,illu/ration3 ,,ik ,brunel ,signature ,pa9t$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,horsley1 ,r4,a4--,engrav$ by ,t4 ,o4 ,b>l[4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,isamb>d ,,k+dom ,,brunel1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]4 ,,by ,,isamb>d ,,brunel1 ,b4,c4,l41 ,,( ,,l9coln',s ,,inn2 ,,*ancellor ,,( ,,! ,,diocese ,,( ,,ely4 ,,london3 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ahgj4 ,,preface4 ,i h n attempt$ to describe ! ev5ts ( my fa!r's life 9 *ronological ord] beyond ! end ( ,*apt] ,,iii41 :i* br+s d[n ! n>rative to ! close ( #ahce1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,act 0 obta9$ = ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 conta9s a g5]al acc\nt ( my fa!r's railway works1 ) ! exception ( ! ,bridges1 :i* are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,broad ,gauge & ( ! trial ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway is giv5 9 ,*apt]s ,v4 & ,,vi4 ,*apt]s ,,viii4--,,xiii4 conta9 an acc\nt ( my fa!r's lab\rs = ! advancem5t ( ,ocean ,/eam ,navigation4 ,x w be not$ t ^! *apt]s cov] ! same p]iod z ,*apt]s ,,iv4--,,vii41 namely1 f #ahce1 ! ye> ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway & ! #8,great ,we/]n' ,/eam-%ip1 to #ahei1 ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 9 :i* ! ,salta% ,bridge & ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 7 bo? complet$4 ,*apt]s ,,vii4 7on ! ,bridges7 & ,,xiv4 7on ! ,docks7 h be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,william ,bell1 = _m ye>s a memb] ( my fa!r's eng9e]+ /aff2 & 9 reg>d to ,*apt] ,v4 7on ! ,broad ,gauge71 ,i h to ackn[l$ge assi/ance r5d]$ me by ,mr4 ,william ,pole1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,= ! ,note on ! ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas ,eng9e :i* foll[s ,*apt] ,i41 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,william ,hawes2 & = ,*apt] ,,vi4 7on ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em7 to ,mr4 ,fr\de1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,i h also pr9t$ lett]s1 writt5 to me at my reque/1 relat+ to v>i\s incid5ts 9 my fa!r's life4 ,! assi/ance ,i receiv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! *apt]s on ,/eam ,navigation f my fri5d ! late ,capta9 ,claxton1 ,r4,n41 has be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! note to p4 #bcd4 ,i h ?r\gh\t avail$ myself ( my bro!r's pr(essional k4 ,i h be5 compell$1 9 ord] to br+ ! "w )9 ! compass ( a s+le volume1 to omit mu* t w\ld o!rwise h be5 ins]t$1 & ,i mu/ !re=e be held responsible = ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ^? p>ts :i* h be5 contribut$ by o!rs1 z well z = ! *apt]s :i* ,i h writt5 myself4 ,la/ly1 ,i desire gratefully to ?ank ^? fri5ds :o1 by supply+ me ) mat]ials & revis+ ! pro( %eets1 h help$ me 9 my endeav\r to make ?is book1 z f> z possible1 an accurate record ( my fa!r's life1 writt5 9 ! _s ( :i* he w\ld h approv$4 ,i4 ,b4 #ah ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]3 ,novemb]1 #ahgj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,li/ ,,( ,,reports ,,& ,,o!r ,,orig9al ,,docum5ts xvii ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations xxvii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life4 ,a4,d4 #ahjf--ahbh4 ,bir? ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 ,april #i1 #ahjf--,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel--,! ,block ,ma*9]y--,mr4 ,brunel's ,s*ool ,life--,! ,?ames ,tunnel--,s9k+ ( ! ,ro!rhi! ,%aft--,description ( ! ,%ield--,extracts f ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's ,j\rnals f ! ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel to ! date ( ! ,second ,irruption ( ! ,riv]1 ,janu>y #ab1 #ahbh--,note ,a3 ,! ,b\rbon ,susp5sion ,bridges--,note ,b3 ,exp]im5ts ) ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas444444#a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,clifton ,,susp5sion ,,bridge4 ,a4,d4 #ahbi--ahec4 ,,tatis #bd--dh4 ,orig9 ( ! ,und]tak+--,! ,fir/ ,competition1 ,novemb] #ahbi--;,description ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ,plans--,mr4 ,tel=d's ,decision z ,umpire--,mr4 ,tel=d's ,design--,! ,second ,competition--,mr4 ,brunel appo9t$ ,eng9e]1 ,m>* #ahca--;,comm5cem5t ( ! ,works1 ,augu/ #ahcf--;,description ( ! ,design--,ab&onm5t ( ! ,works1 #ahec--;,=mation ( a ,new ,company & ,completion ( ! ,bridge1 #ahfd--,note3 ,! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge44444#df ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway4 ,a4,d4 #ahcc--ahce4 ,,tatis #bg--cj4 ,sket* ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,railways 9 ,engl& prior to #ahcc--,! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton--,! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]--,! ,london & ,birm+ham--,propos$ ,railway betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol--,mr4 ,brunel appo9t$ ,eng9e]1 ,m>* #g1 #ahcc--,survey ( ! ,l9e--,unsuccessful ,application to ,p>liam5t 9 #ahcd--,successful ,application 9 #ahce--,rem9isc5ces ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #ahcc-ahce--;,extract f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,di>y1 writt5 at ! close ( #ahce44444fa ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,railway ,,works4 ,a4,d4 #ahce--ahei4 ,,tatis #cj--ed4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway--,! ,box ,tunnel--,! ,ba? & ,bri/ol ,/ations--,! ,padd+ton ,/ation--,! ,great ,we/]n ,hotel--,bran*es & ,ext5sions ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway--,! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway--,railways 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall--,railways to ,bas+/oke1 to ,weym\?1 & to ,salisbury--,9 ,s\? ,wales--,9 ,irel&--,9 ,italy--,9 ,india--,sup]vision ( ,works--,mr4 ,brunel's ,eng9e]+ ,/aff--,8 ,reputation z a ,witness--,rem9isc5ces ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #ahce-ahch44444gi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge4 ,orig9 ( ! ,ord9>y ,gauge ( ,railways--,adoption by ,mr4 ,brunel ( ! ,broad ,gauge on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway--,reasons = its ,adoption--,! ,p]man5t ,way--,reports ( ,mr4 ,ni*olas ,wood & ,mr4 ,john ,hawk%aw1 #ahch--;,extract f ,report ( ,directors ( ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company 7,decemb] #bj1 #ahch7--;,ext5sion ( ! ,broad ,gauge ,sy/em--,break ( ,gauge--,royal ,commission on ! ,gauge ( ,railways1 #ahde--,lett] ( ,mr4 ,brunel on ! ,broad ,gauge 7,augu/ #f1 #ahde7--;,gauge ,act ( #ahdf--,! ,mix$ ,gauge--,report ( ,railway ,commission]s1 #ahdg--,nor!rn ,ext5sions ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway--,advantages ( ! ,broad ,gauge--,p>tial ,ab&onm5t ( ! ,broad ,gauge44444#ii ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,sy/em4 ,a4,d4 #ahdj--ahdh4 ,,tatis #ce--dc4 ,prelim9>y ,obs]vations--,! ,s\? ,devon ,railway--,description ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em--,hi/ory ( its ,introduction prior to #ahdd--,report by ,mr4 ,brunel1 recomm5d+ its ,adoption on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway 7,augu/ #ai1 #ahdd7--;,exam9ation ( ?is ,report--,mr4 ,brunel's ,evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,atmosph]ic ,railways1 #ahde--;,hi/ory ( ! ,application ( ! ,sy/em on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 #ahdd-ahdh--,report on ,/ate ( ,works 7,augu/ #bh1 #ahdg7--,report on ,causes ( ,failure 7,augu/ #ai1 #ahdh7--;,ab&onm5t ( ! ,sy/em1 ,septemb] #ahdh--,note3 ,comp>ison ( ,/ation>y & ,locomotive ,p[]44444#aca ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,railway ,,bridges ,,& ,,viaducts4 #a4 ,brickwork & ,masonry ,bridges--,hanwell ,viaduct--,maid5head ,bridge--,fly+ ,bridges--,lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel on ,bridge ,con/ruction 7,decemb] #cj1 #ahed7--b4 ,timb] ,bridges--,sonn+ ,bridge--,ba? ,bridge--,/oneh\se ,viaduct--,b\rne ,viaduct--,/4 ,m>y's ,viaduct--,viaducts on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway--,ivy-bridge--,viaducts on ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway--,newport--,l&ore--,viaducts on ! ,cornwall ,railway--,/4 ,p9nock--,viaducts on ! ,we/ ,cornwall & ,tavi/ock ,railways--,pres]vation ( ,timb]--#c4 ,ca/-iron ,bridges--,lett] on ,use ( ,ca/ ,iron 7,april #ah1 #ahdi7--;,hanwell ,bridge--,exp]im5ts on ,ca/-iron ,gird]s--,extract f ,lett] to ,secret>y ( ,commission on ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures 7,m>* #ac1 #ahdh7--d4 ,wr\ght-iron ,bridges--,gird] ,bridges--,exp]im5ts on ,wr\ght-iron ,gird]--,op5+ ,bridges--,truss$ ,bridges--,newport ,viaduct--,w9dsor ,bridge--,*ep/[ ,bridge--,me?od ( ,s9k+ ! ,cyl9d]s--,description ( ! ,ma9 ,truss--,! ,float+ ,op]ations--,! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge at ,salta%--,! ,c5tre ,pi]--,description ( ! ,sup]/ructure--,! ,float+ & ,rais+ ( ! ,trusses--,op5+ ( ! ,bridge by ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ! ,pr9ce ,consort--,note3 ,exp]im5ts on ,matt]s connect$ ) ,bridge ,con/ruction44444#aga ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,we/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,a ,d4 #ahce--ahdg4 ,,tatis #cj--db4 ,introduction to ! ,*apt]s on ,/eam ,navigation--,=mation ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company--,comm5cem5t ( ! ,build+ ( ! #8,great ,we/]n'--,report on ,selection ( ! ,build]s ( ! ,eng9es 7,june #ah1 #ahcf7--,/atem5ts ( ,dr4 ,l>dn] on ! probable ,failure ( a l9e ( ,/eam-%ips betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica--,voyage ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' to ,london--,completion ( ! ,eng9es--,h] return to ,bri/ol--,fire on ,bo>d1 & ,accid5t to ,mr4 ,brunel--,voyage to ,new ,york--,comp>ison betwe5 ! ,p]=mances ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' & ! #8,sirius'--,subsequ5t ,hi/ory ( ! #8,great ,we/]n'--,note3 ,dim5sions ( ! ,%ip & ,eng9es44444#bca ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,brita9' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,a4,d4 #ahch--ahdg4 ,,tatis #cc--db4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! build+ ( ! #8,great ,brita9'--,report on ! ,eng9es 7,june #ac1 #ahci7--;,exp]im5ts on ! ,screw ,propell]--,its ,adoption 9 ! #8,great ,brita9'--,completion ( ! ,%ip--,h] ,voyage across ! ,atlantic--,/r&+ ( ! #8,great ,brita9' 9 ,dundrum ,bay--,lett] to ,capta9 ,claxton on ! ,condition ( ! #8,great ,brita9' & on ! ,means to be adopt$ = sav+ h] 7,decemb] #aj1 #ahdf7--,report to ! ,directors on ! same ,subject 7,decemb] #ad1 #ahdf7--;,appo9tm5t ( ,capta9 ,claxton to sup]9t5d ! ,execution ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ,plans--,lett] to ,capta9 ,claxton on ! ,difficulties to be ov]come 7,decemb] #bi1 #ahdf7--,report enclos+ ,capta9 ,claxton's ,acc\nt ( ! ,erection ( ! ,breakwat] 7,febru>y #bg1 #ahdg7--,report on ! ,arrangem5ts = ,float+ (f ! ,%ip 7,may #d1 #ahdg7--,successful ,accompli%m5t ( ! ,float+ ,op]ations--,subsequ5t ,hi/ory ( ! #8,great ,brita9'--,note3 ,dim5sions ( ! ,%ip & ,eng9es44444#bdf ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,screw ,,propell] ,,into ,,! ,,royal ,,navy4 ,a4,d4 #ahda--ahdd4 ,,tatis #cf--ci4 ,appo9tm5t ( ,mr4 ,brunel to conduct ,exp]im5ts = ! ,admiralty ) v>i\s ,=ms ( ! ,screw ,propell]1 ,april #ahda--,trials ) ! #8,polyphemus'--,opposition to ,mr4 ,brunel's ,exp]im5ts--,trials ) ! #8,rattl]'1 ,octob] #ahdc--,octob] #ahdd44444bhc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip1 ,,f ,,! ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,und]tak+ ,,to ,,! ,,laun*4 ,a4,d4 #ahea--aheg4 ,,tatis #df-eb4 ,introductory ,obs]vations--,! ,au/ralian ,/eam ,navigation ,company--,/atem5t ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ,project ( a ,l9e ( l>ge ,%ips 7,june #aj1 #aheb7--;,adoption ( 8 ,plans by ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company--,extract f a ,lett] describ+ ! ,s*eme 7,july #a1 #aheb7--,lett] to ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,esq41 on ! ,=m & ,dim5sions ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,july #ac1 #aheb7--,report on ,mode ( ,proce$+ 7,july #ba1 #aheb7--,report on ,enquiries ,relat+ to ! ,draught & ,=m ( ! ,vessel 7,octob] #f1 #aheb7--,report on ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,committee appo9t$ to consid] ,mr4 ,brunel's ,plans 7,m>* #ba1 #ahec7--,t5d]s invit$ = ! ,%ip & ,eng9es--,report on ,t5d]s 7,may #ah1 #ahec7--,prep>ation ( ! ,contracts & ,specifications--,extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,memor&a 7,a4,d4 #aheb1 #ahec1 #ahed7--,lett] on 8 ,position & ,duties z ,eng9e] ( ! ,company 7,augu/ #af1 #ahed7--,lett] on an ,article 9 a ,newspap] 7,novemb] #af1 #ahed7--,report on ! ,und]tak+ 7,febru>y #e1 #ahee7--;,arrangem5ts propos$ = obta9+ ,a/ronomical ,obs]vations--,lett] to ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 ,esq41 ,a/ronom] ,royal 7,octob] #e1 #aheb7--;,appo9tm5t ( ,mr4 ,william ,h>rison to ! ,comm& ( ! ,%ip--,memor&um on ! ,managem5t ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,octob] #ahee7--,lett] on ! ,duties ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e] 7,m>* #ai1 #aheg7--,susp5sion & ,resumption ( ! ,works44444#bhi ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,,! ,,laun*4 ,a4,d4 #aheg1 #aheh4 ,,tatis #eb4 ,det]m9ation t ! ,%ip %\ld be laun*$ broadside to ! ,riv]--,& t ! ,laun* %\ld be sl[--,extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,report ( ,febru>y #ahee--,reasons = ! ,adoption ( ,iron ,slid+ ,surfaces--,description ( ! ,ways & ,cradles--,& ( ! ,motive ,p[] provid$ = laun*+ ! ,%ip--,memor&um on propos$ ,arrangem5ts = ! ,laun* 7,septemb] #bf1 #aheg7--,lett] to ,capta9 ,h>rison on ,riv] ,tackle 7,septemb] #cj1 #aheg7--,lett] on ! ,nature ( ! ,op]ations 7,octob] #bc1 #aheg7--,memor&um on g5]al ,arrangem5ts & int5d$ ,mode ( ,proce$+ 7,octob] #cj1 #aheg7--;,hi/ory ( ! ,laun*1 ,nov4 #c1 #aheg to ,janu>y #ca1 #aheh--,lett] to ! ,directors 7,novemb] #bf1 #aheg7--,report & ,memor&um on ! ,laun*+ ,op]ations 7,decemb] #ag1 #aheg7--;,float+ ! ,%ip--,note ,a3 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,friction--,note ,b3 ,lett] to ,w4 ,fr\de1 ,esq4 7,febru>y #b1 #aheh744444cdj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,,completion ,,& ,,subsequ5t ,,hi/ory4 ,a4,d4 #aheh1 #ahei4 ,,tatis #eb-ed4 ,a4,d4 #ahei-ahgj4 ,prep>ations = complet+ ! ,%ip--,=mation ( ! ,great ,%ip ,company--,mr4 ,brunel's ,abs5ce f ,engl&--,progress ( ! ,works f 8 ,return to 8 la/ ,illness--,voyage to ,weym\?--,explosion ( ,wat]-,heat]--,/orm at ,holyhead--,description ( ! ,%ip--,h] fir/ ,voyage to ,new ,york1 ,june #ahfj--,second ,voyage to ,new ,york1 ,may #ahfa--,voyage ) ,troops to ,quebec1 ,june #ahfa--;,fracture ( ,rudd] ,head & ,de/ruction ( ,paddle:eels1 ,septemb] #ahfa--,voyages 9 #ahfb--;,accid5t (f ,montauk ,po9t1 ,augu/ #bg1 #ahfb--,voyages 9 #ahfc--;,=mation ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company--,rem>ks on ! ,hi/ory ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' previ\s to h] ,employm5t 9 lay+ ,subm>9e ,telegraph ,cables--,telegraph ,exp$itions ( #ahfe & #ahff--;,fr5* ,cable ,exp$ition ( #ahfi--,voyage to ,bombay & ,ad51 #ahfi1 #ahgj--;,conclud+ ,rem>ks--,note3 ,dim5sions ( ! ,%ip & ,eng9es44444#cib ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,dock ,,& ,,pi] ,,works4 ,a4,d4 #ahca--ahei4 ,,tatis #bf--ed4 ,monkwe>m\? ,docks1 #ahca--;,bri/ol ,docks--,float+ ,h>b\r1 #ahcb--,propos$ ,works at ,porti%ead--,new ,lock at ,bri/ol1 #ahde--;,bri/ol ,dock ,gates--,plym\? ,great ,we/]n ,docks1 #ahdg--;,briton ,f]ry ,docks1 #ahea--;,br5t=d ,dock1 #ahef--,pi] at ,mil=d ,hav51 #aheg44444dag ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,works4 ,! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea--,! ,cry/al ,palace ,wat] ,t[]s1 #ahec--,polygonal ,rifle1 #aheb--;,gunn]y ,exp]im5ts1 #ahed--;,float+ ,gun-,c>riage1 #ahed--,r5kioi ,hospital ,build+s1 #ahee44444dde ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,pr(essional ,,op9ions ,,& ,,practice4 ,s*eme ( ! ,*apt]--,mr4 ,brunel's ,position 9 relation to ! ,companies ( :i* he 0 ,eng9e]--,lett] on ! ,direction ( ,railway ,works 9 ,italy 7,m>* #d1 #ahde7--,lett] on ! ,position ( ,jo9t ,eng9e] 7,octob] #af1 #ahdc7--,lett] on ! ,position ( ,consult+ ,eng9e] 7,decemb] #cj1 #ahea7--,lett] on ! ,position ( ! ,eng9e] 9 relation to ! ,contractors 7,may #bf1 #ahed7--,lett]s on ! ,position ( ! ,eng9e] 9 relation to ! ,directors 7,april #ae1 #ahej1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahea1 ,janu>y #bb1 #aheg7--,mr4 ,brunel's ,assi/ants--,lett]s on ,int]f]5ce ( ,directors ) ! ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s 7,janu>y #ai1 #ahdb1 ,janu>y #bh1 #ahdb1 ,janu>y #ab1 #ahea7--,mr4 ,brunel's ,pupils--,8 ,relations ) o!r ,eng9e]s--,inv5tors--,lett] 9 reply to an ,inv5tor 7,septemb] #ag1 #ahdg7--,mr4 ,brunel's ,views z to ,/ate ,int]f]5ce--,lett] on ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures 7,m>* #ac1 #ahdh7--,lett] on a ,proposal to obta9 ! ,recognition 9 ,engl& ( ,decorations conf]r$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahee 7,febru>y #i1 #ahef7--,mr4 ,brunel's ,op9ion on ! ,pat5t ,laws--,memor&um = ,evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! ,pat5t ,laws1 #ahea--;,extract f ,obs]vations on ! ,pat5t ,laws1 made by ,mr4 ,brunel at a ,meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 ,m>* #bf1 #ahef44444dgd ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,private ,,life4 ,rem9isc5ces ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ,private ,life--,removal to #ah ,duke ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]--,8 ,m>riage1 #ahcf--,special ,con/able 9 #ahdh--,mr4 ,brunel's ,love ( ,art--,8 ,j\rney to ,italy1 #ahdb--;,accid5t ) ! ,half-,sov]eign1 #ahdc--,pur*ase ( ,prop]ty 9 ,devon%ire1 #ahdg--;,8 life at ,watcombe--,! ,laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #aheg--,mr4 ,brunel's ,fail+ ,heal?--,j\rneys to ,switz]l& & ,egypt1 #aheh--,lett] f ,phil 7,febru>y #ab1 #ahei7--;,8 la/ ,illness--,8 ,dea?1 ,septemb] #ae1 #ahei--;,fun]al--,address ( ,joseph ,locke1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,novemb] #h1 #ahei44444dii ,,app5dix ,i4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway on ! ,broad ,gauge1 c4 7,augu/ #ahch744444ebe ,,app5dix ,,ii4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 recomm5d+ ! ,adoption ( ! ,screw ,propell] 9 ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip 7,octob] #ahdj744444eci ,,index44444#eei ,,li/ ,,( ,,reports ,,& ,,o!r ,,orig9al ,,docum5ts4 ,,page #a4 ,extract f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,di>y 7,decemb] #bf1 #ahce744444gh #b4 ,lett] on ! ,box ,tunnel 7,june #ba1 #ahdb744444ha #c4 ,extract f ,report to ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company on ,break ( ,gauge 7,decemb] #ac1 #ahch744444aje #d4 ,extract f ,report to ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company on ! ,p]man5t ,way 7,febru>y #ahcg744444aji #e4 ,lett] on v>i\s ,po9ts relat+ to ! ,broad ,gauge 7,augu/ #d1 #ahde744444abj #f4 ,extract f ,lett] on ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 7,april #h1 #ahdd744444acg #g4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway ,company1 recomm5d+ !m to adopt ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 7,augu/ #ai1 #ahdd744444ach ,! "q _h be5 frequ5tly consid]$ by him 7p4 #ach7--,/ation>y p[] is *eap] & o!rwise bett] ?an locomotive p[] 7p4 #ach7--,! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em is a good1 economical mode ( apply+ /ation>y p[] 7p4 #ach7--,reasons = consid]+ x applicable to ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway 7p4 #aci7--;,9 ! con/ruction ( ! l9e 7p4 #adj7--;,9 ! subsequ5t work+ 7p4 #ada74 #h1 #i4 ,lett]s on giv+ ,evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 7,m>* #ca1 #ahde2 ,april #c1 #ahde744444ade #aj4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway on ! ,/ate ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,app>atus 7,augu/ #bg1 #ahdg744444adi ,regret at po/ponem5t ( work+ 7p4 #adi7--,:i* has be5 caus$ by delay 9 completion ( ! eng9es 7p4 #adi7--;,exp]im5tal tra9s h run 7p4 #adi7--;,difficulties h exce$$ all j anticipations 7p4 #aej74 #aa4 ,report to a ,committee ( ! ,directors ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway ,company on ! ,causes ( ! ,failure ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 7,augu/ #ai1 #ahdh744444aei ,! fir/ difficulty has be5 9 ! /ation>y eng9es1 :i* h consum$ an excessive am\nt ( fuel 7p4 #aei7--,! difficulties 9 ! work+ ( ! longitud9al valve h be5 m num]\s 7p4 #afa7--,! pr9cipal evil might be rem$i$ 9 a new valve 7p4 #afb7--;,an ext5sion ( ! sy/em beyond ,newton _c be recomm5d$ 7p4 #afb7--,! delay 9 obta9+ ! telegraph has be5 a great disappo9tm5t 7p4 #afc74 #ab4 ,lett] on ! ,design ( ,eng9e]+ ,works 7,decemb] #cj1 #ahed744444agh #ac4 ,extract f ,lett] on ! ,use ( ,ca/ ,iron 9 ,bridge ,con/ruction 7,april #ah1 #ahdi744444aij #ad4 ,extract f ,lett] on ! same ,subject 7,m>* #ac1 #ahdh744444aib #ae1 #af1 #ag4 ,extract f ,lett]s on ,bridges ( ,l>ge ,spans 7,janu>y #ca1 #aheb2 ,decemb] #a1 #aheb2 ,may #cj1 #ahed744444bab #ah4 ,extract f ,report on ! ,cornwall ,railway z to mak+ ! ,salta% ,bridge = a ,s+le ,l9e 7,febru>y #e1 #aheb744444bad #ai4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company on ! ,selection ( ! ,build]s ( ! ,eng9es = ! #8,great ,we/]n' ,/eam-%ip 7,june #ah1 #ahcf744444bce ,e means mu/ be tak5 to secure ! be/ eng9es possible 9 ?is ! bolde/ attempt yet made 7p4 #bce7--,! peculi> conditions requir$ 9 ^! eng9es 7p4 #bce7--,!y mu/1 z f> z is possible1 be p]fect 9 all _! details f ! mom5t ( _! completion 7p4 #bce7--,! ma*9]y requir$ is by no means an ord9>y /eam-eng9e 7p4 #bcf7--,modifications necess>y 9 design+ eng9es ( s l>ge a size 7p4 #bcf7--,reasons bas$ on ^! consid]ations = pref]r+ ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field z build]s ( ^! eng9es 7p4 #bcf74 #bj4 ,lett] on ! ,eng9es = ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip 7,june #ab1 #ahci744444bdi ,bo? ! plans ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field & ,mr4 ,humphrys are adapt$ to ! case1 & ! *oice w dep5d ^u ! relative co/ & advantages ( =m+ an e/abli%m5t to build ! eng9es1 & t ( hav+ ! skill ( exp]i5c$ manufactur]s 7p4 #bdi74 #ba4 ,lett] to ,t4 ,r4 ,guppy1 ,esq41 on ! ,con/ruction ( ,iron ,%ips 7,augu/ #c1 #ahdc744444bei #bb4 ,extract f ,lett] on ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip 7,decemb] #aa1 #ahdd744444bfa #bc4 ,lett] to ,capta9 ,claxton on ! ,/ate ( ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip 7,decemb] #aj1 #ahdf744444bfd #bd4 ,report on ! ,condition ( ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip :5 /r&$ 9 ,dundrum ,bay 7,decemb] #ad1 #ahdf744444bfg ,! %ip is1 ap>t f m]e local damage1 p]fectly s\nd1 :i* w\ld n h be5 ! case _h %e be5 built ( timb] 7p4 #bfg7--;,description ( h] injuries 7p4 #bfh7--;,consid]ation ( ! be/ means ( recov]+ ! prop]ty inve/$ 9 h]--,x w\ld n be pr(itable to break h] up 7p4 #bfh7--;,h[1 !n1 is ! vessel to be got into port8 7p4 #bfi7--,?is "q is second>y to t ( h[ %e is to be pres]v$ until %e c be remov$ 7p4 #bfi7--;,a /iff timb] breakwat] w\ld n /&1 ev5 if x c\ld be safely con/ruct$ 7p4 #bfi7--,! be/ plan is to =m "u ! /]n & along ! expos$ side ( ! %ip a mass ( fagots 7p4 #bgj7--;,& 9 ord] to pres]ve ! %ip1 ?is mu/ be done )\t delay 7p4 #bgj7--;,z to float+ h] (f1 %e %\ld be lift$ & made wat]-tight 7p4 #bga7--;,b %e mu/ fir/ be pres]v$ 7p4 #bgb74 #be4 ,lett] to ,capta9 ,claxton on ! ,breakwat] 7,decemb] #bi1 #ahdf744444bgb #bf4 ,report enclos+ ,capta9 ,claxton's ,acc\nt ( ! ,proce$+s at ,dundrum 7,febru>y #bg1 #ahdg744444bgc ,success a*iev$ by ,capta9 ,claxton 9 con/ruct+ ! breakwat] ( fagots 7p4 #bgc7--;,introduction by him ( sev]al important alt]ations & improvem5ts 9 ! plans propos$ 7p4 #bgd74 #bg4 ,report on ! propos$ ,means ( ,float+ ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip 7,may #d1 #ahdg744444bgh ,! %ip has be5 successfully protect$ & lift$1 & made wat]-tight1 s t ! op]ation ( float+ by camels becomes m practicable 7p4 #bgi7--,! ,directors w\ld d well to call 9 ,mr4 ,bremn] to advise !m 7p4 #bhj74 #bh4 ,extract f ,lett] relat+ to ,proce$+s at ! ,admiralty z to ! ,screw ,propell] 7,july #h1 #ahdb744444bhc #bi4 ,extract f ,lett] on ! same ,subject 7,augu/ #f1 #ahdb744444bhf #cj4 ,/atem5t ( ,project = a ,l9e ( l>ge ,/eam-%ips 7,june #aj1 #aheb744444bib ,! pr9ciple advocat$ is t ( mak+ ! vessel l>ge en\gh to c>ry h] own coal = ! voyage1 j z ! #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip did 9 #ahch 7p4 #bib7--,! size be+ limit$ only by ! ext5t ( dem& = freight1 & by ! circum/ances ( ! ports to be frequ5t$ 7p4 #bib74 #ca4 ,extract f ,lett] describ+ ! ,project ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,july #a1 #aheb744444bic #cb4 ,lett] to ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,esq41 on ! ,=m & ,dim5sions ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,july #ac1 #aheb744444bid #cc4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company on mode ( ,proce$+ 7,july #ba1 #aheb744444bif #cd4 ,report on ,enquiries relat+ to ! ,draught & ,=m ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,octob] #f1 #aheb744444big #ce4 ,report on ! ,dim5sions ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,m>* #ba1 #ahec744444bii #cf4 ,report on ! ,t5d]s = ! ,%ip & ,eng9es 7,may #ah1 #ahec744444cja ,a %ort specification 0 drawn up = ! eng9es1 & detail$ draw+s & specifications = ! %ip 7p4 #cja7--,t5d]s h be5 receiv$ = ! eng9es f ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,messrs4 ,watt & ,co41 & ,mr4 ,humphrys 7p4 #cjb7--;,aft] frequ5t communications ) ^! g5tlem51 ,messrs4 ,watt & ,co4's designs are pref]r$ = ! screw eng9es1 :i* w be ! l>ge/ yet made1 & on :i* w ma9ly dep5d ! p]=mances ( ! %ip 7p4 #cjb71 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,russell's = ! paddle eng9es 7p4 #cjb7--;,z reg>ds a t5d] = ! %ip1 aft] communications ) sev]al p>ties1 ! result is a t5d] f ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,russell 7p4 #cjc74 #cg4 ,extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,memor&a relat+ to ! #8,great ,ea/]n' ,/eam-%ip 7,july #aa1 #aheb1 to ,novemb] #ah1 #ahec744444cjd ,july #aa1 #aheb3 ,dim5sions ( ! %ip 7p4 #cjd7--;,division ( p[] betwe5 ! screw & paddle eng9es 7p4 #cje7--;,e kn[n means mu/ be adopt$ to ensure effici5cy 7p4 #cje7--;,jacket+ ( /eam pipes1 c4 7p4 #cje74 ,july #ag1 #aheb3 ,conf]5ce ) ,mr4 ,field z to division ( p[] betwe5 ! screw & paddle eng9es 7p4 #cje7--,pressure ( /eam 7p4 #cje7--,no?+ unc]ta9 mu/ be risk$ 7p4 #cje7--;,jacket+ 7p4 #cje74 ,july #ai1 #aheb3 ,/rong bulkheads e #cj feet or !reab\ts1 & ! ma9 ribs1 & ev5 at lea/ two ma9 deck beams1 to be longitud9al1 in/ead ( transv]se 7p4 #cje74 ,febru>y #b1 #ahec3 ,pres5t views z to ! con/ruction ( ! %ip & eng9es 7p4 #cjf7--;,boil]s 7p4 #cjg7--;,advantages ( oscillat+ eng9es = bo? screw & paddle eng9es 7p4 #cjg74 ,febru>y #ba1 #ahec3 ,prop] dim5sions = ! ,calcutta l9e 7p4 #cjh7--;,gas 7p4 #cjh7--,v5tilation 7p4 #cjh7--,/e]+ 7p4 #cjh74 ,m>* #ad1 #ahec3 ,dim5sions n[ det]m9$ on 7p4 #cjh74 ,m>* #bb1 #ahec3 ,v>i\s dim5sions settl$ 7p4 #cjh74 ,april #bh1 #ahec3 ,t5d]s are be+ s\ght = 7p4 #cjh7--;,arrangem5ts = measur+ ! coal 7p4 #cji7--,use ( clean wat] 7p4 #cji74 ,augu/ #g1 #ahec3 ,memor&a = eng9es 7p4 #cji74 ,novemb] #ah1 #ahec3 ,gov]nors 7p4 #cji7--;,auxili>y eng9e & boil] 7p4 #cji74 #ch4 ,extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,memor&a relat+ to ! #8,great ,ea/]n' ,/eam-%ip 7,febru>y #be to ,m>* #aj1 #ahed744444caj ,febru>y #be1 #ahed3 ,?\ght & lab\r involv$ 9 ! details ( ! con/ruction bo? ( ! %ip & eng9es 7p4 #caj7--;,cab9 arrangem5ts 7p4 #caj7--;,economy ( mat]ial 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ip 7p4 #caj7--;,a matt] g5]ally neglect$ 9 %ipbuild+ 7p4 #caj7--;,all ?is miscon/ruction =bidd5 7p4 #caa74 ,m>* #c1 #ahed3 ,details ( screw eng9es 7p4 #caa74 ,m>* #aj1 #ahed3 ,details ( %ip 7p4 #caa74 #ci4 ,lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 on ,position z ,eng9e] ( ! ,company 7,augu/ #af1 #ahed744444caa ,8 unusual /ake 9 ! und]tak+1 & ! heavy responsibility he has incurr$ 7p4 #caa7--,! "w is "o :i* requires t x %\ld be entirely "u 8 individual managem5t & control 7p4 #cab7--;,& !re=e !re mu/ be no o!r advis] or s\rce ( in=mation on any "q connect$ ) ! con/ruction or mode ( c>ry+ out ! "w 7p4 #cab74 #dj4 ,lett] to ! same on an ,article 9 a ,newspap] 7,novemb] #af1 #ahed744444cac ,8 g5]al rule is n to notice newspap] articles1 b ?is "o be>s ! /amp ( au?ority 7p4 #cac7--,m>k$ c>e is %[n 9 depreciat+ 8 =m] ef=ts 9 advanc+ /eam navigation1 & 9 repres5t+ him1 9 ! pres5t case1 z ! passive approv] ( ! project ( ano!r 7p4 #cac7--,:]eas x orig9at$ solely ) him1 & has be5 work$ out by him ) great ?\ght & lab\r 7p4 #cad74 #da4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 describ+ ! ,nature ( ! ,und]tak+ 7,febru>y #e1 #ahee744444cae ,lab\r ( prep>+ ! prelim9>y designs = ! %ip 7p4 #caf7--,propos$ arrangem5ts = laun*+--,pr9cipal peculi>ities 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ip 7p4 #caf7--,wat]-tight comp>tm5ts 7p4 #caf7--,transv]se bulkheads 7p4 #caf7--;,d\ble sk9 7p4 #cag7--,longitud9al bulkheads 7p4 #cah7--;,economy 9 mat]ials 7p4 #cah7--;,eng9es 7p4 #cah7--;,boil]s 7p4 #cai7--,! be/ advice has be5 s\ght on e po9t 7p4 #cai7--,! position & design ( ! paddle:eels 7p4 #cai7--,! screw propell]--7p4 #cbj7--,protection f fire 7p4 #cbj7--,ma/s & sails 7p4 #cbj7--;,a/ronomical obs]vations 7p4 #cbj7--,lightn+ conductors 7p4 #cba7--;,adju/m5t ( compasses 7p4 #cba74 #db4 ,lett] to ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 ,esq41 ,a/ronom] ,royal 7,octob] #e1 #aheb744444cba ,z s mu* dep5ds on p]fect navigation1 e means is to be tak5 to ensure a con/ant det]m9ation ( ! %ip's position & c\rse 7p4 #cba7--;,x is propos$ to h an obs]vatory & /aff ( obs]v]s to be con/antly engag$ 9 tak+ obs]vations 7p4 #cbb7--,:at %\ld be ! nature ( ^! obs]vations & ( ! in/rum5ts requir$8 7p4 #cbb74 #dc4 ,memor&um on ! ,managem5t ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,octob] #ahee744444cbd ,! pr9ciples to be foll[$ 9 ! use ( ?is new ma*9e1 & ! qualifications ( ! comm&]1 h long be5 a subject ( anxi\s consid]ation by him 7p4 #cbd7--,?is %ip requires a totally diff]5t managem5t f t suit$ to ord9>y vessels 7p4 #cbe7--;,examples ( ?is proposition 7p4 #cbf7--,size ( ! great %ip 7p4 #cbf7--;,by no possibility mu/ %e be all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd 7p4 #cbg7--,probable effects ( ! great size & mass ( ?is vessel 7p4 #cbi7--;,& ( h] spe$ 7p4 #ccj7--,! propos$ sy/em ( cont9u\s obs]vation 7p4 #ccj7--,! exact c\rse ! %ip is to take mu/ be det]m9$ previ\sly to ! voyage1 & mu/ be /rictly adh]$ to 7p4 #cca7--;,economy ( fuel ano!r consid]ation ( ! highe/ importance 7p4 #ccb7--,prop] spe$ ( ! eng9es 7p4 #ccb7--,use ( ! sails 7p4 #ccc7--,peculi>ities ( ! position ( ! comm&] 7p4 #ccc7--;,8 att5tion mu/ be devot$ exclusively to ! g5]al managem5t ( ! sy/em by :i* ! %ip is to be made to g l a piece ( ma*9]y 7p4 #ccc7--;,8 assi/ants 7p4 #ccd7--;,f\r *ief (fic]s 7p4 #ccd7--;,a ma/] at ! head ( a /aff ( obs]v]s1 :o are to make cont9u\s obs]vations ^u ! position & p]=mances ( ! %ip 7p4 #ccd7--,! *ief eng9e] 7p4 #cce7--,! pr9ciples h]e9 set out are to be adopt$ by ! comm&] z ! guide ( 8 conduct 9 work+ ?is ma*9e 7p4 #cce74 #dd4 ,lett] on ! ,responsibility ( 8 ,position 7s5t ) la/744444#cbd #de4 ,lett] on ! ,duties ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e] ( ! ,great ,%ip 7,m>* #ai1 #aheg744444cce ,! success ( ! %ip z a /eamboat w dep5d entirely ^u ! am\nt ( p[] develop$ by ! eng9es 9 proportion to ! fuel consum$ 7p4 #ccf7--,! peculi> duties ( ! *ief eng9e] w be to obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( /eam f ! def9$ exp5diture ( fuel1 & ! use ( ?is /eam s z to obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( p[] & ! l>ge/ am\nt ( result 7p4 #ccg7--;,accurate measurem5ts requir$ ( fuel exp5d$ & results obta9$ 7p4 #ccg7--;,economy 9 e dep>tm5t may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! success & failure ( ! %ip 7p4 #ccg7--,! *ief eng9e] %\ld1 if possible1 sup]9t5d ! erection ( ! eng9es 7p4 #cch74 #df4 ,extract f ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 describ+ ! propos$ ,arrangem5ts = ,laun*+ 7,febru>y #e1 #ahee744444cda ,reasons = decid+ to laun* ! %ip sideways 7p4 #cda7--;,& probably gradually 7p4 #cdb74 #dg4 ,extract f ,memor&um z to ,p[] requir$ to move ! ,%ip 7,septemb] #bf1 #aheg744444ceb #dh4 ,lett] to ,capta9 ,h>rison on ! ,riv] ,tackle 7,septemb] #cj1 #aheg744444ced #di4 ,lett] to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company on ! ,nature ( ! ,laun*+ ,op]ations 7,octob] #bc1 #aheg744444cee ,! date is unc]ta9 7p4 #cee7--,! %ip is to be l[]$ d[n & float$ (f by a sl[ & labori\s op]ation 7p4 #cee7--,%e may /op or n move at all 7p4 #cef74 #ej4 ,memor&um on ,g5]al ,arrangem5ts & int5d$ ,mode ( ,proce$+ 9 ! ,laun*+ ,op]ations 7,octob] #cj1 #aheg744444cef #ea4 ,lett] to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company on ! ,/ate ( ! ,op]ations 7,novemb] #bf1 #aheg744444cff #eb4 ,lett] to ! ,directors1 & ,memor&um on ! ,/ate ( ! ,op]ations 7,decemb] #ag1 #aheg744444cgg #ec4 ,lett] to ,w4 ,fr\de1 ,esq41 describ+ ! ,float+ ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 7,febru>y #b1 #aheh744444chi #ed4 ,extract f ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,bri/ol ,dock ,company on ! ,condition ( ! ,float+ ,h>b\r 7,augu/ #ca1 #ahcb744444dbc #ee4 ,extract f ,report on ! same subject 7,janu>y #ca1 #ahdb744444dbd #ef4 ,extract f ,report on ,porti%ead ,pi] 7,decemb] #bf1 #ahci744444dbg #eg4 ,lett] on ! ,di/ribution ( ,prizes1 address$ to ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee ( ! ,section ( ,ma*9]y ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahea 7,m>* #aa1 #ahej744444dde #eh4 ,extract f ,report ( ! ,jury ( ,class ,,vii4 ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahea on ,sir ,joseph ,paxton's ,design = ! ,build+44444#ddg #ei1 #fj1 #fa4 ,lett]s to ,we/ley ,ri*>ds1 ,esq41 on ! ,polygonal ,rifle 7,octob] #be1 #aheb2 ,febru>y #g1 #ahec2 ,novemb] #bf1 #aheh744444dej-a #fb4 ,extract f ,lett] to ,james ,nasmy?1 ,esq41 on ! ,con/ruction ( ,l>ge ,guns 7,april #b1 #ahee744444deb #fc4 ,extract f ,lett] to ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ,esq41 on ! ,wire ,gun 7,june #h1 #ahee744444ded #fd4 ,memor&um on ! ,float+ ,gun-,c>riage 7,decemb] #bj1 #ahee744444dee ,! pr9ciple is fix+ a v heavy gun 9 a float+ %ot-pro( *amb] 7p4 #dee7--,mode ( work+ ! gun 7p4 #dee7--,mode ( manuvr+ ! vessel 7p4 #def7--,mode ( attack+ ! ,baltic =ts ) a fleet ( su* vessels 7p4 #deg7--,?ickness ( iron requir$ to make ! vessel %ot pro( 7p4 #deh7--;,be/ mann] ( con/ruct+ ! vessels 7p4 #deh74 #fe4 ,lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty on ! ,float+ ,gun-,c>riage 7,july #bg1 #ahee744444dei #ff4 ,memor&um on ,r5kioi ,hospital ,build+s 7,m>* #ahee744444dfc ,necess>y conditions 9 design+ ^! build+s 7p4 #dfc7--;,g5]al description ( !m 7p4 #dfc7--;,closets & lavatories 7p4 #dfd7--;,ext]nal & int]nal cov]+ 7p4 #dfd7--,v5tilation 7p4 #dfd7--,kit*5s 7p4 #dfe7--;,dra9age 7p4 #dff7--,(fic]s' qu>t]s 7p4 #dff7--,transport ( mat]ials 7p4 #dff7--,portable ba?s 7p4 #dfg7--;,co/ ( build+s 7p4 #dfg74 #fg4 ,lett] on ! ,direction ( ,railway ,works 7,m>* #d1 #ahde744444dge #fh4 ,lett] on ! ,position ( ,jo9t ,eng9e] 7,octob] #af1 #ahdc744444dgf #fi4 ,lett] on ! ,position ( ,consult+ ,eng9e] 7,decemb] #cj1 #ahea744444dgg #gj4 ,lett] on ! ,position ( ! ,eng9e] 9 relation to ! ,contractors 7,may #bf1 #ahed744444dgg #ga1 #gb1 #gc4 ,extracts f ,lett]s on ! ,relations betwe5 ! ,eng9e] & ! ,directors 7,april #ae1 #ahej2 ,decemb] #f1 #ahea2 ,jan4 #bb1 #aheg744444dgh-dha #gd1 #ge1 #gf4 ,extracts f ,lett]s on ,int]f]5ce ( ,directors ) ! ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s 7,janu>y #ai1 #ahdb2 ,janu>y #bh1 #ahdb2 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahea744444dha-c #gg4 ,extract f ,di>y 7,may #e1 #ahdf744444dhe #gh4 ,lett] to an ,inv5tor 7,septemb] #ag1 #ahdg744444dhf #gi4 ,lett] on ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures 7,m>* #ac1 #ahdh744444dhf #hj4 ,lett] on a ,proposal to obta9 ,recognition 9 ,engl& ( ,decorations conf]r$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahee 7,feb4 #i1 #ahef744444dhi #ha4 ,memor&um = ,evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,a4,d4 #ahea44444dij ,he has _h l>ge exp]i5ce ( ! pat5t laws 7p4 #dij7--;,has nev] tak5 out "o1 & is ( op9ion t ! sy/em is productive ( imm5se evil 7p4 #dia7--,reasons = ?is belief 7p4 #dia7--;,conditions necess>y = a successful pat5t 7p4 #dic7--;,disadvantages ( pat5ts 7p4 #did7--;,imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( improvem5ts 7p4 #die74 #hb4 ,extract f ,obs]vations on ! ,pat5t ,laws made by ,mr4 ,brunel at a ,meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts 7,m>* #bh1 #ahef744444dig #hc4 ,lett] f ,phil1 describ+ ! ,asc5t ( ! ,cat>acts 7,febru>y #ab1 #ahei744444eag #hd4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company on ! ,broad ,gauge1 c4 7,augu/ #ahch744444ebe ,he is desir\s ( comb9+ 8 views into "o report 7p4 #ebe7--,! difficulties h be5 ov]come1 or are gradually dim9i%+ 7p4 #ebe7--;,& ! result ju/ifies ! attempt :i* has be5 made 7p4 #ebf7--,! gradi5ts ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway are fav\rable 7p4 #ebf7--;,advantages ( ! broad gauge 7p4 #ebg7--,reasons = adopt+ x 7p4 #ebh7--;,additional co/ 9 con/ruction is v slight 7p4 #ebi7--,weight ( c>riages 7p4 #ecj7--;,fre$om f accid5ts 7p4 #eca7--;,great] space = works ( locomotives 7p4 #ecb7--,! great] wid? gives scope = improvem5t 9 e "p 7p4 #ecb7--,spe$ obta9$ 7p4 #ecb7--;,design ( ! eng9es 7p4 #ecc7--,! cont9u\s sy/em ( p]man5t way is be/ adapt$ to high spe$s 7p4 #ece7--;,calculations z to its co/ comp>$ ) t ( a well con/ruct$ l9e ) /one blocks 7p4 #ecg74 #he4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 recomm5d+ ! ,adoption ( ! ,screw ,propell] 9 ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-%ip 7,octob] #ahdj7144444eci ,?is subject w be consid]$ "u two heads3 #a4 ,! effici5cy ( ! screw propell]1 comp>$ ) ! paddle:eel4 #b4 ,! advantages or disadvantages att5d+ its use 7p4 #eci7--,! fir/ "q involves ! consid]ation n m]ely ( ! effect produc$1 b also ( ! proportionate p[] absorb$ 9 produc+ t effect 7p4 #eci7--,obs]vations on ! slip ( ! paddle:eel & screw 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n' & #8,ar*im$es1' respectively 7p4 #edj7--,! result ( ! comp>ison be+1 t ) simil> areas ! screw w meet ) at lea/ equal1 if n a great] resi/ance1 & w consequ5tly slip z little z or less ?an ! ord9>y paddle-bo>d 7p4 #edb7--,refutation ( ! common error1 t ! action ( ! screw is a v oblique "o1 & t x imp>ts a consid]able rotatory motion to ! wat] 7p4 #edc7--;,description ( ! action ( ! screw 7p4 #edc7--,! result ( ! exp]im5ts is t1 z comp>$ ) ! ord9>y paddle:eel ( sea-go+ /eam]s1 ! screw is1 bo? z reg>ds ! effect produc$ & ! proportionate p[] requir$ to obta9 t effect1 an effici5t propell] 7p4 #edh7--,objections to ! use ( ! screw propell] 7p4 #edh7--;,answ]$ s]iatim 7p4 #edi7--,/atem5t ( ! pr9cipal advantages peculi> to ! use ( ! screw 7p4 #eeb7--,! result ( ^! enquiries is a /rong & decid$ op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! screw propell] be+ adopt$ 9 ! #8,great ,brita9' /eam-%ip 7p4 #eeg74 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,engrav+s4 ,portrait 7engrav$ ) p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,graves & ,company by ,t4 ,o4 ,b>l[1 f a portrait by ,j4 ,c4 ,horsley1 ,r4,a41 9 ! possession ( ,mrs4 ,brunel74 44444,frontispiece ,,plate4 44444to face ,,page ,i4 ,! ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge44444#di ,,ii4 ,! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge44444#ei ,,iii4 ,! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge at ,salta%4 ,g5]al ,view444444#aga ,,iv4 ,! ,newport1 ,w9dsor1 & ,*ep/[ ,bridges4 ,elevations & ,sections44444#bjf ,v4 ,! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge at ,salta%4 ,elevations & ,sections444444#bah ,,woodcuts4 ,,fig4 44444,,page #a4 ,maid5head ,bridge 7longitud9al section744444#agd #b4 ,b\rne ,viaduct 7outl9e elevation744444#aha #c4 ,ivybridge ,viaduct 7! same744444#ahb #d4 ,l&ore ,viaduct 7! same744444#ahd ,,fig4 ,,page #e4 ,/4 ,p9nock ,viaduct 7outl9e elevation1 transv]se section1 & plans ( pi]s744444#ahg #f4 ,exp]im5tal ,gird] 7transv]se section744444#aic #g4 ,gird] on ,s\? ,wales ,railway 7! same744444#aid #h4 ,gird] on ,ea/]n ,b5gal ,railway 7! same744444#aie #i4 ,cumb]l& ,bas9 ,sw+ ,bridge 7transv]se section ( gird]744444#aif #aj4 ,w9dsor ,bridge 7transv]se section ( truss744444#bjj #aa4 ,*ep/[ ,bridge 7! same744444#bjh #ab4 ,salta% ,bridge 7! same744444#bai #ac4 ,transv]se ,section ( ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-,%ip44444#bef #ad4 ,copy ( a ,sket* 9 a ,lett] on ,iron ,%ips44444#bei #ae4 ,transv]se ,section ( ! ,cradles & ! ,laun*+ ,ways ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' ,/eam-,%ip44444#cdg #af4 ,longitud9al ,section1 ,plan1 & ,mid%ip ,section ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' ,/eam-,%ip44444#cig #ag4 ,monkwe>m\? ,dock ,gates44444#dba #ah4 ,bri/ol ,dock ,gate44444#dcj #ai4 ,plym\? ,great ,we/]n ,dock ,gates44444#dce #bj4 ,briton ,f]ry ,dock ,gate44444#dci #ba4 ,br5t=d ,dock ,gate44444#dda #bb4 ,r5kioi ,hospital44444#dgj ,,life ,,( ,,isamb>d ,,k+dom ,,brunel4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,e>ly ,,life4 ,a4,d4 #ahjf--ahbh4 ,,bir? ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel1 ,,april #i1 #ahjf--,,sir ,,m>c ,,isamb>d ,,brunel--,,! ,,block ,,ma*9]y--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,s*ool ,,life--,,! ,,?ames ,,tunnel--,,s9k+ ,,( ,,! ,,ro!rhi! ,,%aft--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,%ield--,,extracts ,,f ,,sir ,,isamb>d ,,brunel',s ,,j\rnals ,,f ,,! ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,?ames ,,tunnel ,,to ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,irruption ,,( ,,! ,,riv]1 ,,janu>y #ab1 #ahbh--,,note ,a3 ,,! ,,b\rbon ,,susp5sion ,,bridges--,,note ,b3 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,gas4 ,,isamb>d ,,k+dom ,,brunel 0 born on ! n9? day ( ,april1 #ahjf1 at ,portsm\?1 & 0 ! only son ( ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel4#a ,mo/ biographies comm5ce ) an acc\nt ( ! p>5tage ( ! p]son ^: life is ab\t to be writt54 ,if ?is be p]mitt$ 9 any case1 no apology c be ne$$ = prefix+ to a ,life ( ,mr4 ,brunel "s p>ticul>s ( 8 fa!r's c>e]1 s9ce he 0 indebt$ to him1 n only = ! inh]itance ( _m natural gifts1 & = a pr(essional education su* z few h be5 able to procure1 b also = a bright example ( ! cultivation ( ^? habits ( =e?\ght & p]sev]ance1 :i* alone c ensure ! successful accompli%m5t ( great designs4 ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d ,brunel 0 a native ( ,hacqueville1 a village 9 ,norm&y1 :]e 8 family _h be5 settl$ = sev]al g5]ations4 ,he 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ! prie/hood2 b1 z he %[$ no incl9ation = t call+1 & a v decid$ tal5t = me*anical pursuits1 he 0 p]mitt$ to ent] ! ,fr5* ,navy2 & he s]v$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies = six ye>s1 namely1 f #aghf to #agib4 ,on 8 return home1 at ! expiration ( 8 t]m ( s]vice1 8 /rong ,royali/ sympa?ies made x unsafe = him to rema9 9 ,france1 & ) great difficulty he manag$ to escape to ,am]ica4 ,he l&$ at ,new ,york 9 ,septemb] #agic1 & soon obta9$ employm5t z a civil eng9e]4 ,a few ye>s aft]w>ds he 0 appo9t$ eng9e] to ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york2 &1 :ile hold+ t (fice1 he design$ a cannon f\ndry & o!r important public works4 ,9 ,janu>y #agii1 :5 ,sir ,isamb>d 0 9 8 ?irtie? ye>1 he came ov] to ,engl&1 & %ortly aft] 8 arrival m>ri$ ,miss ,sophia ,k+dom1 a lady = :om he _h =m$ an atta*m5t "s ye>s be=e4#b ,! fir/ great "w und]tak5 by him 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ! ma*9]y = mak+ blocks1 :i* he design$ & erect$ = ,gov]nm5t at ,portsm\?4 ,! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion & con/ruction ( ?is sy/em ( ma*9]y 7= x consi/$ ( =ty-?ree sep>ate ma*9es7 ne$ n be giv5 at l5g?2 b x may be p]mitt$ to extract ! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,beami%'s #8,life ( ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel' 7pp4 #ig1 #ii1 #bnd edition71 9 :i* he po9ts out ! b5efits :i* h result$ f its introduction1 & ! position its inv5tor is entitl$ to hold among ^? :o h contribut$ to ! progress ( me*anical sci5ce4 ,:]e fifty m5 7 necess>y to complete ! %ells ( blocks previ\s to ! erection ( ,brunel's ma*9]y1 f\r m5 only are n[ requir$1 & to prep>e ! %eaves1 six m5 c n[ d ! "w :i* =m]ly dem&$ ! lab\rs ( sixty4 ,s t t5 m51 by ! aid ( ?is ma*9]y1 c accompli% ) uni=mity1 cel]ity1 & ease1 :at =m]ly requir$ ! unc]ta9 lab\r ( "o hundr$ & t54 ,:5 we call to m9d t at ! "t ^! works 7 execut$1 me*anical eng9e]+ 0 only 9 its infancy1 we are fill$ ) amazem5t at ! sagacity & skill t %\ld h s f> anticipat$ ! progress ( ! age1 z to leave sc>cely any room1 dur+ half a c5tury1 = ! introduction ( any improvem5t4444 ,beautiful z are ! comb9ations & contrivances 9 ! block ma*9]y1 & highly des]v+ z ! inv5tor may be ( cr$it = orig9at+ su* lab\r-sav+ ma*9es = ! production ( %ips' blocks1 !re is a f> high] claim to ! admiration & gratitude ( all con/ructors ( ma*9]y1 & ( all work]s 9 metal4 ,9 ?is block ma*9]y exi/ ! types & examples ( all ! mod]n self-act+ tools1 )\t ! aid ( :i* ! v>i\s me*anical appliances ( ! pres5t day c\ld n be produc$ ) ! m>vell\s accuracy :i* has be5 atta9$4 ,x is true t to ! trades unions or comb9ations among ! artisans1 is 9 a great measure directly due ! introduction ( self-act+ ma*9es2 b ! types ( all ^! tools exi/$ 9 ! ma*9es & comb9ations ( ,brunel's block ma*9]y4 ,! drill+1 ! slott+1 & ! %ap+ ma*9es1 ! ecc5tric *uck1 & ! slide re/1 ) ! worm :eel motion1 are all to be f\nd 9 8 ma*9e4 ,on ! completion ( ! block ma*9]y ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel remov$ to ,london1 & took a h\se 9 ,l9dsay ,r[1 ,*elsea1 :]e he rema9$ until he 0 oblig$ to live ne>] ! works ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel4 ,mr4 ,brunel's fir/ recollections 7 ( ! h\se at ,*elsea2 & 9 #ahad1 :5 he 0 eight ye>s old1 he comm5c$ 8 s*ool life "u ! ,rev4 ,we$5 ,butl]1 :o resid$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,previ\sly to 8 go+ to ,mr4 ,butl]1 he _h be5 taught ,euclid by ,sir ,isamb>d2 & he _h also a great tal5t = draw+1 = :i* he _h be5 rem>kable ev5 f f\r ye>s old4 ,8 draw+s 7 beautifully precise & neat1 b1 :5 ! subject admitt$ ( x1 full ( vig\r & picturesque effect4 ,aft] "s "t he 0 s5t to ,dr4 ,morell's s*ool at ,hove1 ne> ,brighton4 ,! foll[+ extract is tak5 f "o ( 8 lett]s home 9 #ahbj3-- ,i h pa/ ,sallu/ "s "t1 b ,i am sorry to say ,i did n read all1 z ,dr4 ,morell wi%$ me to get into ano!r class4 ,i am at pres5t read+ ,t]5ce & ,horace4 ,i l ,horace v mu*1 b n z mu* z ,virgil4 ,z to :at ,i am ab\t1 ,i h be5 mak+ half a doz5 boats lately1 till ,i h worn my h&s to pieces4 ,i h also tak5 a plan ( ,hove1 :i* is a v amus+ job4 ,i %\ld be mu* oblig$ to y if y w\ld ask papa 7,i hope he is q well & he>ty71 :e!r he w\ld l5d me 8 long measure4 ,x is a long eighty-foot tape2 he w "k :at ,i mean4 ,i w take c>e ( x1 = ,i want to take a m exact plan1 ?\gh ?is is pretty exact1 ,i ?9k4 ,i h also be5 draw+ a little4 ,i int5d to take a view ( all 7ab\t five7 ! pr9cipal h\ses 9 t great t[n1 ,hove4 ,i h already tak5 "o or two4 ,9 ! int]vals ( 8 classical /udies he seems to h employ$ himself1 n only 9 mak+ a survey ( ,hove 9 its exi/+ /ate1 b also 9 a critical exam9ation ( ! works 9 progress = its enl>gem5t4 ,x is told ( him t "o ev5+ he pr$ict$ ! fall1 be=e ! next morn+1 ( "s h\ses :i* 7 build+ opposite ! s*ool1 & laid a bet on ! subject1 :i* 8 companions readily accept$4 ,he _h notic$ ! bad way 9 :i* ! "w 0 done1 & t ! /ormy wea!r1 :i* appe>$ to be sett+ 9 = ! night1 w\ld probably bl[ ! walls d[n4 ,9 ! morn+ he claim$ ! wag]1 = ! build+s _h fall5 9 ! night4 ,except f ,novemb] #ahbj to ,augu/ #ahbb1 :5 he 0 at ! ,collge ,h5ri ,quatre at ,p>is1#c ,mr4 ,brunel 0 s v little abs5t f home t he became ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all 8 fa!r's und]tak+s4 ,among ^! 0 ! v5e]+ ma*9]y at ,batt]sea1 rem>kable = ! great diamet] ( ! saw1 ! /ead9ess ( its motion1 & ! me*anical arrangem5ts = cle>+ ! v5e] f ! saw2 also ! works at ! ,gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts at ,woolwi* & ,*a?am1 & ! ma*9]y = mak+ %oes4 ,!y h be5 fully describ$ by ,mr4 ,beami%2 b ! m]e m5tion ( _! names is en\gh to %[ h[ great 7 ! advantages enjoy$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 receiv+ f 8 fa!r 8 e>ly pr(essional education4 ,f ! ye> #ahbc ,mr4 ,brunel 0 regul>ly employ$ 9 8 fa!r's (fice4 ,x 0 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is ye> t ! project ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel fir/ began to occupy ,sir ,isamb>d's att5tion2 b he 0 also engag$ at t "t 9 o!r works ( great importance1 among !m ! susp5sion bridges = ! ,ile de ,b\rbon1 & designs = bridges ( ! same "* ov] ! ,s]p5t9e1 & ov] ! ,?ames at ,k+/on4#d ,"s acc\nt ( ! ,b\rbon bridges1 & also ( exp]im5ts ) c>bonic acid gas1 on :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 engag$1 w be f\nd 9 ! notes to ?is *apt]4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel w be told1 z f> z possible1 9 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's own words1 z giv5 9 8 j\rnals4#e ,al?\gh ^! extracts d n relate to works = :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 p]sonally responsible1 !y h be5 ins]t$ 9 ! belief t !y are valuable1 n only z %[+ ! nature & ext5t ( 8 duties z 8 fa!r's assi/ant1 b also z display+1 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ & au!ntic =m1 ,sir ,isamb>d's "* & g5ius at a "t :5 8 son 0 br\ght into h\rly contact ) him1 & "u circum/ances :i* w\ld cause ! influ5ce ( 8 example to make a deep & la/+ impression4 ,previ\sly to ! ye> #ahbc !re _h be5 sev]al plans sugge/$ = ! con/ruction ( a tunnel "u ! ,?ames2 & x w\ld seem t a great dem& 0 suppos$ to exi/ = "s su* means ( communication betwe5 ! two sides ( ! riv] ea/w>d ( ,london ,bridge2 = aft] ! failure ( ! op]ations und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,vasie 9 #ahje1 & ,mr4 ,treve?ick 9 #ahjg1f a high level susp5sion bridge 0 propos$1 al?\gh x 0 n int5d$ to be us$ = heavy traffic4#g ,! fir/ ref]5ce to ! ,tunnel 9 ,sir ,isamb>d's j\rnals is dat$ ,febru>y #ab1 #ahbc4 #8,engag$ on draw+s connect$ ) ,tunnel2' & on ! #ag? & foll[+ days ( ! same mon?1 #8,isamb>d 0 engag$ on ,tunnel4' ,^! entries become m & m frequ5t 9 ! pages ( 8 di>y1 until x is evid5t t ,sir ,isamb>d's :ole "t & ?\ghts 7 absorb$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! spr+ ( #ahbc 0 occupi$ 9 prep>+ draw+s & models ( 8 plans1 & 9 enli/+ ! sympa?y & assi/ance ( v>i\s influ5tial p]sons4 ,by ! close ( ! ye> ! designs 7 matur$ suffici5tly to enable ! promot]s ( ! s*eme to comm5ce ! task ( organis+ a company = c>ry+ x out2 & 9 ,janu>y #ahbd !y resolv$ to call a g5]al meet+ ( _! fri5ds1 & invite public subscriptions4 ,on ,febru>y #ag1 ,sir ,isamb>d expla9$ 8 plans at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & on ! next day a meet+ 0 held at ! ,city ( ,london ,tav]n1 "u ! presid5cy ( ,mr4 ,william ,smi?1 ,m4,p41 m ?an a hundr$ p]sons be+ pres5t4 ,resolutions au?oris+ ! =mation ( a company 7 pass$ unanim\sly1 & ! %>e li/ 0 op5$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( an h\r "o-?ird ( ! subscriptions 0 fill$ up1 namely1 #abej %>es2 & be=e ! end ( ! day ! numb] ( %>es tak5 0 #acha4 ,bor+s 7 !n comm5c$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! /rata ?r\gh :i* ! ,tunnel w\ld pass4 ,a b$ ( gravel 0 f\nd ov] ! clay1 :i* gave ,sir ,isamb>d great anxiety4 ,a l>ge pipe or %aft 0 sunk on ! side ( ! riv]1 & 9 x ! wat] rose to )9 ?ree feet ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & fell ab\t eighte5 in*es ) ! tide4 #8,x is manife/ 7,sir ,isamb>d writes7 f ?is t unless ! ,tunnel is enclos$ 9 ! /ratum ( clay1 x w\ld be unsafe to drive ?r\gh ! b$ ( gravel4 ,! ,tunnel mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 ) ! sub/antial clay4' ,h[ev]1 ! result ( ?irty-n9e bor+s 9 two p>allel l9es across ! riv]1 to ! dep? ( f #bc to #cg feet1 seem$ to prove t !re 0 bel[ ! gravel a /ratum ( /rong blue clay ( suffici5t dep? to ensure ! safety ( ! ,tunnel4#h ,a report to ?is effect 0 made to ! %>ehold]s at _! fir/ g5]al meet+ 9 ,july1 & x 0 also /at$ t ! works w\ld be complet$ 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,! fir/ op]ation connect$ ) ! works1 0 ! con/riction ( a %aft2 & = ?is purpose l& 0 b\ght on ! ,ro!rhi! bank1 ab\t fifty y>ds f ! riv]4 ,on ,m>* #b1 #ahbe1 ! c]emony ( lay+ ! fir/ /one ( ! %aft 0 p]=m$4 ,mr4 ,smi?1 our *airman1 att5d$ by mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,c\rt ( ,directors1 & a v num]\s cortge ( fri5ds invit$ on ! occasion1 proce$$ f ! ,tunnel ,:>f to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y 7 receiv$ among ! *e]s ( a great conc\rse ( p4 ,mr4 ,smi? address$ ! assembly 9 a v eloqu5t spee* suitable to ! occasion1 & p]=m$ ! c]emony ( lay+ ! fir/ /one4 ,f ?is day dates ! beg9n+ ( ! "w4#i ,! mode 9 :i* ,sir ,isamb>d decid$ to con/ruct ! %aft 0 "o n uncommonly adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( wells2 b to apply x to s9k+ a %aft fifty feet 9 diamet] 0 a novel & bold und]tak+4 ,! brickwork int5d$ to =m ! l9+ ( ! %aft 0 built on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & ! e>? be+ excavat$ f )9 & und]nea? ! /ructure1 x sank gradually d[n to its f9al position4 ,! brickwork 0 #c feet ?ick1 b\nd toge!r by iron & timb] ties1 & !re 7 built into x #dh p]p5dicul> iron rods1 "o in* 9 diamet]1 fa/5$ to a wood5 curb at ! bottom1 & to ano!r curb at ! top ( ! wall1 by nuts & screws4 ,:5 ! %aft or t[] ( brickwork 0 complet$ up to ! top1 #db feet 9 height1 ! next /ep 0 to remove ! block+s on :i* x re/$1 & ?is be+ done ! gravel 0 excavat$ & hoi/$ up1 & ! %aft desc5d$ by its own weight4 ,! ,ro!rhi! %aft 0 only sunk =ty feet 9 ?is mann]2 ! rema9+ tw5ty feet1 9 ord] to leave ! op5+ = ! ,tunnel1 0 con/ruct$ by "u-p9n+1 or und]lay+1 z x 0 !n t]m$4 ,! und]lay+ 0 comm5c$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june4#aj ,by ,july #d !y _h got d[n to ! level ( ! int5d$ f\ndation ( ! %aft1 hav+ pass$ into a /ratum ( gravel1 black pebbles emb$d$ 9 gre5i% s&1 ) little or no wat]2 f :i* circum/ance ,sir ,isamb>d 0 ( op9ion t x 0 unconnect$ ) ! /ratum ( gravel above4 ,july #ab4--;,engag$ on a g5]al draw+ = ! great %ield1 & 9 prep>+ "s in/ructions = mov+ ! same 7a v intricate op]ation67 ,july #bb4--,und]lay+ is a v labori\s mode ( proce$+4 ,! s9k+ ( a wall well b\nd z ! fir/1 w\ld evid5tly be ! be/ & *eape/ mode = mak+ ano!r t[] ( #ej feet diamet]4 ,on ! #bh? ,sir ,isamb>d ent]s 9 8 j\rnal ! foll[+ additional obs]vations ^u ! success ( 8 plans = s9k+ ! %aft3-- ,consid]+ ! great lab\r necess>y = secur+ ! gr\nd = ! und]lay+1 ! wa/e ( plank+1 & ( %ores1 & ! "t necess>ily tak5 up 9 mov+ ab\t1 9 secur+ & 9 bal+ out ! wat]1 & ! _m causes ( int]ruption1 & ! imp]fect way t ?+s are done 9 und]lay+1 x is q conclusive t ! orig9al plan ( mak+ a %aft1 by s9k+ ! /ructure1 is ! safe/ & ! mo/ economical4 ,:at is done is s\nd1 & :5 once 9 place1 may be secur$ ) f\ndations 9 a v easy mann]4 ,! brickwork ( ! %aft is rem>kably h>d4 ,_h x be5 made ) brick fac+s & rubble /one1 x w\ld c]ta9ly be wat]-tight1 & almo/ imp5etrable by ord9>y ways4 ,! v]tical ties & ! circul> wall b&s are n to be disp5s$ ) 9 a /ructure de/9$ to be mov$ z ! pres5t has be54 ,on ,augu/ #aa ! und]lay+ 0 complet$1 & prep>ations 7 made = con/ruct+ a res]voir 9 ! bottom ( ! %aft = receiv+ ! p]man5t pumps4 ,?is 0 f9i%$ on ,octob] #aa1 ) great difficulty1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 :i* consi/$ ( loose s& conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,augu/ #ai4--;,engag$ at home 9 revis+ my plans = ! mann] ( c>ry+ on ! horizontal excavation1 m p>ticul>ly ( p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! %aft4 ,?is "p ( ! op]ation requires inde$ v great att5tion1 z x pres5ts great difficulties1 aris+ f ! wall to be brok5 ?r\gh1 & *iefly f ! angul> op5+ t is to be made at ea* extremity4 ,!n ano!r consid]ation is ! unit+ ! brick ar*es to ! brickwork ( ! %aft4 ,septemb] #af4--;,engag$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! day on revis+ my plans ( future op]ations 9 ! ,tunnel "w1 & 9 adapt+ !m to ! nature ( ! gr\nd z x is f\nd at ! v>i\s dep?s we h p5etrat$3 namely1 to ab\t #gc feet4 ,w5t aft]w>ds to ,maudslay to reque/ t ! great %ield may be complet$4 ,sid5ote3 ,great %ield4 ,octob] #ad4--;,engag$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! morn+ 9 mak+ "s arrangem5ts = ! work+ ( ! great %ield4 ,too mu* att5tion _c be giv5 to t subject at ! e>ly "p2 =1 :5 once 9 its place1 x w\ld be extremely inconv5i5t to make any alt]ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,prep>+ = ! frames4 ,octob] #ae4--,! dome ( ! res]voir w be cov]$ to-day ab\t noon2 ! bottom ( ! %aft w !re=e be complet$4 ,!y are n[ prep>+ to apply two frames ( ! %ield4 ,! gr\nd n[ op5 9 ! front is rem>kably h>d2 x consi/s ( pebbles imb$d$ 9 a *alky sub/ance1 ) h>d loose /ones ( ! nature ( ! ,k5ti% rag4 ,ev]y?+ is go+ on well4 ,devis$ ) ,isamb>d h[ to make our wells = ! desc5t ( ! mat]ials1 c4 ,?us at la/ ! %aft 0 complet$1 & ,sir ,isamb>d 0 able to comm5ce ! ,tunnel itself1 :i* he ultimately det]m9$ to con/ruct 9 ! =m ( a rectangul> mass ( brickwork1 #cg feet wide & #bb feet high1 pi]c$ by two p>allel horse%oe ar*ways1 ea* #ad feet wide & #ag feet high4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ?is und]tak+1 "s acc\nt mu/ be giv5 ( ! ma*9e :i* ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel devis$ = effect+ its accompli%m5t4 ,9 ord] to avoid a quicks& ( consid]able dep? & ext5t1 ! ,tunnel _h to be c>ri$ b a %ort di/ance bel[ ! b$ ( ! riv]2 &1 z 9 all tunnell+ ?r\gh s(t soil1#aa ! top & sides ( ! excavation _h to be support$ until ! brickwork 0 built 92 & ! front or face _h also to be held up z ! m9]s advanc$4 ,?is support 0 giv5 by means ( a ma*9e call$ #8! %ield1' describ$ on "o occasion by ,sir ,isamb>d z #8an ambulat+ c(f]dam1 travell+ horizontally4'#ab ,! ma9 body ( ! %ield consi/$ ( twelve indep5d5t /ructures or #8frames' made ( ca/ & wr\ght iron4 ,!y 7 ea* #bb feet high1 & r m ?an #c feet wide2 &1 :5 plac$ side by side1 l books on a %elf1 aga9/ ! face ( ! excavation1 !y occupi$ ! :ole area ( ! face1 & also ! top1 bottom1 & sides = #i feet 9 advance ( ! brickwork4 ,ea* frame /ood on two feet re/+ on ! gr\nd1 & 0 divid$ 9 its height into ?ree cells by ca/-iron floors4 ,9 ^! cells1 ( :i* !re 7 ?us ?irty-six 9 all1 ! m9]s /ood1 & work$ at ! gr\nd 9 front ( !m4 ,! duty :i* ! %ield _h to p]=m 0 to support ! gr\nd until ! brickwork 0 built )9 ! excavation2 b x 0 ess5tial t ?is %\ld be done 9 su* a mann] z to all[ ( ! m9+ op]ations be+ c>ri$ on2 & x 0 also necess>y t ! ma*9e itself %\ld be capable ( be+ mov$ =w>d4 ,! fir/ po9t1 !re=e1 :i* has to be expla9$ 9 ! action ( ! %ield is ! mann] 9 :i* ! e>? 0 support$ by x4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t ea* frame re/$ ^u two feet1 or l>ge iron plates4 ,^! two feet toge!r cov]$ ! gr\nd "u ! frame to :i* !y belong$1 & ?us ! :ole ( ! e>? b5ea? ! frames 0 press$ d[n by ! feet4 ,! e>? above 0 support$ by n>r[ iron plates1 call$ /aves1 laid on ! heads ( ! frames p>allel to ! l9e ( ! ,tunnel1 ! ends re/+ on ! complet$ brickwork beh9d x4 ,! e>? at ! sides 0 kept up by /aves re/+ aga9/ ! out]mo/ frames4 ,! arrangem5t = hold+ up ! e>? at ! face ( ! excavation 0 necess>ily ( a m complicat$ "*4 ,ea* frame support$ a s]ies ( bo>ds call$ pol+-bo>ds1 by means ( small screw-jacks or pol+-screws1 two to ea* pol+-bo>d1 :i* abutt$ aga9/ ! frames1 & press$ ! bo>ds aga9/ ! e>?4 ,! bo>ds 7 #c feet long1 #f in*es wide1 & #c in*es ?ick1 & 7 arrang$ horizontally4 ,^! pol+-bo>ds1 m ?an five hundr$ 9 numb]1 cov]$ ! :ole surface 9 front ( ! frames4 ,to resi/ ! backw>d ?ru/ ( ! pol+-screws aga9/ ! frames1 ea* frame 0 held =w>d by two l>ge screws1 "o at ! top ( ! frame1 & ! o!r at ! bottom1 abutt+ aga9/ ! brickwork ( ! ,tunnel4 ,! brickwork 0 complet$ close up beh9d ! %ield z x advanc$4 ,! way 9 :i* ! e>? 0 excavat$1 & ! %ield mov$ =w>d1 has n[ to be expla9$4 ,! plates or /aves :i* support$ ! gr\nd at ! top & sides ( ! %ield 7 pu%$ =w>d sep>ately by screw-jacks2 b 9 ord] to advance ! pol+-bo>ds 9 front1 x 0 necess>y t t portion ( ! gr\nd aga9/ :i* !y press$ %\ld be remov$4 ,! m9]1 /&+ 9 8 cell1 took d[n "o1 or1 at ! mo/1 two ( ! pol+-bo>ds1 comm5c+ at ! top ( ! cell1 & hav+ excavat$ ! e>? a few in*es 9 advance1 replac$ ! pol+-bo>ds aga9/ ! newly-=m$ face1 press+ !m aga9/ x ) ! pol+-screws4 ,?us ! excavation 0 c>ri$ on )\t depriv+ ! gr\nd ( ! support x receiv$ f ! %ield1 except at ! po9t :]e ! m9] 0 actually at "w4 ,! op]ation ( advanc+ ! frames 0 effect$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,:5 ev]y?+ 0 ready = a move1 "o ( ! feet :i* c>ri$ ! frames on jo9t$ legs 0 lift$ up1 & advanc$ =w>d a few in*es1 & !n press$ d[n on to ! gr\nd1 until 9 its new position x aga9 bore ! weight ( ! frame4 ,?is done1 ! o!r foot 0 lift$1 mov$ =w>d1 & screw$ d[n 9 ! same mann]1 & !n ! frame itself 0 pu%$ ahead by means ( ! l>ge abutt+ screws1 :i* kept x top & bottom f be+ =c$ back on ! brickwork4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t t ^! abutt+ screws w\ld h be5 unable to pu% on ! frame1 :ile ! gr\nd 9 front 0 press+ back ! pol+-bo>ds aga9/ x2 !re=e1 dur+ ! process ( mov+ a frame1 x _h to be reliev$ f ! ?ru/ ( its pol+-screws4 ,accord+ly1 :5 x 0 desir$ to advance any "o ( ! frames1 ! butts ( ! pol+-screws ( ! ti] ( bo>ds 9 front ( x 7 %ift$ sideways1 s z to re/1 n aga9/ ! frame to :i* !y belong$1 b aga9/ ! frames next x on ei!r side4 ,?is done1 ! frame itself 0 advanc$1 & 0 !n ready to receive aga9 its own pol+-screws1 & also ^? belong+ to ! adjo9+ frames1 s t !y might 9 _! turn be mov$ =w>d4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! :ole %ield 0 n mov$ =w>d at "o "t1 b t ! frames 7 advanc$ alt]nately4 ,!re 7 _m o!r +5i\s arrangem5ts 9 ! design ( ! %ield1 :i* ne$ n be ref]r$ to 9 a description int5d$ only to give su* a g5]al idea ( ! ma*9e z may make ! hi/ory ( its op]ation intelligible4#ac ,:5 ! frames _h be5 complet$ 9 ,messrs4 ,maudslay's factory1 !y 7 convey$ to ,ro!rhi!1 & l[]$ d[n ! %aft4 ,an op5+ _h be5 left at ! bottom ( ! wall1 ab\t #cg feet wide by #bb feet high1 & aga9/ ?is ! %ield 0 erect$4 ,x 0 !n ready to comm5ce its progress ?r\gh ! gr\nd bel[ ! riv]4 ,on ,novemb] #be1 #ahbe1 ! %ield made its fir/ />t4 ,sir ,isamb>d 0 un=tunately unable to witness :at 0 9 fact ! actual comm5cem5t ( ! ,tunnel1 z he _h ?ree days be=e be5 seiz$ ) a sudd5 & al>m+ attack ( illness1 :i* kept him at home till ,decemb] #f4 ,! works 7 left "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,decemb] #h4--,! great %ield is advanc+ v sl[ly1 meet+ ) mu* int]ruption by ! wat]1 :i* /ill runs )9 ! cells1 & also by ! difficulty ( =m+ abutm5ts = ! frames4 ,tempor>y abutm5ts 7 necess>y until ! %ield 0 suffici5tly advanc$ to all[ ( its be+ pu%$ =w>ds f ! brickwork built up beh9d x4 ,decemb] #bi4--,! frames are v mu* out ( level 9 ! transv]se l9e ( ! ,tunnel4 ,?is w\ld be att5d$ ) s]i\s inconv5i5ce if ,i _h n provid$ = ! means ( recov]+ any irregul>ity t might take place1 & :i*1 z x appe>s1 _c p]haps be prev5t$2 b hav+ =ese5 ?is1 ,i h provid$ ! rem$y by be+ able to take d[n ! top ( ea* frame1 & to remove ! top /aves 9 p>ts1 or ! :ole1 at pleasure--a v important provision x proves to be4 ,janu>y #af1 #ahbf4--,too mu* precaution _c be tak51 9 ! managem5t ( ! frames1 to h ! leg-screw p>ticul>ly well secur$1 z e foot-run ( ! ar* ( ! ,tunnel su/a9s #hb tons4 ,ea* frame c>ries z foll[s3-- ,! two end frames ea* #fe tons #acj ,t5 o!rs1 ea* #eb #ebe --- #fee tons4 ,janu>y #ba4--,! gr\nd at ! top & sides v good2 same 9 ! front4 ,9 break+ ! gr\nd out ( ! limits ( ! %ield on ! "r a great deal ( gr\nd fell 94 ,?is indicates t1 if x 0 n = ! protection ( ! %ield1 no?+ c\ld be done4 ,?is acc\nts also = ! occasional break+ ( ! gr\nd 9 mak+ ! drift 9 #ahji4 ,sid5ote3 ,tunnel begun4 ,! brickwork ( ! entrance be+ c>ri$ z f> z direct$1 ! body ( ! ,tunnel 0 begun to-day4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat] broke into ! works4 ,janu>y #bf4--;,isamb>d w5t d[n to ,ro!rhi!2 ! wat] _h brok5 9 9 great abundance ^u ! "w ov] ,nos4 #d & #e4 ,! twelve frames 7 di/+ui%$ by numb]s4 ,a #d-;in* pipe 0 driv5 ov] ! %ield f inside ! %aft1 b ! wat] did n foll[ x1 & ! /ream augm5t$ v rapidly4 ,! frame ,no4 #e 0 mov$ =w>d1 & x *eck$ ! wat] = a mom5t1 b x came aga9 ) viol5ce4 ,a head+ 0 imm$iately ord]$ by ,arm/rong ! resid5t eng9e] f ! ea/ well1 9 :i* ,isamb>d concurr$4 ,febru>y #c4--,ord]$ a pit to be op5$ & made by s9k+ a curb #h feet diamet] & #ah in*es ?ick1 well b\nd ) bolts4 ,?is pit 0 a well sunk f ! surface to enable ! gravel conta9+ wat]1 into :i* ! head ( ! %ield _h p5etrat$1 to be remov$1 & clay sub/itut$4 ,febru>y #f4--,! %aft begun la/ night1 & 0 sunk #bj feet to-day1 & rem>kably true4 ,_h we kn[n ! gr\nd z we n[ "k x1 we might1 by hav+ op5$ a well contigu\s to ! great %aft1 h sunk ! %aft 9 a week2 b = t purpose we mu/ h _h two /eam eng9es1 "o = pump+ ! wat]1 & ! o!r = tak+ up ! gr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,unremitt$ att5tion want$4 ,febru>y #aj4--,w5t v e>ly to ! ,tunnel = ! purpose ( giv+ directions to prop up ! back ( ! /aves1 :i*1 = want ( weight at ! new %aft1 might be ov]balanc$ by ! pressure ( ! gr\nd at ! back4 ,i c\ld n re/ a mom5t until x 0 done1 = ! consequ5ces might h be5 fatal1 at ?is mom5t 9 p>ticul>4 ,:at incessant att5tion & anxiety6 ,to be at ! m]cy ( ignorance & c>elessness6 ,no "w l ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations on ! mode adopt$ to *eck ! wat]4 ,febru>y #ab4--,! gr\nd hav+ be5 op5$ c>efully f "u ! curb ( ! pit see above on date ,febru>y #c1 ! great] "p ( ! gravel 0 remov$1 & /iff clay sub/itut$ = x4 ,?is 0 done by driv+ fir/ "s wr\ght-iron flat b>s1 :i* kept ! gr\nd up4 ,?is %[s t ! %ield is a mo/ p[]ful protection1 & w\ld enable u to p5etrate ?r\gh a b$ ( gravel4 ,?\gh ! break+ 9 ( ! wat] _h some:at t]rifi$ ! man 9 ,no4 #e1 he soon return$ to 8 po/1 & ! o!rs h ackn[l$g$ _! full confid5ce 9 ! security af=d$ by ! %ield4 ,! bor+ ahead _h n yet be5 att5d$ to3 x is ow+ to ! want ( ?is precaution t ?is accid5t is *iefly to be ascrib$2 = _h we kn[n z mu* z we n[ d1 we might h pass$ ?r\gh )\t ! pit be+ op5$4 ,m>* #a4--,wat] at ! back ( ! frames1 b less ?an be=e4 ,! m5 %[ a great deal ( _s 9 ov]com+ ! pres5t difficulties4 ,isamb>d 0 v busy ye/]day & to-day 9 ! frames1 & ab\t ! works4 ,he 0 sev]ely hurt 9 ! leg by a piece ( timb] fall+ aga9/ x4 ,?is accid5t prev5t$ 8 att5d+ aga9 at ! ,tunnel until ! #bd?4 ,on ,m>* #f ! proprietors paid a visit to ! ,tunnel1 & 7 highly satisfi$ ) :at !y saw4 ,on t ev5+ ,sir ,isamb>d writes3-- ,x is ( absolute necessity n[ to provide = ev]y?+ t is conducive to ! m exp$iti\s managem5t ( ! frames1 & to a great] facility 9 gett+ up ! brickwork4 ,if ^! two po9ts are realiz$1 !n inde$ we may soon expect to be mov+ at a good rate--n less ?an ,i h held out1 namely1 #c feet p] #bd h\rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat] /opp$ z expect$4 ,m>* #aa4--,receiv$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ a report f ,arm/rong /at+ t ! wat] 0 completely /opp$--t x _h be5 /opp$ dur+ ! night4 ,aw>e t we _h pass$ ! gravel1 x 0 ( c\rse expect$ t we 7 "u ! clay2 means 7 !re=e resort$ to1 to drive clay & oakum at ! tail ( ! top /aves1 :i* 0 productive ( a v good effect4 ,! great %ield 0 soon entirely free ( wat]4 ,?is %[s ! effici5cy ( ! %ield to oppose difficulties :i* c\ld n h be5 ov]come )\t ! complete protection x af=ds1 "u almo/ any circum/ances4 ,inde$ ?is has be5 a t$i\s op]ation s9ce ,janu>y #be1 :5 ! wat] fir/ bur/ ^u ,no4 #e1 at ! front ( ! %ield4 ,! m9]s z well z ! bricklay]s h work$ ) great _s & p]sev]ance ?r\gh ! :ole1 dur+ a p]iod ( #dd days4 ,! well t 0 made at ! front ( ! %aft has be5 ( use 9 acqua9t+ u ) ! ext5t ( ! op5 gr\nd we _h to pass ?r\gh4 ,x w be made a useful op5+ = v5tilat+ ! works4 ,by means ( ?is well we h be5 able to apply ! lead pipes ) :i* ! wat] has be5 div]t$3 x is n !re=e a useless exp5se4 ,?+s 7 put 9 bett] ord] to prep>e = a m exp$iti\s way ( work+4 ,directions 7 giv5 to place ! frames 9 a bett] condition4 ,isamb>d is /ill too unwell to g to ! ,tunnel4 ,sid5ote3 ,consid]able slip ( gr\nd3 h[ to *eck x4 ,sid5ote3 ,v dang]\s4 ,m>* #be4--,w5t to ! ,tunnel ) ,isamb>d4 ,f\nd t a consid]able fall ( gr\nd _h tak5 place aga9 at ! "r side4 ,no "o c\ld acc\nt satisfactorily = x4 ,i inspect$ x1 & direct$ t1 aft] mak+ x good1 flat b>s ( iron be driv5 at ! head ( ! side /aves1 9 ord] to p9 x up1 & 9 ord] to enable ! m9]s to get at ! solid gr\nd4 ,x is v bad & extremely dang]\s2 ! gr\nd is evid5tly ! same z t :i*1 9 ! report ( ! fir/ attempt1 0 f\nd s loose z to h dropp$ ^u ! works1 leav+ a l>ge cavity above1 :5 x is said ! man asc5d$ & made good ! hole4 ,we %\ld be w>n$ by ?is1 le/ we %\ld meet ano!r z fatal z x ultimately 0 on t occasion4 ,?is obs]vation ref]s to ! driftway ( #ahjg4 ,april #bd4--;,by ,arm/rong's report ! wat] is entirely out1 & ! m5 at "w 9 ! morn+ 9 remov+ ! dirt1 c4 ,isamb>d engag$ at ! ,tunnel1 :]e ,i am n yet able to att5d z (t5 z ,i c\ld wi%4 ,ev]y?+ goes on well1 mu* ?r\gh 8 ex]tions4 ,may #aa4--,"o hundr$ feet w be complet$ to-night4 ,may #bb4--,! top plate ov] ! frame ,no4 #a has be5 crack$ )\t any p>ticul> viol5ce or /ress4 ,x appe>s t x is no?+ b ! *ange ( temp]ature t is ! cause ( t rupture4 ,! accid5t ju/ifies ! op9ion ,i h ( ca/-iron n be+ safe ^u traction1 & ! precaution ( hav+ _h wr\ght-iron bolts at ! back ( ! frames4 ,^! 7 v]tical rods :i* took ! t5sional /ra94 ,)\t ^! bolts :at w\ld h become ( ! %ield1 if "o ca/+ 0 to break8 ,! fracture 0 accompani$ ) a l\d report l t ( a gun4 ,isamb>d 0 9 ! works at ! "t ( break+3 no?+ c\ld h prev5t$ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! %ield be+ too mu* out1 resolv$ to move x bodily4 ,may #be4--;,i obs]v$ t no?+ :atev] _h be5 ga9$ to recov] ! deviation ! %ield _h gradually work$ #b feet #c in*es to ! we/w>d1 :i* subjects u to s mu* inconv5i5ce & loss ( "t4 ,! only way to br+ ! %ield "r is by tak+ ! frames sideways4 ,june #c4--;,f9d+ x too labori\s & almo/ fruitless to br+ ! frames 9 ! "r way1 ,i came to ! det]m9ation ( hav+ !m br\ght bodily to ! ea/ by cutt+ ! gr\nd on ! side4 ,i accord+ly gave directions to ,arm/rong to proce$ 9 mak+ a head+ out ( ,no4 #ab1 & by secur+ ! side /aves to cont9ue d[nw>ds until ! gr\nd be cle>4 ,! work+ 0 accord+ly discont9u$ 9 front4 ,june #d4--,! mode ( proce$+ by ! common way ( m9+ %[s ! impracticability ( c>ry+ a l>ge excavation any:]e1 p>ticul>ly "u a consid]able body ( wat]4 ,! exp5se ( timb]+ w\ld be too great1 ev5 if x c\ld be s\nd4 ,! gr\nd above ! frames is rem>kably good1 b "u x !re is a /ratum ( silt :i* breaks & falls 9 l>ge masses4 ,sid5ote3 ,isamb>d's s]vice v important & mo/ effici5t4 ,june #e4--;,isamb>d got into ! drift1 & gave ! l9e = ! bett] disposition ( ! /aves1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds done 9 a prop] mann]4 ,isamb>d's vigilance & con/ant att5dance 7 ( great b5efit4 ,he is 9 e respect a mo/ useful coadjutor 9 ?is und]tak+4 ,june #aj4--,! la/ frame 7,no4 #a7 is br\ght close to ! o!rs1 & ! brickwork br\ght up to fill ! back4 ,sid5ote3 ,dang]\s /ate ( ! gr\nd4 ,precautions tak54 ,june #ae4--,on inspect+ ! face ( ! gr\nd ?is morn+ ,i obs]v$ a brea* 9 ! front ( ,nos4 #c1 #d1 & #e1 :]e ! gr\nd has giv5 way 9 ! l[] cell4 ,?is 0 truly al>m+4 ,i ord]$ iron /aves to ea* floor 9 ord] to p9 ! gr\nd1 & !reby to c\nt]act ! slipp+ :i* w\ld imm$iately take place4 ,june #ai4--,! bricklay]s left (f "w1 b1 on enquir+ into ! cause1 ,i le>n$ !re 0 no o!r b to h a libation ^u ! new arrangem5t ( piece-"w4 ,june #bi4--;,gave positive directions to cut only #d to #e in*es ?ick at a "t at ! front ( ! top cells1 in/ead ( #i in*es1 z !y _h done = "s "t4 ,july #c4--,! great "q is1 does ! clay undulate at its surface8 ,we %\ld h "s reason to appreh5d t x does s1 because at ! beg9n+ we _h n proce$$ _m feet into ! clay :5 we /ruck aga9 into ! gravelly /ratum4 ,! surface ( ! clay mu/ !re=e h sunk at t p>ticul> spot2 :i* circum/ance seems to w>n "o ( ! ne$ ( great vigilance & great prud5ce 9 ! progress ( ! ent]prise4 ,sid5ote3 ,c(f]dam bur/ at ,woolwi*4 ,sid5ote3 ,w>n+ = u4 ,july #aj4--;,a c(f]dam bur/ ye/]day at ! works at ,woolwi*1 hav+ bl[n up f ! f\ndation4 ,h[ cauti\s ?is %\ld make our m56 ,! c(f]dam may be repair$1 & v easily too1 b an irruption into ! ,tunnel--:at a diff]5ce1 p>ticul>ly at ?is e>ly p]iod6 ,sid5ote3 ,c>elessness ( ! m9]s4 ,augu/ #aj4--;,f\nd ! l[e/ cell ( ,no4 #a left by ! workm5 )\t a s+le pol+ aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,?is is inde$ a mo/ unju/ifiable neglect4 ,augu/ #ab4--;,at six ?is morn+ complet$ #bje feet4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations on ! bad effect & consequ5ce ( driv+ on z is done4 ,augu/ #ba4--,?is piece-"w has n be5 productive ( mu* effect z to quantity ( "w4 ,z to quality x is v que/ionable4 ,a "w ( ?is nature %\ld n be hurri$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,few] h&s1 en\gh to produce #i feet p] week1 w\ld be f> bett] ?an ! mode n[ pursu$ f necessity1 b n f incl9ation on my "p4 ,great risks are 9 our way1 & we increase !m by ! mann] ! excavation is c>ri$ on4 ,! frames are 9 a v bad condition4 ,septemb] #e4--;,x is mu* to be regrett$ t su* a "w z ! ,tunnel %\ld be c>ri$ on by ! piece4 ,oblig$ to drive on1 no "t is left to make any repair1 or to recov] any lo/ advantage4 ,isamb>d is mo/ active4 ,mr4 ,beami% %[s mu* judgm5t 9 8 ex]tions1 & zeal 9 8 att5dance4#ad ,sid5ote3 ,wat] break+ 9 at back ( frames4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to *eck x4 ,isamb>d's ex]tions4 ,septemb] #h4--;,ab\t #b ,p4,m4 ,i 0 in=m$ by ,munday t wat] 0 runn+ d[n ov] ,no4 #i4 ,i w5t imm$iately to x4 ,! gr\nd be+ op51 & consequ5tly unsupport$1 x soon became s(t1 & settl$ on ! back ( ! /aves1 mov+ d[n 9 a /ream ( dilut$ silt1 :i* is ! mo/ dang]\s sub/ance we h to cont5d )4 ,"s oakum 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! /aves1 & ! wat] 0 p>tly *eck$4 ,isamb>d 0 ! :ole night1 till ?ree1 9 ! frames4 ,at ?ree ,i reliev$ him4 ,he w5t to re/ = ab\t a c\ple ( h\rs2 ,i took "s re/ on ! /age4 ,sid5ote3 ,?+s improv+4 ,septemb] #i4--,t[>ds noon ! /ream *ang$ its "*4 ,! clay1 be+ loos5$ by ! wat]1 began to run1 b x ?ick5$ gradually4 ,x 0 late 9 ! ev5+ be=e ! loos5$ clay acquir$ ! consi/5cy ( a loose puddl+1 :i* cov]$ ! /aves1 & made !m a complete %ield aga9/ fur!r irruption1 or r1 ooz+s ( mud4 ,if we consid] t at ?is place we h at ! utmo/ #i feet betwe5 ! top /aves & ! gravel1 ov] :i* ! riv] fl[s1 x is mo/ satisfactory & mo/ enc\rag+ to h ?is additional pro( ( ! protection :i* ! %ield af=ds4 ,at n9e o'clock at night ,isamb>d s5t me ^w t #8t\t va m]veille2' inde$ x 0 s1 = x 0 l a /opp] int]pos$ betwe5 ! riv] & ! top-/aves4 ,in/ruct$ z ! m5 7 by ! fir/ accid5t1 !y w5t on z usual 9 ! irrespective occupations4 ,pascoe1 junr41 & ,coll9s 7 rem>kably active & p]sev]+1 & "s o!r m5 equally s2 :ile old ,gre5well enc\rag$ !m by a spee* ( 8 own 9 high comm5dation ( ! security ( _! situation4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat] m abundant4 ,is x f ! riv]8 ,septemb] #ab4--,! wat]1 br++ ) x a sort ( clay brok5 9 small p>ticles1 increas$ to an al>m+ degree4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is cont9u$ displacem5t ( ! silt & clay1 a cavity _h be5 =m$ above ! /aves4 ,at ab\t ?ree1 :5 ,i _h gone to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors1 ! gr\nd fell ^u ! /aves ) great viol5ce1 caus+ a surge mo/ al>m+ z to probable consequ5ces4 ,isamb>d 0 at t mom5t 9 ! upp] frames1 & he gave directions = increas+ ! means ( security4 ,on my return ,i f\nd ?+s mu* worse ?an ,i left !m1 b e means ( security 0 judici\sly appli$4 ,dur+ ! night 9 p>ticul> ?+s pres5t$ a v unfav\rable appe>ance4 ,! m51 h[ev]1 7 z calm z if !re 7 no o!r dang] to be dread$ ?an wet clo!s or ! spla%+ ( mud4 ,i obs]v$ ! m5 9 ! l[] cells 7 s\nd asleep4 ,sid5ote3 ,ex]tions by ! m54 ,sid5ote3 ,slight improvem5t4 ,septemb] #ac4--;,e means 7 resort$ to 9 ! c\rse ( ! night & dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! day to /op ! wat]4 ,! m5 h %[n great zeal & good managem5t 9 _! respective avocations1 & above all ! utmo/ confid5ce4 ,isamb>d has n quitt$ ! frames b to lay d[n n[ & !n on ! /age4 ,i h prevail$ on him to g to 8 b$1 or r1 us$ my endeav\rs to induce him2 b he has n s9ce la/ ,friday night 7! #h?74 ,?+s 7 r bett] at ! close ( ! day4 ,septemb] #ad4--,?+s ^u ! :ole h assum$ a m fav\rable aspect4 ,! situation is nev]!less v critical4 ,no?+ b ! utmo/ precaution 9 foll[+ up :at has begun c br+ u out ( x4 ,?is has be5 a mo/ ev5tful week6 ,septemb] #ah4--;,isamb>d 0 ! great] "p ( ! night 9 ! works1 & ! b5efit ( 8 ex]tions is inde$ mo/ highly felt3 no "o has /ood out l him6 ,ev]y?+ is q safe1 ! wat] is kept back1 & ! "w proce$s 9 a mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,octob] #bb4--;,x is evid5t f a fl[ ( silt :i* _h tak5 place on t day t ) ! %ield we h pass$ close "u a body ( collect$ wat] a few in*es only above ! /aves4 ,isamb>d is too unwell to /ay long 9 ! works4 ,sid5ote3 ,! want ( a dra9 subjects u to mu* inconv5i5ce4 ,octob] #bd4--,! want ( ! ma9 dra9 :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$ to c>ry ! wat] to ! ma9 res]voir is felt ev]y:]e4 ,?is dra9 is 9 my orig9al plan1 b ! committee express+ on sev]al occasions a wi% t ,i %\ld disp5se ) x1 ,i compli$1 mo/ reluctantly h[ev]1 to prove my e>ne/ wi% to r$uce ! exp5ses4 ,x w n1 ,i appreh5d1 be f\nd an economy4 ,sid5ote3 ,effect ( ! %oes 9 keep+ ! gr\nd d5se4 ,octob] #bf4--;,e /ep we take %[s h[ mu* security is d]iv$ f ! %oes1 support+ z !y d ! %ield & ! sup]9cumb5t weight4 ,!y press d[n 9 ! same proportion ! gr\nd on :i* !y be>4 ,!y keep x z d5se z x orig9ally 01 & fit x = ! /ructure t is to come ^u x4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t :at is want$ is t ! gr\nd %\ld be kept press$4 ,x is ) ?is object 9 view t ,i h holdfa/s & jacks4 ,:at incessant vigilance is requir$1 :at an incessant call on ! res\rces ( ! m9d1 n only to direct1 b m p>ticul>ly to provide = _m ?+s t may occur4 ,novemb] #ag4--;,at ?is date #cjg feet #i in*es _h be5 complet$4#ae ,decemb] #h4--,! evil t ( n hav+ a prop] dra9 is go+ on ) u1 & )\t any rem$y except ! dra91 or a cesspool by way ( exp$i5t4 ,h[ mu* anxiety mu/ "o feel at be+ s circum/anc$6 ,%\ld any wat] break 91 h[ %\ld we proce$8 ,?is is ano!r s\rce ( great solicitude4 ,we h no comm& ( ! frames :5 !y re/ ^u wood5 legs1 or :5 ! screws are b5t2 & :at is worse is t ! m5 drive on )\t any consid]ation or any fe> ( consequ5ces4 ,?is circum/ance1 & ! appreh5sion ( ! wat] break+ 91 are matt]s ( ! mo/ dreadful anxiety4 ,sid5ote3 ,sup]9cumb5t weight v>y+ daily1 & /ill m e =tnight4 ,:at /ress on ! frames4 ,! %oes h nev] yield$2 a mo/ important circum/ance4 ,decemb] #ab4--,little d o!rs "k ( ! anxiety & fatigue ,i h to und]go day & night4 ,advanc$ z we are1 we h only ga9$ some:at m exp]i5ce1 b ! casualties are j ! same4 ,an accid5t n[ might be z fatal z x w\ld h be5 #bjj feet back1 or z x w\ld be #bjj feet =w>ds4 ,we h n a p]iod :5 we c ?9k ourselves safe except :5 we h connect$ ^! ar*es ) a %aft on ! o!r side4 ,load$ z we are ) ! weight ( ! riv]1 we h to advance our %ield & build our /ructure "u t weight1 a weight :i* v>ies twice a day1 & twice a mon? to a mu* great] ext5t4 ,! %oes are ! great f\ndation ( our security4 ,:5 once press$ d[n ) ! greate/ p[] t c be appli$1 !y d n give 9 ! lea/ aft]w>ds4 ,!y h n yield$ ev5 ^u loose gravel2 we mu/ !re=e congratulate ourselves t !y h answ]$ s completely4 ,we h n[ walk$ our frames upw>ds ( #cej feet2 we h _h to r5ew ! legs & ! heads1 b x is n ?r\gh want ( /r5g? s mu* z f mismanagem5t4 ,! fir/ legs 7 nev] injur$ s long z _! action 0 limit$ to #c in*es1 b :5 x 0 increas$ to #f in*es1 !y imm$iately gave way "o aft] ano!r1 )\t h[ev] any damage to ! /ructure or to ! %ield4 ,! heads gave way1 or began to give way1 f ! mom5t ! legs did2 because1 :5 a leg gave way1 x br\ght ^u ! contigu\s frame an increas$ weight :i* broke ! heads "o aft] ano!r4 ,t ! break+ ( s important a "p ( our %ield %\ld n h be5 att5d$ ) any bad consequ5ces is a pro( t provision _h be5 made = ! casualty4 ,! pro( t x _h be5 =ese5 & provid$ = is 9 ! mann] ^! heads 7 adapt$ to ! frames4 ,by ! way !y 7 fix$ !y w\ld be easily tak5 d[n & replac$4 ,?\gh ! heads gave way1 ! top /aves 7 n mat]ially affect$ by x1 & ! s]vice cont9u$ until new heads 7 sub/itut$4 ,"s h fanci$ t ! gr\nd did n be> :olly ^u ! %ield & ! ar*es1 b support$ itself 9 p>ts4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ! pressure is r m ?an t :i* re/s artificially on ! frames4 ,! gr\nd is compress$ all r\nd by ! increas$ weight ( high wat]3 we might !re=e conclude t ! %ield op]ates z a pill>1 t supports beyond ! limits ( its base or cap4 ,x is a great satisfaction to be able to say t s long z we foll[$ ! orig9al plan1 no?+ gave way except ! back screws4 ,^! aga9 7 damag$ by be+ run out ( ! sockets4 ,we may !re=e ascribe mo/ ( ! evils & damages to ! increas$ range ( action1 & /ill m to ! rude implem5ts ! m5 h us$1 :5ev] !y met ) any difficulty 9 mov+ ! frames4 ,if x is consid]$ t we _h no o!r m5 to tra9 9 ! use ( ?is imm5se ma*9e b excavators & m9]s1 v great all[ance mu/ be made = :at has occurr$4 ,sid5ote3 ,fall+ ( ?ree fac+s f neglect4 ,awful6 ,decemb] #bj4--;,an accid5t ( an al>m+ nature occurr$4 ,! pol+-screws ( ,nos4 #aj & #ab1 be+ on ,no4 #aa1 ,m\l1 ! m9] 9 t frame1 remov$ 8 butt+ screw2 ! consequ5ce 0 t ! frame />t$ back1 ! pol+s & pol+-screws fell d[n ) a trem5d\s cra%1 & ! gr\nd foll[$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,?is is ! mo/ =midable accid5t t has yet occurr$ 9 ! face ( ! "w4 ,! gr\nd 0 =tunately unusually firm1 & no fatal consequ5ces ensu$4 ,decemb] #ca4--;,isamb>d & n9e fri5ds sat d[n to a d9n] "u ! ,?ames6 ,n[ a ye> is ov] s9ce we began to make any progress horizontally1 = we _h only #aa feet ( ar* :5 ! wat] broke 9 on ,janu>y #bd la/4 ,we may !re=e say t ! :ole ( :at has be5 made ( ! ,tunnel has be5 made 9 t p]iod4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t until ! end ( ,april no fracture :atev]1 no b5d+ ( ! legs1 _h tak5 place1 not)/&+ t we _h support$ = a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree mon?s a great] weight ?an we ev] _h s9ce4 ,! gr\nd ne>ly #dj feet high kept s9k+ ^u u z we advanc$1 & yet no /ave1 no top1 no leg gave way4 ,ea* leg 0 capable ( c>ry+ ne>ly #hj tons at ! po9t ( fracture1 consequ5tly ! aggregate /r5g? ( #cf legs 0 equal to #b1hhj tons1 :i* is six times ov] ! greate/ ef=t t c\ld be ex]t$ by ! sup]9cumb5t weight4 ,! heads1 aft] !y _h giv5 way1 rema9$ 9 place1 "s--namely1 ,nos4 #a1 #h1 #ab--;= sev5 mon?s1 & ! o!rs f f\r to six mon?s4 ,x _c be said !re=e t !re 0 a want ( /r5g?1 s9ce ! brok5 heads cont9u$ to p]=m = s _m mon?s aft] be+ s mu* damag$2 nor is !re any defect 9 ! iron4 ,if ! frames 71 z "s h fanci$1 lanky1 :i* implies weakness 9 _! sides1 h[ c\ld !y h support$ ! alt]nate /ress to :i* !y are put by /&+ alt]nately on "o leg8 ,n "o s+le jo9t has yet />t$4 ,e frame has be5 upw>ds ( #b1jjj times 9 t rak+ po/ure1 consequ5tly ! %ield has be5 upw>ds ( #bd1jjj times /ra9$ "u ! weight t has brok5 ! heads4 ,"o s+le side has brok51 & is n[ z good z ! re/4 ,is su* a ma*9e to be /igmatis$ z x has be51 )\t look+ m m9utely into its op]ations8 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vations on ! responsibility atta*$ to ?is ent]prise4 ,janu>y #d1 #ahbg4af--;,a "w t requires su* close att5tion1 s mu* +5uity1 & c>ri$ on day & night by ! rude/ h&s possible--:at anxiety1 :at fatigue1 bo? ( m9d & body6 ,e morn+ ,i say1 ,ano!r day ( dang] ov]6 ,janu>y #ab4--;,x is a/oni%+ h[ ! silt resi/s ! slid+ ( ! top /aves4 ,assur$ z we 7 ( hav+ /iff clay f #cc to #cg feet1 ) :at confid5ce we might h look$ to mak+ #ah feet p] week4 ,!re w\ld be no difficulty 9 hav+ accompli%$ x4 ,we mu/ n look back1 b ov]come all difficulties6 ,sid5ote3 ,isamb>d on duty sev]al successive nights4 ,janu>y #af4--;,isamb>d hav+ be5 up sev]al successive nights1 w5t to b$ at t51 & slept till six ! next morn+4 ,i am v mu* conc]n$ at 8 be+ s unm9dful ( 8 heal?4 ,he may pay de> = x4 ,febru>y #b4--,"w done to ?is day #dje feet #d in*es4 ,febru>y #c4--;,i visit$ ! works2 &1 be+ 9 ! cab91 ,i compla9$ ( ! du/ !re4 ,du/ "u ! ,?ames6 ,febru>y #bf4--;,i w5t to ! ,tunnel4 ,! ar* be+ well light$ up1 & ! :ole walk complet$1 a few visitors 7 admitt$4 ,! c\p d'il 0 spl5did4 ,mrs4 ,brunel1 ,emma1 ,sophia & h] ?ree little *ildr5 7 ! fir/4 ,x gave me great pleasure to see ! :ole ( my family 9 ! new sc5e4 ,m>* #ba4--,!re be+ no clay above u1 !re is mu* to appreh5d f ! spr+s4 ,x w\ld be mu* bett] to "w sl[] ?an we d4 ,x is inde$ v h>d to be "u ! necessity ( driv+4 ,anxiety increas+ daily4 ,sid5ote3 ,no clay above head2 %\ld "w sl[]4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat] increas+ daily4 ,m>* #bh4--,! top pumps fail$2 ! wat] rose above ! abutt+ screws4 ,! frames ( "s ( !m c\ld n be advanc$1 nor c\ld ! bottom brickwork be laid d[n--great s\rce ( compla9t4 ,isamb>d call$ ! m5 9 at #aj o'clock2 !y w5t on *e]fully4 ,x is surpris+ t ! m5 are s /eady4 ,sid5ote3 ,our situation is gett+ mu* worse daily4 ,m>* #bi4--,?+s are gett+ worse e day by ! influx ( wat]2 by :i* ! gr\nd is s(t5$1 & ! op]ation r5d]$ extremely complicat$ & sl[4 ,z to ! gr\nd1 x is evid5t we are n[ z ,isamb>d f\nd x by 8 bor+s ( ,augu/ la/4 ,we h no?+ above our heads b clayey silt1 & x is ( a nature to be deta*$ & run into mud by ! action ( wat]4 ,april #c4--,! pump+ n[ requires =ty h&s4 ,!re is no exagg]ation 9 say+ t ! influx ( wat]1 & ! badness ( ! gr\nd1 cause an extra exp5se ( #aejl4 a week4 ,sid5ote3 ,ob/acles 9 e way4 ,april #g4--;,x may n[ be said t we are cont5d+ ) ! elem5ts above & ar\nd1 ga9+ & disput+ e in* t we add to ! /ructure4 ,april #i4--;,isamb>d's bir?day1 he be+ ( age to-day4 ,april #ad4--;,do+ z well z c be expect$ f ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 & ! difficulties t increase ^u u4 ,sid5ote3 ,to be oblig$ to drive too fa/ is a sad alt]native4 ,april #ah4--,! faces are f\nd extremely t5d]2 b hav+ proce$$ ) great caution1 no accid5t occurr$4 ,none1 ,i feel confid5t1 w\ld occur if all idea ( piece-"w 7 ab&on$4 ,x always op]ates z a /imulant1 a v dang]\s "o4 ,oblig$ to drive on1 on acc\nt ( exp5se1 we run imm95t risks inde$ = x4 ,t a "w ( ?is nature1 "u su* circum/ances1 %\ld be ?us c>ri$ on1 is truly lam5table4 ,x is obvi\s t ! clay we h above our heads has be5 brok51 by ! gr\nd b5ea? x runn+ or break+ 9 ^u u4 ,we %all h to fight x out until we h a /rong] or ?ick] /ratum ( clay4 ,sad prospect inde$ x is = u6 ,april #bj4--,! gr\nd at ,no4 #a broke 9 aga91 & occasion$ great delay4 ,"s bones & *9a came d[n4 ,april #bb4--,! div+-bell be+ on ! spot1 & ,isamb>d hav+ moor$ x ov] ! %ield1 he & ,gravatt#ag desc5d$ at ?irty feet wat]4 ,!y f\nd ! same sub/ances :i* _h come ?r\gh ! gr\nd into ! ,tunnel4 ,:5 ,isamb>d 0 9 ! bell1 he drove a /rong rod into ! gr\nd4 ,nelson1 :o 0 9 ! frame1 he>d ! bl[s4 ,sid5ote3 ,a dreadful panic4 ,april #bi4--;,gr\nd improv+ z we advance2 we are n1 h[ev]1 free f dang]3 a dreadful al>m took place ?is morn+4 ,:ile ,isamb>d & ,gravatt 7 at breakfa/1 ! port] came runn+ 91 & exclaim+1 #8,x is all ov]6 ,! ,tunnel has fall5 91 & "o man only has escap$4' ,gravatt 0 ! fir/ to get to ! spot1 & f\nd all ! pump]s ^u ! floor ( ! %aft1 all /upefi$ ) horror1 ?\gh e "o 0 !re q safe1 & no ru% ( wat] 0 he>d4 ,gravatt & ,isamb>d 7 soon 9 ! %ield1 :]e !y obs]v$ t a small portion ( clay _h fall5 f ! top on ! top floor4 ,may #h4--;,at half-pa/ ?ree 9 ! morn+1 an irruption took place1 br++ d[n ! deposits ( ! bottom ( ! riv]--lumps ( clay1 /ones1 bones1 wood1 nails1 c41 c41 ) wat]4 ,! pump]s & m5 on ! /age 7,iri%7 all ran away1 "s exclaim+1 #8,! ,?ames is 96 ,! ,?ames is 96' ,ball & ,rog]s /ood to _! po/1 & soon /opp$ ?is mo/ =midable attack4 ,may #aj4--;,great difficulties pres5t !mselves1 t oppose our progress2 ! *ief1 h[ev]1 is ! lodgm5t ( wat] above our heads4 ,!re x loos5s ! silt or s&1 & runs out1 leav+ cavities t cause ! clay above to break1 & run d[n 9 lumps & di/urb$ /reams4 ,?is is v awful6 ,?is op5s ! way = ! riv]4 ,sid5ote3 ,consequ5ces ( want ( c>e m t]rific & mis*iev\s ?an any prec$+ ones4 ,may #ab4--;,9 mov+ ,no4 #f1 !y left by "s unacc\ntable neglect ! top /aves beh9d1 & 9 t /ate two top pol+s 7 tak5 d[n4 ,! gr\nd be+ v bad1 & high wat] at ! same mom5t1 ! gr\nd began swell+4 ,att5tion 0 call$ to sev]al po9ts1 & ,gravatt cont9u$ 9 ,no4 #f4 ,he drew out at ! front ( ! top /aves a %ovel1 & also a hamm]1 t _h come ?r\gh ! gr\nd above4 ,!y are ! same :i* ,isamb>d left at ! bottom ( ! riv]1 :5 he w5t d[n 9 ! div+-bell4 ,sid5ote3 ,triumph ( ! %ield4 ,may #ac4--,not)/&+ e prud5ce on our "p1 a disa/] may /ill occur4 ,may x n be :5 ! ar* is full ( visitors6 ,x is too awful to ?9k ( x4 ,i h done my "p by recomm5d+ to ! directors to %ut ! ,tunnel4 ,my solicitude is n less5$ = t3 ,i h inde$ no re/1 & ,i may say h _h none = _m weeks4 ,s f> ! %ield has triumph$ ov] imm5se ob/acles1 & x w c>ry ! ,tunnel ?r\gh4 ,dur+ ! prec$+ night ! :ole ( ! gr\nd ov] our heads mu/ h be5 9 movem5t1 & t too at high wat]4 ,! %ield mu/ h !re=e support$ upw>ds ( six hundr$ tons3 x has walk$ = _m weeks ) t weight twice a day ov] its head4 ,:at flippancy & inconsi/5cy 9 "s individuals1 :o1 )\t any k ( ! subject1 )\t s mu* z exam9+ ! /ate ( ! "w1 w )\t ! lea/ reflection & hesitation obtrude _! sugge/ions ^u e case4 ,:at %all[ conceit = su* to pret5d !y c "k bett] ?an ^? t h already ! exp]i5ce t mu/ result f ye>s ( deep ?\ght1 f days & nights ( incessant att5tion2 :o h ! advantage ( ! comb9$ tal5ts ( sev]al +5i\s m51 :o devote _! undivid$ /udy1 ! :ole res\rce ( _! well-/or$ m9ds1 to ! ent]prise2 & to add to ?is1 ! b5efit ( ! skill ( "o hundr$ m9]s & excavators4 ,among ?is class ( m51 "s h be5 employ$ 9 ! mo/ p]il\s ent]prises1 :5 ea* individual mu/ h act$ ^u 8 sole judgm5t1 :]e1 9 fact1 !re is no room = an eng9e] to in/ruct & direct _! ef=ts4 ,h[ easy x is to attack ev]y?+1 to detract f ! m]its ( ! be/ plan4 ,!re is always "s weak po9t :i* may be op5 to ! p5etration ( ! %all[e/ m9d4 ,!n comes ! exult+ expression1 ,t ,i always said w\ld nev] d1 c41 & all ! consequ5ces ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ easy to detract4 ,may #ae4--,! wat] increas$ v mu* at #i o'clock4 ,?is is inquitant6 ,my appreh5sions are n gr\ndless4 ,i appreh5d no?+1 h[ev]1 z to ! safety ( ! m51 b fir/ ! visitors1 & next a total invasion by ! riv]4 ,we mu/ be prep>$ = ! wor/4 ,i h _h no re/ = _m weeks on ?is appreh5sion4 ,%\ld x occur we mu/ make ! be/ ( x1 by improv+ our situation4 ,may #ag4--,!re is no d\bt ( ! gr\nd hav+ improv$ v mat]ially s9ce la/ ,saturday4 ,v *e]+ inde$4 ,may #ah4--,visit$ by ,lady ,raffles & a num]\s p>ty4 ,hav+ _h an intimation by ,mr4 ,beami% ( _! int5d$ visit1 ,i wait$ to receive & to accompany !m1 n only f ! int]e/ ,i felt at be+ acqua9t$ ) ,lady ,raffles1 b also f motives ( solicitude1 kn[+ t %e int5d$ to visit ! frames4 ,inde$1 my appreh5sions 7 increas+ daily4 ,i _h giv5 "s in/ructions = enquir+ :]e we c\ld obta9 clay1 t we %\ld h "s b>ges full ( clay to be 9 read9ess4 ,i 0 mo/ anxi\sly wait+ = ! removal ( ! ti] ( colli]s t 0 ov] u1 be+ conv9c$ t we %\ld detect "s d]angem5t !n4 ,i att5d$ ,lady ,raffles & p>ty to ! frames1 mo/ uneasy all ! :ile1 z if ,i _h a pres5tim5t1 n s mu* ( ! approa*+ cata/rophe to ! ext5t x has occurr$1 b ( :at might result f ! misbehavi\r ( "s ( ! m51 z 0 ! case :5 ! ,iri% lab\r]s ran away f ! pumps & ! /age4 ,i left ! works at half-pa/ five1 leav+ ev]y?+ comp>atively well3 ,mr4 ,beami% cont9u$ on duty4#ah ,mr4 ,gravatt's acc\nt is z foll[s3 ,i 0 above ) ,i4 ,brunel look+ ov] "s pr9ts1 ,beami% be+ on duty4 ,"s m5 came runn+ up & said to ,isamb>d some?+ ,i did n he>4 ,he imm$iately ran t[>ds ! works1 & d[n ! m5's /aircase4 ,i ran t[>ds x1 b c\ld n get d[n4 ,i leap$ ov] ! f5ce1 & ru%$ d[n ! visitors' /airs1 & met ! m5 com+ up1 & a lady1 :o ,i ?9k 0 fa9t+4 ,met ,flyn on ! l&+-place1 :o said x 0 all ov]4 ,i pu%$ on1 call+ him a c[>d1 & got d[n z f> z ! visitors' b>ri]4 ,saw ,mr ,beami% pull$ f x4 ,he came on t[>ds ! %aft walk+4 ,i w5t up to him to ask him :at 0 ! matt]4 ,he said x 0 no use resi/+4 ,! m9]s 7 all ^u ! /aircase2 ,brunel & ,i call$ to !m to come back4 ,lane#ai 0 ^u ! /airs1 & he said x 0 ( no use to call ! m5 back4 ,we /ay$ "s "t bel[ on ! /airs1 look+ :]e ! wat] 0 com+ 9 mo/ magnific5tly4 ,we c\ld /ill see ! f>!/ light 9 ! we/ ar*4 ,! wat] came ^u u s sl[ly t ,i walk$ backw>ds speak+ to ,brunel sev]al times4 ,pres5tly ,i saw ! wat] p\r+ 9 f ! ea/ to ! we/ ar* ?r\gh ! cross ar*es4 ,i !n ran & got up ! /airs ) ,brunel & ,beami%1 :o 7 !n five or six /eps up4 ,x 0 !n we he>d a trem5d\s bur/4 ,! cab9 _h bur/1 & all ! lights w5t out at once4 ,!re 0 a noise at ! /aircase1 & pres5tly ! wat] c>ri$ away ! l[] flight ( /airs4 ,brunel look$ t[>ds ! m51 :o 7 l9+ ! /aircase & gall]ies ( ! %aft1 gaz+ at ! spectacle1 & said1 #8,c>ry on1 c>ry on1 z fa/ z y c6' ,^u :i* !y asc5d$ pretty fa/4 ,i w5t up to ! top & saw ! %aft fill+4 ,i look$ ab\t & saw a man 9 ! wat] l a rat4 ,he got hold ( a b>1 b ,i aft]w>ds saw he 0 q sp5t4 ,i 0 look+ ab\t h[ to get d[n1 :5 ,i saw ,brunel desc5d+ by a rope to 8 assi/ance4 ,i got hold ( "o ( ! iron ties1 & slid d[n into ! wat] h& ov] h& ) a small rope1 & tri$ to make x fa/ r\nd 8 middle1 :il/ ,brunel 0 do+ ! same4 ,hav+ done x he call$ out1 #8,haul up4' ,! man 0 haul$ up4 ,i swam ab\t to see :]e to l&4 ,! %aft 0 full ( casks4 ,brunel _h be5 swimm+ too4 ,! fir/ al>m1 z ,i he>d x1 0 z foll[s3 ,goodw91 9 ,no4 #aa1 said to ,rog]1 9 ! next box1 #8,rog]1 come1 help me4' ,rog] said1 #8,i c't1 ,i h my second pol+ d[n1 & my face w run 94' ,9 a little "t ,goodw9 said1 #8,y mu/ come1' :i* ,mr4 ,beami% direct$ him to d4 ,rog] turn$ r\nd & saw ,goodw9 ?r\gh a %eet ( wat]4 ,corps1 a bricklay]1 w5t to help ,goodw93 he 0 knock$ d[n4 ,rog] made 8 way alone1 call+ to ,mr4 ,beami%1 #8,come away1 sir1 #8tis no use to /ay4' ,rog] saw ,corps fairly wa%$ out ( 8 box l a lump ( clay4 ,sir ,isamb>d's j\rnal cont9ues3-- ,may #ai4--,reliev$ z ,i h f\nd myself1 ?\gh by a t]rible cata/rophe1 ( ! wor/ /ate ( anxiety1 t :i* ,i h be5 9 = sev]al weeks pa/1 ,i _h a mo/ com=table night4 ,isamb>d & ,gravatt desc5d$ ) ! div+-bell1 & /ood ^u ! tails ( ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab4 ,may #bj4--;,hav+ desc5d$ into ! hole & prob$ ! gr\nd1 ,i felt t ! /aves 7 9 _! places1 & t ! brickwork 0 q s\nd4 ,x is evid5t t ! great hole has be5 a dr$g+ spot4 ,a l>ge mass ( bags full ( clay1 & unit$ toge!r ) ropes1 0 let d[n4 ,! ,ro!rhi! curate1 9 8 s]mon to-day1 adv]t+ to ! accid5t1 said x 0 a fatal accid5t1 t x 0 b a j judgm5t ^u ! presumptu\s aspirations ( mortal m51 c46 ,! poor man6 ,may #bc4--,w5t ) ! div+-bell to exam9e ! gr\nd & ! bags1 :i* d app>5tly well1 b x is work+ r 9 ! d>k4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 fail ( mak+ a mu* bett] /ratum ?an t we _h be=e4 ,! plan is !re=e good4 ,on ! #cj? a raft 0 sunk ov] ! %ield1 & ! wat] 9 ! %aft 0 br\ght s l[ t ! la/ flight ( /eps 0 visible4 ,h[ev]1 on ! next day ! riv] broke 9 aga92 & z x 0 f\nd t ! raft 0 op5 at ! we/ side1 x 0 rais$ & t[$ on %ore4 ,june #e4--,!re is mu* dang] 9 gett+ out ( ! div+-bell1 ! bags are s loose 9 "s places4 ,"o might s9k & be swall[$1 :i* _h v ne>ly happ5$ to-day4 ,isamb>d & ,p9ckney be+ d[n1 ! latt] lo/ 8 hold4 ,! footbo>d be+ accid5tally c>ri$ away1 he c\ld n h recov]$ himself _h n ,isamb>d /ret*$ out 8 leg to 8 assi/ance4 ,june #ag4--,visit$ by ,*>les ,bonap>te4 ,isamb>d took him into ! ar* ) ! yawl4 ,isamb>d fell ov]bo>d4#bj ,on ,june #ai1 a g5]al meet+ ( ! proprietors 0 held1 to consid] ! position ( ! company4 ,sir ,isamb>d address$ ! meet+1 & also pres5t$ a long report1 9 :i* he ent]$ v fully into ! circum/ances ( ! rec5t accid5t & ! causes :i* l$ to x4 ,he !n describ$ ! means he _h tak5 to re/ore ! works by s9k+ bags ( clay & gravel4 ,he adds3 #8,i h already succe$$ 9 clos+ ! hole ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fir/ p5etrat$1 & feel confid5t t ! second op5+ :i* aft]w>ds appe>$ is also /opp$1 b a %ort "t is necess>y to elapse = ! new gr\nd ov] ! %ield to settle & consolidate4 ,x has already support$ a head ( wat] ( ?irty-five feet4' ,june #be4--;,at #g ,p4,m4 made prep>ations to re-ent] ! %ield4 ,isamb>d1 mu/]+ ! m5 :o _h be5 ! la/ to quit ! frames1 told !m !y w\ld be ! fir/ to take possession ( !m aga9--a prec$5ce due1 z he said1 to !m4 ,rog]s1 ,ball1 ,goodw91 ,corps1 & ,compton1 7 accord+ly ord]$ to trim !mselves = ! exp$ition1 provid$ ) a phosphorus box1 & dress$ 9 light clo!s1 to be fit = a swim4 ,at ab\t t5 o'clock1 ,isamb>d & ,mr4 ,beami%1 accompani$ by ,ball & ,woodw>d 7m9]s71 w5t d[n ) ! punt1 & got to ! l>ge /age1 ! head ( ! crane j em]g+4 ,x 0 f\nd impossible to get into ! frames1 z a m\nd ( clay & silt clos$ ! entrance4 ,! c5t]+ 0 9 place & q s\nd1 & ( c\rse ! brickwork4 ,f9d+ t !y c\ld n get ne>]1 !y gave ?ree *e]s1 :i* 7 raptur\sly answ]$ by ! m5 at ! m\? ( ! ,tunnel4 ,hav+ plac$ c&les ^u ! gr\nd t clos$ ! entrance1 & ^u ! head ( ! crane1 !y return$4 ,isamb>d1 hav+ promis$ t ! m5 :o _h left ! frames la/ %\ld be ! fir/ to re-ent]1 return$ ) !m4 ,?is is a great day = our hi/ory6 ,june #bg4--,mr4 ,beami% 0 able to get to ! frames1 :i* he f\nd firm & undi/urb$4 ,a small t>paul9 0 n[ spread ov] ! frames1 & op]ations comm5c$ = clean+ !m4 ,?is 0 a mo/ difficult & dang]\s "w1 especially z ! wat] 0 /ill s high t ! frames c\ld only be approa*$ by boats4 ,! m51 ev5 ! be/ h&s1 7 at fir/ greatly al>m$ at ! dang] !y 7 92 b ! example set by ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,beami% produc$1 z ,sir ,isamb>d notes1 ! be/ effect1 & !y soon became reconcil$ to _! situation4 ,july #g4--,v uncom=table 9 ! frames2 ! c&les _c burn1 ! v5tilation _c act4 ,isamb>d w5t sev]al times to-day d[n 9 ! div+-bell4 ,on "o occasion ! *a9 slipp$ ?r\gh ! /opp]s1 b mo/ provid5tially x jamm$ itself tight be=e be+ altoge!r run out4 ,! consequ5ce might inde$ h be5 fatal4 ,c !re be a m anxi\s situation ?an t :i* ,i am con/antly 98 ,n "o mom5t ( re/ ei!r ( m9d or body4 ,mr4 ,beami% always ready4 ,poor ,isamb>d always at 8 po/ too1 alt]nately bel[1 or 9 ! b>ges1 & 9 ! div+-bell4 ,on ,july #aa1 ,sir ,isamb>d ?\ght t matt]s _h s f> advanc$ t a l>ge t>paul91 :i* x 0 propos$ to s9k ov] ! frames1 #8w\ld h its full effect4' ,x 0 accord+ly sunk on ! foll[+ day1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,sir ,isamb>d adds to 8 acc\nt ( ! op]ation--#8,?is reflects great cr$it on ,isamb>d1 & ! app>5t facility ) :i* x 0 effect$ ev9ces 8 pres5ce ( m9d1 = a s+le faux pas w\ld h spoilt ! :ole4'#ba ,july #ba4--;,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! night an al>m 0 giv51 by ,fitzg]ald call+ = clay w$ges1 & exclaim+ t ! :ole ( ! faces 7 com+ 9 altoge!r4 ,rog]s collect$ a quantity ( w$ges to g to ! frames1 b no boat 0 to be se54 ,he call$ to ! m5 9 ! frames1 b receiv$ no answ]4 ,tak+ ! small boat 9 ! ea/ ar*1 he rea*$ ! frames1 b f\nd nobody1 nor any appe>ance ( d]angem5t 9 ! gr\nd4 ,conjectur+ !y might be dr[n$1 he explor$ fur!r1 & saw ! f\r m5 /ret*$ on ! small /age1 n dr[n$1 b s\nd asleep6 ,july #bf4--,wat] ne>ly out ( ! ar*es4 ,= ! fir/ "t we c\ld walk to ! frames--a mo/ gratify+ circum/ance inde$6 ,two mon?s & eight days4 ,septemb] #cj4--;,h[ sl[ our progress mu/ appe> to o!rs2 b x is n s1 if x is consid]$ h[ mu* we h _h to d 9 right+ ! frames & 9 repair+ !m2 :at ) timb]+1 %or+1 %ipp+ & refitt+--all ^! op]ations be+ 9 conf9$ situations1 ! wat] bur/+ 9 occasionally1 & ! gr\nd runn+ 93 9 %ort1 x is truly t]rific to be 9 ! mid/ ( ?is sc5e4 ,if to ?is we add ! actual dang]1 magnifi$ by ! re-e*o+ ( ! pumps1 & sometimes 7/ill m awful w>n+67 ! report ( l>ge pieces ( ca/ iron break+1 x is 9 no way an exagg]ation to say t su* has be5 ! /ate ( ?+s4 ,nev]!less1 my confid5ce 9 ! %ield is n only undim9i%$--x is1 on ! contr>y1 tri$ ) its full effect1 & x is manife/ n[ t x w soon replace u 9 good gr\nd1 & 9 a safe situation4 ,no top /aves h giv5 way4 ,t is our real protection4 ,octob] #ag4--;,at #b4ae ,a4,m4 ,kemble1 hav+ fir/ call$ ^u ,gravatt1 came to ,isamb>d 9 a hurry1 &1 q /upefi$ ) fright1 told him t ! wat] 0 94 ,says ,isamb>d--#8,i c\ld n believe him4 ,he said x 0 up ! %aft :5 he came4 ,?is be+ l positive1 ,i ran )\t a coat z fa/ z possible1 giv+ a d\ble knock at ,gravatt's door 9 my way4 ,i saw ! m5 on ! top1 & he>d !m call+ e>ne/ly to ^? :om !y fanci$ _h n _h "t to escape4 ,nay1 ,miles _h already1 9 8 zeal = ! aid ( o!rs1 ?r[n a long rope1 & 0 sw++ x ab\t1 call+ to ! un=tunate suff]]s to lay hold ( x1 enc\rag+ & *e]+ ^? :o might n f9d x1 to swim to "o ( ! l&+s4 ,i imm$iately1 ,i %\ld say in/antly1 flew d[n ! /airs4 ,! %aft 0 completely d>k4 ,i expect$ at e /ep to spla% into ! wat]4 ,be=e ,i 0 aw>e ( ! di/ance ,i _h run1 ,i rea*$ ! frames 9 ! ea/ ar*1 & met !re ,pamphillon1 :o told me t no?+ 0 ! matt]1 b a small run 9 ,no4 #a top1 :]e ,i f\nd ,hugg9s & ! corps d'lite4 ,!y 7 n ev5 aw>e t any "o _h left ! frames4 ,! cause ( ! panic 0 "o ( ! lab\r]s2 he>+ ! man 9 ,no4 #a call = ,ball1 he ran away1 jump+ (f ! /age1 cry+1 8,run1 run1 murd]1 murd]2 put ! lights out40 ,8 fell[-lab\r]s foll[$ l %eep1 mak+ ! same vocif]ations4' ,novemb] #aj4--;,isamb>d gave 8 ent]ta9m5t to ne>ly =ty p]sons1 :o sat at table 9 ! ,tunnel4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! effect = brilliancy4 ,ab\t #abj m5 p>took ( a d9n] 9 ! adjo9+ ar*4 ,z ! ye> drew to a close1 ! difficulty ( work+ ! silt increas$1 & ) ?is difficulty increas$ also ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ ! /aff ( m5 requir$4 ,on ,decemb] #ah1 ,mr4 ,brunel1 writ+ = 8 fa!r1 :o 0 abs5t f t[n = a few days1 ?us describes ! nature ( ! soil ?r\gh :i* !y 7 !n pass+4 ,! /ate ( ! gr\nd ov] ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c top has caus$ consid]able delay1 p>ticul>ly ?is week1 al?