 ,debis1 #aii potato-bug1 #beg powesheik1 ,oarisma1 #cdc pratensis1 ,phyciodes1 #aed precostal veins of ,erycinin1 #bbh ,prenes1 genus1 #cee2 ocola1 #cee proboscis of butterflies1 #ad-af1 #bc procris1 ,copodes1 #cde progne1 ,grapta1 #aff prolegs1 of caterpillars1 #g2 anal1 #h proserpina1 ,basilarchia1 #ahd protective mimicry1 #be proterpia1 ,terias1 #bie proteus1 ,eudamus1 #cba prothorax1 #ag1 #bc protodice1 ,pieris1 #bgh pseudargiolus1 ,lycna1 #bfg pseudodorippus1 ,basilarchia1 #ahe ,psyche1 journal devoted to entomology1 #gc ,ptelea1 #caa punctata1 ,eresia1 #aeh pupa4 ,see ,chrysalis ,purple1 ,the ,banded1 #ahd2 ,the ,red-spotted1 #ahc purpurescens1 ,argynnis1 #aad pylades1 ,thorybes1 #cbd ,pyrameis1 genus1 #afi2 atalanta1 #agj2 cardui1 #agj1 #aga2 cary1 #agj2 huntera1 #agj2 indica1 #agb ,pyrrhana1 genus1 #aia2 andria1 #i1 #aib morrisoni1 #aic2 portia1 #aic ,pyrrhopyge1 genus1 #cai2 araxes1 #cai ,pyrrhopygin1 subfamily1 #cai ,queen1 ,the1 #hd ,queens1 ,the ,tropic1 #ahj ,quercus1 chrysolepis1 #bci ,question-sign1 ,the1 #afd ,race after a ,butterfly1 #abg ,ramsay1 ,allan1 quotation from1 #caf rap1 ,pieris1 #bhj ,reakirt1 #hg-ij reakirti1 ,euchlo1 #bhb rectum1 #bb1 #bc ,red ,rain1 #bii ,reds1 ,the ,banded1 #age ,regions1 ,faunal1 #afa relaxing specimens1 #da ,repairing broken specimens1 #ee ,rhamnus californicus1 #cji rhodope1 ,argynnis1 #aae ,rhopalocera1 origin of term1 #af2 suborder of lepidoptera1 #fj1 #fb ,ribes1 #beb ridingsi1 ,neominois1 #bac ,riley1 ,james ,whitcomb1 quotation from1 #bgf ,riley1 ,professor ,c4,v41 vii1 #gc1 #hj1 #bef ,ringlets1 ,the1 #bje2 ,alaskan1 #bjg2 ,californian1 #bje2 ,elko1 #bjf2 ,hayden's1 #bjg2 ,ochre1 #bjf2 ,plain1 #bjf2 ,ringless1 #bjg2 ,utah1 #bjg ,robinia pseudacacia1 #cbc ,rogers1 quotation from1 #bid rosa1 ,euchlo1 #bhd ,ross1 ,commander ,james1 #bbd ,rossetti1 ,christina1 quotation from1 #bid rossi1 ,laria1 #bbd ,rothschild1 ,hon4 ,walter1 #cch rubicunda1 ,melita1 #adb rubidus1 ,chrysophanus1 #bee rubricata1 ,neonympha1 #bjd ,ruddy ,dagger-wing1 ,the1 #ahj ,rumex1 #bec rupestris1 ,argynnis1 #abj ,russell1 quotation from1 #cci rustica1 ,lycna1 #bfc rutulus1 ,papilio1 #cji sabuleti1 ,polites1 #ced ,sachem1 ,the1 #ceb spiolus1 ,lycna1 #bfj spium1 ,thecla1 #bdd sagittigera1 ,lycna1 #bfb samoset1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cdj sara1 ,euchlo1 #bhb sassacus1 ,erynnis1 #cdh sassafras1 #cae ,satyr1 ,the1 #afe ,satyrin1 subfamily1 #gh1 #aig2 fossil1 #aif ,satyrs1 ,the3 ,baron's1 #baf2 ,boisduval's1 #bah2 ,carolinian1 #bjd2 ,gabb's1 #baf2 ,georgian1 #bjb2 ,little ,wood-1 #bjc2 ,mead's1 #baf2 ,mitchell's1 #bjc2 ,red1 #bjd2 ,ridings'1 #bac2 ,scudder's1 #bac ,satyrodes1 genus1 #bjj2 canthus1 #bjj ,satyrus1 genus1 #bad2 alope1 #bae2 ariane1 #baf2 baroni1 #baf2 bopis1 #baf2 charon1 #bag2 gabbi1 #baf2 maritima1 #bae2 meadi1 #baf2 nephele1 #bae2 oetus1 #bah2 olympus1 #bae2 paulus1 #bag2 pegala1 #bae2 sthenele1 #bah2 texana1 #bae satyrus1 ,grapta1 #afe sauer-kraut1 #beg ,saxifraga1 #cjf scales of wings1 #ah2 how to remove1 #ai2 arrangement on wing1 #bj scale-insects1 injurious to orange-trees1 #bef ,schaus1 ,william1 #afj scriptura1 ,hesperia1 #cbh ,scudder1 ,dr4 ,s4,h41 author of ,the ,butterflies of ,new ,england1 vi1 vii4 #gb1 #gc ,scudderi1 ,lycna1 #bfe2 ,colias1 #bic ,sedum1 #cjf segments constituting external skeleton of caterpillar1 #f semidea1 ,o,eneis1 #bbb semiramis1 ,argynnis1 #aba setting-blocks1 #ci setting-boards1 #ci setting-needles1 #dj sex1 #fd sex-signs1 #fd ,shakespeare1 quotations from1 #ia1 #bje1 #bah1 #bgc shasta1 ,lycna1 #bfe shellac1 #ee ,shelley1 quotation from1 #bf ,shingling butterflies when packing for shipment1 #ee ,sigourney1 ,mrs41 quotation from1 #eg silenus1 ,grapta1 #aff ,silver-spot1 ,arizona1 #ajh2 ,bremner's1 #aac2 ,columbian1 #aaa2 ,mead's1 #aai2 ,mountain1 #ajh2 ,new ,mexican1 #ajg2 ,nevada1 #aah2 ,northwestern1 #aji2 ,owen's1 #aai simthis1 ,thecla1 #bdf simius1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cda sirius1 ,chrysophanus1 #bee ,sisters1 ,the1 #ahg2 ,californian1 #ahg sisymbri1 ,pieris1 #bgh ,sisymbrium1 #bhd siva1 ,thecla1 #bdf size1 #bga ,skinner1 ,dr4 ,henry1 #cbe1 #cfc ,skippers1 ,the1 #cah2 ,aaron's1 #cfc2 ,arctic1 #cdb2 ,brazilian1 #cef2 ,broad-winged1 #cfb2 ,bronze1 #cda2 ,canadian1 #cdg2 ,carolina1 #cfg2 ,checkered1 #cbg2 ,cobweb1 #cdh2 ,cross-line1 #ceg2 ,delaware1 #cfe2 ,dun1 #cfj2 ,dusted1 #cff2 ,erichson's1 #cbg2 ,fiery1 #ced2 ,golden-banded1 #cbf2 ,grizzled1 #cbg2 ,hayhurst's1 #cca2 ,hobomok1 #cfd2 ,howard's1 #cfc2 ,indian1 #cdh2 ,iowa1 #cfd2 ,leonard's1 #cdi2 ,long-tailed1 #cba2 ,morrison's1 #cdg2 ,ocola1 #cee2 ,oregon1 #ced2 ,palatka1 #ceh2 ,peck's1 #cec2 ,pepper-and-salt1 #cdj2 ,roadside1 #cdj2 ,sand-hill1 #ced2 ,short-tailed1 #cbb2 ,silver-spotted1 #cbc2 ,skinner's1 #cei2 ,small-checkered1 #cbh2 ,snow's1 #cej2 ,tawny-edged1 #ceg2 ,two-banded1 #cbh2 ,umber1 #cfe2 ,volcanic1 #cea2 ,woodland1 #cdj2 ,wovenwinged1 #cda2 ,wright's1 #cdf2 ,xanthus1 #cbh ,slosson1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,trumbull1 quotation from1 #bcc ,small ,sulphurs1 #bid2 ,gundlach's1 #bie smintheus1 ,parnassius1 #cjf ,smith1 ,herbert ,h41 #cch ,smith1 ,sir ,james ,edward1 #gj ,smith and ,abbot1 ,the ,natural ,history of the ,rarer ,lepidopterous ,insects of ,georgia1 #gj ,snout-butterflies1 #bbf1 #bbg2 ,southern1 #bbg ,snow1 ,chancellor ,f4,h41 #bee snowi1 ,chrysophanus1 #bee2 ,erynnis1 #cej snyderi1 ,argynnis1 #aah sofia1 ,erebia1 #baj somnus1 ,thanaos1 #ccc sonorensis1 ,lycna1 #bfc ,sooty-wing1 ,the1 #ccj2 ,mohave1 #cca sosybius1 ,neonympha1 #bjd species1 definition of1 #fb speciosa1 ,lycna1 #bfb ,spenser1 ,edmund1 ,quotation from1 #bbf spermatheca1 #bc spicewood1 #cae spinetorum1 ,thecla1 #bde spinneret1 #f1 #bb spinning-vessel1 #bb ,staudinger1 ,dr4 ,otto1 #cch stella1 ,euchlo1 #bhc steneles1 ,victorina1 #aie sthenele1 ,satyrus1 #bah stomach1 #bb1 #bc ,strecker1 ,herman1 #gb strigosa1 ,anosia1 #hd subcostal nervules1 #ba subcostal vein1 #bj1 #ba subfamily names1 #fc submedian vein1 #bj1 #ba suboesophageal ganglion1 #bb1 #bc sugaring1 #cb ,sulphurs1 ,the1 #bgb1 #bhi2 ,alexandra1 #bib2 ,arctic1 #bic2 ,behr's1 #bid2 ,cloudless1 #bhf2 ,common1 #bia2 ,gold-and-black1 #bia2 ,great1 #bhe2 ,labrador1 #bic2 ,large ,orange1 #bhg2 ,little1 #big2 ,mead's1 #bij2 ,pink-edged1 #bib2 ,red-barred1 #bhf2 ,scudder's1 #bic2 ,strecker's1 #bij ,superstitions1 #ij ,suspicious ,conduct1 #acf ,swallowtails1 ,the1 #bgb1 #cjf2 ,alaskan1 #cab2 ,common ,eastern1 #cad2 ,giant1 #caa2 ,newfoundland1 #cac2 ,pipe-vine1 #cae2 ,spice-bush1 #cae2 ,tiger1 #cji ,swinburne1 quotation from1 #bgb sylvanoides1 ,erynnis1 #cdi ,synchlo1 genus1 #aei2 crocale1 #afj2 janais1 #aei2 lacinia1 #aei ,systasea1 genus1 #cbi2 zampa1 #cbi ,tachyris1 genus1 #bge2 ilaire1 #bgf tacita1 ,thecla1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cj tarquinius1 ,feniseca1 #bea tarsi1 #ag1 #ah tatila1 ,eunica1 #agf taumas1 ,limochores1 #ceg taxiles1 ,atrytone1 #cfe taygete1 ,o,eneis1 #bbc taylori1 ,melita1 #adb tegul1 #ag telamonides1 ,papilio1 #cjh ,tennyson1 quotation from1 #bac ,terias1 genus1 #bid2 damaris1 #bif2 delia1 #bih2 elathea1 #bih2 flava1 #bif2 gundlachia1 #bie2 jucunda1 #bih2 lisa1 #big2 mexicana1 #bif2 nicippe1 #bif2 proterpia1 #bie2 westwoodi1 #big terissa1 ,kricogonia1 #bhg testis1 #bb texana1 ,eresia1 #aeh2 ,satyrus1 #bae