,,memoirs ,,of ,the ,life and ,labours ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,samuel ,,marsden1 ,,of ,,paramatta1 ,,senior ,,chaplain ,,of ,,new ,,south ,,wales2 ,,and ,,of ,,his ,,early ,,connexion ,,with ,,the ,,missions ,,to ,,new ,,zealand ,,and ,,tahiti4 ,,edited ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,marsden1 ,m4,a41 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,and ,,later ,,puritans1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,,the ,,religious ,,tract ,,society2 #ef1 ,,paternoster ,,row2 #fe1 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,churchyard2 ,,and #afd1 ,,piccadilly3 ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,the ,,booksellers4 ,,introductory ,,note4 ,the ,editor would make his kind acknowledgments to the ,church ,missionary and ,london ,missionary ,societies for the free use of the hitherto unpublished correspondence of ,mr4 ,samuel ,marsden in their hands2 and to ,j4 ,s4 ,nicholas1 ,esq41 who accompanied ,mr4 ,marsden on his first visit to ,new ,zealand1 for the use of a valuable manuscript account of his residence in ,new ,south ,wales1 containing much information respecting ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,he has also had before him a manuscript life of ,mr4 ,marsden by ,lieut4 ,sadleir of ,paramatta1 from which several extracts are made4 ,and lastly1 he would acknowledge the courtesy of those surviving friends who have placed in his hands ,mr4 ,marsden's autograph letters to themselves or deceased members of their families4 ,from these several sources the work has been chiefly compiled4 ,the ,editor may be permitted to add1 that the similarity of his name having led to the general conclusion 7which however is incorrect7 that he was related to ,mr4 ,samuel ,marsden1 he has been repeatedly urged to publish his life4 ,at length this request being renewed by the ,religious ,tract ,society1 into whose hands some valuable papers and documents had fallen1 he was induced to comply with their wishes1 under the conviction that the facts and incidents1 as well as the moral grandeur1 of ,mr4 ,marsden's life1 were too important to be suffered to lie any longer in comparative obscurity4 ,there are ample materials for a much larger volume2 but of course the ,editor has been obliged to select what appeared to be most suitable for general usefulness4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,introductory ,note iii ,,chapter ,i4 ,early life of ,mr4 ,samuel ,marsden--,his appointment to ,new ,south ,wales--,voyage1 and arrival in the ,colony #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,discovery and early ,history of ,new ,south ,wales--,becomes a ,penal ,settlement--,its state1 moral and religions1 on ,mr4 ,marsden's arrival #aa ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,mr4 ,marsden appointed to the ,magistracy--,objections to this considered--,cultivates ,land--,charge of ,secularity considered--,his connexion with the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and care of its ,polynesian ,mission--,revisits ,england in #ahjg #bf ,distant view of ,sydney 7,engraving7 #bg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,various measures devised for the benefit of ,new ,south ,wales--,the establishment of ,missions in ,new ,zealand--,friendship with ,dr4 ,mason ,good #dg ,,chapter ,v4 ,return to the ,colony--,duaterra--,his strange ,adventures--,mr4 ,marsden's ,labours in ,new ,south ,wales--,aborigines--,their ,habits--,plans for their ,civilization #fc ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,mr4 ,marsden's ,correspondence with the ,london ,missionary ,society--,buys the brig ,active--,his ,first ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,journal of ,events #he ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,death of ,duaterra--,trials of ,mr4 ,marsden in the ,colony--,libel of ,philo-free--,letter to the ,rev4 ,george ,burder--,to ,dr4 ,mason ,good--,sympathy of his ,friends in ,england--,congratulations of the #dfth ,regiment1 and ,mr4 ,m's acknowledgment--,letters of ,lord ,gambier1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,simeon1 and ,mrs4 ,fry #ajh ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,tooi and ,teterree--,mr4 ,marsden's ,second ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,progress of the ,gospel there--,shunghie--,his ferocity--,mr4 ,marsden returns to ,new ,south ,wales--,third ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,malicious charges brought against him in his absence--,a ,commission of ,inquiry--,its result--,letters1 etc4--,approbation of the ,government #abi ,the ,bay of ,islands1 ,new ,zealand 7,engraving7 #acc ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,fourth ,visit to ,new ,zealand--,trials and ,successes of the various ,missions--,shipwreck and ,danger of ,mr4 ,marsden and the ,rev4 ,s4 ,leigh--,returns home--,letter to ,avison ,terry1 ,esq4 #afg ,,chapter ,x4 ,aborigines--,south ,sea ,mission--,fresh ,slanders on ,mr4 ,marsden's character--,his ,pamphlet in self-defence--,letter of ,messrs4 ,bennett and ,tyerman--,libels and ,action at ,law--,verdict--,case of ,ring--,pastoral ,letters of ,mr4 ,marsden3 ,to a ,lady2 ,on the ,divinity of ,christ--,fifth ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,letters1 etc4 #ahd ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,death of ,dr4 ,mason ,good--,malicious charges brought against ,mr4 ,marsden and confuted--,sixth ,voyage to ,new ,zealand-- ,frightful state of the ,island--,battle of the ,maories--,their ,cannibalism--,progress of the ,mission--,mr4 ,marsden's return--,death of ,mrs4 ,marsden--,anticipation of his own decease #bab ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,state of ,new ,south ,wales--,the ,aborigines--,cruelties practised upon them--,attempts to civilize and convert them--,they fail--,mr4 ,marsden's ,seventh ,visit to ,new ,zealand--,his ,daughter's ,journal--,affection of the ,natives--,progress of the ,mission--,danger from ,european vices--,returns in ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,rattlesnake to ,sydney #bcb ,paramatta ,church 7,engraving7 #bcc ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,mr4 ,marsden's ministerial pursuits and journeys--,love of the ,country and of ,patriarchal story--,his ,old ,age--,its mental features--,anecdotes--,love of ,children--,bishop ,broughton--,his reverence for ,mr4 ,marsden's character--,mr4 ,marsden's views of ,death1 etc4--,his ,habits of ,prayer--,his ,illness and ,death #bfj ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,character of ,mr4 ,marsden--,his ,life and ,labours #bhj ,,appendix ,i4 ,progress of the ,gospel and of ,civilization in ,new ,zealand1 since ,mr4 ,marsden's ,decease #bie ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,state and ,prospects of the ,protestant ,mission at ,tahiti1 under the ,french ,protectorate #caa ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,reverend ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,early ,life of ,mr4 ,samuel ,marsden--,his appointment to ,new ,south ,wales--,voyage1 and arrival in the ,colony4 ,samuel ,marsden1 whose life is sketched in the following pages1 was not ennobled by birth or rank1 nor was he greatly distinguished by splendid talents4 ,yet he was1 in the true sense1 a great man2 and he was an instance1 one of the most striking of modern times1 of the vast results which may be accomplished when an honest heart1 a clear head1 and a resolute mind and purpose1 are directed1 under the influence of the grace of ,god1 to the attainment of a noble object4 ,while he lived he shared the usual lot of those whose large philanthropy outruns the narrow policy of those around them4 ,his motives were seldom understood1 and in consequence he was thwarted and maligned4 ,nor was it till death had removed him from the scene that either the grandeur of his projects or the depth of his self-denying1 unobtrusive piety was generally appreciated4 ,at length1 however1 his character has begun to be revered4 ,it is perceived that he was1 at least1 a far-sighted man2 and that in his own labours he was laying the foundations for the successes of thousands2 while in the church of ,christ he is had in reverence as the ,apostle of ,new ,zealand--a title of high distinction1 yet by no means misapplied to one who1 in the simplicity of his faith as well as in zeal and self-denying labours1 was truly an apostolic man4 ,of his early life the memorials are but scanty4 ,his father was a tradesman at ,horsforth1 a village in the neighbourhood of ,leeds2 and both his parents are known in the traditions of his family as having been persons of integrity and piety1 attached to the ministry of the ,wesleyan ,methodists4 ,he was born on the #bhth of ,july1 #agfd1 and after receiving the elements of learning at a village school1 was placed in the free grammar-school of ,hull1 of which the celebrated ,dr4 ,joseph ,milner1 the ecclesiastical historian1 and brother to the no less eminent ,dr4 ,isaac ,milner1 dean of ,carlisle1 was then head master4 ,here he was on the same form with ,dr4 ,dealtry1 the late rector of ,clapham and chancellor of ,winchester4 ,of his early youth little more is known2 for his modesty1 rather than any sentiment of false shame1 to which indeed his whole nature was opposed1 seldom permitted him to speak of himself1 or to dwell upon the adventures or incidents of his early life4 ,he was removed from school to take his share in his father's business2 but he now had higher thoughts1 and longed to be a minister of ,christ4 ,that he was a young man of more than ordinary promise is at once evident from the fact1 that he was adopted by the ,elland ,society and placed at ,st4 ,john's college1 ,cambridge1 to study for the ministry of the church of ,england4 ,the ,elland ,society1 so called from the parish in which its meetings are held1 is an institution to which the cause of evangelical truth in the church of ,england has been much indebted for the last sixty or seventy years4 ,it is simply an association of pious members of the church of ,england1 who assist young men of enlightened zeal and suitable talents with the means of obtaining an education with a view to the ,christian ministry4 ,in its early days1 the funds were supplied by ,thornton1 ,simeon1 ,wilberforce1 and others like minded with themselves2 and the society was managed by a few devoted clergymen of ,yorkshire and the neighbouring counties2 amongst whom were ,venn of ,huddersfield and ,joseph ,milner4 ,to this society ,samuel ,marsden was introduced by his friend the ,reverend ,mr4 ,whittaker1 a neighbouring clergyman2 and not without some apprehensions1 it is said1 on the part of the latter1 lest his simple and unassuming manner should create a prejudice against him4 ,such anxieties were superfluous4 ,the ,milners themselves had fought their way to eminence from the weaver's loom1 and well knew how to distinguish real worth1 however unpretending4 ,the piety1 the manly sense1 and the modest bearing of the candidate1 at once won the confidence of the examiners2 and he was sent to college at their expense4 ,of his college life we are not aware that any memorials have been preserved4 ,he was1 no doubt1 a diligent student2 and from the warm friendship which grew up between himself and ,mr4 ,simeon in after life1 we may infer that he profited from his ministry4 ,he had not yet completed his studies or taken his degree1 when1 to his great surprise1 an offer was made to him by the government1 of a chaplaincy in what was then designated ,his ,majesty's territory of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,that a post of such importance should have been offered1 unsolicited1 to a student hitherto quite unknown1 is supposed to have been owing to the influence of ,mr4 ,wilberforce4 ,he had already secured the appointment of more than one pious chaplain to the colony1 and from its commencement had always been anxious to promote its moral and religious welfare4 ,at first1 ,mr4 ,marsden declined the tempting offer2 for such it undoubtedly was to a young man in his circumstances1 although no human sagacity could then foresee its vast importance4 ,he was naturally anxious to complete his studies1 and he had a deep and unaffected sense of his own incompetence1 while yet so young and inexperienced4 ,the offer1 however1 was repeated and pressed upon him1 when he modestly replied1 that he was sensible of the importance of the post--so sensible1 indeed1 that he hardly dared to accept it upon any terms1 but if no more proper person could be found1 he would consent to undertake it4 ,the choice reflects1 no doubt1 great credit upon the sagacity and spiritual discernment of those who made it4 ,young as he was1 says one who knew him well in after life1 ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 he was remarkable for a firmness of principle1 an intrepidity of spirit1 a suavity of manner1 a strong judgment1 and above all1 a mind stored with knowledge and deeply impressed with religious truth1 which promised the happiest results4 ,he was accordingly appointed as second chaplain to the settlement in ,new ,south ,wales1 by a royal commission1 bearing date #ast ,january1 #agic4 ,he was ordained shortly afterwards1 and proceeded at once to ,hull1 from whence he was to take his passage in a convict transport1 the only conveyance1 at that period1 for the far distant colony2 a banishment of half a world4 ,on the #bast of ,april1 he was married to ,miss ,elizabeth ,tristan1 in whom1 for upwards of thirty years1 he found not only an affectionate and faithful wife1 but a companion singularly qualified to share his labours and lighten his toils4 ,disinterested and generous as he was1 even to a fault1 it was to her admirable management that not only his domestic comfort1 but even his means of assisting others so profusely1 was owing in no small degree4 ,while at ,hull1 an incident occurred which shows to what an extent1 even thus early in life1 he possessed the art of gaining the respect and warm affection of those who knew him however slightly4 ,while waiting for the sailing of the ship1 he was frequently asked to officiate in various churches4 ,one ,sunday morning1 when he was just about to enter the pulpit1 a signal-gun was heard2 his ship was about to sail1 and it was of course impossible for him to preach4 ,taking his bride under his arm1 he immediately left the church and walked down to the beach2 but he was attended by the whole congregation1 who1 as if by one movement1 followed in a body4 ,from the boat into which he stepped he gave his parting benedictions1 which they returned with fervent prayers1 and tender farewells4 ,he now found himself in a new world4 ,what contrast could indeed be greater1 or more distressing8 ,the calm1 though vigorous pursuits of ,cambridge1 and the pious circle of warm ,christian friends1 were at once exchanged for the society of felons1 and the doubly irksome confinement of a convict-ship4 ,from his journal1 which has been fortunately preserved1 we make the following extracts1 omitting much which our space does not permit us to insert4 ,sunday1 #bhth ,august1 #agic4--,this morning we weighed anchor1 with a fair wind1 and have sailed well all the day4 ,how different this sabbath to what ,i have been accustomed to6 ,once ,i could meet the people of ,god1 and assemble with them in the house of prayer2 but now am deprived of this valuable privilege2 and instead of living among those who love and serve the ,lord ,jesus1 spending the sabbath in prayer and praise1 ,i hear nothing but oaths and blasphemies4 ,lord1 keep me in the midst of them1 and grant that ,i may neither in word or deed countenance their wicked practices4 ,it was not till the #cjth of ,september that the fleet in which his ship sailed finally left ,cork4 ,the war with ,france was then raging1 and her fleets were still formidable2 so that our merchantmen only ventured to put to sea in considerable numbers1 and under the convoy of a ship of war4 ,cork1 #cjth ,september4--,this morning the signal was given by the commodore for all the ships under his convoy to weigh anchor and prepare for sea4 ,about nine o'clock the whole fleet was under sail1 which consisted of about forty ships4 ,the wind was very fair1 so that we were quickly in the main ocean4 ,i was soon affected by the motion of the vessel2 this rendered me quite unfit for any religious duties4 ,oh6 how miserable must their state be who have all their religion to seek when sickness and death come upon them4 ,lord1 grant that this may never be my case4 ,monday1 #bcrd ,october4--,i have this day been reading a portion of ,dr4 ,dodd's ',prison ,thoughts4' ,what an awful instance of human infirmity is here6 ,what need of humility in every situation1 but more especially in the ministerial office6 ,how needful the apostle's caution1 ',let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall4' ,the two following entries will be read with pain4 ,the mercantile marine of ,england is still capable of great improvement in matters of religion1 but we hope the instances are few in which the commander of a first rate merchant vessel would follow the examples they record4 ,sunday1 #bith ,september4--,how different is this sabbath from those ,i have formerly known1 when ,i could meet with the great congregation6 ,i long for those means and privileges again4 ',oh1 when shall ,i come and appear before ,god8' ,yet it is a great consolation to me to believe that ,i am in the way of my duty4 ,i requested the captain to-day to give me permission to perform divine service to the ship's company2 he rather hesitated1 said he had never seen a religious sailor1 but at length promised to have service the following ,sunday4 ,sunday1 #fth ,october4--,the last sabbath the captain promised me ,i should have liberty to perform divine service to-day1 but to my great mortification1 he now declines4 ,how unwilling are the unconverted to hear anything of divine truth6 ,but ,mr4 ,marsden was not one of those who are discouraged by a first repulse4 ,the next ,sunday relates his triumph1 and1 from this time1 divine service1 whenever the weather allowed1 was statedly performed1 though the captain was a grossly immoral man1 and ,mr4 ,m4 was constantly subject to annoyance4 ,sunday1 #acth4--,i arose this morning with a great desire to preach to the ship's company1 yet did not know how ,i should be able to accomplish my wish4 ,we were now four ships in company4 ,our captain had invited the captains belonging to the other three to dine with us to-day4 ,as soon as they came on board ,i mentioned my design to one of them1 who immediately complied with my wish1 and said he would mention it to our captain1 which he did1 and preparations were made for me to preach4 ,i read part of the church prayers1 and afterwards preached from the #crd chapter of ,st ,john1 the #adth and #aeth verses3 ',as ,moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness1' etc4 ,the sailors stood on the main deck1 ,i and the four captains upon the quarter-deck2 they were attentive1 and the good effects were apparent during the remainder of the day4 ,thursday1 #abth ,december4--,i have been reading of the success of ,mr4 ,brainerd among the ,indians4 ,how the ,lord owned and blessed his labours to the conversion of the heathen6 ,nothing is too hard for the ,lord4 ,this gives me encouragement under my present difficult undertaking4 ,the same power can also effect a change upon those hardened ungodly sinners to whom ,i am about to carry the words of eternal life4 ,january #ast1 #agid4--;,a new year4 ,i wish this day to renew my covenant with ,god1 and to give myself up to his service more than ever ,i have done heretofore4 ,may my little love be increased1 my weak faith strengthened1 and hope confirmed4 ,in this humble yet trustful spirit1 ,mr4 ,marsden entered his new field of labour4 ,on board the ship there were a number of convicts1 whose daring wickedness--in which1 indeed1 they were countenanced by the whole conduct of the captain and his crew--grieved his righteous soul from day to day2 while at the same time it prepared him1 in some measure1 for scenes amidst which his life was to be spent4 ,i am surrounded1 he says1 with evil-disposed persons1 thieves1 adulterers1 and blasphemers4 ,may ,god keep me from evil1 that ,i may not be tainted by the evil practices of those amongst whom ,i live4 ,his last sermon was preached1 notwithstanding the unwillingness there was in all on board to hear the word of ,god1 from the vision of dry bones 7,ezekiel xxvxii47 ,i found some liberty1 and afterwards more comfort in my own soul4 ,i wish to be found faithful at last1 and to give up my account with joy to ,god4 ,to add to his anxieties1 ,mrs4 ,marsden was confined on shipboard1 in stormy weather1 and under circumstances peculiarly distressing1 though both the mother and daughter did well4 ,but the same day the scene brightened2 the perils and privations of the voyage were drawing to a close1 and they were in sight of their future home--that magnificent ,australia--destined hereafter to assume1 perhaps1 a foremost place among the nations of the earth1 though scarcely known to ,europe when ,mr4 ,marsden first stepped upon its shores2 and valued only by the ,british government as a settlement for the refuse of our jails4 ,he thus gives utterance to the feelings of a grateful heart3-- ,march #bnd4--,i shall ever retain a grateful sense of the mercies received this day1 and the deliverances wrought4 ,the ,lord is good1 and a stronghold in the day of trouble1 and knows them that fear him4444 ,as soon as ,i had the opportunity to go upon deck1 ,i had the happiness again to behold the land3 it was a very pleasing sight1 as we had not seen it since the #crd of ,december4 ,we came up with the ,cape about noon4 ,in a few days1 ,mr4 ,marsden had taken up his abode in the barracks of ,paramatta1 a few miles from ,port ,jackson1 and entered upon his arduous and toilsome duties as chaplain to the colony4 ,his first ,sunday in ,australia is thus described3--,saw several persons at work as ,i went along1 to whom ,i spoke1 and warned them of the evil of sabbath-breaking4 ,my mind was deeply affected with the wickedness ,i beheld going on4 ,i spoke from the #fth chapter of ,revelation4--',behold the great day of his wrath is come2 and who shall be able to stand8' ,as ,i was returning home1 a young man followed me into the wood1 and told me how he was distressed for the salvation of his soul4 ,he seemed to manifest the strongest marks of contrition1 and to be truly awakened to a sense of his danger4 ,i hope the ,lord will have many souls in this place4 ,he had1 for a short time1 a single associate1 in the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,johnson1 the senior chaplain1 a good and useful minister1 but unequal to the difficulties peculiar to his situation4 ,this gentleman soon relinquished his appointment1 and returned to ,england4 ,and thus ,mr4 ,marsden was left alone with a charge which might have appalled the stoutest heart1 and under which even his would have given way1 had he not learned to cast himself for help on ,one who comforted the apostle1 under circumstances of the keenest suffering1 with the assurance1 ,my grace is sufficient for thee4 ,on that grace our missionary chaplain trusted2 and he found it all-sufficient4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,discovery and early ,history of ,new ,south ,wales--,becomes a ,penal ,settlement--,its state1 moral and religious1 on ,mr4 ,marsden's arrival4 ,the colony in which ,mr4 ,marsden was now entering on his labours1 and on which he was to leave the impression both of his holy zeal1 and his far-sighted practical wisdom1 is one of whose history our readers may naturally wish to have some account4 ,we shall therefore suspend our narrative for a few pages1 and lay before them a brief sketch of the earlier days of the great ,australian colony4 ,europeans are indebted for their first knowledge of the existence of the vast country which now bears the name of ,australia1 to the enterprise of ,spain and ,holland1 when these nations were at the head of the world's commerce1 two centuries and a half ago4 ,in #afjg1 ,luis de ,torres1 who was sent out by the ,spanish government on a voyage of discovery1 passed through the straits which still bear his name1 and which separate ,new ,guinea from the greater continent of ,australia2 but he was not aware of its vast extent1 and merely concluded that the coasts along which he sailed were those of a group of islands4 ,just about the same time1 the ,dutch explored the eastern shores of what has since been termed the ,gulf of ,carpentaria2 and their knowledge of ,australia was extended by subsequent voyagers1 of whom the chief was ,abel ,tasman4 ,in #afdb1 he discovered ,van ,diemen's ,land1 which was long supposed to be a part of the great continent named by the ,dutch ,new ,holland--the ,australia of modern times4 ,known as ,tasmania1 ,van ,diemen's ,land now immortalizes the great sea-captain4 ,but these discoveries led to no immediate results of importance2 and for upwards of a century ,new ,holland was laid down1 in charts and maps1 as a region whose coasts were not defined1 and whose interior was utterly unknown4 ,early in the reign of ,george the ,third a noble spirit of enterprise animated the ,british government4 ,voyages of discovery were undertaken in the ,southern ,seas1 under ,captains ,wallace1 ,carteret1 and others2 and at length the celebrated ,captain ,cook may be said to have retrieved a new world from romance and fable1 and to have made it over to ,england and to the best interests of mankind4 ,on the evening of the #aith of ,april1 #aggj1 unknown land was descried from the mast-head of the ,resolute1 of which ,cook was the commander4 ,the rugged coast of a vast continent seemed to extend far beyond the sweep of the telescope2 and as the sun went down1 the vessel1 after soundings1 dropped her anchor within a spacious bay4 ,the smoke of distant fires told that the land was not without inhabitants2 and it was determined1 if possible1 to open a communication with them4 ,in the morning1 a boat was rowed on shore1 and the first ,englishman set his foot upon ,australia4 ,a forest extended to the beach1 and dipped its branches into the sea2 while an abundant variety of beautiful flowering shrubs delighted the eye2 and from this circumstance ,botany ,bay received its ,european name4 ,a dismal solitude prevailed2 for the natives1 one or two of whom had been observed crouching behind the rocks1 fled in terror to the woods as the boat approached4 ,after spending a few hours on shore in search of water and fresh vegetables1 and in the vain attempt to communicate with the savages1 the boat returned at night4 ,the bay was found to abound with fish2 and the sailors were glad to relieve the weary monotony of their many months at sea1 as well as to provide an agreeable change from their diet of salt meat and mouldy biscuits1 in fishing both with nets and lines4 ,fish too was a wholesome diet for the sick2 and at this period1 even in the navy1 sickness1 especially from the scurvy1 almost invariably attended a long voyage4 ,the natives1 seeing the men thus employed1 discovered in our sailors some tastes common to themselves1 and at length ventured towards the fishermen in a couple of light canoes4 ,after paddling about for some time in evident suspense1 they ventured to approach the boat1 then came still nearer and shouted1 and having caught a few beads which were thrown out to them1 immediately retired4 ,gaining courage from the peaceful conduct of our sailors1 who were instructed to continue their fishing without any attempt to follow them1 the natives soon returned with a canoe laden with fine fish1 which they readily bartered for such trifles as the boat was provided with4 ,they were invited1 by signs1 to come on board the ship lying in the offing1 which they soon ventured to do in considerable numbers4 ,at first1 they seemed harmless1 scarcely understanding the use of the various novelties on ship board1 and not much surprised by them2 and honest1 until the sight of ten or twelve fine turtle crawling on the deck proved too great a temptation4 ,first1 by signs they begged for some of these1 and then1 not succeeding1 made a childish attempt to carry them off by force4 ,they set little value on the beads and baubles which generally have so great a charm for savages4 ,nothing tempted them to barter but turtle or iron tools and nails1 neither of which could well be spared4 ,on shore it was found almost impossible to approach them2 such was the distrust and dismay with which they evidently regarded the intrusion of their strange visitors4 ,on further acquaintance the savages were discovered to be a singularly helpless and timid race4 ,their country appeared to be very thinly peopled1 and that chiefly along the coast1 for fish were plentiful and wild animals were few4 ,of the latter1 the largest was scarcely bigger than a greyhound1 and the first sight of it caused great amazement to the sailors1 one of whom rushed into the tent which had been pitched on the shore for the use of the sick1 declaring1 with horror depicted on his countenance1 that he had seen an evil spirit4 ,he described it as having assumed the colour of a mouse with two fore-paws1 but that it sat upon its hind quarters like a ,christian4 ,an animal answering this description was soon after shot1 and the flesh1 when roasted1 proved excellent food2 it was called by the natives the kangaroo1 and had hitherto been quite unknown to ,europeans4 ,there were no beasts of prey2 unless wild dogs deserved that title1 but the long grass concealed vast numbers of snakes and scorpions4 ,at night1 the forests were disturbed by the hideous flight of huge bats2 by day1 they echoed to the whooping of cockatoos and the screaming of innumerable parrots4 ,crows and a few wild pigeons were occasionally seen1 and the rocks abounded with wild fowl1 while now and then an eagle might be seen soaring far above4 ,such were the first impressions which ,englishmen received1 from their great voyager1 of that vast continent4 ,on the return of ,captain ,cook1 the accounts he brought home of ,new ,south ,wales suggested to the government the idea of making it a vast prison-house for convicted felons1 who had now become a sore burden1 as well as a cause of grave uneasiness1 to this country4 ,its distance and its solitude recommended it to their choice4 ,it would effectually rid the mother country of a dangerous class--this was the argument of the selfish2 and it would afford the lost the opportunity of starting afresh in life--this was the hope of the few benevolent and humane who cared for the welfare of convicted felons4 ,no one thought of the future grandeur of ,australia4 ,none wrote or spoke at present of our duties to the aboriginal savages1 or probably wasted a thought on the subject of their conversion4 ,in #aggh1 ,botany ,bay was selected by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 who had sailed with ,captain ,cook as a naturalist and scientific observer1 as a most eligible site for a penal settlement4 ,but the project was no sooner broached than it had to encounter the most determined opposition from the public1 to most of whom it seemed no doubt utterly chimerical and absurd4 ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 the great organ of literature and science at that time1 led the van4 ,at first the editors affected to treat the scheme as an extravagant hoax2 afterwards they tell their readers with what alarm they read in the public prints that so wild a project was actually to be carried into execution4 ,however1 it could never be countenanced by any professional man after a moment's reflection4 ,not only the distance1 but the utter impossibility of carrying a number of male and female felons across the line1 without the ravages of putrid disorders sweeping them off by the score1 must for ever render such a plan abortive4 ,the rains1 the heats1 tempests1 tornados1 and mountainous seas to be encountered1 were enough to deter the most reckless of human life from such a hazardous enterprise4 ,if any such desperadoes could be found1 they ventured to foretell that their fate would for ever be a warning to others not to repeat the attempt4 ,the subject was not suffered to rest2 a few months afterwards ,,sylvanus ,,urban--for under this name the editors of that able journal have for upwards of a century disguised themselves--returned to the charge4 ,the ostensible design of the projector1 they say1 to prepare a settlement for the reception of felons on the most barren1 least inhabited1 and worst cultivated country in the southern hemisphere1 was beyond belief4 ,moreover1 ,botany ,bay was beyond the reach of succour or assistance from any ,european settlement4 ,then again the lavish expense of such an establishment was another serious objection4 ,it was said that it was to consist of a post-captain1 a governor1 with a salary of #ejjl4 a-year1 a master1 and commander4 ,a lieutenant-governor1 with #cjjl4 a-year1 four captains1 twelve subalterns1 twelve sergeants1 and one hundred and sixty rank and file from the marines2 a surgeon1 chaplain1 and quartermaster4 ,the whole equipment1 army1 navy1 and felons1 were to be supplied with two years' provisions1 and all sorts of implements for the culture of the earth1 and hunting and fishing4 ,some slight buildings were to be run up until a proper fort and a town could be erected4 ,if such a report could be true1 the expense would equal that of an expedition to the ,south ,seas against an enemy4 ,if such extravagance were repeated with every freight of felons1 it would furthermore extinguish all hope of paying off the national debt4 ,we leave the reader to smile while he muses on the short-sightedness even of wise men1 and the strange fluctuations of human opinion4 ,the government persevered in spite of these prophetic warnings2 which probably represented the general state of feeling on the subject among educated men in ,england1 with whom1 in those days1 ,sylvanus was no mean authority4 ,accordingly1 in ,march #aghg1 eleven sail1 consisting of the frigate ,sirius1 an armed tender1 three store-ships1 and six transports1 assembled at ,portsmouth1 having on board five hundred and sixty-five male1 and one hundred and ninety-two female convicts1 under ,captain ,arthur ,phillip1 an experienced officer1 who was appointed governor of the new colony4 ,the fleet set sail from the ,mother ,bank1 on the #acth of ,may1 #aghg1 and after a tedious voyage of eight months1 the whole convoy arrived safely in ,botany ,bay in the middle of ,january1 #aghh4 ,but ,captain ,cook's description of the country surrounding the ,bay was found far too flattering--the harbour being exposed to tempestuous gales1 which often rolled a heavy sea upon the beach1 while the land was deformed with swamps and barren sand banks4 ,on pressing forward to a neighbouring creek1 marked by ,captain ,cook as a mere boat harbour1 ,governor ,phillip had the satisfaction to find one of the finest havens in the world1 in which a thousand sail of the line might ride in safety4 ,it was then called ,port ,jackson4 ,the different coves of this harbour were examined with all possible expedition1 and the preference was given to one which had the finest spring of water1 and in which ships might anchor so close to the shore that1 at a very small expense1 quays could be constructed where the largest vessels might unload4 ,this cove is about half a mile in length1 and about a quarter of a mile across at the entrance4 ,in honour of ,lord ,sydney1 the governor distinguished it by the name of ,sydney ,cove4 ,on the twenty-sixth of ,february1 #aghh1 the ,british colours were displayed on these shores2 the plan of an encampment1 the first rude outline of the metropolitan city of ,,sydney1 was formed4 ,the spot chosen was at the head of the cove1 near a stream of fresh water1 which stole silently along by a thick wood now the site of crowded streets1 the stillness of which for the first time since the creation was then broken by the rude sound of the labourer's axe1 and the hum of busy men4 ,the anniversary of this great event has for some years been a festival in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,governor ,phillip landed with a thousand and thirty souls2 his live stock consisted of six head of horned cattle and seven horses4 ,the town and district of ,sydney has now a population of three hundred thousand souls2 every year the increase is enormous2 and the ratio of each year's increase exceeds the last4 ,these figures1 however1 make but a feeble impression upon us at a distance4 ,the colonists feel a warmth of enthusiasm such as only the sight of the marvellous contrast can create4 ,we copy the following extract from the ,sydney ,herald on one of these anniversaries--the nativity of the city of ,sydney and of the colony of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,when we compare the town and the country as they are now with what they were then1 we may well be proud of ,british enterprise1 and of the local resources which it has so rapidly and triumphantly developed4 ,how forcibly are we reminded of the miraculous transformation foretold by the inspired son of ,amoz--',the wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them1 and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose4' ,let the imagination attempt this day to realize the enchanting contrast4 ,as we look upon the noble ships riding in our harbour1 and the steamers1 yachts1 wherries1 and boats innumerable1 gliding to and fro amid the joyous excitements of the regatta1 let us picture the three humble boats which1 this day fifty-seven years1,a were slowly creeping up the unknown waters of ,port ,jackson1 in quest of a sure resting-place for our first predecessors4 ,as we cast our eye over the elegant buildings which now skirt our shores on either side1 and over the crowds of well-dressed men1 women and children1 who are keeping holiday on this our national festival1 let us think of the dense woods which then frowned on ,governor ,phillip1 of the profound silence that reigned around him1 of the awful sense of solitude with which he and his little band must have been impressed1 and of the exultation they would have felt could they have foreseen that1 within so brief a term1 the wilderness they were approaching would have become 'replenished' with a teeming population1 and have been 'subdued' to the beauty and affluence of civilized life4 ,a ,this was published in #ahde4 ,but the dark side of this romantic picture must not be withheld4 ,the infant colony was chiefly composed of the worst class of felons2 they were the days of barbarous justice even in ,england1 and it would often be difficult to say why some convicts were sentenced to transportation1 while others for lighter causes were punished with death4 ,there was1 at that time1 a fearful indifference to human life in our penal code4 ,punishment was its sole object2 amendment was seldom if ever contemplated4 ,amongst the convicts there was every shade of crime1 but scarcely any corresponding gradation of punishment4 ,the truth is1 true religion was at its lowest ebb1 and pure philanthropy1 in consequence1 all but unknown2 a formal1 heartless religion prevailed2 and1 as one of its fruits1 a stern and iron code of law4 ,the convict-ship1 which has now become a reformatory school1 was rivalled in its horrors only by the slave-ship2 indeed if the physical suffering was greater in the latter1 in moral torture and mental defilement the hold of the convict-ship had1 beyond all doubt1 the bad pre-eminence4 ,the prisoners consisted of the most abandoned persons of all nations2 ,british1 ,dutch1 and ,portuguese sailors1 the polite swindler1 and the audacious highwayman1 with their female accomplices4 ,they were shipped off in chains2 during the passage outward a detachment of soldiers was constantly on guard2 and the voyage was seldom accomplished without bloodshed4 ,the secret plots1 in which the prisoners were continually engaged1 broke out into open mutiny whenever circumstances offered a chance of success2 for this purpose a storm1 a leak1 or a feigned sickness1 was readily taken advantage of4 ,when signs of such disturbances showed themselves1 the ringleaders were seized and tried in a summary way by court martial2 but the sailors often refused to enforce the sentence1 so that it became necessary to compel obedience with loaded muskets4 ,the hold of a convict-ship presented a melancholy picture of human depravity4 ,in the course of the voyage most of the felons survived the sense of shame3 the sounds of ribaldry and boisterous mirth1 mingled with catches from the popular songs of the day1 issued unceasingly from the prisoners' deck2 this uproar was ever and anon increased by more riotous disturbances1 blows and bloodshed followed2 and occasionally the monotony of the voyage was broken by mock trials among the prisoners1 to show that even in the most profligate and abandoned the principle of justice was not altogether destroyed4 ,when a prisoner committed an offence against his fellows1 a judge was appointed1 advocates were assigned to the prosecutor and the accused1 a jury was sworn to try according to the evidence1 witnesses were examined1 and the prisoner1 being found guilty1 was sentenced to an immediate and brutal punishment4 ,from such elements the society of ,new ,south ,wales was formed4 ,most of the convicts1 after a short servitude1 obtained tickets-of-leave1 and settled upon the parcels of land allotted to them by government2 and by the improvement of such opportunities they easily drew a subsistence from the soil2 others devoted themselves to the care of cattle2 while many more1 as the colony increased1 betook themselves to trade1 by which means large fortunes were frequently acquired4 ,many of the convicts in the course of a few years contrived to amass great wealth1 which was expended in the extension1 or improvement of their property4 ,the results of such industry were to be seen in the cleared inclosures1 the neat orchard1 and the trim garden that here and there surrounded a well-built brick-house4 ,even here honest labour seems to have been crowned with success4 ,free settlers were at present few in number1 and the convict on his plot of land had many advantages over them4 ,from acquaintance with the climate and the modes of cultivation best suited to the soil1 as well as the easiest method of carrying on agricultural operations1 he had learned to avoid many fruitless experiments4 ,he understood the habits and character of the servants who assisted him1 for the labourers were all of them felons2 and he himself had probably shared the same cell1 and worked in the same gang4 ,he understood their principles of action2 and they were infected with his prejudices4 ,they lived together1 ate at the same board and slept under the same roof4 ,thus a good understanding was maintained between them by his connivance with their follies or their vices4 ,the men themselves always preferred a master who had been a prisoner to a free settler of stricter virtue1 and a disposition less akin to their own2 and for such an one they would make extraordinary exertions1 of great importance at seed time and harvest1 which a better master could not obtain at any cost4 ,a brotherhood and close fellowship1 the fruit of old associations1 sprang up among the convict population4 ,many considered themselves as martyrs to the vengeance rather than the justice of the law2 others1 transported for political offences1 regarded themselves in the light of patriots4 ,in short a unity of interest cemented them2 and each newly arrived convict ship was heartily welcomed4 ,when it anchored in the harbour boats swarmed around it1 the decks were crowded1 the new comers were loaded with presents of fresh bread and other luxuries4 ,they were pressed with eager inquiries after absent friends1 the comrades they had left in ,english jails4 ,they were greeted with the heartiness of old companions1 and without reluctance exchanged the close confinement of the convict ship for the fellowship of their old acquaintance on shore4 ,the colony at this time abounded with ,irish who had shared in the rebellion of #agih1 and who generally brought with them a fair knowledge of agriculture without very industrious habits4 ,they attached little turpitude to their offences1 considering themselves rather as sacrificed to the cause of freedom4 ,indeed it is well ascertained that some of them had been banished without even the formality of a trial1 some without any specific sentence as to the term of their transportation1 victims to the angry spirit of the times4 ,they are described as1 for the most part1 conducting themselves with great propriety in the hope of one day regaining their freedom1 and being restored to their long absent friends4 ,such men as these proved excellent colonists1 and successful settlers4 ,the criminal history of the colony in its first years discloses a dreadful list of both crimes and punishments4 ,small bodies of the convicts occasionally broke loose1 fled to the woods1 and there1 setting all restraints at defiance1 became reckless and ferocious4 ,the dread of punishment did not restrain them from robbery1 murder1 and the most appalling crimes4 ,the risks were well calculated1 for the chances of conviction were few1 and punishment was uncertain4 ,if they were detected1 a convict1 being dead in law1 could not be summoned as a witness4 ,the jury would probably be composed of men who had been sharers in crimes of equal magnitude1 perhaps old associates4 ,the prisoners would be defended by convict attorneys1 a nefarious class with which the colonial courts were filled4 ,ineffectual attempts were made to exclude these men1 but the influence they had been suffered already to attain1 made this impracticable4 ,amongst the most notorious of them was one who obtained a large practice by dint of his ingenuity1 and managed the most important business in the colony4 ,he had been some years previously sentenced to transportation for life1 for forging a will4 ,he had resorted to the ingenious device of putting a fly into the mouth of a dead man1 and then guiding his hand to trace his signature to the writing2 and1 upon the trial1 he swore1 with audacious assurance1 that he saw the testator sign the will while life was in him4 ,in passing sentence1 the late ,lord ,ellenborough took the opportunity of congratulating the profession on getting rid of such a pest4 ,the records of the court are scarcely less painful than the history of the criminals themselves4 ,the punishments adjudged were frightfully severe4 ,if they did not reclaim the prisoner1 they must have hardened him beyond recovery1 if indeed they did not in many instances torture him to death4 ,the men thus punished were already convicts it is true1 and more than usual severity may have been justified4 ,but no penal code emanating from a people professing the name of ,christ may inflict savage and barbarous penalties4 ,they recoil with disgrace upon the legislation which exacts them1 and a whole nation is degraded in the person of its own malefactors2 while ,god's displeasure is evident both in the increase and audacity of criminals on the one hand1 and in the loss of humane and virtuous sentiments throughout the community on the other4 ,we have taken three cases as a specimen of the method in which justice was dealt out to criminals in the early days of the colony in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,john ,allen1 stealing in dwelling-house to the value of forty shillings4 ,publicly whipped1 hundred lashes1 confined in solitary cell at ,paramatta on bread and water for six months1 and hard labour at ,newcastle three years4 ,michael ,hoare and ,james ,gilchrist1 feloniously and burglariously breaking and entering ,schoolhouse at ,kissing ,point1 and stealing from there divers articles of property4 ,twelve months solitary confinement at ,paramatta1 two years hard labour in jail gang1 then transported for life to ,newcastle4 ,john ,hale1 ,robert ,holton1 and ,peter ,allen1 killing a bullock with intent to steal the carcase4 ,solitary confinement on bread and water for three years in ,paramatta jail1 afterwards two years labour in jail gang there1 and afterwards transportation for life to ,newcastle4,b ,b ,see ,wentworth's ,colony of ,new ,south ,wales1 second edition1 #ahbj4 ,such was the sphere of ,mr4 ,marsden's labours1 such the difficulties with which he had to contend1 and the system1 too1 which1 as a magistrate1 he was even called upon to administer4 ,a more hopeless task could scarcely have been undertaken2 but he set himself vigorously to work1 looking to the ,strong ,one for strength1 and the fruit was seen after many days4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,mr4 ,marsden appointed to the ,magistracy--,objections to this considered--,cultivates ,land--,charge of ,secularity considered--,his connexion with the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and care of its ,polynesian ,mission--,revisits ,england in #ahjg4 ,the retirement of the senior chaplain left ,mr4 ,marsden in sole charge of the spiritual concerns of the infant colony4 ,he had now to officiate at the three settlements of ,sydney1 ,paramatta1 and ,hawkesbury without assistance4 ,the nature of the population1 consisting as it did of a mass of criminals1 rendered his ministerial labours peculiarly distressing4 ,the state of morals was utterly depraved2 oaths and ribaldry1 and audacious lying were universal2 marriage1 and the sacred ties of domestic life1 were almost unknown1 and those who1 from their station1 should have set an example to the convicts and settlers1 encouraged sin in others by the effrontery of their own transgressions4 ,under discouragement such as would have subdued the spirit of most men1 did he1 for the long period of fourteen years1 continue at his post2 cheered it is true with occasional gleams of success1 but upon the whole rather a witness against abounding vice1 than1 at present1 a successful evangelist4 ,nor were domestic trials wanting to complete that process of salutary discipline by which the great ,shepherd of the sheep was preparing his servant for other and wider scenes of labour1 and for triumphs greater than the church in these later days had known4 ,his firstborn son1 a lovely and promising child scarcely two years old1 was thrown from its mother's arms by a sudden jerk of the gig in which they were seated1 and killed upon the spot4 ,it would be impossible to describe the agonized feelings of the mother under such a bereavement1 nor were the sorrows of the father less profound4 ,he received the tidings1 together with the body of his lifeless boy1 we are told1 with calm1 and even dignified submission1 for he was a man who said little though he felt much4 ,a second stroke1 still more painful1 was to follow4 ,mrs4 ,marsden1 determined not to hazard the safety of another child1 left her babe at home in charge of a domestic while she drove out4 ,but her very precaution was the occasion of his death3 the little creature strayed into the kitchen unobserved1 fell backwards into a pan of boiling water1 and its death followed soon after4 ,thus early in his ministerial career the iron entered his own soul1 and taught him that sympathy for the wounded spirit which marked his character through life4 ,illustration3 ,,distant ,,view ,,of ,,sydney4 ,but from these scenes of private suffering we must turn aside4 ,the public life and ministerial labours of ,mr4 ,marsden require our attention2 and as we enter upon the review of them we must notice two circumstances which from the very outset of his career exposed him to frequent suspicion and obloquy1 both in the colony and at home1 and formed in fact the chief materials1 so to speak1 out of which his opponents wove the calumnies with which they harassed the greater portion of his life4 ,he had scarcely arrived at his post when he was appointed a colonial magistrate4 ,under ordinary circumstances1 we should condemn in the strongest manner the union of functions so obviously incompatible as those of the ,christian minister and the civil judge4 ,to use the words of a great living authority on judicial questions1 a late lord chancellor1,c it is the union of two noble offices to the detriment of both4 ,yet it seems in the case before us1 that the office was forced upon ,mr4 ,marsden1 not as a complimentary distinction1 but as one of the stern duties of his position as a colonial chaplain1 who was bound to maintain the authority of the law amidst a population of lawless and dangerous men4 ,port ,jackson1 or ,botany ,bay as it was generally called1 was then and long afterwards merely a penal settlement4 ,the governor was absolute1 and the discipline he enforced was1 perhaps of necessity1 harsh and rigid4 ,resistance to the law and its administrators was of daily occurrence2 life and property were always insecure1 and even armed rebellion sometimes broke out4 ,if the government thought it necessary1 for the safety of this extraordinary community1 to select a minister of the gospel to fill the office of a magistrate1 he had no alternative but to submit1 or else to resign his chaplaincy and return home4 ,mr4 ,marsden chose to remain2 moved by the hope of being able to infuse something of the spirit of the gospel into the administration of justice1 and to introduce far higher principles than those which he saw prevailing amongst the magistrates themselves4 ,in both of these objects he succeeded to an eminent extent1 though not till after the lapse of years1 and a remonstrance carried by himself in person to the government at home4 ,justice was dealt even to the greatest criminals more fairly1 and the bench of magistrates grew at length ashamed1 in the presence of the chaplain of ,paramatta1 of its own hitherto unabashed licentiousness4 ,but the cost was great4 ,he was involved in secular business from day to day1 and that often of the most painful kind4 ,his equal-handed justice made him a host of personal enemies in those whose vices he punished2 and1 still more1 in those whose corrupt and partial administration of the law was rebuked by the example of his integrity4 ,in the share he was obliged to take in the civil affairs of the colony differences of opinion would naturally arise1 and angry feelings would1 as usual follow4 ,of course he was not free from human infirmity1 his own temper was sometimes disturbed4 ,thus for years1 especially during his early residence in ,new ,south ,wales1 he was in frequent collision with the magistrates1 and occasionally even with the governor4 ,again and again he would have resigned his commission1 but was not allowed to do so2 meanwhile his mind was often distracted and his character maligned4 ,to these trials we shall be obliged to refer as we trace his steps through life2 but we mean to do so as seldom as we can1 for the subject is painful1 and1 since few men can ever be placed in his circumstances1 to most of us unprofitable4 ,c ,lord ,brougham4 ,another point on which ,mr4 ,marsden's conduct has been severely1 and yet most unjustly blamed1 is that he was engaged in the cultivation of a considerable tract of land4 ,avarice and secularity were roundly charged upon him in consequence2 for it was his painful lot through life to be incessantly accused not only of failings of which he was quite guiltless1 but of those which were the most opposite to his real character4 ,a more purely disinterested and unselfish man perhaps never lived4 ,one who under the constant disturbance of every kind of business and employment1 still walked more humbly with his ,god1 is not often to be found4 ,yet the cry once raised against him was never hushed2 until at length1 having rung in his ears through life1 as a warning to him1 no doubt1 even in his brightest moments of success1 that he should cease from man1 it was suddenly put to shame at last and buried with him in his grave4 ,the circumstances were these3 ,when he arrived in the colony1 in the beginning of #agid1 it was yet but six years old4 ,the cultivation of land had scarcely begun2 it was therefore dependent on supplies of food from home1 and was often reduced to the brink of famine4 ,one cask of meat was all that the king's stores contained when ,mr4 ,marsden first landed on those shores from which the produce of the most magnificent flocks and herds the world has ever pastured was afterwards to be shipped4 ,governor ,phillip1 as we have seen1 had laid the foundation of the colony amid scenes of difficulty and trial which it is fearful to contemplate4 ,in ,september1 #agie1 ,captain ,hunter arrived1 and following in the steps of his predecessor1 exerted himself in clearing land and bringing it under cultivation4 ,to effect this he made a grant to every officer1 civil and military1 of one hundred acres1 and allowed each thirteen convicts as servants to assist in bringing it into order4 ,mr4 ,marsden availed himself of the grant1 and his farm soon exhibited those marks of superior management which might have been looked for by all who were acquainted with the energy of his character and his love of rural pursuits4 ,where land was to be had on such easy terms1 it was not to be desired or expected that he should be limited to the original grant4 ,he soon possessed an estate of several hundred acres--the model farm of ,new ,south ,wales2--and1 let it not be forgotten1 the source from whence those supplies were drawn which fed the infant missions of the ,southern ,seas1 while at the same time they helped their generous owner to support many a benevolent institution in his own parish and neighbourhood4 ,years afterwards he was induced to print a pamphlet in justification of his conduct in this as well as other particulars on which it was assailed2 and as we copy an extract from it1 our feeling is one of shame and sorrow that it should ever have been required4 ,he says1 ,i did not consider myself in the same situation1 in a temporal point of view1 in this colony as a clergyman in ,england4 ,my situation at that period would bear no such comparison4 ,a clergyman in ,england lives in the very bosom of his friends2 his comforts and conveniences are all within his reach1 and he has nothing to do but to feed his flock4 ,on the contrary1 ,i entered a country which was in a state of nature1 and was obliged to plant and sow or starve4 ,it was not from inclination that my colleague and ,i took the axe1 the spade1 and the hoe3 we could not1 from our situation1 help ourselves by any other means1 and we thought it no disgrace to labour4 ,st4 ,paul's own hands ministered to his necessities in a cultivated nation1 and our hands ministered to our wants in an uncultivated one4 ,if this be cast upon me as a shame and a reproach1 ,i cheerfully bear it1 for the remembrance never gives me any cause of reproach or remorse4 ,monsieur ,perron1 a commander sent out by the ,french government to search for the unfortunate ,la ,perouse 7who had recently perished in an exploratory voyage to the islands of the ,south ,pacific71 visited ,mr4 ,marsden's farm in #ahjb1 and records1 with the generous admiration his countrymen have never withheld from ,english enterprise and industry1 his astonishment and delight4 ,no longer1 he exclaims1 than eight years ago1 the whole of this spot was covered with immense and useless forests2 what pains1 what exertions must have been employed6 ,these roads1 these pastures1 these fields1 these harvests1 these orchards1 these flocks1 the work of eight years6 ,and his admiration of the scene was not greater than his reverence for its owner1 who1 he adds1 while he thus laboured in his various important avocations was not unmindful of the interests of others4 ,he generously interfered in behalf of the poorer settlers in their distresses1 established schools for their children1 and often relieved their necessities2 and to the unhappy culprits1 whom the justice of their offended country had banished from their native soil1 he administered alternately exhortation and comfort4 ,indeed1 it would be no easy task to enumerate all the schemes of social1 moral1 and spiritual enterprise upon which ,mr4 ,marsden was now employed1 and into all of which he appears to have thrown a force and energy which is generally reserved1 even by the zealous philanthropist1 for some one favoured project4 ,thus the state of the female convicts1 at a very early period1 especially attracted his attention4 ,their forlorn condition1 their frightful immoralities--the almost necessary consequence of the gross neglect which exposed them to temptation1 or rather thrust them into sin--pressed heavily upon him1 and formed the subject of many solemn remonstrances1 first to the authorities abroad1 and when these were unheeded1 to the government at home4 ,the wrongs of the aborigines1 their heathenism1 and their savage state1 with all its attendant miseries and hopeless prospects in eternity1 sank into his heart2 and under his care a school arose at ,paramatta for their children4 ,the scheme1 as we shall explain hereafter1 was not successful2 but at least it will be admitted he did well that it was in his heart4 ,he was often consulted by the successive governors on questions of difficulty and importance1 and gave his advice with respect1 but at the same time with honest courage4 ,amusing anecdotes are told of some of their interviews4 ,a misunderstanding had occurred between ,governor ,king and himself1 which did not1 however1 prevent the governor from asking his advice4 ,mr4 ,marsden was allowed to make his own terms1 which were that he should consider ,governor ,king as a private individual1 and as such address him4 ,much to his credit1 the governor consented4 ,mr4 ,marsden then locked the door1 and in plain and forcible terms explained to ,captain ,king the faults1 as he conceived1 of ,governor ,king's administration4 ,they separated on the most friendly terms2 and if we admire the courage of the chaplain1 we must not overlook the self-command and forbearance of the governor4 ,with a dash of eccentricity the affair was honourable to both parties4 ,another instance of ,mr4 ,marsden's ready tact and self-possession may be mentioned4 ,governor ,king1 who possessed1 by virtue of his office1 the most absolute power1 was not only eccentric but somewhat choleric4 ,on one occasion1 when ,mr4 ,marsden was present1 a violent dispute arose between the governor and the commissary-general4 ,mr4 ,marsden not being at liberty to leave the room1 retired to a window1 determined not to be a witness of the coming storm4 ,the governor1 in his heat1 pushed or collared the commissary1 who in return1 pushed or struck the governor4 ,his excellency1 indignant at the insult1 called to the chaplain1 ,do you see that1 sir6 ,indeed1 sir1 replied ,mr4 ,m41 ,i see nothing1 --dwelling with jocular emphasis on the word see4 ,thus good humour was immediately restored1 and the grave and even treasonable offence of striking the representative of the sovereign was forgotten4 ,these trifling circumstances are worth relating1 not only in illustration of ,mr4 ,marsden's character1 but of the history of the earlier days of the colony4 ,but graver duties had already devolved upon him4 ,amongst the unpublished manuscripts of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 there is one document of singular interest1 in connexion with the name of ,samuel ,marsden4 ,it is a memorandum of seventeen folio pages on the state and prospects of their missions to ,tahiti and the islands in the ,south ,seas1 dated ,paramatta1 #cjth ,january1 #ahja1 and read before the committee in ,london--such was the slow1 uncertain communication fifty years ago with a colony now brought within sixty days' sail of ,england--on the #aith of ,april1 #ahjb4 ,foremost in the literature of another generation will stand those treasures which slumber1 for the most part unvalued and undisturbed1 on the shelves of our missionary houses4 ,for men will surely one day inquire1 with an interest similar to that with which we read of the conversion of ,britain in the dim light of ,ingulphus and the ,saxon ,chronicle1 or the venerable ,bede1 how distant islands were first evangelized1 and through what sorrows1 errors1 and reverses1 the first missionary fought his way to victory in continents and islands of the southern hemisphere4 ,and of these1 the document which now lies before us will be esteemed as inferior to none in calm and practical wisdom1 in piety1 or in ardent zeal tempered with discretion4 ,the circumstances which called it forth were these4 ,the ,tahitian mission1 the first great effort of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and indeed the first ,protestant mission1 with perhaps one exception1,d to savage tribes1 had hitherto disappointed the sanguine expectations of its promoters4 ,we trust we shall not be thought to make a display of that cheap wisdom which consists in blaming the failures of which the causes were not seen until the catastrophe had occurred1 if we say that1 great and truly magnificent as the project was1 it carried within itself the elements of its own humiliation4 ,the faith and zeal of its founders were beyond all human praise2 but in the wisdom which results from experience1 they were of course deficient4 ,to attempt great things1 and to expect great things1 was their motto2 but they did not appreciate the difficulties of the enterprise2 nor did they duly estimate the depth of the depravity of the savage heart and mind4 ,dr4 ,haweis1 a ,london clergyman of great piety and note in those days1 preached before the ,society when the first missionary ship1 the ,duff1 was about to sail4 ,he described to his delighted audience the romantic beauty and grandeur of the islands which lie like emeralds upon the calm bosom of the ,southern ,ocean1 and anticipated their immediate conversion as soon as they should hear the first glad tidings of the gospel4 ,the ship sailed from the ,tower wharf1 with flags flying and banners streaming1 as if returning from a triumph1 amidst the cheers of the spectators4 ,amongst the crowd there stood a venerable minister of ,christ1 leaning upon the arm of one who still survives--himself a veteran in the service of his ,lord4 ,as they turned slowly away from the exciting scene1 the aged minister mournfully exclaimed1 ,i am afraid it will not succeed3 there is too much of man in it4 ,his words were prophetic2 for nearly twenty years no success followed1 but one sweeping tide of disappointment and disaster2,e till1 at length1 when1 humbled and dejected1 about the year #ahad1 the missionaries1 as well as the ,society at home1 in despair had almost resolved to abandon the station1 the work of ,god appeared in the conversion of the king of ,tahiti2 and with a rapidity to be compared only to the long1 cheerless1 period in which they had laboured in vain1 and spent their strength for nought1 the missionaries beheld not only ,tahiti1 but the adjacent islands transformed into ,christian lands4 ,d ,that of the ,moravians to ,labrador4 ,the ,wesleyans had a mission in the ,west ,indies1 and the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel had long had the care of the ,danish missions at ,malabar4 ,but none of these were missions1 in the strict sense1 among savages4 ,e ,this anecdote we relate on the authority of the younger minister1 from whom we received it4 ,the elder one was the ,rev4 ,samuel ,bradburn1 the friend and associate of ,wesley4--,,editor4 ,it was in the midst of these disasters that ,mr4 ,marsden was consulted1 and wrote the memorandum to which we have referred4 ,if in some places he seems to lay too great stress upon what may appear to the reader prudential considerations of inferior importance1 let us remind him that on these very points the missionaries had betrayed their weakness4 ,their own quarrels and even the gross misconduct of some few amongst them1 were not less painful to the church at home than their want of success4 ,we make a few extracts3 444 ,the first and principal object for the consideration of the directors is to select men properly qualified for the mission2 unless persons equal to the task are sent out nothing can be done4 ,it may be asked1 who are proper persons1 and what are the requisite qualifications8 ,to the question ,i would reply in general terms4 ,a missionary should be a man of real sound piety1 and well acquainted with the depravity of the human heart1 as well as experimental religion2 he should not be a novice2 he should not only be a good man in the strictest sense of the word1 but also well informed1 not taken from the dregs of the common people1 but possessed of some education1 and liberal sentiments4 ,he should rather be of a lively active turn of mind than gloomy and heavy4 ,a gloomy ignorant clown will be disgusting even to savages1 and excite their contempt4 ,the more easy and affable a missionary is in his address1 the more easily will he obtain the confidence and good opinion of the heathen4 ,in my opinion a man of a melancholy habit is altogether unqualified for a missionary2 he will never be able to sustain the hardships attending his situation1 nay1 he will magnify his dangers and difficulties and make them greater than what in reality they may be4 ,a missionary1 were ,i to define his character1 should be a pious good man1 should be well acquainted with mankind1 should possess some education1 should be easy in address1 and of an active turn4 ,some of the missionaries who have come to this colony1 are the opposite character to the above4 ,they are totally ignorant of mankind1 they possess no education1 they are clowns in their manners4 ,if the directors are determined to establish a mission in these ,islands there is another object to be attended to2 they must send out a sufficient body and furnish them with the means of self-defence4 ,unless the missionaries are able to protect themselves from the violence of the natives1 they will be in constant danger of being cut off by them4 ,their lives1 if unprotected by their own strength1 will hang sometimes perhaps upon the fate of a single battle between two contending chiefs4 ,can any idea be more distressing than for the lives of a few defenceless missionaries to depend upon the sudden whim or turn of an enraged savage1 