\gh n su* z to give any cause ( anxiety z to our future rate ( progress1 or to h any s]i\s effect except ! increas$ exp5se incid5tal to ?is delay4 ,my fa!r desir$ me to describe to ! ,bo>d ! causes ( ^! difficulties4 ,!re is a consid]able spr+ at ?is po9t1 & a correspond+ s(t "p 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* seems to indicate ! ris+ ( ! spr+4 ,! gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood is affect$ by ?is spr+ 9 r a peculi> mann]3 at ! half-flood tide ! pressure is greate/3 dry h>d clay oozes ) great =ce ?r\gh op5+s h>dly obs]vable1 ! silt & wat] runn+ by />ts4 ,at high-wat] ! pressure & quantity ( wat] beg9 to dim9i% & on ! ebb-tide ! gr\nd is h>d & dry1 & c be work$ ) ease4 ,on ! flood-tide !re are z _m z twelve & fifte5 ( ! be/ h&s1 besides myself 7or "o ( my assi/ants7 & ! =eman1 engag$ entirely at "o face4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #ahbh1 ,sir ,isamb>d return$ to ,london2 & on ! #ab?1 :5 ab\t #fjj feet ( ! ,tunnel _h be5 complet$1 a second irruption occurr$1 :i* put a /op to ! works = sev5 ye>s4 ,! p>ticul>s ( ?is accid5t are ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 a lett] to ! ,directors ( ! ,company3-- ,i _h be5 9 ! frames 7%ield7 ) ! workm5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole night1 hav+ tak5 my /ation !re at t5 o'clock4 ,dur+ ! work+s ?r\gh ! night1 no symptoms ( insecurity appe>$4 ,at six o'clock ?is morn+ 7! visual "t = %ift+ ! m57 a fre% set or %ift ( ! m5 came on to "w4 ,we began to "w ! gr\nd at ! we/ top corn] ( ! frame3 ! tide _h j !n begun to fl[2 & f9d+ ! gr\nd tol]ably quiet1 we proce$$ by beg9n+ at ! top1 & _h work$ ab\t a foot d[nw>ds1 :5 on expos+ ! next six in*es1 ! gr\nd swell$ sudd5ly1 & a l>ge quantity bur/ ?r\gh ! op5+ ?us made4 ,?is 0 foll[$ in/antly by a l>ge body ( wat]4 ,! ru% 0 s viol5t z to =ce ! man on ! spot1 :]e ! bur/ took place1 out ( ! frame 7or cell7 on to ! timb] /age beh9d ! frames4 ,i 0 9 ! frame ) ! man1 b ^u ! ru% ( ! wat] ,i w5t into ! next box 7or cell71 9 ord] to comm& a bett] view ( ! irruption1 & see+ t !re 0 no possibility ( !n oppos+ ! wat]1 ,i ord]$ all ! m5 9 ! frames to retire4 ,all 7 retir+1 except ! ?ree m5 :o 7 ) me1 & !y retreat$ ) me4 ,i did n leave ! /age until ^? ?ree 7 d[n ! ladd] ( ! frames1 :5 !y & ,i proce$$ ab\t tw5ty feet along ! we/ ar* ( ! ,tunnel4 ,at ?is mom5t ! agitation ( ! air1 by ! ru% ( wat]1 0 su* z to ext+ui% all ! lights1 & ! wat] _h ga9$ ! height ( our wai/s4 ,i 0 at t mom5t giv+ directions to ! ?ree m51 9 :at mann] !y ought to proce$ 9 ! d>k to effect _! escape1 :5 !y & ,i 7 knock$ d[n1 & cov]$ ) a "p ( ! timb] /age4 ,i /ruggl$ "u wat] = "s "t1 & at l5g? extricat$ myself f ! /age1 & by swimm+ & be+ =c$ by ! wat]1 ,i ga9$ ! ea/]n ar* :]e ,i got a bett] foot+1 & 0 enabl$ by lay+ hold ( ! railway rope1 to pause a little1 9 ! hope ( enc\rag+ ! m5 :o _h be5 knock$ d[n at ! same "t ) myself4 ,?is ,i endeav\r$ to d by call+ to !m4 ,be=e ,i rea*$ ! %aft ! wat] _h ris5 s rapidly t ,i 0 out ( my dep?1 & !re=e swam to ! visitors' /airs1 ! /airs = ! workm5 be+ occupi$ by ^? :o _h s f> escap$4 ,my knee 0 s injur$ by ! timb] /age t ,i c\ld sc>cely swim1 or get up ! /airs1 b ! ru% ( ! wat] c>ri$ me up ! %aft4 ,! ?ree m5 :o _h be5 knock$ d[n ) me 7 unable to extricate !mselves1 & ,i am griev$ to say1 !y are lo/2 & ,i believe also two old m51 & "o "y man1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! "w4 ,?is /atem5t ,sir ,isamb>d embodi$ 9 a report to ! ,directors ( ,janu>y #bh1 :i* 0 circulat$ among ! proprietors4 ,z soon z ! fir/ excitem5t caus$ by ! irruption _h ceas$1 ,mr4 ,brunel direct$ ! div+-bell to be prep>$ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! /ate ( ! %ield & ! ext5t ( ! di/urbance ( ! b$ ( ! riv] caus$ by ! ru% ( wat] into ! ,tunnel4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 s s]i\sly injur$ t he c\ld n actively sup]9t5d ! prep>ations1 b 8 ord]s 7 giv5 ) 8 usual cle>ness1 calmness1 & decision2 & z soon z ! b>ge conta9+ ! div+-bell 0 prop]ly moor$ ov] ! ,tunnel1 he 0 c>ri$ out & laid ^u a mattress on ! deck ( ! b>ge1 t he might direct :at 0 to be done4 ,z ev5+ came on he became s mu* worse t he 0 tak5 into ! cab92 b ev]y?+ :i* took place 0 report$ to him4 ,at l5g?1 ! bell be+ ready1 x 0 l[]$ e>ly on ! ,sunday morn+1 b ! *a9 n be+ long en\gh1 proce$+s 7 delay$ until a long] *a9 c\ld be obta9$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a *a9 ( ! "r size & l5g? c\ld n be obta9$1 ! /ronge/ cable :i* c\ld be procur$ 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 sub/itut$ = ! *a94 ,a controv]sy !n arose betwe5 ! assi/ant eng9e]s & ! =em5 z to ! suffici5cy ( ! /r5g? ( ! cable2 & x 0 agre$ to consult & to abide by ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 !n ly+ 9 great pa9 9 ! cab94 ,no answ] c\ld be obta9$ f him = "s m9utes1 & !n he only said1 #8,don't g d[n4' ,?is n be+ satisfactory to ! advocates ( ! suffici5cy ( ! cable1 x 0 agre$ to l[] ! bell empty1 :i* 0 done1 & x 0 br\ght up safely2 b j z x 0 swung ov] ! b>ge1 ! rope broke & ! bell fell on to ! /age4 ,! next day ,mr4 ,brunel 0 tak5 home1 :5 x 0 f\nd t1 besides ! injury to 8 knee :i* he receiv$ :ile endeav\r+ to save ! lives ( ! ?ree m5 :o 7 ) him1#bb he _h receiv$ s]i\s int]nal injuries1 :i* kept him "u m$ical treatm5t = sev]al mon?s4 ,:5 he 0 able to return to ,ro!rhi! all hope ( cont9u+ ! works 0 = ! "t ab&on$4 ,:5 !y 7 resum$1 9 #ahce1 he 0 entirely engross$ 9 ! indep5d5t pursuit ( 8 pr(ession2 &1 ) ! exception ( a few occasions :5 he act$ = 8 fa!r1 he _h no fur!r connection ) ! ,tunnel4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 necess>y to cont9ue ! n>rative 9 detail2 b a brief summ>y ( ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ent]prise may be int]e/+ to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) x4 ,! ,tunnel 0 cle>$ ( wat]1 & ef=ts 7 made1 un=tunately )\t success1 to raise funds = ! completion ( ! und]tak+4 ,great en?usiasm 0 exhibit$ by ! g5]al public & by _m em95t p]sons1 includ+ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton2 b ! money 0 n =?com+1 & no?+ 0 left b to brick 9 ! %ield1 & wait = m fav\rable times4 ,x 0 n till ! beg9n+ ( #ahce t ! ,company 0 able1 by ! aid ( a loan f ,gov]nm5t1 to recomm5ce ! works4 ,! old %ield 0 remov$ & a new "o sub/itut$1 9 :i* consid]able improvem5ts 7 introduc$4 ,sl+s connect+ ! frames 7 add$1 :i* enabl$ ea* frame to support its neighb\rs :5 necess>y1 & important alt]ations 7 also made 9 ! arrangem5ts = keep+ ! frames at ! "r di/ance f "o ano!r1 & = giv+ great] facility ( adju/m5t to ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,be=e ! ,wapp+ side 0 rea*$ !re 7 ?ree m irruptions ( ! riv]1 namely1 ,augu/ #bc1 ,novemb] #c1 #ahcg1 & ,m>* #ba1 #ahch2 b 9 ,octob] #ahdj ! %aft on ! ,wapp+ %ore 0 comm5c$4 ,x diff]$ f ! ,ro!rhi! %aft1 9 be+ sunk ! :ole dep? )\t und]p9n+1 & 0 made ( a slightly conical =m1 to r$uce ! friction 9 s9k+1 & _h a l>g] quantity ( iron hoops introduc$ into ! brickwork1 9 ord] to increase its /r5g?4 ,:5 ?is /ructure _h be5 sunk to ! requir$ dep? 7#gj feet71 ! excavation ( ! ,tunnel 0 resum$1 & at la/ ! %ield 0 br\ght up to ! brickwork ( ! %aft4 ,! op]ation ( mak+ ! junction betwe5 ! ,tunnel & ! %aft 0 "o ( mu* difficulty1 b x 0 at l5g? satisfactorily accompli%$1 & ! ,tunnel 0 op5$ to ! public on ,m>* #be1 #ahdc--;eighte5 ye>s & tw5ty-?ree days aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w4#bc ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ^: heal? _h = "s "t be5 fail+1 n[ retir$ altoge!r f 8 pr(essional lab\rs4 ,aft] pass+ a few ye>s 9 peaceful & happy seclusion1 surr\nd$ by ^? he lov$1 & wat*$ ov] by _! affectionate c>e1 he di$ on ,decemb] #ab1 #ahdi1 9 8 #ha/ ye>1 hav+ be5 sp>$ to c>ry to completion 8 greate/ "w1 & to see 8 son foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps ) a success :i* mu/ h exce$$ 8 mo/ sangu9e expectations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! education ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ f 8 fa!r 0 well calculat$ to =m ! f\ndation ( 8 future c>e]4 ,dur+ ! lat] & m ardu\s "p ( ! conte/1 :i* 0 end$ by ! irruption ( ,janu>y #ahbh1 he held bo? ! nom9al & actual po/ ( ,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel2 b f ! comm5cem5t ( ! works1 :5 he 0 only n9ete5 ye>s old1 he _h be51 z /at$ by ,sir ,isamb>d1 #8a mo/ valuable coadjutor 9 ! und]tak+4' ,:ile plac$ 9 ?is responsible position he acquir$ habits ( endurance & ( self-reliance1 & le>nt to act ) promptitude & decision 9 ! application ( ^? measures :i* exp]i5ce _h %[n to be effective 9 ea* p>ticul> class ( em]g5cy4 ,b beyond all o!r advantages1 he _h be=e him ! example ( 8 fa!r's "*1 9 :i* a r>e degree ( g5tl5ess & mode/y ( disposition 0 jo9$ to unfl9*+ en]gy1 & a det]m9ation to ov]come all difficulties4 ,,note ,a 7p4 #e74 ,! ,b\rbon ,susp5sion ,bridges4#bd ,! susp5sion bridges design$ by ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel = cross+ riv]s 9 ! ,ile de ,b\rbon 7 two 9 numb]4 ,"o ( !m _h two spans ( #abb feet ea* 9 ! cle>1 & #aca feet #i in*es betwe5 ! po9ts ( susp5sion ( ! *a9s4 ,! second _h b "o span ( ! same dim5sions z ^? ( ! l>g] bridge4 ,9 ! design ( ^! bridges "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to be att5d$ to1 0 to r5d] !m secure aga9/ hurricanes1 :i* are bo? frequ5t & sev]e 9 ! ,ile de ,b\rbon4 ,9 ! l>g] bridge !re 0 a pi] ( masonry1 built 9 ! middle ( ! riv] up to ! level ( ! roadway ( ! bridge4 ,! susp5sion *a9s ( ! bridge 7 9 ?ree gr\ps1 #i feet #h in*es ap>t1 s z to leave room = two roadways1 ea* ab\t #h feet #i in*es wide4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( *a9s consi/$ ( two *a9s side by side4 ,ea* *a9 0 made ) long l9ks l ^? ( ! *a9 cables us$ = moor+s4 ,^! l9ks1 :i* 7 made ( iron #acf in* 9 diamet]1 7 #d feet #h in*es long1 inside measure1 & 7 ea* connect$ toge!r by two %ort c\pl+ l9ks1 #h in*es long1 inside measure1 ( iron #acf in* by #a in*1 & two p9s1 ea* two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! two *a9s ( ea* gr\p 7 plac$ side by side1 ) ! l9ks upright2 "o ( ! p9s at ea* jo9t 0 made long en\gh to s]ve = bo? *a9s1 &1 9 ! middle ( its l5g? betwe5 ! two *a9s1 0 pass$ ?r\gh an eye at ! upp] end ( "o ( ! susp5d+ rods ( ! bridge4 ,?us to e jo9t 9 ea* gr\p ( ! ma9 *a9s1 or at int]vals ( ab\t #e feet1 !re 0 a susp5d+ rod4 ,^! rods 7 #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! p9s ( ! jo9ts ( ! ma9 *a9s _h half heads at ea* end ( !m4 ,!y c\ld ?us be easily ins]t$ 9 erect+ ! bridge1 b once 9 place 7 q secure4 ,at e f\r? jo9t 9 ! ma9 *a9s "o ( ! jo9t p9s 0 made 9 two halves1 ) w$ges ins]t$ betwe5 !m = adju/+ ! l5g? ( ! ma9 *a9s4 ,?us !re 7 six *a9s1 & z ! l9ks ( ^! _h ea* two p>ts ( iron #acf in* 9 diamet]1 ! total sectional area ( ! six *a9s 0 #agd in*es4 ,ea* gr\p ( ! ma9 *a9s 0 support$ at a height ( #be feet #f in*es above ! roadway at ! c5tre pi]1 & at a height ( #e feet #c in*es at ea* ( ! side pi]s1 ! l[e/ portion ( ! curve ( ! *a9 be+ ab\t #a foot bel[ ! po9ts ( susp5sion ( ! side pi]s4 ,! upright /&>ds1 c>ry+ ! *a9s bo? at ! c5tre pi] & at ! side pi]s1 consi/$ = ea* gr\p ( *a9s ( a triangul> framework ( ca/ iron1 /r5g!n$ by long bolts ( wr\ght iron4 ,!re 7 ?us ?ree ( ^! triangul> frames p>allel to ea* o!r at ea* ( ! pi]s1 & ^? at ! c5tre pi] 7 brac$ toge!r ov] ! c>riage road4 ,! ma9 *a9s 7 n bolt$ to ! /&>ds1 b 7 slung f !m by a v]tical susp5sion l9k1 :i* ?us all[$ !m to move a little l5g?ways4 ,?is l9k1 9 fact1 p]=m$ ! function ( ! roll]s n[ g5]ally put "u ! saddles ( susp5sion bridges4 ,! ends ( ! ma9 *a9s 7 held by back /ays1 =m$ ( b>s #c in*es broad by #a in* ?ick1 & #aj feet long1 ) jo9ts made ) %ort l9ks1 & #b in* p9s4 ,! ends ( ^? back /ays 7 secur$ to hold+ d[n plates #c feet 9 diamet]1 sunk deep 9 ! gr\nd & well load$4 ,z !re 0 a v]tical susp5sion rod at ea* jo9t ( ! ma9 *a9s1 !re 0 a susp5sion rod hang+ f ea* ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( *a9s at ab\t e five feet ( ! l5g? ( ! bridge4 ,to ea* set ( ^! rods 0 atta*$ a cross gird] ( ca/ iron ( a ,t section1 ) a l>ge r\nd$ bead at ! l[] edge ( ! upright web2 & connect+ ^! "u ea* ( ! ma9 *a9s 0 a longitud9al timb] beam ab\t #h in*es squ>e4 ,! ca/-iron cross gird]s c>ri$ longitud9al teak plank+1 ! planks on :i* ! c>riage :eels ran be+ #ab in*es wide & #d in*es ?ick1 protect$ at ! top by wr\ght-iron plates runn+ longitud9ally4 ,! horse-pa? 0 protect$ by iron plates arrang$ crosswise4 ,"u ea* span ( ! bridge 7 f\r *a9s curv$ upw>ds & also sideways4 ,^! *a9s 7 fa/5$ at _! ends into ! pi]s1 & 7 connect$ to ! roadway by ties drawn up tight & atta*$ to ! ma9 longitud9al be>]s ( ! plat=m2 ! object be+ to /iff5 ! plat=m4 ,^! "u tie *a9s 7 made ea* ( a set ( rods #a in* 9 diamet] ) eyes at _! ends1 ! ends be+ connect$ by %ort jo9t l9ks & #a in* p9s2 & to ^! jo9t l9ks 7 atta*$ ! tie rods :i* connect ^! inv]t$ *a9s ) ! plat=m ( ! bridge1 & s prev5t$ its be+ lift$ or bl[n sideways by ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,9 ! small] bridge1 :i*1 z has be5 said1 consi/$ ( "o span ( #aca feet #i in*es betwe5 ! po9ts ( susp5sion1 ^! po9ts 7 #ae feet #e in*es above ! roadway1 & ! l[e/ "p ( ! *a9 0 #i feet #g in*es bel[ ! po9ts ( susp5sion4 ,! details ( ?is bridge 7 simil> to ^? ( ! l>g] "o4 ,,note ,b 7p4 #e74 ,exp]im5ts ) ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas4 ,9 #ahbc ,mr4 ,f>aday made ! important discov]y t "u c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature & pressure _m gases c\ld be liquefi$1 & t ^! liquids ex]t$ great expansive =ce by slight additions ( temp]ature1 return+ quickly ) regul>ity & c]ta9ty to _! orig9al /ate ^u ! application ( cold4 ,! discov]y ( ?is new =ce appe>$ ( su* importance1 t ,mr4 ,f>aday lo/ no "t 9 publi%+ x to ! _w2 & ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel v soon aft]w>ds comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! value ( ! liquid gas z a me*anical ag5t4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts 7 made at ,*elsea2 b ! prosecution ( !m 0 soon transf]r$ to ! c>e ( ,mr4 ,brunel at ,ro!rhi!1 :]e he devot$ all 8 sp>e "t to ! con/ruction ( 8 fa!r's propos$ #8,diff]5tial ,p[] ,eng9e4' ,t ! progress ( ?is discov]y1 & ( ! exp]im5ts made ) a view to ! application ( ! liquid gas1 z a motive p[]1 may be und]/ood1 x is necess>y to /ate t 9 ,m>* #ahbc ,mr4 ,f>aday communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ! results ( 8 fir/ exp]im5ts on ! liquefaction ( gases4 ,! fluid 0 !n produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! hydrate ( *lor9e by heat 9 a clos$ tube1 ! am\nt ( gas evolv$ be+ s great z to produce a pressure 9 ! tube suffici5t to cond5se ! gas into a fluid ( ! same volume4 ,?is int]e/+ exp]im5t 0 foll[$ by o!rs ) t rapidity & success s rem>kable 9 ev]y?+ und]tak5 at t "t 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution2 & )9 a mon? ano!r pap] 0 read be=e ! ,royal ,society1 9 :i* ! degrees ( pressure & temp]ature at :i* sev]al gases c\ld be liquefi$ 7 record$1 & ! means employ$ to produce & liquefy ea* gas accurately describ$4 ,on ,april #ag a ?ird pap] 0 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 #8,on ! ,application ( ,liquids produc$ by ! ,cond5sation ( ,gases z ,me*anical ,ag5ts4' ,! "q is ?us /at$3 #8,! ratio ( ! ela/ic =ce dep5d5t ^u pressure is to be comb9$ ) t ( ! expansive =ce dep5d5t on temp]ature2 & ! developm5t ( lat5t heat on compression & ! necessity ( its reabsorption 9 expansion mu/ awak5 d\bts z to ! economical results to be obta9$ by employ+ ! /eam ( wat] "u v great pressures & v elevat$ temp]atures4 ,no su* d\bt c arise respect+ liquids1 :i* require = _! exi/5ce ev5 a compression equal to ?irty or =ty atmosph]es1 & :]e slight elevations ( temp]ature are suffici5t to produce an imm5se ela/ic =ce1 & :]e ! pr9cipal "q aris+ is :e!r ! ef=t ( me*anical motion is to be mo/ easily produc$ by an increase or dim9ution ( heat by artificial means4' ,difficulties 7 sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday z to ! possibility ( obta9+ suffici5t /r5g? 9 ! app>atus1 b ! small diff]5ce ( temp]ature requir$ to produce an ela/ic =ce ( _m atmosph]es1 he consid]$ w\ld r5d] ! risk ( explosion small4 ,to con/ruct ! ma*9]y :]eby ?is new =ce c\ld be practically appli$ z a sub/itute = /eam1 occupi$ ! "t ( ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel & 8 son at int]vals = sev]al ye>s2 = al?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel 0 satisfi$ at an e>ly p]iod ( ! enquiry t ! liquefi$ gases c\ld only be advantage\sly employ$ :]e ! co/ ( motive =ce 0 second>y to economy ( space & to ! avoidance ( ! cumbr\s app>atus requir$ = ! use ( /eam1 /ill he 0 s impress$ ) ! importance ( ! subject1 if ! difficulties he =esaw 9 its application c\ld be ov]come1 t he cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts = a long p]iod ) unflagg+ en]gy & p]sev]ance4 ,! facts relat+ to ! liquefaction ( ! gases1 _! ela/ic =ce :5 liquefi$ "u diff]5t temp]atures1 ! rapidity ) :i* !y c\ld be alt]nately exp&$ & cond5s$1 & ! be/ mode ( produc+ ea* gas1 7 det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,f>aday2 & z ,mr4 ,brunel 0 at t "t att5d+ ! morn+ *emical lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 he 0 9 con/ant communication ) him1 & ?or\ghly conv]sant ) 8 exp]im5ts4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,brunel _h made a few prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 ,sir ,isamb>d det]m9$ to employ liquefi$ c>bonic acid gas = ! motive p[] ( ! propos$ new eng9e1 ! facility & *eapness ( its production1 its great expansive =ce1 & its neutral "* di/+ui%+ x f any o!r gas2 b x 0 long be=e vessels 7 con/ruct$1 9 :i* gas c\ld be produc$ 9 suffici5t quantity & purity to ex]t ! =ce requir$ to liquefy x 9 its own volume1 = x 0 soon f\nd to be impossible to obta9 ! requir$ pressure ) pumps4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia & sulphuric acid 7 ! elem5ts us$1 & ! g5]ator 0 s arrang$ t x c\ld be *>g$1 empti$ ( atmosph]ic air1 & ! jo9ts made p]fect1 be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! =mation ( ! gas :i* 0 to be liquefi$4 ,to ! g5]ator 0 atta*$ a receiv]1 :i* c\ld be surr\nd$ ) a freez+ mixture1 s t ! temp]ature ( ! gas 9 ! cyl9d] might be bel[ t 9 ! g5]ator4 ,! gradual =mation ( ! liquid1 ! developm5t ( its ela/ic =ce1 & ! regul>ity & rapidity ) :i* x increas$ or dim9i%$ by ea* degree ( heat or cold1 7 c>efully wat*$ ?r\gh a glass gauge1 & ! receiv] :5 fill$ ) liquid c\ld be disconnect$ f ! g5]ator4 ,! me*anical difficulties z !y arose1 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 ! con/ruction & arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! g5]ator & receiv] 7 at l5g? ov]come2 & ! receiv] 0 n only fill$ ) liquid gas1 b f\nd to be capable ( reta9+ x1 :e!r ex]t+ an ela/ic =ce ( #cj atmosph]es at ord9>y temp]atures1 or ( #ajj atmosph]es :5 subject$ to a slight degree ( heat4 ,! receiv] be+ satisfactorily complet$1 ! next object ( att5tion 0 ! design & con/ruction ( a work+ cyl9d] capable ( resi/+ at lea/ #a1djj lbs4 pressure on ! squ>e in*2 a task :i* 0 "o ( great anxiety1 z any weakness might h caus$ a s]i\s accid5t4 ,x 0 only aft] ! trial ( e kn[n me?od ( mak+ jo9ts to resi/ high pressures _h fail$1 t an arrangem5t 0 devis$1 requir+ ! mo/ p]fect workman%ip1 by :i* pack+ ( any k9d 0 disp5s$ )1 & ! cyl9d] fitt$ = use4 ,) ! improv$ tools ( ! pres5t day x is n easy to realise ! difficulties1 delays1 & disappo9tm5ts :i* =ty-five ye>s ago occurr$ f ! failure1 fir/ ( "o "p ( a jo9t1 & !n ( ano!r2 b ! con/ruction ( vessels capable ( produc+ & also ( reta9+ ! gas 9 its liquid /ate1 ) ! means ( alt]nately exp&+ & cond5s+ x f ?irty or =ty to eighty or "o hundr$ atmosph]es1 hav+ be5 accompli%$1 ! object ( ! exp5diture ( s mu* lab\r & inv5tive p[] appe>$ to be )9 rea*4 ,! con/ruction ( ! ma*9]y to utilise ! ela/ic =ce conta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] 0 n[ proce$$ )4 ,day by day new difficulties arose1 & ea* z x 0 successfully met seem$ b to leave ano!r ( great] importance to be surm\nt$4 ,x is n necess>y 9 ?is ,note to describe ! v>i\s arrangem5ts :i* 7 devis$ = transf]r+ ! great ela/ic =ce 9 ! cyl9d] ( small diamet] to a pi/on 9 ano!r cyl9d] ( mu* l>g] dim5sions2 x is suffici5t to say1 t aft] ! devotion ( mu* valuable "t ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s1 & a v l>ge exp5diture ( money1 & aft] c>efully consid]+ ! co/ ( ! liquid c>bonic acid gas1 ! difficulty ( prev5t+ wa/e1 & ! necess>ily v exp5sive "* ( ! ma*9]y1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 satisfi$ #8t no suffici5t advantage 9 ! s5se ( economy ( fuel c be obta9$ by ! application ( liquefi$ c>bonic acid gas z a motive p[]'2 b s ?or\ghly did he exhau/ ! subject be=e he committ$ himself to ?is op9ion1 t no "o has s9ce r5ew$ ! enquiry or attempt$ to make a ma*9e to be mov$ by ! ela/ic =ce ( liquefi$ gases1 ! con/ruction ( :i*1 x 0 well kn[n1 _h baffl$ ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel & 8 son4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,clifton ,,susp5sion ,,bridge4 ,a4,d4 #ahbi--ahec4 ,,tatis #bd--dh4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,und]tak+--,,! ,,fir/ ,,competition1 ,,novemb] #ahbi--;,,description ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,plans--,,mr4 ,,tel=d',s ,,decision ,,z ,,umpire--,,mr4 ,,tel=d',s ,,design--,,! ,,second ,,competition--,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,appo9t$ ,,eng9e]1 ,,m>* #ahca--;,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,works1 ,,augu/ #ahcf--;,,description ,,( ,,! ,,design--,,ab&onm5t ,,( ,,! ,,works1 #ahec--;,,=mation ,,( ,a ,,new ,,company ,,& ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,bridge1 #ahfd4 ,,note3 ,,! ,,hung]=d ,,susp5sion ,,bridge4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,brunel _h recov]$ f 8 accid5t 9 ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 he w5t = a trip to ,plym\?1 :]e he exam9$ ) great int]e/ ! ,breakwat] & o!r eng9e]+ works 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,he notes 9 8 di>y t he w5t to ,salta%1 & t he ?\ght ! riv] !re #8mu* too wide to be wor? hav+ a bridge4' ,?is rem>k 0 no d\bt made 9 consequ5ce ( 8 fa!r hav+ "s ye>s be=e be5 consult$ z to ! con/ruction ( a susp5sion bridge at ?is place1 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel himself1 eighte5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 select$ = ! cross+ ( ! ,tam> by ! ,cornwall ,railway1 & built !re ! l>ge/ & mo/ rem>kable ( 8 bridges4 ,= ! rema9d] ( ! ye> #ahbh1 & dur+ ! great] "p ( #ahbi1 ,mr4 ,brunel kept himself fully employ$ 9 sci5tific rese>*es1 & 9 int]c\rse ) ,mr4 ,babbage1 ,mr4 ,f>aday1 & o!r fri5ds2 b he 0 )\t any regul> occupation1 until1 9 ! autumn ( #ahbi1 he he>d t designs 7 requir$ = a susp5sion bridge ov] ! ,avon at ,bri/ol1 & he det]m9$ to compete4 ,?is project orig9at$ 9 a beque/ made 9 #agec1 by ,ald]man ,william ,vick1 ( ! sum ( #a1jjjl4 to be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,society ( ,m]*ant ,v5tur]s ( ,bri/ol1 ) directions t x %\ld accumulate at comp\nd int]e/ until x rea*$ #aj1jjjl41 :5 x 0 to be exp5d$ 9 ! erection ( a /one bridge ov] ! riv] ,avon1 f ,clifton ,d[n to ,leigh ,d[n4 ,ald]man ,vick /at$ t he _h he>d & believ$ t ! build+ ( su* a bridge 0 practicable1 & might be complet$ = less ?an #aj1jjjl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! legacy 0 duly paid to ! ,society ( ,m]*ant ,v5tur]s1 & inve/$ by !m4 ,! int]e/ accumulat$2 & 9 #ahbi1 :5 ! fund am\nt$ to ne>ly #h1jjjl41 a committee 0 appo9t$ to consid] 9 :at way x w\ld be possible to c>ry out ,ald]man ,vick's int5tions4 ,an e/imate = a /one bridge 0 procur$1 b z x gave ! co/ at #ij1jjjl41 x 0 evid5t t ?is s*eme mu/ be ab&on$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! committee !n adv]tis$ = designs = a susp5sion bridge4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 on he>+ ?r\gh a fri5d ( ! propos$ competition1 w5t to ,bri/ol2 &1 aft] exam9+ ! locality1 he select$ f\r diff]5t po9ts )9 ! limits prescrib$ by ! in/ructions ( ! committee1 & made a sep>ate design = ea* ( !m4 ,8 plans 7 s5t 9 on ! day appo9t$1 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahbi1 ) a long /atem5t1 f :i* ! foll[+ description ( !m is tak54 ,! fir/ design 0 = a bridge ( #gfj feet span betwe5 ! po9ts ( susp5sion1 ! l5g? ( ! susp5d$ floor be+ #gbj feet4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a height ( #bae feet above high-wat] m>k 7:i* 0 ! lea/ t ! levels all[$ (71 t[]s #gj feet high w\ld h _h to be built on ! cliffs to c>ry ! *a9s4 ,! total l5g? ( *a91 includ+ ! l&-ties1 0 ab\t #a1fbj feet4 ,mr4 ,brunel did n approve ( ?is design1 z ! situation 0 n fav\rable to ar*itectural effect1 a po9t to :i* ! committee atta*$ great importance2 b he sugge/$ x f its be+ some:at m economical 9 con/ruction ?an 8 o!r plans4 ,9 ano!r design1 ! situation be+ "s way f>!r d[n ! riv] ?an t ( ! design la/ m5tion$1 t[]s w\ld also h be5 necess>y4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( susp5sion 0 #a1ahj feet1 ) a susp5d$ floor ( ov] #ijj feet4 ,x is probable t ,mr4 ,brunel only propos$ ?is plan because ! site came )9 ! limits ( deviation1 z he does n say any?+ 9 fav\r ( x 9 8 report4 ,! two rema9+ plans are ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! s]ies1 z !re c be no d\bt t1 if ,mr4 ,brunel _h _h 8 own way1 he w\ld h adopt$ "o ( !m = execution2 & x appe>s f a little sket* on ! top ( "o ( 8 e>lie/ lett]s f ,bri/ol1 t 8 fir/ idea = ! bridge 0 t :i* is c>ri$ out 9 ^! two designs4 ,! site select$ 0 "o :]e ! rocks rise p]p5dicul>ly = a consid]able height above ! propos$ level ( ! bridge1 & !re=e pi]s & l&-ties 7 disp5s$ )1 ! *a9s be+ hung directly f ! rock4 ,no masonry 0 requir$ except = ar*itectural effect4#be ,illu/ration3 ,,clifton ,,susp5sion ,,bridge4 ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,elevation ( ,draw+ ,n #c ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ,designs 9 ! fir/ competition4 ,,ad4 #ahbi ,fig4 #b4 ,h4 ,adl>d ,s4 ,elevation ( ! ,bridge accord+ to ! ,design on :i* ! works 7 comm5c$4 ,,ad4 #ahcf4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two designs is t 9 ! second a %ort tunnel is avoid$ at "o end4 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture select$ = ! tunnel-front & ! face ( ! rock1 z %[n on ! draw+s s5t 9 to ! committee1 is ,norman4 ,!re are also extant _m beautiful sket*es made by ,mr4 ,brunel = diff]5t p>ts ( ! design4#bf ,9 det]m9+ ^u ! mode ( con/ruction1 :i* 0 ! same 9 ! f\r designs1 ,mr4 ,brunel act$ ^u ! pr9ciple :i* guid$ him 9 all 8 subsequ5t und]tak+s1 :i* 01 z he /ates 9 8 report1 #8to make use ( all t has be5 f\nd good 9 simil> works1 & to avail himself ( ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 !m1 & to comb9e ) all _! advantages ! precautions :i* "t & exp]i5ce _h po9t$ out4' ,he dismiss$ 9 a few words ! plan ( break+ ! span into two or ?ree l5g?s4 ,?is 0 9 8 op9ion unnecess>y1 & he comput$ t ! co/ ( a pi] built up f ! wat]'s edge to suffici5t height above ! bridge to c>ry ! *a9s1 w\ld be at lea/ #aj1jjjl4 ,= ?is reason he recomm5d$ ! adoption ( spans1 ! smalle/ ( :i* f> exce$$ any up to t "t con/ruct$4 ,9 design+ ! *a9s1 he disp5s$ ) ! %ort connect+ l9ks1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly adopt$ 9 susp5sion bridges1 introduc+ in/ead ! me?od n[ univ]sally us$1 ( connect+ ea* set ( l9ks directly ) ! adjo9+ "o by means ( a p9 pass$ ?r\gh ! holes ( bo?4 ,! numb] ( jo9ts & p9s 0 ?us r$uc$ "o half1 & a consid]able sav+ ( exp5se1 z well z dim9ution ( weight1 effect$4 ,ano!r improvem5t1 :i* dim9i%$ /ill fur!r ! weight ( ! *a9s1 0 mak+ ! l9ks 9 l5g?s ( #af feet1 or ne>ly d\ble t ( ! longe/ l9ks at ! ,m5ai bridge4 ,! *ief reason = ?is alt]ation 0 to ensure a ne> approximation to equality 9 ! /ra9s on ! diff]5t l9ks1 %\ld all ! di/ances betwe5 ! holes n be exactly equal4 ,?is improvem5t 0 aft]w>ds c>ri$ /ill fur!r 9 ! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge1 ! l9ks ( :i* 7 #bd feet long4#bg ,mr4 ,brunel also int5d$ to introduce equalis+ beams 9 ! supports ( ! floor1 s t ea* *a9 %\ld be> an equal %>e ( ! load4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 !re w\ld h be5 comp>atively few po9ts ( susp5sion1 & #8! view ( ! sc5]y w\ld n be imp$$ f ! obs]v] be+ surr\nd$ by a =e/ ( susp5sion rods4' ,! di/urbance ( ! /ra9s on ! l9ks aris+ f ! great] expansion ( ! metal ( ! out] l9ks by ! direct heat ( ! sun1 he propos$ to obviate by %eet-iron plates plac$ on ea* side ( ! *a9s1 b sep>at$ f !m by a small int]val1 & ?us scre5+ !m f ! heat4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 use ?is protect+ cov]+ at ! ,hung]=d bridge4 ,all ! designs %[ a camb] or rise 9 ! c5tre ( ! plat=m ( ! bridge1 to ! ext5t ( two or ?ree feet2 & ! ma9 *a9s are br\ght d[n almo/ to ! level ( ! plat=m4 ,to ?is la/ arrangem5t1 z t5d+ to prev5t undulation1 ,mr4 ,brunel atta*$ "s importance2 & he fur!r int5d$ to /iff5 ! bridge aga9/ ! action ( high w9ds by a sy/em ( transv]se brac+1 & by ! addition ( inv]t$ *a9s1 simil> to ^? us$ ) success by 8 fa!r 9 ! ,b\rbon bridges4#bh ,su*1 !n1 7 ! ma9 features ( ! bold & c>efully matur$ designs plac$ by ,mr4 ,brunel be=e ! committee4 ,out ( tw5ty-two plans submitt$1 only ^? ( ,mr4 ,brunel & f\r o!r competitors 7 deem$ wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,he & 8 fri5ds 7 naturally mu* gratifi$ at ?is1 & 7 full ( hope = 8 ultimate victory4 ,b n[1 :5 he seem$ to h a fair *ance ( success 9 a conte/ :i* he ju/ly deem$ w\ld h a mo/ important be>+ ^u 8 future pr(essional c>e]1 an ob/acle pres5t$ itself1 :i* = ! "t seem$ almo/ insurm\ntable2 = he met ) an unexpect$ oppon5t 9 ,mr4 ,tel=d1 ! =emo/ eng9e] ( ! day1 & ! design] ( ! fam\s susp5sion bridge ov] ! ,m5ai ,/raits4 ,! committee ( ! ,society ( ,m]*ants _h1 n unnaturally1 f\nd !mselves unable to decide ^u ! m]its ( designs = a susp5sion bridge1 & _h ask$ ,mr4 ,tel=d to act z _! advis] 9 ! matt]4 ,un=tunately = ,mr4 ,brunel1 ,mr4 ,tel=d 0 ( op9ion t ! maximum span admissible 0 t ( ! ,m5ai bridge1 i4e4 "u #fjj feet1 & t ,mr4 ,brunel's propos$ bridge1 ?\gh v pretty & +5i\s1 w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly tumble d[n 9 a high w9d4 ,?is decision 01 ( c\rse1 fatal to ! success ( any design :i* sub/itut$ "o l>ge span = two or m small] ones1 & disp5s$ ) pill>s4 ,mr4 ,brunel !re=e obta9$ p]mission to )draw 8 plans f ! competition4 ,mr4 ,tel=d !n report$ to ! committee t none ( ! rema9+ designs 7 suitable = adoption )\t ! introduction ( su* mat]ial alt]ations z w\ld1 9 fact1 con/itute a new design4 ,:]eupon ! committee took ! only c\rse :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 0 op5 to !m1 & reque/$ ,mr4 ,tel=d to prep>e a design himself4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 n a little disappo9t$ at ! turn matt]s _h tak52 b1 hav+1 z he said1#8smok$ away 8 ang]1' he took leave ( 8 fri5ds at ,bri/ol1 & w5t = a visit to "s ( ! pr9cipal manufactur+ t[ns 9 ! nor?4 ,mean:ile ,mr4 ,tel=d prep>$ 8 design1 & x 0 exhibit$ 9 ,bri/ol 9 ,janu>y #ahcj4 ,x consi/$ ( a susp5sion bridge ( ?ree spans 7! c5tre span #cfj feet1 & ! side ones #ahj feet ea*71 ! *a9s be+ support$ at ! int]m$iate po9ts by tall /one pi]s ris+ f ! riv]'s banks at j suffici5t di/ance ap>t to avoid int]f]+ ) ! roadways on ei!r side ( ! /ream4 ,! /yle ( ar*itecture 0 a florid ,go?ic2 &1 9 ord] to display ! peculi> features ( t /yle1 ! faces ( ! pi]s 7 cov]$ ) elaborate panell+1 & ! *a9s ornam5t$ ) fret-"w4 ,?is design 0 receiv$ ) a fl\ri% ( trumpets2 num]\s engrav+s 7 publi%$1 exhibit+ ! bridge f v>i\s po9ts ( view1 & #8?\s&s ( copies 7 dispos$ (2' b1 aft] a "t1 x w\ld appe> t ! captivat+ effect ( ! ,go?ic belfries wore (f1 & t ! m ! citiz5s ( ,bri/ol look$ at ,mr4 ,tel=d's plan1 ! less !y 7 satisfi$ ) x2 =1 al?\gh x 0 deposit$ 9 ! ,private ,bill ,(fice1 on application be+ made = an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! tru/ees :o 7 appo9t$ "u ! ,act det]m9$ to invite a second competition4 ,on ?is occasion1 ,mr4 ,tel=d appe>$ z a competitor & n z a ref]ee1 t (fice be+ fill$ by ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t1 sometime ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,! site ( ! bridge 0 fix$1 be+ t select$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d2 b ! tru/ees expressly left x to ! judgm5t ( ! competitors to decide :e!r !re %\ld be int]m$iate pi]s or "o unbrok5 span4 ,( ! ?irte5 designs s5t 91 five1 includ+ ^? submitt$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d & ,mr4 ,brunel1 7 res]v$ = fur!r exam9ation4 ,on ,m>* #ag1 #ahca1 ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t 7:o _h be5 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,sew>d7 made 8 report4 ,mr4 ,tel=d's design 0 put aside1 #8on acc\nt ( ! inadequacy ( ! funds requisite = meet+ ! co/ ( su* high & massive t[]s z 7 ess5tial to ! plan :i* t di/+ui%$ individual _h propos$4' ,mr4 ,brunel's design 0 plac$ second4#bi ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,gilb]t report$ t x pres5t$ e desirable /r5g? & security1 he saw objections to _m ( ! details1 & !re=e did n recomm5d x = adoption4 ,h[ev]1 on ! foll[+ day1 ,m>* #ah1 he /at$ to ! tru/ees t he _h se5 ,mr4 ,brunel1 & t x gave him mu* pleasure to /ate t ! explanations made by ,mr4 ,brunel _h mat]ially alt]$ 8 views z to ! details ( ! plans1 :i* he 7,mr4 ,gilb]t7 0 n[ satisfi$ 7 q equal to ^? :i* he _h plac$ fir/1 & t1 consid]+ ! sup]iority ( ,mr4 ,brunel's design 9 ! ess5tial p>ticul> ( /r5g?1 he %\ld judge x pref]able to any ( ! o!rs4 ,!reupon ! tru/ees1 #8hav+ consid]$ ,mr4 ,davies ,gilb]t's report1 & ref]r$ to all ! plans1 includ+ ,mr4 ,tel=d's1 unanim\sly gave ! pref]5ce to ,mr4 ,brunel's1' & appo9t$ him _! eng9e]4 ,subscriptions came 9 b sl[ly1 & x 0 n till #ahcf t ! works 7 comm5c$4 ,! fir/ /one ( ! abutm5t on ! ,leigh woods or ,som]set%ire side ( ! riv] 0 laid on ,augu/ #bg by ! ,m>quis ( ,nor?ampton1 ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1 :i* 0 !n hold+ its meet+ 9 ,bri/ol4#cj ,! span ( ! bridge is great] ?an t ( ,mr4 ,brunel's design = ! second competition1 b mu* less ?an ! spans ( ! e>li] designs1 to :i* he _h giv5 ! pref]5ce4#ca ,on ?is po9t1 z well z on ! "q ( site1 he _h to con=m to ! wi%es ( ! tru/ees4#cb ,! span approv$ ( by !m necessitat$ ! build+ ( a v l>ge abutm5t on ! ,leigh woods side1 ! height ( :i*1 f ! surface ( ! rock to ! level ( ! roadway1 is #aaj feet4 ,above ! roadway1 ! t[] to c>ry ! *a9s is built to a height ( #hf feet4 ,on ! ,clifton side1 ! base ( ! t[] is =m$ by "o ( ! bolde/ ( ! range ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's rocks1 :i* "h rise almo/ p]p5dicul>ly to a height ( #bcj feet above high wat]1 & consequ5tly a v small abutm5t 0 requir$4 ,! t[] on ?is side is #c feet high] ?an t on ! ,leigh woods side1 & ! roadway has a g5]al incl9ation ( ab\t #a 9 #bcc4 ,mr4 ,brunel ?\ght t if ! roadway 7 level1 x w\ld h ! appe>ance ( fall+ t[>ds ,clifton1 ow+ to ! gr\nd !re be+ precipit\s1 :ile on ! ,leigh woods side x is slop+4 ,he int5d$1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! bridge1 to h foll[$ out ! ideas embodi$ 9 8 report ( #ahbi1 & w\ld h pref]r$ to h _h only "o *a9 on ea* side ( ! bridge1 & t mu* /rong] ?an 0 usually adopt$2 b1 9 def]5ce to public op9ion1 he put two *a9s1 ?\gh he d\bt$ if !y w\ld exp& equally4 #8,a rigid plat=m w\ld 9 "s degree prev5t ! unequal di/ribution ( load ?us caus$1 b he endeav\r$ to less5 ! effect ( unequal expansion by arrang+ a /irrup at ! top ( ea* susp5d+ rod1 s z to hold equally at all times on bo? *a9s1 & ?us to cause ea* to su/a9 its proportion ( ! load4' ,! road plat=m 0 to h _h b5ea? x #8a complete sy/em ( triangul> brac+1 :i* w\ld r5d] x v /iff4' ,9 ord] to less5 ! action ( w9d on ! bridge1 he br\ght d[n ! ma9 *a9s 9 ! c5tre ne>ly to ! level ( ! plat=m1 & int5d$ to apply ! sy/em ( brace *a9s at a small angle to *eck vibration4 ,!re 71 moreov]1 to be two curv$ *a9s ly+ horizontally1 & atta*$ und]nea? ! plat=m1 s z to resi/ ! lat]al action ( ! w9d4#cc ,he "h introduc$ movable saddles to c>ry ! *a9s on ! top ( ! t[]s1 ) roll]s runn+ on p]fectly flat & horizontal roll] b$s4#cd ,by ?is arrangem5t no pressure except a v]tical "o c\ld come on ! t[]s4 ,he also devis$ means1 by lev]s & hydraulic presses1 = reliev+ ! roll]s & roll] b$s f pressure1 9 ! ev5t ( _! requir+ r5ewal4 ,mr4 ,brunel ultimately det]m9$ to adopt ! ,egyptian /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mr4 ,john ,callcott ,horsley1 ,r4,a41 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! propos$ designs = ! t[]s3-- #8,8 conception ( ! t[]s or gateways at ei!r end ( ! bridge 0 peculi>ly gr& & effective1 z may be se5 f 8 sket*es /ill exi/+4 ,!y 7 to be purely ,egyptian2 &1 9 8 design1 he _h caught ! true _s ( ! great rema9s at ,phil & ,!bes4 ,he int5d$ to case ! t[]s ) ca/ iron1 &1 z 9 p]fect accordance ) ! ,egyptian "* ( 8 design1 to decorate !m ) a s]ies ( figure subjects1 illu/rat+ ! :ole "w ( con/ruct+ ! bridge1 ) ! manufacture ( ! mat]ials--beg9n+ ) qu>ry+ ! iron ore1 & mak+ ! iron1 & end+ ) a design repres5t+ ! la/ piece ( con/ruction necess>y = ! bridge itself4 ,! subjects w\ld h be5 arrang$ 9 ti]s 7divid$ by simple l9es7 f top to bottom ( ! t[]s1 & 9 ! exact proportion ( ^? f\nd ^u ,egyptian build+s4 ,he made v clev] sket*es = "s ( ^! propos$ figure subjects1 j to %[ :at he int5d$ by !m4 ,i rememb] a gr\p ( m5 c>ry+ "o ( ! l9ks ( ! *a9work1 :i* 0 excell5t 9 "*4 ,he propos$ t ,i %\ld design ! figure subjects1 & he ask$ me to g d[n ) him to ,m]?yr ,tydvil1 & make sket*es ( ! iron processes4 ,we accompli%$ our j\rney1 & all ! requisite draw+s = ! int5d$ designs 7 made4' ,! works 7 comm5c$ ) ! ,leigh abutm5t1 :i* 0 complet$ 9 #ahdj1 great delay hav+ be5 caus$ by ! failure ( ! contractors4 ,?is mis=tune l$ to a l>ge excess ( exp5diture ov] ! orig9al e/imates4 ,9 #ahdc ! :ole ( ! funds rais$ 7am\nt+ to #de1jjjl47 7 exhau/$1 & !re /ill rema9$ to be execut$ ! ornam5tal additions to ! pi]s 7! co/ ( :i* 0 e/imat$ at ab\t #d1jjjl471 half ( ! iron "w1 ! susp5sion ( ! *a9s & rods1 ! con/ruction ( ! floor+1 & ! completion ( ! approa*es1 c41 ! e/imate = ! execution ( :i* 0 #cj1jjjl4 ,un=tunately1 all ef=ts to raise fur!r subscriptions 7 unsuccessful2 & 9 ,july #ahec1 :5 ! "t limit$ = ! completion ( ! bridge _h expir$1 ! works 7 clos$ 91 & ! und]tak+ ab&on$4#ce ,sev]al proposals = complet+ ! bridge 7 made 9 ,mr4 ,brunel's lifetime1 & he took e opportunity ( fur!r+ ?is object1 :i* he _h v mu* at he>t4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ab\t a ye> aft] 8 dea? t ! sup]/ructure ( ! bridge 0 actually comm5c$4 ,a company 0 =m$ 9 #ahfj by "s ( ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 #8:o _h an int]e/ 9 ! "w z complet+ a monum5t to _! late fri5d ,brunel1 & at ! same "t remov+ a slur f ! eng9e]+ tal5t ( ! c\ntry4'#cf ,mr4 ,john ,hawk%aw1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,b>l[1 ,f4,r4,s41 7 appo9t$ ! eng9e]s1 & ,mr4 ,brunel's old fri5d ,capta9 ,*ri/oph] ,claxton1 ,r4,n41 ! secret>y4 ,! works 7 c>ri$ on ) vig\r2 & ! bridge 0 op5$ ) mu* c]emony on ,decemb] #h1 #ahfd4 ,! *a9s 7 br\ght f ! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge1 !n 9 process ( demolition4 ,a description ( ! ,hung]=d bridge w be f\nd 9 ! note to ?is *apt]4#cg ,al?\gh ! ,clifton bridge 0 n complet$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 8 connection ) x =ms a v important passage 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 life4 ,d\btless1 if he _h nev] he>d ( ! propos$ competition 9 #ahbi1 or if he _h be5 "o ( ! disappo9t$ competitors1 he w\ld h f\nd "s o!r opportunity ( mak+ a "n 9 8 pr(ession2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! ,clifton bridge competition did give him ! opportunity he desir$1 & all 8 subsequ5t success 0 trac$ by him to ?is victory1 :i* he f\ght h>d =1 & ga9$ only by p]sev]+ /ruggles4 ,he nev] =got ! debt he ow$ to ,bri/ol1 & to ! fri5ds :o help$ him !re2 & he w\ld h greatly rejoic$ to see ! completion ( 8 e>lie/ & fav\rite "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hung]=d ,,susp5sion ,,bridge ,h4 ,adi>d ,sc4 ,,note 7p4 #eh74 ,! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge4 ,! susp5sion bridge :i* spann$ ! ,?ames at ,*>+ ,cross1 on ! site ( ! pres5t railway bridge1 0 design$ & con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,brunel betwe5 ! ye>s #ahda & #ahde4 ,x consi/$ ( a c5tre span ( #fgf feet1 & two side spans ( #cdc feet ea*4 ,be+ int5d$ = foot pass5g]s only1 its wid? 0 #ad feet4 ,! v]s$ s9e1 or deflection ( ! middle ( ! cat5>y1 0 #ej feet4 ,! two riv] pi]s1 :i* /ill exi/ up to ! level ( ! railway1 & =m pi]s ( ! pres5t bridge1 7 ( brickwork1 ) l>ge foot+s at ! bottom1 s z to di/ribute ! pressure ov] a consid]able area4 ,! :ole /ructure 0 made holl[ & z light z possible4 ,f ! level ( ! footway ! pi]s 7 c>ri$ up z ornam5tal campanile t[]s1 ! weight ( ! *a9s be+ tak5 by f\r solid pill>s ( brickwork1 #g feet #c in*es squ>e1 =m+ ! angles4 ,mr4 ,brunel introduc$ "h _m ( ! arrangem5ts he _h design$ = ! ,clifton bridge4 ,9 ord] t ! pressure f ! *a9s might be always v]tical on ! pi]s1 ! saddles re/$ on roll]s work+ 9 oil1 on ! level surface ( a l>ge ca/-iron b$-plate4 ,by ?is arrangem5t x 0 r5d]$ possible = ! *a9s ( ! l& spans to leave ! t[] at a great] incl9ation ?an ^? ( ! middle span1 s t ! *a9s 7 made %ort]1 & z !y 7 at a l[] level :]e !y met ! abutm5t1 !re 0 less *ange 9 _! direction at t po9t1 & consequ5tly less ?ru/ on ! brickwork4 ,fre$om ( horizontal motion 0 also secur$1 s t1 9 ! case ( unequal load+ ( ! spans1 ! *a9s might accommodate !mselves to ! /ra9s1 & move horizontally until equilibrium 0 re/or$4 ,at ea* ( ! l& abutm5ts ! *a9s pass$ d[n ov] a fix$ saddle1 at an incl9ation1 to an*orages plac$ at ! bottom ( ! abutm5t4 ,! brickwork "u ! fix$ saddle 0 s dispos$ z to resi/ directly ! ?ru/ result+ f ! *ange ( direction betwe5 ! ma9 *a9s & ! an*or *a9s4 ,to resi/ any movem5t ( ! abutm5ts1 ! piles on :i* !y re/$ 7 driv5 obliquely1 ) _! heads incl9$ f ! riv]4 ,^! piles 7 v num]\s1 ! abutm5ts spread+ out s z to cov] a l>ge area at ! f\ndations4 ,ne>ly all ! spaces betwe5 ! longitud9al1 cross1 & outside walls 7 fill$ ) concrete1 9 ord] t ! abutm5ts might be z massive z possible4 ,! details ( ! brickwork 9 ! pi]s & abutm5ts %[$ ,mr4 ,brunel's skill 9 ! economical employm5t ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! *a9s 7 con/ruct$ s t ! sectional area 0 proportional to ! /ra92 ! total area at ! c5tre 0 #bif squ>e in*es1 :ile ne> ! pi]s x 0 #cab squ>e in*es4 ,!re 7 f\r *a9s1 two on ea* side ( ! bridge1 plac$ "o above ! o!r1 & consi/+ ea* alt]nately ( t5 & elev5 l9ks4 ,! l9ks 7 #bd feet long & #g in*es 9 dep?1 ! ?ickness v>y+ s z to give ! requisite sectional area4 ,! relative diamet] ( p91 & prop] =m ( ! ends ( ! l9k1 7 subjects ( mu* consid]ation1 & _m exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ord] to det]m9e ^! po9ts4 ,! fact t two specim5s ( iron1 app>5tly id5tical 9 e respect1 sometimes exhibit consid]able diff]5ce 9 _! break+ weights1 %[s t an av]age ( a great numb] ( exp]im5ts is requir$ 9 ord] to te/ satisfactorily any propos$ ref9em5ts ( con/ruction4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 h[ev]1 conv9c$ himself by exp]im5t t he _h practically arriv$ at su* a =m ( l9k & diamet] ( p9 t ! *a9 w\ld h no t5d5cy to break at "o po9t r ?an ano!r4 ,! l9ks 7 =g$ ) %\ld]s ne> ! eyes1 9 ord] t by means ( clamps ! p9 c\ld be tak5 out & ! l9ks dis5gag$1 if necess>y4 ,! effici5t action ( ! roll]s 0 demon/rat$ %ortly aft] ! completion ( ! bridge4 ,on ! occasion ( ! op5+ ( ! ,corn ,ex*ange by ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 "o ( ! l& spans 0 cr[d$ ) p1 :ile ! c5tre span 0 ne>ly empty4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ! l& *a9s became depress$ consid]ably bel[ _! normal position2 & ! saddles on ! top ( ! t[] ne>e/ to ! load$ span mov$ horizontally on ! roll]s to ! ext5t ( #c in*es2 &1 :5 ! cr[d _h disp]s$1 !y return$ to _! orig9al position4 ,_m ye>s aft] ! completion ( ! bridge a proposal 0 made to wid5 x = c>riage traffic2 b ?is 0 n c>ri$ out1 & ev5tually ! sup]/ructure 0 remov$1 to make way = ! bridge ( ! ,*>+ ,cross ,railway4 ,z ! ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge has ceas$ to exi/1 an engrav+ has be5 giv5 ( x 7,plate ,,ii4 p4 #ei71 9 ord] t "s record ( its appe>ance may rema94 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway4 ,a4,d4 #ahcc--ahce4 ,,tatis #bg--cj4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,railways ,,9 ,,engl& ,,prior ,,to #ahcc--,,! ,,/ockton ,,& ,,d>l+ton--,,! ,,liv]pool ,,& ,,man*e/]--,,! ,,london ,,& ,,birm+ham--,,propos$ ,,railway ,,betwe5 ,,london ,,& ,,bri/ol--,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,appo9t$ ,,eng9e]1 ,,m>* #g1 #ahcc--,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,l9e--,,unsuccessful ,,application ,,to ,,p>liam5t ,,9 #ahcd--,,successful ,,application ,,9 #ahce--,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel1 #ahcc-ahce--;,,extract ,,f ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,di>y1 ,,writt5 ,,at ,,! ,,close ,,( #ahce4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ,great ,we/]n & ! o!r railways ( :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 ! eng9e]1 x may be useful to give a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! railway sy/em1 previ\s to ! p]iod :5 he fir/ became engag$ 9 works ( ?is description4 ,! fir/ railway 9 ,engl& design$ = ! conveyance ( g5]al m]*&ise & pass5g]s1 0 ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton4 ,an ,act ( ,p>liam5t au?oris+ ! con/ruction ( ?is l9e 0 pass$ 9 #ahba4 ,9 #ahbc1 a fur!r ,act 0 obta9$1 9 :i* a clause 0 ins]t$1 at ! reque/ ( ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son1 !n ! eng9e] ( ! company1 tak+ p[] to "w ! railway by locomotive eng9es1 & to employ !m = ! haulage ( pass5g]s4 ,?is railway1 :i* consi/$ ( a s+le l9e ) f\r sid+s 9 ! mile1 0 op5$ = traffic on ,septemb] #bg1 #ahbe4 ,its success l$ at once to ! promotion ( simil> works 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,next 9 ord] mu/ be notic$ ! celebrat$ railway betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,a project = con/ruct+ a l9e ( railway betwe5 ^! important t[ns 0 discuss$ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahbb2 b a company = c>ry+ x out 0 n =m$ till two ye>s lat]4 ,9 #ahbe1 ! directors appli$ to ,p>liam5t = an ,act2 & aft] a long conte/ be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! preamble approv+ ( ! con/ruction ( ! railway 0 c>ri$ by a majority ( "o4 ,! ,bill 01 h[ev]1 )drawn1 z ! fir/ two clauses emp[]+ ! company to make ! l9e1 & to acquire l& = t purpose1 7 lo/4#ch ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,act 0 obta9$1 & ! works 7 comm5c$ "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son4 ,! l9e 0 op5$ = traffic on ,septemb] #ae1 #ahcj4 ,9 #ahbd1 ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son wrote a report on a propos$ l9e connect+ ,liv]pool & ,birm+ham4 ,surveys 7 made1 & plans deposit$2 b ! ,bill 0 ?r[n out on /&+ ord]s4 ,a simil> fate att5d$ ! introduction ( a ,bill 9 #ahbf4 ,9 #ahcj1 a new l9e 0 survey$ by ,mr4 ,joseph ,locke & ,mr4 ,ra/rick1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son4 ,! ,act 0 obta9$ 9 #ahcc1 & ! railway1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,gr& ,junction1 & is n[ a "p ( ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n sy/em1 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,locke4#ci ,9 #ahcj1 surveys 7 comm5c$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son = a l9e betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham1 & a ,bill 0 introduc$ into ,p>liam5t 9 #ahcb4 ,! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway _h n[ be5 op5$ = "s "t1 & ! promot]s ( ! ,birm+ham l9e _h ! advantage ( be+ able to give 9 evid5ce ! results ( ! work+ ( ! e>li] und]tak+4 ,^? results1 x is said1 7 su* z to />tle mo/ ( ^? :o he>d !m4 ,x 0 %[n t a spe$ _h be5 atta9$ d\ble t ( ! fa/e/ /age-coa*1 t ! co/ ( travell+ _h be5 dim9i%$ by "o half1 & t out ( #gjj1jjj p]sons c>ri$ s9ce ! op5+ ( ! railway1 only "o _h met ) a fatal accid5t4 ,! am\nt ( travell+ betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] _h increas$ f\r-fold1 & ! value ( ! %>es ( ! railway _h ris5 "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,simil> evid5ce 0 giv5 z to ! results ( ! work+ ( ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway1 & ! promot]s endeav\r$ to prove t advantages at lea/ z great w\ld arise f ! con/ruction ( a railway betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,london4 ,!y 7 successful 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons2 b1 !y fail$ to conv9ce ! ,upp] ,h\se t ! b5efits :i* su* a railway w\ld conf] on ! c\ntry trav]s$ by x 7 suffici5t to entitle its promot]s to receive = x ! sanction ( ! legislature4 ,! ,bill 0 aga9 introduc$ 9 ! foll[+ session 7#ahcc72 &1 /range to relate1 x pass$ bo? ,h\ses almo/ )\t opposition4#dj 99 99 99 99 99 ,mean:ile1 ! pr9cipal m]*ants ( ,bri/ol1 :o _h 9 #ahbe made an attempt to get up a railway company1 7 urg$ =w>d1 bo? by ! inadequacy ( _! communications ) ! metropolis1 & by ! success ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 to make ano!r ef=t4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahcb a committee 0 =m$ ( memb]s ( ! corporation1 & o!r public bodies ( ! city ( ,bri/ol1 to c>ry out ! project ( a railway to ,london4 ,! fir/ /ep tak5 by ! committee 0 ! appo9tm5t ( an eng9e] to make ! prelim9>y surveys1 & to prep>e an e/imate ( ! co/ ( ! und]tak+4 ,among ! c&idates = ! po/ 0 ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,he 0 well kn[n 9 ,bri/ol z ! eng9e] ( ! ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge1 & ( ! works = ! improvem5t ( ! ,float+ ,h>b\r4 ,he _h made _m fri5ds among ! lead+ citiz5s1 & !y us$ _! be/ ex]tions to procure 8 election2 b !re 7 sev]al o!r c&idates 9 ! field :o _h great local int]e/1 & ! conte/ 0 a close "o4 ,:ile ! issue 0 yet undecid$1 an unexpect$ difficulty arose4 ,"s memb]s ( ! committee resolv$ to select _! eng9e] by means ( a competition among ! c&idates1 z to :i* ( !m w\ld provide ! l[e/ e/imate4 ,^u ?is be+ ann\nc$1 ,mr4 ,brunel decl>$ t he mu/ )draw 8 "n1 z he c\ld n cons5t to become a p>ty to s objectionable a proce$+4 #8,y are hold+ out1' he wrote to ! committee1 #8a premium to ! man :o w make y ! mo/ flatt]+ promises4 ,x is q obvi\s t ! man :o has ei!r lea/ reputation at /ake1 or :o has mo/ to ga9 by tempor>y success1 & lea/ to lose by ! consequ5ces ( disappo9tm5t1 mu/ be ! w9n] 9 su* a race4' ,happily1 ?is plan 0 ab&on$2 ,mr4 ,brunel obta9$ a majority ( votes1 & 0 appo9t$ eng9e] on ,m>* #g1 #ahcc4 ,he comm5c$ ! survey )\t delay2 & 9 addition to 8 /rictly pr(essional duties1 he assi/$ 9 =m+ a committee 9 ,london1 & took a lead+ "p 9 ! consultations :i* 7 held ^u v>i\s important matt]s connect$ ) ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! und]tak+4 ,a ha/y survey ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol occupi$ him till ! middle ( ,june2 & z soon z x 0 complet$1 & ! c\rse ( ! l9e settl$ on1 prep>ations 7 made = plac+ ! s*eme be=e ! public4 ,! fir/ public meet+ 0 held on ,july #cj1 #ahcc4 ,mr4 ,brunel ?us ref]s to x 9 8 di>y3--#8,got ?r\gh x v tol]ably1 :i* ,i consid] great ?+s4 ,i hate public meet+s3 x is play+ ) a tig]1 & all y c hope is1 t y may n get scrat*$1 or worse4' ,! result1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 successful1 & 9 a mon?'s "t a company 0 =mally con/itut$1 & ! p>liam5t>y survey comm5c$4 ,mr4 ,brunel organis$ a /aff ( assi/ants1 at t "t r a difficult task1 & set !m to "w on v>i\s p>ts ( ! l9e4 ,8 own duty ( sup]9t5d5ce sev]ely tax$ 8 great p[]s ( "w4 ,he sp5t sev]al weeks travell+ f place to place by night1 & rid+ ab\t ! c\ntry by day1 direct+ 8 assi/ants1 & endeav\r+1 v frequ5tly )\t success1 to conciliate ! l&[n]s on ^: prop]ty he propos$ to trespass4 ,8 di>y ( ?is date %[s t :5 he halt$ at an inn = ! night1 b little "t 0 sp5t 9 re/1 & t (t5 he sat up writ+ lett]s & reports until x 0 almo/ "t = 8 horse to come r\nd to take him on ! day's "w4 #8,betwe5 ourselves1' he wrote to ,mr4 ,hammond1 8 assi/ant1 #8x is h>d] "w ?an ,i l4 ,i am r>ely mu* "u tw5ty h\rs a day at x4' ,a great portion ( ?is lab\r 0 = ! "t ?r[n away1 = z ,novemb] #cj drew ne>1 x became evid5t t subscriptions 7 n com+ 9 to ! ext5t :i* w\ld enable ! directors to lodge a ,bill = ! :ole l9e 9 ! session ( #ahcd4 ,! directors !re=e det]m9$ to apply to ,p>liam5t = p[]s to make a railway f ,london to ,read+1 & f ,ba? to ,bri/ol1 #8z a means ( facilitat+ ! ultimate e/abli%m5t ( a railway betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol2' po/pon+ till a future session _! application = an ,act to enable !m to complete ! und]tak+ by mak+ ! l9e f ,read+ to ,ba?4 ,! ,bill 0 introduc$ into ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & on ,m>* #aj1 ,"l ,granville ,som]set mov$ t x be read a second "t4 ,?is motion 0 second$ by ! ,e>l ( ,k]ry1 & support$ by sev]al influ5tial memb]s1 among/ :om 7 ,mr4 ,lab\*]e 7! late ,"l ,taunton7 & ,mr4 ,daniel ,o',connell4 ,! second read+ 0 c>ri$ by a majority ( n9ety 9 a ,h\se ( #bgd memb]s4 ,! ,bill 0 !n ref]r$ to a committee :i* met on ,april #af1 ,"l ,granville ,som]set be+ 9 ! *air4 ,evid5ce 0 call$ to prove ! advantages ( ! railway to ! agricultural & trad+ community ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x w\ld pass1 ev5 if only ! two propos$ divisions ( ! l9e 7 con/ruct$4 ,! traffic 9 m]*&ise betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,london 0 at ?is "t pr9cipally c>ri$ on by means ( wat] c>riage1 consi/+1 fir/ ( ! riv] ,avon navigation f ,bri/ol to ,ba?1 next ( ! ,k5net & ,avon ,canal f ,ba? to ,read+1 & la/ly ( ! riv] ,?ames f ,read+ to ,london4 ,! evid5ce w5t to %[ t ! di/ance betwe5 ,london & ,read+1 :i* by railway w\ld be ?irty-six miles1 am\nt$ by ! riv] to ne>ly eighty2 t ! delays & imp$im5ts aris+ f dr\ght1 flood1 & fro/s on ! riv]s1 7 su* z sometimes to deta9 b>ges = sev]al weeks2 & t s great 7 ! consequ5t unc]ta9ties & inconv5i5ces ( ?is navigation1 t goods :i* came z f> z ,read+ by ! canal1 7 frequ5tly s5t !nce to ,london by road1 al?\gh at a great increase ( exp5se4 ,ev5 "u ! mo/ advantage\s circum/ances1 goods c\ld n be convey$ f ,read+ to ,london 9 less ?an ?ree days1 or 9 less ?an a day by ! riv] ,avon f ,ba? to ,bri/ol4 ,x 0 !re=e cont5d$1 t to =m a railway :i* %\ld sup]s$e1 or at all ev5ts come 9 aid (1 ! wor/ portions ( ! navigation betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol1 w\ld be an important public b5efit4#da ,! v>i\s advantages ( ! measure 7 mo/ fully discuss$ 9 an inve/igation :i* la/$ dur+ fifty-sev5 days4 ,aga9/ ! ,bill 0 array$ e class ( oppon5t t a private ,bill c\ld possibly enc\nt]4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! canals1 riv]s1 & /age-coa*es1 oppos$ x f ! fe> ( competition2 ! inhabitants ( ,w9dsor oppos$ x1 because ! railway did n run s ne> to ! t[n z !y wi%$2 ! corporation ( ,maid5head oppos$ x1 because !y ?\ght t all ! traffic :i* paid toll on _! bridge ov] ! ,?ames w\ld be div]t$ to ! railway2 l&[n]s & f>m]s ne> t[n oppos$ x1 because !y fe>$ x w\ld br+ produce to ,london f a di/ance1 z *eap z t suppli$ by !mselves4 ,!re 0 ano!r v =midable class ( oppon5ts to ! ,bill1 consi/+ ( l&$ proprietors & own]s ( h\ses 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,_m eng9e]s 7 call$ by ^! sev]al oppon5ts1 to %[ t a m advantage\s l9e ( railway might h be5 select$2 b1 ^u sift+ ! m]its ( ! v>i\s new l9es propos$1 x became app>5t t ! "o *os5 by ,mr4 ,brunel 0 ! be/4 ,inde$1 al?\gh "s trifl+ deviations ( 8 l9e 7 sugge/$1 ! oppos+ eng9e]s admitt$ t 9 all ess5tial features ! railway _h be5 mo/ skilfully laid out4 ,x 0 g5]ally agre$ t ! l9e ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 & !nce 9 a direction nor? ( ! ,m>lbor\gh ,d[ns1 0 ! only prop] c\rse = a railway betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,london1 z ! levels 7 mu* bett]1 & communication c\ld be made ) mu* great] ease ) ! nor!rn & ,s\? ,wales di/ricts1 ?an if ! r\te to ! s\? ( ! ,m>lbor\gh ,d[ns _h be5 select$4 ,! plans propos$ = ent]+ ,london rais$ great opposition4 ,9 ?is respect public feel+ has greatly *ang$1 = n[ no railway is ?\ght complete :i* has n a t]m9us 9 ! he>t ( ,london2 & x is consid]$ an advantage = h\ses to be )9 easy rea* ( a railway /ation2 b 9 #ahcd su* a neighb\r 0 look$ ^u ) horror & dismay--a nuisance to be1 if possible1 absolutely prohibit$4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,brunel comm5c$ ! survey = ! ,london t]m9us1 he _h "s idea ( br++ ! railway 9 on ! s\? side ( ! ,?ames2 b ?is 0 ab&on$1 z x 0 f\nd to involve v heavy works1 & ! l9e propos$ 9 ! fir/ ,bill 0 made to t]m9ate on ! nor? side ( ! riv] at ,vauxhall ,bridge4 ,x 0 to h be5 c>ri$ on a viaduct #bd feet high1 ) a p>apet #f feet #f in*es high1 to prev5t ! pass5g]s look+ into ! w9d[s ( ! neighb\r+ h\ses4 ,! own]s ( ! l& ?r\gh :i* ?is "p ( ! l9e w\ld pass 7 influ5tial memb]s ( ! ,upp] ,h\se1 & !re=e ! directors ?\ght x useless to brave _! opposition2 accord+ly1 on ! ?irte5? day ( ! he>+1 !y ab&on$ ! la/ two miles ( ! viaduct1 & propos$ to /op at ! #8,hoop & ,toy1' a public-h\se ne> ! site ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,/ation ( ! ,metropolitan ,railway4 ,b al?\gh ! opposition ( "s ( ! l&[n]s 0 conciliat$ by ?is concession1 t portion ( ! l9e ?r\gh ,brompton :i* _h n be5 ab&on$ 0 attack$ ) unabat$ en]gy4 ,! resid5ts 9 ,brompton oppos$ ! ,bill f ! appreh5sion t ! railway w\ld int]f]e ) _! quiet & seclusion2 ,brompton be+ at t "t consid]$1 at any rate by "o ( ! c\nsel = ! opposition1 #8! mo/ fam\s ( any place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london = ! salubrity ( its air1 & calculat$ = retir$ resid5ces4' ,!y c\ld n1 inde$1 be blam$ = indulg+ 9 ^! appreh5sions1 if !y really believ$ 9 _! c\nsel's /atem5t t #8/reams ( fire w\ld proce$ f ! locomotive eng9es4' ,o!rs object$ to ! viaduct itself z be+ an und]tak+ ( s colossal a nature z h>dly to be practicable2 & ! suppos$ increase ( traffic & consequ5t ob/ruction 9 ,piccadilly & o!r lead+ ?or\ghf>es br\ght d[n ^u ! promot]s ! opposition ( ! ,commission]s ( ,metropolitan ,roads4 ,all ^! objections 7 made ! gr\nd ( mu* argum5t 9 committee1 & d\btless _h great influ5ce ov] ! m9ds ( ^? :o vot$ aga9/ ! ,bill4 ,! eng9e]+ evid5ce occupi$1 z might be expect$1 ! great] "p ( ! =ty-two days dur+ :i* witnesses 7 exam9$ be=e ! committee1 & ( ^! =ty-two days no less ?an elev5 7 tak5 up by ! cross-exam9ation ( ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,s protract$ a cross-exam9ation has probably nev] be5 he>d 9 any c\rt or committee-room4 ,"o ( ^? pres5t ?us describes x3-- #8,! committee-room 0 cr[d$ ) l&[n]s & o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! success or defeat ( ! ,bill1 & eag] to he> ,brunel's evid5ce4 ,8 k ( ! c\ntry survey$ by him 0 m>vell\sly great1 & ! explanations he gave ( 8 plans1 & ! answ]s he return$ to que/ions sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 %[$ a pr(\nd acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,he 0 rapid 9 ?\ght1 cle> 9 8 language1 & nev] said too mu*1 or lo/ 8 pres5ce ( m9d4 ,i d n rememb] ev] hav+ enjoy$ s great an intellectual treat z t ( li/5+ to ,brunel's exam9ation1 & ,i 0 told at ! "t t ,george ,/eph5son & _m o!rs 7 mu* /ruck by ! ability & k %[n by him4' ,9 8 evid5ce1 ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son /at$ t he did n "k any exi/+ l9e s good z t propos$ by ,mr4 ,brunel4 #8,i c imag9e 7he said7 a bett] l9e1 b ,i d n "k ( "o s good4'#db ,at l5g?1 on ! fifty-f\r? day ( ! sitt+s ( ! committee1 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 ,k4,c41 rose to reply on behalf ( ! promot]s1 & on ! conclusion ( 8 address ! ,bill 0 pass$4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords ! second read+ 0 mov$ by ,"l ,:>ncliffe4 ,x 0 oppos$1 & on a division be+ tak51 ! motion 0 lo/ by a majority ( sev5te5 7#cj cont5t & #dg non-cont5t74 ,! ,bill 0 !re=e ?r[n out4 ,! directors1 undaunt$ by _! defeat1 lo/ no "t 9 mak+ prep>ations = br++ a ,bill be=e ,p>liam5t 9 ! session ( #ahce1 ) su* improvem5ts z ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ campaign sugge/$ to !m4 ,tak+ into consid]ation ! v>i\s gr\nds on :i* opposition _h be5 rais$ to ! plans !y _h propos$ = ent]+ ,london ?r\gh ! ,brompton di/rict1 !y op5$ negotiations ) ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ,company1 & arrangem5ts 7 conclud$ by :i* ! traffic ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 0 to be c>ri$ ^u ! ,london & ,birm+ham l9e = ! fir/ f\r miles out ( ,london1 ! junction be+ made a little to ! we/ ( ! ,k5sal ,gre5 ,cemet]y4 ,!y _h also dur+ ! autumn rais$ money en\gh to enable !m to apply to ,p>liam5t = p[]s to con/ruct ! :ole ( ! l9e f ,london to ,bri/ol4 ,!y ?us escap$ all ! s>ca/ic obs]vations :i* _h be5 made ^u ! s*eme ( #ahcd1 ( :i* x _h be5 said1 t x w\ld be a head & a tail )\t a body1 & nei!r #8,great' nor #8,we/]n1' nor ev5 a #8railway' at all1 b #8a gross deception1 a trick1 & a fraud ^u ! public1 9 "n1 9 title1 & 9 sub/ance6' ,on ,m>* #i1 ! e>lie/ day all[$ by ! /&+ ord]s1 ! ,bill 0 read a second "t & committ$4 ,a division be+ tak5 on ! motion = committal1 !re appe>$ 9 fav\r ( ! motion #afj1 & aga9/ x none b ! tell]s4 ,%ortly aft] its fir/ meet+1 ! committee1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,*>les ,russell1 !n memb] = ,read+1 0 *airman1 came to ! resolution t1 inasmu* z ! evid5ce giv5 9 ! previ\s ye> z to ! public advantages ( a ,bri/ol railway _h be5 ref]r$ to !m by ord] ( ! ,h\se1 !y ne$$ no fur!r evid5ce on t subject4 ,c\nsel 7 !re=e direct$ to conf9e _! case z mu* z possible to ! m]its ( ! l9e propos$4 ,evid5ce 0 call$ by ! oppon5ts *iefly ) a view to %[ ! advantages ( a propos$ l9e f ,bas+ to ,ba?1 & ! inexp$i5cy ( grant+ an entirely new l9e ( #aae miles 9 l5g? to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 :i* involv$ ! con/ruction ( a #8mon/r\s & extraord9>y1' #8mo/ dang]\s & impracticable1 tunnel' at ,box1 & ?is1 :5 #dd miles ( railway 9 a we/]n direction--viz4 z f> z ,bas+/oke1 _h already be5 sanction$ by ! legislature 9 ! ,s\?ampton ,railway ,act1 pass$ 9 ! previ\s session4 ,! promot]s ( ! ,bill cont5d$ t ! levels ( ! ,bas+ & ,ba? l9e 7 n s good z ^? propos$ = _! own1 & t ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway w\ld approa* almo/ e t[n ( importance situat$ on ! propos$ ,bas+ & ,ba? l9e1 by means ( %ort bran*es2 :il/ at ! same "t x pres5t$ ! great advantage ( be+ capable ( easy ext5sion to ,gl\ce/] & ,wales1 & to ,ox=d1 an object :olly unatta9able by ! o!r l9e4 ,9 reply to ^! ass]tions1 ! oppon5ts ma9ta9$ t al?\gh ! levels ( ! ,bas+ & ,ba? ,railway pres5t$ great] incl9ations ?an ^? ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 yet t !y 7 s balanc$ z t ! rises & falls comp5sat$ "o = ano!r1 s z to r5d] ! l9e practically level4 ,! enunciation ( ?is !ory call$ =? a rem>k by ! *airman t accord+ to ?is pr9ciple ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl& w\ld be z good z any o!r place = ! con/ruction ( a railway4 ,! preamble 0 vot$ prov$1 & ! ,bill pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,commons )\t fur!r opposition1 & on ,may #bg 0 read a fir/ "t 9 ! ,lords4 ,on ,june #aj1 ! second read+ 0 c>ri$ aft] a %>p debate1 ! numb]s be+ #df cont5ts1 & #cd non-cont5ts4 ,"l ,:>ncliffe 0 *airman ( ! committee4#dc ,! proce$+s began by an opposition on ! /&+ ord]s1 :i*1 aft] mu* skirmi%+1 7 vot$ to h be5 compli$ )4 ,! promot]s1 h[ev]1 judg$ f ! nature ( ! fir/ day's proce$+s1 t !y _h to expect a conte/ ( no inconsid]able duration2 & ! result prov$ _! anticipations to h be5 correct4 ,= =ty days ! battle 0 f\ght ) a degree ( e>ne/ness & vig\r on bo? sides1 almo/ unequall$ 9 any simil> proce$+s4 ,! committee soon came to ! same decision z ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 t1 ) reg>d to ! advisability ( a ,bri/ol railway1 !y 7 satisfi$1 & ne$$ no fur!r evid5ce4 ,! case became !n "o ( m]e comp>ison betwe5 ! relative m]its ( ! two l9es propos$4 ,! case 9 support ( ! ,bill occupi$ eighte5 days1 & 0 clos$ ) a spee* by ! ,hon4 ,john ,talbot4 ,mr4 ,s]jeant ,m]ewe!r1 :om ! oppon5ts _h *os5 z _! lead] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 0 !n he>d on _! behalf1 & occupi$ no less ?an f\r days 9 ! deliv]y ( 8 spee*1 9 :i* c]ta9ly no argum5t t +5uity c\ld devise 0 omitt$ to /r5g!n 8 case4 ,!re 0 h>dly any conceivable injury :i*1 accord+ to ! le>n$ s]jeant's notions1 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway w\ld n inflict4 ,x 0 said t ! ,?ames w\ld be *ok$ up = want ( traffic1 ! dra9age ( ! c\ntry de/roy$1 & ,w9dsor ,ca/le left unsuppli$ ) wat]4 ,z = ,eton ,college x w\ld be absolutely & entirely ru9$3 ,london w\ld p\r =? ! mo/ ab&on$ ( its inhabitants to come d[n by ! railway & pollute ! m9ds ( ! s*ol>s1 :il/ ! boys !mselves w\ld take advantage ( ! %ort int]val ( _! play h\rs to run up to t[n1 mix 9 all ! dissipation ( ,london life1 & return be=e _! abs5ce c\ld be discov]$4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! beauty ( ! c\ntry & ! retirem5t ( private dwell+s w\ld be de/roy$1 ! int]e/s ( ! public w\ld be f> m effectually s]v$ by ! adoption ( ! ,bas+ & ,ba? l9e1 & a l9e f ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway to ,gl\ce/]4 ,?is 0 9 fact ! po9t at issue1 & on ?is ! result ( ! conte/ dep5d$4 ,! promot]s ( ! ,bill _h call$1 9 support ( _! l9e1 9 addition to ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o be+ eng9e] to ! company might be consid]$ an int]e/$ witness1 ,mr4 ,locke1 ,mr4 ,palm]1 ,mr4 ,price1 ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son1 & ,mr4 ,vignoles4 ,!y express$ _! unqualifi$ approbation ( ! l9e *os5 by ,mr4 ,brunel1 & ( ! e/imates he _h prep>$4 ,! preamble 0 prov$1 & aft] an unsuccessful opposition ! ,bill 0 read a ?ird "t1 on ,augu/ #bg4 ,! ,royal ,ass5t 0 giv5 on ! la/ day ( t mon?4#dd 99 99 99 99 99 ,dur+ ?is conte/ ,mr4 ,brunel made among 8 fell[-lab\r]s _m deep & la/+ fri5d%ips4 ,"o ( ! mo/ intimate ( ^! fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,/4 ,george ,burke1 ,q4,c41 has1 9 compliance ) a reque/ made to him1 furni%$ ! foll[+ rem9isc5ces ( 8 int]c\rse ) ,mr4 ,brunel dur+ ! progress ( ! ,bill ?r\gh ,p>liam5t4 ,m>* #i1 #ahfi4 #8,my de> ,isamb>d1--,y wi% me to supply y ) rem9isc5ces ( my old associations ) y\r fa!r1 9 ord] t1 9 y\r biography ( him1 y may pres5t a true picture ( ^? features ( 8 "* :i* s ende>$ him to 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds4 #8,= _m ye>s x 0 my good =tune to enjoy 8 fri5d%ip1 & _m ( ! pleasante/ h\rs ( my life 7 due to x4 #8,= a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 viz4 dur+ ! conte/ = ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,bill1 ,i ?9k t seldom a day pass$ )\t our meet+1 :e!r = purposes ( bus9ess or pleasure1 bo? ( :i* 8 buoyant spirits enabl$ him to comb9e 9 a mann] :i* ,i h seldom se5 equall$4 #8,x w\ld be we>isome to detail ! _m incid5ts :i* occurr$ illu/rative ( ! s+ul>ly facile mann] 9 :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( ! heavie/ & mo/ responsible lab\rs1 he c\ld ent] into ! mo/ boyi% pranks & fun1 )\t 9 ! lea/ di/ract+ 8 att5tion f ! matt] ( bus9ess 9 :i* he 0 engag$2 b all :o knew him z ,i did c\ld be> te/imony to ?is *>act]i/ic ( 8 disposition4 #8,i believe t a m joy\s nature1 comb9$ ) ! highe/ intellectual faculties1 0 nev] creat$1 & ,i love to ?9k ( him 9 ! "* ( ! ev] gay & k9d-he>t$ fri5d ( my e>ly ye>s1 r ?an 9 ! m s]i\s pr(essional aspect "u :i* y\r pages w1 no d\bt1 rightly depict him4 #8,9 #ahcc y\r fa!r & ,i occupi$ *amb]s fac+ ea* o!r 9 ,p>liam5t ,/reet1 & z my duties involv$ ! sup]9t5d5ce1 z ,p>liam5t>y ag5t1 ( ! compliance ) all ! ,/&+ ,ord]s ( ,p>liam5t1 & v frequ5t int]views & negotiations ) ! l&[n]s on ! l9e1 we 7 ( necessity con/antly ?r[n toge!r4 ,to facilitate our int]c\rse1 x occurr$ to y\r fa!r to c>ry a /r+ across ,p>liam5t ,/reet1 f 8 *amb]s to m9e1 to be !re connect$ ) a bell1 by :i* he c\ld ei!r call me to ! w9d[ to receive 8 telegraphic signals1 or1 m frequ5tly1 to wake me up 9 ! morn+ :5 we _h occasion to g into ! c\ntry toge!r1 :i*1 x is ne$less to obs]ve1 0 ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 & great 0 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! neighb\rs at ?is device1 ! object ( :i* !y 7 unable to compreh5d4 #8,i believe t at t "t he sc>cely ev] w5t to b$1 ?\gh ,i nev] rememb] to h se5 him tir$ or out ( spirits4 ,he 0 a v con/ant smok]1 & w\ld take 8 nap 9 an arm-*air1 v frequ5tly ) a cig> 9 8 m\?2 & if we 7 to />t out ( t[n at five or six o'clock 9 ! morn+1 x 0 8 frequ5t practice to r\se me out ( b$ ab\t ?ree1 by means ( ! bell1 :5 ,i w\ld inv>iably f9d him up & dress$1 & 9 great glee at ! fun ( hav+ curtail$ my slumb]s by two or ?ree h\rs m ?an necess>y4 #8,no "o w\ld h suppos$ t dur+ ! night he _h be5 por+ ov] plans & e/imates1 & engross$ 9 s]i\s lab\rs1 :i* to mo/ m5 w\ld h prov$ de/ructive ( _! en]gies dur+ ! foll[+ day2 b ,i nev] saw him o!rwise ?an full ( gaiety1 & app>5tly z ready = "w z ?\gh he _h be5 sleep+ ?r\gh ! night4 #8,9 ^? days we _h n ! advantage ( railways1 & 7 oblig$ to adopt ! sl[]1 ?\gh p]haps n less agreeable1 mode ( travell+ ) po/-horses4 ,y\r fa!r _h a britzska1 s arrang$ z to c>ry 8 plans & eng9e]+ in/rum5ts1 besides "s creature com=ts1 nev] =gett+ ! inevitable cig>-case among !m2 & we w\ld />t by daybreak1 or sometimes e>li]1 on our c\ntry excursions1 :i* /ill live 9 my remembrance z "s ( ! pleasante/ ,i h ev] enjoy$2 ?\gh ,i ?9k ,i may safely say t1 pleasurable z !y 71 we nev] lo/ sight ( ! bus9ess 9 :i* we 7 engag$1 & = :i* our excursions 7 und]tak54 #8,i h nev] kn[n a man :o1 possess+ c\rage :i* to _m w\ld appe> almo/ l ra%ness1 0 less dispos$ to tru/ to *ance or to ?r[ away any opportunity ( atta9+ 8 object ?an 0 y\r fa!r4 ,i d\bt n t ?is quality w be fully exemplifi$ 9 ! details :i* y w h receiv$ ( 8 eng9e]+ exp]im5ts2 b ,i speak ( him also 9 ! "* ( a diplomati/1 9 :i* he 0 z w>y & cauti\s z any man ,i ev] knew4 #8,we canvass$ _m l&[n]s toge!r1 & ,i _h pl5ty ( opportunities ( judg+ ( 8 skill & caution 9 our discussions ) !m1 ?\gh we _h _m a good laugh aft]w>ds at ! argum5ts :i* _h be5 address$ to u z to ! inutility & impolicy ( ! s*eme 9 :i* we 7 engag$1 & ! utt] ru9 x w\ld be sure to entail on its promot]s1 z well z on ! c\ntry affect$ by x4 #8,i frequ5tly accompani$ him to ! we/ ( ,engl&1 & into ,gl\ce/]%ire & ,s\? ,wales1 :5 public meet+s 7 held 9 support ( ! measures 9 :i* he 0 engag$1 & ,i _h occasion to obs]ve ! enorm\s popul>ity :i* he ev]y:]e enjoy$4 ,! mom5t he rose to address a meet+ he 0 receiv$ ) l\d *e]s1 & he nev] fail$ to elicit applause at ! end ( 8 address1 :i* 0 di/+ui%$ z mu* by simplicity ( language & mode/y ( pret5sion z by accurate k ( 8 subject4 ,y\rs v truly1 ,,/4 ,,george ,,burke4 ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ,esq4' ,! foll[+ is an extract f ,mr4 ,brunel's di>y1 writt5 at ! end ( ! ye> #ahce3-- #ec ,p>liam5t ,/reet1 ,decemb] #bf4 ,:at a blank 9 my j\rnal ! la/ entry is dat$ ,janu>y #ahcd1 & dur+ ! mo/ ev5tful "p ( my life4 ,:5 la/ ,i wrote 9 ?is book ,i 0 j em]g+ f obscurity4 ,i _h be5 toil+ mo/ unpr(itably at num]\s ?+s1 unpr(itably1 at lea/1 at ! mom5t4 ,! railway 0 c]ta9ly be+ ?\ght (1 b /ill v unc]ta94 ,:at a *ange4 ,! railway n[ is 9 progress4 ,i am ?us eng9e] to ! f9e/ "w 9 ,engl&4 ,a h&some sal>y1 on excell5t t]ms ) my directors1 & all go+ smoo?ly4 ,b :at a fight we h _h1 & h[ ne> defeat1 & :at a ru9\s defeat x w\ld h be54 ,x is l look+ back ^u a fe>ful pass2 b we h succe$$4 ,& x is n ?is alone1 b ev]y?+ ,i h be5 engag$ 9 has be5 successful4 ,clifton bridge--my fir/ *ild1 my d>l+1 is actually go+ on3 recomm5c$ "w la/ ,monday--glori\s66 ,"h foll[s a li/ ( ! und]tak+s on :i* he 0 !n engag$4 ,i ?9k ?is =ms a pretty li/ ( real s\nd pr(essional "w1 uns\ght = on my "p1 t is1 giv5 to me fairly by ! respective p>ties--all1 except ! ,we> ,docks1 result+ f ! ,clifton bridge1 :i* ,i f\ght h>d =1 & ga9$ only by p]sev]+ /ruggles4444 ,& ?is at ! age ( tw5ty-n9e4 ,i really c h>dly believe x1 :5 ,i ?9k ( x4 ,i am j leav+ #ec ,p>liam5t ,/reet1 :]e ,i may say ,i h made my =tune1 or1 r1 ! f\ndation ( x1 & ,i h tak5 #ah ,duke ,/reet4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,railway ,,works4 ,a4,d4 #ahce--ahei4 ,,tatis #cj--ed4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway--,,! ,,box ,,tunnel--,,! ,,ba? ,,& ,,bri/ol ,,/ations--,,! ,,padd+ton ,,/ation--,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,hotel--,,bran*es ,,& ,,ext5sions ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway--,,! ,,bri/ol ,,& ,,exet] ,,railway--,,railways ,,9 ,,devon%ire ,,& ,,cornwall--,,railways ,,to ,,bas+/oke1 ,,to ,,weym\?1 ,,& ,,to ,,salisbury--,,9 ,,s\? ,,wales--,,9 ,,irel&--,,9 ,,italy--,,9 ,,india--,,sup]vision ,,( ,,works--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,eng9e]+ ,,/aff--,,8 ,,reputation ,,z ,a ,,witness--,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel1 #ahce-ahch4 ,9 ! extract f ,mr4 ,brunel's di>y giv5 at ! close ( ! la/ *apt] he ref]s to ! successful issue ( ! conte/ = ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,act z a v important ev5t 9 8 life4 ,z ! result prov$1 he did n take too hopeful a view ( 8 future prospects2 = f t "t to 8 dea? he 0 fully employ$ z ! eng9e] ( railways :i*1 9 numb] & importance1 7 n inf]ior to ^? ( any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,( ! ma9 l9es he con/ruct$1 "o ext5ds un9t]rupt$ly f ,london to ! ,l&'s ,end1 & ano!r to ! extremity ( ,s\? ,wales1 at ,mil=d ,hav51 #bhe miles f ,padd+ton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be impossible to describe 9 detail all ! eng9e]+ works :i* are to be f\nd on ,mr4 ,brunel's railways1 ! aggregate l5g? ( :i* is upw>ds ( #a1bjj miles2 b 9 ?is *apt] x is propos$ to give a brief sket* ( ! l9es he con/ruct$1 omitt+ all t c be m prop]ly ins]t$ 9 ! ?ree *apt]s :i* foll[1 relat+ to ! broad gauge1 to ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & to ! bridges & viaducts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 0 op5$ to ,maid5head1 a di/ance ( ne>ly tw5ty-?ree miles1 9 ,june #ahch1 & to ,twy=d1 eight miles f>!r on1 9 ,july #ahci4 ,a description ( ! ,:>ncliffe ,viaduct at ,hanwell w be f\nd at p4 #agb1 & ( ! ,maid5head bridge at p4 #agc4 ,! l9e f ,twy=d to ,read+ 0 op5$ 9 ,m>* #ahdj1 & f ,read+ to ,*ipp5ham by ,may #ahda4 ,mean:ile ! portion f ,bri/ol to ,ba? _h be5 op5$ 9 ,augu/ #ahdj4 ,! la/ division1 namely1 t f ,*ipp5ham to ,ba?1 conta9+ ! ,box ,tunnel1 0 op5$ on ,june #cj1 #ahda2 & ! railway 0 complet$ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a consid]able "p ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway is connect$ ) ! adoption on x ( ! broad1 or #g-;foot gauge1 & w be dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]1 9 :i* is also giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! longitud9al sy/em ( p]man5t way4 ,! bridges are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii42 b "s ( ! o!r works may be notic$ "h4 ,9 lay+ out ! l9e1 ,mr4 ,brunel endeav\r$ to make x z /raight & z level z possible ?r\gh\t1 & to conc5trate ^? *anges ( level1 :i* c\ld n be avoid$1 into %ort incl9es1 to be work$1 if necess>y1 by auxili>y p[]4 ,accord+ly ! l9e is ?us divid$3-- ,miles ,y>ds ,level1 or ) an incl9ation n exce$+ #d feet 9 ! mile #fg #hh ,above #d feet1 & n exce$+ #h feet 9 ! mile #dg #aaj ,/eep incl9es #c #abaj ,! /eep incl9es are two 9 numb]1 ( a gradi5t ( #a 9 #ajj1 or ab\t #ec feet 9 a mile1 & desc5d t[>ds ! ,bri/ol end ( ! l9e4 ,! ,wootton ,basset incl9e1 #he miles f ,london1 is #a mile #eej y>ds long4 ,! second incl9e is at ,box1 #ii miles f ,london1 & is #b miles #ffj y>ds 9 l5g?4 ,an assi/ant eng9e is /ill occasionally us$ to "w heavy tra9s at ?is po9t4 ,on ?is incl9e ! l9e passes ?r\gh ! ,box ,tunnel4 ,?is tunnel is ! fir/ out ( ,london1 & c\ld only h be5 disp5s$ ) by tak+ a circuit\s r\te sev]al miles long] ?an t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,! tunnel is #a mile 9 l5g?1 & is v5tilat$ by six %afts4 ,!y are #cj feet 9 diamet]1 & f #gj to #cjj feet deep4 ,! ,box ,tunnel _h be5 ! subject ( mu* criticism be=e ! works 7 comm5c$2 & dur+ its actual con/ruction x did n escape ! unfav\rable notice ( ^? :o 7 ignorant ( ! difficulties :i* pres5t$ !mselves1 & ! means :i* _h be5 tak5 to ov]come !m4 ,inde$1 = "s "t aft] ! op5+ ( ! l9e1 !re 7 travell]s :o us$ to avoid ! t]rors ( ! tunnel by po/+ along ! turnpike road 9 t "p ( _! j\rney4 ,mr4 ,brunel nev] tr\bl$ himself ab\t ! ord9>y gossip :i* is always circulat$ conc]n+ any rem>kable "w2 b matt]s assum$ a diff]5t aspect :51 a ye> aft] ! completion ( ! tunnel1 d\bts 7 express$ z to its safety by an em95t geologi/1 at a meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 on t]ms ( fri5dly int]c\rse ) ! speak]1 address$ to him ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,june #ba1 #ahdb4 ,i assure y1 my de> ,sir1 t :5 my att5tion _h be5 drawn to ! /atem5ts report$ to h be5 made by y on ?is subject1 ,i refra9$ z f> z possible f express+ any op9ion4 ,i ?\ght x my duty to read ! notes tak51 b ,i nev] said t ,i ?\ght y\r /atem5ts 7 correct4 ,inde$1 ,i _h hop$ to h avoid$ ! necessity ( mak+ any obs]vations ^u ^! /atem5ts2 b z a lett] to ,mr4 ,saund]s on su* a subject is almo/ ! same ?+ z if x 7 address$ to myself1 & z x 0 %[n to me1 x w\ld n be c&id t[>ds y if ,i n[ refra9$ f say+1 t ! op9ions y are report$ to h express$ ) respect to ! ,box ,tunnel are by no means consid]$ correct1 ei!r by myself or by ^? o!rs :o1 f be+ intimately acqua9t$ ) ! rock z x 0 really f\nd1 & ! works z !y 7 really execut$1 are capable ( judg+4 ,9 ! notes %[n to me ! obs]vations allud+ to ?is "w 9 p>ticul>1 z an illu/ration ( ! views y 7 expla9+1 appe> to h be5 curtail$1 & ! allusions r5d]$ some:at less direct2 b /ill ! inf]5ce unavoidably to be drawn f !m is1 t ! back jo9ts1 z we call !m1 & o!r defects :i* exi/ orig9ally1 or :i* %[ !mselves aft] a "t1 9 ?is rock1 are n well kn[n1 & tol]ably well und]/ood & gu>d$ aga9/1 by practical eng9e]s1 & ev5 by our workm54 ,9 ?is op9ion ,i assure y y are mi/ak54 ,ignorant z ,i may probably be myself ( ! sci5ce ( geology1 ,i _c h be5 engag$ = sev]al ye>s 9 mak+ v ext5sive excavations1 probably ! l>ge/ hi!rto made1 9 ?is p>ticul> rock1 hav+ also ! opportunity ( exam9+ v old & l>ge qu>ries 9 ! same rock & close to ! l9e1 hav+ among my assi/ants m5 n meanly acqua9t$ ) ?is p>ticul> bran* ( geology1 & surr\nd$ by workm5 ( consid]able exp]i5ce1 ,i _c h gone ?r\gh su* a /udy )\t acquir+ a v intimate & practical k ( ! /ructure & peculi>ities ( ! p>ticul> mass ( rock :i* is n[ 9 "q2 & ,i w say frankly :at ,i feel ^u ?is po9t1 :i* is1 t ,i ought n[ to possess a m ?or\gh & practical k ( ?is p>ticul> rock & its defects1 & ! be/ mode ( rem$y+ !m1 ?an ev5 y y\rself1 ) y\r immeasurably great] sci5tific k ( rocks g5]ally4 ,! op9ion y are said to h express$ ( !re be+ great dang] ( "s s]i\s accid5t occurr+ 9 ! tunnel is1 ,i am firmly conv9c$1 errone\s2 at all ev5ts ! reason giv5 conv9ces me t y h n become acqua9t$ ) ! means :i* h be5 tak5 by me to exam9e & to asc]ta9 ! security ( e "p ( ! rock1 to remove or to support ) masonry any "p n s asc]ta9$ to be secure1 or ) ! precautions tak5 to prev5t any su* accid5ts z ^? y h imag9$4 ,& not)/&+ ! heavy responsibility :i* re/s ^u me1 f all :i* y g5tlem5 ( sci5ce are1 happily = y\rselves1 s free1 ,i feel t z reg>ds ! works ( ! ,box ,tunnel ev]y?+ necess>y has be5 done to r5d] !m secure1 & t ! d\bts & fe>s y h s easily rais$1 b :i* x might be m difficult aga9 to set at re/1 are entirely unf\nd$4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t no man c be m s5sible ?an ,i am ( ! great advantage x w\ld be to me z a civil eng9e] to be bett] acqua9t$ ) geology1 z well z ) _m o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 t ,i h endeav\r$ to in=m myself on ! subject1 & t ,i h n altoge!r ?r[n away ! _m opportunities af=d$ me 9 my pr(essional pursuits2 b t if f a conviction t y possess$ in=mation f> m ext5sive ?an m9e1 if f d\bts ( ! suffici5cy ( my abilities or ! means ,i 0 likely to br+ to be> ^u ! subject1 if f a fe> ( su* consequ5ces z y n[ anticipate1 y _h k9dly1 on any "o ( ! _m occasions :5 ,i h _h ! pleasure ( meet+ y1 intimat$ t y _h any sugge/ions to make to me1 ,i %\ld h be5 anxi\s to h avail$ myself ( y\r assi/ance4 ,b aft] ! lapse ( ye>s1 ! fir/ intimation ,i h ( su* d\bts is ! v public expression ( a v /rong op9ion1 :i*1 if weight be atta*$ to x1 mu/ t5d to al>m ! public unnecess>ily1 & to injure ! value ( ! prop]ty ( individuals :o h emb>k$ sev]al millions 9 t prop]ty4 ,betwe5 ,*ipp5ham & ,bri/ol ! nature ( ! build+ /one enabl$ ,mr4 ,brunel1 at mod]ate co/1 to make ! bridges1 tunnel fronts1 & /ations ornam5tal features 9 ! picturesque sc5]y ?r\gh :i* ! railway passes4 ,he took great pleasure 9 f9i%+ m9utely ! v>i\s designs1 & mak+ !m correct 9 _! proportions & details4 ,"o tunnel front1 ne> ,bri/ol1 may be s+l$ out = especial m5tion4 ,dur+ its con/ruction a "p ( ! gr\nd beh9d slipp$ away1 & x became unnecess>y to complete ! top ( "o ( ! side walls4 ,x 0 !re=e left unf9i%$1 & 0 plant$ ) ivy s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( a ru9$ gateway4 ,! ro(s ( ! ,ba? & ,bri/ol /ations are ( l>ge span1 & are h&some ar*itectural /ructures4 ,!y are ea* 9 ! =m ( a ,tudor ar*2 ! ,bri/ol ro( is #gb feet span1 & ! ,ba? ro( #ej feet span4 ,! fram+ is an example ( a peculi> =m ( con/ruction1 some:at analog\s to t adopt$ 9 ! l>ge %ipbuild+ %$s 9 ! docky>ds4 ,!re are no cross tie-rods1 b ea* pr9cipal ( ! ro( is =m$ ( two frameworks1 l cranes1 meet+ 9 ! middle ( ! ro(2 ! weight be+ c>ri$ on columns ne> ! edge ( ! plat=m1 & ! tail ends ( ! frames held d[n by ! side walls4 ,z ! two frames d n press aga9/ ea* o!r at _! meet+ po9t at ! ridge ( ! ro(1 !re is no outw>d ?ru/4 ,! side walls be+ on a viaduct c\ld n )\t difficulty h be5 made to resi/ a horizontal ?ru/4 ,at ! ,bri/ol /ation ,mr4 ,brunel introduc$ hydraulic ma*9]y = work+ lifts4 ,by ^! ! waggons 7 l[]$ to & rais$ up f ! goods %$1 :i* 0 plac$ at ! level ( ! gr\nd1 ab\t #ab feet bel[ ! railway4 ,al?\gh ! works already describ$ 7 complet$ 9 #ahda1 ! p]man5t t]m9us at ,padd+ton 0 n comm5c$ till ! ye> #ahdi4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 #ahed4 ,previ\sly to t "t a tempor>y /ation _h be5 us$1 ! book+ (fices be+ "u ! ar*es ( ! ,bi%op's ,road bridge4 ,z ! level ( ! railway 0 l[] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ l&1 no ext]ior ar*itectural effect c\ld be produc$2 b ,mr4 ,brunel took ?is opportunity to c>ry out 8 views z to ! prop] /ructural use ( metal 9 works ( ?is description4 ,9 ! design ( ! ornam5tal details1 he obta9$ ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,mat!w7 ,digby ,wyatt4 ,! int]ior ( ! pr9cipal "p ( ! /ation is #gjj feet long & #bch feet wide1 divid$ 9 its wid? by two r[s ( columns into ?ree spans ( #fh1 #ajb1 & #fh feet1 & is cross$ at two po9ts by transepts #ej feet wide1 :i* give space = l>ge trav]s+ frames4 ,! ro( is v light1 consi/+ ( wr\ght-iron ar*$ ribs1 cov]$ p>tly ) corrugat$ iron & p>tly ) ! ,paxton glass ro(+1 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel "h adopt$ to a consid]able ext5t4 ,! columns :i* c>ry ! ro( are v /rongly bolt$ d[n to l>ge masses ( concrete1 to enable !m to resi/ sideways pressure4 ,?is /ation may be consid]$ to hold its own 9 comp>ison ) ! gigantic /ructures :i* h s9ce be5 built1 z well z ) old] /ations4 ,! appe>ance ( size x pres5ts is due f> m to ! proportions ( ! design ?an to actual l>g5ess ( dim5sion4 ,! spans ( ! ro( give a v conv5i5t subdivision = a l>ge t]m9al /ation1 disp5s+ ) num]\s support+ columns & at ! same "t avoid+ heavy & exp5sive trusses4 ,! graceful =ms ( ! ,padd+ton /ation1 ! abs5ce ( incongru\s ornam5t & useless build+s1 may be appeal$ to z a /rik+ in/ance ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ta/e 9 ar*itecture & ( 8 practice ( comb9+ beauty ( design ) economy ( con/ruction4 ,! goods /ation 0 erect$ at ab\t ! same "t z ! pass5g] /ation1 & is rem>kable = ! complet5ess ( its arrangem5ts1 & = ! great use made ( hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,?is is also appli$ 9 ! pass5g] /ation4#de ,9 connection ) ! ,padd+ton /ation m5tion may be made ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,hotel1 :i* 0 built at ! extremity ( ! l& belong+ to ! railway company4 ,:51 9 #ahed1 no t5ant c\ld be f\nd = x1 a few ( ! %>ehold]s ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 be+ unwill+ t ! build+ %\ld rema9 empty & be a loss to ! proprietors1 =m$ !mselves into a company to lease & "w ! hotel4 ,mr4 ,brunel became a ,director1 & %ortly aft]w>ds 79 ,decemb] #ahee7 ! *airman4 ,he occupi$ ?is po/ till 8 dea?1 by :i* "t ! hotel _h become v prosp]\s4 ,he f\nd att5dance at ! meet+s ( ! ,directors & ! sup]vision ( ! managem5t ( ! hotel a v agreeable relaxation f ! m important duties :i* took him to ,padd+ton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bran*es & ext5sions ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 z f> z _! hi/ory affect$ ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! company1 are ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] on ! broad gauge4 ,bran*es 7 op5$ to ,ox=d 9 #ahdd1 to ,w9dsor 9 #ahdi1 to ,wycombe 9 #ahed1 to ,uxbridge 9 #ahef1 to ,h5ley 9 #aheg1 & to ,br5t=d 9 ,july #ahei4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway is a cont9uation ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & 0 op5$ to ,exet] 9 #ahdd4 ,! two portions ( x1 f ,bri/ol to ,taunton1 & f ,taunton to ,exet]1 are 9 m>k$ contra/ to ea* o!r4 ,! =m] "p ( ! l9e is almo/ level1 & has v easy curves4 ,betwe5 ,taunton & ,exet] x passes ov] ! high gr\nd on ! bord]s ( ,devon%ire1 ) ! ,:iteball ,tunnel at ! summit1 mile 9 l5g?4 ,on ?is "p ( ! l9e !re are long gradi5ts ( f #a 9 #hj to #a 9 #abj4 ,mr4 ,brunel resign$ ! position ( eng9e] 9 #ahdf1 9 consequ5ce ( diff]5ces hav+ aris5 betwe5 ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] & ! ,great ,we/]n ,companies1 :i*1 9 ,mr4 ,brunel's op9ion1 made x impossible = him to cont9ue eng9e] to bo? railways4 ,! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 & ! adoption on x ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,9 connection ) ?is l9e is ! important ,torquay bran*1 & ! railway 9 cont9uation ( x to ,d>tm\?4 ,?is 0 complet$ z f> z ,paignton dur+ ,mr4 ,brunel's lifetime4 ,! ,s\? ,devon & ,tavi/ock ,railway bran*es (f f ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway ne> ,plym\?1 & has sev]al l>ge viaducts4 ,on ! ,cornwall ,railway f ,plym\? to ,truro1 & ! ,we/ ,cornwall ,railway f ,truro to ,p5zance1 ! mo/ rem>kable works are ! viaducts1 & ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,cornwall ,railway1 x became necess>y to r$uce ! capital exp5diture1 ev5 at ! co/ ( increas+ ! *>ges = ma9t5ance4 ,) ?is object ! l9e 0 re-exam9$ & modifications introduc$1 pr9cipally by an increase 9 ! ext5t ( viaduct4 ,^! l9es pass ?r\gh a v difficult c\ntry2 involv+ ! adoption ( /eep gradi5ts & %>p curves4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 a memor&um writt5 9 #ahde1 aft] hav+ expla9$ 8 reasons = consid]+ t ! prejudicial effects ( gradi5ts & curves 7 commonly ov]rat$1 gives ! foll[+ op9ion 9 ref]5ce to ! propos$ ,cornwall ,railway3-- ,i mu/ n be und]/ood to argue aga9/ ! advantage ( /raight l9es or l>ge & easy curves1 b ,i wi% to %[ t :]e small curves are unavoidable1 !y c 9 practice be s con/ruct$ z n to be v prejudicial2 & ,i consid] t ! "* ( ! c\ntry 9 ,cornwall is su* t no railway c be con/ruct$ at any mod]ate exp5se )\t ei!r sacrific+ all consid]ation = ! int]e/s ( localities & ! position ( ! population to ! m]e *oice ( levels1 or )\t /eep gradi5ts & %>p curves4 ,! pr9cipal l9es bran*+ (f f ! ,great ,we/]n1 & s9ce incorporat$ ) x1 are1 on ! s\?1 ! ,b]ks & ,hants1 f ,read+ to ,bas+/oke & ,hung]=d2 & ! ,wilts & ,som]set1 to ,weym\? & ,salisbury4 ,on ! nor?-we/ is ! ,*elt5ham & ,great ,we/]n ,union ,railway1 f ,sw9don to ,*elt5ham & ,gl\ce/]4 ,?is l9e passes ?r\gh ! ,cotswold ,hills at ,sapp]ton by a tunnel #a mile 9 l5g?4 ,! ,gl\ce/] & ,dean ,=e/ ,railway runs f ,gl\ce/] to ,grange ,c\rt1 & !nce to ,ross & ,h]e=d4 ,! ,s\? ,wales ,railway1 :i* ext5ds f ,grange ,c\rt to ,mil=d ,hav51 conta9s a tunnel at ,swansea mile long1 & "s ( ,mr4 ,brunel's mo/ important works1 includ+ ! ,*ep/[ bridge & sev]al o!r bridges ( consid]able size1 & ! viaducts at ,l&ore & ,newport4 ,!re are also on ?is l9e f\r op5+ bridges across navigable *annels4 ,! works at ! t]m9ation ( ! l9e at ,neyl&1 9 ,mil=d ,hav51 are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,mr4 ,brunel consid]$ t ,mil=d ,hav51 ) its excell5t h>b\r1 :i* c be ent]$ at all times ( tide by ! l>ge/ vessels1 w\ld probably become a great port = ocean /eam]s1 & especially = ! #8,great ,ea/]n' & %ips ( h] class4 ,!re are also 9 ,s\? ,wales ! foll[+ railways3 ! ,taff ,vale1 ! ,vale ( ,nea?1 ! ,llynvi ,valley1 & ! ,s\? ,wales ,m9]al4 ,! ,taff ,vale1 a l9e f ,c>diff to ,m]?yr1 0 op5$ on ! n>r[ gauge 9 #ahda4df ,on ?is railway is ! l(ty masonry viaduct at ,quak]'s ,y>d4 ,on ! ,vale ( ,nea? ,railway1 f ,nea? to ,ab]d>e & ,m]?yr1 !re is a tunnel1 ne> ,m]?yr1 #a mile long1 & #fej feet bel[ ! summit ( ! hill4 ,full advantage is tak5 on ?is railway ( ! facilities :i* ! broad gauge (f]s = heavy traffic4 ,! l9e has long /eep gradi5ts1 & ! locomotives us$ on x1 ( ! class kn[n z tank eng9es1 are ( great p[]4 ,"o ( ^! gradi5ts is #d miles long1 ) an incl9ation ( #a 9 #ej4 ,l>ge quantities ( coal are br\ght d[n by ?is railway to ! ,swansea & ,briton ,f]ry ,docks4 ,! coal ( ,s\? ,wales is ( a friable nature1 &1 9 ord] to avoid ! breakage consequ5t on ! ord9>y mode ( %ipp+ coal1 by tipp+ x d[n a %oot1 ,mr4 ,brunel introduc$ on a l>ge scale ! use ( trucks c>ry+ f\r iron boxes1 ea* box ab\t #d feet #h in*es cube1 & conta9+ two & a half tons ( coal4 ,at ! docks ma*9]y is provid$ by :i* ea* box is l[]$ d[n into ! hold ( ! %ip1 & ! "u side be+ all[$ to op51 ! coal is deposit$ at once on ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! ,llynvi ,valley ,railway is a %ort l9e1 lead+ f ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway at ,bridg5d into ! coal & iron di/ricts4 ,! ,s\? ,wales ,m9]al ,railway is ano!r l9e ( ! same class4 ,x passes ?r\gh a v heavy c\ntry1 & has on x a self-act+ incl9e ( #a 9 #i1 mile long1 work$ by a rope1 & a tunnel mile long1 & #dgj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,9 connection ) ! ,s\? ,wales di/rict is ! ,bri/ol & ,s\? ,wales ,union ,railway1 a l9e runn+ f ,bri/ol to ! banks ( ! ,sev]n1 across :i* ! traffic is c>ri$ by a /eam] to a %ort bran* f ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway on ! o!r side4 ,?is railway _h be5 = a long "t contemplat$1 & ,mr4 ,brunel devot$ mu* "t to a c>eful inve/igation ( ! ,sev]n 9 ord] to det]m9e ! mo/ suitable po9t = ! cross+4 ,he decid$ t ! be/ place w\ld be at :at is kn[n z ! ,new ,passage4 ,! arrangem5ts _h to be made 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,admiralty4 ,tra9s run to ! end ( timb] pi]s ext5d+ into deep wat]1 & !re are /aircases & lifts lead+ to pontoons1 alongside :i* a /eam] c come at all times ( tide4 ,! tide at ?is "p ( ! ,sev]n rises #df feet4 ,! ?ree railways la/ m5tion$ 7 n complet$ dur+ ,mr4 ,brunel's lifetime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,bri/ol & ,gl\ce/] ,railway1 on :i* is ! tunnel at ,wickw>1 mile long1 0 op5$ 9 #ahdd1 & pass$ into ! h&s ( ! ,midl& ,company 9 #ahdf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! nor!rn ext5sions ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway are ! ,ox=d & ,rugby1 con/ruct$ z f> z ,f5ny ,compton2 ! ,birm+ham & ,ox=d ,junction2 & ! ,ox=d1 ,worce/]1 & ,wolv]hampton ,railways4 ,mr4 ,brunel ceas$ to be eng9e] ( ! la/-m5tion$ company 9 #ahea1 & ! works 7 complet$ by ,mr4 ,f[l]4 ,! ,ox=d1 ,worce/]1 & ,wolv]hampton l9e has s9ce1 "u ! title ( ! ,we/ ,midl&1 become a "p ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,irel& ,mr4 ,brunel 0 eng9e] ( ! l9e f ,dubl9 to ,wickl[1 r\nd ,bray ,head1 & ( a l9e f ,cork to ,y\ghal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he laid out two railways 9 ,italy1 ! l9e f ,flor5ce to ,pi/oja1 & t across ! ,ap5n9es f ,g5oa to ,novi & ,aless&ria1 9 ! direction ( ,tur9 & ,milan4 ,he act$ z eng9e] dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! =m] l9e2 b ! works ( ! latt] 7 c>ri$ out by ! ,s>d9ian ,gov]nm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! la/ ( ,mr4 ,brunel's important railways 0 ! ,ea/]n ,b5gal ,railway1 a l9e ( ab\t #ajj miles 9 l5g?1 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction f ,calcutta4 ,he took a great int]e/ 9 ! "w & devot$ mu* "t to ! special arrangem5ts & designs1 & to ! be/ way ( cross+ ! ,ganges & its bran*es 9 ! future ext5sion ( ! railway2 b no "p ( x 0 op5$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 impossible = ,mr4 ,brunel to look aft] all 8 works to ! same ext5t z he _h done 9 ! case ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway2 & he 0 compell$ to sp5d a v consid]able am\nt ( "t 9 att5dance on ,committees ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t on behalf ( ! railways to :i* he 0 eng9e]4 ,mr4 ,brunel frequ5tly regrett$ ?is1 & consid]$ x a great evil t eng9e]s 7 prev5t$ by _! duties dur+ ! session f att5d+ prop]ly to ! con/ruction ( _! works4 ,he endeav\r$ z f> z possible to sup]9t5d ! execution ( 8 diff]5t und]tak+s4 ,he avail$ himself ( e opportunity ( exam9+ !m1 & 0 acqua9t$ ?r\gh\t ) all ! designs :i* 7 prep>$4 ,he w\ld take advantage ( two or ?ree free days to g d[n to ! di/ant works 9 ,s\? ,wales or 9 ,cornwall1 look+ aft] details1 su* z ! pickl+ tanks = timb]1 & ! masonry ( ! viaducts4 ,he 0 =tunate 9 ! selection ( ! memb]s ( 8 /aff1 & 9 8 organisation ( x4 ,he _h a r>e p[] ( utilis+ ! capabilities ( 8 diff]5t assi/ants2 & al?\gh he _h to deal ) a great v>iety ( m51 he manag$ t !y %\ld "w 9 h>mony ) him4 ,f ! complete p]sonal sup]vision ,mr4 ,brunel s\ght to ma9ta9 ov] all 8 works1 8 assi/ants _h n p]haps s _m opportunities ( indep5d5t action z !y might o!rwise h obta9$1 b !y _h1 on ! o!r h&1 ! advantage ( con/ant p]sonal communication ) _! *ief4 ,aft] ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,brunel's works became s num]\s1 & 8 "t s mu* occupi$1 t he c\ld n ex]cise 9 p]son t g5]al sup]vision :i* he conceiv$ to be necess>y1 he 0 ably assi/$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,pe>son ,br]eton1 :o1 on ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,hammond 9 #ahdg1 became ! *ief ( 8 eng9e]+ /aff4 ,mr4 ,brunel r>ely made any *anges 9 ! p]sonnel ( 8 (fice4 ,mr4 ,br]eton _h become "o ( 8 assi/ants 9 #ahcf2 & 8 secret>y1 ! late ,mr4 ,joseph ,b5nett1 came to him 9 ! same ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway reta9$ its e>ly place 9 8 affections1 & among 8 mo/ valu$ fri5ds 7 memb]s ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors1 ,mr4 ,saund]s ! ,secret>y1 & o!r (fic]s ( ! company4 ,:5 9 ! la/ ye> ( 8 life he 0 oblig$ to g to ,egypt = 8 heal?1 x 0 a matt] ( deep anxiety to him le/ 8 abs5ce f ,engl& %\ld cause any alt]ation 9 8 relations ) ! ,company1 & x 0 a s\rce ( great pleasure to him t no su* consequ5ces foll[$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel's position z confid5tial advis] ( s l>ge a numb] ( railway companies gave him frequ5t opportunities ( act+ z m$iator betwe5 cont5d+ p>ties2 & 8 decisions 7 always receiv$ ) respect1 = he 0 kn[n to be scrupul\sly j4 ,besides ! m fri5dly task ( reconcil+ oppon5ts he _h a l>ge practice z a ref]ee "u ,acts ( ,p>liam5t & ord]s ( ! sup]ior c\rts2 & display$ 9 ^! matt]s great judicial abilities4 ,9 all ! causes & p>liam5t>y conte/s affect+ ! v>i\s companies ( :i* he 0 eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 a v important memb] ( ! prelim9>y consultations1 & dur+ ! proce$+s c\nsel reli$ ) confid5ce on 8 sugge/ions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ! mo/ ardu\s p>ts ( 8 duty1 z eng9e] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 0 connect$ ) ! conduct ( ! great cases ( ,rang] & ,mac,intosh4 ,to ! =m] ( ^! ref]5ce is made 9 ! lett] pr9t$ bel[1 at p4 #dgh4 ,! ,mac,intosh case1 :i* 0 comm5c$ %ortly aft] ! op5+ ( ! l9e1 0 n conclud$ be=e ,mr4 ,brunel's dea?4 ,he 0 compell$ to devote a consid]able portion ( 8 "t to x1 ev5 aft] 8 return home 9 ! ev5+1 dur+ ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel _h a v high reputation z a witness4 ,mr4 ,/4 ,george ,burke1 ,q4,c41 has communicat$ a memor&um on ?is subject4 #8,z a witness he c\ld always be reli$ on z a p]fect ma/] ( ! case he _h to support1 & he _h ! r>e quality ( conf9+ 8 answ]s to a simple reply to ! que/ions put to him1 )\t appe>+ z an advocate4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 extremely p>ticul> z to ! que/ions :i* %\ld be put to him 9 8 exam9ation 9 *ief1 & 0 !re=e nev] satisfi$ to entru/ ! prep>ation ( 8 pro( to ! solicitor1 )\t revis+ x himself4 #8,9 8 cross-exam9ations he 0 g5]ally a mat* = ! mo/ skilful c\nsel1 & by ! adroitness ( 8 answ]s w\ld (t5 d z mu* to advance 8 case z by 8 exam9ation 9 *ief4 #8,he 0 almo/ z mu* ( a diplomati/ z an eng9e]1 & knew p]fectly well h[ to h&le a case 9 ! witness-box s z to leave no loophole = 8 oppon5ts to take advantage (4 ,at ! same "t he 0 a p]fectly hone/ witness1 & :ile he avoid$ say+ m ?an 0 necess>y = ! advancem5t ( ! cause 9 :i* he 0 engag$1 he w\ld h scorn$ to say or imply any?+ by 8 evid5ce inconsi/5t ) /rict tru?4 #8,al?\gh he _h atta9$ to great celebrity z a witness1 ! committee room be+ cr[d$ to he> him1 he always decl9$ to engage 9 ! v lucrative "w ( a pr(essional witness4 ,he made a rule nev] to appe> except on behalf ( und]tak+s ( :i* he 0 ! eng9e]1 or ) :i* 8 own companies 7 int]e/$4 ,to help a fri5d1 he occasionally b v r>ely broke ?r\gh ?is resolve2 b1 :e!r he appe>$ 9 support ( 8 own plans or ^? ( o!rs1 !re 7 few1 if any1 pr(essional m5 ^: evid5ce c>ri$ m weight ?an 8 did be=e ,p>liam5t>y ,committees4' ,! foll[+ memor&um f ,mr4 ,george ,t4 ,cl>k1 ( ,d[lais1 =m]ly "o ( ,mr4 ,brunel's assi/ants1 conta9s 8 recollections ( ,mr4 ,brunel dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway3-- #8,i made y\r fa!r's acqua9tance1 r *>act]i/ically1 9 an unf9i%$ tunnel ( ! ,coal-pit ,hea? ,railway2 & :5 ! %aft 9 :i* we 7 susp5d$ crack$ & seem$ ab\t to give way1 ,i well rememb] ! coolness ) :i* he insi/$ ^u complet+ ! obs]vations he came to make4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,i became1 at 8 reque/1 8 assi/ant2 & dur+ ! p>liam5t>y /ruggle ( #ahce1 & ! subsequ5t organisation ( ! /aff1 & comm5cem5t ( ! works ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 ,i saw him = _m h\rs daily1 bo? 9 8 (fice & 9 ! field1 travell$ mu* ) him1 & jo9$ him 9 ! v mod]ate recreation he all[$ himself4 #8,^! two ye>s1 & ! prec$+ ye>1 #ahcd1 71 ,i appreh5d1 ! turn+ po9ts ( 8 life4 ,8 vig\r1 bo? ( body & m9d1 7 9 _! p]fection4 ,8 p[]s 7 cont9ually call$ =? by ! ob/acles he _h to ov]come2 & ! result ( 8 exam9ations 9 ! committee rooms plac$ him1 9 ! op9ion ( ! memb]s ( ! legislature1 & ( 8 own pr(ession1 9 ! v fir/ rank ( t pr(ession1 bo? = tal5ts & k4 #8,i wi% ,i c\ld convey to y ev5 a tol]able idea ( y\r fa!r z he 0 9 ^? ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,i knew him intimately1 & saw him (t5 "u circum/ances ( great difficulty4 #8,he 0 !n a "y man1 b 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel he _h acquir$ a close acqua9tance ) all k9ds ( masons' & c>p5t]s' "w1 ! /r5g? & co/ ( mat]ials1 bridge build+1 & con/ructions "u wat]1 & ) ! work+ ( ! /eam eng9e z x !n /ood4 ,x happ5$ n unfrequ5tly t x 0 desirable to accept ! t5d] ( "s contractor = railway "w ^: prices ^u c]ta9 items 7 too high1 & !n x became ! eng9e]'s bus9ess to g into ! details & conv9ce ! contractor ( 8 error4 ,on su* occasions ,brunel w\ld g /ep by /ep ?r\gh ! /ages ( ! "w1 & x 0 curi\s to see ! surprise ( ! practical man z he f\nd himself correct$ 9 8 own special bus9ess by ! eng9e]4 ,?us1 ,i rememb] 8 prov+ to an em95t brickmak] :o _h t5d]$ = ! ,*ipp5ham contract t ! bricks c\ld be made mu* *eap] ?an he suppos$4 ,he knew accurately h[ mu* coal w\ld burn s _m bricks1 :at x w\ld co/1 :at numb] ( bricks c\ld be turn$ out1 :at w\ld be ! co/ ( h\s+ ! m51 :at ! c>tage1 & h[ _m m5 x w\ld require to complete ! "w 9 ! specifi$ "t4 ,! contractor 0 a/oni%$2 ask$ if ,mr4 ,brunel _h ev] be5 9 ! brick trade1 & f9ally took & made money by ! contract at ! propos$ figure4 #8,9 ! case ( ! ,maid5head bridge1 ! contractor be+ al>m$ at le>n+ t ! ar* 0 ! flatte/ kn[n 9 brick1 ,brunel po9t$ out to him t ! weight :i* he fe>$ w\ld cru% ! bricks1 w\ld be less ?an 9 a wall :i* he1 ! contractor1 _h rec5tly built1 & he conv9c$ him by geometry1 made easy by diagrams1 t ! bridge mu/ /&4 ,k ( detail ,brunel %>$ ) ! c>p5t]1 build]1 or contractor = e>?work1 & he 0 _! sup]ior 9 ! accuracy & rapidity ) :i* he comb9$ 8 k1 & arriv$ at correct conclusions z to ! co/ ( ! "w & ! "t x w\ld take to execute x4 #8,9 talk+ to l&[n]s & o!rs ^: opposition x 0 important to ov]come1 ,i h (t5 be5 /ruck by y\r fa!r's great p[]s ( negotiation4 ,! mo/ absurd objections--& !re 7 _m su*--7 li/5$ to ) good hum\r1 & he sp>$ no pa9s 9 expla9+ ! real facts1 s t x sometimes happ5$ t he conv]t$ oppon5ts into support]s ( ! railway4 ,9 ! c\rse he took !re 0 mu* skilful diplomacy1 b !re 0 no di%one/y1 no humbug4 ,he 0 v frank & p]fectly s9c]e4 ,8 object 0 to imp>t 8 own convictions1 & 9 t he (t5 succe$$4 ,i nev] met 8 equal = su/a9$ p[] ( "w4 ,aft] a h>d day sp5t 9 prep>+ & deliv]+ evid5ce1 & aft] a ha/y d9n]1 he w\ld att5d consultations till a late h\r2 & !n1 secure aga9/ int]ruption1 sit d[n to 8 pap]s1 & draw specifications1 write lett]s or reports1 or make calculations all ?r\gh ! night4 ,if at all press$ = "t he slept 9 8 arm*air = two or ?ree h\rs1 & at e>ly dawn he 0 ready = ! "w ( ! day4 ,:5 he travell$ he usually />t$ ab\t f\r or five 9 ! morn+1 s z to rea* 8 gr\nd by daylight4 ,8 travell+ c>riage1 9 :i* he (t5 slept1 0 built f 8 own design1 & 0 a m>vel ( skill & com=t4 ,?is p[] ( "w 0 no d\bt aid$ by ! ab/emi\sness ( 8 habits & by 8 light & joy\s temp]am5t4 ,"o luxury1 tobacco1 he indulg$ 9 to excess1 & probably to 8 injury4 ,at all times1 ev5 9 b$1 a cig> 0 9 8 m\?2 & :]ev] he 0 engag$1 !re1 ne> at h&1 0 ! enorm\s lea!r cig>-case s well kn[n to 8 fri5ds1 & out ( :i* he 0 q z ready to supply _! wants z 8 own4 ,8 light & joy\s disposition 0 v attractive4 ,at no "t 0 he /]n1 b :5 travell+ or (f "w he 0 l a boy set free4 ,!re 0 no fun = :i* he 0 n ready4 ,on ! old ,ba? road1 on a ,wilt%ire *alk hill-side1 is cut a l>ge horse1 ! pride ( ! di/rict1 & only inf]ior 9 reputation to t ( ! fam\s ,b]k%ire vale4 ,! p ( ! di/rict1 afraid to lose _! coa* traffic1 7 viol5tly oppos$ to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,bill4 ,talk+ ov] ?is "o ev5+1 "s "o sugge/$ turn+ ! horse into a locomotive4 ,brunel 0 mu* amus$ at ! idea1 & at once sket*$ (f ! horse f memory1 r\ghly calculat$ its area1 & arrang$ a plan = conv]t+ x into an eng9e4 ,t5 pick$ m5 7 to g d[n 9 two *aises1 & by moonlight to peg & l9e out ! new figure1 & !n cut away ! turf1 & ) x cov] up z mu* ( ! horse z might be left4 ,f ! tube 0 to issue a t[]+ column ( /eam1 & bel[ 0 to be ins]t$ 9 bold *>act]s ! (f5sive lett]s ,g4 ,w4 ,r4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 n int5d$ to c>ry ?is joke into execution1 b ,brunel (t5 allud$ to x1 & laugh$ ov] ! s5sation x w\ld h creat$4 #8,he possess$ a v f9e temp]1 & 0 always ready to *eck diff]5ces betwe5 ^? ab\t him1 & to put a pleasant con/ruction ^u any app>5t neglect or (f5ce4 ,8 s]vants lov$ him1 & he nev] =got ^? :o _h /ood by 8 fa!r & himself 9 ! old ,tunnel days ( tr\ble & anxiety4 #8,no d\bt ! ex]tions ( ^? ?ree ye>s1 ?