textor1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cda ,thanaos1 genus1 #ccb2 afranius1 #ccd2 brizo1 #ccb2 clitus1 #ccf2 funeralis1 #ccf2 horatius1 #ccf2 icelus1 #ccc2 juvenalis1 #cce2 lucilius1 #ccc2 martialis #cce2 nvius1 #ccf2 pacuvius1 #ccf2 persius1 #ccd2 petronius1 #cce2 somnus1 #ccc tharos1 ,phyciodes1 #aec ,thecla1 genus1 #bcg2 acadica1 #bdb2 acis1 #bdj1 #bdf2 adenostomatis1 #bde2 affinis1 #bdi2 alcestis1 #bda2 arsace1 #bdh2 augustus1 #bdg2 autolycus1 #bda2 behri1 #bdg2 blenina1 #bde2 calanus1 #bdc2 cecrops1 #bdf2 chalcis1 #bdd2 citima1 #bci2 clytie1 #bdg2 crysalus1 #bci2 damon1 #bdf2 discoidalis1 #bdf2 dumetorum1 #bdi2 edwardsi1 #bdc2 eryphon1 #bdh2 favonius1 #bdj2 grunus1 #bch2 halesus1 #bci2 henrici1 #bdh2 humuli1 #bdb2 ines1 #bdg2 irus1 #bdh2 itys1 #bdc2 lta1 #bdi2 liparops1 #bdd2 m-album1 #bdj2 martialis1 #bdj2 melinus1 #bdb2 nelsoni1 #bde2 niphon1 #bdi2 spium1 #bdd2 simtnis1 #bdf2 siva1 #bdf2 spinetorum1 #bde2 tacita1 ,plate ,,xxix1 ,fig4 #cj2 titus1 #bej2 wittfeldi1 #bda thekla1 ,melita1 #adg theonus1 ,lycna1 #bgj ,thibet1 #agb thoas1 ,papilio1 #caa tho1 ,chrysophanus1 #bec thorax1 #g1 #ad1 #ag1 #bb1 #bc ,thoreau1 ,quotation from1 #ic ,thorybes1 genus1 #cbd2 milia1 #cbe2 bathyllus1 #cbe2 epigena1 #cbe2 pylades1 #cbd ,thymelicus1 genus1 #cej2 tna1 #cea2 brettus1 #cea2 mystic1 #cea tibia1 #ag1 #ah tiger1 #fc ,timetes1 genus1 #agi2 chiron1 #ahj2 coresia1 #ahj2 petreus1 #ahj tip for inflating tube1 #df titus1 ,thecla1 #bej tityrus1 ,epargyreus1 #cbc ,tokyo1 #adi ,tongue4 ,see ,proboscis ,tortoise1 ,the ,compton1 #afh ,tortoise-shells1 ,the1 #afg2 the ,california1 #afh2 ,milbert's1 #afi trache1 #ae1 #bb ,transactions of the ,american ,entomological ,society1 #gc transformations1 egg to caterpillar1 #e2 caterpillar to chrysalis1 #aa2 chrysalis to butterfly1 #ac triclaris1 ,brenthis1 #acj tritonia1 ,geirocheilus1 #baa trochanter1 #ag1 #ah troilus1 ,papilio1 #cae tulcis1 ,eresia1 #aeh turnus1 ,papilio1 #cji ,turritis1 #bhe ,twin-spot1 ,the1 #cfa tyndarus1 ,erebia1 #baj types of butterflies named by ,w4,h4 ,edwards1 vi2 used in preparation of this book1 vii typhon1 ,coenonympha1 #bjf uhleri1 ,o,eneis1 #bbb ,umbellifer1 #cab1 #cac1 #cad umbrosa1 ,grapta1 #afd uncas1 ,erynnis1 #cdi ,uncle ,jotham's ,boarder1 #bcc ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 #di1 #gc ,united ,states ,national ,museum1 #gc upper discocellular vein1 #ba upper radial vein1 #bj1 #ba ,urtica1 #afd1 #afi urtica1 ,vanessa1 #afi ,urticace1 #afd1 #afe ,utility of ,entomology1 ,the1 #bef ,vanessa1 genus1 #afg2 antiopa1 #e1 #g1 #id1 #afi2 californica1 #afh2 j-album1 #afh2 milberti1 #afi2 urtic1 #afi2 vau-album1 #afh2 xanthomelas1 #afh vanill1 ,dione1 #ig varieties1 #fd2 insular1 #fd varuna1 ,o,eneis1 #bbb vau-album1 ,vanessa1 #afh veins of wings1 #bj1 #ba verna1 ,euphyes1 #cfj vernalis1 ,pieris1 #bgh ,vertex1 definition of1 #ad vesta1 ,phyciodes1 #aeb vialis1 ,amblyscirtes1 #cdj viator1 ,phycanassa1 #cfb ,viceroy1 ,the1 #ahe victoria1 ,ornithoptera1 #afc ,victorina1 genus1 #aid2 steneles1 #aie violacea1 ,lycna1 #bfg violets1 #ih1 #ajb ,violet-wings1 ,the1 #age2 ,the ,dingy1 #agf virginiensis1 ,chrysophanus1 #beb2 ,pieris1 #bgi virgulti1 ,lemonias1 #bcj vitellius1 ,atrytone1 #cfd ,wallace1 ,alfred ,russel1 #ib1 #cch walshi1 ,papilio1 #cjg ,walsingham1 ,lord1 #cch weidemeyeri1 ,basilarchia1 #ahe westwoodi1 ,terias1 #big wheeleri1 ,melita1 #ada ,whirlabout1 ,the1#cea ,white ,admirals1 ,the1 #ahb ,white ,peacock1 ,the1 #agd ,whites1 ,the1 #bgb2 ,becker's1 #bgg2 ,cabbage1 #bhj2 ,california1 #bgh2 ,common1 #bgh2 ,florida1 #bgf2 ,great ,southern1 #bgg2 ,mustard1 #bgi2 ,pine1 #bge2 ,western1 #bgh whitneyi1 ,melita1 #adc ,wilcox1 ,ella ,wheeler1 quotation from1 #ahf wings of butterflies1 #ah1 #ba winter quarters of ,basilarchia1 #ahc ,wistaria1 #cbb wittfeldi1 ,thecla1 #bda ,wood-nymphs1 ,the1 #bad2 ,clouded1 #bae2 ,common1 #bae2 ,dark1 #bag2 ,least1 #bah2 ,small1 #bag2 ,southern1 #bae wrighti1 ,melita1 #adg2 ,copodes1 #cdf writers1 early1 upon butterflies of ,north ,america1 #fi2 later1 #ga xanthoides1 ,chrysophanus1 #bec xanthomelas1 ,vanessa1 #afh xanthus1 ,hesperia1 #cbh xerxes1 ,lycna1 #bfa ,yale ,literary ,magazine1 #ajj yehl1 ,limochores1 #cei ,yellow1 ,the ,dwarf1 #bha2 ,the ,fairy1 #bih ,the ,mexican1 #bif2 ,westwood's1 #big yucc1 ,megathymus1 #cfh zabulon1 ,atrytone1 #cfd zampa1 ,systasea1 #cbi ,zebra1 ,the4 ,see ,charitonius zela1 ,lemonias1 #bca zephyrus1 ,grapta1 #aff zerene1 ,argynnis1 #aac zolicaon1 ,papilio1 #cab 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious punctuation and spelling errors repaired4 ,italic text is denoted by underscore and bold text by equal signs4 ,the carat character is used to denote a superscript4 ,inconsistent hyphenation has been repaired4 ,the oe and ae ligatures in the text has been left as it appears in the original book4 ,in ambiguous cases1 the text has been left as it appears in the original book4