without the means of self-defence8 ,see them driven1 in order to escape the savage fury of the natives1 into holes and caverns of the rocks1 suffering every hardship that nature can bear from hunger1 toil1 and anxiety1 without so much as the prospect of relief in time of danger from ,europe1 or accomplishing in the smallest degree the object of the mission4 ,yet this must and will be the case1 unless the missionaries are furnished with the means of self-defence1 and are able to convince the natives of their superiority in point of skill and protection4 ,many will condemn this counsel4 ,nor do we feel bound to justify it to the letter4 ,a reasonable degree of caution in avoiding danger1 and under great emergency in preparing measures for self-defence1 may be allowed even to the missionary4 ,yet experience shows that his safety chiefly lies in cultivating and exhibiting the spirit of ,him who suffered the just for the unjust1 and when led as a lamb to the slaughter1 yet opened not his mouth4 ,various prudential hints follow1 on marriage and other delicate subjects4 ,the reader will smile to learn that fifty years ago it was a question at missionary boards whether married men were not disqualified for missionary work4 ,it was argued that their wives would be exposed to ill-usage from the natives1 and that they themselves would be diverted by the anxieties or the comforts of home from their proper calling4 ,mr4 ,marsden combats both of these objections4 ,it appears to me that a married woman1 coming along with her husband in the mission1 would have no extraordinary dangers to apprehend from the natives1 and would1 if a prudent woman1 prove the greatest comfort and protection to her husband1 sweeten his toils and sustain his burdens4 ,beyond this even ,mr4 ,marsden's views did not yet extend4 ,the time had not yet come when experience should drive the friends of missions1 in the failure of many a plausible theory1 to fall back simply on the ,new ,testament1 not merely for their principles1 for this they did1 but for the best and safest precedents in missionary work4 ,they forgot how large a share of the honours of the primitive church in its labours for ,christ belong to the weaker sex4 ,that a missionary's wife might be no less1 nay in some instances far more1 successful than her husband was a thought not yet entertained in missionary counsels4 ,they did not foresee that the instruction of the native woman1 and the ,christian education of the heathen child1 would soon become the special province of the missionary's wife4 ,mrs4 ,wilson had not yet arisen a mother in ,israel1 nor ,mrs4 ,judson1 nor others whose fame is only less in missionary annals1 because their work has been carried on in places less interesting1 or at least less open to the world's gaze1 than ,calcutta and ,burmah4 ,nor can we give more than a hesitating and partial consent to some of the following observations3 ,civilization must pave the way for the conversion of the heathen4 ,as the natives in these islands are totally unconnected with the commercial world1 however friendly disposed they may be towards strangers1 they are1 nevertheless1 in a state of gross ignorance and barbarity4 ,they must1 from their social situation1 their great distance from the civilized part of the world1 be less prepared to receive the gospel than the ,esquimaux on the coast of ,labrador or the negroes in the ,west ,indian ,islands1 and other parts of the heathen world where the ,moravians in general send their missionaries4 ,the heathens in these islands are1 in the strictest sense1 in a state of nature4 ,hence it becomes the indispensable duty of the missionaries to use every means for their civilization1 and not to imagine they are already prepared to receive the blessings of ,divine revelation4 ,true1 they were not prepared4 ,but here we are at variance alike with ,dr4 ,haweis on the one hand1 and ,mr4 ,marsden on the other4 ,the preparation of the heart1 the wise man tells us1 is from the ,lord2 and this is a kind of preparation which civilization will not supply4 ,it is easy1 as we have said1 to find fault with men who1 whatever their mistakes1 deserve the veneration of the church4 ,let it be borne in mind that of savage life1 its horrors1 its ferocity1 its cannibalism1 ,england then knew but little4 ,had they been favoured with the experience we now possess1 they would have felt more deeply how impotent a weapon is civilization to hew down the strongholds of ,satan in a heathen land2 their failures perhaps would have been fewer1 and their successes more speedy if not more complete4 ,a true ,christian missionary1 amongst savages1 must be of necessity a civilizer4 ,his own pure and quiet homestead1 adorned with the arts of life1 his cultivated garden1 his neatly fenced paddock1 the corn-field which soon follows1 and then the mill--all these1 and1 we may say1 all the habits and circumstances of his life1 directly tend to civilize2 and thus the process of outward reformation goes on amongst the surrounding tribes1 while the spiritual seed is being sown in the native heart4 ,and it will sometimes happen that native tribes are civilized before they are converted1 simply because the carnal mind rejects the spiritual lesson1 while selfishness1 or the mere love of imitation1 7equally powerful in the breast of children and of savages7 induces them readily to adopt ,european habits4 ,but after all we question whether the native heathen thus outwardly changed is one whit more likely to embrace the gospel than before4 ,there is1 however1 much truth in the following remarks2 they show a thoughtful mind1 and they prove too1 if we are not mistaken1 that the gospel of ,jesus ,christ has lost nothing of its pristine force after the lapse of eighteen centuries2 for the ,christian missions of our own day have triumphed amidst some difficulties against which even the apostles had not to contend4 ,the conduct of the apostles cannot exactly apply as a guide to the missionaries in these islands2 ,st4 ,paul was sent to preach a crucified ,jesus1 not to savage1 but to civilized heathens2 to ,greece and ,rome1 to nations noted for their politeness of manners and human learning1 the inhabitants both of ,greece and ,rome had obtained the highest degree of civilization1 they were--intellectually1 of course1 ,mr4 ,marsden must be understood to mean--prepared for the reception of the gospel2 their philosophers had for ages been making diligent inquiries after the true ,god2 they had erected altars and the most magnificent temples for the worship of some superior being whom they knew not4 ,this is not the case with the natives of these islands4444 ,it is unnecessary for me to contrast the situations of the primitive apostles and the present missionaries1 and to point out their vast difference4 ,sacred and profane history will furnish the missionaries with this information1 provided they will study their records4 ,mr4 ,marsden continued to be through life the confidential adviser of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and the warm friend and1 as they passed to and fro upon their voyages1 the kind host of their missionaries4 ,his character was now established4 ,the colony was rapidly increasing in importance2 and yet no change had been made in its government1 which was still committed to the absolute direction of a single mind1 that of the colonial governor4 ,he too was a military officer1 and not always one of high position and large capacity1 or even of the purest morals2 for by such men the governorship of his ,majesty's territory in ,new ,south ,wales would have then been disdained4 ,mr4 ,marsden had done much1 but much more remained to be accomplished4 ,there were mischiefs that lay far beyond his reach1 and spurned control4 ,on the first establishment of the colony all the military officers were forbidden to take their wives with them--the governor and chaplains were the only exceptions--and there is one instance of a lady whose love to her husband led her to steal across the ocean in the disguise of a sailor1 who was actually sent home again by ,governor ,phillip without being permitted to land4 ,our readers may anticipate the consequences which followed in an almost universal licentiousness4 ,the most abandoned females often appeared fearlessly before the magistrates1 well knowing that they would have impunity even for the greatest crimes2 and male offenders used their influence to obtain a judgment in their favour4 ,expostulation1 remonstrance1 and entreaty ,mr4 ,marsden had tried in vain4 ,of all existing spots in ,new ,south ,wales the court of judicature at ,sydney1 it was publicly affirmed1 was the most iniquitous and abandoned2 and at length a rebellious spirit broke out1 and the authority of the governor1 even in his military capacity1 was at an end4 ,the efforts of the faithful chaplain were now thwarted at the fountain head1 and his life was not unfrequently in danger4 ,mr4 ,marsden's sagacity fastened the conviction on his mind that a crisis was at hand1 which could only be averted by the interference of the government at home4 ,he therefore asked for1 and obtained1 permission to revisit ,england4 ,his fears were just2 he had already assisted in quelling one rebellion1 and another of a more serious nature broke out soon after he embarked1 which drove the governor from the colony1 and ended in his recall1 and the establishment of a new order of things4 ,the spiritual fruit of ,mr4 ,marsden's labours had not yet been great1 but already the foundations had been laid for extensive usefulness4 ,on the eve of his departure1 he was presented with a gratifying address1 bearing the signatures of three hundred and two persons1 the holders of landed estates1 public offices1 and other principal inhabitants of the large and extensive settlements of ,hawkesbury1 ,nepean1 and ,portland-,head1 and adjacent parts of ,new ,south ,wales1 conveying their grateful thanks for his pious1 humane1 and exemplary conduct throughout this whole colony1 in the various and arduous situations held by him as a minister of the gospel1 superintendent magistrate1 inspector of public1 orphan1 and charity schools1 and in other offices4 ,they thank him too for his attention and cares in the improvement of stock1 agriculture1 and in all other beneficial and useful arts1 for the general good of the colony1 and for his unremitting exertions for its prosperity1 and conclude thus3--,your sanctity1 philanthropy1 and disinterestedness of character1 will ever remain an example to future ministers2 and that ,god1 whom we serve1 may pour down his blessings upon you and yours to the latest posterity1 is the sincere prayer of those who sign this address4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,various measures devised for the benefit of ,new ,south ,wales--,the establishment of ,missions in ,new ,zealand--,friendship with ,dr4 ,mason ,good4 ,mr4 ,marsden returned home in ,his ,majesty's ship ,buffalo1 after an absence of fourteen years4 ,on the voyage he had one of those hair-breadth deliverances in which devout ,christians recognise the hand of ,god4 ,the ,buffalo was leaky when she sailed1 and a heavy gale threatening1 it was proposed that the passengers should quit the ship and take refuge in a stauncher vessel which formed one of the fleet4 ,mr4 ,marsden objected1 ,mrs4 ,marsden being unwilling to leave ,mrs4 ,king1 the wife of ,governor ,king1 who was returning in the same vessel1 and who was at the time an invalid4 ,in the night1 the expected storm came on4 ,in the morning1 the eyes of all on board the crazy ,buffalo were strained in vain to discover their companion4 ,she was never heard of more1 and no doubt had foundered in the hurricane4 ,on his arrival in ,london he waited on the under secretary of state to report his return1 and learned from him that his worst fears had been realized1 and that the colony was already in a state of open insurrection1 headed by the ,new ,south ,wales ,corps1 who were leagued with several of the wealthier traders4 ,the insurrection was1 however1 suppressed1 and ,lieut4-colonel ,macquarie was sent out with his regiment to assume the government4 ,lord ,castlereagh1 the colonial minister1 was quick to perceive the value of such an adviser on the affairs of ,australia as ,mr4 ,marsden1 and encouraged him to lay before the government a full statement of his views4 ,seldom has it happened to a private individual to be charged with weightier or more various affairs1 never perhaps with schemes involving more magnificent results4 ,as the obscure chaplain from ,botany ,bay paced the ,strand1 from the colonial office at ,whitehall to the chambers in the city where a few pious men were laying plans for ,christian missions in the southern hemisphere1 he was in fact charged with projects upon which not only the civilization1 but the eternal welfare1 of future nations were suspended4 ,nor was he unconscious of the greatness of the task4 ,with a total absence of romance or enthusiasm--for his mind was wanting in the imaginative faculty on which enthusiasm feeds--he was yet fully alive to the possible consequences of his visit to his native shores1 and intensely interested in his work4 ,he aimed at nothing less than to see ,australia a great country2 and1 with a yet firmer faith1 he expected the conversion of the cannibal tribes of ,new ,zealand and the ,society ,islands2 and this at a time when even statesmen had only learned to think of ,new ,south ,wales as a national prison1 and when the conversion of ,new ,zealanders was regarded as a hopeless task1 even by the majority of ,christian men1 and treated by the world with indifference or scorn4 ,in fact1 during this short visit he may be said to have planned1 perhaps unconsciously1 the labours of his whole life1 and to have laid the foundation for all the good of which he was to be the instrument4 ,let us first turn to the efforts he made for the settlements in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the improvement of the convict population was his primary object1 and his more immediate duty4 ,he had observed that by far the greater number of reformed criminals consisted of those who had intermarried1 or whose wives had been able to purchase their passage over1 and he suggested that those of the convicts' wives who chose to do so should be permitted to accompany their husbands even at the public expense4 ,this was refused1 and it was almost the only point upon which his representations failed2 but1 as a compromise1 the wives of the officers and soldiers were permitted to accompany their husbands1 and not less than three hundred immediately went with a single regiment4 ,to encourage honesty and industry he recommended not only remission of the sentence to the well conducted convict1 but a grant of land to a certain extent2 with which the government complied4 ,but he had no weak and foolish sympathy with crime1 and long after the period at which we are now writing1 he continued to incur the hatred of a certain class by protesting1 as he never ceased to do1 against the monstrous impropriety of placing men1 however wealthy1 who had themselves been convicts1 on the magisterial bench4 ,amongst the convicts he had observed that the greater number were acquainted with some branch of mechanics or manufactures2 at present1 they were unemployed1 or occupied in labour for which they were unfit1 and which was therefore irksome to themselves and of no advantage to the colony4 ,he therefore suggested that one or two practical mechanics with small salaries1 and one or two general manufacturers1 should be sent out to instruct the convicts4 ,but here a serious obstacle presented itself2 for this was the age of commercial prohibitions1 and it was objected that the manufacturers of the mother country would be injured by such a step4 ,mr4 ,marsden met the objection at once4 ,if the government would but accede to the proposal1 he would undertake that the enormous expense at which the country was for clothing the convicts should entirely cease within a certain period4 ,the wool of the government flocks and the flesh of the wild cattle was already sufficient to provide both food and raiment for the convicts without any expense to the parent state1 and all he prayed for was1 the opportunity of turning those advantages to the best account4 ,these requests were granted1 and on the same night1 and at his own cost1 he set off by the mail for ,warwickshire and ,yorkshire in search of four artisans and manufacturers1 who were soon upon their way to the scene of their future operations4 ,the vast importance of ,australia as the source on which the ,english manufacturer must at some future day depend for his supplies of wool1 had already occupied his thoughts4 ,he found that within three years his own stock without any care on his part1 7for his farm was entirely managed in his absence by a trusty bailiff who had been a convict17 had upon an average been doubled in number and value4 ,with the energy which was natural to him1 he carried some of his own wool to ,leeds1 where he had it manufactured1 and he had the satisfaction to learn that it was considered equal1 if not superior1 to that of ,saxony or ,france4 ,his private letters abound with intimations that ere long ,australia must become the great wool-producing country to which the ,english manufacturer would look4 ,he was introduced to king ,george the ,third1 and took the liberty1 through ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 of praying for a couple of ,merino sheep1 ,his ,majesty's property1 to improve the breed2 and his last letter from ,england1 dated from the ,cowes ,roads1 mentions their reception on board4 ,we anticipate a little1 but must quote the letter1 were it only to let the reader see how possible it is to be at once diligent in business and fervent in spirit4 ,we are this moment getting under weigh1 and soon expect to be upon the ocean4 ,i have received a present of five ,spanish sheep from the king's flock1 which are all on board2 if ,i am so fortunate as to get them out they will be a most valuable acquisition to the colony4 ,i leave ,england with much satisfaction1 having obtained so fully the object of my mission4 ,it is the good hand of our ,god that hath done these things for us4 ,i have the prospect of getting another pious minister4 ,i am writing to him on the subject this morning1 and ,i hope he will soon follow us4444 ,on ,sunday ,i stood on the long boat and preached from ,ezekiel xviii4 #bg3 ',when the wicked man turneth away1' etc4 ,it was a solemn time1 many of the convicts were affected4 ,we sang the ,hundredth ,psalm in the midst of a large fleet4 ,the number of souls on board is more than four hundred4 ,god may be gracious to some of them2 though exiled from their country and friends1 they may cry unto him in a foreign land1 when they come like the ,jews of old to hang their harps upon the willows1 and weep when they remember ,zion1 or rather when they remember ,england4,f ,f ,to ,avison ,terry1 ,esq41 ,hull4 ,the spiritual wants of the colony were not forgotten4 ,he induced the government to send out three additional clergymen and three schoolmasters2 and happily the selection was intrusted to his own judgment4 ,a disciple in the school of ,venn and ,milner1 he knew that the ordinances of the church1 though administered by a moral and virtuous man1 or by a zealous philanthropist1 were not enough4 ,he sought for men who were renewed in the spirit of their minds2 who uttered no mere words of course when they said at their ordination that they believed themselves moved thereto by the ,holy ,ghost4 ,but here again his task was difficult2 clergymen of such a stamp were but few2 the spirit of missionary enterprise was almost unfelt2 and1 to say the truth1 there was a missionary field at home1 dark and barbarous1 and far too wide for the few such labourers of this class whom the ,lord had yet sent forth into his harvest4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 however1 nothing daunted1 went from parish to parish till he met with two admirable men1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cowper and the ,rev4 ,robert ,cartwright1 who1 with their families1 accompanied him on his return4 ,his choice was eminently successful4 ,in a short account of ,mr4 ,marsden1 published in ,australia in #ahdd1 they are spoken of as still living1 pious and exemplary clergymen1 the fathers of families occupying some of the most important posts in the colony1 and1 notwithstanding their advancing years and increasing infirmities1 it is added1 there are few young men in the colony so zealous in preaching the gospel1 and in promoting the interests of the church of ,england4 ,the schoolmasters too1 we believe1 did honour to his choice4 ,he had already established two public free-schools for children of both sexes1 and he was now able to impart the elements of a pious education1 and to train them in habits of industry and virtue4 ,into all these plans the archbishop of ,canterbury cordially entered1 and wisely and liberally left it to the able founder to select his agents and associates4 ,mr4 ,marsden likewise urged upon the home administration the necessity of a female ,penitentiary2 and obtained a promise that a building should be provided4 ,that he was deeply alive to the importance of an institution of this kind1 is manifest in his own description of the state of the female prisoners in the earlier years of the colony1 and the deplorable picture he draws of their immorality and wretchedness4 ,when ,i returned to ,england in #ahjg1 he says1 there were upwards of fourteen hundred women in the colony2 more than one thousand were unmarried1 and nearly all convicts3 many of them were exposed to the most dangerous temptations1 privations and sufferings2 and no suitable asylum had been provided for the female convicts since the establishment of the colony4 ,on my arrival in ,london in #ahjh1 ,i drew up two memorials on their behalf1 stating how much they suffered from want of a proper barrack--a building for their reception4 ,one of these memorials ,i presented to the under secretary of state1 and the other to his grace the archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,they both expressed their readiness to promote the object4 ,years1 however1 passed before the consent of the colonial governor could be gained2 and ,mr4 ,marsden's benevolent exertions on behalf of these outcast women were for some time frustrated4 ,the variety of his engagements at this time was equal to their importance4 ,he had returned home charged with an almost infinite multiplicity of business4 ,he was the agent of almost every poor person in the colony who had1 or thought he had1 important business at home4 ,penny-postages lay in the same dim future with electric telegraphs and steam-frigates1 and he was often burdened with letters from ,ireland and other remote parts 7so wrote a friend1 who published at the time a sketch of his proceedings in the ,eclectic ,review17 the postage of which1 for a single day1 has amounted to a guinea2 which he cheerfully paid1 from the feeling that1 although many of these letters were of no use whatever1 they were written with a good intention1 and under a belief that they were of real value4 ,he had already been saluted1 like the ,roman generals of old1 with the title of common father of his adopted country2 and one of his last acts before he quitted ,england1 was to procure1 by public contributions and donations of books1 what he called a lending library 7so writes the reviewer1,g and the expression seems to have amused him from its novelty71 consisting of books on religion1 morals1 mechanics1 agriculture1 and general history1 to be lent out under his own control and that of his colleagues1 to soldiers1 free settlers1 convicts1 and others who had time to read4 ,in this1 too1 he succeeded1 and took over with him a library of the value of between three and four hundred pounds4 ,g ,eclectic ,review1 vol4 v4 pp4 #ihh-iie4 ,it was during this two-years'-visit to his native land1 that ,mr4 ,marsden laid the foundation of the ,church of ,england mission to ,new ,zealand4 ,in its consequences1 civil and religious1 this has already proved one of the most extraordinary and most successful of those achievements1 which are the glory of the churches in these later times4 ,this was the great enterprise of his life3 he is known already1 and will be remembered while the church on earth endures1 as the apostle of ,new ,zealand4 ,not that we claim for him the exclusive honour of being the only one although we believe he was1 in point of time1 the first who began1 about this period1 to project a mission to ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,wesleyans were early in the same field4 ,the ,rev4 ,samuel ,leigh1 a man whose history and natural character bore a marked resemblance to those of ,mr4 ,marsden1 was the pioneer of ,methodism1 and proved himself a worthy herald of the cross amongst the ,new ,zealanders4 ,a warm friendship existed between the two4 ,on his passage homewards he was a guest at ,paramatta2 and no tinge of jealousy ever appears to have shaded their intercourse1 each rejoicing in the triumphs of the other4 ,still1 ,mr4 ,marsden's position afforded him peculiar facilities1 and having once undertaken it1 the superintendence of the ,new ,zealand mission became1 without design on his part1 the great business of his life4 ,he had formed a high1 we do not think an exaggerated1 estimate of the ,maori or ,new ,zealand tribes4 ,they are a noble race1 he writes to his friend ,john ,terry1 ,esq41 of ,hull1 vastly superior in understanding to anything you can imagine in a savage nation4 ,this was before the mission was begun4 ,but he did not speak merely from hearsay3 several of their chieftains and enterprising warriors had visited ,australia1 and they ever found a welcome at the hospitable parsonage at ,paramatta4 ,sometimes1 it is true1 they were but awkward guests1 as the following anecdote will show2 which we present to the reader1 as it has been kindly furnished to us1 in the words of one of ,mr4 ,marsden's daughters4 ,my father had sometimes as many as thirty ,new ,zealanders staying at the parsonage4 ,he possessed extraordinary influence over them4 ,on one occasion1 a young lad1 the nephew of a chief1 died1 and his uncle immediately made preparations to sacrifice a slave to attend his spirit into the other world4 ,mr4 ,m4 was from home at the moment1 and his family were only able to preserve the life of the young ,new ,zealander by hiding him in one of the rooms4 ,mr4 ,m4 no sooner returned and reasoned with the chief1 than he consented to spare his life4 ,no further attempt was made upon it1 though the uncle frequently deplored that his nephew had no attendant in the next world1 and seemed afraid to return to ,new ,zealand1 lest the father of the young man should reproach him for having given up this1 to them1 important point4 ,the ,church ,missionary ,society1 which had now been established about seven years1 seemed fully disposed to co-operate with him2 and at their request he drew up a memorial on the subject of a ,new ,zealand mission1 not less important than that we have already mentioned1 to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 on the subject of their ,polynesian missions4 ,he still lays great stress upon the necessity of civilization going first as the pioneer of the gospel2 commerce and the arts having a natural tendency to inculcate industrious and moral habits1 open a way for the introduction of the gospel1 and lay the foundation for its continuance when once received 444 ,nothing1 in my opinion1 can pave the way for the introduction of the gospel but civilization4 444 ,the missionaries1 he thought1 might employ a certain portion of their time in manual labour1 and that this neither would nor ought to prevent them from constantly endeavouring to instruct the natives in the great doctrines of the gospel4 444 ,the arts and religion should go together4 ,i do not mean a native should learn to build a hut or make an axe before he should be told anything of man's fall and redemption1 but that these grand subjects should be introduced at every favourable opportunity1 while the natives are learning any of the simple arts4 ,he adds that four qualifications are absolutely necessary for a missionary--piety1 industry1 prudence1 and patience4 ,without sound piety1 nothing can be expected4 ,a man must feel a lively interest in the eternal welfare of the heathen to spur him on to the discharge of his duty4 ,on the three other qualifications1 he enlarges with great wisdom and practical good sense2 but the paper has been frequently printed1 and we must not transfer it to these pages4 ,it is no dishonour done to ,mr4 ,marsden if we say that1 in mature spiritual wisdom1 the venerable men who had founded the ,church ,missionary ,society1 and still managed its affairs1 were at this time his superiors4 ,strange indeed it would have been had the case been otherwise4 ,they listened gratefully and with deep respect to the opinion of one so well entitled to advise2 they determined on the mission1 and they gave a high proof of their confidence1 both in the practical wisdom and sterling piety of their friend1 in consulting him in the choice of their first agents4 ,but they did not adopt his views with regard to the importance of civilization as the necessary pioneer to the gospel4 ,so long ago as the year #ahae1 they thought it necessary to publish a statement of the principles upon which their mission was established4 ,it has been stated1 they say1 that the mission was originally established1 and for a long time systematically conducted1 on the principle of first civilizing and then christianizing the natives4 ,this is wholly a mistake4 ,the agents employed in establishing the mission were laymen1 because clergymen could not be had2 and the instructions given to them necessarily correspond with their lay character4 ,the foremost object of the mission has1 from the first1 been to bring the natives1 by the use of all suitable means1 under the saving influences of the grace of the gospel1 adding indeed the communication to them of such useful arts and knowledge as might improve their social condition4 ,the committee's instructions to their first agents in the mission abundantly sustain these assertions4 ,mr4 ,william ,hall and ,mr4 ,john ,king were the two single-hearted laymen to whom1 in the providence of ,god1 the distinguished honour was committed of first making known the gospel in ,new ,zealand4 ,they bore with them these instructions1 ere they embarked in the same vessel in which their friend and guide ,mr4 ,marsden himself returned to ,australia3--,ever bear in mind that the only object of the ,society1 in sending you to ,new ,zealand1 is to introduce the knowledge of ,christ among the natives1 and in order to this1 the arts of civilized life4 ,then after directing ,messrs4 ,hall and ,king to respect the sabbath day1 to establish family worship1 at any favourable opportunity to converse with the natives on the great subject of religion1 and to instruct their children in the knowledge of ,christianity1 the instructions add--,thus in your religious conduct you must observe the sabbath and keep it holy1 attend regularly to family worship1 talk to the natives about religion when you walk by the way1 when you labour in the field1 and on all occasions when you can gain their attention1 and lay yourselves out for the education of the young4 ,mr4 ,thomas ,kendall followed2 a third layman1 for no ordained clergyman of the church of ,england could yet be found4 ,the same instructions were repeated1 and in ,december1 #ahae1 when the ,rev4 ,john ,butler1 their first clerical missionary1 entered on his labours in ,new ,zealand1 he and his companions were exhorted thus--,the committee would observe that they wish1 in all the missions of the ,society1 that the missionaries should give their time as much as possible1 and wholly if practicable1 first to the acquisition of the native language1 and then to the constant and faithful preaching to the natives4 ,it is subsequently added--,do not mistake civilization for conversion4 ,do not imagine when heathens are raised in intellect1 in the knowledge of the arts and outward decencies1 above their fellow-countrymen1 that they are ,christians1 and therefore rest content as if your proper work were accomplished4 ,our great aim is far higher2 it is to make them children of ,god and heirs of his glory4 ,let this be your desire1 and prayer1 and labour among them4 ,and while you rejoice in communicating every other good1 think little or nothing done till you see those who were dead in trespasses and sins1 quickened together with ,christ4 ,these passages fully exhibit the views of the committee of this evangelical ,society with regard1 not only to the ,new ,zealand1 but to all their other missions4 ,nor do they stand alone2 every missionary association1 taught in many instances by bitter disappointment1 has long since discovered that the arts and sciences do not prepare the way of the ,lord amongst the heathen abroad2 just as they leave unsanctified our civilized heathendom at home4 ,but we must return from our digression1 which its great importance must excuse4 ,before he left ,england1 ,mr4 ,marsden formed or renewed an acquaintance with many great and good men1 ,mr4 ,wilberforce1 ,sir ,george ,grey1 the ,rev4 ,daniel ,wilson1 late ,bishop of ,calcutta1 the ,rev4 ,charles ,simeon1 the ,rev4 ,josiah ,pratt1 ,dr4 ,olinthus ,gregory1 and others whose names are dear to the church of ,christ4 ,but we must particularly notice the friendship which he formed with ,dr4 ,mason ,good as productive of the highest blessings to his friend1 and of much advantage to himself4 ,the life of this excellent and accomplished person was published by ,dr4 ,olinthus ,gregory1 soon after his death1 in #ahbh4 ,he tells us that ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 when he became acquainted with ,mr4 ,marsden1 had long professed ,socinian principles1 but of these had recently begun to doubt1 while he had not yet embraced the gospel of ,christ so as to derive either comfort or strength from it4 ,he was anxious and inquiring2 his father had been an orthodox dissenting minister1 and he himself a constant student and indeed a critical expositor of the ,bible4 ,he had published a translation of the book of ,job1 with notes1 and also a translation of ,solomon's ,song of ,songs4 ,he saw in the latter a sublime and mystic allegory1 and in the former a poem1 than which nothing can be purer in its morality1 nothing sublimer in its philosophy1 nothing more majestic in its creed4 ,he had given beautiful translations of many of the ,psalms2 but with all this he had not yet perceived that ,christ is the great theme of the ,old ,testament1 nor did he understand the salvation of which ,david in the ,psalms1 and all the prophets1 as well as ,job the patriarch did speak4 ,his introduction to ,mr4 ,marsden1 in such a state of mind1 was surely providential4 ,he saw1 and wondered at1 his self-denial2 he admired the true sublimity of his humble1 unassuming1 but unquestionable and active piety4 ,the first time ,i saw ,mr4 ,marsden1 says his biographer1 was in ,january1 #ahjh2 he had just returned from ,hull1 and had travelled nearly the whole journey on the outside of a coach in a heavy fall of snow1 being unable to secure an inside place4 ,he seemed scarcely conscious of the inclemency of the season1 and declared that he felt no inconvenience from the journey4 ,he had accomplished his object1 and that was enough4 ,and what was that object1 which could raise him above the exhaustion of fatigue and the sense of severe cold8 ,he had engaged a rope-maker who was willing1 at his 7,mr4 ,marsden's7 own expense1 to go and teach his art to the ,new ,zealanders4 ,so writes ,dr4 ,olinthus ,gregory4 ,as a philosopher who loved to trace phenomena to their causes1 ,dr4 ,mason ,good endeavoured to ascertain the principles from which these unremitting exertions sprang2 and1 as he often assured his friend1 ,dr4 ,gregory1 he could trace them only to the elevating influence of ,divine grace4 ,he could find no other clue2 and he often repeated the wish that his own motives were as pure1 and his own conduct as exemplary as those of ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,thus light broke in1 and at length he received the gospel as a little child1 and began to adorn it by his conduct4 ,for several years he was an efficient member of the committee of the ,bible ,society1 and of that of the ,church ,missionary ,society4 ,to the latter especially he devoted himself with the utmost activity and ardour1 and at his death1 which occurred in #ahbg1 the committee transmitted to ,mrs4 ,good a resolution expressive of the very high value they set on his services1 and of the heavy loss they were conscious they sustained by that event4 ,the resolution was accompanied by a letter of cordial sympathy from the pen of the ,rev4 ,edward ,bickersteth1 the secretary4 ,when dying he was1 heard1 without any suggestion or leading remark from those around him1 to repeat with quivering lips the text1 ,all the promises of ,god in him 7,christ ,jesus7 are ,yea1 and in him ,amen4 ,what words1 said he1 for a dying man to rest upon6,h ,h ,see ,life of ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 by ,dr4 ,olinthus ,gregory4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,return to the ,colony--,duaterra--,his strange adventures--,mr4 ,marsden's ,labours in ,new ,south ,wales--,aborigines--,their ,habits--,plans for their ,civilization4 ,mr4 ,marsden took what proved to be his last leave of his native land in ,august #ahji4 ,resolute as he was1 and nerved for danger1 a shade of depression passed across him4 ,the ship1 ,i understand1 he writes to ,mrs4 ,mason ,good1 is nearly ready4 ,this land in which we live is polluted1 and cannot1 on account of sin1 give rest to any of its inhabitants4 ,those who have 7sought7 and still do seek their happiness in anything it can give1 will meet nothing but disappointment1 vexation1 and sorrow4 ,if we have only a common share of human happiness1 we cannot have or hope for more4 ,a few weeks afterwards he addresses the same ,christian lady thus3-- ,cambridge1 ,august #a1 #ahji4 ,yesterday ,i assisted my much esteemed friend1 ,mr4 ,simeon1 but here ,i shall have no continuing city4 ,the signal will soon be given1 the anchor weighed1 and the sails spread1 and the ship compelled to enter the mighty ocean to seek for distant lands4 ,i was determined to take another peep at ,cambridge1 though conscious ,i could but enjoy those beautiful scenes for a moment4 ,in a few days we shall set off for ,portsmouth4 ,all this turning and wheeling about from place1 to place1 and from nation to nation1 ,i trust is our right way to the heavenly ,canaan4 ,i am happy in the conclusion1 to inform you that ,i have got all my business settled in ,london much to my satisfaction1 both with government and in other respects4 ,the object of my mission has been answered1 far beyond my expectations4 ,i believe that ,god has gracious designs towards ,new ,south ,wales1 and that his gospel will take root there1 and spread amongst the heathen nations to the glory of his grace4 ,i have the honour to be1 dear madam1 ,yours1 in every ,christian bond1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,his prayers and devout aspirations for ,new ,zealand had been heard on high1 and the way of the ,lord was preparing in a manner far beyond his expectations1 ardent as they seem4 ,the ship ,ann1 in which he sailed1 by order of the government1 for ,new ,south ,wales1 carried with her one whom ,providence had raised up to act a part1 only less important than his own1 in the conversion of that benighted land4 ,the ship had been some time at sea before ,mr4 ,marsden observed on the forecastle1 amongst the common sailors1 a man whose darker skin and wretched appearance awakened his sympathy4 ,he was wrapped in an old great coat1 very sick and weak1 had a violent cough1 accompanied with profuse bleeding4 ,he was much dejected1 and appeared as though a few days would close his life4 ,this was ,duaterra1 a ,new ,zealand chieftain1 whose story1 as related by ,mr4 ,marsden himself1 is almost too strange for fiction4 ,and as this young chief became1 as he tells us1 one of the principal instruments in preparing the way for the introduction of the arts of civilization and the knowledge of ,christianity into his native country1 a brief sketch of his marvellous adventures will not be out of place4 ,when the existence of ,new ,zealand was yet scarcely known to ,europeans1 it was occasionally visited by a ,south ,sea whaler distressed for provisions1 or in want of water4 ,one of these1 the ,argo1 put into the ,bay of ,islands in #ahje1 and ,duaterra1 fired with the spirit of adventure1 embarked on board with two of his companions4 ,the ,argo remained on the ,new ,zealand coast for above five months1 and then sailed for ,port ,jackson1 the modern ,sydney of ,australia1 ,duaterra sailing with her4 ,she then went to fish on the coast of ,new ,holland for six months1 again returning to ,port ,jackson4 ,duaterra had been six months on board1 working in general as a common sailor1 and passionately fond of this roving life4 ,he then experienced that unkindness and foul play of which the ,new ,zealander has always had sad reason to complain4 ,he was left on shore without a friend and without the slightest remuneration4 ,he now shipped himself on board the ,albion whaler1 ,captain ,richardson1 whose name deserves honourable mention2 he behaved very kindly to ,duaterra1 repaid him for his services in various ,european articles1 and after six months cruising on the fisheries1 put him on shore in the ,bay of ,islands1 where his tribe dwelt4 ,here he remained six months1 when the ,santa ,anna anchored in the bay1 on her way to ,norfolk ,island and other islets of the ,south ,sea in quest of seal skins4 ,the restless ,duaterra again embarked2 he was put on shore on ,norfolk ,island at the head of a party of fourteen sailors1 provided with a very scanty supply of water1 bread1 and salt provisions1 to kill seals1 while the ship sailed1 intending to be absent but a short time1 to procure potatoes and pork in ,new ,zealand4 ,on her return she was blown off the coast in a storm1 and did not make the land for a month4 ,the sealing party were now in the greatest distress1 and accustomed as he was to hardship1 ,duaterra often spoke of the extreme suffering which he and his party had endured1 while1 for upwards of three months1 they existed on a desert island with no other food than seals and sea fowls1 and no water except when a shower of rain happened to fall4 ,three of his companions1 two ,europeans and one ,tahitian1 died under these distresses4 ,at length the ,santa ,anna returned1 having procured a valuable cargo of seal skins1 and prepared to take her departure homewards4 ,duaterra had now an opportunity of gratifying an ardent desire he had for some time entertained of visiting that remote country from which so many vast ships were sent1 and to see with his own eyes the great chief of so wonderful a people4 ,he willingly risked the voyage1 as a common sailor1 to visit ,england and see king ,george4 ,the ,santa ,anna arrived in the river ,thames about ,july #ahji1 and ,duaterra now requested that the captain would make good his promise1 and indulge him with at least a sight of the king4 ,again he had a sad proof of the perfidiousness of ,europeans4 ,sometimes he was told that no one was allowed to see king ,george2 sometimes that his house could not be found4 ,this distressed him exceedingly2 he saw little of ,london1 was ill-used1 and seldom permitted to go on shore4 ,in about fifteen days1 the vessel had discharged her cargo1 when the captain told him that he should put him on board the ,ann1 which had been taken up by government to convey convicts to ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the ,ann had already dropped down to ,gravesend1 and ,duaterra asked the master of the ,santa ,anna for some wages and clothing4 ,he refused to give him any1 telling him that the owners at ,port ,jackson would pay him in two muskets for his services on his arrival there2 but even these he never received4 ,mr4 ,marsden was at this time in ,london1 quite ignorant of the fact that the son of a ,new ,zealand chief1 in circumstances so pitiable1 lay on board a ,south ,sea whaler near ,london bridge4 ,their first meeting was on board the ,ann1 as we have stated1 when she had been some days at sea4 ,his sympathies were at once roused1 and his indignation too2 for it was always ill for the oppressor when he fell within the power of his stern rebuke4 ,i inquired1 he says1 of the master where he met with him1 and also of ,duaterra what had brought him to ,england1 and how he came to be so wretched and miserable4 ,he told me that the hardships and wrongs which he had endured on board the ,santa ,anna were exceedingly great1 and that the ,english sailors had beaten him very much1 which was the cause of his spitting blood1 and that the master had defrauded him of all his wages1 and prevented his seeing the king4 ,i should have been very happy1 if there had been time1 to call the master of the ,santa ,anna to account for his conduct1 but it was too late4 ,i endeavoured to soothe his afflictions1 and assured him that he should be protected from insults1 and that his wants should be supplied4 ,by the kindness of those on board1 ,duaterra recovered1 and was ever after truly grateful for the attention shown him4 ,on their arrival at ,sydney1 ,mr4 ,marsden took him into his house for six months1 during which time he applied himself to agriculture2 he then wished to return home1 and embarked for ,new ,zealand2 but further perils and adventures were in prospect1 and we shall have occasion to advert to them hereafter4 ,for the present we leave him on his voyage to his island home4 ,the ,ann touched on her passage out at ,rio ,janeiro1 and ,mr4 ,marsden spent a short time on shore1 where his active mind1 already1 one would suppose1 burthened with cares and projects1 discovered a new field of labour4 ,the ignorance and superstition of a popish city stirred his spirit1 like that of ,paul at ,athens4 ,he wrote home to entreat the ,church ,missionary ,society1 if possible1 to send them teachers2 but this lay not within their province4 ,from a letter of ,sir ,george ,grey's1 addressed to himself1 it appears that he had interested some members of the ,english government upon the subject1 and that while at ,rio he had been active in distributing the ,scriptures4 ,but he was now to resume his labours in ,australia1 where he arrived in safety1 fondly calculating upon a long season of peaceful toil in his heavenly ,master's service4 ,his mind was occupied with various projects1 both for the good of the colony and of the heathen round about4 ,his own letters1 simply and hastily thrown off in all the confidence of friendship1 will show how eagerly he plunged1 and with what a total absence of selfish considerations1 into the work before him3 ,to ,john ,terry1 ,esq4 ,paramatta1 ,october #bf1 #ahaj4 ,,dear ,,sir4--,i received your kind and affectionate letter1 also a bottle of wheat1 with the ,hull papers1 from your brother2 for all of which ,i feel much indebted4 ,we had a very fine passage1 and ,i found my affairs much better than ,i had any reason to expect4 ,the revolution had caused much distress to many families1 and the settlement has been thrown much back by this event4 ,my wishes for the general welfare of the colony have been more successful than ,i expected they would be4 ,the rising generation are now under education in almost all parts of the country4 ,the ,catholic priests have all left us1 so that we have now the whole field to ourselves4 ,i trust much good will be done2 some amongst us are turning to the ,lord4 ,our churches are well attended1 which is promising and encouraging to us4 ,my colleagues are men of piety and four of the schoolmasters4 ,this will become a great country in time1 it is much favoured in its soil and climate4 ,i am very anxious for the instruction of the ,new ,zealanders2 they are a noble race1 vastly superior in understanding to anything you can imagine a savage nation could attain4 ,mr4 ,hall1 who was in ,hull1 and came out with us with an intention to proceed to ,new ,zealand as a missionary1 has not yet proceeded1 in consequence of a melancholy difference between the natives of that island and the crew of a ship called the ',boyd4' ,the ship was burnt1 and all the crew murdered2 our people1 it appears1 were the first aggressors1 and dearly paid for their conduct towards the natives by the loss of their lives and ship4 ,i do not think that this awful event will prevent the establishment of a mission at ,new ,zealand4 ,time must be allowed for the difference to be made up1 and for confidence to be restored4 ,i wrote a letter to ,mr4 ,hardcastle1 and another to ,rev4 ,j4 ,pratt1 ,secretary to the ,society for ,missions to ,africa and the ,east1 and have pointed out to them the necessity of having a ship constantly employed in visiting the islands in the ,south ,seas1 for the convenience1 safety1 and protection of the missionaries1 either at ,otaheite and ,new ,zealand1 or at any other island upon which they may reside4444 ,your's respectfully1 7,signed7 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,great projects are not to be accomplished without many disappointments4 ,the first attempt is seldom the successful one4 ,in spiritual things1 this may be regarded as the established rule1 or law1 in accordance to which the ,head of the church controls while he purifies his servants' zeal4 ,they are made to feel their weakness4 ,where they expect honour they meet with opposition1 perhaps with scorn4 ,their favourite plans are those which bring1 for a time1 the least success and the greatest anxiety4 ,thus they are taught the great lesson of their own weakness1 and the only less important one of the insignificance of others in whom they trusted4 ,and thus1 too1 in the painful but salutary school of adversity1 they learn that the highest wisdom is1 after all1 simply to accept the cross of ,christ1 and to cast themselves on the unerring guidance of the ,holy ,spirit2 and1 in a word1 to cease from man4 ,the new governor1 ,general ,macquarie1 had arrived out a few months before ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,he was an able commander1 and had the good of the colony much at heart2 and he had a task of no little difficulty to perform1 in reducing what was still a penal colony1 just recovering from a state of insurrection1 into order and obedience4 ,his powers were great2 he considered them absolute4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 too1 was justly tenacious of public morality and virtue1 and still more so of the spiritual independence of the ministerial character4 ,it seems that the rights of the governor on the one side1 and those of the ministers of religion on the other1 had not been accurately defined by the government at home1 and thus a collision between two minds so firm and so resolute as those of the governor and ,mr4 ,marsden1 was inevitable4 ,occasions of difference soon arose2 the governor anxious1 we doubt not1 to raise their character and elevate their position1 with a view to the future welfare of the colony1 placed several of the convicts on the magisterial bench1 treated them with respect1 and even invited them to his table4 ,with these men1 ,mr4 ,marsden refused1 as a magistrate1 to act1 or to meet them in society on equal terms4 ,some of them were notoriously persons of a bad and vicious life2 while none of them1 he thought1 could1 without gross impropriety1 punish others judicially for the infraction of that law which they themselves had broken4 ,he would gladly have resigned his magisterial office1 but the governor knew the worth of his services1 and refused to accept his resignation1 which was repeatedly tendered4 ,the new magistrates were of course offended1 and became his bitter foes2 and some of them harassed him for twenty years with slanders and libellous insults1 until at length an appeal to the laws of his country vindicated his reputation and silenced his opponents4 ,differences of opinion may exist as to the wisdom of ,governor ,macquarie's conduct in these civil affairs1 and many will perhaps justify his proceedings2 but every right-minded man will condemn without hesitation the attempts which he made to lord it over the consciences of the established clergy and other ,christian ministers in the colony1 in the discharge of their purely ministerial work4 ,he wished to dictate even to the pulpit4 ,mr4 ,marsden relates that he once sent for him to the ,government-house1 and commanded him to produce the manuscript of a sermon which he had preached nearly a year before3 he did so2 when the governor severely commented upon it1 and returned it with the remark that one sentence1 which it is more than probable he did not understand1 was almost downright blasphemy4 ,the junior clergy were of course still more exposed to the same despotic interference4 ,the governor wished to prescribe the hymns they should sing1 as well as the doctrines they should teach2 and he repeatedly insisted on their giving out1 during divine service1 secular notices of so improper a character1 that the military officers in attendance expressed their disgust4 ,happy it was for the colony of ,new ,south ,wales that he met with an opponent firm and fearless1 and at the same time sound in the faith1 such as the senior chaplain4 ,on him menaces and flattery were lost4 ,the governor1 at one time1 even threatened him with a court-martial2 nor was the threat altogether an empty one1 for he actually brought one of the junior chaplains1 ,mr4 ,vale1 before a court-martial1 and had him dismissed the colony4 ,these are painful facts1 and such as1 at this distance of time1 we should gladly pass over in silence2 but1 in that case1 what could the reader know of the trials through which ,mr4 ,marsden passed8 ,yet amidst all these distractions his letters testify that he possessed his soul in peace1 and that no root of bitterness1 troubled him4 ,he speaks with respect of the governor1 gives him credit for good intentions1 and acknowledges the many benefits he conferred upon the colony2 and when at length he was on the eve of returning home1 ,governor ,macquarie himself bore testimony to the piety1 integrity1 and invaluable services of the only man who had dared patiently yet firmly to contend with him during a long course of years4 ,the records of ministerial life offer little variety1 but to pious minds they are not without interest4 ,mr4 ,marsden rose early1 generally at four o'clock during the summer2 and the morning hours were spent in his study4 ,to a ,christian minister a few hours of retirement in the morning are indispensable1 or the mind is distracted and the day is lost4 ,very early rising is a question of health and constitution as well as of conscience1 and we lay no burden upon those who cannot practise it4 ,to those who can1 the habit is invaluable4 ,three friends of ,mr4 ,marsden present us with different examples in this matter4 ,simeon's twenty volumes of ,hor ,homilic1 or outlines of sermons1 were all written between five and eight o'clock in the morning4 ,thomas ,scott1 the commentator1 seldom had more than three hours a-day in his study and those three were early ones4 ,wilberforce on the other hand laments that he could do nothing till he had had his full dose of sleep4 ,those who cannot rise early may still make the day long by turning to account the fragments of time and vacant half-hours which are so recklessly permitted by most men1 especially strong men1 to run to waste4 ,in the early days of the colony1 ,mr4 ,marsden used to officiate in the morning at ,st4 ,philip's1 ,sydney4 ,roads were bad and conveyances scarce1 and he often walked a distance of fifteen miles to ,paramatta1 where he conducted another service and preached again4 ,his preaching is described as very plain1 full of good sense and manly thought1 and treating chiefly of the great foundation truths of the gospel4 ,man a lost sinner and needing conversion1 ,christ an ,almighty ,saviour pardoning sin1 the ,holy ,ghost an all-sufficient sanctifier1 guide1 and comforter1 carrying on the work of grace within the soul4 ,those who came to hear a great preacher went away disappointed2 those who came to pass a listless hour were sometimes grievously disturbed4 ,the authenticity of the following anecdote has been assured to us by ,mr4 ,marsden's surviving friends4 ,he was one day walking by the banks of the river1 when a convict as he passed plunged into the water4 ,mr4 ,marsden threw off his coat1 and in an instant plunged in after him and endeavoured to bring the man to land4 ,he contrived however to get ,mr4 ,marsden's head under the water1 and a desperate struggle for life ensued between them2 till ,mr4 ,marsden1 being the stronger of the two1 not only succeeded in getting safe to shore but in dragging the man with him4 ,the poor fellow1 struck with remorse1 confessed his intention4 ,he had resolved to have his revenge on the senior chaplain1 whose offence was that he had preached a sermon which had stung him to the quick2 and he believed1 as a sinner exasperated by the reflection of his own vices does frequently believe1 that the preacher had meant to hold him up to the scorn of the congregation4 ,he knew too that the sight of a drowning fellow-creature would draw out the instant help of one who never knew what fear was in the discharge of duty2 and he threw himself into the stream confident of drowning ,mr4 ,marsden1 and then of making good his own escape4 ,he became very penitent1 was a useful member of society1 and greatly attached to his deliverer1 who afterwards took him into his own service1 where he remained for some years4 ,we cannot give a more painful illustration of the malignity with which he was pursued1 than to state that the current version of this story in the colony was1 that the convict had been unjustly punished by ,mr4 ,marsden as a magistrate1 and took this method of revenge4 ,he made the most1 too1 of his opportunities4 ,at a time when there were very few churches or clergymen1 and the settlers were widely scattered over large tracts1 he frequently made an itinerating ministerial visit amongst them4 ,he was everywhere received with the greatest cordiality and respect4 ,on arriving at a farm1 a man on horseback was immediately dispatched to all the neighbours within ten or twelve miles to collect them for public worship4 ,the settlers gladly availed themselves of these opportunities1 and assembled1 in numbers varying from sixty to eighty1 when ,divine service was conducted in a vacant barn or under the shade of a verandah4 ,the next day1 he proceeded twenty or twenty-five miles further on in the wilds1 and again collected a congregation4 ,these tours would often extend over ten days or a fortnight1 and were repeated as his more settled duties permitted4 ,thus his name became a household word1 pronounced with love and gratitude far beyond the limits of his parish1 or even of the colony2 and probably he found some of his most willing hearers amongst those to whom he thus carried in their solitude the glad tidings of a salvation which when offered to them week by week at home they had neglected or despised4 ,yet his duties as principal chaplain were not neglected4 ,from a general government order1 dated ,september1 #ahaj1 it appears that amongst them were those of an overseer1 or chief pastor of the church4 ,the assistant chaplains are directed to consider themselves at all times under the immediate control and superintendence of the principal chaplain1 and are to make such occasional reports to him respecting their clerical duties as he may think proper to require or call for4 ,a high tribute to his worth under the circumstances in which he was placed by his opposition to the governor4 ,the chaplains frequently sought his protection against arbitrary power1 and he willingly fought their battles and his own in defence of liberty of conscience and the right of conducting ,god's worship undisturbed4 ,his connexion with his clerical brethren seems to have been uniformly happy1 and the same remark is true of the missionaries of various denominations1 not a few in number1 who1 during a period of twenty years1 were virtually under his control4 ,he had undoubtedly the rare power of governing others in a very high degree1 and it was done noiselessly and with a gentle hand2 for the men who govern well seldom obtrude their authority in an offensive manner1 or worry those they should control with a petty interference4 ,he had the same kind of influence1 and probably from the same cause1 over the very horses in his carriage4 ,he used1 in driving from ,sydney to ,paramatta1 to throw the reins behind the dash-board1 take up his book1 and leave them to themselves1 his maxim being that the horse that could not keep itself up was not worth driving4 ,one of the pair was almost unmanageable in other hands1 but it was remarked that ,captain always conducted himself well when his master drove1 and never had an accident4 ,amongst his strictly pastoral cares1 two schools for orphans had a foremost place4 ,a female orphan school was first proposed1 and ,mr4 ,marsden undertook the direction of the work1 and became treasurer to the institution4 ,from its formation in #ahjj to the year #ahba1 two hundred children were admitted4 ,it may be a question whether the children of living parents1 however ignorant or even dissolute they may be1 should be totally withdrawn from parental sympathies4 ,the presence of a child may restrain1 and its artless remonstrances are often known to touch1 a vicious father or mother whom no other influence can reach2 and ,dr4 ,guthrie's recent experiment in ,edinburgh seems to show us that the best method of ,christianizing both child and parent is to instruct the former well by day1 and to send him home at night a little missionary to his parents1 where other teaching would be scorned4 ,but in the case of orphans no such questions occur1 and we must look upon an orphan school with unmixed satisfaction4 ,a male orphan school followed in due course1 in which the boys were instructed in some trade and then apprenticed4 ,in both schools the moral and religious training was the chief consideration2 yet ,mr4 ,marsden's connexion with them was attributed by his enemies to a sordid motive1 and even those in power1 who should have known him better1 gave public currency to these injurious reports4 ,the fact was that when the institutions were founded the treasurer was allowed a small per centage upon the receipts1 as a clerical fee or stipend2 this he allowed to accumulate until he resigned the office1 when he presented the whole sum to the institution4 ,the committee absolutely refusing to accept it1 he purchased cattle from the government to the full amount1 and made a present of them to the orphan schools4 ,soon after his return from ,england it became necessary to erect new schools4 ,the work was long and tedious1 and owing to the want of labour in the colony1 and the idle and drunken habits of the labourers1 nearly ten years elapsed before they were completed1 and the work too was often at a stand for want of funds4 ,these1 however1 ,mr4 ,marsden--whom no pecuniary obstacles could daunt--supplied1 in a great measure1 out of his own purse1 till his advances amounted to nearly #ijjl42 and his disinterested conduct in the end occasioned him very considerable loss4 ,to the latest period he never ceased to take the warmest interest in the prosperity of these institutions4 ,i am sure1 says his daughter1 my father's parish was not neglected4 ,he was well known to all his parishioners1 as he was in the habit of constantly calling upon them4 ,he was very attentive to the sick1 whether at their own homes or at the government hospital4 ,he also took great interest in the education of the young4 ,it was through his instrumentality that many schools were established4 ,his ,sunday school1 at the time of which ,i speak1 was in a more efficient state than any ,i have since seen2 but this my brother-in-law1 the ,rev4 ,t4 ,hassell1 had a great deal to do with1 as he was then acting as my father's curate4 ,the factory for the reception of female convicts was built entirely by his suggestion1 and to their religious and moral improvement he devoted a good deal of his time4 ,it was principally owing to his endeavours to get this and other institutions in good order that much of his discomfort with his fellow-magistrates and government officers arose4 ,the aborigines of ,australia were1 even when the colony was first settled1 comparatively few in number2 and in painful conformity with universal experience1 they have wasted away before the white man1 and will probably disappear in time from the face of the earth4 ,if the ,new ,zealander stands highest in the scale of savage nature1 the native ,australian occupies perhaps the lowest place4 ,so low1 indeed1 was their intellect rated1 that when the phrenological system of ,drs4 ,gall and ,spurzheim began to occupy attention1 some forty years ago1 the skulls of several of them were sent over to ,england to be submitted to the manipulations of its professors1 with a view of ascertaining whether the ,creator had not thrust into existence a whole race of idiots--men who had neither reason to guide them on the one hand1 nor well-developed instinct on the other4 ,they are supposed to be a mixture of the ,malay and negro races1 but they have nothing of the muscular strength of the negro1 nor of his mental pliancy1 and both in body and mind are far below the pure ,malay4 ,in the infancy of the colony they rambled into the town of ,port ,jackson in a state of nudity1 and when blankets were presented to them they were thrown aside as an incumbrance4 ,they seemed to have no wants beyond those which the dart or spear--never out of their hands--could instantly supply4 ,their food was the opossum1 but when this was not to be found they were by no means delicate2 grubs1 snakes1 putrid whales1 and even vermin were eagerly devoured1 though fish and oysters were preferred4 ,they are a nomad or wandering people1 always moving from place to place in search of food1 or from the mere love of change4 ,during the winter1 they erect a hut1 resembling a beehive1 of rude wicker-work besmeared with clay2 but in general a mere hurdle1 such as we use in ,england for penning sheep1 placed to windward in the ground1 is all their shelter2 under this they lie with a fire kindled in the front of it4 ,our ,english stragglers have made themselves well acquainted with their habits1 frequently living amongst them for weeks together in the bush4 ,these all agree in admiration of the skill with which they throw the dart1 which seldom misses1 even from a child's hand1 to strike its prey4 ,they are peaceable and inoffensive to strangers1 and kind to their gins1 or wives1 and to their children1 unless their savage natures are aroused1 when they become horribly brutal and vindictive4 ,few savage tribes have been found whose ideas on religion are less distinct4 ,they believe in a good spirit1 ,royan1 and a bad one1 ,potoyan2 but like all savages--like all men1 we may say1 either savage or civilized1 who know not ,god--they dread the evil spirit far more than they love the good one4 ,they offer no prayer1 and have no worship or sacrifices4 ,civil government is unknown2 authority in the tribe depends on personal strength or cunning4 ,a wandering life with abundance of provisions1 amongst their native woods1 shores1 and mountains1 is the sum of all the little happiness they know or seek4 ,some efforts were made in the early period of the colony on their behalf4 ,a district near ,port ,jackson was assigned them1 and they were encouraged to reside in it2 but it was very soon deserted4 ,the roving habits of the aborigines made any settled residence irksome2 and their wants were so few that they would neither engage in trade1 nor submit to labour for the sake of wages4 ,it retained the name of the ,black ,town for many years2 but the black men have long since deserted it4 ,governor ,macquarie1 after consulting with ,mr4 ,marsden1 then attempted a farm1 and1 in connexion with it1 a kind of reformatory school at ,paramatta1 where they were to be civilized and cured of their migratory habits1 and instructed in the ,christian religion4 ,mr4 ,marsden took a warm interest in the scheme1 as he did in everything that concerned the welfare of the aborigines4 ,still it failed2 for it was founded1 as experience has shown1 upon wrong principles4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 however1 is not to be blamed for this2 since ,governor ,macquarie1 having now conceived a violent prejudice against him1 omitted his name from the committee of management1 although the institution was placed in his own parish1 introducing those of two junior chaplains2 and it was not till the governor's retirement that he took an active part in its affairs4 ,but the character of the institution was then fixed1 and its approaching failure was evident4 ,two faults were interwoven with it1 either of which must have proved fatal4 ,in the first place1 the attempt to confine a nomad1 wandering tribe within the precincts of a farm1 or to bring them to endure1 except it had been by force1 the discipline of lads in an ,english workhouse1 was upon the very face of it absurd4 ,these1 we must remember1 were the early days of ,english philanthropy amongst wild black men4 ,she had yet to make her blunders and learn her first lessons4 ,why should a nomad race be settled upon the workhouse plan1 or even confined to an ,english farm8 ,why should they not rather be encouraged to dwell in tents1 carry civilization with them into their own woods and mountains1 and1 roam1 free and fearless1 over those vast regions which ,god had given them to possess1 until at last they themselves shall wish to adopt the settled habits of ,european ,christians8 ,a roving life in the wilderness is not of necessity an idle or a barbarous one4 ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob were highly civilized1 and eminently