\gh !y laid ! f\ndation1 or r built ! fabric1 ( 8 reputation1 also und]m9$ 8 con/itution1 & ev5tually %ort5$ 8 life4 ,ev]y?+ = :i* he 0 responsible he insi/$ ^u do+ = himself4 ,i d\bt :e!r he ev] sign$ a pr(essional report t 0 n entirely ( 8 own composition2 & e /ructure ^u ! ,great ,we/]n1 f ! smalle/ culv]t up to ! ,br5t viaduct & ,maid5head bridge1 0 entirely1 9 all its details1 f 8 own designs4' ,9 ! press ( "w & ! alt]$ circum/ances "u :i* he sup]9t5d$ ! con/ruction ( 8 lat] railways1 _m *anges inevitably foll[$4 ,! op5 britzska gave place to a close travell+ c>riage1 :i* 9 its turn became useless2 & no "t 0 left = fun or practical jokes2 b ! same en]gy ( m9d & ! same k9dl9ess ( he>t rema9$ un9flu5c$ by increas+ occupations or advanc+ ye>s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ord9>y ,,gauge ,,( ,,railways--,,adoption ,,by ,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,( ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway--,,reasons ,,= ,,its ,,adoption--,,! ,,p]man5t ,,way--,,reports ,,( ,,mr4 ,,ni*olas ,,wood ,,& ,,mr4 ,,john ,,hawk%aw1 #ahch--;,,extract ,,f ,,report ,,( ,,directors ,,( ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway ,,company 7,,decemb] #bj1 #ahch7--;,,ext5sion ,,( ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge ,,sy/em--,,break ,,( ,,gauge--,,royal ,,commission ,,on ,,! ,,gauge ,,( ,,railways1 #ahde--,,lett] ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,on ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge 7,,augu/ #f1 #ahde7--;,,gauge ,,act ,,( #ahdf--,,! ,,mix$ ,,gauge--,,report ,,( ,,railway ,,commission]s1 #ahdg--,,nor!rn ,,ext5sions ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,railway--,,advantages ,,( ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge--,,p>tial ,,ab&onm5t ,,( ,,! ,,broad ,,gauge4 ,! railways design$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 71 ) a few exceptions1 di/+ui%$ f ^? 9 all o!r p>ts ( ,engl& by a peculi>ity 9 ! wid? betwe5 ! two rails =m+ ea* l9e ( way1 or 9 :at is call$ ! gauge4 ,9 mo/ railways1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! int]nal edges ( ! rails is #d feet #h in*es1 be+ :at is t]m$ ! n>r[ gauge2 on ,mr4 ,brunel's railways1 x 0 sev5 feet1 or :at is t]m$ ! broad gauge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! gauge ( ! e>li] railways1 :i* 7 b a modification ( ! old wood5 tramway1 0 made t ( ! tram plates :i* !y sup]s$$2 & ?is _h be5 orig9ally fix$ to suit ! di/ance betwe5 ! :eels ( ! c\ntry c>ts 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,george ,/eph5son introduc$ ! locomotive eng9e1 ! gauge ( ! l9es 9 ! ,nor?umb]l& di/rict _h be5 already fix$4 ,9 lay+ out ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton l9e 7#ahba-ahbe7 he saw no reason to dep>t f ! gauge he _h previ\sly adopt$2 &1 inde$1 "s ( ! waggons to be us$ on ?is l9e 7 br\ght f ! ,nor?umb]l& colli]ies4 ,9 ?is way ! fir/ important railway 9 ,engl& 0 made ) ! gauge ( #d feet #h in*es2 n f a delib]ate *oice ( ?is wid? on ! gr\nd ( any peculi> advantages1 b f ! m]e fact ( its already be+ e/abli%$ else:]e4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway1 9 #ahbf1 ! same gauge 0 adopt$ z on ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton2 ?is c\rse 0 also foll[$ by ! ,gr& ,junction & ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railways1 & ?us ! #d feet #h in*es gauge became e/abli%$ 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,long exp]i5ce appe>s to h det]m9$ ! g5]al type ( :eel$ vehicles3 ! :eels be+ ( some:at l>ge size1 & ! body plac$ betwe5 !m1 s z to come d[n close ^u ! axle-tree4 ,?is type1 :i* gives obvi\s advantages 9 a me*anical po9t ( view1 appe>s to h be5 adh]$ to 9 all railway vehicles us$ be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway2 ^!1 h[ev]1 7 *iefly coal-waggons4 ,b on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway x 0 soon p]ceiv$ t ! great increase ( c>ry+ p[] :i* ! railway af=d$ mu/ be met by a correspond+ increase ( space 9 ! roll+ /ock1 z x 0 necess>y to accommodate light bulky goods & pass5g] traffic4 ,! available wid? betwe5 ! :eels 0 limit$ to ab\t #d feet #f in*es1 & to c>ry 9 ?is wid? any l>ge am\nt ( cotton goods1 or ( pass5g]s1 w\ld h requir$ a tra9 ( an inord9ate l5g?4 ,to meet ?is difficulty a new =m ( vehicle 0 design$2 ! :eels 7 made small1 & ! body 0 rais$ & wid5$ out1 project+ on ei!r side ov] ! tops ( ! :eels4 ,! e>lie/ description ( ?is =m ( waggon is conta9$ 9 ! second edition ( ,wood's #8,practical ,treatise on ,railroads1' publi%$ 9 #ahcb1 ab\t two ye>s aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,9 ,plate ,,iii41 ,mr4 ,wood %[s a truck ) a rais$ plat=m ov]hang+ ! :eels1 & adapt$ = c>ry+ loose boxes ( coals2 add+1 9 ! description3 ,al?\gh ! draw+ %[s only ! =m ( boxes us$ = ! conveyance ( coals1 yet x w readily occur t ! =m c be v>i$ to suit ! c>riage ( any k9d ( articles2 ! framework or body ( ! c>riage be+ rais$ above ! :eels1 ! bread? c be ext5d$ to any wid? :i* ! di/ance betwe5 ! railways i4e4 betwe5 ! up & d[n l9es ( road w admit 7p4 #ge74 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( matt]s :51 9 ! ye> #ahcc1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 appo9t$ ,eng9e] ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,) ! view ( leav+ ! "q ( gauge op5 = future consid]ation1 he procur$ ! omission 9 ! ,great ,we/]n ,act ( a clause def9+ x4 ,he came to ! conclusion t x w\ld be desirable to adopt a wid] gauge1 & he recomm5d$ ?is measure to ! ,directors 9 a report dat$ ,octob] #ahce4dg 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,octob] #ahcf a ,royal ,commission1 consi/+ ( ,mr4 ,drummond1 ,"u-,secret>y = ,irel&1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,griffi?1 ,colonel 7n[ ,field-,m>%al7 ,sir ,john ,burgoyne1 ,r4,e41 & ,pr(essor ,b>l[1 ( ,woolwi*1 0 appo9t$ to report on ! e/abli%m5t ( railways 9 ,irel&4 ,!y consid]$ c>efully ! "q ( gauge1 & _! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an increase 9 ! gauge 7 aft]w>ds /at$ by ,mr4 ,brunel to be id5tical ) 8 own4 ,!y drew att5tion to ! advantage ( l>ge :eels1 ! use ( :i* w\ld be facilitat$ by a wid] gauge2 & !y ?\ght x a matt] ( importance to be able to place ! bodies ( ! c>riages betwe5 ! :eels1 in/ead ( ov] !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 ! wid? ( ! c>riages1 & n ! di/ance betwe5 ! rails1 t det]m9$ ! g5]al dim5sions1 & !re=e ! co/1 ( ! works ( a railway4 ,mr4 ,brunel saw _m advantages to be ga9$ by an increase 9 ! gauge1 ev5 :ile reta9+ ! exi/+ dim5sions ( c>riages2 & he ?\ght x unwise at ! comm5cem5t ( a "w ( su* magnitude z ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway to reta9 a limit ! inconv5i5ce ( :i* _h already become app>5t4 ,he says1 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! ,gauge ,commission3 ,look+ to ! spe$ :i* ,i contemplat$ w\ld be adopt$ on railways1 & ! masses to be mov$1 x seem$ to me t ! :ole ma*9e 0 too small = ! "w to be done1 & t x requir$ t ! p>ts %\ld be on a scale m comm5surate ) ! mass & ! velocity to be atta9$4 7,q4 #cibd47 ,! wid? betwe5 ! rails be+ ! fundam5tal dim5sion ( #8! :ole ma*9e1' on :i* its entire developm5t mu/ dep5d1 ,mr4 ,brunel propos$ to beg9 by ! enl>gem5t ( ?is dim5sion1 & recomm5d$ t on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ! gauge %\ld be sev5 feet4 ,he consid]$ t ! :ole ( ! p>ts ( ! railway & ( its roll+ /ock w\ld be susceptible ( cont9ual1 ?\gh gradual improvem5t1 & t x 0 highly advisable to remove1 9 ! outset1 a great ob/acle 9 ! way ( ?is progress4 ,he did n 9 ! fir/ in/ance propose any important *ange 9 ! details z consequ5t on ! wid] gauge2 & 9 reg>d to "o ( ! pr9cipal po9ts1 ! diamet] ( ! :eels1 he said3-- ,i am n by any means prep>$ at pres5t to recomm5d any p>ticul> size ( :eel1 or ev5 any great increase ( ! pres5t dim5sions4 ,i believe !y w be mat]ially increas$2 b my great object w\ld be 9 e possible way to r5d] ea* "p capable ( improvem5t1 & to remove :at appe>s an ob/acle to any great progress 9 su* a v important po9t z ! diamet] ( ! :eels1 ^u :i* ! resi/ance1 :i* gov]ns ! co/ ( transport & ! spe$ t may be obta9$1 s mat]ially dep5ds4 7,report 9 ,app5dix ,i4 p4 #ecb47 ,mr4 ,brunel also look$ =w>d to ! advantages :i* a wid] gauge w\ld give = ! con/ruction ( ! locomotive eng9es4 ,difficulties _h be5 already exp]i5c$ f ! limit$ wid? betwe5 ! :eels1 :i* cramp$ ! ma*9]y1 r5d]+ x difficult ( access = repairs2 x also limit$ ! size ( ! boil] & fire-box1 on :i* ! p[] dep5d$4 ,= ?is reason ,mr4 ,brunel consid]$ t a wid] gauge w\ld pres5t great advantages1 z x w\ld all[ ! locomotives to be con/ruct$ ( great] p[]1 & ) _! ma*9]y arrang$ 9 a m advantage\s mann]4 ,he also ?\ght t ! great] wid? ( base = ! c>riages w\ld give increas$ /ead9ess & smoo?ness ( motion1 ) great] safety1 p>ticul>ly at high spe$s1 & t !re w\ld be ! advantage ( be+ able to use l>g] :eels = ! c>riages4 ,moreov]1 he _h 9 view ! possibility :i* ! broad gauge w\ld give ( adopt+ :eels ( a /ill l>g] diamet] )\t rais+ ! c5tre ( gravity1 ! body ( ! c>riage be+ plac$ betwe5 !m1 z 9 ! orig9al type ( common road vehicles4 ,! broad gauge 0 also consid]$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 prom95t connection ) ! peculi>ly fav\rable circum/ances ( ! ,great ,we/]n l9e1 9 reg>d to its gradi5ts & curves4 ,he ?\ght t #8x w\ld n h be5 embrac+ all ! b5efits d]ivable f ! gradi5ts ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 unless a m ext5d$ gauge 0 adopt$4' ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 evid5t t a dim9ution ( ! frictional resi/ance w\ld pres5t ! greate/ advantage :]e ! gradi5ts 7 flat4 ,9 reg>d to curves1 ! wid] gauge 0 at t "t consid]$ by him to be m advantage\sly appli$ :]e ! curves 7 ( l>ge radius ?an :]e !y 7 %>p4#dh ,on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway bo? gradi5ts & curves 7 rem>kably good2 ) ! exception ( two incl9es ( #a 9 #ajj1 on :i* auxili>y p[] 0 propos$ to be us$1 !re 0 no gradi5t betwe5 ,london & ,bri/ol /eep] ?an #a 9 #ffj1 ! great] "p ( ! l9e be+ ne>ly level1 & except betwe5 ,ba? & ,bri/ol !re 0 no curve %>p] ?an ab\t "o mile radius4 ,= ^! reasons ,mr4 ,brunel ?\ght t unusually high spe$ might easily be atta9$ = pass5g]s1 & great tractive p[] = goods4 ,he said3-- ,i %all n attempt to argue ) ^? :o consid] any increase ( spe$ unnecess>y4 ,! public w always pref] t conveyance :i* is ! mo/ p]fect1 & spe$1 )9 reasonable limits1 is a mat]ial +r$i5t 9 p]fection 9 travell+4 7,report 9 ,app5dix ,i4 p4 #ecb47 ,9 decid+ t ! di/ance betwe5 ! rails %\ld be sev5 feet1 ,mr4 ,brunel seems to h be5 guid$ by ! pr9ciple t ! :eels %\ld be put suffici5tly f> ap>t to admit ( an ord9>y c>riage body be+ plac$ betwe5 !m4#di ,mr4 ,brunel did n anticipate t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gauge he propos$ & t ( o!r railways w\ld lead to any important inconv5i5ce4 ,! views he held on ?is subject 7 express$ fully by him 9 a report ( ,decemb] #ac1 #ahch4 ,he says1 speak+ ( ! difficulty ( communication betwe5 ! ,great ,we/]n & o!r railways3-- ,?is is und\bt$ly an inconv5i5ce2 x am\nts to a prohibition to almo/ any railway runn+ nor?w>ds f ,london1 z !y mu/ all m or less dep5d = _! supply ^u o!r l9es or di/ricts :]e railways already exi/1 & ) :i* !y mu/ hope to be connect$4 ,9 su* cases !re is no alt]native4 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 h[ev]1 broke gr\nd 9 an entirely new di/rict1 9 :i* railways 7 unkn[n4 ,at pres5t x comm&s ?is di/rict1 & has already s5t =? bran*es :i* embrace ne>ly all t c belong to x2 & x w be ! fault ( ! company if x does n effectually & p]man5tly secure to itself ! :ole trade ( ?is portion ( ,engl&1 ) t ( ,s\? ,wales & ! s\? ( ,irel&2 n by a =c$ monopoly1 :i* c\ld nev] long resi/ ! wants ( ! public1 b by su* att5tion to ^! wants z %all r5d] any competition unnecess>y & hopeless4 ,su* is ! position ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,x c\ld h no connection ) any o!r ( ! ma9 l9es1 & ! pr9cipal bran*es likely to be made 7 well consid]$1 & almo/ =m$ "p ( ! orig9al plan2 nor c ^! be dep5d5t ^u any o!r exi/+ l9es = ! traffic :i* !y w br+ to ! ma9 trunk4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 n s+ul> 9 hold+ ! op9ion t x w\ld be desirable to allot a giv5 di/rict to "o railway1 :i* might conv5i5tly s]ve x by means ( a trunk l9e & bran*es ( a special gauge4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties l9e1 design$ 9 #ahcf1 by ,mr4 ,brai?waite1 & op5$ 9 #ahci1 a gauge ( #e feet 0 adopt$2 & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 z eng9e] ( ano!r l9e1 ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n ,railway1 bran*+ out f ! ,ea/]n ,c\nties to ! nor?w>d1 adopt$ ! same gauge4 ,x 0 n till ! ,nor!rn & ,ea/]n l9e 0 ext5d$1 "s ye>s aft]w>ds1 t ! rails ( ! :ole sy/em 7 alt]$ to ! n>r[ gauge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel's recomm5dation 0 adopt$ by ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway2 &1 9 _! report ( ,augu/ #be1 #ahcf1 aft] obs]v+ t ! g5]ally level "* ( ! l9e w\ld greatly facilitate ! atta9m5t ( a high] spe$ ( travell+1 !y po9t$ out ! advantages ( ! broad gauge1 & /at$ t eng9es _h be5 ord]$ specially adapt$ to ! nature ( ! l9e1 :i* w\ld be capable ( atta9+ ) facility a rate ( f ?irty-five to =ty miles p] h\r4 ,! l9e 0 op5$ betwe5 ,padd+ton & ,maid5head on ,june #d1 #ahch1 & ! p]=mance ( ! eng9es 0 consid]$ satisfactory1 tra9s ( eighty tons & upw>ds be+ drawn at spe$s ( f ?irty-eight to =ty miles p] h\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,not)/&+ ^! fav\rable results1 ! *ange 9 reg>d to ! gauge did n pass unque/ion$4 ,attacks 7 made on x 9 v>i\s qu>t]s1 & consid]able excitem5t 0 caus$ among ! %>ehold]s & ! public4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t ! wid? ( #d feet #h in*es 0 exactly ! prop] wid? = all railways1 & t a deviation f x 0 tantam\nt to ! ab&onm5t ( an e/abli%$ pr9ciple :i* exp]i5ce _h prov$ to be correct4 ,x 0 fur!r alleg$ t ! co/ ( all ! works connect$ ) ! =mation ( ! l9e w\ld be greatly increas$2 t ! c>riages mu/ be /rong] & heavi]1 t !y w\ld n run r\nd ! curves1 & w\ld be liable to run (f ! rails1 & p>ticul>ly t ! increas$ l5g? ( ! axles w\ld r5d] !m liable to be brok54 ,^! 7 n advanc$ z difficulties :i*1 exi/+ 9 all railways1 might be some:at increas$ by ! increase ( gauge1 b !y 7 assum$ to be peculi> to ! broad gauge1 & fatal to x4 ,"s urg5t repres5tations appe> to h be5 made to ! ,directors2 = 9 _! report ( ,augu/ #ae1 #ahch1 !y /ate1 t z ! gauge & ! p]man5t way1 :i* _h also be5 ! subject ( adv]se criticism1 _h be5 s\rces ( "s anxiety to !m1 !y _h appli$ to ?ree ( ! mo/ em95t au?orities on ! con/ruction & work+ ( railways--,mr4 ,james ,walk]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 & ,mr4 ,ni*olas ,wood1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne--to und]take a ?or\gh inspection ( ! l9e1 to inve/igate ! work+ ( x1 & to give _! op9ion on ! plan adopt$4 ,mr4 ,walk] & ,mr4 ,/eph5son decl9$ ! task1 on ! gr\nd t !y did n wi% to become embroil$ 9 pr(essional controv]sy1 b ,mr4 ,wood und]took x2 & a simil> commission 0 aft]w>ds giv5 to ,mr4 ,hawk%aw4 ,9 ord] to put ! %>ehold]s fully 9 possession ( all ! in=mation 9 _! p[]1 ! ,directors publi%$ a v complete /atem5t by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! arrangem5ts adopt$ by him4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ?is report1 :i* is giv5 9 ,app5dix ,i4 p4 #ebe1 he /ates 8 orig9al argum5ts1 & answ]s ! objections br\ght aga9/ 8 plans2 & he cont5ds t ! result ( exp]i5ce e/abli%es _! success4 ,9 reg>d to ! gauge1 he says3-- ,ev]y?+ t has occurr$ 9 ! practical work+ ( ! l9e confirms me 9 my conviction t we h secur$ a mo/ valuable p[] to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & t x w\ld be folly to ab&on x4 ,b ! two eng9e]s1 to :om ! consid]ation ( ?is matt] _h be5 ref]r$1 diff]$ mat]ially 9 op9ion f ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,! nature ( _! inve/igations & reports1 & ( ,mr4 ,brunel's replies1 is /at$ 9 ! extracts giv5 bel[ f ! report ( ! ,directors 9 ,janu>y #ahci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 addition to ! "q ( gauge1 ano!r important matt] ref]r$ to ! consid]ation ( ,mr4 ,wood & ,mr4 ,hawk%aw 0 ! con/ruction ( ! p]man5t way4#ej ,on ! ,great ,we/]n a con/ruction _h be5 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,brunel diff]+ mat]ially f t ord9>ily us$2 & z defects _h %[n !mselves aft] ! op5+ ( ! railway1 "s anxiety 0 felt 9 ref]5ce to x by _m ( ! %>ehold]s4 ,! subject ( ! p]man5t way adopt$ on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway does n necess>ily belong to ! gauge "q1 & w\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 m prop]ly consid]$ 9 ! *apt] on ,mr4 ,brunel's railway works2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! controv]sy conc]n+ x became s int]wov5 ) t ( ! broad gauge1 t 9 a hi/orical acc\nt x w\ld be difficult to sep>ate !m4 ,x appe>$ to ,mr4 ,brunel t1 ) a view ( apply+ ! eng9e p[] to ! greate/ advantage1 p>ticul>ly 9 atta9+ high spe$1 m att5tion ought to be paid to ! con/ruction ( ! p]man5t way4 ,he says1 9 a report dat$ ,febru>y #ahcg3-- ,x appe>s to be frequ5tly =gott5 t al?\gh l(ty embankm5ts & deep cutt+s1 bridges1 viaducts1 & tunnels are all necess>y = =m+ ! level surface ^u :i* ! rails are to be laid1 yet !y are b ! means = obta9+ t end2 & ! ultimate object = :i* ^! great works are con/ruct$1 & = :i* ! enorm\s exp5ses consequ5t ^u !m are incurr$1 consits m]ely ( f\r level p>allel l9es1 n above two in*es wide1 ( a h>d & smoo? surface2 & ^u ! degree ( h>dness1 smoo?ness1 & p>allelism 7:i* la/ has hi!rto be5 v mu* neglect$7 ( ^! f\r l9es dep5d ! spe$ & co/ ( transport1 & 9 fact ! :ole result aim$ at4444 ,9 =m+ all my plans ,i h look$ to ! p]fection ( ! surface on :i* ! c>riages are to run1 z ! great & ultimate desid]atum2 & 9 ! detail ( con/ruction ( ?is la/ op]ation1 )\t :i* all ! previ\s lab\r is comp>atively wa/$1 ,i h always contemplat$ introduc+ all ! p]fection ( mat]ials & workman%ip ( :i* x is capable4 ,) a view to improvem5t on ?is po9t1 ,mr4 ,brunel consid]$ x w\ld be advantage\s if two important *anges 7 made4 ,he propos$1 9 ! fir/ place1 to aboli% ! use ( /one blocks = ! rails to re/ on1 & to sub/itute timb]2 &1 secondly1 to apply ! support uni=mly & cont9u\sly along ! :ole l5g? ( ! rails1 in/ead ( only at int]vals4 ,! fir/ ( ^! *anges1 namely1 ! sub/itution ( timb] = /one1 0 n :olly new1 = transv]se wood sleep]s 7 (t5 us$ 9 exceptional situations2 b x 0 ! g5]al op9ion t /one1 :]e x c\ld be appli$1 =m$ ! be/ support = ! rails1#ea & ! exclusive employm5t ( timb] 0 consid]$ a great innovation4 ,! o!r pr9ciple1 t ( #8cont9u\s be>+1' 0 simil> to t ( ! old wood5 & /one tramways2 &1 ev5 z appli$ to iron rails x _h be5 ext5sively us$ be=e1 z ,mr4 ,brunel m5tions 9 8 report ( ,augu/ #ahch 7see ,app5dix ,i4 p4 #ece47 ,mr4 ,brunel design$ = ?is cont9u\s be>+ a peculi> %ape ( rail1 :i*1 f ! =m ( its section1 acquir$ ! "n ( ! #8bridge rail4' ,! rail 0 bolt$ d[n to ! longitud9al timb]s1 & ! timb]s ( ! two rails 7 connect$ toge!r at int]vals by cross-pieces1 call$ transoms1 bolt$ to !m2 ^! s]v$ to keep ! two rails at a prop] di/ance ap>t4 ,! longitud9al timb]s lay on gravel or o!r #8balla/1' :i* _h be5 f\nd to =m ! be/ f\ndation1 z be+ firm & solid1 easy ( adju/m5t1 & all[+ free dra9age4#eb ,mr4 ,brunel1 h[ev]1 ?\ght !re w\ld be difficulty 9 giv+ ! longitud9al baulks a suffici5tly solid be>+ on ! gravel bel[ !m4 ,a simil> difficulty _h already be5 exp]i5c$ ) ! heavy /one blocks us$ on o!r railways4 ,z a rem$y = ?is1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son caus$ ea* block to be lift$ & dropp$ sev]al times on its place1 s z to consolidate ! balla/ bel[4 ,! same ?+ c\ld n be done ) a long wood5 baulk1 & ,mr4 ,brunel !re=e contriv$ ano!r mode ( ov]com+ ! difficulty4 ,piles 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd betwe5 ! rails1 & _! heads bolt$ to ! cross-transoms1 ! object be+ to hold ! timb] framework firmly d[n4 ,! gravel 0 !n ramm$ h>d "u ! longitud9al baulks1 to give ! consolidation desir$4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 ( ?is mode ( con/ruction 0 f> f successful1 & ! /ate ( ! road1 :5 run ov] by ! tra9s1 0 9 _m places v defective4#ec ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 enquiry ,mr4 ,wood tri$ a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts on ! ,great ,we/]n & o!r l9es4 ,he 0 ( op9ion t /one blocks af=d$ a p]man5tly firm] base1 & s caus$ less resi/ance to ! tra91 b t !re 0 less noise ) cont9u\s timb] be>+s1 & t !y gave a smoo!r & a m p]fect road = high rates ( spe$4 ,he ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ! piles 7 objectionable1 & t ! weight ( ! tra9s w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t suffici5tly consolidate ! f\ndation4 ,mr4 ,brunel accept$ ,mr4 ,wood's conclusions & ab&on$ ! pil+1 adopt+ at ! same "t l>g] timb]s & heavi] rails4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! p]man5t way1 z ?us alt]$1 fully ju/ifi$ ! fav\rable anticipations ,mr4 ,brunel _h =m$ ( ! cont9u\s timb] be>+4#ed 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! reports ( ,mr4 ,wood & ,mr4 ,hawk%aw1 ) ,mr4 ,brunel's replies to !m1 _h be5 circulat$ among ! %>ehold]s1 a special g5]al meet+ 0 call$ 9 ,london1 to receive & consid] ^! docum5ts4 ,x 0 conv5$ = ,decemb] #bj1 #ahch1 b 0 adj\rn$ till ,janu>y #i1 #ahci4 ,?is meet+ 0 ( great importance1 n only to ! ,company1 b to ,mr4 ,brunel p]sonally1 z on ! resolutions to be pass$ dep5d$ :e!r or n 8 plans %\ld be proce$$ )4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 ! w>m support ( ! ,directors1 z w appe> f ! foll[+ extracts f _! report4 ,x may be "h concisely /at$1 t ,mr4 ,wood d$uces f exp]im5ts ^u ! p]=mance ( eng9es on ! ,great ,we/]n & o!r l9es1 t al?\gh a high] rate ( spe$ has be5 atta9$ on ! =m]1 x w\ld appe> only to h be5 accompli%$ by ! increas$ p[] ( ! eng9es1 ) a mu* great] consumption ( coke :5 calculat$ p] ton p] mile4 ,he ascribes ?is result pr9cipally to ! resi/ance pres5t$ by ! atmosph]e to ! motion ( railway tra9s1 especially at high rates ( spe$4 ,8 rem>ks on t subject are qualifi$1 h[ev]1 by ! expression ( a d\bt z to ! value to be assign$ to ! s+le set ( exp]im5ts on ea* ( two incl9$ planes1 :i* are quot$ z ! au?ority = ! degree ( atmosph]ic resi/ance suppos$ to h be5 discov]$4 ,! r$uction ( friction by ! employm5t ( :eels ( increas$ diamet]1 & ! b5efit ( l[]+ ! c>riages betwe5 ! :eels1 are affirm$ by ,mr4 ,wood z incontrov]tible4 ,! increas$ /ability1 & consequ5t increas$ /ead9ess ( motion to c>riages on ! wid] base1 are also admitt$ by him4444 ,! v>i\s propositions ( d\btful advantage f ! wide gauge1 z well z ( alleg$ objection to x1 appe> to h be5 ?or\ghly consid]$ 9 ! report 9 "q4 ,! exp]im5ts on ! consumption ( coke at high velocities 7 unfav\rable1 &1 9 connection ) ! !ory ( atmosph]ic resi/ance1 appe> to h influ5c$ ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,wood to consid] t a sev5-feet gauge 0 beyond ! wid? :i* he w\ld deem ! be/4 ,at ! same "t1 ^u a review ( all ! circum/ances1 & consid]+ t !re are c\nt]act+ advantages1 incid5tal to an increas$ wid? ( gauge1 he does n ?9k t ! result ( 8 enquiries w\ld ju/ify a *ange 9 ! dim5sions adopt$ on ?is l9e1 & he recomm5ds ! pres5t wid? %\ld be reta9$4 ,! advice ?us giv5 by ,mr4 ,wood1 ^u mature reflection1 be+ directly at v>iance ) ! conclusion at :i* ,mr4 ,hawk%aw _h previ\sly arriv$ ^u an inve/igation simil>ly delegat$ to him1 x became ! duty ( ! ,directors to consid] mo/ att5tively ! tra9 ( reason+ & argum5t :i* l$ ! latt] to urge su* an opposite c\rse4 ,naturally expect+ f t circum/ance to f9d 9 8 report a cle> & def9ite /atem5t ( ! positive loss or disadvantages accru+ f ! increas$ wid? ( gauge1 ! ,directors c\ld n fail to rem>k ) "s surprise t he en=ces 8 recomm5dation1 n ^u any asc]ta9$ injury or failure 9 ! plan1 b almo/ exclusively ^u ! presumption t all railways1 h[ev] disconnect$ or locally situat$1 %\ld be con/ruct$ ( "o uni=m wid?4 ,:ile he appe>s to ?9k t x might be an improvem5t to h an addition ( a few in*es1 five or six at ! mo/1 he /ill que/ions ! exp$i5cy ( any v>iation f ! #d feet #h in*es gauge4 ,mr4 ,hawk%aw1 9 8 report1 also consid]s any additional exp5se ^u ! gauge1 z well z ^u ! improvem5t ( gradi5ts1 to be undesirable1 & assumes x at a scale ( augm5tation f> beyond ! real diff]5ce ( co/4 ,8 e/imates on t head are impea*$ 9 ! eng9e]'s obs]vations1 & no d\bt exi/s 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,directors1 t ! subject1 r$uc$ to a m]e "q ( figures1 9 its pres5t position1 w\ld und5iably %[ a pecuni>y loss to be borne by ! ,company by any su* *ange ( sy/em z he advocates1 ev5 if x 7 on o!r gr\nds deem$ advisable4 ,! objection t ! wide gauge might prev5t a junction ) o!r l9es seems bo? to ,mr4 ,wood & ! ,directors to h b little weight1 z appli$ to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,already has ! same wid? be5 contemplat$ & provid$ = 9 ! ext5sion l9es ?r\gh ,gl\ce/]%ire to ,*elt5ham & f ,bri/ol to ,exet]4 ,any local bran*es h]eaft] to be made w\ld und\bt$ly foll[ ! same c\rse1 & ! proprietors1 !re=e1 may be satisfi$ t no appreh5sion ne$ be ent]ta9$ by !m on t head4 ,! advantage ( foll[+ ,mr4 ,wood's advice1 9 n mak+ any alt]ation 9 ! wid? ( way1 has be5 s9ce mo/ =cibly %[n by m rec5t exp]im5ts1 :i* h entirely *ang$ ! results ^u :i* ! *ief objections to ! gauge 7 f\nd$4 ,! p]=mance ( ! eng9es1 %[n by ,mr4 ,wood's exp]im5ts 9 ,septemb]1 gave su* a disproportionate result 9 _! p[] ^u ! atta9m5t ( high velocities1 z to r5d] x all b impossible t ! effect c\ld be entirely produc$ by ! action ( ! atmosph]e on ! tra9s4 ,all d\bts 7 %ortly remov$ by its be+ asc]ta9$ t a diff]5t cause 7a m]e me*anical defect 9 ! eng9e itself7 _h be5 9 op]ation4 ,if ,mr4 ,wood _h witness$ ^! rec5t p]=mances ( ! eng9es1 he mu/ unque/ionably h *ang$ 8 op9ions z to ! means & practicability ( c>ry+ full av]age loads at a high spe$1 )\t ! great increas$ exp5se ( fuel4 ,! ,directors h satisfi$ !mselves ( ?is v important fact1 by p]sonally att5d+ an exp]im5t 7accompani$ by sev]al g5tlem51 among :om 0 a v em95t practical me*anic71 on :i* occasion ! #8,nor? ,/>' took a tra9 ( c>riages1 calculat$ = #aff pass5g]s1 & load$ to #dc tons1 to & f ,maid5head1 at a mean av]age spe$ ( ?irty-eight miles p] h\r1 ! maximum be+ =ty-five miles p] h\r1 consum+ only #jie1 or less ?an #a lb4 ( coke p] net ton p] mile1 in/ead ( #bgf1 say #b lbs41 z previ\sly %[n4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by a m]e alt]$ proportion 9 ! bla/ pipe ( ! eng9e1 9 ! mann] expla9$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 be+ a simple adaptation ( size 9 "o ( ! p>ts1 :i* admits a m free escape ( /eam f ! cyl9d]1 aft] x has ex]t$ its =ce on ! pi/on1 /ill pres]v+ suffici5t draft 9 ! fire4#ee ,x mu/ be almo/ ne$less to po9t out to ^? :o h p]us$ ! reports1 h[ importantly ?is *ange be>s ^u ! subject 9 almo/ e relation ( ! enquiry4 ,x negatives ! assumption t ! velocity c only be atta9$ by a ru9\s loss ( p[]4 ,x e/abli%es beyond d\bt t ! consumption ( fuel z n[ asc]ta9$1 9 proportion to ! load1 is only "o-?ird ( t :i* f ! =m] exp]im5ts _h be5 ! basis ( ,mr4 ,wood's argum5ts4 ,an analysis 9 ! report ( ! p]=mance ( ! ,great ,we/]n eng9es1 ) heavy loads v>y+ f #hj tons to #aff tons1 %[s 9 e respect a peculi>ly satisfactory result at a small co/ ( fuel1 & w>rants ! expectation ( v great b5efit to ! ,company f ! economical transport ( goods on ! l9e4 ,t ! exp5ses ( locomotive repairs1 especially on t heavy class ( repair :i* arise f lat]al /ra9s on ! :eels & fram+ ( ! eng9es1 h be5 mat]ially less ?an on o!r l9es is asc]ta9$ by v detail$ acc\nts1 accurately made & submitt$ to ! ,bo>d by ! sup]9t5d5t ( t dep>tm5t4 ,! exp]i5ce ( "s mon?s has n[ enabl$ ! ,directors to witness ! progressive improvem5t 9 ! practical work+ ( ! railway4 ,a high] rate ( spe$ has be5 g5]ally ma9ta9$ ?an on o!r l9es1 & at ! same "t1 ) t increas$ spe$1 great /ead9ess ( motion has be5 f\nd 9 ! c>riages1 ) consequ5t com=t to ! pass5g]s4 ,if spe$1 security1 & com=t1 7 ?ree great desid]ata 9 ! orig9al in/itution ( railway travell+1 ! ,directors feel sure t ! public w appreciate & pr(it by any improvem5ts 9 ^? qualities1 ! ,company d]iv+ ample remun]ation 9 ! %ape ( increas$ traffic4 ,a sav+ ( "t ^u a long j\rney1 ) increas$ com=t1 w necess>ily attract to "o l9e 9 pref]5ce to ano!r _m travell]s f beyond ! ord9>y di/ance ( local connection1 & w ?us secure a valuable collat]al trade :i* w\ld n o!rwise belong to x4 ,x has also a decid$ t5d5cy to av]t competition1 :i* may ) mu* reason be reg>d$ z ! *ief p]il to :i* railway prop]ty is subject$4 ,! ,directors1 ^u a delib]ate reconsid]ation ( all ! circum/ances affect+ ! p]man5t welf>e ( ! und]tak+1 dive/+ ! "q ( all p]sonal p>tialities or ob/9ate adh]5ce to a sy/em1 unanim\sly acquiesce 9 ! ab&onm5t ( ! piles1 9 ! sub/itution ( a great] scantl+ ( timb]1 & ( a heavi] rail1 reta9+ ! wid? ( gauge ) ! cont9u\s timb] be>+s1 z ! mo/ conducive to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! ,company4 ,! views ( ! ,directors 7 approv$ ( by ! majority ( ! %>ehold]s 7! numb]s be+ #g1gib =1 & #f1ade aga9/72 & ! con/ruction ( ! l9e 0 proce$$ ) accord+ to ,mr4 ,brunel's plans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,june #cj1 #ahda1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 0 op5$ f ,london to ,bri/ol4 ,"s ( ! ,directors' reports m5tion ! fact t ! spe$ uni=mly ma9ta9$ by ! eng9es mu* exce$$ ! ord9>y rate ( railway travell+1 & allude to ! #8g5]al te/imony borne to ! smoo?ness & com=t ( ! l9e & c>riages4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,z has be5 be=e m5tion$1 ext5sions & bran*es on ! same gauge1 to all ( :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 eng9e]1 7 project$ & ultimately c>ri$ out1 9 accordance ) ! orig9al s*eme ( ! und]tak+1 to ,exet]1 ,plym\?1 & ,cornwall1 & to ,gl\ce/]1 ,h]e=d1 & ,s\? ,wales1 z well z to ,ox=d1 ,w9dsor1 & o!r t[ns 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! l9e4 ,ab\t #ahdd1 ! att5tion ( ! ,company began to be direct$ to projects involv+ ext5sions ( a mu* m s]i\s "*1 & :i* 7 de/9$ to h a p[]ful influ5ce on ! position ( ! gauge "q4 ,dur+ ! railway mania1 ! ,great ,we/]n ,company f\nd x impossible to /& alo( f ! conte/s :i* 7 go+ on ar\nd !m1 & ?\ght x necess>y1 9 ord] to protect _! own int]e/s1 to ext5d _! l9es beyond ! di/rict to :i* !y _h orig9ally int5d$ to conf9e !mselves4 ,at ! g5]al meet+ 9 ,augu/1 an ext5sion f ,ox=d to ,rugby 0 det]m9$ on1 z #8( ! greate/ importance to ! ,great ,we/]n l9e4' ,ab\t ! same "t a broad-gauge l9e 0 promot$ f ,ox=d to ,worce/]1 & !nce by ,kidd]m9/] & ,dudley to ,wolv]hampton1 9 ord] to op5 an imm$iate communication ) ! ,/af=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire di/ricts4 ,!re 7 also rival projects on ! n>r[ gauge1 promot$ by ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,company2 & ! compet+ plans 7 ref]r$1 z 0 ! cu/om at t "t1 = ! exam9ation ( ! ,railway ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,9 reg>d to ! communication f nor? to s\?1 ?r\gh ,ox=d1 ! "q 01 :]e ! break ( gauge %\ld be4#ef ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade saw no?+ 9 ! relative m]its ( ! gauges to det]m9e ?is "q1 & f comm]cial consid]ations1 !y recomm5d$ t ! *ange ( gauge %\ld be made at ,ox=d4 ,on ?is & o!r gr\nds !y consid]$ t ! n>r[ gauge s*emes to ! nor? ( ,ox=d 7 pref]able to ^? ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,! rival s*emes !n w5t be=e ,p>liam5t1 & aft] a protract$ enquiry1 ob/9ately f\ght betwe5 ! p>ties1 ! decision 0 giv5 9 fav\r ( ! ,great ,we/]n l9es1 contr>y to ! recomm5dation ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 /at$ by ! *airman ( ! ,commons ,committee t ! decision _h be5 f\nd$ on ! local & g5]al m]its ( ! respective l9es1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! two gauges4 ,on ?is acc\nt "s peculi> provisions 7 made 9 ! ,acts2 = ?\gh ! l9es 7 sanction$ on ! broad gauge1 ! proprietors 7 b\nd also to lay d[n n>r[ gauge rails ^u !m1 if requir$ to d s by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,at ! same "t ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ! motion ( ,mr4 ,cobd51 pass$ a ,resolution pray+ h] ,maje/y to ref] ! gauge "q to a ,royal ,commission4 ,a ,commission 0 issu$ 9 ,july2 ! ,commission]s be+ ?ree 9 numb]--,sir ,j4 ,m4 ,fr$]ic ,smi?1 ,r4,e42 ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,airy1 ,a/ronom] ,royal2 & ,pr(essor ,b>l[1 ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,woolwi*4 ,!y took a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce1 bo? oral & docum5t>y1 & made "s exam9ations ( ! work+ ( ! two gauges4 ,_! report 0 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t e>ly 9 ! session ( #ahdf4 ,( =ty-eight witnesses1 ?irty-five 7 advocates ( ! n>r[ gauge2 & aga9/ ^! 7 array$ b f\r *ampions ( ! broad gauge1 all (fic]s ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway3--,mr4 ,*>les ,alex&] ,saund]s1 ! secret>y2 ,mr4 ,seym\r ,cl>ke1 ! traffic sup]9t5d5t2 ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,daniel7 ,goo*1 ! locomotive sup]9t5d5t2 & ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,! report 0 ( consid]able l5g?1 & 9 x ! ,commission]s address$ !mselves to ?ree heads ( enquiry1 viz43-- #a4 ,:e!r ! break ( gauge 0 an inconv5i5ce ( s mu* importance z to dem& ! int]f]5ce ( ! legislature4 #b4 ,:at means c\ld be adopt$ = obviat+ or mitigat+ su* inconv5i5ce4 #c4 ,consid]ations on ! g5]al policy ( e/abli%+ a uni=mity ( gauge ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! g5]al conclusions arriv$ at on ^! po9ts 7 ?us summ$ up by ! ,commission]s3-- #a4 ,t1 z reg>ds ! safety1 accommodation & conv5i5ce ( ! pass5g]s1 no decid$ pref]5ce is due to ei!r gauge1 b t on ! broad gauge ! motion is g5]ally m easy at high velocities4 #b4 ,t1 9 respect ( spe$1 we consid] t ! advantages are ) ! broad gauge2 b we ?9k ! public safety w\ld be endang]$ 9 employ+ ! great] capabilities ( ! broad gauge mu* beyond _! pres5t use1 except on roads m consolidat$1 & m sub/antially & p]fectly =m$1 ?an ^? ( ! exi/+ l9es4 #c4 ,t1 9 ! comm]cial case ( ! transport ( goods1 we believe ! n>r[ gauge to possess ! great] conv5i5ce1 & to be ! m suit$ to ! g5]al traffic ( ! c\ntry4 #d4 ,t ! broad gauge involves ! great] outlay1 & t we h n be5 able to discov]1 ei!r 9 ! ma9t5ance ( way1 9 ! co/ ( locomotive p[]1 or 9 ! o!r annual exp5ses1 any adequate r$uction to comp5sate = ! additional fir/ co/4 ,!re=e1 e/eem+ ! importance ( ! highe/ spe$ on express tra9s = ! accommodation ( a comp>atively small numb] ( p]sons1 h[ev] desirable t may be to !m1 z ( f> less mom5t ?an af=d+ increas$ conv5i5ce to ! g5]al comm]cial traffic ( ! c\ntry1 we are incl9$ to consid] ! n>r[ gauge z t :i* %\ld be pref]r$ = g5]al conv5i5ce1 & !re=e1 if x 7 imp]ative to produce uni=mity1 we %\ld recomm5d t uni=mity to be produc$ by an alt]ation ( ! broad to ! n>r[ gauge4444 ,guid$ by ! =ego+ consid]ations1 ! ,commission]s recomm5d$ t #d feet #h in*es %\ld be fix$ by law z ! /&>d gauge ( ! c\ntry2 & t z to ! exi/+ broad gauge l9es1 ei!r !y %\ld be alt]$ to ! n>r[ gauge1 or "s c\rse adopt$ :i* w\ld admit ( n>r[ gauge c>riages pass+ along !m4#eg ,?is adv]se report 0 a great surprise to ! support]s ( ! broad gauge sy/em1 z rum\rs _h l$ !m to hope = a diff]5t result4 ,imm$iately aft] its appe>ance1 sev]al docum5ts 7 publi%$1 conta9+ p[]ful & sev]e /rictures on ! proce$+s & op9ions ( ! ,commission]s4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 0 writt5 by ,mr4 ,saund]s1 ,mr4 ,daniel ,goo*1 & ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,x occupi$ fifty closely pr9t$ folio pages1 & 0 entitl$1 #8,obs]vations on ! ,report ( ! ,gauge ,commission]s1 pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t4' ,to ?is1 #8,supplem5tal ,obs]vations' 7 add$1 aft] ! publication ( ! ,evid5ce & ! ,app5dix to ! ,report4 ,9 ! conclusion ( ! #8,obs]vations' ! writ]s gave a summ>y ( ! po9ts !y consid]$ to h be5 prov$ 9 ! controv]sy1 namely-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! "q ( #8break ( gauge' orig9at$ z a cloak to a monopoly4 ,t ev5 if ! gauge 7 uni=m1 ?r\gh tra9s w\ld be impracticable4 ,t ! transf] w\ld be ( little inconv5i5ce4 ,t any advantage ( small waggons 0 applicable to ! broad gauge1 b t ! advantage ( l>ge waggons 0 n applicable to ! n>r[4 ,t ! competition betwe5 ! two sy/ems 0 advantage\s4 ,t ! f9al recomm5dations ( ! ,commission]s 7 at v>iance ) _! sep>ate conclusions4 ,t x w\ld be unju/ to refuse to all[ ! broad gauge to be laid d[n on l9es = :i* x 0 already sanction$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,t ! enquiry be=e ! ,commission]s 0 n prop]ly conduct$1 & t consequ5tly no legislation ought to be f\nd$ on x4 ,t ! data publi%$ by ! ,commission]s 7 (t5 wrong1 & 9 "s cases l$ to ! rev]se ( _! conclusions4 ,t great] economy 0 prov$ on ! broad gauge4 ,t ! broad gauge 0 sup]ior 9 ! po9ts ( safety1 spe$1 & conveyance ( troops4 ,t ! exp]im5ts made 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,commission]s _h demon/rat$ beyond all controv]sy ! complete success ( ! broad-gauge sy/em4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons1 a /rong prote/ 0 made aga9/ any legislative int]f]5ce ) ! broad-gauge sy/em4 ,a reply 0 publi%$ to ^! argum5ts2 & dur+ ! controv]sy a l>ge numb] ( pamphlets1 articles1 & o!r publications appe>$ on bo? sides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel's views on ! :ole "q1 ab\t ?is "t1 are concisely express$ 9 ! foll[+ lett]1 writt5 to a fri5d 9 ,france1 :o ask$ = in=mation on ! subject ( ! broad gauge3-- ,augu/ #d1 #ahde4 ,i am j (f = ,italy1 b write a few ha/y l9es 9 reply to ,mons4 ----'s qu]ies1 & :i* y mu/ scold him = n address+ direct to me4 ,nobody c answ] su* que/ions b myself1 & ,i am compell$ to be v brief4 ,9 answ] to ! fir/1 ,i s5d a draw+4 ,secondly4 ,i see no reason :y ! ord9>y con/ruction ( rails1 *airs1 & sleep]s %\ld n be equally applicable to ! wide gauge z to ! n>r[4 ,i h us$ !m occasionally4 ,i %\ld ?9k #ge lbs4 p] y>d heavy en\gh = any purposes4 ,?irdly4 ,)9 all ord9>y limits1 c]ta9ly 9 curves ( m ?an #bej metres #ab *a9s radius1 ! gauge does n affect ! "q ( curves4 ,! effect ( a curve ( l>g] radius ?an ?is appe>s1 bo? f mu* obs]vation z f !ory1 to arise m]ely f two causes1 ! "o c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is easily neutralis$1 & is indep5d5t ( gauge2 ! o!r f ! axles n be+ able to travel 9 ! direction ( ! radius1 & consequ5tly ! :eels n runn+ 9 a tang5t to ! curve4 ,?is also is unaffect$ by ! wid? ( gauge4 ,practically ,i believe ! conditions are n alt]$4 ,f\r?ly4 ,! exp5ses ( con/ruction are n dep5d5t on ! bread? ( gauge unless ! total wid? all[$ = ! loads or c>riages is !reby or = o!r reasons increas$1 :i* is n a necess>y consequ5ce ( a sev5-feet gauge4 ,! wide gauge c\ld be laid ^u ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway )\t alt]+ any ( ! works1 b 9 con/ruct+ ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,i ?\ght x desirable to provide = c>ry+ l>g] bodies1 & ,i plac$ ! c5tres ( ! two railways #ac feet ap>t1 in/ead ( #aa feet1 & !re=e my railway became f\r feet wid] 9 total wid?4 ,! increas$ co/ ( ?is1 includ+ ! co/ ( l&1 w v>y f #cjjl4 to #ejjl4 p] mile4 ,fif?ly4 ,! increase ( wid? w n increase ! weight ( an eng9e 7( ! same p[]7 #ejj lbs41 b ,i avail myself ( ! l>g] wid? to get m p[]ful eng9es1 & !y weigh1 ) wat] 9 ! boil]1 #ah to #ba tons4 ,i s5d a draw+ ( "o2 ! /roke is #ah in*es4 ,six?ly4 ,! pass5g] c>riages are all on six :eels1 & excessively /rong2 at pres5t ! framework ( c>riages & ! :ole ( ! waggons are made ( iron4 ,! fir/-class c>riages weigh1 ) :eels1 c41 #g tons #af cwt4 7#ag1dgb lbs471 & c>ry #cb pass5g]s4 ,second-class ab\t ! same weight1 & hold #gb4 ,sev5?ly & ,eigh?ly4 ,! comp>ison be+ on diff]5t railways "u diff]5t managem5ts & totally diff]5t circum/ances1 no /rictly correct comp>ative results c be giv52 & ( c\rse ! mo/ opposite op9ions are ent]ta9$ & express$4 ,i believe we travel mu* quick] at ! same co/ & ) m ease1 & c]ta9ly ! we> & te> ( eng9es & c>riages is v mu* less ) u ?an ) ! o!r l9es2 b = ! reasons above /at$ x _c be made matt] ( exact pro(1 b rema9s matt] ( op9ion4 ,! report ( ! ,gauge ,commission1 on be+ pres5t$ to ,p>liam5t1 0 ref]r$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 :o report$ on x 9 ,june #ahdf4 ,!y did n1 h[ev]1 concur ) ! ,commission]s to ! full ext5t ( _! recomm5dations2 =1 :ile admitt+ ! break ( gauge to be an evil1 !y c\ld n1 hav+ reg>d to ! circum/ances "u :i* ! broad gauge companies _h be5 e/abli%$1 & ! int]e/ !y _h acquir$1 recomm5d ei!r t ! broad gauge %\ld be r$uc$ to n>r[1 or t rails %\ld be laid d[n = n>r[ gauge traffic ov] all _! l9es4 ,su* measures w\ld involve great exp5se1 & !y 7 unable to sugge/ any equitable mode ( meet+ x4 ,?is conclusion necess>ily affect$ ! op9ion ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 9 reg>d to ! sev]al l9es "u con/ruction connect$ ) ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 :i* ! ,bo>d recomm5d$ %\ld be all made on ! broad gauge4 ,9 reg>d to ! broad-gauge l9es sanction$ by ,p>liam5t f ,ox=d to ,rugby1 & f ,ox=d to ,worce/] & ,wolv]hampton1 ! ,bo>d det]m9$ to ex]cise _! p[]s 9 requir+ ! n>r[ gauge to be laid d[n1 9 addition to ! broad4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons adopt$ ! recomm5dations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & pass$ a s]ies ( resolutions 9 con=mity !reto1 & #8,an ,act = regulat+ ! ,gauge ( ,railways' receiv$ ! ,royal ,ass5t on ,augu/ #ah1 #ahdf4 ,x 0 enact$ t x %\ld n be lawful to con/ruct any new pass5g] railway on any o!r gauge ?an #d feet #h in*es 9 ,engl&1 & #e feet #c in*es 9 ,irel&4 ,exceptions1 h[ev]1 7 made 9 fav\r ( c]ta9 l9es 9 ! we/ ( ,engl& & ,s\? ,wales4 ,! provisions relat+ to ! gauge 9 ! ,acts = ! ,ox=d & ,rugby1 & ! ,ox=d1 ,worce/]1 & ,wolv]hampton ,railways1 7 left 9 =ce4 ,! ,act also g5]ally except$ #8any railway con/ruct$ or to be con/ruct$ "u ! provisions ( any pres5t or future ,act conta9+ any special enactm5t def9+ ! gauge or gauges ( su* railway or any "p !re(4' ,?is ,act1 :ile x pr(ess$ to e/abli% ! n>r[ gauge z ! /&>d ?r\gh\t ! k+dom1 did s only nom9ally2 9 reality1 by ! words #8pres5t or future1' 9 ! passage above quot$1 x left ! "q ( ! gauge ( any new railway op5 = ! consid]ation ( ! committee on ! p>ticul> bill2 & x only oblig$ ! promot]s ( ! und]tak+ to adopt ! n>r[ gauge :5 no case c\ld be prov$ by !m = ! adoption ( "s o!r4 ,?is 0 equival5t to ! =m] /ate ( ?+s1 s t all ! agitation ( ! "q _h end$ 9 a m]e expression ( op9ion1 & ! broad-gauge p>ty 7 n only left ) all _! =m] lib]ty1 b 7 enc\rag$1 & almo/ compell$1 to pu% _! sy/em /ill f>!r :]ev] !y c\ld4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t ! "t ( ! pass+ ( ! ,gauge ,act1 a ,bo>d ( ,commission]s ( ,railways 0 e/abli%$1 to :om ! p[]s =m]ly possess$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade 7 transf]r$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ duties ( ! ,commission]s 0 to provide = ! due compliance ) ! ord] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade respect+ ! introduction ( ! n>r[ gauge1 9 conjunction ) ! broad1 on ! ,ox=d & ,rugby ,railway4 ,x 0 propos$ to effect ?is ei!r by lay+ a n>r[ gauge l9e conc5trically betwe5 ! two rails ( ! broad gauge1 or by lay+ d[n only "o additional rail betwe5 ! two broad-gauge rails1 mak+ "o ( ! latt] s]ve = bo? broad & n>r[ gauges4 ,mr4 ,brunel recomm5d$ ! second ( ^! plans to be adopt$ on ! ,ox=d & ,rugby l9e4 ,aft] a c>eful consid]ation ( ! "q1 ! ,commission]s sanction$ ! mix$ gauge =m$ by ! introduction ( a ?ird rail2 ?is 0 accord+ly laid d[n1 & none ( ! dang]s :i* 7 at ! "t progno/icat$ 9 ref]5ce to x 7 f\nd to exi/4 ,x has be5 ! plan almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ! _m cases :]e ! comb9ation ( ! two gauges has be5 requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #ahdf ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company _h promot$ a bill = a bran* to ,birm+ham f ! ,ox=d & ,rugby l9e at ,f5ny ,compton4 ,! ,act 0 obta9$1 b !y 7 defeat$ on ! "q ( ! gauge4 ,h[ev]1 aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,gauge ,act1 ! ,company aga9 attempt$ to c>ry ! broad gauge to ,birm+ham4 ,_! application 0 back$ by a /rong memorial f ! di/ricts int]e/$1 & 9 ,june #ahdg an ord] 0 pass$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lords direct+ ! ,bo>d ( ,commission]s ( ,railways-- ,to inquire into ! accommodation af=d$ by ! sev]al l9es ( railway n[ op51 or 9 ! c\rse ( con/ruction1 or project$1 betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham2 & to report to ?is ,h\se1 e>ly 9 ! ensu+ ,session ( ,p>liam5t 9 :at mann] !y are ( op9ion t ! int]e/s ( ! public may be mo/ effectually ecur$ 9 reg>d to su* l9es2 & :e!r x is exp$i5t t ! broad gauge %\ld be ext5d$ to ,birm+ham2 & if s1 9 :at mann] su* an arrangem5t c be c>ri$ into effect ) ! lea/ int]f]5ce ) exi/+ int]e/s4444 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 op5$ up aga9 ! :ole "q ( ! comp>ative m]its ( ! two gauges4 ,! ,railway ,commission]s issu$ a s]ies ( qu]ies address$ to ! (ficials ( ! ,great ,we/]n & ! ,london & ,nor? ,we/]n ,railway ,companies1 & o!rs4 ,on ! "p ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 answ]s 7 giv5 by ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,daniel ,goo*4 ,mr4 ,goo* also furni%$ ! results1 ) tables & diagrams1 ( a v compreh5sive s]ies ( dynamometrical exp]im5ts1 made by him on a mile ( /raight & level l9e on ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway4 ,^! exp]im5ts fully demon/rat$ ! advantages ( ! broad gauge1 & are /ill ! *ief au?ority on tra9 resi/ances4#eh ,9 _! report ! ,commission]s adopt$ ! op9ion ( ! ,gauge ,commission]s #8t a break ( gauge 0 a mo/ s]i\s imp$im5t 9 ! transport ( m]*&ise1 & t ! broad gauge did n (f] any comp5sat+ advantage s f> z t description ( traffic 0 conc]n$4' ,9 reg>d1 h[ev]1 to pass5g] traffic1 !y f\nd a case = fur!r enquiry4 ,!y said-- ,x is notori\s t high] spe$s1 ) l>g] & heavi] pass5g] tra9s1 are regul>ly ma9ta9$ on a "p ( ! l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ?an on any o!r railway 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is fact is kn[n & greatly appreciat$ by a v l>ge portion ( ! public2 & no op9ion respect+ ! ext5sion ( ! di/rict )9 :i* ! broad gauge %\ld be adopt$ is likely to be receiv$ ) confid5ce :i* is n f\nd$ on a full consid]ation ( ! circum/ances to :i* ! above fact is to be attribut$1 & ( ! ext5t to :i*1 "u diff]+ circum/ances1 if attributable to ! bread? ( gauge1 ! gauge ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway (f]s ?is advantage 7p4 #aa74 ,!y assum$ t ! great] spe$ 0 due to great] eng9e p[]1 & !y admitt$ t ! increase ( gauge all[$ ( an increase 9 ! size & p[] ( ! locomotive4 ,!y arriv$ at ! result t ! broad-gauge eng9e #8c draw on a level an ord9>y #8pass5g] tra9 ( #fj tons ) z mu* facility at #8sixty miles an h\r z ! n>r[-gauge eng9es c at #8fifty1' ! advantage1 h[ev]1 dim9i%+ ) /eep gradi5ts4 ,9 _! report ! foll[+ passages are to be f\nd3-- ,su* appe> to ! ,commission]s to be ! advantages :i* ! broad gauge at pres5t (f]s2 & al?\gh !y _c consid] !m suffici5t to comp5sate ! evils att5dant on two gauges1 if x 7 n[ possible to obta9 uni=mity ( gauge1 yet1 z two gauges are e/abli%$1 x appe>s to !m t x might be exp$i5t1 & = ! public int]e/1 on acc\nt ( ^? advantages1 to ext5d ! broad gauge to ,birm+ham 444 7p4 #ad47 ,by introduc+ ! mix$ gauge on ! ,birm+ham & ,ox=d ,junction ,railway1 ! l9e f ,birm+ham by ,f5ny ,compton to ,london w\ld probably (f]1 z a broad-gauge railway1 z rapid a communication z ! exi/+ direct l9e2#ei & great z ! advantages :i* ! public h receiv$ by ! rivalry betwe5 ! gauges1 9 ! rapid improvem5t 9 railway travell+1 h be51 x might ev5 be expect$ t ^! w\ld be fur!r increas$ :5 ! two sy/ems are br\ght into direct competition1 :i* z yet !y h n be5 7p4 #af74 ,! report ( ! ,railway ,commission]s 0 pres5t$ 9 ,may #ahdh4 ,_! decision 0 ratifi$ by ! pass+ ( an ,act 9 ! same session = ext5d+ ! broad gauge f ,ox=d to ,birm+ham2 & ! l9e 0 op5$ 9 ,octob] #aheb4 ,beyond ,birm+ham ! ,great ,we/]n ,company pur*as$ exi/+ railways lead+ ?r\gh ,wolv]hampton & ,%rewsbury to ,*e/]1 & obta9$ access to ,birk5head & ,man*e/]4 ,x ?us secur$ a communication ) ! great ,lanca%ire t[ns & ! manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,b all ! l9es nor? ( ,wolv]hampton _h be5 con/ruct$ on ! n>r[ gauge1 & !re=e1 unless ! broad gauge _h be5 laid d[n on ^! l9es1 !re 0 a break ( gauge betwe5 ! nor!rn di/ricts & ,london4 ,! break ( gauge 0 f\nd to be a mu* m s]i\s evil ?an _h be5 anticipat$ by ! ,great ,we/]n ,company :5 !y 7 fight+ _! great battle 9 #ahde4 ,= pass5g]s ! inconv5i5ce 0 unimportant2 b = ! goods traffic betwe5 ! manufactur+ t[ns & ,london x 0 s]i\s1 p>tly on acc\nt ( ! exp5se1 b m especially 9 consequ5ce ( ! loss ( "t4 ,! delay ( "s h\rs by *ange ( waggons1 :]e great competition exi/$1 0 fatal4 ,= ^! reasons ! abolition ( ! break ( gauge became desirable4 ,! numb] ( n>r[-gauge l9es _h by ! ye> #ahfa be5 s increas$ t !re 0 no long] any hope ( advantage\sly ext5d+ ! broad gauge 9 ! nor?4 ,!re=e ! mix$ gauge 0 complet$ to ,london4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! n>r[-gauge communication on ! nor!rn l9es ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 & its prolongation to ,london1 !re 0 b little inducem5t to use ! broad gauge nor? ( ,didcot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s f> z x ext5d$1 ! broad gauge _h exhibit$ 9 a m>k$ degree ! advantages ,mr4 ,brunel claim$ = x1 & :i* 7 nei!r few nor unimportant4 ,x may be desirable be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] to sum up ^? advantages3-- #a4 ,x gave ! p[] ( con/ruct+ m p[]ful eng9es1 by :i* great] spe$ = pass5g] tra9s & great] tractive p[] = heavy goods tra9s 7 obta9$4#fj #b4 ,x gave m space = ! conv5i5t arrangem5t & b5eficial proportions ( ! ma*9]y1 z well z = conv5i5t access to x4 ,9 all ^! po9ts difficulties _h be5 f\nd on ! n>r[ gauge2 & ! compulsory re/riction ( s important a dim5sion z ! wid? betwe5 ! rails has be5 a b> to any improvem5ts ( great magnitude or compreh5sive nature4 #c4 ,x gave1 ev5 ) ! ov]hang+ c>riage1 ! facility = obta9+ l>ge :eels1 & consequ5tly dim9i%+ ! axle friction )\t sacrifice ( /ability4 #d4 ,! great] wid? ( base = ! c>riages to re/ on gave increas$ /ead9ess & smoo?ness ( motion1 p>ticul>ly at high spe$s4 ,x 0 ! impulse giv5 by ! increase ( spe$ & com=t obta9$ )\t difficulty on ! broad gauge1 :i* _h l$ to ! *ief improvem5ts introduc$ 9 railway travell+4 #e4 ,great] safety 0 secur$1 p>ticul>ly at high spe$1 f ! great] /ability ( position due to ! wid] base1 produc+ increas$ /ead9ess & dim9i%+ ! *ance "u exceptional circum/ances ( ! d]angem5t ( any "p ( ! tra94 #f4 ,:ile ! broad gauge 0 b little m co/ly ?an ! n>r[1 ! wid? ( ! works be+ det]m9$ n by ! wid? ( ! rails1 b by ! wid? ( ! c>riages1 & ! extra co/ ( roll+ /ock be+ v small1#fa ! broad gauge c\ld be work$ m economically "u p>allel circum/ances ?an ! n>r[4 #g4 ,x gave ! facility ( us+ broad] vehicles ) equal /ead9ess1 9 cases :]e ! extra bread? w\ld be useful1 ?\gh ! extra bread? 0 by no means an ess5tial "p ( ! s*eme4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! tru? ( ^! ass]tions1 z e/abli%+ ! sup]iority ( ! broad gauge1 0 ( c\rse vehem5tly d5i$ by ! advocates ( ! n>r[ gauge4 ,"o objection urg$ by !m1 ! inconv5i5ces ( ! break ( gauge1 has und\bt$ly be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce to be a v p[]ful "o1 s p[]ful inde$ z to compel ! ab&onm5t ( ! broad gauge on ! l9es :]e any consid]able quantity ( goods traffic has to be c>ri$ 9 competition ) o!r companies4 ,_h ,mr4 ,brunel's orig9al plan be5 c>ri$ out1 & _h ! broad-gauge companies tak5 possession ( all ! we/]n portions ( ,engl&1 & avoid$ ext5sions into ! nor?1 ! po9ts ( contact w\ld no d\bt h be5 s unimportant t no great inconv5i5ce w\ld h aris51 or a few miles ( d\ble gauge w\ld h remov$ any difficulty2 b1 "u ! actual circum/ances ( ! case1 ! ,great ,we/]n ,company 7 =c$ to yield4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! advantages ( ! broad gauge 7 s mu* appreciat$ by ! di/ricts x s]v$1 t its ab&onm5t 0 view$ ) consid]able displeasure1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,birm+ham2 b ! inconv5i5ce ( d\ble traffic arrangem5ts f> outweigh$ ! advantages d]ivable f ! use ( ! broad gauge1 to ! limit$ ext5t x c\ld be appli$ on ^? outly+ portions ( ! ,great ,we/]n sy/em4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,company came to ! det]m9ation to "w _! nor!rn l9es on ! n>r[ gauge only4 ,! broad gauge is !re=e n[ conf9$ to ! di/rict = :i* x 0 orig9ally int5d$4 ,ev5 9 ?is di/rict !re are _m po9ts ( contact ) ! n>r[ gauge2 b ! inconv5i5ces ( break ( gauge are by no means s important z !y 7 9 ! nor?1 & d n1 at pres5t at lea/1 m5ace ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,mr4 ,brunel's design4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,sy/em4 ,a4,d4 #ahdj--ahdh4 ,,tatis #ce--dc4 ,,prelim9>y ,,obs]vations--,,! ,,s\? ,,devon ,,railway--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,sy/em--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,its ,,introduction ,,prior ,,to #ahdd--,,report ,,by ,,mr4 ,,brunel1 ,,recomm5d+ ,,its ,,adoption ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,devon ,,railway 7,,augu/ #ai1 #ahdd7--;,,exam9ation ,,( ,,?is ,,report--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,evid5ce ,,be=e ,,! ,,select ,,committee ,,on ,,atmosph]ic ,,railways1 #ahde--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,devon ,,railway1 #ahdd-ahdh--,,report ,,on ,,/ate ,,( ,,works 7,,augu/ #bh1 #ahdg7--,,report ,,on ,,causes ,,( ,,failure 7,,augu/ #ai1 #ahdh7--;,,ab&onm5t ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em1 ,,septemb] #ahdh--,,note--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,/ation>y ,,& ,,locomotive ,,p[]4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdd ,mr4 ,brunel recomm5d$ ! adoption ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em ( propulsion on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 a l9e ( #eb miles 9 l5g?1 :i* he 0 !n con/ruct+ betwe5 ,exet] & ,plym\?4 ,?is sy/em _h1 "u ! managem5t ( ,messrs4 ,clegg & ,samuda1 be5 9 op]ation ) success on ! ,dalkey l9e = "s "t be=e ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ _! app>atus on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway4 ,aft] x _h be5 9 use on ! ,s\? ,devon = ab\t twelve mon?s1 x 0 ab&on$1 & ! railway work$ ?r\gh\t by locomotives4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is !re=e z important z x is int]e/+ to exam9e ! causes ( ! failure ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & to consid] ! reasons :i* induc$ ,mr4 ,brunel 9 ! fir/ in/ance to adopt x1 & aft]w>ds to recomm5d its ab&onm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,up to ab\t ! ye> #ahdc1 ! co/ ( railways1 :i* 0 9 a great measure due to ! conditions impos$ by ! limit$ capabilities ( ! locomotive1 _h prev5t$ _! con/ruction1 except 9 cases :]e !y w\ld secure a l>ge traffic1 & at ! same "t trav]se :at 0 !n consid]$ a practicable c\ntry4 ,a curvature ( "o mile radius 0 reg>d$ z ! maximum g5]ally admissible on a l9e :]e high spe$s 7 aim$ at1 & auxili>y locomotives 7 requir$ to "w heavy gradi5ts4 ,nev]!less1 by ! gr[+ wants ( ! public & ! gr[+ boldness ( eng9e]s1 ! railway sy/em 0 gradually be+ =c$ into di/ricts hi!rto reg>d$ z unsuitable = x2 & no c\ntry 0 held to be impracticable :]e ! gradi5ts c\ld be surm\nt$ by ! inconv5i5t & co/ly exp$i5t ( auxili>y p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s\? ( ,devon _h = sev]al ye>s dem&$ railway accommodation1 & at ! p]iod n[ "u review1 ,mr4 ,brunel project$ :at 0 call$ ! coa/ l9e4 ,?is l9e1 :ile x be/ accommodat$ ! population ( ! di/rict1 pass$ ?r\gh a v difficult c\ntry4 ,if x 0 to be con/ruct$ at a mod]ate co/1 curves ( a qu>t] ( a mile radius _h to be admitt$2 & above #cj miles ( its entire l5g? trav]s$ a di/rict involv+ ! adoption ( gradi5ts /eep] ?an _h be5 else:]e us$ = su* consid]able di/ances4 ,! ,act = ?is railway 0 obta9$ 9 ! ,session ( #ahdd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 on leav+ ,exet]1 crosses ! flat c\ntry on ! "r bank ( ! riv] ,exe1 z f> z ,/>cross1 a village ne>ly opposite to ,exm\?4 ,f ?is po9t x runs d[n to ! coa/ & along ! sea-%ore1 by ,dawli%1 to ,teignm\?2 be+ protect$ by a sea-wall = ! great] "p ( ! di/ance1 & pass+ ?r\gh sev]al headl&s by %ort tunnels4 ,beyond ,teignm\? x foll[s ! left bank ( ! riv] ,teign1 :i* x crosses a %ort di/ance be=e rea*+ ! /ation at ,newton ,abbott4 ,! portion ( ! l9e f ,exet] to ,newton--#ba miles 9 l5g?--is v ne>ly level1 ! /eep incl9es = :i* ! railway is not$ be+ we/ ( ,newton4 ,betwe5 ,newton & ,totness1 = ! fir/ mile & a half ! l9e is almo/ level1 & 9 ! next two miles x rises #bjj feet1 ) gradi5ts ( #a 9 #ajj1 #a 9 #fj1 & ne>ly a mile ( #a 9 #dc4 ,at ! summit is a %ort tunnel2 & !nce ! l9e desc5ds #agj feet 9 a mile & ?ree-qu>t]s1 ) gradi5ts ( #a 9 #dj & #a 9 #dc = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 & gradi5ts ( #a 9 #eg & #a 9 #hh = ! re/ ( ! incl9e4 ,x !n runs ) m mod]ate gradi5ts & ab\t a mile & a half ( level l9e to ,totness4 ,f ! valley ( ! ,d>t at ,totness ! l9e rises at once by a rapid asc5t ( #cej feet 9 f\r miles & a half1 ) gradi5ts v>y+ f #a 9 #dh to #a 9 #ij1 m ?an a mile & a half av]ag+ #a 9 #ej4 ,!nce x runs1 ) easy up & d[n gradi5ts1 = a di/ance ( #ab miles along ! skirts ( ,d>tmoor1 cross+ by l(ty viaducts ! deep valleys :i* p5etrate ! moor4 ,x !n desc5ds to ,plympton1 9 ! valley ( ! ,plym1 fall+ #bgc feet 9 a little m ?an two miles1 ) a gradi5t ( #a 9 #db4 ,f ,plympton ! l9e = two miles is level1 & !n rises on an incl9e ( #a 9 #hj = a mile & a half1 & desc5ds by a simil> gradi5t into ! ,plym\? /ation4 ,! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! railway are t1 :ile x trav]ses a v heavy c\ntry1 its pr9cipal *anges ( level are conc5trat$ into f\r long & /eep incl9es4 ,^! f\r incl9es 7 int5d$ to be work$ by auxili>y p[]4 ,hi!rto on gradi5ts ( unusual /eepness a /ation>y eng9e ) rope traction _h be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! only available exp$i5t2 b ! special difficulties by :i* ?is sy/em 0 encumb]$ r5d]$ x unsuitable = high-spe$ pass5g] traffic1 & practically inapplicable to an ext5d$ l9e4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 v successfully employ$ by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son on ! ,blackwall ,railway1 a l9e ( ab\t #c miles 9 l5g?4 ,messrs4 ,clegg & ,samuda1 ! projectors ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 :i* 0 ano!r mode ( us+ /ation>y p[]1 _h1 previ\sly to ?is p]iod1 lab\r$ to attract ! att5tion & w9 ! fav\rable op9ion ( eng9e]s & ! g5]al public4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is desirable1 be=e proce$+ fur!r1 to give a brief description ( ?is sy/em ( traction1 ^u ! m]its ( :i* di/+ui%$ eng9e]s ent]ta9$ widely diff]5t op9ions4 ,betwe5 ! two rails ( ! l9e ( way 0 laid a ca/-iron tube1 :i* on ! ,croydon & ,dalkey railways & ! complet$ or level portion ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway 0 fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,on ! incl9es x 0 propos$ to use a tw5ty-two in* tube4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t ?ree miles along ! l9e 7 erect$ /ation>y eng9es1 work+ l>ge air-pumps1 by means ( :i* air c\ld be exhau/$ f ! tube1 & a p>tial vacuum creat$ )9 x4 ,a close-fitt+ pi/on 0 plac$ 9 "o end ( ! tube1 & ! air be+ exhau/$ f x1 ! pressure ( ! ext]nal air on ! surface ( ! pi/on :i* 0 t[>ds ! op5 end ( ! tube =c$ ! pi/on ?r\gh ! tube t[>ds ! end :]e ! air-pumps 7 work+2 s t if ! pi/on 7 connect$ ) a c>riage runn+ on ! rails1 x w\ld draw ! c>riage ) x4 ,! connection betwe5 ! pi/on & ! c>riage 0 arrang$ by ,messrs4 ,clegg & ,samuda 9 ! foll[+ way3#fb ,along ! top ( ! tube 0 a slit ab\t #b in*es wide2 ?is slit 0 clos$ by a long flap ( lea!r1 :i* 0 /r5g!n$ ) iron plates1 & secur$ to ! tube at "o side ( ! slit4 ,"o edge ( ! lea!r ?us =m$ a cont9u\s h+e2 ! o!r edge1 :]e x clos$ on ! tube1 0 seal$ ) a composition ( grease1 to r5d] x air-tight4 ,?is flap 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ! longitud9al valve4 ,:5 ! valve 0 clos$1 ! air c\ld be exhau/$ f ! tube 9 front ( ! pi/on1 & a p>tial vacuum =m$4 ,beh9d ! pi/on1 ! air be+ at atmosph]ic pressure bo? )9 & )\t ! tube1 !re 0 no objection to op5+ ! longitud9al valve2 & a b>1 ext5d+ d[nw>ds f ! "u side ( ! c>riage1 ent]$ ! slit obliquely "u ! op5$ valve1 & 0 connect$ to ! re> end ( a frame ab\t t5 feet long1 ! front end ( :i* c>ri$ ! pi/on4 ,to all[ ! b> to pass along ! slit1 ! valve 0 op5$ on its h+e1 be+ press$ upw>ds by a s]ies ( :eels c>ri$ by ! mov+ pi/on-frame inside ! tube4 ,! valve clos$ aga9 aft] ! passage ( ! tra92 & ! tube 0 ready to be exhau/$ 9 prep>ation = ! passage ( ! next tra94#fc ,! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 fir/ tri$ 9 #ahdj4 ,an exp]im5tal tube 0 laid d[n at ,wormwood ,scrubs on "p ( ! %ort l9e n[ incorporat$ into ! ,we/ ,london ,railway1 & !n kn[n by ! title ( ! ,bri/ol1 ,birm+ham1 & ,?ames ,junction ,railway4 ,its work+ 0 ! subject ( eag] discussion among eng9e]s4 ,9 #ahdb ,sir ,fr$]ic ,smi?1 ,r4,e41 & ,pr(essor ,b>l[1 "u an ord] f ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 report$ s fav\rably on ! sy/em ) ref]5ce to ! proposal = its application on ! ,dalkey bran* ( ! ,dubl9 & ,k+/[n ,railway1 t x 0 adopt$ !re4 ,9 #ahdc ,mr4 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,william7 ,cubitt det]m9$ to employ x on ! ,croydon ,railway2 & ab\t ! same "t ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 0 desir$ by ! ,directors ( ! ,*e/] & ,holyhead ,railway to report on ! propriety ( introduc+ x on t l9e4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son's report 0 bas$ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! work+ ( ! sy/em at ,dalkey4 ,! view he took 0 adv]se to its adoption1 n only on ! ,*e/] & ,holyhead1 b on almo/ e railway :atsoev]2 & ?is on ! gr\nd t1 ?\gh x 0 q capable ( be+ develop$ into a practical work+ sy/em1 yet on l9es ) ord9>y gradi5ts ! atmosph]ic traction mu/ be consid]ably m co/ly ?an locomotive traction1 & on /eep gradi5ts ?an rope traction2 9 o!r words1 t1 z a me*anical appliance x 01 ?\gh practicable1 n economical4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son's report _h no soon] appe>$ ?an ! correctness ( 8 conclusions 0 disput$ on 8 giv+ evid5ce be=e a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdd1 on ! ,croydon & ,epsom ,railway ,bill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel also 0 summon$ z a witness4 ,previ\sly to ?is "t he _h tak5 a great int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s attempts :i* _h be5 made to introduce ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & he _h himself conduct$ exp]im5ts at ,wormwood ,scrubs & at ,dalkey4 ,z e>ly z ,july #ahdj he _h consid]$ its applicability to ! ,box ,tunnel incl9e on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,he _h also consid]$ x 9 ref]5ce to v>i\s project$ l9es2 & 9 #ahdc he recomm5d$ x = adoption 9 a long tunnel on "o ( ! /eep incl9es ( ! ,g5oa & ,tur9 ,railway1 ! success ( ! sy/em be+ !n 7he wrote7 suffici5t to ju/ify its use on a "p ( ! l9e protect$ f wea!r4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 appli$ on ?is railway4#fd ,mr4 ,brunel's views at ?is "t are indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,april #h1 #ahdd4 ,any "p ,i h tak5 9 exam9+ into ! sy/em has be5 purely f ! desire :i* ,i always feel to =w>d good inv5tions2 & :5 ,i h =m$ a decid$ op9ion1 no fe> ( ! consequ5ces ev] prev5ts my express+ x4 ,my great anxiety1 h[ev]1 is to see a l9e ( railway & all its appurt5ances made expressly = ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & work$ accord+ly2 until ?is is done ! results w be comp>atively unsatisfactory4 ,al?\gh unwill+ to express g5]al op9ions1 ,mr4 ,brunel spoke /rongly be=e ! ,croydon & ,epsom ,railway ,committee 9 fav\r ( ! advantages ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & approv$ ( its use on t l9e4 ,a few mon?s lat] ,mr4 ,brunel recomm5d$ ! ,directors ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway ,company to adopt ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & !y resolv$ to act on 8 advice4 ,8 report 0 z foll[s3-- ,augu/ #ai1 #ahdd4 ,i h giv5 mu* consid]ation to ! "q ref]r$ to me by y at y\r la/ meet+--namely1 t ( ! advantage ( ! application ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em to ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway4 ,! "q is n new to me1 z ,i h =ese5 ! possibility ( its aris+1 & h frequ5tly consid]$ x4 ,i %all assume1 & ,i am n aw>e t x is disput$ by anybody1 t /ation>y p[]1 if fre$ f ! weight & friction ( any m$ium ( communication1 su* z a rope1 mu/ be *eap]1 is m "u comm&1 & is susceptible ( produc+ mu* high] spe$s ?an locomotive p[]2 & :5 x is consid]$ t = high spe$s1 su* z sixty miles p] h\r1 ! locomotive eng9e ) its t5d] _c weigh mu* less ?an half ( ! gross weight ( ! tra91 ! advantage & economy ( disp5s+ ) ! necessity ( putt+ ?is great weight also 9 motion w be evid5t4 ,i mu/ assume also t z a means ( apply+ /ation>y p[] ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em has be5 successful1 & t1 unless :]e "u "s v peculi> circum/ances x is inapplicable1 x is a good economical mode ( apply+ /ation>y p[]4 ,i am aw>e t ?is op9ion is directly oppos$ to t ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 :o has writt5 & publi%$ an elaborate /atem5t ( exp]im5ts & calculations f\nd$ ^u !m1 ! results ( :i* support 8 op9ion4 ,x does n seem to me t we c obta9 ! m9ute data requir$ = ! ma!matical inve/igation ( su* a "q1 & t su* calculations1 dep5d5t z !y are ^u an unatta9$ precision 9 exp]im5ts1 are z likely to lead y v f> f ! tru? z n4 ,by ! same mode ,m4 ,mallet & o!r ,fr5* eng9e]s h prov$ ! success ( ! sy/em2 & by ! same mode ( inve/igation ,dr4 ,l>dn] arriv$ at all ^? results reg>d+ /eam navigation & ! spe$ to be atta9$ on railways1 :i* h s9ce prov$ s errone\s4 ,exp]i5ce has l$ me to pref] :at "s may consid] a m sup]ficial1 b :at ,i %\ld call a m g5]al & broad] view1 & m capable ( embrac+ all ! conditions ( ! "q--a practical view4 ,hav+ consid]$ ! subject = sev]al ye>s pa/1 ,i h cauti\sly1 & )\t any cause = a fav\rable bias1 =m$ an op9ion :i* subsequ5t exp]im5ts at ,dalkey h fully prov$ to be correct2 viz4 t ! m]e me*anical difficulties c be ov]come1 & t ! full effect ( ! p>tial vacuum produc$ by an air-pump c be communicat$1 )\t any loss or friction wor? tak+ into consid]ation1 to a pi/on atta*$ to ! tra94 ,9 ?is po9t ( view ! exp]im5t at ,dalkey has entirely succe$$4 ,a sy/em ( ma*9]y :i* ev5 at ! fir/ attempt works )\t int]ruption & con/antly = _m mon?s1 may be consid]$ practically to be free f any me*anical objection4 ,no locomotive l9e t ,i h be5 connect$ ) has be5 equally free f accid5ts4 ,t :i* is true = "o railway ( two miles 9 l5g? is equally true = a second or ?ird1 al?\gh !y may be plac$ ! "o at ! end ( ! o!r2 ! *ances ( an accid5t are only 9 ! proportion ( ! numb]1 or 9 o!r words1 ! l5g?1 a proportion :i* holds equally good ) locomotives1 except t a locomotive may be affect$ by ! di/ance x has previ\sly run1 :ile a /ation>y eng9e & its pipes _c 9 l mann] be affect$ by ! previ\s work+ ( ! neighb\r+ eng9e & pipes4 ,9 my op9ion ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em is1 s f> z any /ation>y p[] c be1 z applicable to a great l5g? ( l9e z x is to a %ort "o4 ,^u all ^! po9ts ,i c\ld advance _m argum5ts & _m pro(s1 b ,i %all cont5t myself ) say+ t1 z a pr(essional man1 ,i express a decid$ op9ion t1 z a me*anical contrivance1 ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus has succe$$ p]fectly z an effective means ( work+ tra9s by /ation>y p[]1 :e!r on long or %ort l9es1 at high] velocity & ) less *ance ( int]ruption ?an is n[ effect$ by locomotives4 ,i w n[ proce$ to consid] ! "q ( ! advantage ( its application to ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway4 ,x w simplify ! discussion ( ! "q v mu* if x is consid]$ z a comp>ison betwe5 a d\ble l9e work$ by locomotives 9 ! usual mann]1 & a s+le l9e ( railway work$ by /ation>y p[]1 ! only peculi>ity ( ! pres5t case be+ t ^u f\r sep>ate portions ( ! :ole #eb miles /ation>y assi/ant p[] w\ld "u any circum/ances h be5 us$1 ^! f\r incl9es =m+ toge!r "o-fif? ( ! :ole di/ance4 ,x is necess>y to consid] x z a "q ( a s+le l9e on acc\nt ( ! exp5se1 ! co/ ( ! pipe = ea* l9e be+ ab\t #c1ejjl4 p] mile4 ,an addition ( #g1jjjl4 p] mile1 or ( ab\t #ccj1jjjl41 9 ! fir/ con/ruction c\ld n be c\nt]balanc$ by any adequate advantage 9 ! sav+ 9 ! works on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 & probably n by any subsequ5t economy or advantage 9 ! work+2 b ! sy/em admits ( ! work+ ) a s+le l9e1 )\t dang] ( collision1 c]ta9ly ) less ?an ^u a d\ble locomotive l9e4 ,& ,i believe also t1 consid]+ ! abs5ce ( mo/ ( ! causes ( accid5ts1 !re w ev5 be less liability ( int]ruption & less delay 9 ! av]age result+ f accid5ts ?an 9 ! ord9>y d\ble locomotive railway4 ,by ! modification ( ! gradi5ts & by r$uc+ ! curves to #a1jjj feet radius :]e any great advantage c be ga9$ by s do+1 & by con/ruct+ ! cutt+s1 embankm5ts1 tunnels1 & viaducts = a s+le l9e1 a consid]able sav+ may be effect$ 9 ! fir/ co/4 ,9 ! p]man5t way & balla/+1 ! r$uction w be ab\t "o-half4 ,i %\ld propose to make ! rails ab\t #eb lbs4 weight & ! timb] #ab #f2 ! quantity ( balla/ w\ld probably be r m ?an half1 b at ! pres5t prices ( iron & timb] ! sav+ c\ld n be less ?an #b1ejjl4 p] mile4 ,f a c>eful revision ( ! works g5]ally1 ,i consid] t a r$uction may be effect$ 9 ! foll[+ items1 & to ! am\nt specifi$ 9 ea*1 viz41 balla/+ gradi5ts & curves3-- s4 d4 ,r$uction 9 e>? "w #af1ejj #j #j 9 l5g? ( pr9cipal tunnel #ad1jjj #j #j -------------- #cj1ejj #j #j ,sav+ by s+le l9e4 ,e>?work #be1jjj #j #j ,tunnels #aa1ejj #j #j ,viaducts #ae1jjj #j #j ,p]man5t way & balla/4 ,to all[ = sid+s1 say #ej miles1 #b1ejjl4 #abe1jjj #j #j --------------- #bjg1jjj #j #j ,p] contra4 ,pipe on #da miles#fe #ach1ejj ,increase on incl9$ planes1 #aj miles #f1ejj s4 d4 #ade1jjj #j #j ,eng9es = ! #da miles #ce1jjj #j #j ,pat5t "r1 say #aj1jjj #j #j --------------- #aij1jjj #j #j ,! diff]5ce 9 fir/ co/ !re=e is #ag1jjj #j #j ,to ?is mu/ h[ev] be add$ ! co/ ( ! locomotive p[]1 ) its att5dant exp5ses ( eng9e-h\ses1 c41 :i* _c1 ,i ?9k1 be put at less ?an #ej1jjj #j #j -------------- ,mak+ a sav+ ( #fg1jjj #j #j ,i h n includ$ 9 ! exp5se ( ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus t ( ! telegraph1 because at its pres5t r$uc$ co/ ( #afjl4 p] mile ,i am conv9c$ its use w\ld repay ! outlay 9 ei!r case4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! l9e c be con/ruct$ & furni%$ ) ! mov+ p[]1 9 work+ ord]1 on ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 = some?+ less ?an ! con/ruction only ( ! railway fitt$ = ! locomotive p[]1 b )\t ! eng9es2 & t tak+ into consid]ation ! co/ ( locomotive p[]1 a sav+ 9 fir/ outlay may be effect$ ( upw>ds ( #fj1jjjl4 ,b x is 9 ! subsequ5t work+ t ,i believe ! advantages w be mo/ s5sible4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ) ! gradi5ts & curves ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway betwe5 ,newton & ,plym\?1 a spe$ ( ?irty miles p] h\r w\ld h be51 = locomotives1 a high spe$1 & "u unfav\rable circum/ances ( wea!r & ( load1 x w\ld probably h be5 f\nd difficult & exp5sive to h ma9ta9$ ev5 ?is2 ) ! ,atmosph]ic1 & ) ! dim5sions ( pipes ,i h assum$1 a spe$ ( =ty to fifty miles may c]ta9ly be dep5d$ ^u1 & ,i h no d\bt t f tw5ty-five to ?irty-five m9utes may be sav$ 9 ! j\rney4 ,secondly1 ! co/ ( runn+ a few additional tra9s s f> z ! p[] is conc]n$ is s small1 ! plant ( eng9es1 ! att5dance ( eng9e-m51 c41 rema9+ ! same1 t x may almo/ be neglect$ 9 ! calculations2 s t %ort tra9s1 or extra tra9s ) m frequ5t dep>tures1 adapt$ 9 e respect to ! v>y+ dem&s ( ! public1 c be work$ at a v mod]ate co/4 ,i h no d\bt t a consid]able augm5tation ( ! g5]al traffic w be ?us effect$1 by means :i* ) locomotive eng9es w\ld be v exp5sive1 & frequ5tly unatta9able1 p>ticul>ly z reg>ds "o class ( %ort tra9s1 :e!r = pass5g] or goods1 :i* f ! inconv5i5ce ( work+ !m by locomotives are h>dly kn[n--,i ref] to tra9s betwe5 ! int]m$iate /ations4 ,by _m means1 :i* ! easy comm& ( a motive p[] at any "t1 at e "p ( a l9e1 mu/ af=d ( accommodat+ ! public1 ,i believe ! traffic may be increas$4 ,x appe>s to me also t ! quality ( ! travell+ w be mu* improv$2 t we %all atta9 great] spe$1 less noise & motion1 & an abs5ce ( ! coke du/1 :i* is c]ta9ly /ill a great nuisance2 & an inducem5t w ?us be held out to ^? 7! majority ( travell]s7 :o travel ei!r solely = pleasure1 or at lea/ n f necessity1 & :o are ma9ly influ5c$ by ! degree ( com=t ) :i* !y c g f place to place4 ,la/ly1 ! av]age co/ ( work+ ! tra9s w be mu* less ?an by locomotives4 ,) ! gradi5ts ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 & assum+ t n less ?an eight tra9s1 includ+ mail & goods tra9s1 runn+ ! :ole di/ance1 & c]ta9ly "o %ort tra9 runn+ half ! di/ance1 be ! lea/ numb] t w\ld suffice1 ,i ?9k an annual sav+ ( #h1jjjl4 a ye> 9 locomotive exp5ses1 includ+ all[ance = depreciation ( plant1 may v safely be reli$ ^u4 ,= all ! reasons above quot$1 ,i h no hesitation 9 tak+ ^u myself ! full & entire responsibility ( recomm5d+ ! adoption ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 & ( recomm5d+ z a consequ5ce t ! l9e & works %\ld be con/ruct$ = a s+le l9e only4#ff ,9 ?is report ,mr4 ,brunel re/$ 8 recomm5dation pr9cipally on two assumptions1 :i* he held to be indisputable--7#a7 ,t /ation>y p[]1 if fre$ f incumbrances su* z ! friction & dead weight ( a rope1 0 sup]ior to locomotive p[]2 & 7#b7 ,t ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em ( traction 0 !oretically a good & economical me?od ( apply+ /ation>y p[]1 & t x 0 also a practical & work+ sy/em1 z _h be5 %[n 9 its fir/ & some:at crude application at ,dalkey4 ,! sup]iority ( /ation>y z comp>$ ) locomotive p[] dep5ds on two pr9ciples--7a7 ,t a giv5 am\nt ( p[] may be suppli$ by a /ation>y eng9e at a less co/ ?an if suppli$ by a locomotive4 7b7 ,t ! dead weight ( a locomotive =ms a l>ge proportion ( ! :ole travell+ load1 & ?us inh]5tly involves a proportionate wa/e ( p[]--a wa/e :i* is enhanc$ by ! /eepness ( ! gradi5ts & ! spe$ ( ! tra9s4 ,a detail$ exam9ation ( ^! pr9ciples is giv5 9 ! note to ?is *apt]4 ,x is !re %[n t at ! "t ref]r$ to /ation>y p[] c\ld be obta9$ = "o f>?+ p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 :ile locomotive p[] co/ m ?an "o p5ny p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r1 ! co/ ( ! locomotive p[] be+ m ?an f\r times t ( ! /ation>y p[]4 ,on a level l9e at a spe$ ( #fj miles p] h\r1 = ea* horse-p[] usefully employ$1 a locomotive1 9 consequ5ce ( its own dead weight & ! friction ( its ma*9]y1 is oblig$ to exp5d m ?an "o & a half horse-p[]2 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! useful "w done co/s ne>ly sev5 times z mu* z if x _h be5 p]=m$ by a /ation>y eng9e4 ,aga91 on s mod]ate an asc5t z "o 9 #ge1 = ea* horse-p[] usefully employ$1 ! locomotive has to exp5d at #dj miles p] h\r m ?an two horse-p[]1 & at #fj miles p] h\r ?ree horse-p[]2 s t ! useful "w done co/s 9 ! "o case ne>ly t5 times1 9 ! o!r ?irte5 times1 z mu* z if x _h be5 p]=m$ by a /ation>y eng9e4 ,?is great advantage ( /ation>y ov] locomotive p[] 0 a suffici5t ju/ification = introduc+ a sy/em :i* promis$ to realise x to any consid]able ext5t2 al?\gh _m difficulties might h to be enc\nt]$4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h satisfi$ himself t ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 !oretically economical1 & t its trial at ,dalkey _h %[n t x 0 practically free f me*anical objections4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 inde$1 _h admitt$ t ! me*anical details _h be5 br\ght to a rem>kable degree ( p]fection2 b ?is admission 0 n any qualification ( ! radical diff]5ce ( op9ion :i* exi/$ betwe5 him & ,mr4 ,brunel1 to :i* ,mr4 ,brunel drew att5tion 9 8 report ( ,augu/ #ahdd4 ,! subsequ5t ab&onm5t ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em l$ _m to believe t ,mr4 ,brunel _h be5 ra% 9 reject+ ! detail$ inve/igations & conclusions ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 & t ! adv]se conclusions :i* ,mr4 ,brunel _h refus$ to ent]ta9 7 subsequ5tly e/abli%$4 ,b1 9 fact1 ! failure ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 due to failure 9 "s ( its me*anical details1 & 0 n due to ^? inh]5t defects 9 its pr9ciple :i* ,mr4 ,/eph5son 9 8 report consid]$ t 8 exp]im5tal data _h e/abli%$4 ,mr4 ,brunel's op9ions 7 aga9 br\ght prom95tly into notice 9 ! evid5ce giv5 by him be=e a ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 :i* 0 appo9t$ 9 ! ,session ( #ahde1 9 consequ5ce ( ! numb] ( project$ l9es :i* x 0 propos$ to "w by ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,! foll[+ lett]1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,brunel to "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,committee1 expla9s :at he consid]$ to be 8 position at ?is "t3-- ,april #c1 #ahde4 ,i am summon$ to att5d y\r ,committee on ,friday1 & z x is kn[n t ,i h express$ op9ions fav\rable to ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & t ,i am actually apply+ x ^u a l9e ( "s l5g?1 x w\ld be consid]$ an absurd affectation1 & w\ld1 moreov]1 be useless to attempt1 to avoid giv+ evid5ce :5 s call$ ^u2 b ,i am a mo/ unwill+ witness4 ,i ?9k x r h>d ^u a pr(essional man1 :o wi%es to be cauti\s & prud5t1 t he %\ld be call$ ^u to express g5]al op9ions1 :i*1 if writt5 ev5 9 ! mo/ /udi$ & c>eful language1 _c be s word$ z to be applicable to e case t may h]eaft] arise1 or to be pro( aga9/ ! unfair & unscrupul\s attack ( ! paid writ]s on ^! controv]sies4 ,i m5tion ^! difficulties1 :i* ,i feel t y may make "s all[ances =1 if my feel+s %\ld appe> 9 my evid5ce1 or if t evid5ce %\ld appe> to fall v %ort ( ! op9ions ,i am kn[n to ent]ta91 & :i* ,i mu/ ent]ta9 to induce me to apply ! sy/em ext5sively1 z ,i am do+4 ,i f9d x difficult to def9e ! po9ts ^u :i* x w\ld be desirable to exam9e eng9e]+ witnesses1 & ,i really believe t1 ent]+ fre%ly ^u ! subject & feel+ z "o ( ! public1 y are m likely to elicit ! useful po9ts ?an "o :o1 l myself1 has be5 turn+ 8 :ole att5tion 7lately1 at lea/7 solely to ! me*anical con/ruction4 ,h[ev]1 ,i enclose a copy ( a lett] ,i address$ to a p>ty int]e/$ 9 ! pat5t1 :i* ref]s to my op9ions on ! sev]al po9ts--op9ions1 h[ev]1 express$ )\t t caution to :i* ,i ref]r$ z s necess>y4 7,enclosure47 ,m>* #ca1 #ahde4 ,i object v mu* to giv+ evid5ce ^u ! ab/ract po9t ( ! applicability ( a p>ticul> sy/em1 & ?us furni%+ g5]al op9ions :i* o!rs are to apply z !y may *oose to p>ticul> cases2 & if ,i c\ld1 ,i w\ld refuse to give evid5ce at all be=e ! pres5t ,committee1 :atev] might be ! consequ5ce to ! promot]s ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,circum/ances1 h[ev]1 r5d] su* a refusal impossible2 b ,i am equally anxi\s n to be drawn into becom+ an advocate ( a sy/em4 ,:5 ,i gave evid5ce la/ ye>1#fg al?\gh x 0 !n v mu* aga9/ my incl9ation1 x 0 9 support ( a p>ticul> case2 & x 0 only incid5tally t my op9ion 0 advanc$ z to a sy/em4 ,! evid5ce is n[ av[$ly s\ght 9 support ( a sy/em1 & ,i d n1 z ,i be=e /at$1 int5d to become an advocate ( ?is or any o!r sy/em4 ,i m5tion ^! my views to prev5t disappo9tm5t4 ,if ! foll[+ facts & op9ions are likely to be ( use to ! ,committee1 ,i c give evid5ce on !m4 ,i made exp]im5ts ^u ! portion ( railway laid on ,wormwood ,scrubs4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made = my own private satisfaction1 & n made public 9 any way4 ,!y satisfi$ me ( ! me*anical practicability ( ! sy/em4 ,9 #ahdc & #ahdd ,i made sev]al exp]im5ts ^u ! ,dalkey railway4 ,! result ( my obs]vations & ( ^? exp]im5ts is an op9ion t ! me*anical difficulties att5d+ ! application ( ?is sy/em may be ov]come1 & ! :ole z a ma*9e made to "w 9 a v p]fect mann]2 t is1 z a me*anical p[] = locomotion x w g5]ally1 b n 9 e case1 be m economical ?an :at is /rictly call$ locomotive p[]1 t high spe$s may be m easily atta9$1 t1 f ! abs5ce ( ! locomotive eng9e1 ! rails may be con/ruct$ & ma9ta9$ 9 m p]fect ord]1 & z a consequ5ce ! c>riages may be con/ruct$ & work$ 9 a m p]fect mann]1 & s z to run m smoo?ly1 & t 9 all respects ! travell+ may be r5d]$ m rapid1 m luxuri\s1 & m safe4 ,z reg>ds ! la/1 viz4 safety1 collisions may be r5d]$ altoge!r impossible1 or mo/ remotely possible2 :ile all o!r s\rces ( dang]1 n[ v small1 may be almo/ entirely remov$ by ! increas$ p]fection ( ! rails4 ,z reg>ds fir/ co/1 a s+le l9e may be made to answ] all ! purposes ( a d\ble locomotive l9e = mo/ railways1 except ma9 l9es 9 imm$iate connection ) ! metropolis1 or =m+ trunk l9es = o!rs ) important bran*es n "u ! same control2 & a s+le ,atmosph]ic l9e w g5]ally co/ z little1 (t5 less1 includ+ ! work+ p[]1 ?an a d\ble locomotive l9e )\t ! eng9es4 ,i am n[ con/ruct+ a l9e ( #eb miles 9 l5g? entirely = ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,i already see _m advantages to be atta9$ 9 ! sett+ out & con/ruct+ ( a railway1 if orig9ally design$ = ?is sy/em2 ! pr9cipal advantages c only be atta9$1 &1 above all1 ! pr9cipal difficulties 9 ! sy/em c only be prop]ly provid$ aga9/1 :]e ! l9e is orig9ally design$ = ! sy/em2 ! *oice ( gradi5ts & curves & levels1 ! position1 &1 above all1 ! arrangem5ts ( /ations1 w g5]ally be totally diff]5t 9 ! two sy/ems1 & ! difficulties to be avoid$ w equally diff]4 ,x is unnecess>y to give any extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's evid5ce1#fh z x only repeats ! op9ions & calculations embodi$ 9 8 report ( ,augu/ #ahdd4 ,! ,committee1 :ile !y all[$ t exp]i5ce c\ld alone det]m9e "u :at circum/ances ( traffic or ( c\ntry ! pref]5ce to ! ,atmosph]ic or ! ,locomotive ,sy/em %\ld be giv51 report$ v /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! g5]al m]its ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,z soon z x _h be5 decid$ t ! ,s\? ,devon 0 to be con/ruct$ z an ,atmosph]ic l9e1 ! dim5sions ( ! cutt+s1 embankm5ts1 & tunnels 7 arrang$ = a s+le l9e1 except on ! long incl9e we/ ( ,totness1 & on t ea/ ( ,plympton4 ,9 ! approa*es to ! pr9cipal summits ! gradi5ts 7 made some:at /eep]1 s z to r$uce ! excavations4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahdd1 ,mr4 ,brunel prep>$ a specification & draw+ ( a /eam-eng9e & vacuum pump1 & a copy 0 s5t to ! mo/ em95t eng9e-build]s1 toge!r ) a lett] invit+ t5d]s = six pairs ( eng9es4 ,! lett] conclud$ z foll[s3-- ,any p>ty ^: t5d]s may be accept$1 %all1 if requir$1 furni% =?) a m detail$ draw+ & specification ( ! eng9es z !y propose to furni% !m2 ! specification & draw+ n[ s5t be+ expressly made v g5]al1 9 ord] t ea* manufactur] may1 s f> z is consi/5t ) ! g5]al requisites & conditions1 adopt 8 own me?ods ( con/ruction1 or use any exi/+ patt]ns4 ,! economical "* ( ! eng9es :i* ,mr4 ,brunel desir$ to obta9 is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! requirem5t t !y 7 to be high-pressure cond5s+ eng9es1 fitt$ ) d\ble-seat$ expansion valves1 & hav+ boil]s prov$ to #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & gu>ante$ to "w ) safety valves load$ to #dj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! t5d]s accept$ 7 ^? ( ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watt1 ,messrs4 ,r5nie1 & ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field4 ,mr4 ,brunel left x to ! contractors to prep>e _! designs )\t any int]f]5ce on 8 "p1 deem+ x be/ to rely on _! unfett]$ judgm5t4 ,! task ( manufactur+ & fitt+ ! ca/-iron tube 0 "o ( "s difficulty1 ! longitud9al slit all[+ ( consid]able di/ortion 9 ! ca/+4 ,?is "w 0 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,george ,h5nett1 by ! aid ( a set ( v effective tools devis$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,guppy4 ,! tubes 7 suppli$ at ! rate ( "o mile p] week1 & by ! middle ( #ahdf ne>ly ! :ole l9e 0 laid to ,newton1 & ! valve 0 ready to be fix$4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahdf1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,samuda w5t to ,dawli%1 tak+ ) him a /aff ( assi/ants tra9$ 9 ! work+ ( ! sy/em at ,croydon2 & e ef=t 0 made to advance ! completion ( ! eng9es & ! o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to vexati\s delays 9 ! erection ( ! eng9e-h\ses & eng9es1 x 0 n until ! comm5cem5t ( #ahdg t a pi/on-c>riage 0 able to trav]se ! fir/ six miles out ( ,exet]4 ,&1 ?\gh repeat$ exp]im5tal tra9s cont9u$ to be run1 no pass5g]s _h be5 convey$ by ,atmosph]ic tra9s prior to ! g5]al meet+ ( ! %>ehold]s1 at ! end ( ,augu/4 ,mr4 ,brunel's report on ?is occasion 0 z foll[s3-- ,augu/ #bg1 #ahdg4 ,x is a subject ( great regret1 & to no "o m ?an to myself1 t we h z yet be5 unable to op5 any portion ( ! l9e to ! public ) ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus1 al?\gh a consid]able di/ance has = "s mon?s be5 9 a /ate to admit ( frequ5t exp]im5ts be+ made ^u x4 ,?is delay has aris5 pr9cipally1 if n entirely1 9 t "p ( ! :ole sy/em :i* x might h be5 expect$ w\ld h be5 ! lea/ expos$ to x--namely1 ! con/ruction & completion ( ! /eam-eng9es4 ,x is due to ,mr4 ,samuda t ,i %\ld say t1 s f> z reg>ds ! m]e pipe & valve1 & o!r details :i* may be said to con/itute ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus1 we might long s9ce h comm5c$4 ,b ! eng9es1 al?\gh design$ )\t any int]f]5ce ) _! plans1 & furni%$ by ! be/ mak]s ( ! c\ntry1 & al?\gh diff]+ s slightly f ! ord9>y con/ruction ( /eam-eng9es1 h prov$ s\rces ( cont9u$ & mo/ vexati\s delays1 bo? 9 ! unexpect$ l5g? ( "t occupi$ orig9ally 9 _! erection1 & 9 subsequ5t correction ( defects 9 m9or p>ts4 ,:ile ! eng9es 7 imp]fect1 x w\ld n only h be5 unwise to h comm5c$ work+ ! l9e1 ev5 _h x be5 practicable1 b ! frequ5t int]ruptions to ! cont9u\s work+ ( all ! eng9es r5d]$ x impossible to complete & te/ ! diff]5t portions ( ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus4 ,!re are /ill "s defects to be rem$i$ 9 "o or two ( ! eng9es1 & ,i am us+ e endeav\r1 by p]suasion & by e o!r means 9 my p[]1 to urge on ! manufactur]s 9 _! "w ( completion4 ,)9 ! la/ week or two only h we be5 able to "w at all cont9u\sly betwe5 ,exet] & ,teignm\?1 s z to h ! opportunity ( try+ ! diff]5t p>ts1 & gett+ ! v>i\s details requisite = actually work+ tra9s te/$ & br\ght to suffici5t p]fection to ensure effici5cy & regul>ity4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( la/ week1 h[ev]1 f\r tra9s p] day h be5 run regul>ly1 /opp+ at ! /ations1 & keep+ _! "t z if work+ = traffic4 ,! tube & valve appe> 9 good ord]1 & ! :ole has work$ well1 b ! runn+ 9 ?is mann] c alone %[ ! defici5cies :i* may /ill exi/ 9 ! details necess>y = /opp+1 & />t+ quickly f ! /ations1 & all ! o!r m9or op]ations incid5tal to work+ ! traffic 9 ! ord9>y c\rse2 &1 until all ^! arrangem5ts are complet$1 & ! eng9es 9 m p]fect ord]1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be mu* bett] to def] at lea/ ! sub/itution ( ! ,atmosph]ic = ! locomotive work+4 ,tra9s1 9 addition to ^? n[ runn+ may p]haps be advantage\sly work$ = ! public1 aft] a fur!r %ort cont9uance ( ! pres5t practis+4 ,! two eng9es complet+ ! numb] to ,newton are ne>ly ready = trial1 & x is to be presum$ t1 aft] ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 ! mak]s w be enabl$ to put !m at once into an effici5t /ate4 ,! delays & difficulties att5d+ ! br++ into op]ation ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em ^u ?is portion ( ! railway h be5 beyond all anticipation1 & beyond :at any previ\s exp]i5ce w\ld h ju/ifi$ anybody 9 anticipat+4 ,! difficulties h all be5 s]i\sly aggravat$ by ! necessity 7consequ5t1 c]ta9ly1 ^u ! orig9al delays7 ( work+ ! l9e ) locomotives dur+ ! con/ruction & completion ( ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus4 ,n only has ! con/ant occupation ( ! l9e int]f]$ ) ! progress ( ! "w1 b x has be5 necess>y to devise all ! arrangem5ts s z to admit /ations1 sid+s1 & l9e be+ work$ ei!r by locomotive or by ,atmosph]ic 9 succession1 or ev5 at ! same "t4 ,^! difficulties1 add$ to ^? always consequ5t ^u ! introduction ( any new sy/em1 h be5 mo/ we>y+ & incessant1 & ,i am n surpris$ t ! public & ! proprietors %\ld h be5 impati5t4 ,i tru/ ! ultimate result w remove any gr\nds = disappo9tm5t4 ,! /ress ( p]sonal anxiety & p]sonal fatigue1 exp]i5c$ by ,mr4 ,brunel & by all :o 7 engag$ 9 ! "w1 0 v sev]e1 & cont9u$ s to ! end4 ,n only 0 ! progress 9 ! completion ( ! "w sl[1 b 9 spite ( e ex]tion ! results 7 incessantly m>r$ by un=tunate cont+5cies :i* involv$ fur!r delay1 disc\ragem5t1 & exp5diture4 ,moreov]1 ! reaction :i* foll[$ ! railway mania _h set 92 calls 7 ill respond$ to1 & great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 rais+ ! money requisite = ! completion ( ! l9e4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x 0 resolv$1 on ,septemb] #a1 n to incur any new exp5ses 9 relation to ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em beyond ,totness1 & to limit any exp5diture already contract$ =1 until its work+ betwe5 ,exet] & ,totness _h be5 fairly tri$1 except to provide assi/ant p[] up ! two incl9es4 ,on ,septemb] #h ! ,atmosph]ic tra9s began to take _! %>e 9 ! pass5g] duty ( ! l9e1 f\r tra9s runn+ ea* way daily2 &1 except :5 occasional mi%aps caus$ delay1 ! new mode ( traction 0 almo/ univ]sally approv$ (4 ,! motion ( ! tra91 reliev$ ( ! impulsive action ( ! locomotive1 0 s+ul>ly smoo? & agreeable2 & ! pass5g]s 7 fre$ f ! annoyance ( coke du/ & ! sulphure\s smell f ! eng9e *imney4 ,9 o!r respects ! record ( progress is b a *equ]$ "o1 & exhibits1 9 spite ( great & able ef=ts & bright5+ int]vals ( occasional improvem5t1 indications ( gr[+ difficulties deep5+ into ultimate defeat4 ,9 exam9+ ! *ronicle ( ev5ts :i* correspond5ce & memor&a supply1 x is inevitable t ref]5ces to failure & disa/] %\ld be f\nd relatively 9 f> great] abundance ?an records ( success2 & ?is = ! simple reason t !re 0 at t "t great use 9 tak+ note ( ! unfav\rable incid5ts t occurr$1 almo/ none 9 m5tion+ successful "w4 ,!re is !re=e "s dang] ( fall+ into a mood ( unju/ depreciation1 su* z ,mr4 ,brunel _h 9 en]getic t]ms urg$ ! ,directors to gu>d !mselves aga9/4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ _! requir+ 7z !y once int5d$ to d7-- cont9u\s & detail$ reports--if true & hone/1 ( c\rse conta9+ no?+ b acc\nts ( mi%aps--( a sy/em :i* 7he says7 we are /ruggl+ to r5d] p]fect4 ,:y1 a daily acc\nt ( our locomotive mi%aps w\ld ru9 ! locomotive sy/em1 if x 7 new6 ,i w und]take to say t ! mi%aps ( ye/]day or to-day on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 7 z great z t ( ,tuesday on ! ,s\? ,devon4 ,! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 vaguely cr$it$ ) e delay :i* a tra9 _h exp]i5c$ 9 any "p ( its j\rney2 ?\gh1 9 po9t ( fact1 a l>ge proportion ( ^! delays 0 really *>geable to t "p ( ! j\rney :i* 0 p]=m$ ) locomotives4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t "t ?us lo/ 0 made up on ! ,atmosph]ic "p ( ! l9e1 z is %[n by a record ( ! work+1 :i* is /ill extant4 ,9 ! week1 ,septemb] #bj-be1 #ahdg1 x appe>s t ! ,atmosph]ic tra9s are *>geable ) a delay ( #bh m9utes 9 all2 :ile delays due to ! late arrival ( ! locomotive tra9s1 am\nt+ 9 all to #fb m9utes1 7 made up by ! extra spe$ atta9able on ! ,atmosph]ic "p ( ! l9e4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 casualties occurr$2 due inde$ to rem$iable causes1 b yet ( disc\rag+ aspect 9 !mselves1 & d]iv+ additional weight f ! mann] 9 :i* !y react$ on ! co/ ( work+4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 7 ! frequ5t & occasionally v s]i\s breakages 9 ess5tial p>ts ( ! pump+-eng9es4 ,aga91 ! cupp$ lea!rs ( ! travell+-pi/on1 :i* made x air-tight1 7 (t5 de/roy$ :ile x 0 pass+ ! v>i\s inlet & outlet valves4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! valves 7 introduc$ to meet ?is difficulty2 b ! rem$y c\ld n be appli$ at once ?r\gh\t ! l9e1 & mu* inconv5i5ce 0 ?us exp]i5c$1 & a consid]able exp5se incurr$4 ,ano!r s\rce ( inconv5i5ce 0 ! wat] :i* at times accumulat$ )9 ! tube4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 _m respects ! results :i* _h be5 calculat$ on 7 realis$1 & ! new arrangem5ts necess>y to ! work+ ( ! sy/em 7 successfully br\ght into op]ation4 ,! spe$ ( ! tra9s correspond$ fully ) ! degree ( vacuum obta9$2 t is to say1 ! tra9 resi/ances prov$ to be :at _h be5 anticipat$4#fi ,aft] ! trial ( a great v>iety ( air-pump valves1 a =m 0 adopt$ :i* 0 f\nd to answ] exce$+ly well4#gj ,9 ! ,atmosph]ic tube1 ! sy/em ( self-act+ inlet & outlet valves1 by :i* ! pi/on 0 enabl$ to leave ! tube on approa*+ a /ation & ent] x aga9 on recomm5c+ its j\rney1 71 on ! :ole1 successfully adapt$ to _! duty4 ,aga91 an arrangem5t = />t+ ! tra9 rapidly f ! /ation1 )\t ! help ( horses or ( locomotives1 _h be5 br\ght practically into op]ation4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/$ ( a %ort auxili>y vacuum tube conta9+ a pi/on :i* c\ld be connect$ ) ! tra9 by means ( a t[-rope1 & ?us draw x along till ! pi/on ( ! pi/on c>riage ent]$ ! ma9 ,atmosph]ic tube4 ,"s accid5ts at fir/ occurr$ 9 us+ ?is app>atus1 b its defects 7 aft] a "t remov$2 & x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t ! v>i\s m9or difficulties ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em c\ld soon h be5 effectually ma/]$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x n[ rema9s to %[ h[ x 0 t1 9 spite ( mu* t 0 hopeful1 a vigor\sly su/a9$ conte/ end$ 9 defeat1 in/ead ( be+ prolong$ into victory4 ,9 work+ ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway grave difficulties 7 ?r\gh\t enc\nt]$1 = :i* to ! la/ only imp]fect rem$ies c\ld be f\nd4 ,z reg>ds ! p[] consum$1 ! eng9es ( ea* pump+ /ation work$ up to ab\t #bcf indicat$ horse-p[]1 & _! regulat$ duty = ea* tra91 includ+ ! anticipatory pump+1 0 equival5t to #ee m9utes ( "w = e mile ( ! l5g? ( tube !y _h to exhau/4 ,z ! runn+ spe$ av]ag$ #dj miles p] h\r1 or a mile 9 #ae m9utes1 ! #bcf horse-p[] dur+ ! #ee m9utes ( pump+ mu/ be reg>d$ z equival5t to #hfe horse-p[] dur+ ! actual passage ( ! tra94 ,n[1 mak+ full all[ance = pi/on friction & extra friction on curves1 = ! p[] exp5d$ 9 gett+ up spe$1 = ! excess ( air-pump resi/ance due to ! *anges ( temp]ature exp]i5c$ by ! air "u exhau/ion1 & ev5 = ! v l>ge actual am\nt ( friction 9 ! eng9es employ$1 ! "w done %\ld h be5 repres5t$ by an exp5diture ( #bdj horse-p[] dur+ ! passage ( ! tra94 ,if to ?is is add$ an all[ance = leakage1 su* z ! exp]im5ts at ,dalkey indicat$ w\ld be amply suffici5t ) ! longitud9al valve 9 good condition1 x may be said t ,mr4 ,brunel _h a "r to expect t ! duty w\ld be p]=m$ ) an exp5diture ( #cjj horse-p[]2 :]eas x actually requir$ #hfe horse-p[]1 or ne>ly ?ree times ! am\nt4 ,! explanation ( ?is wa/e is simple4 ,s]i\s & unexpect$ causes ( failure develop$ !mselves 9 ! longitud9al valve1 & l$ to an excessive am\nt ( leakage4 ,a great "p ( ! normal duty ( ! eng9es 01 z has be5 /at$1 to exhau/ ! tube previ\s to ! entry ( ! tra92 & :51 ow+ to leakage1 ! am\nt ( air to be s pump$ out 0 greatly increas$1 x became necess>y t ! op]ation %\ld be comm5c$ mu* e>li]4 ,!re 0 ?us a long] "t dur+ :i* ! leakage c\ld take place1 & a /ill great] am\nt ( air to be pump$ out4 ,x !re=e foll[$ t a l>ge increase ( leakage involv$ wa/e ( p[] 9 an enorm\sly increas$ proportion4 ,! l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ! anticipatory pump+ 0 (t5 increas$ by ! difficulty ( arrang+ prop] telegraphic communication on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 & by ! abs5ce ( x on ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway4 ,! ,electric ,telegraph 0 9 its infancy1 & ?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel _h be5 ! fir/ to apply x 9 connection ) railways1 namely1 betwe5 ,london & ,sl\gh on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 9 ! ye> #ahci1 x 0 n br\ght into p]fect work+ ord] on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway till ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 on ! po9t ( be+ ab&on$4 ,! result ( ! defects 9 ! telegraph 0 t1 :5 a tra9 0 late1 w>n+ 0 n receiv$ at ! sev]al eng9e-h\ses2#ga & ?us1 :5 ?is 0 ! case1 ! pump+-eng9es :i* _h be5 />t$ at ! "r int]val ( "t be=e ! tra9 0 due1 _h to be kept at "w = a ne$lessly long p]iod pump+ out ! air1 :i* 0 all ! :ile leak+ 9 ?r\gh ! det]iorat$ valve4 ,?is ineffici5cy ( ! telegraphic app>atus w\ld h be5 ( trifl+ importance b = ! defects ( ! valve4 ,_h ! valve be5 z p]fect z x 0 expect$ to be1 ! vacuum1 aft] x _h be5 =m$1 c\ld h be5 ma9ta9$ by an exp5diture ( p[] v mod]ate 9 comp>ison ) t :i* 0 actually requir$4 ,z reg>ds ! relative co/ ( ! p[] consum$1 x appe>s t1 ow+ to imp]fections 9 ! eng9es1 _! exp5diture ( fuel p] indicat$ horse-p[] 0 m ?an d\ble t ( ! be/ ( ! ,corni% pump+-eng9es1 to :i* !y 7 analog\s2 :ile ! co/ ( work+ 0 m ?an ?ree times z great4 ,! defects 9 ! eng9es 7 = ! mo/ "p su* z might h be5 rem$i$2 & ?is w\ld h be5 done1 _h n ! excessive duty impos$ on !m by ! leakage ( ! longitud9al valve prev5t$ _! be+ /opp$ = repairs & alt]ations4 ,9 ?is way ! defects ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! app>atus mutually aggravat$ ea* o!r4 ,x appe>s !n t1 *iefly ow+ to ! defective longitud9al valve1 ! eng9es 7 exp5d+ ne>ly ?ree times ! p[] :i* !y %\ld h done = a giv5 tractive duty1 accord+ to previ\s exp]i5ce1 & ! results obta9$ on ! ,dalkey l9e1 & t !y co/ p] horse-p[] at lea/ ?ree times z mu* z 0 expect$4 ,! co/ ( traction1 ne>ly n9e times z mu* z _h be5 calculat$ on1 0 betwe5 two & a half & ?ree times :at x w\ld h be5 ) locomotive p[]2 & ?is 0 on a level "p ( ! l9e1 :]e ! comp>ative advantages ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 7 n exhibit$ z !y w\ld h be5 9 ! "p :i* _h /eep gradi5ts4 ,! imp]fections ( ! longitud9al valve h n[ to be describ$4 ,by its condition ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em _h to /& or fall4 ,) an effici5t valve1 ! defects ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! app>atus w\ld h be5 ( m9or importance1 & "t w\ld h be5 giv5 = rem$y+ !m4 ,:5 ! leakage became consid]able1 ! defects ( ! telegraph & ! defects ( ! eng9es alike assum$ a =midable aspect4 ,! failure ( ! valve 0 due1 p>tly to ! composition :i* 0 us$ to seal ! jo9t :]e x op5$1 & p>tly to ! mat]ial ( :i* ! valve consi/$4 ,! difficulty ( obta9+ a suitable composition 0 ! fir/ :i* _h to be enc\nt]$4 ,on ! ,s\? ,devon a lime soap 0 ev5tually f\nd to answ] ! purpose well4 ,its surface1 h[ev]1 f exposure to light & air1 =m$ into a h>d sk92 & to rem$y ?is a ?9n] & m fluid mat]ial1 a comp\nd ( cod-oil & soap1 0 laid on to keep x s(t4 ,?is answ]$ satisfactorily1 b x requir$ frequ5t r5ewal1 z x 0 apt to be drawn into ! tube by ! ru% ( air :5 ! valve 0 op5$4 ,! r5ewal ( ! v>i\s compositions1 & ! c>eful exam9ation & repair :i* ! valve con/antly requir$1 0 a cause ( great anxiety & exp5se4 ,b 9 ! mat]ials ( ! valve lay ! s\rce ( ! m s]i\s difficulty4 ,! ready aff9ity ( lea!r = oil & grease1 & its suppl5ess & clos5ess ( gra9 :5 saturat$ ) sub/ances ( t nature1 _h long be5 kn[n & utilis$4 ,x _h n be5 anticipat$ h[ readily1 ) air-pressure on "o side & a p>tial vacuum on ! o!r1 ! oily matt]s ) :i* ! lea!r 0 *>g$ w\ld escape f x1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,al?\gh1 :ile ! lea!r 0 saturat$ ) wat]1 ! valve 0 rem>kably air-tight2 :5 fro/ sup]v5$ ! wat] became froz51 & gave a fatal /ubbornness ( texture1 :i* r5d]$ ! valve incapable ( clos+ prop]ly4 ,aga91 9 long-cont9u$ dr\ght ! lea!r became intractable f its dryness2 & ! /iff5+1 :e!r f fro/ or dr\ght1 r5d]$ x liable to be torn4 ,an imm$iate application ( seal-oil p5etrat$ ! lea!r1 & relax$ its /iffness2 b ! rem$y (t5 c\ld n be appli$ 9 "t1 &1 moreov]1 0 exp5sive4 ,a /ill m grave defect 0 all ! :ile becom+ matur$1 & 0 und]m9+ e hope t a suitable dress+ c\ld be discov]$1 & t ! longitud9al valve might be made p]fect4 ,"u ! jo9t action ( wat] 9 ! lea!r1 & ( ! aff9ity ( iron = tann9--& on ! endur+ pres5ce ( tann9 )9 its texture ! consi/5cy ( lea!r dep5ds--a de/ructive decomposition _h long be5 at "w2 ! oxide1 e/abli%$ 9 ! iron plates ( ! valve by cont9u$ contact ) damp lea!r1 _h be5 /eadily ab/ract+ ! tann92 ?us ! lea!r _h become conv]t$ into an ink-/a9$ & comp>atively decompos$ tissue4 ,l>ge portions ( x became torn1 & incurably p]vi\s to air4 ,x 0 n until e>ly 9 ,june #ahdh t ,mr4 ,brunel discov]$ ! condition :i* ! valve _h assum$4 ,he !n in/itut$ a c>eful exam9ation ?r\gh\t ! l9e1 & ! ext5t ( ! disord] 0 realis$4 ,! /ate ( ?+s :i* exi/$ :5 ?is discov]y 0 made 9 effect involv$ ! r5ewal ( ! valve ! :ole di/ance f ,exet] to ,newton2 s t1 z ! co/ ( ! valve 0 #a1afjl4 p] mile1 an imm$iate outlay ( "s #be1jjjl4 became ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( ! sy/em1 & ?is at ! "t :5 ! real difficulties ( ! valve "q _h become mo/ app>5t4 ,by galvanis+ ! iron plates ( ! valve ! mutually de/ructive action ( ! iron & ! lea!r might h be5 prev5t$2 b a rem$y 0 also requir$ = ! o!r s]i\s defect :i* lea!r1 z ! mat]ial ( ! valve1 0 f\nd to exhibit1 namely1 its t5d5cy to become p]meable to air aft] long-cont9u$ use "u air-pressure1 ow+ to ! inw>d escape ( ! mat]ial ) :i* x _h be5 dress$4 ,^! difficulties 7 n only su* z _h n be5 anticipat$1 b su* z no "o 0 ju/ifi$ 9 anticipat+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x n[ became necess>y = ,mr4 ,brunel to consid] :at c\rse1 "u ! circum/ances1 x 0 mo/ advisable = ! ,company to adopt4 ,a ,committee ( ! ,bo>d 0 appo9t$ to exam9e ! :ole "q2 &1 at _! desire1 ,mr4 ,brunel made a report ^u x1 :i* 0 z foll[s3-- ,augu/ #ai1 #ahdh4 ,y h call$ ^u me to report to y ^u ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus1 & p>ticul>ly ^u ! circum/ances connect$ ) ! p>tial de/ruction ( ! longitud9al valve :i* has lately occurr$1 & ! probability ( rem$y+ ?is s]i\s defect1 & ( keep+ ! valve 9 repair & 9 good work+ ord]4 ,su* a report involves necess>ily ! consid]ation ( ! :ole "q ( our exp]i5ce ( ! work+ ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em2 because1 to arrive at any cle> appreciation ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! app>atus1 ,i mu/ ref] to ! circum/ances :i* h affect$ our work+ up to ! pres5t "t1 & p>ticul>ly to ! sev]al difficulties :i* we h _h to enc\nt] & _! effects4 ,! fir/ difficulty1 & "o :i* 0 z unexpect$ z x 0 s]i\s1 0 9 ! work+ ( our /ation>y eng9es4 ,^u ! effici5cy ( ^! ma*9es mu/ ( c\rse ultimately dep5d ! economy & effici5cy ( ! work+ ( ! :ole sy/em1 h[ev] p]fect 9 itself might be ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus4 ,accord+ly1 great precautions 7 tak5--precautions :i* ,i /ill ?9k su* z to ju/ify ! expectation t we %\ld secure ! be/ eng9es t c\ld be made4 ,! ?ree fir/ manufactur]s ( ! day 7 employ$--,messrs4 ,maudslay 7:o _h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> bran*1 hav+ made ! eng9es = ! ,croydon railway71 ,messrs4 ,b\lton & ,watts1 & ,messrs4 ,r5nie4 ,!y prep>$ _! own designs2 & ,i "k t !y ea* be/[$ mu* ?\ght 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! designs1 & took consid]able int]e/ 9 ! results4 ,mr4 ,samuda1 a man ( consid]able me*anical abilities1 hav+ all ! exp]i5ce t c\ld be _h ^u ! subject1 & deeply int]e/$ 9 ! success ( ! eng9es1 0 also employ$ to sup]9t5d _! manufacture4 ,not)/&+ all ^! precautions1 not)/&+ excell5t workman%ip1 ^! eng9es h n1 on ! :ole1 prov$ successful2 none ( !m h z yet work$ v economically1 & "s are v extravagant 9 ! consumption ( fuel1 burn+ ne>ly d\ble ! quantity ( o!rs1 :ile ! av]age is v consid]ably m ?an x ought to be4 ,! app>5t causes ( ?is excess are v>i\s 9 ! diff]5t eng9es1 b all result+ m or less app>5tly f ! want ( exp]i5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> application ( p[]1 & f ! circum/ance ( ! =m ( ! eng9es be+ some:at novel1 & involv+ slight diff]5ces 9 ! proportion & arrangem5t ( ! p>ts2 & ! consumption ( /eam be+ great] ?an 0 calculat$ ^u1 x has be5 obta9$ by a m wa/eful exp5diture ( fuel1 & ! evil has be5 aggravat$4 ,! difficulty ( rem$y+ ?is /ate ( ?+s has be5 increas$ by ! consequ5ce ( defects 9 ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus1 :i*1 caus+ a mu* great] dem& ^u ! work+ ( ! eng9es1 has delay$1 or has entirely prev5t$1 our ?r[+ an eng9e out ( "w1 to introduce ! requisite improvem5ts4 ,/ill1 s f> z ?is defect 9 ! eng9es is conc]n$1 !re is no d\bt t x is susceptible ( consid]able1 if n complete rem$y1 & t a r$uction ( "o-?ird may be effect$ 9 ! consumption ( fuel4 ,9 ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus itself our difficulties h be5 m num]\s4 ,we h suff]$ f extreme cold1 p>ticul>ly :5 x foll[$ quickly ^u wet4 ,we h suff]$ f extreme heat1 & also f heavy falls ( ra94 ,^! difficulties h 9 turn be5 enc\nt]$ & gradually ov]come1 & ,i ?9k ! effects ( all ^! causes ^u a valve 9 good condition may n[ be obviat$1 if n entirely1 yet s mu* s z to r5d] _! op]ation unimportant4 ,! same rem$y applies to all ?ree--keep+ ! lea!r ( ! valve oil$ & v>ni%$1 & r5d]+ x imp]vi\s to ! wat]1 :i* o!rwise soaks ?r\gh x 9 wet wea!r1 or :i* freezes 9 x 9 cold1 r5d]+ x too /iff to %ut d[n2 & ! same precaution prev5ts ! lea!r be+ dri$ up & %rivell$ by ! heat2 = ?is1 & n ! melt+ ( ! composition1 is ! pr9cipal inconv5i5ce result+ f heat4 ,a little wat] spread on ! valve f a tank 9 ! pi/on-c>riage has also be5 f\nd to be useful 9 v dry wea!r1 %[+ t ! dryness1 & n ! heat1 0 ! cause ( leakage2 b a new difficulty has aris51 & a new defect has be5 discov]$1 "o mu* m s]i\s 9 its ext5t & its possible consequ5ces1 & "o :i* r5d]s ! op]ation ( ea* ( ! previ\sly m5tion$ causes ( difficulty mu* m p[]ful & mis*iev\s4 ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s1 b m p>ticul>ly dur+ ! dry wea!r ( la/ ,may & ,june1 a consid]able ext5t ( longitud9al valve fail$ by ! te>+ ( ! lea!r1 at ! jo9ts betwe5 ! plates2 ! lea!r fir/ p>tially crack$ at ^! po9ts1 :i* causes a consid]able leakage1 p>ticul>ly 9 dry wea!r2 aft] a "t x te>s completely ?r\gh1 & t "p ( ! valve is de/roy$1 & requires to be replac$4 ,a consid]able ext5t has ?us be5 replac$1 b ! :ole ( ! valve is m or less defective f ?is cause2 ! am\nt ( leakage is consid]able1 & ! work+ altoge!r ineffici5t4 ,i h exam9$ c>efully portions ( ! valve t h be5 remov$1 & ,i f9d t at ! "p :i* has giv5 way ! texture ( ! lea!r seems to be de/roy$--x is black1 & has evid5tly be5 act$ ^u by ! iron ( ! plates4 ,^u "s p>ts ( ! l9e ! injury seems to be m g5]al ?an ^u o!rs2 b x is v difficult to exam9e ! valve 9 place1 s z to =m any correct op9ion ( ! ext5t ( ! evil4 ,z reg>ds ! cause ( ?is defect1 ,mr4 ,samuda1 :o "u 8 contract is at pres5t liable = ! repair ( ! valve1 urges t ! valve 0 kept = a l5g? ( "t 9 cases aft] x 0 deliv]$ to ! ,company1 & t1 expos$ to damp1 & ! oil 9 ! lea!r n be+ r5ew$ on ! surface1 ! iron may h ru/$1 & ! lea!r h be5 injur$2 & he ref]s to in/ances lately obs]v$1 9 :i* valves tak5 out ( ! top ( a case :i* _h be5 expos$ to wet d %[ simil> signs ( injury4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 ?is assumption to be correct1 x w\ld n seem to affect ! "q ( 8 liability4 ,he sugge/s also1 z a cause1 t ! valve rema9$ = a l5g? ( "t 9 place )\t be5 us$ & ev5 work$ ov] by locomotive eng9es1 :i* prev5t$ its be+ prop]ly oil$ & att5d$ to2 t ! evil has be5 aggravat$ by an attempt to r$uce too mu* ! use ( oil to ! lea!r2 &1 la/ly1 t ! pi/on-ge> has be5 all[$ to get out ( adju/m5t1 s t ! lea!r ( ! valve has be5 /ra9$4 ,i %all n1 h[ev]1 "h ent] into ! discussion ( ?is "q ( liability1 b conf9e myself to ! consid]ation ( ! evil1 & ! possibility ( rem$y+ x4 ,( ! ext5t ( ! evil1 = ! reason ,i h giv51 x is impossible to =m any accurate op9ion2 x is impossible1 !re=e1 to say t x does n ext5d m or less ov] ! :ole di/ance1 except+1 ( c\rse1 t :i* has be5 already replac$4 ,t :i* is injur$ _c be repair$ 9 place1 b mu/ be remov$1 & ! rem$y c only be appli$ 9 ! new valve4 ,x is q possible t a valve made 9 ! same mann] z ! pres5t1 if prop]ly att5d$ to f ! fir/1 & ) our pres5t exp]i5ce1 might n be subject to ?is de/ruction1 & ,mr4 ,samuda /ates t su* is ! case at ,dalkey2 b ,i d n ?9k t ,i c\ld rely ^u ?is result4 ,by pa9t+1 b1 bett] /ill1 by z9c+ or galvanis+ ! iron plates1 & mak+ !m ov]lap a %ort di/ance1 bo? ! *emical & ! me*anical action ( ! plate ^u ! lea!r appe>s to be prev5t$1 & ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ?is evil may be rem$i$ at a small increas$ co/ 9 any new or repair$ valve t might be laid d[n3 b ( ! exi/+ valve ,i c say no m ?an ,i h done4 ,x is n n[ 9 good work+ condition1 & ,i see no imm$iate prospect ( its be+ r5d]$ s4 ,f ! =ego+ obs]vations1 x w be evid5t t ,i _c consid] ! result ( our exp]i5ce ( ! work+ betwe5 ,exet] & ,newton su* z to induce "o to recomm5d ! ext5sion ( ! sy/em4 ,i believe t if ! longitud9al valve 7 re/or$1 ! work+ exp5ses might be imm5sely r$uc$2 t ! quantity ( fuel consum$ :i* is ! great item ( exp5se1 may be dim9i%$ by "o-?ird2 t ! price ( ! fuel1 :i* n[ co/s #ahs4 p] ton at ! eng9e-h\ses1 ought to be r$uc$ at lea/ #ab p] c5t42 & t ! total co/ may ?us be br\ght d[n to a mod]ate am\nt1 su* z ,i _h orig9ally calculat$ ^u4 ,b ! co/ ( con/ruction has f> exce$$ our expectations1 & ! difficulties ( work+ a sy/em s totally diff]5t f t to :i* ev]ybody1 travell] z well z workm51 is accu/om$1 h prov$ too great2 & !re=e1 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 aft] "s fur!r trial1 great r$uctions may be effect$ 9 ! co/ ( work+ ! portion n[ laid1 ,i _c anticipate ! possibility ( any inducem5t to cont9ue ! sy/em beyond ,newton4 ,) respect to ! future work+ ( ! app>atus betwe5 ,exet] & ,newton1 ,i feel 9 great difficulty z to express+ any op9ion1 see+ t a v l>ge exp5se has be5 incurr$1 & believ+1 z ,i d1 t ! co/ ( work+ may be s v mu* r$uc$2 b t r$uction c only be effect$ by ! almo/ entire r5ewal ( ! valve1 & by "s exp5diture 9 ! eng9es4 ,& unless ,mr4 ,samuda or ! pat5tees und]take ! fir/1 & ext5d consid]ably ! p]iod dur+ :i* !y w\ld ma9ta9 x 9 repair1 & unless !y c (f] "s gu>antee = ! effici5cy ( t valve1 ,i fe> t ! ,company w\ld n be ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ t ^u !mselves1 or incurr+ ! exp5se att5d+ ! alt]ation ( ! eng9es4 ,i believe t = ! incl9$ planes1 z an assi/ant p[]1 ! app>atus w be f\nd applicable & effici5t2 & z ! eng9es & ! pipes are ne>ly ready at ,da9ton1 x may be f\nd desirable to try x !re1 provid$ a satisfactory arrangem5t c be ent]$ into = ! ma9t5ance & effici5cy ( ! valve4 ,i h n ref]r$ to our great disappo9tm5t 9 n obta9+ ! assi/ance ( ! telegraph 9 ! work+ ( ! eng9es1 & ! greatly increas$ consumption ( coal consequ5t ^u ! work+ ! eng9es unnecess>ily1 because ?is evil is n[ ne>ly remov$2 b "s fur!r r$uctions may /ill be made by us+ ! telegraph by night z well z day1 :i* has n yet be5 9 our p[] to d1 b :i* ,i tru/ w be comm5c$ ?is week4 ,! ,committee to :om ?is report 0 made1 & :o _h be5 also 9 con/ant communication ) ,mr4 ,brunel1 plac$ ! result ( _! inve/igation be=e ! ,bo>d4 ,! ,directors1 aft] c>efully consid]+ ! in=mation giv5 !m1 report$ z foll[s3-- ,y\r ,directors1 )\t pron\nc+ any judgm5t z to ! ultimate success ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & :ile !y are prep>$ to af=d to ! pat5tees & o!r p>ties int]e/$ 9 x ! use ( _! ma*9]y = cont9u+ _! own exp]im5ts1 h arriv$ at ! conclusion1 ) ! entire concurr5ce & on ! recomm5dation ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 t x is exp$i5t = !m to susp5d ! use ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em until ! same %all be made effici5t at ! exp5se ( ! pat5tees & ,mr4 ,samuda4 ,at ! meet+ 9 ,augu/1 ! proprietors adopt$ ! ,directors' report1 & ! l9e 0 work$ ?r\gh\t by locomotives on & aft] ,septemb] #i4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,novemb] ,mr4 ,?omas ,gill1 ! *airman ( ! ,bo>d ( ,directors1 publi%$ an #8,address to ! ,proprietors1' 9 :i* he /rongly deprecat$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & propos$ t ! ,company %\ld emb>k on a fur!r exp]im5t4 ,mr4 ,gill's pamphlet 0 ref]r$ to ?ree ( ! ,directors1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,woollcombe1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,russell1 & ,mr4 ,james ,w5twor? ,bull]4 ,) ,mr4 ,brunel's assi/ance1 & to a great ext5t f memor&a writt5 by him1 !y prep>$ a /atem5t :i* w5t v fully into all ! po9ts rais$ by ,mr4 ,gill4 ,aft] combat+ ,mr4 ,gill's propositions1 !y obs]ve3-- ,( ! two m5 :o are mo/ deeply conc]n$ 9 ! fur!r trial ( any reasonable exp]im5t to p]fect ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 we f9d t "o1 ,mr4 ,brunel1 disapproves ( ! proposal = ! purpose z insuffici5t & unsatisfactory2 ! o!r1 ,mr4 ,samuda1 _h n suffici5t confid5ce 9 ! result1 or 9 ,mr4 ,gill's e/imates = its accompli%m5t1 to (f] ! only security :i* w\ld ju/ify ! ,company 9 endeav\r+ to effect x4 ,9 conclusion !y express an op9ion t ! susp5sion ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 9 ! previ\s ,septemb] 0 a prud5t & necess>y /ep1 & t no?+ _h s9ce occurr$ to ju/ify its resumption4 ,! proprietors adopt$ ! view tak5 by ! ,committee1 & no fur!r attempt 0 made to "w ! railway on ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x _c be a matt] ( surprise t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 mu* c5sur$ = hav+ advis$ ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway ,company to "w _! l9e on ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,! reasons :i* l$ him to recomm5d ! use ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em on ! ,s\? ,devon1 & ! causes ( its failure1 h be5 v fully describ$1 & x has be5 also %[n t ! mo/ important ( ^! 7 ! defects ( ! pump+-eng9es1 & ! det]ioration ( ! longitud9al valve4 ,:5 ! =midable "* ( ^! difficulties _h fully decl>$ itself1 ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway ,company 7 n 9 a position to sp5d any m money ^u a sy/em :i*1 z ! ev5t _h prov$1 01 9 "o ( its mo/ important details1 /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 ! wise/ /ep :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 c\ld be adopt$2 & x 0 recomm5d$ to ! ,directors by ,mr4 ,brunel ) a simple & self-sacrific+ disreg>d ( e consid]ation except t :i* 0 always p>am\nt ) him1 ! int]e/s ( ^? by :om he 0 employ$4#gb ,,note 7p4 #adc74 ,comp>ison ( ,/ation>y & ,locomotive ,p[]4 ,9 ord] cle>ly to set =? ! reasons :i* ju/ify ! /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,brunel1#gc t /ation>y p[] if fre$ f ! weight & friction ( any m$ium ( communication1 su* z a rope1 mu/ be *eap] ?an locomotive p[]1 x is desirable to consid]1 7#a7 ! wa/e ( p[] :i* arises f ! locomotive hav+ to move itself z well z ! tra92 & 7#b7 ! excess ( co/ at :i* a giv5 p[] 0 suppli$ by a locomotive1 z comp>$ ) t at :i* x c\ld h be5 suppli$ by a /ation>y eng9e4 ,on ! fir/ po9t1 ! be/ in=mation c be obta9$ f exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,daniel ,goo* dur+ ! gauge controv]sy4 ,! results are v suitable = use 9 ! pres5t inve/igation1 z ! ,s\? ,devon 0 to be a broad-gauge railway4 ,moreov]1 z ! broad-gauge eng9e ) :i* ^! exp]im5ts 7 tri$ 0 "o ( a class m p[]ful = _! weight n only ?an ! contempor>y n>r[-gauge eng9e1 b also ?an ! eng9es ,mr4 ,brunel _h exp]i5ce ( :5 he wrote 8 report ?ree ye>s previ\sly1 ! results may be consid]$ to repres5t v fav\rably ! !n exi/+ case = ! locomotives4 ,! eng9e employ$ 9 ! exp]im5ts weigh$1 ) its t5d]1 ab\t fifty tons4 ,! maximum p[] x 0 capable ( deliv]+ by ! pressure ( /eam 9 its cyl9d]s 0 repres5t$ z a tractive =ce ( #d1ijj lbs4 at a spe$ ( #fj miles an h\r1 equival5t to #ghd indicat$ horse-p[]2 & at #dj miles an h\r #e1bjj lbs41 equival5t to #eee indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,x is next to be consid]$ h[ ?is p[] w\ld1 :5 runn+ at ! spe$s m5tion$1 be employ$ 9 ov]com+ ! elem5ts ( resi/ance4 ,^! are3-- 7#a7 ,! work+ friction ( ! ma*9]y4 7#b7 ,! roll+ resi/ance ( ! eng9e & t5d]4 7#c7 ,! air resi/ance due to ! eng9e frontage4 7#d7 ,! roll+ resi/ance ( ! tra94 7#e7 ,! air resi/ance on ! portion ( ! tra9 unprotect$ by ! t5d]4 7#f7 ,! resi/ance due to gradi5t4 ,! foll[+ symbols & quantities may be conv5i5tly made use ( to d5ote ! v>i\s t]ms ( ! equation betwe5 =ce & resi/ance4 ,total available tractive =ce 9 lbs4 ,f ,weight ( eng9e & t5d] 7sup]flu\s load7 9 tons #ej ,weight ( tra9 7useful load7 9 tons ,w ,! sum ( ! resi/ances ( ma*9]y1 roll+ resi/ance1 & air resi/ance ( eng9e & t5d] ,r ,roll+ resi/ance ( tra9 9 lbs4 p] ton ,k ,gradi5t ,g ,spe$ 9 miles p] h\r ,v ,resi/ance ( air 7accord+ to ! receiv$ empirical =mula7 #a --- 7frontage area7 ,v#b #djj ,frontage area ( tra9 9 squ>e feet #fc ,frontage area ( portion ( tra9 unprotect$ by ! t5d]1 9 squ>e feet #bd ,= a locomotive tra9 !re=e #bd ,f ,r ,,wk --- ,v#b 7#ej ,w7 #bbdj ,g4 #djj ,= a sy/em t disp5ses ) ! locomotive #fc ,tractive =ce ,,wk --- ,v#b ,w #bbdj ,g4 #djj ,!re=e ,w 7,k #bbdj ,g7 #aege ,v#b ! useful tractive =ce1 & ,r #aabjjj ,g - #jige ,v#b ! tractive =ce wa/$ by ! use ( ! locomotive4 ,!re=e ,f,r #aabjjj ,g-#jige ,v#b ,w 7,k #bbdj ,g7 #aege ,v#b & ! useful load 7,f- ,r - #aabjjj ,g - #jf ,v#b7 ,w ----------------------------- ,k #bbdj ,g4 ,! values :i* ,mr4 ,goo*'s exp]im5ts give = ! two select$ spe$s are z foll[s#gd3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,miles p] ,h\r ,r 7lbs47 ,k 7lbs4 p] ton7 ,f 7lbs47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #dj #aejj #abe #ebjj #fj #bajj #ahf #dijj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,us+ ^! values1 ! results 9 ! foll[+ table are obta9$1 be+ ! conditions appropriate to ! two spe$s at successive asc5d+ gradi5ts3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,miles ,asc5d+,useful ,sup]- ,gross,useful ,wa/e ,gross ,ratio ( p] ,gradi5t ,load flu\s ,load ,horse-,horse-,horse-p[] ,h\r 9 tons,load 9 9 tons p[] p[],wa/e to tons ,useful ,horse-p[] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #j #bhh #ej #cch #daa #add #eee #ce #a_/bjj #abh #ej #agh #ceb #bjc #eee #eh #a_/ajj #ga #ej #aba #bib #bfc #eee #ij #dj #a_/ge #ej #ej #ajj #beb #cjc #eee #abj #a_/ej #bch #ej #gch #agc #chb #eee #bba #a_/dj #aag #ej #fag #aac #ddb #eee #cia #a_/cfc #g #ej #eg #hb #dgc #eee #egg #j #aci #ej #ahi #ejd #bhj #ghd #ef #a_/bjj #fh #ej #aah #dae #cfi #ghd #hi #a_/ajj #ceg #ej #heg #cbe #dei #ghd #ada #fj #a_/ge #bbe #ej #gbe #bfe #eai #ghd #aif #a_/ebc #g #ej #eg #afj #fbd #ghd #cij ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,?us1 on a level l9e1 ! eng9e1 work+ up to #eee horse-p[]1 c\ld j draw #bhh tons ( tra9 at ! rate ( #dj miles p] h\r1 wa/+ on its own resi/ance only "o-?ird ( ! p[] usefully employ$ on ! tra92 b :5 ! spe$ 0 increas$ to #fj miles p] h\r1 x c\ld n1 ?\gh work+ up to #ghd horse-p[]1 draw m ?an #aci tons ( tra91 wa/+ on its own resi/ance m ?an half ! p[] usefully employ$ on ! tra94 ,& aga91 at #dj miles p] h\r1 ?\gh1 z j /at$1 x c\ld draw on ! level #bhh tons1 x c\ld only draw #bd tons ( useful load at t spe$ up #a 9 #ej2 :ile at #fj miles p] h\r1 ?\gh x c\ld draw1 z /at$1 #aci tons ( tra9 on ! level1 x c\ld only draw #bc tons ( useful load up #a 9 #ge2 & at ! respective spe$s ( #dj & #fj miles p] h\r1 x c\ld only take "o c>riage 7#g tons7 up ! respective gradi5ts ( #a 9 #cf1 & #a 9 #eb4 ,h5ce to ma9ta9 a m9imum spe$ ( #dj miles p] h\r ) locomotive p[] on a l9e ) long gradi5ts ( #a 9 #dj involv$ on ^? p>ts ( ! l9e a wa/$ p[] ( ne>ly #d times t usefully employ$2 & if a m9imum limit ( #fj miles p] h\r 7 contemplat$1 a locomotive ( ! mo/ p[]ful class 9 exi/5ce ?ree ye>s subsequ5t to ,mr4 ,brunel's report advis+ ! adoption ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em w\ld only h be5 able to take a s+le c>riage up an incl9e ( #a 9 #eb4 ,s heavily at high spe$s on /eep gradi5ts is ! p]=mance ( a locomotive tax$ by ! resi/ance due to its own dead weight4#ge 99 99 99 99 99 ,a comp>ison has n[ to be made betwe5 ! co/ ( p[] z develop$ by a locomotive & z develop$ by a /ation>y eng9e4 ,f ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts made = ! in=mation ( ! ,gauge ,commission]s 9 ,decemb] #ahde1 tak+ ! high spe$ trials z ! basis ( calculation1 x appe>s t #de lbs4 ( coke p] horse-p[] p] h\r may be tak5 z ! av]age consumption ( ! eng9e4#gf ,x w be well1 h[ev]1 to all[ = ! improvem5t :i* 0 at ! "t anticipat$ 9 locomotive work+1 & to assume an exp5diture ( #d lbs4 ( coke p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r1 z repres5t+ ! case !n = ! locomotive eng9e4 ,coke may be tak5 to h at t "t co/ #bas4 a ton1 or #jjids4 p] lb4 ,moreov]1 a c>eful analysis ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway half-ye>ly reports1 = #ahdd & #ahde1 %[s t = e %ill+ exp5d$ 9 coke1 #add %ill+s 7 exp5d$ on ! av]age 9 wages1 oil & wa/e1 repairs1 etc4 ,putt+ ! results toge!r1 x appe>s t = ea* s+le indicat$ horse-p[] deliv]$ by a high-spe$ locomotive1 ! co/ p] h\r 0 #jjiaes4 or #ajih;d42 t is to say1 ab\t #a-a_/aj;d4 p] h\r4 ,let ?is n[ be comp>$ ) ! co/ p] horse-p[] p] h\r at :i* ! be/ ,corni% pump+ eng9es _h long be5 kn[n to p]=m ! "w4 ,?is comp>ison is manife/ly a rational "o--) ref]5ce to ! k9dr$ employm5t ( eng9e p[] 9 atmosph]ic pump+-eng9es4 ,! p]=mances ( ne>ly all ! pump+-eng9es 9 ,cornwall 7 = _m ye>s s sy/ematically & exactly report$1 & ! reports ( ea* 7 s critically scrut9is$ by ! rival mak]s1 t ! data !y supply may be reli$ on )\t hesitation4 ,x 0 well kn[n t ! be/ ( ! eng9es cont9u\sly p]=m$ useful "w ) a consumption ( coal at ! rate ( #bcc lbs4 p] deliv]$ horse-p[] p] h\r1 or1 c\nt+ coal at #afs4 p] ton 7a fair price on ! ,s\? ,devon71 at ! co/ ( #b;d41 or "o-fif? ( a p5ny p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,b x 0 n 9 its consumption ( fuel alone t /ation>y p[] 0 ! m economical2 ! exp5diture 9 wages1 oil1 & tall[ on "o ( ! pump+-eng9es above ref]r$ to1 :5 do+ #bjj horse-p[] ( useful "w1 did n exce$ #bjs4 = ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or "o-tw5tie? ( a p5ny p] horse-p[] p] h\r1 :ile ! co/ ( repairs 0 m]ely nom9al4 ,?us if fuel1 wages1 oil1 & tall[ be br\ght into "o item1 x is se5 t ! co/ ( "o horse-p[] 9 /ation>y eng9es su* z ! !n exi/+ ,corni% eng9es 0 only #be;d4 p] h\r1 or less ?an "o-f\r? ( its co/ :5 develop$ by a locomotive1 :i* has be5 %[n to h be5 #ajih;d4 p] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii ,,! ,,royal ,,alb]t ,,bridge4 ,h4 ,adl>d4 ,sc4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,railway ,,bridges ,,& ,,viaducts4 #a4 ,,brickwork ,,& ,,masonry ,,bridges--,,hanwell ,,viaduct--,,maid5head ,,bridge--,,fly+ ,,bridges--,,lett] ,,f ,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,on ,,bridge ,,con/ruction 7,,decemb] #cj1 #ahed7--b4 ,,timb] ,,bridges--,,sonn+ ,,bridge--,,ba? ,,bridge--,,/oneh\se ,,viaduct--,,b\rne ,,viaduct--,,/4 ,,m>y',s ,,viaduct--,,viaducts ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,devon ,,railway--,,ivy-,,bridge--,,viaducts ,,on ,,! ,,s\? ,,wales ,,railway--,,newport--,,l&ore--,,viaduct s ,,on ,,! ,,cornwall ,,railway--,,/4 ,,p9nock--,,viaducts ,,on ,,! ,,we/ ,,cornwall ,,& ,,tavi/ock ,,railways--,,pres]vation ,,( ,,timb]--#c4 ,,ca/-,,iron ,,bridges--,,lett] ,,on ,,use ,,( ,,ca/ ,,iron 7,,april #ah1 #ahdi7--;,,hanwell ,,bridge--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,ca/-,,iron ,,gird]s--,,extract ,,f ,,lett] ,,to ,,secret>y ,,( ,,commission ,,on ,,application ,,( ,,iron ,,to ,,railway ,,/ructures 7,,m>* #ac1 #ahdh7--d4 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,bridges--,,gird] ,,bridges--,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,gird]--,,op5+ ,,bridges--,,truss$ ,,bridges--,,newport ,,viaduct--,,w9dsor ,,bridge--,,*ep/[ ,,bridge--,,me?od ,,( ,,s9k+ ,,! ,,cyl9d]s--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,truss--,,! ,,float+ ,,op]ations--,,! ,,royal ,,alb]t ,,bridge ,,at ,,salta%--,,! ,,c5tre ,,pi]--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sup]/ructure--,,! ,,float+ ,,& ,,rais+ ,,( ,,! ,,trusses--,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,bridge ,,by ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,consort--,,note3 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,matt]s ,,connect$ ,,) ,,bridge ,,con/ruction4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 a g5]al hi/ory has be5 giv5 ( ! railways ( :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 ! eng9e]2 b ! bridges & viaducts design$ by him are s num]\s & important t x has be5 ?\ght advisable to devote a sep>ate *apt] to _! consid]ation4 ,! bridges select$ = m5tion h be5 gr\p$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial us$ 9 _! sup]/ructure4 ,?is arrangem5t is ! mo/ conv5i5t "o = giv+ a concise description ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ,mr4 ,brunel's bridges1 & = /at+ ! circum/ances :i* guid$ him 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! p>ticul> =m ( con/ruction us$ 9 ea* case4 ,! works are !re=e divid$ into f\r gr\ps1 namely1 brickwork & masonry1 timb]1 ca/ iron1 & wr\ght iron4#gg ,brickwork & ,masonry ,bridges4#gh ,! viaduct :i* c>ries ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ov] ! valley ( ! riv] ,br5t ne> ,hanwell is ! fir/ ( ,mr4 ,brunel's important railway works4#gi ,x is a h&some brickwork /ructure1 #fe feet high1 ) eight semi-elliptical ar*es1 ea* #gj feet span & #ag feet #f in*es rise4 ,! sp&rils ( ! ar*es are light5$ by longitud9al sp&ril-walls2 ! pi]s are also holl[1 & ! /ructure is ?r\gh\t made z light z possible4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt int]e/+1 z %[+ ! c>e tak5 by ,mr4 ,brunel f ! comm5cem5t ( 8 practice to di/ribute ! mat]ial 9 ! simple/ & mo/ effective mann]4#hj ,! great bridge ov] ! ,?ames at ,maid5head conta9s two ( ! flatte/1 & probably ! l>ge/ ar*es t h yet be5 con/ruct$ 9 brickwork4 ,! riv]1 :i* is ab\t #bij feet wide1 fl[s betwe5 l[ banks2 9 ! middle ( ! /ream !re is a small %oal1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,brunel took advantage 9 build+ ! c5tre pi]4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ t ! f\ndation ( ! bridge %\ld be on ! *alk1 :i* 0 at a %ort di/ance bel[ ! surface2 b x 0 f\nd to be v s(t1 & ,mr4 ,brunel !re=e decid$ to place ! f\ndations ( ! bridge on a h>d gravel conglom]ate ov]ly+ ! *alk4 ,! ma9 ar*es are semi-elliptical1 ea* ( #abh feet span & #bd feet #c in*es rise4 ,!y are flank$ at ea* end by f\r semicircul> ar*es1 "o ( #ba feet span1 & ?ree ( #bh feet span1 int5d$ to give additional wat]-way dur+ floods4 ,! radius ( curvature at ! cr[n ( ! l>ge ar*es is #afe feet1 & ! horizontal ?ru/ on ! brickwork at t po9t is ab\t #aj tons p] squ>e foot4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! /ructure imm$iately l&w>d ( ! l>ge ar*es1 ,mr4 ,brunel con/ruct$ flat ar*es load$ ) concrete4 ,! c5t]+s ( ^! 7 /ruck1 & an active ?ru/ oppos$ to ! ma9 ar*es be=e _! c5t]+s 7 eas$4#ha ,! l9e ( pressure ( ea* ma9 ar* 0 div]t$ d[nw>ds by ! ?ru/ ( ! flat ar* adjo9+ x )\t ! necessity ( employ+ a great mass ( brickwork 9 ! abutm5t4 ,! woodcut 7fig4 #a7 %[s ! =m ( ! ma9 ar*es & ! flat ar* ref]r$ to4#hb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,maid5head ,bridge4 ,longitud9al ,section4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! ,maid5head bridge is rem>kable n only = ! boldness & +5uity ( its design1 b also = ! gracefulness ( its appe>ance4 ,if ,mr4 ,brunel _h erect$ ?is bridge at a lat] p]iod1 he w\ld probably h employ$ timb] or iron2 b x _c be a matt] ( regret t ?is "p ( ! ,?ames1 al?\gh subject$ to ! dread$ invasion ( a railway1 has be5 cross$ by a /ructure :i* enhances ! beauty ( ! sc5]y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are two o!r l>ge brick bridges ov] ! ,?ames1 "o at ,ga?ampton & ano!r at ,m\ls=d1 t at ,m\ls=d cross+ ! riv] obliquely at an angle ( #de4 ,9 ea* ( ^! bridges !re are f\r ar*es1 ( #fb feet span on ! squ>e4 ,o!r good examples ( brick bridges are ! turnpike road bridge1 #fj feet high1 ) ?ree ar*es1 across ! deep cutt+ at ,sonn+ ,hill1 & ! bridge1 ) "o op5+ ( #fj feet & f\r side ar*es ( #ah feet span1 ov] ! riv] ,k5net at ,read+4 ,! bridge ov] ! ,avon at ,ba?=d1 ( #hg feet span1 & ! bridge cross+ ! same riv] at ,ba?1 ) an ar* ( #hh feet span1 are h&some ,ba?-/one /ructures ) semi-elliptical ar*es4 ,ne> ,bri/ol !re is an ornam5tal bridge ( masonry ) ?ree ,go?ic ar*es1 ! c5tre ar* hav+ a span ( #ajj feet4#hc ,ano!r bridge ( ,go?ic design1 ) two ar*es ( #ef feet span1 c>ries ! railway ov] ! ,float+ ,h>b\r4#hd 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bridges :i* h hi!rto be5 notic$ are all on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,on ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway !re is a l>ge /one bridge ov] ! ,new ,cut at ,bri/ol1 built 9 #ahdj1 :i* has a s+le segm5tal ar* ( #abj feet span1 & #bj feet rise4 ,ow+ to "s imp]fect workman%ip 9 ! int]ior masonry ( ! ar*1 & possibly to "s unequal yield+ ( ! abutm5ts1 ! cr[n sunk mu* m ?an _h be5 expect$4 ,on 8 lat] railways ,mr4 ,brunel did n build l>ge ar*es ( brickwork or masonry1 ?\gh he con/ruct$ sev]al l(ty & ext5sive viaducts ( ^! mat]ials ) spans v>y+ f #dj to #fj feet4 ,mr4 ,brunel seldom employ$ artificially pil$ f\ndations to support masonry4 ,:5 ! gr\nd 0 s(t1 he pref]r$ to rely on a l>ge ext5t ( be>+ surface1 & ensur$ uni=mity ( settlem5t by an accurate di/ribution ( ! load4 ,sev]al ( 8 l>ge viaducts & bridges1 /&+ on gr\nd ( a s(t & spongy nature1 7 con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,a class ( bridge ( /rik+ outl9e 0 us$ 9 ! cutt+s on ! ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway1 & on ! o!r railways subsequ5tly made4 ,bridges ( ?is class 7 call$ fly+ bridges4 ,in/ead ( ar*es re/+ on pi]s & abutm5ts1 ! bridge has a s+le ar*1 rea*+ f "o side ( ! cutt+ to ! o!r1 & spr++ f ! slopes1 :i* x helps 9 "s measure to support4 ,a fly+ bridge ( l>ge dim5sions ne> ,we/on-sup]-,m>e c>ries a road across ! cutt+ at a height ( #fj feet above ! l9e ( rails1 ) a cle> span ( #aaj feet4 ,! quantity ( masonry 9 ^! bridges is mu* less ?an 9 ^? ( ! ord9>y con/ruction2 & l(ty & exp5sive c5t]+ is n requir$1 z ! bridge c be built be=e ! cutt+ is excavat$ to its full dim5sions4 ,?is class ( bridge1 by ! avoidance ( abutm5ts & c\nt]=ts1 simplifies ! con/ruction ( skew ar*es1 :ile on %>p curves x pres5ts b little ob/ruction to ! view along ! l9e4 ,a curi\s use ( ar*es ( ?is con/ruction1 z appli$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 may be se5 on ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway ne> ,llansamlet1 betwe5 ,nea? & ,swansea4 ,a deep cutt+ ?r\gh ! coal measures %[$ a t5d5cy to slip1 & a l>ge am\nt ( excavation w\ld h be5 requir$ to flatt5 ! slope1 z a hill rose imm$iately above ! side ( ! cutt+4 ,f\r ( ^! fly+ ar*es 7 ?r[n across ! cutt+ at %ort int]vals1 & weight$ ) heavy copp] slag1 s t ! sides ( ! cutt+ are kept ap>t by ! ?ru/ ( ! load$ ar*es4 ,among ! skew bridges on ,mr4 ,brunel's railways1 !re are a few ( extreme obliquity4 ,( ^! may be m5tion$ two l>ge road bridges ne> ,b]keley1 ov] ! ,bri/ol & ,gl\ce/] ,railway1 "o be+ #dh & ! o!r #ec (f ! squ>e4 ,bo? ! bridges are ( brickwork1 & 9 ! ar* ( ! fir/ "o1 :i* 0 set 9 ,roman cem5t1 hoop iron 0 introduc$ 9 ! mann] successfully employ$ by ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel4 ,on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 ne> ,plympton1 !re is a skew bridge #fc (f ! squ>e4 ,on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ba? & ,bri/ol1 !re are skew bridges ( a%l> masonry built on ! me*anically correct pr9ciple ( spiral tap]+ c\rses1 ! b$-jo9ts 9 e "p ( ! ar* be+ made at "r angles to ! l9es ( pressure4 ,by ?is me?od ! ar* does n dep5d = its /ability on ! friction & cohesion ( ! mat]ials1 z x does to a great ext5t 9 v skew bridges1 built 9 ! usual way ) spiral p>allel c\rses1 especially :5 ! ar*es are semi-circul> or semi-elliptical4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel's bridges ( masonry & brickwork 7 well kn[n = ! comp>atively small quantity ( mat]ial us$ 9 !m2 &1 ?\gh x 0 requisite t ! mat]ials & workman%ip %\ld be ( sup]ior quality1 _! co/ 0 comp>atively small4 ,! specifications he prep>$ = all 8 works1 & on :i* ! contracts 7 bas$1 7 not$ = ! complet5ess ) :i* !y 7 drawn up1 & = _! n requir+ a /&>d ( p]fection high] ?an t :i* 0 actually to be c>ri$ out4 ,! confid5ce ) :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 reg>d$ enabl$ him to insi/ ) effect on ! "w be+ execut$ accord+ to 8 int]pretation ( ! contract4 ,9 connection ) ! design ( eng9e]+ works1 & especially ( brickwork & masonry bridges1 ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel to "o ( 8 assi/ants1 :o 0 abroad1 w be f\nd int]e/+3-- ,decemb] #cj1 #ahed4 ,let me give y "o g5]al piece ( advice--t :ile 9 all works y endeav\r to employ ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! mo/ economical mann]1 & to avoid wa/e1 yet always put r an excess ( mat]ial 9 quantity4 ,y _c take too mu* pa9s 9 mak+ ev]y?+ 9 equilibrio2 t is to say1 t all =ces %\ld pass exactly ?r\gh ! po9ts ( great] resi/ance1 or ?r\gh ! c5tres ( any surfaces ( resi/ance4 ,?us1 9 any?+ resembl+ a column or /rut1 :e!r ( iron1 wood1 or masonry1 take c>e t ! surface ( ! base %\ld be proportion$ t ! /ra9 %\ld pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( x4 ,consid] all /ructures1 & all bodies1 & all mat]ials ( f\ndations to be made ( v ela/ic india-rubb]1 & proportion !m s t !y w /& & keep _! %ape3 y w by ^? means dim9i% greatly ! requir$ ?ickness3 !n add #ej p] c5t4 ,s 9 truss$ framework ( wood or iron1 exp]i5ce %[s t y _c ref9e too mu* ^u ! p]fection ( ! design+ ( e little detail by :i* all /ra9s are c>ri$ exactly ?r\gh ! c5tres ( ! rods or /ruts & ! c5tres ( ! be>+ surfaces4 ,& rememb]1 always 9 reta9+ walls to give pl5ty ( batt]2 nev] build an upright w+-wall1 or reta9+ wall4 ,to a man :o has an in/9ctively me*anical m9d--& no o!r c be an eng9e]--! advice ,i h giv5 y above is all ,i ne$ say2 b ?is advice is ! result ( a good deal ( exp]i5ce1 pur*as$ by failures ( my own1 & by look+ at ^? ( o!rs1 & is1 ,i assure y1 valuable advice1 to be foll[$ lit]ally & /rictly1 & n to be consid]$ z a m]e !oretical ref9em5t1 to be neglect$ 9 practice4 ,practically too mu* att5tion _c be paid to ^! precautions4 ,i h f\nd t !re is n a s+le sub/ance we h to deal )1 f ca/-iron to clay1 :i* %\ld n practically be treat$ /rictly z a yield+ ela/ic sub/ance1 & t ! am\nt ( ! compression or t5sion1 z ! case may be1 is by no means to be neglect$ 9 practice any m ?an 9 !ory4 ,be> 9 m9d also t :i* is too (t5 neglect$ & involves s]i\s consequ5ces1 t masonry or brickwork has n half ! /r5g? :i* is g5]ally calculat$ ^u until ! mort> is h>d1 & t y _c keep c5tres or %ores up too long4 ,timb] ,bridges & ,viaducts4 ,mr4 ,brunel's timb] bridges & viaducts are rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! ext5sive scale on :i* he employ$ t mat]ial1 & ! simple & effici5t type ( con/ruction :i* he adopt$ 9 ! l>ge/ /ructure z well z 9 ! smalle/4 ,9 #ahda ,mr4 ,brunel con/ruct$ a timb] bridge ( five spans to c>ry a public road ov] ! ,sonn+ cutt+ ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 a %ort di/ance ea/ ( ,read+4 ,! total wid? ( ! space across :i* ! road _h to be c>ri$ 0 #bdj feet4 ,! sup]/ructure re/s on f\r tall frameworks or tre/les ( timb] =m+ ! pi]s4 ,two ( ^! pi]s are on ei!r side ( ! railway1 & ! o!rs are ab\t halfway up ea* slope4 ,! road re/s on a plat=m ( timb] plank+1 c>ri$ on ?ree longitud9al beams1 :i* are support$ at ne>ly equal di/ances by timb] /ruts radiat+ f po9ts on ! pi]s ab\t #ab feet bel[ ! level ( ! c>riage road4 ,! sy/em ( arrangem5t ( ^! /ruts w be be/ und]/ood by a ref]5ce to ! woodcut giv5 bel[ 7fig4 #e1 p4 #ahg7 ( "o ( ! ,cornwall viaducts1 ( :i* ! ,sonn+ bridge may be reg>d$ z 9 "s measure ! prototype4#he 99 99 99 99 99 ,! skew timb] bridge on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ne> ! ,ba? ,/ation1 c>ry+ ! l9e ov] ! riv] ,avon1 0 con/ruct$ ab\t ! same "t z ! ,sonn+ bridge4 ,x has two spans ( #cf feet ea* on ! squ>e1 b ! obliquity is s great t ! span on ! skew is #hi feet4 ,ea* op5+ has six lam9at$ ar*$ ribs p>allel to ! l9e ( ! railway4 ,^! support ! plat=m ( ! bridge1 & are built up 9 five lay]s ( curv$ ,memel timb]1 six in*es ?ick1 bolt$ toge!r4 ,! ?ru/ is c\nt]act$ by iron ties connect+ ! ends ( ! ribs4 ,! inn] sp&rils are fill$ 9 by cross-ties & braces1 & ^? ( ! out] ribs by ornam5tal ca/ ironwork4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! two bridges already describ$ are almo/ ! only timb] bridges ( importance on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway f ,london to ,bri/ol4 ,%ortly aft] ! completion ( ?is railway ,mr4 ,brunel began to make an ext5sive use ( timb] 9 8 designs1 & 9 s do+ took full advantage ( ! l>g5ess ( ! mat]ial1 9 ord] to avoid intricacy ( con/ruction4 ,a well-kn[n arrangem5t = =m+ beams ( great] /r5g? ?an c\ld be obta9$ by s+le pieces ( timb] 0 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,brunel aft] a c>eful inve/igation ( its m]its4 ,?is arrangem5t consi/s 9 jo9+ toge!r two beams ( timb] plac$ "o above ! o!r1 by means ( bolts & joggles1 s z to =m a beam ne>ly equival5t 9 /r5g? to a s+le piece ( timb] ( ! same dep? z ! two pieces unit$4#hf ,by ?is plan1 ! l5g? :i* c\ld be spann$ by simple beams1 )\t ! introduction ( truss$ framework1 0 ne>ly d\bl$4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! pi]s ( railway bridges is g5]ally too great to all[ ( ! sup]/ructure be+ con/ruct$ ( simple beams1 & 9 su* cases ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ =ms ( fram+ simil> 9 ! arrangem5t ( _! p>ts to ! common designs ( k+ & que5 trusses employ$ 9 ro(s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,brunel's e>ly timb] viaducts 0 t erect$ 9 #ahdb at ,/oneh\se1 on ! ,bri/ol & ,gl\ce/] ,railway4 ,x consi/$ ( a s]ies ( five op5+s ( que5 trusses #ej feet span1 re/+ on pi]s =m$ ( timb] tre/les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,que5 ,,truss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,k+ ,,truss4 ,9 ! ,b\rne viaduct1 across ! ,/r\dwat] ,canal1 on ! ,*elt5ham & ,great ,we/]n ,union ,railway1 !re 0 a span ( #ff feet1 ) ?ree timb] trusses1 = ! two l9es ( way4 ,ea* ( ^! trusses may be describ$ z a k+ truss ) an int]nal que5 truss4 ,! incl9$ timb]s or pr9cipals re/$ 9 iron %oes ^u ! pi]s1 & 7 connect$ toge!r by bolts & joggles4 ,! upp] horizontal or coll> beam ( ! que5 truss c>ri$ ! roadway plank+1 :i* 0 cont9u$ ^u beams support$ by ! pr9cipals4 ,! timb]s c>ry+ ! roadway receiv$ support f /ruts radiat+ f ! feet ( ! que5 po/s1 :i* 7 connect$ ) ! apex ( ! k+ truss by iron ties4 ,! horizontal tie b>s 7 ( wr\ght iron4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! truss is %[n 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,b\rne ,viaduct4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! side op5+s consi/$ ( f\r spans ( #cj feet1 ) trusses ( ! ,/oneh\se viaduct type1 ( "o span ( #be feet & t5 spans ( #bj feet1 ) d\ble beams4 ,! ,/4 ,m>y's viaduct1 across ! canal 9 ! ,/r\d ,valley1 0 con/ruct$ ) "o span ( #gd feet1 ) trusses simil> to ^? at ! ,b\rne viaduct4#hg ,9 ! ye> #ahdf ,mr4 ,brunel made an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( l>ge timb]4 ,"s acc\nt ( ^! is giv5 9 ! note to ?is *apt]4 ,=tifi$ by ! in=mation ?us obta9$1 he 0 able to proce$ ) confid5ce to an ext5sive use ( timb] 9 ! viaducts ( ! ,s\? ,devon1 ! ,cornwall1 & o!r railways4 ,betwe5 ,totness & ,plympton1 ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 runn+ along ! skirts ( ,d>tmoor1 crosses f\r deep valleys1 by l(ty viaducts1 all ( ! same design4 ,?ree ( !m c be se5 at "o "t1 & !y =m /rik+ & elegant features 9 ! l&scape4 ,! viaduct at ,ivybridge is ! highe/ ( ^!4 ,x is on a curve1 & has elev5 op5+s ( #fa feet ea*2 ! extreme height is #ajd feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,ivybridge ,viaduct4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! pi]s are ( masonry1 ea* consi/+ ( two sl5d] & slightly tap]$ %afts ab\t #g feet squ>e1 ris+ to ! level ( ! rails4 ,! sup]/ructure 0 orig9ally design$ = a railway on ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 & 0 !re=e only int5d$ to be> ! load ( a tra9 ( c>riages4 ,! framework 0 plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! rails1 &1 z w be se5 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #c71 x consi/s ( a polygonal frame1 ) a few subsidi>y /ruts1 ! feet ( ! ma9 timb]s be+ ti$ toge!r by wr\ght-iron rods4 ,!re are two ( ^! frames1 "o at ea* side ( ! bridge1 to support ! plank+ ( ! roadway4 ,be=e ! con/ruction ( ! viaducts 0 proce$$ )1 a complete span ( ! sup]/ructure1 consi/+ ( a pair ( ! frames ) ! plank+1 0 erect$ at ,bri/ol1 & te/$ to asc]ta9 ! effici5cy ( e "p4 ,:5 x became necess>y to /r5g!n ! sup]/ructure to enable x to c>ry ! weight ( locomotives1 a /rongly truss$ p>apet 0 add$ above ! trusses1 z %[n 9 ! woodcut4 ,aft] ! lapse ( tw5ty ye>s1 ! timb] hav+ begun to decay1 wr\ght-iron gird]s h be5 ins]t$1 :i* re/ on ! /one pi]s2 ! fram+1 h[ev]1 has n be5 remov$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,%ortly aft] ! completion ( ! viaducts on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 ^? on ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway 7 con/ruct$4 ,! mo/ important on ?is l9e are ^? at ,l&ore & ,newport4 ,! viaduct at ,l&ore1 ne> ,swansea1 is #a1gfj feet long1 z ! railway "h crosses a wide valley4 ,x has #cg op5+s1 & !re are a v>iety ( spans1 "o ( #ajj feet1 two ( #gc feet1 two ( #fd feet1 two ( #ej feet1 & ! re/ ( ab\t #dj feet ea*4 ,mo/ ( ^! consi/ ( a sup]/ructure ( que5 trusses4 ,! pi]s are ( diff]5t mat]ials1 "s be+ almo/ entirely ( masonry1 "s p>tly ( masonry & p>tly ( timb]1 & o!rs entirely ( timb]1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! f\ndation4#hh ,! *ief feature is ! c5tre span1 ) an op5+ ( #ajj feet1 ! sup]/ructure ( :i* is a v f9e piece ( timb]-"w4#hi ,x has f\r trusses1 "o on ei!r side ( ! two l9es ( rails1 ( ! =m %[n 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #d74 ,! truss consi/s ( a f\r-sid$ frame plac$ )9 a five-sid$ frame1 ! angles ( ea* polygon be+ connect$ by bolts & /ruts ) ! middle ( ! sides ( ! o!r polygon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,l&ore ,viaduct4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! plank+ ( ! roadway re/s on d\ble beams1 support$ at sev]al po9ts 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! woodcut1 ea* po9t hav+ susp5sion-rods to connect x ) ! ne>e/ angles ( ! frames4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! d\ble polygonal frame & ( ! tie-rods enables ! transv]se /r5g? ( ! timb]s to ex]cise consid]able resi/ance to any di/ortion ( ! %ape ( ! truss by a roll+ load4 ,to prev5t any t5d5cy ( ! top ( ! frame to yield sideways "u ! compressive /ra91 ! tops ( ! trusses are connect$ by transv]se /ruts or braces1 ! two outside trusses be+ /eadi$ by rak+ ties atta*$ to outrigg]s project+ f bel[ ! floor+ ( ! bridge4 ,! ?ru/ ( ! polygonal frames is resi/$ by wr\ght-iron tie-b>s at ! level ( ! roadway beams4 ,all ! tie-rods 9 ?is bridge are d\ble1 ) "o b> on ea* side ( ! timb]s1 to avoid ! necessity ( mak+ l>ge bolt-holes4#ij ,! viaduct at ,newport consi/s ( elev5 spans ) que5 trusses1 re/+ on piles4 ,! ma9 span1 ov] ! riv] ,usk1 is #ajj feet1 & 0 con/ruct$ ) timb] trusses v simil> to ^? at ,l&ore4 ,%ortly be=e x 0 f9i%$1 ! viaduct 0 burnt d[n4 ,9 rebuild+ x1 wr\ght-iron trusses 7 employ$ = ! ma9 span4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! works ( ! ,cornwall ,railway 7 comm5c$ 9 ! ye> #aheb4 ,! di/rict ?r\gh :i* ! l9e passes is v defici5t 9 ! mat]ials requisite = ! con/ruction ( a railway4 ,! granite ( ! c\ntry is = ! mo/ "p only applicable = a%l>2 & ! slate1 :i* is flat-b$d$ & s f> fit = rubble masonry1 is frequ5tly inf]ior 9 quality4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! numb] ( valleys t ! railway _h to cross1 ! aggregate l5g? ( ! viaducts1 ?irty-f\r 9 numb]1 exclusive ( ! ,salta% bridge1 is upw>ds ( f\r miles on a l9e ( sixty miles4 ,by ! use ( timb]1 a great sav+ 0 effect$ 9 ! fir/ co/ ( ! works2 & ?\gh x is a mat]ial :i* 9 "t requires r5ewal1 its use on ! ,cornwall ,railway enabl$ ! l9e to be made ) ! capital at ! comm& ( ! ,company2 :ile1 all[+ = ! co/ ( subsequ5t repairs1 ! total exp5diture did n diff] mu* f :at x w\ld h be5 _h ! sup]/ructure ( ! viaducts be5 ( m durable mat]ials4 ,! comp>atively small co/ ( ^! /ructures enables !m to be1 9 c]ta9 places1 economically sub/itut$ = embankm5ts1 z 0 done on ! ,cornwall ,railway4 ,! viaducts are to be f\nd ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e1 b !y are mo/ frequ5t betwe5 ! ,liske>d & ,bodm9 ,road /ations1 :]e ! railway crosses num]\s bran*es ( ! ,glynn valley4 ,mo/ ( ^! viaducts are ( "o type ( con/ruction4 ,! pi]s are =m$ ( pla9 walls1 built up to ?irty-five feet bel[ ! level ( ! rails1 ^? ( ! m l(ty viaducts be+ /r5g!n$ by buttresses4 ,9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #e7 is %[n a portion ( ! ,/4 ,p9nock viaduct1 f :i* ! =m ( ^! pi]s w be und]/ood4 ,?is viaduct is ! l(tie/ on ! ,cornwall ,railway1 ! rails be+ at a height ( #aec feet above ! gr\nd4 ,a description ( ! sup]/ructure w s]ve to expla9 ! design ( ! pr9cipal viaducts on ! l9e4 ,! roadway plank+ re/s on ?ree beams1 :i* run longitud9ally ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! viaduct4 ,ea* ( ^! beams consi/s ( two pieces ( timb]1 "o above ! o!r1 fa/5$ toge!r by bolts & joggles4 ,! pi]s are #ff feet ap>t1 c5tre to c5tre1 & ! longitud9al beams are support$1 at f\r ne>ly equidi/ant po9ts 9 ?is space1 by /raight s+le timb]s radiat+ f ! tops ( ! pi]s4 ,! feet ( ! timb]s1 :i* re/ on ! masonry 9 ca/-iron %oes1 are connect$ toge!r by wr\ght-iron tie-b>s2 & ! framework is made rigid by iron diagonals4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( ,feet ,transv]se section ,plan ( base ( pi]4 ,plan ( top ( pi]4 ,fig4 #e4 ,/4 ,p9nock ,viaduct4 ,x w be obs]v$ 9 ! transv]se section 7fig4 #e7 t ! :ole weight ( ! sup]/ructure is conc5trat$ imm$iately ov] ^? po9ts 9 ! pi]s :]e ! ?ree buttresses meet4 ,! diagonal braces :i* are atta*$ to ea* set ( ! ma9 timb]s give transv]se /ability to ! sup]/ructure4#ia ,x 0 desirable1 bo? 9 fir/ con/ruction & 9 subsequ5t repairs1 to h a uni=m dim5sion = ! spans1 & ! subdivision ( #ff feet 0 det]m9$ on z be+ suitable = ! economic con/ruction ( ! great] "p ( ! "w4 ,! subdivision ( ?is l5g? 0 su* z to all[ ( s+le :ole timb]s be+ suffici5t = ! direct supports ( ! longitud9al beams2 & z ^! beams 7 support$ at int]vals ( #ae to #bj feet1 no int]m$iate truss+ 0 requir$4 ,z ! incl9$ timb]s met ! tops ( ! pi]s at a mod]ate incl9ation1 ! outw>d ?ru/ caus$ by unequal load+ ( ! spans ( ! viaduct 0 inconsid]able1 & 0 easily c\nt]act$ by light iron ties4 ,! /one = ! pi]s 0 = ! mo/ "p procur$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 ! design ( ! masonry be+ su* z to enable /one ( ! c\ntry to be us$2 &1 z ! timb] sup]/ructure 0 built 9 pieces ( mod]ate size1#ib & easily obta9$1 ! exp5diture 0 probably n f> f ! m9imum "u ! exi/+ conditions4#ic ,on ! ,s\? ,devon & ,tavi/ock ,railway1 ! viaducts are six 9 numb]1 & f #fb to #acb feet 9 height4 ,9 ^! ! pi]s 7 made ( a some:at simpl] =m ?an ^? j describ$4 ,at ! l(ty viaducts1 ! buttresses 7 made ) a uni=m batt] ?r\gh\t _! height4 ,! ,walkham viaduct1 ne> ,tavi/ock1 #acb feet high1 ) fifte5 op5+s ( #ff feet span ea*1 may be consid]$ to exhibit ! mo/ matur$ design ( ,mr4 ,brunel's timb] viaducts4 ,on ! ,we/ ,cornwall ,railway a type ( viaduct simil> to t describ$ above 0 adopt$2 b z ! g5]al height 0 n s great1 ! spans 7 #ej feet ea*1 & ! longitud9al beams 7 support$ at ?ree po9ts 9 ea* span1 in/ead ( at f\r z on ! ,cornwall ,railway4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! nature ( ! f\ndations1 ! pi]s ( ! n9e viaducts on ?is l9e 7 = ! mo/ "p =m$ ( upright timb]s well brac$ toge!r1 /&+ ^u masonry foot+s4 ,! viaduct at ,ang>rack1 #ih feet high1 ) #af spans1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahea1 0 rem>kable = its light appe>ance1 ow+ to ! small numb] ( timb]s 9 ! sup]/ructure & pi]s4 ,mr4 ,brunel paid great att5tion to ! pres]vation ( ! mat]ial ( ! timb] bridges & viaducts4 ,z e>ly z #ahce he _h be5 9 communication ) ,mr4 ,f>aday z to ! be/ me?od ( te/+ ! ext5t to :i* ! ,kyanis+ solution p5etrat$ into wood4 ,mr4 ,brunel made a c>eful trial ( all ! diff]5t me?ods ( pres]v+ timb]1 & employ$ ! m successful ( !m on a v consid]able scale4 ,he 0 s impress$ ) ! importance ( ! pres]v+ processes be+ prop]ly appli$1 t he on sev]al occasions pref]r$ to keep ! op]ation ( pres]v+ ! timb] 9 ! h&s ( ! ,company1 9 ord] t x might be done ?or\ghly1 & "u 8 own sup]vision4 ,he also m9utely att5d$ to ! details by :i* timb] /ructures may be protect$ f decay+ influ5ces4 ,ca/-,iron ,bridges4 ,mr4 ,brunel did n make an ext5sive use ( ca/ iron = ! sup]/ructure ( bridges4 ,8 views z to ! employm5t ( ?is mat]ial 9 gird]s are cle>ly express$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f a lett] to "o ( ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway3-- ,april #ah1 #ahdi4 ,ca/-iron gird] bridges are always giv+ tr\ble--f su* cases z ! ,*e/] ,bridge1 & our ,great ,we/]n road bridge at ,hanwell1 :i*1 s9ce #ahch1 has always be5 "u repair1 & has co/ its fir/ co/ ?ree times ov]1 d[n to petty little ones1 :i*1 ei!r 9 fro/y wea!r or f o!r causes1 are frequ5tly fail+4 ,i nev] use ca/ iron if ,i c help x2 b1 9 "s cases x is necess>y1 & to meet ^! ,i h _h gird]s ca/ ( a p>ticul> mixture ( iron c>efully att5d$ to1 & ,i h taught !m at ! ,bridgewat] f\ndry to ca/ !m ) ! flange d[nw>ds in/ead ( sideways4 ,by ^! means1 & hav+ somebody always !re1 ,i ensure bett] ca/+s1 & h mu* light] gird]s ?an ,i %\ld o!rwise be oblig$ to h4 ,! numb] ,i h is b few1 because1 z ,i be=e said1 ,i dislike !m1 & ,i pay a price some:at above ord9>y ca/+s1 believ+ x to be economy to d s4 ,i won't tru/ a bridge ( ca/+s run 9 ! ord9>y way1 & at f\ndries :]e ,i h n a p]son always wat*+2 &1 ev5 if ,i did1 ! weight requisite 9 a beam ( ord9>y metal & mode ( runn+ w\ld m ?an make up = ! r$uc$ price4 ,! bridge at ,hanwell ref]r$ to 9 ?is lett] 0 "o on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 ov] ! ,uxbridge road4 ,9 #ahdg ! plank+ caught fire1 & ! ca/-iron gird]s 7 de/roy$ by ! heat4 ,! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,eaton ,hodgk9son _h drawn att5tion to ! importance ( a prop] proportionm5t ( ! top & bottom flanges ( ca/-iron gird]s1 & ,mr4 ,brunel n[ made "s exp]im5ts on ?is po9t4 ,z "p ( ?is inve/igation1 eight gird]s1 #cj feet long & #af in*es deep1 7 te/$ by weights until !y gave way4 ,! comp>ative areas ( ! top & bottom flanges 7 v>i$ until a correct proportion betwe5 ! two 0 arriv$ at4 ,! g5]al result ( ^! l>ge-scale exp]im5ts %[$ a l[] break+-weight ?an t d$uc$ f ,mr4 ,hodgk9son's =mula4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,brunel aft]w>ds _h occasion to use ca/-iron gird]s1 :i* 0 *iefly = road bridges ov] railways1 !y 7 made ( ! =m :i* 8 exp]im5ts _h %[n to be ! be/2#id b he repair$ ! ,hanwell ,bridge ) wr\ght iron4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ! necessity = spann+ wide op5+s _h l$ to l>g] gird]s be+ requir$ ?an c\ld be manufactur$ 9 s+le ca/+s1 & ,mr4 ,brunel _h a l>ge ca/-iron gird] made1 #df feet long & #d feet deep1 ( five pieces bolt$ & key$ toge!r4 ,x 0 te/$ until x gave way ) a load ( #ib tons on ! middle4 ,! result %[$ t ! sev]al p>ts _h be5 well connect$1 & t ! /r5g? ( ! beam 0 n mu* less ?an ! calculat$ /r5g? ( a beam ( ! same size 9 a s+le piece4 ,mr4 ,brunel did n1 h[ev]1 use gird]s ( ?is con/ruction1 z ! rapid introduction ( wr\ght iron r5d]$ x unnecess>y4 ,ca/ iron 0 introduc$1 ?\gh n = gird]s1 9 _m ( ! brick & /one bridges on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! =m ( tr\ghs sunk into ! cr[n ( ! ar* 9 bridges :]e ! headway 0 v limit$4 ,! rails 7 laid along ! bottom ( ! tr\gh )9 a few in*es ( ! s(fit or und]side ( ! ar*4 ,al?\gh1 aft] ! c>eful exp]im5ts & inve/igations he _h made1 & ! exp]i5ce he _h obta9$1 ,mr4 ,brunel did n make use ( ca/ iron = l>ge gird]s1 he look$ =w>d to ! possibility ( su* improvem5ts be+ introduc$ into ! manufacture z w\ld enable s\nd ca/+s ( consid]able size to be made ( homog5e\s mat]ial4 ,he express$ ?is op9ion 9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures4 ,?is ,commission 7:i* ,mr4 ,brunel call$ #8,! ,commission = /opp+ fur!r improvem5ts 9 bridge build+'7 0 appo9t$ #8= ! purpose ( inquir+ into ! conditions to be obs]v$ by eng9e]s 9 ! application ( iron 9 /ructures expos$ to viol5t concussions & vibration4' ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 common ) mo/ eng9e]s1 ?\ght x w\ld be v inexp$i5t t any rgles de l'art %\ld be laid d[n1 & took up ! cudgels boldly on behalf ( ! lib]ty ( ! pr(ession3-- ,m>* #ac1 #ahdh4 ,at pres5t ca/ iron is look$ ^u1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z a friable1 trea*]\s1 & unc]ta9 mat]ial2 ca/+s ( a limit$ size only c be safely dep5d$ ^u2 wr\ght iron is consid]$ comp>atively tru/wor?y1 & by rivet+1 or weld+1 !re is no limit to ! size ( ! p>ts to be us$4 ,yet1 :o w v5ture to say1 if ! direction ( improvem5t is left free1 t means may n be f\nd ( ensur+ s\nd ca/+s ( almo/ any =m1 & ( tw5ty or ?irty tons weight1 & ( a p]fectly homog5e\s mixture ( ! be/ metal8 ,:o w say t beams ( great size ( su* a mat]ial1 ei!r 9 s+le pieces or built1 may n prove /rong]1 saf]1 less expos$ to *ange ( texture or to injury f vibration1 ?an wr\ght-iron1 :i* 9 l>ge masses _c be s homog5e\s z a fus$ mass may be made & :i* :5 weld$ is liable to sudd5 fracture at ! welds8#ie ,wr\ght-,iron ,bridges4 ,not)/&+ ! co/ ( wr\ght iron1 b a %ort "t elaps$ betwe5 its introduction into bridge build+ & its use 9 /ructures ( great magnitude4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h be5 long famili> ) ! application ( rivet$ wr\ght-iron "w1 & he 0 ! fir/ to enc\rage its use on a l>ge scale 9 %ipbuild+ by recomm5d+ its adoption 9 ! #8,great ,brita9' /eam-%ip 9 #ahch4 ,gird] ,bridges4 ,! /ra9s on gird]s made ( homog5e\s mat]ial h be5 c>efully & ably calculat$ by ma!maticians2 & ! inve/igations ?us made h direct$ inquiry into ! "r *annels = det]m9+ ! nature ( ! /resses on ! sev]al p>ts ( ! built-up /ructures n[ s mu* 9 use4 ,pr9ciples h by degrees be5 laid d[n1 & l9es ( ?\ght h be5 sugge/$ & foll[$ out :i* 7 unkn[n at ! "t :5 wr\ght-iron gird]s 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! con/ruction ( railway bridges4#if 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig4 #f4 ,exp]im5tal ,gird]4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,%ortly aft] ,mr4 ,brunel began to use wr\ght iron = bridge gird]s1 he made an exp]im5t 9 ord] to det]m9e ! weak po9ts ( a l>ge wr\ght-iron plate-gird]4 ,mr4 ,edw9 ,cl>k1 9 8 "w on ! #8,britannia & ,conway ,tubul> ,bridges1' vol4 i4 p4 #dcg1 gives a description ( :at he ju/ly t]ms #8?is magnific5t exp]im5t4' ,! gird] 0 ( ! section %[n 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #f71 #gj feet 9 l5g?1 & ( -in* plate ?r\gh\t4 ,x 0 weight$ gradually1 & gave way ) a load ( #afe tons on ! c5tre1 by ! te>+ ap>t ( ! v]tical web plate ne> ! ends ( ! gird]4 ,:5 ?is portion _h be5 /r5g!n$1 & ! gird] aga9 load$1 x gave way ) a load ( #ahh tons by ! simultane\s failure ( ! top & bottom flanges1 t is to say1 ( ! plates =m+ ! triangles %[n 9 ! woodcut4#ig ,! sup]ior t5sile /r5g? ( wr\ght iron to t ( ca/ iron1 & ! facility ) :i* pieces c\ld be jo9$ toge!r by rivet+1 enabl$ gird]s ( great size to be made4 ,! ?9 wr\ght-iron plates 7 arrang$ s z to =m ! top & bottom flanges ( ! gird]s z well z ! upright web connect+ !m4 ,! metal 9 ! top ( a gird] be+ 9 compression1 x 0 important s to dispose x t x %\ld resi/ ! t5d5cy to yield sideways "u ! /ra94 ,?is requirem5t 0 met 9 ! exp]im5tal gird] by ! triangul> section ( ! top flange2 & ! conv5i5ce ( ?is =m = jo9+ toge!r a numb] ( plates1 )\t difficulty or ! use ( long rivets1 l$ ,mr4 ,brunel to use ! triangul> section also = ! bottom flange4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig #g4 ,gird] on ,s\? ,wales ,railway1 #gj feet span4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,subsequ5t improvem5ts 9 ! facilities = b5d+ wr\ght-iron plates enabl$ him to use a =m ( cross section ( wr\ght-iron gird]1 ! top flange ( :i* 0 a ne>ly circul> tube1 ! be/ %ape ( /rut to resi/ longitud9al compression4 ,x is %[n 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #g71 & 0 us$ 9 _m ( 8 bridges4 ,?is =m 0 aft]w>ds modifi$ to t %[n 9 fig4 #h4 ,! semicircul> top plate is /iff5$ by occasional cross diaphragms1 & :ile x 0 a good =m to resi/ compression1 x 0 m easily pa9t$ ?an ! clos$-9 top flanges %[n 9 figs4 #f & #g4 ,! =ms ( wr\ght-iron gird] already ref]r$ to are ^? kn[n z plate gird]s1 ) cont9u\s webs made ( plates rivet$ toge!r1 & !re=e analog\s to ! beams ( ca/ iron :i* !y almo/ entirely sup]s$$4 ,on ,mr4 ,brunel's railways !re are a great numb] ( bridges ( ^! =ms ( gird]1 :]e ! spans d n exce$ #ajj feet4 ,= l>g] spans he us$ wr\ght iron1 9 l>ge & deep truss$ frames1 by :i* means a great degree ( economy 0 atta9$ 9 ! employm5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig4 #h4 ,gird] on ,ea/]n ,b5gal ,railway1 #ib feet span4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,! c>e :i* he _h tak5 to satisfy himself ( ! action ( ! /ra9s 9 plate gird]s 0 ( s]vice 9 all ! great] /ructures he design$1 z 9 all ( !m he employ$ wr\ght-iron gird]s to c>ry ! roadway1 ( a type some:at simil> to ^? already describ$1 ! gird]s be+ support$ at frequ5t int]vals by ! ma9 framework or truss4 ,op5+ ,bridges4 ,! fir/ l>ge op5+ bridge :i* ,mr4 ,brunel con/ruct$ 0 a roadway sw+ bridge1 #ab feet wide1 across ! new lock at ! ,bri/ol ,docks4 ,! l5g? ( ! ov]hang+ end is #hh feet1 & ! o!r1 or tail end1 :i* is #cd feet long1 re/s ^u two :eels1 :i* travel on a circul> rail4 ,! weight ( ! ov]hang+ end is r m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by l>ge blocks ( ca/ iron1 =m+ "p ( ! pavem5t ( ! tail end4 ,almo/ ! :ole weight is borne on a c5tre pivot1 assi/$ by f\r :eels 9 fix$ be>+s1 ^u :i* runs an inv]t$ circul> rail atta*$ to ! und]side ( ! bridge4 ,on ! pivot1 :i* re/s on a l>ge ca/-iron b$-plate1 are two discs1 "o ( /eel & ! o!r ( brass1 :i* c readily be lubricat$1 or tak5 out & r5ew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig4 #i4 ,cumb]l& ,bas9 ,sw+ ,bridge4 ,on ! sides ( ! bridge are longitud9al wr\ght-iron plate-gird]s4 ,! top flange is pe>-%ap$1 & ! bottom flange triangul>1 hav+ ?ree curv$ plates4 ,! flanges are connect$ toge!r by a v]tical plate web ( wr\ght iron4 ,! section is %[n on ! woodcut 7fig4 #i74 ,x admits ( v simple rivet+1 )\t ! use ( angle irons4 ,! =m ( ! bottom flange is suit$ to ! compressive /ra9 x has to be> :5 ! bridge is be+ mov$4 ,! top flange has also wr\ght-iron tie-b>s )9 ! tube4 ,:5 ! bridge is across ! lock & op5 = traffic1 ! ov]hang+ end re/s on cams1 :i* are tight5$ up s z to lift & support ! ends ( ! gird]s4 ,z ! bridge re/s almo/ entirely on a pivot ( small diamet]1 x turns ) great ease4 ,ne> ,gl\ce/] !re are two skew sw+ bridges some:at simil> to ea* o!r 9 arrangem5t4 ,almo/ all ! weight :ile turn+ is support$ on ! pi/on ( a hydraulic press1 & ! bridge !re=e turns r\nd on ! wat] 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! fir/ bridge is on ! ma9 l9e ( railway lead+ to ,s\? ,wales1 across a bran* ( ! ,riv] ,sev]n1 & is = two l9es ( way4 ,x has ?ree gird]s1 #abe feet long1 ( ! =m %[n 9 fig4 #g 7p4 #aid74 ,! wat] pivot is 9 ! middle ( ! l5g? ( ! bridge1 :i* spans two op5+s ( #ej feet on ! squ>e4 ,be=e be+ turn$ ! bridge 0 int5d$ to be lift$ slightly (f its be>+s by ! hydraulic press1 & /eadi$ by f\r :eels1 on :i* a portion ( ! weight 0 to be made to re/ by long spr+s )9 ! gird]s1 ! range ( :i* 0 to be limit$ 9 "o direction by a fix$ /op4 ,! c5tral pi] consi/s ( five cyl9d]s ( ca/ iron1 ea* #f feet 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) concrete1 surm\nt$ by a ca/-iron r+ or roll] pa?4 ,! railway company 0 oblig$ to make ?is an op5+ bridge 9 ord] to provide = ! free navigation ( ! riv] %\ld ! old /one bridge l[] d[n be alt]$4 ,?is has n be5 done1 & ! railway sw+ bridge1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahea1 has n yet be5 op5$4 ,! o!r sw+ bridge at ,gl\ce/] is on ! ,dock bran*1 = "o l9e ( way1 ) an op5+ ( #ej feet on ! squ>e1 ! ov]hang+ l5g? ( ! gird]s be+ #gj feet4 ,:ile rais$ f its be>+ & turn+ on its wat] pivot x is /eadi$ by two tail :eels1 l ! bridge at ! ,bri/ol ,docks4 ,on ! ,bullo ,pill bran* ( ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway !re is a small wr\ght-iron drawbridge1 = "o l9e ( way1 ( #cj feet span4 ,x is a lift+ bridge on ! bascule pr9ciple1 l _m bridges ov] canals 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,holl&4 ,! op5+ "p turns on a horizontal axle1 & is lift$ by rods atta*$ to ! ends ( two l>ge beams or lev]s1 turn+ v]tically1 :i* are support$ above ! railway on a timb] framework4 ,at ! o!r ends ( ^! beams is a c\nt]balance weight4 ,! bridge is op5$ or %ut by pull+ d[n ei!r end ( ! beams ) a small *a94 ,! o!r bridges are on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway1 & are f\r 9 numb]1 ea* = two l9es ( way4 ,"o at ,l\ghor is a wr\ght-iron sw+ bridge1 ( #cj feet op5+1 ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 ) gird]s #ij feet 9 l5g?1 re/+ ^u #cf roll]s1 :i* are secur$ 9 a r+ conc5tric ) ! pivot4 ,! op5+ & clos+ is effect$ by means ( a crab1 fix$ cle> ( ! bridge1 ne> ! c5tre4 ,a *a9 passes f ! ov]hang+ end ( ! bridge to ?is crab1 & tak+ "o or two turns r\nd ! b>rel1 to ensure a suffici5t am\nt ( friction1 is l$ to ! tail end4 ,! bridge c ?us be op5$ or %ut by turn+ ! crab h&le 9 opposite directions4 ,! ov]hang+ end1 :5 across ! riv]1 is rais$ upw>ds to a small ext5t by weight$ lev]s1 & w$ges are !n drawn 9 "u x to give x a solid be>+4 ,at ,kidwelly & at ,hav]=dwe/ !re are wr\ght-iron lift+ bridges1 ! =m] ( #bj feet1 & ! latt] ( #cj feet span4 ,ea* ( ^! turns on a horizontal axle l ! ,bullo ,pill bridge2 b1 in/ead ( be+ lift$ by lev]s ov]head1 x has a n>r[1 heavily-weight$ tail end1 b5ea? ! plank+ ( ! viaduct1 :i* is pull$ d[n ) a *a9 work$ by a crab4 ,! portion :i* c>ries ea* l9e ( way is made to op5 indep5d5tly4 ,9 ?is =m ( bridge no w$ges or adju/+ arrangem5ts are requir$ = ! be>+s ( ! ov]hang+ end4 ,ov] ! riv] at ,ca]m>!n is a skew bridge ( ?ree gird]s1 ea* #aaf feet long1 = a d\ble l9e ( way4 ,x occupies two spans & rolls back1 s z to leave a #ej-;feet op5+ = ! navigation4 ,! sw+ bridge at ,bri/ol1 already describ$1 0 at fir/ int5d$ to be a roll+ bridge1 & to be furni%$ ) :eels to run back on fix$ rails1 b ! difficulty ( =m+ a good f\ndation = ! :eel pa? l$ to ! design be+ alt]$4 ,at ,ca]m>!n ! same difficulty 0 ov]come by putt+ :eels turn+ 9 fix$ be>+s on ! pi] & abutm5t ( ! bridge4 ,! und]sides ( ! gird]s c>ry inv]t$ rails1 & run back on ! :eels4 ,! bridge1 :5 %ut1 is on an incl9e ( #a 9 #ej4 ,:5 ab\t to be op5$ x is made to assume a horizontal position by turn+ a support+ cam to l[] ! ov]hang+ end1 & ! tail end !n rises suffici5tly to pass cle> above ! "p ( ! railway ov] :i* x runs back4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! bridge1 :ile 9 motion1 moves along a level pa?4 ,x is op5$ & clos$ by hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,all ^! op5+ bridges h work$ satisfactorily s9ce !y 7 con/ruct$4 ,truss$ ,bridges4 ,:5 ! timb] viaduct ov] ! riv] ,usk1 at ,newport1 0 burnt d[n1#ih ,mr4 ,brunel decid$ to =m ! new sup]/ructure ( ! c5tre op5+ ) ?ree iron trusses1 = ! two l9es ( way4 ,^! are b[ & /r+ gird]s1 ( #ajj feet span1 & 7 made ( consid]able height1 n only to r$uce ! /ra9 on ea* ( ! memb]s ( ! framework1 b also 9 ord] t ! rib or upp] portion ( ea* truss might be brac$ diagonally to ! correspond+ portion ( ! o!r trusses1 & headway left = ! locomotive *imneys to pass und]nea?4 ,?is brac+ c\nt]acts any t5d5cy ( ! ribs to b5d sideways "u ! compressive /ra94 ,! =m ( ! trusses is %[n 9 fig4 #a1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 7p4 #bjf74 ,ea* truss is a wr\ght-iron polygonal ar* ( triangul> section1 f :i* is susp5d$ a horizontal gird] support+ ! roadway4 ,?is gird] also =ms ! tie :i* connects ! feet ( ! ar* & c\nt]acts its ?ru/4 ,! diagonal braces %[n on ! elevation ( ! bridge prev5t ! ar* f be+ di/ort$ by ! unequal load+ caus$ by a pass+ tra94 ,! middle truss is twice ! /r5g? ( ea* ( ^? at ! outside1 be+ made s by increas+ ! ?ickness ( ! plates4 ,"o ( ! outside trusses 0 te/$ ) a di/ribut$ load ( #a tons p] foot-run ( its l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,truss ( ,w9dsor ,bridge4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,at ab\t ! same "t t ! ,newport viaduct 0 recon/ruct$1 ,mr4 ,brunel design$ ! bridge ov] ! ,?ames on ! ,w9dsor bran* ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,?is is a v l>ge example ( ! b[ & /r+ gird]1 ! span be+ #bjb feet1 & ! height ( ! truss #bc feet4 ,! trusses are ?ree 9 numb]1 = two l9es ( way1 ! middle "o be+ twice ! /r5g? ( ! outside trusses4 ,! elevation ( ! ,w9dsor bridge is %[n 9 fig4 #b1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 7p4 #bjf74 ,! bridge is oblique to ! riv]1 be+ #bj (f ! squ>e4 ,to /eady ! ar*$ ribs sideways a sy/em ( diagonal brac+ ext5ds ov] ! :ole ( ! top ( ! trusses1 except at ! ends1 :]e headway has to be left = ! tra9s4 ,a section ( ! ar*$ ribs & ( ! roadway gird]s 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! trusses is giv5 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #aj74 ,! ar*$ rib1 to resi/ compression1 is ( triangul> section4#ii 99 99 99 99 99 ,! bor+s to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! gr\nd at ! f\ndations ( ! pi]s 7 made 9 #ahdf1 b x 0 n until #ahdh t ! works 7 comm5c$4 ,ea* abutm5t consi/s ( six ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 #f feet diamet]1 :i* 7 sunk by excavat+ ! gravel f _! int]ior by h& dr$g+ & by plac+ weights on ! top s z to =ce !m d[n4 ,:5 ea* cyl9d] _h be5 by ?is means sunk l[ en\gh to ensure a good f\ndation1 x 0 fill$ ) concrete 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a mixture =m$ ( ,?ames balla/ & ,portl& cem5t1 9 ! proportions ( #h to #a1 0 put into a canvas bag2 ?is 0 l[]$ inside ! cyl9d] to ! bottom1 &1 by pull+ a rope1 ! m\? ( ! bag 0 op5$1 & ! concrete deposit$ "u wat] 9 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5ev] ! "w 0 int]rupt$1 great c>e 0 tak5 be=e recomm5c+ x to clean (f any deposit1 9 ord] t ! new concrete might adh]e well to ! old4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] _h be5 fill$ to su* a height t !re 0 no dang] ( its float+ up :5 empti$1 ! wat] 0 pump$ out4 ,! inside 0 !n fill$ ) concrete 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,on ! top 7 plac$ oak plat=ms1 :i* support ! trusses ( ! bridge4 ,"o ( ! outside trusses 0 te/$ at ,bri/ol 9 ,july #ahdi1 by load+ x gradually ) iron rails1 beg9n+ f "o end1 until ! :ole truss 0 uni=mly weight$ ) #bgj tons1 or #a tons p] foot-run1 obs]vations on ! deflection ( diff]5t po9ts ( ! bottom gird] be+ made bo? dur+ ! load+ & unload+4 ,! results ( ?is te/ 7 p]fectly satisfactory4 ,! sup]/ructure ( ! bridge 0 erect$ on scaffold+1 & ! l9e 0 op5$ on ,octob] #h1 #ahdi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w be desirable "h to notice "o or two important features 9 ?is z 9 almo/ all ,mr4 ,brunel's bridges4 ,! ord9>y p]man5t way 0 laid ov] ! bridges ) balla/ ( suffici5t ?ickness to enable ! road to be kept 9 repair 9 ! same mann] z ! o!r p>ts ( ! l9e4 ,z !re 0 no *ange 9 ! nature ( ! support giv5 to ! rails1 no concussion 0 caus$ on a tra9 ent]+ or leav+ a bridge4 ,! balla/ took (f f ! /ructure ! vibration ( ! tra92 &1 9 ! ev5t ( c>riages or ev5 eng9es gett+ (f ! l9e1 x help$ 9 a great measure to prev5t _! pl\gh+ ?r\gh ! floor+4 ,:]e ! floor+ 0 ( timb] ! balla/ protect$ x f fire4 ,also 9 long bridges !re 0 no necessity = any contrivance ( slid+ rails to all[ = ! effects on ! /ructure ( *anges ( temp]ature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! balla/ add$ to ! weight on ! bridge4 ,) ! timb] viaducts ?is 0 an advantage1 s9ce x kept ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! framework 9 close contact1 & prev5t$ sudd5 j>s be+ br\ght on !m by ! rapidly appli$ load ( a pass+ tra94 ,ev5 on ! l>ge bridges ! co/ ( ! extra mat]ial requisite to support ! weight ( ! balla/ 0 m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! advantages above ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,brunel employ$ timb] floor+1 z be+ ! safe/ 9 ! case ( c>riages gett+ (f ! l9e1 & also z be+ ! *eape/4 ,?is floor+ 9 ! iron bridges 0 g5]ally laid diagonally on wr\ght-iron cross gird]s1 :i* 7 plac$ n at "r angles to ! l9e1 b obliquely1 9 ord] t ! two :eels ( ! same axle ( an eng9e or heavy waggon might be on diff]5t cross gird]s at ! same "t4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! cross gird]s c\ld be made ( less /r5g?1 & a sav+ effect$ 9 _! co/ & weight4 ,! bridge ov] ! ,wye at ,*ep/[1 & ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge ov] ! ,tam> at ,salta%1 are ! l>ge/ & mo/ important ( ,mr4 ,brunel's bridges4 ,!y are rem>kable n only = _! dim5sions1 b also = ! economical "* ( ! designs1 ! =m ( _! sup]/ructures1 & ! me?ods by :i* ! f\ndations ( ! pi]s 7 made4 ,at ! "p ( ! riv] ,wye :]e x is cross$ by ! ,*ep/[ ,bridge1 a cliff ( lime/one rock rises on ! left bank to a height ( #abj feet above ! b$ ( ! riv]1 =m+ ! precipit\s edge ( a broad table-l&2 :ile on ! "r bank ! gr\nd slopes g5tly = a consid]able di/ance1 ris+ only a little above high wat]1 & is compos$ p>tly ( clay & p>tly ( loose %+le int]sp]s$ ) l>ge b\ld] /ones4 ,z x 0 necess>y to leave a cle> headway ( #ej feet above high wat] = ! navigation1 ! l9e on "o side ( ! riv] is on an embankm5t ( great height1 & on ! o!r side x p5etrates ! cliff ab\t #bj feet bel[ ! top4 ,! :ole space to be bridg$ ov]1 #fjj feet wide1 0 divid$ into a riv] span ( #cjj feet1 & ?ree l& spans ( #ajj feet ea* 7see fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,v4 p4 #bjf47 ,at "o end ( ! great span a secure abutm5t 0 (f]$ by ! cliff ( lime/one rock2 b at ! o!r end1 & "u ! pi]s ( ! small] spans1 ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t 0 s(t1 & full ( wat]4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 rock at a dep? ( #cj feet bel[ ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,to rea* ?is f\ndation ) masonry1 by means ( a c(f] dam1 0 almo/ impracticable1 z x 0 #hd feet bel[ high wat]4 ,! plan ( build+ a /one pi] on a f\ndation ( piles 0 consid]$1 & ab&on$ on acc\nt ( ! exp5se4 ,! me?od ( s9k+ ! ca/-iron cyl9d]s ( ! ,w9dsor bridge has be5 already describ$4 ,! pneumatic process ( s9k+ cyl9d]s _h be5 introduc$ ) great success at ! ,ro*e/] bridge4 ,9 ?is process ! cyl9d] is clos$ at ! top & air =c$ 9 by pumps until ! wat] is expell$ at ! bottom4 ,workm5 9 ! int]ior excavate ! gr\nd & remove any ob/acles :i* prev5t ! cyl9d] f s9k+1 weights be+ add$ to =ce x d[n4 ,z ! air )9 is at high pressure1 ! workm5 ent]1 & ! mat]ials are pass$ 9 & out1 ?r\gh an int]m$iate *amb]1 call$ an #8air lock1' fitt$ ) air-tight doors4 ,! pneumatic me?od 0 ultimately employ$ at ,*ep/[1 to assi/ 9 s9k+ ! cyl9d]s4 ,be=e he decid$ on ! plan = ! f\ndations1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h an exp]im5tal cyl9d] made ( ca/ iron1 #c feet 9 diamet]1 at ! bottom ( :i* 0 an ext]ior screw flange #ab in*es broad1 & #g in*es pit*1 mak+ "o complete turn4 ,?is screw cyl9d] p5etrat$ ! gr\nd l an ord9>y screw pile4 ,9 "o in/ance x 0 rapidly sunk to a dep? ( #eh feet1 ?r\gh /iff clay & s&1 9 #adb revolutions2#ajj yet1 on ano!r trial1 :5 b\ld]s 7 enc\nt]$1 !re did n appe> to be suffici5t p5etrat+ p[]4 ,9 "o ( ^! trials1 ! screw1 hav+ got into a b$ ( runn+ s&1 _h no hold1 & fail$ to desc5d4 ,mr4 ,brunel !n _h ! cyl9d] p>tly rais$1 & ano!r screw add$ at "s di/ance above ! l[] "o4 ,x 0 !n successfully screw$ d[n4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 h[ev]1 ultimately decid$ on =m+ ! pi]s ( ca/-iron cyl9d]s =c$ d[n by load+ & aft]w>ds fill$ ) concrete1 & ! "w 0 comm5c$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdi4 ,) ?is =m ( con/ruction all unc]ta9ty ( obta9+ a secure f\ndation 0 remov$1 z ! pneumatic me?od 0 9 res]ve1 9 case ( excessive influx ( wat]1 to s9k ! cyl9d]s to ! rock1 if x c\ld n be rea*$ by simpl] means2 & additional cyl9d]s c\ld be add$1 s z to obta9 any am\nt ( area ( base t might be ?\ght necess>y4 ,! l& pi]s = ! #ajj feet spans consi/ ea* ( ?ree cyl9d]s1 :i* are #f feet 9 diamet]1 jo9$ toge!r 9 l5g?s ( #g feet4 ,! ma9 pi]1 :i* supports "o end ( ! great truss1 consi/s ( a d\ble r[ ( cyl9d]s1 six 9 all1 ! l[] p>ts ( :i* are #h feet 9 diamet]1 jo9$ toge!r 9 l5g?s ( #f feet4 ,! bottom ( ea* cyl9d] 0 made ) a cutt+ edge1 s z to p5etrate ! gr\nd easily4 ,mo/ ( ! cyl9d]s 7 sunk by ! process ( excavat+ ! gr\nd )9 !m & weight+ ! top1 ! wat] be+ kept d[n by pump+4 ,z ! gr\nd consi/$ *iefly ( wet s& & %+le1 dang] 0 appreh5d$ f its t5d5cy to run 9 f ! outside1 :ile ! excavation 0 9 progress4 ,?is w\ld h dim9i%$ ! lat]al /ability ( ! cyl9d]s2 & great c>e 0 tak5 n to excavate too ne> ! bottom1 b m]ely to loos5 ! gr\nd r\nd ! cutt+ edge & to =ce ! cyl9d] d[n by weights4 ,/iff clay 0 sometimes us$ to prev5t ! wet s& & gravel f be+ squeez$ 9 f ! outside4 ,:5 ! cyl9d]s _h be5 sunk to ! rock1 & x _h be5 dress$ (f to =m a level f\ndation1 !y 7 fill$ ) concrete 9 ! same mann] z at ! ,w9dsor bridge4 ,9 s9k+ ! cyl9d]s ( ! ma9 pi]1 mu* great] difficulties 7 enc\nt]$ ?an ) ^? ( ! l& pi]s1 ow+ to l>ge b\ld]s & pieces ( timb] be+ met ) ne> ! bottom4 ,:5 /ill at "s di/ance f ! rock1 a l5g? ( "o ( ^! l>ge cyl9d]s crack$1 f its hav+ met ) an ob/ruction4 ,timb] /ruts 7 !n fix$ )9 x1 until ! ob/acle 0 pass$1 :5 x 0 /r5g!n$ by a /rong wr\ght-iron hoop1 & =c$ d[n to ! rock4 ,9 ,april #ahea1 :5 ! great] numb] ( ! cyl9d]s _h be5 sunk1 x 0 app>5t t1 f delays due to ! influx ( wat] & o!r causes1 "s ( !m c\ld n be complet$ by ! "t t ! sup]/ructure w\ld be ready4 ,mr4 ,brunel !n decid$ to employ ! pneumatic me?od1 & by means ( ?is app>atus "s ( ! rema9+ cyl9d]s 7 sunk4 ,9 ! ma9 pi] f\r auxili>y columns1 =m$ ( #g-;feet cyl9d]s1 7 plac$ close to ! o!rs4 ,!y 7 connect$ to ! #h-;feet cyl9d]s by /rong brackets1 & suppli$ a great additional be>+ surface4 ,any slight inaccuracy ( position 9 ! cyl9d]s 0 correct$ by adju/+ cones at ! level ( ! gr\nd2 on ^! cones #f-;feet cyl9d]s 7 built up to ! level ( ! railway4 ,! dep? to :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 sunk & _! position are %[n 9 fig4 #c1 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,f ?is draw+ also ! g5]al =m ( ! sup]/ructure w be und]/ood4 ,! bridge is = two l9es ( way2 ea* l9e is c>ri$ betwe5 two longitud9al gird]s #g feet deep1 ( ! section giv5 9 ! woodcut1 fig4 #aa 7p4 #bjh74 ,ea* gird] has a triangul> top flange ) a plate iron v]tical web1 & a slightly curv$ plate = ! bottom flange4 ,! roadway gird]s ov] ! ?ree l& spans ( #ajj feet are 9 "o piece1 & are !re=e cont9u\s gird]s1 #cjj feet long1 support$ at two int]m$iate po9ts4 ,^? across ! ma9 span are also #cjj feet long1 & are support$ by ! ma9 truss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iron ,,bridges ,! truss = ea* l9e ( way consi/s ( two susp5sion *a9s1 "o on ea* side ( ! roadway1 hung f ei!r side ( ! ends ( a horizontal circul> tube1 ar*$ slightly = ! sake ( appe>ance1 :i* re/s on pi]s ris+ ab\t #ej feet above ! level ( ! rails4 ,! pi] at ! l& end is ( masonry1 & ! upp] "p ( ! middle pi] is ( ca/ iron1 re/+ on ! cyl9d]s already m5tion$4 ,ea* pi] has two ar*ways = ! tra9s to pass ?r\gh4 ,! *a9s c>ry ! roadway gird]s at f\r po9ts1 & ! tube is support$ at two int]m$iate po9ts 9 its l5g? by upright /&>ds re/+ on ! *a9s4 ,?us1 :ile ! weight ( ! /ructure is support$ some:at 9 ! same mann] z 9 a susp5sion bridge1 ! inw>d drag ( ! *a9s is resi/$ by ! tube4 ,to prev5t ! framework f be+ di/ort$ by unequal load+1 x is made rigid by diagonal *a9s connect+ ! upp] & l[] ends ( ! two upright /&>ds4 ,! ma9 truss may be describ$ z an inv]t$ que5 truss4 ,! tube :i* has to resi/ ! compressive /ra9 due to ! inw>d pull ( ! *a9s is #i feet 9 diamet]1 & is made ( boil] plate & ( an in* ?ick1 /iff5$ at int]vals by diaphragms4 ,! *a9s are l ^? ( susp5sion bridges1 ea* =m$ ( #ab & #ad l9ks alt]nately1 ^! be+ #aj in*es deep1 & v>y+ f to #aa_/af ( an in* ?ick4#aja ,at ! ends ( ! tube1 :]e ! *a9s are connect$ to x1 !re are sev]al ?icknesses ( plate1 betwe5 :i* ! l9ks ( ! *a9s are introduc$1 & a r\nd p91 #g in*es 9 diamet]1 passes ?r\gh bo? plates & l9ks4 ,! /ra9 is ?us convey$ f ! *a9s to ! ends ( ! tube4 ,?\gh ! trusses = ! two l9es ( way are completely di/9ct1 ! tubes are brac$ toge!r horizontally1 to increase _! /iffness sideways4 ,! woodcut 7fig4 #aa7 repres5ts a transv]se section ( ! truss = "o l9e ( way1 & %[s ! circul> tube ) ! int]nal diaphragms1 ! upright /&>ds :i* support x1 ! roadway gird]s1 & ! *a9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,truss ( ,*ep/[ ,bridge4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great dep? ( ! truss1 :i* is ab\t #ej feet1 or "o-six? ( ! l5g?1 ! /ra9s on ! sev]al p>ts are comp>atively small = su* a l>ge span4 ,! weight ( wr\ght-iron "w 9 ea* ( ! trusses ( ! ma9 op5+ is #dfj tons1 inclusive ( ! longitud9al & cross gird]s1 :i* weigh #acj tons4 ,at ! po9ts :]e ! roadway gird]s are int]sect$ by ! incl9$ *a9s1 !y are n fix$ to ! *a9s1 b re/ ^u !m1 roll]s & saddles be+ plac$ betwe52 & at ! ends ( ! %ort horizontal l9ks1 9 ! middle ( ! span1 !re are screws = adju/+ ! level ( ! gird]s4 ,^! arrangem5ts 7 made 9 ord] t ! roadway gird]s might n be /ra9$ by ! slight alt]ation 9 ! =m ( ! truss :i* takes place :5 a load comes on ! bridge4 ,! cont9u\s roadway gird]s 71 9 ! case ( ! l>ge span1 support$ at six po9ts1 & 9 ^? ov] ! ?ree l& spans at f\r po9ts4 ,z ! /ra9s on cont9u\s beams1 support$ at s _m po9ts1 _h n at t "t be5 fully inve/igat$1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h ! subject c>efully enquir$ into bo? by calculation & exp]im5t1 & 0 ?us enabl$ to proportion ! section ( ! gird]s to ! /ra9s at ea* po9t 9 _! l5g?4 ,"s acc\nt ( ?is inve/igation is giv5 9 ! note at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,z soon z ! ironwork = ! fir/ truss 0 complet$1 x 0 put toge!r p>allel to ! riv] bank close to ! site ( ! bridge4 ,! ends 7 support$ on tempor>y pi]s1 & ! /ructure 0 uni=mly weight$ ) a load ( #ggj tons1 or #b tons p] foot run4 ,9 unload+ x1 ! weight 0 tak5 (f f "o end ( ! truss1 s z to te/ its /r5g? :5 unequally load$4 ,! te/+ hav+ be5 satisfactorily complet$1 ! truss 0 tak5 to pieces1 & prep>ations 7 made = erect+ x4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! riv] traffic %\ld n be int]rupt$ = any long p]iod2 ?is circum/ance mat]ially influ5c$ ! nature ( ! design ( ! sup]/ructure1 :i* 0 su* t no scaffold+ 0 requir$ 9 its erection1 nor 0 !re any int]f]5ce ) ! navigation = m ?an a s+le tide4 ,! truss 0 made s t x c\ld be divid$ into p>ts1 ea* ( :i* c\ld be lift$ sep>ately & quickly4 ,= ! op]ation ( lift+ ,mr4 ,brunel det]m9$ to use *a9 pur*ases work$ by crabs4#ajb ,! tube 0 tempor>ily /iff5$ by portions ( ! ma9 *a9s1 arrang$ s z to =m a truss4 ,) ?is assi/ance x 0 able to c>ry its own weight :5 susp5d$ by ! two ends4 ,! prelim9>y op]ation ( slew+ ! tube to its position on a plat=m at "r angles to ! riv]1 0 a "w requir+ a good deal ( c>eful contrivance4 ,:5 ?is _h be5 accompli%$1 a pontoon1 consi/+ ( six wr\ght-iron b>ges1 0 plac$ opposite ! end ( ! tube1 & all 0 ready = float+ x across ! riv]4 ,! float+ took place on ,?ursday morn+1 ,april #h1 #aheb4 ,! tube _h be5 roll$ =w>d on two trucks till its end ov]hung ! pontoon2 &1 z ! tide rose1 ! pontoon float$ ) ! end ( ! tube re/+ on x4 ,9 ord] to guide x 9 a /raight l9e across ! riv]1 haws]s 7 atta*$ to po9ts on ! bank up & d[n ! /ream1 & 7 l$ to crabs on ! pontoon1 s t by haul+ on ei!r haws] ! tube 0 kept 9 its "r c\rse4 ,z spr+ tides at ,*ep/[ rise #dj feet1 !re is a rapid curr5t except = a v %ort "t4 ,! op]ation ( draw+ ! tube across 0 comm5c$ at a little aft] n9e o'clock1 & by a qu>t] to t5 ! pontoon _h rea*$ ! o!r side safely1 & ! tube spann$ ! riv]4 ,all proce$$ ) p]fect quiet & regul>ity "u ! managem5t ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,br]eton & ,capta9 ,claxton4 ,z soon z ! pontoon rea*$ ! fur!r %ore1 ! *a9s ( ! lift+ tackles 7 atta*$ to ! tube4 ,! tube 0 lift$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day to ! level ( ! railway1 & aft]w>ds to its place on ! top ( ! pi]s1 :5 ! susp5sion *a9s & ! re/ ( ! truss 7 atta*$ to x4 ,! bridge 0 op5$ = a s+le l9e ( way on ,july #ad1 #aheb4 ,! second tube 0 float$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! fir/1 & ! bridge 0 complet$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,! total co/ ( ! ,*ep/[ bridge 0 #gg1jjjl4#ajc 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge1 :i* c>ries ! ,cornwall ,railway across ! ,riv] ,tam> at ,salta%1 is ! la/ & greate/ ( ,mr4 ,brunel's railway works4 ,a railway into ,cornwall1 cross+ ! riv] ,tam>1 0 propos$ z e>ly z #ahdd4 ,mr4 ,brunel at "o "t ?\ght ( c>ry+ ! tra9s across on a /eam f]ry simil> to ^? :i* _h be5 successfully introduc$ by ,mr4 ,r5del4 ,9 #ahde a company 0 =m$ & an application made = an ,act to con/ruct ! railway ei!r ) a /eam f]ry at ,torpo9t or by a bridge at ,salta%4 ,! latt] plan 0 sanction$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,! height ( ! l9e %[n on ! section at ! cross+ ( ! ,tam> 0 #hj feet above high wat]4 ,! ,admiralty1 h[ev]1 requir$ t ?is height %\ld be increas$4 ,no fur!r /eps 7 tak5 till ! beg9n+ ( #ahdg1 :5 "s prelim9>y bor+s & sections 7 made1 9 ord] to prep>e def9ite plans = ! bridge4 ,! facts !n asc]ta9$ 7 s enc\rag+ z to /r5g!n ,mr4 ,brunel 9 8 op9ion t ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ w\ld n be f\nd great] ?an _h be5 anticipat$4 ,! riv] at ,salta% is #a1ajj feet wide1 ) a dep? 9 ! middle ( ab\t #gj feet at high wat]4 ,x _h at fir/ be5 int5d$ to con/ruct ! bridge ) "o span ( #bee feet1 & six ( #aje feet1 ) sup]/ructures ( timb]-truss$ ar*es4#ajd ,9 compliance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! ,admiralty1 ! design 0 alt]$ to two spans ( #cjj feet1 & two ( #bjj feet1 ) a cle> headway ( #ajj feet4 ,?is arrangem5t w\ld h requir$ ?ree pi]s 9 deep wat]4 ,mr4 ,brunel subsequ5tly decid$ to h only "o pi] 9 deep wat]1 & to h two spans ( #dfe feet ea*4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds f\nd t ^! c\ld be r$uc$ to #dee feet4#aje ,tw5ty ye>s be=e1 :ile engag$ ) 8 fa!r on ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 he _h conceiv$ ! idea ( work+ "u a div+-bell ( great dim5sions4 ,sir ,isamb>d approv$ ( ! sugge/ion1 & ?\ght ( apply+ x 9 s9k+ ! %afts ( ! ,tunnel4 ,draw+s 7 prep>$1 b ! circum/ance ( a pat5t = a simil> idea hav+ be5 tak5 out by ,"l ,co*rane p>tly det]r$ him f c>ry+ out ! project1 ?\gh "s sket*es 7 aft]w>ds made = con/ruct+ a ligh?\se by means ( ?is arrangem5t4 ,:5 ! con/ruction ( ! ,cornwall ,railway _h to be consid]$1 ,mr4 ,brunel ?\ght t 8 old idea w\ld be applicable to ! difficulties to be enc\nt]$ at ,salta%4 ,al?\gh ! plan ( us+ a l>ge div+-bell 0 "o :i* 0 ne>ly c]ta9 to be successful1 ,mr4 ,brunel ?\ght x probable t a l>ge cyl9d] ( wr\ght iron c\ld be con/ruct$ to s]ve z a c(f]-dam1 & t aft] s9k+ x ?r\gh ! mud1 ! bottom edge might be suffici5tly wat]-tight to admit ( ! wat] be+ pump$ out1 & ! masonry ( ! pi] built 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,a trial cyl9d]1 #f feet diamet] & #he feet long1 0 made1 p>tly to asc]ta9 :e!r or n ?is plan 0 practicable1 b ma9ly = ! purpose ( ?or\ghly exam9+ ! site ( ! c5tre pi]1 :]e ! surface ( ! rock 0 #hj feet bel[ high wat]4 ,a /rong framework 0 fitt$ on two gun-brig hulks1 ) p[]ful tackle = l[]+ & rais+ ! cyl9d]4 ,aft] x _h be5 l[]$ to ! bottom1 five bor+s 7 tak5 )9 x1 rea*+ ?r\gh ! mud to ! rock4 ,! cyl9d] 0 !n %ift$ & simil> bor+s made4 ,! positions ( ! bor+s1 "o hundr$ & sev5ty five 9 all1 7 c>efully record$2 & ?us a m9ute & accurate survey 0 obta9$ ( ! surface ( ! rock4 ,! site ( ! pi] 0 aft]w>ds det]m9$ by means ( a model con/ruct$ f ^! obs]vations4 ,9 ,janu>y #ahdi1 :5 suffici5t in=mation _h be5 obta9$1 ! wat] 0 pump$ out ( ! trial cyl9d]1 & ! mud excavat$ d[n to ! rock4 ,a %ort piece ( masonry 0 !n built1 to demon/rate ! practicability ( build+ a pi] 9 su* a situation4 ,! exp5diture ( ! ,company = works ( all k9ds 0 %ortly aft]w>ds curtail$ z mu* z possible1 & no fur!r progress 0 made = upw>ds ( ?ree ye>s4 ,h[ev]1 in=mation _h be5 ga9$ :i* prov$ t a masonry pi] c\ld be built 9 ! middle ( ! riv]1 on a good rock f\ndation :i* 0 !re cov]$ by a ?ickness ( ab\t #af feet ( mud4 ,dur+ ! susp5sion ( ! works1 all ! plans 7 revis$1 ) ! view ( r$uc+ ! fir/ co/ :]ev] practicable2 & ,mr4 ,brunel decid$ n to make ! bridge = a d\ble l9e1 ev5 if !re 7 money =?com+ to d s4 ,8 reason = ?is is giv5 9 ! foll[+ report to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 made 9 #aheb3-- ,?is bridge _h be5 always assum$ to be con/ruct$ = a d\ble l9e ( railway z well z ! re/ ( ! l9e4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! :ole ( ! l9e at pres5t ) a s+le l9e ( rails1 except at c]ta9 places1 ! prospect ( d\bl+ x h]eaft] is n :olly ab&on$1 b ) respect to ! bridge x is o!rwise4 ,x is n[ univ]sally admitt$ t :5 a suffici5t object is to be atta9$1 arrangem5ts may easily be made by :i* a %ort piece ( s+le l9e c be work$ )\t any appreciable inconv5i5ce4444 ,?is w make a r$uction ( at lea/ #ajj1jjjl4 ,9 ! summ] ( #aheb ! designs ( ! bridge 7 matur$1 & by ! beg9n+ ( #ahec ! ,admiralty _h approv$ ( !m2 ! "w ( con/ruct+ ! great cyl9d] = ! c5tre pi] 0 !n comm5c$4 ,x 0 det]m9$ to provide = ! possibility ( hav+ to employ ! pneumatic process4 ,! cyl9d] _h a diamet] ( #ce feet at ! bottom1 & ab\t #bj feet above ! l[] end ( x a dome 0 made to =m ! ro( ( ! div+-bell2 f ! c5tre ( ! dome rose a tube #aj feet 9 diamet] to ! level ( ! top ( ! great cyl9d]4 ,z a div+-bell ( ?is size1 "u #hj feet ( wat]1 might h prov$ unmanageable1 an annul> space1 =m+ a gall]y or jacket ( #d feet 9 wid? & #bj feet high1 0 =m$ r\nd ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] bel[ ! dome4 ,?is annul> space 0 divid$ by radial v]tical p>titions into elev5 comp>tm5ts1 & 0 connect$ at ! top by an air-passage ) a #f-;foot cyl9d]1 :i* 0 plac$ ecc5trically inside ! #aj-;foot cyl9d] already m5tion$1 & s]v$ z a communication betwe5 ! outside & ! annulus4 ,on ! top ( ! #f-;foot cyl9d] 7 plac$ ! air-locks ( ! pneumatic app>atus :i* _h be5 us$ at ,*ep/[4 ,?us air might be pump$ into ! annul> space1 ! wat] expell$1 & ! "w c>ri$ on )\t hav+ to use air pressure "u ! :ole ( ! dome4 ,9 t "p ( ! #aj-;foot cyl9d] :i* 0 n occupi$ by ! #f-;foot cyl9d] a p[]ful set ( pumps 7 fix$ to keep d[n ! wat] 9 ! c5tral space1 & dim9i% ! pressure "u :i* ! m5 work$1 ?us utilis+ :atev] advantage c\ld be ga9$ f ! great cyl9d] act+ z a c(f]-dam4 ,z x _h be5 asc]ta9$ t ! surface ( ! rock dipp$ to ! s\?-we/ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #f feet 9 ! wid? ( ! pi]1 ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] 0 made oblique1 s z to fit ! surface ( ! rock4 ,^! arrangem5ts are repres5t$ 9 ! transv]se section ( ! great cyl9d] 7,pl4 ,v4 p4 #bah74ajf ,! great cyl9d]1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ on ! riv]-bank1 0 mov$ d[n to l[ wat] on laun*+-ways1 & float$ (f by ! ris+ tide4 ,guid$ betwe5 f\r pontoons1 x 0 f9ally sunk 9 correct position 9 ,june #ahed4 ,"s delay 9 p5etrat+ ! mud 0 caus$ by a b$ ( oy/] %ells1 :i* _h to be cut ?r\gh by "o edge ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( "s irregul>ities ( ! surface ( ! rock1 ! cyl9d] at fir/ deviat$ consid]ably f an upright position2 & x 0 necess>y to use ! pneumatic app>atus to ga9 access to ! rock1 & excavate x4 ,! height ( ! annulus bel[ ! dome 0 su* t x 0 n q fill$ by ! mud :5 ! cyl9d] re/$ on ! bottom4 ,! "w ( gett+ ! mud out ( ! annul> space 0 mu* facilitat$ by ! division ( x into comp>tm5ts4 ,by ,febru>y #ahee1 ! cyl9d] _h be5 sunk to its full dep? 9 an upright position1 & x !n re/$ ev]y:]e on ! rock1 its l[e/ po9t be+ #hg feet #f in*es bel[ high wat]4 ,mu* tr\ble 0 giv5 by a spr+ ( wat] issu+ out ( a fissure 9 ! rock1 9 "o ( ! comp>tm5ts1 b ! fl[ 0 /opp$ by driv+ close %eet piles into ! fissure4 ,! rock 9 ! annulus 0 dress$1 & ! space fill$ by a r+ ( granite a%l> masonry :i* 0 built to a height ( ab\t #g feet all r\nd4 ,! /ate ( ! "w at ?is "t is t repres5t$ 9 ! section ( ! cyl9d]1 7,pl4 ,v4 p4 #bah74 ,! rock consi/$ ( gre5/one trap1 s h>d t tools c\ld ) difficulty be got to "w x4 ,:5 ! r+ ( masonry 0 complet$1 x 0 expect$ t ! bottom might be suffici5tly wat]-tight to act z a c(f]-dam1 & all[ ( ! mud be+ tak5 out f ! c5tral "p ( ! cyl9d]1 bel[ ! dome4 ,b ! pump+ p[] 0 n at fir/ suffici5t = ?is purpose1 & x 0 ?\ght t x w\ld be necess>y to employ ! pneumatic process 9 ?is space also4 ,h[ev]1 by rapid & incessant pump+ ! wat] 0 l[]$ s z to all[ ( ! mud & rock be+ excavat$1 & ! masonry 9 ! c5tral space built )\t hav+ aga9 rec\rse to ! use ( air pressure4 ,! leakage wat] 0 convey$ to two wells1 =m$ ( ca/-iron pipes built into ! masonry1 f :i* ! wat] 0 pump$4 ,! inn] plates ( ! annulus 7 cut out1 & ! "w 9 ! c5tre :i* consi/$ ( granite a%l> set 9 cem5t 0 ?or\ghly bond$ into ! r+ ( masonry already built4 ,:5 ! "w 0 c>ri$ up to ! level ( ! dome1 bo? ! dome & ! int]nal #aj-;foot cyl9d] 7 cut out & remov$4 ,:5 ! build+ _h be5 c>ri$ up "s height1 ! pump wells 7 fill$ ) cem5t concrete1 & ! influx ( wat] /opp$4 ,f9ally1 ab\t ! end ( #ahef1 :5 ! masonry 0 complet$ to ! cap ( ! pi]1 ! upp] "p ( ! great cyl9d] 0 unbolt$ & tak5 a%ore1 x hav+ be5 made 9 two halves ) t object4 ,?us ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! und]tak+ 0 successfully complet$4#ajg ,! c5tre pi] ( ! ,salta% bridge is1 l _m great eng9e]+ works1 out ( sight1 & little reg>d$ by any b pr(essional m54 ,! re/ ( ! bridge =ms a /rik+ feature 9 a beautiful l&scape1 & its appe>ance is well kn[n4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! bridge is ab\t #b1bjj feet1 & is divid$ into two great spans ov] ! riv] ( #dee feet ea* & sev5te5 side spans1 v>y+ f #gj to #ij feet1 :i* are on %>p curves4 ,! pi]s ( ! side spans1 z well z ! two l>ge pi]s c>ry+ ! l& ends ( ! ma9 trusses1 are ( masonry4 ,! masonry ( ! c5tre pi] is #ce feet 9 diamet]1 & is c>ri$ up ab\t #ab feet above high wat] level4 ,on x /& f\r ca/-iron octagonal columns1 ris+ up to ! level ( ! railway4 ,! pi]s :i* support ! ends ( ! great trusses are con/ruct$ ) ar*$ op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! tra9s pass4 ,! transv]se elevation ( ! c5tre pi] 7,pl4 ,v47 %[s ! octagonal columns connect$ by ca/-iron op5-"w1 & ! ar*$ op5+4 ,! upp] "p ( ! c5tre pi] is a ca/-iron /&>d1 & t ( ! l& pi]s is ( masonry cas$ ) ca/ iron4#ajh ,! elevation %[s ! great height ( ! /ructure1 ! rails be+ #aij feet & ! highe/ "p ( ! truss #bfj feet above ! l[e/ po9t ( ! f\ndations4 ,! railway is c>ri$ ov] ea* ( ! small] op5+s betwe5 two longitud9al gird]s1 & ov] ! ma9 spans x is c>ri$ betwe5 simil> longitud9al gird]s1 :i* are susp5d$ at int]vals f ! ma9 truss4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,royal ,,alb]t ,,bridge ,ea* truss consi/s ( a wr\ght-iron oval tube1 :i* =ms an ar*1 & ( two susp5sion *a9s1#aji "o on ei!r side ( ! tube1 connect+ its two ends4 ,! rise ( ! ar*$ tube above its abutm5ts on ! top ( ! pi]s is ! same z ! fall ( ! susp5sion *a9s bel[ ! same level4 ,at elev5 po9ts 9 ! l5g? ( ! truss ! *a9s are connect$ to ! tube by upright /&>ds1 :i* are brac$ toge!r by diagonal b>s1 9 ord] to resi/ ! /ra9s due to unequal load+4 ,! roadway gird]s are susp5d$ f ! truss at ! upright /&>ds already m5tion$1 & at an int]m$iate po9t betwe5 ea* ( !m4 ,! truss has ! great dep? ( #ef feet 9 ! c5tre2 ?is conduces mat]ially to ! economy ( ! con/ruction1 z x dim9i%es ! /ra9 ^u ! pr9cipal p>ts1 ! tube & ! *a9s1 & s enables !m to be made ( small] dim5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,truss ( ,salta% ,bridge4 ,transv]se section4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! woodcut 7fig4 #ab7 is a transv]se section 9 ! c5tre ( ! truss1 %[+ ! oval tube1 ! *a9s1 ! upright & /&>ds1 ! roadway gird]s4 ,! tube is made oval 9 section ) ! great] diamet] horizontal1 9 ord] t x may h /iffness sideways "u ! compressive /ra91 & t ! ma9 *a9s may hang v]tically at su* a di/ance z to leave room = ! roadway betwe5 !m4 ,! tube is #af feet #i in*es broad & #ab feet #c in*es 9 height4 ,ea* *a9 consi/s ( two ti]s ( l9ks1 ea* ti] =m$ ( #ad & #ae l9ks alt]nately4 ,^! are #g in*es deep & ab\t #a in* ?ick4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! ironwork ( ! tube & its connections ) ! ma9 *a9s are g5]ally simil> to ^? at ,*ep/[4 ,! truss may be describ$ z a comb9ation ( an ar* & a susp5sion bridge1 half ! weight be+ plac$ on ! "o & half on ! o!r1 ! outw>d ?ru/ ( ! ar* on ! abutm5ts be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! inw>d drag ( ! *a9s4 ,! me*anical arrangem5t ( ! ,salta% truss is simil> to t ( ! "o at ,*ep/[4#aaj ,! tube1 re/+ on /&>ds1 ! railway pass+ b5ea?1 ! susp5sion *a9s hung f ei!r side ( ! tube1 ! upright /&>ds1 & ! diagonal brac+ are common to ! two /ructures4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! =m ( ! two trusses is pr9cipally ! result ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! circum/ances att5d+ ! con/ruction ( ! bridges at ,*ep/[ & ,salta%4 ,! design ( ! ,*ep/[ truss 0 *iefly det]m9$ by ! necessity ( lift+ up ! sep>ate p>ts ( x "u conditions ( peculi> difficulty2 :ile at ,salta% ! mode ( float+ & lift+ ! sup]/ructure _h great influ5ce 9 ! prep>ation ( ! design4 ,on ,plate ,v4 7p4 #bah7 is giv5 an elevation ( "o span ( ! ,salta% bridge1 & a g5]al elevation on a small] scale ( ! :ole bridge4 ,! total weight ( wr\ght ironwork 9 ! sup]/ructure ( ea* span is #a1jfj tons4#aaa ,! trusses at ,salta% 7 n lift$ 9 p>ts1 z at ,*ep/[2 =1 z ! riv] 0 divid$ by ! c5tre pi] into two op5+s1 "o ( !m c\ld be left cle> = ! navigation1 & ea* truss1 ) its roadway gird]s atta*$1 c\ld be rais$ to its position sl[ly & 9 "o piece4 ,! trusses 7 con/ruct$ p>allel to ! riv] on ! ,devon%ire side1 close to ! site ( ! bridge4 ,:5 ! truss = ! ,cornwall or we/]n span 0 complet$1 tempor>y pi]s 7 erect$ to support ! ends1 & ! scaffold+ hav+ be5 remov$1 ! roadway 0 load$ ) #a1aij tons1 uni=mly di/ribut$4#aab ,?is te/ hav+ prov$ satisfactory1 prep>ations 7 made = float+ ! truss4 ,docks 7 made und]nea? x ne> ! two ends1 & 9 ea* ( ^! docks two iron pontoons 7 plac$4 ,valves 7 !n op5$ to admit wat]1 & ! pontoons 7 all[$ to s9k on timb]s prep>$ to receive !m4 ,^u ea* pair ( pontoons 0 erect$ an elaborate framework ( timb] to c>ry ! weight ( half ! truss1 or betwe5 #ejj & #fjj tons4 ,! framework consi/$ ( /\t timb] props1 "s ( !m #dj feet long1 ext5d+ f ! pontoon to ! ar*$ tube1 & 0 atta*$ to ! tube by iron susp5sion rods1 s t :5 ! op]ation ( float+ 0 complet$1 ! pontoons w\ld be free to pass f und]nea? ! truss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brunel _h previ\sly tak5 "p 9 op]ations ( ?is nature4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 0 ab\t to und]take ! float+ ( ! tubes ( ! ,conway & ,britannia bridges1 he ask$ 8 fri5ds ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,locke to give him _! assi/ance4 ,!y 7 pres5t at all1 or ne>ly all1 ^! difficult op]ations1 & ,mr4 ,brunel _h an active %>e 9 ! "w1 especially 9 ! float+ ( ! fir/ ,conway tube4 ,by ,mr4 ,brunel's advice ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h obta9$ ! s]vices ( ,capta9 ,claxton to sup]9t5d ! nautical "p ( ! "w2 & ,capta9 ,claxton 01 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ) ,mr4 ,brunel 9 a simil> capacity at ,*ep/[ & ,salta%4 ,at ,salta% =tunately !re 0 n s swift a tide z !re _h be5 at ! ,britannia & ,conway float+s4 ,9 ord] to haul ! truss out1 w>ps 7 laid f ! pontoons to a gun-brig hulk ne> ! c5tre pi]1 & to a b>ge high] up ! riv]4 ,on ?is b>ge 7 also plac$ ready = use ! ends ( f\r w>ps1 lead+ to cap/ans & crabs on bo>d vessels moor$ at v>i\s po9ts4 ,to keep ! truss f be+ drift$ up or d[n ! riv] :ile be+ mov$ out1 radius l9es 7 laid f ! pontoons to moor+s1 ) arrangem5ts = haul+ 9 on !m if requir$4 ,9 ord] to ensure 8 directions be+ cle>ly und]/ood & promptly att5d$ to1 ,mr4 ,brunel assembl$ a numb] ( 8 assi/ants1 "o ( :om 0 plac$ z #8,capta9' 9 ea* ( ! vessels conta9+ ! haul+ cap/ans1 to sup]9t5d ! m51 & to execute ord]s4 ,^! ord]s 7 giv5 by signals4 ,x 0 mo/ important t ! att5tion ( ! capta9 %\ld n be div]t$ by look+ out = ! signals1 & t !re %\ld be no *ance ( a signal n be+ se5 by him because he 0 att5d+ to "s o!r ( 8 duties4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 9 ea* vessel an assi/ant ^: sole duty x 0 to wat* = ! signals1 to give ! appropriate int]pretation to ! capta91 & to ackn[l$ge ! signal by a flag correspond+ to t by :i* x 0 giv54 ,mr4 ,brunel direct$ ! op]ations f a plat=m 9 ! c5tre ( ! truss4 ,! signals 7 giv5 f a small] plat=m imm$iately above1 & 7 made by r$ & :ite flags1 held 9 front ( black bo>ds1 :i* 7 turn$ t[>ds ! vessel signall$ to4 ,pr9t$ pap]s conta9+ in/ructions 7 di/ribut$ to all engag$2 ! signall+ 0 c>efully rehe>s$1 z also 0 e o!r "p ( ! op]ations :i* c\ld be tri$ be=eh&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,septemb] #a1 #aheg1 0 ! day fix$ = ! float+4 ,dur+ ! morn+1 ! m51 ab\t #ejj 9 numb]1 assembl$ at _! /ations on ! vessels & pontoons4 ,capta9 ,claxton _h comm& ( ! arrangem5ts afloat1 & z a res]ve =ce to act 9 any em]g5cy sev]al boats 7 l5t f ,h4,m4,s4 #8,ajax' & ! ,docky>d4 ,) ,mr4 ,brunel 7 ,mr4 ,br]eton & ,capta9 ,h>rison1 ! comm&] ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 0 expect$1 b a s]i\s attack ( illness prev5t$ him f be+ pres5t4 ,at ab\t "o o'clock 9 ! aft]noon signals f ! tops ( ! tempor>y pi]s on :i* ! truss re/$1 %[$ t ! ends _h be5 lift$ ?ree in*es cle>4 ,mr4 ,brunel !n gave ! signal = ! m5 9 ! pontoons to haul on ! w>ps1 & ! great /ructure glid$ sl[ly out to ! c5tre ( ! riv]4 ,a pause 0 !n made1 :ile ! w>ps :i* 7 to sw+ ! truss r\nd into its place 7 be+ atta*$ to ! pontoon :i* 0 f>!/ f ! c5tre pi]4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 ! diff]5t ropes 7 haul$ ^u 9 ob$i5ce to signals1 s z to keep ! o!r pontoon close to ! c5tre pi]1 ^u :i*1 z a pivot1 ! truss swung r\nd 9 a qu>t] circle till x occupi$ ! :ole ( ! we/]n half ( ! riv]1 & 0 br\ght close to its appo9t$ re/+-place4 ,x 0 f9ally adju/$ to its exact position by /rong tackles atta*$ to ! pi]s4 ,wat] 0 !n admitt$ into ! pontoons2 &1 z ! tide fell1 !y 7 all[$ to drift away1 leav+ ! truss re/+ on ! pi]s1 ! roadway gird]s be+ b a few feet above ! wat]4 ,! :ole op]ation 0 conduct$ ) ! mo/ p]fect ord] & regul>ity4 ,! beauty ( ! sc5]y & ! *ang+ effect produc$ by ! truss 9 ! v>i\s positions x assum$ z x 0 be+ mov$ =w>d & swung r\nd into its place1 r5d]$ ! op]ation z int]e/+ to ! spectators z its results 7 satisfactory to ,mr4 ,brunel & to ^? :o assi/$ him4#aac 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! task ( lift+ ! truss1 z well z 9 t ( float+ x1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h ! great advantage ( ! exp]i5ce ga9$ at ! ,britannia ,bridge4 ,!re ! pi]s 7 built fir/1 & ! tubes haul$ up ) l9k *a9s by hydraulic presses plac$ on ! tops ( ! t[]s4 ,! design ( ! pi]s at ,salta% did n all[ ( ?is plan be+ adopt$1 & !y 7 built up "u ! truss z x 0 lift$4 ,"u ea* end ( ! truss 7 ?ree hydraulic presses2 ! two outside presses comb9$1 or ! middle "o by itself1 7 suffici5t to lift ! weight4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h also at fir/ int5d$ to h /rong screw-jacks1 :i* 7 to be kept screw$ up und]nea? ! truss1 & s to support ! weight1 if by any accid5t ! presses fail$4 ,a modification ( ?is plan 0 adopt$2 ! rams ( ! presses _h a screw ?read cut on !m1 & a l>ge nut on ea* 0 kept screw$ up h>d aga9/ ! top ( ! press z ! ram em]g$ f x4 ,z an additional precaution1 timb] pack+1 9 ?9 lay]s1 0 plac$ 9 ! space betwe5 ! complet$ portion ( ! pi] & ! end ( ! truss z x 0 lift$4 ,great c>e 0 ?us tak5 to gu>d aga9/ any mi%ap4 ,! tube 0 lift$ #c feet at a "t at ea* end4 ,! op]ation w5t on sl[ly1 9 ord] to all[ ! masonry ( ! l& pi] to set aft] x _h be5 built up und]nea? ! truss4 ,! "w 0 c>ri$ on ) great sy/em & c>e "u ! imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,br]eton4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 only able to be pres5t dur+ "o ( ! lift+ op]ations1 z he 0 !n engag$ 9 ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,july #aheh1 ! fir/ truss _h be5 lift$ to its full height1 & ! second truss 0 ready = float+4 ,! arrangem5ts 7 g5]ally simil> to ^? on ! previ\s occasion2 ! c\rse1 h[ev]1 to be trav]s$ by ! pontoons 0 m intricate ?an on ! previ\s occasion1 z ! l& pi] on ! ,devon%ire side ( ! riv]1 ov] :i* ! fir/ truss _h pass$1 _h be5 built up to receive ! end ( ! second4 ,?is truss _h1 !re=e1 to be mov$ fir/ outw>ds till ! pontoons 7 cle> ( ! docks1 !n x _h to move endways up ! riv]1 & to sw+ r\nd into position4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 oblig$ to rema9 abroad f ill-heal?1 & ,mr4 ,br]eton conduct$ ! op]ations4 ,al?\gh ! wea!r 0 n fav\rable1 & ! w9d high1 ! truss 0 safely l&$ on ! pi]s2 & 0 aft]w>ds rais$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ "o4#aad ,! g5]al elevation1 ,plate ,v41 %[s ! proportions ( ! bridge4 ,on ! ,devon%ire side1 ! side spans pass ov] fields1 & on ! ,cornwall side ov] ! t[n ( ,salta%4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! bridge is 9 no way height5$ by an exp5diture ( money on ar*itectural ornam5t2 =1 ) ! exception ( a few unimportant m\ld+s1 ! bridge is absolutely unadorn$4 ,! total co/ 0 #bbe1jjjl4--a v mod]ate exp5diture1 especially :5 ! difficult "w at ! c5tre pi] is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,?is result is due n only to ! c>eful mann] 9 :i* all ! details ( ! design 7 prep>$1 b also to ! great att5tion giv5 ?r\gh\t to ! con/ruction4 ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 z ,"l ,w>d5 ( ! ,/ann>ies1 p]mitt$ ! bridge to be call$ ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge1 & cons5t$ to op5 x 9 p]son4 ,! c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ,may #c1 #ahei4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 compell$ to be abs5t on ! ,cont95t1 = ! sake ( 8 heal?1 & 0 repres5t$ on ! occasion by ,mr4 ,br]eton4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's return to ,engl&1 he paid a hurri$ visit to ! ,cornwall ,railway1 &1 = ! fir/ & la/ "t1 saw 9 its complet$ /ate ! great "w on :i* he _h exp5d$ s mu* ?