devout4 ,arabians and dwellers in ,mesopotamia1 wanderers of the desert1 heard the word with gladness1 and received the ,holy ,ghost upon the day of ,pentecost4 ,but we do not read that they were required to live in cities1 and abandon the long-cherished wilderness1 with all its solemn associations and grand delights4 ,and we have not so mean an opinion of ,christianity as to believe that it can thrive only in towns well paved and lighted1 or in farms neatly fenced and artificially cultivated4 ,the true missionary must track the wandering savage into the desert1 and there make himself his guide and friend2 and teach him that the gospel of ,jesus ,christ is indeed of ,god1 inasmuch as it is fitted1 as no human contrivance can be fitted1 for man1 whatever his outward circumstances or his mode of life2 that it knows no difference between the dweller in the tent1 and in cities1 tall and fenced up to heaven4 ,barbarian1 ,scythian1 bond or free1 are all alike welcome to its blessings2 and we can see no good reason why there should not be ,christian tribes in the wilderness1 as there were patriarchal churches in the plains of the ,euphrates1 long before the law was given on ,mount ,sinai4 ,the other mistake was the same which has tainted other missions in their infancy1 and to which we have made some allusion4 ,it was thought necessary to prepare the savage mind for ,christianity1 by the preliminary discipline of a civilizing process4 ,this is inverting the order in which ,god proceeds3 ,the entrance of thy word giveth light4 ,when the voice of ,god speaks within1 and not before1 the demoniac quits his dwelling amongst the tombs2 no longer tears off his raiment like a brute beast1 unconscious of shame2 ceases to be exceeding fierce1 and is now found sitting at the feet of ,jesus1 clothed1 and in his right mind4 ,a few efforts upon this1 the right evangelical principle as we conceive1 have been made from time to time amongst these degraded aborigines2 but the success has not been great4 ,a wide field still remains1 thinly peopled and spiritually uncultivated4 ,if these lines should be read by our ,christian friends in ,australia1 to them we would venture to commend the glorious enterprise4 ,let there be one colony at least in which the aborigines shall share the intruder's prosperity4 ,let the vast centre of the ,australian continent one day rejoice in its thronging tribes of ,christian aborigines4 ,mr4 ,marsden's view of the native character may be gathered from the following statement1 which he published in self-defence when charged with indifference as to their conversion4 ,more than twenty years ago1 a native lived with me at ,paramatta1 and for a while ,i thought ,i could make something of him2 but at length he got tired1 and no inducement could prevail upon him to continue in my house2 he took to the bush again1 where he has continued ever since4 ,one of my colleagues1 the ,rev4 ,r4 ,johnstone1 took two native girls into his house1 for the express purpose of educating them2 they were fed and clothed like ,europeans2 but in a short time they went into the woods again4 ,another native1 named ,daniel1 was taken when a boy into the family of ,mrs4 ,c42 he was taken to ,england2 mixed there with the best society1 and could speak ,english well2 but on his return from ,england he reverted to his former wild pursuits4 ,in reply to the inquiries made by ,mr4 ,marsden1 who once met ,daniel after he returned to his savage state1 he said2 ,the natives universally prefer a free and independent life1 with all its privations1 to the least restraint4 ,without multiplying instances quoted by ,mr4 ,marsden1 the trial he made with an infant shows that his heart was not unfriendly towards these people4 ,one of my boys1 whom ,i attempted to civilize1 was taken from its mother's breast1 and brought up with my own children for twelve years2 but he retained his instinctive taste for native food2 and he wanted that attachment to me and my family that we had just reason to look for2 and always seemed deficient in those feelings of affection which are the very bonds of social life4 ,this boy ran away at ,rio from ,mr4 ,marsden1 when returning from ,england in #ahaj1 but was brought back to the colony by ,captain ,piper2 and died in the ,sydney hospital1 exhibiting ,christian faith and penitence4 ,i mentioned to the governor1 he adds1 some of these circumstances1 but not with any view to create difficulties2 so far from it1 that ,i informed him that ,i was authorized by the ,church ,missionary ,society to assist any plan with pecuniary aid1 that was likely to benefit the natives of the colony4 ,a mission was in fact set on foot by this ,society2 but from various causes1 it failed1 and was abandoned4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,mr4 ,marsden's correspondence with the ,london ,missionary ,society--,buys the brig ,active--,his first ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,journal of ,events4 ,richard ,baxter1 after describing his ministerial labours at ,kidderminster in preaching and visiting from house to house1 has these remarkable words3 ,but all these1 my labours1 even preaching and preparing for it1 were but my recreations1 and1 as it were1 the work of my spare hours2 for my writings were my chiefest daily labour4 ,mr4 ,marsden had his recreations1 too4 ,amidst the anxieties of his colonial chaplaincy he found or made opportunities to conduct a work which of itself would have been sufficient to exhaust the energies and to immortalize the memory of any other man4 ,we devote this chapter to a short1 and1 of necessity1 imperfect sketch of these his recreations in the missionary field4 ,on his return from ,england in #ahaj1 he found disastrous tidings of the ,tahitian mission awaiting his arrival4 ,disheartened by their utter want of success1 divided amongst themselves1 distracted with fears of danger from the natives1 several of the missionaries had fled from their posts1 and taken refuge in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the work appeared to be on the eve of ruin1 and it was owing in no small measure to the firmness and wise conduct of ,mr4 ,marsden that it was not1 for a time at least1 abandoned4 ,sooner1 he exclaims1 in one of his letters to the ,society at home1 than that shall be the case1 ,i will give up my chaplaincy1 and go myself and live at ,otaheite4 ,yet it was no easy task to inspire others with his own courage1 or to impart his hopeful spirit to a desponding band of men4 ,he felt the difficulty1 and acted towards them in the most considerate manner4 ,instead of at once insisting on their return1 he received them into his family1 where it is scarcely necessary to say they were treated with that patriarchal hospitality for which the parsonage of ,paramatta was famed4 ,when a few months had passed1 and their spirits were cheered and their health restored1 the question of their return to ,tahiti was introduced and quietly discussed4 ,their kind and pious host had never for an instant doubted of their ultimate success4 ,we have perused numerous letters addressed by him to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 and to various friends in ,england2 but in not one of them is the shadow of a doubt expressed as to the triumph of the gospel in ,tahiti and the ,society ,islands2 and we may extend the remark to the ,new ,zealand mission1 as shown by his correspondence with the ,church ,missionary ,society a few years later4 ,about this period a reaction had taken place in ,england amongst religious people4 ,the fond hopes they had unwisely entertained of seeing vast results wherever the gospel was introduced among the heathen and upon the first proclamation of it1 had been grievously disturbed2 and now the tide ran in the opposite direction4 ,nothing appears to have given ,mr4 ,marsden more uneasiness than the general lukewarmness of the church of ,christ at home1 and their despondency as to the success of missions4 ,he speaks of his anxious days and sleepless nights4 ,but his own courage never failed2 and this high undoubting faith1 it is beautiful to observe1 rests always on the same foundation4 ,it was not1 much as he respected them1 his confidence either in the ,societies at home1 or in their missionaries abroad1 but simply in the promises of ,god1 in the power of the gospel1 and in the unchanging love of ,christ for his inheritance among the heathen4 ,thus the missionaries were induced to return to their deserted posts2 and not only so1 but to resume their work in a higher spirit of faith and cheerfulness4 ,it was not long before hopeful signs broke out1 and within ten years ,pomare the sovereign became a ,christian king1 and the island of ,tahiti a ,christian land4 ,the distance of these missions from ,australia1 and the difficulty of communicating with them1 suggested to ,mr4 ,marsden the advantage of employing a vessel entirely on missionary service4 ,when his mind was once made up he lost no time2 the consent of the ,societies in ,england could not all at once be gained2 so he resolved1 at his own cost1 to purchase a missionary ship1 the first probably that ever floated on the deep1 and bought the ,active1 a brig of a hundred tons burden1 for the service of the two great missions on which his heart was fixed4 ,the following letter1 addressed to the ,rev4 ,george ,burder1 though written two years later1 is introduced here to complete our summary of the re-establishment of the ,tahitian mission3 ,paramatta1 ,june #i1 #ahae4 ,,rev4 ,,and ,,dear ,,sir1--,i received a short letter from you by the late arrivals1 and found you had not got any very interesting accounts from the brethren at ,otaheite4 ,the last account ,i had from them1 they were going on exceedingly well1 and the ,lord was owning and blessing their labours4 ,you will hear ,i lately visited ,new ,zealand1 and also my views of that island4 ,finding that the ,societies in ,london could not make up their minds1 neither as a body nor as individuals1 to send out a vessel1 ,i at last determined to purchase one for the purpose on my own account4 ,the various expenses attending it have created me some little pecuniary difficulties2 but they are only known to myself1 and not such as will be attended with any serious consequence4 ,i hope in a little time ,i shall be able to surmount them2 whether ,i shall keep the vessel in my own hands or not1 ,i am not certain as yet4 ,i cannot do it without some assistance at the first2 if ,i could1 ,i certainly would not trouble any of my friends4 ,the vessel has been twice at ,new ,zealand1 and is gone a third time4 ,when she returns ,i intend her to visit the brethren at ,otaheite4 ,it is my intention that she should sail in ,august next to ,otaheite4 ,the brethren there have been labouring hard to build a vessel for themselves1 which is almost completed4 ,i have agreed to take a share with them in her4 ,during the time the brethren have been building their vessel1 the work of the ,lord appears to have prospered very much1 far beyond all expectation4 ,he adds1 ,i estimate the expenses of the vessel at #aejjl4 per annum1 and ,i think1 if ,i am not mistaken in my views1 that her returns will not be less than #ajjjl4 per annum1 and perhaps more4 ,i may venture to say ,i should not call on the two ,societies for more than the sum ,i have stated1 namely1 #ejjl4 per annum from this time4 ,i will not demand anything if the returns cover the expenses for the use of the vessel4 ,these returns were to be obtained by freighting the ,active with the produce of the industry of the natives1 and trading with them in return4 ,this would stimulate their exertions1 correct their vagrant minds1 and enrich them with the comforts and conveniences of civil life4 ,the letter closes with suggesting yet another mission2 for the large heart of the writer saw in the approaching triumph of the gospel in his favourite missions only a call to fresh exertions4 ,even as ,paul1 when he had fully preached from ,jerusalem round about unto ,illyricum1 sighed after fresh labours1 and still remoter conquests for his ,lord4 ,i wish to mention to you that it would be a great object if the ,society would turn their thoughts a little to the ,friendly ,islands4 ,new ,zealand being on one side1 and the ,society ,islands on the other1 with labourers now upon them1 the ,friendly ,islands ought not to be left destitute4 ,these islands are very populous1 and as the ,london ,missionary ,society first began the work there1 ,i think they should renew their attempt4 ,i cannot recommend any establishment upon any of the islands in the ,south ,seas1 unless commerce is more or less attended to1 in order to call forth the industry of the natives4 ,provided the ,society as a body will not consent to have anything to do with commerce1 ,i see no reason why a few pious friends might not1 who wish to aid the missionary cause4 ,you cannot form a nation without commerce and the civil arts4 ,a person of information who is well acquainted with the ,friendly ,islands informed me that the labour of a hundred thousand men might be brought into action upon these islands in producing sugar1 cordage1 cotton1 etc4444 ,a hundred thousand men will never form themselves into any regular society1 and enjoy the productions of their country without commerce4 ,should the ,society have any doubts upon the point1 let them authorize an inquiry into the state of these islands1 when there is an opportunity to examine them1 and a report of their inhabitants and their productions laid out before them4 ,mr4 ,marsden then describes the openings at ,new ,zealand1 and concludes a long letter thus3 ,i have stated my sentiments with great haste4 ,you will excuse the hasty scrawl4 ,i can assure you my sincere wish and prayer to the great ,head of the church is that all may prosper that love him4 ,i am1 dear sir1 yours affectionately1 ,s4 ,,marsden4 ,a postscript adds3-- ,since writing this letter1 ,i have determined to keep the ,active in my own hands4 ,let us now turn to the ,new ,zealand mission1 which occupied1 from this time1 so large a portion of ,mr4 ,marsden's public life4 ,we have mentioned the designation of two laymen1 ,messrs4 ,hall and ,king1 for this mission by the ,church ,missionary ,society in #ahjh4 ,they sailed from ,england1 with ,mr4 ,marsden1 in #ahaj1 and were soon after followed by ,mr4 ,kendall1 and the three assembled at ,new ,south ,wales1 intending to sail thence without delay for the scene of their future work4 ,but here fresh difficulties arose4 ,mr4 ,marsden's intention was to accompany them1 and in person to meet the first dangers1 and lay1 as it were1 the first stone4 ,but this the new governor absolutely forbade4 ,to him1 and in fact to most men in his circumstances1 the whole scheme seemed utterly preposterous4 ,the idea of converting the savages of ,new ,zealand was the chimera of a pious enthusiast--a good and useful man in his way1 but one who was not to be allowed thus idly to squander the lives of others1 to say nothing of his own4 ,nor in truth were the governor's objections altogether without foundation4 ,the last news from ,new ,zealand was that an ,english ship1 the ,boyd1 had been seized and burned by the cannibals in the ,bay of ,islands1 and every soul on board1 seventy in all1 killed and eaten4 ,the report was true1 save only that1 out of the whole of the ship's company1 two women and a boy had been spared to live in slavery with the savages4 ,a ,new ,zealand chief had sailed on board1 as it afterwards appeared1 and had been treated with brutal indignities similar to those which ,duaterra suffered from the captain of the ,santa ,anna4 ,he smothered his resentment1 and1 waiting the return of the ,boyd to the ,bay of ,islands1 summoned his tribe1 who1 on various pretences1 crowded the deck of the ship1 and at a given signal rushed upon the crew1 dispatched them with their clubs and hatchets1 and then gorged themselves and their followers on the horrible repast4 ,all then that ,mr4 ,marsden could obtain at present was permission to charter a vessel1 if a captain could be found sufficiently courageous to risk his life and ship in such an enterprise1 and to send out the three missionaries as pioneers2 with a reluctant promise from the governor that if on the ship's return1 all had turned out well1 he should not be hindered from following4 ,for some time no such adventurous captain could be found4 ,at length1 for the sum of #fjjl4 for a single voyage1 an offer was made1 but ,mr4 ,marsden looked upon the sum as far too much2 and this1 with other considerations1 induced him to purchase his own missionary brig1 the ,active1 in which ,messrs4 ,hall and ,kendall finally set sail for the ,bay of ,islands4 ,they carried a message to ,duaterra1 entreating him to receive them kindly1 and inviting him1 too1 to return with them to ,paramatta1 bringing along with him two or three friendly chiefs4 ,duaterra1 after his visit to ,mr4 ,marsden1 on his way from ,england1 had again suffered great hardships from the perfidy of the master of the ,frederick1 with whom he had embarked from ,new ,south ,wales under an express engagement to be set on shore at the ,bay of ,islands1 where his tribe dwelt4 ,he was carried to ,norfolk ,island1 and there left2 and1 to aggravate his wrongs and sorrows1 the vessel passed within two miles of his own shores and in sight of his long lost home4 ,he was defrauded too of his share of the oil he had procured with his companions1 worth #ajjl4 ,a whaler found him on ,norfolk ,island1 almost naked and in the last stage of want1 and brought him once more to ,australia and to his friend and patron ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,a short stay sufficed2 he sailed again from ,sydney1 and soon found himself1 to his great joy1 amongst his friends in ,new ,zealand4 ,on the arrival of the ,active with its missionaries--the first messengers of ,christ who landed on its shores--he was there to greet them1 and to repay1 a thousandfold1 the kindness of his friend the minister of ,paramatta1 in the welcome he secured for these defenceless strangers4 ,they carried with them too a present which1 trifling as it may seem1 was not without its share of influence in the great work2 the story is suggestive1 and may serve a higher purpose than merely to amuse the reader4 ,duaterra had been provided by ,mr4 ,marsden with a supply of wheat for sowing on his return to ,new ,zealand4 ,no such thing as a field of grain of any kind had yet waved its golden ears on that fertile soil4 ,to this accomplished savage the honour belongs of first introducing agriculture into an island destined1 within forty years1 to rival the best farms of ,england both in the value of its crops and the variety of its produce4 ,the neighbouring chiefs and their tribes viewed with wonder first the green ears and then the growing corn4 ,the wild potato1 the fern1 and a few other roots were the only produce of the earth they were yet acquainted with1 and when ,duaterra assured them that his field of wheat was to yield the flour out of which the bread and biscuits they had tasted on ,english ships were made1 they tore up several plants1 expecting to find something resembling their own potato at the root4 ,that the ears themselves should furnish the materials for a loaf was not to be believed4 ,duaterra meant to impose upon them1 or else he had been duped himself1 but they were not to be cajoled with the tales of a traveller4 ,the field was reaped and the corn threshed out1 when ,duaterra was mortified with the discovery that he was not provided with a mill4 ,he made several attempts to grind his corn with the help of a coffee-mill borrowed from a trading-ship1 but without success2 and now1 like the inventor of steam navigation1 and other benefactors of their species nearer home1 he was laughed at for his simplicity4 ,it is strange that the ancient ,roman quern1 a hollow stone in which the grain was pounded1 the rudest form in fact of the pestle and mortar1 should not have occurred to him2 but the total want of invention is an invariable characteristic of savage nature4 ,at length the ,active brought the important present of a hand-mill for grinding corn4 ,duaterra's friends assembled to watch the experiment1 still incredulous of the promised result2 but when the meal began to stream out beneath the machine their astonishment was unbounded2 and when a cake was produced1 hastily baked in a frying-pan1 they shouted and danced for joy1 ,duaterra was now to be trusted when he told them that the missionaries were good men4 ,and thus the first favourable impression was made upon the savage ,maories1 whose race was in the next generation to become a civilized and ,christian people4 ,messrs ,hall and ,kendall1 having introduced themselves and their mission in ,new ,zealand1 now1 in obedience to their instructions1 returned to ,sydney accompanied by ,duaterra and six other chiefs1 amongst whom was ,duaterra's uncle the famous ,shunghie1 or ,hongi1 the most powerful of ,new ,zealand chieftains2 such was the confidence which ,mr4 ,marsden's name1 together with the good conduct of the missionaries1 had now inspired4 ,the ,active reached ,new ,south ,wales on the #bbnd of ,august1 #ahad4 ,nothing could exceed the joy which ,mr4 ,marsden experienced on the successful termination of the voyage1 and being filled with an earnest desire to promote the dissemination of the gospel amongst the ,new ,zealanders1 and having obtained the governor's permission1 he determined to accompany the missionaries on their return to the ,bay of ,islands4 ,to his friend1 ,avison ,terry1 ,esq41 he wrote just before he sailed1 ,oct4 #g1 #ahad--;,it is my intention to visit ,new ,zealand and see what can be done to promote the eternal welfare of the inhabitants of that island4 ,i have now several of the chiefs living with me at ,paramatta4 ,they are as noble a race of men as are to be met with in any part of the world4 ,i trust ,i shall be able1 in some measure1 to put a stop to those dreadful murders which have been committed upon the island for some years past1 both by the ,europeans and the natives4 ,they are a much injured people1 notwithstanding all that has been advanced against them4 ,the time is now come1 in my opinion1 for them to be favoured with the everlasting gospel2 and ,i trust to hear the joyful sound in those dark and dreary regions of sin and spiritual bondage4 ,i have long had the most ardent wish to visit these poor heathen1 but have never till the present time obtained permission4 ,i have submitted my views to the ,church ,missionary ,society1 and solicited their aid4 ,the expense of establishing a mission here will at first be very considerable4 444 ,here he mentions his purchase of the ,active1 etc4 ,should the ,society approve of my views1 no doubt they will give their support1 but if they cannot enter into them in the manner ,i do1 ,i cannot expect that assistance from them which may be required4 ,my own means will enable me to set the mission on foot in the first instance1 and ,i have little doubt but it will succeed4 ,zeal such as this1 tempered with discretion and guided by the wisdom which cometh from above1 in answer to many believing prayers1 could scarcely fail of its sure reward4 ,on the #aith of ,november1 #ahad1 he embarked on his great mission1 with a motley crew1 such as 7except perhaps on some other missionary ship7 has seldom sailed in one small vessel--savages and ,christian teachers and enterprising mechanics1 their wives and children1 besides cattle and horses4 ,of this strangely assorted company he gives the following description3 ,the number of persons on board the ,active1 including women and children1 was thirty-five2 the master1 his wife and son1 ,messrs4 ,kendall1 ,hall1 and ,king1 with their wives and children1 eight ,new ,zealanders1 7including ,duaterra and his uncle the great warrior ,shunghie or ,hongi7 two ,otaheitans1 and four ,europeans belonging to the vessel1 besides ,mr4 ,john ,lydiard ,nicholas and myself2 there were also two sawyers1 one smith1 and a runaway convict whom we afterwards found on board1 a horse and two mares1 one bull and two cows1 with a few sheep and poultry4 ,the bull and cows have been presented by ,governor ,macquarie from his ,majesty's herd4 ,on the #aeth ,december1 they were in sight of land2 the next day1 the chiefs were sent on shore1 and a friendly communication was at once opened with the natives4 ,but even before they had landed a canoe came alongside the ,active1 with plenty of fish1 and shortly afterwards a chief followed from the shore1 who immediately came on board4 ,mr4 ,marsden's fame1 as the friend of the ,new ,zealanders1 had arrived before him4 ,i told them my name1 with which they were all well acquainted4444 ,we were now quite free from all fear1 as the natives seemed desirous to show us attention by every possible means in their power4 ,the ,active dropped her anchor a few days after at ,wangaroa1 near the ,bay of ,islands1 the scene of the massacre of the ,boyd's crew1 and there amongst the very cannibals by whose hands their countrymen had fallen so recently the first ,christian mission to ,new ,zealand was opened4 ,a fierce and unholy revenge had been taken1 in the murder of ,tippahee1 a native chieftain1 and all his family1 by an ,english crew who had visited ,wangaroa after the ,boyd's destruction1 and ,tippahee1 as ,mr4 ,marsden always maintained1 suffered unjustly1 having had no share in the dreadful massacre4 ,but thus it was2 and amongst a people so exasperated did these servants of the most high ,god venture forth as the heralds of the gospel4 ,seldom since the words of the prophet were first uttered have they had1 in reference to missionaries1 a more significant1 or a more correct appropriation than they now received4 ,how beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings1 that publisheth peace2 that bringeth good tidings of good1 that publisheth salvation4 ,mr4 ,marsden's journal of this his first visit to ,new ,zealand is a document of singular interest1 and when published at the time in ,england1 it made a deep impression4 ,it is written in plain and forcible language1 and is characterized by that vein of good sense and practical wisdom which so distinguished him4 ,there is no display of his own sufferings1 trials and privations1 no affectation of laboured and studied expression1 no highly coloured and partial representation of the savage condition of the natives4 ,all his aim is to lay the truth before the ,society and the friends of missions1 and in doing so he has written with a degree of accuracy and honest feeling1 which while they inform the understanding at once reach the heart4 ,from this unpretending record1 a few selections will be laid before the reader4 ,and here1 too1 we would1 once for all1 acknowledge our obligations to his companion in travel1 ,j4 ,l4 ,nicholas1 ,esq41 to whose manuscript journal of the visit to ,new ,zealand1 as well indeed as for other communications of great interest on the subject of ,mr4 ,marsden's life and labours1 we shall be much indebted through the future pages of our work4 ,duaterra and ,shunghie had often told of the bloody war1 arising out of the affair of the ,boyd1 that was raging1 while they were at ,paramatta1 between the people of ,wangaroa 7the tribe of ,tippahee7 and the inhabitants of the ,bay of ,islands1 who were their own friends and followers2 the ,wangaroans accusing the people of the ,bay of ,islands of having conspired with the ,english in the murder of ,tippahee4 ,when the ,active arrived1 several desperate battles had been fought1 and the war was likely to continue4 ,mr4 ,marsden was determined to establish peace amongst these contending tribes4 ,he was known already as the friend of ,duaterra and ,shunghie2 he now felt that he must convince the other party of his good intentions4 ,he did not come amongst them as an ally of either1 but as the friend of both2 he resolved therefore to pass some time with the ,wangaroans2 and with a degree of intrepidity truly astonishing even in him1 not only ventured on shore1 but actually passed the night1 accompanied by his friend ,mr4 ,nicholas alone1 with the very savages who had killed and eaten his countrymen4 ,after a supper of fish and potatoes in the camp of ,shunghie1 they walked over to the hostile camp distant about a mile4 ,they received the two white strangers very cordially4 ,we sat down amongst them1 and the chiefs surrounded us4 ,mr4 ,marsden then introduced the subject of his embassy1 explained the object of the missionaries in coming to live amongst them1 and showed how much peace would conduce in every way to the welfare of all parties4 ,a chief1 to whom the ,europeans gave the name of ,george1 acted as interpreter2 he had sailed on board an ,english ship1 and spoke ,english well4 ,mr4 ,marsden tells us how the first night was passed3 ,as the evening advanced the people began to retire to rest in different groups4 ,about eleven o'clock ,mr4 ,nicholas and ,i wrapped ourselves in our great coats1 and prepared for rest4 ,george directed me to lie by his side4 ,his wife and child lay on the right hand1 and ,mr4 ,nicholas close by4 ,the night was clear2 the stars shone bright1 and the sea in our front was smooth2 around us were innumerable spears stuck upright in the ground1 and groups of natives lying in all directions1 like a flock of sheep upon the grass1 as there were neither tents nor huts to cover them4 ,i viewed our present situation with sensations and feelings that ,i cannot express1 surrounded by cannibals who had massacred and devoured our countrymen4 ,i wondered much at the mysteries of providence1 and how these things could be4 ,never did ,i behold the blessed advantage of civilization in a more grateful light than now4 ,i did not sleep much during the night4 ,my mind was too seriously occupied by the present scene1 and the new and strange ideas it naturally excited4 ,about three in the morning ,i rose and walked about the camp1 surveying the different groups of natives4 ,when the morning light returned we beheld men1 women1 and children1 asleep in all directions like the beasts of the field4 ,i had ordered the boat to come on shore for us at daylight2 and soon after ,duaterra arrived in the camp4 ,in the morning he gave an invitation to the chiefs to breakfast on board the ,active1 which they readily accepted4 ,at first ,i entertained doubts whether the chiefs would trust themselves with us or not1 on account of the ,boyd1 lest we should detain them when we had them in our power2 but they showed no signs of fear1 and went on board with apparent confidence4 ,the axes1 billhooks1 prints1 etc41 ,i intended to give them were all got ready after breakfast2 the chiefs were seated in the cabin in great form to receive the presents1 ,i sat on the one side1 and they on the other side of the table2 ,duaterra stood and handed me each article separately that ,i was to give them4 ,messrs4 ,kendall1 ,hall1 and ,king1 with the master of the ,active and his son1 were all one after the other introduced to the chiefs4 ,the chiefs were at the same time informed what duty each of the three persons were appointed to do4 ,mr4 ,kendall to instruct their children1 ,mr4 ,hall to build houses1 boats1 etc41 ,mr4 ,king to make fishing lines1 and ,mr4 ,hanson to command the ,active1 which would be employed in bringing axes and such things as were wanted from ,sydney1 to enable them to cultivate their lands and improve their country4 ,when these ceremonies were over1 ,i expressed my hope that they would have no more wars1 but from that time would be reconciled to each other4 ,duaterra1 ,shunghie1 and ,koro ,koro shook hands with the chiefs of ,wangaroa1 and saluted each other as a token of reconciliation by joining their noses together4 ,i was much gratified to see these men at amity once more4 ,the chieftains now took their leave1 much pleased with the attention of ,mr4 ,marsden1 and still more so with his presents2 and they promised for the future to protect the missionaries and never to injure the ,european traders4 ,some of the presents excited no little wonder2 no ,new ,zealander1 except the few who like ,duaterra had been on foreign travel1 had ever seen either cows or horses1 for the largest quadruped yet naturalized in the island was the pig1 and even that had been introduced but recently4 ,duaterra had often told his wondering countrymen of the horse and its rider1 and in return was always laughed at2 but when the horses were now landed and ,mr4 ,marsden actually mounted one of them1 they stood in crowds and gazed in mute astonishment4 ,these traits of infant civilization are not without their use to those who may hereafter be cast among barbarous tribes1 or may attempt their improvement4 ,the first ,sunday on which the one true ,god was worshipped in ,new ,zealand since the creation1 will be for ever memorable in her annals4 ,it was also ,christmas-day1 the #beth of ,december1 #ahae1 a day much to be remembered4 ,mr4 ,marsden thus describes it3 ,duaterra passed the remaining part of the previous day in preparing for the sabbath4 ,he inclosed about half an acre of land with a fence1 erected a pulpit and reading desk in the centre1 and covered the whole either with black native cloth or some duck which he had brought with him from ,port ,jackson4 ,he also procured some bottoms of old canoes1 and fixed them up as seats on each side of the pulpit1 for the ,europeans to sit upon2 intending to have divine service performed there the next day4 ,these preparations he made of his own accord2 and in the evening informed me that everything was ready for divine service4 ,i was much pleased with this singular mark of his attention4 ,the reading-desk was about three feet from the ground1 and the pulpit about six feet4 ,the black cloth covered the top of the pulpit1 and hung over the sides2 the bottom of the pulpit1 as well as the reading-desk1 was part of a canoe4 ,the whole was becoming1 and had a solemn appearance4 ,he had also erected a flagstaff on the highest hill in the village1 which had a very commanding view4 ,on ,sunday morning1 when ,i was upon deck1 ,i saw the ,english flag flying1 which was a pleasing sight in ,new ,zealand4 ,i considered it as the signal and the dawn of civilization1 liberty and religion1 in that dark and benighted land4 ,i never viewed the ,british colours with more gratification2 and flattered myself they would never be removed1 till the natives of that island enjoyed all the happiness of ,british subjects4 ,about ten o'clock we prepared to go ashore1 to publish for the first time the glad tidings of the gospel4 ,i was under no apprehension for the safety of the vessel2 and1 therefore1 ordered all on board to go on shore to attend divine service1 except the master and one man4 ,when we landed1 we found ,koro ,koro1 ,duaterra1 and ,shunghie1 dressed in regimentals1 which ,governor ,macquarie had given them1 with their men drawn up1 ready to be marched into the inclosure to attend divine service4 ,they had their swords by their sides1 and switches in their hands4 ,we entered the inclosure1 and were placed on the seats on each side of the pulpit4 ,koro ,koro marched his men1 and placed them on my right hand1 in the rear of the ,europeans3 and ,duaterra placed his men on the left4 ,the inhabitants of the town1 with the women and children1 and a number of other chiefs1 formed a circle round the whole4 ,a very solemn silence prevailed--the sight was truly impressive4 ,i rose up and began the service with singing the ,old ,hundredth ,psalm2 and felt my very soul melt within me when ,i viewed my congregation1 and considered the state they were in4 ,after reading the service1 during which the natives stood up and sat down at the signals given by ,koro ,koro's switch1 which was regulated by the movements of the ,europeans1 it being ,christmas day1 ,i preached from the second chapter of ,st4 ,luke's gospel and tenth verse1 ',behold1 ,i bring you glad tidings of great joy1 etc4 ,the natives told ,duaterra that they could not understand what ,i meant4 ,he replied1 that they were not to mind that now1 for they would understand by-and-by2 and that he would explain my meaning as far as he could4 ,when ,i had done preaching1 he informed them what ,i had been talking about4 ,duaterra was very much pleased that he had been able to make all the necessary preparations for the performance of divine worship in so short a time1 and we felt much obliged to him for his attention4 ,he was extremely anxious to convince us that he would do everything in his power1 and that the good of his country was his principal consideration4 ,in this manner1 the gospel has been introduced into ,new ,zealand2 and ,i fervently pray that the glory of it may never depart from its inhabitants till time shall be no more4 ,the confidence of the natives in ,mr4 ,marsden was now unbounded1 and scarcely less was the confidence he reposed in them2 and he resolved upon a short coasting voyage1 with the view of exploring their different harbours1 and making arrangements for the future extension of the mission4 ,many of the chiefs and warriors1 led by ,duaterra1 wished to sail with him1 and without the slightest misgiving1 twenty-eight savages1 fully armed after the fashion of their country1 were invited on board the ,active1 manned as she was by only seven ,europeans4 ,i do not believe1 ,mr4 ,nicholas observes1 that a similar instance can be shown of such unlimited confidence placed in a race of savages known to be cannibals4 ,we are wholly in their power1 and what is there to hinder them from abusing it8 ,next to the overruling providence of ,god1 there is nothing but the character of the ship1 which seems to have something almost sacred in their eyes1 and the influence of ,mr4 ,marsden's name1 which acts as a talisman amongst them4 ,they feel convinced that he is sacrificing his own ease and comfort to promote their welfare4 ,their leave of absence having nearly expired1 ,mr4 ,marsden and his companions were now obliged to prepare for their voyage homeward4 ,they had laid the foundations of a great work--how great1 none of them could tell4 ,but they were full of faith in ,god1 while1 as patriots1 they exulted in the prospect of extending the renown of dear old ,england4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 in his conversations with the natives1 explained to them the nature of our government1 and the form of trial by jury2 he discoursed with them upon the evils of polygamy1 and showed his marked abhorrence of their darling vices--theft and lying4 ,a chisel being lost from the ,active a boat was sent on shore1 manned by ,duaterra and other chieftains1 to demand restitution2 the culprit was not found1 nor the implement restored2 but a whole village was aroused from its slumbers at midnight1 and the inhabitants literally trembled with fear of the consequences when they saw the angry chieftains1 though no harm was permitted to ensue4 ,an example of high integrity was always set4 ,mr4 ,marsden might1 for instance1 have obtained land1 or timber1 or1 in short1 whatever he required in exchange for ammunition and muskets2 but he sternly interdicted the sale or barter of these articles upon any terms whatever1 and to this resolution he always adhered4 ,again and again does he express his determination1 as well in this its earliest stage as in later periods of the mission1 rather to abandon the whole work1 which was far dearer to him than life itself1 than to suffer it to be tainted by what he considered so nefarious a barter4 ,i further told them1 he says1 that the smith should make axes or hoes1 or any other tools they wanted2 but that he was on no account to repair any pistols or muskets1 or make any warlike instruments1 no not even for the greatest chiefs upon the island4 ,and he took an opportunity1 upon all occasions1 to impress upon their minds the horrors their cannibalism excited2 how much their nation was disgraced by it1 and dreaded on this account4 ,one thing still remained to be done4 ,the missionaries possessed no land1 and were liable1 after his departure1 to be removed or driven out at the mere caprice of the tribes amongst whom they settled4 ,he therefore determined1 if possible1 to purchase for them a small estate4 ,it consisted of about two hundred acres2 and the first plot of ground to which ,england can lay claim in ,new ,zealand was formally made over in a deed1 of which ,mr4 ,nicholas has fortunately preserved a transcript4 ,it was executed in the presence of a number of chiefs1 who were assembled to take leave of the ,active on the day before she sailed1 and ran as follows3-- ,know all men to whom these presents shall come1 that ,i1 ,anodee ,o ,gunna1 king of ,rangheehoo1 in the island of ,new ,zealand1 have1 in consideration of twelve axes to me in hand now paid and delivered by the ,reverend ,samuel ,marsden of ,paramatta1 in the territory of ,new ,south ,wales1 given1 granted1 bargained1 and sold2 and by this present instrument do give1 grant1 bargain1 and sell unto the committee of the ,church ,missionary ,society for ,africa and the ,east1 instituted in ,london1 in the kingdom of ,great ,britain1 and to their heirs and successors1 all that piece and parcel of land situate in the district of ,hoshee1 in the island of ,new ,zealand1 bounded on the south side by the bay of ,lippouna and the town of ,rangheehoo1 on the north side by a creek of fresh water1 and on the west by a public road into the interior1 together with all the rights1 members1 privileges1 and appurtenances thereto belonging2 to have and to hold to the aforesaid committee of the ,church ,missionary ,society for ,africa and the ,east1 instituted in ,london1 in the kingdom of ,great ,britain1 their heirs1 successors1 and assigns1 for ever1 clear and freed from all taxes1 charges1 impositions1 and contributions whatsoever1 as and for their own absolute and proper estate for ever4 ,in testimony whereof ,i have to these presents1 thus done and given1 set my hand at ,hoshee1 in the island of ,new ,zealand1 this twenty-fourth day of ,february1 in the year of ,christ1 one thousand eight hundred and fifteen4 7,signatures to the grant47 ,,thomas ,,kendall4 ,j4 ,l4 ,,nicholas4 ,to this was affixed a complete drawing of the amoco1 or tattooing of ,gunna's face1 done by ,shunghie1 on one side of which he set his mark4 ,we need scarcely remind the reader how closely this transaction resembles the famous contract of ,william ,penn with the native ,indians1 by which he became possessed of ,pennsylvania4 ,much and justly as ,penn has been admired1 ,mr4 ,marsden's conduct is even more worthy of respect4 ,penn sought to found a colony1 to place himself at its head1 and to associate his own name with it through generations to come4 ,the chaplain of ,paramatta had not even these motives of honest and laudable ambition2 he sought nothing for himself1 nothing for his country1 nothing even for the church of which he was a member1 and which he warmly loved4 ,his one aim was to evangelize ,new ,zealand2 to bring a nation of cannibals from darkness into the marvellous light of the gospel1 and from the power of ,satan unto ,god4 ,his own name appears on the instrument only as the agent or representative of a missionary society in whom the property was vested2 and yet at the time the purchase was made he was uncertain whether the bare expenses of his voyage1 or even the cost and charges of his vessel1 would ever be repaid to him4 ,he sought neither wealth1 nor honour1 nor preferment1 but acted with a simple aim to the glory of ,god4 ,the memorial of such a name can never perish amongst men2 and should it be forgotten1 still his record is on high4 ,mr4 ,marsden returned from his first voyage to ,new ,zealand accompanied by no less than ten chiefs1 and landed at ,sydney on the #bcrd of ,march1 #ahae4 ,he and ,mr4 ,nicholas immediately presented themselves to the governor1 who congratulated them on their safe return1 from what1 in common with all the colony1 he regarded as a most perilous and rash adventure4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,death of ,duaterra--,trials of ,mr4 ,marsden in the ,colony--,libel of ,philo-free--,letter to ,rev4 ,george ,burder--,to ,dr4 ,mason ,good--,sympathy of his ,friends in ,england--,congratulations of the #dfth ,regiment1 and ,mr4 ,marsden's acknowledgment--,letters of ,lord ,gambier1 ,rev4 ,c4 ,simeon1 and ,mrs4 ,fry4 ,it was not to be expected that a career of unbroken success and easy triumph should crown the infant mission in ,new ,zealand4 ,reverses and delays were to be looked for2 they were in the nature of the work itself2 and for such trials ,mr4 ,marsden was prepared4 ,but he had scarcely arrived at ,paramatta before he was involved in sharper conflicts4 ,no doubt they were a part of ,god's discipline of love3 for if ,paul required a thorn in the flesh lest he should be exalted above measure1 meaner disciples may surely expect to meet with stern rebuffs1 in their career of usefulness and honour2 and they will even learn to accept them with a thankful and a joyous heart4 ,the first discouragement was the death of ,duaterra4 ,mr4 ,marsden had left him sick2 and four days after his departure he expired1 surrounded by his heathen countrymen1 from whose superstitions1 even to the last1 he was by no means free4 ,he appeared at this awful moment1 ,mr4 ,marsden writes1 describing his last interview1 not to know what to do4 ,he wished me to pray with him1 which ,i did2 but the superstitions of his country had evidently a strong hold upon his mind2 the priest was always with him1 night and day4 ,duaterra seemed at a loss where to repose his afflicted mind2 his views of the gospel were not sufficiently clear to remove his superstitions2 and at the same time he was happy to hear what ,i had to say to him4 ,what horrors do these poor people suffer when they come to die6 ,his favourite wife1 ,dahoo1 was inconsolable2 and while ,shunghie and his near relatives cut themselves with knives till the blood gushed out1 she sought and found an opportunity to put a period to her own life by hanging herself1 at a short distance from the body of her husband4 ,none of the natives1 not even her relatives1 appeared shocked or surprised4 ,her mother1 ,mr4 ,kendall wrote1 wept while she was composing the limbs of her daughter2 but she applauded her resolution1 and the sacrifice which she had made for the man she so tenderly loved4 ,her father observed her corpse without any apparent concern4 ,i could not discover a tear at the time it was brought before him4 ,two of her brothers smiled on the occasion1 and said1 'it was a good thing at ,new ,zealand4' ,it is common for women to act thus when their husbands die2 they think that they then go to them4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 for a time1 was almost overwhelmed4 ,i could not but view ,duaterra1 as he lay dying1 with wonder and astonishment2 and could scarcely bring myself to believe that the ,divine ,goodness would remove from the earth a man whose life appeared of such infinite importance to his country1 which was just emerging from barbarism and superstition4 ,no doubt but he had done his work and finished his appointed course1 though ,i fondly imagined he had only just begun his race4 ,he was in the prime and vigour of manhood3 ,i judge his age to be about twenty-eight years4 ,in reflecting on this awful and mysterious event1 ,i am led to exclaim1 with the apostle of the ,gentiles1 ',oh the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of ,god6 how unsearchable are his judgments1 and his ways past finding out6' ,he was indeed a noble specimen of human nature in its savage state4 ,his character was cast in the mould of heroes3 at the very period of his death1 after ten years of as much privation1 danger1 and hardship as nature could well bear1 his courage was unsubdued1 and his patriotism and enterprise unabated4 ,he told ,mr4 ,marsden with an air of triumph1 ,i have now introduced the cultivation of wheat into ,new ,zealand2 ,new ,zealand will become a great country2 in two years more ,i shall be able to export wheat to ,port ,jackson1 in exchange for hoes1 axes1 spades1 tea and sugar4 ,he had made arrangements for farming on a large scale1 and had formed his plan for building a new town1 with regular streets1 after the ,european mode1 on a beautiful situation which commanded a view of the harbour and the adjacent country4 ,i accompanied him to the spot1 says ,mr4 ,m42 we examined the ground fixed on for the town1 and the situation where the church was to stand4 ,had he lived he would have been the ,ulysses of his ,ithaca--perhaps its ,alfred2 and nothing in his whole life gives us a juster idea of ,mr4 ,marsden's sagacity and keen perception than the fact of his singling out ,duaterra1 a sick and apparently dying common sailor on shipboard1 and training him to be a powerful instrument1 in ,god's hands1 for the civilization of ,new ,zealand4 ,other trials followed the death of ,duaterra4 ,fresh wars broke out4 ,one hostile tribe encamped in sight of the mission premises1 and1 no longer restrained by ,mr4 ,marsden's presence1 threatened1 not indeed to expel the missionaries1 but to kill and eat them4 ,for months together the affrighted band kept watch night and day2 their children were laid to sleep in their cots dressed1 to be ready for instant flight1 and the boat was always kept afloat1 with its oars and sail in readiness4 ,the storm blew over1 and they remained stedfast at their posts4 ,soon afterwards1 the ,wesleyan ,methodists established their important and successful mission in the island1 and the missionaries gained strength from each other in society and mutual counsel4 ,the first ,wesleyan missionary1 the ,rev4 ,samuel ,leigh1 was well known at ,paramatta1 and ,mr4 ,marsden viewed his labours with thankfulness and hope2 but the reports which reached him from time to time of the difficulties to which the missions were exposed still added much to his anxieties4 ,and now a series of persecutions began1 which1 while they never cowed his brave spirit1 harassed and disturbed him more than those who were acquainted only with the outward features of his strong1 dauntless character would have readily believed4 ,it is greatly to his honour that all the sufferings to which he was exposed--newspaper libels1 official misrepresentations1 and personal abuse--arose immediately out of his endeavours to raise the morals of the colony1 and to protect the unhappy women who came out as convicts1 and were at that time exposed by most iniquitous neglect to still further degradation4 ,just before his departure for ,new ,zealand1 he had addressed an official letter to the governor1 calling his attention to the present state of ,paramatta and its neighbourhood1 as far as it related to its public morals and police1 and especially with regard to the female convicts1 of whom upwards of one hundred and fifty1 besides seventy children1 were employed in a government factory there1 and whose condition1 as far as we can venture to describe it1 may be gathered from the following passage4 ,the scene is painful2 it is the dark side of our colonial history2 but those who will not listen to these recitals can know but little of the obligations which society is under to such men as ,howard and ,samuel ,marsden1 or to heroic women1 such as ,mrs4 ,fry4 ,in his letter to the governor he says3 ,the number of women employed at the factory is one hundred and fifty2 they have seventy children4 ,there is not any room in the factory that can be called a bed-room for these women and children4 ,there are only two rooms1 and these are both occupied as workshops2 they are over the jail1 and are about eighty feet long and twenty wide4 ,in these rooms there are forty-six women daily employed1 twenty spinning wool upon the common wheel1 and twenty-six carding4 ,there are also in them the warping-machine1 etc41 belonging to the factory4 ,these rooms are crowded all the day1 and at night such women sleep in them as are confined for recent offences1 amongst the wheels1 wool1 and cards1 and a few others1 who have no means whatever of procuring a better abode4 ,the average number of women who sleep in the factory is about thirty in the whole4 ,many of these women have little1 and some no bedding2 they all sleep on the floor4 ,there is not a candle or bedstead belonging to the factory4 ,i do not deem it either safe or prudent that even thirty women should sleep in the factory1 which has been crowded all day with working people2 the air must be bad and contagious4 ,were the magistrate to compel even half the number of women1 with their children1 to sleep in the factory which belong to it1 they could not exist4 ,not less than one hundred and twenty women are at large in the night to sleep where they can4 ,he urges upon the governor the necessity of at least providing lodgings in barracks for these poor creatures4 ,when ,i am called upon1 he adds1 in the hour of sickness and want to visit them in the general hospital1 or in the wretched hovels where they lodge1 my mind is often oppressed beyond measure at the sight of their sufferings4444 ,and if their dreary prospect beyond the grave be viewed in a religious light it far exceeds in horror the utmost bounds of human imagination4 ,as their minister ,i must answer ere long at the bar of ,divine justice for my duty to these objects of vice and woe1 and often feel inexpressible anguish of spirit1 in the moment of their approaching dissolution1 on my own and their account1 and follow them to the grave with awful forebodings lest ,i should be found at last to have neglected any part of my public duty as their minister and magistrate1 and by so doing contributed to their eternal ruin4 ,so powerful are these reflections at times that ,i envy the situation of the most menial servant who is freed from this sacred and solemn responsibility1 namely1 the care of immortal souls4444 ,i am of opinion that no clergyman was ever placed in so painful and trying a situation as far as relates to the moral and religious state of the people committed to his care4 ,i see them devoted to vice1 and infamy1 and extreme wretchedness while living1 and when they come to die suffering all the horror of mind and anguish of spirit that guilt can possibly inspire1 without the means of applying any remedy in either case4444 ,i humbly conceive it is incompatible with the character and wish of the ,british nation that her own exiles should be exposed to such privations and dangerous temptations1 when she is daily feeding the hungry1 and clothing the naked1 and receiving into her friendly1 ,i may add pious bosom1 strangers whether savage or civilized of every nation under heaven4 ,the governor courteously replied1 acknowledging the receipt of his letter2 but no further steps were taken2 and after waiting eighteen months without the most distant prospect of obtaining relief for the female convicts from the colonial government1 he sent a copy of his own letter1 with the governor's answer1 to the ,british government at home4 ,by them it was submitted to a select committee of the ,house of ,commons1 when1 in #ahai1 the state of our jails came under the consideration of parliament1 and was afterwards printed in their report2 ,lord ,bathurst1 the colonial secretary1 having previously submitted it to ,governor ,macquarie1 requesting his opinion on the several matters it contained4 ,great exasperation followed2 it seemed for a time as if the whole colony1 with scarcely an exception1 had risen as one man to crush the principal chaplain1 who alone had dared to expose its profligacy and to check its abuses4 ,the storm indeed had begun to mutter around his head before ,lord ,bathurst's communication was received4 ,the ,sydney ,gazette1 which was under the immediate control of the governor1 was allowed to publish from week to week the most scandalous libels upon his character4 ,at length1 a letter appeared signed ,philo-free1 which ,mr4 ,marsden suspected1 and at length discovered1 to have been written by the governor's secretary2 it was aimed not merely against himself--this he could have borne in silence--but against the conduct and the moral character of the missionaries in the ,south ,sea ,islands1 whose reputation he felt it his duty at every hazard to protect4 ,he therefore appealed to the laws for shelter and redress1 and two successive verdicts justified the course he took4 ,there were at the time many1 even of his warm friends1 in ,england1 who were almost disposed to blame him for a too sensitive and litigious spirit4 ,but when the whole case lay before them1 the wisest and the mildest men absolved him from the charge1 and heartily approved his conduct4 ,in the place of any comments of our own we will lay before the reader1 in his own words1 some of ,mr4 ,marsden's views upon the subject4 ,they will see the principles by which he was actuated1 and they will learn with amazement how great the difficulties with which the friends of missions have had to contend from their own countrymen4 ,the first letter is addressed to the ,rev4 ,george ,burder1 and was read1 as appears from the endorsement it bears1 in the committee of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 ,july #ajth1 #ahah1 having been received on the #beth of ,june4 ,paramatta1 ,dec4 #i1 #ahag4 ,,rev4 ,,sir1--,i wrote to you very fully by ,mr4 ,hassall1 and informed you what state ,i was in at that time4 ,since that period ,i have had many hard struggles to maintain my ground4 ,a very shameful attack was made upon me and the missionaries in the ,south ,sea ,islands by the governor's secretary1 in an anonymous letter which he published in the ,sydney ,gazette1 and of which you are already informed4 ,since my last ,i have brought the secretary to the criminal bar for the libel4 ,every means were used to pervert judgment that the cunning and art of certain persons could exert4 ,after three days' contest1 ,i obtained a verdict against the secretary4 ,this was a matter of much joy to all who loved the cause of religion1 and also to the colony in general4 ,the trouble1 anxiety1 and expense of the trial were very great1 as ,i had only truth on my side4 ,when ,i had got a verdict ,i hoped to enjoy a little quiet1 but the next ,gazette in the report made of the trial1 being so false and scandalous1 and casting such reflections on me and my friends1 ,i was compelled to appeal to ,csar once more2 and last ,tuesday the cause was heard before the supreme court1 when ,i obtained a verdict again4 ,the supreme judge1 ,justice ,field1 is a very upright man1 and acted with great independence in the cause4 ,a verdict was given in my favour to the amount of #bjjl41 with costs4 ,the expense to the secretary will not be much less than #ejjl4 ,none can tell what ,i have suffered in my mind for the last five years1 on account of the missions1 from the opposition of those in power4 ,i must request the ,society to use their interest with the ,british government to check those in authority here from exposing the missionaries1 and those connected with them1 to the contempt of the whole world by such scandalous anonymous publications as that of which ,i complain4 ,i have been very anxious to leave the colony altogether1 from the continual anxiety ,i have suffered1 and the opposition thrown in the way of every measure ,i have wished to promote1 for the advancement of the kingdom of ,christ among the heathen4 ,yet he had1 in truth1 no ground for this despondency4 ,st4 ,paul laid the foundations of flourishing churches amidst a great fight of afflictions2 what wonder if one of the greatest of ,protestant missions in a later age should share in trials from which the churches in ,macedonia and ,achaia were not exempt8 ,the letter proceeds thus3 ,i am very happy to inform you that all goes on well at the ,islands1 notwithstanding the contests here4 ,i have forwarded to you1 by this conveyance1 all the letters2 from them you will learn the affairs of the missionaries3 ,i hope all the brethren have joined them4 ,four thousand of the natives can now read4 ,i send you one of ,pomare's letters to me4 ,mr4 ,john ,eyre has translated it4 ,you will see what the views of the king are4 ,he is now writing a dictionary of his own language1 and one of the chiefs is employed at the press4 ,i am very sorry they did not meet the king's wishes with regard to the printing press1 and set it up at ,tahiti1 where he lives2 taking it away from him was unwise4444 ,the main work is done now1 as far as respects the planting of the gospel4 ,their native idols are burned in the fire1 and many have 'tasted that the ,lord is gracious' amongst the inhabitants4 ,they sing1 and read1 and pray1 and teach one another1 so that there can be no fear that religion will be lost in the ,islands again4 ,the work has evidently been of ,god1 and he will carry it on for his own glory4 ,they will now also have their vessel1 by which means they can visit the different islands and ,port ,jackson4 ,i should wish much to see them turning their attention to agriculture1 etc41 so as to induce habits of industry among the natives1 so that the natives of the ,society ,islands may rank with civilized nations4 ,the letter closes1 after a minute detail of the affairs of their missions1 with an appeal1 which1 even at this distance of time1 must be read with pain1 and which nothing short of mental agony would have wrung from such a pen4 ,i rely with confidence on the ,society for their support and protection4 ,unless his ,majesty's ministers will interfere1 ,i may expect similar attacks from the same quarter4 ,if this should be the case1 it cannot be expected ,i should remain in the colony to be ruined in my character1 circumstances1 and peace of mind4 ,the last seven years have been very dreadful4 ,a solitary individual cannot withstand the influence of those in power1 armed with such a deadly weapon as the public papers1 and every other means of annoyance at their command4 ,i have written on the subject to ,lord ,bathurst4444 ,i remain1 rev4 ,sir1 yours affectionately1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,to ,rev4 ,george ,burder4 ,in the same strain he writes to his friend ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 inclosing the letter of ,philo-free1 and other documents4 ,amongst other threats1 representations to the archbishop and the bishop of ,london had been muttered in the colony1 with a view no doubt of inducing them to withdraw him from his post4 ,should you learn1 he says1 that any representations are made to the bishops1 and you should deem it necessary1 ,i will thank you to send them the documents ,i have transmitted1 or any part of them1 for their information4 ,i should also wish ,mr4 ,wilberforce to be acquainted with them1 if you will at any time take the trouble to lay them before him4 ,then turning to brighter objects1 he has the following remarkable passage3 ,with regard to ,new ,zealand1 ,i must refer you to the ,rev4 ,josiah ,pratt1 7secretary to the ,church ,missionary ,society74 ,great difficulties have opposed the establishment upon that island2 but ,i hope they will all be overcome in time4 ,we have sent two young men to ,england1 as we think this will greatly tend to enlarge their ideas1 and prepare them for greater usefulness in their own country4 ,i have no doubt1 but that ,new ,zealand will soon become a civilized nation4 ,if ,i were inclined to become a prophet ,i should say1 that all the islands in the ,south ,seas will afford an asylum for thousands of ,europeans hereafter1 and ,new ,south ,wales will give laws to1 and regulate1 all their governments in the course of time4 ,the gospel1 humanly speaking1 could not be planted in the ,south ,sea ,islands1 unless our government had established a colony in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the ,british government had no view of this kind when they first formed the colony4 ,how mysterious are all the ways of ,divine ,providence6 yet may the ,divine footsteps be traced1 if we mark attentively what is passing in the world4 ,god1 the ,governor of this world1 orders all things according to his infinite mind1 and all things well4 ,he soon had reason to adopt a happier strain4 ,the trial was severe1 the more so perhaps from the ardour of his own temperament1 which1 no doubt1 required the chastisement1 which became in the highest sense a blessing both to himself and others4 ,writing to the same friend1 #crd ,october1 #ahah1 he says3 ,when ,i take a retrospect of all that has passed in this colony since my return1 ,i see1 with wonder and gratitude1 the ,divine goodness overruling the wills and affections of sinful men1 and making all things unite in promoting his glory4 ',philo-free' will not be without its benefit to the great cause4 ,had this libel never appeared1 the character1 constitution and object of the ,church1 and ,london ,missionary ,societies would not have been known in this settlement for many years to come2 nor would they have gained the friends which they will eventually do here4 ,letters of congratulation flowed in rapidly1 both on account of his missionary exploits in ,new ,zealand1 and of his personal triumph in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,we can afford only to give a specimen of each2 the one to show how the successes of the gospel thrilled ,english ,christians with joy in the infancy of missions2 and the other to exhibit the warm affection with which the great missionary leader of the southern seas was regarded by his friends at home4 ,from ,william ,terry1 ,esq41 ,hull1 #gth ,may1 #ahag4 444,the account1 you gave in your letter1 as well as those sent to the ,church ,missionary ,society1 which appeared in the ,missionary ,register1 were very gratifying to all who have at heart the prosperity of ,zion4 ,i have felt peculiarly interested in the journal of your voyage to ,new ,zealand1 and when at our 7,st4 ,john's7 church the ,old ,hundredth ,psalm was sung1 ,i felt much elevated in praise to our ,almighty ,saviour1 that at the same period of the year1 and exactly two years before1 you had been enabled to proclaim the glad tidings of his salvation1 and to commence with the same divine song upon the heathen shores of ,new ,zealand4 ,god grant that it may be the dawn of a brighter day3 that the ,lord of all may be adored by all the uncivilized world2 that the ,sun of righteousness may arise and go on to shine with increasing and transforming light and influence upon them1 and upon all others who are yet sitting in darkness and in the shadow of death6 ,may he bless all human attempts to promote so glorious a cause1 and particularly your own zealous efforts2 and may he1 for the sake of the same1 continue1 if it please him1 your valuable life for many years to come4 ,i know1 from the arduous post which you occupy1 that your time must be entirely filled up1 and that you can find very little leisure for a correspondent like me1 who can render you little or no service4444 ,our esteemed friends1 the ,rev4 ,messrs4 ,dykes1 ,scott1 ,clarke1 and ,foster1 are all very well1 being in mercy continued yet to this highly favoured town4 ,mr4 ,scott has obtained the living of ,st4 ,margaret's since the death of ,mr4 ,barker1 and has engaged an excellent curate1 a young man of high birth of the name of ,sibthorpe1 who seems very faithful1 and will1 ,i hope1 be abundantly useful4 ,may the ,lord bless you and your young family with all temporal and spiritual blessings6 ,and may he bless and direct all your zealous endeavours to promote his cause among the heathen1 and to spread the knowledge and saving influence of his truth to all within your influence6 ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 writing on the subject of the libel1 under the date of ,april1 #ahah1 says3 ,the triumph you have gained is indeed complete 444 persevere1 then1 my dear friend1 in the same good and great and magnanimous course4 ,the eyes of the world are upon you1 and what is more1 the eye of ,him who governs the world1 and will never fail to give efficacy to his own instruments1 and ultimate success to his designs4 ,to this time1 however1 notwithstanding all the terrible threats that have been thrown out against you1 not a single syllable of complaint has arrived from any one2 do not therefore let your spirits fail4 ,depend upon esteem and support at home1 for your perseverance and manly conduct have produced a very deep and popular sensation in every quarter in which you would wish to stand well4 ,in addition to these gratifying testimonies from home1 ,mr4 ,marsden received a public mark of approbation from the officers of the #dfth regiment1 then stationed in the colony1 who with a high and chivalrous sense of what was due to one who single handed had so long maintained the cause of truth and righteousness1 stepped forward to offer their tribute of respect4 ,he replied as follows3-- ,to ,col4 ,molle and the officers of the #dfth regiment4 ,paramatta1 #afth ,oct4 #ahah4 ,,gentlemen1--,i had the honour to receive your public letter under date #adth ,may1 #ahah1 and nothing could have given me more real gratification than the very handsome manner in which you have communicated your kind and friendly sentiments to me on the issue of the trials ,i instituted against the author of the libel1 ',philo-free4' ,i beg1 gentlemen1 to return you my most grateful acknowledgments for the honour you have done me1 and to assure you that this mark of your good will to me1 in bearing your testimony to my conduct1 will ever be held in the highest estimation by me2 and ,i trust ,i shall retain to the latest moment of my life a grateful sense of your favour to me as an individual1 and at the same time never forget the public service you rendered to this colony from the time you landed to the day of your departure1 by your firmness and gentlemanly conduct1 as ,british officers1 and by your good and prudent example as members of the community4 ,after these expressions of gratitude he turns aside to remark upon the former condition of the colony1 and the services which the #dfth regiment had rendered in the cause of virtue4 ,proud as this regiment may justly be of honours won in far different scenes1 it will not1 we are assured1 nor will its countrymen1 regard with other feelings than those of high satisfaction1 the following tribute to its moral worth and character4 ,may every regiment in the ,british army deserve a similar eulogy from men who1 like ,job of old1 and we may add1 like the chaplain of ,new ,south ,wales1 'know not to give flattering titles4' ,when you first arrived in ,new ,south ,wales every barrier against licentiousness was broken down1 every fence swept away4 ,there were a few1 and but a few1 who resolved to stand their ground1 and preserve that line of conduct which the wisest and best men consider essential as marking the distinction between the good and the evil4 ,and again3 ,had you not arrived in ,new ,south ,wales and acted the honourable part you did1 the few who were marked for future conquest would not have been able to have stood out longer1 but must have either yielded to superior force1 or have withdrawn from the colony4 ,some would not have had strength of mind sufficient to have carried on a perpetual warfare against such an unequal force1 and thus would not have been able to meet the expense of continued resistance4 ,you just arrived in time to turn the wavering balance1 and to inspire the desponding with hopes4 ,a vote of thanks1 in the most cordial terms1 was also presented to him at the anniversary meeting of the ,church ,missionary ,society1 at the ,freemasons' ,tavern1 in #ahai4 ,it would have been presented to the annual meeting of the previous year1 but it was a mark of respect which had never yet been paid to any individual by the ,society4 ,the circumstances1 however1 which have lately transpired1 so writes his friend1 ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 who was a member of the committee1 the severe and important battle you have fought1 and the triumph you have so gloriously achieved1 have induced the ,society to step out of their usual routine on this occasion1 and to show1 not only to yourself1 but to the world at large1 the full sense they entertain of the honourable and upright part you have taken1 and their unanimous determination to give you all their support4 ,i agree with you most fully that your contest has not been a personal one1 but that the important objects of the ,society have been at stake1 and that the victory you have obtained is of more importance to the cause of virtue1 honour1 and true religion1 and more especially to the cause of ,christian missions in ,australasia1 than to yourself4 ,we shall conclude our notice of these painful conflicts with two letters1 the one from ,lord ,gambier1 the other from the venerable ,simeon4 ,the former breathes the warm heart of a sailor and the mature wisdom of an experienced ,christian4 ,and thus while ,british soldiers were ready to acknowledge the integrity of ,mr4 ,marsden1 the navy1 as represented by one of her great heroes1 stood forward likewise in his behalf4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,i was happy to hear of your health and welfare by your letters to me of the #bbnd ,january and the #eth ,march1 #ahag1 which came to my hands in due time1 though they were rather longer1 ,i believe1 in their passage than is usual4 ,i deeply lament with you that your very zealous and arduous exertions to extend the kingdom of our gracious ,lord1 and to diffuse the knowledge of the glorious gospel of salvation among the inhabitants of the dark regions around you1 should meet with the spirit of opposition from the persons in the colony whom you naturally would look to for support and assistance4 ,and very grievous indeed it is that you should stand almost alone and single in a work of charity that exceeds the praises of human language to express its excellence and blessed effects upon the race of mankind4 ,mr4 ,pratt will have informed you that a special meeting of the committee of the ,church ,missionary ,society was held last month for the sole purpose of deliberating upon the communication you have made to him of the state of the affairs of the ,society1 and the disgraceful letter that appeared in the ',sydney ,gazette1' signed ',philo-free4' ,the result of the committee's consultation was1 that your letters on this subject should be referred to the consideration of the vice-presidents of the ,society1 requesting them to take such measures as they deemed most advisable to relieve you from the distressing and painful situation in which you were placed4 ,i had the satisfaction of being present at the meeting of the vice-presidents2 the bishop of ,gloucester and ,mr4 ,wilberforce were of the number4 ,mr4 ,pratt was also present1 and as he will communicate to you the judgment that we passed upon the occasion it is unnecessary for me to add anything thereto2 but ,i cannot forbear to express to you the admiration ,i entertain of your conduct1 your zeal1 perseverance1 and unremitted exertions in the blessed and glorious cause in which you are engaged4 ,may our gracious ,lord be your shield2 may his powerful arm protect you against all your adversaries1 and enable you to overcome them all with the weapons of a ,christian warfare1 meekness1 patience1 faith1 and charity2 and may he lay them all at your feet46 ,may his grace be sufficient for you1 and give you strength to go on as you have done in his service1 to the glory of his name and to the salvation of the heathen nations around6 ,you have achieved great things in ,new ,zealand4 ,may the seed you have sown there be like the grain of mustard1 and grow to a large tree2 and may you finally receive the bright reward of your labours1 and have that blessing pronounced upon you1 ',well done1 good and faithful servant1 enter thou into the joy of thy ,lord4' ,there is a fine field for missionary labours in ,new ,zealand1 and ,i anticipate the happiest consequences to the race of men in that country from the establishment you have made among them1 and ,i think it very probable that they will make more rapid progress in the knowledge and practice of ,christianity and civilization than any heathen nation to whom the gospel has been preached4 ,may you live to see this verified6 ,with cordial and earnest wishes for your health and prosperity1 ,i remain1 dear ,sir1 with sincere regard1 ,your faithful and humble friend and servant1 ,,gambier4 ,mr4 ,simeon1 of ,cambridge1 wrote to him in the same strain of encouragement3-- ,dec4 #ae1 #ahai4 ,last summer ,i was at ,hull1 and saw ,mr4 ,scott and other of your friends and relatives4 ,it was a joy to me to see how ardent was their love towards you4 ,i commissioned ,mrs4 ,scott to tell you1 in general terms1 that your character and cause were duly appreciated by the government and by the ,house of ,commons4 ,i take for granted that ,mr4 ,wilberforce has given you particulars4 ,it was from him that ,i was enabled to declare the general result4 ,i am overwhelmed almost with work4 ,eleven volumes will be out in the spring4 ,the first six will make their appearance in less than a month2 it is of the same nature as my former work1 though distinct from it4 ,it is on all the finest passages from ,genesis to ,revelation4 ,it is entitled ',hor ,homiletic1' as being homilies for the assistance both of clergy and laity4 ,in this age of reformatories1 when the treatment of our prisoners has become a popular question1 it is impossible to read without deep interest such letters as the following4 ,mr4 ,marsden had taken up the cause of the degraded female prisoners in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,mrs4 ,fry in ,england hears of his benevolent exertions1 and hastens to express her joy2 and thus she writes to the prison-philanthropist of the southern world3-- ,mildred's ,court1 second month1 #aath1 #ahbj4 ,,respected ,,friend1--,i have received thy letters1 one sent by ,deputy-commissary-general ,allan1 and the other written some time before1 but only arrived within a day or two of each other4 ,i am sorry that ,i happened to be out when ,deputy-commissary-general ,allan called1 but ,i hope soon to see him1 and to consult with him as to the steps best to be taken to improve the condition of the female convicts in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,much influence has already been used here1 and the subject has been brought before the ,house of ,commons4 ,i some time ago obtained a copy of thy letter to the governor of ,new ,south ,wales1 and the information contained in it has been much spread in this country1 and it is quite my opinion that some beneficial alterations will in time take place2 but the present parliament being so soon to be dissolved1 owing to the death of the king1 ,i fear will retard their progress2 but much is doing in this country1 and ,i trust that much is likely to be done4 ,many of us are deeply interested in the welfare of the poor convicts as to their situation here1 and their voyage1 and when they arrive in ,botany ,bay4 ,and if life and ability be granted us1 ,i trust that much will in time be accomplished2 but all these things require patience and perseverance1 which ,i hope we shall be endowed with1 both here and on your side of the water4 ,i am sorry thou hast had so many trials and discouragements in filling thy very important station1 and ,i cannot help hoping and believing that thy labours will prove not to be in vain2 and even if thou shouldst not fully see the fruit of thy labours1 others1 ,i trust1 will reap the advantage of them1 so that the words of ,scripture may be verified1 ',that both he that soweth and he that reapeth may rejoice together4' ,i consider myself greatly obliged by thy valuable communications1 and ,i think it would be very desirable that thou shouldst let us know exactly what sort of place is wanted for the women1 and what would be its probable expense1 as it would enable us more clearly to state what we wish for4 ,and ,i should think our government would give the necessary directions to have the work done4 ,i remain1 etc41 thy friend1 ,,elizabeth ,,fry4 ,through such toils and conflicts our predecessors of the last generation passed1 before they could lay effectually the foundations of those great principles of humanity and justice in the public mind1 which are now yielding their abundant fruit4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,tooi and ,teterree--,mr4 ,marsden's ,second ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,progress of the ,gospel there--,shunghie--,his ferocity--,mr4 ,marsden returns to ,new ,south ,wales--,third ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,malicious charges brought against him in his absence--,a ,commission of ,inquiry--,its result--,letters1 etc4--,approbation of the ,government4 ,the ,new ,zealand mission still continued to occupy ,mr4 ,marsden's thoughts4 ,he seems to have been always alert1 turning every hint to account1 seizing every occasion and employing every likely instrument to promote the grand design4 ,the excellent quality of the ,new ,zealand flax had not escaped him4 ,he induced two young ,new ,zealanders1 whom he had brought with him to ,paramatta1 to visit ,england1 which they did in ,h4 ,m4 ship ,kangaroo1 and were placed under the care of his friends in ,london4 ,i wish on no account1 he writes to ,mr4 ,pratt1 that they should be idle2 if they cannot be useful in forming a vocabulary1 7of the ,maori language of which he was now anxious that a grammar should be prepared7 let them be put into a rope walk1 and be kept close to labour while they remain in ,england4 ,they were both chieftains1 ,tooi and ,teterree2 still the reader must not suppose the rope walk was to them a degrading employment4 ,mr4 ,marsden had another object in view besides their improvement1 and he wished to impart to his friends in ,london something of his own enthusiasm in behalf of the ,maorie race4 ,the ,society will see1 he says in his letter to the secretary1 ,mr4 ,pratt1 from these two young men what the natives of ,new ,zealand are4 ,they are prepared to receive any instruction that we can give them2 they are fine young men1 and in temper and natural parts very like their countrymen in general4 ,they seem to have deserved the character here given them4 ,we insert a letter from each1 written while they were in ,england4 ,the first is addressed to ,mr4 ,pratt while ,tooi was on a visit amongst the manufactories of ,staffordshire and ,shropshire4 ,madeley1 ,sept4 #ag1 #ahah4 ,,dear ,,sir1--,i am much obliged and thank you1 ,mr4 ,pratt1 for the letter you sent me4 ,i so pleased when ,mr4 ,pratt finds a ship4 ,i want a ship to go home4 ,i have been to ,coalport4 ,i made four cups4 ,mr4 ,rose tell me1 ',you soon learn4' ',yes1' ,i say1 'very soon learn with fingers1 but book very hard1' etc4 ,to ,mr4 ,pratt4 ,,thomas ,,tooi4 ,the other letter is in a graver strain from ,teterree to ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,church ,missionary ,house1 ,october #ab1 #ahah4 ,,my ,,dear ,,friend1--,i like ,englishman much2 he love ,new ,zealand man4 ,i very sick in missionary house1 and very near die2 nothing but bone4 ,kind friend missionary pray for me every night4 ,i kneel down in my bed-room every night1 and pray to ,jesus ,christ our ,saviour to learn me to read the book4 ,very nice country ,england4 ,i never see the king of ,england2 he very poorly1 and ,queen ,charlotte very poorly too4 ,i see the iron make1 and bottle blow4 ,tooi blow a bottle1 and ,i blow a bottle4 ,i make four cups at ,china work1 etc4 ,farewell1 good friend4 ,,teteree4 ,their ,english education being completed1 the young chieftains returned to ,paramatta1 and ,mr4 ,marsden embarked a second time for ,new ,zealand1 taking ,tooi and ,teterree with him1 with several missionaries1 three mechanics and their families4 ,they landed at ,rangheehoa1 in the ,bay of ,islands1 on the #abth ,august4 ,the rival chiefs ,shunghie and ,koro-,koro now contended for the site of the new missionary settlement which ,mr4 ,marsden contemplated1 each being anxious that his own domain should be preferred1 and offering a grant of land4 ,the spot was selected at ,kiddee ,kiddee 7or ,keri-,keri7 a district in the territory of ,shunghie1 at the head of a fine harbour2 but such was the distress of the disappointed chieftain1 whose part was taken by young ,tooi1 that ,mr4 ,marsden almost relented3 ,he made strong appeals to our feelings1 and urged his request by every argument that he could advance1 so that we were obliged to promise to accompany him on the next day to ,parroa1 and that we would build him and ,tooi a house if the situation pleased us1 and send one or two ,europeans to reside amongst them4 ,the stores were now landed1 and all the beach exhibited a scene of happiness and busy civilization2 fourteen natives sawing timber1 others cutting knees1 etc42 a sight more grateful to a benevolent mind could not possibly have been seen2 our hearts overflowed with gratitude4 ,we viewed the various operations with delight1 and considered them the dawn of civil and religious liberty to this land of darkness1 superstition1 and cruelty4 ,such were the comments which the missionary leader noted down at the time1 and in reading them we are made to feel how much ,christian benevolence excels the mere selfishness of the most enterprising colonist4 ,simply for the good of others1 without the hope or wish of reaping any other advantage than that of extending the kingdom of ,god amongst a savage race1 the little missionary band1 self exiled1 and consecrated to a life of unknown toil and hardship1 exult in laying the foundations of their settlement1 as the ,jews of old exulted when they began to build their temple to the living ,god4 ,on the next sabbath day1 the work was consecrated with prayer and praise4 ,mr4 ,marsden's simple language best describes the scene3-- ,august #bb4--,we assembled on the beach for public worship1 as there was no place sufficiently spacious to hold the people4 ,we were surrounded with natives and a number of chiefs from different districts4 ,it was gratifying to be able to perform worship to the true ,god in the open air1 without fear or danger1 when surrounded by cannibals with their spears stuck in the ground1 and their pattoo-pattoos and daggers concealed under their mats4 ,we could not doubt but that the time was at hand for gathering in this noble people into the fold of ,christ4 ,their misery is extreme1 the prince of darkness has full dominion over their souls and bodies2 under the influence of ignorance and superstition many devote themselves to death1 and the chiefs sacrifice their slaves as a satisfaction for the death of any of their friends4 ,this is a tyranny from which nothing but the gospel can set them free4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bay ,,of ,,islands1 ,,new ,,zealand4 ,during this three months' sojourn1 besides the attention which ,mr4 ,marsden gave to the missions in the ,bay of ,islands1 he made a circuitous journey of seven hundred miles1 exploring the country with a view to more extensive operations4 ,his arrival over land and in health1 at the ,bay of ,islands1 on his return1 relieved the minds of his anxious friends the missionaries1 and gave them additional cause1 they say1 to bless and thank ,god for his protecting care1 and that he had again heard and answered our supplications4 ,there is not one in ten thousand1 ,i think1 writes ,mr4 ,hall1 who could or would have borne the privations1 difficulties1 and dangers1 which he has undergone4 ,i pray that he may reap the fruits of his labour by the ,new ,zealanders turning from their degraded state to serve the only living and true ,god4 ,mr4 ,marsden's journal of this second visit will be valuable in time to come1 as perhaps the best record in existence of the character and habits of a wonderful people1 on whom civilization had not yet dawned1 and whose spiritual darkness was profound4 ,he landed1 during a coasting voyage1 with young ,tooi1 on the small island of ,motooroa4 ,the first object that struck my eye was a man's head stuck on a pole near the hut where we were to sleep2 the face appeared beautifully tattooed2 it was the head of a chief who was killed by ,shunghie's people4 ,the sight1 he says1 naturally excited feelings of horror in my breast4 ,most men would have felt something of alarm4 ,but ,mr4 ,marsden seems to have been a perfect stranger to fear2 and if courage1 whether physical or moral1 makes a hero1 he must be ranked high in the heroic class4 ,he merely adds1 ,this caused me to value more and more the blessing of ,divine revelation1 and the blessing of civil government4 ,in his journal on a tour to the ,river ,shukeangha1 he writes thus3 ,september #bh1 #ahai4--;,after we had passed the swamp1 we came into a very open country1 for many miles round covered with fern4 ,the part through which we walked was gravelly1 and not very good in general4 ,the wind increased toward evening1 and blew strong from the rainy quarter1 so that we had the prospect of a very wet night1 without a single tree to shelter us from the storm for about eight miles from the swamp we had passed4 ,at this distance was a wood1 through which our road lay1 which we were anxious to reach1 if possible1 in order to shelter ourselves from the wind and rain4 ,with this hope we pushed forward1 and arrived at the edge of the wood about nine o'clock4 ,the rain now began to fall heavily4 ,the natives cut branches of fern and boughs of trees1 and made us a little shed under the trees1 to afford us some shelter4 ,the blackness of the heavens1 the gloomy darkness of the wood1 the roaring of the wind among the trees1 the sound of the falling rain on the thick foliage1 united with the idea that we were literally at the ends of the earth1 with relation to our native land1 surrounded with cannibals whom we knew to have fed on human flesh1 and wholly in their power1 and yet our minds free from fear of danger--all this excited in my breast such new1 pleasing1 and1 at the same time1 opposite sensations1 as ,i cannot describe4 ,while ,i sat musing under the shelter of a lofty pine1 my thoughts were lost in wonder and surprise1 in taking a view of the wisdom and goodness of ,god's providential care1 which had attended all my steps to that very hour4 ,if busy imagination inquired what ,i did there1 ,i had no answer to seek in wild conjecture3 ,i felt with gratitude that ,i had not come by chance2 but had been sent to labour in preparing the way of the ,lord in this dreary wilderness1 where the voice of joy and gladness had never been heard3 and ,i could not but anticipate with joyful hope the period when the ,day-star from on high would dawn and shine on this dark and heathen land1 and cause the very earth on which we then reposed to bring forth its increase1 when ,god himself would give the poor inhabitants his blessing4 ,after reflecting on the different ideas which crowded themselves upon my mind1 ,i wrapped myself up in my great coat1 and lay down to sleep4 ,he visited an island where he met with a singular spectacle4 ,a number of natives were at work1 breaking up the ground with a sort of spatula1 or wooden spade1 to plant their sweet potato4 ,amongst these was ,koro-,koro's head wife1 or queen4 ,her ,majesty was working hard with a wooden spade1 digging the ground for potatoes1 with several of the women and some men4 ,the royal infant lay on the ground sprawling and kicking by her side2 the old queen earnestly requested that ,i would give her a hoe1 showing me the difficulty she had in digging with a stick2 a request with which ,i promised to comply4 ,we leave the reader to admire at leisure the ,homeric simplicity of the scene1 or to indulge in those sentiments of contemptuous pity to which ,englishmen are possibly more prone4 ,in another place1 he found the head wife of ,shunghie1 though perfectly blind1 digging in the same manner1 surrounded by her women1 and apparently with as much ease as the rest4 ,the offer of a hoe in exchange for her spatula was accepted with joy4 ,the scene drew forth these reflections3 ,when we viewed the wife of one of the most military chiefs1 possessing large territories1 digging with a spatula for her subsistence1 this sight kindled within us the best feelings of the human heart4 ,if a woman of this character1 and blind1 can thus labour with her servants1 what will not this people rise to1 if they can procure the means of improving their country1 and of bettering their condition8 ,their temporal state must be improved by agriculture and the simple arts1 in connexion with the introduction of ,christianity1 in order to give permanence and full influence to the gospel among them4 ,our ,god and ,saviour1 who is loving to every man1 and whose tender mercies are over all his works1 is now1 blessed be his name1 moving the hearts of his servants to send relief to the poor heathen1 even to the very ends of the earth4 ,the journal affords us repeated evidences of a phenomenon1 which recent occurrences in ,india have at this moment deeply impressed on the heart of ,england1--one with which both divines and legislators ought to have been acquainted 7for it is not obscurely referred to in the word of ,god71 but which a foolish and spurious benevolence has led many to deny--namely1 that the most ,satanic ferocity frequently lurks under gentle manners1 and is even to be found in connexion with the warmest natural affection4 ,nothing1 for instance1 can be more affecting than the meeting of ,tooi and his sister1 after the absence of the former in ,england4 ,tooi himself anticipated a scene1 and half ashamed1 when he saw his sister at a distance1 tried to avoid the interview in public1 and requested ,mr4 ,marsden to order off the canoe in which they were approaching4 ,but her love could not be restrained2 in an instant she sprang into the boat1 fell on her knees1 and clung to ,tooi4 ,he saluted her in return2 when she gave vent to her feelings in tears and loud lamentations1 which she continued for about an hour4 ,tooi conducted himself with great propriety1 suppressing all his wild feelings1 and at the same time treating his sister with all the soft and tender feelings of nature4 ,i could not but view his conduct with admiration4 ,when ,tooi was in ,england1 he had been taught to read and write1 and instructed in the doctrines of ,christianity2 and he and his companion ,teterree were general favourites1 from their gentle manners and quick intelligence4 ,they were one day taken to ,st4 ,paul's by ,mr4 ,nicholas1 who naturally supposed they would be lost in astonishment at the grandeur of the building1 but they expressed neither surprise nor pleasure2 on which that gentleman makes this just remark2 ,it is only things of common occurrence1 ,i suspect1 that strike the mind of a savage4 ,the faculties must be cultivated to fit them for the enjoyment of the beautiful or the sublime4 ,one thing1 however1 did strike them1 and caused no small excitement4 ,in walking up ,fleet-street1 they suddenly stopped before a hair-dresser's shop1 in the window of which were some female busts4 ,they screamed out ,wyenee6 ,wyenee6 7,women6 ,women67 taking them for dried heads of the human subject4 ,i took some pains1 adds their kind conductor1 to beat this notion out of them1 lest they should tell their countrymen on their return that ,europeans preserved human heads as well as ,new ,zealanders4 ,these bursts of feeling were1 it seems1 quite natural2 intense sorrow or savage exultation1 the extremes of tenderness and of brutality1 were indulged by turns1 without any suspicion on their part of insincerity in either4 ,immediately after1 ,mr4 ,marsden mentions that he passed a canoe in which he recognised an old acquaintance1 ,hooratookie1 the first ,new ,zealander introduced into civil society--,governor ,king having once entertained him with great kindness4 ,hooratookie was grateful2 spoke of the governor's daughter1 then a child1 with unfeigned regard1 calling her by her ,christian name1 ,maria4 ,but looking into his large war-canoe1 capable of holding from sixty to eighty men1 with provisions1 ,mr4 ,marsden observed on the stern the dried head of a chief4 ,the face was as natural as life1 the hair was long1 and every lock combed straight1 and the whole brought up to the crown1 tied in a knot1 and ornamented with feathers1 according to the custom of the chiefs when in full dress4 ,it was placed there as an incentive to revenge4 ,it is possible the death of this chief may be revenged by his children's children2 hence the foundation is laid for new acts of cruelty and blood from generation to generation4 ,mr4 ,marsden's fame now preceded him1 and wherever he went1 he was received not with rude hospitality1 but with courteous respect4 ,one chieftain offered up an ovation and prayer on their arrival4 ,he invoked the heavens above and the earth beneath to render our visit advantageous to his people1 and agreeable to us1 and that no harm may happen to us1 whom he esteemed as the gods of another country4 ,we heard the profane adulations with silent grief1 and could not but wish most ardently for the light of ,divine truth to shine on such a dark and superstitious mind4 ,yet this man was a ferocious cannibal2 and when ,mr4 ,marsden expressed his anxiety for the safety of the missionaries after he should have left them1 he was calmed by the assurance that1 as we had done them no harm1 they had no satisfaction to demand1 and that as for eating us1 the flesh of a ,new ,zealander was sweeter than that of an ,european1 in consequence of the white people eating so much salt4 ,from this the conversation turned to that of eating human flesh1 which they defended with arguments which to them appeared1 no doubt1 perfectly conclusive4 ,they alleged that fishes1 animals1 and birds1 preyed upon each other2 and that one god would devour another god1 therefore there was in nature sufficient warrant for the practice4 ,shunghie explained how it was the gods preyed on each other1 and that when he was to the southward1 and had killed a number of people and was afraid of their god1 he caught their god1 being a reptile1 and ate part of it1 and reserved the remainder for his friends4 ,shunghie1 the greatest of ,new ,zealand warriors1 was at the same time a striking instance of that union of gentleness and ferocity which characterized this people4 ,to the missionaries his kindness was always great1 and his respect for ,mr4 ,marsden knew no bounds4 ,an instance of his good feeling may here be noticed4 ,in the beginning of #ahag1 a naval expedition1 under his command1 sailed from the ,bay of ,islands4 ,it consisted of thirty canoes1 and about eight hundred men4 ,its object was to obtain peace with his enemies at the ,north ,cape4 ,the chief took an affectionate leave of the settlers1 and told them that if he fell they must be kind to his children2 and if he survived1 he would take care of their families when they should die4 ,the expedition returned1 however1 in about a fortnight1 his people having quarrelled with those of ,wangaroa1 into which place they had put for refreshment2 and being afraid1 he said1 that the ,wangaroa people would attack the settlers in his absence1 he1 for the present1 abandoned the expedition4 ,shunghie was again preparing for war when ,mr4 ,marsden paid his second visit to ,new ,zealand2 his army1 to the number of several thousand men1 were already assembled2 his war-canoes were ready1 and all his preparations complete2 yet in deference to the remonstrances of ,mr4 ,marsden1 he again abandoned his scheme of conquest or revenge1 and dismissed his followers4 ,shunghie paid a visit to ,england about the year #ahbj4 ,his majestic person1 graceful manners1 and gentle yet manly disposition were much admired4 ,he was one of ,nature's nobles2 what might not be expected from such a man when he returned home again8 ,george the ,fourth invited him to ,carlton ,palace1 and received him with marked attention1 presenting him with some military accoutrements and costly fire-arms4 ,yet the heart of a savage never ceased to beat beneath this polished exterior1 while his pride was fanned to madness by the consideration he received in ,england4 ,there is1 he exclaimed1 but one king in ,england2 there shall be only one king in ,new ,zealand4 ,returning by way of ,sydney he there happened to meet with ,inacki1 another chief1 with whom he had an ancient feud4 ,he told him that when they got back to ,new ,zealand he would fight him4 ,inacki accepted the challenge1 and ,shunghie accordingly assembled1 on his return to ,new ,zealand1 no fewer than two thousand men to attack ,inacki4 ,the latter was prepared to receive him1 and for some time the event of the battle that ensued was doubtful4 ,at length ,shunghie1 who had the greatest number of muskets1 and who had arranged his men in the form called1 in ,roman tactics1 the cuneus1 or wedge1 placing himself at the apex and directing those behind him to wheel round the enemy1 from the right and left1 or to fall back into their original position as opportunity offered1 shot ,inacki4 ,the savage ,shunghie immediately sprang forward1 scooped out the eye of the dying man with his knife1 and swallowed it2 and then1 holding his hands to his throat1 into which he had plunged his knife1 and from which the blood flowed copiously1 drank as much of the horrid beverage as the two hands could hold4 ,amongst the horrible superstitions of the ,maories1 one was that the eye of a victim thus devoured became a star in the firmament1 and thus the ferocious ,shunghie sought for honour and immortality4 ,with the sword which he had received as a present from ,king ,george in ,england1 he immediately cut off the heads of sixteen of his captives in cold blood2 this was done to appease the spirit of his son-in-law1 who had fallen in battle4 ,in this battle1 ,shunghie and his tribe were armed with muskets1 his opponents only with the native weapons1 the club and spear4 ,his victory1 therefore1 was an easy one1 but his revenge was cruel4 ,a ,new ,zealand traveller1 who visited the spot in #ahdd1 says3 ,the bones of two thousand men still lie whitening on the plain1 and the ovens remain in which the flesh of the slaughtered was cooked for the horrible repasts of the victorious party1 and yet so numerous were the slaves taken prisoners that the ,nga-,puis 7the tribe of which ,shunghie was the head7 killed many of them on their way to the ,bay of ,islands merely to get rid of them4,i ,such was the gentle ,shunghie when his viler nature was let loose--a frightful specimen of human nature1 varnished by education1 but unvisited by the grace of ,god4 ,we turn aside for a moment to describe a scene in bright contrast with these revolting details4 ,amongst the few who escaped the general slaughter was ,koromona1 a chief who became blind soon afterwards1 but hearing archdeacon ,w4 ,williams preach at ,matamata1 was converted4 ,for the last four years1 says the traveller above mentioned1 ,koromona has been a native teacher1 and may be seen every sabbath day with his class instructing them in the truths of the ,scripture with an earnestness which is truly admirable2 he is now about to start to preach ,christianity to a tribe which has not yet received it4 ,his memory is wonderful2 he knows the whole of the church service by heart1 and repeats hymns and many long chapters verbatim4 ,thus the gospel won its victorious way1 and proved itself triumphant over hearts no less depraved and passions no less degraded than those of ,shunghie himself4 ,no earthly power could have effected such a change2 it was wrought by that gospel which is truly the power of ,god unto salvation to every one that believeth4 ,i ,savage ,life and ,scenes in ,australia and ,new ,zealand4 ,by ,george ,french ,angas1 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,amidst such scenes the missionaries dwelt in peace4 ,war1 and its inseparable and more hideous companion1 cannibalism1 showed themselves at their gates1 but were not allowed to hurt them4 ,under the good providence of ,god1 their security was owing1 in a great measure1 to the prudence and courage with which ,mr4 ,marsden planned and carried out his projects4 ,himself a stranger to fear1 he infused courage into those around him1 and both he and they felt secure under the shield and buckler of the ,almighty4 ,no doubt the fearlessness of ,mr4 ,marsden won the admiration of these savages and contributed not a little to his safety4 ,his journal abounds in instances such as that which follows4 ,the scene is in a ,maori village1 and the writer is surrounded with cannibals4 ,after conversing on several subjects1 we had supper1 sung a hymn1 and then committed ourselves to the ,angel of the everlasting covenant1 and so lay down to rest2 a number of the natives lay around the hut and some within4 ,i slept well until daybreak1 being weary with walking4 ,he appears to have arrived at home1 after this second visit to ,new ,zealand1 towards the close of ,november1 #ahai4 ,in ,february1 #ahbj1 he was once more on his way back to ,new ,zealand4 ,his letters bear ample testimony to a fact which all who were acquainted with him in private life observed1 that his heart was full of affection1 and that his home was the scene of his greatest happiness4 ,he had not returned1 it is true1 to be greeted with public honours2 on the contrary1 he was still a marked man4 ,the governor and many of the leading men in the colony were prejudiced against him4 ,we believe it is to this period of his life that an anecdote which we give on the best possible authority belongs4 ,the governor had consented to his recent visit to ,new ,zealand with reluctance1 and had limited the period of his absence with military precision1 threatening at the same time to deprive him of his chaplaincy unless he returned within the given time4 ,the last day arrived1 and the expected vessel was not in sight4 ,the governor repeated his determination to those around him1 and ,mr4 ,marsden's friends were filled with anxiety1 and his wife and family at length gave up all hope4 ,towards evening the long-wished-for sail appeared in the offing1 and at eight o'clock in the evening ,mr4 ,marsden quietly walked into the governor's drawing-room with the laconic and yet respectful address1 ,sir1 ,i am here to report myself4 ,but within the bosom of his family all was peace1 and his presence shed light and joy on everything around him4 ,his circumstances were prosperous--for his farm1 which was almost entirely committed to ,mrs4 ,marsden's care1 was now a source of considerable income2 his children were growing up to manhood under their parents' roof2 his circle of friends and visitors was large1 for there were no bounds to his simple hospitality2 and the clergy of the colony1 men like minded with himself1 had now begun to regard him not only with affection1 but with the reverence which belongs to years and wisdom and wide experience4 ,yet at the call of duty this veteran was ready1 on the shortest notice1 to resume a life of such toil and hardship as nothing could have rendered welcome1 its novelty once over1 but motives the most solemn and commanding4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,dromedary1 ,captain ,skinner1 was directed by government to proceed from ,sydney to the ,bay of ,islands to receive a cargo of ,new ,zealand timber for trial in the dockyards of ,england2 and ,sir ,byam ,martin1 controller of the navy1 knowing something of the energy of ,mr4 ,marsden's character1 and his great acquaintance with ,new ,zealand1 requested that he would accompany the ,dromedary1 which was joined by the ,coromandel1 in order to facilitate the object of their visit4 ,with this request he felt it his duty to comply4 ,he arrived in ,new ,zealand on the #bjth of ,february1 and embarked on board the ,dromedary to return on the #beth of ,november4 ,thus nearly the whole year was given to the service of ,new ,zealand4 ,the time was not lost4 ,on his arrival1 a difficulty occurred which he only could have set at rest4 ,the natives had come to the determination to exchange nothing1 nor to do any kind of work1 except for muskets and powder4 ,his first business was to assemble the few ,european settlers1 the advanced guard of that mighty band of ,european colonists which was soon to follow1 and to persuade them not on any account to supply the natives with these weapons of war1 in their hands so sure a source of mischief4 ,with regard to the duty of the missionaries there could be no doubt2 and this he explained to all the powerful chiefs4 ,they had come among them to preach the gospel of peace1 how then could they be expected to furnish the means and implements of destruction8 ,in writing to the ,missionary ,society at home he says1 and he must have written such a sentence with an aching heart1 ,i think it much more to the honour of religion and the good of ,new ,zealand even to give up the mission for the present1 than to trade with the natives in those articles4 ,after a short time spent in the ,bay of ,islands1 at the mission1 he proceeded1 sometimes in company with ,europeans1 but for the most part alone1 upon a tour of many hundred miles through regions yet untrodden by the foot of civilized men1 mingling with the native tribes1 accompanying them in their wanderings from place to place1 teaching the first lessons of civilization and gospel truth1 and receiving everywhere from these savages the kindest attention and the most hospitable welcome in return4 ,on their way to ,tourangha1 he writes1 under the date of ,june #bj3 ,the day was far spent when we reached the plain4 ,we walked on till the sun was nearly set1 when we stopped and prepared for the night4 ,the servants1 who had the provisions to carry1 were very tired4 ,there were no huts on the plain1 nor any inhabitants1 and we were therefore compelled to take up our lodging in the open air4 ,i was very weary1 having had no rest the preceding night2 and having come a long day's journey1 so that ,i felt that rest would be very acceptable1 even on a heap of fern or anything else4 ,the peculiar scene that surrounded me1 furnished the mind with new matter for contemplation on the works and ways of ,god4 ,the mystery of his providence1 and the still greater mystery of his grace1 were all unsearchable to me4 ,i had come from a distant country1 and was then at the ends of the earth1 a solitary individual1 resting on an extensive wild1 upon which no civilized foot had ever before trodden4 ,my companions were poor savages1 who nevertheless vied with each other in their attentions to me4 ,i could not but feel attached to them4 ,what would ,i have given to have had the book of life opened1 which was yet a sealed book to them1--to have shown them that ,god who made them1 and to have led them to ,calvary's mount1 that they may see the ,redeemer who had shed his precious blood for the redemption of the world1 and was there set up as an ensign for the nations4 ,but it was not in my power to take the veil from their hearts1 ,i could only pray for them1 and entreat the ,father of mercies to visit them with his salvation4 ,i felt very grateful that a ,divine revelation had been granted to me2 that ,i knew the ,son of ,god had come1 and believed that he had made a full and sufficient sacrifice or atonement for the sins of a guilty world4 ,with compassionate feelings for my companions1 under a grateful sense of my own mercies1 ,i lay down to rest1 free from all fear of danger4 ,it was during this tour that the following letter was addressed to the lady of his excellent friend ,dr4 ,mason ,good4 ,it is long1 but the reader will scarcely wish that it had been shorter4 ,let it stand on record as an evidence of the power of true religion in maintaining amidst the rudest scenes1 and the rough warfare of an adventurous life1 all the gentleness and affection of the most refined and polished society of a ,christian land4 ,new ,zealand1 ,sept4 #bb1 #ahbj4 ,,dear ,,madam1--,your kind favour arrived in the ,bay of ,islands ,september #g1 the evening ,i returned from a long journey4 ,i had no sooner cast my eye over your letter1 than busy imagination transported me from the solitary woods1 dreary wastes1 and savage society of ,new ,zealand1 into 'the polished corner' of ,guilford-street1 and surrounded me with every cordial that could refresh the weary traveller1 revive the fainting spirits1 and blow the languishing spark of ,christian love with a heavenly flame4 ,i had literally been living for weeks a savage life1 as far as outward circumstances went4 ,i ate1 ,i slept in the thick wood1 in a cave1 or on the banks of a river1 or sea1 with my native companions1 wherever the shadows of the evening1 or gathering storm compelled us to seek for shelter4 ,every day as ,i advanced from tribe to tribe1 ,i was introduced to new acquaintances2 my object was to gain from observation and experience that knowledge of savage life which ,i could not learn from books1 and to make myself well acquainted with the wants1 wishes1 and character of the native inhabitants1 to enable me1 if my life should be spared1 to aid to the utmost of my power in their deliverance from their present temporal miseries1 which are great upon them1 and from their much sorer bondage to the prince of darkness4 ,i am happy in having obtained this object to a certain extent1 at the expense of a few temporal privations1 and a little bodily evil4 ,when ,i have lain down upon the ground after a weary day's journey1 wrapped up in my great coat1 surrounded only by cannibals1 ,i often thought how many thousands are there in civil life1 languishing upon beds of down1 and saying1 with ,job1 'in the evening would ,god it were morning1' while ,i could sleep free from fear or pain1 far remote from civil society under the guardian care of him who keepeth ,israel4 ,though ,i everywhere met with the greatest kindness from the natives1 as well as hospitality1 for they always gave me the best fern-root1 potato1 or fish in their possession1 yet ,i could never have duly estimated the sweets of civil life1 and the still greater mental gratification of ,christian communion1 if ,i had not passed through these dark regions of ,satan's dominions1 on which the dayspring from on high hath never cast a single ray4 ,you cannot conceive how great a feast your letter was1 after so long a fast4 ,i was instantly present with every person you mentioned1 and lived over again some of those happy moments ,i once spent under your hospitable roof4 ,a sacred warmth flowed round my soul1 my heart was sweetly melted under the influence of that pure and undefiled religion which dropped from your pen1 like the heavenly dew1 as it ran through every line4 ,what shall we call those pure sensations that thus warm and captivate the soul8 ,do they flow from the communion of saints1 or at these delightful moments does some invisible seraph touch our lips with a live coal from ,god's altar8 ,if you have ever experienced similar feelings1 their recollection will explain more fully my meaning than my words can express4 ,when these lines meet your eye1 may they find your soul rapt up to the third heaven6 ,but to where am ,i now wandering8 the veil of the flesh is not now rent1 we have not yet entered into the holy of holies4 ,though ,god has given you and your seed the land of ,goshen1 and you have light continually in your dwelling1 yet you are still in ,egypt1 while ,i am constrained to dwell in ,mesech1 and to dwell in these remote and dark tents of ,kedar4 ,but1 my dear madam1 seas and continents will not long separate the people of ,god4 ,i humbly hope the day is at no great distance1 when we shall join the spirits of just men made perfect4 ,at present you abound with blessings4444 ,jacob often thought of ,bethel1 and when in his afflictions he seemed to have forgotten that sacred spot1 ,god said unto him1 ',arise and go to ,bethel1 and dwell there4' ,it will always be safest for us to dwell also at ,bethel4 ,i must now close1 as my paper is nearly full1 and your patience must also be tired when it comes to your turn to read what ,i have written4 ,remember me to your sister1 ,mrs4 ,skinner4 ,tell ,mr4 ,good ,i received his last letter1 and will answer it at a more convenient season4 ,i was on my passage to ,port ,jackson in a small schooner1 but adverse winds drove me back almost dead with sea-sickness4 ,i have been here since ,february last1 and when ,i shall get home ,i am uncertain2 ,i venture no more in the schooner4 ,mrs4 ,m4 wants me back1 as she has much upon her hands4 ,it gave me great satisfaction to hear my son had arrived safe4 ,i knew your kindness would far exceed my wishes4 ,i will endeavour1 as far as able1 to pay all my debts when ,i see ,mr4 ,good and you face to face2 till then you must give me credit1 and if ,i do not pay you1 you will be sure to receive both principal and interest in the resurrection of the just4 ,i remain1 dear madam1 ,yours1 in the bonds of ,christian love1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,the immediate object of his visit being accomplished1 he returned to ,sydney1 where a strange reception awaited him4 ,governor ,macquarie had sent to ,lord ,bathurst a despatch in answer to the statements of the senior chaplain1 already noticed1 in which he brought heavy charges against the latter1 which deeply affected his character1 not only as a magistrate1 but as a ,christian man and a minister4 ,the office of a magistrate he had been compelled to undertake in common with the other clergy of the colony1 who were all included in the commission of the peace4 ,for this there was no justification except hard necessity4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 however1 had long been weary of the irksome task1 and had once and again requested the governor to accept his resignation4 ,this the governor had expressly declined to do1 on the ground that his services as a magistrate were too beneficial to the public2 but in fact1 it would seem1 only that he might have the opportunity of inflicting upon him the annoyance of a formal dismissal1 which was shortly afterwards notified in the ,sydney ,gazette4 ,lord ,bathurst1 in consequence of the governor's despatch1 determined upon a step which gave great satisfaction to ,mr4 ,marsden's friends at home1 and sent out a commissioner to investigate upon the spot the truth of these and various other matters affecting the state of the colony1 which had now obtained public notoriety1 and had already engaged the attention of the ,british parliament2 and ,commissioner ,bigge arrived during ,mr4 ,marsden's absence to manage the inquiry4 ,on his return we find him seeking a public and searching examination of his whole conduct4 ,addressing a letter to the commissioner1 he says3 ,i am happy to meet every charge that can be brought against me4 ,i have no wish to do more than set my character right in the opinion of his ,majesty's government and in that of the ,christian world2 and ,i am unfeignedly thankful to you for the fair opportunity you afford me to justify my public and private conduct4 ,among the many charges brought before the commission of inquiry was that already preferred against ,mr4 ,marsden by the governor in his despatch to ,lord ,bathurst1 namely1 that he had been guilty of extraordinary severity as a magistrate4 ,another1 scarcely consistent with the first1 was1 that more profligacy and depravity were to be found amongst the convicts of ,paramatta than in any other district1 and that this was owing to the neglect of the senior chaplain4 ,perhaps it would have been impossible to have brought forward any two charges of a more painful nature4 ,happily the first was easily disproved1 or rather it fell at once to the ground for want of proof4 ,the second was the more cruel1 because1 while the facts bore out the statement1 ,mr4 ,marsden was the only public man in the colony who was not guilty1 by his silence at least1 to some extent of the iniquities which the governor affected to deplore4 ,paramatta was1 in fact1 the receptacle of the most hardened and depraved of the convict class2 it received the sweepings of the jails in every district4 ,there were nearly two hundred women and seven hundred male convicts there1 while the factory was so small as not to be able to contain more than sixty women1 and the remainder were obliged to find lodging for themselves or to sleep in the open fields4 ,this was ,mr4 ,marsden's answer to the commissioner2 it was a repetition of the remonstrance which he alone had had the courage1 two years before1 to present to the governor1 and then to remit home to ,england4 ,thus he found himself arraigned as the cause of those very evils--evils1 too1 lying at his own door--which he had obtained so much obloquy for attempting to remove4 ,the reflection is a trite one1 but it will bear to be repeated1 that the ,christian philanthropist must look for his recompense in heaven1 and not from man4 ,if when ye do well and suffer for it1 ye take it patiently1 this is acceptable with ,god1 for even hereunto were ye called4 ,a third charge was that he had squandered public money in building the female orphan house4 ,he showed1 however1 on his defence1 that the lieutenant-governor1 judge-advocate1 and others1 who formed the committee1 had examined the accounts and passed them every quarter1 and that the governor had himself afterwards approved of them1 and published them in the ,sydney ,gazette three years before the charge was made4 ,it now appeared further that ,mr4 ,marsden had advanced largely to the institution2 to the amount indeed of more than eight hundred pounds1 for the mere cost of the building2 and this1 he says1 must have been known to the governor1 as ,i was obliged to apply to him for repayment for some of these sums1 and received an answer that he could not assist me4 ,such are some of the trials which they must learn to encounter who would be brave and fearless soldiers of the cross4 ,they must expect to have their motives censured1 their tempers blamed1 their actions misconstrued1 sometimes by men as good1 or1 at least1 as honest as themselves4 ,governor ,macquarie left the impression of his genius upon the youthful institutions of ,australia1 where his memory is still honoured as that of a great man2 yet his conduct to ,mr4 ,marsden was oppressive and unjust4 ,it is consoling to know that there had been nothing in the personal conduct of the latter unworthy of his sacred calling4 ,the commissioner1 in the conclusion of the investigation1 inserts1 for ,mr4 ,marsden's information1 the governor's testimonial of his character1 which1 considering the charges brought against him1 certainly does go far to prove that misapprehension and exasperated feelings had betrayed his excellency into a warmth and precipitancy of which1 in moments of less irritation1 he felt ashamed4 ,the governor admits that ,mr4 ,marsden's manner to him has been constantly civil and accommodating1 and that nothing in his manner could provoke the governor's warmth4 ,the governor admits his qualifications1 his activity1 and his unremitting vigilance as a magistrate1 and in society his cheerful disposition and readiness to please4 ,while this inquiry was pending at ,sydney1 the governor addressed a letter to ,lord ,sidmouth1 and published it in ,england4 ,it was a defence of his own line of policy against various attacks which had been made against it in the ,house of ,commons by the ,hon4 ,h4 ,grey ,bennett and others4 ,in the course of his defence1 the governor not only ridiculed ,mr4 ,marsden's letter on the necessity of a female factory1 and his account of the melancholy condition of the convict women1 but charges him with being himself accustomed to traffic in spirituous liquors1 and in consequence of being displeased at having so many public-houses in his neighbourhood4 ,malicious1 and absurd as the accusation was1 carrying with it its own refutation1 it found some who were weak or wicked enough to believe1 or however to repeat it4 ,it was revived in the colony1 and republished in one of the ,sydney newspapers after ,mr4 ,marsden's death4 ,such is the tenacity of slander4 ,only throw mud enough1 says the eloquent ,mr4 ,burke1 and some of it will be sure to stick4 ,mr4 ,marsden felt his character so seriously compromised that he wrote home to the minister in self-defence1 and also addressed a statement of the case to the new governor1 ,sir ,thomas ,brisbane4 ,after showing the absurdity1 and indeed the impossibility1 of the charge1 since1 in the first place1 the governor himself had granted a monopoly to certain contractors to purchase and land all spirits brought to the colony1 and that in the second he had no licence1 he adds3 ,such is the watchful eye that was kept upon my whole conduct by night and by day1 if ,i had been guilty of that or any other impropriety1 it would have been impossible for me to have escaped detection4 ,so far as any pretence of truth could have been urged in support of this foul slander1 namely that he kept a public-house for the sale of ardent spirits1 selling them in any quantity from a pint to a puncheon1 it may be stated in his own words3 ,in the infancy of the colony1 previously to my arrival1 barter was established among all classes from the governor downwards4 ,as there was neither beer nor milk1 tea nor sugar1 to be purchased at any price1 wine and spirits became the medium of exchange4 ,as the colony progressively advanced in agriculture1 commerce1 and wealth1 barter gradually decreased1 and money transactions became more general4 ,i can affirm that for the last eighteen years ,i have not had in my possession as much spirits as would allow my servants half a pint a head per week4 ,and at no period of my residence did ,i ever purchase spirits for sale4,j ,j ,rations of spirits1 as in the navy1 would seem at this time to have been regularly served out to the servants and labourers in the colony4 ,these were not the only troubles through which he was called to pass4 ,but enough has been said both to explain the difficulties in which ,mr4 ,marsden was placed and to clear his character from the vile aspersions cast upon it4 ,it is with pleasure that we turn from these false and disgraceful charges to follow him in those ,christian and philanthropic pursuits which have given splendour to his name4 ,on the arrival of ,sir ,thomas ,brisbane1 in #ahba1 to assume the government of ,new ,south ,wales1 ,mr4 ,marsden immediately waited upon him1 when he received the assurance of his countenance and support1 not only as a colonial chaplain1 but as the representative of the great missionary work going forward in ,new ,zealand4 ,such encouragement was opportune2 he thanked ,god and took courage2 for the difficulties were great1 and from time to time grievous disappointments and vexations had occurred4 ,it was about this time that the seminary at ,paramatta1 for the education of ,new ,zealanders1 was abandoned4 ,it had its origin with ,mr4 ,marsden1 and was conducted for some time in his own house4 ,it was indeed one of his most favourite plans1 and its failure was a severe disappointment4 ,it was found1 however1 that the change of habits and of climate was injurious to the health of the ,new ,zealanders1 while the results were not always such as might have been desired4 ,but nothing could damp his ardent zeal1 or quench his spirit of enterprise4 ,i see1 he says1 writing to his friends at home1 the way preparing for the spread of the gospel4 ,i feel the fullest conviction that the ,south ,sea ,islands will now receive the blessing of civilization and the gospel4 ,the work is great1 and many difficulties may oppose it4 ,the foundation is now firmly laid1 and no power on earth can overturn it4 ,to impart these blessings to the ,new ,zealanders is an object worthy of the ,british nation3 a more noble undertaking could not be suggested to the ,christian world4 ,this at least was not the mere declamation of the platform1 but the deliberate expression of the views of one who had toiled and suffered in the cause for twenty years1 and had scarcely been cheered1 at present1 with the sight of a single ,new ,zealand convert4 ,here1 at least1 is the patience of the saints4 ,his home duties were not neglected2 nor was his the easy philanthropy which overlooks the humble claims of the rustic flock or obscure parish1 while it stalks abroad on some heroic enterprise which may feed the vanity1 while it satisfies the conscience1 of the actor4 ,through his exertions ,paramatta had now its association in behalf of the ,bible ,society1 which already collected funds for the ,parent ,society in ,england4 ,an early report from this institution contains a remarkable account of his visits to the sick bed of a young woman1 whose experience beautifully illustrates the text1 that the ,scripture is able to make us wise unto salvation through faith which is in ,christ ,jesus4 ,it brings the writer also before us incidentally as a spiritual pastor and an enlightened minister of ,christ4 ,some time ago1 says ,mr4 ,marsden1 ,i was called on to visit a young woman1 about twenty years of age1 in one of our districts1 who was extremely ill1 and who wished very much to see me before she died4 ,on my arrival at her father's house1 ,i found her heavily afflicted1 and death appeared to be at no great distance4 ,i sat by her bedside with the ,bible in my hand2 expecting to find her1 as ,i have but too often found others in similar circumstances1 ignorant of the first principles of religion4 ,i read a portion of this sacred book to her1 and was most agreeably surprised to find that she not only understood the letter but the spirit of the ,scriptures4 ,i asked her father how she became so well acquainted with the ,scriptures3 he said he did not know--she was always reading her ,bible at every opportunity1 and sometimes sat up whole nights for that purpose4 ,he observed1 she was a very dutiful daughter3 he had a large family1 and she1 being the eldest1 and very industrious1 was of great service to her mother and the younger branches of the family2 the only indulgence which she desired was to be allowed to read the ,bible when her work was done2 but he could not account for her attachment to it2 and it seemed very strange to him that she should attend to it so much4 ,i asked him if she was in the habit of going to church1 as ,i did not personally know her4 ,he said she went sometimes1 but was generally prevented1 from the distance and the large family which she had to attend to4 ,this young woman may be said to have obtained her religion wholly from the ,bible4 ,none of the family knew anything of the ,bible but herself4 ,i visited her during the whole of her sickness1 from the time she sent for me1 until she fell asleep in ,jesus4 ,her faith was simple1 her views of the way of salvation clear4 ,she gave me many proofs of this1 in the various conversations which ,i had with her during her sickness4 ,the ,bible was more precious to her than gold2 she had found it1 under the influence of the ,divine ,spirit1 her counsellor and her guide1 and by it she had been brought to a knowledge of the only true ,god1 and ,jesus ,christ whom he had sent2 and hereby she was filled with a hope full of immortality4 ,previously to her last sickness1 she had enjoyed good health3 it was in the prime of youth and vigour that she had read her ,bible1 and loved it1 so that she had not to seek ,god1 for the first time1 in this trying moment2 but found him a present help in sickness and in the approach of death4 ,the ,bible had testified of ,christ to her3 she had found eternal life revealed therein2 and the ,divine promises were both great and precious to her soul4 ,such instances of faith1 and of the happy effects of a simple reliance upon the atonement1 were at that time of rare occurrence in the colony4 ,instances of conversion simply from the reading of the ,scriptures are not perhaps so rare as we generally suppose4 ,lieutenant ,sadleir1 who himself resided at ,paramatta1 has remarked upon this occurrence3 ,it is gratifying to the reflecting mind to observe such glimmerings of light in the midst of so much darkness4 ,although found in obscurity and in the cottage of the peasant1 it proved that there were some who had not bowed the knee to the ,baal of universal licentiousness4 ,mr4 ,marsden's anxiety for the female convicts was not to be abated by ridicule or opposition4 ,we find him1 in ,august1 #ahbb1 addressing a letter to ,dr4 ,douglas1 the police magistrate of ,paramatta1 on their behalf4 ,some of the sentiments are beautifully touching4 ,the substance of the plea on their behalf is that these poor creatures1 who are confined in the penitentiary1 and who have committed no offence in these settlements1 be allowed the privilege of attending at least once on the sabbath day on public worship4 ,the request was surely reasonable1 and in urging it he rises to a pathetic eloquence3 ,there is no nation under the heavens in whose bosom the wretched and unfortunate finds so warm a reception as in our own4 ,the unhappy situation of the female convicts during their confinement in the different jails in the empire interests the best feelings of the human heart4 ,they are instructed by the counsels of the wise1 consoled by the prayers of the pious1 softened by the tears of the compassionate1 and relieved by the alms of the benevolent4 ,the noble senator does not pass over their crimes and their punishments unnoticed2 he is anxious for the prevention of the former1 and the mitigation of the latter2 nor does the wise politician consider them beneath his care4 ,he then speaks with natural exultation of the watchful eye with which the ,british government provides for their wants and conveniences during their voyage to ,new ,south ,wales1 even more liberally than for the brave soldiers and sailors who have fought the battles of their country1 and never violated its laws2 and then follows a sentence which leaves us uncertain whether more to admire his patriotism or the gentleness of his nature and the warmth of his heart3 ,this apparently singular conduct may seem as if the ,british government wished to encourage crime and afterwards reward it2 but upon a nearer view this principle of action will be found to spring spontaneously from virtue1 from that inherent1 laudable1 ,christian compassion and anxiety1 which the father of the prodigal felt for his lost son1 which kept alive the spark of hope that he might one day return to his father's house and be happy4 ,this parable of our blessed ,saviour's most beautifully exhibits the character of the ,british nation towards her prodigal sons and daughters1 and is more honourable to her than all the victories she has achieved by sea and land4 ,the welfare of the female convict population lay near to ,mr4 ,marsden's heart2 scarcely his beloved ,new ,zealanders and their missions engaged more of his affection4 ,his plans for the improvement of their temporal condition1 and his incessant labours for their spiritual welfare1 occupied no small portion of his time and thoughts2 and there is good reason to believe that his labours amongst these outcasts were not in vain in the ,lord4 ,standing1 as we should have thought1 himself in need of encouragement1 he stimulated the languid zeal of others4 ,mrs4 ,fry and other philanthropists were now engaged in their great work of amending our prison discipline at home4 ,we have inserted a letter from that excellent lady to ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,his answer to it must have cheered her spirits amidst the many disheartening toils to which she was exposed4 ,the ,wellington had just arrived when1 he says1 ,i went on board1 and was highly gratified with the order which appears to have been maintained in that vessel4 ,i could not have conceived that any ship could have been fitted up to have afforded such accommodation to the unfortunate female exiles as the ,wellington was4 ,all the women looked clean1 healthy1 and well4 ,they had not that low1 vicious1 squalid1 dirty look which the women at former periods have had when they first arrived4 ,i believe there has been very great attention paid by the master and surgeon to their morals and comfort1 in every possible way4 ,the very sight of the arrangements of the vessel showed that the humane and benevolent wishes of the ,christian world had been carried into effect1 and proved beyond all contradiction that order and morality can be maintained upon so long a voyage in a female convict ship4444 ,the present inquiry into the state of this colony1 before the committee of the ,house of ,commons1 will greatly benefit this country4 ,i can speak from painful experience that for the last twenty-six years1 it has been the most immoral1 wretched society in all the ,christian world4 ,those who are intimate with the miseries and vices of large jails alone can form any idea of the colony of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,i know what ,newgate was when ,i was in ,london1 in the years #ahjh and #ahji4 ,i was then in the habit of seeing that miserable abode of vice and woe4 ,what has since been done in ,newgate may be done elsewhere1 if suitable means are adopted by those in authority1 seconded by individual exertions2 much might be done in these colonies towards restoring the poor exiles to society1 with the countenance and support of the government4 ,great evils are not removed without great difficulties4 ,when ,i visited the ,wellington1 ,i saw much had been done in ,england1 and more than ,i could have credited1 had ,i not been an eye witness of the situation of the females4 ,sir ,thomas ,brisbane1 the new governor1 was not slow to perceive the worth of services such as those which ,mr4 ,marsden had rendered to the colony1 and pressed him to accept once more the office of a magistrate4 ,in reference to this1 ,i wish1 says ,mr4 ,marsden1 in a letter to ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 to avoid the office if ,i can2 but ,i fear it will not be in my power1 without giving offence4 ,the judges as well as the public and the magistrates have urged me to take the bench at the present time4 ,in the same letter1 he adds3 ,i feel happy that ,i have stood firm against all calumnies and reproaches1 and have been the instrument of bringing to light the abominations that have been committed here3 and some of the evils are already remedied4 ,the friends of religion and virtue in ,england could not fail to sympathize with him1 being well assured that substantially he was fighting the cause of true piety and equal justice1 against profligacy and oppression4 ,mr4 ,wilberforce wrote to him in the year #ahbc1 with his usual warm affection3-- ,though ,i may be a somewhat doubtful and unfrequent correspondent1 ,i am not an uncertain friend2 and where good will1 as in your instance1 is grounded on early esteem1 and cemented by the consciousness of having many mutual friends1 ,i should be ashamed if that should suffer any decay from the impression not being often renewed4 ,it was with no small concern that ,i heard that anything unpleasant had occurred4 ,i had meant to endeavour to obtain a sight of any letters or papers to our common friends1 and to have consulted with them whether any1 and if any1 what measures1 could be taken for the benefit of your colony1 or in your own support1 which1 without a compliment1 ,i hold to be in a degree coincident4444 ,and now1 my dear sir1 farewell3 but ,i ought not to conclude without congratulating you on the progressive advancement1 as ,i trust1 of the religious and moral interests of your ,australian world1 and begging that you will always inform me unreservedly whenever you conceive ,i can be of use publicly1 or to yourself personally4 ,i remain1 with much esteem and regard1 ,my dear sir1 ,your sincere friend1 ,w4 ,,wilberforce4 ,the report of ,commissioner ,bigge was made public soon afterwards2 and with it the clouds which had gathered so long around the chaplain of ,paramatta were at last dispersed4 ,he was too prominent a mark not to be again assailed4 ,always in the front of the battle when the oppressed required protection1 or evil doers in high positions his bold assaults1 it was not in the nature of things that he should lead a very quiet life4 ,his calling was peculiar2 so were his talents2 and the latter were admirably fitted for the former4 ,but for the present his triumph was complete1 and the government at home appreciated his faithful service4 ,the document which follows requires no further comment4 ,it was not received till some time had elapsed1 but we insert it here as a fitting conclusion to the chapter3-- ,private ,secretary's ,office1 ,sydney1 #ith ,april1 #ahbe4 ,,reverend ,,sir1--,i have the honour to acquaint you1 by command of his excellency the governor1 that ,earl ,bathurst1 having taken into consideration your long and useful services