\ght & c>e4 ,,note1 7pp4 #ahb1 #aid1 #bji74 ,exp]im5ts on ,matt]s connect$ ) ,bridge ,con/ruction4 ,no acc\nt ( ! /ructures design$ by ,mr4 ,brunel w\ld be complete )\t a ref]5ce to ! elaborate c>e he always took1 :]ev] x 0 practicable1 to satisfy himself by exp]im5t ( ! qualities ( ! mat]ials employ$1 & ( ! correctness ( ! pr9ciples foll[$4 ,x w\ld n "h be possible to give a detail$ record ( all 8 exp]im5ts1 b an acc\nt ( "s ( ! me?ods employ$ by him w be int]e/+4 ,"s ( ! l>g] ( ,mr4 ,brunel's exp]im5ts on ca/ & wr\ght-iron gird]s h already be5 m5tion$4#aae ,he sc>cely ev] made any l>ge gird] or framework )\t hav+ x fully te/$1 & he made ext5sive & elaborate exp]im5ts1 mo/ ( !m on a v l>ge scale1 on ! /r5g? ( "s ( ! mat]ials & compon5t p>ts ( 8 diff]5t /ructures4 ,among ! l>ge scale exp]im5ts tri$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 7 ^? on ! compressive /r5g? ( yell[ p9e-timb]1 :i* 7 made at ,bri/ol 9 #ahdf1 & 7 on specim5s f #aj to #dj feet 9 l5g?1 & f #f to #ae in*es squ>e4 ,a framework ( f\r upright pieces ( :ole timb]1 ne>ly #ej feet high1 conta9$ f\r /rong b>s ( wr\ght iron1 plac$ v]tically1 & atta*$ at _! l[] ends to ! cyl9d] ( a hydraulic press4 ,along ^! b>s1 a ca/+ c\ld be mov$1 & fa/5$ at diff]5t heights by keys1 9 su* a mann] z to h its "u-surface1 :i* 0 plan$1 p]fectly horizontal4 ,! ends ( a specim5 hav+ be5 made exactly squ>e to its l5g?1 x 0 put 9 ?is app>atus1 ) ! upp] end be>+ aga9/ ! l[] surface ( ! movable ca/+1 & ! l[] end re/+ on ! top-surface ( ! ram ( ! hydraulic press1 :i* 0 also plan$ & adju/$ s z to be horizontal4 ,! keys1 :i* atta*$ ! movable ca/+ to ! b>s1 7 n[ driv5 tight1 & ! pump ( ! press work$1 weights be+ plac$ on ! end ( ! lev]1 to correspond ) increm5ts ( pressure on ! ram4 ,^! weights 7 add$ gradually1 until ! specim5 gave way4 ,! accuracy ( ?is mode ( measur+ ! pressure 0 te/$ by direct load+ ( ! ram ) rails1 :i* 0 repeat$ sev]al times dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5ts1 s z to gu>d aga9/ any *ange 9 ! am\nt ( friction ( ! press4 ,= ea* increm5t ( weight1 ! compression ( ! specim5 0 measur$ on its f\r faces1 & its deflection1 or am\nt ( b5d+1 on two adjac5t faces4 ,! transv]se /iffness ( long specim5s 0 also tri$1 by support+ !m at ea* end1 & load+ !m 9 ! middle4 ,! deflection 9 ! middle ?us obs]v$ correspond$ v closely ) :at might h be5 expect$ f ! obs]vations on ! direct compression2 & f ! con/ants s obta9$1 ! /r5g? ( ^? specim5s1 ^: l5g? 0 v great z comp>$ ) _! transv]se dim5sions1 c\ld be obta9$ by ,eul]'s !ory1 b = ! /\t] specim5s ! /r5g? p] squ>e in* 0 f\nd to be ne>ly con/ant4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 a complete practical k ( ! prop]ties ( yell[ p9e timb]1 :5 subject$ to end pressures1 0 obta9$1 k new at ! "t1 & almo/ ess5tial to ,mr4 ,brunel 9 design+ ! _m viaducts :i* he aft]w>ds con/ruct$4 ,mr4 ,brunel also made exp]im5ts on ! /r5g? ( p9e timb] :5 expos$ to pressure on ! side or at "r angles to ! fibre4 ,by ?is means he det]m9$ ! area :i* x 0 desirable to provide = ! wa%]s ( bolts1 & ! weight :i* might safely be plac$ on transv]se timb]s or sills ( viaducts4 ,mr4 ,brunel's exp]im5ts on rivet+ 7 also important4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 made ) specim5s #bj in*es wide1 & half an in* ?ick4 ,!y 7 comp>$ ) specim5s ( solid iron1 ( ! same quality & ?ickness z ! rivet$ specim5s1 & also ! same wid? m9us ! rivet holes1 s z to h equal effici5t sectional areas4 ,d\ble cov]+ plates & d\ble rivet+ 7 us$ 9 all cases1 ! v>iation be+ 9 ! wid?s ( ! cov]+ plates1 & ! numb] & arrangem5t ( ! rivets4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ until ?irty 9 all _h be5 made1 & ! /ronge/ =m ( jo9t 0 consid]$ to h be5 arriv$ at4 ,9 connection ) ! lift+ ( ! p>ts ( ! ,*ep/[ ,bridge1 an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts 0 made on ropes1 *a9s1 & wire-rope1 s z to asc]ta9 :i* ( ^! x 0 desirable to employ1 z possess+ ! greate/ advantages4 ,! exp]im5ts made 7 ( two k9ds1 "o to det]m9e ! absolute /r5g? ( ! specim5 :5 subject$ to a /raight pull1 & ! o!r to obs]ve :at took place :5 x 0 work$ ov] a %eave4 ,9 ! fir/ set ! specim5 0 held at ea* end 9 ! jaws ( a pair ( wr\ght-iron clamps1 :i* 7 tight5$ up by means ( screws4 ,"o ( ! clamps 0 atta*$ to a fix$ beam1 & f ! o!r 0 susp5d$ a l>ge cyl9drical tank1 :i* 0 gradually fill$ ) wat] until ! specim5 gave way1 ! break+ /ra9 be+ ! weight ( ! tank & wat]4 ,?is weight 0 asc]ta9$ by actual weigh+ ) a /eely>d :5 ! wat] 9 ! tank 0 at diff]5t heights4 ,obs]vations on ! ext5sion1 %r9kage ( ! circumf]5ce1 & *ange 9 ! pit* ( ! spiral ( ! rope 7 made ) diff]5t loads1 & ! /r5g? ( a suffici5t numb] ( ! y>ns ( :i* ! rope 0 compos$ 0 tri$ to asc]ta9 ! loss ( /r5g? by comb9+ ! y>ns into a rope4 ,9 ! second set ! specim51 clamp$ z be=e1 0 pass$ ov] a %eave1 ! axle ( :i* roll$ horizontally on plan$ ca/-iron plates1 9 ord] to dim9i% friction4 ,to ea* clamp 0 atta*$ a cyl9drical iron tank4 ,wat] be+ admitt$ to ! highe/ tank until d[nw>d motion comm5c$1 its influx 0 /opp$1 & ! tank desc5d$1 ! o!r "o ris+4 ,wat] 0 !n admitt$ to ! n[ highe/ tank until motion aga9 comm5c$1 & ?is process 0 repeat$ until ! specim5 gave way1 ! tanks gett+ full] ( wat] at ea* movem5t1 at :i* times ! diff]5ce ( weight ( ! two tanks 0 obs]v$4 ,?is1 m9us ! slight friction ( ! app>atus1 repres5t$ ! rigidity ( ! rope4 ,! ext5sions 7 obs]v$ z 9 ! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts4 ,! specim5s consi/$ ( hemp1 manilla1 %r\d laid & haws] laid ropes1 f #h to #aj in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 r\nd & flat wire ropes1 & *a9s ( diff]5t sizes ( ab\t ! same /r5g? z ! ropes4 ,! %eaves also 7 ( diff]5t diamet]s4 ,^! exp]im5ts result$ 9 ,mr4 ,brunel decid+ to use *a9s = lift+ ! bridge1 & ?is ma9ly f ! circum/ance t *a9s "w m satisfactorily ov] a %eave ?an ei!r hemp or wire ropes4 ,"s small scale exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,brunel are des]v+ ( notice4 ,^! 7 made to v]ify calculations on ! longitud9al gird]s ( ! ,*ep/[ truss1 :i* are virtually cont9u\s beams ( five unequal spans4 ,x 0 desirable to te/ ! results ( analysis by exp]im5t1 9 ord] to be assur$ t no errors _h be5 committ$ 9 its application4 ,mr4 ,brunel accord+ly devis$ ! foll[+ simple =m ( exp]im5t = ?is purpose4 ,a deal rod1 exactly half an in* squ>e & #ch feet long1 q free f knots1 0 support$ on props ( equal height1 above ! p]fectly horizontal & plan$ surface ( a l>ge beam ( timb]4 ,! props 7 plac$ s z to correspond relatively to ! actual spans1 & ! rod 0 load$ uni=mly by means ( a *a94 ,x 0 ?us b5t into an ela/ic curve1 ! ord9ates ( :i* 7 v c>efully measur$1 at e foot along ! l5g?1 by a f9ely divid$ scale & magnifi]4 ,! pressure on ea* prop 0 also det]m9$1 by remov+ any p>ticul> "o1 & susp5d+ ! po9t ( ! rod imm$iately ov] x to a /eel-y>d1 ! weight be+ obs]v$ :5 ! po9t ( ! rod 0 exactly at ! same level z be=e ! prop 0 remov$4 ,! obvi\s condition1 t ! sum ( ! pressures on ! props %\ld be equal to ! weight ( ! rod & its load1 furni%$ a satisfactory means ( te/+ ! results ( ^! weigh+s4 ,! rod be+ turn$ ov] on ea* ( its f\r sides1 ! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$1 & ! av]age tak51 9 ord] to elim9ate ! effects ( initial curvature1 or ( unequal ela/icity4 ,diagrams ( ! ela/ic curves 7 !n made1 %[+ ! correspond5ce ( !ory ) exp]im5t1 & ?is 0 s close z to leave no d\bt t a true k ( ! nature ( ! /ra9s _h be5 arriv$ at4 ,"o ( ^! diagrams is giv5 by ,mr4 ,edw9 ,cl>k 9 8 "w on ! #8,britannia & ,conway ,tubul> ,bridges1' vol4 i4 p4 #dfb4 ,by modifications ( ! plan ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! /ra9s on cont9u\s beams ( v>y+ section may be asc]ta9$ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,we/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,a4,d4 #ahce--ahdg4 ,,tatis #cj--db4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,/eam ,,navigation--,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,we/]n ,,/eam-,,%ip ,,company--,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,we/]n'--,,report ,,on ,,selection ,,( ,,! ,,build]s ,,( ,,! ,,eng9es 7,,june #ah1 #ahcf7--,,/atem5ts ,,( ,,dr4 ,,l>dn] ,,on ,,! ,,probable ,,failure ,,( ,a ,,l9e ,,( ,,/eam-,,%ips ,,betwe5 ,,engl& ,,& ,,am]ica--,,voyage ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,we/]n' ,,to ,,london--,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,eng9es--,,h] ,,return ,,to ,,bri/ol--,,fire ,,on ,,bo>d ,,& ,,accid5t ,,to ,,mr4 ,,brunel--,,voyage ,,to ,,new ,,york--,,comp>ison ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,p]=mances ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,we/]n' ,,& ,,! #8,,sirius'--,,subsequ5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,we/]n'--,,note3 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,%ip ,,& ,,eng9es4 ,x w readily be conc$$ t ,mr4 ,brunel's railway works1 :i* h =m$ ! subject ( ! five prec$+ *apt]s1 w\ld h giv5 him ample employm5t = ! ?irty ye>s ( 8 pr(essional life4 ,nev]!less1 dur+ almo/ ! :ole ( t p]iod--namely1 f #ahce1 ! ye> ( ! pass+ ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,bill1 to 8 dea? 9 #ahei--;he 0 also engag$ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( und]tak+s :i* _h = _! object ! sy/ematic developm5t ( ,ocean ,/eam ,navigation4#aaf ,! #8,great ,we/]n1' ! fir/ /eam-%ip :i* made regul> voyages across ! ,atlantic1 ! #8,great ,brita91' ! fir/ l>ge iron /eam-%ip1 & ! fir/ l>ge %ip 9 :i* ! screw propell] 0 us$1 &1 la/ly1 ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' 7 ,mr4 ,brunel's works1 built "u 8 direction1 9 ! mid/ ( 8 o!r engross+ occupations1 & at ! sacrifice ( 8 heal? & life4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! projects w conta9 records ( _m disappo9tm5ts z well z ( success2 = no great & novel und]tak+ c be p]fect$ at once & )\t *anges ( plan & arrangem5t4 ,z eng9e] to ! ,companies :i* built ^! /eam-%ips1 ,mr4 ,brunel advis$ ! adoption ( measures /rongly 9 opposition to curr5t popul> op9ion1 & f> bold] & m d>+ ?an ev5 8 recomm5dation ( ! broad gauge & ! atmosph]ic sy/em4 ,! results obta9$ h v]ifi$ 8 calculations1 & ! conclusions he s\ght to e/abli% are n[ s g5]ally accept$ t x is difficult to believe t !y 7 ev] que/ion$4 ,no "o n[ has any d\bt t l>ge vessels c ) safety be built ( iron1 or t ! screw propell] c be advantage\sly employ$ 9 %ips ( w> & ! m]cantile navy2 no "o c n[ d5y t x is practicable = /eam-%ips to make long voyages across ! ocean ) regul>ity & spe$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a detail$ acc\nt w n[ be giv5 ( ! %ips ^: p]=mances fir/ demon/rat$ ! tru? ( ^! propositions4 ,al?\gh ! #8,great ,we/]n' 0 ! fir/ /eam] :i* 0 built = regul> voyages betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! fir/ attempt to use /eam 9 ! direct voyage across ! ,atlantic 0 made by an ,am]ican %ip ( #cjj tons burd51 call$ ! #8,savannah1' & built at ,new ,york4 ,h] eng9es 7 ( small p[]1 ) paddles made to %ip & un%ip4 ,%e made only two voyages to & f ,europe3 9 ! fir/ ( ^! %e left ! port ( ,savannah on ,may #be1 & an*or$ at ,liv]pool on ,june #bj1 #ahai4 ,no fur!r advance 9 ,ocean ,/eam ,navigation seems to h be5 attempt$ until #ahce4 ,9 ! ,octob] ( t ye>1 at a meet+ ( ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 at ,radley's ,hotel1 9 ,bridge ,/reet1 ,blackfri>s1 "o ( ! p>ty spoke ( ! enorm\s l5g?1 z x !n appe>$1 ( ! propos$ railway f ,london to ,bri/ol4 ,mr4 ,brunel exclaim$1 #8,:y n make x long]1 & h a /eamboat to g f ,bri/ol to ,new ,york1 & call x ! 8,great ,we/]n80' ,?is sugge/ion 0 treat$ z a joke by mo/ ( ^? :o he>d x2 b at night ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,t4 ,r4 ,guppy1 "o ( ! ,directors1 talk$ x ov]1 & aft]w>ds consult$ ?ree ( ! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,bo>d--,mr4 ,scott1 ,mr4 ,pycr(t1 & ,mr4 ,rob]t ,bright4 ,!y took up ! idea w>mly1 & a committee 0 =m$ to c>ry out ! project4 ,z a prelim9>y measure1 ,mr4 ,guppy & ,capta9 ,*ri/oph] ,claxton1 ,r4,n41 made a t\r ( ! great %ip-build+ ports ( ! k+dom1 9 ord] to collect in=mation4 ,! results ( _! inquiries 7 embodi$ 9 a report1 dat$ ,janu>y #a1 #ahcf1 :i* describes at great l5g? ! advantages to be ga9$ 9 l>ge vessels4 ,! manuscript 0 submitt$ to ,mr4 ,brunel previ\sly to its publication1 & he ins]t$ ! foll[+ passage3-- ,! resi/ance ( vessels 9 ! wat] does n increase 9 direct proportion to _! tonnage4 ,?is is easily expla9$2 ! tonnage increases z ! cubes ( _! dim5sions1 :ile ! resi/ance increases ab\t z _! squ>es2 s t a vessel ( d\ble ! tonnage ( ano!r1 capable ( conta9+ an eng9e ( twice ! p[]1 does n really meet ) d\ble ! resi/ance4 ,spe$ !re=e w be great] ) ! l>ge vessel1 or ! proportionate p[] ( ! eng9e & consumption ( fuel may be r$uc$4 ,?is 0 an important addition to ! report1 = x enunciates ! pr9ciple :i* gov]n$ ,mr4 ,brunel 9 det]m9+ ! dim5sions & p[]1 n only ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' b also ( ! #8,great ,brita9' & #8,great ,ea/]n' /eam-%ips4 ,imm$iately aft] ! publication ( ?is report a ,company 0 =m$ 9 ,bri/ol call$ #8,! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1' ,mr4 ,pet] ,maze be+ ! ,*airman1 & ,capta9 ,claxton ! ,manag+ ,director4 ,capta9 ,claxton's ex]tions 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,company f its =mation to its dissolution 7 unremitt+ & invaluable4 ,he 0 also1 f ! date ( ,mr4 ,brunel's fir/ connection ) ,bri/ol1 "o ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds1 & 8 confid5tial advis] on all po9ts on :i* nautical exp]i5ce 0 ( value4#aag ,mr4 ,patt]son 7an em95t %ip-build] ( ,bri/ol7 0 select$ to sup]9t5d ! build+ ( ! fir/ %ip1 "u ! direction ( a #8,build+ ,committee' consi/+ ( ,capta9 ,claxton1 ,mr4 ,guppy1 & ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,:5ev] railway bus9ess call$ ,mr4 ,brunel to ,bri/ol1 :i* at ?is "t 0 at lea/ once 9 e week1 ! ,committee & ,mr4 ,patt]son us$ to meet at ! (fice1 or at ,capta9 ,claxton's or ,mr4 ,guppy's h\se1 & (t5 sat f> into ! night discuss+ ! details ( ! design ( ! %ip4#aah ,"o ( ! mo/ important que/ions :i* occupi$ ,mr4 ,brunel's att5tion 0 ! selection ( ! build]s ( ! eng9es4 ,t5d]s 7 invit$2 & on receiv+ !m1 he address$ ! foll[+ report to ,capta9 ,claxton1 ! ,manag+ ,director3-- ,june #ah1 #ahcf4 ,9 consid]+ ! ?ree t5d]s = ! supply ( m>9e eng9es = y\r fir/ vessel1 :i* y h submitt$ to me = my op9ion1 ,i h assum$ t ! int]e/s ( ! company are p>am\nt1 & t all feel+s ( p>tiality t[>ds any p>ticul> manufactur] or any local int]e/ mu/ yield to ! absolute necessity1 9 ?is ! fir/ & ! bolde/ attempt ( ! k9d yet made1 ( n m]ely satisfy+ y\rselves t y w obta9 a good eng9e1 b also ( tak+ all ^? means ( secur+ ! be/ :i* 9 ! eyes ( ! public may be unque/ionable4 ,9 ?is view ( ! case1 if y agree ) me1 ,i ?9k y w consid] t1 provid$ ! prices are fair individually1 ! relative am\nt ( ! t5d]s is a second>y consid]ation4 ,i assume1 also1 t ! high respectability ( all ^! p>ties w\ld ensure equally f ei!r ! be/ mat]ials & workman%ip1 & ,i %all conf9e myself simply to po9t+ out a few ( ! conditions peculi> to ! eng9es :i* y require1 & ! means :i* ! diff]5t p>ties h ( comply+ ) ^! conditions4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem9d y t1 ow+ to ! lat5ess ( ! season1 y w require t ! vessel %\ld be prep>$ to run h] fir/ voyage almo/ imm$iately aft] ! eng9es are fix$4 ,y w rememb]1 also1 t x w be ! longe/ voyage yet run2 t 9 ! ev5t ( unfav\rable wea!r a total failure might be ! result ( ! eng9e n work+ to its full p[]1 or consum+ too great a quantity ( coals--a v common occurr5ce ) eng9es app>5tly well made1 aft] six or eight days' con/ant "w2 &1 la/ly1 t ! future success ( ! boat z a pass5g] %ip--nay1 ev5 ( ! company's boats g5]ally1 &1 to a great ext5t1 & = "s "t1 ! reputation ( ,bri/ol z an ,am]ican /eamboat /ation1 may dep5d ^u ! success ( ?is fir/ voyage4 ,x is indisp5sable1 !re=e1 to secure z f> z possible a ma*9e :i* %all be p]fect 9 all its details f ! mom5t ( its completion4 ,!re may be "t = a few trials = asc]ta9+ ! fact ( its completion1 b !re w be none = effect+ any alt]ations %\ld !y be f\nd necess>y1 or = mak+ any exp]im5ts4 ,! ma*9]y :i* y require to be s p]fect is by no means an ord9>y /eam-eng9e4 ,m>9e eng9es ( #hj or #ij1 & ev5 "s ( #ajj horse-p[]1 are m]e models on a l>ge scale ( ! ord9>y-siz$ eng9es4 ,eng9es ( #afj or #ahj horse-p[] ea* w\ld be unmanageable )\t _m mat]ial modifications 9 ! details2 ! arrangem5t mu/ be diff]5t1 &1 z ! /r5g? ( mat]ials rema9s ! same1 ! proportionate dim5sions ( ! p>ts mu/ be modifi$4 ,_m contrivances ( ?is description h be5 introduc$ into ! l>ge eng9es ( #aaj horse-p[] ea* made = ! ,navy4 ,f #aaj to #afj is /ill ano!r & a v great /ride4 ,^? :o h l$ ! way 9 ! fir/ /ep are c]ta9ly ! mo/ likely to be aw>e ( ! difficulties ( ! second1 & to be able to appreciate !m bett]1 & be m prep>$ to ov]come !m ?an ^? :o h z yet only manufactur$1 h[ev] successfully1 eng9es ( ! ord9>y class4 ,( ?ree p>ties t5d]+4444 ,messrs4 ,maudslay h made by f> ! l>ge/ numb]1 & h = "s ye>s l$ ! way 9 ! introduction ( ! l>ge/ arm$ /eamboats2 & !re c be no "q z to ! fact t !y are ! olde/ manufactur]s ( m>9e eng9es1 t !y are !mselves ! orig9ators ( ! greate/ numb] ( ! improvem5ts ( ! day1 t !y h made ! l>ge/ eng9es yet made1 & ! greate/ numb] ( l>ge eng9es ( all sizes2 &1 la/ly1 t !y h ! pr9cipal supply ( eng9es = ! l>ge w> %ips n[ us$ = ! ,navy1 & h _h hi!rto ! sole supply ( all above #gj horse-p[]4 ,) ^! facts be=e y1 x rema9s only = y to consid] h[ f> y agree ) me 9 ! conclusion ,i h come to1 & :i* ,i h no hesitation 9 express+--t ,i ?9k y w be safe/1 9 ! peculi> case ( ! fir/ %ip1 9 ! h&s ( ! p>ties :o h _h mo/ exp]i5ce1 & t ,messrs4 ,maudslay are ^? p]sons4 ,_! price is1 ,i ?9k1 mod]ate4 ,?is report 0 read by ,mr4 ,brunel at a meet+ ( ! ,bo>d1 summon$ at 8 reque/2 ! ,directors adopt$ 8 advice1 & accept$ ! (f] ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay ,field1 ( ,lambe?4#aai ,! #8,great ,we/]n1' = s ! %ip 0 call$1 _h n be5 long comm5c$ :5 a some:at celebrat$ controv]sy arose1 9 :i* ! correctness ( ,mr4 ,brunel's views 0 que/ion$ by ! late ,dr4 ,dionysius ,l>dn]4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to ?is discussion 7 z foll[s3-- ,! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce held its six? meet+ at ,bri/ol 9 ,augu/ #ahcf2 &1 z ,dr4 ,l>dn] 0 ann\nc$ to lecture on ,transatlantic ,/eam ,navigation1 great int]e/ 0 felt 9 ,bri/ol on ! occasion4 ,aft] "s po/ponem5t1 he deliv]$ 8 lecture on ,augu/ #be1 to a cr[d$ meet+ ( ! ,me*anical ,section4 ,! proce$+s ( ! ,association un=tunately d n give any report ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s obs]vations2 b1 z 9 8 late/ "w on ! subject#abj he speaks 9 comm5datory t]ms ( ! report giv5 9 ! #8,times' newspap]1 t acc\nt may be reli$ on z correct4 ,9 ! #8,times' ( ,augu/ #bg1 #ahcf1 x is /at$ t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 lecture ,dr4 ,l>dn] said1-- ,let !m take a vessel ( #a1fjj tons1 provid$ ) #djj horse-p[] eng9es4 ,!y mu/ take #b tons = ea* horse-p[]1 ! vessel mu/ h #a1cdh tons ( coal1 & to t add #djj tons1 & ! vessel mu/ c>ry a burd5 ( #a1gdh tons4 ,he ?\ght x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t1 "u all ! circum/ances1 to say mu* m to conv9ce !m ( ! inexp$i5cy ( attempt+ a direct voyage to ,new ,york1 = 9 ?is case #b1jhj miles 0 ! longe/ run a /eam] c\ld enc\nt]3 at ! end ( t di/ance %e w\ld require a relay ( coals4 ,!re is no detail$ report rema9+ ( ! animat$ discussion :i* foll[$ ! lecture1 & 9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel took "p4 ,he expos$ sev]al errors 9 ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s calculations1 b fail$ to produce any effect ^u ! majority ( ^? pres5t1 :o 7 p[]fully impress$ by ! lectur]'s dogmatic ass]tions4 ,^? ass]tions seem to h _h a wide circulation beyond ! walls ( ! lecture-room2 & if ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s argum5ts 7 s\nd1 & if transatlantic /eam]s ought to h tak5 _! dep>ture f #8! mo/ we/]n %ore ( ! ,briti% ,isles1' ! en?usia/ic advocate ( a railway s*eme 9 ,irel& might well exclaim1-- ,! promot]s ( ?is va/ object /& =ew>n$ ( defeat4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 :o has be/[$ a great deal ( pa9s 9 argu+ ! be>+s ( ?is und]tak+1 has pron\nc$ x impracticable2 & ,i entirely agree ) him 9 8 conclusions4 ,! ef=t1 nev]!less1 w be made2 ! g5ius ( ,engli% ent]prise w haz>d ! consequ5ces2 & e hone/ _s t %all he> ( ! brave ,briti% crew :i* w emb>k ^u t p]il\s exp$ition w feel 8 he>t beat+ high = ! m]*ant-sailor1 :om no?+ c det]4 ,he w sail2 b1 ?\gh dang]s w encompass him1 & de/ruction appe>1 !re is yet a hope = 8 ultimate success4 ,let u *e] ourselves ) ! expectation t1 z ! exhau/$ m>9] returns1 he w fall 9 ) ! we/]n %ores ( ,irel&2 t1 worn out & hopeless ( home & com=t ^u e>?1 ! ,%annon w w9 him to h] bosom2 t1 invit$ by ! graceful s9uosities ( t noble /ream1 & ! ri* & f]tile l&s ar\nd1 he w advance to ?is conv5i5t & improv+ city2 & z he re/s )9 its walls t he w exclaim1 #8,?is is ! place f :i* ,i ought to h set out1 = "h h ,i return$ ) ease & safety6'#aba ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s views are repeat$ 9 an article 9 ! #8,ed9burgh ,review' = ,april #ahcg 7vol4 lxv472 & 9 ! report ( ! proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahcf 7p4 #acj ( ! proce$+s ( ! sections71 ! read] is ref]r$ to ?is article1 app>5tly z a sub/itute = an ab/ract ( ! lecture4 ,! foll[+ rsum is !re giv5 ( ! lecture3-- ,! conclusions at :i* he arriv$ 7 briefly ^!3 t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! /eam-eng9e z appli$ to nautical purposes1 he reg>d$ a p]man5t & pr(itable communication betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,new ,york by /eam-vessels mak+ ! voyage 9 "o trip z 9 a high degree improbable2 t s9ce ! l5g? ( ! voyage exce$s ! pres5t limits ( /eam-p[]1 x w\ld be advisable to resolve x into ! %orte/ practicable /ages2 & t1 !re=e1 ! mo/ eligible po9t ( dep>ture w\ld be ! mo/ we/]n %ores ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ! fir/ po9t ( arrival ! mo/ ea/]n available p>ts ( ! we/]n cont95t2 & t1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! l5g? ( ! trip1 ?\gh x w\ld come fully up to ! pres5t limit ( ?is application ( /eam-p[]1 w\ld1 nev]!less1 n exce$ x1 & t we might reasonably look = su* a degree ( improvem5t 9 ! effici5cy ( m>9e eng9es z w\ld r5d] su* an ent]prise p]man5t & pr(itable4 7,p4 #aai47 ,among o!r objections to long voyages ! review] enum]ates ! incru/ation ( boil]s1 & ! *ok+ ( smoke flues2 & !n1 ) ref]5ce to ! quantity ( fuel requir$1 he proce$s3-- ,9 proportion z ! capacity ( ! vessel is increas$1 9 ! same ratio or ne>ly s mu/ ! me*anical p[] ( ! eng9es be enl>g$1 & ! consumption ( fuel augm5t$4444 ,x is !re=e demon/rable t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( /eam navigation1 if ?is voyage %all be accompli%$ 9 "o un9t]rupt$ trip1 ! vessel :i* p]=ms x mu/1 :atev] may be h] p[] & tonnage1 be capable ( extract+ f coals a great] me*anical virtue1 9 ! proportion ( ?ree to two1 ?an c be obta9$ f !m by ! comb9$ nautical & me*anical skill ( ,mr4 ,lang1 ! build] ( ! #8,m$ea1' & ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field4444 ,t ! passage f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york _c on any occasion be made 9 "o run by a /eam-%ip we d n ma9ta94444 ,! av]age "t ( ! outw>d voyage to ,new ,york is ?irty-six days1 & we say t :5 ! circum/ances ( w9d & wat] are su* t a sail+ vessel w\ld require t "t to make ! passage1 a /eam] _c make x )\t an int]m$iate supply ( fuel4 7,pp4 #abg1 #aci1 #adc47 ,to sum up ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s views 9 8 own words writt5 at ab\t ?is "t1#abb #8,we h z an extreme limit ( a /eam]'s practicable voyage1 )\t receiv+ a relay ( coals1 a run ( ab\t #b1jjj miles4'#abc ,x w be se5 f ^! extracts t ! proposition ,dr4 ,l>dn] laid d[n z ! basis ( 8 #8demon/ration' 01 t ! p[] ( ! eng9es mu/ be increas$ z ! size ( ! vessel4 ,7 ?is true 8 conclusion w\ld also be true--namely1 t ! capacity ( a giv5 vessel regul>ly to accompli% a giv5 voyage does n increase ) ! increase ( size1 s9ce ! consumption ( fuel is augm5t$ 9 ab\t ! same ratio4 ,?is assumption is directly oppos$ to ! op9ion held by ,mr4 ,brunel1 & act$ on by him 9 8 recomm5dations to ! ,/eam-,%ip ,company--namely1 t :ile ! tonnage ( a %ip is increas$ z ! cube ( h] dim5sions1 ! resi/ance is increas$ only ab\t z ! squ>e4 ,?is "q 0 ! ma9 po9t at issue betwe5 ,dr4 ,l>dn] & ,mr4 ,brunel2 & ! proposition :i* ,mr4 ,brunel !n ass]t$ is at ! pres5t "t ! basis ( ! calculations :i* det]m9e ! proportion betwe5 ! tonnage ( a /eam-%ip & ! l5g? ( voyage %e has to p]=m )\t a relay ( fuel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip has be5 int]rupt$ by ?is exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s propositions4 ,! weight at "o "t atta*$ to 8 op9ions1 ! s9i/] influ5ce !y ex]cis$ ov] ! e>ly ef=ts ( ^? :o diff]$ f him1 & ! great & endur+ importance ( ! po9ts at issue1 h made x necess>y to ref] to !m at l5g?4 ,! %ip _h be5 /eadily proce$$ )1 not)/&+ ! adv]se criticism ( philosoph]s1 & %e 0 laun*$ on ,july #ai1 #ahcg4 ,on ,augu/ #ah %e left ) a tug-boat = ,london to take h] eng9es on bo>d1 & arriv$ 9 ! ,?ames aft] a passage ( f\r days1 f\r-fif?s ( ! way "u sail4 ,:5 an*or$ 9 ! riv] %e 0 cr[d$ ) visitors1 :o1 accord+ to ! newspap]s ( ! day1 7 a/oni%$ at #8h] magnific5t proportions & /up5d\s ma*9]y4' ,! eng9es 7 at l5g? complet$1 & receiv$ 9 e detail ,mr4 ,brunel's con/ant sup]vision4 ,extraord9>y ef=ts 7 made to get ! %ip back to ,bri/ol & to />t h] on h] voyage across ! ,atlantic be=e ! dep>ture ( ! #8,sirius'--a vessel ( ab\t #gjj tons & #cbj horse-p[]1 b\ght by ! ,/4 ,george's ,/eam ,packet ,company 9 ord] to anticipate ! #8,great ,we/]n4' ,at l5g? ! #8,great ,we/]n' left ,blackwall = ,bri/ol1 at #f4aj ,a4,m4 on ,saturday1 ,m>* #ca1 #ahch1 hav+ on bo>d ,capta9 ,claxton1 ,mr4 ,guppy1 ,mr4 ,brunel1 & _m o!r p]sons int]e/$ 9 h] success4 ,all w5t well at fir/1 b at ab\t half-pa/ eight o'clock a v al>m+ fire broke out4 ,! felt :i* cov]$ ! boil]s _h be5 c>ri$ up too high1 & ! r$ lead :i* fa/5$ x became hot2 oil gas 0 g5]at$1 & x bur/ into a fe>ful flame1 sett+ fire to ! beams & "u "p ( ! deck4 ,! %ip 0 imm$iately run a%ore on a mud-bank n f> f ! ,*apman ,beacon1 :ile ,capta9 ,claxton1 ,capta9 ,hosk5 7! comm&]71 & ,mr4 ,pe>ne 7! *ief eng9e]7 endeav\r$ to ext+ui% ! fire4 ,capta9 ,claxton w5t bel[ ?r\gh ! eng9e-rooms1 & =w>d betwe5 ! boil]s to ! =e-hat*1 & 9 a /ifl+ atmosph]e ( burn+ pa9t & felt he direct$ ! nozzle ( ! fire-hose aga9/ ! flames4 ,:ile he 0 at "w1 some?+ heavy fell on him f above4 ,on recov]+ f ! bl[1 he /oop$ d[n1 & f\nd ! body ( a man1 :o 0 ly+ ins5sible1 ) 8 head cov]$ to ! e>s ) ! wat] :i* _h collect$ on ! floor4 ,capta9 ,claxton call$ = a rope1 & ! almo/ lifeless body 0 haul$ up4 ,x 0 n till he w5t on deck "s "t aft]w>ds t he le>nt t ! p]son :o _h fall5 on him 0 ,mr4 ,brunel1 & t he _h sav$ ! life ( 8 fri5d4 ,x appe>$ t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 go+ d[n to ,capta9 ,claxton's assi/ance by ! long ladd] :i* rea*$ f ! =e-hat* to ! keelson1 & put 8 foot on a burnt rung4 ,he fell ab\t #ah feet1 /rik+ an iron b> 9 8 desc5t4 ,_h he n fall5 on ,capta9 ,claxton he mu/ h /ruck ! keelson or floor & be5 kill$1 & _h n 8 head be5 rais$ at once he w\ld h be5 suffocat$ by ! wat] into :i* he fell4 ,he 0 s sev]ely hurt t he c\ld n move1 & he 0 laid on a sail on deck until ! fire 0 ext+ui%$1 & !n l[]$ into a boat1 & l&$ on ,canvy ,isl&1 :]e he rema9$ "s weeks4 ,al?\gh 8 suff]+s 7 v great1 he 0 able1 )9 ?ree days ( ! accid5t1 to dictate a long lett] to ,capta9 ,claxton on ! /ate ( ! %ip & eng9es4 ,! fire 0 soon got "u1 ! %ip resum$ h] voyage to ,bri/ol1 & an*or$ at ,k+road 9 ! aft]noon ( ,monday1 ,april #b1 to ! great surprise ( ! good p ( ,bri/ol1 :o _h he>d t %e _h be5 burnt 9 ! ,?ames4 ,_! a/oni%m5t 0 increas$ by f9d+ no outw>d signs ( ! disa/]2 b1 z a fact1 ! deck above ! boil] 0 *>r$ a f\r? ( its ?ickness1 & s rema9$ till ! %ip 0 brok5 up4 ,! #8,great ,we/]n' />t$ on h] fir/ voyage to ,new ,york on ,sunday1 ,april #h1 at #aj ,a4,m41#abd & /ruck s\nd+s (f ,newf\ndl& on ! n9? day4 ,%e arriv$ at ,new ,york at #b ,p4,m4 on ,monday1 ! #bcrd1 hav+ consum$ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! coal %e _h tak5 on bo>d4 ,%e f\nd t ! #8,sirius' _h arriv$ be=e h]2 b "u all ! circum/ances ! palm 0 due to ! #8,great ,we/]n1' = ! #8,sirius' _h left ,cork eight h\rs be=e ! #8,great ,we/]n' left ,bri/ol 7:i* lies a :ole day's run fur!r f ,new ,york71 & _h only arriv$ at ,new ,york 9 ! morn+ ( ! day 9 ! aft]noon ( :i* ! #8,great ,we/]n' came 92 &1 :at is aft] all ! mo/ important po9t = comp>ison1 ! #8,great ,we/]n' _h ne>ly #bjj tons ( coal left1 :ile ! #8,sirius1' :5 %e dropp$ h] an*or at ,s&y ,hook1 _h n only consum$ all h] coal1 b also all ! combu/ible articles :i* c\ld possibly be ?r[n on ! fire1 includ+ 7to repeat ! well-kn[n anecdote7 a *ild's doll6 ,! #8,great ,we/]n' 0 receiv$ at ,new ,york ) well-des]v$ hon\r4 ,accord+ to ! j\rnal ( "o ( h] pass5g]s1 #8,myriads 7 collect$1 boats _h ga!r$ r\nd u 9 c\ntless confusion1 flags 7 fly+1 guns 7 fir+1 & *e]+ rose f ! %ore1 ! boats1 & all ar\nd l\dly & glori\sly1 z ?\gh x w\ld nev] h done4 ,x 0 an excit+ mom5t1 a mom5t ( triumph4' ,! %ip />t$ on h] return home on ,may #g1 #ahch1 ) sixty-eight pass5g]s on bo>d4 ,%e made ! voyage 9 f\rte5 days1 al?\gh tw5ty-f\r h\rs 7 lo/ by a /oppage at sea4 ,aft] ?is %e ran regul>ly betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,new ,york till ! end ( #ahdf4 ,9 ,april #ahdg %e 0 sold to ! ,we/ ,india ,mail ,/eam ,packet ,company1 & became "o ( _! be/ vessels4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at l5g? 9 #aheg %e 0 brok5 up by ,messrs4 ,ca/le1 ( ,vauxhall4 ,among ^? :o w5t !re to take a f>ewell ( h] be=e %e f9ally disappe>$ 0 ,mr4 ,brunel2 ?us he saw ! la/ ( 8 fam\s %ip4 ,,note 7p4 #bce74 ,dim5sions ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' ,/eam-,%ip4 ,feet ,in* ,l5g? f =e-"p ( figurehead to aft]-"p ( taffrail #bcf #j ,l5g? betwe5 ! p]p5dicul>s #bab #j ,l5g? ( keel #bje #j ,bread? #ce #d ,bread? ov] paddle-boxes #ei #h ,dep? ( hold #bc #b ,draught ( wat] #af #h ,l5g? ( eng9e-room #gb #j ,tonnage by measurem5t #a1cdj tons ,displacem5t at load draught #b1cjj ,dim5sions ( ,eng9es1 c4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #gc in*es ,l5g? ( /roke #g feet ,weight ( eng9es1 :eels1 c4 #caj tons ,weight ( boil]s #ij ,wat] #bj tons to ea* boil] #hj ,diamet] ( :eel #bh feet #i in*es ,wid? ( floats #aj feet ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,! #8,,great ,,brita9' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,a4,d4 #ahch--ahdg4 ,,tatis #cc--db4 ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,brita9'--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,eng9es 7,,june #ac1 #ahci7--;,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,screw ,,propell]--,,its ,,adoption ,,9 ,,! #8,,great ,,brita9'--,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,%ip--,,h] ,,voyage ,,across ,,! ,,atlantic--,,/r&+ ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,brita9' ,,9 ,,dundrum ,,bay--,,lett] ,,to ,,capta9 ,,claxton ,,on ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,brita91' ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,means ,,to ,,be ,,adopt$ ,,= ,,sav+ ,,h] 7,,decemb] #aj1 #ahdf7--,,report ,,to ,,! ,,directors ,,on ,,! ,,same ,,subject 7,,decemb] #ad1 #ahdf7--;,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,capta9 ,,claxton ,,to ,,sup]9t5d ,,! ,,execution ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,plans--,,lett] ,,to ,,capta9 ,,claxton ,,on ,,! ,,difficulties ,,to ,,be ,,ov]come 7,,decemb] #bi1 #ahdf7--,,report ,,enclos+ ,,capta9 ,,claxton',s ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,erection ,,( ,,! ,,breakwat] 7,,febru>y #bg1 #ahdg7--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,arrangem5ts ,,= ,,float+ ,,(f ,,! ,,%ip 7,,may #d1 #ahdg7--,,successful ,,accompli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,float+ ,,op]ations--,,subsequ5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,brita9'--,,note3 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,%ip ,,& ,,eng9es4 ,! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 enc\rag$ by ! success ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' det]m9$ %ortly aft] h] fir/ return to ,engl& to lay d[n a second %ip ( n less ?an #b1jjj tons burd54 ,z !y did n at t "t contemplate ! use ( iron1 a portion ( ! timb] 0 pur*as$1 & draw+s 7 put 9 h& = a wood5 %ip4 ,! propos$ vessel 0 int5d$ to be 9 all respects a companion %ip to ! #8,great ,we/]n2' only %e 0 to be ( l>g] dim5sions1 z x 0 f\nd t additional c>go space w\ld be remun]ative4 ,9 ,octob] #ahch1 ,mr4 ,guppy 7"o ( ! ,directors7 communicat$ to ! ,bo>d ! results ( "s calculations ,mr4 ,brunel _h made relative to ! co/ & effici5cy ( iron vessels z comp>$ ) wood5 ones4 ,mr4 ,brunel !n sugge/$ t ,capta9 ,claxton & ,mr4 ,patt]son1 accompani$ by "o ( 8 assi/ants1 %\ld make a voyage to ,antw]p & back 9 ! #8,ra9b[1' an iron /eam-boat ( #djg tons burd51 & report on ! subject4 ,on receiv+ _! report1 :i* 0 revis$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 & :i* 0 /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! adoption ( iron1 ! ,directors resolv$ to build _! %ip ( t mat]ial1 & ( n less ?an #b1jjj tons measurem5t1 ! same size z t :i* !y _h int5d$ = _! wood5 %ip4 ,!y also det]m9$ to erect ! %ops1 & provide ! tools = build+ h] !mselves4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' ! details ( con/ruction 7 settl$ by ! ,build+ ,committee--,capta9 ,claxton1 ,mr4 ,guppy1 & ,mr4 ,brunel--:o 7 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,patt]son4 ,! prep>ation ( ! design occupi$ "s "t4 ,9 ea* succe$+ draw+ an increas$ size 0 propos$2 at l5g? ! fif? design1 %[+ a %ip ( #c1ddc tons burd51 0 f9ally approv$ (4 ,on ,july #ai1 #ahci1 ! flat keel plates 7 laid1 & ! con/ruction ( ! hull 0 comm5c$4 ,x w be necess>y to ent] ) "s detail into ! hi/ory ( ! con/ruction ( ! eng9es ( ! #8,great ,brita91' z x has (t5 be5 /at$ t x 0 on ,mr4 ,brunel's recomm5dation t ! ,company built _! own eng9es4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,brunel repeat$ly urg$ ^u ! ,directors ! utmo/ caution & economy1 & t !y ultimately act$ #8aga9/ 8 sugge/ion4' ,:5 ! ,directors det]m9$1 9 ,may #ahch1 to build a second %ip1 !y did n ent]ta9 any idea ( und]tak+ s great a responsibility z ! manufacture ( ! eng9es2 nor _h !y any int5tion ( do+ s1 ev5 :51 t[>ds ! end ( ! same ye>1 !y resolv$ to build ! %ip !mselves1 & to con/ruct h] ( iron4 ,! dim5sions ( ! propos$ paddle eng9es 7= at ?is date ! use ( ! screw propell] 0 n contemplat$7 7 s5t1 9 ,novemb] #ahch1 to ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field1 ,messrs4 ,hall1 & ,messrs4 ,seaw>d4#abe ,messrs4 ,maudslay decl9$ to t5d]1 & ! negotiations seem to h fall5 ?r\gh at ! "t2 b !y 7 r5ew$ 9 ,april #ahci1 :5 e/imates = eng9es 7) cyl9d]s ( #ajj in*es diamet] & sev5 feet /roke7 7 aga9 invit$ f sev]al mak]s4 ,! conte/ lay ev5tually betwe5 ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,mr4 ,humphrys 7^: pat5t = trunk eng9es 0 work$ by ,messrs4 ,hall74 ,at ,mr4 ,brunel's desire !y prep>$ designs = eng9es ) cyl9d]s ( #abj in*es diamet]4 ,he twice induc$ ! ,directors to po/pone com+ to a decision on ! subject1 9 ord] t ,messrs4 ,maudslay might mature _! new pat5t = d\ble-cyl9d] eng9es4 ,:5 _! t5d] 0 plac$ be=e ! ,bo>d1 ! ,directors 7 ( op9ion t x l>gely exce$$ ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,humphrys4 ,mr4 ,humphrys' e/imate1 h[ev]1 _h be5 m ?an once s5t back to him = revision1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o express$ d\bts z to ! possibility ( ,mr4 ,humphrys be+ able to con/ruct 8 eng9es )9 ! sum nam$ by him4 ,messrs4 ,hall /at$ t if !y t5d]$ = ! supply ( eng9es on ,mr4 ,humphrys' plan1 l>ge tools w\ld h to be pur*as$ by !m1 & ! co/ *>g$ on ! "o pair ( eng9es2 !y !re=e /rongly recomm5d$ ! ,company to become _! own eng9e mak]s4 ,influ5c$ by ^! consid]ations1 ! ,directors det]m9$ to adopt ! plan ( ,mr4 ,humphrys1 & to con/ruct _! own eng9es2 & !y appo9t$ him ! sup]9t5d+ eng9e] ( _! works4 ,x appe>s f a report by ! secret>y1 ,capta9 ,claxton1 dat$ ,m>* #bc1 #ahdj1 t #8previ\s to com+ to ?is decision1 ,mr4 ,brunel succ9ctly laid be=e ! ,directors 8 views ( ! matt]1 & 8 op9ion ( ! great responsibility !y w\ld incur if !y made _! own eng9es2 & d\btless ! ,directors w\ld h yield$ to 8 sugge/ions1 b = ! report ( ,mr4 ,humphrys1 %[+ ! utt] hopelessness ( gett+ ! eng9es made piecemeal 9 ,bri/ol4' ,! foll[+ is ! report ( ,mr4 ,brunel on ! subject3-- ,june #ab1 #ahci4 ,at ! reque/ ( ,mr4 ,maze & ,mr4 ,scott1 :om ,i _h ! pleasure ( meet+ on ,saturday la/1 ,i s5d y ! foll[+ obs]vations on ! two plans & ! e/imates ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay1 & ( our ,mr4 ,humphrys4 ,i h a copy ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay's lett] ( ! #bi? ult4 conta9+ _! t5d]1 & a subsequ5t lett] ( ! #aa? in/4 9 reply to "s enquiries ( m9e respect+ _! t5d] & ,mr4 ,humphrys' e/imates1 accord+ to :i* ! total co/ ( a pair ( eng9es ( #aaj in*es diamet] & #h feet /roke1 ^u 8 plan1 & ,i presume modifi$ z la/ recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,guppy & myself1 includ+ boil]s & fix+ on bo>d1 w\ld be #bi1bifl41 or1 z /at$ by ,capta9 ,claxton 9 a lett] to me ( ! #a/ in/41 #cj1gjjl4 ,fir/1 z to ! comp>ative m]its ( ! plans1 ,i consid] !m bo? excell5tly adapt$ to our p>ticul> case1 & t ! *oice w dep5d ^u o!r circum/ances ?an ! con/ruction ( ! eng9es1 & ^! circum/ances1 ,i consid]1 w\ld be1 ! relative co/ & ! advantages ( =m+ an e/abli%m5t :i* w ev5tually become necess>y = ! repair & ma9t5ance ( our eng9es1 contra/$ ) all ! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! responsibility & exp]i5ce 9 all ! details ( a fir/-rate manufactur]1 & to :i* ,i atta* v great value1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly proce$+s ( a ,company l ours4 ,z reg>ds ! co/1 ,i und]/& ,messrs4 ,maudslay's t5d] to be = an eng9e ( f\r #ge-;in* cyl9d]s1 :i* is equal to a pair ( ord9>y eng9es ( ab\t #ajf in*es4 ,eng9e1 boil]1 & paddle-:eels1 fix$ on bo>d1 suppos+ ! vessel 9 ,london1 & ) r$uc$ size ( boil]1 #da1djj ,d$uct all[ance = coal-boxes & comb+s = hat*ways z propos$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay1 #ejj #dj1ijj ,additional exp5se incurr$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay 9 consequ5ce ( ! eng9es be+ fix$ on bo>d at ,bri/ol in/ead ( ,london1 ,i e/imate at1 #bej ,total am\nt to be paid ,messrs4 ,maudslay1 #da1aej ,9 addition to ?is w be ! freight & insurance1 :i* we are to pay1 & also ! unload+ at ,bri/ol & plac+ 9 ! vessel1 :i* ,i take at ,capta9 ,claxton's e/imate1 #b1jjj ,mak+ a total ( #dc1aej ,x is to be obs]v$ t ?is includes ,mr4 ,field's app>atus = *ang+ wat]1 ,k+/on's cocks1 cas+ ! cyl9d]s1 & all ^? extras :i* 7 appli$ to ! #8,great ,we/]n1' & also ! paddle-beams & paddle-:eels4 ,)\t ^! latt] ! nett co/ ( ! eng9e1 fix$ 9 place1 & includ+ all o!r extras1 w\ld appe> to be ab\t #dj1jjjl4 or #dj1ejjl4 ,if ! cyl9d]s be increas$ to #gg1 :i* w\ld be equival5t to ! pair ( #aaj in*1 & suppos+ ! co/ ( ! eng9es to increase 9 ! same ratio z ! p[] result+ f ?is increase1 b :i* ought n to be ! case1 ! total co/1 accord+ to ,messrs4 ,maudslay's e/imate1 w be #df1ejjl41 & d$uct+ ! paddle-beams or framework = c>ry+ ! paddles1 :i* d n1 ,i ?9k1 =m "p ( ,mr4 ,humphrys' e/imate1 probably ab\t #de1ejjl4 z comp>$ ) ,mr4 ,humphrys' e/imate ( #cj1gjjl4 ,) respect to ?is latt] e/imate1 ,i _c help express+ ! fe>s ,i ent]ta9 t ,mr4 ,humphrys is ov]-sangu9e1 & t ! co/ w\ld greatly exce$ ! sum nam$4 ,! items seem to me to be mod]ate prices only = ea* article nam$1 & ,i see no all[ance = ^? alt]ations1 damages1 & wa/e ( p>ts1 & a v>iety ( o!r cont+5cies1 :i* 9 a piece ( ma*9]y ( ?is magnitude & novelty is c]ta9 to am\nt to a v l>ge sum4 ,9 8 e/imate ( ! fitt+s & small] p>ts1 ,i ?9k also he has greatly und]rat$ !m4 ,! outlay = tools & tackle w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 also be great] ?an he seems to anticipate1 & on ! :ole ,i _c b come to ! conclusion 9 my own m9d1 & ,i %\ld n act rightly if ,i did n communicate t op9ion to y1 t ! fir/ outlay w be fully z l>ge & probably l>g] by adopt+ ! plan ( mak+ our own eng9es ?an by employ+ a manufactur]4 ,x is true we %all h "s valuable & co/ly tools & %ops includ$ 9 ?is outlay1 & a f9e e/abli%m5t =m$1 :i* may be r5d]$ fully compet5t 9 po9t ( means to cont9ue ! manufacture ( eng9es = o!rs1 & to keep up ! repairs ( any numb] ( eng9es :i* ! ,company are likely to h at "w4 ,my only fe> w\ld be t ( ! risk ( ! und]tak+ be+ too great = a newly-=m$ e/abli%m5t4 ,! mak+ ( ! vessel itself is no mean ef=t1 & to sup]add ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge/ pair ( eng9es & boil]s yet made1 & ^u a new plan1 is calculat+ v mu* ^u e ef=t be+ successful1 & p>ticul>ly ^u ! cont9u$ assi/ance ( ^? :o h hi!rto att5d$ to ! subject2 z x mu/ be well kn[n to ! ,directors t if ,mr4 ,guppy1 = in/ance1 %\ld be prev5t$ f giv+ 8 "t z he has hi!rto done1 or if ,mr4 ,humphrys %\ld1 f illness or o!r causes1 leave u1 ! manufactory w\ld be br\ght to a /&1 & ! loss w\ld be s]i\s4 ,i h no wi% to det] ! ,company f becom+ _! own manufactur]s--,i ?9k x a c\rse :i* mu/ ultimately be adopt$ if ! ,company ?rive--b ,i %\ld h mu* pref]r$ t x _h be5 adopt$ gradually1 t we _h comm5c$ ) a vessel1 & !n proce$$ ) boil]s & repairs2 &1 z our e/abli%m5t became =m$ & matur$1 & :5 we might no long] dep5d entirely ^u ! eng9e]+ tal5ts & assi/ance ( "o ,director1 :o may be unable to att5d to x1 or ^u ! heal? ( "o sup]9t5d5t :o1 z yet1 is alone 9 possession ( all our plans & ideas1 & at pres5t is alone capable ( c>ry+ !m out1 we might !n h v5tur$ ^u mak+ ! eng9es p]haps = ! ?ird vessel4 ,circum/ances may1 h[ev]1 r5d] x necess>y t we %\ld proce$ m exp$iti\sly1 & ,i am only anxi\s t ! ,directors %\ld be aw>e ( ! difficulties t we may h to enc\nt]1 & t !y %\ld n =m expectations z reg>ds economy 9 :i* !y may be disappo9t$4 ,! result ( ! be/ consid]ation ,i h be5 able to give to x is1 t ! "q does n seem to be "o ( co/4 ,9 t respect1 accord+ to my view1 ! two modes ( proce$+ w\ld be ne>ly balanc$1 b x resolves itself into ! foll[+ "q3--,is x bett] 9 our pres5t position to ent] at once ^u ! manufacture ( ! eng9es & boil]s1 9 do+ :i* we %all 9 "p repay ! co/ ( tools & %ops1 :i* mu/ ev5tually be requir$1 & by :i* we %all be m indep5d5t1 & m capable ( exp$it+ ! works1 %\ld x become desirable to incur any additional exp5se = t purpose1 or to ?r[ all ! responsibility & risk on ano!r p>ty or contractor--! vessel1 = :i* we c\ld n easily contract1 be+ /ill made 9 ! ,company's y>d8 ,i h ?us r$uc$ ! "q to t /ate 9 :i* ,i c (f] no fur!r op9ion or advice2 x is n[ = y to det]m9e4 ,! "q is "o :i* has frequ5tly to be decid$ ^u by ! ,directors ( public works2 x is v mu* a matt] ( feel+1 b x is simplifi$ 9 ! pres5t in/ance by ! circum/ance t ! exp5se 9 ei!r case w be1 to my view at lea/1 ab\t ! same1 & ! "w1 ,i h no d\bt1 equally good 9 ei!r case4 ,^u ?is po9t1 z p]haps ^u ! subject ( co/1 ,i h no d\bt !re w be "s diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,x w be said t ! "w done "u our own sup]9t5d5ce c be m reli$ ^u ?an ! "w ( a manufactur]1 & t ev5 9 ! eng9es ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip1 com+ f "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ manufactur]s1 _m defects may be po9t$ out4 ,i %\ld agree fully ) bo? ^! argum5ts1 b ,i ?9k ^! advantages are fully c\nt]balanc$ by t ( ! exp]i5ce 9 all ! details :i* is br\ght into op]ation 9 an old-e/abli%$ manufactory1 & ! great relief f responsibility & risk obta9$ by contract+ = ! :ole "w4 ,! ,directors hav+ det]m9$ to make ! eng9es1 erect$ %ops & fitt$ !m up ) prop] tools4 ,! s]vices r5d]$ to !m by ,mr4 ,brunel at ?is p]iod 7 fully ackn[l$g$ at ! next meet+ ( ! %>ehold]s4#abf ,mr4 ,brunel's att5tion 0 n[ anxi\sly devot$ to ! consid]ation ( ! num]\s que/ions involv$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ip & h] eng9es2 &1 9 ord] to obta9 reliable in=mation on _m po9ts1 he s5t "o ( 8 assi/ants1 ,mr4 ,b]keley ,claxton1 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n4' ,8 sole occupation dur+ six voyages 0 to note ! am\nt ( roll+ & pit*+1 & ! exact p]=mance ( h] eng9es1 ) ! effect ( ! use ( ! expansion valves on h] spe$1 & on ! consumption ( fuel4 ,^! reports furni%$ ,mr4 ,brunel ) in=mation :i* 0 ( great value1 especially :51 %ortly aft]w>ds1 he advis$ ! ,directors to adopt ! screw propell] in/ead ( paddle:eels4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! adoption ( ! screw propell] 9 ! #8,great ,brita9' in/ead ( paddle:eels 7 z foll[s3-- ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahdj1 ! p]=mances ( ! #8,ar*im$es' /eam] began to attract ! att5tion ( sci5tific m54 ,?is vessel1 :i* 0 fitt$ ) ! screw propell] pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,francis ,pettitt ,smi?1 arriv$ at ,bri/ol 9 ,may4 ,a few trips 7 made up & d[n ! ,float1 b ! advantages ( ! screw propell] 7 n fully appreciat$ by ^? to :om !y 7 expla9$4 ,b ,mr4 ,guppy1 :o _h att5d$ "s ( ^! trials1 w5t r\nd 9 ! %ip to ,liv]pool4 ,on 8 return he made a report to ! ,build+ ,committee1 & ! ,directors1 on ,mr4 ,brunel's advice1 pass$ a resolution delay+ ! progress ( ! eng9es ( ! #8,great ,brita91' & ( ^? p>ts ( ! frame :i* w\ld be affect$ by any *ange ( plans4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 also reque/$ by !m to give 8 att5tion to ! "q ( ! adoption ( ! screw1 & to report !reon4 ,dur+ ! next ?ree mon?s exp]im5ts 7 made by ,mr4 ,brunel1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,guppy & ,capta9 ,claxton1 on ! screw propell] 9 ! #8,ar*im$es4'#abg ,^! exp]im5ts af=d$ ample opportunity ( try+ ! p]=mances ( sev]al =ms ( screws4#abh ,on ,octob] #a1 ,mr4 ,brunel att5d$ a special meet+ ( ! ,bo>d1 & read & expla9$ a report he _h drawn up1 9 :i* he laid be=e ! ,directors at great l5g? ! results ( ! diff]5t exp]im5ts he _h made1 & ! advantages :i* he believ$ w\ld att5d ! use ( ! screw propell]4#abi ,a resolution 0 pass$ adopt+ x = ! #8,great ,brita94' ,mr4 ,brunel at fir/ ?\ght t he w\ld be able to reta9 ! =m ( eng9es :i* _h be5 orig9ally det]m9$ on = work+ ! paddle :eels2 b1 on consid]ation1 ?is 0 f\nd impracticable4 ,z ! ,company _h by ?is "t erect$ complete eng9e works1 !re c\ld n[ be no "q z to _! und]tak+ ! con/ruction ( ! new description ( eng9es requir$ = work+ ! screw propell]4#acj ,mr4 ,humphrys resign$ ! po/ ( sup]9t5d5t ( ! works1 & ,mr4 ,h>man 0 appo9t$ assi/ant eng9e] "u ,mr4 ,guppy1 to :om ! ,directors1 on ! advice ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 entru/$ ! supreme control ( _! manufactur+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! duties & responsibilities :i* devolv$ on ! ,build+ ,committee--,capta9 ,claxton1 ,mr4 ,guppy1 & ,mr4 ,brunel--7 mo/ ardu\s4 ,to design & con/ruct a /eam-%ip l>g] ?an any t _h1 up to t "t1 be5 laun*$1 to make ?is %ip ( a mat]ial :i* _h b lately be5 introduc$ into %ipbuild+1 & :i* _h nev] be=e be5 employ$ on a l>ge scale1 to adapt to ?is %ip a novel =m ( propell] :i* _h n previ\sly be5 us$ save 9 a m]ely exp]im5tal /eam]1 & to build 9 a newly op5$ manufactory m>9e eng9es ( a mu* great] size ?an any t _h hi!rto be5 contemplat$1 & ( a totally diff]5t "*1 0 inde$ a bold ent]prise4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h1 z has be5 %[n1 recomm5d$ ! ,company n to und]take "o "p ( ! "w1 t1 namely1 ( ! manufacture ( ! eng9es1 :i* he ?\ght w\ld h be5 bett] entru/$ to ! mo/ exp]i5c$ eng9e build]s4 ,b al?\gh ! ,directors _h act$ contr>y to 8 advice1 ?is circum/ance 9 no way dim9i%$ ! zeal ) :i* he & 8 coadjutors ent]$ ^u _! task4 ,a %ort /atem5t ( ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! vessel & eng9es is giv5 9 a note to ?is *apt]2 b "s ( ! m rem>kable features 9 ! design may be m5tion$ "h4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! #8,great ,brita91' ! same c>e :i* _h be5 sp5t 9 secur+ longitud9al /r5g? 9 ! wood5 hull ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' 0 n[ giv5 to ! suitable di/ribution ( ! metal4 ,ov] ! transv]se angle iron ribs at ! bottom ( ! %ip 7 laid t5 deep longitud9al beams 7see woodcut1 fig4 #ac1 a71 :i*1 ov] ! great] "p ( ! bottom ( ! %ip1 7 cov]$ ) an iron deck 7b7 rivet$ to _! upp] edges by angle irons1 ?us =m+ a cellul> /ructure :i* add$ greatly to ! /r5g? ( ! %ip4 ,x does n appe> t ?is deck 0 design$ to be wat]tight1 s t x did n =m ! same security aga9/ accid5t z ! inn] sk9 ( ! cellul> /ructure :i* ,mr4 ,brunel aft]w>ds adopt$ 9 ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,! upp] "p ( ! sides ( ! %ip1 9 ! middle ( h] l5g?1 7 c>efully design$ s z to give h] longitud9al /r5g?4 ,! side plates 7 ?ick5$1 & 7 rivet$ to iron %elf-plates ?ree feet broad 7c72 & two b&s ( iron1 six in*es wide & "o in* ?ick1 ) ! jo9ts /r5g!n$1 ran along ! top ( ! %ip's side4 ,!re 7 b&s ( iron rivet$ to ! %elf-plate1 & iron deck beams cross$ diagonally "u ! plank+ ( ! upp] & ma9 decks4 ,also at ! junction ( ! %ip's side ) ! %elf-plate !re ran longitud9ally a tie ( ,baltic p9e timb]1 #cdj squ>e in*es 9 section 7d72 ?is be+ well secur$ to ! %elf-plate & ribs1 add$ consid]ably to ! /r5g? ( ?is portion ( ! hull4 ,! %ip _h five wat]tight bulkheads1 & 0 ?us sep>at$ into six comp>tm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,scale ( feet4 ,fig4 #ac4 #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-,%ip4 ,transv]se ,section4 ,%e _h no keel1 z !re did n appe> to be suffici5t advantage ga9$ by su* an app5dage to make up = ! increase ( ! %ip's draught by ! am\nt ( ! dep? ( ! keel4 ,!re 7 two side or bilge keels 7e71 rea*+ d[n to ! level ( ! keel plate ( ! %ip1 s t :5 gr\nd$ 9 dock %e might re/ on ?ree po9ts 9 h] wid?4 ,! #8,great ,brita9' _h :at is t]m$ a balanc$ rudd]1 a portion ( ! rudd] 79 ?is case ab\t "o ?ird7 be+ 9 advance ( ! pivot on :i* x turn$4 ,! result ( ?is arrangem5t 0 t1 ! pressures on ei!r side ( ! pivot ne>ly balanc+ "o ano!r1 !re 0 no difficulty 9 putt+ ! helm ov] rapidly4 ,?is rudd] 0 knock$ away :5 ! %ip ran a%ore at ,dundrum1 & 0 subsequ5tly replac$ by an ord9>y rudd]4#aca ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! hull ( ! %ip1 in/ead ( a m]e imitation ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! timb] 9 wood5 %ips1 ! prop] di/ribution ( ! mat]ial to receive ! /ra9s t w\ld come ^u x 0 c>efully consid]$4 ,9 ! result1 ! %ip conta9$1 9 ! /ructure ( h] bottom1 bulkheads1 deck %elves1 & longitud9al kelsons1 ! longitud9al pr9ciple ( con/ruction :i* ,mr4 ,brunel aft]w>ds s fully develop$ 9 ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,ap>t f _! size1 ! design ( ! eng9es ( ! #8,great ,brita9' necess>ily pres5t$ _m peculi>ities4 ,! boil]s1 :i* 7 six 9 numb]1 7 plac$ t\*+ ea* o!r1 s z to =m "o l>ge boil] ab\t ?irty-?ree feet squ>e1 divid$ by "o transv]se & two longitud9al p>titions4 ,?is boil]1 :i* 0 fitt$ 9 betwe5 ! longitud9al bulkheads ( ! %ip1 _h a d\ble set ( furnaces1 & !re=e ( /oke-holes1 "o at ! =e end1 & ! o!r at ! aft] end1 next ! eng9e room4 ,x w\ld seem t ! boil] 0 only work$ ) a pressure ( ab\t eight p\nds on ! squ>e in*4 ,! fe$ wat] = ! boil] 0 pass$ ?r\gh a cas+ surr\nd+ ! funnel1 9 :i* x 0 heat$ be=e pass+ into ! boil]4 ,?is cas+ 0 op5 at ! top1 & ! wat] fl[$ !nce into ! boil] by gravitation4 ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 adopt$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,! cond5s]s 7 made ( wr\ght iron1 be+ 9 fact "p ( ! frame ( ! %ip4 ,! ma9 %aft ( ! eng9e _h a crank at ei!r end ( x1 & 0 made holl[1 a /ream ( wat] be+ kept runn+ ?r\gh x s z to prev5t heat+ 9 ! be>+s4 ,an important po9t 9 ! design 0 ! me?od by :i* ! motion 0 transmitt$ f ! eng9e-%aft to ! screw-%aft1 = ! screw 0 arrang$ to g ?ree revolutions to ea* revolution ( ! eng9es4 ,:]e ! eng9es d n drive ! screw directly1 ?is is n[ univ]sally effect$ by means ( too!d ge>+2 b1 :5 ! eng9es ( ! #8,great ,brita9' 7 made1 x 0 ?\ght t ?is arrangem5t w\ld be too j>r+ & noisy4 ,aft] mu* consid]ation1 *a9s 7 us$1 work+ r\nd diff]5t-siz$ drums ) not*es 9 !m1 into :i* fitt$ projections on ! *a9s4 ,! great] "p ( ! l5g? ( ! screw-%aft consi/$ ( a holl[ wr\ght-iron boil]-plate tube1 ! metal be+ ?us v advantage\sly plac$ = tak+ torsional /ra91 & ! %aft 0 9 ?is way made v light4 ,! eng9es 7 design$ to "w expansively1 ! /eam be+ cut (f at "o-six? ( ! /roke4 ,! completion ( ! #8,great ,brita9' 0 delay$ _m mon?s1 ow+ to ! f9ancial difficulties 9 :i* ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company _h become involv$2 ! pr(it on work+ ! #8,great ,we/]n' hav+ be5 s]i\sly dim9i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! competition ( ! ,cun>d /eam]s4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! %ip 0 f9i%$2 & %e 0 float$ out ( dock into ! ,float+ ,h>b\r on ,july #ai1 #ahdc1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,8 ,royal ,highness ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,?is seems a fitt+ place to ins]t ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel to ,mr4 ,guppy1 writt5 at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ #ahdc3-- ,i h be5 ?9k+ a great deal ( y\r plans = iron-%ip build+1 & h come to a conclusion :i* ,i believe agrees ) y\r ideas2 b ,i w /ate m9e )\t ref]5ce to y\rs4 ,at bottom & at top ,i w\ld give longitud9al /r5g? & /iffness1 ga9+ ! latt] by ! =m]1 s t all ! metal us$ %\ld add to ! longitud9al tie1 :ile 9 ! neutral axis & along ! sides1 & to resi/ swells f seas1 ,i w\ld h v]tical /r5g? by ribs & %elf-pieces1 ?us3 ! black l9es be+ sections ( longitud9al pieces1 ! dott$ l9es v]tical & transv]se diagonal plates1 ?r[+ ! metal z mu* z possible into ! outside bottom plates1 & gett+ ! /r5g? inside by =m1 t is1 dep? ( beams1 c41 ! =m] be+ liable to injury f bl[s1 c41 ! latt] be+ protect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,& n[ = ! screw ( :i* ,i am con/antly ?9k+1 & 9 ! success ( :i* = ! #8,great ,brita91' rememb]1 ,i am ev5 m deeply int]e/$ ?an y4 ,if all goes well we %all all ga9 cr$it1 b #8quod scriptum e/ manet1' if ! result disappo9t anybody1 my writt5 report w be rememb]$ by ev]ybody1 & ,i %all h to be> ! /orm--& all t spite & rev5ge c d at ! ,admiralty w be done6 ,! words #8bett] sail+ qualities ?an c\ld be giv5 to ! 8,polyphemus10' :i* ,i us$ 9 my fir/ report to ! ,admiralty1 ,i believe h nev] be5 =gott54 ,well1 ! result ( all my anxi\s ?\ghts--= ,i assure y ,i feel m anxi\s ab\t ?is ?an ab\t mo/ ?+s ,i h _h to d )--is fir/ t we mu/ adopt z a pr9ciple n to be dep>t$ f1 t all me*anical difficulties ( con/ruction mu/ give way1 mu/ 9 fact be lo/ sight ( 9 det]m9+ ! mo/ p]fect =m--if we f9d t ! screw det]m9$ ^u _c be made 7b :at _c be done871 !n x is q "t en\gh to try ano!r =m2 ?\gh ev5 !n my rule w\ld be to try aga9 at mak+ x4444 ,! #8,great ,brita9' 0 built wid] ?an ! locks ?r\gh :i* %e w\ld h to pass1 z x 0 suppos$ t ! ,dock ,company w\ld all[ !m to be tempor>ily wid5$4#acb ,aft] a good deal ( discussion1 negotiations 7 satisfactorily conclud$1 & ! requisite alt]ations 7 made3 ! %ip pass$ ?r\gh into ,cumb]l& ,bas91 & ! upp] lock 0 re/or$ to its orig9al /ate 9 a few days4 ,on ,decemb] #aj1 ev]y?+ 0 ready = h] pass+ into ! ,avon ?r\gh ! l[] lock4 ,a /eam-tug comm5c$ t[+ h] at high wat]1 b1 be=e %e _h mov$ half h] l5g? 9 ! lock1 x became evid5t to ,capta9 ,claxton1 :o 0 on bo>d ! tug1 t !re 0 n an in* to sp>e2 %e 0 t\*+ ! lock walls on ei!r side--9 fact1 %e _h /uck betwe5 ! cop+s4 ,^u ?is he gave ord]s to haul h] back aga9 z quickly z possible4 ,?is 0 h>dly effect$ be=e ! tide began to fall2 a few m9utes lat]1 & ! %ip w\ld h rema9$ jamm$ 9 ! entrance4 ,z ! tides _h pass$ _! highe/1 x 0 necess>y imm$iately to wid5 ! lock1 9 ord] n to lose ! spr+ tide2 & ?is 0 accompli%$ "u ,mr4 ,brunel's sup]9t5d5ce1 j 9 "t to get ! vessel ?r\gh t night4 ,mr4 ,brunel describ$ ?is occurr5ce 9 ! foll[+ lett]1 writt5 to excuse himself f keep+ an important engagem5t 9 ,wales3-- ,decemb] #aa1 #ahdd4 ,we h _h an unexpect$ difficulty ) ! #8,great ,brita9' ?is morn+4 ,%e /uck 9 ! lock2 we did get h] back4 ,i h be5 h>d at "w all day alt]+ ! masonry ( ! lock4 ,to night1 our la/ tide1 we h succe$$ 9 gett+ h] ?r\gh2 b1 be+ d>k1 we h be5 oblig$ to gr\nd h] outside1 & ,i confess ,i _c leave h] till ,i see h] afloat aga91 & all cle> ( h] difficulties4 ,i h1 z y w admit1 mu* at /ake "h1 & ,i am too anxi\s ab\t x to leave h]4 ,! #8,great ,brita91' aft] mak+ sev]al exp]im5tal trips1 sail$ = ,london on ,janu>y #bc1 #ahde1 &1 al?\gh %e exp]i5c$ v sev]e wea!r1 made an av]age spe$ ( #ab knots an h\r4 ,! excitem5t caus$ by h] arrival at ,blackwall 0 v great4 ,?\s&s ( p]sons flock$ to see h]1 & %e 0 hon\r$ by a visit f ,h] ,maje/y & ,8 ,royal ,highness ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,%e left ,liv]pool on h] fir/ voyage on ,augu/ #bf1 & arriv$ at ,new ,york on ,septemb] #aj1 hav+ made ! passage out 9 f\rte5 days & tw5ty-"o h\rs4 ,%e made h] return passage 9 fifte5 days & a half4 ,%e />t$ aga9 9 ,octob]1 tak+ sixte5 days & a half across4 ,on h] homew>d passage1 %e broke h] screw1 & got home "u canvas aft] eighte5 days ( r\gh wea!r :i* fully te/$ h] sail+ qualities4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ^! voyages %[$ t ! supply ( /eam f ! boil]s 0 defective2 ! necess>y alt]ations 7 c>ri$ out dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & ! %ip 0 fitt$ ) a new screw4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahdf1 ev]y?+ seem$ to promise well = ! success ( ! #8,great ,brita94' ,%e />t$ on ,may #i1 ) h] full complem5t ( pass5g]s & c>go1 b aga9 an accid5t happ5$1 :i* prev5t$ ?is passage f af=d+ a trial ( h] /eam+ p[]4 ,on ,may #ac1 ! gu>d ( ! aft] air-pump broke2 b up to t "t h] spe$ _h av]ag$ elev5 & ?ree-qu>t]s knots4 ,%e return$ f ,new ,york 9 ?irte5 days & six h\rs1 aga9/ adv]se w9ds = t5 days1 ) a spe$ v>y+ f eight & a half to twelve knots4 ,on "o day ( h] voyage1 ,june #ac1 %e ran #ccj knots 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or ne>ly sixte5 /atute miles an h\r4 ,?is 0 said to h be5 ! quicke/ passage :i* _h1 up to t "t1 be5 made "u simil> circum/ances ( w9d & wea!r4 ,%e left ,liv]pool aga9 at ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 & arriv$ at ,new ,york 9 ?irte5 days & eight h\rs1 or1 d$uct+ /oppages1 9 twelve days & elev5 h\rs--! %orte/ passage !n & = "s "t aft]w>ds record$4 ,h] homew>d passage 0 accompli%$ 9 ?irte5 days1 includ+ a /oppage ( eighte5 h\rs to repair ! driv+ *a9s :i* _h be5 damag$4 ,%e />t$ aga9 f ,liv]pool on h] outw>d voyage on ! morn+ ( ,septemb] #bb1 #ahdf1 hav+ on bo>d #ahj pass5g]s 7a l>g] numb] ?an _h ev] be=e />t$ to cross ! ,atlantic 9 a /eam]71 & a consid]able quantity ( freight4 ,a few h\rs aft] h] dep>ture1 & at a "t :5 x 0 suppos$ t %e 0 r\nd+ ! ,isle ( ,man1 ! %ip ran a%ore1 & all imm$iate ef=ts to get h] (f 7 unavail+4 ,:5 daylight came1 ! capta9 f\nd1 to 8 surprise1 t %e 0 9 ,dundrum ,bay1 on ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,! pass5g]s 7 l&$ safely :5 ! tide ebb$4 ,capta9 ,claxton1 ! manag+ ,director ( ! ,company1 w5t at once to ! %ip4 ,he f\nd h] ly+ at ! bottom ( a deep & ext5sive bay2 ! gr\nd on :i* %e re/$ _h an upp] surface ( s&1 b und]nea? ?is 7 num]\s deta*$ rocks4 ,! %ip _h settl$ d[n ^u two ( !m1 & _h knock$ holes 9 h] bottom4 ,h] head lay ,,nw41 leav+ h] /]n & port qu>t] expos$ to a heavy sea1 :i*1 at ,dundrum1 always accompanies s\!rly gales4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,claxton got to ! %ip1 he made arrangem5ts = try+ to get h] (f at ! next spr+ tides1 :i* 7 on ! foll[+ ,monday 7,septemb] #bh72 b on ! ,sunday1 a gale ( w9d f ! s\?w>d sprung up1 & at ! night flood-tide ! wat] broke ov] h]2 no?+ rema9$ to be done b to drive ! %ip high] up ! bea* into a position ( great] safety4 ,sails 7 !re=e set1 & %e 0 driv5 =w>d a consid]able di/ance4 ,mr4 ,patt]son 0 s5t by ! ,directors to ,dundrum ) ,mr4 ,alex&] ,bremn] 7:o _h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 float+ /r&$ %ips71 & !y endeav\r$ to protect ! vessel by breakwat]s4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 soon c>ri$ away2 &1 aft] ?is mis=tune1 ! ,directors seem = a "t to h lo/ all hope ( sav+ _! %ip4 ,on ,decemb] #h1 :5 ! imm$iate pressure ( ,p>liam5t>y "w 0 ov]1 ,mr4 ,brunel w5t to ,dundrum1 hav+ "s "t be=e be5 reque/$ by ! ,directors & und]writ]s to exam9e & report on ! %ip4 ,he 0 delight$1 he said1 9 spite ( all ! disc\rag+ acc\nts he _h receiv$1 to f9d ! #8,great ,brita9' #8almo/ z s\nd z ! day %e 0 laun*$1 & t5 times /rong] & s\nd] 9 "*1' ?\gh at ! same "t he 0 griev$ to see h] #8ly+ unprotect$1 des]t$1 & ab&on$4' ,:atev] may h be5 ! misgiv+s ( o!rs1 he felt no d\bt z to ! possibility ( sav+ ! %ip1 by at once protect+ h] by a breakwat] made ( fagots2 & be=e he left ,dundrum he set ,capta9 ,hosk5 at "w at ! new arrangem5ts1 & he gu>ante$ ! imm$iate exp5se 9 ! ev5t ( ! ,directors n sanction+ ! measure4 ,imm$iately on 8 return to t[n1 he wrote ! foll[+ some:at vigor\s lett] to ,capta9 ,claxton3-- ,decemb] #aj1 #ahdf4 ,i h return$ f ,dundrum ) v mix$ feel+s ( satisfaction & pa91 almo/ am\nt+ to ang]1 ) :om ,i don't "k4 ,i 0 delight$ to f9d our f9e %ip1 9 spite ( all ! disc\rag+ acc\nts receiv$1 ev5 f y1 almo/ z s\nd z ! day %e 0 laun*$1 & t5 times /rong] & s\nd] 9 "*4 ,i 0 griev$ to see ?is f9e %ip ly+ unprotect$1 des]t$ & ab&on$ by all ^? :o ought to "k h] value1 & ought to h protect$ h]1 in/ead ( be+ humbugg$ by s*em]s & und]writ]s4 ,don't let me be und]/ood z wi%+ to read a lecture to our ,directors2 b ! result1 :oev] is to blame1 is1 at lea/ 9 my op9ion1 t ! f9e/ %ip 9 ! _w1 9 excell5t condition1 su* t #d1jjjl4 or #e1jjjl4 w\ld repair all ! damage done1 has be5 left1 & is ly+1 l a useless saucepan kick+ ab\t on ! mo/ expos$ %ore t y c imag9e1 ) no m ef=t or skill appli$ to protect ! prop]ty ?an ! said saucepan w\ld h receiv$ on ! bea* at ,brighton4 ,does ! %ip belong to ! ,company8 ,= protection1 if n = removal1 is ! ,company free to act )\t ! und]writ]s8 ,if we are 9 ?is position1 & if we h ord9>y luck f /orms = ! next ?ree weeks1 ,i h little or no anxiety ab\t ! %ip2 b if ! ,company is n free to act z !y l 9 protect+ h]1 & 9 prev5t+ our prop]ty be+ ?r[n away by tru/+ to s*em]s1 !n please write (f imm$iately to ,hosk5 to /op 8 proce$+ ) my plans1 because ,i took ! pecuni>y responsibility ( ! co/ ( :at ,i ord]$ until he c\ld he> f y1 & ( c\rse ,i d n want to incur useless exp5se1 b /ill m ,i d n wi% any proce$+ tak5 z f me to be aft]w>ds /opp$4 ,i w n[ describe z ne>ly z ,i c :at ,i h se51 & :at ,i ?9k4 ,z to ! /ate ( ! %ip1 %e is z /raight & z s\nd z %e ev] 01 z a :ole4 ,%e is re/+ & work+ ^u rocks1 :i* h brok5 9 at sev]al places1 & =c$ up p]haps #ab to #ah in*es _m p>ts ( ! bottom1 f ! =e /oke-hole to ab\t ! c5tre ( ! eng9es1 lift+ ! boil]s ab\t #ae in*es & ! cond5s] ( ! =e eng9e ab\t #f or #h in*es2 ! aft]-cond5s]1 p]haps1 half an in*4 ,! lift+ ( ! =e-cond5s] has brok5 t air-pump1 ! connect+ rod hav+ be5 unwisely left 91 & ! crank be+ at ! bottom ( ! /roke4 ,( c\rse ! air-pump c\ld n help be+ brok52 except ?is1 ! :ole vessel1 ma*9]y1 c41 are p]fect4 ,i told y t ,hosk5's draw+ 0 a pro(1 to my eye1 t ! %ip 0 n brok53 ! fir/ glimpse ( h] satisfi$ me t all ! "p above h] #e or #f feet wat] l9e is z true z ev]4 ,x is beautiful to look at1 & really h[ %e c be talk$ ( 9 ! way %e has be51 ev5 by y1 ,i _c und]/&4 ,x is positively cruel2 x w\ld be l talk+ away ! "* ( a "y woman )\t any gr\nds :atev]4 ,! %ip is p]fect1 except t at "o "p ! bottom is mu* bruis$1 & knock$ 9 holes 9 sev]al places4 ,b ev5 )9 ?ree feet ( ! damag$ "p !re is no /ra9 or injury :atev]4 ,i ?9k x v likely t %e may h />t$ leaks :]e %e has be5 p\nd+ away ^u ! rocks1 b no?+ m2 & z ,i said be=e1 all above h] #e or #f feet wat] l9e is un9jur$1 except h] ov]hang+ /]n2 !re is "s slight damage to ?is1 n o!rwise important ?an z po9t+ out ! necessity ( "s precautions if %e is to be sav$4 ,i say #8if1' = really :5 ,i saw a vessel /ill 9 p]fect condition left to ! t5d] m]cies ( an awfully expos$ %ore = weeks1 :ile a p>cel ( quacks are amus+ y ) s*emes = gett+ h] (f1 %e 9 ! meantime be+ left to g to pieces1 ,i c\ld h>dly help feel+ z if h] own p>5ts & gu>dians meant h] to die !re4 ,:y1 no man 9 8 s5ses c dream ( calculat+ ^u less ?an ?ree mon?s = ! execution ( any rational s*eme ( gett+ h] (f2 & no man 9 8 s5ses1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 w\ld dream ( tak+ h] across ! *annel 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 ev5 if he _h got ! camels or floats fa/4 ,( ?is ,i don't feel s compet5t to =m an op9ion1 ?\gh ,i ?9k ,i c judge1 & ,i %\ld consid] x a wanton ?r[+ away ( my %>es if ! ,directors all[$ h] to be tak5 out1 ev5 if afloat2 b at all ev5ts ,i am compet5t to judge ( ! probable "t occupi$ 9 gett+ means to float h]1 & ,i ma9ta9 t x w\ld be absurd to calculate ^u less ?an two or ?ree mon?s4 ,x is n !re=e ! mode ( gett+ h] (f t we ought to h be5 all ?is "t ?9k+ (1 b h[ to keep h] :]e %e is4 ,i feel s /rongly on ?is po9t t ,i feel q angry4 ,:at are we do+8 ,:at are we wa/+ preci\s "t ab\t8 ,! /e$ is be+ quietly /ol5 :ile we are discuss+ ! relative m]its ( a ,bramah or a ,*ubb's lock to be put on at "s future "t6 ,x is really %ock+4 ,hav+ exp5d$ a little ( my feel+1 ,i w tell y :at ,i h done1 & :at ,i %\ld recomm5d4 ,fir/1 in/antly to disconnect ! eng9es & air-pumps1 & remove all ! work+ ge>1 s at lea/ to leave ! mis*ief to ! l[] "p4 ,by ! bye1 ! cyl9d]s are n di/urb$ or hurt 9 any way at pres5t1 b ) ! eng9es exactly at ! bottom ( ! /roke1 & ! connect+ rods on1 x is a wond] !y are n4 ,if ! air-pump _h be5 disconnect$ x w\ld n h be5 brok54 ,i h tak5 ^u myself to ord] ?is4 ,secondly1 ,i sugge/$ to ,hosk51 9 :i* he q agre$ ) me1 to take (f all /ra9 f h] extreme /]n4 ,at pres5t %e has cables out f ?is prodigi\s mass ov]hang+ ne>ly #cj feet f any "p capable ( be>+ ! /ra94 ,i recomm5d 8 tak+ ! *a9 cables ?r\gh ! %ip's side1 & mak+ !m fa/ ) a sp> or timb] outside ! />bo>d side1 ab\t z f> =w>d z ! cap/an4 ,at pres5t %e is cant$ seaw>d4 ,i ?\ght %e 0 bett] s ?an pres5t+ ! holl[ l9es ( h] qu>t] to ! sea1 & bo? ,hosk5 & ,bremn] came r\nd to my op9ion4 ,?irdly1 !re is a /ream ( wat] :i* n[ wa%es away ! s& f h] bottom4 ,i ?9k x ess5tial ?is %\ld be div]t$1 & kept s4 ,f\r?ly1 my plan = protect+ h] is totally diff]5t f any t h be5 propos$1 & if we h n su* excessively bad wea!r z w\ld prev5t any?+ be+ done1 ,i believe x may easily be done4 ,& if done w1 ,i am conv9c$1 be p]fectly good2 :ile any solid timb]+1 ev5 if made1 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be mo/ likely ! cause itself ( trem5d\s damage1 if once beat by ! sea4 ,i w only premise by say+ t bo? ,hosk5 & ,bremn] came to ! conclusion t x 0 ! be/ ?+ t c\ld be done4 ,i %\ld /ack a mass ( l>ge /rong fagots la%$ toge!r1 skew]$ toge!r ) iron rods1 weight$ d[n ) iron1 s&bags1 c41 wrapp+ ! :ole r\nd ) *a9s1 j l a huge p\ltice "u h] qu>t]s1 r\nd "u h] /]n1 & half way up h] l5g? on ! sea side4 ,! detail ( ! mode1 & ! precautions ( detail1 ,i h n "t n[ to describe4 ,i am z c]ta9 z ,i c be ( any?+ t1 once made1 su* a mass ( fagots w\ld /& any sea = ! next six mon?s1 & ! *ances ( mak+ x 7aft] "o or two failures1 no d\bt7 are s good1 t if prop]ly tak5 9 h&1 ,i look ^u x z c]ta94 ,i w write m fully to-morr[--9 ! meantime ,i h ord]$ ! fagots to be begun deliv]+4 ,i w5t myself ) ,hosk5 to ,"l ,rod5's ag5t ab\t x1 & ,i hope !y are already beg9n+ to deliv] !m4 ,write & /op !m or n--if n1 ( c\rse my responsibility ceases4 ,i w write aga9 to-morr[1 b let me "k by tra9 h[ we /& ) ! und]writ]s4 ,?is lett] 0 a few days lat] supplem5t$ by ! foll[+ =mal report to ! ,directors1 :i* 0 pr9t$ & circulat$ among/ ! proprietors4 ,decemb] #ad1 #ahdf4 ,accord+ to y\r reque/ ,i h1 z soon z my engagem5ts w\ld all[ ( my leav+ ,london1 paid a visit to ! #8,great ,brita91' & ,i n[ beg to report to y ! /ate 9 :i* ,i f\nd ! vessel1 & my op9ion ( ! be/ means to be tak5 = recov]+ ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( ! prop]ty inve/$ 9 h]4 ,if ,i /ate ^! op9ions concisely1 & )\t any qualifications1 y w n suppose t ,i h ! presumption to ?9k !m infallible1 b m]ely t ,i am compell$1 by ! %ortness ( ! "t left me to write to y1 to avoid all circumlocution1 & to give y z simply & briefly z possible ! op9ions ,i h =m$--at ! same "t ,i am b\nd to say t ,i h n =m$ !m ha/ily1 & t my convictions ^u ! sev]al po9ts ^u :i* ,i may express my feel+s are v /rong4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! pres5t /ate ( ! vessel1 ,i 0 agreeably disappo9t$1 aft] ! reports t _h rea*$ me1 to f9d h] z a :ole1 &1 indep5d5tly ( ! m]e local damages ( :i* ,i w speak pres5tly1 p]fectly s\nd1 & z /rong & z p]fect 9 =m z on ! day %e 0 laun*$4 ,9 receiv+ ?is /atem5t y mu/ be> 9 m9d ! great diff]5ce betwe5 an iron vessel & a timb]-built %ip4 ,9 ! =m]1 p>ts may be consid]ably damag$ or ev5 de/roy$1 & ! rema9d] may n only be unt\*$1 b may be left un/ra9$ & un9jur$4 ,9 a timb] %ip ?is c h>dly be ! case2 if any consid]able portion ( a %ip's bottom is /ove 91 ! timb]s or ribs completely across ! %ip & ! plank+ longitud9ally1 _c fail to be /ra9$ to a v consid]able di/ance 9 bo? directions4 ,y mu/ !re=e remove f y\r m9ds all impressions d]iv$ f y\r exp]i5ce ( damages su/a9$ by timb]-built %ips 9 ord] to und]/& my /atem5t1 :i* is /rictly correct3--t1 except ! p>ts actually damag$1 ! ext5t ( :i* is comp>atively small1 ! %ip is p]fectly s\nd1 & z good z at ! h\r :5 %e /ruck4 ,?is s\ndness & fre$om f any damage ext5ds f ab\t ! #e feet wat] l9e to ! top 7) ! exception ( ! injury su/a9$ by ! knock+ away ( ! rudd] po/ & a bl[ "u ! /]n72 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! vessel is !re=e s\nd3 ! pr9cipal injury is 9 h] bottom "u ! boil]s & eng9es4 ,! vessel has evid5tly be5 ?ump+ ^u ! rocks1 & almo/ entirely ^u ?is "p ( ! bottom f ! fir/ few days aft] %e gr\nd$2 & at pres5t 9 all probability h] :ole weight is re/+ ^u ?is "p2 yet not)/&+ ?is %e is p]fectly /raight1 & has n brok5 nor ev5 sprung an in* 9 ! :ole l5g?4 ,! boil]s h be5 =c$ up ab\t #ae in*es1 & "o ( ! cond5s]s has be5 lift$ ab\t #h in*es1 break+ ! air-pump4 ,at pres5t ?is is ne>ly ! ext5t ( ! damage done2 all ( :i* c\ld easily be repair$ if ! vessel 7 9 dock4 ,i w n[ /ate my op9ion ( ! be/ means ( recov]+ ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( ! prop]ty :i* has be5 inve/$ 9 h]4 ,9 ?is view ,i c only imag9e two alt]natives--! "o to break h] up on ! spot & make ! mo/ ( ! mat]ials2 ! o!r to get h] afloat & into port1 & re/ore h] into good condition1 or sell h] to ^? :o w\ld s re/ore h]4 ,! fir/ alt]native may ,i ?9k be disc>d$ at once2 ! plates & ribs ( an iron vessel are difficult en\gh to conv]t into useful mat]ials = any o!r purposes1 ev5 9 ! mid/ ( work%ops & ) tools & appliances at h&4 ,9 su* a place z ,dundrum ,bay ,i d n believe ! mat]ials w\ld pay ! exp5se ( cutt+ up2 ! ma/s1 sp>s1 *a9s1 c41 9 fact ! /ores & p]haps a few ( ! light] "p ( ! eng9es1 might repay ! co/ ( removal1 b ! :ole w\ld c]ta9ly n am\nt to _m ?\s&s2 probably hundr$s w\ld be a saf] e/imate ( ! am\nt to be realis$ cle> ( all exp5ses4 ,to remove ! vessel & take h] into port1 & ei!r re/ore h] or sell h]1 is !n ! only means ( recov]+ any "p ( ! :ole ( ! capital inve/$ 9 ?is %ip4 ,if %e is s br\ght into port %e may be wor?1 unrepair$1 #dj1jjjl41 #ej1jjjl41 or #fj1jjjl41 accord+ to ! opportunities t may (f] !mselves ( employ+ h] usefully or sell+ h]4 ,! only "q is1 !n1 h[ at ! lea/ exp5se1 & at ! smalle/ risk1 is ! vessel to be got into port8 ,b1 z ,i w n[ endeav\r to prove to y1 ! mode ( gett+ ! vessel (f ! %ore & into port is aga9 q second>y to ! consid]ation ( h[ to pres]ve h] :]e %e is s t %e may be 9 a condition to be remov$1 & to be wor? remov+1 :5 ! means ( do+ ?is are ready1 & ! prop] "t is arriv$ = attempt+ x4 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i ass]t unhesitat+ly1 t no man 9 8 s5ses & :o ?or\ghly und]/&s ! circum/ances ( ! case1 ! weight & position ( ! vessel1 ! am\nt ( ! rise & fall ( ! tide1 & ! draught ( wat] ar\nd h]1 & ! extraord9>ily expos$ situation1 w\ld dream ( calculat+ ^u complet+ ! requisite means = float+ h] "u ?ree mon?s4 ,9 ! meantime ! %ip mu/ be protect$4 ,ev5 if x 7 practicable to con/ruct ! necess>y app>atus1 & to float ! vessel to-morr[1 x w\ld be little %ort ( madness to g to sea ) h] at ?is "t ( ! ye>2 b ,i am do+ wrong to discuss a case :i* _c arise4 ,! vessel _c1 accord+ to any rational calculation ( *ances1 be got (f "u ?ree mon?s1 & x is equally aga9/ all probability t1 if left unprotect$1 !re w\ld be any?+ wor? tak+ (f at t "t4 ,x is useless1 !re=e1 at ?is mom5t discuss+ ! be/ mode ( float+ ! vessel2 & ,i ?9k1 "u su* circum/ances1 x w\ld be mo/ unwise ha/ily to det]m9e ^u any plan4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to "k :e!r !re are any means ( pres]v+ ! vessel1 & :e!r any su* plans c be c>ri$ into effect at "s reasonable co/1 :i* x may be wor? incurr+4 ,i h look$ at ! vessel1 & consid]$ ! v expos$ situation 9 :i* %e is plac$ 7& a m expos$ "o c\ld h>dly be f\nd71 & ,i am conv9c$ t no fix$ breakwat] ( ord9>y con/ruction c\ld be made at any reasonable exp5se1 or 9 "t to prev5t mis*ief4 ,!re is no dep? ( s& into :i* to drive piles1 & ! rock is too unev5 & brok5 to all[ ( any fram+ be+ con/ruct$ & secur$ to x2 & any framework w\ld be liable to be de/roy$ dur+ ! progress ( its con/ruction1 z t already attempt$ has be51 & ! timb] might be ! cause ( s]i\s damage to ! %ip4 ,! plan ,i %\ld recomm5d w\ld at lea/ be free f ^! objections1 w\ld be comp>atively inexp5sive1 & ,i am firmly conv9c$ w\ld be p]fectly effectual z a protection4 ,at ! same "t few p]sons :o h n se5 ! effect ( a sea beat+ aga9/ fagots w %>e 9 t conviction2 :at ,i recomm5d is1 to =m "u ! /]n & along ! expos$ side ( ! vessel a mass ( fagots made ( /rong & long /icks1 & us$ 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 s successfully practis$ 9 ,holl& & else:]e1 = ! repair & protection ( banks aga9/ ! sea4 ,! fagots %\ld be pack$ closely1 & = a consid]able ?ickness aga9/ ! %ip's side & up to ! level ( ! decks1 & secur$ ) rods run v]tically ?r\gh ! mass1 & *a9s laid horizontally & b9d+ ! :ole tightly to ! %ip4 ,! heavie/ sea has no effect ^u su* a mass1 & ,i believe ! vessel w\ld rema9 z un9jur$ & inde$ z unaffect$ by ! sea z if 9 dock2 #h1jjj or #aj1jjj fagots1 #cjj or #djj fa?oms ( #a in* or in* second-h& *a9 cable1 none ( :i* ne$ be lo/1 #cjj or #djj in* rods %>p5$ at ! ends1 #a1jjj bags to fill ) s&1 ) :at /ores y h on bo>d1 w\ld suffice2 &1 if next com+ spr+s & ! gales :i* h hi!rto accompani$ !m are safely pass$1 ,i _c =esee any difficulty :atev] 9 ! way ( complet+ ! protection ,i propose4 ,( c\rse1 9 all works dep5d5t ^u w9d1 wea!r1 & tides1 c]ta9ty _c be obta9$2 b ( "o ?+ ,i am q c]ta91 t no o!r plan (f]s ! same *ance ( success1 or at s small a co/4 ,i h communicat$ to ,capta9 ,claxton ! /eps :i* ,i took1 9 conjunction ) ,capta9 ,hosk51 = procur+ ! fagots be=e ,i left ,dundrum2 ,i h also communicat$ to him ! directions :i* ,i gave ) respect to ! eng9es1 c41 & x is unnecess>y !re=e t ,i %\ld repeat !m4 ,i w only recapitulate 9 a few words ! sub/ance ( ! advice ,i h above giv51 & ( my reason+4 ,y h a valuable piece ( prop]ty ly+ on a mo/ expos$ %ore2 if pres]v$ = a few mon?s t prop]ty w 9 all probability be wor? #dj1jjjl4 or #ej1jjjl42 if neglect$ = a few weeks long] x w probably be wor? no?+4 ,c y1 z m5 ( bus9ess1 "u su* circum/ances1 wa/e y\r "t at ?is mom5t 9 discuss+ :at y w d 9 ?ree mon?s h5ce1 & :at plan y w !n adopt to take y\r prop]ty to m>ket1 b w y n r fir/ & imm$iately adopt decisive /eps = pres]v+ t prop]ty1 & !n consid] :at y _h be/ d ) x8 ,i h no wi% to escape ! responsibility ( advis+ y1 z y reque/ me to d s1 z to my op9ion ( ! be/ plan to be adopt$ h]eaft] = remov+ ! %ip2 b adh]+ to ! pr9ciple t ,i h laid d[n1 ,i %\ld decl9e to d s at pres5t1 did ,i n see reason to fe> t y might be los+ "t & money by rely+ ^u expectations :i* ,i am conv9c$ w\ld be disappo9t$4 ,i w\ld /rongly urge ^u y n to place y\r reliance ^u any plan :i* dep5ds ^u float+ ! vessel by camels1 & tak+ h] to sea unrepair$1 & !re=e entirely dep5d5t ^u ^? camels4 ,! imm5se bread? ( ^! float+ camels1 & ! risk ( tak+ su* an unmanageable float+ ill-connect$ mass to sea1 _c h be5 correctly or suffici5tly e/imat$2 & ! c]ta9ty ( ! :ole go+ to ! bottom1 9 ! ev5t ( ev5 a v mod]ate gale ( w9d or a slight swell1 has be5 app>5tly q lo/ sight (4 ,i am also ( op9ion t ! difficulty ( lift+ ! vessel at all by auxili>y floats has be5 und]rat$4 ,! vessel has work$ h]self ab\t #e or #f feet into ! solid rock & s&1 & may v probably get a little deep] be=e ! "t = lift+ arrives4 ,%e mu/ !re=e be lift$1 say at lea/ #d feet to #d feet #f in*es1 be=e %e c\ld be got out ( ! dock %e has made2 & ! float+ p[] mu/ !re=e be calculat$ at lea/ to raise h] #e feet #f in*es1 s z to be q sure ( mov+ h]4 ,n[ !re is n m ?an #aj feet wat] ar\nd ! vessel ev5 at high wat] ( ord9>y spr+s1 & x w\ld be impossible to calculate ^u m ?an #i feet z a c]ta9ty4 ,no float+ p[] wor? hav+ c be got 9 ! vessel1 & ! float+ vessels mu/ !re=e be capable ( su/a9+ ! :ole weight1 ) a draught :5 ! vessel is lift$ ( only ab\t #d feet4 ,! weight to be su/a9$ is #b1jjj tons1 & to d ?is ) vessels draw+ only #d feet w\ld require t !y %\ld be upw>ds ( #cj feet 9 bread? on ea* side1 =m+ ) ! %ip a total wid? ( upw>ds ( #ajj to #abj feet1 & upw>ds ( #cjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,i d n say t ?is op]ation is impracticable1 b x is at lea/ a v difficult "o1 & mu/ be almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u wea!r1 &1 unless 9 p]fectly smoo? wat]1 a v haz>d\s "o4 ,my belief & conviction is t ! safe mode ( proce$+1 & by f> ! *eape/1 w be to lift ! vessel by me*anical means1 to lay ways "u h]1 & to haul h] up suffici5tly f> = h] to be safe f ! sea2 to repair h] j suffici5tly to make h] wat]-tight1 !n laun* & br+ h] to ,liv]pool or ,bri/ol4 ,b1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 !re is "t to consid] ^! po9ts1 if 9 ! meantime we take /eps to pres]ve ! %ip4 ,if ! prop]ty is n ev5 n[ wor? protect+1 x w inde$ be wa/e ( money to be prep>+ at "s consid]able exp5se to remove :at w 9 all probability be only !n a valueless c>case4 ,if ! ,directors %\ld det]m9e ^u adopt+ ! c\rse ,i h recomm5d$1 ,i mu/ rem9d !m t ! plan is "o dep5d+ entirely on ! skill1 ! vig\r1 ! aptitude = exp$i5ts1 & possibly1 if bad wea!r %\ld come on1 & day aft] day ! "w be de/roy$1 on ! unwe>y+ p]sev]ance & det]m9$ confid5ce 9 ! plan ( ! p]son direct+ x1 & ! suffici5cy ( means at 8 comm&4 ,i _c conclude )\t do+ ju/ice to ,mr4 ,bremn]1 :om ,i met on bo>d1 & ackn[l$g+ ! fri5dly & lib]al mann] 9 :i* he discuss$ ! v>i\s means to be adopt$1 & assi/$ me ) 8 valuable advice2 &1 al?\gh ,i may h some:at diff]$ ) him z to ! advisability ( attempt+ to float ! vessel away to sea )\t fir/ repair+ h]1 yet ^u mo/ po9ts we 7 p]fectly agre$2 & ,i firmly believe t if any man c\ld take h] (f 7& if x w\ld be prud5t to let him d s71 ,mr4 ,bremn]'s great exp]i5ce & s\nd practical k & good s5se 9 devis+ any plan1 & 8 en]gy & skill 9 c>ry+ x out1 w\ld ensure e *ance ( success :i* ! circum/ances admit (4#acc ,! ,directors adopt$ ,mr4 ,brunel's sugge/ions2 &1 at 8 urg5t reque/1 !y appo9t$ ,capta9 ,claxton to sup]9t5d ! execution ( 8 plans4 ,capta9 ,claxton !reupon w5t to ,dundrum1 :]e he took sole *>ge ( all ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! foll[+ is select$ f ! _m lett]s writt5 by ,mr4 ,brunel to ,capta9 ,claxton at ?is "t4 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahdf4 ,y h fail$1 ,i ?9k1 9 s9k+ & keep+ d[n ! fagots f t :i* causes n9e-t5?s ( all failures 9 ?is _w1 f n do+ q en\gh4 ,two & a half hundr$weight ( s&bags1 weigh+ b>ely "o hundr$weight 9 wat]1 w\ld n ( c\rse keep quiet a l>ge fagot ( five bundles1 & two & a half hundr$weight ( fire-b>s1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 w\ld only b>ely d4 ,! load mu/ always be excessive1 to make sure ( a ?+4444 ,i w\ld only impress ^u y "o pr9ciple ( action :i* ,i h always f\nd v successful1 :i* is to /ick ob/9ately to "o plan 7until ,i believe x wrong71 & to devote all my s*em+ to t "o plan1 &1 on ! same pr9ciple1 to /ick to "o me?od1 & pu% t to ! utmo/ limits be=e ,i all[ myself to w&] into o!rs2 9 fact1 to use a simile1 to /ick to ! "o po9t ( attack1 h[ev] def5d$1 & if ! =ce fir/ br\ght up is n suffici5t1 to br+ t5 times z mu*2 b nev] to try back ^u ano!r po9t 9 ! hope ( f9d+ x easi]4 ,s ) ! fagots--if a six-bundle fagot wont rea* out ( wat]1 try a tw5ty-bundle "o2 if hundr$weights wont keep x d[n1 try tons4 ,! able mann] 9 :i* ,capta9 ,claxton c>ri$ out ,mr4 ,brunel's plans1 & sugge/$ important modifications ( !m1 is ackn[l$g$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 a report to ! ,directors1 writt5 aft] ! successful completion ( ! breakwat]4 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahdg4 ,i beg to enclose ,capta9 ,claxton's acc\nt ( ! proce$+s at ,dundrum ,bay dur+ ! "t t he has be5 engag$ 9 =m+ ! breakwat] or protection to ! %ip 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ by me4 ,not)/&+ ! great difficulties he has _h to cont5d ) f almo/ incessant bad wea!r1 ) ! w9d bl[+ dead on %ore ne>ly ! :ole ( ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 & consequ5tly prev5t+ ! tides f ebb+ suffici5tly out to all[ ( ! "w be+ prop]ly proce$$ )1 & not)/&+ ! occurr5ce ( m ?an "o /orm at ! mo/ critical p]iod ( ! "w1 he has1 z ,i fully reli$ ^u 8 do+1 succe$$ 9 s f> protect+ ! %ip1 t %e has be5 comp>atively unaffect$ by viol5t seas1 :i*1 !re is no d\bt :atev]1 w\ld o!rwise h s]i\sly damag$ h]4 ,we may n[ calculate ) tol]able c]ta9ty ^u pres]v+ h] )\t fur!r injury until ! f9] or at lea/ m settl$ wea!r sets 94 ,9 ! "w :i* ,capta9 ,claxton und]took1 & has s successfully complet$1 he has be5 compell$ to v>y v mat]ially ! mode ( proce$+ fir/ laid d[n2 he has1 9 fact1 be5 oblig$ to adapt 8 plans to 8 means ( execution1 & almo/ f day to day to devise modes ( proce$+ ) only ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ day to guide him4 ,num]\s un=ese5 difficulties h occurr$1 ^u :i* he kept me daily in=m$2 & simple z my plan might h appe>$ to o!rs1 x requir$ mu* skill1 contrivance1 & unwe>y+ p]sev]ance to c>ry out s _m alt]ations & improvem5ts z x progress$4 ,i _h reli$ confid5tly on success :5 my fri5d ,capta9 ,claxton und]took ! "w1 & ! result has fully confirm$ my expectations4 ,x is n[ necess>y to turn our att5tion to ! be/ mode ( remov+ ! %ip4 ,i hope 9 ab\t a =tnight f ! pres5t "t to be able to give y "s op9ion ^u ?is po9t1 b x is "o requir+ mu* consid]ation2 & until ,i _h ! opportunity ( conf]r+ ) ,capta9 ,claxton on ! subject1 & also _h be=e me all ! measurem5ts & data :i* he has collect$1 x 0 useless to attempt x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! con/ruction ( ! breakwat] w be und]/ood by ! foll[+ extracts f a report made by ,capta9 ,claxton to ! ,admiralty4 #8,great ,brita91' ,july #af1 #ahdg4 444,mr4 ,brunel's in/ructions to me 7 pr9cipally by ^w ( m\?2 ! difficulty to be got ov]1 9 8 op9ion1 be+ ! f\ndation ^u s&1 v>y+ 9 dep? accord+ to ! po9ts or holl[ ( a sub/ratum ( rock1 & accord+ to ! qu>t] f :i* ! w9d blew4 ,! f\ndation c\ld only be made at l[ wat]1 & z fa/ z a lay] ( fagots 0 laid1 x 0 rapidly p9n$ d[n ) iron rods1 b5t at ! heads1 v>y+ f #i to #f feet 9 l5g?1 & driv5 to ! rock "u1 load$ ) /ones qu>ri$ f ! ne>e/ reefs1 & ^u ^!1 ! la/ ?+ z ! flood came 91 *a9 cables1 air-pump cov]s1 fire-b>s 9 l>ge bundles1 & ! %ip's guns 7 dropp$1 c>e be+ always tak5 to h ! ends ( ! *a9s1 & ! sl+s ( o!r heavy matt]s1 fa/ to ! %ip4 ,z ! tide 9 smoo? wat] began to rec$e1 or 9 heavy seas began to lose effect 9 /rik+1 ^! iron weights 7 lift$1 & ! fagots :i* 7 ready 7 444 plac$2 & ! same process foll[$ tide aft] tide :5 ! wat] ebb$ suffici5tly1 :i* ^u ! neaps x nev] did at all1 & ^u ! spr+s x only did = ab\t an h\r1 unless !re 0 ei!r no w9d at all1 or unless ! w9d blew (f ! l&1 or f ! ,we/ r\nd by ! ,nor? to ,,ese4 ,x is necess>y1 to a prop] und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?is really l>ge "w1 to describe a bundle ( fagots1 le/ an idea %\ld be =m$ t x is a small ?+ & easily h&l$4 ,!y av]ag$ #aa feet 9 l5g?1 & #e feet 9 circumf]5ce ne> ! butts1 :i* all po9t$ "o way4 ,:5 ti$ 9 ,"l ,rod5's wood1 _m 7 #ac feet long1 & none 7 tak5 "u #aj feet4 ,a c>t ( ! c\ntry ) "o horse c\ld c>ry ab\t t5 bundles :5 well la%$1 & z !y came d[n !re 0 r>ely m ?an ! head ( ! horse to be se54 ,sixp5ce p] bundle1 & sixp5ce = deliv]y1 0 ! contract2 ! di/ance at high wat] n9e miles1 at l[ wat] six miles2 & our sailors made !m into l>ge bundles ( twos1 ?rees1 & f\rs2 n[ & !n we exp]im5t$ ) bundles ( eight or ev5 t51 9 ! middle ( :i* 7 bags ( s& 7old guano bags71 v>y+ 9 numb]1 ( #b cwt4 ea*1 & sometimes z _m z am\nt$ to a ton 9 weight4 ,^! l>ge bundles /ood if ! wat] rema9$ smoo?2 b if1 be=e we c\ld build up to _! height ) small] bundles1 &1 z x 71 prop or %\ld] !m =e & aft1 we 7 caught by a breeze & sea1 we f\nd !m roll$ up to high wat] m>k1 or on spr+ tides f\r hundr$ y>ds2 :ile "s are n[ be+ hove out ( ! s& entire1 & ) ! s& bags & s& complete4444 ,hav+ got ! f\ndation1 on :i*1 ,i may m5tion1 we plac$ "o ( ! %ip's iron life-boats1 #cj feet long1 #h feet wide1 & #e feet deep1 & load$ h] ) /ones1 & :i* also1 al?\gh ov] bundles ( fagots1 w5t bodily d[n1 until only ! gunwale 0 above ! level ( ! /r&1 we began to build ! "p :i* 0 to save ! %ip f ! bl[s ( ! sea1 & :i* ,i 0 in/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,brunel to br+ up to a po9t to ! %ip's gunwale 9 ! =m ( a l>ge p\ltice1 occupy+ ! :ole space "u h] c\nt]1 ! :ole ( ! expos$ qu>t] 7! port qu>t]71 & incl9+ inw>ds f ! outside1 & decl9+ f ! top to ! same po9t =w>d1 to ! aft] end ( ! bilge keel4 ,i 0 to be1 & 01 z c>eful z ,i c\ld be to secure z well z to weight d[n z we built4 ,*a9s 7 secur$ 9 _m places to ! l[] bundles ( fire-b>s sunk 9 ! s& outside all1 & ^! 7 br\ght into ! arms ( ! screw1 & to r+ bolts let into ! %ip2 & r>ely 7 two lay]s plac$ )\t a repetition ( ! secur+ & weight+ process all ! :ile we _h *a9s to use4444 ,we 7 frequ5tly beat52 :ole masses 7 capsiz$1 b x 0 f\nd t ev5 ! f\ndation broke ! gr\nd swell1 :i*1 in/ead ( hav+ a fair run z x has ov] ! /r&1 seem$ /opp$1 & to break diff]5tly2 & c]ta9ly ! %ip 0 daily eas$ ( ! bl[s ( ! sea4444 ,f9d+ ! w9d keep+ on %ore1 ! fagots we plac$ %r9k+1 s9k+1 or settl+ d[n1 &1 not)/&+ ! weights & la%+s1 commonly break+ away1 ,i propos$ to try sp>s4 ,mr4 ,brunel acc$$1 & recomm5d$ my try+ f\r long ones1 to ! heels ( :i* 7 to be atta*$ *a9s ) a spread ( eight feet1 ! sp>s be+ po9t$ at ! heels1 ! slack ( ! *a9s1 & ! height at :i* !y 7 /opp$ to ! sp>s1 be+ int5d$ to be suffici5t to embrace ab\t a doz5 bundles ( fagots1 ! po9ts ( ! sp>s /ick+ ?r\gh ! f\ndation bel[ ! level ( ! s&4 ,aft] plac+ ! fir/ pair ( sp>s at an angle f ! gunwale ( ab\t #gj degrees1 & be=e ! second pair ) its fagots c\ld be got 9 place1 & aft] heav+ !m d[n tight ) a tackle to ea* f ! head to ! gunwale1 a heavy sea came ) ! flood dead on1 & al?\gh ! sp>s 7 sev5 in*es squ>e1 !y /ood ! bl[s ( ! sea1 b5d+ 9 ! middle full five feet :5 heavily /ruck4 ,?is gave me ! idea ( gre5 trees3 firs be+ ! fir/ t occurr$ to me2 fir/ because ( _! height1 & next because 9 ,"l ,d[n%ire's gr\nds at ,dundrum ! ca/le wood consi/$ ( !m only1 & la/ly1 because !y 7 *eap & at h&4 ,! sp>s we =tunately plac$1 & :i* /ood s well1 7 ,am]ican elm1 a l>ge balk ( :i* _h be5 saw$ 9 f\r l5g?s ( #db feet = fram+1 = ,mr4 ,bremn]'s breakwat]4444 ,! l5g?s requir$ to all[ ! application ( a tackle to ! head to heave !m tight d[n to ! gunwale1 or to ! scuttle-holes ( ! %ip1 7 f #de to #ej feet4 ,i f\nd t ! firs ( ?is l5g? 7 sc>ce1 & too f9e at ! head2 b on look+ 9 ,"l ,rod5's wood1 a bett] sub/itute 0 (f]$ 9 ! =m ( bee* trees ( any size1 & a contract 0 spe$ily made1 & z spe$ily complet$2 ! c>ts ( ! c\ntry br++ 9 "o tree at a "t1 until ab\t eighty 7 plac$ at ! mo/ expos$ po9t1 ! qu>t]1 9 ?ree r[s1 ! outside r[ at an angle ( #de degrees4 ,bee*-trees 7 f\nd decid$ly bett] ?an firs1 or1 ,i believe1 ?an any o!r description ( tree1 z _! weight 0 soon f\nd suffici5t to keep !m 9 place )\t ! heav+ d[n tackles4 ,!y c be got ( great l5g?1 )\t be+ s l>ge & 7c>t+1 po9t+1 & h&l+ consid]$7 s unwieldy a butt z firs1 & !y are ( great] diamet] al(t1 consequ5tly /rong]1 & altoge!r t\gh] ?an firs4 ,hav+ got ! :ole /]n surr\nd$1 & hav+ cont9u$ !m at f #d to #e feet ap>t up to ! bilge keel1 or ab\t #hj feet ( ! %ip f ! screw1 ,i appli$ small] sp>s 7easily & economically obta9$ f ! ,tyrella doma91 or )9 half a mile ( ! %ip7 lat]ally & diagonally1 & ab\t a foot ap>t 9 ! =m] case1 & #c or #d feet 9 ! latt]2 ! numb] ab\t #cjj1 ( all or any l5g?s betwe5 #ae & #cj feet4 ,:ile ?is 0 ab\t1 ! fagot process 0 go+ on2 & be=e t 0 complet$1 ,i f\nd ! f\ndation ) ! boat1 & its #dj tons ( /ones1 & ev5 ! sp>s1 al?\gh po9t$ at ! angles1 indicat$ an incl9ation to move =w>d ?r\gh ! %e] =ce ( ! roll]s4 ,to *eck ?is1 tackles 7 made fa/ to ?ree w>ps out to seaw>d1 ) two an*ors to ea*1 & br\ght to ! sp>s ) f\r spans to ! inn] block4 ,?us twelve ( ! l>ge/ sp>s 7 grappl$1 ! falls tak5 on bo>d1 & all hove tight2 ! :ole ( ! sp>s hav+ fir/ be5 atta*$ to "o ano!r by a r\nd turn ( a half-in* *a9 ) /rong /aples1 & ( c\rse by ! lat]al sp>s or spread]s1 & _! innum]able seiz+s4 ,suffice x to say1 z reg>ds ! sp>s1 t :5 /ruck by viol5t seas f half-flood to half-ebb1 !y b5d 9 a body f #c to #d feet1 & spr+ back aft] ! bl[2 & ?is is1 ,i believe1 ! :ole secret ( ! effici5cy ( ! sp> "p ( ! breakwat]1 :i* has /ood ! :ole w9t]1 only "o hav+ brok51 & t because ! head took aga9/ ! topsail y>d1 la%$ along /an*ions ( ! rails z a hold-d[n = ! tackles atta*$ to _! heads4 ,z a pro( t ?is is ! probable cause ( its /&+ s well1 ,i may ref] to ,mr4 ,bremn]'s breakwat]1 :i* w5t ) ! fir/ heavy gale & sea1 al?\gh made ( balks ( f #ag in*es to #ac in*es ?ick3 also to our hav+ ourselves plac$ a p9e sp> #i in*es diamet] d[n by ! side ( ! outside tree on ! />bo>d qu>t]1 & :i* broke 9 two "r 9 ! middle ) ! fir/ sea t /ruck x4 ,! sea /ruck v h>d aga9/ ! sp>s & framework1 f :i* x 0 receiv$ by ! fagots )\t any %ock to ! %ip wor? speak+ (4 ,) respect to ! fagots1 ,i c\ld n f9d mat]ials to g on weight+ d[n z we w5t on pil+ up4444 ,i !re=e ran ! rema9+ fagots up light4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0 ?is done1 & a gale came on1 ?an we 7 compell$ to let g ! la%+s1 & to help "s ( ! top ones to escape1 z ! :ole ( ! unload$ body rose & fell full ?ree feet ) ! sea1 & w\ld h done mis*ief to ! sp>s & to ! %ip1 by %\ld]+ h] qu>t]1 & twi/+ h]4 ,ab\t #bjj bundles broke away 9 ?is gale4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 all recov]$1 & plac$ fur!r =w>d & l[ d[n1 & !n load$ ) /ones2 ab\t "o ?ird ( ! top space hav+ aft] ?is be5 left op51 or "o ?ird d[n f ! apex levell$4 ,%r9kage did mu* t[>ds ?is1 & break+ 9 pieces a good deal2 s x 0 n deem$ advisable to fill t space aga94 ,ab\t ! #a/ ( ,may ! progress made 9 lift+ ! %ip by tight5+ h] f ! inside1 & by light5+ h] ( ev]y?+ moveable1 l$ me to believe t we %\ld be ab\t gett+ h] (f t[>ds ! end ( ?is mon?4 ,i !re=e felt t x 0 "t to beg9 remov+ ! fagot portion ( ! breakwat]4444 ,! process ( levell+ w5t on = ab\t ?ree weeks1 :5 all above ! load$ portion 0 tak5 away4 ,we comm5c$ on t portion f necessity1 & f\nd t by no contrivance ( pur*ases & lev]s c\ld our t5 m5 get up or out m ?an f\r or five bundles p] tide4 ,?is became1 & ev5 n[ is1 a s]i\s matt]4 ,we h got up all our *a9s & weights1 & no?+ rema9s b ! fagots & /ones1 :i* are s emb$d$ 9 s& z to =m a mass :i* is m difficult to move ?an granite rock w\ld be1 z we _c bla/4 ,tw5ty lab\r]s h be5 tw5ty-"o tides at "w1 by contract1 & c]ta9ly !y h made an impression2 b x is n l[]$ ov] two feet4 ,! l[] portion 0 made ( furze bundles1 "h call$ :9s1 & !y are great collectors ( s&1 & only come up at all by be+ cut to pieces4 ,i m5tion ?is to %[ t furze & fagots load$ ) /ones on s& #ejj y>ds f high-wat] m>k1 expos$ to ! sea1 w =m a f\ndation on :i* a build+ ( any weight might be erect$4444 ,mr4 ,brunel in=m$ me1 :5 ,i und]took to c>ry out 8 views1 t !re 0 no?+ new 9 us+ fagots to /op brea*es 9 sea-walls1 z 9 ,holl&2 & t he saw no reason :y !y %\ld n /op ! =ce ( ! sea 9 protect+ %ips z well1 provid$ !y c\ld be secur$1 & a f\ndation got4 ,!y 7 to be made ( ald]s1 a%1 holly1 laurel1 oak1 or any?+ t\gh1 to be cut d[n1 & made up gre51 to be plac$ ) all _! leaves on1 to be po9t$ to ! sea at _! butts2 & inside ! walls ( !m1 if ,i may s speak1 :9 7furze7 bundles 7 to be weight$ d[n1 ! fagots plac$ 9 /eps or r[s ( ab\t #d feet f ! outside to ! %ip's gunwale4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ! summ] came on1 ! mode ( lift+ & float+ ! %ip _h to be decid$4 ,on ?is po9t ,mr4 ,brunel wrote to ! ,directors3-- ,may #d1 #ahdg4 ,y h he>d f "t to "t f ,capta9 ,claxton ( ! result ( ! means adopt$ by him = protect+ ! #8,great ,brita9' f ! effects ( ! sea1 & :i*1 ,i am happy to say1 h be5 q successful2 & y w h he>d also g5]ally f him ( ! /eps :i* we h s9ce tak51 prep>atory to gett+ (f ! %ip4 ,i w n[ expla9 to y ! object ,i h kept 9 view 9 ^! prep>ations1 & ! c\rse ,i %\ld n[ advise y to foll[4 ,aft] complet+ ! works = ! protection ( ! %ip1 & be=e det]m9+ ^u any mode to be recomm5d$ to y = gett+ h] (f1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be desirable to light5 h] ( all t c\ld be easily remov$1 & to asc]ta9 h[ mu* ( ! vessel c\ld be made wat]-tight1 & :at ext5t ( buoyancy c\ld be obta9$ 9 ! vessel h]self1 z1 9 my op9ion1 ^u our success 9 ?is w\ld dep5d altoge!r ! practicability ( lift+ ! %ip by camels4 ,if no great ext5t ( buoyancy c\ld h be5 obta9$1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly h recomm5d$ lift+ ! vessel by me*anical means1 z ,i d n consid] t1 ) ! draft ( wat] :i* c\ld be calculat$ ^u ar\nd h] on ord9>y tides1 suffici5t float+ p[] by camels c\ld be obta9$ 9 an easy practicable mann]4 ,x 0 also q possible t we might succe$ 9 mak+ ! vessel alone suffici5tly buoyant to lift high en\gh on ! spr+ tides2 & by %ift+ h] position1 or by o!r means1 to ma9ta9 ! lift ?us got1 to all[ ( gett+ "u h] bottom to repair h]4 ,by great ex]tion ne>ly ! :ole ( ! comp>tm5ts =w>d & aft ( ! eng9e space1 & "p ( ! coal bunk]s1 h be5 made tight2 & if ! tides _h ebb$ z l[ z usual1 ! o!r bunk]s & ! boil]s1 fireplace & flues1 w\ld also h be5 made wat]-tight by ^! la/ spr+s4 ,un=tunately1 f ! direction ( ! w9d & o!r causes1 ^! tides h nei!r ebb$ nor fl[$ to _! full ext5t2 /ill1 ! vessel has be5 lift$1 & "s ( ?is lift has be5 ma9ta9$1 & if we 7 =tunate1 x is evid5tly q possible t our utmo/ expectations might be realiz$1 & possibly ! vessel might be lift$ suffici5tly to be made tight )\t any ext]nal assi/ance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be too mu* to calculate ^u1 & ! weight to be lift$ hav+ be5 r$uc$ to "o-half :at x 01 & be+ capable ( /ill fur!r r$uction1 ! op]ation ( lift+ by camels becomes a mu* m practicable und]tak+4 ,i %\ld n[ !re=e recomm5d t application be made to "s p>ties :o h _h ! mo/ exp]i5ce 9 su* "w1 to lay _! proposals be=e ! ,directors2 & t 9 ! meantime we %\ld cont9ue to make e ef=t to add to ! buoyancy ( ! %ip4444 ,i believe t1 9 su* a case1 quiet1 sob] consid]ation1 assi/$ by exp]i5ce1 & by c>eful exam9ation ( all ! circum/ances on ! spot1 w be inf9itely m valuable ?an ! mo/ +5i\s & brilliant s*emes4 ,& ,i believe we are mo/ likely to obta9 ^! conditions by call+ 9 a man l ,mr4 ,bremn]1 & leav+ him to conf] ) ,capta9 ,claxton1 & t he %\ld h ! b5efit ( our advice & assi/ance1 & !n lay 8 plans & proposals be=e ! ,directors4 ,mr4 ,bremn] & 8 son1 assi/$ by ,capta9 ,claxton1 made prep>ations = releas+ ! %ip4 ,! sy/em foll[$ 0 t sket*$ out by ,mr4 ,brunel--namely1 t ( lift+ ! %ip by me*anical arrangem5ts1 & !n mak+ good ! leaks4 ,! difficulties !y _h to cont5d ) are graphically describ$ 9 ! reports :i* 7 s5t almo/ daily by ,capta9 ,claxton to ,mr4 ,brunel1 & :i* 7 aft]w>ds pr9t$ by ! ,directors at ,mr4 ,brunel's sugge/ion4#acd ,! pr9cipal leak 0 /opp$1 & ! %ip's head rais$ #h feet #g in*es by ramm+ w$ges & /ones "u h] at high wat]4 ,at la/1 on ,augu/ #bg1 ! %ip 0 float$1 & ,capta9 ,claxton wrote to ,mr4 ,brunel3-- ,huzza6 huzza6 y "k :at t means4444 ,i made up my m9d to /op h] at ! edge ( l[ wat]1 & !n exam9e & secure all t might discov] itself4 ,! tide rose to #ae feet #h in*es4 ,%e rose !re=e easily ov] ! rock1 b 0 cle> ( x by only j five in*es1 :i* %[s h[ ne> a squeak we _h--x 0 a mo/ anxi\s affair1 b x is ov]4 ,i m>k$ #agj y>ds 9 ! s& & on our w>p1 & at t ext5t ,i /opp$ h]4444 ,i h no d\bt t to-morr[ we %all see h] free4 ,! foll[+ day !y />t$ = ,liv]pool4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty lab\r]s 7 hir$ to "w at ! pumps1 b only ?irty-six came on bo>d1 & _! s]vices 7 unavailable1 z !y sp5t _! "t 9 discuss+ h[ mu* !y 7 to be paid4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! %ip 0 tak5 9 t[ at #d ,a4,m4 on ! #bh? !re 0 #f feet ( wat] 9 ! eng9e room & #e feet 9 ! =e hold1 & %e 0 mak+ #af in*es an h\r4 ,m5 f ,h] ,maje/y's %ips #8,birk5head' & #8,victory1' :i* _h be5 s5t by ! ,admiralty to assi/1 7 draft$ on bo>d1 & ! influx ( wat] 0 r$uc$ to f\r in*es an h\r4 ,x 0 evid5t t ,liv]pool c\ld n be attempt$1 s !y made = ,/rang=d ,l\gh4 ,a d5se fog came on :5 !y 7 (f ! entrance1 & !y pu%$ on to ,belfa/ ,l\gh1 :]e ! %ip 0 gr\nd$4 ,dur+ ! night %e 0 cle>$ ( wat]1 & ! next day %e />t$ = ,liv]pool4 ,! l&sm5 :o _h be5 hir$ ! previ\s night to "w ! pumps 7 incapacitat$ by sea-sickness2 & ! %ip 0 only kept afloat by ! ex]tions ( ,capta9 ,claxton & ! docky>d h&s :o _h be5 s5t to assi/ 9 navigat+ h] across4 ,:5 %e arriv$ at ,liv]pool %e 0 plac$ ov] a gridiron1 on :i* %e sank :5 h] pumps 7 /opp$4 ,not)/&+ ! successful result ( ! ef=ts made = h] rescue1 ! /r&+ ( ! #8,great ,brita9' 9 ,dundrum ,bay l$ to ! ru9 ( ! ,company2 & %e 0 "s "t aft]w>ds sold to ,messrs4 ,gibbs1 ,bright1 ,co41 ( ,liv]pool1 by :om %e 0 repair$1 & fitt$ ) auxili>y eng9es ( #ejj nom9al horse-p[]4 ,on a g5]al survey be+ made1 x 0 f\nd t %e _h n suff]$ any alt]ation ( =m1 nor 0 %e at all /ra9$4 ,%e 0 tak5 out ( dock 9 ,octob] #ahea1 & s9ce t "t %e has made regul> voyages betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,au/ralia4 ,%e is kn[n z "o ( ! fa/e/ vessels on t l9e2 & rema9s to te/ify to ! ability & wisdom ( ^? :o1 m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 7 d>+ en\gh to build s l>ge a %ip ( iron1 & to fit h] ) ! screw propell]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note 7p4 #bee74 ,dim5sions ( ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-,%ip4 feet in*es ,total l5g? #cbb #j ,! l5g? ( keel #bhi #j ,beam #ea #j ,dep? #cb #f ,feet ( wat] #af #j ,tonnage measurem5t #c1ddc tons4 ,displacem5t #b1ihd ,dim5sions ( orig9al ,eng9es1 c4 ,numb] ( cyl9d]s #d ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s #hh in*es ,l5g? ( /roke #f feet ,weight ( eng9es #cdj tons ,weight ( boil]s #bjj ,wat] 9 boil]s #bjj ,weight ( screw-%aft #ch ,diamet] ( screw #ae ft4 #f 94 ,pit* ( screw #be ft4 ,weight ( screw #d tons ,diamet] ( ma9 drum #ah feet ,diamet] ( screw-%aft drum #f ,weight ( coal #a1bjj tons ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,/eam ,,navigation4 ,,introduction ,,( ,,! ,,screw ,,propell] ,,into ,,! ,,royal ,,navy4 ,a4,d4 #ahda--ahdd4 ,,tatis #cf--ci4 ,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,to ,,conduct ,,exp]im5ts ,,= ,,! ,,admiralty ,,) ,,v>i\s ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,screw ,,propell]1 ,,april #ahda--,,trials ,,) ,,! #8,,polyphemus'--,,opposition ,,to ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,exp]im5ts--,,trials ,,) ,,! #8,,rattl]1' ,,octob] #ahdc-,,octob] #ahdd4 ,soon aft] ,mr4 ,brunel _h tak5 ! bold /ep ( recomm5d+ ! adoption ( ! screw propell] 9 ! #8,great ,brita91' he 0 ask$ to s5d a copy ( 8 report to ! ,admiralty4 ,he did s2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s 0 invit$ to att5d ! ,bo>d on ! subject ( "s exp]im5ts _! ,lord%ips propos$ to make4 ,an int]view took place on ,april #bg1 #ahda2 ( :i* ,mr4 ,brunel gives ! foll[+ acc\nt3-- ,i att5d$ ! ,bo>d3 ,"l ,m9to /at$ t he wi%$ a complete exp]im5t to be made on ! applicability ( ! screw to ,gov]nm5t boats1 & he propos$ to place ! conduct ( ! exp]im5ts 9 my h&s z a pr(essional man4 ,i /at$ t ,i %\ld h great pleasure 9 do+ x1 & %\ld take great int]e/ 9 x1 provid$ !y int5d$ to make a good exp]im5t & w\ld place x entirely 9 my h&s1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ,gov]nm5t (fic]s1 b t ,i %\ld communicate direct ) ! ,lords1 & ( c\rse ) ,sir ,e4 ,p>ry4#ace ,he said he propos$ to build a vessel & eng9es on purpose1 & t he p>ticul>ly wi%$ x to be left entirely 9 my h&s1 & took me ap>t to ! w9d[ to impress ?is la/ condition on me4 ,)9 a =tnight ( 8 appo9tm5t1 ,mr4 ,brunel invit$ ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field & ,messrs4 ,seaw>d to s5d him designs = ! eng9es3 !y 7 to h be5 ( #bjj-;horse p[]1 ) a /roke ( #d feet4 ,! eng9es 7 to make a small] numb] ( revolutions ?an ! screw1 ! motion be+ communicat$ f ! eng9e %aft to ! screw %aft by drums & /raps4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 adopt$ 9 pref]5ce to too?-ge>+1 9 ord] to facilitate ! v>iation ( ! numb] ( revolutions1 9 ! exp]im5ts ) diff]5t screws4 ,! designs ultimately s5t to ,mr4 ,brunel = 8 approval 7 ^? ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,messrs4 ,=re/]4 ,he report$ to ! ,admiralty 9 fav\r ( ,messrs4 ,maudslay's eng9es4 ,be=e draw+ up ! detail$ specifications1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 desir\s ( procur+ data = e/imat+ ! surface ( ! screw requir$ to obta9 ! same resi/ance z t (f]$ by ! paddles ( a %ip simil> to ! new vessel4 ,) ?is object he appli$ to ! ,admiralty = p]mission to make an accurate trial ( ! p]=mances ( ! paddle /eam] #8,polyphemus' at v>i\s spe$s4 ,?is p]mission 0 grant$2 ! trial1 h[ev]1 0 fix$ = su* an e>ly day t ,mr4 ,brunel _h b>ely "t to make ! prelim9>y arrangem5ts1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 fri5d ,capta9 ,claxton4 ,:5 ,capta9 ,claxton arriv$ at ,s\?ampton1 ! day be=e ! trial1 he f\nd t !re 0 no measur$ mile set out4 ,he imm$iately hir$ m51 got *a9s1 /affs1 & flags1 & set out bo? a nautical mile & a /atute mile4 ,!y made half a doz5 runs ea* way ) ! #8,polyphemus1' not+ c>efully all p>ticul>s ( spe$1 revolutions1 c42 & ! results obta9$ 7 consid]$ v satisfactory4 ,on ,octob] #a1 ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ in=mation f ! ,admiralty 7n[ "u ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,e>l ( ,hadd+ton7 t ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,field's t5d] 0 accept$4 ,! eng9es 7 imm$iately put 9 h&1 "u ,mr4 ,brunel's sup]vision4 ,:5 !y 7 approa*+ completion1 he became anxi\s to le>n some?+ ab\t ! progress ( ! %ip :i* 0 to h be5 built = !m4 ,n[h]e c\ld %e be f\nd4 ,! m9utes 7 se>*$ at ! ,admiralty1 & x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! %ip 0 ord]$1 b t no %ip _h be5 laid d[n4 ,?is discov]y1 z might be suppos$1 excit$ consid]able surprise4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 s5t = to ! ,admiralty to see ,sir ,george ,cockburn1 ! ,fir/ ,naval ,"l4 ,almo/ ! fir/ words to him 73 #8,d y mean to suppose t we %all cut up ,h] ,maje/y's %ips aft] ?is fa%ion1 sir8'--,sir ,george at ! same "t po9t+ to a model ( ! /]n ( an old-fa%ion$ ?ree-deck]1 9 :i* l>ge slices 7 tak5 (f to give room = ! screw1 & ! :ole ( ! l[] deck expos$ to view1 ?us mak+ ! application ( ! screw look v ridicul\s4 ,on ! model 0 writt51 #8,mr4 ,brunel's mode ( apply+ ! screw to ,h] ,maje/y's %ips4' ,mr4 ,brunel smil$1 & d5i$ its be+ 8 idea at all2 he _h nev] se5 x be=e1 & knew no?+ ab\t x4 #8,:y1 sir1 y s5t x to ! ,admiralty4' ,?is also ,mr4 ,brunel d5i$ hav+ done4 ,:ile an enquiry 0 be+ made z to :]e ! model came f1 ,mr4 ,brunel employ$ himself 9 effac+ ! inscription ) 8 knife4 ,:5 ! mess5g] return$1 he report$ t ! model _h come f ! (fice ( ! ,surveyor ( ! ,navy4 ,he 0 s5t =1 b did n appe>4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 to t]m9ate ?is awkw>d int]view1 plead$ bus9ess1 & b[$ himself out4 ,mr4 ,brunel (t5 told ?is anecdote1 & spoke ( ! adv]se influ5ce :i* _h be5 ex]t$ 9 "s dep>tm5t ( ! ,admiralty to prev5t ! successful issue ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,soon aft]w>ds ,mr4 ,brunel 0 in=m$ t ! #8,a*]on' w\ld be prep>$ = ! screw4 ,he !reupon repres5t$ to _! ,lord%ips t ! #8,a*]on' c\ld n1 f h] full aft]-body & o!r defects1 be conv]t$ into su* a %ip z ! ,bo>d _h orig9ally det]m9$ to con/ruct = try+ ! screw2 &1 inde$1 h] unfitness 0 admitt$ by ! au?orities !mselves4 ,to a lett] on ?is subject1 9 :i* he /at$ t ! attempt to apply ! screw propell] to ! #8,a*]on' w\ld n answ] any ( ! objects :i* _! ,lord%ips _h 9 view1 ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ no reply1 & = ! next f\r mon?s 0 kept q 9 ! d>k z to :at 0 go+ on4 ,at l5g? he made enquiries z to ! cause ( a treatm5t :i*1 he said1 he _h nev] be=e exp]i5c$ f any public body4 ,^! enquiries prov+ fruitless1 he at la/ wrote to ! ,admiralty1 decl9+ fur!r int]f]5ce1 z x _h appe>$ on inve/igation t ! condition on :i* he _h accept$ 8 position f ,"l ,m9to--namely1 t he %\ld h ! entire sup]9t5d5ce ( ! exp]im5ts--_h n be5 obs]v$4 ,on ! receipt ( 8 resignation1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 summon$ to ! ,admiralty4 ,he ?us describ$ 8 int]view 9 a lett] to a fri5d3-- ,n a ^w 0 said ab\t my compla9t ( ! pa/1 b !y said !y wi%$ me to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts1 & t my screw 0 to be tri$ fir/4 ,i said t 0 n at all :at w\ld suit me2 t ,i w\ld1 if !y wi%$ x1 conduct an exp]im5t z orig9ally propos$2 t ,i _h no screw1 t ,i 0 no competitor1 b an arbitrator 9 :om ! ,admiralty _h p]fect confid5ce2 t ,i 0 ?is or no?+4 ,!n comm5c$ a t$i\s f5c+4444 ,h[ev]1 x end$ 9 all p>ties be+ writt5 to1 & told t !y 7 to foll[ my directions1 & t ,i 0 to proce$ to give su* in/ructions z %\ld enable a full exp]im5t to be made ( all screws g5]ally4 ,i !n reque/$ t ?is "t ,i might h my in/ructions 9 writ+4 ,9 a few days ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ an (ficial intimation t ! #8,rattl]' 0 to be adapt$ = ! screw1 "u 8 directions4 ,! #8,rattl]' 0 a vessel ( #hhh tons burd51 #agf feet #f in*es betwe5 ! p]p5dicul>s1 & #cb feet #h in*es beam4#acf ,%e _h be5 comm5c$ = a paddle-:eel /eam] %ortly be=e1 & 0 ( ne>ly ! same tonnage & mid%ip section z ! #8,polyphemus1' b %e _h n ! f9e l9es aft :i* 7 s important = ! use ( ! screw4 ,%e 0 n laun*$ until ,april #ac1 #ahdc1 j two ye>s aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's fir/ int]view ) ,"l ,m9to2 & %e 0 !n deliv]$ to ,messrs4 ,maudslay 9 ! r\ghe/ possible /ate4 ,except dur+ ! "t t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 prev5t$ f att5d+ to bus9ess by ! half-sov]eign accid5t1 he 0 9 con/ant communication ) ! docky>d au?orities on matt]s relat+ to ! con/ruction ( ! %ip1 ) ,messrs4 ,maudslay z to ! multiply+-ge> & eng9es1 & ) ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,smi? z to ! =ms ( ! v>i\s screws to be tri$4 ,! eng9es & screw 7 fitt$ 9 ! %ip1 aft] consid]able delay2 &1 on ,octob] #bd1 #ahdc1 ,mr4 ,brunel report$ on !m 9 _! complet$ /ate4 ,on ! #cj?1 ! exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$4 ,m ?an tw5ty trials 7 made betwe5 t date & ! foll[+ ,octob]1 :5 ! #8,rattl]' w5t to sea1 & ,mr4 ,brunel c\ld n ( c\rse any long] p]sonally sup]9t5d ! exp]im5ts2 b1 except on "o or two occasions :5 8 place 0 suppli$ by an assi/ant1 all ! trials t 7 made dur+ ! fir/ ye> 7 conduct$ 9 8 pres5ce1 & he transmitt$ ! results f "t to "t to ! ,admiralty4#acg ,! p]=mance ( ! #8,rattl]' 0 f\nd to be satisfactory2 & ! position ( ! eng9es & screw be+ bel[ ! wat] l9e 0 s pre-em95t an advantage1 t 9 #ahde ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty ord]$ m ?an tw5ty vessels to be fitt$ ) ! screw2#ach & s9ce t "t x has gradually sup]s$$ ! paddle:eel = %ips ( w>4 ,! s]vices :i* ,mr4 ,brunel r5d]$ to ! c\ntry dur+ ! :ole ( ^! proce$+s 7 giv5 entirely )\t pecuni>y recomp5se1 & 9 ! face ( opposition & disc\ragem5t2 b he _h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t he _h be5 ma9ly in/rum5tal1 n only 9 introduc+ ! screw propell] into ! m]cantile navy1 b also 9 secur+ its adoption 9 ,h] ,maje/y's fleet4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,/eam ,,navigation--,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip1 ,,f ,,! ,,comm5cem5t ,,( ,,! ,,und]tak+ ,,to ,,! ,,laun*4 ,a4,d4 #ahea--aheg4 ,,tatis #df--eb4 ,,introductory ,,obs]vations--,,! ,,au/ralian ,,/eam ,,navigation ,,company--,,/atem5t ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,project ,,( ,a ,,l9e ,,( ,,l>ge ,,%ips 7,,june #aj1 #aheb7--;,,adoption ,,( ,,8 ,,plans ,,by ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,/eam ,,navigation ,,company--,,extract ,,f ,a ,,lett] ,,describ+ ,,! ,,s*eme 7,,july #a1 #aheb7--,,lett] ,,to ,j4 ,,scott ,,russell1 ,,esq41 ,,on ,,! ,,=m ,,& ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,%ip 7,,july #ac1 #aheb7--,,report ,,on ,,mode ,,( ,,proce$+ 7,,july #ba1 #aheb7--,,report ,,on ,,enquiries ,,relat+ ,,to ,,! ,,draught ,,& ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,vessel 7,,octob] #f1 #aheb7--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,( ,,! ,,committee ,,appo9t$ ,,to ,,consid] ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,plans 7,,m>* #ba1 #ahec7--,,t5d]s ,,invit$ ,,= ,,! ,,%ip ,,& ,,eng9es--,,report ,,on ,,t5d]s 7,,may #ah1 #ahec7--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,contracts ,,& ,,specifications--,,extracts ,,f ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,memor&a 7,a4,d4 #aheb1 #ahec1 #ahed7--,,lett] ,,on ,,8 ,,position ,,& ,,duties ,,z ,,eng9e] ,,( ,,! ,,company 7,,augu/ #af1 #ahed7--,,lett] ,,on ,,an ,,article ,,9 ,a ,,newspap] 7,,novemb] #af1 #ahed7--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,und]tak+ 7,,febru>y #e1 #ahee7--;,,arrangem5ts ,,propos$ ,,= ,,obta9+ ,,a/ronomical ,,obs]vations--,,lett] ,,to ,g4 ,b4 ,,airy1 ,,esq41 ,,a/ronom] ,,royal 7,,octob] #e1 #aheb7--;,,appo9tm5t ,,( ,,mr4 ,,william ,,h>rison ,,to ,,! ,,comm& ,,( ,,! ,,%ip--,,memor&um ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,%ip 7,,octob]1 #ahee7--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,eng9e] 7,,m>* #ai1 #aheg7--,,susp5sion ,,& ,,resumption ,,( ,,! ,,works4 ,mr4 ,brunel's e>li] lab\rs 9 connection ) ! progress ( ,ocean ,/eam ,navigation h be5 describ$ 9 ! *apt]s on ! #8,great ,we/]n' & #8,great ,brita9' /eam-%ips4#aci ,! #8,great ,ea/]n' is b ! result ( ! application1 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 ( ! same pr9ciples :i* _h guid$ him 9 8 previ\s "u-tak+s1 ! practical work+ out ( ! #8idea :i* he _h frequ5tly ent]ta9$1 t1 to make long voyages economically & spe$ily by /eam1 requir$ ! vessels to be l>ge en\gh to c>ry ! coal = ! entire voyage at lea/ outw>ds2 &1 unless ! facility = obta9+ coal 0 v great at ! out port1 !n = ! return voyage also2 & t vessels mu* l>g] ?an _h be5 previ\sly built c\ld be navigat$ ) great advantage f ! m]e effect ( size4'#adj ,9 #ahea1 f\r ye>s aft] ! release ( ! #8,great ,brita9' f ,dundrum ,bay1 ,mr4 ,brunel became aga9 connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( /eam-%ips4 ,9 t ye> he 0 consult$ by ! ,directors ( ! ,au/ralian ,mail ,company ^u ! class ( vessels :i* x w\ld be advantage\s = !m to pur*ase1 9 ord] to c>ry out _! contract = ! conveyance ( ! mails to ,au/ralia4 ,he advis$ !m to h %ips ( f #e1jjj to #f1jjj tons burd51 9 ord] t !y might only h to t\* = coal at ! ,cape4 ,"s ( ! ,directors w\ld n he> ( s />tl+ a proposition2 b !y nev]!less ask$ ,mr4 ,brunel to become _! ,eng9e]2 & he reta9$ ! po/ till ,febru>y #ahec4 ,two %ips 7 built "u 8 direction by ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,russell--! #8,victoria' & ! #8,adelaide4' ,x 01 no d\bt1 8 connection ) ! ,au/ralian ,mail ,company t l$ ,mr4 ,brunel to "w out into practical %ape ! idea ( #8a great %ip' = ! ,indian or ,au/ralian s]vice1 :i* _h s long occupi$ 8 m9d2 & x appe>s t 9 ! latt] "p ( #ahea & ! beg9n+ ( #aheb he devot$ mu* "t & ?\ght to ! subject4 ,he collect$ facts relat+ to ! trade ) ,india & ,au/ralia :i* demon/rat$ ! advantages to be ga9$ by a rapid & direct communication = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s & troops1 z well z ( m]*&ise4 ,x 0 ) ^! enl>g$ views t ,mr4 ,brunel ent]$ ^u ! con/ruction ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,he writes 9 ,febru>y #ahed1 #8,9 ,febru>y & ,m>* #aheb ,i matur$ my ideas ( ! l>ge %ip ) ne>ly all my pres5t details1 & 9 ,m>* ,i made my fir/ sket* ( "o ) paddles & screw4 ,! size ,i !n propos$ 0 #fjj #gj1 & 9 ,june & ,july ,i det]m9$ on ! mode ( con/ruction n[ adopt$ ( cellul> bottom2 int5d+ !n to make ! out] sk9 ( wood = ! sake ( copp]+4' ,9 ! spr+ ( #aheb he communicat$ ! results at :i* he _h arriv$ to ,mr4 ,john ,scott ,russell1 ,capta9 ,claxton1 & o!r sci5tific fri5ds1 & also to sev]al ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company4 ,?is ,company _h be5 =m$ 9 ,janu>y #ahea = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ an additional l9e ( /eam communication by ! ov]l& r\te1 = ! conveyance ( mails1 pass5g]s1 c41 betwe5 ,engl&1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 ) a bran* to ,au/ralia4 ,h[ev]1 9 ,m>* #aheb ! ,gov]nm5t det]m9$ to grant ! contract = ! :ole s]vice to ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company4 ,! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,company 7 !re=e oblig$ to report to _! %>ehold]s t ! object = :i* ! ,company _h be5 incorporat$ c\ld n be c>ri$ out4 ,at ab\t ?is "t ,mr4 ,brunel's s*eme 0 br\ght be=e ! ,directors1 & he submitt$ to !m a detail$ /atem5t ( 8 project4 ,aft] describ+ ! size & capacities ( ! vessels !n us$ on ! r\te betwe5 ,engl& & ! ,ea/1 & ! am\nt & co/ ( ! coals !y consum$1 he cont9u$3-- ,june #aj1 #aheb4 ,! same am\nt ( capital & ! same exp5diture 9 money = fuel n[ requir$ = a l9e ( %ips ( ! pres5t dim5sions w\ld build & "w %ips to c>ry 9 ! ye> d\ble ! numb] ( pass5g]s1 ) f> sup]ior accommodation1 & 9 ab\t half ! "t1 & two or ?ree times ! am\nt ( c>go2 ! :ole diff]5ce be+ produc$ simply by mak+ ! vessel l>ge en\gh to c>ry its own coal1 exactly z :5 ! #8,great ,we/]n' 0 project$ = ! ,new ,york l9e1 ! passage _h be5 consid]$ an impossible "o = /eamboats1 or1 if possible1 only at a total sacrifice ( all return = ! co/4 ,c]ta9ly1 no /eamboat !n built c\ld get across except by a *ance fair wea!r passage1 & !n only by be+ completely fill$ ) coals & leav+ no room = pass5g]s or c>go4 ,simply by build+ a %ip ( ! size necess>y to take ! coal1 ov] & above ! accommodation requir$ = a due numb] ( pass5g]s & a reasonable quantity ( c>go1 ! passage 0 r5d]$ p]fectly easy & c]ta91 & has s9ce become a m]e matt] ( c\rse1 & an ord9>y & pr(itable trad+ voyage4 ,! increas$ size1 in/ead ( be+ a disadvantage1 0 f\nd1 z pr$ict$ by ! projectors1 to be a great b5efit1 & gave increas$ spe$1 ev5 beyond t proportionate to ! p[]2 & ?is /eamboat1 built 9 #ahcf1 is /ill z good z any ( h] size afloat4 ,no?+ m novel is propos$ n[1 b aga9 to build a vessel ( ! size requir$ to c>ry h] own coals = ! voyage4 ,! use ( iron1 :i* has s9ce #ahcf become common1 removes all difficulty 9 ! con/ruction1 & ! exp]i5ce ( sev]al ye>s has prov$1 :at 0 believ$ be=e by mo/ unprejudic$ p]sons1 t size 9 a %ip is an elem5t ( spe$1 & ( /r5g?1 & ( safety1 & ( great relative economy1 in/ead ( a disadvantage2 & t x is limit$ only by ! ext5t ( dem& = freight1 & by ! circum/ances ( ! ports to be frequ5t$4 ,a ,committee 0 appo9t$ to conf] ) ,mr4 ,brunel & ) ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 #8:o 0 fully acqua9t$ ) all ,mr4 ,brunel's plans1 & _h ably assi/$ him 9 matur+ !m4'#ada ,! ,committee report$ to ! ,directors t !y _h met on ! day aft] _! appo9tm5t1 :51 ,mr4 ,brunel be+ unavoidably abs5t1 ,mr4 ,russell _h att5d$ & ent]$ into a v full explanation ( ,mr4 ,brunel's plans1 & t a long inve/igation ( 8 proposition _h tak5 place2 t a few days lat] !y _h met aga91 :5 ,mr4 ,brunel att5d$1 & t aft] a fur!r & mo/ satisfactory inve/igation1 !y _h come to an unanim\s decision 9 fav\r ( ! s*eme4 ,?is resolution 0 adopt$1 & ,mr4 ,brunel 0 appo9t$ ,eng9e] to ! ,company4 ,! foll[+ extracts f 8 reports & correspond5ce c>ry on ! n>rative till ! date ( ! next meet+ ( ! %>ehold]s 7,decemb] #a1 #aheb71 :5 ! details ( ! project 7 laid be=e !m3-- ,extract f a ,lett] describ+ ! ,s*eme4 ,july #a1 #aheb4 ,! pr9ciple is1 z ,i expla9$ to y1 a v simple "o--t ( build+ %ips to c>ry _! own coals1 in/ead ( incurr+ l>ge exp5ses & great delay 9 coal+ at num]\s int]m$iate /ations2 & ! result is a l>ge vessel c]ta9ly1 b "o :i*1 at ! same co/ ( fuel z is n[ requir$ = small ones1 has1 besides t room1 = #d1jjj or ev5 #e1jjj tons 7measurem5t7 ( c>go1 & z _m pass5g]s z (f]4 ,?us ! capital emb>k$ 9 ! "o vessel is n s great 9 proportion to ! tonnage space = c>go z ! capital emb>k$ 9 sev]al small] vessels c>ry+ ! same am\nt2 :ile ! curr5t exp5ses are greatly less1 & ! spe$1 & economy ( "t by t spe$ & by avoid+ t$i\s /oppages1 greatly 9 fav\r ( ! l>ge "o4 ,practical m5 concur ) me1 n m]ely 9 ! practicability ( con/ruct+ ! vessel1 b 9 ! great advantage z reg>ds spe$1 seawor?9ess1 & safety result+ m]ely f ! increas$ size2 :ile all ! m]cantile m5 concur 9 ! op9ion t if goods c be c>ri$ direct 9 ?irty to ?irty-five days1 ! c]ta9ty ( freight ensures a return f> beyond all pres5t proportion ( return to co/4444 ,on ^! po9ts1 ( c\rse1 ,i quote only ! op9ions ( ! ,directors4 ,on ! me*anical "p ,i (f] my own op9ion1 & may quote ^? ( ! fir/ practical m5 ( ! day--,messrs4 ,maudslay1 ,messrs4 ,watt & ,co41 & ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 all ( :om h assi/$ me 9 ! project1 & are prep>$ to jo9 9 x4 ,lett] to ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,esq41 on ! ,=m & ,dim5sions ( ! ,great ,%ip4 ,july #ac1 #aheb4 ,! adoption ( ?is plan be+ n[ det]m9$ ^u1 we mu/ proce$ to det]m9e ! details1 & ! fir/ /ep unque/ionably is ! det]m9ation ( ! size & =m ( ! %ip4 ,n[1 9 prep>+ ! g5]al design1 ,i ?9k ! foll[+ conditions %\ld be /rictly compli$ )4 ,if any ( !m appe> to involve any great sacrifice 9 co/1 or to involve any o!r peculi> difficulties1 ^! difficulties c be consid]$ aft]w>ds2 b ! wise/ & safe/ plan 9 /rik+ out a new pa? is to g /raight 9 ! direction :i* we believe to be "r1 disreg>d+ ! small imp$im5ts :i* may appe> to be 9 our way--to design ev]y?+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ! be/ possible results /rictly accord+ to ! pr9ciples :i* !ory1 s f> z x is support$ by practice1 tea*es u1 & )\t yield+ 9 ! lea/ to any prejudices n[ exi/+ unsupport$ by !ory & practice1 or any fe> ( ! consequ5ces2 we c !n aft]w>ds weigh & balance delib]ately ! advantages ( adh]+ to or giv+ up ?is or t p>ticul> "p1 or modify+ dim5sions1 ei!r f motives ( economy1 or z yield+ to public op9ion f motives ( policy4 ,9 det]m9+ ! l9es ( ! %ip1 = in/ance1 ,i %\ld adopt t :i* we h reason to believe ! be/ possible )\t any concession1 or any compromise or reg>d to any assum$ difficulties ( con/ruction1 or reg>d to assum$ op9ions2 ^! difficulties w v likely vani% aft]w>ds if disreg>d$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z 9 ! case ( ! cont9u\s curve1 9 :i* my fre% ideas _h ! advantage ev5 ( y\r mu* great] k1 hamp]$ by a little preconceiv$ idea4 ,) respect to ! size1 to arrive at x by con/ructive calculations f ! fix$ conditions t we c lay d[n is p]haps possible1 b r difficult1 & ,i ?9k we "k suffici5tly ne>ly n[ :at ! m9imum size mu/ be to "w ^u2 t1 & a trifl+ alt]ation aft]w>ds 9 ! scale1 w suffice to br+ x to ! exact requir$ capacity4 ,! positive conditions1 !n1 are a maximum draught ( wat] ( #bd feet1 :5 leav+ ! ,hooghly ) ! coals = ! voyage home2 & ! capacity mu/ be at lea/ #ba1jjj tons ( displacem5t at ?is draught ( #bd feet4 ,i ?9k y w f9d t to effect ?is com=tably y mu/ give a l5g? ( #fej feet at lea/1 & an extreme bread? ( #hj feet1 b ?is beam ( #hj feet requir+ no full] entrance ?an y w\ld make ) a beam ( #gj feet1 ! #hj feet be+ obta9$ entirely by cont9u+ a g5tle curvature ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g?1 in/ead ( hav+ any p>allel l9es4 ,if ! exp]im5ts ^u ! friction ( surfaces turn out z ,i hope1 & give u reason to expect a v mu* less resi/ance f a copp] surface ?an t n[ creat$ by pa9t$ iron1 ,i suspect we may be l$ r to increase our l5g? & dim9i% ! proportion ( beam2 b ?is is a v s]i\s "q1 n entirely dep5d5t on ! consid]ation ( ! =m ( lea/ resi/ance includ+ friction1 b also mat]ially affect$ by ! consid]ation ( ! advantages ( ! extreme /ead9ess ( motion :i* l5g? seems to give4 ,x is a subject :i* mu/ be well discuss$ & well consid]$1 ) ! assi/ance ( all ^? ^: op9ions & exp]i5ce are likely to be ( use to u4 ,my own impressions1 ,i confess1 d]iv$ f consid]+ ! cases :i* we h1 ev5 aft] ! /rik+ result ( ! #8,ocean ,que51' are t positive l5g?1 indep5d5tly ( relative l5g?1 has mu* to d ) x4 ,:5 ,i see t ! #8,great ,brita91' al?\gh ) a beam ( ab\t "o-six? ( h] l5g? at ! wat] l9e1 & a mid%ip section fav\rable to roll+1 is nev]!less /eady1 ,i mu/ conclude t positive l5g? may comp5sate v greatly = a relatively wide beam4 ,n[1 we %all unque/ionably h abundance ( positive l5g?4 ,we mu/ !n be c>eful n to sacrifice mu* to keep a small beam1 )\t be+ v sure t !re are v great advantages2 &1 except = ! assum$ advantages ( ! long p>allel or equal be>+s1 ! =m ( lea/ resi/ance1 includ+ friction1 ) a draught limit$ to #bd feet1 & a requir$ displacem5t ( #ba1jjj tons1 w\ld1 ,i appreh5d1 give u a beam ne>] #ij feet ?an #gj feet4 ,i %\ld l to "k exactly :at ! proportion w\ld be )\t reg>d to ! !ory ( ! long n>r[ p>allel =ms2 & !n let u consid] h[ mu*1 if any?+1 %\ld be sacrific$ to atta9 ! advantage assum$ to be atta9$ by relative l5g?4 ,let u !re=e h at once ! draft ( a vessel ( #ba1jjj tons displacem5t at ! #bd feet wat] l9e1 & ( su* =m z w 9 y\r op9ion give ! greate/ spe$ 9 smoo? wat]1 )\t seek+ to make x n>r[4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 also be> 9 m9d ! comp>ative weakness ( =m caus$ by l5g?1 & ! consequ5t increas$ ?ickness ( mat]ial requir$1 besides an actual increase ( surface1 involv+ a v consid]ably great] quantity & weight ( mat]ial 9 ! %ip1 :i* la/ consid]ation is v greatly 9 fav\r ( bread? ( beam2 = ,i ?9k y w f9d t ! quantity ( iron 9 two %ips ( #fjj & #gjj feet 9 l5g? respectively1 ) ! same displacem5t & ! same ultimate /r5g? to resi/ /ra9s1 w be fully 9 ! ratio ( _! l5g?4 ,report to ! ,directors on ,mode ( ,proce$+4 ,july #ba1 #aheb4 ,s9ce ! adoption by ! g5]al meet+ ( ! plan recomm5d$ by ! ,directors1 ,i h be5 engag$ v con/antly 9 matur+ ! details ( t plan1 & consid]+ ! c\rse :i* x w\ld be necess>y to foll[ 9 ord] to c>ry !m out 9 ! sure/1 safe/1 & mo/ effici5t mann]4 ,! /eps :i* are ab\t to be tak5 are unque/ionably 9 ! "r direction1 b !y are consid]able ones1 & mu/ be tak5 ) delib]ation & c]ta9ty1 & )\t leav+ any?+ d\btful2 &1 :5 det]m9$ ^u1 !y mu/ be foll[$ up ) decision4 ,al?\gh y w probably det]m9e ^u con/ruct+ n less ?an two vessels 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 yet !y mu/ bo? be proce$$ ) at once1 & mu/ 9 fact be exact duplicates ( ea* o!r4 ,! success ( ! two1 !re=e1 dep5ds ^u t ( ea*2 !re c be no av]age /ruck 9 su* a case1 b ! two %ips mu/ be design$ & execut$ on su* pr9ciples & ) su* p]fection t no d\bt c exi/ ( ! result4 ,by well consid]+ all t has be5 done1 by select+ all t has be5 mo/ successful1 & by a judici\s application ( su* results to ! peculi> circum/ances ( our case1 all ?is c]ta9ly c1 ,i ?9k1 be assur$1 b x c be assur$ only by proce$+ ) ! caution & ! decision :i* ! circum/ances dem&4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z to ! design+ ( ! :ole1 ! pr9ciple be+ det]m9$ ^u1 mu* may be asc]ta9$ by m]e calculation1 b = ^! calculations data are requir$1 :i* no?+ b exp]i5ce c furni%4 ,i h1 !re=e1 avail$ myself ( ! assi/ance ( ^? mo/ compet5t to af=d ! requir$ in=mation4 ,i h call$ 9 to my assi/ance ! g5tlem5 :om ,i _h already nam$ to y z be/ able to give /r5g? to our position by ! value ( _! op9ions1 & be/ able to execute ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! "w ) t exp]i5ce & p]fection :i* are ess5tial to our success4 ,) respect to ! =m & con/ruction ( ! vessel itself1 nobody c1 9 my op9ion1 br+ m sci5tific & practical k to be> ?an ,mr4 ,scott ,russell4 ,z to ! proportion ( p[] to be adopt$1 ! =m & con/ruction ( ! eng9es1 screw1 & paddles1 besides ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 ,i h _h ! b5efit ( ! delib]ate consid]ation & advice ( ,mr4 ,field1 ( ! firm ( ,maudslay & ,field1 & ( ,mr4 ,blake1 ( ! firm ( ,watt & ,co4 ,i h writt5 also to my fri5d ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,smi?1 to :om ! public are indebt$ = ! success ( ! screw1 = 8 advice on ! subject4 ,) su* assi/ance ,i ?9k we may rely ^u ! c]ta9ty ( be+ able to design & to execute all t is be/ 9 ! me*anical & %ip-build+ dep>tm5t4 ,9 ! naval dep>tm5t ,i h _h ! opportunity also ( consult+ two g5tlem51 ,capta9 ,claxton & ,capta9 ,rob]t ,=d1 :o possess special k & exp]i5ce on ! subject4 ,i h _h sev]al conf]5ces ) all ^! g5tlem51 ,i h expla9$ fully my views1 &1 ) _! assi/ance1 settl$ prelim9>ily "s ( ! pr9cipal po9ts ( detail4 ,:at ,i %\ld propose to ! ,directors n[ is1 t ) t assi/ance ,i %\ld proce$ to prep>e 9 detail ! design ( ! %ip1 & ! exact dim5sions & =m ( ! eng9es2 t1 9 ! meantime1 ,i %\ld obta9 in=mation ^u c]ta9 po9ts :i* w gov]n y z to ! mode ( contract+ = ! con/ruction ( ! %ips1 & also t ,i %\ld be au?oris$ to adopt "s means ( det]m9+ "o or two mo/ important po9ts :i* mu/ gov]n "s ( ! pr9cipal dim5sions4#adb ,report to ! ,directors on ,enquiries relat+ to ! ,draught & ,=m ( ! ,vessel4 ,octob] #f1 #aheb4 ,s9ce ! date ( my la/ lett] to y1 recomm5d+ t c]ta9 enquiries & inve/igations %\ld be set on foot to det]m9e sev]al po9ts :i* w\ld mat]ially influ5ce ! plans ,i %\ld h to submit to y1 _m circum/ances h occurr$ to delay ^! inve/igations4 ,n hav+ s5t any compet5t p]son expressly to ,calcutta to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty ! draught ( wat] t might be adopt$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to obta9 z mu* in=mation z possible ^u ?is po9t f p]sons capable ( af=d+ x1 :o might be 9 ,engl&4 ,sev]al v compet5t m51 capta9s ( long exp]i5ce 9 t p>ticul> navigation1 & ev5 local pilots ( ! fir/ /&+1 happ5$ to be )9 rea*1 & ,i h _h p]sonal communication ) ^! g5tlem54 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 ^! =tunate opportunities ( obta9+ in=mation f ! be/ exi/+ au?orities1 we are left 9 pretty ne>ly ! same /ate ( d\bt z to ! maximum dep? z we %\ld be by a m]e inspection ( ! *>ts1 ! op9ion ( v compet5t m5 v>y+ s mu* z to fix ?is maximum z l[ z #ba & z high z #bc & ev5 #bd feet4 ,!y all concur1 h[ev]1 9 fix+ ,diamond ,h>b\r z ! po9t 9 ! ,hooghly :i* may easily be rea*$1 b beyond :i* x w\ld be almo/ impossible to g4 ,a "q z to ! ext5t ( swell :i* 9 s l>ge a %ip might be giv5 to ! sides1 increas+ ! capacity )\t mat]ially increas+ ! resi/ance1 involv$ "o ( ! exp]im5ts to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 my =m] lett]2 ^! exp]im5ts h be5 made1 & ! result1 su* z x 01 ( ! enquiries be=e ref]r$ to z to ! navigation ( ! ,hooghly1 l$ me to direct ! prep>ation ( draughts ( ?ree diff]5t models ( %ips1 & ^u fur!r consid]ation ( ^! ?ree1 & "u ! circum/ances1 ,i h come to ! conclusion ( recomm5d+ "o :i* w h ! foll[+ dim5sions3--namely1 #fgj feet 9 l5g?1 #he feet beam1 & a deep wat] draught ( #cj feet4 ,su* a vessel w\ld be able to c>ry h] own coal = ! voyage home out ( ! ,hooghly ) ab\t #bc feet draught2 b if betwe5 n[ & ! p]iod :5 ! exact arrangem5t mu/ be det]m9$1 x is f\nd exp$i5t n to attempt s great a draught 9 ! ,hooghly1 ! same vessel w1 by coal+ at ,tr9comalee on ! return voyage1 be exactly adapt$ to "w out ( ! ,hooghly ) a good c>go ( goods & coals = ,tr9comalee ) only #bj to #ba feet draught4 ,i h be5 9 communication ) ! em95t eng9e build]s ^: names ,i h m5tion$ on a =m] occasion1 & ) ,mr4 ,f4 ,p4 ,smi?1 ! inv5tor ( ! screw propell]4 ,"s trials & inve/igations are /ill 9 progress to det]m9e ! relative advantages ( a copp] & iron bottom1 on :i* "q may dep5d ! arrangem5ts :i* may be requisite to provide = dock+ or r lay+ up = clean+1 & :5 ^! po9ts are det]m9$ ,i %all be prep>$ to lay be=e y a complete design ( %ip & eng9es = y\r consid]ation4 ,ef=ts 7 made to induce ! public to assi/ 9 c>ry+ out ! project4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahec1 ! ,*airman 7! late ,mr4 ,h5ry ,?omas ,hope7 & sev]al ( 8 colleagues =m$ !mselves into a committee = ! purpose ( communicat+ ) ,mr4 ,brunel on ! subject ( 8 plans1 & report+ to ! ,bo>d !reon4 ,! results ( ?is conf]5ce 7 embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ report :i* ,mr4 ,brunel address$ to ! ,directors3-- ,report on ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,committee4 ,m>* #ba1 #ahec4 ,to enable ! ,committee to arrive at a correct conclusion on ?is difficult "q1 ,i _h gone ?r\gh r l5g?y calculations ( ! m9imum dim5sions & ! comp>ative e/imat$ co/ ( ! %ips :i* w\ld 9 ea* case answ] ! purpose "u ! sev]al diff]5t circum/ances :i* might be assum$2 & ! results ( ^! calculations 7 laid be=e ! ,committee1 & ! relative advantages & disadvantages ( ea* assum$ case discuss$4444#adc ,aft] mu* discussion1 & comp>+ ! probable receipts ) ! e/imat$ exp5diture1 & all[+ fully = int]e/ ( capital emb>k$1 ,i ?9k x appe>$ to ! ,committee t z a m]e m]cantile transaction1 & ) ref]5ce only to ! ,au/ralian trade1 ! l>g] vessel w\ld be ! mo/ economical1 %[+ n m]ely ! means ( secur+ ! l>ge/ return1 b involv+ an actual dim9ution ( annual exp5diture4444 ,! ,committee 7 unanim\sly ( op9ion t ! l>ge/ size ( ! fir/ class w\ld be ! be/1 & w\ld 9 e way answ] ! objects ( ! ,company4 ,! dim5sions arriv$ at by calculation = ?is %ip w\ld be 9 r\nd numb]s1 #fgj feet long1 #hj feet beam4 ,?is siz$ vessel w\ld comb9e mo/ ( ! advantages :i* we seek to obta94 ,x w\ld c>ry coal to ,diamond ,h>b\r & back to ,tr9comalee2 x w\ld af=d room = ab\t #hjj sep>ate cab9s l>g] ?an ^? n[ fitt$ up 9 packet %ips1 ) l>ge saloons1 capable ( accommodat+ #a1jjj or #a1ejj fir/ & second-class pass5g]s2 & w\ld c>ry #c1jjj tons weight ( c>go1 )\t mak+ any all[ance = t increase ( spe$ proportionate to ! m]e increase ( size ( :i* we see e day fre% pro(s2 ! av]age spe$ ( ! %ip1 ) ! propos$ p[] ( eng9e & calculat$ consumption ( coal1 w\ld be #ad knots at ! av]age1 mak+ ! passage out 9 #cd days1 say #cf2 b ) t increas$ spe$ :i* has be5 %[n to take place ) increas$ dim5sions1 we may speculate ^u ! voyage be+ p]=m$ 9 #cj days4 ,?is same vessel1 fitt$ up = ! ,au/ralian voyage1 & load$ deep]1 w\ld c>ry coals to ,au/ralia & back1 w\ld take out #c1jjj pass5g]s easily1 & a small am\nt ( c>go only1 b c\ld br+ back any am\nt t c\ld be conv5i5tly collect$1 or if provision 7 made = tak+ 9 #c1jjj or #d1jjj tons ( coal 9 ,au/ralia1 t additional am\nt ( c>go might be tak5 9 ! passage out4 ,! passage out to ,port ,philip %\ld be made easily 9 #cf days1 & home by ,cape ,horn 9 ! same "t4 ,! ,committee hav+ come to ! conclusion t ?is class ( vessel w\ld be/ fulfil ! sev]al conditions :i* ! circum/ances impos$1 ,i h be5 engag$ 9 det]m9+ ! sev]al details consequ5t ^u ?is selection ( size1 & h put 9 h& draw+s ( ! %ip1 :i* w enable me to arrive m correctly at ! co/1 & w enable u to obta9 t5d]s = ! con/ruction4 ,^! details involve a great deal ( /udy & consid]ation1 & ! mak+ ( ! draw+s alone requires "s consid]able "t1 s t ,i d n ?9k mu* advance c be made "u ?ree weeks f ! pres5t date1 b ,i w endeav\r to exp$ite ! "w z mu* z possible4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 au?oriz$ to cont9ue 8 communications ) eng9e-mak]s & %ip-build]s1 & to invite t5d]s4 ,aft] v detail$ & c>eful calculations ( ! smalle/ capacity t w\ld secure ! atta9m5t ( ! objects s\ght =1 ! dim5sions ( ! vessel & ! p[] ( ! eng9es 7 f9ally det]m9$2 t5d]s 7 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,scott ,russell1 ,messrs4 ,watt & ,co41 & ,messrs4 ,humphrys & ,co4 = bo? sets ( eng9es1 & f ,mr4 ,russell = ! con/ruction ( ! hull ( ! %ip & = plac+ h] afloat4 ,a meet+ ( ! ,directors 0 held on ,may #ah1 :5 ,mr4 ,brunel submitt$ ! v>i\s t5d]s he _h receiv$4 ,! ,bo>d agre$ to adopt 8 recomm5dations1 & to accept ! t5d]s ( ,mr4 ,scott ,russell = ! %ip & paddle eng9es1 & t ( ,messrs4 ,james ,watt & ,co4 = ! screw eng9es4 ,! foll[+ report1 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel plac$ be=e ! ,directors1 gives a detail$ acc\nt ( ! /eps he _h tak5 to procure ! t5d]s1 & ! gr\nds on :i* he _h =m$ 8 judgm5t ( !m3-- ,report on ,t5d]s4#add ,may #ah1 #ahec4 ,accord+ to y\r in/ructions1 ,i appli$ to ! sev]al p>ties ) :om ,i _h previ\sly be5 9 communication on ! subject ( ! eng9es & %ip1 = t5d]s = _! supply4 ,z reg>ds ! eng9es1 ,i drew up a %ort specification1 def9+ g5]ally :at 0 requir$1 & leav+ ! p>ties to make _! own designs & propose to me ! =m ( eng9e !y w\ld adopt4 ,) respect to ! %ip1 :]e no su* v>iation c\ld be p]mitt$1 ,i h _h v detail$ draw+s & specifications prep>$4 ,copies ( ! specifications are annex$4 ,9 def9+ ! p[] ( ! eng9es & boil]s1 ,i h1 9 con=mity ) my own views & ( ^? ( sev]al ( ! ,directors1 :o h express$ !mselves /rongly on ! subject1 requir$ a v full am\nt ( p[]1 )\t nam+ ! nom9al horse-p[]1 :i* is a v vague mode ( def9+ any?+ b ! co/ :i* by cu/om is made dep5d5t ^u t nom9al p[]2 b ,i h def9$ dim5sions ( p>ts & surface ( boil]s :i* w ensure ! means ( ex]t+ a v l>ge am\nt ( p[]4 ,z reg>ds ! %ip1 ,i h n sp>$ /r5g? ( mat]ials1 & h requir$ ! be/ workman%ip4 ,! result ( ?is application = designs & t5d]s is1 ^u ! :ole1 v satisfactory1 al?\gh two ( ! p>ties f :om ,i _h hop$ to h receiv$ proposals h n be5 able to s5d any4444 ,mr4 ,blake1 ( ! firm ( ,watt & ,co41 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,russell & ,mr4 ,humphrys1 h1 z ,i _h be=e report$1 devot$ mu* att5tion to ! subject3 f ^! g5tlem5 ,i h receiv$ di/9ct well-consid]$ designs ( ! screw & paddle-eng9es4 ,i h be5 9 frequ5t communication ) ^! g5tlem51 & h se5 _! plans :ile 9 progress1 & h made my sugge/ions ^u !m1 & assi/$ m or less 9 matur+ !m1 & at all ev5ts 9 prev5t+ ! adoption ( any pr9ciple or arrangem5t t ,i %\ld aft]w>ds object to4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! ?ree designs1 p>ticul>ly = ! screw eng9es1 are totally dissimil>1 & ,i am plac$ 9 ! difficulty ( hav+ to *oose betwe5 ?ree totally diff]5t plans1 ea* design$ by skilful & exp]i5c$ m51 & ea* possess+ _m kn[n & ackn[l$g$ advantages4 ,i %\ld also obs]ve t1 al?\gh ,i h kn[n ! g5]al arrangem5t :i* ea* w\ld adopt1 ,i did n receive ! plans or ! t5d]s :i* ,i n[ =w>d until la/ ev5+1 & t ( ,mr4 ,humphrys z late z #aj o'clock ?is morn+1 & t ,i h n !re=e _h "t to draw up any v detail$ report ^u !m4 ,! foll[+ are1 h[ev]1 ! pr9cipal consid]ations :i* influ5ce me 9 ! selection :i* ,i am dispos$ to recomm5d4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! screw eng9es w be ! l>ge/ eng9es t h yet be5 made4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! propell+ p[] ( ! %ip w be ?r[n ^u ! screw2 & ^u ^! eng9es !re=e w ma9ly dep5d ! p]=mance ( ! %ip1 & p>ticul>ly ^u _! con/ant nev]-fail+ work+1 probably = ?irty or =ty days & nights1 mu/ dep5d ! c]ta9ty ( ! %ip's p]=mance4#ade ,"u all ^! circum/ances1 ! compactness & /iffness ( fram+1 ! greate/ possible simplicity ( con/ruction1 & ! fewe/ possible numb] ( p>ts1 &1 f9ally1 ! abs5ce ( any novelty1 h[ev] promis+1 t c introduce any un=ese5 difficulties1 are conditions :i* w\ld outweigh 9 my m9d _m advantages t might1 & ,i ?9k w\ld1 be atta9$ by sev]al arrangem5ts :i* h be5 sugge/$4 ,all ! designs n[ submitt$ comply ) ^! conditions to a v consid]able ext5t 444 b ! extreme simplicity ( ,mr4 ,blake's eng9e leads me to pref] x4 ,z reg>ds ! paddle eng9e1 ,i unhesitat+ly give ! pref]5ce to t propos$ by ,mr4 ,russell4 ,i believe x to be z simple an arrangem5t z c be adopt$ = eng9es ) su* a sl[ motion & s long a /roke z ^! mu/ h1 & ! s+le crank 9 ! c5tre ,i consid] a great advantage4444 ,z reg>ds a contract = ! %ip1 ,i h f\nd x m difficult to proce$ 9 ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,! conditions :i* we mu/ ensure ( quality ( workman%ip & execution1 "u close inspection & )9 rea* ( "o's own sup]vision1 are n easily atta9$2 &1 ?\gh z a matt] ( c\rse readily promis$ & und]tak5 by all %ip-build]s1 !y are r>ely secur$4 ,x is ess5tial also t ! %ip %\ld be built :]e ! eng9es c be readily fix$ on bo>d be=e laun*+1 & 9 a y>d :i* c be devot$ to ! purposes ( ! %ip1 & :5ce ! laun*+ c be effect$ ) ! eng9es & boil]s on bo>d4 ,all ^! are conditions n easily secur$4 ,i h be5 9 communication ) "o or two p>ties1 & ! result is a t5d] f ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 :i* ,i enclose1 & :i* has 9 fact be5 fram$ ^u my calculations4 ,ow+ to ! rec5t rise 9 iron x is some:at1 b n mat]ially1 above ! am\nt at :i* ,i _h orig9ally e/imat$ ! vessels2 b ! t5d]1 f\nd$ ^u ! supposition ( two su* vessels be+ ultimately ord]$1 is z ne>ly z may be ! same z my orig9al e/imate1 & ^u ! :ole ,i consid] ! t5d]s bo? = eng9es & %ips v satisfactory & confirm+ fully our previ\s calculations4 ,^! t5d]s d n include1 9 ! case ( ! eng9es1 ei!r ! screw itself or ! paddle :eels1 nor1 9 ! case ( ! vessel1 ! cab9 fitt+s1 ma/s1 & rigg+1 boats1 or /ores4 ,i %\ld e/imate ^! r\ghly at #ej1jjjl4 m1--at lea/ su* an all[ance ought to be ample2 b ^! details w require a great deal ( consid]ation1 & c\ld n be includ$ 9 ! orig9al contracts2 :ile at ! same "t !y c mo/ly be bett] & m economically suppli$ by competition or by arrangem5t ) ! special mak]s ( ! respective articles4444 ,dur+ ! next six mon?s ,mr4 ,brunel 0 engag$ 9 prep>+ ! =mal contracts & specifications4 ,^! docum5ts 7 settl$ ) mu* c>e1 & aft] frequ5t communications ) ! contractors1 :o cons5t$ to ! ins]tion ( clauses :i* gave ! full control & sup]vision ov] e "p ( ! "w to ! ,eng9e]1 ) v l>ge p[]s ( int]pretation4 ,!y requir$1 h[ev]1 t1 %\ld ,mr4 ,brunel cease to act z ,eng9e]1 any disput$ po9t %\ld be settl$ by arbitration1 & n by 8 successor4 ,besides ! delay occasion$ by ! magnitude & novelty ( ! und]tak+1 !re 7 o!r difficulties :i* help$ to po/pone ! comm5cem5t ( ! works4 ,! ,directors 7 unable1 "u _! *>t]1 to ent] into any contracts until a c]ta9 am\nt ( _! capital 0 actually paid up2 &1 z sev]al %>ehold]s _h retir$ :5 ! *ange ( plans 0 det]m9$ ^u1 x 0 no easy "w to get ! %>es tak54 ,t ?is 0 ev5tually accompli%$ 0 due ma9ly to ! ex]tions ( ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,*>les ,gea*1 "o ( ! ,directors4#adf #8,c\ld ,i h =ese51' ,mr4 ,brunel writes1 #8! "w ,i h _h to g ?r\gh1 ,i w\ld nev] h ent]$ ^u x2 b ,i nev] fl9* :5 ,i h once begun1 & d x we w4' ,sev]al times !y ne>ly broke d[n1 b at l5g? ! contracts 7 sign$1 & on ! same day1 ,decemb] #bb1 ,mr4 ,brunel gave ! =mal notice to ! contractors to proce$ ) ! works4 #8,aft] two ye>s' ex]tions 7he wrote71 #8we are set go+1 ! contracts ent]$ into1 & ! "w comm5c$4' ,extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's ,memor&a1 ,a4,d4 #aheb-ahec4 ,july #aa1 #aheb4--,! dim5sions ,i comm5c$ ) 9 ,m>* la/1 ( #fej #gj #cj appe> aft] all to be n f> wrong1 accord+ to pres5t views4 ,i make !m n[ #gjj #gj #bd ab\t2 b mu* dep5ds ^u ! la/ dim5sion1 ! draught4 ,if ano!r foot or two c be safely tak5 x w be ( great advantage4444 ,) ?is size ( vessel1 hav+ a mid%ip section ( ab\t #a1hjj1 & a l5g? ( #gjj1 ,i assume a nom9al horse-p[] ( ab\t #b1ejj4 ,! fir/ "q ( importance is1 9 :at proportion %all ?is be divid$ betwe5 ! screw & paddles8444 ,my pres5t impression is to halve ! p[] betwe5 ! two4 ,9 bo? ! eng9es e kn[n means mu/ be adopt$ to secure effici5cy3--#a1 ,an excess ( boil] p[]2 #b1 expansion p]man5tly1 say at 2 #c1 /eam ( n less pressure ?an #bj lbs41 & ,i %\ld pref] #be lbs42 #d1 t cyl9d]s1 p>ticul>ly top & bottom1 slide *e/1 & /eam pipes1 be all jacket$1 & ! jacket suppli$ ) /eam f an auxili>y boil] ( at lea/ #aj lbs4 m pressure ?an t ( ma9 boil]s2 & x w\ld be v desirable to make "s exp]im5ts to det]m9e :e!r x is n wor? hav+ a heat+ app>atus to heat ! /eam imm$iately be=e x ent]s ! cyl9d]s4#adg ,july #ag4--;,aft] a long conf]5ce ) ,mr4 ,field1 ,i cont9ue ( ! op9ion t x w\ld be well to apply ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! p[] to ! screw & two-fif?s to ! paddles1 & probably1 z ! vessel gets light1 dim9i%+ a little ! exp5diture ( p[] on ! paddles1 & keep+ up ! full p[] on ! screw4 ,mr4 ,field is n 9 fav\r ( increas+ ! pressure ( /eam beyond #ab lbs4 or #ae lbs41 on ! gr\nd t all ! me*anical difficulties increase rapidly )\t a correspond+ advantage1 p>ticul>ly :]e size & weight are n s important4 ,!re seems mu* tru? 9 ?is4444 ,! possible advantages ( a slight increase are n suffici5t to ju/ify ! risk ( ! possible new difficulties 9 a "w on s l>ge a scale4 ,no?+ unc]ta9 mu/ be risk$4 ,^! argum5ts d n apply to ! jacket+ & heat+1 :i* ,mr4 ,field also deprecat$1 or r disc\rag$1 simply on ! gr\nd ( ! tr\ble & difficulty ( effect+ x1 b he admitt$ t all exp]i5ce w5t to %[ ! advantages ( x2 & z to ! difficulties1 :i* ,i c\ld n see1 !y involve no o!r risk ?an t ( be+ useless3 !y _c d mis*ief4 ,! heat+ ( ! top & bottom ( ! cyl9d]s1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be p>ticul>ly important 9 a %ort-/rok$ eng9e work+ expansively4 ,9 a cyl9d] ( #hj in*es diamet] & #dj in*es /roke1 hav+ reg>d to ! "t ( contact1 ! area ( ! bottom w be ne>ly equal 9 effect to ! surface ( ! cyl9d]4 ,july #ai4--;,aft] mu* consid]ation1 ,i ?9k ,i feel satisfi$ t ! be/ con/ruction w be to h /rong bulkheads e #cj feet or !reab\ts1 ?is di/ance be+ dep5d5t on :at is requir$ = "o set ( boil]s & its /ock ( coals2 ^! bulkheads be+ c>ri$ "r up :]ev] practicable--,i ?9k e alt]nate "o may be--& !n place ! ma9 ribs ( ! %ip1 & ev5 at lea/ two ma9 deck beams1 longitud9al in/ead ( transv]se4 ,febru>y #b1 #ahec4--,sev]al drafts ( %ips h be5 made & mu* consid]ation giv5 to ! subject1 & frequ5t discussions ) v>i\s p>ties4 ,! result ( all is t my pres5t views are z foll[s3-- ,! %ip1 all iron1 d\ble bottom1 & sides up to wat] l9e1 ) ribs longitud9al l ! ,britannia tube4 ,i h n be5 able to devise any good mode ( det]m9+ ! relative am\nt ( friction ( a copp] & an iron surface2 &1 al?\gh ,i believe 9 copp]1 x w\ld n d to act on m]e belief4 ,i !re=e at pres5t settle iron1 ! surface be+ c>efully made smoo?4 ,d\bts h come across me also z to :e!r ) a v long surface ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! smoo?ness w s mu* affect ! total resi/ance4 ,is n a film ( wat]1 aft] a c]ta9 di/ance1 c>ri$ ) ! body8 &1 if s1 its great] or less r\ghness1 if n produc+ curr5ts1 is almo/ unimportant4 ,w\ld !re be any diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance ( a f9e file or a r\gh "o drawn ?r\gh tall[1 if !y bo? cov]$ !mselves ) grease8 ,is !re any simil>ity8 ,z to size1 if we are to g r\nd ! _w1#adh ,i d n ?9k we c d ) less ?an--l5g?1 #gcj2 beam1 #he2 draught deep1 #cd2 & ,i assume a nom9al horse-p[] ( eng9es equal to #a ( ! sectional area at #cj feet2 b1 tak+ consumption z a bett] measure1 & assum+ t e possible economy is practis$1 & e ref9em5t introduc$ t c produce economy1 ,i %all assume #g lbs4 p] h\r p] nom9al horse-p[]1 or say #jjh ton p] day p] horse-p[]2 & z ,i assume ! horse-p[] to be #a sectional area1 x makes ! consumption #ja ton p] day p] foot ( sectional area4 ,& ?is is a v l>ge all[ance & ought to ensure a v high spe$4 ,9 ord] to effect ! utmo/ economy1 ,i %\ld "w up to #bj lbs4 /eam 7call+ x #af lbs471 cutt+ (f c]ta9ly at ! /roke1 & adopt+ e precaution to keep ! /eam hot & ! cond5s] cool4 ,! latt] dep5ds1 ,i believe1 solely ^u ! p]fect disp]sion ( ! injection wat]1 s t ! cond5sation ( ! /eam may take place sudd5ly1 o!rwise ! same am\nt ( wat] may cond5se ! /eam 9 "t1 ! same am\nt ( heat be giv5 (f1 ! same quantity ( injection wat] us$1 & yet ! cond5s] be always full ( /eam at a good pressure4 ,x might be well wor? ! exp]im5t to try ! effect ( a l>ge injection at ! mom5t ( ! exhau/ port be+ op5$2 b above all ?+s ,i believe ! heat+ ( ! /eam to be important2 & = ?is purpose ,i %\ld jacket ! /eam pipes & cyl9d]s top & bottom1 & heat ) high pressure /eam1 say at #fj lbs4--,i h increas$ ?is pressure ! m ,i ?9k ( x2 #fj lbs4 w\ld be above #cjj degrees1 & #bj lbs4 n q #bfj degrees2 !re=e !re w\ld be a full #dj degrees ( surplus to ensure ! temp]ature4 ,i h a great t5d5cy to believe 9 ! advantage ( fur!r heat+ ev51 :i* might be done by a ,p]k9s' arrangem5t ( hot wat]2 b possibly ! new conditions1 z reg>ds oil+1 c41 might involve difficulties n desirable to introduce 9 ?is case4 ,9 ! boil]s x w also be necess>y to adopt e ref9em5t :i* has be5 f\nd really to answ]1 al?\gh n always adopt$2 above all1 e means ( keep+ !m clean--scum pans1 & ,field's ex*ang+ app>atus4 ,b :at w\ld be ev5 m effectual w\ld be "s easy means ( remov+ a :ole bundle ( tubes & replac+ !m by clean ones2 & surely ?is w\ld n be difficult1 ! tubes be+ l>ge & ) pl5ty ( space1 s t a man c\ld pass 8 arm betwe54 ,a r important addition to boil]s w\ld also be a means ( bl[+ (f )\t noise4 ,sev]al modes w\ld seem to be possible1 b :atev] plan is adopt$1 x %\ld be "o :i* is completely self-act+1 & p]fectly effectual :5 us$ sudd5ly & )\t any prep>ation1 & at a mom5t ( confusion & al>m4 ,bl[+ ?r\gh a wire gauze pipe w\ld probably be z likely a way z any4#adi ,! m consid]ation ,i give to ! subject ! m dispos$ ,i am to adopt oscillat+ eng9es = bo? screw & paddles4 ,! extreme simplicity & small numb] ( p>ts1 & compactness1 & ! direct action ( e resi/ance to ! =ce :i* x is want$ to resi/1 seem to leave no?+ to be desir$1 & w\ld seem to make x a bett] & m me*anical arrangem5t ( a cyl9d] & crank ?an any o!r1 q indep5d5tly ( ! object = :i* x 0 orig9ally design$1 :i* 0 simply #8/ump9ess4' ,febru>y #ba4--,! orig9al l9e 7to ,calcutta7 seems likely1 aft] all1 z usual ) mo/ orig9al ideas1 to be ! be/2 at all ev5ts1 s good t ! vessel mu/ be built to be able to g !re4 ,! dim5sions be/ fitt$ = ?is w\ld seem to be--l5g?1 #gjj feet2 beam1 #he feet2 dep? ( hold1 #eh feet2 screw1 #bd feet2 paddle #fj feet4 ,if arrang$ = ,calcutta1 we mu/ arrive !re on an ev5 keel1 & !re=e1 to ma9ta9 ! mo/ equal level = ! paddles1 !y mu/ be kept well =w>d1 & ! *ange pr9cipally at ! /]n4 ,eng9es indicat$ horse-p[] #h1jjj2 /eam at #be lbs42 auxili>y /eam at #fj lbs4 ,! %ip to be light$ ) gas1 to be ?or\ghly v5tilat$ by me*anical means1 hav+ l>ge air trunks1 ) small pipes & valves to ea* cab91 ) ! means ( w>m+ ?is air 9 cold latitudes & seasons1 & cool+ x 9 ! m frequ5t cases ( hot climates4 ,! %ip mu/ be /e]$ f ! =eca/le1 :5ce a p]fect look-out mu/ be kept ) fix$ telescope1 c41 & speak+ pipes & bells to ! eng9e rooms4 ,m>* #ad4--;,at a meet+ ( ! ,committee1 held ?is ev5+ "h1 ! sev]al co/s & qualities ( f\r diff]5t sizes ( %ips1 ( :i* all ! calculations _h be5 made by me1 namely3-- ,no4 ,l5g? ,bread? ,mid4 ,sec4 ,draught #a #ffc #gii #a1fdf #bd #b #fcd #gfci #a1fdj #be #c #fji #gce #a1fci #bf #d #gcj #hg #b1jij #bh 7 discuss$1 & ! ,no4 #a det]m9$ ^u z ! be/ "u all ! circum/ances4 ,i %\ld propose1 !re=e1 to make ! dim5sions ( ,no4 #a3--l5g?1 #fhj feet2 beam1 #ha feet1 to be swell$ to #hc feet2 extreme draught1 #cj feet2 mean1 #bd feet2 daily consumption1 say #bjj tons4 ,?is %ip c c>ry h] coal to ,calcutta1 & arrive & leave ) only #ba feet #f in*es draught1 hav+ #i days' coal & #c1jjj tons c>go2 or %e c\ld fir/ g to ,au/ralia & back1 )\t or ) v little c>go out1 & consequ5tly w\ld take out z mu* c>go z y might *oose to s5d coal = h] to ,au/ralia4444 ,^! dim5sions are work$ out 9 ! design ,no4 #e 7,april #i1 #ahec71 b !y w\ld be bett] = a slight increase1 if ! #hc feet 7 made #he feet1 & ! #fhj feet 7 made #gjj4 ,we %\ld h an increase 9 capacity ( #hc #fhjef1ddj to #he #gjjei1ejj1 or #f p] c5t4 ( displacem5t4 ,?is w\ld br+ ! displacem5t at #cb feet draught up to #ca1bej tons4 ,m>* #bb4--,settl$ ! v>i\s dim5sions ( scantl+s ) ,s4 ,russell to enable him to direct draw+s ( all details to be got out4 ,april #bh4--,we are n[ seek+ t5d]s = eng9es & %ip ( ! foll[+ dim5sions3--,l5g?1 #fhj feet2 beam1 #hc feet2 mean draught1 ab\t #be feet2 screw eng9e1 indicat$ horse-p[] #d1jjj2 nom9al horse-p[]1 #a1fjj2 paddle1 indicat$ horse-p[]1 #b1fjj2 nom9al horse-p[]1 #a1jjj2 to "w ) /eam #ae lbs4 to #be lbs42 spe$ ( screw1 #de to #ee revolutions2 paddle1 #aj to #ab4 ,among ! details ( improvem5ts /ill to be consid]$ are ! receiv+ ?r\gh measures ! coal f ! bunk]s1 & runn+ x on tramways & waggons to ! front ( ! fires1 ?us at ! same "t measur+ out accurately ! h\rly consumption1 & sav+ lab\r2 b a /ill m important object1 ! use ( clean wat]--t is1 us+ ! same wat] ov] aga9--is well wor? consid]+2 & x is well wor? ! exp]im5t1 :e!r cool+ d[n ! wat] ( cond5sation to use aga9 is n 9 fact ! easie/ way4 ,) an unlimit$ supply ( cool+ wat] ?is ought to be easy4 ,augu/ #g4--,memor&a = eng9es4--,v s5sitive gov]nors to be appli$ to bo? eng9es to prev5t runn+ away4 ,novemb] #ah4--;,x is curi\s t ! above %\ld be ! la/ memor&um1 z ,i n[ op5 ! book to make ! same 9 consequ5ce ( ! accid5t to ! #8,agamemnon4'#aej ,!re c be no reason :y a s5sitive gov]nor %\ld n act 9 less ?an "o revolution ( ! crank1 & act ^u a tumbl] :i* %\ld %ut (f in/antly ! expansion valve4 ,!re %\ld be two su* gov]nors1 "o to ea* end ( ! crank %aft1 & !y %\ld "w direct f a spur :eel f ! %aft )\t any int]m$iate %aft+1 to give ela/icity1 or to risk break+4 7,qu]y1 hydraulic gov]nors87 ,! auxili>y eng9e & boil] to be at lea/ #bj feet f bottom1 &1 bett] /ill1 above load wat] l9e1 or s box$ z to be out ( rea* ( wat]2 s t if ! %ip gr\nd$ & fill$1 ?is eng9e w\ld rema9 s]viceable = pump+ or any?+ else4 ,! hi/ory ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' has n[ be5 trac$ up to ! date ( ! contracts = ! con/ruction ( ! %ip & h] eng9es4 ,! foll[+ selections f ,mr4 ,brunel's memor&a illu/rate ! progress ( ! design dur+ ! e>ly mon?s ( ! ye> #ahed3-- ,febru>y #be1 #ahed4--,! details ( con/ruction1 bo? ( eng9es & %ip1 involve an imm5se am\nt ( ?\ght & lab\r4 ,i h devot$ a great deal ( "t to x already1 & yet ev5 ! prelim9>y details ei!r ( eng9es or %ip are f> f be+ satisfactorily settl$4 ,i h no record ( ! _m consultations hi!rto held on ! subject1 b %all hope to keep "o h]eaft]4 ,on ! #f? in/41 "s ( ! draw+s ( ! %ip & ( p>ts ( ! eng9es1 hav+ be5 sev]al times revis$ & alt]$1 be+ ready1 ,i sp5t ! great] "p ( ! day at ,millwall#aea 9 go+ aga9 into !m1 & settl$ "s p>ts1 su* z ! dim5sions1 c41 ( cranks1 & be>+s1 g5]al =m ( eng9e frame1 & "s ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( fram+ & plat+ ( ! %ip4 ,"s o!r consultations h be5 held1 & aga9 to-day 7,febru>y #bf7 ,i h sp5t "s h\rs at ,millwall4444 ,discuss$ ! details ( a mid%ip section1 ! draw+s ( :i* 7 9 a =w>d /ate2 direct$ t ! cab9s %\ld positively be made #f feet #f in*es ea* 9 ! cle>1 & ! bulkheads made subord9ate to ?is2 f\nd t x c\ld be done )\t difficulty1 & )\t caus+ any me*anical objections 9 con/ruction4 ,i am anxi\s to h "s approximate e/imates ( weights4 ,x is evid5t t l>ge weights may mo/ easily be wa/$ or sav$ by a c>eless or close consid]ation ( ! be/ application ( iron 9 e s+le detail4 ,i f\nd1 = in/ance1 an unnecess>y introduction ( a fill+ piece or /rip1 su* z is frequ5tly us$ 9 %ip-build+ to avoid b5d+ to angle irons2 made a slight alt]ation 9 ! disposition ( ! plates t r5d]$ ?is unnecess>y2 f\nd t we ?us sav$ #dj tons weight ( iron1 or say #a1bjjl4 ( money 9 fir/ co/1 & #dj tons ( c>go freight--at lea/ #c1jjjl4 a ye>4 ,! pr9ciple ( con/ruction ( ! %ip is 9 fact entirely new1 if m]ely f ! rule :i* ,i h laid d[n1 & %all rigidly pres]ve1 t no mat]ials %all be employ$ on any "p except at ! place1 & 9 ! direction1 & 9 ! proportion1 9 :i* x is requir$1 & c be usefully employ$ = ! /r5g? ( ! %ip1 & none m]ely = ! purpose ( facilitat+ ! fram+ & fir/ con/ruction4 ,9 ! pres5t con/ruction ( iron %ips ! plates are n proportion$ to ! /r5g? requir$ at diff]5t p>ts1 & ne>ly #bj p] c5t1 ( ! total weight is exp5d$ 9 angle irons or frames1 :i* may be useful or conv5i5t 9 ! m]e putt+ toge!r ( ! :ole z a great box1 b is almo/ useless1 or v mu* misappli$1 9 affect+ ! /r5g? ( ! /ructure z a %ip4 ,all ?is miscon/ruction ,i =bid1 & ! consequ5ce is t e "p has to be consid]$ & design$ z if an iron %ip _h nev] be=e be5 built2 inde$ ,i believe we %\ld get on mu* quick] if we _h no previ\s habits & prejudices on ! subject4 ,m>* #c4--,mr4 ,blake ( ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,james ,watt & ,co41 call$1 & w5t fully into ! g5]al draw+s :i* he br\ght4 ,on ! necessity ( l>ge surfaces he q concurr$ ) me4 ,! ext5t to :i* su* a g5]al pr9ciple %\ld be c>ri$ is ( c\rse v difficult to det]m9e2 my idea is t x has nev] yet be5 approa*$4444 ,m>* #aj4--;,engag$ all ! aft]noon at ,millwall4444 ,settl$ & sign$ ! draw+s ( crank & pi/on rods4 ,w5t into _m details ( %ip4444 ,! extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's correspond5ce :i* foll[1 h be5 select$ z conta9+ a def9ition 9 8 own words ( ! position he held z ,eng9e] to ! ,company by :i* ! great %ip 0 built4 ,lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company4 ,?is lett] 0 writt5 9 consequ5ce ( a resolution ( ! ,directors1 ask+ ,mr4 ,brunel to recomm5d !m a resid5t eng9e]1 9 ord] t con/ant sup]vision might be ex]cis$ ov] ! works1 & frequ5t reports made to ! ,bo>d4 ,! ,directors resc9d$ _! resolution2 b ?is lett] is ins]t$ z %[+1 9 cle> & =cible language1 ,mr4 ,brunel's view ( ! nature ( 8 duties & responsibilities1 & z lay+ d[n :at 9 8 op9ion ought to be ! relations betwe5 ! ,directors ( a ,company & _! ,eng9e]4 ,augu/ #af1 #ahed4 444,x surely _c be necess>y to rem9d ! ,directors t ! v unusual /ake :i* z a pr(essional man ,i h be5 will+1 p]haps imprud5tly1 to risk on ! success ( ?is project--,i mean /ake ( pr(essional "*1 n m]e pecuni>y risk--mu/ secure a mu* great] am\nt ( att5tion to any /ep1 & sup]vision ( any detail on my "p1 ?an any ord9>y pr(essional engagem5t w\ld obta92 ! heavy responsibility ( hav+ induc$ m ?an half ( ! pres5t ,directors ( ! ,company to jo91 & ! equally heavy responsibility t[>ds ! hold]s ( ne>ly half ( ! capital1 mu/ ensure on my "p an am\nt ( anxi\s & con/ant att5tion to ! :ole bus9ess ( ! ,company :i* is r>ely giv5 by a pr(essional man to any "o subject1 &1 z x seems to me1 ought to comm& a proportionate degree ( confid5ce1 or r comm& entire confid5ce1 9 me1 if any at all1 = 9 su* a case !re c h>dly be any m$ium4 ,! fact is1 t ,i nev] emb>k$ 9 any "o ?+ to :i* ,i h s entirely devot$ myself1 & to :i* ,i h devot$ s mu* "t1 ?\ght1 & lab\r1 on ! success ( :i* ,i h /ak$ s mu* reputation1 & to :i* ,i h s l>gely committ$ myself & ^? :o 7 dispos$ to place fai? 9 me2 nor 0 ,i ev] engag$ 9 a "w :i* f its nature requir$ = its conduct & success t x %\ld be entru/$ s entirely to my individual managem5t & control4444 ,! ,directors h a "r to expect1 & w ev] receive1 f me ! fulle/ in=mation & ! mo/ unres]v$ communication ^u all po9ts z !y arise1 z f "o :o feels ! responsibility ( be+ _! sole pr(essional advis] 9 a v important & s]i\s bus9ess1 9 :i* we are all emb>k$1 & all deeply int]e/$2 b ,i _c act "u any sup]vision1 or =m "p ( any sy/em :i* recognises any o!r advis] ?an myself1 or any o!r s\rce ( in=mation ?an m9e1 on any "q connect$ ) ! con/ruction or mode ( c>ry+ out practically ?is great project1 on :i* ,i h /ak$ my "*2 nor c\ld ,i cont9ue to act if x c\ld be assum$ = a mom5t t ! "w requir$ to be look$ aft] by a ,director1 or by anybody b myself or ^? employ$ directly by me & = me p]sonally = t purpose4 ,if any d\bt ev] arises on ^! po9ts ,i mu/ cease to be responsible1 & cease to act4 ,lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company4 ,9 explanation ( ! foll[+ lett] x ne$ only be /at$ t an elaborate article on ! great %ip appe>$ 9 "o ( ! ,london newspap]s ( ,novemb] #ahed4 ,mr4 ,brunel's "n 0 only once m5tion$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( x1 & 9 ^! words3 #8,mr4 ,brunel1 ! ,eng9e] ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 approv$ ( ! project1 & ,mr4 ,scott ,russell und]took to c>ry out ! design4' ,novemb] #af1 #ahed4 ,s9ce ,i wrote to y ,i h tak5 ! tr\ble to read ?r\gh ! long article 9 !----1 & am mu* annoy$ by x4 ,i h always made x a rule1 :i* ,i h f\nd by "s ye>s' exp]i5ce a safe & pr(itable "o1 to h no?+ to d ) newspap] articles2 b !n1 if on ! "o h& ! works ,i h be5 connect$ ) h r>ely be5 puff$ 7nev] by me71 !y h also be5 r>ely affect$ by mis/atem5ts2 z su* notices1 :5 n ins]t$ by int]e/$ p>ties1 are always slight & unau!ntic1 & drop )\t produc+ any effect4 ,?is article 9 !----1 h[ev]1 be>s r evid5tly a /amp ( au?ority1 or at lea/ x pr(esses to give an am\nt ( detail :i* c\ld only be obta9$ f ourselves2 & if1 z ,i ?9k is ! case1 copies ( x h be5 circulat$ by u1 x may acquire ! "* ( be+ an au?oriz$ /atem5t2 &1 z su*1 ,i am individually mu* annoy$ by a great deal t is 9 x1 & by ! omission ( mu* t might ) propriety h be5 introduc$4 ,:at is con/antly repeat$ or impli$1 & rema9s uncontradict$1 is at la/ receiv$ almo/ unconsci\sly z fact ev5 by ^? :o h ! means ( kn[+ x to be incorrect1 if !y ?\ght ab\t x2 &1 al?\gh f sy/em ,i h nev] int]f]$ ) newspap] /atem5ts1 x has n be5 f any affect$ or real indiff]5ce to public op9ion1 p]haps x 0 m f pride ?an mode/y1 & !re=e ,i am by no means indiff]5t to a /atem5t :i* w\ld lead ! public1 & p]haps by degrees our own fri5ds1 to =get ! orig9 ( our pres5t s*eme1 & to believe t ,i1 happ5+ at ! "t to be ! consult+ ,eng9e] ( ?is ,company1 :i* ,i 0 n1 & hav+ _h no peculi> connection ) previ\s successful improvem5ts 9 /eam navigation1 all[$ !m to adopt "s plan sugge/$ by o!rs1 :o ,i suspect1 if ev5 su* 7 ! case1 w\ld nev] appe> to %>e ) me ! responsibility if any failure %\ld result4 ,( ?is c]ta9ly ,i h no fe>1 b at ! same "t ,i am desir\s ( some?+ m ?an m]e immunity f blame4 ,i n only read ?is article once1 b ,i 0 s /ruck by ! m>k$ c>e %[n 9 depreciat+ ^? ef=ts :i* ,i _h successfully made 9 advanc+ /eam navigation1 & ma9ly on ! /r5g? ( :i* no d\bt ,i orig9ally obta9$ ! confid5ce ( ! ,directors1 :i* induc$ !m to ent] ^u our pres5t bold und]tak+1 t ,i read ! pap] a second "t1 & = ! v reason t ,i h = s _m ye>s %unn$ public writ+s1 namely1 to escape mis/atem5ts1 ,i feel compell$ on ! pres5t occasion to take "s /eps publicly to correct ^? errone\s impressions1 :i* mu/ be creat$ by a docum5t hav+ ! appe>ance ( emanat+ f ourselves4444 ,! objectionable po9ts t ,i ref] to evid5tly did n /rike y1 & t is a /rong pro( h[ easily incorrect impressions ins9uate !mselves unaw>es2 b ,i feel /rongly t a judici\s fri5d w\ld n h fail$ to d ju/ice to ! spirit$ m]*ants ( ,bri/ol1 :o1 9 spite ( ! /ronge/ condemnation ( ! plan by ! highe/ au?orities1 & ! ridicule ( o!rs1 p]sev]$ 9 build+ & />t+ ! fir/ transatlantic /eam]4 ,! circum/ances z reg>ds ! #8,sirius' are col\r$ s z to be q incorrect2 & ! same fri5dly h& w\ld n h ?r[n ridicule1 & t by a positive false /atem5t1 ^u t :i* he at ! same "t admits to h be5 ! means ( almo/ introduc+ two ( ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 /eam navigation4 ,a writ] wi%+ success to our ent]prise w\ld n h omitt$ to m5tion t ,i _h a claim to public confid5ce on ?is occasion1 = ! reason t ,i 0 at lea/ ! pr9cipal advis] 9 ^? previ\sly successful attempts4 ,& la/ly1 ,i _c all[ x to be /at$1 app>5tly on au?ority1 :ile ,i h ! :ole heavy responsibility ( its success re/+ on my %\ld]s1 t ,i am a m]e passive approv] ( ! project ( ano!r1 :i* 9 fact orig9at$ solely ) me1 & has be5 work$ out by me at great co/ ( lab\r & ?\ght devot$ to x n[ = n less ?an ?ree ye>s4444 ,! works _h be5 comm5c$ 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye> #ahed1 & ! progress ( ! %ip t[>ds completion 0 eag]ly wat*$1 bo? by sci5tific m5 & by ! g5]al public4 ,! newspap]s & p]iodicals ( ! day frequ5tly conta9$ descriptions ( ! "w1 & /atem5ts ( ! anticipat$ p]=mances ( ! %ip1 (t5 v mu* exagg]at$4 ,! writ]s seem to h be5 q at a loss h[ to convey to _! read]s any idea ( h] size1 & !y g5]ally attempt$ to d s by comp>+ h] dim5sions ) ^? ( "s ( ! well-kn[n /reets & squ>es 9 ,london4#aeb ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #ahee1 ! longitud9al & transv]se bulkheads1 :i* =m$ ! ma9 framework ( ! %ip1 7 complet$ = ne>ly #djj feet ( ! c5tre portion1 & ! plat+ 0 be+ fix$ 9 place4 ,z ! g5]al design 0 n[ settl$1 x 0 ?\ght t ! "t _h arriv$ :5 x w\ld be desirable = ,mr4 ,brunel to describe at "s l5g? ! nature ( ! und]tak+1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 be+ c>ri$ out4 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company4 ,?is ,report 0 publi%$ at ! "t & excit$ mu* att5tion4#aec ,! p>agraphs :i* describe ! arrangem5ts propos$ = laun*+ ! %ip h be5 omitt$1 z !y w m conv5i5tly be ins]t$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,febru>y #e1 #ahee4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh ! simple description ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! works ( ! %ip & eng9es1 & ( :at has be5 done dur+ ! la/ six mon?s1 may be summ$ up 9 a few words1 ,i %all1 9 compliance ) ! reque/ ( ! ,directors1 embody 9 ?is ! sub/ance ( ! sev]al o!r reports :i* ,i h f "t to "t made to ! ,c\rt ( ,directors dur+ ?is half ye>1 & take ?is opportunity ( lay+ be=e ! proprietors ! fulle/ in=mation ^u our plans & proce$+s4 ,9 do+ ?is x may be difficult to avoid "s appe>ance ( repetition ( /atem5ts previ\sly made2 b ,i h ?\ght x bett]1 ev5 at ! risk ( ?is1 to ref] to ! objects we h _h 9 view1 & expla9 fully ! nature ( ! works we h und]tak51 & ! mann] 9 :i* we are c>ry+ !m out4 ,! con/ruction ( ! vessel is ! portion ( our "w :i*1 )\t be+ actually novel1 involv$ 9 all its details ! greate/ am\nt ( special consid]ation & contrivance4 ,! unusual dim5sions1 ! g5]al =m & ! mode ( con/ruction ( all ! p>ts involv$ by ^! dim5sions1 ! necessity ( /udy+ ea* "p 9 detail1 s z to obta91 by judici\s mode ( con/ruction alone1 ! greate/ am\nt ( /r5g? ) ! m9imum am\nt ( mat]ial2 all ^! circum/ances1 & p>ticul>ly ! la/1 h r5d]$ necess>y a v l>ge1 ?\gh unse51 am\nt ( lab\r 9 ! prelim9>y plans & /ages ( ! "w2 &1 al?\gh ,i _h = ne>ly two ye>s be=e ! contracts 7 ent]$ into1 devot$ a great deal ( "t & ?\ght to ! subject1 yet ( c\rse until ! exact size ( ! vessel1 & ! g5]al plans ( ! ,company1 _h be5 f9ally det]m9$ ^u none ( ^! matt]s c\ld be ent]$ into 9 detail4 ,mu* "t has consequ5tly be5 requir$ to mature & prep>e ^! plans2 & z ,i h made x a rule f ! fir/ t no "p ( ! "w %\ld be comm5c$ until x _h be5 specially consid]$ & det]m9$ ^u1 & work+ draw+s 9 full detail prep>$1 &1 aft] due delib]ation1 =mally settl$ & sign$1 ! "w did n make at ! onset t display ( progress :i* might h be5 made1 if less reg>d _h be5 paid to e/abli%+ a good sy/em :i* w\ld prev5t delays h]eaft]1 & ensure a m p]fect & satisfactory result4 ,i am n prep>$ to say t ! "w is 9 t /ate ( progress :i* w ensure its completion )9 ! p]iod fix$ 9 ! contract2 b ,i am q c]ta9 t if we _h proce$$ ) less sy/em we %\ld h consid]ably delay$ ! f9al completion4 ,i %all n[ ref] to a few ( ! pr9cipal peculi>ities 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ip4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! detail$ plans1 ,i h c>ri$ out fully ^? pr9ciples :i* ,i orig9ally describ$ z lead+ features ( ! con/ruction4 ,! :ole ( ! vessel is divid$ transv]sely into t5 sep>ate p]fectly wat]-tight comp>tm5ts by bulkheads c>ri$ up to ! upp]-deck1 & consequ5tly f> above ! deepe/ wat] l9es1 ev5 if ! %ip 7 wat]-logg$1 s f> z su* a %ip c\ld be2 & ^! are n nom9al divisions1 b complete sub/antial bulkheads1 wat]-tight1 & ( /r5g? suffici5t to be> ! pressure ( ! wat]1 %\ld a comp>tm5t be ev5 fill$ ) wat]2 s t if ! %ip 7 suppos$ to be cut 9 two1 ! sep>ate portions w\ld float2 & no damage1 h[ev] great1 to ! %ip's bottom1 9 "o or ev5 two ( ^! comp>tm5ts w\ld endang] ! float+ ( ! :ole1 or ev5 damage ! c>go 9 ! re/ ( ! %ip1 or above ! ma9-decks ( ! comp>tm5t 9 "q1 & all damageable c>go w\ld be /[$ above t deck4 ,besides ^! pr9cipal bulkheads !re is 9 ea* comp>tm5t a second int]m$iate bulkhead1 =m+ a coal bunk]1 & c>ri$ up to ! ma9-deck1 :i* c1 on an em]g5cy1 also be clos$4 ,!re are no op5+s "u ! deep-wat] l9e ?r\gh ! pr9cipal bulkheads1 except "o cont9u\s gall]y or pipe ne> ! wat] l9e1 ?r\gh :i* ! /eam pipes pass1 & :i* w be s con/ruct$ z to rema9 clos$1 ! op5+ be+ ! exception1 & ! clos+ aga9 be+ easy1 & ! height be+ su* t1 "u ! mo/ improbable circum/ances ( damage to ! %ip1 ample "t w\ld be af=d$ to close x leisurely1 & to make x p]fectly wat]-tight4 ,i h also adopt$ ! sy/em1 to be foll[$ rigidly & )\t exception1 ( mak+ no op5+s :atev]--ev5 by pipes & cocks--?r\gh ! %ip's bottom1 or ?r\gh ! inn] sk9 bel[ ! load wat] l9e1 & ,i atta* mu* importance to ?is sy/em4 ,9 ! majority ( cases 9 :i* /eamboats are compell$ to put into port f failure ( bilge-pumps & o!r really trifl+ defects1 no su* s]i\s consequ5ce w\ld h result$1 b f ! difficulty & almo/ impossibility ( rem$y+ at sea any defects 9 ! num]\s pipes & op5+s n[ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! %ip's bottom1 :]ev] conv5i5t1 & )\t mu* reg>d to ! dang] ( do+ s4 ,i h f\nd no great difficulty 9 c>ry+ out ?is sy/em completely1 & ! advantages1 bo? z reg>ds safety & ! facility ( rem$y+ defects )\t delay+ ! %ip on h] voyage1 mu/ be obvi\s4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! security atta9$ by ! p]fect division ( ! %ip into really wat]-tight comp>tm5ts ( a suffici5t numb]1 s t ! entire fill+ ( "o or ev5 two ( !m w n endang] ! buoyancy ( ! :ole1 ! *ances ( any su* damage z c cause ! fill+ ( "o ( !m are greatly dim9i%$ by ! mode adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ip's bottom4 ,! :ole ( ! vessel 7except ! extreme /em & /]n1 ! :ole buoyancy ( :i* is comp>atively unimportant f ! f95ess ( ! l9es71 up to a height consid]ably above ! deepe/ wat] l9e1 is =m$ ) a d\ble sk91 ) an int]v5+ space ( ab\t ?ree feet4 ,?is arrangem5t result$ orig9ally f ! sy/em ( con/ruction ,i adopt$1 9 :i* ! bulkheads1 plac$ at int]vals ( tw5ty feet1 =m ! ma9 transv]se frames or ribs ( ! %ip1 & 9 ! int]m$iate space ! mat]ial is dispos$ longitud9ally 9 webs connect+ ! two sk9s1 giv+ to ! :ole mu* great] /r5g? ) ! same am\nt ( mat]ial2 b "o ( ! mo/ important results has be5 ! great increas$ security atta9$1 z ! out] sk9 may be torn or r5t aga9/ a rock )\t caus+ ! %ip to leak4 ,! space betwe5 ^! two sk9s is ?us divid$1 by ! longitud9al beams or webs & ! pr9cipal bulkheads1 into "s fifty sep>ate wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 any "o or m ( :i* may be all[$ to fill )\t mat]ially affect+ ! imm]sion ( ! %ip4 ,besides ! ma9 transv]se bulkheads1 at ab\t #fj feet int]vals1 !re are two longitud9al bulkheads ( iron runn+ =e & aft1 at ab\t #dj feet 9 wid?1 add+ greatly to ! /r5g? ( ! :ole1 & =m+1 ) ! transv]se bulkheads1 be+ all c>ri$ up to ! upp] deck1 fire-pro( p>ty walls1 cutt+ up ! :ole into s _m sep>ate p>ts1 t any dang] f fire may be almo/ entirely prev5t$4 ,! transv]se bulkheads be+ p]fect1 !re be+ only "o door--& t ( iron--9 ea*1 at "o ( ! upp] decks1 all curr5ts ( air or means ( communicat+ fire may be completely cut (f2 & ) an additional precaution1 :i* ,i w ref] to aft]w>ds1 besides ! mo/ ample means ( supply+ wat]1 ,i believe t all possibility ( dang] f fire may be completely prev5t$4 ,all ^! pr9ciples ( con/ruction be+ kept 9 view1 ! details ( con/ruction--t is1 ! arrangem5t & due apportionm5t ( ! /r5g? & sizes ( all ! plates1 & ! mode ( fa/5+ !m--hav+ be5 det]m9$ sep>ately1 ! plates h be5 made at once ( ! requir$ dim5sions1 & ! "w has proce$$ sy/ematically4 ,?is sy/em is ! mo/ important1 z secur+ n only good "w1 b affect+1 to a mu* great] ext5t ?an might at fir/ be suppos$1 ! total weight ( ! %ip2 :i*1 al?\gh ! t]ms ( ! contract protect ! ,company aga9/ any excess ( exp5diture beyond a c]ta9 fix$ sum1 is yet ( ! greate/ importance1 z w be easily und]/ood :5 ,i m5tion ! fact t sev]al m]ely trifl+ alt]ations 9 ! modes ( arrang+ ! plates & o!r details h caus$ an economy ( #bj to #ej tons ea*1 & t ! vessel may ?us be made capable ( c>ry+ #bjj to #cjj tons m ( coal1 c>go1 or provisions2 or iron to ! same am\nt may be usefully appli$ to /r5g!n o!r p>ts or effect useful additions4 ,! details ( ! eng9es h all be5 settl$2 & ! pr9cipal p>ts1 z already /at$1 are 9 an advanc$ /ate ( completion4 ,9 consid]+ ! plans ( ^? eng9es1 ! l>ge/ t h yet be5 manufactur$1 ,i h endeav\r$ to asc]ta9 :at may be t]m$ ! weak po9ts ( ! be/ eng9es hi!rto con/ruct$ by ! same or by o!r mak]s--^? po9ts 9 :i* exp]i5ce has po9t$ out defici5cies--& to provide fully aga9/ simil> defects 9 our case4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! boil]s1 ,i h tak5 e means 9 my p[] ( pr(it+ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 & h collect$ all ! evid5ce & op9ions z to ! precise =m & proportions :i* h be5 f\nd mo/ effici5t2 & p>ticul>ly su* z h be5 f\nd be/ suit$ to ! combu/ion ( an?racite coal4 ,a v great diff]5ce is f\nd to exi/ 9 ! useful & economical results ( boil]s1 ev5 ( good manufacture4 ,"s are not$ = ! p[] ( produc+ rapidly abundance ( /eam1 at ! co/ ( great consumption ( fuel2 o!rs h ! opposite qualities1 & "s comb9e successfully bo? ^? qualities :i* are desirable4 ,x might h be5 suppos$ t all po9ts ( su* a simple subject w\ld h be5 long s9ce settl$1 & t no boil] w\ld be made inf]ior to ! be/4 ,su* is n1 h[ev]1 ! case2 & al?\gh ! diff]5ces ( con/ruction are 9 !mselves slight1 ! diff]5ce ( result is (t5 consid]able4 ,i h tak5 "s pa9s to satisfy myself on ^! po9ts1 & h endeav\r$ to select & to copy ! mo/ successful boil]s2 & 9 ord] to remove all d\bts z to _! fitness = ! use ( an?racite1 ,i h made an exp]im5tal boil]1 &1 aft] num]\s trials1 det]m9$ ^u ! =m & dim5sions to be adopt$4 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ^! details1 z inde$ on all o!r po9ts affect+ ! success ( ?is und]tak+1 ,i h n hesitat$ to consult ev]ybody ^: op9ions ,i consid]$ valuable1 & to br+ ! result ( _! op9ions 9 aid ( my own & ! manufactur]'s exp]i5ce4 ,i h only to add1 t aft] giv+ mu* consid]ation to ! "q ( ! diamet] ( ! paddle-:eels & screw1 ,i h det]m9$ !m suffici5tly = fix+ ! position ( ! %afts1 & am n[ engag$ 9 consid]+ ! be/ =m & con/ruction ( ! propell] itself1 & also ! con/ruction ( ! /]n-frame & rudd] ( ! %ip4 ,! position ( ! paddle-%aft1 & ! diamet] ( ! paddles1 h be5 que/ions ( "s difficulty4 ,x be+ necess>y to provide = a consid]able v>iation 9 ! draught ( wat]1 ?\gh n proportionably s great z ) _m exi/+ l>ge /eam]s1 & to balance well ! relative advantages ( secur+ ! highe/ av]age spe$1 at all ! v>i\s draughts1 or ! highe/ spe$ at a light draught1 & to comb9e z f> z possible ! two1 s t ! vessel may be z well adapt$ to p]=m comp>atively %ort & v quick passages to ports n af=d+ a great draught ( wat]1 z long voyages1 heavily lad51 at a m mod]ate maximum1 b /ill a l>ge av]age rate ( spe$4 ,al?\gh ! full advantage ( ! great capacity ( ! vessel = c>ry+ coal = long voyages w\ld n be felt 9 a voyage1 = in/ance1 to ,new ,york1 or 9 o!r %ort voyages1 yet1 unque/ionably1 %e w\ld exce$ all o!r vessels 9 spe$ & ext5t ( accommodation2 & if x %\ld be f\nd desirable to make su* voyages1 y\r vessels ought to be able to comm& almo/ a monopoly by _! sup]ior capabilities1 & ,i h !re=e endeav\r$ s to place ! paddle-%aft1 & s to con/ruct ! :eels1 t !y may be adapt$ to ! conv5i5t application ( ! full p[] ( ! eng9e at a light draught ( wat] & at v high spe$4 ,z reg>ds ! screw1 ! same po9ts h to be consid]$1 & a *oice made among/ ! v>i\s =ms & proportions m or less successfully adopt$ at ! pres5t "t4 ,i h always f\nd ! reports made ^u ! results ( v>i\s =ms ( screws & propell]s1 & ! p]=mance ( diff]5t vessels1 s little to be dep5d$ ^u1 ev5 :5 app>5tly made 9 good fai?1 & ! results obta9$ f good au?ority1 t ,i h be5 long s9ce compell$ to adopt no conclusion1 unless f results witness$ by myself or by p]sons obs]v+ = me4 ,i h = "s "t pa/ avail$ myself ( e opportunity t (f]$ ( obs]v+ & obta9+ some?+ l accurate results ^u ! v>i\s po9ts affect+ imm]sion ( paddles or screw1 & ,i am engag$ 9 consid]+ ^? results4 ,i h ref]r$ to ! subject ( protection f fire2 x is "o ( consid]able importance1 & ,i h "s hopes t a process1 :i* has be5 rec5tly pat5t$ by ,lieut5ant ,jackson1 may be successfully appli$ to r5d]+ wood un9flammable4 ,"s door panels h be5 already exp]im5t$ ^u ) results :i* h induc$ me to pursue ! exp]im5ts1 & ,i am ab\t to try ! comp>ative inflammability ( v>i\s qualities ( wood1 bo? prep>$ & unprep>$2 & if we c succe$ 9 prev5t+ ! wood produc+ a flame1 & ?us communicat+ ! fire2 ) ! num]\s metallic subdivisions we %all h 9 ! %ip1 ! spread+ ( fire1 ev5 f c>go or furniture1 w\ld become impossible4 ,i am also engag$ 9 det]m9+ ! "* & ext5t ( ma/ & sail to be c>ri$1 z provision mu/ n[ be made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! %ip = receiv+ ! ma/s4 ,! ,directors are aw>e t ,i h be5 9 communication ) ,pr(essor ,airy z to ! in/rum5ts :i* may be us$ 9 su* a %ip1 to ensure m accurate & frequ5t obs]vations1 & z to ! nature ( ^! obs]vations2 an enquiry into :i* he has ent]$ ) t lib]ality & desire to assi/ all improvem5ts1 9 navigation especially1 = :i* he is s well kn[n4 ,sev]al new in/rum5ts are n[ mak+ = trials4 ,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris has promis$ to turn 8 att5tion to ! subject ( ! lightn+ conductors2 & z soon z ! iron "w is a little m advanc$1 & :ile ! =m & position ( all ! pr9cipal masses are visible1 ! subject ( local attraction & ! adju/m5t ( ! compasses w be consid]$ by ^? mo/ compet5t to advise2 & ,i am n )\t hope t ! means ( correction may be r5d]$ mu* m c]ta9 & p]fect ?an usual4 ,i m5tion ^!1 z "s ( ! num]\s po9ts :i* require & are receiv+ att5tion4 ,9 ! la/ p>agraph b "o ( ?is report ,mr4 ,brunel m5tions t he propos$ to adopt a sy/em = obta9+ cont9u\s obs]vations 9 ord] to det]m9e ! position ( ! %ip4#aed ,8 fir/ lett] to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 :i* is dat$ z e>ly z ,octob] #aheb1 expla9s ! object ) :i* he began 8 inve/igations3-- ,octob] #e1 #aheb4 ,y may possibly h he>d ( a project 9 :i* ,i am engag$1 ( build+ "s v l>ge /eamboats4444 ,among ! sev]al requirem5ts1 :i* x appe>s to me are involv$ 9 su* a l>ge project1 is "o 9 :i* ,i hope = y\r advice & assi/ance1 & ,i tru/ y w consid] ! subject wor?y ( y\r att5tion4 ,9 su* a voyage1 :]e s mu* dep5ds ^u p]fect navigation1 & ) su* a capital at /ake1 no means c be too p]fect & no exp5se or tr\ble mu/ be sp>$ to ensure ! con/ant det]m9ation1 ) ! greate/ atta9able accuracy1 ( ! %ip's position & c\rse4 ,! det]m9ation ( h] spe$1 ! effect ( w9ds & curr5ts1 & ! v>iation ( h] compasses1 toge!r ) meteorological obs]vations1 are all involv$ 9 ?is2 & ,i propose to h an obs]vatory & e/abli%m5t ( obs]v]s1 ^: duty x w be to be con/antly engag$1 day & night1 at any mom5t :5 any?+ c be visible 9 ! heav5s1 9 tak+ su* obs]vations z w det]m9e m or less accurately1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! obs]vations t ! /ate ( ! wea!r or o!r circum/ances may admit (1 ! sev]al po9ts to be asc]ta9$4 ,n[1 ! que/ions to be det]m9$ are1 :at is ! nature ( ! v>i\s obs]vations t c be/ be made "u all ! diff]5t1 & ! fav\rable & unfav\rable circum/ances t may daily arise8 :at ! in/rum5ts requir$1 & :at ! "* & ext5t ( ! /aff ( obs]v]s requir$2 & ev5 :e!r any1 & if any :at1 new tables might be useful = su* a purpose8 ,! prim>y object be+ to be con/antly det]m9+ ei!r correctly or approximately ! %ip's true position1 & 9 l mann] con/antly *eck+ ! compasses & giv+ h] true c\rse4 ,i w n unnecess>ily expose my ignorance 9 su* matt]s by /at+ :at ,i h assum$ to be practicable4 ,i w only rem9d y t exp]i5ce proves t 9 a vessel ( su* size !re w be great /ead9ess ( motion1 & !re=e unusual facilities = accurate obs]vation4 ,mr4 ,airy ent]$ v w>mly into ! subject1 z did also ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy?1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal = ,scotl&2 & a long & int]e/+ correspond5ce pass$ betwe5 !m & ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,exp]im5ts 7 conduct$1 pr9cipally ) ! view ( obta9+ a /& = a/ronomical in/rum5ts by means ( ! contrivance kn[n z ! gyroscope1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* _h be5 already adopt$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 a level design$ by him 9 #ahbi4 ,9 connection ) ! obs]v]s' dep>tm5t1 ,mr4 ,brunel paid mu* att5tion to designs ( s\nd+ app>atus & means = accurately measur+ ! spe$ ( ! %ip4 ,he also int5d$ to h a /ream ( surface wat] con/antly pump$ up ?r\gh ! obs]v]s' cab91 :i* %\ld1 by its *ange ( temp]ature1 imm$iately indicate ! pres5ce ( iceb]gs1 in/ead ( ! plan ( an occasional bucketful be+ haul$ up on to ! deck accord+ to ! hum\r ( ! (fic] ( ! wat*4 ,mr4 ,brunel made a v curi\s contrivance = enabl+ ! man on ! look-out to keep 8 eyes op5 9 a gale ( w9d4 ,?is consi/$ ( two sets ( v]tical plates ( t9 plac$ "o beh9d ano!r1 div]g+ f ! direction ( ! w9d1 ) a cle> wide passage betwe5 ! two sets ( plates4 ,! w9d1 ent]+ at ! end ( ! app>atus1 became sep>at$ by ! fir/ two incl9$ plates1 & ! residue t pass$ on 9 ! direct l9e 0 aga9 subdivid$1 s t at ! end ( ! la/ set ( plates !re 0 no ru% ( air betwe5 !m1 & a man look+ ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 ) 8 face to ! w9d1 0 9 a p]fect calm4 ,?is 0 a useful arrangem5t1 ! look-out man's eyes be+ z well protect$ z ?\gh beh9d a glass4 ,a glass w\ld n answ] ! purpose1 z x w\ld become obscur$ ) spray4 ,! un=tunate circum/ances :i* att5d$ ! completion ( ! %ip prev5t$ ! introduction ( ^! & _m o!r arrangem5ts :i* ,mr4 ,brunel _h orig9ally propos$4#aee ,9 ,novemb] #ahee1 ! ,directors proce$$ to appo9t a comm&] to ! %ip2 & _! *oice fell ^u ,mr4 ,william ,h>rison1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! capta9s ( ! ,cun>d ,company's /eam]s4 ,?is appo9tm5t gave ,mr4 ,brunel great satisfaction2 he f\nd 9 ,capta9 ,h>rison a w>m & fai?ful fri5d1 & an able advis] on all matt]s connect$ ) ! completion & equipm5t ( ! %ip4#aef ,be=e !y came to a decision1 ! ,directors ask$ ,mr4 ,brunel to communicate to !m 8 views on ! consid]ations :i* ought to influ5ce !m 9 _! *oice4 ,! memor&um he drew up on ! managem5t ( ! great %ip1 & a lett] on ! duties ( ! *ief eng9e]1 are ins]t$ at l5g?1 z =m+ a complete record ( ! pr9ciples :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 %\ld be foll[$ #89 ! use ( ?is new ma*9e1' :ile employ$ on ! voyages :i* %e 0 specially design$ to make4 ,memor&um on ! ,managem5t ( ! ,great ,%ip4 ,octob]1 #ahee4 ,! "q ( ! pr9ciples to be foll[$ 9 ! use ( ?is new ma*9e1 = su* x mu/ be consid]$1 & ! "* & ! qualifications ( ! man to :om x is to be entru/$1 & ! po9ts to :i* 8 att5tion mu/ be p>ticul>ly devot$1 h long be5 subjects ( deep & s]i\s consid]ation ) me4#aeg ,& ! difficulties are complicat$ by ! consid]ation t public op9ion1 & ^? e/abli%$ & univ]sally receiv$ op9ions :i*1 be+ ! result ( exp]i5ce1 _c be call$ prejudices1 h to be consid]$1 & mu/ be yield$ to to a great ext5t1 ev5 :5 some:at oppos$ to s\nd reason+1 or to conclusions delib]ately =m$ ^u a due consid]ation ( ! novel circum/ances "u :i* we h to act2 b1 :ile conc$+ mu* to pa/ exp]i5ce1 & to preconceiv$ op9ions1 ! real requirem5ts ( ! case mu/ h ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,?us1 z x is a %ip t we h to navigate1 public op9ion1 if no?+ else1 requires t we %\ld h a sailor ( und\bt$ exp]i5ce & skill to comm& h]2 b al?\gh seaman%ip may be "o ( ! ess5tial conditions or qualifications = ! comm&]1 ,i ?9k we %all f9d1 ^u exam9ation1 t ! "w we h to d1 & ! duties to be p]=m$1 & ! qualifications we consequ5tly require 9 ! man :o is to conduct ?is "w1 are s peculi> t m]e seaman%ip1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 if x 7 to be solely reli$ ^u1 w\ld be ev5 a disadvantage r ?an o!rwise1 & t we require mu* t is n necess>ily f\nd 9 ! mo/ p]fect specim5 ( a seaman1 & mu* t is f> m difficult to f9d ?an ! ord9>y qualifications4 ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to impress ?is ^u y3 ! subject has occupi$ long1 frequ5t1 & s]i\s delib]ations4 ,i h come to ! conclusion :i* y w no d\bt readily acquiesce 91 t our fir/ practical me*anical success1 ^u :i* s mu* ( our f9ancial success hangs 7al?\gh o!rs might reap ! b5efit ev5 ( our failure 9 ! fir/ in/ance71 w dep5d ma9ly ^u ! skilful managem5t 9 our e>lie/ voyages ( ! ma*9e we are ab\t to set afloat2 b ,i h also come to ! conclusion1 ! correctness ( :i* may n be s imm$iately app>5t to y1 t ?is ma*9e1 ?\gh nom9ally a %ip1 n only admits (1 b requires1 a totally diff]5t managem5t f t :i* may h successfully navigat$ ord9>y %ips1 & t mo/ ( ! habits1 feel+s1 & s5sations1 am\nt+ to in/9ct1 possess$ by a good sailor1 & ! peculi> p[] ( skilful adaptation ( exp$i5ts to em]g5cies1 :i* con/itute ! m]its ( a fir/-rate sailor1 h to be put aside = a "t r ?an appli$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to make a successful comm&] ( ! vessel4 ,9 navigat+ a small vessel1 a man has to /udy ! appe>ance ( ! wea!r1 ! direction ( ! w9d1 & t ( ! seas2 to consid] ! probabilities ( *ange2 to v>y 8 c\rse m or less ) ref]5ce to any ( ^! causes1 & accord+ n only to ! !n /ate ( all ^! op]at+ causes1 b also ) ref]5ce to ! probabilities ( *ange2 & ) _! consid]ation 8 m9d is pr9cipally occupi$1 & x is 9 ! ex]cise ( judgm5t & =esight 9 ^! po9ts t he %[s 8 skill4 ,/eam navigation1 & ! gradual increase 9 ! size ( vessels1 h no d\bt mat]ially modifi$ ?is1 b mu* /ill rema9s to occupy ! m9d ( ! comm&] ( a /eam]1 ) :i* n only we %all h no?+ to d1 b too mu* att5tion to :i*1 f previ\s habits1 w\ld div]t 8 att5tion f t :i*1 "u ! diff]5t circum/ances1 w become mu* m important4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 manuvr+ su* a vessel 9 h>b\r1 ! ord9>y modes w\ld be totally inapplicable2 :]eas1 by entirely disc>d+ all previ\s practices1 & keep+ 9 8 m9d & mak+ use ( ! peculi> p[]s :i* are at comm& 9 ?is vessel1 & judici\sly att5d+ to ! imm5se effect ( ! vis in]ti1 or mom5tum ( su* a mass1 s f> beyond t ( any?+ n[ afloat t x becomes a totally new influ5ce1 ?is ma*9e may be manag$ by a skilful man ) a facility :i* is n atta9able ) small craft2 :ile su* a mass w\ld be de/ruction to itself or to any?+ t comes 9 contact ) x1 if treat$ at all 9 ! same mann] z ev5 ! l>ge/ /eam]s are n[ h&l$4 ,ano!r peculi>ity to be att5d$ to 9 ! managem5t ( ?is mighty mass is t by no possibility mu/ %e be all[$ to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,our %ip w be f\nd1 ,i believe1 if tri$1 to possess unusual /r5g?3 no comb9ation ( circum/ances )9 ! range ( ord9>y probabilities c cause su* damage to h] z to s9k h]1 ev5 if %e 7 to be run on %>p rocks ) deep wat] ar\nd2 & ,i believe %e might rema9 = mon?s agr\nd1 expos$ to ! heavie/ seas )\t s]i\s damage4 ,! lives ( ! pass5g]s1 & ev5 ! c>go g5]ally1 w be safe1 almo/ p]fectly safe1 & s f> %e w be v diff]5t f & v sup]ior to any vessel n[ afloat2 b !re w also be ano!r great diff]5ce1 al?\gh %e may rema9 safely agr\nd1 %e w probably rema9 s = a long "t4 ,if %e 7 to gr\nd at high wat] or :]e !re is a little tide1 & :5 %e happ5s to be r light ( coal1 & %\ld take 9 any wat] s z to deep5 h]1 no ord9>y appliances 9 ! p[] ( ! crew w get h] (f1 or1 at all ev5ts1 n )\t great loss ( "t1 & at v heavy sacrifices4 ,su* an ev5t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( h] c>e] w\ld probably ru9 our ,company1 z ! gr\nd+ ( ! #8,great ,brita9' did ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 al?\gh x prov$ ! good qualities ( t %ip1 & ?us advanc$ iron %ip-build+4 ,a sailor w no d\bt receive ) disgu/ & z an insult ! sugge/ion ( ! possibility ( 8 runn+ 8 %ip a%ore4 ,we _c af=d1 h[ev]1 to re/ cont5t$ ) ?is expression ( feel+1 natural & praisewor?y z x may be3 our circum/ances are totally diff]5t2 & t :i* is consid]$ c]ta9ly z a s]i\s evil1 b /ill only an evil m or less s]i\s1 w\ld be to u fatal2 x is no long] a "q ( degree ( injury--x is dea?4 ,i h _h "s co/ly exp]i5ce2 ,i h _h to d ) _m /eam]s--sev]al rem>kable = _! size & _! value1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! "t1 & two ( !m ea* 9 _! day consid]$ ,levia?ans1 m wond]$ at ?an ev5 ours1 & excit+ mu* m anxiety on ! "p ( _! promot]s1 & !re 0 z mu* c>e tak5 9 ! selection ( comm&]s z ,i ask y to take n[2 nev]!less bo? ( ^!1 to ! ru9 ( ! ,company 9 "o case1 & almo/ e o!r /eam] ,i h _h any?+ to d )1 has n m]ely t\*$1 b be5 agr\nd4 ,n a season h>dly passes )\t a case ( ev5 a ,que5's %ip go+ a%ore1 al?\gh navigat$ by m5 educat$ = ! purpose1 ) ! advantage ( e appliance hi!rto ?\ght necess>y & suffici5t1 & ) fe>ful responsibility atta*$ to !m4 ,all ^! are publi%$ cases kn[n to ! _w2 & if ! log books ( all ! /eam]s 7 se>*$1 ,i believe ! result w\ld be a li/ 9 :i* ! %ips t _h n be5 agr\nd w\ld =m ! exceptions1 &1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ! blund] is s gross1 t ! mo/ f>-fet*$ excuses ( errors ( compass & unkn[n curr5ts1 al?\gh 9 well-kn[n *annels1 are oblig$ to be inv5t$4 ,! real explanation is a simple "o4 ,%ips are navigat$ ) f> too reckless a confid5ce 9 ! m]e p]sonal in/9ct & skill ( ^? 9 comm&1 & 9 _! ability to get out ( a scrape 9 "t4 ,me?odical sy/ems & me*anical means ( ensur+ accuracy are f> too mu* neglect$1 or r h n kept pace at all ) ! great improvem5ts 9 spe$ & ! p[] ( locomotion :i* sci5ce has introduc$1 :e!r 9 ! con/ruction ( /eam vessels or ev5 ( sail+ %ips1 & :i* ! advance ( ! day n[ calls =4 ,!re are no means at pres5t us$ ( tak+ s\nd+s wor? hav+ :ile a %ip is go+ fa/ ?r\gh ! wat]1 or 9 "t to be ( any use if ! s\nd+s %oal rapidly2 ! tr\ble is s great & ! op]ation s sl[ t x is n resort$ to suffici5tly (t54 ,! /e]+ by compass is s r\gh & s co>se1 t no real accuracy is atta9$4 ,good obs]vations to det]m9e position are tak5 at too long int]vals ( di/ance run1 & consequ5tly are subject to be int]rupt$ = too long a p]iod by :at is call$ & suppos$ to be cont9ual bad wea!r2 al?\gh x w\ld r>ely happ51 if p]sons 7 cont9ually on ! wat*1 :o _h no?+ else to d or to ?9k (1 t tw5ty-f\r h\rs w\ld pass )\t "s glimpses ( a /> or ( ! sun4 ,?us ) a spe$ ( t5 or fifte5 knots1 & cl\dy wea!r1 &1 above all1 ) t un=tunate confid5ce ( seam5 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 !re is nev] any c]ta9ty j at ! "t :5 x is really requir$4 ,no d\bt1 skilful seam5 d g5]ally arrive at an a/oni%+ approximation 9 _! e/imates1 & ! results on ! av]age are mo/ successful1 & rem>kable pro(s ( ! skill br\ght into action4 ,b ! in/rum5tal means ( atta9+ accuracy are lam5tably 9 re> ( ! improvem5ts t h be5 made 9 ! means ( locomotion1 & h n at all kept pace ) ! va/ increase ( capital emb>k$ 9 ea* individual case4 ,all ^! defici5cies are1 h[ev]1 easily rem$i$2 ! means d exi/1 or c be devis$1 & might be appli$ if we insi/$ on _! application4 ,we h se5 num]\s in/ances :]e ! difficulties are admitt$ & grappl$ ) sy/ematically1 & ) :at pati5ce & skill a fleet has be5 pilot$ up unkn[n riv]s full ( %oals 9 ,*9a1 & ?r\gh intricate *annels ) cov]$ rocks 9 ! ,baltic4 ,9 our case1 ! object to be atta9$ is a vital "o to u2 & :at ,i mo/ dread is ! confid5ce ( our comm&] result+ f 8 previ\s exp]i5ce prev5t+ 8 appreciat+ ! peculi>ities ( ! case1 & apply+ t greatly increas$ am\nt ( me?od & sy/em :i* is ess5tial to *ange t1 :i* is n[ r5d]$ only highly probable by ! skill ( man1 into me*anical c]ta9ty4 ,! man :o takes *>ge ( su* a ma*9e1 9 :i* is emb>k$ s l>ge a capital1 mu/ h a m9d capable ( sett+ aside1 )\t =gett+1 all 8 previ\s exp]i5ce & habits1 & mu/ be prep>$ to comm5ce z an obs]v] ( new facts1 & seize rapidly ! results4 ,a man ( s5se & obs]vation1 ) a good me*anical head1 & ) decision & c\rage1 w\ld succe$ )\t mu* previ\s nautical k2 b1 unque/ionably1 a man famili> ) all t is go+ on ar\nd w\ld be mu* m compet5t1 provid$ he does n all[ 8 habits d]iv$ f =m] exp]i5ce to induce him to neglect any ( ! new means ( in=mation 9 8 p[]1 to all :i* 8 =m] k %\ld be made subs]vi5t4 ,if mu* has to be unle>nt1 or r c>efully set aside = ! "t1 z g5]ally inapplicable 9 its pres5t %ape1 !re is also mu* to be le>nt 9 ! navigation ( su* a vessel2 & "o ( ! mo/ ess5tial qualifications ( ! comm&] w\ld be a belief 9 8 want ( exp]i5ce1 & a read9ess to see ! novelty ( 8 position1 & a cauti\s & s\nd b quick p]ception ( ! new & p[]ful influ5ces & new effects ( ^? same causes ) :i* he may h be5 famili> "u v diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! great mass & size ( ?is vessel mu/ necess>ily r5d] x s mu* less affect$ by ! ord9>y di/urb+ causes ( w9d & sea1 t1 practically1 little att5tion ought to be paid to ^!1 at lea/ n z expect+ ! ord9>y results2 b o!r effects may be produc$ :i* mu/ be c>efully /udi$ & le>nt 9 ! e>ly voyages1 s t !y may be met & c\nt]act$ z !y h be5 by exp]i5c$ m5 "u ! pres5t sy/em4 ,?us1 z an example ( ?is class ( effects to :i* ,i w\ld ref]1 !re is reason to believe t ?is vessel1 al?\gh app>5tly unaffect$ by a w9d on ! beam1 or a cross sea1 :i* w\ld be v noticeable ev5 ) ! l>ge/ ( ! pres5t /eam]s1 w\ld nev]!less h a /eady & r /rong t5d5cy to come up to ! w9d4 ,a c]ta9 direction ( a cross sea is n unlikely to produce a contr>y effect4 ,x is q possible also t ! app>5t lee-way1 or ! deviation ( ! axis 7or keel7 ( ! %ip f ! l9e ( ! c\rse1 w be great] ) ! w9d on ! beam ?an ) small] vessels1 al?\gh ! actual drift or lee-way may be less2 & all ^! effects w result f h] great l5g? 7unless c\nt]act$ by causes ,i d n n[ =esee71 & w probably be totally diff]5t 9 degree f any simil> effects n[ felt4 ,^! effects mu/ be c>efully /udi$1 & ) a m9d prep>$ to consid] !m z new1 = !y w be new & di/9ct f any?+ n[ exp]i5c$4 ,9 ! same mann]1 & to a mu* great] degree1 ! effects ( ! spe$ :i* we mu/ hope to atta9 w upset all ! usual me?ods ( det]m9+ accurately ! position & ! c\rse ( ! vessel1 & /ill m ! precautions to be tak5 9 approa*+ l&4 ,a #bd h\rs' run1 at #bj miles p] h\r1 )\t a good obs]vation1 & ) a possible error ( e/imate1 or a d\bt1 at all ev5ts1 ( ! exact effect ( ! set ( curr5ts1 or ( ! spe$ ( ! %ip ?r\gh ! wat]1 or ( ! precise am\nt ( lee-way1 may easily make an error ( #bj or #cj miles 9 position at ! end ( ! day's run4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by almo/ ab&on+ ! pres5t modes1 & adopt+ measures :i* ,i %all po9t out pres5tly1 adapt$ to ! new circum/ances1 a mu* great] degree ( c]ta9ty & accuracy may be atta9$ ?an is n[ ev5 s\ght =4 ,i h _h ! be/ advice on ^! po9ts1 bo? a/ronomical & nautical3 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 ,mr4 ,airy1 :o bo? z a man ( sci5ce & a practical man1 & by 8 (ficial position1 is ! fir/ au?ority on su* matt]s1 & ,pr(essor ,smy?1 ( ! ,ed9burgh ,obs]vatory1 ,capta9 ,bee*] ( ! ,admiralty1 & sev]al o!r sci5tific naval m51 h assi/$ me2 &1 "u _! advice1 in/rum5ts are be+ con/ruct$1 & a sy/em devis$1 :i* w admit ( cont9u\s obs]vations be+ made ) great accuracy at all times ( ! day1 & p>ticul>ly at night1 & by means ( :i* also a cont9u\s correction ( ! %ip's compasses ) ! mo/ m9ute accuracy c be kept up1 & h] position be asc]ta9$ ) almo/ ! same accuracy z a po9t on l&2 & ,i h _! au?ority = say+ t su* improv$ means are desirable1 & are atta9able4 ,! importance & advantage ( cont9u\s obs]vation ?r\gh\t ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5ev] a glimpse c be obta9$ ( any object :i* w answ] ! purpose1 & ev5 :5 ! horizon is invisible1 may n at fir/ be evid5t1 b x _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,an exact k ( ! %ip's movem5ts w be soon acquir$ t w\ld almo/ replace obs]vation1 & ! av]age ( num]\s obs]vations secures an accuracy :i* _c be approa*$ by any o!r me?od4 ,by a c>eful & cont9u\s comp>ison ( ! exact di/ances run1 ) accurate records ( ! spe$ ( ! eng9e & ( ! %ip ?r\gh ! wat]1 regi/]$ by good in/rum5ts 7! p]=mance ( :i* has be5 te/$1 & :i* are be+ made71 & hav+ prop] ref]5ce to ! v>y+ draught ( wat] ( ! vessel1 ! mo/ precise measure ( ! spe$ ( ! vessel ?r\gh ! wat] c be le>nt2 & by c>eful obs]vation ( ! =ce & direction ( ! w9d1 ! effect ( any giv5 w9d1 & an accurate measure ( h] drift or lee-way1 may be obta9$2 & !n1 by adh]+ /rictly1 )\t reg>d to w9d or wea!r1 to a c\rse previ\sly laid d[n on good *>ts1 hav+ ^u !m ! sets ( curr5ts1 z already obs]v$1 ! true position ( ! %ip may be det]m9$ at any mom5t1 & !re ne$ nev] be ! slighte/ hesitation1 or any "t or di/ance lo/ by d\bts4 ,9 addition to ! in/rum5ts above nam$1 ,i hope to be able to provide ! means ( s\nd+ at mod]ate dep?s :ile ! %ip is go+ h] full spe$4 ,hav+ ! means1 !n1 ( det]m9+ ! %ip's c\rse & position ) mu* great] accuracy ?an is n[ practis$1 we mu/ seek to make t c\rse1 or ! di/ance to be run1 ! %orte/ possible1 t is to say1 ! c\rse :i* w occupy ! lea/ "t4 ,! exact c\rse to be tak5 by su* a vessel mu/ be det]m9$ ^u & laid d[n ^u ! *>ts aft] a due consid]ation ( all ! circum/ances :i* c possibly affect ! "t occupi$ 9 ! voyage betwe5 any two po9ts1 & p>ticul>ly by exam9+ & consid]+ well all ! in=mation :i* sci5tific obs]v]s h collect$ & record$ z to ! curr5ts1 probabilities ( fogs1 or ( ice1 & o!r imp$im5ts1 ! *ances ( meet+ vessels1 :i* mu/ be avoid$ z mu* z possible1 ! av]age direction ( prevail+ w9ds1 v>y+ su* c\rse1 p]haps1 9 c]ta9 latitudes ) ! season ( ! ye>1 b c]ta9ly n ) ! tempor>y direction or =ce ( ! w9ds or /ate ( wea!r at ! mom5t2 = ! spe$ :i* we %all atta9 r5d]s ^! causes ( second>y consid]ation1 & w\ld int]f]e ) all ord9>y calculations d]iv$ f pres5t exp]i5ce ( ! probable /ate ( ! w9d 9 ! new position :i* ! %ip w\ld atta9 aft] a few h\rs' run4 ,! bus9ess ( ! comm&] w\ld be1 !re=e1 to adh]e rigidly to ! exact c\rse previ\sly delib]ately det]m9$ ^u1 & n to be tempt$ to deviate except slightly1 & ev5 !n only accord+ to rules :i* he %all h previ\sly laid d[n = himself4 ,! importance ( adh]+ /rictly to ?is rule _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! p]iod occupi$ 9 a voyage w be mat]ially influ5c$ by ! exact c\rse foll[$1 & z su* c\rse mu/ be det]m9$ ^u only by a calm & some:at labori\s /udy ( docum5ts1 x _c be safely det]m9$ ^u except 9 ! closet1 t is1 be=e ! voyage1 & un9flu5c$ by ! excitem5t ( hopes or by disappo9tm5ts caus$ by difficulties4 ,! safety ( ! %ip & ( ! ent]prise may also ma9ly dep5d ^u ! rigid adh]5ce to ?is rule4 ,) ! means at 8 disposal = *eck+ t c\rse1 & ) ! me?od & regul>ity involv$ by a rigid adh]5ce to x1 & a correction at once ( any dep>ture f x1 a degree ( c]ta9ty w be atta9$ z to ! %ip's position :i* w almo/ preclude ! possibility ( an accid5t1 & :i* ,i consid] practically invaluable z affect+ ! safety ( our vessel4 ,?is rigid adh]5ce to an exactly prescrib$ c\rse w prev5t any risk ( t :i* is ! cause ( ! great] numb] ( losses4 ,no inducem5t ( f9e wea!r1 or a happy /ate ( m9d & body ( ! capta91 or a desire to save "t1 or to %[ ! beauties ( a coa/1 or any o!r tempor>y cause1 w lead to a ne>] approa* to dang]\s po9ts ?an _h be5 previ\sly det]m9$ ^u z safe4 ,! %orte/ & be/ r\te1 ! safe/ f all dang]s1 & giv+ ! wide/ b]? to all %ores or %oals1 hav+ be5 laid d[n1 mu/ be kept to aga9/ all temptations4 ,economy ( fuel is ano!r consid]ation ( ! highe/ importance4 ,! eng9es are ( p[] suffici5t1 if fully work$1 to consume consid]ably m ?an ! c>go provid$4 ,l>ge z may be ! supply :i* ! %ip is capable ( c>ry+1 x is no m ?an t :i* is calculat$ z necess>y = ! voyage int5d$1 ) a mod]ate all[ance = cont+5cies2 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ord9>y means ( mak+ up any defici5cies w\ld be totally inapplicable 9 our case1 s9ce no supply capable ( be+ drawn 9 an em]g5cy f o!r s\rces w\ld be suffici5t4 ,! precise quantity calculat$ & provid$ mu/ be made suffici5t1 or ! consequ5ces w\ld be s]i\s4 ,! usual practice1 !re=e1 ( go+ ahead z fa/ z ! eng9es w take ! %ip mu/ be entirely ab&on$4 ,c>eful obs]vations1 sy/ematically pursu$1 w %[ ! spe$ :i*1 "u diff]5t /ates ( imm]sion1 c be atta9$ )\t a disproportionate exp5diture ( p[]1 & to ?is spe$ ! eng9es mu/ be limit$4 ,a little exp]i5ce w probably %[ t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances ( imm]sion ( ! %ip1 or ( ! /ate ( ! sea1 x may be economical to =ce ! screw or ! paddle eng9e1 ! "o m ?an ! o!r4 ,?is c only be det]m9$ by some:at delicate & v precise & accurate obs]vations4 ,^! mu/ be made4 ,x is n m]ely a "q ( degree1 b our :ole success dep5ds ^u ! application1 n ( "o1 b ( all ^! ref9em5ts4 ,a close /udy ( ! relative spe$ ( ! %ip1 z asc]ta9$ by ! self-regi/]+ logs1 & by cont9u\s a/ronomical obs]vations1 comp>$ ) ! exp5diture ( p[] 9 ! eng9es z indicat$ by ! numb] ( revolutions con/antly regi/]$1 & ! p[] exp5d$ z measur$ & record$ by ! *ief eng9e]1 w be necess>y = "s "t to come1 & until inde$ ! managem5t ( su* l>ge %ips becomes z mu* a matt] ( rule z x is n[1 or p]haps ought to be m ?an x is1 ) small] ones4 ,z to ! use ( ! sails1 :ile ! eng9es are nev]!less 9 full action1 x mu/ be entirely a matt] ( exp]im5t1 & an exp]im5t 9 :i*1 aga91 all previ\s habits & prejudices mu/ be set aside4 ,:e!r a sail /eadies su* a %ip usefully or n c be1 & mu/ !re=e be1 positively det]m9$ by measurem5t ) prop] in/rum5ts1 & n by ! s5sations2 & ! result ^u ! spe$ ( ! vessel z comp>$ ) ! p[] exp5d$ mu/1 9 l mann]1 be asc]ta9$ by positive obs]vations & measurem5ts4 ,no pa/ exp]i5ce c d o!r ?an mislead4 ,x is q possible t ! same means :i* improve ! rate ( ! pres5t l>ge /eam]s may be prejudicial to our p]=mance4 ,! comm&] mu/ appreciate ! necessity ( all ?is /udy & att5tion to :at is r me*anical ?an nautical1 or our voyage w be a failure4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! peculi> qualities ( su* a float+ mass z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! l>ge/ /eam] n[ afloat1 is likely to be z great z betwe5 ! la/ & a #ajj-ton cutt]2 & ! mo/ prejudic$ believ] 9 ! acquir$ skill ( an old sailor :o _h le>nt to manage ! small vessel 9 ! mo/ p]fect & ma/]ly mann]1 w\ld n expect him to be able to h&le "o ( ! pres5t l>ge /eam]s1 /ill less to elicit ! be/ p]=mance out ( h]4 ,9 ! same degree ! man :o takes ! comm& ( our %ip mu/1 if he is to succe$1 ent] ^u 8 duties ) a belief t he has ne>ly all to le>n1 at ! same "t t ?is feel+ is p]fectly consi/5t ) a prop] confid5ce 9 8 own p[]s to ma/] ! new circum/ances1 & to succe$ ) ?is z he may h done ) o!r vessels4 ,f9ally1 ! comm&]'s att5tion mu/ be devot$ exclusively to ! g5]al managem5t ( ! :ole sy/em "u 8 control1 & 8 att5tion mu/ n be div]t$ by frivol\s pursuits & unimportant occupations4 ,i believe t ev5 9 ! pres5t l>ge /eam]s mu* advantage w\ld result f reliev+ ! capta9 f all c>e ( ! pass5g]s & c>go2 b 9 our case1 :]e we may h to provide = ?\s&s in/ead ( hundr$s1 & arrang$ 9 diff]5t classes1 & liv+ 9 completely sep>ate saloons & comp>tm5ts1 ! pres5t sy/em ( a capta9 d9+ at ! table & associat+ ) ! pass5g]s w\ld be impracticable1 ev5 if x 7 desirable4 ,b = mu* m important reasons1 & on g5]al gr\nds1 ,i ?9k t :ile ! comm&] is ( c\rse supreme ov] e dep>tm5t1 he %\ld n be emb>rass$ by und]tak+ any "o1 /ill less %\ld he h 8 m9d occupi$ ) ! tr\blesome & frivol\s conc]ns ( a va/ hotel1 nor %\ld he be hamp]$ by ! necessity ( att5d+ to ! h\rs & ! =ms ( a l>ge society4 ,moreov]1 ,i consid] x ess5tial t he %\ld by 8 pres5ce & control keep up ! position & ! s5se ( responsibility ( ! *ief (fic]s "u him1 by liv+ & mess+ ) !m2 ! comm&] & ^? act+ imm$iately "u him mu/ occupy a m dignifi$ position ?an !y n[ d4 ,! result ( all ^! g5]al views is1 t ! comm& ( ?is %ip mu/ be consid]$ to consi/ ma9ly 9 ! sup]9t5d+ & keep+ up 9 a high /ate ( ord] ! p]fect work+ ( a highly me?odical pre-arrang$ sy/em1 by means ( :i* ! %ip is to be made to g l a piece ( v accurate ma*9]y1 precisely 9 ! c\rse :i* has be5 pre-arrang$1 & precisely at ! spe$1 & ) ! consumption ( p[]1 :i* has be5 asc]ta9$ to be ! highe/ atta9able ) ! requisite economy2 & !re mu/ be a prop] e/abli%m5t ( assi/ants1 compet5t to control ea* dep>tm5t ( ?is sy/em4 ,z reg>ds ! con/itution ( ?is e/abli%m5t1 ,i consid] ! comm&] %\ld h a /aff ( *ief (fic]s or capta9s4 ,i believe ?ree w be necess>y1 ) a f\r? p]=m+ g5]al duties & ready to take ! place ( any "o ( ! ?ree2 t "o ( !m %\ld always be 9 comm& ( ! %ip 7"u ! comm&]72 t1 besides ^! *ief (fic]s1 !re %\ld be a ma/]1 correspond+ to a ma/] 9 a ,que5's %ip1 :o w\ld h assi/ants & calculators or cl]ks1 ^: duties w\ld be to keep ! %ip's reckon+1 to keep up p]fect & cont9u\s obs]vations1 to calculate ) precision & set f h\r to h\r ! exact c\rse by compass :i* has to be foll[$1 to keep 9 ! c\rse det]m9$ ^u by ! capta91 to keep a s]ies ( accurate obs]vations & records ( all matt]s t c affect ! %ip's movem5ts--duties involv+ an am\nt ( sci5ce & practical a/ronomical & ma!matical k :i* requires a sup]ior education1 & :i* is f\nd only 9 ?is class ( m54 ,! duty ( ! ma/] w\ld be !re=e to supply ! sci5ce necess>y = ! conduct ( ! %ip1 & to be ! comm&]'s cyclopdia & book ( ref]5ce1 to be able at any mom5t to report to ! comm&] ! exact position ( ! %ip & h] c\rse1 & ! v>iation ( h] compasses1 & take ! s\nd+s1 if any1 to note ! fact ( a *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 indicat+ approa* ( ice1 & any o!r symptom or fact :i* c affect ! %ip's movem5ts--all :i* %\ld be det]m9$ by cont9u\s obs]vations me?odically & me*anically made1 & n be dep5d5t ^u ! *ance ( ! comm&]'s anxiety or great] or less =e?\ght4 ,! *ief eng9e] %\ld also be a sup]ior man1 select$ m = 8 g5]al qualifications z a good director ( m5 & ma*9]y1 ?an z a m]e m>9e eng9e]4 ,^! %\ld =m a /aff1 & be ( a /&+ to live & mess ) ! comm&]2 s t ea* dep>tm5t %\ld ?us be furni%$ ) a *ief compet5t = ! special duties ( 8 dep>tm5t1 & report+ to & act+ "u ! g5]al control ( ! comm&]4 ,t ! pr9ciples ?us laid d[n z to foll[+ exactly a prescrib$ & pr$et]m9$ c\rse1 & z to regulat+ exactly ! consumption ( p[] & consequ5tly ( fuel1 & ! keep+ up a sy/em ( :at may be t]m$ sci5tific obs]vation = ! purpose ( ensur+ ?is regul>ity1 ,i submit %\ld be rigidly en=c$2 & ! comm&] %\ld be requir$ to adopt ^! pr9ciples z ! guide ( 8 conduct1 & to use ! measures t are plac$ at 8 disposal = work+ ?is ma*9e 9 ! mann] & ) ! precision po9t$ out4 ,lett] on ! ,duties ( ! ,*ief ,eng9e]4 ,m>* #ai1 #aheg4 ,! duties :i* ,i appreh5d w devolve ^u ! *ief eng9e] ( our %ip w be1 fir/ly1 ! supreme direction & managem5t ( bo? ! pr9cipal eng9es1 & all ! auxili>y eng9es & ma*9]y work$ by !m 9 ! %ip2 & z ! con/ruction ( su* a %ip1 & ( _m ( its adjuncts1 su* z ! iron ma/s & y>ds1 /e]+ app>atus1 & o!r p>ts1 are /rictly ( an eng9e]+ "*1 & su* z 9 ! ev5t ( repairs1 p>ticul>ly at sea or 9 =eign ports1 w\ld require a me*anical eng9e] r ?an a %ipwright1 ,i ?9k x mu/ be made "p ( y\r duty1 z ! mo/ compet5t (fic]1 to make y\rself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! %ip & all its p>ts1 & all me*anism )9 x1 s z to be prep>$ to take su* %>e ( responsibility z to ! /ate ( ! /ructure ( ! %ip z x may be f\nd desirable to ?r[ ^u y z *ief eng9e]1 & at all ev5ts to be prep>$ to be ! capta9's *ief au?ority & responsible advis] on all matt]s ( me*anical eng9e]+4 ,! pr9cipal duty1 h[ev]1 w ( c\rse be ! managem5t ( ! eng9es1 includ+ ! c>e ( ! paddle1 screw1 & o!r ma*9]y imm$iately connect$ ) ! eng9es1 or work$ by !m2 & z ! success ( ! %ip z a /eamboat w dep5d entirely ^u ! am\nt ( p[] develop$ by ! eng9es1 9 proportion to ! fuel consum$1 !re is no limit to ! degree ( att5tion1 ( judgm5t1 & ( skill1 t n only may be usefully appli$1 b t mu/ be appli$ to ensure success4 ,i h no wi% to al>m y z to ! am\nt ( "w or responsibility t w devolve ^u y2 my object is r to %[ y ! opportunity af=d$ ( display+ judgm5t1 skill1 & assidu\s att5tion1 & ?us1 z ,i hope1 to excite y\r ambition1 :5 ,i seek to draw y\r att5tion v /rongly to ! peculi>ities ( ?is case4 ,9 ord9>y /eam navigation1 :atev] p]fection has z yet be5 s\ght = or atta9$1 ! bus9ess ( ! eng9e] has be5 ma9ly to keep ! eng9es 9 p]fect ord]1 & to develope ! greate/ am\nt ( p[] possible1 &1 secondly1 to effect z great economy z possible 9 ! consumption ( fuel2 b ! latt] has be5 m]ely a "q ( economy 9 a pecuni>y po9t ( view1 & n ( necessity1 & has be5 entirely second>y to ! fir/ condition1 s mu* s t ! mo/ successful %ips h n be5 by any means ! mo/ economical1 on ! contr>y1 !y h be5 r extravagant consum]s4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! circum/ances are totally diff]5t1 & x w be ess5tial t y %\ld *ange altoge!r y\r accu/om$ views on ?is subject4 ,?is %ip is built to g r\nd ! _w ) a def9$ & limit$ am\nt ( fuel1 :i* y h no p[] to exce$1 or r1 if y exce$ x1 at any "p ( ! voyage1 ! :ole is a failure4 ,! circum/ances are !re=e rev]s$1 ) ?is additional condition1 t !re is no m$ium or p>tial success4 ,9 ! ord9>y cases y h a limit$ p[] ( eng9e & an excess ( fuel1 9 :i* x is desirable b n ess5tial t y %\ld effect economy2 9 ! pres5t case y h a limit$ & def9$ quantity ( fuel to consume1 ) an excess ( eng9e p[]1 & ! art w be to obta9 ! l>ge/ total am\nt ( p[] f ?is fuel1 exp5d+ x progressively1 & 9 su* a mann] z to rea* a giv5 po9t4 ,to effect ?is1 & obta9 ! be/ possible results1 w require ( c\rse t ! eng9es %\ld be kept 9 ! be/ possible ord]2 b ?is1 al?\gh a prelim9>y condition1 is an ord9>y "o1 requir+ no peculi> duties or ex]cise ( judgm5t1 & mu/ be assum$1 z on all occasions1 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! peculi> duties 9 our case w be ! cont9u\s /udy 9 e trifl+ detail t c effect ! result ( ! means ( obta9+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( /eam f ! def9$ exp5diture ( fuel & ! use ( ?is /eam1 s z to obta9 ! l>ge/ am\nt ( p[]1 & ! l>ge/ am\nt ( result4 ,! m]e /udy ( ?is "q mu/ necess>ily occupy "s "t1 & = sev]al voyages x w be a subject ( exp]im5t2 b ! m rapidly positive in=mation c be obta9$1 ! m prompt & c]ta9 w be our success4 ,to atta9 success w require a degree ( att5tion to e m9ute detail1 :i* x has nev] yet be5 necess>y or pr(itable to devote to ?is bran*4 ,! cont9u\s weigh+ out ( coals & measure ( ! products ( ea* boil] 7= :i* means w be provid$71 ! cont9ual obs]vation ( ! ext5t to :i* bl[+-(f is desirable1 ! cont9u\s measure by indicator ( ! p]=mance ( ! eng9es "u diff]5t pressures & degrees ( expansion1 s t y c at all times furni% ! capta9 ) ! exact p]=mances ( ! two eng9es1 & ! co/ ( fuel requir$ to produce giv5 results 9 ea*2 s t he may h ! means ( comp>+ y\r exp5diture ) ! results he obta9$ 9 ! spe$ ( ! %ip1 & ( le>n+ ! relative b5eficial effects ( employ+ m or less ! paddle or ! screw 9 diff]5t /ates ( wea!r1 or diff]5t imm]sions ( ! %ip1 w be requir$2 & e me?od ( increas+ ! p]=mance ( ea* gang ( /ok]s1 & ( /imulat+ _! skill & c>e1 & e ref9em5t 9 ea* sep>ate bran* ( ! "w1 to effect economy ( fuel1 or r1 developm5t ( p[] ) a giv5 am\nt ( fuel1 w be necess>y4 ,we all "k full well h[1 if e ef=t is cont9u\sly made & e possible c>e is cont9u\sly be/[$ 9 ea* dep>tm5t1 #d or #e p] c5t4 c be sav$ or ga9$ 9 _m po9ts1 & at _m times 9 ! #bd h\rs1 betwe5 ! draw+ ( ! coals f ! bunk]s & ! developm5t ( p[] at ! paddle bo>d or ! screw blades2 & if only #a p] c5t4 c be ?us ga9$ 9 a few po9ts1 ! aggregate w soon am\nt to #aj p] c5t41 :i* ) u may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 success & failure4 ,all ^! ?+s w require judgm5t1 ?\ght & att5tion1 r ?an lab\r1 &1 above all1 close wat*+ & me?od1 & good managem5t ( m54 ,besides ^! m ?an ord9>y duties dur+ ! voyage1 ! only peculi>ity 9 ! s]vice w be t1 ) su* a co/ly ma*9e1 ! m]e int]e/ ( money & fix$ exp5diture ^u :i* w n be %ort ( #bjjl4 a day1 & ! p]fect /ate ( :i* is s ess5tial1 y w be requir$ to give m att5tion to ! ma*9]y :5 9 port ?an is usually requir$4 ,i tru/ t ?is /rong b n exagg]at$ /atem5t ( :at w\ld be expect$ ( ! *ief eng9e]1 w excite y\r desire to und]take ! duties1 r ?an det] y f seek+ ! po/2 & t1 if ! ,directors %\ld accept ! (f] ( y\r s]vices1 y w ent] ^u ! duties ) confid5ce1 ?\gh ) a s5se ( _! s]i\s importance4 ,9 ! ev5t ( y\r appo9tm5t1 x w be a necess>y condition t y %\ld be able to comm5ce at once ! sup]vision ( ! erection ( ! eng9es4 ,?is "w is already mu* f>!r advanc$ ?an ,i %\ld h wi%$ x to be be=e ! *ief eng9e] _h tak5 *>ge ( x4 ,i atta* great importance to 8 hav+ t famili> k ( all ! p>ts & _! condition1 :i* no /udy ( draw+s c give s well z actual inspection dur+ erection1 & ,i wi% also t he %\ld satisfy himself ( ! p]fect tru? ( e adju/m5t4 ,x w be se5 f ! docum5ts :i* h be5 pr9t$ 9 ?is *apt] h[ #8deeply & s]i\sly' ,mr4 ,brunel _h consid]$ all ! conditions :i* 71 9 8 op9ion1 necess>y = ! economical con/ruction1 & ! successful employm5t1 ( ! great %ip2 b x is h>dly possible1 by means ( extracts f 8 correspond5ce1 to convey an adequate impression ( ! am\nt ( lab\r he exp5d$--f ! ye> #aheb to ! la/ days ( 8 life--on ! sup]vision ( e detail ( ! "w4 #8,! fact is1' he said1 #8,i nev] emb>k$ 9 any "o ?+ to :i* ,i h s entirely devot$ myself1 & to :i* ,i h devot$ s mu* "t1 ?\ght1 & lab\r1 & on ! success ( :i* ,i h /ak$ s mu* reputation4' ,heavy z ,mr4 ,brunel's duties 7 9 ,octob] #ahed1 :5 he wrote ^! words1 a f> great] am\nt ( lab\r 0 subsequ5tly impos$ ^u him4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahee f9ancial difficulties arose :i* int]f]$ ) ! progress ( ! %ip2 & at la/1 9 ,febru>y #ahef1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel _h done ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to prev5t ! necessity ( su* a /ep1 ! works 7 susp5d$2 & !y 7 n resum$ till ! end ( ,may1 aft] :i* date !y 7 c>ri$ on by ! ,company "u ! sup]vision ( ! exi/+ /aff4 ,x 0 greatly aga9/ ,mr4 ,brunel's wi%es t ?is 0 attempt$1 except z a tempor>y measure1 z he consid]$ x impossible = a company to c>ry on su* a "w effici5tly & economically4 ,not)/&+ all ^! difficulties1 t :i* seem$ at fir/ only a confus$ mass ( iron assum$ by sl[ degrees ! graceful proportions ( a #8great %ip'2 & ! hull ( ! vessel 0 complet$ by ! end ( ! summ] ( #aheg1 s f> z x 0 desirable to proce$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! laun*+ op]ations4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation--,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,,! ,,laun*4 ,a4,d4 #aheg--aheh4 ,,tatis #eb4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,det]m9ation ,,t ,,! ,,%ip ,,%\ld ,,be ,,laun*$ ,,broadside ,,to ,,! ,,riv]--,,& ,,t ,,! ,,laun* ,,%\ld ,,be ,,sl[--,,extracts ,,f ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,report ,,( ,,febru>y #ahee--,,reasons ,,= ,,! ,,adoption ,,( ,,iron ,,slid+-,,surfaces--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ways ,,& ,,cradles--,,& ,,( ,,! ,,motive ,,p[] ,,provid$ ,,= ,,laun*+ ,,! ,,%ip--,,memor&um ,,on ,,propos$ ,,arrangem5ts ,,= ,,! ,,laun* 7,,septemb] #bf1 #aheg7--,,lett] ,,to ,,capta9 ,,h>rison ,,on ,,riv] ,,tackle 7,,septemb] #cj1 #aheg7--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,op]ations 7,,octob] #bc1 #aheg7--,,memor&um ,,on ,,g5]al ,,arrangem5ts ,,& ,,int5d$ ,,mode ,,( ,,proce$+ 7,,octob] #cj1 #aheg7--;,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,laun*1 ,,novemb] #c1 #aheg-;,,janu>y #ca1 #aheh--,,lett] ,,to ,,! ,,directors1 ,,novemb] #bf1 #aheg--,,report ,,& ,,memor&um ,,on ,,! ,,laun*+ ,,op]ations 7,,decemb] #ag1 #aheg7--;,,float+ ,,! ,,%ip--,,note ,a3 ,,exp]im5ts ,,& ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,friction4--,,note ,b3 ,,lett] ,,to ,w4 ,,fr\de1 ,,esq4 7,,febru>y #b1 #aheh74 ,! mode 9 :i*1 ! great %ip 0 to be laun*$ _h necess>ily to be det]m9$ be=e %e 0 comm5c$4 ,9 ,may #aheh1 :5 ! contract = h] con/ruction 0 ent]$ into1 ! "q 0 left op51 & ! contractor 0 ei!r to laun* h]1 or to build h] 9 a dock #8if x be f\nd pref]able4' ,) ,mr4 ,brunel's full concurr5ce1 ,mr4 ,russell det]m9$ to build ! %ip on ! riv]-bank1 broadside to ! riv]4 ,! reasons :i* l$ to ?is det]m9ation 7 fully describ$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 8 report ( ,febru>y #e1 #ahee4 ,?is report has1 ) ! exception ( ! p>ts relat+ to ! laun*+ op]ations1 be5 pr9t$ above1 p4 #cae4 ,! passages !re omitt$ are z foll[s3-- ,"o ( ! fir/ po9ts to be decid$ 0 ! mode ( laun*+ ! vessel1 :i* ( c\rse w\ld det]m9e ! position 9 :i* x 0 to be built2 & ,i wi% to take ?is opportunity ( expla9+ my reason = adopt+ ! plan ,i h decid$ ^u1 :i*1 be+ unusual1 might be suppos$ to be unnecess>y4 ,vessels are g5]ally built above ! level ( high wat]1 & !n all[$ to slide d[n an incl9$ plane into ! wat]2 occasionally1 z 9 ! case ( ! #8,great ,brita91' !y are built 9 a dry dock1 into :i* ! wat] is aft]w>ds admitt$1 & !y are float$ out4 ,bo? plans 7 well consid]$ 9 ! pres5t case2 b ! size ( ! dock requir$1 ! difficulty ( f9d+ a prop] site = su* a dock1 ! dep? requir$ = float+ a %ip ) h] eng9es & boil]s1 :i* x 0 mo/ desirable to introduce :ile build+ ! hull1 & ! dep? ( *annel requir$ to communicate betwe5 su* a dock & ! deep wat] ( ! riv]1 all comb9$ to r5d] ! dock plan a v exp5sive1 &1 consid]+ ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* x w\ld h to be =m$1 a some:at haz>d\s proce$+4 ,laun*+ seems to (f] ! fewe/ difficulties & ! greate/ c]ta9ty2 b ! dim5sions ( ! vessel requir$ "s modifications ( ! usual modes ( proce$+4 ,laun*+ is g5]ally effect$ by build+ ! %ip on an incl9$ plane1 :i* exp]i5ce has det]m9$ %\ld be at an incl9ation ( ab\t #a 9 #ab1 to #a 9 #ae1 ! keel ( ! %ip be+ laid at t angle1 & ! head consequ5tly rais$ above ! /]n1 say "o fifte5? ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,9 ! pres5t case ?is w\ld h involv$ rais+ ! =e "p ( ! keel1 or ! =e-foot1 ab\t #dj feet 9 ! air1 & ! =eca/le w\ld h be5 ne>ly #ajj feet f ! gr\nd2 ! :ole vessel w\ld h be5 on an av]age #bb feet high] ?an if built on an ev5 keel4 ,! inconv5i5ce & co/ ( build+ at su* a great height above gr\nd may be easily imag9$2 b ano!r difficulty pres5t$ itself :i* almo/ am\nt$ to an impossibility1 & :i* has be5 s5sibly felt ) ! l>g] vessels hi!rto laun*$1 & w probably1 ere long1 prev5t laun*+ longitud9ally vessels ( great l5g?4 ,! angle requir$ = ! incl9$ plane to ensure ! vessel mov+ by gravity be+1 say #a 9 #ad1 or ev5 if dim9i%$ by improv$ con/ruction 9 ways to #a 9 #be1 is su* t ! end fir/ imm]s$ w\ld become wat]-borne1 or w\ld require a v great dep? ( wat] be=e ! =ep>t ( ! %ip w\ld ev5 rea* ! wat]'s edge4 ,vessels ( #dej or #ejj feet 9 l5g? w\ld be difficult to laun* 9 ! ,?ames unless kept z light z possible2 b our %ip c\ld n be s laun*$1 ! heel ( ! /]npo/ be+ requir$ to be1 z ,i be=e said1 ab\t #dj feet bel[ ! level ( ! =e-foot4 ,"s mitigation ( ! difficulty might be obta9$ by an improv$ con/ruction ( ! ways2 b ! great l5g? ( ways to be c>ri$ out into ! riv] w\ld1 "u any circum/ances1 be a s]i\s difficulty4 ,^! consid]ations l$ me to exam9e into ! practicability ( laun*+ or l[]+ ! vessel sideways2 & ,i f\nd t su* a mode w\ld be att5d$ ) e advantage1 &1 s f> z ,i c see1 x involves no c\nt]vail+ disadvantages4 ,?is plan has be5 accord+ly det]m9$ ^u1 & ! vessel is build+ p>allel to ! riv]1 & 9 su* a position z to admit ( ! easy con/ruction ( an incl9$ plane at ! prop] angle d[n to l[-wat] m>k4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! f\ndation ( ! floor on :i* ! %ip is be+ built1 provision is made at two po9ts to ensure suffici5t /r5g? to be> ! :ole weight ( ! %ip :5 complet$4 ,at ^! two po9ts1 :5 ! laun*+ has to be effect$1 two cradles w be introduc$1 & ! :ole w probably be l[]$ d[n gradually to l[-wat] m>k2 :5ce1 on ! ensu+ tide1 ! vessel w be float$ (f4 ,! op]ation may ?us be p]=m$ z sl[ly z may be f\nd conv5i5t2 or1 if ^u fur!r consid]ation m rapid laun*+ %\ld be ?\ght pref]able1 x may be adopt$4 ,i h ent]$ at "s l5g? into an explanation ( all ! reasons :i* l$ to ! adoption ( ?is plan2 z ,i am anxi\s t !y %\ld be kn[n1 & p>ticul>ly t x %\ld be well und]/ood by ! proprietors & ^? int]e/$ 9 our success1 t ,i am n adopt+ any novelties2 unless1 s f> z ^? modifications ( ! m usual practices :i* exp]i5ce po9ts out z necess>y to meet ! peculi>ities ( a p>ticul> case may be deem$ su*4 ,i %\ld add t ! necessity1 aris+ f ! same causes1 ( laun*+ transv]sely has be5 felt ) long vessels ( ano!r description1 namely1 pontoons1 or float+ pi]s2 "o ( #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 :i* ,i h built at ,plym\?1 0 s laun*$1 & previ\sly to ?is1 "o ( #djj feet 9 l5g? by ,mr4 ,f[l] on ! ,humb]4#aeh ,i hope to be able to arrange t ! ma*9]y1 :i* is to be provid$ by ! contractor1 = l[]+ ! vessel d[n ! ways w be also fitt$ to =m a #8pat5t slip' arrangem5t = haul+ ! %ip up = repairs2 s t1 if x %\ld be f\nd desirable to d s1 su* app>atus may be pur*as$ = t purpose1 & fitt$ up at ! port :i* ! %ip w frequ5t4 ,) ! view ( facilitat+ su* an op]ation1 or ! gr\nd+ ( ! %ip on a gridiron = exam9ation at l[ wat]1 a suffici5t ext5t ( ! floor ( ! %ip is =m$ p]fectly flat1 & is s /r5g!n$ z to all[ ! %ip :5 load$ to be gr\nd$ )\t be+ unduly /ra9$4 ,aft] x 0 det]m9$ t ! %ip %\ld be built on ! riv]-bank in/ead ( 9 a dock1 & p>allel to ! riv] in/ead ( at "r angles to x1 ! next po9t = consid]ation 01 :e!r ! %ip %\ld be l[]$ gradually to l[-wat] m>k1 or :e!r a free laun* %\ld be attempt$4 ,9 a free laun* ! %ip is all[$ by ! action ( ! =ce ( gravity to run d[n ! ways at a consid]able velocity4 ,9 ! case ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' !re 7 insurm\ntable objections to ?is plan4 ,"s ( !m might h be5 ov]come by me*anical appliances2 b ^! w\ld h introduc$ complication & additional elem5ts ( risk4 ,9 accordance ) ! op9ion :i* he _h f ! fir/ ent]ta9$1 ,mr4 ,brunel det]m9$ to move ! %ip sl[ly d[n ! ways4 99 99 99 99 99 ,subsequ5tly to 8 det]m9ation to laun* sl[ly1 ,mr4 ,brunel decid$ to employ slid+-surfaces ( iron in/ead ( greas$ wood4 ,9 ord9>y laun*es ! ways are ?ickly greas$1 s t !re is betwe5 ! ways & ! cradles a ?ick /ratum ( grease1 :i* r5d]s ! friction v small4 ,! conditions1 h[ev]1 d n rema9 ! same ?r\gh\t ! passage ( a %ip d[n ! ways2 =1 :5 %e has mov$ "s di/ance1 ! cradle has be5 rubb+ away & squeez+ out ! grease2 & !re=e ! "p ( ! cradle :i* supports ! middle & b[s ( ! %ip meets ) increas+ resi/ance f friction4 ,ano!r & m s]i\s cause ( ! de/ruction ( ! lubrication arises f unev5ness 9 ! ways4 ,! result ( ! action ( ! friction betwe5 ! wood5 surfaces aft] ! de/ruction ( ! grease is sometimes s great t !y become mutually imb$d$1 ! fibres ( ! wood be+ roll$ up toge!r to su* an ext5t t x has be5 f\nd difficult aft]w>ds to sep>ate ! timb]s4 ,! increas$ friction due to ! det]ioration ( ! slid+-surfaces ( grease does n (t5 produce failure 9 ord9>y %ip laun*es1 because ! vessel1 :ile /ill on ! fre% grease1 acquires a mom5tum suffici5t to c>ry x ov] ! l[] "p ( ! ways1 not)/&+ ! ret>dation result+ f increas$ friction4 ,x 0 f a legitimate fe> ( ! developm5t ( a ret>d+ =ce due to ! de/ruction ( ! grease1 t ,mr4 ,brunel hesitat$ to employ wood5 slid+-surfaces4 ,! gr\nd 0 f> f solid2 & ! use ( piles z a f\ndation = ! ways w\ld n h prev5t$ ! possibility ( excessive local pressure be+ br\ght on p>ts ( ! surfaces4 ,! heat produc$ by undue pressure at any po9t "u ! great area cov]$ by ! cradles w\ld t5d to spread & aggravate ! evil2 &1 _h any consid]able portion ( ! slid+-surfaces become wood-b\nd1 ! difficulty w\ld h be5 f> less rem$iable ?an 9 ! case ( an ord9>y laun*1 :]e ! cradles & ways are ?r\gh\t accessible4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' ! space betwe5 ! %ip & ! ways1 ov] a consid]able portion ( ! area cov]$ by ! cradles1 0 v conf9$1 & x w\ld h be5 a mo/ t$i\s1 if n a hopeless1 task to get at ! injur$ "p s z to repair x prop]ly4 ,at ! end ( ! ye> #ahef1 :5 ! con/ruction ( ! ways _h to be comm5c$1 ,mr4 ,brunel act$ ^u 8 views z to ! dang]s att5dant on ! use ( wood5 slid+-surfaces1 & adopt$ iron4 ,by ?is /ep1 al?\gh !re might be "s fre% difficulties to be enc\nt]$1 ! disa/r\s consequ5ces 7 avoid$ :i* might h foll[$ f employ+ wood5 surfaces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"u two places 9 ! l5g? ( ! %ip ! gr\nd _h be5 prep>$ = ! reception ( ! laun*+ ways4 ,^! ways or incl9$ planes 7 two 9 numb]1 & rea*$ to l[-wat] m>k4 ,!y 7 plac$ at su* positions z be/ to c>ry ! weight ( ! %ip )\t /ra9+ h]4 ,! ways1 z orig9ally design$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 7 ea* #hj feet wide2 b1 ) ! desire ( spread+ ! weight ( ! %ip ov] a /ill l>g] area1 he decid$ to add #bj feet to ea* side ( ea* way1 ?us increas+ _! bread? to #abj feet4 ,! %ip's head po9t$ d[n ! riv]2 #ahj feet ( ! b[ project$ beyond ! =w>d way1 #aaj feet 7 unsupport$ betwe5 ! two ways1 & #aej feet ( ! /]n project$ beyond ! aft] way4 ,! di/ance f ! />bo>d side1 ! side next to ! riv]1 d[n to l[-wat] m>k1 0 ab\t #bdj feet2 & ! actual l5g? ( ! ways1 includ+ ! portion "u ! %ip1 0 ab\t #ccj feet4 ,at ! same "t t he decid$ to use iron z ! slid+-surface1 ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ means = ensur+1 z f> z possible1 ! ev5 di/ribution ( ! weight ^u ! ways4 ,) ?is object he did n attempt to make !m unyield+1 b all[$ !m to yield slightly1 s t1 l a cu%ion1 !y might adapt !mselves to ! "u surface ( all p>ts ( ! cradles ) a suffici5t upw>d pressure4 ,! ways re/$ on ! riv]-bank1 & piles 7 us$ to prev5t ! e>? "u ! edges ( ! ways f swell+ out at ! sides1 & yield+ m ?an ! gr\nd "u ! middle portion4 ,! gr\nd hav+ be5 prep>$ to ! slope ( #a 9 #ab1 a lay] ( concrete ( ab\t two feet 9 ?ickness 0 laid ov] ! area ( ! ways4 ,on ! concrete 7 plac$ timb]s runn+ at "r angles to ! %ip4 ,^! timb]s1 :i* 7 imb$d$ 9 ! concrete1 7 #a foot squ>e1 ) a space ( #b feet #f in*es betwe5 !m4 ,across ^! timb]s1 & p>allel to ! %ip1 7 plac$ o!r timb]s1 ) int]vals ( #b feet betwe5 !m2 & ^u ^! aga9 7 laid rails #ah in*es ap>t1 p>allel to ! ways1 & at "r angles to ! %ip4 ,! rails 7 ( ! ord9>y k9d us$ on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,?us ! ways consi/$ ( a network ( timb] re/+ on a ?9 b$ ( concrete2 & on ! top ( ! timb] network 7 plac$ ! rails :i* =m$ ! actual slid+-surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "u side ( ! cradles consi/$ ( iron b>s1 :i* 7 laid p>allel to ! %ip1 & !re=e across ! rails ( ! ways4 ,^! b>s 7 ea* #a in* ?ick & #g in*es broad1 ) an int]val ( #aa in*es betwe5 ! b>s4 ,^u ^! b>s 0 fix$ #f in*es ( h>d wood plank+ 7see fig4 #ae1 a71 & on ?is aga9 came ! fram+ ( ! cradles4 ,tap]$ timb]s 7b7 7 driv5 91 s z to fill up ! w$ge-%ap$ space betwe5 ! h>d wood ov] ! b>s & ! flat bottom ( ! %ip4 ,on ! side next ! riv]1 betwe5 ^! timb]s & ! r\nd$ "p ( ! "u side ( ! %ip1 7 driv5 9 sep>ate w$ge-%ap$ pieces 7c71 :i* 7 secur$ to ! timb]s bel[ by long bolts1 arrang$ s z to all[ ! removal ( ! w$ge-pieces :5 requir$4 ,! means ( unbolt+ ! w$ge-pieces 0 an ess5tial provision = float+ (f ! %ip1 z !y _h to be remov$ be=e %e c\ld move sideways (f ! cradles4 ,re/+ on ! l[] timb]s ( ! cradle 7 /\t props 7d71 :i* press$ aga9/ ! %ip's side high] up ?an ! w$ge-pieces1 & took "p ( ! weight1 & spread x ov] ! out] "p ( ! cradle4 ,!re 7 simil> props 7e7 on ! l&w>d side ( ! cradles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,transv]se ,section ( ,%ip1 %[+ ,ways & ,cradles4 ,scale ( feet4 ,!re 7 #hj rails on ea* ( ! ways1 & ne>ly #fj transv]se b>s "u ea* cradle2 s t !re 7 #i1jjj int]sections ( ! b>s & rails4 ,z ! %ip & ! cradles weigh$ #ab1jjj tons1 ea* int]section c>ri$ on ! av]age a weight ( #a tons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! con/ruction ( ! ways 0 settl$1 ! am\nt ( p[] requir$ to move ! %ip d[n _h to be det]m9$4 ,! motive p[] 0 n simply ! *a9s1 tackle1 presses1 c42 b !re 0 also ! action ( gravity4 ,"o motive p[]1 !n1 0 n only available1 b 0 inevitably pres5t2 &1 z ! ways 7 at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #ab1 ! motive p[] ( gravity ^u ! weight ( #ab1jjj tons 0 #a1jjj tons4 ,! "q to be decid$ 01 :e!r ! #a1jjj tons ( motive =ce 0 suffici5t to ov]come ! friction2 &1 if n1 !n :at additional =ce w\ld be requir$ to d s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,janu>y #aheg1 imm$iately ^u ! adoption ( iron slid+-surfaces1 an exp]im5t 0 arrang$ on a consid]able scale1 9 ord] to =m "s idea on ?is important po9t4 ,two rails 7 laid at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #ab1 & ^u !m an exp]im5tal cradle 0 plac$1 weigh+ "s #h tons1 & repres5t+ a small portion ( ! actual cradle4 ,! effect ( ! friction ( iron slid+-surfaces may be summ$ up v simply4 ,x appe>$ t ! motive p[] ne$ n1 at mo/1 be m ?an w\ld h be5 giv5 by plac+ ! ways at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #h1 & t re/ra9+ p[] c\ld n h be5 safely disp5s$ ) if ! ways _h be5 plac$ at a great] incl9ation ?an #a 9 #af2 z x 0 obs]v$ t1 contr>y to receiv$ notions1 ! friction became less z ! velocity increas$1 & t1 9 case any consid]able velocity 7 atta9$1 a great =ce w\ld be requir$ m]ely to ov]come ! motive p[] ( gravity d[n ! incl9e1 indep5d5tly ( t requir$ to de/roy ! velocity4#aei ,! task ( gett+ ! %ip f ! place :]e %e 0 built to h] moor+s 9 ! riv] divid$ itself naturally into two p>ts--! mov+ ( ! %ip d[n ! ways1 & ! float+ h] f (f h] cradles4 ,?is subdivision ( ! :ole und]tak+ ( ! laun* into two almo/ di/9ct op]ations is ( great importance 9 consid]+ ! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel conduct$ !m2 especially :5 x is borne 9 m9d t "o1 ! mov+ d[n ! ways1 0 capable ( be+1 by c>eful precautions1 r5d]$ almo/ safe2 :]eas ! o!r1 ! float+ ! %ip (f1 0 dep5d5t on ! successful issue ( v>i\s m9or op]ations1 9 ! managem5t ( :i* ! fallible human elem5t _h a great] %>e1 & :]e small accid5ts1 ?\gh1 9 _! prim>y effects1 productive only ( delay1 might cause irretrievable disa/]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! op]ation ( l[]+ ! %ip1 !re _h to be provid$ bo? p[] to move h] & p[] to *eck h] motion4 ,9 float+1 b "o =ce 0 necess>y1 namely1 t requir$ to pull ! %ip (f if %e got jamm$ on ! cradles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) a desire to provide = ! possibility ( an extreme am\nt ( resi/ance on ! ways1 ,mr4 ,brunel design$ a complete hydraulic app>atus1 :i* w\ld h be5 suffici5tly p[]ful to move ! %ip d[n )\t int]ruption or delay4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t he did n p]si/ 9 c>ry+ out 8 orig9al int5tion4 ,9 ! op]ation ( float+1 *a9s & tackle 7 ! be/ means ( supply+ ! tractive =ce t might be requir$2 & ,mr4 ,brunel decid$ to h a v l>ge am\nt ( available p[]4 ,if ! wea!r 7 f9e1 & ! tide at its calculat$ height1 if no "p ( ! cradles got dis>rang$1 if ! calculations z to ! %ip's draught ( wat] 7 correct--if ev]y?+ w5t "r1 !re w\ld be no necessity = any great haul+ p[]2 a few tug-boats w\ld suffice to take ! %ip to h] moor+s4 ,b ,mr4 ,brunel det]m9$ t 9 ?is critical op]ation ( float+ he w\ld n tru/ to good =tune1 :5 ! abs5ce ( x might produce grave injury4 ,! p[] :i* he ?\ght x desirable to provide 9 *a9 pur*ases = ! float+ 0 v consid]able1 be+ equal to a pull ( #ejj tons4 ,z x seem$ probable t ! %ip w\ld n require mu* =ce to move h] d[n ! ways1 x seem$ also probable t ! riv] tackle 7z ! *a9s & appliances = haul+ ! %ip (f 7 call$7 w\ld be suffici5t = bo? purposes4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x at ! "t appe>$ "r1 9 ! emb>rass$ /ate ( ! ,company's f9ances1 to disp5se ) ! m p[]ful & co/ly app>atus :i* ,mr4 ,brunel _h propos$ = mov+ ! %ip d[n2 !re be+ no fatal consequ5ces to be appreh5d$ f a defect ( p[]4 ,influ5c$ by ^! consid]ations1 ,mr4 ,brunel resolv$ to tru/ to ! riv] tackle alone4 ,he ref]r$ to ?is decision 9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,company writt5 dur+ ! laun*3-- ,novemb] #bf1 #aheg4 ,my orig9al int5tion1 ! "r "o1 0 to fit up prop]ly su* an hydraulic app>atus z %\ld be fitt$ to move ! %ip ! :ole l5g? ( ! ways1 & to dep5d ^u ! :ole riv] tackle only 9 ! ev5t ( h] mov+ v easily1 & = gett+ h] (f ! ways at ! end4 ,f an unwise attempt to economise ,i det]m9$ to disp5se ) ! imm$iate co/ly app>atus = pu%+1 & by suffici5t p[] m]ely to move ! %ip at />t+ or 9 ! ev5t ( /ick+1#afj & to dep5d ^u ! same riv] tackle to keep h] mov+ d[n ! ways4 ,! exp]im5ts made ) ! trial cradle _h %[n ! necessity ( provid+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( re/ra9+ =ce4 ,z w be se5 9 ! description ( ! laun*1 x 0 only us$ once1 b x mu/ n !re=e be suppos$ t !re 0 no necessity = provid+ x4#afa ,! arrangem5t ( ! *eck+ ge> 0 ! same at ea* ( ! ways4 ,atta*$ to ! l& side ( ! cradle1 by means ( bolts1 0 a /rong iron framework :i* held two l>ge horizontal :eels or %eaves4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! ways ano!r %eave 0 fix$ 9 a /rong timb] fram+2 & opposite ! middle ( ! upp] end ( ! ways 0 plac$ a l>ge w9dlass or drum4 ,?is drum 0 a cyl9d]1 ab\t #bj feet long & #f feet 9 diamet]1 ( solid timb]s1 /rongly bolt$ toge!r1 & secur$ at ea* end 9 a broad ca/-iron disc1 #ab feet 9 diamet]4 ,to a po9t 9 ! fram+ 0 atta*$ "o end ( a #b-;in* *a9 cable2 ?is *a9 0 pass$ r\nd "o ( ! %eaves atta*$ to ! cradle1 !n r\nd ! %eave atta*$ to ! upp] end ( ! ways1 !n r\nd ! second %eave atta*$ to ! cradle2 & its end 0 coil$ r\nd ! drum4 ,?us1 z "o end ( ! *a9 0 secur$1 x 0 necess>y1 be=e ! %ip c\ld move d[n ! ways1 t ! drum %\ld revolve1 & slack5 ! end ( ! *a9 coil$ r\nd x4 ,r\nd ! discs ( ! drum 7 wr\ght-iron /raps2 ^!1 :5 tight5$ by lev]s1 =m$ brakes by :i* ! revolution ( ! drum c\ld be ret>d$4 ,ge>+ 0 provid$ ) a tra9 ( too!d :eels1 s t ! drum c\ld be turn$ r\nd by h&les1 & ! *a9 w\nd on to x4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph is f ! comm5cem5t ( a memor&um by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! laun*+ arrangem5ts1 writt5 ab\t five weeks be=e ! laun* began3-- ,septemb] #bf1 #aheg4 ,x is expect$ t1 ) ! pres5t con/ruction ( ! ways1 ! friction & ! t5d5cy to desc5d by gravity w be ab\t balanc$2 s t :5 once 9 motion no v great am\nt ( p[] 7at lea/1 9 proportion to ! mass to be mov$7 w be requir$ to keep ! vessel 9 motion1 or to *eck x if dispos$ to move too quick1 or quick] at "o end ?an at ! o!r2 /ill ! =ces :i* may be requir$ ei!r to help x on or to *eck x1 ?\gh relatively small z comp>$ ) ! mass to be op]at$ ^u1 w be v l>ge z comp>$ ) =ces usually obta9$ by ! ord9>y means ( rope or *a9 pur*ases1 & at ! fir/ />t1 or aft] any accid5tal or int5tional /oppage1 a /ill l>g] p[] may be requir$4 ,! app>atus :i* ,mr4 ,brunel prep>$ = p]=m+ ! d\ble duty ( mov+ ! %ip d[n ! ways & haul+ h] (f ! cradles 0 z foll[s3--,at ea* end ( ! %ip 0 a p[]ful *a9 tackle4 ,"o end ( a *a9 cable 0 secur$ to a moor+ 9 ! riv]1 & x 0 pass$ r\nd a l>ge %eave atta*$ to ! %ip1 !n r\nd a %eave fix$ on a b>ge ab\t #cjj feet f ! %ip1 & ! end br\ght on %ore1 :]e x 0 haul$ on by a *a9 tackle work$ by a /eam crab4 ,! %eave atta*$ to ! %ip at ! b[ 0 slung by *a9s ab\t #hj feet f ! /em4 ,! %eave at ! /]n 0 fix$ on ! end ( ! screw %aft4 ,^! pur*ases 7 int5d$ to be good = #hj & #ajj tons respectively1 & 7 to be able to foll[ up ! %ip quickly if %e mov$4 ,9 addition to ^! pur*ases1 ,mr4 ,brunel desir$ to h #8! means ( br++ a consid]able /ra9 to be> 9 ! ev5t ( ! %ip /ick+ at />t+1 or at any subsequ5t "t1 & p>ticul>ly at ! la/2' & he consid]$ t #8no?+ "u #bej or #cjj tons w\ld be ( any use = ! purpose4' ,?is p[] he desir$ to apply to ! c5tre ( ! %ip betwe5 ! two cradles by means ( d\ble crabs & treble pur*ase blocks on f\r b>ges4 ,"o ( ! d\ble crabs 0 m\nt$ on ea* ( ! f\r c5tre b>ges1 & 0 plac$ on a plat=m1 elevat$ s t ! blocks ( ! *a9 tackle c\ld pass und]nea? x4 ,?is tackle 0 made fa/ to a *a9 atta*$ to ! %ip2 & ! moor+ *a9 ext5d+ across ! riv] 0 haul$ on by ! tackle4 ,ea* ( ^! f\r crabs & tackle 0 to be capable ( work+ up to a /ra9 ( #hj tons4 ,! /ra9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel int5d$ to be able to put on ! %ip by ! riv] tackle1 9 ! =m ( a good cont9u\s pull1 0 9 all #ejj tons4 ,two hydraulic presses 7 also provid$1 "o at ea* ( ! cradles1 to ov]come adhesion 9 fir/ mov+ ! %ip4 ,ea* ( ^! presses %\ld h be5 able to ex]t a /ra9 ( #cjj tons4 ,!re=e1 includ+ ! =ce ( gravitation1 ! p[] :i* ,mr4 ,brunel hop$ to h to />t ! %ip 0 #b1ajj tons1 or m ?an "o-six? ( ! weight to be mov$2 & = a cont9u\s /eady pull to keep h] mov+1 #a1ejj tons1 or "o-eigh? ( ! weight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght possible t ! laun* might be effect$ 9 ,octob]4 ,b x 0 f\nd t x w\ld be impossible to be ready be=e ! spr+-tides at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]2 & ev5 !n1 :5 ! "t came1 !re 0 consid]able hurry1 & important matt]s 71 z w be se51 insuffici5tly att5d$ to4 ,! cradles 7 put toge!r & w$g$ up "u ! %ip1 & e ef=t 0 made at l[ wat] to ext5d ! ways z f> z possible2 s t1 by mov+ h] fur!r d[n ! slope1 a great] m>g9 might be obta9$1 to all[ = any fall+ (f 9 ! expect$ level ( ! tide1 or = any miscalculation 9 ! %ip's draught4 ,9 ! memor&um already ref]r$ to on ! laun*+ arrangem5ts ,mr4 ,brunel in/ruct$ ,capta9 ,h>rison to sup]9t5d ! moor+s = ! riv] tackle1 & to satisfy himself ( _! suffici5cy4 ,a few days aft]w>ds he wrote to ,capta9 ,h>rison on ! subject3-- ,septemb] #cj1 #aheg4 ,i fancy 7,i may be wrong7 t y h>dly e/imate suffici5tly highly ! =ces t we may require to get ! %ip d[n if %e /icks at all1 or to drag ! cradle f "u h]1 or to =ce h] (f ! cradle at ! la/4 ,%e may move d[n pretty easily1 & ! cradles may possibly n /ick2 b if %e does /ick at all1 x is z likely to require a dead pull ( #ejj tons z n1 & we mu/ n %ut our eyes to ! real exact am\nt ( /ra9 :i* may & w come ^u pur*ases & moor+s1 c41 if ?is =ce is requir$ & is ex]t$2 b we mu/ provide = x4 ,! sev]al moor+s mu/ really be good = ! #hj & #ajj tons respectively m5tion$ 9 ! memor&um--& we mu/ n re/ satisfi$ ) ! feel+ t ! moor+s are /rong] ?an any g5]ally sold or ?an common tackle w effect1 b mu/ apply pur*ases t w produce ! /ra91 & if necess>y we mu/ /ra9 !m to x2 & our moor+s ought to be beyond a d\bt4 ,we are go+ to move #aa1jjj tons1 a f> great] weight ?an ev] 0 mov$ be=e1 & we mu/ n hesitate at provid+ a cle> pull ( #ejj tons2 b be> 9 m9d t #ejj tons cle> pull is some?+ mu* beyond :at "o is accu/om$ to4 ,! p[] usually br\ght to be> ) pur*ases1 *a9 cables1 c41 is nev] measur$1 b is v small2 & we mu/ take c>e & n be misl$ by comp>ison ) !m4 #hj tons is a heavy pull1 & no?+ "u #b or #b *a9 w be safe4444 ,^! are great /ra9s we h to deal )1 b !y mu/ be _h1 & !re=e we mu/ meet !m boldly4 ,frequ5t enquiries 7 n[ made relative to ! "t ( laun*+2 & ! numb] ( applications :i* p\r$ 9 = admission to ! y>d l$ ,mr4 ,brunel to write ! foll[+ lett] to ! ,directors ( ! ,company1 & x 0 publi%$ by !m 9 ! newspap]s4 ,9 x he n only remov$ curr5t misappreh5sions z to ! nature ( ! propos$ op]ations1 b he also took ! opportunity ( po9t+ out t !re w\ld be no risk to ! %ip 9 ! mode ( laun*+ adopt$1 & t1 al?\gh x might at fir/ be unsuccessful1 fur!r p[] c\ld be appli$1 & ! %ip safely laun*$4 ,octob] #bc1 #aheg4 ,! difficulty ( reply+ to ! num]\s enquiries made respect+ ! p]iod at :i* ! %ip w be laun*$ seems to r5d] x desirable t "s means %\ld be tak5 ( giv+ ! in=mation g5]ally1 t x may be unc]ta91 up to ! end ( next week1 :e!r ! %ip w be laun*$ on ! #crd proximo or ! #bnd ( ,decemb]1 & also ( correct+ ! errone\s impressions :i* exi/ z to ! nature ( ! op]ation1 :i* c only lead to ! disappo9tm5t ( ^? :o are errone\sly anticipat+ a display1 on an unusually l>ge scale1 ( t :i* is a beautiful spectacle ) %ips ( ord9>y dim5sions4 ,z reg>ds ! p]iod ( ! laun* ,i h1 = "s "t pa/1 calculat$ ^u be+ ready by ! fir/ tides ( next mon?1 & by ! unwe>i$ ex]tions ( ^? on ^: assi/ance ,i h dep5d$1 ) ! advantage ( unusually f9e wea!r1 ! pr9cipal works requir$ are s f> advanc$ t !re seems e prospect ( success2 b a *ange 9 ! wea!r is ?reat5+1 ! "t rema9+ is %ort1 & comp>atively small causes may create su* delay z to r5d] x m prud5t1 if n unavoidable1 to po/pone ! op]ation until ! foll[+ available tide1 namely1 t ( ,decemb] #b4 ,z no m]e desire to laun* on ! day suppos$ to h be5 fix$ w induce me to hurry an op]ation ( su* importance1 or to omit ! precaution ( a c>eful & delib]ate exam9ation ( all ! p>ts ( ! arrangem5ts aft] all ! pr9cipal works ( prep>ation %all h be5 complet$1 %\ld su* po/ponem5t prove necess>y or be adopt$ f prud5ce1 ev]y?+ hav+ be5 n[ prep>$1 ! laun* w\ld be on ,decemb] #b4 ,z reg>ds ! nature ( ! op]ation1 x has frequ5tly be5 /at$1 b x seems necess>y to repeat x1 t ! %ip w n be #8laun*$1' 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 b m]ely l[]$ or drawn d[n to l[-wat] m>k1 to be !nce float$ (f by a sl[ & labori\s op]ation1 requir+ two & possibly ?ree tides1 & v probably effect$ p>tly 9 ! night1 & at no "o "t (f]+ any p>ticul>ly int]e/+ spectacle1 or ev5 ! excitem5t ( risk2 z ,i am happy to feel t1 ev5 assum+ accid5ts to occur or miscalculations to h be5 made1 r5d]+ ! op]ation unsuccessful--! %ip may /op halfway or n move at all1 m p[] or o!r rem$ies may h to be appli$--b no injury to ! %ip c result f any failure 9 ! c\rse ( proce$+ 9 ?is mode ( laun*+4 ,?r\gh\t ,octob] an imm5se am\nt ( "w _h to be done1 & ! multiplicity ( matt]s to be att5d$ to press$ heavily on ,mr4 ,brunel & 8 assi/ants4 ,) ! *eck tackle he _h reason to be cont5t4 ,! *a9s1 :i* 7 ! %ip's cables1 _h be5 v c>efully made2 &1 9 addition to ! usual te/s1 pieces _h be5 tak5 at haz>d1 & 7 f\nd to be> a good break+-/ra94 ,! riv] tackle 0 n s satisfactory4 ,9 op]ations t h to be conduct$ afloat unexpect$ delays arise1 & all ! "w may be susp5d$ by bad wea!r1 & x is moreov] frequ5tly dep5d5t on tides4 ,9 ! pres5t case ! "w to be done 0 n easy4 ,heavy *a9 cables _h to be laid out1 & moor+s pick$ up & connect$ to ! tackles2 "o "w hav+ (t5 to wait = ! completion ( ano!r4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h det]m9$ t ea* pur*ase %\ld be te/$ by be+ /ra9$ to ! utmo/ /ress = :i* x 0 int5d$2 b1 ow+ to ! delays :i* _h occurr$ 9 prep>+ ! riv] tackle1 ?is 0 n done4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few days be=e ! laun* ,mr4 ,brunel address$ ! foll[+ memor&um to all :o 7 to take "p 9 ! op]ation3-- ,g5]al ,arrangem5ts & int5d$ ,mode ( ,proce$+4 ,octob] #cj1 #aheg4 ,x is desirable t all engag$ 9 direct+ any "p ( ! "w %\ld und]/& ! g5]al c\rse ( proce$+ :i* x is int5d$ to pursue1 s f> z may be f\nd practicable2 circum/ances may modify ^! pre-arrang$ plans1 & may compel a total dep>ture f !m1 b e endeav\r w be made to adh]e to !m4 ,,g5]al ,,c\rse ,,( ,,proce$+4 ,sid5ote3 ,to />t ab\t noon ( ,tuesday4 ,i propose to comm5ce op]ations ab\t two h\rs be=e high wat]1 or ab\t noon1 & to endeav\r to get ! %ip d[n z quickly z ,i c into ! wat]1 & d[n to )9 ab\t #cf feet ( ! bottom ( ! ways4 ,my object 9 />t+ at ?is p>ticul> "t ( tide w\ld be to get ! %ip into ! wat]1 & wat]borne to "s ext5t z soon z ,i c\ld4 ,sid5ote3 ,/op %ort ( end ( ways4 ,i propose to /op %ort ( ! end1 9 ord] to avoid ! necessity ( hav+ to knock away all ! %ores1 & cle> ! cradle at ! ev5+ tide1 :5 x w\ld be d>k1 & to float on ! morn+ tide1 :5 x w\ld be also d>k4 ,i %\ld propose !n to /op ab\t #cf feet %ort ( ! end4#afb ,sid5ote3 ,ev5+4 ,cle> away %ores ( ! #bj-;feet cradles4 ,at l[ wat]1 al?\gh d>k1 ,i %all endeav\r to knock away ! %ores ( ! #bj-;feet cradles1 or z _m ( !m z possible1 & cle> all f ^! cradles except ! unbolt+ ( ! fill+-pieces4 ,sid5ote3 ,"u fav\rable circum/ances cle> away also all ! %ores on ! port side4 ,if ! op]ations h proce$$ easily1 & ! ways n sunk mu*1 ,i %all also knock away all ! long %ores on ! in%ore or port side ( ! %ip1 s z to leave less to d on ! foll[+ day4 ,sid5ote3 ,prep>e = a fur!r pull at ! night's high wat]4 ,i %all !n prep>e at leisure to place ! b>ges to get "o pull ( #cf feet1 or z mu* m z ,i c 7z ,i %all n hesitate to pull ! cradles #bj feet (f ! ways7 aft] high wat] ( t night4 ,sid5ote3 ,la/ move at #d ,a4,m4 ,soon aft] ! high wat] ( t night1 & :5 ! wat] has fall5 suffici5tly to prev5t any risk ( float+1 b :ile ! %ip is /ill wat]borne1 probably ab\t #d or half-pa/ #d ,a4,m41 ,i %all make ! la/ pull2 & al?\gh x w be 9 ! d>k1 yet hav+ only "o pull to make1 & pl5ty ( "t to prep>e1 & no exp$ition requir$ 9 ! op]ation1 ,i ?9k x may be easily done4 ,sid5ote3 ,float on high wat]1 ,w$nesday aft]noon4 ,! %ip w !n be left till l[ wat]1 :5 we %all cle> away ev]y?+ we c f ! cradles1 & get all ready = float+ at high wat] on ! aft]noon ( ,w$nesday4 ,provid$ ! me*anical arrangem5ts %\ld prove effici5t1 ! success ( ! op]ation w dep5d entirely ^u ! p]fect regul>ity & abs5ce ( all ha/e or confusion 9 ea* /age ( ! proce$+ & 9 e dep>tm5t1 & to atta9 ?is no?+ is m ess5tial ?an p]fect sil5ce4 ,i w\ld e>ne/ly reque/1 !re=e1 t ! mo/ positive ord]s be giv5 to ! m5 n to speak a ^w1 & t e endeav\r %\ld be made to prev5t a s\nd be+ he>d1 except ! simple ord]s quietly & delib]ately giv5 by ^? few :o w direct4 ,9 a memor&um ( #8,p>ticul> ,in/ructions1' dat$ ! next day1 ,octob] #ca1 !re is ! foll[+ passage3-- ,/>t+4--,a /ra9 be+ br\ght ^u all ! pur*ases1 & ! hold+-back pur*ase be+ slack1 if ! %ip does n move1 ! two presses w !n be work$2 if %e does n !n move1 or if1 :5 mov$1 %e /ops & ea* "t requires ! presses1 ! attempt w be po/pon$1 & m mov+ p[] appli$ = ! next "t4 ,if1 aft] be+ />t$ by ! presses1 ! riv] pur*ases are f\nd suffici5t to move h]1 ! op]ations w proce$4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ^! #8,in/ructions' ,mr4 ,brunel aga9 %[s t he 0 n1 z has sometimes be5 suppos$1 "u ! impression t ! friction w\ld be s small t ! only important ?+ to be ?\ght ( 0 to *eck ! %ip f ru%+ too fa/4 ,on ! contr>y1 he =esaw ! possibility ( h] n mov+ at all1 ev5 ) ! presses1 t is to say1 ) a =ce ( #a1ajj tons ov] & above ! action ( gravity4 ,if aft] mov+ %e /opp$1 & !n requir$ ! presses aga9 to move h]1 ?is w\ld %[ t ! op]ation c\ld n be prop]ly c>ri$ out1 & t ! "w mu/ be susp5d$ till m motive p[] 0 appli$4 ,if1 aga91 ! riv] tackle 7 suffici5t to move h]1 !n ! "w 0 to proce$1 b ! friction might ev5 !n be s great z to r5d] x desirable to remove all ret>d+ =ce4 ,he says1 9 ano!r passage 9 8 #8,in/ructions3'-- ,x is v likely t no *eck+ :atev] at ! drums w be f\nd necess>y1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x w be f\nd desirable to get rid ( any resi/ance by ov]haul+ ! heavy *a9s ?r\gh ! %eaves4 ,! be/ day on :i* to beg9 ! laun* 0 ,tuesday1 ,novemb] #c1 z x left two or ?ree days ( ! high full moon spr+-tides = ! op]ations1 %\ld !y be prolong$4 ,on ,monday1 ,novemb] #b1 ! *ief "w rema9+ to be done 0 /[+ k5tl$ge or iron balla/ on ! cradles1 to prev5t ! timb]s float+ :5 ! %ip %\ld be mov$ (f !m4 ,all ! appliances 7 ready1 &1 except ! riv] tackle1 _h be5 c>efully exam9$4 ,?is1 z has be5 already said1 _h n be5 te/$4 ,x 0 n[ = ,mr4 ,brunel to consid] :e!r1 9 consequ5ce ( ! riv] tackle n hav+ be5 prop]ly te/$1 he %\ld po/pone ! laun* till ! foll[+ mon?4 ,x 0 mo/ important = ! ,company t ! %ip %\ld be afloat z soon z possible2 &1 z any defects :i* might exi/ 9 ! riv] tackle w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly decl>e !mselves 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! op]ation1 :5 no?+ worse ?an delay c\ld be appreh5d$1 ,mr4 ,brunel1 aft] a c>eful review ( all ! circum/ances1 det]m9$ to attempt ! laun*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! morn+ ( ,novemb] #c1 ! "w ( putt+ k5tl$ge on to ! cradles 0 complet$ by firelight1 & ! rails 7 rubb$ ov] ) a mixture ( oil & black-lead4 ,all ! %ores & props :i* support$ ! weight ( ! %ip _h be5 remov$1 & %e 0 n[ re/+ entirely on ! cradles4 ,lat] on 9 ! morn+ ! brakes ( ! drums 7 tight5$ d[n1 & ! dog%ores 7 remov$ f ! ways 9 front ( ! cradles4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o _h be5 engag$ f an e>ly h\r 9 exam9+ all ! prep>ations1 sup]9t5d$ ?is op]ation1 &1 hav+ satisfi$ himself t all 0 cle> & ready1 return$ to ! upp] "p ( ! y>d4 ,by ?is "t x 0 cr[d$ ) p4 ,! ,directors1 contr>y to ,mr4 ,brunel's express$ wi%1 & )\t in=m+ him ( _! int5tion1 _h issu$ a l>ge numb] ( tickets ( admission4 ,a few days be=e1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h sugge/$ t f\r policem5 %\ld be obta9$1 ?9k+ t all !y w\ld h to d w\ld be to cont5d ) trespass]s4 ,! police =ce actually pres5t 7 ignorant ( ! portions ( ! y>d to be kept cle>1 & ,mr4 ,brunel _h himself to g & assi/ 9 ord]+ visitors away f ! neighb\rhood ( ! pa? prep>$ = ! tackle ( ! /]n haul+ ge>4 ,! cr[d soon became s great t x 0 almo/ impossible = ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! haul+-eng9e at ! /]n to see ! signals giv5 f ! middle ( ! y>d1 or = ^? 9 ! middle ( ! y>d to see :at 0 happ5+ at ! /]n4 ,at ab\t half-pa/ #ab o'clock ! fa/5+s ( ! %ip at ! b[ & /]n 7 let g1 & ,mr4 ,brunel ord]$ a small am\nt ( slack to be giv5 (f f ea* drum4 ,?is 0 done by m5 turn+ ! h&les ( ! ge>+ :i* _h be5 provid$ = w9d+ ! *a9 on to ! drums4 ,! ord] 0 !n giv5 to haul on ! b[ & /]n tackle1 & to pump at ! hydraulic presses4 ,x is d\btful :at am\nt ( /ra9 0 put on by ! tackle & ! presses1 b x 0 probably n v great4 ,pres5tly a %\t f ! =w>d cradle ann\nc$ t x 0 mov+1 & almo/ imm$iately ! /]n cradle also />t$ ) :at appe>$ to be a consid]able spe$4 ,! m5 :o _h be5 engag$ 9 turn+ ! h&les ( ! ge>+ _h rema9$ lean+ aga9/ !m4 ,z soon z ! %ip _h mov$ a few in*es1 %e took up all ! slack *a94 ,?is made ! drum revolve1 & ! h&les ( ! ge>+ spun r\nd v rapidly1 /rik+ ! m51 & ?r[+ !m into ! air4 ,! m5 :o 7 at ! brake-h&le next to ! ge>+ ran away4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 /&+ ne> ! drum :5 ! accid5t happ5$1 %\t$ to ! m5 to hold on to ! brakes1 & ran to ! spot4 ,! m5 :o _h rema9$ at ! o!r brake-h&le haul$ x d[n ) ! tackle4 ,a great re/ra9+ =ce 0 !reby br\ght ^u ! %ip1 & h] progress ceas$2 ! =w>d cradle hav+ mov$ #c feet1 & ! aft] cradle #d feet #c in*es4 ,five m5 7 injur$4 ,on ! dea? ( "o ( !m x 0 /at$ at ! inque/1 by ! =eman ( ! drum1 t1 aft] ! slack _h be5 paid out1 he _h ord]$ ! m5 to /& cle>4 ,be ?is z x may1 x _c be d5i$ t ! h&les %\ld n h be5 us$ aft] ! secur+ *a9s _h be5 let g2 & inde$ ,mr4 ,brunel said at ! inque/1 #8,i may blame myself1 = ,i did n anticipate t ! h&les w\ld h revolv$ s rapidly4' ,aft] ?is accid5t1 ,mr4 ,brunel det]m9$ to wait till high wat] be=e recomm5c+ ! op]ations4 ,9 ! meantime ! ge>+ 0 remov$ f bo? drums4 ,a m important *ange 0 also made 9 ! arrangem5ts4 ,:5 ! %ip mov$1 ! m5 on ! f\r middle b>ges became fright5$1 ?9k+ %e 0 ab\t to ov]:elm !m2 a ru% 0 made1 & "o man1 jump+ into a small boat1 %ov$ (f1 leav+ ! re/ to _! fate4 ,a report 0 at once s5t to ,mr4 ,brunel t ! m5 7 untru/wor?y1 & t !y w\ld n rema92 & t1 z ! b>ges w\ld be ( no use )\t ! m51 ! *a9s _h bett] be dropp$ & ! b>ges remov$4 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,brunel cons5t$4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 h be5 suffici5t to take ! m5 (f1 leav+ a tug-boat & a few /eady m5 to keep ! b>ges out ( ! way ( ! %ip2 !y w\ld !n h be5 available if requir$4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 a %ort "t aft] he _h giv5 ! ord]1 ran r\nd ! b[ ) ,capta9 ,h>rison to c\nt]m& x2 b x 0 too late1 z x _h be5 already act$ ^u4 ,z ev5ts turn$ out no h>m 0 done1 z ! c5tre b>ges alone w\ld n h be5 suffici5t to g on )1 aft] ! re/ ( ! tackle fail$4 ,! result ( ^! *anges 0 t :5 ! op]ations 7 recomm5c$1 ! only haul+ ge> 0 ! b[ & /]n pur*ases2 ! hydraulic presses 7 also available to />t ! %ip4 ,at a little aft] #b o'clock ! signal 0 giv5 to haul on ! b[ & /]n tackle1 ! presses be+ at ! same "t pump$ up4 ,! brakes ( ! drums 7 slack5$1 b kept all ready = tight5+4 ,n long aft] ! /ra9 _h be5 br\ght on ! tackle1 sev]al ( ! tee? ( "o ( ! :eels ( ! b[ /eam crab gave way1 & ! *ief an*or at ! /]n began to drag1 s t no effici5t /ra9 c\ld be obta9$4 ,on ?is be+ report$1 ! op]ations 7 discont9u$2 &1 z !re 0 no possibility ( gett+ ?+s ready by ! next day1 ! laun*+ op]ations 7 po/pon$ till ,decemb] #b1 ! next full moon spr+-tides4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z soon z ?is 0 kn[n ! visitors ru%$ 9 on ! works1 cr[d+ ab\t ! cradles & ways2 & ,mr4 ,brunel _h to po/pone ^? inve/igations :i* he wi%$ to make at once4#afc ,! :ole y>d 0 ?r[n into confusion by a /ruggl+ mob1 & !re 0 no?+ to be done b to see t ! %ip 0 prop]ly secur$1 & to wait till ! foll[+ morn+4#afd 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next day 0 devot$ to an exam9ation ( :at _h gone wrong1 & to ! consid]ation ( :at %\ld be alt]$ be=e ano!r attempt 0 made4 ,at ! /]n moor+ ! an*or 0 b$d$ into ! gr\nd on ! fur!r side ( ! riv]4 ,! difficulty ) reg>d to ! f\r c5tre b>ges 0 got ov] by plac+ ! f\r crabs ) _! tackles 9 ! y>d1 on ! l&w>d side ( ! %ip4 ,! f\r *a9s atta*$ to ! %ip1 :i* _h be=e be5 haul$ on directly f ! b>ges1 7 n[ pass$ r\nd %eaves on ! b>ges1 & br\ght back "u ! %ip's bottom to ! tackles 9 ! y>d4 ,! *ief alt]ation1 h[ev]1 0 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! hydraulic presses4 ,on ,novemb] #c1 !re 71 z has be5 said1 two presses4 ,two additional presses 7 n[ provid$2 ea* ( ^! consi/$ ( two #g-;in* cyl9d]s1 & 0 equival5t to a #aj-;in* press4 ,) ! object ( be+ able to employ ! presses cont9u\sly dur+ ! desc5t ( ! %ip1 !y 7 arrang$ to po9t d[n ! ways at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #ab4 ,! f\r presses 7 plac$ "o on ei!r side ( ! *eck tackle at ! two ways1 & 7 support$ by abutm5ts ( timb]-"w4 ,^! abutm5ts ea* consi/$ ( f\r r[s ( piles1 "o beh9d ! o!r at int]vals ( ab\t #h feet4 ,! press abutt$ aga9/ ! r[ ( piles ne>e/ to ! %ip1 :i* 7 connect$ by wood5 /ruts to ! piles beh9d !m4 ,long balks ( timb] ( v>i\s l5g?s 7 prep>$ to transmit ! pressure to ! cradles4#afe ,! f\r presses might be consid]$ equival5t1 at _! full p[]1 to a =ce ( #hjj tons2 ?is 0 s mu* 9 excess ( ! small =ce t _h mov$ ! %ip on ,novemb] #c1 t1 ev5 mak+ e all[ance = ! advantage ( ! fre% lubrication 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 x seem$ reasonable to suppose t ) ?is =ce ! %ip c\ld be mov$ d[n easily4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ! process ( mov+ ! %ip ) ! presses w\ld naturally be a sl[ "o1 ,mr4 ,brunel det]m9$ to proce$ ) ! op]ations z soon z ev]y?+ 0 ready4 ,on ,novemb] #ai ! "w 0 comm5c$4#aff ,! b[ tackle 0 haul$ ^u fir/1 z ! =w>d cradle 0 m ?an a foot beh9d ! aft] "o1 & ! m5 at ! =w>d presses 7 set to "w4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! timb] back+ ( ! presses began to crack & #8cry out'2 &1 )\t mu* /ress on !m1 ! abutm5ts 7 =c$ back "s #c or #d in*es4 ,! moor+ *a9 ( ! b[ tackle also gave way1 al?\gh !re 0 n any excessive /ra9 on x4 ,on exam9+ ! abutm5ts1 ,mr4 ,brunel saw ! cause ( _! failure1 & ord]$ ! /ra9 to be tak5 (f4 ,! numb] ( piles 0 suffici5t1 b ! way 9 :i* ! /ra9 0 communicat$ to !m did n enable !m to ex]t ! prop] am\nt ( resi/+ p[]4 ,?is defect 0 cur$ by ty+ ! heads ( ! re>w>d piles ) bolts to ! =emo/ piles4 ,! %ip be+ secur$1 ea* press 0 te/$ to a full /ra91 & ! adequacy ( its abutm5ts asc]ta9$4 ,x 0 diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! riv] tackle4 ,! *a9 :i* _h p>t$ 0 an old riv] moor+-*a9 ( great size4 ,mu* delay 9 replac+ x 0 caus$ by d5se fogs1 :i* made x almo/ impossible to "w on ! riv]4 ,moreov]1 !re seem$ a fatality ab\t e attempt to get a regul> trial ( any "p ( ! tackle4 ,:51 at la/1 a trial took place1 & a /ra9 0 put on1 a moor+-*a9 gave way2 !n ?is _h to be fi%$ up f ! bottom ( ! riv]1 & piec$ toge!r1 ! accid5t be+ ascrib$ to a defective l9k 9 ! *a94 ,! trials 71 !re=e1 s few t x 0 only prov$ by degrees t all ! regul> moor+s 7 wor?less2 al?\gh !y _h l>ge *a9s :i* ought to h be5 good = ?ree times ! /ra9 put on !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ubbornness ( ! %ip on ,novemb] #ai gave ,mr4 ,brunel great anxiety2 n f any fe> ( be+ unable to apply suffici5t p[] to move h]1 b because1 on cont9u$ consid]ation ( ! subject1 he appreh5d$ t a s]i\s difficulty might arise1 if !re %\ld be a prolong$ delay at a p>ticul> "p ( ! %ip's progress4 ,x has be5 expla9$ t ,mr4 ,brunel1 ) a view ( obta9+ uni=mity ( be>+ ov] ! surface ( ! ways1 _h n attempt$ to support !m rigidly on piles1 b _h re/$ !m on ! riv]-bank4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! f\ndation ( ! build+ slip 0 comp>atively rigid1 he fe>$ le/ an unequal subsid5ce might cause injury to ! %ip1 if %e 7 /opp$ = any l5g? ( "t be=e %e _h completely left ! gr\nd on :i* %e 0 built4 ,he ?\ght t if ! ways sank at ?is po9t !y w\ld assume a slightly convex =m1 & t5d to =ce upw>ds ! flat bottom ( ! %ip4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! %ip's bottom1 betwe5 ! longitud9al bulkheads1 c\ld b5d 9 slightly "u a heavy upw>d pressure2 b ?is action c\ld n take place at ! transv]se bulkheads1 z !y w\ld n yield )\t injury4 ,mr4 ,brunel %rank f proce$+ ) ! laun* )\t hav+ 9 res]ve su* an amplitude ( p[] z w\ld prev5t ! %ip's be+ /opp$ at ?is critical po9t4 ,?is consid]ation1 toge!r ) ! cont9u$ failure ( ! riv] tackle "u su* te/s z 7 appli$ to x1 l$ him to address ! foll[+ communication to ! ,directors3-- ,novemb] #bf1 #aheg4 ,we prov$ two ( ! presses ye/]day aft]noon up to ! full pressure4 ,a ?ird1 ! l>ge/1 0 prov$ p>tially2 x requir$ "s additions1 :i* are ne>ly complet$1 & w be 9 a few h\rs4 ,! f\r? may1 ,i ?9k1 also be reli$ on to ! same ext5t1 nev]!less1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! effects ( ^! /ra9s & o!r circum/ances1 ,i h1 aft] a night's consid]ation1 come to ! conclusion t our means are too imp]fect to ju/ify my mov+ ! %ip ) !m 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,! presses w\ld />t ! %ip1 b x is evid5t t if requir$ to be us$ con/antly1 t is repeat$ly1 ! piles w\ld become loos5$ s z to draw & rise2 ?is aga9 might be rem$i$ by load+1 b clumsily1 & ) o!r cont+5cies1 :i* ,i w report1 comb9e to r5d] x haz>d\s to dep5d ^u !m4 ,my orig9al int5tion1 ! "r "o1 0 to fit up prop]ly su* an hydraulic app>atus z %\ld be fitt$ to move ! %ip ! :ole l5g? ( ! ways1 & to dep5d ^u ! :ole riv] tackle only 9 ! ev5t ( h] mov+ v easily & = gett+ h] (f ! ways at ! end4 ,f an unwise attempt to economise ,i det]m9$ to disp5se ) ! imm$iate co/ly app>atus = pu%+1 & by suffici5t p[] m]ely to move ! %ip at />t+ or 9 ! ev5t ( /ick+1 & to dep5d ^u ! same riv] tackle to keep h] mov+ d[n ! ways4 ,! p[] orig9ally calculat$ ^u = ! riv] tackle has gradually1 /ep by /ep1 fail$ u2 ! moor+s suppos$ to be suffici5t = c]ta9 /ra9s h fail$ u at "o-?ird ( ^? /ra9s1 ano!r has p>t$ s9ce our la/ attempt1 &1 in/ead ( full #cej tons ( p[] f ?is s\rce1 we _c n[ dep5d ^u #bjj1 & ?is1 add$ to ! ineffici5cy ( ! pu%+ p[]1 w\ld risk ! /ick+ ( ! %ip1 :i* might occur exactly at a po9t :i* w\ld involve s]i\s difficulty to rem$y4 ,i am assum+ a comb9ation ( adv]se circum/ances1 p]haps n likely to occur1 b q possible2 & ! conclusion ,i am compell$ to come to is t our app>atus is too defective1 & t ! orig9al plan ( a prop] & suffici5t hydraulic app>atus1 arrang$ 9 a complete well-con/ruct$ me*anical mann]1 to pu% ! %ip cont9u\sly d[n ! ways1 ought to h be5 foll[$ out1 & is n[ ! only mode ( do+ ! "w safely1 t is1 )\t ! risk ( be+ involv$ 9 a difficulty mu* great] & m co/ly4 ,i h only to add t bad z ?is report ( our condition is1 x is at any rate ! wor/ t c be made ( x1 t no?+ :atev] has occurr$ to %[ t any new difficulty has aris5 or any?+ :atev] to create any new difficulty4 ,we c\ld move ! %ip n[ if x 7 wise to d s1 b ) great d\bts :e!r our pu%+ app>atus 9 its pres5t =m1 imp]fect & unme*anical1 w\ld cont9ue effective if repeat$ly us$1 & ! c]ta9ty t our riv] tackle is f> inf]ior to :at is requir$1 & also ( d\btful & m ?an d\btful p]man5cy = repeat$ /ra9s1 x w\ld n be "r to comm5ce4444 ,mr4 ,brunel at ! same "t det]m9$ to obta91 on a l>ge scale1 a measure ( ! deflection t might be expect$ f ! weight ( ! %ip com+ on ! ways4 ,m ?an #ajj tons ( k5tl$ge 0 pil$ on a portion ( ! ways #aj feet squ>e1 9 su* a mann] z to give a pressure !reon ( ab\t d\ble t :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! weight ( ! %ip4 ,x 0 necess>y t ?is te/ %\ld n be tri$ on too small a scale1 z a weight re/+ on an isolat$ pat* w\ld receive support f ! surr\nd+ gr\nd1 :i* x c\ld n ( c\rse d if t gr\nd 0 equally load$4 ,! ways sunk s little "u ! te/ z completely to reassure ,mr4 ,brunel1 & to %[ t no s]i\s evil ne$ be contemplat$ 9 ! passage ( ! %ip f (f ! place :]e %e 0 built on to ! newly made ways1 ev5 ?\gh %e might be aga9 /opp$ = "s "t4 ,he !re=e det]m9$ to g on at once ) ! laun*+ op]ations4 ,! result ( ! te/ 0 v satisfactory to him1 & x enabl$ him to c>ry on ! "w ) ! same confid5ce z he _h at ! fir/ felt--#8t ! %ip may /op halfway or n move at all 444 b no injury to ! %ip c result f any failure 9 ! c\rse ( proce$+ 9 ?is mode ( laun*+4' ,%ortly be=e ! second attempt to move ! %ip1 on ,novemb] #ai1 ! exp]im5tal cradle _h be5 aga9 put up ) a view ( obta9+ "s additional data z to ! haul+ /ra9 t might be requir$4 ,! d$uctions made f !m 7 ! same z ^? obta9$ 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>1 & enc\rag$ ! hope t ! motive p[] requir$ w\ld n be excessive4#afg 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,saturday1 ,novemb] #bh1 ! f\r presses _h be5 got ready2 & ! riv] tackle1 ?\gh /ill f> f be+ beyond reproa*1 _h be5 got into place1 & p>tly te/$4 ,! brakes 7 eas$1 & a small am\nt ( slack 0 ov]haul$ on ! *eck-tackle *a9s by ! m5 /ation$ on ! ways = t purpose4 ,z on ! previ\s occasion1 ! pressure 0 to be fir/ put on ! presses at ! =emo/ cradle4 ,arrangem5ts 7 made = promptly foll[+ up ! %ip if %e mov$ freely4 ,a black bo>d 0 plac$ on ea* cradle = record+ ! progress ( ! %ip4 ,mr4 ,brunel /ood on a l[ plat=m 9 ! c5tre ( ! y>d1 z a conv5i5t position f :i* to wat* & comm& ! op]ations4 ,a little be=e t5 he gave ! ord] to comm5ce pump+1 & ! m5 at ! hydraulic presses got to "w4 ,:5 ! pressure came on ! timb] fram+ :i* =m$ ! abutm5ts1 !re 0 consid]able noise ( creak+ & cru%+ z ! sev]al p>ts subject$ to /ra9 came 9 to _! prop] be>+4 ,! m5 soon *ang$ f ! l>ge plung] h&le to ! small "o :i* put on ! full pressure2 ! timb]s ( ! abutm5ts kept on cry+ out1 b x 0 evid5t t !y 7 n yield+ z !y _h done be=e4 ,pres5tly1 :ile ! noise ( ! timb]-"w 0 /ill attract+ att5tion1 ! man 9 *>ge ( ! measur+ app>atus record$ on 8 black bo>d a movem5t ( "o in*2 ! %ip 0 aga9 9 motion4 ,%e mov$ /eadily1 b sl[ly1 "u ! =ce ( ! presses1 at a rate ( ab\t "o in* a m9ute1 & z soon z ! =w>d cradle _h be5 mov$ ab\t a foot 9 ?is way1 ! presses at ! aft]-ways 7 set to "w1 & ! riv] tackle 0 put into op]ation1 fir/ ! b[ & /]n tackle1 & !n ! f\r middle pur*ases4 ,all w5t well ) ! presses1 b ! /ra9 _h n be5 put on long1 :5 ! /]n moor+-*a9 & "o ( ! two *a9s at ! b[ broke2 an an*or at ! b[ _h also begun to drag4 ,lat] 9 ! day "p ( ! moor+s ( ! c5tre b>ges also gave way4 ,capta9 ,h>rison set to "w to repair ^! defects z fa/ z !y occurr$2 9 no way dismay$ t1 z he 0 at "w rem$y+ "o mi%ap1 ! news ( ano!r 0 br\ght to him4 ,b>ges _h to be got into place1 ! brok5 ends ( cables fi%$ up or "u-run & piec$ toge!r1 & ?is (t5 9 ! d>k2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! "w 0 go+ on at ! end ( ,novemb]1 :5 ! sun rose1 invisible = fog1 at half-pa/ sev51 & set at half-pa/ f\r4 ,) ! exception ( ! riv] tackle1 all _h gone well2 ! presses & _! abutm5ts _h act$ effici5tly1 & ! %ip _h be5 mov$ easily d[n ! ways ab\t #ad feet be=e "w 0 susp5d$ at night4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh ! progress _h n be5 great1 !re /ill seem$ a reasonable hope t1 by pu%+ on1 ! %ip might be got d[n to ! bottom ( ! ways 9 "t = float+ h] (f at ! next spr+-tides1 namely1 on ,decemb] #b4 ,mr4 ,brunel !re=e decid$ to g on ) ! op]ation on ! ,sunday4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ! presses & crabs 7 aga9 set to "w4 ,! riv] tackle soon gave way2 &1 inde$1 !re 0 no reason :y x %\ld be sup]ior to t us$ ! day be=e1 z almo/ all t c\ld be done 9 ! night 0 to piece toge!r ! brok5 *a9s1 & to replace ! an*ors4 ,! moor+s at ! b[ & /]n began at once to drag1 & two ( ! moor+-*a9s amid%ips p>t$4 ,! hydraulic presses 7 !n ! only available p[]2 &1 al?\gh ! full pressure 0 put on1 ! %ip did n move4 ,?is 0 v di%e>t5+2 x 01 h[ev]1 ?\ght t ! resi/ance 0 due to "s exceptional adhesion4 ,e ef=t 0 !re=e made to get toge!r ! means ( giv+ ! %ip a fir/ />t4 ,x 0 n till ! aft]noon t a l>ge numb] ( screw-jacks & hydraulic jacks :i* _h be5 procur$ 7 got into place2 !y 7 !n screw$ up h>d1 & ! hydraulic presses be+ set to "w1 ! %ip began to move 9 a mann] v simil> to t ( ! day be=e4 ,!re 0 n1 h[ev]1 mu* daylight left2 &1 :5 night came on1 ! di/ance trav]s$ 0 only ab\t #h feet4 ,! comp>ative facility ) :i* ! %ip mov$ :5 once />t$ gave hopes t good progress might be made ! next day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,monday morn+ ! %ip mov$ )\t m difficulty ?an :5 %e _h /opp$ ! ev5+ be=e1 & ! "w w5t on q satisfactorily4 ,%e cont9u$ to move sl[ly1 & by d9n]-"t _h gone ab\t #h feet4 ,?ree feet an h\r 0 n mu*1 b /ill if x c\ld be kept up x w\ld suffice to get ! %ip d[n by ! next spr+-tides4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !re=e comm5c$ = light+ up ! ways & pump+ ma*9]y1 s t ! "w might be cont9u$ ?r\gh ! night4 ,! repairs ( ! riv] tackle 7 pu%$ on1 ! %ip's an*ors1 :i* _h j be5 f9i%$ & te/$1 7 laid d[n = "p ( ! moor+s1 & "s ( ! *a9s 7 replac$ ) *a9s l5t by ! ,gov]nm5t & by ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,l5ox4 ,:5 "w 0 recomm5c$ aft] d9n] ! %ip made a %ort slip ( ab\t #g in*es4 ,on pressure be+ aga9 appli$ ! #aj-;in* press at ! =w>d cradle bur/4 ,?is put an end to all "w = ! day1 & x 0 !n det]m9$ to replace ! brok5 press & to add two m presses to ea* cradle1 be=e proce$+ ) ! laun*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prep>ations = ! new presses 7 pu%$ on vigor\sly1 b x 0 n till ! aft]noon ( ,?ursday1 ,decemb] #c1 t ?+s 7 aga9 ready = a />t4 ,! pumps 7 set to "w & ! tackle haul$ ^u4 ,! %ip made sev]al %ort slips ( a foot or s1 & !n mov$ m ?an #e feet at "o slide4 ,:5 d>kness set 9 %e _h mov$ ab\t #ad feet1 9 slips ( great] or less l5g?4#afh ,on ,friday1 ,decemb] #d1 all 0 ready e>ly1 & dur+ ! morn+ ev]y?+ w5t z well z on ! day be=e2 b 9 ! aft]noon increas$ difficulty 0 f\nd 9 gett+ ! %ip to move1 & ! #ad-;in* press at ! aft] cradle bur/1 z did also a #g-;in* cyl9d] ( "o ( ! c\pl$ presses4 ,not)/&+ ! delay due to ! bur/+ ( ! presses1 ! %ip 0 mov$ "s #cj feet2 b !re 0 no long] any *ance ( gett+ h] afloat at ! spr+-tides1 & ! increas$ adhesion gave cause = ! fe> t /ill m p[] w\ld h to be appli$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! next day1 ,saturday1 ,decemb] #e1 ! %ip made a %ort slip2 b1 al?\gh ! pressure 0 kept con/antly on1 no fur!r advance 0 made until late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,mr4 ,brunel !n tri$ sudd5ly lett+ g ! /ra9 on ! /]n tackle4 ,! sudd5 relief ( ! side-way /ra9 on ! end ( ! %ip s5t a tremor ?r\gh ! hull1 :i* s]v$ to de/roy ! adhesion1 & %e slid sev]al in*es4 ,?is op]ation 0 sev]al times repeat$1 & al?\gh !re 7 a numb] ( vexati\s delays f pu%+-pieces giv+ way & o!r mi%aps1 %e 0 mov$ by ! ev5+ a di/ance ( ab\t #g feet1 ! resi/ance due to adhesion be+ v great4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,sunday "s ( ! presses f>!/ f ! cradles 7 mov$ d[n ! ways ne>] to ! %ip1 s z to avoid ! necessity ( us+ long pu%+-pieces1 :i* requir$ mu* att5tion to prev5t _! bulg+ sideways4 ,! riv] tackle n[ consi/$ ( ! b[ & /]n /eam-eng9e pur*ases1 & two crabs & tackle1 "o at ea* end ( ! %ip4 ,! moor+s opposite ! c5tre ( ! %ip hav+ prov$ wor?less1 x 0 necess>y to lay d[n new moor+s1 & x 0 f\nd m conv5i5t to lay !m opposite ! ends ( ! %ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next day1 ,monday ! #g?1 aft] ! comm5cem5t ( op]ations1 consid]able delay 0 caus$ by ! failure ( "s ( ! fe$ pipes ( ! presses4 ,^! defects 7 n cur$ till aft] d9n]-"t1 :5 ! op]ations 7 resum$1 & be=e d>k ! %ip 0 mov$ ab\t #f feet4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+ sev]al %ort slips 7 made1 & ! %ip _h be5 mov$ ab\t #d feet2 b1 at #aj o'clock1 a d5se fog came on1 & r5d]$ x impossible to proce$4 ,! next day 0 occupi$ 9 re-arrang+ ! tackle & presses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! 7 n ready till ! morn+ ( ,?ursday1 ,decemb] #aj2 :51 on ! presses be+ aga9 set to "w1 & "o ( ! *a9s be+ z be=e sudd5ly slack5$1 ! %ip made "o slip ( a little ov] a foot2 b1 on ! /ra9 be+ aga9 appli$1 two ( ! an*ors began to drag4 ,z x 0 n[ ess5tial to h ! riv] tackle1 9 ord] by %ak+ ! %ip to de/roy ! adhesion1 & by ! drag ( ! cat5>ies to increase ! l5g? ( ! slides1 ,mr4 ,brunel det]m9$ to disp5se ) ! an*ors1 & to atta* ! *a9 cables to piles connect$ by framework4 ,^! abutm5ts or pull+ po9ts = ! *a9s 7 n[ con/ruct$ on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 opposite ! b[ & /]n ( ! %ip4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! laun*+ op]ations la/ describ$1 namely1 f ,decemb] #c to ,decemb] #aj1 7 full ( incid5t4 ,nor 0 ! sc5e want+ 9 t animation :i* agreeably int]e/s a by/&]1 ! m s if he is n ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! mean+ ( all he sees & he>s1 s t he mi/akes a l\dly spok5 ^w1 l\dly spok5 m]ely t x may be pla9ly he>d1 = a prompt & urg5t comm&4 ,! lab\r]s at ! pumps reliev$ ! monotony ( _! "w1 & %ook (f ! cold1 by tak+ a lively & talkative int]e/ 9 ! progress ( ! laun*1 & e*o$ ! ord]s giv5 !m to pump ) ! #8big plung]1' or #8little plung]' ( ! pumps1 or to #8fleet' ! press4 ,?is & ! s++ ( ! gangs1 :i* 7 con/antly at "w mov+ *a9s = ! repair ( ! riv] tackle1 or roll+ logs ( timb] on to ! ways to s]ve z pu%+-pieces = ! presses1 gave pl5ty ( life to ! op]ations2 & !n :5 ! pressure _h be5 got on ! presses1 & %\ts f ! b[ & /]n ( ! %ip pass$ ! ^w t ! riv] tackle 0 haul$ taut1 ! ord] w\ld be giv5 to #8let g' ! *a9 at "o end ( ! %ip4 ,imm$iately ! rattl+ noise ann\nc$ t ?is _h be5 done1 &1 aft] a second or two ( anxi\s wat*+1 ! %ip slid (f1 ! timb]s1 abutm5ts1 & pu%+-pieces creak+ & groan+ z ! /ra9 0 sudd5ly reliev$4 ,:ile ! %ip 0 9 motion1 ! :ole ( ! gr\nd =m+ ! y>d w\ld p]ceptibly %ake1 or r sway1 on ! dis*>ge ( ! p[] /or$ up 9 ! presses & _! abutm5ts4 ,! appe>ance ( ! %ip mov+ sideways 9 ^! %ort slips1 :5 se5 f ! ways1 0 v impos+4 ,all ^! some:at /rik+ surr\nd+s ( ! op]ations 7 naturally height5$ 9 effect1 :5 ! "w 0 be+ c>ri$ on 9 ! e>ly morn+ or late 9 ! aft]noon2 & :5 ! timb]-fram+ & ! gr\ps ( m5 at "w 7 illum9at$ by ! gl>e f ! op5 fires :i* 7 kept burn+ ne> ! pumps & presses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prep>ations already describ$ 7 n complet$ till ,decemb] #ae4 ,9 ! meantime ,mr4 ,brunel _h be5 jo9$ by 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h n be5 aw>e ( _m vexati\s circum/ances :i* _h ev5 prev5t$ ,mr4 ,brunel f mak+ full use ( 8 own /aff ( assi/ants4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son express$ to a common fri5d 8 regret t ,mr4 ,brunel _h n invit$ him d[n to ! %ip1 & said t he %\ld h gone d[n un9vit$1 b t he ?\ght ,mr4 ,brunel _h reasons = n wi%+ x4 ,on ! /ate ( affairs be+ expla9$ to him1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son said1 #8,i'll g d[n to him at once2' he did s1 & 8 arrival at ,millwall 0 v welcome to ,mr4 ,brunel4#afi ,mr4 ,/eph5son agre$ ) ,mr4 ,brunel z to ! exp$i5cy ( susp5d+ op]ations until an ample excess ( p[] 0 appli$4 ,=tifi$ by ! support ( ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 prep>$ to advise ! ,directors to adopt ?is c\rse2 b1 z ! prep>ations = recomm5c+ ! "w 7 j complet$1 x 0 det]m9$ to make a trial on ! aft]noon ( ,decemb] #ae4 ,! presses 7 all pump$ up1 & ! riv] tackle haul$ on2 b1 al?\gh ! =ce appli$ 0 at lea/ #cjj or #djj tons great] ?an t :i* _h la/ mov$ h]1 ! %ip did n yield1 & ! attempt 0 ab&on$4 ,aft] a c>eful consultation on ! depress+ result ( ?is day's "w1 x 0 det]m9$ to make ano!r attempt ! next morn+1 9 ord] to see if any new =m ( difficulty _h aris52 & t aft] ?is op]ations %\ld be susp5d$1 & an ample numb] ( additional presses provid$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ day1 ,decemb] #af1 z soon z ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,/eph5son _h arriv$1 ! pressure 0 aga9 put on ! presses1 & ! riv] tackle hav+ be5 haul$ taut1 ! *a9s at ! b[ 7 let g1 &1 to ! great satisfaction ( all pres5t1 ! %ip made a %ort slide4 ,! record ( h] movem5t %[$ t1 al?\gh ! adhesion 0 mu* great]1 ! ret>d+ =ce ( friction 0 ab\t ! same z be=e1 & t !re=e !re 0 no reason to assume ! exi/5ce ( any special ob/acle4 ,ano!r %ort slip 0 made2 b1 9 gett+ up ! pressure aga91 a press 0 bur/1 & ! "w 0 !n /opp$4#agj ,mr4 ,brunel's decision to susp5d ! laun*+ op]ations at ?is po9t 0 approv$ at a meet+ ( ! pr9cipal %>ehold]s held ! next day4 ,8 report to ! ,directors1 & a memor&um ( a v]bal /atem5t :i* he made to ! meet+1 are z foll[s3-- ,decemb] #ag1 #aheg4 ,9 my lett] ( ,octob] #bc1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ! "t 9 ! daily pap]s1 ,i ref]r$ to ! possible cont+5cy ( ! p[] provid$ to move ! vessel d[n ! ways prov+ insuffici5t1 & ! op]ation !n ab\t to be attempt$ be+ s f> unsuccessful2 &1 ref]r+ to :at ,i consid]$ a c\nt]vail+ advantage 9 ! abs5ce ( risk1 ,i /at$1 #8! %ip may /op half-way1 or may n move at all1 m p[] may h to be appli$1 b no injury to ! %ip c result f any failure 9 ! c\rse ( proce$+ 9 ?is mode ( laun*+4' ,! result has be5 t aft] mov+ ! vessel ne>ly half ! di/ance to l[ wat]1 x has become necess>y to increase v consid]ably ! p[] :i* has effect$ ?is mu*1 al?\gh x _h already be5 mu* add$ to dur+ ! op]ation4 ,?is w unavoidably be att5d$ ) "s exp5se & delay1 b n consid]able1 z ! requisite hydraulic presses c be obta9$ ready made1 & _! application is simple1 & ! result _c1 ,i appreh5d1 be d\btful4 ,i d n mean to imply t ,i contemplat$ any su* great increase ( resi/ance z probable1 su* exp]im5ts z c\ld be made be=e mov+ ! %ip hav+ giv5 me good reason to hope = a diff]5t result2 b ! possibility ( x 0 contemplat$1 & ,i ref] to ?is m]ely z expla9+ ! /atem5t ,i n[ make1 t ! difficulty is simply "o ( degree1 ( m or less p[] be+ requir$1 & t no?+ :atev] has occurr$ to create any new class ( difficulty4 ,! laun*+ ways1 ab\t :i* anxiety _h be5 express$1 & n unnaturally1 h /ood p]fectly & )\t any settlem5t or any d]angem5t by be+ pass$ ov]4 ,!re is no *ange ( gradi5t or incl9ation 9 ! ways capable ( produc+ any effect1 z has be5 suppos$2 ! upp] "p ( ! ways hav+ an incl9ation ( #ajbe in*es p] foot1 & ! l[] "p1 :]e ! %ip n[ is1 "o ( #ajjj p] foot1 a diff]5ce too small to be appreciable1 b :i* possibly by "s mi/ake ( figures may h l$ to ! errone\s impression ref]r$ to4 ,! am\nt ( resi/ance ^u ! ways 9 _! pres5t condition & incl9ation has n[ be5 positively asc]ta9$1 & an ample excess ( p[] be+ appli$1 !re c be no reason to d\bt ! result4 ,i propose to apply t excess by go+ consid]ably beyond ! am\nt :i* ! calculation f\nd$ ^u ! results actually obta9$ w\ld give z ! maximum1 & to d\ble ! p[] :i* has la/ mov$ ! vessel4 ,memor&um ( a v]bal ,report made to ! ,directors1 & a small ,meet+ ( ! ,pr9cipal ,proprietors4 ,decemb] #ag1 #aheg4 ,t aft] full consid]ation ( all ! circum/ances1 & assi/$ by ! be/ advice ,i c\ld call 9 to my aid1 namely1 t ( my fri5d ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ,i consid]$ t ! only mode ( proce$+1 & "o :i* !re appe>$ no reason to d\bt w\ld succe$1 0 to apply consid]ably m press p[]2 t ,i propos$ to d\ble :at we _h2 t ,i believ$ ,i 0 able to put my h&s ^u ! requisite presses2 t ! riv] tackle s f> z x w5t might n[ be consid]$ good1 b t un=tunately we 7 oblig$ to take up ! pr9cipal "p ( ! *a9s1 :i* ) great k9dness & lib]ality ,messrs4 ,br[n & ,l5ox _h l5t u1 & 7 n[ p]emptorily call$ ^u to deliv] up2 b t ) _! assi/ance ,i c\ld replace !m4444 ,a l>ge numb] ( presses 7 obta9$1 ! own]s = ! mo/ "p l5d+ !m free ( *>ge4 ,among ^! presses 0 ! l>ge "o1 ) a #bj-;in* cyl9d]1 :i* _h be5 us$ = lift+ ! tubes ( ! ,britannia ,bridge4 ,on ea* ( ! ways 7 plac$ n9e presses4 ,! total sectional area ( ! cyl9d]s at ! =w>d cradle 0 #a1jff circul> in*es1 & t ( ! cyl9d]s at ! aft] cradle 0 #a1ceh circul> in*es2 b ! ,britannia press 0 n to be work$ to its full p[]1 s ! total area ( ! cyl9d]s may be tak5 z #b1cjj circul> in*es1 or #a1hjj squ>e in*es4 ,! presses might be consid]$ z good = at lea/ #b tons on ! squ>e in*2 ?is gave a p[] ( #d1ejj tons1 :i*1 ) ! #a1jjj tons due to gravity1 gave #e1ejj tons1 or equal to ne>ly half ! weight ( ! %ip4 ,! presses 7 n[ c\pl$ toge!r 9 gr\ps1 9 ord] to ensure t an equal pressure %\ld be br\ght on !m2 & to ea* ( ^! gr\ps an accurate pressure gauge 0 atta*$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all ! presses hav+ be5 te/$1 x 0 det]m9$ to recomm5ce ! actual op]ation ( laun*+ on ,tuesday1 ,janu>y #e4 ,s mu* ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes _h be5 froz5 t x 0 elev5 o'clock be=e ! ord] 0 giv5 to ! m5 to pump4 ,:5 at "o gr\p aft] ano!r ! pressure 0 %[n to be "o ton on ! circul> in*1 ! pumps 7 /opp$4 ,z ! back+ ( ! presses cont9u$ to yield slightly1 a /roke or two ( ! h&les _h to be made f "t to "t1 to keep up ! requir$ /ra94 ,= six m9utes !re 0 p]fect sil5ce1 & !n ! %ip mov$1 slid+ d[n ab\t #c in*es4 ,! same process 0 repeat$ at ! /]n cradle once or twice1 & !n at bo? cradles4 ,aft] ?is ! ord] 0 giv5 t ! pumps %\ld be kept go+ till %e mov$4 ,?is 0 accord+ly done1 & :5 ! pressure am\nt$ to #a ton on ! circul> in* ! %ip made a slide ( ab\t #d in*es4 ,9 ?is mann] %e 0 mov$ ab\t #e feet be=e "w 0 /opp$ 9 ! ev5+4#aga ,on ,janu>y #f1 !re 0 a s+ul> *ange 9 ! behavi\r ( ! %ip4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! =5oon %e mov$ gradually1 yield+ to ! pressure at a rate ( ab\t an in* 9 f\r m9utes4 ,9 ! aft]noon1 h[ev]1 %e mov$ 9 %ort slides4 ,dur+ ?is & ! ?ree foll[+ days h] progress 0 ab\t #aj feet ea* day4 ,aft] ?is ! %ip1 be+ to a consid]able ext5t wat]borne1 0 mov$ ) great] ease1 & on ,tuesday1 ,janu>y #ab1 #bj feet 0 accompli%$ 9 less ?an f\r h\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ,?ursday1 ! #ad?1 ! %ip _h trav]s$ a di/ance ( #aig feet at ! =w>d cradle1 & #bjg feet at ! aft] cradle4 ,x 0 ?\ght unwise to advance fur!r till ! com+ spr+-tides on ! #ai? ( ! mon? 7 pa/1 le/ an exceptionally high tide might come unexpect$ly1 & p>tially float h]4 ,z soon z ! spr+-tides _h pass$1 %e 0 mov$ on cauti\sly1 a %ort di/ance at a "t1 & ! depression ( ! ways 0 c>efully obs]v$4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be inconsid]able1 & ! cradles 7 gradually pu%$ #be feet (f ! ways4 ,z ! spr+-tides came on1 wat] 0 run into ! %ip1 to prev5t h] f float+ prematurely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! upright /ruts ( ! cradle on ! side next to ! riv] 7 all remov$1 & ! w$ge-pieces _h *a9s fa/5$ to !m1 ) ! ends br\ght on deck2 s t1 if any ( ! w$ge-pieces got jamm$ & did n come out :5 ! %ip float$1 !y might be haul$ out by ! *a9s4 ,! riv] tackle n[ consi/$ ( two pur*ases at ! b[ & two at ! /]n4 ,to keep ! %ip1 :5 %e float$1 f be+ drift$ by ! tide or w9d1 *a9s 7 c>ri$ f ! b[ & /]n to moor+s1 by :i* h] movem5t up & d[n /ream might be regulat$4 ,f\r tugs 7 9 att5dance to t[ ! %ip to h] b]?1 & a float+ fire-eng9e 0 also ready to pump wat] into h]1 %\ld ?is be necess>y ow+ to any sudd5 po/ponem5t ( ! laun*4 ,no?+ n[ rema9$ b to wat* c>efully = a suitable tide4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 0 det]m9$ t1 if ! wea!r 7 fav\rable1 ! float+ %\ld be effect$ on ,saturday1 ,janu>y #cj4 ,! tides _h be5 bel[ ! av]age1 & on ! ,friday matt]s did n look promis+2 ! tides _h cont9u$ l[1 & ! wea!r 0 bad4 ,a c>eful wat* 0 kept on ! tide1 obs]vations be+ tak5 e half h\r1 & plott$ on a diagram s z to %[ at a glance ! probable height to :i* x w\ld rise4 ,! tides %[$ signs ( improvem5t1 & !y comm5c$ to pump wat] out ( ! %ip on ,friday night2 b1 z "t w5t on1 ! wea!r did n m5d1 & ! w9d 0 bl[+ f ! s\?-we/ aga9/ h] broadside2 !re=e 9 ! e>ly morn+ ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 9 p]son att5d+ ea* turn ( affairs1 ord]$ wat] to be pump$ 9 by ! fire-eng9e4 ,!re 0 h>d ra9 & /rong w9d2 & telegrams :i*1 accord+ to arrangem5t1 7 be+ frequ5tly s5t f ,liv]pool & ,plym\?1 %[$ simil> wea!r4 ,?is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ,saturday1 & ! tide 0 l[2 b1 :5 x began to rise 9 ! ev5+1 x gave indications ( be+ a v high "o4 ,z soon z ! tide rea*$ ! ,k+/on valves1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h wat] run into ! %ip4 ,al?\gh %e re/$ uneasily on ! cradles1 %e rema9$ safely 9 h] position4 ,9 ! ev5+ ! ra9 came d[n 9 torr5ts2 nev]!less1 aft] midnight ! wea!r m5d$1 & ! w9d w5t r\nd to ! nor?-ea/4 ,z ! telegraph gave ! same report f ,liv]pool1 ,mr4 ,brunel1 enc\rag$ by e sign ( f9e wea!r1 & hav+ ! good promise giv5 by ! high tide ( ! night be=e1 det]m9$ e>ly on ! morn+ ( ,sunday1 ,janu>y #ca1 to float ! %ip on t day4 ,! pumps 7 imm$iately />t$ to dis*>ge ! wat] f ! %ip4 ,! bolts secur+ ! w$ge-pieces ( ! cradles 7 unfa/5$ at daybreak1 & ! %ip 0 !n ready4 ,! morn+ broke ) great spl5d\r aft] ! gloom ( ! previ\s days1 & ! tide1 z soon z x _h turn$1 began to rise ) unusual rapidity4 ,x _h be5 arrang$ t all ! m5 %\ld be at _! po/s at ! presses & crabs by elev5 o'clock2 b ! tide 0 n only v high1 b exceptionally e>ly2 &1 al?\gh a consid]able m>g9 _h be5 all[$1 x 0 n suffici5t4 ,mr4 ,brunel & 8 assi/ants hurri$ ! m5 to _! places1 ! presses 7 set to "w1 & ! %ip 0 put 9 motion d[n ! ways = ! la/ "t4 ,at a little be=e "o o'clock obs]vations tak5 by levels %[$ t ! %ip _h ceas$ to desc5d1 al?\gh %e 0 /ill be+ pu%$ =w>d4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,capta9 ,h>rison1 :o _h gone on bo>d1 s5t ,mr4 ,brunel ^w t all ! w$ge-pieces _h float$ up on ! out] side ( ! %ip2 & at tw5ty m9utes pa/ "o ! /]n 0 se5 to be afloat4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h be5 loa? to haul out ! %ip by ! riv] tackle1 le/ ! w$ge-pieces might get jamm$2 b1 z soon z he 0 in=m$ t !y _h float$ up1 he s5t ord]s = a /ra9 to be put on ! b[ tackle4 ,?is 0 at once done1 & by tw5ty m9utes to two ! b[ rose f ! cradle4 ,mr4 ,brunel !n ord]$ ! *eck+ ge> to be secur$1 t ! %ip might be soon] haul$ cle> ( ! cradles1 & he w5t on bo>d4 ,he _h sc>cely done s :5 a s]i\s difficulty arose4 ,x has be5 already said1 t 9 ord] to keep ! %ip f mov+ up or d[n /ream1 cables _h be5 c>ri$ out to moor+s ahead & a/]n2 & bo? ^! *a9s _h be5 haul$ up tol]ably taut1 at lea/ ! slack _h be5 tak5 out ( !m1 s t if requir$ !y might be at once available4 ,n[ :5 ,mr4 ,brunel _h giv5 ! ord] = ! b[ out-haul tackle to be haul$ ^u1 ,capta9 ,h>rison1 9 ord] to supplem5t x1 ord]$ ! tug-boats to haul ! b[ (f4 ,?is ord] 0 by "s "o conceiv$ to h be5 giv5 ) ! object ( haul+ ! %ip ahead2 & to facilitate ?is ! /]n moor+-*a9 0 let g4 ,by ?is "t1 ?\gh ! tide 0 /ill runn+ up ! riv]1 its /r5g? 0 mu* dim9i%$2 & ! drag ( ! *a9 at ! b[ ( ! %ip 0 suffici5t to pull h] =w>d aga9/ ! tide4 ,! paddle:eel on ! %ore side !n came 9 contact ) ! upright timb]s ( ! =w>d cradle4 ,mr4 ,brunel ran d[n f ! %ip into a boat & exam9$ ! place :]e ! :eel 0 f\l$4 ,he !n hurri$ back on bo>d1 :]e1 z ?r\gh "s blund] ! /]n ou?aul _h also be5 let g1 he _h n[ little b ! tug-boats to dep5d ^u4 ,!y 7 ( c\rse ( b small value = a dead pull z comp>$ ) ! *a9 tackle4 ,he _h ! b[ *a9 ve]$ out & ! tugs all set to "w1 assi/$ by ! tide1 to haul ! %ip up ! riv]4 ,9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes "t1 ! paddle:eel 0 got cle> ( ! cradle1 & ?is great difficulty 0 ov]come4 ,=tunately1 ! tide 0 an extraord9>ily high "o1 & ! "t ( available high wat] 0 long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ip _h n be5 mov$ f> t[>ds h] b]? :5 ano!r mi%ap delay$ h] progress4 ,! b>ge ( ! b[ pur*ase came f\l ( ! />bo>d paddle:eel1 & ! only way ( free+ ! %ip 0 to scuttle ! b>ge4 ,:5 ?is 0 done x sank away cle> ( ! :eel1 & ! %ip proce$$ to h] b]? on ! ,dept=d side ( ! riv]4#agb 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ab\t sev5 o'clock %e 0 safely moor$2 & ! *e]s ( ! m51 z ,mr4 ,brunel w5t d[n h] side1 ann\nc$ t ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 0 at l5g? accompli%$4 ,,note ,a 7pp4 #cdh1 #cfh1 #cgb74 ,exp]im5ts & ,obs]vations on ,friction4 ,9 ,janu>y #aheg1 ,mr4 ,brunel took /eps to =m an e/imate ( ! am\nt ( haul+ or ( ret>d+ =ce t w\ld probably be requir$ 9 ! laun*4 ,two rails 7 laid at an incl9ation ( #a 9 #ab1 & ^u !m an exp]im5tal cradle 0 plac$1 ) ?ree cross-b>s simil> to ^? :i* 7 to =m ! "u surface ( ! cradles4 ,! ?ree cross-b>s !re=e made six int]sections on ! two rails1 & ! small cradle 0 load$ ) ab\t #h tons1 s t ! weight on ea* int]section 0 ab\t equal to t :i* w\ld come on ea* ( ! int]sections ( ! actual cradle4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 n !re=e a model1 b a correct repres5tation ( a "p ( ! cradles1 & :i* might1 ) an exception to be not$ pres5tly1 be tak5 to exactly repres5t1 by its conduct1 ! conduct ( e simil> "p ( ! actual cradles4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) "o or two k9ds ( ungu5ts1 &1 :at 0 a m correct repres5tation ( :at 0 likely to occur1 ) ! rails & b>s clean b n bright1 & )\t lubrication4 ,! exp]im5ts ) lubrication 7 useful r z comp>+ ! v>i\s lubricants "o ) ano!r ?an z repres5t+1 by a m]e process ( multiplication1 :at w\ld be ! behavi\r ( ! %ip on h] cradles1 because1 = ! reason already po9t$ out 9 ! case ( wood5 slid+-surfaces1 ! lubrication w\ld be m & m rubb$ away z m ( ! cradle pass$ ov] x2 ?us ! exp]im5tal cradle1 :5 tri$ ) lubrication1 repres5t$ r ! behavi\r ( ! front "p ( ! cradle ?an t ( ! :ole4 ,_h ! %ip h]self be5 mov$ un9t]rupt$ly d[n ! ways1 ! /ate ( ?+s w\ld h be5 some?+ betwe5 good lubrication & none at all4 ,z ! "u sides ( ! b>s 7 lubricat$1 any motion ( "o end ( ! %ip be=e ! o!r w\ld t5d to move ! b>s sideways ov] ! rails1 & s to spread ! lubrication1 & to pick x up & re-deposit x4 ,mr4 ,brunel ?\ght b little ( ! black-lead+ ( ! ways1 consid]+ t x w\ld be rubb$ (f by ! lead+ b>s ( ! cradles2 b a v little lubrication on metal surfaces is suffici5t2 & d\btless1 _h ! %ip be5 mov$ cont9u\sly d[n ! ways1 consid]able assi/ance w\ld h be5 d]iv$ f ! lubrication :i* 0 appli$4 ,! results ( ! exp]im5t 7 curi\s4 ,! g5]ally receiv$ notion is1 t friction betwe5 rubb+ surfaces is indep5d5t ( ! velocity2 t is to say1 t :e!r a body be mov+ fa/ or sl[ )9 reasonable limits1 ! ret>dation due to friction is ! same2 t if a body be slid+ at a giv5 velocity1 :e!r t velocity be great or small1 a drag ( a c]ta9 numb] ( p\nds w keep x mov+ at t velocity4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 always und]/ood t a great] =ce 0 necess>y to />t a body f re/1 to ov]come adhesion4 ,! exp]im5ts made ) ! exp]im5tal cradle di/9ctly %[$ t any rule z to friction be+ con/ant at diff]5t velocities 0 untrue4 ,x 0 evid5t t1 z ! spe$ increas$1 ! p[] requir$ to ov]come ! friction became less4 ,no exact records are extant ( ! exp]im5ts made ) ?is exp]im5tal cradle be=e ! laun*2 !y 71 h[ev]1 repeat$ dur+ ! laun* ) great c>e1 & ! results v c>efully analys$4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ g5]ally t ! tractive =ce1 includ+ ! action ( gravity1 0 nev] m ?an 1 or less ?an #a_/ae1 ( ! weight4 ,al?\gh ! exp]im5ts %[$ t ! am\nt ( friction 9 ! case ( ! actual laun* w\ld lie betwe5 ! limits above m5tion$1 !y at ! same "t indicat$ t x w\ld n probably approa* ei!r ( ^? limits4 99 99 99 99 99 ,%ortly aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! laun*1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h ! exp]im5tal cradle & ways re-erect$4 ,a v simple arrangem5t 0 fitt$ up1 by :i* ! =ces at "w at ea* p]iod ( ! progress ( ! cradle 9 ea* exp]im5t might be d$uc$4 ,! results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 :i*1 z may be suppos$1 7 simil> to ^? obta9$ 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>1 7 mo/ in/ructive2 !y %[$ quantitatively ! decid$ dim9ution 9 friction :i* took place z ! velocity increas$1 & ! am\nt ( t dim9ution4 ,! app>atus 0 v simple4 ,! exp]im5tal cradle1 :i* has already be5 describ$1 0 made to slide d[n its ways by a *a9 atta*$ to a susp5d$ weight4 ,! weight employ$ 0 g5]ally ab\t #e cwt4 ,aft] ! cradle _h run a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! weight rea*$ ! gr\nd & ! cradle proce$$ ) ! mom5tum x _h obta9$4 ,! velocity giv5 to ! cradle d[n ! ways 0 measur$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,a long piece ( tape 0 coil$ r\nd a reel plac$ at ! top ( ! incl9$ rails or exp]im5tal ways1 s t x c\ld revolve freely & pay out ! tape z requir$4 ,"o end ( ?is tape 0 atta*$ to ! cradle1 s z to be drawn aft] x z x ran d[n ! rails4 ,! tape1 z x ran (f ! reel1 pass$ ov] a guid+ bo>d ov] :i* swung transv]sely a p5dulum arrang$ to sw+ once e qu>t] ( a second4 ,at ! l[] end ( ?is p5dulum 0 atta*$ a bru% :i* 0 fill$ ) pa9t2 & z soon z ! model cradle mov$1 ! p5dulum 0 set oscillat+ by a self-act+ trigg] arrangem5t4 ,! p5dulum 9 its oscillations made m>ks on ! tape z x ran out at e qu>t] ( a second ( "t4 ,?us1 by an exam9ation ( ! tape1 c\ld be det]m9$ ! exact di/ance :i* _h be5 pass$ ov] by ! cradle dur+ ea* qu>t] ( a second ( ! "t dur+ :i* x 0 mov+4 ,! rate ( progress be+ ?us kn[n1 & ! actuat+ =ce 7gravity act+ on ! cradle & on ! susp5d$ weight7 be+ also kn[n1 x w be und]/ood t ! exact am\nt ( ! resi/+ =ce1 namely1 friction1 c\ld be calculat$ exactly1 & ?is = ea* mom5t & position ( ! desc5t ( ! exp]im5tal cradle4 ,! foll[+ results ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 record$ 9 t]ms ( ! correspond+ am\nts ( tractive =ce t w\ld be requir$ to produce simil> results 9 ! case ( ! %ip & cradles1 a weight ( #ab1jjj tons4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,=ce 9 tons requir$ to move or re/ra9 %ip on incl9e ( #a 9 #ab ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,velocity1 feet p] second #j #j to #age #aae #b to #c ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,,rails ,,& ,,cradle ,,b>s4 ,ret>d- + #aaj ,no4 #a4 ,ample lubrication 44 44#fj #j to #bjj ,no4 #b4 ,m$ium lubrication #abj 4444 #j #fj ,no4 #c4 ,v little lubrication#djj #bjj44 #j 44 #efj ,no4 #d4 ,no lubrication to 4444 #j 44 #djj ---------------------------------------- -------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,=ce 9 tons requir$ to move a weight equal to ! %ip on simil> ways1 b on ! level ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,velocity1 feet p] second #j #j to #a #ge #a #ae #b to #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,rails ,,& ,,cradle ,,b>s4 #hij ,no4 #a4 ,ample lubrication 44 44 #a1jfja1jjj to #hjj ,no4 #b4 ,m$ium lubrication #a1bbj 44 44 #a1jjj #idj ,no4 #c4 ,v little lubrication#a1djj 44 #a1bjj 44 #a1jjj 44 #a1efj ,no4 #d4 ,no lubrication to 44 44 #a1jjj 44 #a1djj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 e case :]e a velocity approa*+ to #c feet p] second 0 atta9$1 :e!r ! ways 7 lubricat$ or 7 q dry1 ! model1 ?\gh !re 0 no tractive =ce act+ on x o!r ?an t ( gravity d[n ! incl9e ( #a 9 #ab1 rapidly increas$ its spe$ till x rea*$ ! end ( ! ways4 ,^! exp]im5ts are wor?y ( note = ! contradiction1 already ref]r$ to1 :i* !y gave to ! receiv$ rules relative to friction4 ,x w be se5 by ^! exp]im5ts1 & z w h]e9aft] appe> f ! results ( ! movem5ts ( ! %ip h]self dur+ ! laun*1 t ) diff]5t degrees ( velocity v great v>iation 9 ! friction 0 app>5t1 am\nt+ to a diff]5ce ( ab\t ?irty p] c5t4 9 ! case ( unlubricat$ surfaces1 accord+ z ! velocity 0 ne>ly nil or 0 #ae feet p] second1 :i* is a comp>atively small velocity4 ,! friction 9 ?is case 01 on a weight ( #ab1jjj tons1 #a1ejj tons at a v l[ velocity1 & b #a1jjj tons at a velocity ( #ae feet a second or ab\t "o mile an h\r1 ! friction at ! v l[ velocity be+ fifty p] c5t4 great] ?an t at "o mile an h\r4 ,z soon z ! %ip began to move by slides1 ! record+ app>atus ( tape & p5dulum 0 appli$ to record ! nature ( ! %ip's movem5ts4 ,?is app>atus 0 simil> to t already describ$4 ,! tape 0 atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! %ip "u h] c5tre ( gravity1 & record$ ! rate ( ret>dation ( ! %ip :5 left to h]self aft] ! motive appliances _h1 ) ! exception ( gravity1 ceas$ to act2 & ! am\nt ( friction act+ to ret>d ! %ip 0 det]m9$ ) a v consid]able am\nt ( accuracy4 ,! be/ exp]im5ts made 7 on ,decemb] #g1 #h1 & #aj2 & ! results are v int]e/+4 ,! dirt & ru/ ( ! slid+ surfaces _h increas$ ! adhesion v mu*1 & a consid]able =ce 0 necess>y to />t ! %ip4 ,!re be+ no good pressure gauges to ! presses1 x 0 impossible to decide exactly :at 0 ! =ce requir$ to />t ! %ip1 = ( c\rse ! tape record gave no in=mation on ?is po9t2 b !re is no d\bt x 0 consid]able1 probably #hjj or #a1jjj tons 9 addition to gravity1 & 0 ?us f> great] ?an ! =ce to />t t _h be5 obs]v$ ) ! exp]im5tal cradle4 ,b ! rem>kable fact 0 t1 not)/&+ ! det]ioration ( ! slid+-surfaces z ev9c$ 9 ! increas$ difficulty 9 />t+1 ! friction1 :5 once motion 0 e/abli%$1 0 prov$ n to be v l>gely 9 excess ( t :i* _h be5 exhibit$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! v>i\s exp]im5ts tri$1 x 0 %[n t :5 ! %ip _h a velocity ( betwe5 #f & #h in*es p] second1 ! am\nt ( friction 0 only ab\t #ajj tons 9 excess ( ! action ( gravity d[n ! incl9e2 :ile z ! velocity became less1 ! friction became great]1 till1 z ! velocity became small]1 ! friction increas$ f #bjj to #cjj tons 9 excess ( ! action ( gravity4 ,! results obta9$ by ! obs]vations made on ! motion ( ! %ip hav+ %[n t its behavi\r :5 9 motion accord$ ) t ( ! exp]im5tal cradle1 !re is e reason to believe t if ! %ip _h ev] atta9$ a velocity ( #a to #b feet p] second1 :i* might h happ5$ _h ! riv] tackle act$ well1 ! friction w\ld1 z 9 ! exp]im5tal cradle1 h become less ?an ! action ( gravity d[n ! slope1 & ! brakes w\ld h _h to be employ$ to *eck ! motion4 ,,note ,b 7p4 #chd74 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel to ,w4 ,fr\de1 ,esq4 ,febru>y #b1 #aheh4 ,my de> ,fr\de1--,x is no news to y to tell y t we h float$1 b /ill y w p]haps feel sympa!tically "s pleasure 9 he>+ ( x f me1 z ,i d 9 writ+ to y ^u x4 ,we h 9 fact gone on well & )\t mi%ap s9ce we h resum$ op]ations ) pl5ty ( p[]2 we h n gone v quickly because our jumps h be5 small1 or we h gone by a cont9u\s motion--we h _h a great deal ( ?is1 & all ! la/ #cj or #dj feet ,i ?9k1 or m1 has be5 s1 ! p[] be+ ) gravity ab\t a qu>t] ( ! weight1 sometimes less--occasionally1 :5 ! wat] 0 high1 consid]ably less--buoyancy be+ ( c\rse tak5 duly into ! calculation4 ,once1 :5 /ill weigh+ fully #c1ejj tons1 & ) #a1bjj tons ( wat] 9 h]1 mak+ #d1gjj1 less "s buoyancy ( ! cradle1 %e mov$ s easily t !y came runn+ to me f ! o!r cradle1 to say t %e 0 mov+ ( h]self1 & ask+ :at to d4 ,%e c]ta9ly _h n mu* m pressure on ?an we _h assum$ to be necess>y to ov]come all ! friction ( ?ru/ timb]s1 c41 c]ta9ly c\ld n h _h above #cjj tons ( real pu% to move #b1jjj #b1jjj tons1 #b1jjj -- ----- 7gravity7 #a1hcc tons4 #ab ,i ?9k t :5 ! load became mu* light] on ! rails1 t ! mud & ev5 ! s& ( ! ,?ames =m a lubricator & roll]s :i* (f]$ less resi/ance ?an ! dry rail1 or ! rail ) pressure en\gh to displace ! mud or imb$ ! s&4 ,hav+ at la/ pu%$ ! cradles beyond ! rail1 & f\nd h] /& well1 & mov$ a few feet m & /ill /& upright1 ,i wait$ = a tide1 & arrang$ a good communication ) ,liv]pool & ,plym\? to telegraph up w9d & wea!r1 morn+ & night1 s z to help 9 =esee+ a tide4 ,on ,friday morn+1 at #c ,a4,m41 ! tide began to improve1 b ! w9d 0 /ill 9 ! wrong qu>t] = a good tide1 & z ,i ?9k ,i h told y ! tides ( ?is mon?1 & ( ! :ole ye> ( #8#eh1 are v poor4 ,besides ?is1 x blew a gale4 ,i !re=e began pump+ out ! wat]1 b /opp$ at #a1bjj tons1 & at #aj ,a4,m41 see+ no improvem5t 9 ! wea!r1 ,i fill$ 9 by ! fire-eng9e ab\t #a1cjj or #a1djj m1 & gave up ! attempt1 & v =tunately1 z ! tide did n rise high en\gh1 & ! w9d "r on h] broadside increas$4 ,on ,saturday night ?+s grew worse1 & ! w9d at ,liv]pool & ,falm\? f9i%$ 9 ! ev5+ /ill ,,ssw4 ,ab\t midnight ! w9d lull$1 ! ra9 came d[n 9 torr5ts2 ! w9d gradually /ole r\nd to ! nor?w>d1 & ! tide came roll+ up uncom=tably quick4 ,i admitt$ wat] z soon z x w\ld run 91 & only j prev5t$ h] float+2 :51 if %e _h1 we %\ld h be5 9 a mess1 z our w$ge-pieces 7 n yet unbolt$ f ! bottom1 nor c\ld we 9 ! night h manag$ ! float+1 ev5 if all _h be5 ready1 :i* no?+ 04 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! w$ge-piece be+ bolt$ 0 p]haps our security1 z %e all b float$2 ! /]n rose #c in*es ?\gh we _h #c1jjj tons ( wat] 9 h]1 ! tide rose s high2 we began pump+ imm$iately on ! turn ( tide1 & by half-pa/ #f ,a4,m4 ! w9d 0 g5tle f ! ,,nne41 & telegraphs came to ann\nce ! same 9 ,liv]pool1 c4 ,i !re=e det]m9$ ^u float+4 ,we pump$ away1 & at #aj ,a4,m4 cle>$ ev]y?+ away1 & began our prep>ations4 ,i _h fix$ #ab o'clock to beg9 =c+ h] fur!r d[n1 ?9k+ half-pa/ #ab w\ld h be5 z e>ly z %e w\ld h mov$ easily1 b ! tide came ru%+ up an h\r & a half be=e its "t2 &1 al?\gh ,i hurri$ ! m5 to _! po/s1 we 7 r caught napp+4 ,! in/ant we began press+1 %e mov$ easily1 & by a qu>t] pa/ #a we _h pu%$ h] c5tre pa/ ! ways1 & %e began lift+ ) ! tide4 ,i _h a c5tre /ation ) a *alk bo>d1 giv+ me ! curve ( ! tide1 & two good levels read+ (f h] /em & /]n wat] m>ks4 ,our calculations _h prov$ v correct4 ,9 ! skew position ,i _h pu%$ h] to1 %e began lift+ at ! /]n fir/1 z %e ought to h done1 & h] b[s soon foll[$ ! example4 ,we /opp$ pu%+ ! cradles1 made !m fa/1 & began haul+ out ! %ip--%e mov$ v sl[ly ( c\rse4 ,:5 %e began to move out1 our fir/ difficulty occurr$ by a little mismanagem5t1 or ov] confid5ce1 on bo>d2 our /]n *a9 0 let g1 & %e =g$ ahead aga9/ ! tide by ! ela/ic /ra9 ( ! b[ *a91 & ,i ?9k also by ! tug-boats pull+ too mu*1 :i* ought n to h be5 done1 & 9 go+ ahead h] port paddles caught hold ( "s cradle timb] ris+1 ) long #b in* bolts hold+ !m to ! bottom ( cradle4 ,no tug p[] w\ld h _h any effect ^u !m4 ,b we _h two h\rs be=e u1 ) a promise ( an unusual tide2 ,i hurri$ on bo>d1 & we succe$$ 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes 9 gett+ a little a/]n a little out1 & gett+ cle>4 ,we _h "s mi%aps aft] ?is1 su* z f\l+ "o ( our b>ges1 gett+ x jamm$ "u ! paddle:eels1 & ! b>ge fa/ by ! *a9 tackle dropt ov]bo>d4 ,h[ev]1 we scuttl$ & sunk ! b>ge1 & got safely across4 ,we _h an extraord9>y tide1 & sev]al assi/ances f nature to c\nt]act any ( our own bungl+1 & got safely across1 & %e is n[ moor$ 9 h] "r place4 ,y\rs fai?fully1 ,i4 ,k4 ,,brunel4 ,william ,fr\de1 ,esq4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,/eam ,,navigation--,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip4 ,,completion ,,& ,,subsequ5t ,,hi/ory4 ,a4,d4 #aheh-ahei3 ,,tatis #eb-ed4 ,a4,d4 #ahei-ahgj4 ,,prep>ations ,,= ,,complet+ ,,! ,,%ip--,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,%ip ,,company--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,abs5ce ,,f ,,engl&--,,progress ,,( ,,! ,,works ,,f ,,8 ,,return ,,to ,,8 ,,la/ ,,illness--,,voyage ,,to ,,weym\?--,,explosion ,,( ,,wat]-,,heat]--,,/orm ,,at ,,holyhead--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,%ip--,,h] ,,fir/ ,,voyage ,,to ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #ahfj--,,second ,,voyage ,,to ,,new ,,york1 ,,may #ahfa--,,voyage ,,) ,,troops ,,to ,,quebec1 ,,june #ahfa--;,,fracture ,,( ,,rudd]-,,head ,,& ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,paddle:eels1 ,,septemb] #ahfa--,,voyages ,,9 #ahfb--;,,accid5t ,,(f ,,montauk ,,po9t1 ,,augu/ #bg1 #ahfb--,,voyages ,,9 #ahfc--;,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,ea/]n ,,/eam-,,%ip ,,company--,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,previ\s ,,to ,,h] ,,employm5t ,,9 ,,lay+ ,,subm>9e ,,telegraph ,,cables--,,telegraph ,,exp$itions ,,( #ahfe ,,& #ahff--;,,fr5* ,,cable ,,exp$ition ,,( #ahfi--,,voyage ,,to ,,bombay ,,& ,,ad51 #ahfi-gj--;,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks--,,note3 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,%ip ,,& ,,eng9es4 ,soon aft] ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' ef=ts 7 made to obta9 funds = f9i%+ h]1 & ,mr4 ,brunel proce$$ to prep>e designs ) ! view ( obta9+ t5d]s = ! execution ( ! decks1 skylights1 fitt+s1 rigg+1 c4 ,he obta9$ advice f p]sons ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ?is class ( "w2 & a specification 0 c>efully prep>$1 provid+ = ! completion ( ! %ip 9 a p]fect mann]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mean:ile x _h be5 consid]$ t1 l>ge z ! %ip 01 %e might be pr(itably employ$ 9 ! ,am]ican trade1 & t x might be exp$i5t to run h] on t l9e = a few voyages be=e plac+ h] on ! ,ea/]n r\te4 ,capta9 ,h>rison w5t to ,am]ica to exam9e ! h>b\r at ,portl&1 & br\ght back a fav\rable report ( x4 ,all ef=ts to raise ! funds = f9i%+ ! %ip prov$ unavail+2 & x 0 det]m9$ to recon/itute ! company4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! new company1 :i* 0 call$ ! #8,great ,%ip ,company1' 0 =m$ t[>ds ! end ( ! ye> #aheh4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 compell$ by ill-heal? to g to ,egypt = ! w9t]4 ,on leav+ ,engl&1 he /rongly urg$ ! ,directors on no acc\nt to fail to make a /rict contract1 di/9ctly def9+ ! "w to be done1 & ! mann] ( its execution1 z provid$ = by ! specifications he _h drawn out4 ,b 8 advice 0 n foll[$4 ,aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's return to ,engl& 9 ,may #ahei1 he cont9u$ to give ! great] "p ( 8 "t to ! %ip4 ,! difficulties :i* he _h to enc\nt] 7 c]ta9ly nei!r few] nor less vexati\s ?an ^? :i* _h aris5 at e>li] p]iods 9 h] hi/ory2 b !y 7 ! la/ ) :i* he _h to cont5d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,septemb] #e he left h] 9 ! morn+1 feel+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! illness :i* t5 days aft]w>ds t]m9at$ fatally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ip left h] moor+s on ,septemb] #g1 & ) ! assi/ance ( sev]al tugs /eam$ d[n ! riv]4 ,%e /opp$ = a night at ,purfleet1 & aga9 at ! ,nore1 & !n left = ,weym\?4 ,on ! voyage a s]i\s accid5t happ5$1 :i* 0 made ! subject ( mu* misrepres5tation4 ,r\nd ea* ( ! funnels ( ! paddle eng9es 0 :at 0 t]m$ a wat]-cas+1 or jacket1 consi/+ ( an out] cyl9d]1 ab\t #f in*es f ! inn] cyl9d] :i* =m$ ! funnel4 ,! top ( ! annul> space betwe5 ! cyl9d]s 0 at ab\t ! level ( ! deck4 ,f x a /&-pipe 0 c>ri$ up1 :i*1 aft] ris+ to a c]ta9 height1 0 turn$ ov]1 & ! end br\ght d[n into ! /okehole4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t 0 to heat ! fe$-wat] be=e x ent]$ ! boil]1 & at ! same "t to keep ! saloons cool1 ?r\gh :i* ! funnels pass$4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! /&-pipe gave ?is advantage1 t :5 ! head ( wat] 9 ! heat] & /&-pipe toge!r became equival5t to ! pressure 9 ! boil]1 ! wat] c\ld be run into ! boil] by gravitation4 ,! /&-pipe at ! same "t1 be+ op5 to ! air at ! top1 =m$ a safety-valve to ! wat]-heat]4 ,= ! purpose ( te/+ ! jo9ts ( ! jacket ) wat] pressure1 :ile ! %ip 0 be+ f9i%$1 a /op-cock _h be5 plac$ on ! /&-pipe1 :i* un=tunately _h n be5 aft]w>ds remov$4 ,:ile ! %ip 0 proce$+ d[n ,*annel1 ! donkey fe$-pumps 7 n work+ well1 & to ease !m x 0 ?\ght bett] to cut (f ! wat]-heat]1 & to =ce ! wat] direct into ! boil]4 ,! communication ( ! wat]-heat] ) ! boil] 0 !re=e cut (f2 &1 z 0 aft]w>ds asc]ta9$1 ! /op-cock at ! top ( ! wat]-heat] _h be5 also clos$4 ,! wat] conf9$ 9 ! heat] soon produc$ /eam1 & :5 ! %ip 0 (f ,ha/+s ! cas+ explod$4 ,! funnel 0 ?r[n up on to ! deck1 & a body ( boil+ wat] & /eam 0 driv5 d[n into ! boil] room1 sev]ely injur+ sev]al ( ! firem51 :o aft]w>ds di$4 ,t ! effects ( ?is accid5t 7 conf9$ to "o comp>tm5t ( ! %ip1 0 due to ! complete protection af=d$ by ! transv]se bulkheads4 ,aft] %e arriv$ at ,weym\? ! funnel 0 repair$2 b z an outcry 0 rais$ aga9/ ! wat]-heat]s1 x 0 ?\ght desirable1 f def]5ce to public op9ion1 to discont9ue _! use2 al?\gh ?is accid5t _h n 9 any way prov$ !m to be objectionable1 & !y are n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,:ile ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 0 at ,weym\? ,mr4 ,brunel di$4 ,_m visitors w5t 9 ! %ip :5 %e left ,weym\? on a trial trip to ,holyhead4 ,at ,holyhead %e lay 9 a some:at expos$ situation2 & ! sudd5 /orm came on 9 :i* ! #8,royal ,*>t]' 0 lo/4 ,! great advantage ( hav+ bo? paddle & screw 0 n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 felt4 ,a portion ( ! tempor>y /ag+ erect$ by ! contractor at ! breakwat] 0 c>ri$ away1 & drift$ d[n ^u ! %ip4 ,dur+ ! gale h] eng9es 7 kept go+1 9 ord] to relieve ! /ra9 on ! cables4 ,! timb]s ( ! /ag+ got f\l ( bo? paddle:eels & screw2 b1 z x 0 always possible to keep "o ( ! eng9es at "w1 ! %ip 0 sav$ f drift+4 ,! season be+ n[ too f> advanc$ = a pr(itable voyage to ,am]ica1 ! %ip left ,holyhead & w5t to ,s\?ampton ,wat] = ! w9t]1 :]e sev]al alt]ations & additions 7 made4 ,9 ,mr4 ,brunel's report ( ,febru>y #e1 #ahee1 pr9t$ above1 at p4 #cae1 he describes ! lead+ features ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' z %e 0 !n be+ con/ruct$1 b a m detail$ acc\nt ( !m w fitly prec$e ! hi/ory ( h] c>e] z a pass5g]-%ip4 ,! ma9 arrangem5ts ( ! %ip are %[n 9 ! woodcut 7fig4 #af1 p4 #cig74agc ,! %ip is #fhj feet long1 #hc feet wide1 & #eh feet deep4 ,h] gross tonnage is #ah1iae tons4 ,%e is divid$ into wat]-tight comp>tm5ts by t5 bulkheads 7a & b71 all ( :i*1 except two 7b71 ext5d completely across ! %ip1 & up to ! upp] deck4 ,^! two are complete to #f feet above ! #bh-;foot wat] l9e4 ,9 addition !re are p>tial bulkheads 7c71 :i* =m ! ends ( coal bunk]s1 & aid mat]ially 9 /r5g!n+ ! flat bottom ( ! %ip4 ,! m rem>kable p>ts ( ! con/ruction ( ! %ip w be und]/ood by means ( ! transv]se section4 ,! bottom is made d\ble1 & betwe5 ! two sk9s are webs1 runn+ longitud9ally4 ,mr4 ,brunel consid]$ t ! d\ble sk9 w\ld greatly dim9i% ! *ance ( su* an accid5t occurr+ z w\ld cause any ( ! comp>tm5ts to be fill$ ) wat]4 ,! mat]ial be+ arrang$ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip is all capable ( tak+ "p 9 ! /ra9s t are ?r[n on ! bottom1 z well z on ! top1 by =ces t5d+ to b5d ! %ip4 ,mr4 ,brunel also made ! upp] deck cellul>1 9 ord] to resi/ ! compressive /ra9 t w\ld come on x :5 ! %ip 0 heavily load$ 9 ! middle ( h] l5g?4 ,great additional /r5g? to ! %ip1 consid]$ z a gird]1 is giv5 by two longitud9al bulkheads1 #cf feet ap>t1 ext5d+ = #cej feet4 ,^! bulkheads1 ) ! sides ( ! %ip1 =m ! v]tical web plates ( ! gird]4 ,h] /ructure resembles ! tubes ( ! ,britannia bridge2 ! cellul> top flange be+ connect$ ) ! cellul> bottom flange by plate-iron webs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,longitud9al ,section ,plan %[+ ,ma*9]y & ,coals ,mid%ip ,section %[+ ,cab9s & ,boil] ,room4 #8,,great ,,ea/]n' ,,/eam-,,%ip a4 ,complete transv]se wat]tight bulkhead b4 ,transv]se wat]tight bulkheads complete up to wat] l9e c4 ,p>tial transv]se bulkheads d4 ,longitud9al bulkheads ,e4 ,cable decks ,f4 ,*a9 cable lock]s1 c4 ,g4 ,ice-h\se1 /ores1 c4 ,h4 ,=w>d c>go space ,i4 ,paddle boil] rooms ,j4 ,paddle eng9es ,k4 ,cross coal bunk]s ,l4 ,paddle auxili>y eng9es ,m4 ,screw boil] rooms ,n4 ,screw eng9es ,o4 ,screw auxili>y eng9es ,p4 ,screw alley ,q4 ,gr& saloon ,r4 ,ladies' saloon ,s1,u4 ,l[] saloons ,t4 ,upp] saloons ,v4 ,passage tunnel ,w4 ,/eam-pipe tunnel ,x4 ,aft c>go space ,y4 ,aft cable deck1 c4 ,y'4 ,deck = auxili>y till]1 c4 ,z4 ,cab9s ,,note4--,! ma/s ( ! %ip1 six 9 numb]1 are n %[n on ?is woodcut4 ,! two sk9s ( ! %ip1 ) ! web plates betwe5 !m1 =m+ ! cellul> bottom ( ! great gird]1 may also be consid]$ z a numb] ( small] gird]s plac$ side by side1 ea* resi/+ ! excess ( ! pressure ( ! wat] ov] ! load t may happ5 to be re/+ on x inside ! %ip4 ,! diff]5ce ( pressure or upw>d /ra9 is transmitt$ by ! cross bulkheads 7a1 b1 c7 f ! bottom ( ! %ip to ! sides & longitud9al bulkheads4 ,! d\ble sk9 ext5ds up to ab\t #f feet above ! wat] level ?r\gh\t ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ip1 ) ! exception ( ! extreme ends4 ,! =emo/ comp>tm5t next ! b[ has two cable decks 7,e71 ) cap/ans & all ! necess>y rid+-bitts1 /opp]s1 & o!r appliances = work+ ! cables4 ,^! arrangem5ts answ] well1 & ! #c-;in* *a9 cables are work$ ) great facility4 ,! cap/ans 7 orig9ally driv5 by a %aft f ! paddle auxili>y eng9es1 b ?is 0 f\nd inconv5i5t1 & a small indep5d5t eng9e has be5 put to "w !m4 ,! cables are /[$ 9 *a9 lock]s on a deck 7,f7 bel[ ! cable decks1 & bel[ ?is 7,g7 are ice-h\ses & /ore-rooms4 ,! next comp>tm5t ( ! %ip 7,h7 is int5d$ = c>go4 ,x is at pres5t occupi$ by ! =w>d cable tank4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! %ip1 #cej feet 9 l5g?1 up to ! level ( ! l[] deck1 #cd feet above ! bottom1 is occupi$ ) h] eng9es1 boil]s1 & coal bunk]s4 ,! space above ! l[] deck 0 occupi$ ) saloons & cab9s = pass5g]s1 except at ! paddle eng9e room 7,j74 ,! boil]s1 f\r 9 numb]1 two 9 ea* boil] room 7,i71 :i* supply /eam to ! paddle eng9es1 are plac$ =w>d ( ! eng9es2 & =w>d ( ! boil] rooms is a coal bunk] 7,k71 #bj feet long2 & abaft ( ! paddle eng9es are ! six boil]s1 two 9 ea* boil] room 7,m71 t supply /eam to ! screw eng9es 7,n74 ,^! ?ree boil] rooms are sep>at$ by coal bunk]s 7,k71 #bj feet long4 ,on ei!r side ( ! boil]s & eng9es1 & also ^u plate iron ar*es above ! boil]s1 are bunk]s = coal4 ,?is w be se5 on ! transv]se section ( ! %ip4 ,betwe5 ! paddle eng9es & boil]s is a wat]-tight comp>tm5t1 #aj feet long 7,l71 9 :i* are plac$ a pair ( auxili>y eng9es ( sixty horse-p[]1 :i* pump wat] out ( ! %ip & also "w fire-pumps4 ,!re are two o!r auxili>y eng9es ( sixty horse-p[] 9 a comp>tm5t 7,o7 aft ( ! screw eng9es1 int5d$ to keep ! screw propell] turn+ r\nd1 ei!r :5 ! %ip is at an*or1 to relieve ! /ra9 on ! cables1 or :51 = any reason1 %e is only us+ h] paddle eng9es4 ,!y also "w bilge-pumps & fire-pumps4 ,ea* set ( auxili>y eng9es has two indep5d5t high-pressure boil]s4 ,?r\gh\t ! bottom ( ! %ip !re are two bilge-pipes1 fitt$ ) valves1 ) bran*-pipes lead+ to ! v>i\s comp>tm5ts ( ! d\ble sk94 ,^! bilge-pipes c be connect$ ) ei!r ( ! auxili>y eng9es1 & s ! wat] c be pump$ out ( any "p ( ! %ip4 ,! paddle eng9es1 ( #a1jjj nom9al horse-p[]1 consi/ ( f\r incl9$ oscillat+ cyl9d]s1 #ad feet /roke & #f feet #b in*es diamet]1 ea* pair ( :i* "w on to a s+le crank4 ,!re are means = dis5gag+ ei!r paddle:eel f ! eng9es4 ,! screw eng9es1 ( #a1fjj nom9al horse-p[]1 consi/ ( f\r fix$ horizontal cyl9d]s1 #d feet /roke & #g feet diamet]1 ! two cyl9d]s ( ea* pair work+ opposite to ea* o!r on "o crank4 ,9 ea* boil] room are two donkey eng9es = supply+ ! boil]s ) wat]1 & ! ma9 eng9es are also fitt$ ) fe$-pumps4 ,ea* ( ! donkey eng9es is capable ( pump+ wat] out ( ! %ip1 & ( be+ us$ 9 case ( fire4 ,! screw %aft passes along :at is t]m$ a screw alley 7,p74 ,! weight ( ! screw re/s on ! be>+ :]e ! screw %aft passes out ?r\gh ! /]n-po/ ( ! %ip4 ,to prev5t ! wat] t leaks 9 ?r\gh ?is be>+ f p5etrat+ into ! screw alley1 !re is a bulkhead ) a /uff+-box r\nd ! screw %aft1 a %ort di/ance =w>d ( ! /]n-po/4 ,to enable access to be ga9$ to ! be>+1 a tube 0 provid$ lead+ d[n f ! ma9-deck4 ,?is 0 int5d$ to be fitt$ ) appliances = pump+ air 9 s z to drive ! wat] out1 & to admit m5 to get at ! be>+ "u air pressure4 ,ano!r arrangem5t 0 also provid$ = ! same purpose4 ,on ! aft] side ( ! /]n-po/ 0 plac$ a r+ ( india-rubb]2 &1 by pull+ 9 ! screw-%aft1 ! screw 0 press$ tightly aga9/ ! india-rubb] r+1 :i* prev5t$ ! wat] f ent]+4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t ! /]n-be>+ 0 exam9$ & repair$ at ,s\?ampton4 ,! screw propell] has f\r blades1 & is #bd feet 9 diamet] & #dd feet pit*4 ,! paddle:eels 7 #ef feet 9 diamet]1 ) #cj floats1 ea* #ac feet broad & #c feet deep4 ,ov] ! boil] rooms run two tunnels2 "o ( !m 7,v7 s]ves z a passage to enable ! eng9e]s to pass f "o comp>tm5t to ano!r ?r\gh\t ! "p ( ! %ip occupi$ by ! boil]s & eng9es4 ,! op5+s lead+ f ! tunnel to ! eng9e or boil] rooms are provid$ ) wat]tight doors1 :i* c be %ut 9 ! ev5t ( any ( ! comp>tm5ts gett+ full ( wat]4 ,! o!r tunnel 7,w7 s]ves z a passage = ! /eampipe1 :i* leads f ! boil]s to ! eng9es4 ,?