in the colony of ,new ,south ,wales1 has determined upon increasing your stipend to the sum of four hundred pounds sterling1 per annum4 ,i have further the pleasing satisfaction of coupling with it his lordship's instructions to the governor1 to acquaint you that it has been done in consideration of your long1 laborious1 and praiseworthy exertions in behalf of religion and morality4 ,i have the honour to be1 reverend ,sir1 ,your obedient servant1 ,,john ,,ovens1 ,private ,secretary4 ,to the ,rev4 ,samuel ,marsden1 ,principal ,chaplain4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,fourth ,visit to ,new ,zealand--,trials and ,successes of the various ,missions--,shipwreck and ,danger of ,mr4 ,marsden and the ,rev4 ,s4 ,leigh--,returns home--,letter to ,avison ,terry1 ,esq4 ,in ,july1 #ahbc1 we find ,mr4 ,marsden again taking ship and embarking for ,new ,zealand2 his intention being to visit the stations of the ,church ,missionary ,society1 and to arrange its affairs4 ,since his last visit fresh causes for anxiety had appeared4 ,in consequence of ,shunghie's misconduct1 the natives were now alienated from the missionaries2 they had become indifferent to education and agricultural improvements2 and the gospel1 it was too evident1 had made little progress hitherto4 ,shunghie declared that as to himself1 he wanted his children to learn to fight and not to read4 ,the ,maories about the settlement insisted upon being paid for their services in fire-arms and ammunition4 ,since ,shunghie's return1 writes one of the missionaries1 the natives1 one and all1 have treated us with contempt4 ,they are almost past bearing2 coming into our houses when they please1 demanding food1 thieving whatever they can lay their hands on1 breaking down our garden fences1 stripping the ship's boats of everything they can4 ,they seem1 in fact1 ripe for any mischief2 had ,mr4 ,marsden himself been amongst us1 much as he deserves their esteem1 ,i believe he would not escape without insult2 but the ,lord is a very present help in time of trouble4 ,amongst the missionaries themselves certain evils had appeared1 the growth of a secular and commercial spirit1 which had injured their cause1 and threatened to frustrate the great end for which the mission was projected4 ,mr4 ,marsden heard of these untoward events1 and hastened his departure1 full of anxiety1 but not abating one jot of his confidence in the final triumph of ,god's cause4 ,what his feelings were his own journal testifies3-- ,i am still confident that this land of darkness and superstition will be visited by the day-star from on high4 ,the glory of the ,lord shall be revealed1 and all flesh shall see it together1 for the mouth of the ,lord has spoken it4 ,o ,lord1 let thy kingdom come2 thy will be done on earth as it is done in heaven4 ,i have suffered so much annoyance and persecution for some time past1 from unreasonable and wicked men1 that ,i am happy in leaving the colony for a little time1 in which ,i have experienced so much annoyance4 ,in reflecting upon the state of ,new ,zealand there are many things which give me both pleasure and pain4 ,i am happy the ,church ,missionary ,society has not relinquished the cause1 but have sent out more strength to carry on the work4 ,many have been the discouragements from the misconduct of some of the servants of the ,society2 but ,i am confident that the sword of the ,spirit1 which is the word of ,god1 will in time subdue the hearts of these poor people to the obedience of faith4 ,he was accompanied on his voyage by the ,reverend ,henry ,williams and his family1 who now went out to strengthen the ,new ,zealand mission1 of which he soon became one of the most effective leaders4 ,one of ,bishop ,selwyn's first steps when he was appointed bishop of ,new ,zealand1 was to make ,mr4 ,henry ,williams one of his archdeacons1 and since then he has been designated to a ,new ,zealand bishopric in a district inhabited exclusively by ,christianized ,maories4 ,could ,mr4 ,marsden have foreseen the course which awaited his companion1 how would his soul have been cheered6 but it was for him to sow in tears1 and for others to reap in joy4 ,the field was not yet ripe for the harvest2 other men laboured1 who now sleep in the dust1 and we of this generation have entered into their labours4 ,mr4 ,marsden was not mistaken in his estimate of his new companion4 ,indeed he appears to have been very seldom mistaken in the judgments he formed about other men4 ,i think1 he notes1 that ,mr4 ,williams and his family will prove a great blessing to the ,society4 ,i hope he will be able to correct and remedy1 in time1 many evils that have existed1 and also to set an example to the rest what they as missionaries should do4 ,this was his fourth visit to ,new ,zealand1 and though in some respects it was painful1 yet in others there was ground for joy4 ,the cloud which the prophet saw from ,carmel1 though no greater than a man's hand1 foretold abundance of rain2 and so now too1 at length1 after nine years' toil1 a few hopeful symptoms appeared amongst the ,maories4 ,their anxious visitor observed with much pleasure1 he says1 that since his last visit1 the natives in general were much improved in their appearance and manners2 and now for the first time he heard them1 with strange delight1 sing some hymns and repeat some prayers in their own language4 ,this convinced him that1 notwithstanding the misconduct of a few of the ,europeans1 the work was gradually going on1 and the way preparing for the blessings of the gospel4 ,i have no doubt that the greatest difficulties are now over1 and that ,god will either incline the hearts of those who are now in ,new ,zealand1 to devote themselves to their work1 or he will find other instruments to do his work4 ,yet he had a painful duty to discharge4 ,firm as he was and lion-hearted when danger was to be met1 his nature was very gentle1 and his affections both deep and warm2 and he had now to rebuke some of the missionaries whom he loved as his own soul1 and even to dismiss one of them4 ,of those whom he had been obliged to censure1 he writes thus3--,they expressed their regret for the past1 and a determination to act in a different way for the future4 ,some1 ,i have no doubt1 will retrace their steps1 and will be more cautious and circumspect1 but ,i have not the same confidence in all4 ,some express sorrow1 but ,i fear not that which worketh repentance4 ,again he remarks3 ,missionary work is very hard work1 unless the heart is fully engaged in it4 ,no consideration can induce a man to do habitually what he has a habitual aversion to4 ,the sooner such a one leaves the work1 the better it will be for himself and the mission4 ,but though compelled to blame1 he did not forget to sympathize4 ,the present missionaries1 though some of them have erred greatly from the right way1 yet have all had their trials and troubles4 ,some allowance must be made for their peculiar situation1 and their want of ,christian society1 and of the public ordinances of religion4 ,several chiefs1 among whom was ,tooi1 warmly took up the cause of the missionary who had been dismissed4 ,the conversation which followed is a beautiful illustration of the too much forgotten ,scripture which tells us that a soft answer turneth away wrath1 while at the same time it presents an interesting view of the ,maori mind and character at this critical period of their national history4 ,tooi addressing me1 said a missionary had informed him that day that he was going to leave ,new ,zealand1 and the chiefs wished to know whether this person had been dismissed for selling muskets and powder to the natives4 ,to this ,i replied that ,mr4 ---- was directed by the gentlemen in ,england who had sent him out as a missionary1 not to sell muskets and powder2 that it was not the custom in ,england for clergymen to sell muskets and powder2 and that no missionary could be allowed to sell them in ,new ,zealand4 ,as several of the chiefs present had been at ,port ,jackson1 ,i observed that they knew that the clergymen there did not sell muskets and powder4 ,they knew that ,i had not one musket in my house1 and that they had never seen any when they were with me4 ,they replied1 they knew what ,i said was true4 ,i further added we did not interfere with the government of ,new ,zealand2 they did what they pleased1 and the missionaries should be allowed to do what they pleased4 ,tooi said that this was but just1 and observed1 ',we are at present in the same state as the ,otaheitans were some time back4 ,the ,otaheitans wanted only muskets and powder1 and would have nothing else1 and now1 as they knew better1 they wanted none2 and the ,new ,zealanders would care nothing about muskets when they knew better1 which they would in time4' ,all the chiefs acquiesced in the observations ,tooi made4 ,i was happy to find their minds were so enlarged1 and that they had begun to take such proper views of the subject4 ,i said1 ,tooi's remarks upon the conduct of the ,otaheitans were very just1 and told them that the ,queen ,charlotte brig1 which had sailed from the bay the preceding day1 belonged to the young king ,pomare2 that the ,otaheitans had sent oil and various other articles to ,port ,jackson1 and that they had received in return1 tea1 sugar1 and flour1 and clothing1 as they wanted these articles1 and that the ,new ,zealanders might in time have a ship of their own to procure sperm oil1 spars1 etc41 which they might sell at ,port ,jackson1 and many of them were able to kill the whales1 having been employed on board the whalers4 ,when they got a vessel of their own1 they would soon be equal to the ,otaheitans1 and give over their cruel wars4 ,they expressed much pleasure at having a vessel of their own4 ,after some further explanation the chiefs were satisfied that ,mr4 ---- had violated our laws and had brought all his distress upon himself4 ,the conduct of the natives confirmed the impression which ,mr4 ,marsden had previously formed1 and which their subsequent history down to the present day entirely sustains1 that they are a noble race of men1 of considerable mental capacity1 of great perseverance and enterprise1 who never lose sight of an object upon which they have once set their minds2 powerful reasoners upon any subject that has come within their knowledge2 possessed of a quick perception and a natural sagacity1 which enables them to form a just acquaintance with human nature as it presents itself before them4 ,who would not wish that they too may form a happy exception to the rule which seems in every land to condemn the native population to waste away before the advances of ,european enterprise8 ,who would not desire that the ,maorie tribes may long be a great and powerful nation1 protected1 but not oppressed by ,english rule8 ,mr4 ,marsden now paid a visit at ,wangaroa1 to the ,wesleyan missionary station there4 ,over the ,wesleyan missions he had of course no control or oversight1 such as that with which he was intrusted towards the missions of the ,london ,missionary ,society in the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,this1 however1 did not prevent his taking an affectionate interest in their affairs4 ,he found ,mr4 ,leigh1 the founder of their mission1 very ill1 and invited him to return with him on a voyage of health and recreation to ,port ,jackson2 and having taken leave of the ,church ,missionary brethren with solemn and affectionate counsels he embarked on the #fth of ,september1 #ahbc1 with feelings which he thus describes4 ,i now felt much pleasure in the prospect of a speedy return to my family and people1 and being very weary with various toils and anxieties both of body and mind1 ,i longed for a little rest1 and retired to my cabin with much thankfulness and comfort4 ,i had cause to be thankful for continual good health during the period ,i had been in ,new ,zealand1 as ,i had not lost one day4 ,i felt great confidence in the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,williams1 and ,i doubt not that ,god will prosper the work1 and raise up a seed in this benighted land to serve him2 for many shall come from the south as well as the north1 and shall sit down with ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob in the kingdom of ,god4 ,but his bright visions were overcast4 ,like the first and greatest of ,christian missionaries1 it was ordained that he1 too1 should suffer shipwreck and be cast upon a desert island4 ,his own journal gives us the story of his danger and deliverance4 ,sunday #gth4--,this morning we weighed anchor4 ,i spent some time this day reading the ,scriptures with the ,rev4 ,s4 ,leigh1 our subject for contemplation was the #ast chapter of ,st4 ,paul to the ,romans4 ,the weather was very threatening and stormy2 the wind from the eastward and strong1 blowing directly into the mouth of the harbour4 ,we lay in ,korororika ,bay1 on the south side of the harbour1 and had to sail along a lee rocky shore4 ,in working out with the wind dead on the land1 the ship being light and high out of the water she would not answer her helm1 and twice missed stays4 ,the lead was kept continually sounding1 and we soon found ourselves in little more than three fathoms water1 with a rocky bottom and a shoal of rocks on our lee1 and it was then high water4 ,when the captain found the situation we were in1 he immediately ordered to let go the anchor1 which was done4 ,when the tide turned the ship struck1 the gale increased1 and the sea with it2 a shipwreck was now more than probable2 there appeared no possible way to prevent it4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,leigh was very ill1 and felt the disturbance much1 ,mrs4 ,leigh also being very ill4 ,i requested the captain to lend me the boat to take ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,leigh to the nearest island1 where we arrived very safely1 the island being but two miles distant4 ,the natives expressed much concern for us1 made a fire1 prepared the best hut they could1 which was made of bulrushes1 for our reception4 ,i requested them to send a canoe to ,rungheehe1 to inform ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,hall of the loss of the ship1 and to bring their boat to assist in bringing the people to land4 ,at the same time1 ,i desired they would tell the natives to bring a large war canoe4 ,the natives for some time alleged that their canoe would be dashed to pieces by the waves1 but at length ,i prevailed upon them4 ,they had between five and six miles to go1 through a very rough sea4 ,about three o'clock1 ,messrs4 ,hall1 ,king1 and ,hanson1 arrived in ,mr4 ,hall's boat1 and a large war canoe with natives2 they immediately proceeded to the ship1 and we had the satisfaction to see them arrive safe1 and waited until dark with the greatest anxiety for their return4 ,the rain fell in torrents1 the gale increased1 and they had not returned2 we lay down in our little hut full of fear for the safety of all on board4 ,the night appeared very long1 dark1 and dreary4 ,as we could not rest1 we most anxiously wished for the morning light1 to learn some account of them4 ,september #hth4--,when the day arrived we had the happiness to see the vessel still upright1 but driven nearer the shore4 ,no boat or canoe from her2 the gale still increased2 about mid-day we saw the mainmast go overboard4 ,the natives on the island screamed aloud when the mast fell4 ,i concluded they had cut away the mast to relieve the vessel4 ,we spent the rest of this day in great suspense1 as we could not conjecture why all the passengers should remain on board in the state the ship was in4 ,at dark in the evening ,mr4 ,hall returned1 and informed us that the bottom of the vessel was beaten out1 and that both her chain and best bower cable were parted2 and that she beat with such violence upon the rocks when the tide was in that it was impossible to stand upon the deck2 at the same time1 he said1 there was no danger of any lives being lost1 as he did not think the vessel would go to pieces1 as she stood firm upon the rock1 when the tide was out4 ,he said1 the passengers on board had not determined what they would do1 or where they would land as yet2 they wished to wait till the gale was abated4 ,mr4 ,hall's information relieved us much2 as it was now dark1 the wind high1 and the sea rough1 we could not leave the island1 and therefore took up our lodgings in our little hut4 ,the natives supplied us with a few potatoes and some fish4 ,my pleasing prospect of returning to ,port ,jackson was at an end1 for some time at least4 ,i was exceedingly concerned for the loss of so fine a vessel on many accounts1 as individuals who are interested in her must suffer as well as the passengers on board1 and spent the night in reflections on the difficulties with which ,i was surrounded2 while the raging of the storm continued without intermission4 ,tuesday #ith4--,at the return of day we discovered the ship still upright1 but she appeared to be higher on the reef4 ,i now determined to return to ,kiddee-,kiddee in ,mr4 ,hall's boat with ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,leigh4 ,we left the island for the missionary settlement1 where we arrived about nine o'clock4 ,our friends had not heard of the loss of the ship until our arrival1 as there had not been any communication between the different settlements in consequence of the severe weather4 ,we were very kindly received by the brethren2 ,i informed them in what situation we had left the ship1 and requested that every assistance might be given to land the passengers and luggage4 ,the wreck was about twelve or fourteen miles from the settlement4 ,four boats were immediately sent off2 ,mr4 ,hall's boat took the women and children to ,rungheehe1 and two of the boats returned with part of our luggage1 and we went to the station of the ,rev4 ,henry ,williams4 ,all the brethren rendered every aid in their power4 ,the boats on their return brought the welcome news that all was well on board1 and ,mr4 ,leigh did not appear to have suffered much injury from the wet and cold he endured on the island1 though in so weak a state4 ,divine wisdom has no doubt some wise ends to answer in all that has befallen us4 ,the word of ,god expressly says all things shall work together for the good of them that love ,god1 and the ,scripture cannot be broken4 ,we cannot see through this dark and mysterious dispensation at the present time2 the why and wherefore we must leave to him who ordereth all things according to the counsel of his own will4 ,as the gale continued with unremitting violence1 if we had gone out to sea we might have been cast on shore under more dangerous and distressing circumstances4 ,our shipwreck has been a most merciful one1 as no lives have been lost1 nor anything but the ship4 ,the shipwreck of the ,brampton--for that was the vessel's name--occurred on the #gth of ,september1 and in consequence ,mr4 ,marsden was detained in ,new ,zealand until the #adth of ,november1 when he returned home in the ,dragon1 and arrived at ,sydney in the beginning of ,december1 #ahbc4 ,the interval was not lost2 for he seems to have been one of those who gather up the fragments of time1 and turn to the best account the idle hours and spare moments of life4 ,he drew up some excellent rules for the guidance of the missionaries and ,christian settlers in their intercourse with the shipping which now began to visit the ,bay of ,islands4 ,he encouraged the erection of a school-house for the natives4 ,the foundation1 he says1 must be laid in the education of the rising generation4 ,the children possess strong minds1 are well-behaved and teachable4 ,they are capable of learning anything we wish to teach them4 ,during his detention he also addressed a circular letter to the missionaries respecting a grammar in the ,maori or ,new ,zealand language1 pointing out the necessity of adopting some more systematic method both for its arrangement and pronunciation4 ,this led to a new vocabulary of the native language1 and in a short time to a new method of spelling4 ,we have1 of course1 retained ,mr4 ,marsden's orthography of ,new ,zealand names1 but we may remark1 by the way1 it is very different from that which has been since introduced4 ,shunghie became ,e',hongi2 ,kiddee ,kiddee1 ,keri ,keri2 and so in other instances4 ,but even ,mr4 ,marsden1 with all his sagacity1 did not penetrate ,new ,zealand's future1 nor foresee in how short a time the well-known and familiar sounds of ,english towns and villages would be transferred to that still savage island1 superseding even in ,maori lips their native designations4 ,it seems probable that the ,new ,zealand language may1 in the course of another generation1 come to be known only by the grammar which the missionaries compiled and the ,scriptures which they have since translated4 ,but whatever be its fate1 it is in a high degree sonorous and expressive1 and had it but an antique literature1 a ,tallessin or an ,ossian1 it could never perish4 ,without a literature of its own no spoken language can long endure against the assaults of that which is evidently destined to be the universal speech of trade and commerce1 the ,english tongue4 ,on the other hand the literature of a language1 or even of a dialect1 embalms it after it has ceased to be a spoken tongue even to the end of time4 ,and lastly1 a political object occupied some of ,mr4 ,marsden's time and thoughts4 ,the incessant and desolating wars which the native tribes waged against each other were1 he saw1 the great obstacle to the progress of ,new ,zealand4 ,the missions were always insecure1 for the country was always more or less disturbed4 ,civil war is1 under all circumstances1 the bane1 and1 if persisted in1 the ruin of a country2 add the ferocity of ,new ,zealand warfare1 its cannibalism and its undying spirit of revenge1 and nothing more was wanted to degrade the finest country under heaven into a very pit of darkness4 ,all this ,mr4 ,marsden felt2 he conceived that if he could succeed in establishing some one chief as supreme1 a plan of government might be drawn up securing life and property throughout the island4 ,he consulted ,shunghie1 ,wyatto ,riva1 and other powerful chieftains4 ,shunghie's ambitious spirit would have embraced the proposal1 the condition being1 of course1 that he should be the sovereign2 but the jealousy of the rest prevented anything like unanimity4 ,riva justly remarked that to have any superior would degrade them2 yet all the chiefs appeared tired of war and the unsettled state consequent upon it4 ,so the project failed4 ,at length he returned home1 accompanied by six ,new ,zealand youths1 whose eagerness was such that they gladly promised to sleep upon the deck rather than miss the opportunity4 ,mr4 ,leigh1 the ,wesleyan missionary1 was also his fellow voyager4 ,mr4 ,leigh's opinion of ,mr4 ,marsden and his labours is highly gratifying1 and not the less so as coming from one who belonged to another ,society4 ,the shipwreck1 he says1 which we have experienced will1 ,i have no doubt1 prove favourable to the reputation of the ,new ,zealanders4 ,for several days we were in their power1 and they might have taken all that we had with the greatest ease2 but instead of oppressing and robbing us1 they actually sympathized with us in our trials and afflictions4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 myself1 and ,mrs4 ,leigh1 were at a native village for several days and nights1 without any food but what the natives brought us2 what they had they gave us willingly1 and said--',poor creatures6 you have nothing to eat1 and you are not accustomed to our kind of food4' ,i shall never forget the sympathy and kindness of these poor heathens4 ,i do hope that the ,rev4 ,s4 ,marsden will be successful in his endeavours to put an end to the frequent wars in ,new ,zealand4 ,i have heard many natives and chiefs say1 ',it is no good to go to fight and eat men2 we wish to cease from war1 and retire to some peaceful place4' ,i pray ,god that this object may be soon effected among this people4 ,the ,christian world1 and especially the ,church ,missionary ,society1 will never be able fully to appreciate the valuable labours of the ,rev4 ,samuel ,marsden4 ,his fervent zeal1 his abundant toil1 and extensive charity in the cause of missions1 are beyond estimation4 ,may he live long as a burning and shining light in the missionary world6 ,within a few days of his return home1 ,mr4 ,marsden1 the impression of his visit still fresh upon his mind1 wrote the following interesting letter3-- ,paramatta1 ,december #bj1 #ahbc4 ,,my ,,very ,,dear ,,sir1--,i now sit down to thank you for your very valuable presents1 which you were so kind as to send me for the natives of ,new ,zealand4 ,they arrived a little before ,i sailed for that island4 ,i was at ,van ,diemen's ,land when the vessel which brought them arrived at ,port ,jackson4 ,on my return from the southern settlements ,i prepared for ,new ,zealand4 ,your spades1 axes1 etc41 made the hearts of many rejoice2 and they are now dispersed over the country1 from the ,north ,cape to the ,thames4 ,when ,i arrived at the ,bay of ,islands there were several chiefs there1 who had fled for safety in the late wars1 but returned when peace was restored1 and took with them some of your presents4 ,i have just returned from ,new ,zealand1 having been absent about twenty weeks2 was shipwrecked1 but no lives were lost4 ,the natives have made considerable advances in civilization1 and ,i have no doubt they will become a great nation in due time4 ,much has been done already to better their situation4 ,i believe their agriculture has increased more than twenty-fold since they have got hoes1 but it will be many years before every man in the island will be able to procure a hoe4 ,the ,church ,missionary ,society has done much for them1 and their labour has not been in vain4 ,all that is wanted now is faithful missionaries to labour amongst them2 it will be very difficult to find such men4 ,there are even very few pious men who are qualified to be missionaries2 it requires much self-denial1 much patience1 and much perseverance1 united with the wisdom of the serpent and the innocence of the dove4 ,men1 also1 of education and knowledge are wanted2 ignorant men1 though possessed of piety1 will be found ill-qualified for a mission in ,new ,zealand4 ,the natives are a wise and understanding people1 and will pry into the very secrets of every man who resides amongst them4 ,their study is human nature in all its bearings2 they talk more of the heart of man than we do1 and of the evil that is lodged there4 ,they will soon find out a man's real character1 whether he is ignorant or wise1 prudent or foolish1 and will estimate the benefits which they are likely to derive from his knowledge1 his good temper1 his charity1 and will esteem him or despise him accordingly4 ,a wise and prudent man will have great influence over them1 while they would laugh at an ignorant man4 ,a good farmer or mechanic would be much esteemed1 because they would be benefited by him4 ,i have gained considerable knowledge of their customs and manners in my last visit4 ,cannibalism is interwoven through the whole of their religious system4 ,they offer up human sacrifices as sin offerings4 ,whenever the gospel shall be revealed to them they will very easily understand the doctrine of the atonement4 ,they demand a sacrifice or an atonement for almost everything which they consider as an injury4 ,human sacrifices are offered for the death of their friends1 whether they are slain in battle or die a natural death4 ,their eating human flesh has its origin in superstition4 ,they pay great attention to all the ceremonies of their religion1 and are very much afraid of offending their god4 ,as for their wars1 these will not be prevented until an object can be found that will employ their active minds4 ,agriculture and commerce are the only means that promise to remedy their civil wars2 when these can be brought into operation they will have a beneficial effect4 ,it is only the sword of the ,spirit1 which is the word of ,god1 that can subdue their hearts to the obedience of faith4 ,i am of opinion that civilization and ,christianity will go hand in hand1 if means are used at the same time to introduce both1 and one will aid and assist the other4 ,to bring this noble race of human beings to the knowledge of the only true ,god and ,jesus ,christ is an attempt worthy of the ,christian world4 ,i believe as ,god has stirred up the hearts of his people to pray for them1 and to open both their hearts and their purses he will prosper the work1 and raise up a people from amongst these savages to call him blessed4 ,in time the voice of joy and gladness will be heard in the present abodes of cruelty1 darkness1 and superstition4 ,i consider every axe1 every hoe1 every spade1 in ,new ,zealand as an instrument to prepare the way of the ,lord4 ,they are silent but sure missionaries in the hands of the natives of that country4 ,i was very happy to learn that your dear mother was still alive1 and all your family were well at present4 ,remember us kindly to your mother1 if still alive1 and to ,mrs4 ,terry and our other friends4 ,i am1 yours affectionately1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,to ,avison ,terry1 ,esq4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,aborigines--,south ,sea ,mission--,fresh ,slanders on ,mr4 ,marsden's character--,his ,pamphlet in self-defence--,letter of ,messrs4 ,bennett and ,tyerman--,libels and ,action at ,law--,verdict--,case of ,ring--,pastoral ,letters of ,mr4 ,marsden3 ,to a ,lady2 ,on the ,divinity of ,christ--,fifth ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,letters1 etc4 ,scarcely had ,mr4 ,marsden returned to ,paramatta when we find him in correspondence with the new governor on the subject of the aborigines of ,australia4 ,they were already wasting away in the presence of the ,european colonists like snow before the sun4 ,their restless and wandering habits seemed to present insuperable difficulties1 whether the object were to convert or merely to protect them4 ,his memorandum to the governor1 and subsequent correspondence with the ,church ,missionary ,society1 show his anxiety for their welfare and the largeness of his heart4 ,each new project1 as it came before him1 was welcomed with serious attention1 while at the same time there was no fickleness1 no relaxation of his efforts in his old engagements and pursuits4 ,but he was not allowed to connect his name with the evangelization of these poor heathen4 ,various attempts have been made by different denominations to bring them into the fold of ,christ1 but hitherto with very small success4 ,it seems1 at length1 as if ,christians had acquiesced in the conclusion that their conversion is hopeless1 that we can do nothing more than to throw over them the shield of the ,british government1 and prevent their wholesale destruction by lawless squatters and bush-rangers4 ,we shall return1 however1 to the subject hereafter4 ,his interest in the mission to the ,south ,sea ,islands continued unabated4 ,the ,london ,missionary ,society had deputed the ,rev4 ,daniel ,tyerman and ,george ,bennett1 ,esq41 to visit these missions1 and bring home in person a report of all they might see upon the spot4 ,on their voyage1 they stayed awhile at ,sydney1 and ,mr4 ,marsden addressed a letter to them1 which shows his own zeal in the cause1 and the painful apathy or profane contempt of others4 ,such memorials1 in this day of comparative fervour1 ought not to be forgotten4 ,when a ,livingstone returns home to receive a shower of honours from a grateful country let us not forget the venerable pioneers in the same missionary work1 and the different treatment they experienced4 ,the contrast will call forth emotions both of gratitude and of shame4 ,sydney1 ,november #d1 #ahbd4 ,,gentlemen1--,i know of no circumstance that has given me more satisfaction than your mission to the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,the attempt to introduce the arts of civilization and the knowledge of ,christianity amongst the inhabitants of those islands was confessedly great4 ,an undertaking of such a new and important nature could not be accomplished without much labour1 expense1 anxiety1 and risk1 to all who were concerned in the work4 ,the missionaries1 for the first ten years1 suffered every privation in the islands1 from causes which ,i need not state4 ,they called for every support and encouragement to induce them to remain in the islands1 and to return to their stations1 after they had been compelled to take refuge in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,during these ten years1 ,i used every means in my power to assist the missionaries1 and to serve the ,society ,islands4 ,during the next ten years1 the ruling powers in this colony manifested a very hostile spirit to the mission4 ,as ,i felt it my pleasure as well as my duty to support the cause1 ,i fell under the marked displeasure of those in authority1 and had a painful warfare to maintain for so long a period1 and many sacrifices ,i had to make4 ,the ungodly world always treated the attempt to introduce the gospel among the natives of the ,islands as wild and visionary1 and the ,christian world despaired of success4 ,in those periods of doubt and uncertainty in the public mind1 ,i suffered much anxiety1 as very great responsibility was placed on me4 ,sometimes1 from one cause and another1 my sleep departed from me2 though ,i was persuaded ,god would bless the work4 ,the work is now done2 this your eyes have seen1 and your ears heard2 in this ,i do rejoice and will rejoice4 ,i wish you1 as representatives of the ,society1 to satisfy yourselves1 from friends and foes1 relative to my conduct towards the mission for the last twenty-five years4 ,you must be aware that many calumnies have been heaped upon me1 and many things laid to my charge which ,i know not4 ,my connexion with the missionaries and the concerns of the mission has been purely of a religious nature1 without any secular views or temporal interests2 and my services1 whether they be great or small1 were gratuitous4 ,the missionaries1 as a body1 are very valuable men1 and as such ,i love them2 but some of them1 to whom ,i had been kind1 have wounded me severely1 both here and elsewhere4 ,i have always found it difficult to manage religious men2 what they state1 though in a bad spirit1 is generally believed by the ,christian world4 ,i need not enter into the circumstances which urged me to purchase the ,queen ,charlotte1 as you are in full possession of them2 you are also acquainted with the reason why her expenses became so heavy1 the fall of colonial produce more than twenty per cent4 in so short a period1 which no one could have anticipated at that time1 and the increased duty of one hundred per cent4 upon tobacco4 ,if these two circumstances had not occurred1 there would have been no loss to any individuals or the mission4 ,i inclose the statement of the accounts of the ,queen ,charlotte1 and shall leave the matter in your hands1 to act as you think proper4 ,i shall also leave the ,society to make their own account of the interest upon the #fjjl4 ,i borrowed4 ,i have no doubt but the ,society will be satisfied that ,i had no motive but the good of the mission1 and that1 as ,christian men who fear ,god1 they will do what is just and right4 ,i shall therefore leave the matter in your hands4 ,i have the honour to be1 gentlemen1 ,your most obedient1 humble servant1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,while thus engaged1 he was still a faithful minister of the gospel in its richest consolations1 and a bold opponent of vice4 ,his position as a magistrate not only obliged him to reprove but to punish sin4 ,the task was difficult1 when the real offender1 in too many cases1 was not the wretched culprit at the bar of justice1 but some rich and insolent delinquent1 beyond the reach of the limited powers of a colonial magistrate4 ,in consequence of ,mr4 ,marsden's fearless conduct in a case we shall not describe1 he was at length formally dismissed from the magistracy4 ,all that is necessary to be known1 in order to vindicate his character1 is contained in an extract of a letter written by himself to ,mr4 ,nicholson1 dated ,paramatta1 #abth ,august1 #ahbd3 ,my very dear sir1 he says1 ,i have still to strive against sin and immorality1 which brings upon me the hatred of some men in power2 this ,i must expect from those who live on in sin and wickedness4444 ,you would hear of the whole bench of magistrates at ,paramatta being dismissed at one stroke1 five in number--,messrs4 444 and your humble servant4 ,we fell in the cause of truth and virtue4 ,if certain individuals could have knocked me down1 and spared my colleagues1 ,i should have fallen alone2 but there was no alternative but to sacrifice all at once4 ,i glory in my disgrace4 ,as long as ,i live ,i hope to raise a standard against vice and wickedness4 ,we have some ,herods here who would take off the head of the man who dared to tell them that adultery was a crime4 ,he was still subject to the most annoying insults4 ,imputations1 ludicrous from their absurdity and violence1 were heaped upon him4 ,in reading the libels which were published in the colony1 and in ,england too1 about this time1 we should suppose that the man against whom they were aimed was some delinquent1 notorious even in a penal settlement4 ,he was openly accused of being a man of the most vindictive spirit1--a turbulent and ambitious priest1--a cruel magistrate--an avaricious man4 ,these charges1 amongst many more1 were contained in a work in two volumes octavo1 professing to give an account of ,australasia1 which reached a third edition1 and to which the author's name was attached4 ,as if these were not sufficient to grind his reputation to the dust1 further charges of hypocrisy and bigotry were thrown in4 ,these last were easily repelled2 to refute the others was more difficult1 inasmuch as facts were involved which it was necessary to clear up and place in a just light before the public4 ,it might have seemed magnanimous to despise such assailants1 and meet them with silent pity4 ,and yet we doubt whether such magnanimity would have been wise1 for with a blemished reputation his usefulness would have been at an end2 since his accusers were not anonymous hirelings1 but magistrates and men of high position in the colony4 ,he referred the matter to his friends at home1 placing his character in their hands4 ,he was willing to institute an action for libel1 if this step were thought advisable2 or else to lay a statement of his wrongs before the ,house of ,commons2 and he transmitted the manuscript of a pamphlet1 in self-justification1 to his friend ,dr4 ,mason ,good4 ,it was accompanied with a letter1 remarkable for the modest estimate of his own abilities1 as well as for true ,christian meekness3 ,i have requested our mutual friend1 ,baron ,field1 ,esq41 to show the documents to you1 and to consult with you on the propriety of publishing them4 ,i have much more confidence in your superior judgment than in my own4444 ,many hard contests1 he says1 ,i have had in this colony4 ,but ,god has hitherto overruled all for good1 and he will continue to do so4 ,as a ,christian ,i rejoice in having all manner of evil spoken of me by wicked men4 ,as a member of society1 it is my duty to support1 by every lawful means1 an upright character4 ,the good of society calls upon me to do this1 from the public situation ,i hold1 as well as that gospel which ,i believe2 on this principle ,i think it right to notice ,mr4 ,w4's work4 ,i leave it1 he adds1 to you and my other friends to publish what ,i have written or not1 as you may think proper1 and with what alterations and arrangements you may think necessary4 ,i do not know how to make a book1 any more than a watch1 but you have learned the trade completely2 ,i therefore beg your assistance1 for which ,i shall feel very grateful4 ,but even these anxieties could not engross his confidential correspondence4 ,in the same letter we have pleasant mention of ,new ,zealand and its missionaries3--,i have no doubt about ,new ,zealand2 we must pray much for them1 and labour hard1 and ,god will bless the labour of our hands4 ,nor is science quite forgotten3--,i have sent you a small box of fossils and minerals1 by ,captain ,dixon1 of the ,phoenix1 from ,point ,dalrymple principally2 the whole of them came from ,van ,diemen's ,land4 ,mr4 ,wilberforce and other friends of religion were consulted2 and under their advice his pamphlet was published in ,london1 though not till the year #ahbf4 ,it is entitled1 ,an ,answer to certain ,calumnies1 etc41 by the ,rev4 ,samuel ,marsden1 principal ,chaplain to the colony of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,it contains a temperate1 and at the same time a conclusive answer1 to all the charges made against him4 ,to some of these we have already had occasion to refer2 others have lost their interest4 ,the charge of hypocrisy was chiefly grounded on the fact that a windmill1 on ,mr4 ,marsden's property1 had been seen at work on ,sunday4 ,but the mill1 he says1 was not in my possession at that time1 nor was ,i in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,i never heard of the circumstance taking place but once2 and the commissioner of inquiry was the person who told me of it after my return from ,new ,zealand4 ,i expressed my regret to the commissioner that anything should have taken place1 in my absence1 which had the appearance that ,i sanctioned the violation of the sabbath-day4 ,as ,i was twelve hundred miles off at the time1 it was out of my power to prevent what had happened2 but ,i assured him it should not happen again1 for the mill should be taken down1 which was done4 ,how few1 it is to be feared1 would make such a sacrifice1 simply to avoid the possibility of a return of the appearance of evil6 ,the charge of bigotry arose out of his interference with ,mr4 ,crook1 a person in the colony who had formerly been intended for the ,south ,sea mission4 ,it was at the request of the missionaries themselves1 that ,mr4 ,marsden1 as agent of their ,society1 had been led to interfere2 but he was represented1 in consequence1 as a persecutor of dissenters4 ,messrs4 ,bennett and ,tyerman were then in ,australia2 and in answer to ,mr4 ,marsden's request that they would do him the favour to communicate to him their impartial opinion1 how far he had in any way merited such an accusation1 either as it respects ,mr4 ,c4 or any other missionary belonging to the ,london ,missionary ,society1 he received a grateful acknowledgment of his services1 which we are happy to insert3-- ,sydney1 ,may #aa1 #ahbe4 ,,rev4 ,,and ,,dear ,,sir1--,we have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the #eth inst41 requesting our opinion1 as the representatives of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 on one of the malicious charges against you in the outrageous publication lately come to the colony4 ,it is with the utmost satisfaction we state1 as our decided opinion1 that the charge of intolerance or persecution towards ,mr4 ,crook1 or any other missionary connected with the ,london ,society1 or1 indeed1 connected with any other missionary society1 is utterly untrue4 ,we believe it to have originated in malice or culpable ignorance1 and to be a gross libel4 ,we rejoice1 sir1 to take the opportunity to say that the ,south ,sea mission1 and all its missionaries1 have been1 and continue1 to be1 exceedingly indebted to your singular kindness and persevering zeal in their behalf4 ,no temporal reward1 we are persuaded1 would have been equivalent to the most valuable services which you have so long and so faithfully rendered to this mission and its missionaries4 ,after all your upright and perfectly disinterested kindness towards the missionaries1 when they have been residing on the ,islands1--when they have been residing in the colony1 on their way from ,england to the ,islands1--when they have voluntarily returned from the ,islands to the colony1--and when1 from dire necessity and cruel persecution1 compelled to flee from the scenes of their missionary labours1 and take up their residence here2 that you have met with so much calumny1 and so few returns of grateful acknowledgment1 for all you have done and borne on their behalf1 is to us a matter of surprise and regret4 ,allow us1 dear sir1 to conclude by expressing our hope1 that the other envenomed shafts aimed at you in this infamous publication1 will prove as impotent as that aimed at you through that ,society1 in whose name1 and as whose representatives1 we beg to renew its cordial thanks and unqualified acknowledgments4 ,and desiring to present our own thanks in the amplest and most respectful manner1 ,we remain1 rev4 and dear sir1 most faithfully1 ,your obliged and obedient servants1 ,,george ,,bennett4 ,,daniel ,,tyerman4 ,the case of ,james ,ring1 we cannot pass unnoticed4 ,it shows the cruelty with which ,mr4 ,marsden's reputation was assailed on the one hand1 and his own firm and resolute bearing on the other4 ,ring was a convict1 who for his general good conduct had been assigned as a domestic servant to ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,he was permitted by the latter1 in accordance with the usual custom1 to work occasionally at his own trade--that of a painter and glazier1 on his own account1 and as a reward for his good conduct4 ,he was frequently employed in this way by the residents at ,paramatta2 amongst others by the chief magistrate himself4 ,this man having been ill-treated and severely beaten by another servant1 applied1 with ,mrs4 ,marsden's approbation1 to the magistrates of ,paramatta for redress2 instead of receiving which1 he was charged by them with being illegally at large1 and committed to the common jail4 ,mr4 ,marsden was then absent on duty in the country3 on appearing before the bench of magistrates upon his return home1 he at once stated that he had given permission to ,ring to work occasionally for himself1 and that therefore if there was any blame it lay with him1 and not the prisoner4 ,the magistrates not only ordered ,mr4 ,marsden to be fined two shillings and sixpence per day for each day his servant had been thus at large1 under the assumed plea of his transgressing a general government order1 but also ordered ,ring to be remanded to jail and ironed2 and he was subsequently worked in irons in a penal gang4 ,at this conviction there was no informer1 nor evidence1 7we are now quoting ,mr4 ,marsden's words1 from a statement which he made before a court of inquiry instituted by ,lord ,bathurst1 the colonial minister at home1 to investigate the subject at ,mr4 ,marsden's request17 but the bench convicted me on my own admission that ,i had granted indulgence to my servant to do jobs in the town4 ,there were two convictions1 the first was on the #agth of ,may1 #ahbc4 ,on the #bcrd of the same month1 without a hearing1 or being present1 without informer1 evidence1 or notice1 on the same charge ,i was convicted in the penal sum of ten pounds4 ,on the #gth of ,june1 a convict constable entered my house with a warrant of execution1 and levied the fine by distress and sale of my property4 ,these convictions took place under an obsolete colonial regulation of #ahjb1 made in the first instance by ,governor ,king1 to meet a temporary emergency2 but virtually set aside by a general order of ,governor ,macquarie's1 of a much later date1 granting the indulgence under certain regulations1 with which ,mr4 ,marsden had complied4 ,mr4 ,marsden says1 in his official defence1 that he was the only person in the colony who was ever fined under such circumstances1 since the first establishment of the colony1 to the present time4 ,and he adds a statement which1 had it not come down to us thus accredited under his own hand1 would have seemed incredible1 namely that the two magistrates by whom the fines were inflicted1 ,dr4 ---- and ,lieut4 ----1 were doing1 on that very day1 the same thing for which they fined me and punished my servant1 and ,i pointed that out to them at the time they were sitting on the bench1 and which they could not deny4 ,denial indeed was out of the question1 since1 says ,mr4 ,marsden1 one of ,dr4 ----'s convict servants1 ,henry ,buckingham1 by trade a tailor1 was working for me1 and had been so for months4 ,lieut4 ---- at that very time also had two convict servants belonging to ,dr4 ,harris1 working for him at his own house4 ,in vain did ,mr4 ,marsden appeal to the governor2 even he was afraid to breast the torrent1 which for a time bore all before it4 ,he found no reason to interfere with the colonial law4 ,mr4 ,marsden prayed him at least to bring the matter before a full bench of magistrates1 in whose hands he would leave his character2 this1 too1 the governor declined1 whereupon as a last step1 he laid the affair before the supreme court for its decision2 prosecuting the magistrates1 and obtaining a verdict for the amount of the fine so unjustly levied4 ,they now affected to triumph in the small amount of the damages in which they were cast1 wishing1 he says1 to make the world believe that the injury ,i had sustained was proportionally small4 ,and thus even his forbearance and his ,christian spirit in rendering good for evil1 were turned against him2 for he had instructed his solicitor expressly1 not to insert in the indictment the count or charge of malice1 but merely to sue for the recovery of the amount of the fine4 ,he states the case thus in simple and forcible language4 ,i may here observe1 the only error it appears ,i committed originally was in not prosecuting the magistrates for vindictive damages before the supreme court4 ,had ,i alleged malice1 ,i must have obtained a verdict accordingly2 but ,i sought for no vindictive damages2 ,i sought redress no further than to set my character right with the public4 ,to have done more than this would not have become me1 according to my judgment1 as a minister of the gospel1 and ,i instructed my solicitor1 ,mr4 ,norton1 merely to sue for the amount of the award which had been levied on my property by warrant and distress of sale4 ,the court gave me the amount ,i prosecuted for1 with costs of suit1 and with this ,i was perfectly satisfied4 ,for two whole years this miserable affair lingered on4 ,the unfortunate man ,ring at length gave way to despondency1 made his escape from the colony1 and found his way to ,new ,zealand1 but was never heard of more4 ,mr4 ,marsden was much concerned for ,ring's misfortunes1 and deplored his rashness in making his escape when all his sufferings were unmerited4 ,i knew1 he says1 if he should return to ,england and be apprehended as a returned felon1 his life would be forfeited4 ,such even to a recent period was the severity of our penal code1 an escaped felon was consigned to the gallows4 ,with a view of preventing this additional calamity1 he wrote to the ,right ,honourable ,mr4 ,robert ,peel1 his ,majesty's secretary of state for the home department1 under date of ,july #ahbd2 and having stated the case1 he says3 ,i feel exceedingly for ,ring2 should he return to ,england and fall a sacrifice to the law1 ,i should never forgive myself unless ,i used every means in my power to save him4 ,the above statement of facts might have some influence with the executive in saving his life1 if the circumstances of the case could reach the throne of mercy4 ,the contents of this letter were transmitted by ,mr4 ,peel to ,lord ,bathurst the colonial secretary1 and his lordship ordered the governor of ,new ,south ,wales to establish a formal inquiry into the case4 ,a court was accordingly summoned at ,sydney1 consisting of the governor assisted by two assessors1 the chief justice and the newly-appointed archdeacon ,scott1 before which ,mr4 ,marsden was cited to appear4 ,he did so1 the whole affair was investigated1 and the result was1 as the reader will have anticipated1 not only ,mr4 ,marsden's entire acquittal of the charges which wantonness and malice had preferred1 but the establishment of his reputation as a man of high courage and pure integrity1 and a ,christian minister of spotless character4 ,the ,christian reader will probably ask what were the effects of these various trials upon ,mr4 ,marsden's mind and temper8 ,did he become selfish and morose8 were his spiritual affections quickened8 ,as a minister of ,christ1 did his light shine with a more resplendent ray1 or was it disturbed and overcast with gloom8 ,to suggest and answer such inquiries are the proper uses of biography1 especially the biography of religious men4 ,with regard1 then1 to his habitual temper and tone of mind nothing can be more cheering than a letter1 which we now insert1 written to a lady in solitude1 when the storm of insult and misrepresentation was at its highest pitch4 ,paramatta1 ,december #bf1 #ahbd4 ,,dear ,,mrs4 ,f41--,i received your kind letter by ,mr4 ,franklane1 and was happy to learn that you and your little boy were well4 ,the circumstance to which you allude is not worthy to be had in recollection for a single moment1 and ,i hope you will blot it out of your remembrance for ever2 we are so weak and foolish1 and ,i may add sinful1 that we allow real or imaginary trifles to vex and tease our minds1 while subjects of eternal moment make little impression upon us4 ,it is a matter of no moment to our great adversary1 if he can only divert our minds from attending to the best things4 ,he wishes at all times 'a root of bitterness' should 'spring up' in our minds1 as this will eat like a canker every pious feeling1 every ,christian disposition4 ',learn of me1' says our blessed ,lord1 'for ,i am meek and lowly in heart1 and ye shall find rest unto your souls4' ',the meek will he guide in judgment1 and the meek will he teach his way4' ,it is for want of this meekness1 this humility of mind1 that we are soon angry4 ,the apostle exhorts us 'to be kindly affectioned one towards another1' and live in unity and godly love1 and 'bear ye one another's burdens1 and so fulfil the law of ,christ4' ,situated as you are1 remote from all ,christian society1 and from the public ordinances of religion1 you will want1 in a very especial manner1 the consolations which can only be derived from the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,you are in a barren and thirsty land where no water is2 you have none to give you to drink of the waters of ,bethlehem1 and you must not be surprised if you grow weary and faint in your mind4 ,though ,god is everywhere1 and his presence fills heaven and earth1 yet all places are not equally favourable for the growth of religion in our souls4 ,we want ,christian society2 we want the public ordinances2 we want social worship4 ,all these are needful to keep up the life of ,god in our souls4 ,without communion and fellowship with ,god1 without our souls are going forth after him1 we cannot be easy1 we cannot be happy2 we are dissatisfied with ourselves1 and with all around us4 ,a little matter puts us out of humour1 ,satan easily gains an advantage over us1 we become a prey to discontent1 to murmuring1 and are prone to overlook all the great things the ,lord hath done for us4 ,under your peculiar circumstances you will require much prayer1 and much watchfulness2 religion is a very tender plant1 it is soon injured1 it requires much nourishing in the most favourable situations1 but it calls for more attention1 where it is more exposed to blights and storms4 ,a plant removed from a rich cultivated soil1 into a barren uncultivated spot soon droops and pines away4 ,i hope this will not be the case with you1 though you must expect to feel some change in your feelings of a religious nature4 ,without much care the sabbaths will be a weariness2 instead of your soul being nourished and fed upon this day1 it will sicken1 languish1 and pine4 ,i most sincerely wish you had the gospel preached unto you2 this would be the greatest blessing1 but it cannot be at present4 ,there is no man to care for your souls1 you have no shepherd to watch over you1 and must consider yourselves as sheep without a shepherd4 ,you know how easily sheep are scattered1 how they wander when left to themselves1 how soon the wolves destroy them4 ,it is impossible to calculate the loss you must suffer1 for want of the public ordinances of religion4 ,my people1 says ,god1 perish for lack of knowledge4 ,you know it is true that there is a ,saviour1 you have your ,bible to instruct you1 and you have gained much knowledge of ,divine things1 but still you will want feeding on the bread of life1 you will want ,jesus to be set before your eyes continually as crucified4 ,you will want eternal things to be impressed upon your minds from time to time4 ,though you know these things1 yet you will require to have your minds stirred up1 by being put in remembrance of these things4 ,as you cannot enjoy the public ordinances1 ,i would have you to have stated times for reading the ,scriptures and private prayer2 these means ,god may bless to your soul4 ,isaac lived in a retired situation1 he had no public ordinances to attend1 but we are told he planted a grove1 and built an altar1 and called upon the name of the ,lord4 ,this you have within your power to do4 ,imitate his example1 labour to possess his precious faith1 and then it will be a matter of little importance where you dwell4 ,with the ,saviour you will be happy1 without him you never can be4 ,when you once believe on him1 when he becomes precious to your soul1 then you will seek all your happiness in him4 ,may the ,father of mercies give you a right judgment in all things1 lead you to build your hopes of a blessed immortality upon that chief corner stone1 which he hath laid in ,zion2 then you will never be ashamed through the countless ages of eternity4 ,mrs4 ,m4 and my family unite in kind regards to you1 wishing you every blessing that the upper and nether springs can afford4 ,in great haste4 ,i remain1 dear ,mrs4 ,f----1 ,yours very faithfully1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,systematic theology1 or indeed deep learning in any of its branches1 sacred or profane1 ,mr4 ,marsden had never cultivated4 ,his life had not been given to abstraction and close study1 but to the most active pursuits4 ,activity1 however1 is not inconsistent with deep thoughtfulness1 and it affords some aids to reflection and observation1 which often lay the foundation for a breadth of mind and a solid wisdom to which the mere student or man of letters seldom attains4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 too1 was well acquainted with his ,bible1 and1 above most men1 with himself4 ,thus1 without being in any sense a learned divine1 he was an instructive minister1 and often an original thinker4 ,his early acquaintance with ,dr4 ,mason ,good had led him deeply to consider the question of the deity of ,christ and the following letter upon this all-important doctrine proves how capable he was of standing forward in its defence1 and how deeply alive he was to its importance4 ,it was addressed to one who had begun to doubt upon the subject of our ,lord's ,divine nature4 ,paramatta1 ,june #ac1 #ahbe4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1--,i ought to have answered your letter long ago1 but was prevented from one thing and another1 which called away my attention when ,i was determined to write4 ,i received the books you sent me4 ,that respecting our ,lord's ,divinity ,i read with care and attention4 ,i found nothing in it that would satisfy me2 there was no food to the soul1 no bread1 no water of life4 ,i found nothing that suited my ruined state4 ,i know ,i have destroyed myself by my iniquities1 that ,i am hopeless and helpless1 and must be eternally undone unless ,i can find a ,divine ,saviour who is able and willing to answer all the demands of law and justice4 ,if ,i were alone in the world1 and no individual but myself believed that ,jesus was ,god over all blessed for evermore1 and that he had died for my sins1 that the penalty due to them was laid upon him1 ,i know and am persuaded unless ,i believed this ,i could not be saved4 ,i find no difficulty in my mind in praying to him1 because ,i believe he is able to save4 ,the dying thief did this in the very face of death3 ',lord1 remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom4' ,jesus promised that he should be with him that very day in paradise4 ,stephen1 we are told1 was a man full of faith and the ,holy ,ghost2 he was mighty in the ,scriptures1 so that none of the ,jewish priests were able to withstand his arguments which he advanced in support of the doctrine that ,jesus was the ,son of ,god4 ,when he was brought to the place of execution his only hope of eternal life was in ,jesus4 ',lord ,jesus1 receive my spirit1' was his dying prayer4 ,he fled to him as the ,almighty ,god at this most awful period4 ,no other foundation can any man lay than that is laid1 says ,st4 ,paul1 which is ,christ ,jesus4 ,it is to no purpose to quote ,scripture on this important doctrine1 ,i mean any particular passage1 for ,jesus is the sum and substance of them all4 ,i am fully convinced that no man can have a well-grounded hope of salvation unless he believes in the ,divinity of our ,lord and only ,saviour4 ,i would ask you1 why should you not have as firm a hope as any other man in the world of eternal life1 if you do not believe in the ,divinity of our ,lord8 ,admitting that you have the same view as the author of the work you sent me to read1 of ,god and religion1 ,i may put the question to you1 ,can you depend on the foundation your hope stands upon8 ,does it now give you full satisfaction8 ,are you sure that you are right8 ,i believe ,jesus to be a ,divine person1 ,i believe him to be ,god over all2 ,i have no doubt upon this point1 and ,i believe that all will be saved by him who trust in him for salvation4 ,this doctrine is as clear to me as the sun at noon-day1 and while ,i believe this doctrine it administers comfort to my mind1 and gives me hope of a better state4 ,i envy none their views of religion4 ,i am satisfied with my own1 though ,i am not satisfied with the attainments ,i have made in it1 because ,i have not made those advances in divine knowledge in all the fruits of the ,spirit ,i might have done4 ,this is matter of shame1 and regret1 and humiliation4 ,examine the ,christian religion as it stands revealed1 with prayer for ,divine illumination1 and that ,god who giveth wisdom to all who call upon him for it will impart it to you4 ,i have never met with a ,socinian who wished me to embrace his faith1 which has surprised me4 ,i feel very differently4 ,i wish all to believe in our ,lord1 because ,i believe this is necessary to salvation1 as far as ,i understand the ,scriptures2 and ,i would wish all men to be saved1 and to come to the knowledge of the truth4 ,i would not change my views of religion for ten thousand worlds4 ,but ,i must drop this subject1 and reply to your last note4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our affectionate regards to ,mrs4 ,f42 accept the same from1 ,dear sir1 yours very sincerely1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,he remembered with gratitude his early friends1 and was now in a condition to repay their kindness1 and in his turn to repeat the ,christian liberality which had once been extended to himself4 ,from a private letter to the ,rev4 ,j4 ,pratt1 we venture to make the following interesting quotation3 ,i believe in the year #aghf ,i first turned my attention to the ministry1 and from the year #aghg to #agic ,i received pecuniary assistance1 more or less1 from the ,elland ,society1 but to what amount ,i never knew4 ,first ,i studied under the ,rev4 ,s4 ,stores1 near ,leeds4 ,in #aghh1 ,i went to the late ,rev4 ,joseph ,milner1 and remained two years with him4 ,from ,hull ,i went to ,cambridge1 and in #agic ,i left ,cambridge1 was ordained1 and came out to ,new ,south ,wales4 ,i shall be much obliged to you to learn1 if you can1 the amount of my expenses to the ,elland ,society4 ,i have always considered that a just debt1 which ,i ought to pay4 ,if you can send me the amount ,i shall be much obliged to you4 ,i purpose to pay the amount from time to time1 in sums not less than #ejl4 per annum4 ,when ,i close the ,society's accounts on the #cast of ,december next1 ,i will give your ,society credit for #ejl41 and will thank you to pay the same to the ,elland ,society on my account4 ,when ,i know the whole amount1 ,i will then inform you how ,i purpose to liquidate it4 ,should the ,elland ,society not be in existence1 ,i have to request that the ,church ,missionary ,society will assist some pious young man with a loan1 per annum1 of not less than #ejl41 to get into the church as a missionary4 ,in the midst of all my difficulties ,god has always blessed my basket and my store1 and prospered me in all that ,i have set my hand unto4 ,the greatest part of my property is in the charge of common felons1 more than a hundred miles from my house1 in the woods1 and much of it ,i never saw1 yet it has been taken care of1 and will be4 ,a kind providence has watched over all that ,i have had1 and ,i can truly say ,i feel no more concern about my sheep and cattle than if they were under my own eye4 ,i have never once visited the place where many of them are1 having no time to do this4 ,we may trust ,god with all we have4 ,i wish to be thankful to him who has poured out his benefits upon me and mine4 ,the practical wisdom1 the spirit of calm submission to the ,divine will when danger appears1 and the simple faith in ,christ displayed in the following letter require no comment1 nor will its affectionate and paternal tone pass unnoticed4 ,it appears to have been written to a lady on the eve of a voyage to ,england4 ,we could wish that a copy of it were placed in the hands of every lady who may be compelled to go to sea4 ,paramatta1 ,may #bg1 #ahbf4 ,,my ,,dear ,,mrs4----1--,should you sail to-morrow it will not be in my power to see you again4 ,i feel much for your very trying situation2 why and wherefore you are so severely exercised remains at present known to the only wise ,god4 ,if time does not reveal the mystery1 eternity will4 ,clouds and darkness are round about the paths of the ,almighty1 and his footsteps are not known4 ,you must now cast yourself and your little ones upon the bosom of the great deep4 ,remember always that he who holdeth the waters in the hollow of his hand1 will continually watch over you and yours2 winds and seas are under his sovereign control4 ,we are prone to imagine that we are in much more danger on the seas than on dry land1 but this is not really the case2 our times are all in his hands1 and if we only reflected that the hairs of our heads are all numbered1 we should often be relieved from unnecessary and anxious fears4 ,as for myself1 ,i am constrained to believe that ,i am as safe in a storm as in a calm from what ,i have seen and known4 ,should you meet with raging seas and stormy winds1 let not these distress you2 they can do no more to injure you than the breath of a fly1 or the drop of a bucket1 without ,divine permission4 ,the promise is1 ',when thou passest through the waters ,i will be with thee4' ,this is sufficient for the ,christian to rest upon4 ,you must live near to ,god in prayer4 ,labour to get right views of the ,redeemer1 who gave his life as a ransom for you4 ,humble faith in the ,saviour will enable you to overcome every trial and bear every burden4 ,no doubt but that you will have many painful exercises before you see the shores of old ,england4 ,tribulations will meet us1 and follow us1 and attend us all our journey through1 and it is through much tribulation we must enter the kingdom of ,god4 ,could you and ,i meet on your arrival in ,london1 and could we put our trials in opposite sides1 it is very probable that mine would overbalance yours during the period you were at sea4 ,you are not to conclude when the storm blows hard1 the waves roar1 and seas run mountain high1 that you are more tried and distressed than others4 ,i hope the captain will be kind to you and the children2 if he should not you will have no remedy but patience4 ,should the servant woman behave ill1 you must submit to this also1 because you can do no good in complaining4 ,should the woman leave you 444 this is no more than what has happened to my own family4 ,i should recommend you to give the children their dinner in your own cabin2 never bring them to table but at the particular request of the captain4 ,this precaution may prevent unpleasant disputes4 ,you will soon see what the feelings of the captain and his wife are1 and regulate your conduct accordingly4 ,when ,i returned to ,england1 when ,i entered the ship ,i resolved that ,i would not have any difference with any one during my passage2 whatever provocations ,i might meet with1 ,i would not notice them2 and that resolution ,i kept to the last4 ,if you take no offence at anything1 but go on quietly your own way1 those who would wish to annoy you1 will cease to do so1 finding their labour in vain4 ,never appear to see or hear anything that you have not the power to remedy4 ,if you should even know that the persons intended to vex you1 never notice their conduct4 ,there will be no occasions for these precautions if your companions on board be such as they ought to be4 ,let your passage be pleasant or not1 take your ,bible for your constant companion4 ,the comfort to be derived from the ,divine promises will always be sweet and seasonable4 ',they that love thy law1' says the ,psalmist1 'nothing shall offend them4' ,if ,jesus be precious to your soul1 you will be able to bear every trial with ,divine submission4 ,to believe that ,jesus is your ,saviour1 and that he is ,god over all blessed for evermore1 will make you happy in the midst of the sea1 as well as on dry land4 ,wishing you a safe and pleasant passage1 and a happy meeting of your friends in ,england1 and praying that the ,god of all grace may preserve you and yours in his everlasting kingdom1 ,i subscribe myself1 ,yours respectfully1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,more than two years had now passed since ,mr4 ,marsden's last visit to ,new ,zealand4 ,the close of the year #ahbf found him preparing for another1 his fifth voyage1 of twelve hundred miles1 to the scene of those missions he had so long regarded with all a parent's fondness4 ,a great change had just taken place in the conduct of several chiefs towards the missionaries in consequence of their fierce intestine wars4 ,at ,wangaroa the whole of the ,wesleyan missionary premises had been destroyed2 the property of all the missionaries was frequently plundered1 and their lives were exposed to the greatest danger4 ,the worst consequences were apprehended1 and the missionaries1 warned of their danger by the friendly natives1 were in daily expectation of being at least stripped of everything they possessed1 according to the ,new ,zealand custom4 ,for a time the ,wesleyan mission was suspended1 and their pious and zealous missionary1 ,mr4 ,turner1 took refuge at ,sydney1 and found a home at the parsonage of ,paramatta4 ,the clergy of the church mission deeply sympathized with him4 ,mr4 ,henry ,williams writes3 ,the return of ,mr4 ,turner will be a convincing proof of our feelings on this point4 ,in the present unsettled state of things we consider ourselves merely as tenants for the time being1 who may receive our discharge at any hour4 ,his brother1 the ,rev4 ,william ,williams1 in another communication says3 ,we are prepared to depart or stay according to the conduct of the natives2 for it is1 ,i believe1 our united determination to remain until we are absolutely driven away4 ,when the natives are in our houses1 carrying away our property1 it will then be time for us to take refuge in our boats4 ,as soon as the painful intelligence reached ,new ,south ,wales1 ,mr4 ,marsden determined to proceed to the ,bay of ,islands1 and use his utmost exertions to prevent the abandonment of the mission4 ,he was under no apprehension of suffering injury from the natives2 and his long acquaintance with their character and habits led him to anticipate that the storm would soon pass away4 ,accordingly1 he sailed for ,new ,zealand in ,h4,m4,s4 ,rainbow1 and arrived in the ,bay of ,islands on the #eth ,april1 #ahbg4 ,he had reached the period of life when even the most active crave for some repose1 and feel themselves entitled to the luxury of rest2 but his ardent zeal never seems to have wanted other refreshment than a change of duties and of scene4 ,he found the state of things improved2 peace had been restored2 and the missionaries were once more out of danger4 ,he conferred with them1 and gave them spiritual counsel4 ,as far as time would permit1 he reasoned with the chiefs upon the baneful consequences of the late war1 and1 at the end of five days from his arrival1 he was again upon the ocean1 on his way back to ,sydney4 ,he was not wanted in ,new ,zealand2 in ,australia1 besides domestic cares1 many circumstances combined to make his presence desirable4 ,thus he was instant in season1 out of season2 disinterested1 nay indifferent and utterly regardless of the honours and preferments which even good men covet2 and ever finding in the work itself1 and in ,him for the love of whom it was undertaken1 an abundant recompense4 ,brief as the visit was1 it confirmed his faith1 and reassured his confidence in the speedy conversion of ,new ,zealand4 ,he found the missionaries living in unity and godly love1 and devoting themselves to the work4 ,i trust1 he says1 that the ,great ,head of the church will bless their labours4 ,in consequence of his co-operation with the missionaries1 the beneficial labours of the press now for the first time reached the ,maori tribes4 ,during a visit to ,sydney1 ,mr4 ,davis had carried through the press a translation of the first three chapters of ,genesis1 the twentieth of ,exodus1 part of the fifth of ,matthew1 the first of ,john1 and some hymns4 ,these were small beginnings1 but not to be despised2 they prepared the way for the translation of the ,new ,testament into ,maori1 which was printed a few years afterwards at the expense of the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society4 ,the importance of this work can scarcely be estimated1 and it affords a striking example of the way in which that noble institution becomes the silent handmaid1 preparing the rich repast which our various missionary societies are ever more distributing abroad1 with bounteous hand1 to feed the starving myriads of the heathen world4 ,nor was the ,polynesian mission forgotten by its old friend4 ,the ,london ,missionary ,society now conducted its affairs on so wide a basis1 and to so great an extent1 that ,mr4 ,marsden's direct assistance was no longer wanted4 ,but how much he loved the work1 how much he revered the missionaries1 those who shall read the extract with which this chapter concludes will be at no loss to judge4 ,paramatta1 ,february #d1 #ahbf4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1--,it is not long since ,i wrote to you1 but as a friend of mine is returning1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,nott1 who has been twenty-seven years a missionary in the ,society ,islands1 ,i could not deny myself the pleasure of introducing him to you4 ,mr4 ,nott was one of the first missionaries who was sent out to the ,islands4 ,like ,caleb1 he always said the missionaries were able to take the land4 ,he remained a long time in ,tahiti alone1 labouring by himself when all his colleagues were gone1 and lived with and as the natives1 under the full persuasion that the mission would succeed4 ,he remained breaking up the ground1 sowing the gospel seed1 until he saw it spring up1 and waiting until part of the harvest was gathered in1 until many of the poor heathen crossed the river ,jordan1 with the heavenly ,canaan full in view4 ,such have been the fruits of his patient perseverance and faith4 ,should his life be spared1 ,i shall expect to see him again in fourteen months returning to his labours1 to die amongst his people1 and to be buried with them4 ,i venerate the man more than you can conceive3 in my estimation1 he is a great man3 his piety1 his simplicity1 his meekness1 his apostolic appearance1 all unite to make him great in my view1 and more honourable than any of the famed heroes of ancient or modern times4 ,i think ,mrs4 ,good will like to see such a character return from a savage nation1 whom ,god has so honoured in his work4 ,i shall leave ,mr4 ,nott to tell his own story1 while you listen to his report4444 ,i remain1 my dear sir1 ,your's affectionately1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,to ,john ,mason ,good1 ,m4,d4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,death of ,dr4 ,mason ,good--,malicious ,charges brought against ,mr4 ,marsden and confuted--,sixth ,voyage to ,new ,zealand--,frightful state of the ,island--,battle of the ,maories--,their ,cannibalism--,progress of the ,mission--,mr4 ,marsden's return--,death of ,mrs4 ,marsden--,anticipation of his own decease4 ,the shadows of evening now began to fall on him whose life had hitherto been full of energy1 and to whom sickness appears to have been a stranger4 ,he had arrived at the period when early friendships are almost extinct1 and the few who survive are dropping into the grave4 ,the year #ahbg witnessed the death of ,dr4 ,mason ,good4 ,nearly twenty years had elapsed since he and ,mr4 ,marsden had taken leave of one another2 but their friendship had not cooled during that long term of absence2 it seems rather to have gained strength with distance and declining years4 ,dr4 ,mason ,good felt1 and gratefully acknowledged1 that to the conversations1 and yet more to the high example of ,mr4 ,marsden1 he owed it1 under ,god1 that he was led to seek1 through faith in ,jesus1 that holiness and peace which he found at last1 and which shed so bright a lustre on his closing years4 ,he had seen in his friend a living instance of disinterestedness1 zeal1 and humility combined1 all springing from the love of ,god1 and directed for ,christ's sake towards the welfare of man2 such as he had never seen before--such as1 he confessed1 his own ,socinian principles were incapable of producing4 ,far his superior as a scholar and a man of genius1 he perceived and felt his inferiority in all that relates to the highest destinies of man2 he sat1 as a little child1 a learner1 in his presence2 and ,god1 who is rich in mercy1 brought home the lessons to his soul4 ,nothing1 on the other hand1 could exceed the respect1 almost amounting to reverence1 mingled however with the warmest affection1 with which ,mr4 ,marsden viewed his absent friend4 ,in every difficulty he had recourse to him for advice2 more than once he intrusted the defence of his character and reputation entirely to his discretion4 ,a correspondence of nearly twenty years1 a few specimens of which are in the reader's hand1 show the depth of his esteem4 ,upon his death a fuller tide of affection gushed out2 while he wrote thus to the mourning widow3-- ,paramatta1 ,november #i1 #ahbg4 ,,my ,,dear ,,mrs4 ,,good1--,a few days ago we received two letters from your daughter ,m--1 informing us of the death of your much revered husband4 ,i had seen his death noticed in one of the ,london papers1 but had not received any other information4 ,i feel for all your loss4 ,he was a blessing to the ,christian world1 and to mankind at large4 ,no one ,i esteemed more1 and his memory will always be dear to me4 ,when ,i was with you1 he and ,i had many serious conversations on the subject of religion4 ,his great talents1 united with his child-like simplicity1 interested me much4 ,i always experienced the greatest pleasure in his company1 as well as advantage2 in knowledge ,i found myself an infant in his presence1 but yet at perfect ease4 ,his gentle manners1 his mild address1 often made me forget to whom ,i was speaking2 and after retiring from his presence ,i1 on reflecting1 have been ashamed that ,i should presume to talk to him as ,i had done1 as if he were my equal4 ,i never could account for the ease and freedom ,i felt in his company1 in giving my opinion upon the various subjects we were wont to converse upon4 ,he was a very learned man1 and knew a thousand times more of men and things than ,i did1 excepting on the subject of religion2 here ,i always felt myself at home2 and he would attend to what ,i said with the sweetest simplicity and the greatest openness of mind4 ,in our various conversations on the most important doctrines of the gospel1 he manifested a humble desire to know the truth1 though he proceeded with great caution4 ,i experienced no difficulty in my own mind in urging the truths of religion upon him1 by every argument in my power4 ,i always saw1 or thought ,i saw1 the ,day-star from on high dawning upon his mind2 and my own soul was animated and refreshed whenever the subjects of the gospel engaged our conversation4 ,perhaps our mutual friend1 ,dr4 ,gregory1 may remember the observations ,i made to him1 on what passed between your dear husband and myself1 respecting religion1 and what were my views of the state of his mind at that time2 the period to which ,i allude was when he joined the ,church ,missionary ,society1 or intended to join it4 ,i had the firmest conviction in my mind that he would embrace the gospel1 and cordially believe to the salvation of his soul4 ,i could never account for that love which ,i have continued to have for ,dr4 ,good1 even here at the ends of the earth1 but from the communion of saints4 ,though the affliction of yourself and your dear daughters must be severe1 having lost such a husband and father1 yet you cannot sorrow as those without hope2 you must be satisfied that the ,lord has taken him away from the evil to come2 and as he cannot now return to you1 comfort one another with the hope that you shall go to him4 ,he finished his course with joy1 and the work that had been given him to do2 and came to the grave like a shock of corn that was fully ripe4 ,this consideration should reconcile you to the ,divine dispensation1 and constrain you to say1 ',not my will1 but ,thine be done4' ,you and your dear husband had travelled long together2 few in this miserable world were so happy and blessed as you were for so long a period4 ,remember all the way the ,lord hath led you in this wilderness2 recall to mind his mercies of old1 and bless his name4 ,i have long wished to see you face to face2 but that wish will never be gratified4 ,the day may come when1 in another and a better world1 we may recount all our travels here below4 ,we are sure that we are fast approaching to the end of our journey1 and shall soon arrive at the banks of ,jordan4 ,let us labour1 my dear madam1 to keep the promised land in view4 ,you have the consolation of your two amiable daughters' company4 ,i have never thought of ,mrs4 ,n4 but with feelings of sympathy1 and regret for her loss in the death of her excellent husband4 ,how mysterious are the ways of ,god6 ,we cannot account for them now1 but we shall know hereafter4 ,as a father pitieth his own children1 so is the ,lord merciful unto them that fear him4 ,mrs4 ,neale may derive comfort from the ,divine promises4 ,there are many made to the widow and the fatherless1 and ,god is never unmindful of his promises4 ,when we arrive in ,mount ,zion1 we shall then be satisfied with all the ,divine dispensations1 and see cause to bless ,god for the severest4 ,give my love to ,miss ,good2 tell her how much ,i am obliged to her1 for the communication she has made to me respecting her dear father4444 ,i am yours1 very sincerely1 ,he was still subject to the persecutions of unreasonable and wicked men1 and was again compelled to vindicate his conduct in a pamphlet1 which issued from the press at ,sydney1 in #ahbh4 ,transmitting a copy to his friend1 the ,rev4 ,josiah ,pratt1 he says3 ,i consider myself a proscribed person these last few years4 ,all the charges against me are contained in this pamphlet4 ,my public offences1 my illegal acts1 the charges against me for inflicting torture to extort confession1 for which ,i have been condemned unheard1 and suffered as guilty4 ,what an ungodly world may think or say of me1 is of little moment2 but ,i do not wish to lose the good opinion of my ,christian friends1 and fall in their estimation4 ,he returns to the subject in his correspondence with other ,christian friends2 for the apprehension that in him the cause of religion might seem to have received a wound1 lay heavy on his mind4 ,i should feel much1 he says1 writing to ,mr4 ,d4 ,coates1 if the cause of religion should suffer in my personal conduct2 but ,i hope it will not4 ,i hope ,i have said enough to satisfy the ,christian world that ,i am clear in this matter4 ,to justify my public conduct1 was an act due to my family and to all my ,christian friends1 as well as the general interests of religion4 ,nor was it merely the breath of slander that assailed him3 he mentions in a private letter to the ,rev4 ,edward ,bickersteth1 an act of grievous wrong inflicted by the ,british government4 ,i and my family were all struck off the public victualling books in the latter part of ,governor ,macquarie's administration1 without any compensation4 ,the ,rev4 ,r4 ,cartwright and the ,rev4 ,william ,cooper1 with their families1 were also struck off from the public stores at the same time4 ,they have both had their claims settled since governor ,darling arrived4 ,one received #gjjl41 and the other more than #hjjl42 but ,i have received nothing4 ,my claim is equally just1 had ,i only served the same period as my colleagues1 though ,i have served nearly twenty years longer than either of them4 ,i can only attribute this act of injustice to some hostile feeling in the colonial office4 ,governor ,darling has always shown me every attention ,i could wish4 ,yet he uttered no protest2 he raised no clamour for redress4 ,i mention this circumstance to you1 he adds1 confidentially3 when the truth of my case is laid before the public1 perhaps my superiors may think differently of my conduct1 and do me common justice4 ,whether he obtained redress we are not informed4 ,the occurrence shows the depth and bitterness of those hostile feelings1 which we can trace to no other cause on his part than his boldness in rebuking vice1 and his fidelity to the cause of his ,lord and ,master4 ,the year #ahcj found ,mr4 ,marsden once more upon the ocean4 ,for neither increasing years nor the vexations through which he had passed damped his ardour in the missionary cause4 ,his mind was stedfastly fixed on the progress of the gospel in ,new ,zealand1 and there he was anxious once more in person to assist in carrying on the work4 ,he felt that his time was growing short1 and hastened1 before his decease1 to set in order the things which were wanting4 ,he perceived1 too1 with mingled feelings1 that ,new ,zealand was about to undergo a great change4 ,his efforts to induce the chiefs to unite under one head or sovereign elected by themselves1 had totally failed4 ,shunghie had been slain in battle1 and his ambitious projects of gaining a ,new ,zealand throne by conquest were at an end4 ,war was the natural condition of all the ,maori tribes1 and this1 rendered more deadly1 though possibly less ferocious1 by the introduction of fire-arms1 was fearfully thinning their numbers from year to year4 ,they were subject1 too1 to periodical returns of a terrible scourge1 a disease resembling the influenza1 which cut off multitudes4 ,on the whole1 it was calculated1 that not more than a hundred thousand ,maories now survived2 while twenty years before1 when the island was first visited1 the numbers were at least two hundred thousand4 ,it was evident that they could not long maintain their independence as a nation4 ,european ships began to crowd the ,bay of ,islands4 ,english settlers were already making their way into their choice and fertile lands4 ,to minds less sagacious than ,mr4 ,marsden's1 the result could be no longer doubtful--,new ,zealand must become an ,english colony4 ,he foresaw the necessity1 and1 though at first with reluctance1 cordially acquiesced in it1 even for the sake of the ,maories themselves4 ,his concern now was to prepare them for a measure which must sooner or later take place4 ,everything was in a lawless state2 the progress of the missions was greatly interrupted1 and his presence was once more highly necessary4 ,his own anxiety was great1 first on behalf of the missions which had so long been the especial objects of his care2 and then for ,new ,zealand at large that the policy of ,great ,britain should respect the rights of the native tribes and pledge itself to their protection4 ,on his arrival in ,new ,zealand1 in ,march1 #ahcj1 he was greeted before the ship had cast anchor by the ,messrs4 ,williams and others of the missionary band1 who hastened on board1 and expressed their joy at his unexpected appearance among them4 ,it was a critical moment1 for they were in greater anxiety and difficulty than they had experienced at any former period of the mission4 ,the natives were at open war1 and but a day or two before a great battle had been fought on the opposite beach of the ,bay of ,islands1 in which about fourteen hundred had been engaged4 ,the alleged cause of the war was the misconduct of an ,english captain who had offered indignities to some native women on board his vessel4 ,one tribe espoused his cause1 while another came forward to avenge the insult4 ,six chiefs had fallen in the battle1 and a hundred lives were lost2 several whaling vessels were lying in the ,bay1 and their crews as well as the missionary stations1 were in the utmost peril from the revenge of the victorious tribe1 which now lay encamped at ,keri-,keri4 ,there was not an hour to be lost4 ,mr4 ,marsden crossed the bay with ,mr4 ,henry ,williams early the next morning1 to visit the camp as a mediator4 ,the chiefs1 many of whom from different parts of the island1 had formerly been acquainted with ,mr4 ,marsden1 all expressed their gratification at meeting him again4 ,after conversing with them on different points connected with proposals of peace1 the two friendly mediators crossed over to the camp of their opponents1 and entered at once on the subject of their mission4 ,they spoke to them of the evils of war1 and more particularly of the civil war in which they were engaged4 ,they heard all we had to say with great attention1 and several of them replied to the different arguments we had used4 ,they contended that we were answerable for the lives of those who had fallen in the battle1 as the war had been occasioned by the misconduct of the captain of a vessel one of our own countrymen2 they wished to know what satisfaction we would give them for the loss of their friends who had been slain4 ,we replied that we could give them no satisfaction1 that we condemned his conduct1 and were sorry that any of our countrymen had behaved so badly1 and that we would write to ,england and prevent his return4 ,this the savages requested that ,mr4 ,marsden would not do2 they longed for his return1 that they might take their own revenge4 ,mr4 ,marsden then proceeded to inform them that he had had an interview with the chiefs on the other side1 who were willing to come to terms of peace1 and wished him to assist in settling their quarrel4 ,this information was received in a friendly way by the greater part3 one or two still wished to fight4 ,the mediators now returned to the beach1 which they found covered with war canoes and armed men4 ,a war council was held1 and the ,rev4 ,henry ,williams stated the business upon which they had come amongst them4 ,the natives listened attentively4 ,many of the chiefs gave their opinion in turn1 with much force and dignity of address4 ,these orations continued from an early hour in the morning1 till the shades of evening were closing4 ,it was finally agreed that the mediating party should proceed the next morning to the opposite camp and repeat what had taken place4 ,after a long discussion1 it was concluded that two commissioners from each party should be appointed1 along with ,mr4 ,marsden and ,mr4 ,williams1 to conclude the terms of peace4 ,having now urged all that was in their power to bring about a reconciliation1 they walked over the ground where the battle had been fought2 a dreadful scene under any circumstances1 unutterably loathsome1 where cannibals were the contending parties4 ,the remains of some of the bodies that had been slain were lying unconsumed on the fires2 the air was extremely offensive1 and the scene most disgusting4 ,we could not but bitterly lament these baneful effects of sin1 and the influence of the prince of darkness over the minds of the poor heathen4 ,the next day was ,sunday1 it was spent by ,mr4 ,williams at the camp1 for it was not considered safe at present to leave the savage warriors1 whose angry passions smouldered4 ,mr4 ,marsden proceeded to the station1 and preached to the infant church4 ,never was the gospel of ,christ placed in finer contrast with the kingdom of darkness1 and the appalling tyranny of the god of this world4 ,mr4 ,marsden's pen thus describes the scene as he sketched it upon the spot3 ,the contrast between the state of the east and west side of the bay was very striking4 ,though only two miles distant1 the east shore was crowded with different tribes of fighting men in a wild savage state1 many of them nearly naked1 and when exercising entirely naked2 nothing was to be heard but the firing of muskets1 the noise1 din1 and commotion of a savage military camp2 some mourning the death of their friends1 others suffering from their wounds1 and not one but whose mind was involved in heathen darkness without one ray of ,divine knowledge4 ,on the other side was the pleasant sound of the church going bell2 the natives assembling together for divine worship1 clean1 orderly and decently dressed1 most of them in ,european clothing2 they were carrying the litany and the greatest part of the church service1 written in their own language1 in their hands with their hymns4 ,the church service1 as far as it has been translated1 they can write and read4 ,their conduct and the general appearance of the whole settlement reminded me of a well-regulated ,english country parish4 ,in the chapel1 the natives behaved with the greatest propriety1 and joined in the church service4 ,here might be viewed at one glance the blessings of the ,christian religion1 and the miseries of heathenism with respect to the present life2 but when we extend one thought over the eternal world how infinite is the difference6 ,these were trying times undoubtedly4 ,the missions had existed fifteen years1 and yet the powers of darkness raged in all the horrors of cannibal warfare1 close to the doors of the missionary premises4 ,on the following ,tuesday morning1 ,mr4 ,marsden was aroused from his bed by a chief calling at his window to tell him that the army was in motion1 and that a battle seemed to be at hand4 ,he arose immediately and was informed that thirty-six canoes had been counted passing between the main and the island4 ,he immediately launched the missionary boat and proceeded to meet them4 ,when we came up to them we found they had left their women and children on the island1 and that they were all fighting men1 well armed and ready for action in a moment's notice4 ,i counted more than forty men in one war canoe4 ,yet amongst these infuriated savages the missionaries felt no alarm4 ,we were under no apprehension of danger2 both parties placed the utmost confidence in us1 and we were fully persuaded the commissioners would be cordially received4 ,if the event had turned out otherwise ,mr4 ,marsden and his friends had notice given them by the native commissioners1 of whom we have spoken1 that they would be seen alive no more4 ,the three native commissioners accompanied us in a small canoe which they paddled themselves4 ,they brought their canoe between our two boats1 and in that position we approached the beach4 ,they told us if they were killed1 we must be given up to their friends as a sacrifice for the loss of their lives4 ,the missionaries' confidence was not misplaced2 the whole day was spent in deliberation2 at night1 after a long oration1 the great chief on one side clove a stick in two to signify that his anger was broken4 ,the terms of peace were ratified1 and both sides joined in a hideous war dance together2 repeatedly firing their muskets4 ,we then took our departure from these savage scenes with much satisfaction1 as we had attained the object we were labouring for4 ,such scenes did not for an instant disturb the firm faith and confidence of the great missionary leader4 ,coming from the midst of them he could sit down in the missionary hut and write as follows3 ,the time will come when human sacrifices and cannibalism shall be annihilated in ,new ,zealand1 by the pure1 mild and heavenly influence of the gospel of our blessed ,lord and ,saviour4 ,the work is great1 but ,divine goodness will find both the means and the instruments to accomplish his own gracious purposes to fallen man4 ,his word1 which is the sword of the ,spirit1 is able to subdue these savage people to the obedience of faith4 ,it is the duty of ,christians to use the means1 to sow the seed and patiently to wait for the heavenly dews to cause it to spring up1 and afterwards to look up to ,god in faith and prayer to send the early and latter rain4 ,even now the ,day-spring from on high had visited this savage race4 ,in no part of the world was the sabbath day more sacredly observed than by the converts in the missionary settlements2 their lives gave evidence that their hearts were changed4 ,spiritual religion1 deep and earnest1 began to show its fruit in some of them2 others were at least much impressed with the importance of eternal things4 ,mr4 ,marsden was waited upon one evening by several native young men and women who wished to converse on religious subjects2 when they came in their anxious countenances explained the inward working of their minds2 their object was to know what they must do to be saved4 ,he endeavoured to set before them the love of ,jesus in coming from heaven to die for a ruined world1 and mentioned many instances of his love and mercy which he showed to sinners while on earth4 ,when ,i had addressed them at some length1 he adds1 a young native woman begun to pray4 ,i never heard any address offered up to heaven with such feelings of reverence1 and piety1 so much sweetness and freedom of expression1 with such humility and heavenly mindedness4 ,i could not doubt but that this young woman prayed with the ,spirit1 and with the understanding4 ,she prayed fervently that ,god would pardon her sins and preserve her from evil2 and for all the natives in the room1 that they might all be preserved from falling into the temptations by which they were surrounded4 ,her very soul seemed to be swallowed up with the sense she had of the evil and danger of sin1 and the love of ,jesus1 who came to save sinners4 ,her voice was low1 soft and harmonious2 her sentences were short and expressed in the true spirit of prayer4 ,i never expected to have seen1 in my day1 any of the natives of this barbarous nation offering up their supplications for pardon and grace1 to the only true ,god1 with such godly sorrow and true contrition4 ,amongst the audience in the room were the aged widow and two daughters of the great ,shunghie4 ,when they rose from their knees the ex-queen exclaimed1 ,astonishing1 astonishing6 and then retired2 and ,i confess1 adds ,mrs4 ,marsden1 ,i was not less astonished than she was4 ,the young woman he learned had for some time lived upon the mission premises1 and conducted herself in all respects as a ,christian1 adorning the gospel she professed4 ,a few days after we find ,mr4 ,marsden marrying an ,englishman to a native ,christian woman1 who repeated the responses very correctly in ,english which she well understood2 she conducted herself with the greatest propriety1 and appeared neatly dressed in ,european clothing of her own making1 for she was a good sempstress4 ,mr4 ,marsden considered1 he says1 this marriage to be of the first importance2 and the ,new ,zealanders appear to have been of the same mind1 and to have done due honour to the occasion3 for the company came in a war canoe and brought their provisions with them1 a pig and plenty of potatoes4 ,shortly afterwards1 he united a young native man and woman in marriage1 they were both ,christians1 domestic servants to ,mr4 ,clarke1 one of the missionaries1 and seemed to have a great affection for each other4 ,the young man was free and of a good family2 the young woman was a slave1 having become such by capture2 for all their prisoners of war if not massacred were reduced to slavery4 ,mr4 ,clarke therefore redeemed her from her master1 for five blankets1 an axe1 and an iron-pot4 ,a chief seldom allowed any of his female slaves to marry1 always reserving a number of them as wives for himself4 ,we must therefore suppose that the price was a very liberal one4 ,the effects of ,christianity were now apparent in some favoured spots1 and ,mr4 ,marsden returned home again full of hope and consolation4 ,he had witnessed already changes far greater than he had ever hoped to see1 sanguine as he was of ultimate success4 ,so confident was he in the good feeling of the natives towards himself1 that he had taken one of his daughters with him1 and she accompanied him in his visits to the chiefs1 one of whom1 known by the title of ,king ,george1 demanded her in marriage for his son2 an honour1 writes her father1 which ,i begged permission to decline4 ,fearful indeed had been the condition of females hitherto amongst these savages1 as the following extract1 with which we conclude our notice of ,mr4 ,marsden's sixth visit to ,new ,zealand1 sufficiently attests4 ,he is describing the great change which ,christianity had effected among the ,new ,zealanders4 ,on one of my former visits to ,new ,zealand1 sitting in the room ,i am at present in1 the natives killed and ate a poor young woman just behind the house4 ,but what a wonderful change the gospel has wrought6 ,in this little spot1 where so late hellish songs were sung and heathen rites performed1 ,i now hear the songs of ,zion1 and the voice of prayer offered up to the ,god of heaven4 ,so wonderful is the power of ,god's word4 ,he returned home greatly cheered and well qualified to comfort others with the comforts wherewith he himself was comforted of ,god4 ,to ,mrs4 ,good1 the widow of his departed friend1 he wrote as follows1 soon afterwards3 ,paramatta1 ,august #bg1 #ahcc4 ,,my ,,dear ,,mrs4 ,,good1--,we received ,miss ,good's letter1 which gave us much concern to learn that you had met with such severe trials4444 ,how mysterious are the ways of ,god6 ,we cannot comprehend them now1 but we are assured1 that what we know not at present we shall know hereafter4 ,our heavenly ,father has promised that all things shall work together for good to them that love ,god1 and the ,scriptures cannot be broken4 ,he willingly suffers none of his children to be afflicted4 ,in the end we shall find that he hath done all things well4 ,at present our trials may bear heavy upon us1 but ,st4 ,paul tells us they are but for a moment1 and eventually will work for us a far more exceeding weight of eternal glory4 ,job1 when he had lost all his children and property exclaimed1 ',naked came ,i out of my mother's womb1 and naked shall ,i return2 the ,lord gave and the ,lord hath taken away2 blessed be the name of the ,lord4' ,we know ,infinite ,wisdom cannot err in any of his dispensations towards us1 and he will never leave or forsake them that trust in him4 ,i pray that the ,father of mercies may support you under all your trials and afflictions4 ,the very remembrance of the pleasure ,i experienced in the society of your ever-to-be-revered husband is very refreshing to my mind4 ,we often speak of you all1 and humbly pray that we may meet again in another and a better world4 ,i am now almost seventy years old1 and ,i cannot but be thankful1 when ,i look back and consider how the ,lord hath led me all my life long4 ,i have gone through many dangers by land1 by water1 amongst the heathen and amongst my own countrymen1 robbers and murderers1 by night and by day2 but though ,i have been robbed1 no personal injury have ,i ever received1 not so much as a bone broken4 ,i have also had to contend with many wicked and unreasonable men in power1 but the ,lord in his providence ordered all for good4 ,most of them are now in the silent grave1 and ,i have much peace and comfort in the discharge of my public duty1 and ,i bless ,god for it4 ,i have visited ,new ,zealand six times4 ,the mission prospers very much2 the ,lord has blessed the missionaries in their labours1 and made their work to prosper4 ,i am happy to say my family are all pretty well4444 ,mrs4 ,m4 enjoys her health well at her age1 so that we have everything to be thankful for4 ,the colony increases very fast in population2 #eii women arrived from ,europe a few days ago4 ,provisions are very cheap and in great plenty4 ,our number increases some thousands every year1 so that there is a prospect of this country becoming great and populous4 ,your daughter mentions the sheep2 she will be astonished to hear that one million eight hundred thousand pounds of wool1 were exported last year from ,new ,south ,wales to ,england1 and we may expect a very great annual increase from the fineness of the climate1 and the extent of pasturage4444 ,wool will prove the natural wealth of these colonies and of vast importance to the mother country also4 ,we are very much in want of pious ministers4444 ,none but pious men will be of any service in such a society as ours4444 ,i should wish to go to ,england again to select some ministers1 if ,i were not so very old2 but this ,i cannot do1 and therefore ,i must pray to the great ,head of the church1 to provide for those sheep who are without a shepherd4 ,may ,i request you to remember us affectionately to ,mrs4 ,neale and ,dr4 ,gregory--,i pray that you and yours may be supported under every trial1 and that they may be all sanctified to your eternal good4 ,i remain1 dear ,mrs4 ,good1 ,yours affectionately4 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,in #ahce1 ,mrs4 ,marsden died4 ,she had long been patiently looking forward to her great change1 and her last end was full of peace4 ,years had not abated his love for his dear partner2 so he always called her when1 after her decease1 he had occasion to speak of her4 ,he showed her grave1 in sight of his study window1 with touching emotion to his friends1 and felt himself almost released from earth and its attractions when she had left it4 ,his own increasing infirmities had led him to anticipate that he should be first removed1 and the parsonage house being his only by a life tenure1 he had built a comfortable residence for his widow1 which however1 she did not live to occupy4 ,by this bereavement he was himself led to view the last conflict as near at hand2 henceforward it constantly occupied his mind1 and formed at times the chief subject of his conversation4 ,he sometimes spoke of it amongst his friends with a degree of calmness1 and at the same time with such a deep sense of its nearness and reality1 as to excite their apprehensions as well as their astonishment4 ,he stood on the verge of eternity and gazed into it with a tranquil eye1 and spoke of what he saw with the composure of one who was now ready to be offered1 and the time of whose departure was at hand2--his last text before he had quitted ,new ,zealand4 ,yet he was not at all times equally serene4 ,returning one day from a visit to a dying bed1 he called at the residence of a brother minister1 the ,rev4 ,r4 ,cartwright1 in a state of some dejection4 ,he entered on the subject of death with feeling1 and expressed some fears with regard to his own salvation4 ,mr4 ,cartwright remarked upon the happiness of himself and his friend as being both so near to their eternal rest1 to which ,mr4 ,marsden seriously replied with emphasis1 ,but ,mr4 ,c----1 if ,i am there4 ,if1 ,mr4 ,marsden8 rejoined his friend1 surprised at the doubt implied4 ,the aged disciple then brought forward several passages of ,scripture bearing upon the deep responsibility of the ministerial office coupled with his own unworthiness2 lest ,i myself should be a castaway2 if we hold the beginning of our confidence stedfast unto the end2 remarking on his own sinfulness1--every thing he had done being tainted with sin1--on his utter uselessness1--and contrasting all this with the holiness and purity of ,god4 ,at another time1 coming from the factory after a visit to a dying woman1 and deeply impressed with the awfulness of a dying hour in the case of one who was unprepared to die1 he repeated in a very solemn manner some lines from ,blair's once celebrated poem on the grave-- ,in that dread moment how the frantic soul ,raves round the walls of her clay tenement1 ,runs to each avenue and shrieks for help1 ,but shrieks in vain4 ,how wistfully she looks ,on all she is leaving2 now no longer hers4 ,a little longer1 yet a little longer4 ,oh6 might she stay ,to wash away her crimes1 and fit her for her passage4 ,he then spoke on the plan of salvation and the grace offered by the gospel with great feeling4 ,the holiness and purity of ,god appeared at times to overwhelm his soul2 contrasting it1 as he did1 with his own sinfulness1 and viewing it in connexion with the fact that he must soon stand before his awful presence4 ,yet he speedily recovered his habitual peace1 recalling the blessed truth that there is now no condemnation to them which are in ,christ ,jesus4 ,he was still on the whole a most cheerful ,christian1 joying and rejoicing in the hope of a blessed immortality4 ,and as he drew near his journey's end his prospects were still brighter and his peace increased4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,state of ,new ,south ,wales--,the ,aborigines--,cruelties practised upon them--,attempts to civilize and convert them--,they fail--,mr4 ,marsden's ,seventh ,visit to ,new ,zealand--,his ,daughter's ,journal--,affection of the ,natives--,progress of the ,mission--,danger from ,european vices--,returns in ,h4,m4,s ,rattlesnake to ,sydney4 ,history affords but few examples of a change such as ,new ,south ,wales had undergone since ,mr4 ,marsden landed from a convict ship in the penal settlement of ,botany ,bay in the year #agid4 ,the gold fields had not yet disclosed their wealth1 nor did he live to see the stupendous consequences which resulted from their discovery in #ahea1 the rush of ,european adventurers1 and the sudden transformation of the dismal solitudes of ,bendigo and ,ballarat into the abode of thousands of restless1 enterprising men1 with all the attendant circumstances1 both good and evil1 of civilized life4 ,but ,australia was already a vast colony2 in almost everything except the name1 an empire1 self-supporting1 and with regard to its internal affairs1 self governed1 though still under the mild control1 borne with loyalty and pride1 of the ,english sovereign4 ,the state of society was completely changed4 ,for many years1 the stream of emigration had carried to the fertile shores of ,australia not the refuse of our jails1 but some of the choicest of our population2 the young1 the intelligent1 the enterprising1 and the high principled1 who sought for a wider field of action1 or disdained to live at home1 useless to society1 and a burden to their relatives4 ,large towns such as ,sydney1 ,victoria1 ,geelong and ,melbourne1 with their spacious harbours crowded with shipping1 were already in existence1 and ,english settlers had covered with their flocks those inland plains which long after ,mr4 ,marsden's arrival still lay desolate and unexplored4 ,the religious condition of ,australia was no less changed4 ,all denominations were now represented by a ministry1 and accommodated in places of worship not at all inferior to those at home4 ,the ,church of ,england had erected ,sydney into a bishopric1 of which the pious and energetic archdeacon ,broughton was the first incumbent1 and the number of the colonial clergy had been greatly increased2 under all these influences the tone of social morality was improved1 and real spiritual religion won its triumphs in many hearts4 ,mr4 ,marsden was now released from those official cares and duties as senior chaplain which once so heavily pressed upon him4 ,beyond his own parish of ,paramatta his ministerial labours did not necessarily extend1 and in his parish duties he had the efficient aid of his son-in-law and other coadjutors4 ,illustration3 ,,paramatta ,,church4 ,the one spot on which no cheering ray seemed to fall1 the sterile field which after years of laborious cultivation yielded no return1 was the native population1 the aborigines of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,we have mentioned some of the many futile attempts made for their conversion2 more might be added2 for various missions were devised1--by the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,gospel in ,foreign ,parts1 aided by the colonial government2 by the ,wesleyan and the ,church ,missionary ,societies2 and by the ,london ,missionary ,society2 but none of these met with much success1 and we fear all have been in turn abandoned4 ,the mission of ,mr4 ,threlkeld1 on the margin of lake ,macquarie deserves especial notice4 ,it was continued for upwards of fourteen years2 during the first six years at the charges of the ,london ,missionary ,society1 but owing to the heavy expense1 and the slow progress of the mission1 they withdrew from it after an outlay of about three thousand pounds4 ,mr4 ,threlkeld was reluctant to give up the mission1 and pursued it for some time from his own resources and those of his friends1 with a small grant of a hundred and fifty pounds a-year from the ,british government1 who also made over ten thousand acres of land to be held on trust on behalf of the natives4 ,mr4 ,threlkeld seems to have been admirably fitted for his work2 he had been the fellow labourer of the martyr ,john ,williams1 of ,erromanga1 and left the ,tahitian mission in consequence of heavy domestic afflictions4 ,he had spent much time in acquiring a knowledge of the language of the blacks or aborigines1 of which he drew up a grammar1 besides translating some portions of ,scripture1 ,watts's hymns1 and other suitable works4 ,he had generally three or four tribes resident around him upon the land granted for their use4 ,occasionally he employed from twelve to sixty of them in burning off the timber and clearing the land1 an employment which they liked best4 ,at this they would continue for eight or ten days at a time1 until some native custom1 or the report of the hostile intention of some neighbouring tribe1 called them off1 perhaps never to return4 ,harmless as they seemed1 their customs were ferocious2 the tribes were constantly at war1 and upon human life they set no value2 they had no law against murder1 and consequently no punishment for it4 ,a man may murder his wife1 or child1 or any other relative with impunity2 but if a person murder another who is no way connected with him1 the nearest of kin to the murdered person will sometimes avenge his death2 though this seldom happens unless the delinquent and the sufferer are of different tribes4 ,it is only as they become acquainted with the customs of ,europeans that human life is regarded4 ,in their native wilds they sport with the sufferings both of man and beast4 ,at different periods1 ,mr4 ,threlkeld erected huts1 but in these they could not be induced to live1 alleging the accumulation of vermin and the fear of other natives coming in the night and spearing them without a possibility of escape4 ,on urging them to plant corn on a piece of ground he had prepared for them1 they replied it would be useless1 as the tribes from the neighbouring ,sugar ,loaf ,mountain1 although on friendly terms1 would come down and take it away when ripe4 ,mr4 ,threlkeld attributed the failure of his mission partly to the want of funds1 but still more to the influx of ,european settlers4 ,he deeply deplored the want of legal protectors1 both to prevent the ferocious attacks of the blacks upon each other1 and to protect them from the white man's atrocities4 ,i am firmly of opinion1 adds ,mr4 ,threlkeld1 in the annual report of his mission for the year #ahcf1 that a ,protector of ,aborigines will be fully employed in investigating cases of the cruelty of ,european settlers1 which are both numerous and shocking to humanity1 and in maintaining their civil rights4 ,he had but too much reason to express himself thus4 ,the cases of oppression which he himself describes1 are most revolting4 ,in one instance1 a stockman1 or herdsman1 boasted to his master of having killed six or seven black men with his own hands1 when in pursuit of them with his companions2 for they were hunted down in mere wantonness and sport4 ,he was merely dismissed from his employer's service4 ,in another1 a party of stockmen went out1 some depredation having been committed by the blacks in spearing their cattle1 took a black prisoner1 tied his arms1 and then fastened him to the stirrup of a stockman on horseback to drag him along4 ,when the party arrived near their respective stations they separated1 leaving the stockman to conduct the prisoner to his own hut4 ,the black1 when he found they were alone1 was reluctant to proceed1 and struggled to get free1 when the stockman took his knife from his pocket1 coolly stuck the black in the throat1 and left him for dead4 ,the poor fellow crawled to the house of a gentleman dwelling on the plains1 told his tale1 and died4 ,these are but specimens of cruelties1 too numerous and too horrible to relate4 ,the blacks1 of course1 retaliated1 and military parties were sent out against them4 ,on the #cast ,october1 #ahbh1 the executive council of the colony declared in their minutes1 that the outrages of the aboriginal natives amount to a complete declaration of hostilities against the settlers generally1 but they forgot to add that these hostilities had been provoked in every instance by the wanton aggression of the ,europeans4 ,martial law was again proclaimed in ,october1 #ahcj1 against the natives1 and the governor at length determined to call upon the inhabitants to take up arms1 and join the troops in forming a military cordon1 by means of which he proposed to drive the aborigines into ,tasman's ,peninsula4 ,the inhabitants responded to the call1 and an armed force of between two and three thousand men were in the field from the #dth ,october till the #bfth ,november2 but the attempt entirely failed4 ,mr4 ,marsden lived to see the beginnings of a better system1 though from his advanced age he was now no longer able to take an active part in the formation of new institutions4 ,before his death1 a society had been formed in the colony for the protection of the aborigines1 and government had also appointed protectors to defend them against wanton outrage4 ,this was a great advance in a colony where1 ,lieutenant ,sadleir 7who had the charge of the school at ,paramatta for the aborigines7 tells us1 that on his first tour up the country he saw the skull of a celebrated native1 in which was visible the hole where the ball had penetrated the forehead1 placed over a gentleman's bookcase in his sitting-room2 a trophy1 he says1 which he prized very much1 of his success in one of those exterminating excursions then sometimes undertaken1 when the natives were hunted down like beasts of prey to be destroyed4 ,but it was not till the year #ahci that an act was passed by the legislative council giving extensive powers to certain commissioners of lands1 who were also magistrates of the territory1 to put a stop to the atrocities so extensively committed beyond the boundaries1 both by the aborigines and the ,european settlers4 ,the governor drew attention to this act in a proclamation worthy of his high office4 ,as human beings1 he remarks1 partaking of our common nature1 as the aboriginal possessors of the soil from which the wealth of the country has been principally derived1 and as subjects of the queen1 whose authority extends over every part of ,new ,holland1 the natives of the colony have an equal right with the people of ,european origin to the protection and assistance of the law of ,england4 ,his excellency thinks it right further to inform the public that each succeeding despatch from the secretary of state marks in an increasing degree the importance which her ,majesty's government1 and no less the parliament and the people of ,great ,britain1 attach to the just and humane treatment of the aborigines of this country1 and to declare most earnestly and solemnly his deep conviction that there is no subject or matter whatsoever in which the interests as well as the honour of the colonists are more essentially concerned4 ,his excellency was soon called upon to bring his professions of impartial justice to the test4 ,a few weeks only after the date of the proclamation1 seven monsters in human shape1 convicts who had been assigned as stockmen to some of the settlers in the interior1 influenced1 it would seem1 by no other motive than a fiendish determination to exterminate the unhappy natives1 set out on horseback in pursuit of their victims4 ,one ,charles ,kilmaister was their leader4 ,they were traced in their progress1 inquiring after blacks1 and at last it appeared they arrived at a hut near the ,orawaldo1 commonly called the ,big ,river1 beyond ,liverpool ,plains4 ,here they discovered a little tribe of about thirty natives1 men1 women1 and children1 including babes at their mothers' breasts1 assembled in the bush1 unsuspicious of danger1 and unconscious of offence4 ,it was on ,sunday4 ,they immediately approached their victims1 who1 terrified at their manner1 ran into ,kilmaister's hut1 crying for protection2 but they appealed to hearts of stone4 ,the bandits having caught them as it were in a trap1 dismounted and followed them into the hut1 and1 despite of their entreaties1 tied them together with a rope4 ,when all were thus secured1 one end of the rope was tied round the body of the foremost of the murderers1 who1 having mounted his horse1 led the way1 dragging the terrified group after him1 while his infamous companions guarded them on all sides4 ,onward they were dragged till a fitting place in the bush was reached1 when the work of slaughter commenced1 and unresisting1 these hapless wretches1 one after the other1 were brutally butchered4 ,fathers1 and mothers1 and children1 fell before the previously sharpened swords of their executioners1 till all lay together a lifeless mass1 clinging to each other even in death1 as with the throes of natural affection4 ,but one shot was fired1 so that it was presumed one only perished by fire-arms4 ,the precise number thus immolated has not been accurately ascertained1 but it is computed not less than thirty lay stretched on their own native soil4 ,the demon butchers then placed the bodies in a heap1 kindled an immense fire over them1 and so endeavoured to destroy the evidence of their unheard-of brutality4 ,the eye of providence1 however1 was not to be thus blinded2 and although for a time the miscreants imagined they had effectually disguised their horrible work1 circumstances led to their apprehension4 ,birds of prey were seen hovering about the spot where the unconsumed remains yet rotted on the ground4 ,stockmen in search of their strayed cattle were attracted to the place1 supposing they should find their carcasses4 ,in this way it was that the ribs1 jaw-bones1 half-burned skulls1 and other portions of human skeletons were found1 while symptoms of the conflagration in the vicinity were likewise discovered4 ,this led to inquiry1 and ultimately to the discovery of the horrible truth4 ,the place was fifty miles from the nearest police station4 ,the whole of the villains were apprehended1 and their own admissions and conduct1 both previous and subsequent to the atrocious deed1 added to a chain of circumstantial evidence1 left no doubt of their guilt4 ,it chanced that the night previous to the murders a heavy rain had fallen1 and traces were thus discovered of horses feet1 as well as of the naked feet of the wretched natives1 on the way to the field of death4 ,the chief witness1 a respectable man1 scarce dared1 however1 to return to the district1 so strong was the sympathy expressed towards these miscreants1 even by persons of influence1 some of whom were magistrates4 ,all possible pains were taken to save them from condign punishment2 subscriptions were made for their defence1 and counsel retained1 but in vain2 their guilt was established beyond a doubt1 and ,sir ,george ,gipps1 the governor1 suffered the law to take its righteous course4 ,yet the progress of humanity and righteousness was very slow1 and ,mr4 ,marsden did not live to see equal justice1 not to speak of gospel truth or ,english liberty1 carried to the aborigines4 ,in the very year of his death1 an effort was made by the attorney-general of the colony to pass a bill to enable the courts of justice to receive the evidence of the blacks1 hitherto inadmissible4 ,the chief justice of ,australia gave his sanction to the measure4 ,in laying this bill before the council1 as the law officer of the crown1 the attorney-general gave some painful instances of its necessity4 ,there was then1 he said1 lying in his office a very remarkable case1 in which there was no doubt a considerable number of blacks had been shot1 but in consequence of not being able to take the evidence of the blacks who witnessed the transaction1 it was impossible to prosecute1 although there was proof that certain parties went into the bush in a certain direction with fire-arms1 and that shots were heard4 ,the dead bodies of blacks were afterwards found there1 the skulls of some of them being marked with bullets4 ,on the other hand five blacks were convicted of a larceny1 and could be convicted of no higher offence1 although those who heard the case must have been convinced that they had murdered two white men2 but1 because the blacks1 who knew how the murder was committed1 could not be heard as witnesses1 it was impossible to prosecute them for the murder4 ,the bill only went so far as to allow the blacks to be heard1--to allow them to tell their own story2 the jury might believe them or not as their evidence was corroborated circumstantially1 or by other witnesses4 ,yet this simple instalment of justice was denied1 and the bill was rejected by the legislative council4 ,such are some of the crimes through which even ,england1 just and generous ,england1 has ascended her dazzling throne of colonial empire4 ,when we tear aside the veil of national pride1 how gloomy are the recesses of our colonial history2 how large the amends which ,britain owes to every native population which ,god has intrusted to her care6 ,mr4 ,marsden was now seventy-two years of age4 ,on every side the friends of his youth were falling1 and he was bowed down with bodily infirmities1 the natural consequence of a life of toil4 ,he often pointed to an aged tree which grew in sight of his windows1 as an emblem of himself4 ,it had once stood in the middle of a thick wood1 surrounded on all sides with fine timber2 which the waste of years and the ruthless axe had levelled2 now it stood alone1 exposed to every blast1 its branches broken off1 its trunk decayed and its days numbered4 ,yet he resolved to pay another1 his seventh1 and1 as it proved1 his last visit to ,new ,zealand4 ,it was thought by his friends1 that he would never live to return4 ,his age and infirmities seemed to unfit him for any great exertion of either mind or body2 but having formed the resolution1 nothing could now deter him1 or divert him from it4 ,he sailed on the #ith ,february1 #ahcg1 in the ,pyramus1 accompanied by his youngest daughter1 and he seemed to be cheered by the reflection that if he should die upon his voyage he should die in his harness and upon the battle field on which ,god had chosen him to be a leader4 ,and yet his sturdy spirit scarcely bowed itself to such misgivings4 ,as on former visits1 he had no sooner landed than his whole soul was invigorated by scenes from which most others would have shrunk4 ,he landed on the southern side of the island1 at the river ,hokianga1 and remained amongst the ,wesleyan missionaries for about a fortnight2 after which he crossed over to the ,bay of ,islands1 carried all the way in a litter by the natives4 ,in this way he visited the whole of the missionary stations in the neighbourhood of the ,bay of ,islands1 as well as ,kaitaia1 a station at the ,north ,cape4 ,on the arrival of ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,rattlesnake1 he accompanied ,captain ,hobson 7afterwards governor of ,new ,zealand71 to the river ,thames1 and the ,east ,cape1 returning at length to ,sydney in that ship1 where he arrived on the #bgth of ,july after an absence of five months4 ,when entering the heads of ,port ,jackson1 one of the officers of the ship observed1 ,i think ,mr4 ,m4 you may look upon this as your last visit to ,new ,zealand2 upon which he replied1 ,no ,i don't1 for ,i intend to be off again in about six weeks1 the people in the colony are becoming too fine for me now4 ,i am too old to preach before them1 but ,i can talk to the ,new ,zealanders4 ,of this1 his last visit1 we must give some account4 ,captain ,livesay of the ,pyramus1 in a valuable letter to ,mr4 ,nicholas1 has given some interesting reminiscences of his passenger3-- ,devonport1 ,november #bi1 #ahcg4 ,,my ,,dear ,,sir1-- 444 ,i looked forward to meeting you with inexpressible delight1 to talk about our much esteemed friend ,mr4 ,marsden1 and compare notes about ,new ,zealand2 but we are born to disappointment1 although ,i shall still look forward to have that pleasure on my return to ,england4 ,from the last account ,i had of ,mr4 ,marsden1 previous to my quitting ,new ,zealand1 ,i was informed that the trip had done him much good4 ,when he left the ship1 and indeed when ,i last saw him1 which was a month afterwards1 he used to walk with a great stoop2 he was then able to walk upright1 and take considerable exercise4 ,the dear old man6 it used to do my heart good to see his pious zeal in his ,master's cause4 ,nothing ever seemed a trouble to him4 ,he was always calm and cheerful1 even under intense bodily suffering1 which was the case sometimes from the gravel1 which caused him great distress4 ,his daughter ,martha was a very great comfort to him2 she was constantly with him1 and very affectionate in her attentions4 ,i did hope my next voyage would have been to ,new ,south ,wales1 that ,i might have the pleasure of seeing him once more1 should ,god have spared him so long2 but that thought must now be given up4 444 ,the remainder of the letter has reference to the state and prospects of ,new ,zealand4 ,the sentiments are honourable to a ,british sailor4 ,how happy it would have been for the ,maori race1 had all ,english captains who visited the ,bay of ,islands1 been such men as ,captain ,livesay6 ,he says1 ,it affords me great satisfaction to find that a committee are forming for the colonization of ,new ,zealand1 on the scale you intimate4 ,it is very much to be desired indeed2 as the poor natives are becoming a prey and a sacrifice to a set of dissolute wretches who do all in their power to sink the savage into the perfect brute1 or by design and craft to cheat them out of all their possessions4 ,even those who call themselves respectable1 are amongst this number1 and one or two1 to my certain knowledge1 have purchased an immense extent of land for a mere song1 depriving the rising generation of all their claims4 ,the ,new ,zealanders are upon the whole1 a fine and intelligent race1 capable of much if well directed4 ,they are accused of low cunning1 and covetousness in their dealings with the ,europeans4 ,let the question be asked1 who taught them to be so8 ,why1 the ,europeans themselves4 ,they are said to be ferocious4 ,i maintain that they are not half so much so as our own ancestors in the barbarous times of ,britain2 and where ,christianity has been properly introduced1 they are quite a different race of beings4 ,let but the ill weeds that have taken root there be torn up1 and the wholesome plant of industry and sobriety1 with the spirit of the gospel1 sown in its place1 and all the savage will soon cease to be4 ,the ill weeds were springing up apace1 and1 as a consequence1 the missionary cause was once more in peril4 ,an ,english barque had lately been wrecked upon the coast1 but fortunately ,mr4 ,guard the captain1 his wife1 two children1 and the crew1 twenty-eight in all1 escaped to land4 ,at first1 according to the statement of the captain1 the natives treated them with kindness1 which they soon exchanged1 under what pretext1 or in consequence of what provocations on either side1 it would be useless to ask1 for open hostilities4 ,a quarrel was got up between two native tribes1 and an engagement followed1 in which twelve ,europeans1 and about forty ,maories fell4 ,guard and his party were taken prisoners4 ,it shows how great an improvement had taken place amongst the natives1 that they were not massacred and devoured2 but1 on condition of returning with a cask of powder as a ransom for himself and the rest1 ,guard and five of his men were allowed to proceed1 without further molestation1 to ,sydney2 where he laid the matter before ,sir ,richard ,bourke the governor4 ,relying on the accuracy of ,guard's narrative1 the governor1 with the advice of the executive council1 requested ,captain ,lambert to proceed with ,h4,m4,s4 ,alligator1 which happened to be lying in ,port ,jackson1 to obtain the restoration of the ,british subjects1 then in the hands of the ,new ,zealanders4 ,he was instructed to abstain from any act of retaliation1 and to obtain the restoration of the captives by amicable means2 and ,guard and his five men returned in the same ship4 ,soon after the arrival of the party at ,new ,zealand1 ,guard recognised the chief who was now the proprietor of the shipwrecked woman and children2 and the unsuspicious native rubbed noses with him in token of amity1 at the same time expressing his readiness to give up his prisoners on receiving the payment guaranteed to him4 ,this1 however was not the way in which the affair was to be settled2 ,guard and his sailors seized him as a prisoner1 and dragged him into the whale boat in which the party had gone ashore4 ,the cruelty practised towards this unfortunate man1 and the fearful havoc committed by the ,english1 we gladly pass over4 ,such iniquitous transactions reflect but little credit on us as a ,christian or a civilized people2 and they were1 moreover1 in direct opposition to the benevolent instructions of ,sir ,richard ,bourke4 ,the ,british subjects were restored2 as indeed they might have been without the loss of a single life1 through the intervention of the missionaries1 and of the ,british resident at the ,bay of ,islands1 and the expedition having gained its object by force and stratagem1 returned to ,sydney with the troops and the liberated captives4 ,this painful affair1 as well as other acts of outrage1 on the part of the natives1 which were its natural consequence1 made a deep impression at the time1 and were a source of great uneasiness to ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,he saw at once the danger to which they exposed the missionaries and their cause1 and felt1 no doubt1 a just reliance on himself4 ,unarmed and unprotected1 had he been upon the spot1 he would have accomplished more in his own person than all those warlike measures had effected1 which anew embittered the ,maori race against the ,europeans4 ,his record of his farewell visit was probably not kept with his former accuracy2 but the chasm is well supplied by the interesting journal of his daughter1 some extracts from which the reader will peruse with pleasure4 ,we have the whole scene placed before us by her graceful pen1 and we gain some glimpse into her father's character1 which we should certainly not have gathered from his own modest1 self-forgetting1 memoranda4 ,february #ab1 ,sunday4--,had service on deck4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wilkinson read prayers1 and my father preached4 ,the sailors were very attentive2 the service was truly interesting from its novelty and the impressiveness of the scene2 nothing around us but the wide waste of waters4 #acth4--,at the suggestion of ,captain ,l----1 reading in the evenings was introduced4 ,we began the ,history of ,columbus1 by ,washington ,irving1 and the arrangement is that we are to read by turns4 ,the weather proved boisterous1 and it was not before the #bast they made the land4 #bbnd4--,up early on deck to view the land1 which presented a very bold and romantic appearance4 ,not being able to obtain a pilot1 the captain determined1 lest he should lose the tide1 ,hokianga being a bar harbour1 to take the vessel in himself4 ,the dead lights were put in1 and every arrangement made as we approached the bar4 ,not a voice was heard but that of the captain and the two men in the chains1 heaving the lead4 ,every sailor was at his station1 and the anchors in readiness to let go at a moment's warning4 ,we sounded as shallow as 'a quarter less four1' when the ladies became alarmed1 though we were obliged to keep our fears to ourselves1 as the gentlemen very politely left us4 ,the wind being light1 the fear was the breakers would have overtaken the ship1 thrown her upon her beam ends1 and rendered her unmanageable2 but providence guided and preserved us4 ,i seldom remember a more beautiful scene2 the moon is near its full1 and the banks of the river are very high1 covered with the most luxuriant foliage4 ,we were so delighted with the scenery that we would willingly have stayed up all night4 ,as we proceeded up1 the mountains appeared to lessen into hills4 ,several native hamlets1 and two or three residences of ,europeans1 show that the busy hand of man has been engaged in the work of redeeming the wilderness from the wild dominion of nature4 ,anchored near the ,wesleyan mission station1 where we were kindly welcomed by ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,turner4 ,the mission here has been established nearly nine years2 they have a neat chapel and one or two comfortable houses1 and are about to form an additional station4 ,the missionaries related several instances of the melancholy death of various ,new ,zealanders who have opposed the progress of the mission4 ,one chief became so incensed against the ',atua1' for the death of his child1 that he formed a circle of gunpowder1 placed himself in the centre1 and fired it4 ,the explosion did not immediately destroy him2 he lingered a few weeks in dreadful agony1 and then died4 ,saturday4--,the natives are coming in great numbers to attend divine worship4 ,mr4 ,turner preached1 and afterwards my father addressed them4 ,they listened with earnest attention1 and were much pleased4 ,many of the old chiefs were delighted to see my father1 and offered to build him a house1 if he would remain4 ,one said1 ',stay with us and learn our language1 and then you will become our father and our friend1 and we will build you a house4' ',no1' replied another1 'we cannot build a house good enough1 but we will hire ,europeans to do it for us4' ,the whole congregation joined in the responses and singing1 and though they have not the most pleasing voices1 yet it was delightful to hear them sing one of the hymns commencing ',from ,egypt lately come4' ,the journey across from ,hokianga to the ,waimat1 as described by ,miss ,martha ,marsden1 shows1 in the absence of railroads and steam carriages1 an agreeable if not expeditious mode of conveyance4 ,took leave of ,mrs4 ,turner2 and1 mounted in a chair on the shoulders of two ,new ,zealanders1 ,i headed the procession4 ,my father1 ,mr4 ,wilkinson1 and the two children1 were carried in 'kaw-shores1' or native biers1 on which they carry their sick4 ,we entered a forest of five miles1 then stopped to dine4 ,the natives soon cooked their potatoes1 corn1 etc41 in their ovens1 which they scoop in the sand1 and after heating a number of stones1 the potatoes are put in1 covered with grass and leaves1 and a quantity of water poured upon them2 they were exquisitely steamed4 ,as ,i approached one of the groups sitting at dinner1 ,i was much affected by seeing one of them get up and ask a blessing over the basket of potatoes4 ,five miles from ,waimat ,i left my chair1 mounted on horseback1 and reached ,waimat for breakfast4 ,old ,nini accompanied us the whole way1 and told my father if he attempted to ride he would leave him4 ,the natives carried him the whole way with the greatest cheerfulness1 and brought him through the most difficult places with the greatest ease4 ,the distance they carried him was about twenty miles4 ,the state of all the missions with regard to their spiritual work was now full of hope4 ,of the ,wesleyan mission ,mr4 ,marsden himself reports1 ,i found that many were inquiring after the ,saviour1 and that a large number attended public worship4 ,the prospect of success to the ,church of ,england ,mission is very great4 ,since my arrival at the missionary station ,i have not heard one oath spoken by ,european or native2 the schools and church are well attended1 and the greatest order is observed among all classes4 ,i met with many wherever ,i went1 who were anxious after the knowledge of ,god4 ,wherever ,i went ,i found some who could read and write4 ,they are all fond of reading1 and there are many who never had an opportunity of attending the schools who1 nevertheless1 can read4 ,they teach one another in all parts of the country1 from the ,north to the ,east ,cape4 ,the native tribes were still at war with each other1 and with the ,european settlers--the miserable effect of ,captain ,guard's rash conduct4 ,from the missionary station at ,pahia ,mr4 ,marsden's daughter counted one morning twenty-one canoes passing up the bay4 ,a battle followed1 which she witnessed at a distance1 and the ,europeans all around fled to the missionary station4 ,in the engagement three chiefs fell2 a second fight occurred soon afterwards4 ,we have heard firing all day1 she writes2 many have been killed2 we saw the canoes pass down the river containing the bodies of the slain4 ,mr4 ,marsden himself was absent on a visit to the southward1 or his presence might possibly have prevented these scenes of blood4 ,wherever the venerable man appeared1 he was received by the converted natives with ,christian salutations and tears of joy2 the heathen population welcomed him with the firing of muskets and their rude war dances4 ,wherever he went1 he was greeted with acclamations as the friend and father of the ,new ,zealanders4 ,one chieftain sat down upon the ground before him gazing upon him in silence1 without moving a limb or uttering a single word for several hours4 ,he was gently reproved by ,mr4 ,williams for what seemed a rudeness4 ,let me alone1 said he1 let me take a last look2 ,i shall never see him again4 ,one principal chief1 writes ,mr4 ,marsden1 who had embraced the gospel and been baptized1 accompanied us all the way4 ,we had to travel about forty miles1 by land and water4 ,he told me he was so unhappy at ,hokianga that he could not get to converse with me from the crowds that attended1 and that he had come to ,waimat to speak with me4 ,i found him to be a very intelligent man1 and anxious to know the way to heaven4 ,while at ,kaitai he held a constant leve1 sitting in an arm-chair1 in an open field1 before the mission house2 it was attended by upwards of a thousand ,maories1 who poured in from every quarter2 many coming a distance of twenty or thirty miles1 contented to sit down and gaze on his venerable features2 and so they continued to come and go till his departure4 ,with his characteristic kindness and good nature he presented each with a pipe and fig of tobacco2 and when he was to embark at last1 they carried him to the ship1 a distance of six miles4 ,before leaving ,new ,zealand1 he wrote to the ,church ,missionary ,society an account which glows with pious exultation1 describing the success with which the ,head of the church had at length been pleased to bless the labours of his faithful servants4 ,since his arrival1 he says1 he had visited many of the stations within the compass of a hundred miles4 ,it was his intention to have visited all of them1 from the ,north to the ,east ,cape2 but from the disturbed state of the country it was not considered prudent for him to go to the south1 where he still contemplated further efforts when the country should be more settled in its political affairs4 ,he had observed a wonderful change3 those portions of the sacred ,scriptures which had been printed have had a most astonishing effect2 they are read by the natives in every place where ,i have been2 the natives teach one another1 and find great pleasure in the word of ,god1 and carry that sacred treasure with them wherever they go4 ,great numbers have been baptized1 both chiefs and their people4 ,he had met with some very pious chiefs1 who had refused to share in the present war1 and avowed their resolution to fight no more4 ,one of them1 at his own cost1 had built a chapel1 or place of public worship1 which was visited by the missionaries2 in this he himself taught a school1 assisted by his son4 ,waimat1 once the most warlike district in the island1 is now1 he says1 the most orderly and moral place ,i was ever in4 ,my own mind has been exceedingly gratified by what ,i have seen and heard4 ,old age1 it seems1 is not always querulous2 its retrospects are not always in favour of the past2 the aged ,christian walks with a more elastic step as he sees the fruit of his labour1 and anticipates his own great reward4 ,mine eyes1 he concludes1 are dim with age like ,isaac's2 it is with some difficulty ,i can see to write4 ,nor had the weakness and credulity of advancing years led him to take for granted1 as in second childhood old age is wont to do1 the truth of first impressions1 or the accuracy of every man's reports4 ,he still gave to every subject connected with missions the closest attention1 penetrated beneath the surface1 and formed his own conclusions4 ,while in ,new ,zealand1 for instance1 he addresses the following queries to ,mr4 ,matthews1 one of the missionaries1 on the subject of education3-- ,april1 #ahcg4 444 ,i will thank you to return me what number of native young men there are employed from your station on the sabbath in visiting the natives1 ,i mean the numbers who occasionally visit their countrymen and instruct them4 ,what schools there are at the station1 and who are the teachers8 ,have you an infant school1 or a school for men and boys8 a school for women8 ,what do they learn8 ,do they learn to read and write8 ,do they understand figures8 ,have they renounced generally their former superstitions8 ,at what period of the day do they attend school8 ,have they any meeting in the week-days for prayer and religious instruction8 ,do they appear to have any views of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ as a ,saviour8 ,any information you can give me1 along with your brethren1 will be very acceptable to the lovers of the gospel in ,new ,south ,wales4 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,on one point only he met with no success4 ,he had not yet quite abandoned the pleasing dream of a ,maori nation1 united under one chief2 a ,christian people1 governed by a code of native law4 ,tahiti naturally encouraged these bright visions1 and seemed to show how easily they might be realized4 ,there1 for ten years past1 under king ,pomare1 the wondrous spectacle had been presented to the world of a whole people1 under the guidance of their king1 rejecting idolatry1 and with it all the base usages of savage life1 and working out their own national regeneration2 framing a ,tahitian code of law on the sound principles of ,christian jurisprudence1 and cordially adopting it4 ,why should not a similar state of things be brought about in ,new ,zealand8 ,the instrumental agency in both islands was the same2 namely1 that of ,christian missionaries1 chiefly1 if not entirely1 ,english ,christians1 who carried with them1 it might be supposed1 to both islands the same reverence for order1 and with it the same love of liberty4 ,were the ,maories an inferior race1 compared with the aborigines of the ,tahitian group8 ,on the contrary1 the difference was rather in favour of the ,maori2 he was the more athletic1 and consequently the more vigorous in his mental development2 indeed1 upon the whole1 he stands unapproached by any other tribe of man uncivilized and in a state of nature2 unless we go back to the heroic ages and find his equal amongst ancient ,greeks at the dawning of their somewhat fabulous history4 ,yet the project failed2 and ,mr4 ,marsden was now obliged mournfully to admit that ,new ,zealand's only hope lay in her annexation to the ,british crown4 ,the two causes of the failure of these otherwise reasonable expectations are to be found1 no doubt1 first1 in the circumstances of the ,maori tribes1 and secondly1 in the pernicious effects produced by ,european traders and settlers4 ,tahiti was happy in possessing one sovereign4 ,new ,zealand was unfortunate in its multitude of petty chieftains4 ,when the heart of king ,pomare was gained1 the confidence of a loyal and devoted people was at once won over4 ,there was no rival to foment rebellion1 or to seize the occasion of a religious festival1 when he and his people were unarmed1 to make inroads on his territory4 ,with the assistance of his council1 and under the advice of the faithful missonaries1 a code of law was easily prepared1 suited for all his subjects1 and adapted to every part of his little kingdom4 ,in ,new ,zealand1 on the contrary1 the chiefs1 each of whom claimed to be perfectly independent of the rest1 were constantly at enmity with each other4 ,the violent passions of civil war never slept--hatred1 revenge1 and jealousy4 ,the missionaries1 if cherished by ,shunghie1 were hated or feared by ,shunghie's opponent4 ,their direct influence in the politics of the ,maories was therefore1 of necessity1 slight4 ,but the chief hindrance arose from the mutual animosities of the chiefs1 and the want of confidence in each other which universally prevailed1 both among chiefs and people4 ,and it must be confessed with sorrow1 that the evil example of the ,europeans provoked the natives to fresh crimes1 and indisposed them to all the restraints of civil government4 ,the ,polynesian ,islands had1 up to this period1 known neither commerce nor colonization4 ,except a chance visit from a man-of-war1 a ,european ship was scarcely ever seen2 or the few which came and went were connected with the missions1 and were manned by decent if not religious crews4 ,the polluting influence of a debauched and drunken body of seamen1 rolling in constant succession to its shores1 had not yet tainted the moral atmosphere of ,tahiti and its neighbouring group4 ,and colonization had not even been attempted2 the natives were left in full possession of their soil1 no man making them afraid4 ,in ,new ,zealand all this was reversed4 ,wicked seamen infected even savages with new vices2 and lawless settlers set an example of injustice1 shocking even to ,new ,zealanders4 ,for these evils it was evident there was but one remedy1 the strong hand of ,british rule4 ,take the following sketch from the pen of ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,after describing the happy state of the ,christian settlement at ,waimat1 he goes on to say3 ,on the opposite side of the harbour1 a number of ,europeans have settled along with the natives4 ,several keep public-houses1 and encourage every kind of crime4 ,here drunkenness1 adultery1 murder1 etc4 are committed4 ,there are no laws1 judges1 nor magistrates2 so that ,satan maintains his dominion without molestation4 ,some civilized government must take ,new ,zealand under its protection1 or the most dreadful evils will be committed by runaway convicts1 sailors and publicans4 ,there are no laws here to punish crimes4 ,when ,i return to ,new ,south ,wales1 ,i purpose to lay the state of ,new ,zealand before the colonial government1 to see if anything can be done to remedy these public evils4 ,i hope in time1 he says again1 in a letter1 dated ,may #afth1 #ahcg1 from ,pahaia1 to the ,rev4 ,james ,matthews1 the chiefs will get a governor4 ,i shall inform the ,europeans in authority how much they are distressed in ,new ,zealand for want of a governor with power to punish crime4 ,the ,bay of ,islands is now in a dreadful state4444 ,it is my intention to return to ,new ,south ,wales by the first opportunity4 ,that opportunity soon appeared1 and the venerable founder of its missions1 the advocate of its native population1 the friend of all that concerned its present or spiritual welfare1 took his last leave of the shores of ,new ,zealand4 ,preparations were made for his reception on board ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,rattlesnake4 ,the signal gun was fired1 and all the friends from ,waimat and ,keri-,keri arrived to accompany their revered father to the beach1 ,where1 says one of them who was present1 like ,paul at ,miletus1 we parted with many benedictions3 sorrowing most of all that we should see his face again no more4 ,many could not bid him adieu4 ,the parting was with many tears4 ,his happy temperament always diffused pleasure and conciliated friendship4 ,on board the ,rattlesnake he was welcomed with warm1 affectionate1 respect4 ,captain ,hobson1 who was afterwards for a time governor of ,new ,zealand1 knew his worth1 and felt honoured by his company2 and ,mr4 ,marsden fully appreciated the high character and courtesy of the commander1 whose widow retains a handsome piece of plate presented to her husband by his grateful passenger1 as a memorial of the happiness he enjoyed on this his last voyage homewards4 ,the chaplain of the ,rattlesnake noted down an affecting conversation with the aged minister upon his voyage1 which we are permitted to insert3-- ,we enjoyed a most lovely evening4 ,i had a long conversation with ,mr4 ,marsden on deck4 ,he spoke of almost all his old friends having preceded him to the eternal world2 ,romaine1 ,newton1 the ,milners1 ,scott1 ,atkinson1 ,robinson1 ,buchanan1 ,mason ,good1 ,thomason1 ,rowland ,hill1 ,legh ,richmond1 ,simeon1 and others4 ,he then alluded in a very touching manner to his late wife2 they had passed1 he observed1 more than forty years of their pilgrimage through this wilderness in company1 and he felt their separation the more severely as the months rolled on4 ,i remarked that their separation would be but for a short period longer4 ',god grant it1' was his reply2 then lifting his eyes towards the moon1 which was peacefully shedding her beams on the sails of our gallant bark1 he exclaimed with intense feeling4 ',prepare me1 ,lord1 for thy right hand1 ,then come the joyful day4' ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,mr4 ,marsden's ministerial pursuits and journeys--,love of the ,country and of ,patriarchal story--,his ,old ,age--,its mental features--,anecdotes--,love of ,children--,bishop ,broughton--,his reverence for ,mr4 ,marsden's character--,mr4 ,marsden's views of ,death1 etc4--,his ,habits of ,prayer--,his ,illness and ,death4 ,mr4 ,marsden had now passed the allotted span of human life1 though his days were not yet labour and sorrow4 ,entering upon his seventy-second year with stooping gait and failing eyesight and a decaying memory1 he had otherwise few of the mental infirmities of age4 ,he was still a perfect stranger to fear1 as well as to that nervous restlessness and susceptibility which wears the appearance of it1 though often found1 as may be daily observed1 in connexion with the truest courage4 ,after his return home from his last voyage he was attacked1 when driving with his youngest daughter1 upon one of his excursions in the bush1 by two famous bush rangers ,wormley and ,webber1 part of a gang who for a period of two years kept the whole country in a state of terror4 ,one of the ruffians presented a loaded pistol at his breast and another at his daughter's1 threatening with horrid imprecations to shoot them both1 if they said a word1 and bidding his daughter to empty her father's pockets into their hands4 ,perfectly undismayed1 ,mr4 ,marsden remonstrated with them on their wicked course of life1 telling them at last that he should soon see them again1 he had no doubt1 on the gallows4 ,at parting1 though charged1 with the usual threats1 not to look behind him1 he turned round1 and continued1 while they were in sight1 to warn them in the same strain of the certain consequences of a life of crime4 ,his admonition was soon verified2 the wretched men were apprehended for other outrages and sentenced to death1 and he himself attended them from the condemned cell to the place of execution4 ,these excursions into the country around ,paramatta1 where he had gone about for a period of nearly forty years doing the work of an evangelist or home missionary1 were continued to the last4 ,to wind through devious paths in the bush in his one horse chaise1 where his good horse ,major seemed as if trained to penetrate1 gave him the highest pleasure4 ,the way was often trackless1 and he was obliged to ask his companion whether the trace of a cartwheel could be seen4 ,yet there was an instinctive feeling of safety in his company1 and a refreshment in his conversation1 which always made the vacant seat in the gig prized by those who knew and loved him4 ,as he drove along1 says a ,christian lady1 the wife of ,captain ,b---- who was his companion on some of his last journeys1 wherever he went there was always to be found some testimony to that goodness and mercy which had followed him all the days of his life4 ,some ,ebenezer he could raise where helped perhaps in an encounter with a bushranger1 having only the sword of the ,spirit with which to defend himself and disarm his foe1 or some ,bethel1 it might be1 where like ,jacob he had been enabled to wrestle and prevail4 ,with such a companion no one could be a loser4 ,on these excursions1 no matter to what distance1 he seemed to think preparations needless1 he would travel miles and miles without any previous consideration for his own comfort or convenience4 ,even a carpet-bag was an encumbrance4 ,he had been too long accustomed to make his toilet with the ,new ,zealander1 and take with him his meal of fern-root1 to be particular1 or to take thought1 what he should eat1 or wherewithal should he be clothed4 ,his love of the country and of rural scenes gave a strong colouring1 and great originality to his preaching as well as to his own religious character4 ,he called his estate ,the plains of ,mamre4 ,this property we may remind the reader had been presented to ,mr4 ,marsden in the early days of the colony1 when land uncleared was absolutely worthless1 to eke out his insufficient stipend4 ,it had now become valuable1 and he was exposed both in the colony and in ,england to many unjust remarks1 even from those who should have known him better1 on the score of his reputed wealth4 ,his own justification of himself is more than sufficient4 ,being told that he was charged with avarice1 ,why1 said he1 they might as well find fault with ,abraham whose flocks and herds multiplied4 ,abraham never took any trouble about it1 nor do ,i4 ,i can't help their increasing2 and he added1 a remark so true and of such pregnant import that it ought for ever to have put to silence this miserable carping2 ,it was not for myself1 but for the benefit of this colony and ,new ,zealand1 that ,i ever tried to promote agriculture or the improvement in sheep or cattle4 ,had he done nothing else for ,australia1 his introduction of ,merino sheep with a view to the growth of wool would have marked him down upon the roll of her greatest benefactors4 ,through life his choicest topics in the pulpit had been the patriarchs1 their lives and characters but as he grew old1 he seemed unconsciously to rank amongst their number2 to fall into and become one of their own body2 himself a ,christian patriarch4 ,it was the frequent remark of his friends that he spoke of ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob1 just as if he had lived in their times1 heard their conversations1 and been well acquainted with them4 ,it is much to be regretted that more full and accurate reports of his sermons and conversations should not have been kept4 ,the truth and originality of his remarks would have made them invaluable4 ,when seated in his chair upon the lawn before his house1 surrounded by his family and friends1 his conversations took the prevailing turn of his mind1 and he used to dwell on the incidents of patriarchal life with a depth of feeling and a power of picturesque description of which one would be glad that the memorials should not have been allowed to perish4 ,at an examination of the ,king's ,school at ,sydney1 the headmaster having requested him to ask the boys some questions upon ,scripture history1 forgetting the business in hand1 he broke out into a long and interesting address on patriarchal life and manners4 ,the end contemplated by the headmaster was of course frustrated1 but we dare say1 says the colonial journalist who tells the story1 there are many young persons now growing up into manhood1 who1 to this day remember the pious and excellent observations of the venerable man4 ,his old age exhibited some traits not always to be found1 even in good men1 after a long life passed among scenes of danger or amidst the hardening warfare of personal animosities4 ,though to the last bold in reproving sin his real character was that of gentleness and the warmest social affection4 ,none but the bad were ever afraid of him2 on the contrary1 his presence diffused a genial light and warmth in every company4 ,cruel savages and little children loved him alike2 the wisest men gathered instruction from his lips1 while they found pleasure in his simple courtesy and manly open heartedness4 ,he brought home with him in the ,rattlesnake from ,new ,zealand1 several ,maori youths2 they seemed to love and respect their ,matua1 as they called him1 more than any one1 or anything1 besides4 ,they used to run after his gig like joyous children1 and to attempt to catch his eye as if to bask in the sunshine of his benevolent countenance4 ,they delighted2 says ,mrs4 ,b----1 to whose manuscript of ,mr4 ,marsden's last years of life we are again indebted1 to come to our barrack apartments with him1 always making their way to the bookcase first1 take out a book and point upwards1 as if everybody who had anything to do with ',matua' must have all their books leading to heaven4 ,pictures pleased them next2 when they would direct each others' attention to what they considered worthy of notice1 with extraordinary intelligence2 but when the boiled rice and sweets made their appearance1 digging their elbows into each others' sides1 with gesticulations of all sorts1 and knowing looks1 putting their fingers to their mouths1 and laughing with greedy joy1 ,mr4 ,marsden all the time watching their movements1 and expressive faces1 as a kind nurse would the gambols and frolics of her playful charge1 saying with restrained1 but grateful emotion1 ',yes1 sir1 nothing like bringing the gospel at once to the heathen4 ,if music charms the savage breast1 sir1 why should not the sweetest sounds that ever met man's ear do more8 ,why1 sir1 the gospel turns a worse than savage into a man1 ay1 and into a woman too4' ,he then related to us the anecdote of a ,new ,zealand woman who1 for the last remaining years of her life preached the gospel among her own sex1 having acknowledged to him1 that before he had brought the word of ,god to ,new ,zealand1 and the ,spirit applied it to her heart1 she had killed and eaten nineteen children4 ,his last communication to the ,church ,missionary ,society1 dated ,december #ajth1 #ahcg1 and received after his death1 is full of hope for his beloved ,new ,zealanders4 ,i am happy to say the mission goes on well amidst every difficulty4 ,i visited many places in my last voyage from the ,north ,cape to ,cloudy ,bay4 ,the gospel has made a deep impression upon many of the natives1 who now lead godly lives4 ,the letter1 which is written in a large and straggling hand1 as though the pen were no longer under its usual firm control1 concludes with these touching words3 ,i am now very feeble4 ,my eyes are dim1 and my memory fails me4 ,i have done no duty on the sabbath for some weeks through weakness4 ,when ,i review all the way the ,lord has led me through this wilderness ,i am constrained to say1 ,bless the ,lord1 ,o my soul1 etc1 ,yours very affectionately1 ,,samuel ,,marsden4 ,the innocent games of children pleased him to the last4 ,when such meetings were more rare than they have now become1 the children of the ,paramatta school once a year assembled on his lawn1 and then his happiness was almost equal to their own4 ,in his own family1 and amongst the children of his friends1 he would even take his share in their youthful gambols1 and join the merry party at blind man's buff4 ,though1 as he said of himself1 he never sang a song in his life1 for he learned to sing hymns when ten years old1 and never sang anything else1 yet he was charmed with the sweet and hearty voices of children joining in some innocent little song1 and it pleased him better still if it finished off with a noisy chorus4 ,yet all this was consistent with his character as a grave1 wise old man4 ,though mirthful1 he was never frivolous2 in a moment1 if occasion called for it1 he was ready to discuss the most serious subjects1 or to give his opinion upon matters of importance2 and he had the enviable talent of mingling even pious conversation with the sports of children4 ,it was observed that though always unembarrassed in the presence of strangers whatever their rank or importance might be1 he never seemed completely happy but in the company of persons of true piety4 ,he does not appear to have spoken very freely in ordinary society on the subject of personal religion1 still less on the subject of his own experience2 but his emotions were deep1 and out of the fulness of the heart his lips would speak1 in the midst of such a circle1 of the loving-kindness of the ,lord4 ,the sense of his own unworthiness seems to have been always present4 ,of all ,god's servants he might have been1 as he verily thought himself to be1 the most unprofitable2 and when any circumstance occurred which led him to contrast the justice of ,god to others who were left to die impenitent1 with the mercy shown to himself1 he spoke with a humiliation deeply affecting4 ,with scenes of vice and human depravity few living men were more conversant than he1 yet to the last such was the delicacy of his conscience that the presence of vice shocked him as much as if the sight were new4 ,riding down to the barracks one morning1 says the lady whose narrative we have already quoted1 to invite ,captain ,b---- and myself that day to dinner to meet the bishop1 he had passed what1 alas6 used to be too frequent an object1 a man lying insensible and intoxicated in the road4 ,his usually cheerful countenance was saddened1 and after telling us his errand1 we could not but ask the cause of his distress4 ,he gave us the unhappy cause1 and turning his horse's head round to leave us1 he uttered with deep emotion-- ',why was ,i made to hear thy voice ,and enter while there's room8' ,throughout the day the subject dwelt upon his mind2 after dinner the conversation turned to it1 and he was casually asked who was the author of the hymn he had quoted in the morning4 ,he shook his head and said1 ',i cannot tell1 perhaps it was ,watts1 or ,wesley1' and several hymn books were produced in which the bishop and others instituted a fruitless search1 the bishop at length saying1 ',i can't find the hymn1 ,mr4 ,marsden4' ',can't you1 sir1' was the reply1 'that is a pity1 for it is a good hymn1 sir--says what the ,bible says1 free sovereign grace for poor sinners4 ,no self-righteous man can get into heaven1 sir1 he would rather starve than take the free gift4' ,in the course of the day the conversation turning upon ,new ,zealand1 the bishop expressed the opinion1 once almost universal though now happily exploded1 an opinion1 too1 which ,mr4 ,marsden himself had regarded with some favour in his younger days1 that civilization must precede the introduction of the gospel2 and his lordship argued1 as ,mr4 ,marsden himself had argued thirty years before1 in favour of expanding the mind of savages by the introduction of arts and sciences1 being impressed with the idea that it was impossible to present the gospel with success to minds wholly unenlightened4 ,mr4 ,marsden's answer is thus recorded--',civilization is not necessary before ,christianity1 sir2 do both together if you will1 but you will find civilization follow ,christianity1 easier than ,christianity to follow civilization4 ,tell a poor heathen of his true ,god and ,saviour1 point him to the works he can see with his own eyes1 for these heathen are no fools1 sir--great mistake to send illiterate men to them--they don't want men learned after the fashion of this world1 but men taught in the spirit and letter of the ,scripture4 ,i shan't live to see it1 sir1 but ,i may hear of it in heaven1 that ,new ,zealand with all its cannibalism and idolatry will yet set an example of ,christianity to some of the nations now before her in civilization4' ,it will not be out of place to offer a passing remark upon ,mr4 ,marsden's conduct to ,dr4 ,broughton1 the first bishop of ,sydney4 ,as an ,episcopalian1 sincerely attached to the church of ,england1 he had long desired the introduction of the episcopate into the colonial church1 of which1 as senior chaplain1 he himself had been the acknowledged leader for so many years4 ,when the appointment was made it was a matter of just surprise to his friends that he was passed over in silence1 while an ,english clergyman was placed over him to govern the clergy1 amongst whom he had so long presided1 and whose entire respect and confidence he had gained4 ,there is no doubt that his integrity and fearless honesty had rendered him somewhat unacceptable to men in power1 and that to this his exclusion is1 in a great measure1 to be ascribed4 ,but this slight brought out some of the finest features in his truly noble character4 ,he had never sought either honours1 wealth1 or preferment for himself4 ,if a disinterested man ever lived it was ,samuel ,marsden4 ,the only remark which his family remember to have heard him make upon the subject was in answer to a friend1 who had expressed surprise at the slight thus put upon him1 in these words--,it is better as it is2 ,i am an old man2 my work is almost done4 ,and when ,dr4 ,broughton1 the new bishop1 arrived in the colony1 he was received by ,mr4 ,marsden not with cold and formal respect but with ,christian cordiality4 ,when the new bishop was installed he assisted at the solemn service2 the eloquent author of the ,prisoners of ,australia1,k who chanced to be present1 thus describes the scene--,on a more touching sight mine eyes had never looked than when the aged man1 tears streaming down his venerable cheek1 poured forth1 amidst a crowded and yet silent assemblage1 the benediction upon him into whose hands he had thus1 as it were1 to use his own metaphor1 'yielded up the keys of a most precious charge2' a charge which had been his own devoted care throughout the storms and the tempests of a long and difficult pilotage4 ,and now like another ,simeon1 his work well nigh accomplished1 the gospel spreading far and wide over the colony and its dependencies1 and the prayer of his adopted people answered1 he could say without another wish1 ',lord1 now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace1 for mine eyes have seen thy salvation4' ,though differing from him1 we may add1 on some points1 ,mr4 ,marsden retained to the last sincere regard for bishop ,broughton1 who in return fully appreciated the high and lofty character of his senior chaplain4 ,well6 said he one day when he heard of his last illness1 breaking out after a thoughtful silence1 if there ever was a truly honest man1 ,mr4 ,marsden certainly is one2 and after his death he publicly expressed his deep sense of the loss he had experienced1 and the painful void he felt in the absence of his aged and faithful companion who had so often stood by his side1 whose genuine piety and natural force of understanding1 said he1 ,i held in the highest esteem while he lived1 and still retain them in sincerely affectionate remembrance4 ,k ,london3 ,hatchard1 #ahda4 ,conscious that in the course of nature his decease could not be far distant1 death was now his frequent meditation4 ,he viewed its approach without levity and without alarm4 ,familiar through life with death in every form1 his feelings were not blunted2 he still felt it was a solemn thing to die1 but he had experienced the love of ,him who had tasted death for every man1 and was no longer subject to bondage through fear of death4 ,he continued his pastoral visits to the sick and dying to the last1 and some of those who were raised from a bed of languishing1 and who survived their pastor1 speak of the affectionate kindness1 the delicacy and tenderness1 as well as the deep-toned spirituality of mind he showed in the sick chamber1 as something which those who had not witnessed it would be backward to credit4 ,one of the last letters which he penned filled three sides of folio paper1 addressed to a friend who had met with a severe accident in being thrown from a carriage2 it contained the most consoling and ,scriptural aids and admonitions2 it was unfortunately lost by its possessor on a voyage to ,india1 or it would have proved1 we are assured1 an acquisition to our memoir1 of real interest and importance4 ,as he stepped out of his gig1 his family easily perceived from his manner if he had been visiting the chamber of death1 and never presumed to break a sacred silence that was sure to follow his deep-drawn sigh till he was pleased to do so himself4 ,this he did in general by the solemn and subdued utterance of a text from ,scripture1 or some verse of a favourite hymn4 ,the tears often fell down his aged cheeks while slowly articulating1 in a suppressed voice1 ,blessed are the dead which die in the ,lord2 or from one of ,watts's hymns4 ,oh could we die with those that die1 etc4 ,after this touching relief he seemed to feel more at liberty to speak on future events connected with his own decease1 when he should be sitting down1 as he frequently said1 with ,abraham1 ,isaac1 and ,jacob1 in the kingdom of ,god4 ,indeed his happy1 social spirit led him to connect the joys of heaven with the society of saints and patriarchs and his own departed friends4 ,sitting at dinner with the bishop and others as his guests1 his mind abstracted itself from the surrounding scene1 and he addressed the ,christian friend to whose notices of his last days we have already had recourse3 ,you know1 madam1 you and ,i are to take an alphabetical list some day of all the names of the good men ,i expect soon to meet in heaven2 there will be 7counting them up upon his fingers7 ,john ,wesley1 ,isaac ,watts1 the two ,milners1 ,joseph and ,isaac1 ,john ,newton and ,thomas ,scott1 ,mr4 ,howels of ,long ,acre1 and ,matthew ,henry---- ,here the conversation of the party broke off the solemn reverie4 ,yet all this tranquillity was consistent with that natural fear of death which for the wisest purposes ,god has implanted in man1 and which ,adam must have known in paradise1 or else the ,divine prohibition and the threatened penalty1 in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die1 could have had no force and appealed to no motive4 ,in the month of ,september1 after his last voyage1 he called at the house of his friend1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cartwright1 with a young lady from ,new ,zealand1 to introduce her to ,mrs4 ,cartwright4 ,the door was opened by his aged and now deeply afflicted friend and brother in the ministry1 for ,mrs4 ,cartwright had expired in the night1 after a few hours' illness4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 with his usual cheerfulness of manner1 said1 ',well6 ,i have brought ,miss ,w4 to introduce her to ,mrs4 ,cartwright4' ',stop6 stop1 my friend1' responded the mourner1 in a solemn manner1 'don't you know that ,mrs4 ,cartwright is dead8' ',dead8 dead8' replied ,mr4 ,marsden4 ',oh no2 oh no4 ,you must be in joke2 it is too serious a matter to make a joke of1 ,mr4 ,cartwright4' ',indeed1' responded ,mr4 ,cartwright1 'it is too true4 ,come1 and ,i will convince you1' and then led him to the room where the remains of his departed wife lay4 ,mr4 ,marsden approached the body1 saying1 ',oh6 she is not dead2 no1 no1 she is not dead2' 7the bright complexion remaining unchanged71 'she is not dead2' and then1 passing his hand over the face1 the cold chill of death dissipated the delusion4 ',yes1 she is dead1 she is dead1' and leaving the room1 he hurried away to give vent to his feelings4 ,as he contemplated his own near approach to the eternal state1 a few chosen passages of ,scripture fell often from his lips2 and it was remarked they were almost the only repetitions he made use of2 for his mind was richly stored with ,scripture1 which he seemed to bring forth with endless variety1 and often in the happiest combination2 but now he often repeated the words of ,job1 ,he cometh forth like a flower1 and is cut down2 he fleeth also as a shadow1 and continueth not1 chap4 xiv4 #b4 ,and those of ,zechariah1 ,your fathers1 where are they8 and the prophets1 do they live for ever8 chap4 i4 #e4 ,like ,cornelius1 he had been a devout man1 a man of prayer through life4 ,he believed in the promises of effectual aid from ,god the ,holy ,spirit1 to carry on the work of grace in his own soul4 ,nerved with this faith1 he waged a ceaseless war against corruptions within1 and temptations from without4 ,and while he viewed the promises of assistance from the ,holy ,spirit1 as given not to supersede our own exertions1 but to animate them1 he simply trusted to ,him to become the author of his complete sanctification4 ,and all the blessed fruits of faith were found richly clustering round his character4 ,it was his constant habit1 after his return from a journey1 to spend some time in his room alone1 engaged1 no doubt1 in holy communing with ,god4 ,when he prayed in the family1 or before his sermon in the pulpit1 where he seldom used a form1 the rich and fervid unction1 the variety and copiousness of his supplications and thanksgivings1 seemed to intimate how closely he had been wont to commune in secret with his heavenly ,father4 ,the fifty-first ,psalm now often supplied the words for many a humble confession of sin1 and many an earnest aspiration for larger supplies of the ,holy ,spirit's sanctifying influences1 both in the pulpit and elsewhere4 ,he appears always to have held frequent communion with ,god in ejaculatory prayer throughout the day4 ,to one whose engagements were so many1 and whose interruptions were necessarily so frequent1 the practice was no doubt most beneficial4 ,thus the lamp of ,god in his soul was always trimmed1 and the light went not out as age and infirmities drew on4 ,his friends now remarked his frequent abstraction from the scenes around1 while his moving lip and solemn gesture significantly intimated the direction of his mind1 and the occupation of his thoughts4 ,his mind became daily more spiritual1 and even when in the midst of visitors he seemed often to be absorbed in silent prayer4 ,an incident which seems to show that he had a presentiment of his approaching end occurred on the last ,sunday on which the holy communion was administered before his death4 ,although in his usual health1 he did not assist in the service1 as he always had done for a long period of forty-five years in the same congregation2 and when the officiating minister was ready to distribute the bread and wine1 he remained in his pew1 apparently overcome by his feelings4 ,a pause ensued1 when1 as he still did not attempt to move1 the ,rev4 ,henry ,bobart1 his son-in-law1 thought it advisable to take the elements to him4 ,many of his congregation were affected to tears1 impressed with the belief that they might not again receive from his venerable hands those emblems of the ,saviour's love4 ,he had never yet been present at the church without assisting at the solemn rite4 ,such fears were but too truly and sadly realized4 ,on the ,sunday evening1 at the parsonage1 it was the custom1 at family worship1 to read one of a course of sermons4 ,the ,sunday before his death1 when he was still apparently as well as usual1 he requested that the one in course for that evening might be laid aside and ,bradley's sermon the ',morrow unknown1' from the text ',boast not thyself of to-morrow1' substituted4 ,some slight objection was made2 but on his again expressing his wish1 it was of course complied with4 ,the remarks made by him upon the subject during the evening excited the apprehensions of his family that the coming week might be one of trial1 but they little thought that ere the next sabbath one so loved and revered would be removed from them4 ,on ,tuesday the #hth of ,may1 #ahch1 a few of his friends visited him at his own house2 he wore his usual cheerfulness1 and they wished him1 as they thought1 a short farewell as he stepped into his gig on a journey of about five and-twenty-miles4 ,in passing through the low lands contiguous to ,windsor1 the cold suddenly affected him1 and he complained of illness on his arrival at the house of his friend1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,styles1 the chaplain of the parish4 ,erysipelas in the head broke out1 and a general stupor followed1 so that he became insensible4 ,his mind wandered amongst the scenes to which his life had been devoted1 and he uttered a few incoherent expressions about the factory1 the orphan school1 and the ,new ,zealand mission4 ,though he spoke but little1 says his friend1 ,mr4 ,styles1 in his funeral sermon1 yet in his few conscious moments he said quite enough to show that the ,saviour whom he served through life was with him in the time of trial4 ,a single remark was made to him by a bystander on the value of a good hope in ,christ in the hour of need4 ',yes1' said he1 'that hope is indeed precious to me now2' and on the following evening1 his last on earth1 he was heard repeating the words 'precious1 precious1' as if still in the same strain of thought which that remark had suggested4 ,soon after1 inflammation having reached the brain1 his spirit was released4 ,on ,saturday morning1 the #abth of ,may1 he entered--who can doubt8--upon the enjoyment of his 'eternal and exceeding great reward4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,he was buried in his own churchyard at ,paramatta4 ,upwards of sixty carriages formed the mourning train1 and a numerous assemblage of mourners1 including most of the public functionaries in the colony1 followed him to the grave4 ,of these1 some who had in years long past thwarted and opposed him came at last to offer an unfeigned tribute of deep respect4 ,a few had been his early associates in the ministry1 and in every good word and work4 ,the majority were a youthful generation1 to whom he was only known as a wise and venerable minister of ,god4 ,his parishioners had been most of them brought up under his instructions1 and had been taught from their infancy to look up to him with respect and love4 ,the solemn burial service was read by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cowper1 who first came out to the colony at ,mr4 ,marsden's solicitation4 ,he stood over the grave and addressed the mourners on the early devotedness of their departed friend and pastor to the great work of the ministry1 told them how solemnly he had dedicated himself to ,god before he left ,england in his youth1 and reminded them of the fidelity with which through evil and good report he had endured his ,master's cross1 despising the shame4 ,australia seemed at length fully to appreciate his worth4 ,it was quite fitting1 and indeed an additional tribute to his integrity1 that some mutterings of calumny should be uttered by ungodly men1 even as the grave closed over him1 and that a priest of the apostate church of ,rome should catch them up1 and gladly give expression to them4 ,with this exception the colony was unanimous1 as were the friends of religion in ,england1 and throughout the world1 in mourning for him as for one who had been great as an evangelist in the church of ,christ1 and as a philanthropist second to none who have ever devoted their lives to the welfare of their fellow creatures4 ,it was proposed to erect a monument to his memory by public subscription2 the proposition was warmly approved on all sides1 and subscriptions were offered to a considerable amount4 ,whole families became subscribers--parents1 and children1 and domestic servants1 all ready thus to testify their reverence4 ,on further consideration1 it was thought better to erect a church to his memory on a piece of his own land1 which he himself had devised for that purpose1 to which the name of ,marsfield should be given2 and the design1 we believe1 has been carried into effect1 at the cost of about six thousand pounds4 ,the public press1 not only in ,australia but in ,england1 published biographical sketches of his life and labours1 with articles on his motives and character4 ,the great missionary societies recorded his death with becoming feelings of reverential love4 ,the notice of him in the minutes of the ,church ,missionary ,society1 the reader will not be displeased to find in these pages4 ,it was read at their annual meeting at ,exeter-hall1 and published in their thirtieth report4 ,the ,committee of the ,church ,missionary ,society record the death of the late ,rev4 ,samuel ,marsden with feelings of deep respect for his personal character and gratitude to the ,great ,head of the church1 who raised up1 and who so long preserved1 this distinguished man1 for the good of his own1 and of future generations4 ,in him the ,committee recognise an individual whom ,providence had endowed with a vigorous constitution1 both of body and mind1 suited to meet the circumstances which ever attend a course of new and arduous labours4 ,entering upon the duties of his chaplaincy forty-five years ago1 at a time when the colonists of ,new ,south ,wales were1 for the most part1 of abandoned character and suffering the penalty of the law1 he1 with admirable foresight1 anticipated the probable future destinies of that singular and important colony1 and never ceased to call the attention of both the local and home governments to the great duty of providing for the interests1 both temporal and spiritual1 of the rapidly increasing population by a proportionate increase in the number of colonial chaplains4 ,in the discharge of his diversified duties1 the native energies of his mind were conspicuously exhibited in the undisturbed ardour1 public spirit1 and steady perseverance1 with which his various plans of usefulness were prosecuted2 while his high natural gifts were sanctified by those ,christian principles1 which from his youth up1 he maintained and adorned1 both by his teaching and by his life4 ,but it is to his exertions in behalf of ,christian missions that the ,committee are bound especially to call the attention of the ,society4 ,while he omitted no duty of his proper ministerial calling1 his comprehensive mind quickly embraced the vast spiritual interests1 till then well nigh entirely unheeded1 of the innumerable islands of the ,pacific ,ocean1 whose 'inhabitants were sitting in darkness1 and in the shadow of death4' ,under the influence of these considerations1 ,mr4 ,marsden zealously promoted the labours of the different societies which have established missions in the ,south ,seas4 ,and it is to his visits to ,new ,zealand1 begun twenty-five years ago1 and often since repeated1 and to his earnest appeals on behalf of that people1 that the commencement and consolidation of the ,society's missions in the ,northern ,island are to be attributed4 ,in calling to mind the long series of eminent services rendered to the ,society by ,mr4 ,marsden1 the committee notice with peculiar satisfaction the last visit made by him1 in the year #ahcf1 to the ,society's missions in ,new ,zealand--a visit justly termed by the ,lord ,bishop of ,australia ',apostolical4' ,with paternal authority and affection1 and with the solemnity of one who felt himself to be standing on the verge of eternity1 he then gave his parting benediction to the missionaries and the native converts4 ,and thus was the man honoured in his death1 whose life had been one long conflict with obloquy and slander4 ,with few exceptions his enemies had died away1 or been gradually led to abandon their prejudices1 and many of them now loved and revered the man whom they had once hated or despised4 ,this1 however1 is but the usual recompense of a life of consistent holiness4 ,god often allows his servants to live and even to die under a cloud of prejudice2 but sooner or later1 even the world does homage to their virtues and confesses its admiration of the ,christian character1 while the church of ,christ glorifies ,god in the grace which made their departed brother to shine as a light in the world4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,character of ,mr4 ,marsden--,his ,life and ,labours4 ,the reader may naturally expect in conclusion a summary of ,mr4 ,marsden's character4 ,in attempting this1 we are by no means insensible to the difficulty of the undertaking4 ,indiscriminate eulogy1 and the arrogance which affects to blame in order to establish its own claim to superior wisdom1 are both alike impertinent and unbecoming4 ,yet it is not easy to speak of one whose motives were so high1 whose labours so constant and self-denying1 and whose triumphs so remarkable1 without enthusiasm4 ,while1 on the other hand1 those infirmities which may generally be detected even in the best men1 and which truth requires to be impartially noted down1 did not much affect his public life2 and we have felt all along as we have written with the disadvantage of having known him only by the report of others4 ,still1 however1 something should be attempted4 ,the character of ,mr4 ,marsden is too instructive to be lost2 perhaps few great men ever lived whose example was more calculated for general usefulness1--for the simple reason that he displayed no gigantic powers1 no splendid genius2 he had only a solid1 well ordered1 mind1 with which to work1--no other endowments than those which thousands of his fellow men possess4 ,it was in the use of his materials that his greatness lay4 ,mr4 ,marsden was a man of a masculine understanding1 of great decision of character1 and an energy which nothing could subdue4 ,he naturally possessed such directness and honesty of purpose1 that his intentions could never be mistaken2 and he seemed incapable of attempting to gain his purpose by those dexterous shifts and manoeuvres which often pass current1 even amongst professing ,christians1 as the proper1 if not laudable1 resources of a good diplomatist1 or a thorough man of business4 ,when he had an object in view1 it was always worthy of his strenuous pursuit1 and nothing stopped him in his efforts to obtain it1 except the impossibility of proceeding further4 ,had his mind been less capacious such firmness would often have degenerated into mere obstinacy2 had it been less benevolent and less under the influence of religion1 it would have led him1 as he pressed rudely onwards1 to trample upon the feelings1 perhaps upon the rights1 of other men4 ,but he seems1 whenever he was not boldly confronting vice1 to have been of the gentlest nature4 ,in opposing sin1 especially when it showed itself with effrontery in the persons of magistrates and men in power1 he gave no quarter and asked for none4 ,there was a quaintness and originality about him1 which enabled him to say and do things which were impossible to other men4 ,there was a firmness and inflexibility1 combined with earnest zeal1 which in the days of the reformers would have placed him in their foremost rank4 ,none could be long in his society without observing that he was a man of another mould than those around him4 ,there was an air of unconscious independence in all he did which1 mixed with his other qualities1 clearly showed to those who could read his character1 that he was a peculiar instrument in the hands of ,god to carry out his own purposes4 ,these traits are illustrated by many remarkable events in his life4 ,when he first arrived in ,new ,south ,wales1 while theft1 blasphemy1 and every other crime1 prevailed to an alarming extent among the convicts1 the higher classes of society1 the civil and military officers1 set a disgraceful example of social immorality4 ,such is the account given by a ,sydney periodical a few weeks after ,mr4 ,marsden's decease1 which goes on to say3 ,many an individual of a more plastic nature might have been moulded by the prevailing fashion of the age in which he lived1 and instead of endeavouring to struggle against the tide of popular opinion1 would have yielded in all probability to its seducing influence4 ,such was not the case with ,mr4 ,marsden4 ,when he was opposed on all hands1 and even by the civil and military authorities of the day1 he faithfully performed his duty1 and careless of the powerful coalitions combined for his destruction1 'all the ends he aimed at were his country's1 his ,god's1 and truth's4' ,educated in the school of the ,milners1 the ,simeons1 and the ,fletchers1 he was not disposed to flatter the vices of any man2 but with plainness and sincerity of speech1 he discoursed 'of righteousness1 temperance and judgment to come4' ,he has been known to rebuke sin at a dinner-table in such a manner as to electrify the whole company4 ,once1 arriving late1 he sat down in haste1 and did not for a few minutes perceive the presence of one who should have been the wife of the host1 but who stood in a very different relation to him4 ,mr4 ,marsden always turned a deaf ear to scandal1 and in the excess of his charity was sometimes blind to facts which were evident enough to others4 ,the truth now flashed upon him1 and though such things were little thought of in the colony1 he rose instantly from the table1 calling to the servant in a decided tone to bring his hat1 and without further ceremony1 or another word1 retired4 ,that such a man should raise up a host of bitter enemies is not to be wondered at4 ,to these qualities his great successes in life1 under ,god1 were due4 ,the young chaplain who single handed confronted and at length bore down the profligacy of ,new ,south ,wales1 and the shameless partiality of its courts of justice 7the immediate result and consequence of the licentious lives and connexions of the magistrates7 planned1 and was himself the first to adventure upon the mission to ,new ,zealand4 ,against the rashness of this attempt the timid expostulations of his friends1 the hesitation of the captains who declined so perilous an adventure1 and even the remonstrances of ,governor ,macquarie himself weighed not a feather in the scale4 ,he saw his way clearly2 it was the path of duty1 and along it he must go4 ,and when1 ten years afterwards1 scarcely a nominal convert had been won from among the cannibals1 when tens of thousands of good money had been spent1 when the church at home was almost weary of the project1 and half disposed to give it up1 he was still true as ever to the cause4 ,he neither bolstered up his courage with noisy protestations1 nor attempted to cheer the languid zeal of others by the slightest exaggerations1 but quietly went forward calmly resting upon the two great pillars1 the commands and the promises of ,god4 ,so again with respect to the ,polynesian missions2 at first he showed little of that enthusiasm in which some of its promoters were caught as in a whirlwind1 and carried off their feet4 ,but high principle endures when enthusiasm has long worn out4 ,and it was to the firm and yet cheering remonstrances of ,samuel ,marsden1 and to the weight which his representations had with the churches of ,christ in ,england1 that the directors were indebted for the ability to maintain their ground1 and that this perhaps the most successful of ,protestant missions1 was not finally abandoned upon the very eve of its triumphs4 ,while he embraced large and comprehensive projects1 it was one of his striking peculiarities that he paid close attention to minute details4 ,some minds beginning with the vast and theoretical1 work backwards into the necessary details2 others setting out upon that which is minute and practical1 from the necessities of the hour and the duties of the day before them seem to enlarge their circle and to build up new projects as they proceed4 ,the former may be men of greater genius1 but the latter are in general the more successful1 and to these ,mr4 ,marsden belonged4 ,the cast of his mind was eminently practical4 ,no crude visions of distant triumphs led him away from the duties which belonged to the scene and circumstances in which providence had placed him4 ,paramatta was for many years the model parish of ,new ,south ,wales1 although its pastor was the soul of the ,new ,zealand mission1 and of many a philanthropic enterprise besides4 ,commissioner ,biggs1 in his ,report of ,inquiry1 which was published by order of the ,house of ,commons1 observes that ,mr4 ,marsden1 though much occupied by the business of the missions which he conducted1 and by the superintendence of the orphan school which he had himself called into existence1 was remarkably attentive to the duties of his ministry4 ,the congregation at ,paramatta appeared to me to be more respectable than at the other places of worship1 and the choral parts of the service were admirably performed by the singers1 who have been taught under the direction of the ,rev4 ,s4 ,marsden4 ,he was well known to all his parishioners1 to whom he paid constant ministerial visits2 his attention to the sick1 whether at their own homes or the government hospital1 was unremitting1 and here his natural shrewdness1 sharpened as it was by his spiritual penetration1 showed itself in his insight into the true character of those he dealt with4 ,nothing disgusted him more than a want of reality4 ,high professions from inconsistent lips were loathsome to him1 and his rebukes were sometimes sharp4 ,a gentleman1 whose habits of life were not altogether consistent with ,christian simplicity and deadness to the world1 had been reading ,mammon1 when that volume had just made its appearance1 and with that partial eye with which we are too apt to view our own failings1 had come to the flattering conclusion that by contrast with the monster depicted in ,mammon1 the desires he felt to add field to field and house to house1 were not covetousness1 but that diligence in business which the ,scriptures inculcate4 ,in the happy excitement of the discovery1 he exultingly exclaimed1 ,well1 thank ,god1 ,i have no covetousness4 ,mr4 ,marsden1 who had read no more about covetousness than he found in the ,bible1 had sat silent2 rising from his chair1 and taking his hat1 he merely said1 ,well1 ,i think it is time for me to go3 and so1 sir1 you thank ,god that you are not as other men are4 ,you have no covetousness8 havn't you8 ,why1 sir1 ,i suppose the next thing you'll tell us is that you've no pride2 and left the room4 ,but when he spoke to a modest inquirer1 these roughnesses1 which lay only on the surface1 disappeared4 ,to the sick1 his manner was gentle and affectionate1 and in his later years1 when he began1 from failing memory and dimness of sight1 to feel himself unequal to the pulpit1 he spent much of his time in going from house to house and amongst the prison population1 exhorting and expounding the ,scriptures4 ,upon one of these occasions1 a friend who accompanied him relates that he made a short journey to visit a dying young lady1 whose parents on some account were strangely averse to his intrusion1 pastoral though it was4 ,but the kindness with which he addressed the sufferer1 whom he found under deep spiritual anxieties1 and the soothing manner in which he spoke and prayed with her1 instantly changed the whole bias of their minds4 ,to think1 they exclaimed when he left the house1 of the aged man1 with his silver locks1 coming such a distance as seventeen miles1 and speaking so affectionately to our feeble child6 ,at ,paramatta1 his ,sunday-school1 his daughter writes1 was in a more efficient state than any ,i have since seen2 and the same remark might probably be applied to his other parochial institutions1 for whatever he did was done with all his heart2 and he was one of those who easily find coadjutors4 ,their example seems to shed an immediate influence4 ,and his curates and the pious members of his flock were scarcely less zealous and energetic than himself4 ,he found time to promote missionary meetings1 and to encourage the formation of tract and ,bible societies1 as well as other benevolent institutions1 at ,sydney and other places4 ,on many occasions he delivered interesting speeches1 and not long before his death he presided at a ,bible ,society meeting at ,paramatta1 when1 in the course of an affectionate address1 he alluded to his beloved ,new ,zealand4 ,new ,zealand was near his heart1 and he now seldom spoke of it without being sensibly affected4 ,relating an anecdote respecting ,mowhee1 a converted ,new ,zealander1 he was completely overcome1 and burst into tears4 ,his manner of preaching was simple1 forcible1 and persuasive1 rather than powerful or eloquent4 ,in his later years1 when he was no longer able to read his sermons1 he preached extempore4 ,his memory1 until the last year or two of his life1 was remarkably tenacious3 he used to repeat the whole of the burial service memoriter1 and in the pulpit1 whole chapters or a great variety of texts from all parts of ,scripture1 as they were required to prove or illustrate his subject4 ,he was seldom controversial1 nor did he attempt a critical exposition of the word of ,god4 ,his ministry was pure and evangelical4 ,you can well remember him1 my hearers1 says the preacher1 in his funeral sermon1 as having faithfully preached to you the word of ,god2 clearly did he lay before you the whole counsel of ,god4 ,man was represented by him as in a condemned and helpless state1 lying in all the pollution and filthiness of his sin1 totally unable to justify himself wholly or in part1 by any works of righteousness which he can do2 ,god1 as too pure to look upon iniquity without abhorrence1 and yet too merciful to leave sinners to their sad estate without providing a refuge for them2 ,christ1 as ,all in all to the sinner2 as wisdom to enlighten him1 as righteousness to justify him1 sanctification to make him holy in heart and life1 as complete redemption from the bondage of sin and death into the glorious inheritance of heaven2 the ,holy ,spirit of ,god as the only author of aught that is good in the renewed soul2 faith as the only means of applying the salvation of the gospel to the case of the individual sinner2 justification by faith2 the necessity of regeneration2 holiness indispensable4 ,all these were represented by your departed minister as the vital doctrines of the gospel1 and the mutual bearing and connexion of each was clearly shown4 ,and this he has been doing for nearly forty-five years4 ,dwelling on the outskirts of civilization and of the ,christian world1 he was too deeply impressed with the grand line of distinction between ,christianity and hideous ungodliness1 whether exhibited in the vices of a penal settlement or the cannibalism of ,new ,zealand1 to be likely to attach too much importance to those minor shades of difference which are to be met with in the great family of ,jesus ,christ4 ,as his heart was large1 so too was his spirit catholic4 ,he was sincerely and affectionately attached to the church of ,england4 ,he revered her liturgy1 and in her articles and homilies he found his creed1 and he laboured much to promote her extension4 ,yet his heart was filled with love to all those who name the name of ,christ in sincerity4 ,wherever he met with the evidences of real piety and soundness of doctrine1 his house and his purse flew open2 and orthodox ,christians of every denomination from time to time either shared his hospitalities or were assisted in their benevolent projects with pecuniary aid4 ,with what delicacy this was done may be gathered from such statements as the following1 which is copied from the ,colonist newspaper1 ,september #abth1 #ahch3 ,an attempt having been made to build a ,scotch church in ,sydney1 the colonial government for a time opposed the scheme1 and in consequence some of its friends fell away4 ,then it was that the late ,samuel ,marsden1 unsolicited1 very generously offered the loan of #gejl4 to the trustees of the ,scotch church1 on the security of the building and for its completion4 ,this loan was accordingly made2 but as it was found impracticable to give an available security on the building1 ,mr4 ,marsden agreed to take the personal guarantee of the minister for the debt4 ,in the same spirit he presented the ,wesleyan ,methodists with a valuable piece of land on which to erect a chapel1 at ,windsor4 ,this act of ,christian charity was acknowledged by their missionaries in a grateful letter4 ,mr4 ,marsden's reply is full of warmth and feeling4 ,you express your acknowledgment for the ground at ,windsor to build your chapel and house upon4 ,i can only say ,i feel much pleasure in having it in my power to meet your wishes in this respect4 ,to give you the right hand of fellowship is no more than my indispensable duty2 and were ,i to throw the smallest difficulty in your way ,i should be highly criminal and unworthy the ,christian name1 more especially considering the present circumstances of these extensive settlements1 'where the harvest is so great and the labourers are so few4' 444 ,the importation of convicts from ,europe is very great every year2 hundreds have just landed on our shores from various parts of the ,british empire1 hundreds are now in the harbour ready to be disembarked1 and hundreds more on the bosom of the great deep are hourly expected4 ,these exiles come to us laden with the chains of their sins1 and reduced to the lowest state of human wretchedness and depravity4 ,we must not expect that magistrates and politicians can find a remedy for the dreadful moral diseases with which the convicts are infected4 ,the plague of sin1 when it has been permitted to operate on the human mind with all its violence and poison1 can never be cured1 and seldom restrained by the wisest human laws and regulations4 ,heaven itself has provided the only remedy for sin--the blessed balm in ,gilead2 to apply any other remedy is lost labour4 ,in recommending this at all times and in all places1 we shall prevail upon some to try its effect2 and whoever do this we know they will be healed in the selfsame hour4 ,i pray that the ,divine blessing may attend all your labours for the good of immortal souls in these settlements4 ,his private charities displayed the same catholic spirit4 ,his disinterestedness was great1 and his only desire seemed to be to assist the deserving or to retrieve the lost4 ,he was not foolishly indifferent to the value of money1 as those who had business transactions with him were well aware2 but its chief value in his eyes consisted in the opportunities it gave him to promote the happiness of others4 ,hundreds of instances of his extraordinary liberality might be mentioned1 and it is probable that many more are quite unknown4 ,the following anecdotes1 furnished by his personal friends1 will show that his bounty was dealt out with no sparing hand4 ,a gentleman1 at whose house he was a visitor1 happened to express a wish that he had three hundred pounds to pay off a debt4 ,the next morning ,mr4 ,marsden came down and presented him with the money1 taking no acknowledgment4 ,the circumstance would have remained unknown had not the obliged person1 after ,mr4 ,marsden's decease1 honourably sent an acknowledgment to his executors4 ,all he assisted were not equally grateful4 ,travelling with a friend in his carriage1 a vehicle passed by4 ,paddy1 said he1 calling to his servant1 who is that8 ,on being told1 ,oh1 said he1 he borrowed from me two hundred pounds1 and he never paid me4 ,this was his only remark4 ,yet he was not tenacious for repayment1 nor indeed exact in requiring it at all where he thought the persons needy and deserving4 ,the same friend was with him when a man called to pay up the interest on a considerable sum which ,mr4 ,marsden had lent to him4 ,he took a cheque for the amount1 but when the person retired1 tore it up and threw it into the fire1 remarking1 ,he is an honest man4 ,i am satisfied if he returns me the principal2 that is all ,i want4 ,on another occasion1 a friend who had been requested to make an advance of fifty pounds to a needy person1 but was unable to do so1 mentioned the case to ,mr4 ,marsden1 with1 ,sir1 can you lend me fifty pounds8 ,to be sure ,i can1 was the answer1 and the money was instantly produced4 ,when he called1 shortly afterwards1 to repay the loan1 ,mr4 ,marsden had forgotten all about it4 ,indeed ,i never looked to its being repaid4 ,the ,rev----1 being pressed for a hundred pounds1 walking with ,mr4 ,marsden1 mentioned his difficulties4 ,mr4 ,marsden at once gave him a hundred pounds1 simply remarking1 ,i dare say that will do for you4 ,a lady had come to the colony at the solicitation of her family1 with the view of establishing a school of a superior class for the daughters of the colonists4 ,at first she met with little success4 ,mr4 ,marsden saw the importance of her scheme1 and at once invited her to ,paramatta1 offering her a suitable house and all the pecuniary aid she might require1 and this under the feeling of a recent disappointment in an undertaking of the same nature4 ,of the large sums he expended on the ,new ,zealand mission from his own private resources it is impossible even to conjecture the amount1 to say nothing of a life in a great measure devoted to the service4 ,he one day called upon a young man of enterprise and piety1 whom he was anxious to induce to settle in ,new ,zealand1 and offered him fifty pounds per annum out of his own purse1 as well as to raise a further sum for him from other sources4 ,nor should it be forgotten1 in proof of this disinterestedness1 that with all his opportunities and influence in ,new ,zealand1 he never possessed a single acre of land there1 or sought the slightest advantage either for himself or for any member of his family4 ,another feature in his character was his unaffected humility4 ,this was not in him the nervous weakness which disqualifies some men for vigorous action1 rendering them either unconscious of their power1 or incapable of maintaining and asserting their position1 and consequently of discharging its obligations4 ,this1 though often called humility1 is1 in fact1 disease1 and ought to be resisted rather than indulged4 ,mr4 ,marsden's mind was vigorous and healthy2 he took a just measure of his powers and opportunities1 as the use he put them to proves abundantly4 ,there was nothing in him of the shyness which disqualifies for public life2 he was bold without effrontery1 courageous without rashness1 firm without obstinacy2 but withal he was a humble man4 ,his private correspondence will have shown the reader how anxious he was to submit his own judgment1 even on questions affecting his personal character1 to what he considered the better judgment of his friends at home4 ,to vanity or ostentation he seems to have been a perfect stranger4 ,there is not a passage in his correspondence1 nor can we learn that a word ever fell from his lips1 which would lead us to suppose that he ever thought himself in any way an extraordinary man4 ,flattery disgusted him1 and even moderate praise was offensive to his feelings4 ,when the life of his friend1 ,dr4 ,mason ,good1 appeared from the pen of ,dr4 ,olinthus ,gregory1 it contained an appendix1 giving an account of his own labours and triumphs at ,paramatta and in ,new ,zealand4 ,this he cut out of the volume with his penknife1 without any remark1 before he permitted it to lie upon his table or to be read by his family4 ,he was so far from thinking he had accomplished much1 either in the colony or amongst the heathen1 that he was rather disposed1 in his later days1 to lament that his life had been almost useless2 and indeed he was heard more than once to express a doubt whether he had not mistaken his calling1 and been no better than an intruder into the sacred ministry4 ,perhaps failing health and spirits were in part the cause of these misgivings1 but his unfeigned humility had a deeper root4 ,it originated in that evangelical piety upon which all his usefulness was built4 ,he saw the holiness of ,god1 he saw his ,divine perfection reflected in his law1 and though he had a clear1 abiding sense of his adoption through the grace of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 this did not interfere with a clear conception too of his own unworthiness4 ,when told one day1 by a justly indignant friend1 how basely he was misrepresented1 ,sir1 he exclaimed1 and the solemnity of his manner showed the depth of his meaning1 these men don't know the worst4 ,why1 sir1 if ,i were to walk down the streets of ,paramatta with my heart laid bare1 the very boys would pelt me4 ,such was ,samuel ,marsden1 a man whose memory is to be revered and his example imitated4 ,not merely a good man1 says the preacher of his funeral sermon1 who filled up the place allotted to him on earth1 and then sank into his grave2 not merely a faithful minister of ,christ1 who loved and served his ,saviour and turned many to repentance1 but more than either of these4 ,rightly to estimate his character we must view him as a peculiar man1 raised up for an especial purpose4 ,and he adds-- ,as ,luther in ,germany1 and ,john ,knox in ,scotland1 and ,cranmer in ,england1 were sent by the ,head of the church1 and fitted with peculiar qualifications to make known his glorious gospel1 hidden in ,romish darkness1 so too1 no less truly1 was ,,samuel ,,marsden raised up in this southern hemisphere1 and admirably fitted for the work1 and made the instrument of diffusing the light of that same gospel1 and of bringing it to bear on the darkness of ,new ,zealand and the ,isles of the ,sea1 and upon the darkness1 too1 no less real1 of the depravity of society in early ,australia4 ,,appendix ,i4 ,progress of the ,gospel and of ,civilization in ,new ,zealand1 since ,mr4 ,marsden's ,decease4 ,the great work of ,mr4 ,marsden's life was undoubtedly the ,new ,zealand mission2 but he was also1 as we have seen1 the early friend1 the wise adviser1 and not unfrequently the generous host of that devoted band of men who first essayed the introduction of the gospel to the ,society ,islands4 ,each of these missions has been attended with astonishing success2 each has produced what may be called magnificent results1--results which already far exceed1 in some respects1 the most sanguine hopes1 extravagant as at the time they seemed to be1 of ,mr4 ,marsden and his early coadjutors some fifty years ago4 ,yet in other respects their disappointment would have been great had they lived to witness the present state of things1 whether in ,new ,zealand or ,tahiti4 ,instead of native tribes growing up into ,christian brotherhood1 and asserting a national independence1 these beautiful islands have bowed to a foreign yoke4 ,instead of native churches they have rather assumed the form of offshoots and dependencies of ,british churches4 ,a great work has been accomplished1 and its fruits will never cease to ripen4 ,but events have occurred which only prophets could have foreseen2 changes have taken place which neither political sagacity nor the saintly wisdom of those good men who first projected our foreign missions amidst storms of insult1 or1 what was worse to bear1 the withering influences of a contemptuous neglect1 anticipated4 ,it is often so in this world's history4 ,our successes1 our trials1 the events which happen to us1 our national history1 and that of the church of ,christ1 scoop out for themselves fresh channels1 and flow still onwards1 but in the direction perhaps least of all expected4 ,our readers are1 we trust1 so far interested in the details already given as to desire some further acquaintance with the later history of these great missions since ,mr4 ,marsden's death4 ,this we propose to give1 briefly of course1 for the subject would fill a volume2 and such a volume1 whenever it shall be written well and wisely1 will be received with delight by every intelligent member of the whole catholic church of ,christ4 ,we shall direct our attention in the first place to ,,new ,,zealand4 ,attempts to colonize upon a large scale1 attended with constant aggressions upon the native tribes1 had occurred before ,mr4 ,marsden's death1 and awakened his anxiety4 ,a ,new ,zealand ,company was formed in #ahci1 with the avowed object of purchasing land from the ,maories1 and settling large tracts of the island with ,english emigrants4 ,it made no provision for the spiritual welfare of the natives1 nor indeed for that of the ,european settlers2 and it was evident that1 however well-intentioned1 the project in the hands of a mercantile company would be effected1 as such schemes always have been effected1 only at the cost of injustice and oppression to the natives4 ,meanwhile danger was threatening from another quarter4 ,louis ,philippe now sat upon the throne of ,france4 ,though not ambitious of military conquest1 he was cunning and unprincipled1 and anxious to extend the power of ,france by force or fraud4 ,her colonial possessions she had lost during her long war with ,england1 and now scarcely one of them remained4 ,he saw and coveted the islands of the ,southern ,ocean1 and resolved to repair his colonial empire by the addition of these splendid and inviting prizes4 ,it was said1 and we believe with truth1 that a frigate was already equipped and on the very point of sailing for ,new ,zealand with secret orders to annex that island to the crown of ,france1 when the ,english government1 tardily and with sincere reluctance1 resolved to anticipate the project and claim ,new ,zealand for the queen of ,england4 ,this was done1 and the island was formally annexed to the ,english crown1 and in ,january1 #ahdb1 became an ,english colony4 ,for once the story of colonial annexation is neither darkened with crime nor saddened with war and bloodshed4 ,the measure was essential both to the security of the natives and to the work of the ,protestant missions4 ,lawlessness and anarchy were universal3 the ,maori tribes were slaughtering one another2 the white man was slaughtering the ,maori tribes4 ,for the native laws were obsolete1 and the laws of ,england no man yet had the power to enforce4 ,there was1 too1 on the part of ,england1 and it was strongly expressed in the ,british parliament1 a determination to secure1 as far as possible1 not only the safety but the independence of the natives under their old chiefs1 and to leave them in possession of their ancient usages and forms of government4 ,in fact1 the authority of queen ,victoria was to be that of a mild protectorate rather than an absolute sovereignty4 ,the chiefs were to acknowledge the supremacy of the crown as represented in the governor4 ,to him1 and not as heretofore to the field of battle1 with its horrors and cannibalism1 were their disputes to be referred2 and in all doubtful questions ,english law1 its maxims and analogies1 were to be held supreme4 ,upon these easy terms the most fastidious will find little to blame in our annexation of ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,maories did not exceed1 it was computed1 one hundred thousand souls4 ,suppose they had been twice that number1 still they could scarcely be said to occupy the whole of an island of the size of ,ireland1 and quite as fruitful4 ,there was still room for a vast influx of ,europeans1 leaving to the natives wide tracts of land far beyond their wants1 either for tillage or the chase1 or for a nomad wandering life1 had this been the habit of the ,maories4 ,and when the threatened seizure by ,france is thrown into the scale1 few ,protestants1 of whatever nation they may be1 will hesitate to admit that the conduct of ,england in this instance was both wise and just4 ,the ,maories in general accepted this new state of things with satisfaction4 ,those of them who resided on the coast and in the neighbourhood of the ,bay of ,islands saw that the aggression of the colonists was restrained1 and that their own safety was secured4 ,further in the interior1 where the want of an ,english protectorate was less felt1 heart-burnings occurred1 fomented1 as usual1 by designing men1 and aggravated by the occasional outrage of individuals4 ,some of the tribes resisted1 and a war broke out1 though happily neither bloody nor of long duration1 in which the ,maories maintained the reputation of their native valour1 even against ,english regiments4 ,nor was it till the year #ahdi that the peace of the island and the supremacy of the ,english crown were perfectly restored and asserted4 ,for a time the progress of the gospel was triumphant4 ,for example1 archdeacon ,william ,williams could report that the number of communicants in the eastern district1 beneath his care1 had risen from twenty-nine in #ahdj1 to two thousand eight hundred and ninety-three in #ahej2 and these were members of the congregation who were supposed to walk in the narrow way4 ,here then1 he exclaims1 is abundant encouragement2 the little one is become a thousand4 ,in the course of ten years1 there has been time for the novelty of ,christianity to wear away2 but1 while some are gone back again to the beggarly elements of the world1 hitherto the ,lord has blessed his vineyards with increase4 ,in other districts the progress of the gospel was equally gratifying4 ,at ,tauranga1 out of a population not exceeding two thousand four hundred1 upwards of eight hundred partook of the ,lord's supper2 and yet there were many native ,christians who1 from various causes1 had been kept away from this ordinance4 ,other denominations of ,protestant ,christians had likewise their trophies to exhibit to the praise of his grace1 who had crowned their labours with success4 ,the facilities1 reports one missionary1 upon the eastern coast1 the facilities for usefulness are great2 the coast might become one of the most interesting missionary gardens in the world4 ,crowds can be got together at any time for catechizing2 the dear children are all anxious for schooling2 the native teachers and monitors put themselves quite under your hands2 and they are1 ,i think1 a very improving and improvable class4 ,similar reports reached home from almost every station in ,new ,zealand4 ,at the intervention of a missionary of the church of ,england1 a ,wesleyan missionary1 and an ,english lay gentleman1 7the surveyor-general17 the ,waikato and ,wangaroa tribes1 bent on mutual slaughter1 laid down their arms at the instant the battle should have joined4 ,they had had their war-dance2 some random shots had even been fired2 their mediators had begun to despair2 when at length1 towards evening1 they agreed to leave the subject in dispute between them 7the right to a piece of land71 to ,sir ,george ,grey1 the governor1 and ,te ,werowero1 a native chieftain1 for arbitration4 ,the question was put to the whole army1 ,do you agree to this8 ,four hundred armed natives answered with one voice1 assenting4 ,the question was put a second time1 and they again gave their consent4 ,the surveyor-general giving the signal1 we all1 says the missionary1 gave three hearty cheers2 after which the natives assembled for evening-prayers1 and1 he adds1 ,i trust ,i felt thankful4 ,the accounts that reached ,england1 filled men's hearts with astonishment2 even upon the spot1 men long enured to the spiritual warfare with idolatry1 were amazed at the greatness of their triumph4 ,they wrote home in strains such as the following4 ,rotorua is endeared to us by every tie that should endear a place to a missionary's heart4 ,we came hither1 to a people utterly debased by everything that was savage4 ,now1 there is not a village or place around us1 where the morning and evening bell does not call to prayer and praise1 and where the sabbath is not observed4 ,i am sometimes astonished when ,i look back upon the past1 and remember what we have passed through4 ,if ,i think only of those scenes which occurred to us during the southern war1 the remembrance seems appalling4 ,now peace reigns in every border2 the native chapel stands conspicuous in almost every ,pa2 wars seem almost forgotten2 and for ,new ,zealand1 the promise seems fulfilled1 ',i shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance1 and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession4' ,new ,zealand was at length1 outwardly at least1 a ,christian land4 ,bishop ,selwyn had1 in #ahdb1 taken charge of the church of ,england and the oversight of her missions1 and other denominations assumed a fixed and settled character4 ,the missionary began to merge and disappear in the stated minister4 ,the ancient warrior chieftain too1 was fading fast from sight2 and we cannot deny that1 savage as he was1 we part from him with some feelings of respect4 ,who that has a heart to feel1 or any imagination capable of being warmed by strains of exquisite pathos1 can read unmoved the last words of the dying ,karepa8 ,the scene is in the lonely village of ,te ,hawera1 of which he was the chief4 ,mr4 ,colenzo1 the missionary1 arrived just as his people1 with loud cries1 sitting around his new-made tomb1 bewailed his departure4 ,at night they gathered around their spiritual father in his tent1 and one of the natives thus related the last words of ,karepa4 ,he summoned us all1 said he1 to come close around him1 and with much love exhorted us2 talking energetically1 as was his custom1 a long while1 he said3--',you well know that ,i have brought you1 from time to time1 much riches1 muskets1 powder1 hatchets1 knives1 blankets4 ,i afterwards heard of the new riches1 called faith4 ,i sought it4 ,i went to ,manawatu2 in those days a long and perilous journey1 for we were surrounded by enemies2 no man travelled alone3 ,i saw the few natives who1 it was said1 had heard of it2 but they could not satisfy me4 ,i sought further1 but in vain4 ,i heard afterwards of a white man at ,otaki1 and that with him was the spring where ,i could fill my empty and dry calabash4 ,i travelled to his place1 to ,otaki1 but in vain2 he was gone--gone away ill4 ,i returned to you1 my children1 dark minded4 ,many days passed by2 the snows fell1 they melted1 they disappeared2 the buds expanded1 and the tangled paths of our low forests were again passable to the foot of the native man4 ,at last we heard of another white man who was going about over mountains and through forests and swamps1 giving drink from his calabash to the secluded native--to the remnants of the tribes of the mighty1 of the renowned of former days1 now dwelling by twos and threes among the roots of the big trees of the ancient forests1 and among the long reeds by the rills in the valleys4 ,yes1 my grandchildren1 my and your ancestors1 once spread over the country as the ,koitarek 7quail7 and ,krivi 7apteryx7 once did2 but now their descendants are even as the descendants of these birds1 scarce1 gone1 dead1 fast hastening to utter extinction4 ,yes1 we heard of that white man2 we heard of his going over the high snowy range to ,patea1 all over the rocks to ,turakire4 ,i sent four of my children to meet him4 ,they saw his face2 yes you1 you talked with him4 ,you brought me a drop of water from his calabash4 ,you told me he had said he would come to this far-off isle to see me4 ,i rejoiced1 ,i disbelieved his coming2 but ,i said he may4 ,i built the chapel1 we waited expecting4 ,you slept at nights2 ,i did not4 ,he came1 he emerged from the long forest1 he stood upon ,te ,hawera ground4 ,i saw him4 ,i shook hands with him2 we rubbed noses together4 ,yes1 ,i saw a missionary's face2 ,i sat in his cloth house 7tent72 ,i tasted his new food2 ,i heard him talk ,maori2 my heart bounded within me2 ,i listened2 ,i ate his words4 ,you slept at nights2 ,i did not4 ,yes1 ,i listened1 and he told me about ,god1 and his ,son ,jesus ,christ1 and of peace and reconciliation1 and of a loving ,father's home beyond the stars4 ,and now ,i1 too1 drank from his calabash and was refreshed1 he gave me a book1 as well as words4 ,i laid hold of the new riches for me1 and for you1 and we have it now4 ,my children1 ,i am old2 my teeth are gone1 my hair is white2 the yellow leaf is falling from the ,twai 7beech tree72 ,i am departing2 the sun is sinking behind the great western hills1 it will soon be night4 ,but1 hear me2 hold fast the new riches--the great riches--the true riches4 ,we have had plenty of sin and pain and death2 but now we have the true riches4 ,hold fast the true riches1 which ,karepa sought out for you4' ,here he became faint1 and ceased talking4 ,we all wept like little children around the bed of the dying old man--of our father4 ,he suffered much pain1 from which he had scarcely any cessation until death relieved him4 ,but ,new ,zealand was now passing through a dangerous crisis4 ,the ,maori ceased to exist in his savage state4 ,cannibalism was a mere tradition4 ,of the ancient superstitions scarcely a trace was left4 ,european arts and manners were introduced in almost every part of the island1 and ,new ,zealand took her place amongst other civilized communities4 ,still1 under new circumstances fresh dangers threatened her4 ,the church of ,rome saw from afar and coveted so glorious a possession2 and in the course of a single year a ,romish bishop and sixteen priests landed at ,wellington1 and a second bishop with his troop of priests and nuns at ,auckland4 ,for a while the childish simplicity of the ,maori character1 fond of show and a stranger to suspicion1 gave them great advantage2 and the missionaries of evangelical churches viewed their progress with serious apprehension4 ,but as the novelty wore off the ,maori ,christian discovered that ,popery was but a hollow pretence1 without heart1 or life1 or abiding consolation1 and whole tribes which had been led astray returned with their chiefs to purer churches in search of better pasturage4 ,lately the translation of the whole of the ,bible has been completed1 and in this we have the best antidote1 under ,god1 to the progress of this baneful superstition4 ,new ,zealand1 too1 besides its several ,protestant bishops of the church of ,england1 its zealous missionaries1 and stated ministers of every evangelical denomination1 has now at length a native ministry of her own ,maories1 few as yet in number1 but holy men1 men of competent learning and gifts of utterance1 who have evidently been called of ,god4 ,one of these1 the ,rev4 ,riwai ,te ,ahu1 who was ordained by ,bishop ,selwyn1 is not only highly esteemed by all the natives of whatever tribe they may be1 but by the ,english too2 and he is entirely supported by internal resources1 by regular contributions from the natives1 and a private grant from the governor himself4 ,we can understand something of the joy with which an honoured missionary1 one of the oldest labourers in the field1 sat and listened in the house of prayer while he officiated1 assisted by the ,rev4 ,rota ,waitoa1 the only two ,maori ministers of the church of ,england in ,new ,zealand1 and his own early converts1 the one reading prayers1 and the other preaching an admirable sermon to his own native tribe4 ,other churches have similar triumphs4 ,the ,wesleyans have three native assistant ministers1 and probably these are not all1 for it may be presumed that a great work is going forward in so large an island1 of which our missionary societies have no official reports1 and by agents who are no longer responsible to them4 ,thus it is often found that in the interior some village or hamlet has become ,christian where no ,european missionary was ever seen4 ,native converts have done their own work4 ,still the church in ,new ,zealand is in an infant state1 surrounded by many dangers4 ,the influx of ,europeans1 the sudden increase of wealth and luxury1 the introduction of a new and foreign literature from ,england1 bearing as it were upon its wings all that is bad as well as all that is lovely and of good report in theology1 politics1 and morals1 may well cause1 as indeed it does create1 the deepest concern to those who have at heart the purity of the ,maori faith1 and the continued progress of the gospel4 ,it is not for those who know that the gospel is the power of ,god unto salvation1 to doubt for a moment of its ultimate success2 but the firmest faith may1 at the same time1 be apprehensive and anxious1 if not alarmed1 for the fiery trial that awaits her1--not of persecution1 but of wealth and luxury1 and the sad example of every ,european vice4 ,let the reader help them with his prayers4 ,we cannot close our sketch of the progress of ,christianity in ,new ,zealand1 without some allusion to the ,canterbury ,association1 one of the most remarkable attempts of modern times to colonize on ,christian principles1 or rather perhaps we should say1 to carry abroad the old institutions of ,england1 and plant them as it were full blown in a new country4 ,the design was not altogether original1 for the ,new ,england puritans of the seventeenth century1 had led the way1 in their attempts to colonize at ,boston and in ,new ,england1 in the days of ,charles ,i4 ,they would have carried out the principles1 and worship of the ,brownites to the exclusion of other sects1 though happily for the freedom of religion1 their design was soon found to be impracticable1 and was only partially accomplished4 ,the ,canterbury ,association was formed on high church of ,england principles1 avowedly for the purpose of founding a settlement1 to be composed in the first instance of members of that church1 or at least of those who did not object to its principles4 ,its early friends now admit that their project was1 in some of its parts1 utopian and impracticable4 ,the idea1 if ever seriously entertained1 of excluding by a test of church membership those whose profession differed from their own was abandoned by most of the colonists as soon as they had set foot on the shores of ,new ,zealand4 ,in #ahdh1 ,otakou or ,otago1 in the southern part of the ,middle ,island1 was colonized by an association of members of the ,free ,church of ,scotland2 and in #ahej1 the first colonists were sent out to the church of ,england settlement1 founded in the vicinity of ,banks's ,peninsula1 by the ,canterbury ,association4 ,the site made choice of possessed a harbour of its own1 an immense extent of land1 which it was supposed might easily be brought under cultivation1 and removed from danger of disturbance from the natives1 of whom there were but few1 an extent of grazing country unequalled in ,new ,zealand1 and a territory every way available for being formed into a province1 with a separate legislature4 ,the plan was to sell the land at an additional price1 and appropriate one third of the cost to ecclesiastical purposes4 ,the sums thus realized by sales of land1 were to be placed at the disposal of an ecclesiastical committee1 who were empowered to make such arrangements as they might think fit to organize an endowed church in the colony4 ,a bishopric was to be at once endowed1 a college1 if not a cathedral1 was to be connected with it1 a grammar-school of the highest class1 was to be opened as well as commercial schools2 and all the luxuries of ,english country life1 including good roads1 snug villas1 well cultivated farms2 and good society1 were to be found by the future settler1 after a very few years of probationary toil4 ,the scheme was warmly taken up at home1 and within a single twelvemonth from the #afth ,december1 #ahej1 when the first detachment arrived1 nearly three thousand emigrants had seated themselves in the ,canterbury ,plains4 ,the towns of ,lyttelton and ,christchurch were founded1 and operations on a large scale were fairly begun4 ,of course bitter disappointment followed1 as it too often does with the early colonists1 whose expectations are unduly raised by the romantic stories told them in ,england4 ,but we must quote a passage from ,archdeacon ,paul's ,letters from ,canterbury1 just published4 ,it may be of use to other emigrants1 into whatever region of the world they go4 ,restless spirits1 who had never yet been contented anywhere1 expected to find tranquillity in this new ,arcadia1 where their chief occupation would be to recline under the shadow of some overhanging rock1 soothing their fleecy charge with the shepherd's pipe1 remote from fogs and taxation and all the thousand nameless evils which had made their lives a burthen to them at home4 ,alas6 the reality was soon found to be of a sterner type-- ',these are not scenes for pastoral dance at even1 ,for moonlight rovings in the fragrant glades3 ,soft slumbers in the open eye of heaven1 ,and all the listless joys of summer shades4' ,long wearisome rides and walks in search of truant sheep and cattle2 bivouacs night after night1 on the damp cold ground2 mutton1 damper1 7a kind of coarse biscuit17 and tea 7and that colonial tea7 at breakfast1 dinner1 and supper1 day after day1 and week after week1 and month after month2 wanderings in trackless deserts1 with a choice of passing the night on some bleak mountain side or wading through an unexplored swamp2 and1 after all this labour1 finding perhaps that his flock are infected1 and that no small amount of money as well as toil must be expended before he can hope for any profit at all2--these are the real experiences of a settler's early days in a young pastoral colony4 ,yet1 upon the whole1 the founders of the settlement consider that it has answered all reasonable expectations4 ,none of the early settlers have been driven home by the failure of their prospects1 and few have been so even from qualified disappointment4 ,the plains of ,canterbury have a thoroughly ,english look1 dotted in every direction with comfortable farm-houses1 well-cultivated inclosures1 and rickyards filled with the produce of the harvest3 and the great seaport of the colony1 ,lyttelton1 is well filled with shipping4 ,christchurch boasts at length its college1 incorporated and endowed4 ,it became an episcopal see1 too1 in #ahef1 under the first bishop of ,christchurch2 it has its grammar school and ,sunday schools4 ,here1 too1 as well as at ,lyttelton1 the ,wesleyans have taken root1 and1 besides chapels1 have their day and ,sunday schools4 ,from the first1 the ,scotch ,church was represented by some enterprising settlers4 ,the decorum of religion is everywhere perceptible2 ,i believe1 writes a nobleman1 whose name stands at the head of the ,association1 that no ,english colony1 certainly none of modern days1 and ,i hardly except those of the seventeenth century has been better supplied with the substantial means of religious worship and education4 ,no one doubts the great material prosperity and promise of the colony2 and no one denies that it is the best and most ,english-like society in all our colonies4444 ,sometimes a very vain notion has been entertained that we meant or hoped to exclude dissenters from our settlement4 ,of course1 nothing could be more preposterous4 ,what we meant was to impress the colony in its origin with a strong church of ,england character4 ,this was done by the simple but effectual expedient of appropriating one third of the original land fund to church purposes1 but this was of course a voluntary system4 ,thus ,new ,zealand stands at present4 ,the lonely island of the ,southern ,ocean approached only fifty years ago with awe by the few adventurous whalers which dared its unknown coasts and harbours1 now teems with ,english colonists4 ,the dreaded ,new ,zealander has forsaken his savage haunts and ferocious practices1 and may be seen clothed and in his right mind1 and sitting to learn at the feet of some teacher of the truth as it is in ,jesus4 ,the face of the country has undergone a corresponding change4 ,and in many places1 the scene is such as to force the tears from the eye of the self-exiled settler2 the village spire and the church-going bell reminding him of home4 ,what the future may be1 we shall not even hazard a conjecture4 ,let it be enough to say that a mighty change has already been accomplished1 and that its foundations were laid1 and the work itself effected more than by any other man1 by ,samuel ,marsden4 ,,appendix ,,ii4 ,state and ,prospects of the ,protestant ,mission at ,tahiti under the ,french ,protectorate4 ,at the period of ,mr4 ,marsden's decease1 the ,tahitian mission1 over which he had watched with parental solicitude from its infancy1 presented an aspect even more cheering than that of ,new ,zealand4 ,idolatry had fallen2 its idols were utterly abolished2 they had found their way to the most ignoble uses1 or to the museums of the curious1 or those of the various missionary societies in ,great ,britain4 ,so complete was their destruction that natives of ,tahiti have actually visited the museum of the ,london ,missionary ,society within the last few years1 and there seen1 for the first time in their lives1 a ,tahitian idol4 ,but a dark cloud already skirted the horizon1 and the infant church was soon to pass through the purifying furnace of a long1 relentless1 wearying1 and even bitter persecution4 ,the revolution of #ahcj had placed ,louis ,philippe on the throne of ,france4 ,during the earlier years of his reign1 the church of ,rome was deprived of much of that power and dignity which it had enjoyed under the elder ,bourbons4 ,as to any hold on the affections of the people of ,france1 this it seldom boasted1--certainly not within the last hundred years4 ,yet the crafty king of the ,french was not unwilling to give to his restless priesthood the opportunities both of employment and renown in foreign parts2 especially if in doing so he could extend his own power1 and add a wreath to that national glory so dear to ,frenchmen4 ,the priests were therefore instructed to direct their attention to the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,animated partly by hatred to ,england1 they succeeded in effecting a settlement in the ,society ,islands4 ,the first of them1 who arrived there1 called ,columban 7though his original name was ,murphy71 came in rather strange guise4 ,he was clad like a man before the mast1 smoked a short pipe1 and at first was mistaken for what he appeared to be4 ,he had an old ,english passport1 and among other pious tricks1 endeavoured to make use of the lion and the unicorn1 to prove to the natives that he was sent by the king of ,great ,britain4,l ,two others1 ,caret and ,laval1 arrived soon afterwards4 ,the law of the island forbade foreigners to reside without obtaining the sanction of the queen4 ,the priests1 accordingly1 when their arrival became known1 were ordered to depart4 ,they refused2 comparing the ,protestant missionaries to ,simon ,magus1 and claiming for themselves the exclusive right to instruct the ,tahitian people4 ,after some delay1 however1 they left1 and went to the ,grambier ,islands4 ,captain ,lord ,e4 ,russell1 then with his ship of war at the island1 publicly declared1 that if the priests had remained in the country1 anarchy and confusion1 disastrous to the island1 would have inevitably ensued4 ,this was in ,december1 #ahcf4 ,l ,wilkes's ,tahiti1 etc4 ,in ,september1 #ahcg1 ,m4 ,montpellier1 accompanied by ,murphy-,columban1 arrived at ,tahiti4 ,he was followed in #ahch by ,captain ,du ,petit ,thouars in the frigate ,venus1 who made no secret in avowing to our ,english officers that he was looking out for a suitable island on which to hoist the ,french flag for the purpose1 he added1 of forming a penal settlement4 ,returning to ,paris1 ,thouars was raised to the rank of rear-admiral1 and sent back to the ,pacific with his flag in ,la ,reine ,blanche on a secret expedition4 ,he seized on two of the ,marquesas ,islands1 built a fort on each1 and garrisoned them with four hundred men4 ,he now wrote home1 demanding thrice that number of troops and four ships of war for the maintenance of his conquest2 but he had further objects in view4 ,false representations had probably been made to the ,french government with regard to the removal of ,caret and ,laval2 and ,captain ,du ,petit ,thouars was instructed to demand satisfaction at ,tahiti for injuries done to ,french subjects4 ,a desire of conquest no doubt inflamed ,guizot the ,french minister--alas6 that a ,protestant should thus have tarnished his fame--as well as his royal master2 but hatred of ,protestantism had its full share in these nefarious proceedings4 ,one ,m4 ,henicy1 who accompanied the ,antoine ,french frigate to ,tahiti1 in the summer of #ahci1 thus writes of the ,english missionaries3 ,ferocious oppressors1 shameless monopolizers1 trafficking in the word of ,god1 they have procured for themselves a concert of curses4 ,their ministers are found to be vile impostors4 ,caret1 ,murphy1 and the other priests now returned to ,tahiti4 ,a ,french consul was appointed1 a worthless1 profligate man2 he professed1 however1 to be a zealous friend of the true faith1 anxious for missionary labourers to convert the deluded ,tahitian ,protestants4 ,very little progress1 however1 could be made in this spiritual work2 the natives obstinately preferred sermons to masses1 and possessed so little taste as to reject pictures and rosaries while they still read their ,bibles4 ,it was evident that efforts of a more strenuous kind1 though1 such as the church of ,rome is never unwilling to resort to when persuasion fails1 must be tried4 ,and now it was announced that the island was placed under the protection of ,france2 to this arrangement1 it was pretended1 the chiefs of ,tahiti and the queen herself had consented2 nay1 that they had solicited the protection of ,france4 ,this unblushing falsehood was immediately exposed1 and we now know1 from queen ,pomare herself1 that all the proceedings in this disgraceful affair had their origin in fraud and treachery4 ,they were chiefly carried out by the ,french consul1 who is accused of having1 under false pretences1 prevailed on certain chiefs of the island to affix their signatures1 in the name of the queen1 to a document1 the object of which was to induce the king of the ,french to take ,tahiti under his protection1 the pretence being grounded on a false statement1 which accused some native chiefs1 and the representatives of other nations1 of bad conduct and various crimes4 ,when the queen was apprised of this document1 she called a council of her chiefs1 with an assembled multitude of natives and foreigners2 and1 in the presence of the ,british1 ,french1 and ,american consuls1 denied all knowledge of it1 as also did the chiefs themselves who signed it4 ,they declared that the ,french consul brought it to them in the night1 and that they put their names to it without knowing what it contained4 ,the governor1 being one of the persons imposed upon1 wrote to the ,british consul1 ,mr4 ,cunningham1 declaring that the parties subscribing did not know what were the contents of the letter which the ,french consul brought them to sign1 and that they affixed their names to it1 as it were1 in the dark4 ,the translator also affirmed that it must have been written by some person not a ,tahitian2 its idiom being foreign1 its orthography bad1 words misapplied1 and the handwriting even foreign4 ,but the most convincing evidence of the forgery was the declaration of two of the chiefs who signed the document1 ,tati and ,ulami1 to the following effect3 ,that all men may know1 ,we1 who have signed our names hereunto1 clearly and solemnly make known and declare1 as upon oath1 that the ,french consul did wholly dictate and write the letter1 said to be written by the queen ,pomare and her governors1 requesting protection of the king of the ,french4 ,through fear we signed it4 ,it was in his own house1 and in the night time1 that the document was signed by us4 ,and we signed it also because he said1 ,if you will sign your names to this1 ,i will give you one thousand dollars each when the ,french admiral's ship returns to ,tahiti4 7,signed7 ,,tati1 ,,ulami4 ,this disgraceful plot was carried on in the absence of the queen4 ,she was no sooner made acquainted with it1 than she addressed a short and dignified protest and remonstrance to the queen of ,great ,britain1 the president of the ,united ,states1 and the king of the ,french4 ,few diplomatic notes are more worthy of a place in history than that which was addressed to ,louis ,philippe4 ,peace be to you4 ,i make a communication to you1 and this is its nature1-- ,during my absence from my own country a few of my people1 entirely without my knowledge or authority1 wrote a letter to you1 soliciting your assistance4 ,i disavow any knowledge of that document4 ,health to you4 7,signed7 ,,pomare4 ,but the ,french consul proceeded to form a provisional government of three persons1 placing himself at the head of it as consul-commissary of the king4 ,the triumvirate behaved with the greatest insolence1 not only to the poor queen1 but even to the ,british flag4 ,captain ,sir ,t4 ,thompson1 with the ,talbot1 lay in the harbour4 ,the queen arrived and hoisted the ,tahitian flag1 which the ,talbot saluted4 ,a letter from the consul-commissary and the two ,french officials with whom he was associated was addressed as a protest to the gallant captain1 holding him responsible to the king of the ,french1 his government and nation1 for the consequences of such disrespect1 and for a measure so hostile towards ,france4 ,sir ,thomas knew his duty too well to answer the affront1 or in any way to notice it2 but he could only look on with silent sorrow and disgust1 he had no power to interfere4 ,the queen also received an insolent letter from the consul2 he even forced himself into her presence1 and behaved in a rude and disrespectful manner4 ,he said to me1 she writes1 in a letter to the captain of the ,talbot1 shaking his head at me1 throwing about his arms1 and staring fiercely at me1 ',order your men to hoist the new flags1 and that the new government be respected4' ,i protested against this conduct1 and told him ,i had nothing more to say to him4 ,bereft of other hope1 the insulted and greatly injured ,pomare wrote a most touching and pathetic letter to queen ,victoria4 ,it was published in the newspapers1 and went to the heart of every man and woman in ,britain who had a heart to feel for dignity and virtue in distress1 ,have compassion on me in my present trouble1 in my affliction and great helplessness4 ,do not cast me away2 assist me quickly1 my friend4 ,i run to you for refuge1 to be covered1 under your great shadow1 the same as afforded to my fathers by your fathers1 who are now dead1 and whose kingdoms have descended to us4 ,she explains how her signature was obtained4 ,taraipa 7governor of ,tahiti7 said to me1 ',pomare1 write your name under this document 7the ,french deed of protection72 if you don't sign your name you must pay a fine of #aj1jjj dollars1 #ejjj to-morrow and #ejjj the following day2 and should the first payment be delayed beyond two o'clock the first day1 hostilities will be commenced1 and your country taken from you4 ,on account of this threat1 says the queen1 against my will ,i signed my name4 ,i was compelled to sign it1 and because ,i was afraid2 for the ,british and ,american subjects residing in my country in case of hostilities would have been indiscriminately massacred4 ,no regard would have been paid to parties4 ,there was no exaggeration in this pathetic statement2 it is confirmed by a letter--one of the last he ever wrote--from ,john ,williams1 the martyr missionary1 who called at ,tahiti1 ,march #ahci1 on his last fatal voyage to the ,new ,hebrides4 ,you will doubtless see by the papers the cruel and oppressive conduct of the ,french4 ,a sixty-gun frigate has been sent here to chastise the queen and people of ,tahiti for not receiving the ,roman ,catholic priests2 and the captain demanded #bjjj dollars 7#aj1jjj87 to be paid in twenty-four hours1 or threatened to carry devastation and death to every island in the queen's dominion4 ,mr4 ,pritchard and some merchants here paid the money and saved the lives of the people4 ,the ,french would only hear one side of the question1 but demanded four things within twenty-four hours3 #bjjj dollars 7#aj1jjj71 a letter of apology to the ,french king1 a salute of twenty-one guns1 and the hoisting of the ,french flag4 ,in short1 the island became a ,french dependency1 and the poor queen was left with the mere shadow of her former sovereignty4 ,and so it remains to this day4 ,a strong feeling of indignation was aroused in ,england4 ,missionary meetings1 particularly a noble one at ,leeds1 were held1 pledging themselves to do all in their power to induce our government to exert its legitimate influence with the government of ,france to restore to the queen of ,tahiti her just independence1 and to all classes of her subjects their civil rights and religious freedom4 ,but the ,english government was either infatuated or afraid4 ,lord ,aberdeen1 secretary of state for colonial affairs1 stated in the ,house of ,lords that1 although he was not sufficiently informed of the precise grounds upon which the ,french government had acted1 or of the complaints made against the authorities in those islands which had led to the convention2 yet he had no apprehension as to the establishment of the ,french in those seas1 nor that our commercial or political interests would be affected by it4 ,he stated that he had received the most unqualified assurance that every degree of protection and encouragement would be afforded to the ,british missionaries residing in those islands2 that in granting the protectorship to the ,french king1 it had been stipulated that all the places of worship at present existing would receive protection1 and that the fullest liberty would be given to the missionaries to exercise their functions4 ,and he concluded by saying1 that he reposed the fullest confidence1 not only in the king of the ,french himself1 but in the minister1 who at this moment was the principal adviser of that monarch4 ,but a righteous ,god looked on4 ,this king was driven from his throne1 and died an exile in ,england2 while his minister1 ,m4 ,guizot1 who sacrificed his ,protestantism to his ambition in this matter1 after escaping with difficulty in #ahdh1 from a mob who would have torn him to pieces1 saw himself compelled to give up for ever all hope of recovering power in ,france4 ,from that time to the present all political power and influence has centred in the ,french governors1 who have been sent out from ,europe1 and their subordinate officers4 ,pomare still lives1 revered by her people1 but without being able to exercise any one independent act of sovereignty2 and the native chiefs and governors who formerly took a prominent part in all public affairs1 and in their respective districts possessed great influence1 are without a vestige of authority1 except in those instances in which they have been induced to accept office under the ,french governor4 ,in #ahdb1 a treaty1 so called1 was framed1 which did indeed provide for the freedom of religious worship1 and especially that the ,english missionaries shall continue in their labours without molestation4 ,the same shall apply1 says its fifth article1 to every other form of worship3 no one shall be molested or constrained in his belief4 ,but this treaty was probably intended only to cajole those whom it could not intimidate1 and in practice it is a mere dead letter4 ,the treaty itself is brief and informal1 and evidently drawn up in haste1 or perhaps with a view1 from the absence of precision in its language1 to provide for its more easy violation4 ,yet if the language in which it is couched conveys any meaning the treaty provides that the people of the island1 and the ,english missionaries in the prosecution of their labours amongst them1 shall continue to enjoy unrestricted religious liberty4 ,now it might be urged1 and with some plausibility1 by the ,french authorities in ,tahiti1 that the people are still allowed1 as heretofore1 to attend their public worship1 and to retain their ,bibles and ,christian books4 ,they might even maintain1 that although a number of ,romish priests1 with a bishop at their head1 have been thrust upon the island1 no ,protestant missionary has been expelled by the act of the authorities4 ,the substantial truth of these statements cannot be denied1 and yet there is abundant evidence that the clauses of the treaty guaranteeing the religious liberty of the islanders and the missionaries have1 for every practical purpose1 been palpably and grossly violated4 ,the places of worship have not indeed been closed1 but the ,english missionaries have1 from time to time1 been placed under such severe restrictions that four of their number1 finding themselves entirely debarred from the free exercise of their ministry1 left the island in #aheb4 ,there are at present but two missionaries remaining4 ,one of these is solely engaged in the operations of the press1 but without permission to preach to the people2 and the other--far advanced in age--is merely permitted1 by a kind of sufferance1 to remain at his post1 and to minister to his own flock1 though prohibited from extending his labours to other districts4 ,so far as the churches and congregations scattered over the island are still supplied with the means of religious instruction1 it is by the agency of natives1 many of whom were formerly trained to the work by the missionaries4 ,but these native preachers are subject to the constant inspection and interference of the authorities1 and they hold their offices solely by sufferance4 ,it will thus be seen1 that although the ,english missionaries have not been forcibly ejected from the island1 the object aimed at by the ,french authorities has1 through the artful policy they have adopted1 been effectually attained4 ,the missionaries have been silenced1 disowned1 and cast aside4 ,in pursuance of the same cautious and subtle policy1 the ,french rulers have not ventured to excite or irritate the people by sanctioning any hasty measures for enforcing conformity to the ,roman ,catholic faith2 still they have encouraged the formation of elementary schools1 in which the young people are taught by priests appointed by the government1 and everything is done to give undue importance to these schools1 so that the pupils taught in them may1 at the periodical examinations1 appear to more advantage than those under native masters4 ,notwithstanding the prevalence of a system so calculated to ensnare and mystify the minds of a simple unsuspicious people1 it is a most remarkable and gratifying fact that instances of apostasy to ,romanism have been exceedingly rare1 and that the bulk of the people continue stedfast in their attachment to the pure ,scriptural truths taught them by the missionaries4 ,to account for this it should be borne in mind that the churches and congregations still assemble as heretofore for ,divine worship under native pastors1 some of whom are known to be pious1 devoted1 and well qualified men4 ,then again1 through the active and efficient agency of the ,rev4 ,w4 ,howe1 who1 though prohibited from preaching1 still remains in charge of the mission press at ,papeete1 the native pastors and people have been well supplied with religious books4 ,and it is further to be noted that the natives generally are amply provided with copies of the sacred ,scriptures in their own language1 which will no doubt1 in the good providence of ,god1 prove an effectual safeguard against popish error and superstition4 ,in the year #ahdg1 five thousand copies of the entire ,tahitian ,bible1 revised by the ,rev4 ,messrs ,howe and ,joseph1 and generously provided by the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society1 were sent out in the missionary ship ,john ,williams for circulation in ,tahiti and the other islands of the ,society group2 and again1 in #aheb1 three thousand copies of the ,new ,testament were despatched to ,tahiti1 chiefly for the use of schools4 ,in proof that the social and political troubles of the island have not had the effect of diminishing the number of its ,christian population1 the following most satisfactory statement1 furnished by ,mr4 ,howe1 dated #aath ,july1 #ahef1 may be adduced4 ,i have been comparing the number of persons in church fellowship at the present time with the numbers respectively before the establishment of the ,french protectorate1 and at the period when it had become fully established4 ,in #ahdb1 there were about one thousand six hundred and eighty church members in ,tahiti and ,eimeo4 ,in #ahea1 when the island of ,tahiti was supplied by three foreign missionaries1 and the students in the seminary1 the report of the ,society stated the number of church members to be upwards of one thousand six hundred1 which is probably equal to that of #ahdb4 ,almost ever since that period the districts have been entirely supplied by native pastors only1 with the exception of ,bunaauia2 and there are at the present time upwards of one thousand six hundred members on the two islands1 and many are now seeking admission4 ,it must also be borne in mind that during the interval between #ahea and the present time1 the population of the two islands has been reduced by epidemic disease and removals at least one thousand1 a large proportion of whom were church members from middle to old age1 so that the present number in fellowship is comprised of the strength and pride of the nation1 and the proportion of communicants to the population is greater than it has ever been4 ,of the kind of annoyance to which the missionaries are exposed1 and of the influences which are brought to bear against them1 the reader will be able to judge after perusing the account of a prosecution lately instituted by the ,romish bishop against the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,howe4 ,in the autumn of #ahee1 the ,roman ,catholic bishop having issued a catechism in which the doctrines and superstitions of ,popery were dogmatically stated1 and ,protestantism as grossly misrepresented1 ,mr4 ,howe felt constrained1 by a sense of ,christian fidelity1 to publish in reply a firm but temperate refutation4 ,for this publication a criminal action was commenced against him by the bishop2 but so vexatious and unfounded were the charges that the legal officer of the government1 on whom it devolved to prosecute1 though urged by the governor1 declined to bring the case into court1 for which he was suspended from his office2 and when at length the case was carried before the proper tribunal1 the charges against our missionary were dismissed4 ,but the bishop1 notwithstanding his signal discomfiture1 was not to be diverted from his object2 he determined to renew the contest1 in the hope that by a change of tactics his ultimate object might be secured4 ,the criminal prosecution already described was brought to a termination in ,december4 ,on the following #aeth of ,march1 ,mr4 ,howe received notice that his inveterate opponent had entered a civil action against him2 and although the charges brought forward were essentially the same1 they were put into such a shape1 and contained statements so grossly exaggerated1 that in order to meet them ,mr4 ,howe was compelled to remodel his reply4 ,after various delays1 the trial at length commenced1 in the court of ,first ,instance1 on the #bhth ,april1 #ahef1 and in proof of the malevolence by which the bishop was actuated1 it may be stated that he demanded #cj1jjj francs damages1 the suppression of the ,tatara-taa1,m and that ,mr4 ,howe should pay all the expenses of the courts1 and also for #bjjj copies of the judgment for distribution4 ,m ,the native name of the publication issued by ,mr4 ,howe1 in refutation of the bishop's catechism2 which the latter charged to be libellous4 ,the following is a summary of the proceedings1 which excited the liveliest interest in the island1 both among the natives and the foreign residents4 ,my pleadings1 writes ,mr4 ,howe1 were so successful that the court declared itself incompetent to judge the case1 and fined his lordship #ajj francs1 and condemned him to all the expenses of that court and those of the preceding chambers4 ,the judgment was read on the #crd of ,may4 ,on the #ajth ,i received notice that the bishop had appealed to the ,imperial ,tribunal1 and demanded that the previous judgment should be rescinded4 ,this tribunal met on the #afth1 when ,i objected to one of the judges1 giving as my reasons that an intimacy existed between him and the bishop1 which rendered his sitting as a judge in the case illegal4 ,my objection was sustained by the court4 ,on the #agth1 ,i objected to his lordship's advocate1 as being under the sentence of banishment for political offences1 and by which he had forfeited his civil rights4 ,this was also sustained by the court4 ,on the #bfth1 the bishop himself appeared to plead his own cause1 and he likewise objected to one of the judges1 but his objection was overruled4 ,suffice it to say1 that after having made several unsuccessful attempts to prove my defence unsound1 the bishop beat a retreat1 and said that if ,i would consent to submit my cause to arbitration he would withdraw the action4 ,i demanded that his cause1 to which this is an answer1 should be submitted to the same test1 and he consented4 ,the court then retired1 and on its return announced its judgment to be1 that the decisions of the previous courts were sustained1 and that the bishop should pay all the expenses of this appeal1 as well as the expenses of the previous courts4 ,by this step his lordship cannot appeal again1 either to the administration here1 or to the ,court of ,cassation in ,france4 ,it is gratifying to learn1 that through this long and painful affair1 our missionary not only had the countenance of the ,british and ,american consuls1 and the fervent prayers of the native converts1 both in public and private1 but that even the ,french officers1 greatly to their honour1 openly expressed their sympathy4 ,in order more fully to appreciate the result of this protracted contest1 it should be borne in mind that the real point at issue was1 whether the cause of ,protestant ,christianity1 as represented by ,mr4 ,howe1 should be permitted to hold a footing in the island2 that ,mr4 ,howe stood alone1 unsustained1 excepting by a stedfast confidence in the justice of his cause1 and the generous aid and sympathy of friends1 ,french1 ,english1 and native1 who rallied round him in the time of need2 that his potent adversary could reasonably calculate on the countenance and encouragement of the authorities1 who1 as ,frenchmen and ,roman ,catholics1 would naturally be disposed to favour the interests of their own church1 and to repress what they had been taught to regard as heresy4 ,but in the providence of ,god1 the presiding judges of the ,french tribunals before which the cause was heard magnanimously regardless of all prejudices on the score of nationality or religion1 delivered a judgment which1 while completely exculpating the accused1 reflected the highest honour upon their own discernment1 impartiality1 and justice4 ,while1 therefore we devoutly recognise the hand of ,god so conspicuously manifest in overruling and directing this trial1 or rather series of trials1 to so merciful an issue1 we would add the expression of our hope and belief that so long as the cause of ,protestant ,christianity is represented in ,tahiti by men like-minded with ,mr4 ,howe1 and so long as the courts of justice on the island are presided over by men who1 without fear or favour1 dispense their judgments in accordance with the principles of truth and equity1 the light of the gospel1 which has for so many years made glad the hills and valleys of ,tahiti1 can never be extinguished4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,w4 ,,clowes ,,and ,,sons1 ,,stamford ,,street4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,religious ,,tract ,,society4 ,,biographical ,,works4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,francis1 ,,lord ,,bacon1 ,lord ,chancellor of ,england4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,joseph ,,sortain1 ,a4,b4 of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin4 ,with a ,portrait engraved on ,steel4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 extra cloth boards4 ,,luther3 ,,his ,,mental ,,and ,,spiritual ,,history4 ,by ,,barnas ,,sears1 ,d4,d4 #abmo4 with ,portrait of ,luther4 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,amelia ,,opie4 ,by ,,miss ,,brightwell4 ,with ,portrait4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #cs4 cloth boards2 #cs4 #f;d4 extra cloth boards1 gilt edges4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,old ,,humphrey2 with ,gleanings from his ,portfolio in ,prose and ,verse4 ,with ,steel-plate ,portrait4 ,the ,twenty-ninth ,thousand4 #ahmo4 #bs4 cloth boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth extra4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,lady ,,warwick4 ,with her ,diary1 ,a4,d4 #afff to #afgb4 ,with a ,portrait4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,henry ,,family ,,memorialised4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,,williams4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #bs4 half-bound4 ,,the ,,christian ,,lady ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,b4 ,,williams1 ,,knt41 ,,ll4,d4 ,a new edition4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 half-bound4 ,,missionary ,,in ,,syria2 or1 the ,life of ,mrs4 ,s4 ,l4 ,,smith1 late of the ,american ,mission in ,syria4 #ahmo4 #as4 cloth boards2 #as4 #f;d4 half-bound4 ,,the ,,prison ,,visitor2 or1 the ,life of ,miss ,,sarah ,,martin1 of ,great ,yarmouth2 with ,extracts from her ,writings and ,journals4 #ahmo4 #as4 cloth boards4 ,,memoir ,,of ,,john ,,lang ,,bickersteth1 late of ,rugby ,school4 ,with a ,preface by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,,bickersteth1 ,m4,a4 #ahmo4 #as4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,useful ,,christian2 or1 ,memoir of ,t4 ,,cranfield4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #bs4 half-bound4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,harlan ,,page4 #ahmo4 #as4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,felix ,,neff4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,pastor ,,in ,,affliction2 or1 the ,life of the ,rev4 ,h4 ,,mowes4 ,with ,preface by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,,davies1 ,b4,d4 #ahmo4 #as4 cloth boards2 #as4 #f;d4 half-bound4 ,,the ,,swiss ,,reformer2 or1 the ,life of ,,william ,,farel4 #abmo4 #bs4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,swiss ,,pastor2 or1 the ,life of the ,rev4 ,f4 ,,gonthier4 #ahmo4 #as4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,popes4 ,parts ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii41 and ,,iv4 #f;d4 each1 fancy cover2 #aj;d4 cloth boards4 ,or may be had in ,two ,volumes1 #as4 #f;d4 each2 #bs4 extra boards4 ,,biography ,,of ,,eminent ,,christians4 #bs4 cloth boards2 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth extra4 ,,the ,,church ,,in ,,the ,,army2 or1 ,memoirs of ,officers and ,soldiers4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #bs4 half-bound4 ,,new ,,educational ,,series4 ,recommended to the attention of ,heads of ,colleges1 ,members of ,universities1 and ,principals of ,public and ,private ,schools4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,england2 from the ,invasions of ,julius ,csar to the ,year #aheb4 ,by ,,thomas ,,milner1 ,a4,m41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #abmo4 ,with ,two ,maps4 #es4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,greece2 from the ,earliest ,times to ,a4,d4 #ahcc4 ,by ,professor ,,stowell1 ,d4,d4 #abmo4 ,with a ,map4 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,rome2 from the ,earliest ,times to the ,fall of the ,empire4 ,by ,,thomas ,,milner1 ,a4,m41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #abmo4 with three ,maps4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,questions on ditto4 #abmo4 #f;d4 ,a ,,universal ,,geography3 in ,four ,parts3 ,historical1 ,mathematical1 ,physical1 and ,political4 ,by ,,thomas ,,milner1 ,a4,m41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,illustrated by ,ten ,coloured ,maps4 #abmo4 #es41 cloth boards4 ,,lives ,,of ,,illustrious ,,greeks4 ,by ,professor ,,stowell1 ,d4,d4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,bible ,,handbook2 an ,introduction to the ,study of ,sacred ,scripture4 ,by ,,joseph ,,angus1 ,d4,d41 ,member of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 #abmo4 ,with a ,map4 #es4 cloth boards2 #fs4 half-bound4 ,questions on ditto4 #abmo4 #f;d4 ,,paley',s ,,hor ,,paulin4 ,with ,notes and a ,supplementary ,treatise1 entitled ,,hor ,,apostolic4 ,by the ,,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,,birks1 ,a4,m41 late ,fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,with a ,map4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,,paley',s ,,evidences ,,of ,,christianity4 ,with ,introduction1 ,notes1 and ,supplement4 ,by the ,rev4 ,t4 ,r4 ,,birks1 ,a4,m4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,analogy ,,of ,,religion to the ,constitution and ,course of ,nature4 ,also1 ,,fifteen ,,sermons4 ,by ,,joseph ,,butler1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,with a ,life of the ,author1 a copious ,,analysis1 ,notes1 and ,indexes4 ,by ,,joseph ,,angus1 ,d4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,elements ,,of ,,moral ,,science4 ,by ,,francis ,,wayland1 ,d4,d4 ,with ,notes and ,analysis by ,,joseph ,,angus1 ,d4,d4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards2 #ds4 #f;d4 half-bound4 ,,biblical ,,and ,,theological ,,works4 ,a ,,biblical ,,cyclop,,dia2 or1 a ,dictionary of ,eastern ,antiquities1 ,geography1 ,natural ,history1 etc4 ,edited by ,,john ,,eadie1 ,,ll4,d4 ,with ,maps and ,pictorial ,illustrations4 ,a new ,edition1 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #aas4 #f;d4 calf4 ,,christian ,,encouragement2 or1 ,attempts to ,console and ,aid the ,distressed and ,anxious4 ,by ,,john ,,sheppard4 ,royal #ahmo4 #cs4 boards2 #ds4 half-bound2 #abmo4 edition1 #es4 boards2 #hs4 morocco4 ,,christian ,,philosophy4 ,by ,,alexander ,,vinet1 ,d4,d4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 boards2 #bs4 half-bound4 ,,commentary ,,on ,,the ,,romans4 ,by ,professor ,,hodge4 #abmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #ds4 #f;d4 half-bound4 ,,essays ,,on ,,the ,,evidences1 ,,doctrines1 ,,and ,,practical ,,operation ,,of ,,christianity4 ,by ,,joseph ,,john ,,gurney4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,,harmony ,,of ,,the ,,four ,,gospels1 in the ,authorized ,version4 ,by ,,edward ,,robinson1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,author of ,biblical ,researches in ,palestine4 ,with ,explanatory ,notes and ,reference to ,parallel and ,illustrative ,passages4 ,two ,maps4 ,royal #abmo4 #cs4 boards4 ,,jacob',s ,,well4 ,by the ,rev4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,rogers1 ,m4,a4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,leighton',s 7,archp47 ,,practical ,,commentary ,,on ,,the ,,first ,,general ,,epistle ,,of ,,st4 ,,peter4 #b vols4 #ahmo4 #ds4 cloth2 #fs4 half-bound2 royal #ahmo4 with ,portrait1 #fs4 cloth boards2 #aas4 calf4 ,,pocket ,,paragraph ,,bible3 ,according to the ,authorized ,version2 with an entirely ,new ,selection of ,copious ,references1 ,prefaces1 and ,notes4 ,with ,maps4 #cs4 cloth boards2 #ds4 roan gilt2 #es4 ,french morocco2 #fs4 ,turkey morocco2 flexible back1 #gs4 ,,rome2 ,its ,temper and its ,teachings4 ,by ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,davis4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,annotated ,,paragraph ,,bible4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament1 according to the ,authorized ,version1 arranged in ,paragraphs and ,parallelisms1 with ,explanatory ,notes1 ,prefaces to the ,several ,books2 and an entirely ,new ,selection of ,references to ,parallel and ,illustrative ,passages4 ,with ,maps and ,engravings4 ,super-royal #hvo4 #ads4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,atonement3 being ,four ,discourses by the ,,lord ,,bishop ,,of ,,gloucester1 ,,dr4 ,,chalmers1 ,w4 ,,archer ,,butler1 ,m4,a41 and ,,robert ,,hall1 ,m4,a4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,attraction ,,of ,,the ,,cross4 ,designed to ,illustrate the ,leading ,truths1 ,obligations1 and ,hopes of ,christianity4 ,by ,,gardiner ,,spring1 ,d4,d4 #abmo4 #cs4 cloth boards2 #ds4 half-bound4 ,,the ,,benefit ,,of ,,christ',s ,,death4 ,originally written in ,italian by ,,aonio ,,paleario4 ,an ,introduction by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,ayre1 ,m4,a4 #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 bound in cloth4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,psalms1 ,according to the ,authorized ,version3 arranged in ,parallelisms4 ,with a ,preface and ,explanatory ,notes4 #cs4 extra cloth boards2 #cs4 #f;d4 with curtain-flaps to cover edges4 ,,the ,,divine ,,life3 ,a ,book of ,facts and ,histories4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,kennedy1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,essentials ,,of ,,christianity1 ,theoretically and ,practically considered4 ,by the late ,rev4 ,,joseph ,,milner1 ,m4,a4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #cs4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,great ,,question2 ,will you consider the ,subject of ,personal ,religion8 ,by ,,henry ,a4 ,,boardman1 ,d4,d41 of ,philadelphia4 ,royal #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,great ,,usurper4 7#b ,thess4 ii4 #d47 ,royal #ahmo4 #as4 #f;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,justified ,,believer3 his ,security1 ,conflicts1 and ,triumph4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,mackenzie1 ,m4,a4 #bs4 boards4 ,,the ,,lights ,,of ,,the ,,world2 or1 ,illustrations of ,character1 drawn from the ,records of ,christian life4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,stoughton4 ,royal #ahmo4 #bs4 #f;d4 boards2 #cs4 extra boards4 ,,the ,,new ,,biblical ,,atlas1 ,,and ,,scripture ,,gazetteer4 ,containing ,twelve superior ,maps and ,plans1 together with descriptive ,letterpress4 ,super-royal #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 plain2 #ds4 outlines coloured2 #fs4 #f;d4 on imperial drawing paper1 full coloured1 and bound in boards4 ,,the ,,new ,,testament ,,pocket ,,commentary4 #ahmo4 #as4 #d;d4 cloth boards4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,pocket ,,commentary4 ,with numerous ,explanatory and ,illustrative ,notes4 #ahmo4 #b vols41 #as4 #d;d4 each1 #bs4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 or in one volume1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,stars ,,of ,,the ,,east3 or1 ,prophets and ,apostles4 ,by the ,rev4 ,,john ,,stoughton4 ,royal #ahmo4 #cs4 #f;d4 cloth boards2 #ds4 extra boards1 gilt4 ,,thoughts ,,chiefly ,,designed ,,as ,,preparative ,,or ,,persuasive ,,to ,,private ,,devotion4 ,by ,,john ,,sheppard4 ,royal #ahmo4 #cs4 boards2 #ds4 half-bound4 #abmo4 edition1 #ds4 #f;d4 boards4 ,,water ,,from ,,the ,,well-,,spring1 for the ,sabbath ,hours of ,afflicted ,believers4 ,by ,,edward ,,bickersteth1 ,m4,a4 ,royal #ahmo4 #bs4 cloth boards4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes3 ,missing punctuation has been added and obvious punctuation errors have been corrected4 ,alternate spellings have been retained4 ,footnotes have been moved closer to their reference points as an aid to the reader4 ,the following printer errors have been corrected3 ,page vi3 ,the ,bay of ,islands1 ,new ,zealand 7,engraving7 added to the ,table of ,contents4 ,page #aa3 aud changed to and 7,discovery and early ,history of74 ,page #be3 ,shoolhouse changed to ,schoolhouse 7breaking and entering ,schoolhouse at ,kissing ,point74 ,page #hd3 set set changed to set 7in fact set on foot7 ,page #bef3 misssionaries changed to missionaries 7the advice of the faithful missionaries74 ,page #cje3 asistant changed to assistant 7three native assistant ministers74 ,page #cjf3 ,cantrebury changed to ,canterbury 7,the ,canterbury ,association74 ,page #ccj3 copions changed to copious 7a copious ,,analysis1 ,notes1 and ,indexes47