\gh ! boil]s are divid$ into two sets1 "o = ! paddle eng9es & "o = ! screw1 ! /eampipes are connect$1 s t ! :ole ( ! t5 boil]s1 or any ( !m1 may be us$ to supply /eam = ei!r ( ! eng9es4 ,9 "o po9t a deviation 0 made f ,mr4 ,brunel's arrangem5ts4 ,x 0 8 int5tion t !re %\ld be no ap]tures 9 ! wat]-tight bulkheads except at ! tunnel 7,v71 f :i* ! v>i\s boil] & eng9e rooms 7 to be ent]$ by op5+s1 to be clos$ by wat]-tight doors4 ,! tunnel 0 plac$ high up1 s t 9 ! ev5t ( a leak !re might be ample "t to close ! door4 ,! inconv5i5ce ( asc5d+ & desc5d+ by ladd]s 01 h[ev]1 consid]$ an evil2 & x 0 f\nd necess>y at times to c>ry coals f "o comp>tm5t to ano!r4 ,= ^! reasons1 ^u ! requirem5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 doorways1 fitt$ ) slid+ doors1 :i* c be clos$ by h&les on ! upp] deck1 h be5 cut 9 ! bulkheads betwe5 ! boil] rooms4 ,?is arrangem5t exi/s 9 o!r %ips2 & 9 ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' ev5 )\t clos+ ^! doors1 !re are eight wat]tight comp>tm5ts4 ,at ! /]n ( ! %ip 7,y7 on ! ma9-deck are arrangem5ts = work+ cables1 simil> to ^? at ! b[4 ,^! appliances are requir$ :5 ! %ip has to be moor$ s z n to sw+ ) ! tide2 & !y w\ld all[ ( ! %ip's rid+ by ! /]n in/ead ( by ! b[1 :i* x might (t5 be useful = h] to d 9 n>r[ wat]s4 ,on ! l[] deck 7,y71 at ! /]n ( ! %ip1 is a sp>e till] & :eel = work+ ! rudd]1 9 case any?+ goes wrong ) ! ma9 till]1 :i* is on ! upp] deck4 ,! weight ( ! rudd] is c>ri$ on ! l[] deck by a groov$ coll>1 re/+ on a r+ ( cannon balls4 ,! comp>tm5t 7,x7 imm$iately aft ( ! screw eng9e room is = c>go4 ,! saloons & cab9s are all 9 ! middle ( ! l5g? ( ! %ip1 :]e !re is lea/ motion4 ,! usual plan ( putt+ ! fir/-class pass5g]s at ! /]n 0 n adopt$1 & !y 7 plac$ =w>d4 ,z ! smoke g5]ally drifts t[>ds ! /]n ( a %ip1 ! fir/-class pass5g]s 9 ! #8,great ,ea/]n' are n annoy$ by ! smoke1 or by ! du/ & smell f ! boil] & eng9e rooms4 ,! transv]se section %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! cab9s4 ,mr4 ,brunel int5d$ t ! upp] saloons 7,t7 %\ld be us$ z sitt+-rooms1 & ! l[] saloons 7,s & ,u7 z d9+-rooms4 ,^! 7 to be lit & v5tilat$ by %afts on ei!r side ( ! upp] saloons1 ris+ up to ! skylights on deck4 ,! smell ( d9n] 0 ?us to be kept away f ! sitt+-rooms4 ,! cab9s 7,z7 on ei!r side 7 to be approa*$ f ! saloons by passages & /eps1 z %[n on ! section4 ,! saloon m>k$ 7,q7 is ! fir/-class1 & 7,r7 ! ladies' saloon4 ,! %ip is rigg$ ) six ma/s4 ,! arrangem5ts ( ! ma/s & rigg+ 7 especially int5d$ = ! ,ea/]n voyages4 ,at ! extreme b[ & /]n are l[ ma/s1 :i* c>ry trysails & /aysails4 ,! sails on ^! ma/s 7 *iefly int5d$ = manuvr+ ! %ip4 ,%e also has ?ree l>ge ma/s1 ! l[] ma/s be+ ( iron4 ,! two =emo/ ( ^! are squ>e-rigg$1 & all ?ree ( !m h trysails & /aysails4 ,! aft]mo/ ( ! ?ree 0 also made /rong en\gh to be fitt$ ) squ>e y>ds1 9 ! ev5t ( its be+ desirable to rig x 9 t mann]4 ,aft ( ! ?ree pr9cipal ma/s is a l>ge ma/1 only int5d$ to be rigg$ ) =e-&-aft canvas4 ,! %ip has no b[sprit1 ! /ay ( ! =emo/ ma/ be+ atta*$ to ! /em inside ! bulw>ks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,june #ahfj1 ! %ip made a trip f ,s\?ampton d[n ! ,*annel1 z f> z ! ,/>t ,ligh?\se & back1 to try h] eng9es2 & on ,june #ag %e sail$ = ,new ,york1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,v9e ,hall1 :o _h succe$$ ,capta9 ,h>rison4 ,%e arriv$ !re1 aft] a prosp]\s voyage1 on ,june #bh1 & 0 receiv$ ) great en?usiasm4 ,! %ip left ,new ,york on ,augu/ #af1 &1 hav+ call$ at ,halifax1 arriv$ at ,mil=d ,hav5 on ,augu/ #bf4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! two voyages ! /]n-be>+ ( ! screw-%aft1 :i* 0 9 :ite metal1 _h worn d[n betwe5 two & ?ree in*es4 ,) ! view ( all[+ = any depression ( ! /]n-be>+1 ! l5g?s ( ! screw-%aft 7 n rigidly connect$ ?r\gh\t1 b ! end l5g?1 atta*$ to ! screw1 0 c\pl$ to ! rema9d] ( ! %aft by a univ]sal jo9t1 consi/+ ( two d\ble cranks4 ,?us ! two %afts might be1 to a consid]able ext5t1 out ( l9e1 & yet revolve effici5tly4 ,:5 ! %ip return$ to ,mil=d ,hav51 a gridiron 0 prep>$ on ! bea*1 & %e 0 gr\nd$ on x2 & ! screw-%aft 0 drawn 94 ,by ?is "t x _h become ! g5]al op9ion t a %aft cas$ ) brass1 & runn+ 9 lignum-vit be>+s1 0 ! be/4 ,a la! & ma*9]y = mak+ ! %aft revolve 7 provid$1 & fix$ 9 ! /]n ( ! %ip2 ! %aft 0 turn$1 & brass coll>s %runk on4 ,! be>+ 0 made ) lignum-vit1 & ! brass-cov]$ %aft replac$ 9 x4 ,x has s9ce work$ well1 & has %[n no signs ( we>4 ,! %ip1 comm&$ by ,capta9 ,william ,?ompson1 left ,mil=d ,hav5 = ,new ,york on ,may #a1 #ahfa1 & return$ to ,liv]pool f ,new ,york on ,june #d1 hav+ made an av]age spe$ ( #ac knots on ! outw>d & #ad knots on ! homew>d voyage4 ,at ?is "t ! ,gov]nm5t det]m9$ to s5d h] out ) troops to ,quebec1 & %e 0 fitt$ up = t purpose4 ,%e took upw>ds ( #b1ejj troops1 & ab\t #dj pass5g]s4 ,!re 71 altoge!r1 ab\t #c1jjj p]sons on bo>d1 & #bjj artill]y horses4 ,sc>cely any ( ! troops 7 plac$ 9 ! regul> pass5g] "p ( ! %ip1 z !y 7 accommodat$ 9 ! c>go dep>tm5ts 7,h1 ,x74 ,?us a mu* great] numb] ( m5 might h be5 c>ri$ 9 h] ) p]fect com=t4 ,%e 0 comm&$ on ?is voyage by ,capta9 ,james ,k5n$y1 ( ! ,inman s]vice4 ,%e left ,liv]pool on ,june #bg1 & arriv$ at ,quebec on ,july #g4 ,%e return$ to ,liv]pool ) ab\t #ejj pass5g]s 9 ,augu/4 ,by ?is "t h] sup]iority _h become recognis$ by ! regul> travell]s betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,^? :o _h be5 9 h] f\nd t1 :ile !y pass$ o!r %ips roll+ & pit*+ 9 ! sea1 ! deck ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 0 s /eady t x 0 difficult to believe t !re 0 a gale bl[+2#agd & :51 aft] a cont9uance ( heavy wea!r1 %e began to roll1 ! motion 0 s sl[ & easy z to be comp>atively unimportant4 ,:5 %e left ,liv]pool aga91 !re 7 a consid]able numb] ( pass5g]s1 & x seem$ z if h] success 0 ensur$4 ,%e />t$ "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,james ,walk]1 on ,septemb] #aj1 & ?ree days aft]w>ds enc\nt]$ a sev]e ,atlantic gale4 ,! %ip 0 behav+ well1 :5 "o ( ! boats1 :i* hung on davits outside ! %ip =w>d ( ! paddle:eels1 got adrift on ! wea!r side4 ,fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ t x might f\l ! paddle:eel1 & ! capta9 det]m9$ to cut x away4 ,! direction ( ! %ip 0 alt]$1 9 ord] t ! boat might float cle>4 ,! %ip !n resum$ h] c\rse2 b %ortly aft]w>ds fell (f1 ) h] broadside to ! sea4 ,reliev+ tackles hav+ be5 put to assi/ ! m5 at ! :eel1 ! till] 0 kept h>d ov]1 to br+ ! %ip's head to ! w9d2 b ) no effect4 ,t[>ds ev5+1 z ! seas beat heavily aga9/ h] side1 fir/ "o paddle:eel & !n ! o!r 0 de/roy$1 be+ completely torn away f ! c5tral bosses4 ,dur+ ! night %e lay 9 a helpless condition4 ,! gale _h be5 ( "s duration1 & ! waves be+ l>ge & long1 ! %ip 0 plac$ 9 a v unfav\rable position to receive !m2 & %e roll$ consid]ably4 ,! next morn+1 :5 an (fic] w5t to exam9e ! auxili>y till] on ! l[] deck1 he discov]$ t ! rudd]-head 0 twi/$ %ort (f1 j above ! po9t :]e x ent]$ ! %ip4 ,! rudd] 0 /ill 9 its place4 ,! accid5t _h mo/ likely happ5$ on ! previ\s ev5+1 :5 ! %ip fell (f h] c\rse4 ,x _h n be5 notic$ by ! m5 at ! helm1 p]haps because !re 7 s _m ( !m at ! :eel & reliev+-tackles t !y held "o aga9/ ! o!r2 & ! brok5 p>ts ( ! rudd]-head1 gr9d+ toge!r1 ?rew j]ks on to ! till]4 ,! fracture ( ! rudd]-head 0 caus$ by ! badness ( ! workman%ip 9 ! int]ior ( ! =g+4 ,attempts 7 made to get sail on ! %ip1 b )\t mu* success2 & ) ! hope ( br++ h] head to w9d1 ! screw eng9es 7 rev]s$4 ,z soon z ! %ip 0 driv5 a/]n by ! screw1 ! rudd]1 be+ uncontroll$1 0 =c$ r\nd by ! ru% ( wat]1 & x knock$ away ! aft] /]n-po/4#age ,no o!r h>m 0 done1 z ! rudd] is secur$ by a p9 into ! heel ( ! %ip1 & by a coll> r\nd ! rudd]-head1 atta*$ to ! hull above wat]4 ,/eps 7 !n tak5 to get comm& ov] ! rudd]4 ,*a9s 7 wrapp$ r\nd ! /ump ( ! rudd]-head inside ! %ip1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( control 0 ?us obta9$4 ,a m effective plan 0 at ! same "t c>ri$ into execution4 ,a man 0 l[]$ by a rope f ! /]n ( ! %ip1 :o hove a piece ( wood1 ) a l9e atta*$ to x1 ?r\gh ! screw-op5+4 ,! wood ) ! end ( ! l9e 0 caught ) a boat-hook2 & a rope1 & aft]w>ds a haws]1 & !n a piece ( ! %ip's *a9 cable 7 pass$ ?r\gh beh9d ! rudd]4 ,! two ends ( ! *a9 cable 7 br\ght toge!r at ! /]n ( ! %ip1 & a l>ge %ackle put r\nd bo? p>ts ( ! *a91 & %ak5 d[n till x held !m toge!r4 ,9 ! edge ( ! rudd]-blade a not* _h be5 made by ! rudd] /rik+ aga9/ ! screw1 & into ?is not* ! %ackle 0 made to drop4 ,9 ?is way two *a9s or p5nants _h be5 atta*$ to ! back ( ! rudd]4 ,"o ( ^! 0 br\ght to ea* side ( ! %ip1 & !y 7 haul$ on by means ( ! /]n cap/an4 ,! %ip !n turn$ homew>d1 & ! wea!r hav+ mod]at$1 %e arriv$ (f ,cork h>b\r on ! aft]noon ( ,septemb] #ag4 ,by ?is "t ! *a9s r\nd ! rudd] _h %ift$1 & 7 ( little s]vice2 & be=e night x began to bl[ heavily t[>ds ! %ore4 ,x 0 dang]\s = ! %ip to rema9 on a lee %ore2 &1 al?\gh ! /e]+-ge> 0 out ( ord]1 ! capta9 wisely det]m9$ to take advantage ( ! %ip's head po9t+ 9 ! "r direction1 & /eam$ out to sea4 ,?ree days aft]w>ds ! %ip1 assi/$ by sev]al small /eam]s1 0 got safely into ,cork h>b\r1 a tempor>y till] 0 atta*$ to ! /ump ( ! rudd]-head1 & %e proce$$ to ,mil=d ,hav51 :]e %e 0 plac$ on ! gridiron1 & h] aft] /]n-po/ & paddle:eels replac$4 ,! accid5t _h prov$ t ! orig9al paddle:eels might ) advantage h be5 made /rong]1 & 9 ! new :eels ! brac+ 0 increas$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ip1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,walt] ,paton1 left ,mil=d ,hav5 = ,new ,york on ,may #g1 #ahfb1 & return$ to ,liv]pool on ,june #aa4 ,%e left aga9 on ,july #a1 & return$ on ,augu/ #f4 ,besides ! numb] ( pass5g]s ! %ip accommodat$1 %e c>ri$ a consid]able am\nt ( c>go2 %e br\ght ov] l>ge quantities ( gra9 & provisions4 ,! cu/om ( c>ry+ ?is class ( freight 9 /eam-%ips receiv$ a great impulse f ! success ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 9 ! traffic4 ,z x 0 f\nd t ! %all[ness ( ! b> at ,s&y ,hook prev5t$ h] tak+ full advantage ( h] c>ry+ p[]1 %e _h on ?is voyage foll[$ ! r\te along ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 s z to arrive close to ,new ,york 9 deep wat]1 & on h] return voyage %e br\ght z mu* z #e1cjj tons ( c>go 9 bulk1 :i* ) #d1cej tons ( coal gave h] a mean draught ( #bh feet4 ,%e left ,liv]pool on ,augu/ #ag1 & arriv$ (f ,montauk ,po9t1 at ! entrance to ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 at ab\t two 9 ! morn+ ( ! #bg?1 to take 9 ! pilot4 ,:ile /opp+1 a l\d rumbl+ noise 0 he>d1 & pres5tly ! %ip heel$ slightly ov] to "o side4 ,! pilot1 :5 he came on bo>d1 said t ! %ip _h pass$ ov] a reef ( sunk5 rocks1 :i* 0 n m>k$ on ! *>ts4 ,x 0 at ! same "t f\nd t _m ( ! spaces betwe5 ! d\ble sk9s 7 full ( wat]4 ,! %ip w5t on to ,new ,york1 & mo/ ( ! pass5g]s l&$ 9 ignorance ( an accid5t :i* 9 any o!r vessel w\ld h be5 fatal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,/eps 7 at once tak5 to exam9e ! damage1 & ! div]s report$ a l>ge fracture 9 ! out] sk9 #hj feet long & ab\t #aj feet broad4 ,!y also discov]$ aft]w>ds sev]al small] fractures4 ,x 0 consid]$ t ?is damage might be m5d$ :ile ! vessel 0 afloat1 & a v skilful arrangem5t1 contriv$ by ,messrs4 ,r5wick1 ( ,new ,york1 0 adopt$4 ,a l>ge wood5 b>ge 0 made ) a gunwale %ap$ to fit ! %ip's side1 & two wood5 passages lead+ d[n into ! b>ge4 ,x 0 plac$ s z to cov] ! l>ge fracture1 & 0 secur$ by *a9s pass$ r\nd ! bottom ( ! %ip4 ,! jo9t betwe5 ! gunwale ( ! b>ge & ! %ip's side 0 made wat]-tight2 ! wat] 0 pump$ out1 & m5 & mat]ials pass$ d[n ?r\gh ! %afts4 ,by ! ex]tions ( ^? engag$ 9 ?is difficult op]ation1 ! great fracture 0 repair$1 & ! %ip return$ to ,engl& 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahfc4 ,a gridiron 0 made at ,birk5head2 ! %ip 0 plac$ on x1 & ! repairs 7 proce$$ ) "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,br]eton1 :o at ,mr4 ,brunel's dea? succe$$ him z eng9e] to ! ,great ,%ip ,company4 ,on exam9ation1 x 0 f\nd t fractures _h be5 made 9 t5 sep>ate places 9 ! out] sk94 ,! %ip />t$ aga9 9 ,may #ahfc1 & made ?ree voyages to ,new ,york & home4 ,at ?is "t1 h[ev]1 !re 0 a sev]e competition ) o!r vessels1 & ! ,company c\ld n af=d to run ! %ip unremun]atively = any l5g? ( "t4 ,9 #ahfd %e pass$ into ! h&s ( a new company1 :i* consi/$ almo/ entirely ( ^? :o1 f _! belief 9 ! capabilities ( ! %ip1 _h f\nd ! money = />t+ h] aga9 aft] ea* ( h] successive mis=tunes4 ,! %ip lay idle = "s mon?s1 & 0 !n *>t]$ by ! ,telegraph ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,company4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! #8,great ,ea/]n' _h 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\r ye>s f #ahfj to #ahfc made n9e voyages across ! ,atlantic & back4 ,?\gh ?is 0 n ! r\te = :i* %e _h be5 int5d$1 x _h giv5 h] _m opportunities ( %[+ h] m]its4 ,adv]se =tune _h add$ to ^! opportunities1 & _h at ! same "t demon/rat$ ! necessity ( _m ( ! precautions :i* ,mr4 ,brunel _h tak5 to ensure h] safety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! con/ruction ( ! hull ( ! %ip has be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce to possess ! advantages anticipat$ by ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,its /r5g? z a :ole has be5 prov$ by ! abs5ce ( all signs ( weakness 9 ! heavy wea!r %e enc\nt]$ on sev]al occasions1 & especially 9 ! gale ( #ahfa1 :5 h] rudd] 0 disabl$4 ,! /r5g? ( ! %ip has s9ce be5 fully te/$ by ! enorm\s loads %e has c>ri$ :ile on telegraph cable exp$itions4 ,! importance ( ! d\ble sk9 0 %[n on ! occasion ( h] gr9d+ ov] ! rocks at ,montauk ,po9t1 :5 s l>ge a numb] ( leaks 7 made 9 all p>ts ( h] bottom t no ord9>y sy/em ( bulkheads w\ld h sav$ h] f f\nd]+4 ,moreov]1 ! space betwe5 ! two sk9s 0 suffici5t to all[ ( ! out] sk9 & ! webs be+ cru%$ to ! ext5t ( ?ree feet1 :ile !y at ! same "t act$ z a buff] & prev5t$ ! inn] sk9 f com+ 9 contact ) ! rock4 ,! eng9es h n _h any opportunity ( work+ at high spe$ 9 ! long voyages = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 b 9 ! rapid & comp>atively %ort passages made by ! %ip across ! ,atlantic !y work$ ) great regul>ity & success4 ,al?\gh !y 7 comm5c$ sev5te5 ye>s ago1 !y are /ill f9e specim5s ( m>9e eng9es1 & be> witness to ! c>e tak5 by _! build]s 9 _! design & manufacture4 ,( ! po9ts on :i* ,mr4 ,brunel laid /ress1 & :i*1 z he rem>k$1 #8involve no o!r risk ?an t ( be+ useless2 !y _c d mis*ief1' _m h n[ come to be consid]$ ess5tial p>ts ( good m>9e eng9es4 ,he ?\ght x ( great importance t ! /eam cyl9d]s %\ld be jacket$1 especially at ! ends2 & x 0 int5d$ t ! high-pressure /eam = ?is purpose %\ld be tak5 f ! auxili>y boil]s4 ,?is plan 01 h[ev]1 n adopt$4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 also anxi\s t ! /eam %\ld be heat$ imm$iately be=e x ent]$ ! cyl9d]s1 & t fre% wat] %\ld be suppli$ = ! boil]s by us+ ! same wat] ov] aga94 ,arrangem5ts = effect+ ^! objects h s9ce be5 br\ght into g5]al use4 ,! advantage ( hav+ sev]al cyl9d]s to ea* eng9e 0 %[n :ile ! %ip 0 runn+ to ,am]ica4 ,"p ( ! valve-ge> ( "o ( ! paddle-eng9e cyl9d]s gave way1 ! eng9es 7 /opp$ = f\r h\rs1 & ! %ip 0 propell$ by ! screw alone4 ,! cyl9d] 0 disconnect$ & turn$ back out ( ! way1 & ! eng9es work$ effici5tly ) ?ree cyl9d]s = f\r passages across ! ,atlantic4 ,! av]age spe$ ( ! %ip on ^? voyages 9 :i* h] p]=mances 7 fairly te/$ 0 ab\t #ac knots4 ,on two occasions %e made ! voyage f ,new ,york to ,liv]pool at an av]age spe$ ( #ad knots2 & %e ma9ta9$ h] spe$ 9 r\gh wea!r & head w9ds to a mu* great] ext5t ?an is ! case 9 small] vessels4 ,by hav+ two sets ( eng9es1 ! %ip 0 sav$ f s]i\s disa/] at ,holyhead1 & aga9 9 ! gale ( ,septemb] #ahfa4 ,! great h&9ess ( ! %ip is "o ( ! _m b5eficial results ( ! use ( bo? paddles & screw4 ,by work+ ! paddle:eels a/]n & ! screw ahead1 %e c be kept f mov+ =w>d or backw>d1 & at ! same "t ! /ream ( wat] f ! screw1 act+ on ! rudd]1 makes h] answ] h] helm & turn r\nd on h] c5tre4 ,by modify+ ! spe$ ( ! two eng9es1 %e may be made to creep sl[ly =w>d2 & z ! rudd] is 9 ! full ru% ( ! wat] driv5 back by ! screw1 ! %ip has practically z mu* /e]+ p[] z %e has :5 mov+ rapidly4 ,! importance ( ?is p[] ( controll+ h] :5 pass+ ?r\gh n>r[ *annels1 9 ent]+ & leav+ port1 c sc>cely be ov]-e/imat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! c>e] ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' s9ce ! =mation ( ! pres5t ,great ,ea/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 has be5 prosp]\s4 ,9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye> #ahfd1 :5 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field _h succe$$ 9 reviv+ ! project ( lay+ ! ,atlantic cable1 ! ,telegraph ,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ,company took ! contract = lay+ x1 & hir$ ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,%e 0 br\ght r\nd to ,%e]ness1 :]e ! cable tanks 7 fitt$ into h]4 ,"o tank 0 plac$ 9 ! =w>d c>go comp>tm5t1 & ano!r 9 ! aft] c>go comp>tm5t2 & ! l>ge/ tank 0 plac$ ov] ! middle screw boil] room1 ! funnel be+ remov$4 ,!re=e1 dur+ ! cable-lay+ exp$itions1 ! %ip only us$ eight ( h] boil]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ! lay+ ( ! ,atlantic cable is well kn[n4 ,! #8,great ,ea/]n' />t$ f ,val5tia on ,june #bc1 #ahfe1 "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 7n[ ,sir ,james7 ,&]son1 & ! cable 0 laid m ?an half way across ! ,atlantic2 b1 on haul+ 9 to recov] a fault1 x 0 brok51 & dropp$ to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! grappl+ tackle 0 n suffici5tly /rong4 ,! cable 0 ?ree times p>tially rais$1 & ea* "t lo/2 & ! exp$ition return$ to ,engl& defeat$1 b ) ! k t ultimate success 0 c]ta94 ,! eng9e]s & sci5tific m5 on bo>d ! #8,great ,ea/]n' drew up a memor&um z to ! results ( ?is exp$ition1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 /at$--#8,t ! /eam-%ip 8,great ,ea/]n10 f h] size & con/ant /ead9ess1 & f ! control ov] h] af=d$ by ! jo9t use ( paddles & screw1 r5d]s x safe to lay an ,atlantic cable 9 any wea!r4'#agf ,suffici5t additional cable 0 made to lay a second "o & to f9i% ! old cable :5 x %\ld be recov]$4 ,! %ip />t$ aga9 on ,july #ac1 #ahff1 & laid ! cable across ! ,atlantic )\t ! slighte/ mi%ap4 ,%e !n return$1 & aft] ?ree weeks ( h>d "w1 ! end ( ! cable :i* _h be5 lo/ ! ye> be=e 0 pick$ up1 & complet$ to ,newf\ndl&4 ,on h] return to ,engl& !re did n seem to be any imm$iate employm5t = h] 9 cable lay+1 & ! tanks 7 tak5 out4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a company 0 =m$ 9 ,france to *>t] ! %ip1 & to "w h] betwe5 ,new ,york & ,bre/ dur+ ! ,fr5* ,exhibition4 ,%e made "o voyage f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york & back to ,bre/ & ,liv]pool2 b ! und]tak+ 0 a comm]cial failure4 ,%e rema9$ at ,liv]pool till ,octob] #ahfh1 :5 x 0 propos$ to lay a cable f ,france to ,am]ica2 & %e came r\nd to h] =m] b]? at ,%e]ness4 ,tanks 7 made 9 ! =e & aft c>go spaces1 & a v l>ge tank1 #ge feet 9 diamet]1 0 plac$ amid%ips4 ,! bulkheads 7 cut p>tially away to make room = x1 ! %ip be+ /r5g!n$ above & bel[4 ,%e />t$ on ?is exp$ition f ,bre/ "u ! comm& ( ,capta9 ,rob]t ,halp91 & enc\nt]$ v heavy wea!r4 ,! cable 0 laid successfully4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! %ip !n return$ to ,engl&1 & 0 fitt$ out = ! greate/ adv5ture %e has yet und]tak54 ,%e 0 to proce$ ) a full c>go ( cable r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,bombay1 to lay x !nce to ,ad51 & f ,ad5 a portion ( ! way up ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,) h] cable & coals1 on leav+ ,engl&1 %e drew #cd feet #f in*es1 ) ! enorm\s displacem5t ( #cb1gbd tons4 ,%e laid ! cable ) p]fect success1 & return$ to ,engl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?r\gh\t all ^! cable-lay+ exp$itions1 & especially 9 ! "w ( pick+ up ! ,atlantic cable ( #ahfe1 ! good qualities ( ! %ip h be5 fully exhibit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! lat] voyages ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' 7 und]tak5 = ! accompli%m5t ( a "w 9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel _h felt a great int]e/4 ,9 #ahef1 ,mr4 ,cyrus ,field came ov] to ?is c\ntry 9 ord] to consult ,engli% eng9e]s & sci5tific m5 ^u 8 project ( an ,atlantic cable4 ,x is /at$ 9 a "w writt5 by ,dr4 ,field1#agg t-- ,f ! beg9n+ ,mr4 ,brunel %[$ ! w>me/ int]e/ 9 ! und]tak+1 & made _m sugge/ions 9 reg>d to ! =m ( ! cable & ! mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be laid4 ,he 0 !n build+ ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' & "o day he took ,mr4 ,field d[n to ,blackwall to see x1 & said1 #8,!re is ! %ip to lay ! ,atlantic cable4' ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f draw+s 9 ,mr4 ,brunel's sket*-books t at ?is "t1 & aga9 9 #aheh1 he ?\ght t x w\ld be bett] to h a vessel specially built = ! "w4 ,he 0 ?r\gh\t sangu9e z to ! ultimate success ( ! und]tak+1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ extract f a lett] writt5 9 ,decemb] #ahef3-- ,i w\ld sugge/ a m mod]ate expression ( d\bts ( ! successful results ( ! ,am]ican cable4 ,! impossibility ( runn+ /eam]s pr(itably ov] ! surface ( ! same sea 01 ?\gh x is n[ d5i$1 ass]t$ & prov$ f e/abli%$ facts j z cle>ly z ! impossibility ass]t$ n[ to exi/ 9 respect ( ! electric telegraph4 ,x is a pity 9 ^! days to lay d[n any su* dogma4 ,e day's exp]i5ce proves t n9e-t5?s ( !m are refut$2 t ! circum/ances d n prove to be su* z are assum$1 or ! difficulties are ov]come2 & h[ev] correct ! argum5ts may h be51 ! result is n z pr$ict$4 ,! #8,great ,ea/]n' has n yet be5 engag$ on ! "w = :i* %e 0 orig9ally design$ by ,mr4 ,brunel2 b h] employm5t 9 ! promotion ( great sci5tific ent]prises has be5 an occupation wor?y ( h] connection ) 8 "n4 ,,note 7p4 #cie74 ,dim5sions ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' ,/eam-%ip4 ,extreme l5g?1 #fic feet ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s1 #fhj ,bread?1 #hc ,dep?1 #eh ,greate/ draught ( wat]1 #cj ,regi/]$ tonnage1 #ac1cdc tons ,gross tonnage1 #ah1iae ,displacem5t at #cj feet draught1 #bg1dai ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,paddle-,,eng9es4 7#a1jjj nom9al horse-p[]47 ,numb] ( cyl9d]s1 #d ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s1 #f feet #b in*es ,l5g? ( /roke1 #ad feet ,numb] ( boil]s1 #d ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,screw-,,eng9es4 7#a1fjj nom9al horse-p[]47 ,numb] ( cyl9d]s1 #d ,diamet] ( cyl9d]s1 #g feet ,l5g? ( /roke1 #d ,numb] ( boil]s1 #f ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,dock ,,& ,,pi] ,,works4 ,a4,d4 #ahca--ahei4 ,,tatis #bf--ed4 ,,monkwe>m\? ,,docks1 #ahca--;,,bri/ol ,,docks1 ,,float+ ,,h>b\r1 #ahcb--,,propos$ ,,works ,,at ,,porti%ead--,,new ,,lock ,,at ,,bri/ol1 #ahde--,,plym\? ,,great ,,we/]n ,,docks1 #ahdg--;,,briton ,,f]ry ,,docks1 #ahea--;,,br5t=d ,,dock1 #ahef--,,pi] ,,at ,,mil=d ,,hav51 #aheg4 ,mr4 ,brunel's dock & pi] works are int]e/+1 n only 9 _! g5]al features1 b also 9 ! details ( _! con/ruction2 & ! plans he made = l>ge docks at ,monkwe>m\? 9 #ahca1 :i* he c>ri$ out on a small] scale %ortly aft]w>ds1 7 among ! e>lie/ ( 8 indep5d5t designs4 ,) ! exception ( ! gates ( ?is dock1 :i* are ( timb]1 all ! dock gates ,mr4 ,brunel con/ruct$ are ( wr\ght iron4 ,?is mat]ial _h be5 employ$ 9 %ip-build+ be=e ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ x = ! gates ( ! new lock at ,bri/ol1 & x 0 also beg9n+ to be ext5sively us$ = bridge gird]s4 ,at ! same "t t he introduc$ ! use ( wr\ght iron into dock gates1 he con/ruct$ !m ) a l>ge am\nt ( buoyancy1 9 ord] t !y might be mov$ easily1 :ile be+ op5$ & %ut4 ,! dock & pi] works :i* he con/ruct$ are at ,monkwe>m\?1 ,bri/ol1 ,plym\?1 ,briton ,f]ry1 ,br5t=d1 & at ,neyl&1 ,mil=d ,hav54 ,!y w be describ$ 9 ?is ord]1 :i* is ne>ly t ( ! dates ( _! con/ruction4 ,monkwe>m\? ,docks4 ,! t[n ( ,monkwe>m\? is situat$ at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,we>1 on ! nor? side1 & opposite to ! t[ns ( ,sund]l& & ,bi%opwe>m\?1 :i* ext5d = ab\t a mile along ! s\? side4 ,9 ord] to improve ! entrance ( ! riv]1 & to dim9i% ! s&-banks :i* lay ne> its m\?1 pi]s 7 propos$ z e>ly z ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 & 7 p>tly built on bo? sides ( ! riv] be=e ! ye> #ahjj4 ,f t date until #ahca1 al?\gh ! "q ( mak+ docks _h be5 consid]$1 & designs propos$ by diff]5t eng9e]s1 no /eps _h be5 tak5 = _! con/ruction1 & ! only works execut$ = ! improvem5t ( ! port 7 ! ext5sion & alt]ation ( ! pi]s already exi/+4 ,9 #ahca designs = docks to accommodate ! increas+ traffic 7 made simultane\sly by ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,giles4 ,mr4 ,brunel's docks 7 to h be5 on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 & to h _h an area ( #be acres1 ) quays1 w>eh\ses1 c4 ,mr4 ,giles's 7 to h be5 on ! s\? side4 ,nei!r ( ^! s*emes 0 approv$ ( by ,p>liam5t2 b %ortly aft]w>ds a private company 0 =m$ = ! con/ruction ( a dock on a plan design$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 ?\gh on a mu* small] scale ?an 8 s*eme ( #ahca1 ! dock be+ only ab\t #f acres 9 area1 ) a tidal bas9 ( ab\t an acre & a half4 ,! company enc\nt]$ consid]able opposition f ! au?orities ( ! t[n ( ,sund]l&1 b succe$$ 9 obta9+ a royal *>t] = ! con/ruction ( ! dock4 ,!y subsequ5tly obta9$ an ,act ( ,p>liam5t emp[]+ !m to make ! entrance f ! dock to ! riv]4 ,! dock 0 con/ruct$1 & ev5tually became ! prop]ty ( ! ,nor? ,ea/]n ,railway ,company1 to :om x n[ belongs2 !y h erect$ coal drops along ! quay1 & h made x a %ipp+ place = colli]ies connect$ ) _! railway4 ,! "w 0 begun 9 #ahcd1 & ! dock & tidal bas9 occupy "p ( ! site *os5 by ,mr4 ,brunel = 8 l>g] s*eme ( #ahca4 ,! quay wall 0 built ) a curv$ batt]1 ! *ord l9e jo9+ ! top & bottom hav+ an incl9ation ( #a 9 #e4 ,! masonry 0 c>ri$ up 9 c\rses1 & made solid by fill+ e "p ?or\ghly ) mort>4 ,a c\rse at ! face & at ! back ( ! wall 0 built up2 an abundance ( mort> 0 !n spread 9 ! he>t ( ! wall1 & ! /ones built 9 ! mort>4 ,?us no crevices c\ld be left 9 any "p ( ! "w1 & ! back ( ! wall 0 s\ndly built ?r\gh\t4 ,! entrance to ! dock is #de feet wide1 ) side walls ( ! same pr(ile z ! quay wall4 ,except at ! gate floors1 !re is a segm5tal inv]t ( dress$ /one ( su* curvature t x is #f feet #f in*es l[] 9 ! middle ?an at ! side walls4 ,! gate floors are =m$ ) inv]ts1 curv$ to correspond ) ! "u sides ( ! gates4 ,! masonry ( ! entrance 0 execut$ )9 a f\r-sid$ c(f]-dam1 ! sides ( :i* 7 slightly convex outw>ds4 ,?is c(f]-dam 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! usual way1 !re be+ two r[s ( close pil+ ) puddle betwe5 !m2 & x 0 /r5g!n$ by int]nal horizontal %ores :i* connect$ ! opposite sides1 & by diagonal brac+4 ,! piles 7 driv5 until !y met ) s mu* resi/ance z to r5d] x unsafe to drive !m f>!r4 ,:5 ! gr\nd inside ! c(f]-dam 0 excavat$1 x 0 f\nd t ! piles _h be5 driv5 into s& & gravel1 & t1 to enable ! masonry to be built on a good f\ndation1 x w\ld be necess>y to excavate ab\t #g or #h feet bel[ ! piles4 ,!y 7 !re=e driv5 d[n gradually1 z ! gr\nd 0 remov$ f ! inside1 until ! requisite dep? 0 obta9$4 ,! :ole c(f]-dam 0 ?us an imm5se caisson1 ! sides ( :i* 7 l[]$ by gradual driv+1 in/ead ( be+ simultane\sly =c$ d[n by weights4 ,! masonry ( ! walls ( ! tidal bas9 is simil> to t ( ! walls ( ! dock2 "s p>ts ( ! f\ndation 7 laid by means ( a div+-bell4 ,9 ! entrance betwe5 ! dock & ! tidal bas9 !re is a pair ( gates po9t+ inw>ds1 :i* s]ves to reta9 ! wat] 9 ! dock dur+ ! fall ( ! tide1 & !re is also a pair ( /orm gates po9t+ outw>ds1 :i* protects ! inn] pair f ! =ce ( ! waves4 ,! con/ruction ( bo? pairs ( gates is simil>4 ,! two leaves ( ea* pair meet at an angle ( #abe4 ,ea* leaf is ab\t #cj feet long2 ! bottom beams are curv$ to ! =m ( ! segm5t ( a circle2 ! height at ! meet+-po/ is #bg feet1 & at ! heel po/ #bb feet 7see woodcut1 fig4 #ag74 ,?is arrangem5t is1 to a great] or less ext5t1 foll[$ 9 ! dock gates ,mr4 ,brunel aft]w>ds con/ruct$4 ,by rais+ ! pivot1 ! gate floor c be made ( ample /r5g?1 & ! cills & heel-po/s are free f mud & deposit4 ,! gates are con/ruct$ ( horizontal beams ( yell[ p9e timb]1 #ba in*es ?ick1 plac$ close toge!r = a height ( #ab feet above ! bottom4 ,above ?is !re are beams ( timb] & ( ca/ iron at int]vals4 ,! :ole is plank$ ov] on ! inn] side ) #d-;in* plank+4 ,! heel-po/ & meet+-po/ are socket$ into ca/-iron uprights1 :i* also receive ! ends ( ! horizontal beams4 ,to pres]ve ! gate f any *ange ( =m1 a diagonal iron tie-b> ext5ds f ! top ( ! heel-po/ to ! timb] beams =m+ ! l[] "p ( ! gate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,monkwe>m\? ,dock ,gates4 ,elevation4 ,section4 ,plan4 ,scale ( feet4 ,ne>ly "u ea* meet+-po/ is plac$ a bevell$ ca/-iron :eel1 #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* supports "p ( ! weight ( ! gate4 ,!re are f\r sluices 9 ea* leaf1 plac$ 9 pairs1 ) a small int]val betwe5 !m4 ,ea* pair ( sluices c\nt]balances ! weight ( ! o!r pair by be+ atta*$ to opposite ends ( a lev] at ! top ( ! gate4 ,a screw works 9 ! segm5t ( a l>ge worm-:eel =m$ on ! end ( ! lev]1 &1 be+ turn$ r\nd1 op5s & %uts ! sluices4 ,aft] ! timb] "w ( ! gate _h be5 fitt$ toge!r1 x 0 tak5 to pieces1 & subject$ to ! pres]v+ process call$ ,kyanis+1 :i* consi/s 9 imm]s+ ! wood 9 a solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,?is process has be5 s successful1 t :5 ! gates 7 rec5tly tak5 out = exam9ation ! timb] 0 f\nd to be ne>ly p]fect1 only slight surface repairs be+ requir$ 9 "o or two places4 ,! great bulk ( light wood at ! bottom ( ^! gates gives !m a c]ta9 am\nt ( flotation at all times ( tide4 ,aft] ! gates _h be5 9 use _m ye>s x 0 f\nd t "o ( ! :eels _h be5 deta*$ = "s "t1 b ! buoyancy ( ! gate _h prev5t$ any mis*ief result+4 ,! buoyancy ( ! l[] "p ( ! gate is some:at analog\s to t ( ! air-*amb] :i* ,mr4 ,brunel introduc$ aft]w>ds 9 8 wr\ght-iron dock gates4 ,bri/ol ,docks4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahjd t portion ( ! riv] ,avon :i* fl[s 9 a s]p5t9e c\rse ?r\gh ! city ( ,bri/ol 0 enclos$1 & ! wat] 9 x reta9$ at a con/ant level1 a new cut or %ort] *annel be+ made = ! riv]4 ,! portion sep>at$1 call$ ! ,float+ ,h>b\r1 or ,float1 is ab\t two miles long & #ajj y>ds broad4 ,at its l[] end x is connect$ ) ! riv] by ! ,cumb]l& ,bas91 a half-tide bas91 ) two locks1 & at its upp] end by a fe$]1 :i* br+s ! wat] ( ! ,avon into x1 ! riv] 9 dry wea!r be+ /opp$ f pass+ into ! new cut by ! ,nee?am ,dam1 ,ab\t half-way up1 ! ,float is ent]$ on ! nor? side by ! riv] ,frome2 &1 a little above ?is junction1 x is cross$ by ! ,pr9ce's ,/reet drawbridge1 :i* divides x into two p>ts4 ,ab\t #agj feet above ! bridge ! ,float is connect$ ) ! new cut by ano!r bas9 ) a lock1 call$ ,ba?ur/ ,bas94 ,mud & o!r deposits _h accumulat$ to su* an ext5t 9 ! ,float+ ,h>b\r1 t at ! end ( ! ye> #ahcb ! directors ( ! ,dock ,company employ$ ,mr4 ,brunel to sugge/ rem$ial measures4 ,9 ord] to effect 8 object at ! lea/ possible co/1 he propos$ c]ta9 works1 toge!r ) an improv$ sy/em ( manag+ ! wat] ( ! riv]1 s z to all[ m ( x to pass ?r\gh ! ,float+ ,h>b\r1 by means ( :i* great b5efit might fairly be anticipat$4#agh ,he rem>k$ t1-- ,by sy/ematically foll[+ ?is c\rse1 ! object ( :i* is simply to keep 9 cont9ual action all ! means1 h[ev] small1 :i* c at ! mom5t be br\ght to be>1 & ?us day by day to remove or neutralise1 or m]ely dim9i% 7z ! case may be71 ! cont9ual deposit :i* is go+ on--9 fact1 by apply+ a con/antly act+ rem$y to oppose a con/antly act+ evil--,i h little d\bt t ! =mation ( %oals simil> to ! exi/+ ones may be entirely prev5t$1 or at all ev5ts t !y w be ( su* a nature z to be easily remov$ by two or ?ree ye>ly sc\r+s1 & )\t t "t & lab\r :i* are n[ exp5d$ ) s little effect4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! ye>ly sc\r+s1 :i* became s objectionable to ! trade1 7 n introduc$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 b 7 "p ( ! orig9al arrangem5ts ( ! docks4 ,aft] ! reception ( ,mr4 ,brunel's report1 ! ,dock ,company execut$ ! works :i* he requir$1 namely1 ! ,sluice1 ,trunk1 & ,drag-,boat2 b 8 o!r recomm5dations1 z to sc\r+ & increas$ supply ( wat]1 7 only act$ ^u to a limit$ ext5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 #ahdb ! ,directors aga9 ask$ ,mr4 ,brunel to report1 9 conjunction ) ,capta9 ,claxton1 ^u #8:at fur!r measures are requisite = keep+ ! ,float+ ,h>b\r m cle> ( mud ?an x has be5 = a few ye>s4' ,mr4 ,brunel !reupon made a report to ! ,directors4 ,aft] hav+ ref]r$ to 8 previ\s reports ( #ahcc & #ahcd1 he rem>k$ t #8! effici5cy ( ! :ole sy/em !n recomm5d$ & adopt$1 & subsequ5tly p>tially c>ri$ out1 dep5d$ entirely & 0 f\nd$ on ! supposition ( ! !n exi/+ mud-banks & %oals be+ fir/ remov$1 & ! ,float deep5$ at once to ! full ext5t requir$1' accord+ to ! plans :i* he _h po9t$ out2 & t #8! increas+ ! supply ( wat] ?r\gh ! ,float 0 "o ( ^? means on :i* he _h mo/ insi/$' z necess>y = keep+ x clean & prev5t+ its becom+ a settl+ res]voir4 ,he !n cont9u$1-- ,! sluice at ,pr9ce's ,/reet ,bridge1 ! trunk--or syphon1 z x 0 orig9ally1 & p]haps m correctly1 call$--at ! und]falls1 & ! drag-boat h alone be5 br\ght into op]ation4 ,^! 7 orig9ally int5d$ z m]e aids1 :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! increas$ supply ( wat]1 7 expect$1 aft] ! complete deep5+ ( ! ,float1 to be suffici5t1 ) two or ?ree ye>ly sc\r+s1 to keep x to ! requir$ dep?3 ^! 7 7p]haps un=tunately7 f\nd s effective z to induce a hope t !y might be dep5d$ ^u solely = ! removal ( ! evil4 ,! p]man5t int]e/s ( ! port 71 ,i _c b ?9k1 sacrific$ to tempor>y conv5i5ce3 ! sc\r+s :i* 7 requir$ z a prelim9>y /ep to re/ore ! ,float to its orig9al /ate1 or to t :i* 0 said to h be5 its =m] /ate1 & :i* is n[ requir$1 7 indef9itely po/pon$4 ,a mat]ial improvem5t be+ not)/&+ soon p]ceptible f ! fir/ effects ( ! drag-boat & ! removal ( mud ?r\gh ! trunk1 ! p]iodical sc\r+s :i* =m$ "p ( ! sy/em approv$ ( = adoption 7 9 a great measure giv5 up to ! objections ( ! trad]s4 ,! precautions actually necess>y aga9/ admitt+ into ! ,float ! tide wat] ( ! ,avon1 heavily *>g$ ) mud1 7 gradually sacrific$ = ! same reasons4 ,f all ^! & _m o!r1 b v simil>1 circum/ances no fur!r progress has be5 made s9ce ! fir/ improvem5t1 :i* 0 felt to be1 & :i* unque/ionably 0 at ! "t1 v consid]able4 ,= until ?is p]iod x _h be5 ! g5]al practice to light5 all deeply lad5 vessels at ! entrance ( ! ,float2 &1 not)/&+ ?is precaution1 x mu/ be 9 ! recollection ( ev]ybody t x 0 a common sight to see sev]al l>ge vessels agr\nd at v>i\s %oals 9 ! ,float1 & unable1 )\t fur!r dis*>g+ ! c>goes1 & )\t great consumption ( "t1 lab\r1 & ropes1 to get up to ! quays4 ,= sev]al ye>s pa/ ! gr\nd+ ( ! deepe/ vessels has be5 ! exception1 n ! rule1 b dur+ all ?is p]iod x has be5 "o cont9u$ & almo/ va9 attempt to /ruggle aga9/ ! old difficulties ) insuffici5t means4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! removal ( su* deposits z w /ill be =m$1 ,i propose two means2 & fir/ z reg>ds ^? deposits :i* are cont9ually go+ on4 ,^! are =m$ almo/ entirely ( mud1 :i*1 f its want ( consi/5cy :5 fir/ deposit$1 ! great quantity & ! l>ge surface ov] :i* x ext5ds1 z well z ! great dep? ( wat]1 _c1 z ,i h frequ5tly expla9$1 be easily or economically remov$ by ! ord9>y process ( dr$g+3 = ?is reason ,i orig9ally propos$ ! drag-boat 9 conjunction ) ! trunk at ! und]falls1 & :i* has1 s f> z x has be5 appli$1 completely answ]$ my expectations4 ,i %\ld n[ propose a simil> arrangem5t = ! upp] float4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i %\ld propose to make ! additional drag-boat ?us requir$ ( r great] p[] ?an t n[ 9 use1 & to con/ruct x s t a *a9 ( dr$g+-buckets c\ld be h]eaft] atta*$ to ! %aft2 &1 secondly1 = ! purposes ( deep5+ ! h>d bottom ( ! float1 & ( remov+ ^? banks ( h>d mat]ials :i* h ei!r always exi/$1 or h be5 all[$ to accumulate1 dr$g+ mu/ be resort$ to4 ,b ,i %\ld be dispos$ to attempt h& dr$g+ or spoon+ 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 =1 al?\gh ! dep? ( wat] is great1 ,i believe ! "w c\ld be execut$ z *eaply1 or ne>ly s1 z by ! /eam dr$g+1 z ! orig9al outlay ( capital w\ld ( c\rse be mu* less1 :ile ! facility ( work+ at sev]al po9ts at once1 or ( mov+ f "o b]? to ano!r z ! conv5i5ce ( ! trade w\ld be/ all[1 w\ld be mu* great]2 ! op]ation also w\ld be mu* m "u comm&1 :i*1 tak+ into consid]ation ! possibility ( und]m9+ ! f\ndations ( ! quay walls or build+s1 is n an unimportant advantage4 ,:5 ! requir$ dep?s are once obta9$1 ! natural deposits ev5 ( ! h>d] description may probably be easily remov$ by ! drag-boat or by ! occasional use ( h& dr$g+4 ,! recomm5dations conta9$ 9 ?is report 7 n adopt$4 ,9 #ahci ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 a report to a ,committee ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,city ( ,bri/ol1 sugge/$ sev]al improvem5ts connect$ ) ! ,port1 almo/ all ( :i* h s9ce be5 und]tak54 ,he propos$ to /raight5 & wid5 ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 & to make new locks1 bo? f ! riv] to ,cumb]l& ,bas9 & f t bas9 to ! ,float+ ,h>b\r1 or1 z an alt]native1 to con/ruct docks at ,sea ,mills1 a creek on ! ,avon1 ab\t two miles bel[ ,bri/ol4 ,he also propos$ to con/ruct a l>ge pi] at ,porti%ead4 ,! rise ( tide is !re sometimes #de feet1 & ! velocity ( rise or fall z mu* z #aj feet p] h\r4 ,!re is also a great deposit ( mud by ! ,sev]n4 ,mr4 ,brunel consid]$ t ^! circum/ances r5d]$ a fix$ /ructure undesirable1 & he !re=e recomm5d$ a float+ pi]4 ,he said3-- ,i propose two or ?ree vessels ( #cjj or #bjj feet ( l5g?1 built ( iron1 z ! mat]ial *eape/ & be/ adapt$ to ! purpose1 ( #af-;feet or #bj-;feet draft ( wat]1 & ab\t #cj feet beam1 moor$ close /em & /]n1 s z to =m "o cont9u\s float+ body4 ,any /eamboat or o!r vessel alongside w ( c\rse be on ! same level z ! pi]2 ! pass5g]s1 on disemb>k+1 w at once be on a level plat=m or deck1 "u %elt]1 :]e ! luggage or goods c also be plac$2 & ! communication ) ! %ore w be effect$ )\t /eps4444 ,su* a pi] w\ld af=d /[age = almo/ any quantity ( coals1 fre% wat]1 & g5]al goods1 :i* c\ld be /or$ "h = emb>kation4 ,9 #ahdg1 aft] an ,act _h be5 obta9$ = mak+ a railway f ,bri/ol to ,porti%ead1 ) a pi] at ! latt] place1 ,mr4 ,brunel design$ ! pi] on ! plan describ$ 9 8 report ( #ahci2 b ! project 0 n c>ri$ out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z has be5 already m5tion$1 ! communication betwe5 ! l[] "p ( ! ,float+ ,h>b\r & ! riv] ,avon is ?r\gh ! ,cumb]l& ,bas92 betwe5 ?is bas9 & ! riv] 7 two locks1 made at ! "t t ! ,float+ ,h>b\r 0 con/ruct$4 ,ow+ to ! increas$ size ( m]*ant vessels1 x _h long be5 9 contemplation to enl>ge ! entrance4 ,at ! "t :5 ! #8,great ,brita9' 0 built1 ! nor!rn lock 0 s n>r[ t a portion ( ! upp] masonry _h to be remov$ 9 ord] to give room = ! %ip to pass f ! bas9 to ! riv] on a spr+ tide4 ,x 0 !n felt t ! enl>gem5t ( "o ( ! locks c\ld no long] be delay$1 & ,mr4 ,brunel 0 ask$ to adapt ! n>r[] or s\!rn entrance lock to ! passage ( ! l>ge/ vessels4 ,betwe5 ! two locks 0 a pi]1 f :i* vessels 7 guid$1 & ! gates op5$ or %ut4 ,! elongation ( ! lock 0 limit$ by ! l5g? ( ?is pi]1 z x c\ld n be ext5d$ t[>ds ! riv] )\t dim9i%+ ! area ( entrance1 nor c\ld x be ext5d$ upw>ds )\t less5+ ! area ( ,cumb]l& ,bas94 ,mr4 ,brunel1 al?\gh hamp]$ by ?is re/riction1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ a lock ( consid]able l5g?4 ,he con/ruct$ ! gates ( a s+le leaf1 & plac$ ! upp] gate outside ! lock s z to %ut aga9/ ! upp] end ( ! middle pi]1 & to sw+ back :5 op5$ into a recess 9 ! side wall ( ! ,cumb]l& ,bas94 ,he ?us avoid$ ! necessity ( f9d+ room on ! pi] = ! ma*9]y to op5 "o ( ! leaves ( ! upp] gate4 ,_h ! gate be5 9 two leaves1 ! lock w\ld h be5 %ort5$ f #cj to #dj feet4 ,at ! l[] end he plac$ ! gate z ne> ! riv] z possible2 &1 le/ ! end ( ! middle pi] %\ld n be /rong en\gh to )/& ! pressure1 he secur$ ! quo9 /ones1 aga9/ :i* ! gate clos$1 by horizontal wr\ght-iron b>s at diff]5t levels1 built into ! side wall ( ! lock4 ,! lock is #bfb feet 9 l5g? betwe5 ! gates1 & #ed feet wide at ! n>r[e/ "p4 ,! masonry is ( pla9 "*1 all ! "p bel[ ! a%l> cop+ be+ ( ord9>y fitt$ rubble ( great ?ickness1 solidly built ) hydraulic lime mort>4 ,! gr\nd beh9d ! wall consi/$ ( a wet silty clay1 caus+ a great pressure aga9/ ! masonry4 ,! "u "p ( ! body ( ! lock is =m$ to a semi-oval cross1 section4 ,! works 7 comm5c$ by ! con/ruction ( c(f]-dams at ea* end4 ,9 #ahdf1 :5 ! masonry 0 approa*+ completion1 a v high tide took place1 & a portion ( ! upp] dam gave way4 ,z "s "w /ill rema9$ to be done at ! sill & apron ( ! l[] gate1 ,mr4 ,brunel decid$ to make a brick dam 9 ! middle ( ! lock1 :]e ! masonry _h be5 complet$4 ,?is brick dam 0 a horizontal ar* built on ! bottom ( ! lock1 up to ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! ,float+ ,h>b\r4 ,! abutm5ts 7 =m$ by ! masonry ( ! lock walls1 :i* 0 not*$ to receive ! bricks ( ! ar* r+s4 ,! dam 0 #bh feet high1 only #h feet ?ick at ! bottom1 & #c feet ?ick at ! top4 ,x 0 set 9 ,roman cem5t1 & 0 completely wat]-tight4 ,x 0 easily & rapidly made1 & ! co/ 0 small1 z comp>$ ) :at w\ld h be5 ! co/ ( repair+ ! upp] dam4 ,9 ?is lock ! *ief po9t ( int]e/ consi/s 9 its be+ ! fir/ 9 :i* wr\ght-iron gates 7 introduc$1 ^! gates be+ at ! same "t made buoyant4 ,float+ caissons _h be5 previ\sly us$ at ! entrances to grav+ docks1 & 9 simil> situations2 inde$ at ,bri/ol1 a caisson _h long be5 employ$ at ,pr9ce's ,/reet ,bridge1 to sep>ate "o "p ( ! ,float+ ,h>b\r f ! o!r4 ,! buoyant gates ( ! ,bri/ol ,docks diff] ess5tially f ^! vessels1 inasmu* z1 in/ead ( requir+ to be float$ into _! places1 !y turn on a h+e1 & d n rise or fall v]tically4 ,! gates are provid$ ) :eels1 b only a small "p ( ! weight re/s on !m1 z ! gates are r5d]$ buoyant by l>ge air-*amb]s1 =m$ 9 ! l[] "p ( !m4 ,! upp] & l[] gates are alike 9 con/ruction & dim5sions1 s t x is only necess>y to describe "o ( !m4 7,see woodcut1 fig4 #ah47 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! gate is #eh feet1 & ! extreme height #bi feet4 ,9 ! middle x is ab\t #aj feet wide1 ! wid? dim9i%+ to #c feet at ! top4 ,9 plan x is curv$ to resi/ ! pressure ( ! wat]4 ,! gate :5 clos$ is n at "r angles to ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! lock1 b is at an angle ( ab\t #ab4 ,! l5g? is ?us sc>cely increas$1 :ile ! travel 9 be+ op5$ & %ut is mu* r$uc$4 ,! top is at ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! ,float+ ,h>b\r2 s t1 :5 ! tide falls1 ! wat] 9 ! ,cumb]l& ,bas9 may be reta9$ at ! same height z 9 ! ,float4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,bri/ol ,dock ,gate4 ,elevation4 ,section ,a4 ,b4 ,section ,c4 ,d4 ,plan4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! air-*amb] is =m$ by two wat]-tight decks ( wr\ght-iron plat+1 "o at ! level ( half-tide1 ! o!r a %ort di/ance above ! bottom ( ! gate4 ,above ! deck =m+ ! top ( ! air-*amb]1 ! wat]1 z ! tide rises1 fl[s freely into ! int]ior ( ! gate1 ?r\gh op5+s 9 ! face next ! dock1 s t :5 ! wat] is level ) ! top ( ! gate1 ! "p above ! air-*amb] is full ( wat]1 :i* fl[s out aga9 if ! level ( ! wat] falls4 ,9 ord9>y work+ ! gate only ne$s to be op5$ or %ut :5 ! wat] is above ! level ( half-tide1 & !re=e at ^! times ! :ole ( ! air-*amb] is imm]s$4 ,to :atev] height ! wat] rises above ?is level1 ! buoyancy rema9s almo/ ! same1 ! only *ange be+ caus$ by ! displacem5t ( ! iron ( ! upp] "p4 ,?is displacem5t1 :5 ! wat] is level ) ! top ( ! gate1 am\nts to ab\t six tons4 ,! size ( ! air-*amb] is s arrang$ t :5 ! wat] is level ) ! top ( ! gate x is j afloat2 & at half-tide1 :5 ! wat] is at ! level ( ! top ( ! air-*amb]1 !re is a weight ( ab\t six tons on ! :eels4#agi ,! gate is provid$ ) a sluice1 by :i* wat] may be admitt$ into ! air-*amb]1 or all[$ to escape :5 ! wat] outside is at a l[] level2 !re is also a pump1 by :i* leakage wat] may be extract$4 ,! volume ( ! air-*amb] may ?us be alt]$ at w1 & ! buoyancy may be modifi$ s z to c\nt]act ! effect ( ! weight ( any mud :i* may be deposit$ ^u ! decks ( ! gate4 ,!re are 9 ea* gate two v l>ge d\ble sluices1 :i* are us$ = work+ ! lock1 & = l[]+ ! wat] 9 ! ,cumb]l& ,bas9 to meet ! tide4 ,!y are also us$ = sc\r+ away ! mud4 ,! %utt+ pieces ( ! gates1 :i* be> aga9/ ! granite masonry & =m a wat]-tight jo9t1 7 made ( ,honduras mahogany1 a v durable wood = ! purpose4 ,! timb] is b$d$ 9 creosot$ felt & bolt$ to ! gates2 & ! pieces are /ill s\nd1 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,und]nea? ! gate are two :eels1 slightly conical1 #c feet diamet] & #a foot wide1 :i* travel on level ca/-iron rails let into ! masonry ( ! gate floor4 ,!re is no heel-po/ su* z is usual 9 dock gates1 b ! gate is h+$ to ! masonry by wr\ght-iron coll>s & a wr\ght-iron p9 ab\t #h in*es diamet]1 :i* is pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,any portion ( ! weight ( ! gate :i* is n support$ by ! flotation ( ! air-*amb] is borne entirely by ! :eels1 ! arrangem5t at ! h+e be+ m]ely = ! purpose ( reta9+ ! gate 9 its position & guid+ x 9 op5+ or %utt+4 ,! gate is mov$ by *a9s1 :i* are atta*$ to ! b>rels ( p[]ful crabs1 & convey$ ?r\gh passages =m$ 9 ! masonry2 at ! l[] ends ( ^! are *a9 roll]s or broad %eaves1 r\nd :i* ! *a9s pass4 ,! %eaves are flut$ on ! circumf]5ce1 to ensure _! turn+ readily4 ,:5 ! gates are ne>ly afloat1 !y c be mov$ ) great ease2 b at ! "t ( _! con/ruction x 0 consid]$ ess5tial to provide ma*9]y suffici5tly p[]ful to op5 & close !m at l[ wat]1 :5 ! :ole weight ( ea* gate1 ne>ly "o hundr$ tons1 re/s on ! :eels4 ,! crabs & *a9s 7 !re=e made mu* /rong]1 & 7 m difficult to move1 ?an if !y _h be5 m]ely design$ to "w ! gate "u ord9>y conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! gates 7 con/ruct$ 9 ,bri/ol at ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam%ip ,works 9 #ahdg4 ,aft] ! l[] gate _h be5 te/$ & prov$ to be wat]-tight1 x 0 laun*$1 & float$ ) ! front surface ne>ly level4 ,! positions x w\ld assume "u diff]5t conditions _h be5 calculat$ be=eh&4 ,be=e x 0 fix$1 ! gate 0 made to float ne>ly upright by ! admission ( wat]2 x 0 !n t[$ to its place1 & br\ght into correct position4 ,! h+e-p9 0 dropp$ ?r\gh ! coll>s1 & by admitt+ wat] into x1 ! gate 0 sunk1 s t x re/$ ^u its :eels4 ,?is op]ation _h to be p]=m$ at high wat]1 :i* only la/$ = a %ort "t4 ,9 fix+ ! upp] gate1 ! wat] 0 kept up to ! prop] level by ! l[] gate1 & !re=e !re 0 no ne$ to d ! "w quickly4 ,plym\? ,great ,we/]n ,docks4 ,z x 0 consid]$ probable t1 on ! completion ( railway communication1 mail packets & o!r l>ge ocean /eam]s might make ,plym\? _! port ( dep>ture1 a company 0 =m$ 9 #ahdf = ! con/ruction ( a dock 9 ,mill-bay1 a l>ge inlet 9 ,plym\? ,s\nd ne> ! entrance to ! ,hamoaze4 ,! bay 0 already protect$ f ! prevail+ w9ds by a pi] at its ea/]n side con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,r5del4 ,x 0 decid$ to =m a wet dock & grav+ dock at ! inn] end ( ! bay1 & to make quay walls along ! side ( ! out] "p1 to jo9 ! exi/+ pi]4 ,a float+ pi] = l>ge vessels aft]w>ds became "p ( ! s*eme4 ,9 #ahdg prelim9>y trials 7 made z to ! be/ means ( excavat+ 9 deep wat] ! lime/one rock ( :i* "p ( ! bottom ( ! bay consi/$2 "s quay walls 7 also con/ruct$ & made use ( by ! %ipp+4 ,at ! end ( #ahea a contract 0 ent]$ into = ! execution ( ! :ole ( ! works rema9+ to be complet$2 ! mo/ important ( ^! 7 ! entrance1 ! grav+ dock1 & ! completion ( ! float+ bas94 ,! progress ( ! und]tak+ 0 mu* facilitat$ by ,mr4 ,brunel giv+ 8 sanction to ! proposal ( ! contractors to =m a /one & e>? embankm5t across ! m\? ( ! bay1 in/ead ( employ+ ! usual timb] c(f]-dams4 ,?is embankm5t1 :i* completely answ]$ its purpose1 0 f9i%$ by ! middle ( #ahec4 ,! works n[ proce$$ /eadily until !y 7 complet$1 & at ! end ( ! ye> #ahef ! dock 0 op5$4 ,! middle ( ! embankm5t 0 cut ?r\gh1 & an entrance *annel dr$g$ to a level ( #h feet bel[ l[ wat]4 ,! rema9d] ( ! dam1 be+ p>tly protect$ by masonry wall+1 0 us$ z a quay1 & s]v$ = ! protection ( ! out] bas94 ,mr4 ,brunel _h prep>$ ! f\ndation1 & _h int5d$ to build a pi] to %elt] ! entrance gate f ! sea1 & to assi/ 9 po9t+ long vessels4 ,! want ( ?is %elt] 0 felt 9 ! gale ( ,octob] #aheg1 :5 ! gates 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,9 ord] to avoid any future casualty1 /orm gates1 or fram$ /ruts rea*+ d[n to l[ wat] level1 7 plac$ imm$iately beh9d ! entrance gates1 s z to support !m aga9/ heavy seas4 ,! dock1 :i* is ( oblong %ape1 has an area ( #ac acres1 & a l5g? ( quay wall ( #c1dij feet4 ,! great] "p has a dep? ( #bb feet bel[ high wat] at spr+ tides1 or #af feet at neap tides2 ! rema9d] is #d feet deep]1 or ! same dep? z ! *annel 9 ! out] bas94 ,! walls are #h feet ?ick at bottom1 & #c feet at top1 & are built to a curv$ batt]4 ,!y rea* g5]ally to a dep? ( #e feet bel[ l[ wat]1 & re/ on concrete #ab feet ?ick1 c>ri$ d[n until a rock f\ndation is rea*$1 :i* 9 "s places is z mu* z #dj feet bel[ ! bottom ( ! dock4 ,to accommodate ! l>g] paddle:eel /eam]s1 ! entrances to ! bas9 & grav+ dock 7 made #hj feet 9 wid?4 ,! dock is ent]$ ?r\gh a %ort passage1 ! sill be+ #ac feet bel[ l[ wat]4 ,! masonry ( ?is entrance has curv$ batt]+ sides1 ) a segm5tal inv]t4 ,! entrance is clos$ by a pair ( wr\ght-iron buoyant gates1 :i* meet at an angle ( #abg4 ,ea* gate is #dh feet long1 & weighs sev5ty-five tons1 ! bread? be+ #h feet 9 ! middle1 curv+ to #b feet at ! ends4 ,!re are six horizontal decks & f\r v]tical bulkheads4 ,! dep? at ! heel-po/ is #bb feet1 & at ! meet+-po/ #ce feet 7see woodcut1 fig4 #ai74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,plym\? ,dock ,gates4 ,elevation4 ,section ,a4 ,b4 ,plan4 ,scale ( feet4 ,9 ea* gate is an air-*amb]1 ! top ( :i* is at half-tide level2 & its volume is su* t :5 ! gate is :olly imm]s$ !re is a small d[nw>d pressure4#ahj ,"u ea* gate1 ne> ! meet+-po/1 is plac$ a :eel1 :i* supports "p ( ! weight4 ,?is :eel is s arrang$ t x c be easily remov$ = repair4 ,! heel-po/s are ( ca/ iron1 plan$ & gr\nd 9 place aga9/ ! poli%$ surface ( ! granite holl[ quo9s s z to =m a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,!re are l>ge sc\r+ culv]ts beh9d ! side walls ( ! entrance2 b = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! dock1 & ( dis*>g+ a l>ge volume ( wat] readily1 )\t hav+ to ov]come ! friction ( ord9>y sluice valve faces1 ea* gate is furni%$ ) a cyl9drical valve1 ( ! foll[+ description3-- ,f an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! gate next ! dock !re is a l>ge curv$ pipe or sluice-way1 :i* t]m9ates inside ! body ( ! gate1 ) a circul> horizontal orifice ab\t #e feet 9 diamet]4 ,! op5+ is cov]$ by a %ort l5g? ( v]tical pipe ( ! same diamet]1 rea*+ above high wat]1 ! bottom edge mak+ a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,?is pipe c be rais$ or l[]$ by a screw at ! top ( ! gate4 ,:5 rais$ a %ort di/ance x all[s ! wat] f ! dock to fl[ out betwe5 ! bottom ( ! movable pipe & ! orifice ( ! sluice-way into an isolat$ comp>tm5t ( ! gate1 & to escape by an op5+ provid$ 9 ! out] face4 ,! movable pipe is guid$ by roll]s1 & f ! con/ruction ! pressures on x are balanc$4 ,! entrance to ! grav+ dock1 #hj feet wide1 is clos$ by a pair ( gates ( ! same dim5sions & con/ruction z ^? ( ! entrance4 ,?is dock is #chj feet long1 #ib feet wide1 & has a dep? ( #bh feet ov] ! sill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! float+ pi] 0 erect$ 9 ,mill-bay 9 #aheb1 to accommodate ! /eam-%ipp+ trade4 ,x consi/s ( a pontoon ) a bridge lead+ to x4 ,! pontoon is a l>ge wr\ght-iron vessel ( ne>ly rectangul> cross-section1 #cjj feet long1 ) #dj feet bread? ( beam1 & a dep? ( #ag feet4 ,x is load$ s z to draw #aj feet ( wat]1 & is capable ( /or+ #d1jjj tons ( coals4 ,to connect ! pontoon ) ! %ore !re is an iron bridge1 work+ ^u h+es1 9 two spans ( #abe feet ea*4 ,! connection betwe5 ! two spans 0 support$ on a timb] pi]1 & 0 made s z to be movable v]tically1 & capable ( be+ adju/$ by a crab & c\nt]balance weights4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t a uni=m gradi5t ov] ! :ole l5g? ( ! bridge c\ld be obta9$ at any "t ( tide1 = ! conv5i5ce ( heavily lad5 c>ts pass+ to & f ! pontoon4 ,briton ,f]ry ,docks4 ,9 #ahdf a company 0 =m$ to e/abli% docks 9 ,baglan ,bay at ,briton ,f]ry1 ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,nea?2 b no?+ 0 done until #ahea1 :5 ! necess>y p[]s 7 obta9$ "u an ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,f ! vic9ity ( ! propos$ docks to ! ,s\? ,wales & ,vale ( ,nea? ,railways1 a l>ge am\nt ( trade 0 anticipat$2 & 9 #ahec an ,act 0 obta9$ = ! ,s\? ,wales ,m9]al ,railway1 :i* 0 int5d$ to t]m9ate at ! docks1 & 0 expect$ to br+ a l>ge traffic 9 coals & o!r m9]als4 ,! dock works 7 begun soon aft]w>ds1 b ! e>?work 0 n complet$1 nor ! con/ruction ( ! gate comm5c$1 until ! ye> #aheh4 ,! docks 7 complet$1 aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's dea?1 by ,mr4 ,br]eton1 & 7 =mally op5$ on ,augu/ #bb1 #ahfa4 ,!y consi/ ( an out] tidal bas9 ( ab\t #g acres1 & an inn] float+ bas9 ( ab\t #aa acres1 ) a dep? ( wat] ( #bg feet at spr+ tides1 & #af feet at neap tides4 ,! two bas9s are connect$ by a passage or entrance ( #ej feet 9 wid?1 ) curv$ batt]+ walls & an inv]t1 clos$ by a gate ( a s+le leaf4 ,an important advantage ( s+le gates is t ! sill & quo9s may be 9 "o plane1 & t ! tr\blesome & co/ly fitt+ ( ! holl[ quo9s is avoid$4 ,! sill 0 laid #f feet bel[ :at 0 !n ! l[-wat] level1 z x 0 ?\ght t future improvem5ts might r$uce ! b> at ! entrance ( ! riv] ,nea? to t level4 ,?is has already be5 ne>ly accompli%$4#aha ,! total l5g? ( ! docks is a little ov] half a mile1 & ! av]age bread? is ab\t #djj feet4 ,!y are connect$ ) ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway by bran* railways4 ,) ! exception ( ! walls divid+ ! two bas9s ne> ! entrance gate1 ! sides ( ! dock are n con/ruct$ ) masonry quay walls1 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 b are =m$ 9 a v inexp5sive mann] ( slopes pit*$ ) furnace slag1 obta9$ f ! copp] smelt+ works on ! ,nea? riv]1 ) jetties at int]vals = ! %ipp+4 ,besides be+ suitable = ! s(t clay 9 :i* ! dock is made1 ?is plan is specially adapt$ = m9]al traffic1 z ! "w ( load+ or dis*>g+ a c>go ( m9]als c only be prop]ly c>ri$ on at ! po9t :]e fix$ ma*9]y is provid$ = ! purpose4 ,?is ma*9]y may be plac$ z conv5i5tly on project+ jetties z on a dock wall4 ,! traffic1 :i* consi/s ma9ly ( coals & metals1 is accommodat$ at ! jetties1 :i* are furni%$ ) cranes = load+ & unload+ ! vessels employ$ 9 ! metal & iron ore trade1 & ) tipp+-frames1 :i* dis*>ge ! coals into ! %ips4 ,^! cranes & tipp+-frames are work$ by hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! entrance ( vessels f ! riv] ,nea? to ! tidal bas91 & to protect x f ! sea1 two pi]-heads 7 built1 "o at ea* side ( ! bas9 at ! po9t :]e x jo9s ! riv]4 ,^! pi]s are ( timb] pil+ & framework1 fill$ 9 ) copp] slag2 ! entrance betwe5 !m is #cjj feet wide4 ,!y 7 con/ruct$ aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's dea?4 ,! gate is a wr\ght-iron buoyant gate1 ) five v]tical p>titions or bulkheads & six decks4 ,! l5g? is #ef feet2 ! dep? 9 ! middle is #ca feet #f in*es1 & at ! sides #bf feet #f in*es4 ,! bread? 9 ! middle is #i feet1 & is curv$ to #b feet at ! ends 7see woodcut1 fig4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,briton ,f]ry ,dock ,gate4 ,elevation4 ,section ,a4 ,b4 ,plan4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! air-*amb]1 :i* is simil> to t ( ! ,plym\? gates1 is plac$ s t ! top is at ! level ( high-wat] neap tides1 ab\t half-way up ! gate4 ,!re are two sluices at l[-wat] level1 ea* hav+ an area ( #h squ>e feet4 ,! entrance inv]t be+ subject to ! influx ( s& f ! out] bas91 & to ! deposit ( coal rubbi% dropp$ into ! dock1 ,mr4 ,brunel decid$ 9 ?is gate n to use :eels1 b to make ! h+e & heel-po/ /rong en\gh to c>ry ! :ole weight ( ! gate1 ev5 if x 7 unsupport$ by ! buoyancy ( ! air-*amb]4 ,! heel-po/ is a massive piece ( ca/ iron2 ! bottom "p is bor$ out1 & into x is fitt$ a ca/-iron cyl9drical p91 #a foot #f in*es diamet] & #g feet #f in*es long4 ,on ?is are gr\nd discs ( /eel1 lubricat$ ) oil1 :]eon ! gate re/s & turns4 ,?us ! surfaces expos$ to friction are above ! s& or grit at ! bottom ( ! dock4 ,! l[] end ( ! p9 fits into a ca/-iron socket fa/5$ to ! masonry1 & is prev5t$ f turn+ r\nd by be+ made hexagonal4 ,! sides ( ! hexagon h suffici5t play to enable ! gate to adju/ itself1 :5 %ut1 to ! masonry sill1 s z to be wat]-tight4 ,! top ( ! heel-po/ works 9 a brass bu%1 #ah in*es diamet] & #ae in*es broad1 enclos$ 9 a massive wr\ght-iron coll>1 :i* is /rongly fa/5$ by an*or *a9s to ! masonry4 ,aft] ! gate 0 complet$ ! /r5g? ( ! h+e 0 te/$ by mov+ ! gate be=e ! wat] 0 admitt$ into ! dock4 ,! only resi/ance to ! motion ( ! gate is ! slight friction at ! h+e4 ,no c(f]-dam 0 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is "w1 b advantage 0 tak5 ( a l>ge bank ( slag & e>? enclos+ a portion ( ! site ( ! dock4 ,?is 0 ext5d$ & rais$1 & a sea dam =m$4 ,! dam 0 cut ?r\gh :5 ! works 7 complet$1 & a *annel dr$g$ to ! dep? ( #f feet bel[ l[ wat]4 ,br5t=d ,dock4 ,9 #ahee an ,act 0 obta9$ = mak+ a dock on ! ,?ames at ,br5t=d1 & a railway to jo9 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway at ,s\?all4 ,! dock has an area ( ab\t #c acres4 ,! works 7 begun 9 ,july #ahef1 & 7 complet$1 & ! dock op5$1 ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,! walls are f\nd$ 9 ! ,london clay1 :i* "h und]lies a b$ ( gravel ( "s ?ickness2 f ?is !re 0 a consid]able influx ( wat]4 ,! *ief peculi>ity ( ! dock is ! =m ( con/ruction adopt$ = ! sides4 ,pi]s ( brickwork1 #aj feet long & #b feet #c in*es ?ick1 are plac$ at "r angles to ! sides ( ! dock at int]vals ( #bf feet4 ,! backs ( ^! pi]s are connect$ by horizontal ar*es1 c>ri$ up ) a curv$ batt]4 ,! pi]s are ab\t #bj feet high1 & ar*es are turn$ ^u !m1 :i* support ! front "p ( ! quay1 & meet ! horizontal ar*es at ! backs ( ! pi]s4 ,?us ! sides ( ! dock consi/ ( a s]ies ( vaults1 ar*$ ov] at ! top1 & also at ! back t[>ds ! pressure ( ! e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,br5t=d ,dock ,gate4 ,elevation4 ,section ,a4 ,b4 ,plan4 ,scale ( feet4 ,! ?ickness ( ! horizontal ar*es :i* =m ! bulk ( ! wall is only #c feet1 b ^! are s /r5g!n$ by ! pi]s 9 front1 t a wall /rong en\gh to resi/ ! pressure ( ! e>? beh9d x 0 obta9$ by means ( a v small quantity ( brickwork4 ,along "o side ( ! dock ! pi]s are #ca feet long1 9 ord] t coal b>ges may lie ) "p ( _! l5g? 9 ! vaults betwe5 ! pi]s :ile _! c>go is be+ put on bo>d4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! b>ges h _! longe/ dim5sion at "r angles to ! side ( ! dock1 & a mu* great] numb] c be accommodat$ ?an if ea* occupi$ a space alongside ! quay wall4 ,! cont5ts ( ! coal trucks are tipp$ into ! b>ges ?r\gh slop+ %oots4 ,! entrance has a cle> wid? ( #cj feet1 & is clos$ by a s+le wr\ght-iron buoyant gate1 :i*1 l ! ,bri/ol gates1 is1 :5 %ut1 n q at "r angles to ! entrance4 ,! gate is #cc feet long1 #ai feet high1 #b feet #f in*es wide at ! middle1 curv$ to #a foot #f in*es at ! sides1 & weighs sixte5 & a half tons4 ,x is divid$ into comp>tm5ts by f\r decks & two v]tical bulkheads4 ,! air-*amb] occupies ! :ole space bel[ "o ( ! decks1 #g feet #f in*es above ! bottom 7see woodcut1 fig4 #ba72 & !re are two sluices1 ea* hav+ an op5+ ( #d feet by #b feet4 ,?is gate1 l t at ,briton ,f]ry1 has no :eel "u x1 ! weight be+ c>ri$ ^u ! pivot4 ,9 ord] to avoid side /ra9s ^u ! pivot & top coll>1 a c\nt]balance arm is fa/5$ on ! top ( ! gate4 ,?is is =m$ ( two ca/-iron gird]s1 bolt$ toge!r & enclos+ weights betwe5 !m4 ,! ends ( ^! gird]s project beyond ! heel-po/ ov] ! quay1 z 9 canal lock gates1 & c>ry ! ma*9]y by :i* ! gate is turn$1 z !re are no crabs1 *a9s1 or *a9 roll]s4 ,in/ead ( ^!1 a ca/-iron circul> rack is fix$ on ! top ( ! masonry1 9 :i* a p9ion works1 turn$ by ge>+ fix$ to ! end ( ! c\nt]balance4 ,?is gate turns ) rem>kable fre$om1 & ! curr5t ( wat] runn+ into ! dock on a spr+ tide op5s x completely4 ,pi] at ,neyl&1 ,mil=d ,hav54 ,! ,s\? ,wales ,railway 0 orig9ally int5d$ to t]m9ate at ,fi%gu>d1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,pembroke%ire1 ) ! view ( secur+ a l>ge quantity ( ,iri% traffic1 ! di/ance across ! *annel to ! ,iri% coa/ at ,wex=d be+ only #fj miles1 less ?an ! di/ance f ,holyhead to ,k+/[n4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ultimately decid$ to =m a t]m9us1 :i* w\ld accommodate ! ord9>y ,iri% traffic1 & w\ld n require su* an ext5sive outlay on h>b\r works z w\ld h be5 necess>y on ! nor!rn coa/4 ,) ?is object1 ! inlet or natural h>b\r ( ,mil=d ,hav5 0 exam9$1 & ! ,s\? ,wales ,railway 0 c>ri$ to ,neyl& ,po9t1 opposite ,pembroke1 :]e ! position is %elt]$1 & !re is deep wat] at all times ( tide = ! l>ge/ vessels4 ,! pi] at ,neyl&1 or ,new ,mil=d1 :i* 0 made 9 #aheg1 consi/s ( a timb] viaduct1 ) a pontoon at ! end1 #aej feet long & #db feet beam1 load$ s z to draw ab\t #g feet4 ,!re is a dep? ( #af feet alongside x at l[ wat]1 & x is connect$ ) ! %ore by a l&+ bridge4 ,! pontoon is made ( wr\ght iron1 & has ?ree transv]se & two longitud9al bulkheads4 ,x is moor$ by *a9 cables1 :i* pass ?r\gh two l>ge hawse pipes1 ext5d+ f ! bottom ne>ly up to ! deck1 ) ca/-iron m\?pieces at _! l[] ends4 ,! cables pass+ ?r\gh ^! are an*or$ firmly to ! gr\nd at a consid]able di/ance f ! pontoon4 ,! pontoon 0 int5d$ to be ! c5tre ( sev]al o!rs1 :i* 7 to be moor$ 9 deep] wat]4 ,! rise ( tide be+ sometimes z mu* z #be feet1 x 0 necess>y t ! l&+ bridge %\ld be ( consid]able l5g?1 9 ord] t !re %\ld be a mod]ate incl9ation at all times ( tide4 ,x is accord+ly made 9 "o span ( #bje feet4 ,x consi/s ( two plate-iron side gird]s1 ( ! uni=m dep? ?r\gh\t ( #ad feet1 & wid? ( #b feet #f in*es4 ,^! are plac$ #ab feet #f in*es ap>t1 ! roadway be+ betwe5 !m4 ,! ends ( ! gird]s :i* re/ on ! pontoon are provid$ ) ca/-iron :eels1 #a foot #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! pi] has s9ce be5 ext5d$ by additional pontoons1 :i* 7 ^? us$ 9 ! float+ ( ! ,salta% ,bridge4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,works4 ,,! ,,great ,,exhibition ,,( #ahea--,,! ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,wat] ,,t[]s1 #ahec--,,polygonal ,,rifle1 #aheb--;,,gunn]y ,,exp]im5ts1 #ahed--;,,float+ ,,gun-,,c>riage1 #ahed--,,r5kioi ,,hospital ,,build+s1 #ahee4 ,!re are sev]al matt]s ( importance 9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 engag$1 :i* c\ld n "u any sy/em ( classification be introduc$ into ! prec$+ *apt]s2 ^! are !re=e collect$ "u "o head ( #8miscellane\s works4' ,! fir/ ( ^! is 8 connection ) ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,he 0 f ! beg9n+ "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s support]s ( ?is und]tak+1 & 0 appo9t$ a memb] ( ! ,committee ( ! ,section ( ,ma*9]y1 ^: duty x 0 to classify ! objects to be exhibit$ 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,^u ! "q ( aw>d+ prizes to exhibitors1 ,mr4 ,brunel held a v decid$ op9ion adv]se to ! plan ultimately adopt$4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee1 dat$ ,m>* #aa1 #ahej1 he writes3-- ,i am sorry to say t ,i am oblig$ to leave t[n to-night4 ,we are summon$ to-morr[1 x appe>s1 on ! subject ( prizes4 ,n be+ a memb] ( ! ,commission1 ,i h p]haps no "r to express an op9ion ^u a pr9ciple :i* seems to h be5 adopt$--t ( giv+ prizes--b z appli$ to ma*9]y ,i suppose ,i may4 ,i /rongly disapprove ( any prizes be+ (f]$ 9 our section4 #a4 ,i believe x is q unnecess>y4 #b4 ,i believe x w be impossible to def9e be=eh& ! subjects = :i* any limit$ numb] & am\nt ( prizes are to be promis$1 ! subjects are s indef9itely num]\s2 & l ! build+1 h[ev] l>ge x may be made1 w n be l>ge en\gh to hold all t is s5t1 s z reg>ds ! prizes1 h[ev] num]\s ! subjects1 !y may v likely n embrace ! v ?+s :i* turn out to be mo/ des]v+4 #c4 ,i believe x w be impossible to di/ribute any limit$ numb] ( prizes ) ju/ice1 & q impossible to satisfy ! public4 ,two ma*9es = ! same purpose may be rem>kable--"o = its +5uity & beauty ( workman%ip1 b ( d\btful practical economy 9 application2 ! o!r clumsy1 & n well made1 b app>5tly likely to h ! g]ms ( mu* good--!re are ?\s&s1 or r an inf9ity1 ( %ades ( degrees & qualities ( m]it4 ,& la/ly1 ,i believe ! prizes w be mis*iev\s1 z conf]r+ undue advantages 9 _m cases ^u a ?+ well display$1 & well got up1 & w be s\ght = & obta9$ = puff+ purposes4 ,! opportunity ( exhibition ,i believe w be q suffici5t to induce all ! competition we c desire4 ,i ?9k money prizes q a mi/ake1 & m$als or di/9ctions pretty ne>ly z bad4 ,i hope y hold ! same views1 b ,i s5d y m9e4 ,mr4 ,brunel's views f\nd no fav\r at ! "t2 b subsequ5t exp]i5ce has conv9c$ ^? be/ able to =m a s\nd judgm5t 9 ! matt]1 t #8no prizes ( any k9d %\ld be aw>d$' 9 ,int]national ,exhibitions4#ahb ,mr4 ,brunel 0 also a ,memb] ( ! ,build+ ,committee2 & he accept$ ! (fice ( ,*airman & ,report] ( ! ,jury = ,class ,,vii41 on ,civil ,eng9e]+1 ,ar*itecture1 & ,build+ ,contrivances4 ,he took a v active "p 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,build+ ,committee4 ,designs 7 invit$1 & two hundr$ & =ty-five 7 s5t 94 ,none ( ^! 7 consid]$ satisfactory by ! ,committee1 & !y submitt$ to ! ,royal ,commission a design ( _! own1 ! pr9cipal feature ( :i* 0 a dome #bjj feet 9 diamet]4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 responsible z a memb] ( ! ,committee = ! plans prep>$ by !m1 & z reg>ds ! dome may be said to h design$ x himself1 b he express$ /rong objections to ! sub/antial & exp5sive build+s :i* x 0 propos$ to erect 9 brickwork4 ,8 idea 0 t ! build+ %\ld be 9 :at he call$ ! #8railway %$ /yle2' & he wi%$ to produce effect r by ! con/ruction ( ! ro(s1 c41 ?an by any ar*itectural elevation4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! plans ( ! ,build+ ,committee fail$ to meet ) public approval1 & ! late ,sir ,joseph ,paxton submitt$ 8 well-kn[n design1 ,mr4 ,brunel gave x 8 cordial support1 & def5d$ x aga9/ its detractors4 ,he ?us spoke ( x 9 ! report ( ! ,jury ( ,class ,,vii4 ,z reg>ds ,mr4 ,paxton's claim1 amid ! competition ( ! :ole ( ,europe1 he propos$ t mode & =m ( con/ruction ( build+ :i* appe>$ on fir/ sight1 & has s9ce prov$ to be1 ! be/ adapt$ 9 e respect = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,! design possess$ ?is m]it ( fitness = its object 9 a s+ul> mann]4 ,!re 0 no />tl+ novelty 9 any "o po9t :i* c\ld lead a/ray ! judgm5t ( ^? :o _h to det]m9e ^u ! *oice ( plan1 or :i* c\ld 9 ! fir/ in/ance obta91 /ill less p]man5tly secure1 ! good op9ion ( ! public4 ,z reg>ds ! =m ( outl9e1 :i* is mo/ simple1 sev]al designs ne>ly resembl+ x _h be5 submitt$ 9 ! g5]al competition4 ,z to ! mat]ial1 sev]al proposals _h be5 previ\sly made to cov] ! :ole area to be enclos$ ) glass1 & iron w\ld ( necessity be employ$ = ! fram+2 b 9 ! comb9ation ( =m & mat]ials1 9 ! p>ticul> mode ( apply+ ^? mat]ials1 & 9 ! adaptation ( ! =ms to be select$ to _! conv5i5t use1 z well z 9 ! v>i\s details by :i* ! :ole 0 r5d]$ p]fect1 ! design 0 entirely di/9ct 9 "* f all t _h be5 propos$1 & appe>$ at once to h ! "o s+le m]it ( be+ exactly t :i* 0 requir$ = ! purposes 9 view4 ,! design z realis$ has completely fulfill$ e condition ( utility4 ,! aw>d ( ,c\ncil ,m$als 7! highe/ prize giv57 0 recomm5d$ to ,sir ,joseph ,paxton1 & to ! contractors1 ,messrs4 ,fox1 ,h5d]son & ,co4 ,9 a lat] "p ( ! report1 9 ann\nc+ ! recomm5dation ( a ,c\ncil ,m$al to ,8 ,royal ,highness ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 = ! model dwell+ h\ses :i* 7 erect$ ne> ! ,exhibition build+1 & exhibit$ by ! ,pr9ce1 ,mr4 ,brunel spoke 9 emphatic language ( ! magnitude & importance ( ! results :i* w\ld foll[ f ! introduction ( improv$ dwell+s = ! work+ classes4#ahc 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! ,cry/al ,palace ,company 0 =m$ 9 ord] to pur*ase ! ,exhibition build+ & erect x1 ) additions1 at ,syd5ham1 ,mr4 ,brunel took a great int]e/ 9 ! project1 & frequ5tly w5t d[n to exam9e ! progress ( ! build+ & g>d5s1 & ! beautiful ar*itectural c\rts :i* 7 to be ! *ief attraction 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,palace4 ,! wat] t[]s1 :i* are s conspicu\s a feature 9 ! build+1 7 design$ by him4 ,! t[]s are #bhd feet high1 & c>ry ne> ! top tanks #dg feet 9 diamet] & #ch feet high1 hold+ #a1bjj tons ( wat]4 ,! f\ndations requir$ great c>e 9 _! con/ruction4 ,! tanks _h to be plac$ at a height ( m ?an #bjj feet1 & ! t[]s1 :i*1 ) _! load1 weigh$ fully #c1jjj tons ea*1 _h to re/ on ! slop+ side ( a clay hill4 ,!re 0 also ! possibility t by ! bur/+ ( a pipe a l>ge quantity ( wat] might be sudd5ly dis*>g$1 & s cause a slip 9 ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,brunel c>ri$ ! f\ndations d[n to a consid]able dep?1 =m+ a l>ge base ( ,portl& cem5t concrete1 & plac+ on x a cone ( brickwork 9 cem5t1 ris+ up to ! gr\nd level4 ,! t[]s are twelve-sid$1 ) two holl[ ca/-iron columns at ea* angle4 ,! height ( ! build+ bel[ ! tanks is divid$ into t5 /ories1 & at ea* floor !re is a /rong wr\ght-iron diaphragm1 or %elf1 #e feet wide4 ,! columns are also connect$ by /rong diagonal brac+ 9 ! sides ( ! t[]4 ,! tanks are made ( wr\ght iron1 & ! wat] pipes are plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! t[]4 ,mr4 ,brunel did n ?9k x w\ld be prud5t to =m any ( ! columns ( ! t[]s into pipes1 le/ ! expansion due to ! temp]ature ( ! wat] %\ld cause unequal support to be giv5 to ! tanks4 ,9 ,july #ahee1 ! pipes 7 prov$1 & ! t[]s 7 complet$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] w relate to matt]s :i* h b little 9 common ) ! subjects ( ! e>li] "p ( x2 b ! *ange is h>dly less m>k$ ?an t :i* took place 9 ! nature ( ! que/ions :i* occupi$ public att5tion )9 a few ye>s ( ! close ( ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,polygonal ,rifle4 ,9 ,octob] #aheb1 ,mr4 ,brunel consult$ ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds1 ( ,birm+ham1 z to ! manufacture ( a rifle #8= ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r !re 0 any?+ 9 a crot*et he _h ^u ! subject4' ,! rifle 0 made by ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds accord+ to ,mr4 ,brunel's directions1 & f9i%$ 9 ,may #ahed4 ,_m exp]im5ts 7 tri$ ) x1 at ,birm+ham & at ,man*e/]1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahee1 & aft]w>ds at ,woolwi*2 & its p]=mances obta9$ great notoriety4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is rifle1 & ! objects ,mr4 ,brunel _h 9 view 9 its design1 w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ lett]s to ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds3-- ,i4 ,octob] #be1 #aheb4 ,i h long want$ to try an exp]im5t ) a rifle1 = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :e!r !re is any?+ 9 a crot*et ,i h ^u ! subject1 b ,i h be5 det]r$ f attempt+ x f ! feel+ t 9 ^! abom9able pat5t+ days 7,i hate pat5ts7 ! *ances 71 t if1 9 ! progress ( my exp]im5ts1 any new result1 good or bad1 7 obs]v$1 or a workman %\ld ?9k he saw some?+1 a pat5t w\ld be tak5 ov] my head1 &1 to say ! lea/1 ,i %\ld be /opp$ 9 pursu+ my own inve/igation1 z has happ5$ to me m ?an once4 ,i h also be5 det]r$ by my n kn[+ :e!r ! exi/+ ma*9]y = rifl+ b>rels w\ld enable me to obta9 an increas+ or v>y+ twi/ f "o end ( ! b>rel to ! o!r1 z ?is w\ld be necess>y to make ! exp]im5t1 & ,i %\ld n c>e to incur ! exp5se ( a ma*9e on purpose4 ,my introduction to y1 ?r\gh our mutual fri5d ,:ateley1 induces me to make ! enquiry :e!r y\r app>atus or mode ( rifl+ enables y to give su* a twi/1 & if s1 :e!r y c\ld & w\ld make me a b>rel4 ,if s1 ,i w tr\ble y ) an explanation ( my s*eme1 z ,i %\ld h no secrets ) y4 ,,ii4 ,febru>y #g1 #ahec4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( m5tion+ aga9 ! subject ,i once wrote or spoke to y ab\t4 ,i want a rifle b>rel made octagon %ap$ inside1 ! octagon hav+ a twi/ r m ?an usual1 & an increas+ twi/1 say twice z mu* at ! m\? ( ! piece z at ! bree*4 ,c y make me su* a b>rel = an exp]im5t8 ,i w expla9 to y ! object :5 we meet1 z x c only be done viva voce4 ,,iii4 ,! foll[+ lett] 0 writt5 to ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds 9 answ] to a reque/ t ,mr4 ,brunel w\ld p]mit him to obta9 a lic5se f ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,joseph7 ,:itwor? to make rifles ( a polygonal %ape4 ,mr4 ,:itwor? _h obta9$ a pat5t = improvem5ts 9 cannons1 guns1 & fire-arms1 9 ,febru>y #ahee1 & 9 8 complete specification1 dat$ ,may #cj1 #ahee1 he _h = ! fir/ "t claim$-- ,fir/ly1 ! sev]al comb9ations ( p>ts =m+1 :5 put toge!r1 ! b>rels ( ordnance1 or fire-arms1 hav+ a polygonal spiral %ape4 ,secondly1 ! use ( ! spirally-%ap$ segm5ts4 ,?irdly1 ! adoption ( ! polygonal spiral = rifl$ ordnance & fire-arms4 ,f\r?ly1 ! comb9ation ( p>ts =m+ ! bree*-load+ app>atus4 ,novemb] #bf1 #aheh4 ,i am oblig$ to y = y\r communication on ! subject ( ! octagon gun1 & 9 ackn[l$g+ y\r c\rtesy & g5tlemanly feel+ ,i w\ld add t x is only :at ,i always felt ,i c\ld rely ^u f y4 ,i beg y w n hesitate to take out a lic5se f ,mr4 ,:itwor? = octagon guns 7if1 z a matt] ( bus9ess1 y ?9k x conv5i5t to d s7 on acc\nt ( any prior claim :i* y may "k ,i c\ld set up1 & if y get a lic5se = a nom9al consid]ation1 z ,i und]/& y c1 ( c\rse z a man ( bus9ess y %\ld d s4 ,i h no int5tion ( int]f]+ ) ,mr4 ,:itwor?'s pat5t1 ev5 to indulge ! feel+ ,i h aga9/ all pat5ts & protective laws1 :i* ,i consid] h become ! curse ( ! day1 & ! s\rces ( ! greate/ injury to inv5tors & manufactur]s1 & /ill m to ! public2 & ,i %\ld also be v sorry ev5 to annoy my fri5d ,mr4 ,:itwor? m]ely = ! sake ( %[+ t ,i _h previ\sly made ! gun 7at lea/ y made x = me71 & ,i believe o!rs h prec$$ me1 :i* he has pat5t$2 & ,i assure y t ,i %all n consid] y\r tak+ out a lic5se z 9 any way a d5ial ( ?is fact1 ( :i* y are cognisant4 ,i h nev] se5 ,:itwor?'s pat5t2 :at is x exactly t he does pat5t8 ,x _c be m]ely ! polygon1 because1 ev5 if nobody _h prec$$ me1 t w\ld h be5 already a copy ( m9e1 :i* n only 0 made be=e he began 8 inve/igation1 b 0 l5t by me1 at y\r reque/1 to him1 ,i ?9k be=e 8 pat5t4 ,my rifle is1 ,i am told1 do+ q wond]s at ,woolwi*1 & ,i beg9 to ?9k !re mu/ be some?+ 9 ! pr9ciple :i* ,i int5d$ to introduce into x1 & :i* is totally diff]5t f :at ,i und]/ood to be ,:itwor?'s4 ,i s\ght to use a comp>atively loose ball1 b :i* ,i ?\ght w\ld c5tre itself1 bo? 9 position & direction1 to ! axis ( ! b>rel by ! peculi> action ( a polygon )9 a polygon act$ ^u by an increas+ pit*1 & x really seems f ! results z if my !ory 0 correct4#ahd ,gunn]y ,exp]im5ts4 ,9 #ahed ,mr4 ,brunel took up w>mly ! "q ( improvem5t 9 l>ge guns1 :i* 0 !n attract+ ! att5tion ( sev]al sci5tific m54 ,! fri5d%ip :i* _h = "s ye>s previ\sly exi/$ betwe5 him & ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,william7 ,arm/rong1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 gave ,mr4 ,brunel opportunities = discuss+ ^! matt]s1 ) a view to _! be+ c>ri$ into practical effect4 ,! foll[+ extracts f a lett] writt5 by ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 ,april #ahee1 to ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy?1 expla9 g5]ally 8 op9ions at t "t ^u ! con/ruction ( l>ge guns3-- ,f :at ,i h obs]v$ ( ! op]ation ( fractures "u sudd51 quick-act+ =ces--su* z bur/+ ( guns1 & fractures "u bl[s1 z 9 our railway sma%es--,i h arriv$ delib]ately by obs]vation at ! conclusion1 :i* e me*anical-m9d$ man arrives at m or less by intuition1 t homog5eity & equality ( t5sion & ( ela/icity 9 ! p>ts are necess>y = /r5g? to resi/ a viol5t /ra9 appli$ sudd5ly 9 its full =ce1 :i* ,i w call a bl[4 ,my impression1 f ! result ( obs]vation1 is1 t ?is op]ates mu* m ?an is g5]ally assum$4 ,if y suppose a b>1 say an axle ( uni=m section & uni=m quality 9 e respect1 x w be> b5d+ into extraord9>y =ms ev5 by a bl[2 & if y assume t portions ( x become m t5aci\s & /rong]1 b rema9 equally ela/ic1 ! ultimate /r5g? ( ?is b> w n1 ,i ?9k1 be mat]ially increas$ or dim9i%$2 b if y suppose ! ela/icity ( ^! portions ei!r increas$ or dim9i%$1 ,i believe ! ultimate /r5g? ( ! b> "u a bl[ is dim9i%$4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i imag9e t 9 ! section ( a gun b>rel1 if portions are m or less ela/ic ?an o!rs1 or at all diff]5t 9 _! "*1 n only _m po9ts ( fracture may be det]m9$ on1 b t ! :ole may be r5d]$ mu* less able to resi/ ! viol5t explosion4 ,! /ra9 produc$ by ! explosion & ! plane ( fracture is almo/ c]ta9 to be 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! longitud9al axis1 & !re=e ,i _h assum$ t "o w\ld avoid z mu* z possible hav+ any v>iation ( quality :i* fagott+ mu/ produce to "s ext5t 9 planes 9 ?is direction4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 ,i _h endeav\r$ to s*eme "s way ( weld+ up #8*eeses' or discs1 :i* might be hamm]$ up spl5didly homog5e\s ( ! full diamet] & ( a consid]able ?ickness1 & ,i wi% t y w\ld s*eme ! be/ way ( weld+ !m toge!r4 ,i %\ld suppose t ! c5tre surface might be weld$1 & w$ges weld$ 9 all r\nd1 or "s o!r mode devis$1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! /ra9 9 any plane transv]se to ! axis is small1 only t aris+ f ! recoil ( ! bree* & ! friction ( ! %ot4 ,i h also an impression t some?+ h>d] ?an ord9>y wr\ght iron is want$ = ! inn] surface to resi/ ! explosion4 ,?is y might give probably 9 fagott+ up4 ,i am try+ ! effect--z mu* = ! amusem5t ( ! ?+ z ) any great expectation--( a cyl9d] ( h>di% mat]ial wrapp$ r\nd ) iron wire1 laid on ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( t5sion proportion$ to ! diamet]4 ,su* a b>rel ought to be /rong--:e!r practically successful is ano!r ?+4 ,! s*eme ( mak+ a gun ) ! b>rel wrapp$ r\nd ) wire1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ?is lett]1 0 "o :i* ,mr4 ,brunel & ,mr4 ,arm/rong 7 v desir\s ( mak+ ! subject ( actual exp]im5t4 ,:e!r or n x w\ld "u _! h&s h become practically successful1 c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 z !y 7 oblig$ to ab&on ! project1 9 consequ5ce ( ! wire cov]+ be+ pat5t$1 9 ,may #ahee1 by ,mr4 ,longridge4 ,! foll[+ lett] to ,mr4 ,arm/rong relates to ! same subject1 & is int]e/+ n only z %[+ ,mr4 ,brunel's correct appreciation ( a pr9ciple :i* is ! ess5ce ( ! coil sy/em ( con/ruct+ guns1 b z fur!r illu/rat+ 8 objections to ! pat5t laws3-- ,june #h1 #ahee4 ,h y ev] done any?+ t[>ds my exp]im5t ( ! wire gun8 ,i h be5 anxi\s = "s "t pa/ to le>n ab\t x1 b h wait$ to see y2 to-day ,i le>n t ,longridge is tak+ out a pat5t = x4 ,i d>esay x is 8 own idea1 & ,i only regret x1 z ,i suppose x w n[ prev5t my pursu+ x2 & ,i ?9k x likely t ) y\r assi/ance we %\ld h succe$$ 9 mak+ at lea/ z good a gun z he w4 ,! pr9ciple ,i am dispos$ to ?9k good2 ! success w\ld dep5d ^u ! practical application1 & b = ^! pat5ts1 ! m competitors ! bett] = ! public4 ,z x is1 competition is de/roy$4 ,let me "k if y _h done any?+4 ,pray let me "k also :at y are do+ ab\t y\r own1 9 :i* ,i feel equally int]e/$4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h also consid]$ ! advantages ( mak+ ! bore ( ! gun polygonal1 ) a projectile %ap$ to fit x4 ,he _h a portion ( cannon tube & a projectile made by ,mr4 ,arm/rong 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahee1 b he did n himself pursue ! "q fur!r4 ,inde$1 aft] ! middle ( ! ye> #ahef1 :5 ! works ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' /eam-%ip began to occupy a l>ge portion ( 8 "t1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 unable any long] to take "p 9 gunn]y inve/igations2 b he wat*$ ) unabat$ int]e/ ! proce$+s ( ^? fri5ds :o h cont9u$ _! exp]im5ts1 ) ! great practical success ( :i* he liv$ to see only ! beg9n+4 ,float+ ,gun-,c>riage4 ,! plan ( a gun-boat1 or1 z x w\ld be m correctly call$1 a float+ gun-c>riage1 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel design$ = an attack on ,cron/adt & o!r ,baltic =ts dur+ ! ,russian w>1 is cle>ly describ$ 9 ! foll[+ memor&um1 :i* he drew up = ! in=mation ( ! ,admiralty3-- ,decemb] #bj1 #ahee4 ,! pr9ciple is simply ! fix+ a v heavy gun 9 a float+ %ot-pro( *amb] or casemate1 expos+ ! smalle/ possible surface2 t surface to be ( su* a =m z to be /ruck by %ot only at a v oblique angle2 & ! gun be+ a fixture1 ) ! means only ( elevat+ & depress+ to an ext5t ( #aj or #ab degrees1 b ) no lat]al motion1 ! port or embrasure ne$ be only ( ! size ( ! muzzle ( ! gun1 s t ! gun1 ! m5 work+ ! gun1 & ev]y?+ on bo>d w be p]fectly protect$4 ,! gun w be direct$ by elevat+ ! bree*1 & by slew+ ! vessel slightly & sl[ly backw>ds & =w>ds across ! l9e ( aim1 by means aft]w>ds expla9$4 ,! m5 load+ ! gun w simply load z quickly z !y c1 & :5 ! gun is load$ pu% out a trigg]4 ,! gov]nor or p]son direct+ ! gun w /& beh9d ! hood or *amb]1 look+ direct at ! object ?r\gh a telescope ( l[ p[]1 fix$ horizontally 9 ! axis ( ! vessel1 & made to move v]tically p>allel ) ! axis ( ! gun1 & m\nt$ ) reflectors2 s t bo? telescope & man are completely "u cov]1 & he1 keep+ ! vessel truly 9 range & ! elevation correct1 w only t\* ! trigg] :5ev] 8 l9e ( sight crosses ! object4 ,! vessel w c>ry a small eng9e1 ( p[] suffici5t to drive x = a %ort "t at a good spe$1 say eight or n9e knots1 & at o!r times to keep up a small =w>d motion to c\nt]act ! recoil1 & to keep ! vessel's head mov+ a few degrees "r & left across ! l9e ( range4 ,a suffici5t portion ( ! vessel to conta9 & to float ! gun1 ammunition1 & eng9e1 w be %ot-pro(4 ,a =e-body & aft]-body1 ! top ( :i* w be fleur-d'eau1 or a few in*es "u wat]1 w be add$1 to give su* a =m ( entrance & run z w admit ( ! vessel atta9+ ! spe$ m5tion$2 b ^! p>ts w be m]e %ells1 & may be full ( wat]1 & if damag$ by %ot w n affect ! buoyancy ( ! float1 besides :i*1 n be+ above ! surface ( ! wat]1 !y _c be mu* expos$ to injury4 ,! mode ( propell+ may be by a screw1 b ,i pref] ! #8jet1' :i*1 :e!r an economical mode ( propell+ or n1 is a suffici5tly good "o = ?is purpose1 & exposes no?+ :atev] to be injur$ by %ot4#ahe ,:e!r propell$ by jet or n1 ,i %\ld h two small lat]al jets = direct+ ! vessel1 su* jets be+ gov]n$ by two cocks h&l$ by ! gunn]4 ,su* a mode ( direct+ ! aim by a man "u cov] look+ ?r\gh a telescope1 ) "o h& direct+ ! gun & ! o!r on ! trigg]1 w admit ( an almo/ unlimit$ degree ( accuracy4 ,! gun be+ 9 a p]fectly %ot-pro( casemate1 ma*9]y may be adapt$ to exp$ite ! load+ ( ! gun2 & x is n difficult to make a me*anical arrangem5t by :i* ! %ot & c>tridge %all be lift$ up to ! gun1 ins]t$1 & ramm$ home1 at a rate f> exce$+ any?+ t c n[ be done by h&2 & z ! weight & clums9ess ( ! gun1 ! c>riage1 & ma*9]y are ( no object1 ,i ?9k ,i c make a bree*-load+ gun capable ( c>ry+ #ab-;in* solid %ot ) a full *>ge1 :i* may be load$ & dis*>g$ at ! rate ( two or ?ree p] m9ute2 b ! pr9ciple ( m\nt+ a gun 9 su* a float is equally applicable to a common gun1 :i* might /ill be load$ me*anically4 ,a few loopholes may be provid$ ?r\gh :i* a fire c\ld be kept up f a c\ple ( heavy swivel rifles1 c>ry+1 say #f-oz4 %ot1 :i* w\ld pi]ce any mantelets or o!r cov] likely next ye> to be provid$ aga9/ ord9>y rifles4 ,a batt]y1 say ( twelve su* guns1 %\ld probably h also two1 or p]haps ?ree1 %ot-pro( vessels ( ab\t ! same size )\t guns1 b pi]c$ ) a longitud9al f9 or ridge1 l a wall1 /&+1 say #aj feet above ! wat]1 & #ej or #fj feet long1 /rong en\gh to /& ! direct bl[ ( heavy %ot at long range1 or ! oblique bl[ ( ! same %ot at %ort range1 & :i* c\ld be plac$ z scre5s or trav]ses to cov] ! flanks ( ! batt]y aga9/ di/ant %ot4 ,aga9/ v]tical fire ,i _c sugge/ any def5ce3 ! po9t ( attack mu/ be select$ to avoid x4 ,! cov]+ vessels may be provid$ also ) loop-holes = heavy swivels4 ,!re %\ld also be two or ?ree small & comp>atively light1 b %ot-pro( vessels1 to run 9 & br+ out a disabl$ gun-boat4 ,^! la/-nam$ auxili>y un>m$ boats =m an ess5tial "p ( ! sy/em4 ,9 all probability ! enemy h by ?is "t ?r[n /ones & o!r ob/acles1 & plac$ inf]nal ma*9es r\nd ! deta*$ =t1 to imp$e a close approa*4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 h cov]$ a v l>ge surface1 s t1 ) "s previ\s s\nd+1 an approa* may be f\nd & a position tak5 up4 ,! auxili>y boats %\ld !re=e h /rong bottoms "u ! eng9e-room1 & ! re/ ( ! body be s subdivid$ into comp>tm5ts t !y w\ld be pro( aga9/ s]i\s damage f rocks & inf]nal ma*9es1 & be able to run 9 "u fire & asc]ta9 if ob/ructions exi/1 & f9d ! *annel if !y d4 ,a batt]y ( su* guns c\ld be plac$ at v>i\s po9ts out ( range1 say at #c1jjj y>ds1 at :i* di/ance !y w\ld h>dly attract att5tion by daylight1 & w\ld n be visible 9 ! twilight ( night1 & c\ld !n be conc5trat$ 9 a few m9utes at ! po9t select$ = attack )9 safe bree*+ di/ance1 say #bej y>ds2 &1 if tw5ty-f\r %ot p] m9ute1 ( #bjj lbs4 to #bej lbs4 ea*1 ?r[n ) a full *>ge at #bej y>ds1 c be direct$ aga9/ a small surface ( any /one wall yet built 7:i* is pi]c$ ) embrasures71 ! effect ought to be great & rapid4 ,i believe1 moreov]1 t ! means ( direct+ ! aim w be s effective t if ! embrasures c be se5 a %ell or %ot may always be s5t 9 ) c]ta9ty at #bej y>ds1 & ! enemy's guns dism\nt$4 ,su* vessels c rapidly *ange _! position1 retreat or advance1 be replac$ by fre% ones1 or )drawn altoge!r4 ,! means ( transport ( su* vessels to ! seat ( w>1 al?\gh a second>y consid]ation1 has be5 consid]$4 ,!y might easily be plac$ 9 an out] %ell ( iron ( a good =m1 :i* c\ld be rigg$ complete1 & s con/ruct$ z to give up its burd5 :5 arriv$ 9 ! seas :]e x is to act--9 fact1 a %ip ( ! class ( small screw colli]s1 made to op5 at ! b[s & its cont5ts float$ out ready = action2 b ! gun-boat itself1 :5 light5$ ( ammunition1 & ! gun l[]$ to ! bottom z balla/1 & fitt$ up ) bulw>ks1 & a light movable iron *amb]1 =m+ a wat]-tight =eca/le-deck rea*+ back1 say #cj feet1 & s*oon]-rigg$1 w1 ,i und]take to say1 make a v fair sea boat4 ,probably no compasses c\ld be #8correct$' to be tru/$ to 9 su* a mass ( iron1 b a compass fix$ to ! miz5ma/1 say at #cj feet f ! deck1 w\ld be all t c\ld be requir$4 ,imm$iately abaft ! hood or gun-*amb] !re w\ld be a space "u cov] f %ot :]e a companion & skylight c\ld be fitt$ up :5 at sea1 & ?r\gh :i* light & air c\ld be obta9$ at all times :5 fitt$ = s]vice4 ,! funnel1 if ev] us$ :5 ! vessel is n 9 action1 w\ld be remov$ = fight+1 & ! /eam & smoke eject$ ?r\gh an oblique ap]ture "r aft4 ,! only po9t to be det]m9$ by exp]im5t is :e!r a mod]ate ?ickness ( iron ( ! be/ quality w /& heavy %ot at %ort range /rik+ v obliquely1 say at ! wor/ at an angle ( #cj degrees4 ,by ! =m ( ! propos$ vessel1 h[ev]1 :5 plac$ 9 position at #bej y>ds ( any ( ! ,cron/adt =ts1 x c\ld n be /ruck at #cj degrees1 & probably #ii out ( #ajj %ots t hit w\ld graze at an angle ( #aj to #bj degrees4 ,a small "p only r\nd ! port1 or :at may be m correctly t]m$ ! muzzle-hole1 c\ld be /ruck ) a direct bl[4 ,!re is e reason to believe t slabs ( iron ( good quality ( #d in*es ?ick w\ld /& aga9/ su* graz+1 provid$ !y are put toge!r )\t be+ weak5$ by holes & ) "s o!r precautions1 & t s\nd =g+s ( #aj or #ab in*es ?ick1 if ( suffici5t weight 9 a s+le piece1 w\ld /& ! direct bl[4 ,i d n believe t less ?an ?is w\ld be safe aga9/ #fh-lb41 or1 z we mu/ expect to meet )1 #abj-lb4 %ot at %ort range1 ev5 :5 /ruck obliquely1 & ?is ?ickness c be appli$ )\t requir+1 ) ! gun ammunition1 c41 m ?an #f feet #i in*es1 say #g feet draught ( wat]4 ,ano!r in* ( ?ickness w\ld require ano!r foot ( draught2 b if x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! *>ts are correct1 !re w\ld appe> to be #aj to #ae feet ( wat] close up to ! pr9cipal deta*$ =ts1 & x w\ld be an imm5se advantage to take #i feet draught ( wat]1 & h an unque/ionably invuln]able sk94 ,if x 7 consid]$ desirable to con/ruct su* a batt]y1 x is n[ b>ely possible to d x 9 "t = ! com+ season2 b if possible1 x c\ld only be r5d]$ s by asc]ta9+ exactly ! dim5sion & =m ( iron t ea* ( ! l>ge mak]s c\ld turn out ) _! pres5t tools1 & accord+ to _! pres5t exp]i5ce & habits1 & to design ! details to suit _! exi/+ means1 sacrific+ probably mu* t w\ld r5d] ! result m p]fect = ! sake ( r5d]+ x possible to obta9 any?+ 9 "t4 ,no d\bt promises & ev5 contracts c\ld easily be obta9$ = mak+ any?+ 9 any giv5 "t1 & zeal\s & hone/ ef=ts aft]w>ds made to effect :at _h be5 und]tak52 b if ! slighte/ attempt is made t involves new tools or new practices1 promises & contracts w n effect impossibilities1 & ! probability is t ! %ort "t /ill available w be lo/4 ,:ile all ! prep>ations %all be made on ! assumption t ! result is atta9able & w be successful1 trials mu/ be made1 )\t loss ( "t1 on ! sev]al po9ts to be det]m9$--z to ! resi/ance ( ! iron1 c4 ,if !y fail1 ! exp5se incurr$ up to t "t 9 prep>+ = ! :ole "w w n h be5 great4 ,if !y succe$1 x is j possible t by great ex]tions b1 above all1 by judici\s & me?odical plans ( proce$+1 a complete batt]y might be laun*$ ready = s]vice 9 five mon?s4 ,la/ly1 ,i %\ld obs]ve t al?\gh ! ma9 feature ( ! plan is ! resi/+ ! effects ( ! enemy's %ot by always expos+ an oblique surface1 yet ! *ances ( fatal damage w\ld be small if su* vessels 7 to run ! gauntlet1 at night1 ?r\gh ! deep *annel1 & get into ! wat]s ea/ ( ,cron/adt4 ,or if ?is is v desirable1 z ,i %\ld ?9k x mu/ be1 no?+ is easi] ?an to lift ! :ole flotilla ov] ! %oal wat] & laun* !m into ! deep wat] beyond4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h matur$ ^! plans 9 ,septemb] #ahed1 & !y 7 !n br\ght "u ! notice ( ! ,admiralty2 b no /eps 7 tak5 to te/ ! practicability ( ! s*eme4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 induc$ to make a fur!r repres5tation to ! ,admiralty 9 ! foll[+ ,july4 ,he wrote1-- ,hav+ endeav\r$ ineffectually sev]al times at ! comm5cem5t ( ! w> to impress ^u memb]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ! great advantages t might be d]iv$ f ! use ( iron float+ batt]ies or gun-boats1 if prop]ly con/ruct$1 ,i made ano!r ef=t at ! close ( ! la/ ye>'s campaign1 b e>ly en\gh to h all[$ ( ! con/ruction ( :at ,i propos$ be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,baltic 9 ! pres5t ye>1 & caus$ my plans to be submitt$ to ! ,admiralty ?r\gh a fri5d4 ,!y 7 n approv$1 & ,i %\ld judge f ! answ] ,i receiv$ t !y 7 n und]/ood1 & ,i 0 nev] appli$ to = an explanation4 ,i _h no object 9 view b ! public good1 & ,i !re=e kept ! idea1 su* z x 01 unpubli%$1 believ+ ! pr9ciple to be s\nd & good1 & t ! day w\ld come :5 x might be usefully appli$1 & ! m usefully to ?is c\ntry if n previ\sly publicly discuss$4 ,i h no o!r object to s]ve n[2 b aft] ! cle> pro( t ,i 0 correct 9 ! op9ion ,i %>$ ) s _m o!r p]sons ( ! entire inability ( any ( ! pres5t float+ %ips1 boats1 or w> eng9es to cope ) any mod]ately con/ruct$ & well-arm$ l& batt]y1 ,i ?9k x "r once m1 & ?is "t m =mally1 to urge ^u ,gov]nm5t ! consid]ation ( ! con/ruction ( armam5ts me*anically con/ruct$ & prop]ly fitt$ = ! special object4 ,i beg to say t ,i d n mean a consid]ation 9 ! ord9>y mode1 by ! able & practical1 b /ill executive (fic]s ( dep>tm5ts1 :e!r eng9e]s or %ip-build]s1 because ,i believe t ,i mu/ be myself1 f my practical exp]i5ce 9 ?is p>ticul> bran*1 at lea/ z compet5t1 if n m s1 to judge 9 que/ions ( me*anical con/ruction1 :e!r x be ! =g+ or ca/+ ( a gun ( l>ge dim5sions1 or ! con/ruction ( a vessel fit = navigation & capable ( resi/+ %ot1 or ! be/ mode ( propell+ su* a vessel--on all :i* bran*es ,i h _h mu* & tol]ably successful practice2 b ,i ask on public gr\nds = ! delib]ate consid]ation by m5 ( judgm5t & exp]i5ce 9 ! milit>y bran* ( ! subject1 su* z ! attack ^u a =tifi$ place1 ( :i* ,i _c pret5d to be a compet5t judge1 & by m5 9 a position to be able to express freely _! indep5d5t op9ions ( ! advantages t might be atta9$ by ! pr9ciple ,i propose1 if capable ( be+ successfully c>ri$ out4 ,al?\gh ! want ( effici5t gun-boats 0 !n sev]ely felt1 ?is lett] appe>s to h produc$ no effect ^u ! ,bo>d ( ,admiralty4 ,b ! fri5d :o _h orig9ally br\ght ! matt] "u ! notice ( ! ,bo>d took ! bold /ep ( writ+ to ,"l ,palm]/on1 & acqua9t+ him ) :at _h pass$4 ,"l ,palm]/on at once saw ! importance ( inve/igat+ ! subject1 & s5t = ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o expla9$ ! plans to him4 ,"l ,palm]/on !n ask$ him to see ! (ficials at ! ,admiralty4 ,mr4 ,brunel did s2 b great delay foll[$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 unimportant1 z ho/ilities soon aft]w>ds t]m9at$1 & !re 0 no fur!r ne$ ( gun-boats1 good or bad4 ,?is project did n exi/ only 9 ! outl9e 9 :i* x is describ$ 9 ! memor&um giv5 above4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h work$ out all ! calculations ( displacem5t1 c41 & _h made designs & models = ! boat & its v>i\s appliances1 & _h be5 = "s mon?s 9 con/ant communication ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong ^u ! =m & con/ruction ( ! gun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is w be a fitt+ place to m5tion t 9 #ahee ,capta9 ,c[p] ,coles1 ,c4,b41 %[$ ,mr4 ,brunel ! designs = 8 %ot-pro( raft1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* 0 aft]w>ds develop$ 9 ! turret %ip4 ,mr4 ,brunel gave ,capta9 ,coles ! b5efit ( 8 advice on ! v>i\s que/ions involv$1 & all[$ him to use ! s]vices ( 8 pr9cipal draughtsman1 & to h ! draw+s got out 9 8 (fice )\t exp5se4 ,capta9 ,coles1 9 a lecture :i* he deliv]$ at ! ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution on ,june #bi1 #ahfj1 w>mly ackn[l$g$ ! obligations he 0 "u to ,mr4 ,brunel = ?is act ( k9dness & g5]osity1 & said t x _h greatly enc\rag$ him to p]sev]e 9 br++ 8 plans into public notice4 ,r5kioi ,hospital4 ,9 ,febru>y #ahee1 aft] ! fir/ w9t] ( ! alli$ armies 9 ! ,crimea1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 ask$ by ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t to und]take ! design & con/ruction ( hospital build+s = ! ,ea/4 ,he repli$ 7on ! same day t he receiv$ ?is application1 ,febru>y #af7 t 8 #8"t & be/ ex]tions w\ld be1 )\t any limitations1 entirely at ! s]vice ( ,gov]nm5t4' ,he 0 accord+ly appo9t$ z eng9e]1 & proce$$ to design & sup]9t5d ! manufacture ( ! requir$ build+s & all _! int]nal arrangem5ts4 ,!y 7 s5t out "u 8 sup]vision1 & erect$ at ,r5kioi1 on ! ,d>danelles4 ,all use = ! build+s 0 end$ ) ! conclusion ( peace2 b1 = ! sev5 mon?s dur+ :i* !y 7 occupi$1 !y add$ mu* to ! com=t ( m ?an ?irte5 hundr$ sick & w\nd$ soldi]s4 ,_m ( ! special arrangem5ts adopt$ at ,mr4 ,brunel's sugge/ion h be5 s9ce br\ght into g5]al use2 & ! success ( ^! build+s 01 to a consid]able ext5t1 influ5tial 9 lead+ ! ,am]icans to con/ruct simil> hospitals dur+ _! civil w>4 ,^! are n[ 7#ahgj7 be+ copi$ 9 ! ,g]man armies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,r5kioi hospital build+s is a /rik+ in/ance ( ! zeal ) :i* ,mr4 ,brunel ent]$ into any und]tak+ :i* _h a claim ^u 8 assi/ance1 ( ! v>i$ exp]i5ce & f]tility ( inv5tion :i* he c\ld br+ to be> ^u any subject1 h[ev] remote x might seem to be f 8 ord9>y occupations1 & ( ! m9ute p]sonal att5tion he 0 accu/om$ to give to e detail1 z ! only c]ta9 means ( ensur+ success4 ,mr4 ,brunel ent]$ ^u 8 duties on ,febru>y #af1 & report$ to ! ,w> ,(fice on ,m>* #e t he _h n lo/ any "t nor sp>$ any ex]tion or any means 9 8 p[] to =w>d ! important bus9ess he _h und]tak54 ,he /at$ t he avail$ himself freely ( ! advice & assi/ance ( all p]sons to :om he c\ld apply ) any prospect ( advantage2 & he add$1 #8,x is mo/ gratify+ to be able to /ate t f ev]ybody ,i h receiv$ ! mo/ zeal\s & cordial assi/ance1 & f\nd x suffici5t to m5tion ! object ( my enquiries to obta9 imm$iately e assi/ance ,i c\ld possibly require4' ,an exp]im5tal w>d 0 erect$ a few days aft]w>ds on ! premises ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway at ,padd+ton1 & 0 c>efully criticis$ by compet5t p]sons2 &1 ! plans hav+ be5 approv$ (1 specifications 7 made1 ) draw+s ( ! v>i\s p>ts1 & t5d]s 7 invit$ = ! con/ruction ( ! build+s4 ,! foll[+ pap] gives a description ( ! build+s1 & 0 writt5 by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 ord] to satisfy ! curiosity ( 8 fri5ds3l-- ,m>* #ahee4 ,! conditions t x 0 consid]$ necess>y to lay d[n 9 design+ ^! build+s 71-- ,fir/4 ,t !y %\ld be capable ( adapt+ !mselves to any plot ( gr\nd t might be select$1 :atev] its =m1 level1 or incl9ation1 )9 reasonable limits4 ,secondly4 ,t ea* set ( build+s %\ld be capable ( be+ easily ext5d$ f "o hold+ #ejj pati5ts to "o = #a1jjj or #a1ejj1 or :atev] might be ! limit :i* sanit>y or o!r conditions might prescribe4 ,?irdly4 ,t :5 erect$ !y might be sure to conta9 e com=t :i* x w\ld be possible "u ! circum/ances to af=d4 ,&-- ,f\r?ly4 ,t !y %\ld be v portable1 & ( ! *eape/ con/ruction4 ,! mode 9 :i* x has be5 s\ght to comply ) ^! conditions is z foll[s3--#ahf ,! :ole hospital w consi/ ( a numb] ( sep>ate build+s1 ea* suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( ! mo/ economical con/ruction1 b o!rwise small & compact en\gh to be easily plac$ on gr\nd ) a consid]able slope1 )\t ! necessity ( plac+ ! floor ( any "p bel[ ! level ( ! gr\nd1 or ( hav+ any consid]able height ( f\ndation to c>ry up "u any o!r "p4 ,^! sep>ate build+s h be5 made all ( ! same size & %ape2 s t1 ) an indef9ite l5g? ( op5 corridor to connect ! v>i\s p>ts1 !y may be arrang$ 9 any =m1 to suit ! levels & %ape ( ! gr\nd4 ,ea* build+1 except ^? design$ = /ores & g5]al purposes1 is made to conta9 9 itself all t is absolutely ess5tial = an indep5d5t hospital w>d-room2 s t1 by ! l5g!n+ ( ! corridors1 & ! addition ( any numb] ( ^! build+s1 ! hospital may be ext5d$ to any degree4 ,to ensure ! necess>y com=ts1 & p>ticul>ly to provide aga9/ ! cont+5cy ( any c>go ( mat]ials n arriv+ on ! spot 9 "t1 ea* build+ conta9s )9 itself two w>d-rooms1 "o nurse's room1 a small /ore-room1 ba?-room1 & surg]y1 wat]-closets1 lavatories1 & v5tilat+ app>atus4 ,! w>d-room is made wide en\gh & high en\gh to ensure a good space ( air to ea* b$1 ev5 if ^! %\ld be unduly cr[d$4 ,ea* build+ conta9s two w>d-rooms1 int5d$ = tw5ty-six b$s ea*1 :i* is f\nd 9 practice to be a size ( room admitt+ ( prop] control & sup]vision4 ,) respect to closets & lavatories1 aft] exam9+ & consid]+ ev]y?+ t has be5 done1 bo? 9 hospitals ( ! be/ description & poor-h\ses ( ! *eape/ con/ruction1 x 0 f\nd t ! requisite security = cleanl9ess & ! greate/ am\nt ( economy ( lab\r1 & ( consumption ( wat]1 c\ld be obta9$ by a *eap description ( wat]-closet design$ = ! purpose2 & ) ! same object ( dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( lab\r & ! wa/e ( wat]1 & secur+ cleanl9ess )\t dep5d+ ^u ! con/ant att5tion ( assi/ants1 fix$ bas9s = lavatories & me*anical appliances = supply+ & draw+ (f wat] 7 adopt$4 ,z a protection aga9/ heat1 exp]i5ce 9 hot climates & exp]im5ts made expressly = ! purpose satisfactorily prov$ t a cov]+ ( extremely ?9 & highly poli%$ t91 :i* reflects all direct rays ( heat1 0 ! *eape/1 lighte/1 & mo/ effective protection1 & e piece ( woodwork n cov]$ ) t9 is to be :itewa%$ ext]nally4 ,int]nally ! lime-wa% has a slight t9t ( col\r1 to take (f ! gl>e4#ahg ,to secure v5tilation 9 a hot climate ) l[ build+s ext5d+ ov] a l>ge area1 & !re=e incapable ( be+ connect$ ) any g5]al sy/em ( v5tilation1 x 0 consid]$ t =c+ 9 fre% air by a small me*anical app>atus atta*$ to ea* build+ w\ld be ! only effective means4 ,ea* w>d-room is !re=e furni%$ ) a small fan1 or rotatory air-pump1 :i*1 easily work$ by "o man1 is f\nd capable ( supply+ #a1jjj to #a1ejj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute1 or #bj to #cj feet = ea* pati5t4 ,?is air is convey$ along ! c5tre ( ! floors ( ea* w>d-room1 & ris+ up "u foot-bo>ds plac$ "u ! tables1 is f\nd to fl[ ov] ! floor to e "p ( ! room4 ,besides ?is me*anical supply ( air1 op5+ w9d[s are provid$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! eaves1 & spaces left imm$iately b5ea? ! ro( at ! two gables1 amply suffici5t toge!r to v5tilate ! rooms ?or\ghly if any breezes are /irr+1 )\t ! help ( ! fan4 ,! light is admitt$ by a long range ( n>r[ w9d[s1 imm$iately "u ! eaves1 :i* protect !m f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,^! w9d[s op51 & are provid$ ) %utt]s inside1 :i* exclude ! light1 b admit ! air4 ,by =c+ ! air into ! room1 in/ead ( draw+ x out1 ! entrance ( bad air f ! closets1 dra9s1 or any surr\nd+ nuisances is prev5t$4 ,! fan is plac$ at ! opposite end to ! closets & dra9s2 & all ! fans be+ 9 ! op5 corridor1 ! workm5 c be se5 by a s+le s5try1 & kept to _! "w4 ,! build+s1 z n[ con/ruct$1 are adapt$ to protect ! int]ior f ext]nal heat4 ,%\ld w9t] come :ile !y are /ill 9 use1 ! framework is adapt$ to receive an int]nal l9+ ( bo>d+1 & ! int]/ices c be fill$ ) a non-conductor4 ,two build+s1 ( ! same =m & dim5sions1 are fitt$ up ) e conv5i5ce z /ore-rooms & apo!c>ies' disp5s>ies4 ,an iron kit*51 slightly deta*$ f ! wood5 build+s1 fitt$ up ) e contrivance capable ( cook+ = f #ejj to #a1jjj pati5ts1 is atta*$4 ,a simil> build+ ( iron is fitt$ up ) all ! ma*9]y lately introduc$ 9 ! ba?s & wa%h\ses ( ,london = wa%+ & dry+ 9 ! m9imum space1 & ) ! lea/ am\nt ( lab\r4 ,if an aggregate ( build+s %\ld be plac$ 9 "o spot = m ?an #a1jjj pati5ts1 a second kit*5 w\ld be add$1 b ! s+le wa%h\se w\ld be suffici5t4 ,) ea* set ( build+s is s5t a pump+ app>atus1 a small g5]al res]voir1 & a suffici5t l5g? ( ma91 ) all its bran*es1 to supply wat] to e deta*$ build+2 & all ! pipes & bran*es are ( su* con/ruction z to admit ( be+ put toge!r )\t any sold]+ or cem5t4 ,a sy/em ( dra9s is provid$1 =m$ ( wood5 trunks prop]ly prep>$1 & ( suffici5t ext5t to =m a complete & p]fect sy/em ( dra9age f e build+ to a safe di/ance f ! g5]al hospital4#ahh ,a numb] ( small build+s1 int5d$ to be deta*$ f ! ma9 body1 are provid$ = resid5ces = ! (fic]s & s]vants ( ! e/abli%m5t1 & = a small deta*m5t ( soldi]s4 ,a slaught]-h\se & /ore-y>d & "s o!r appurt5ances are also provid$1 ! ext5t ( :i* dep5ds on ! circum/ances ( ea* case4 ,! con/ruction ( ea* build+ has be5 /udi$ ) v great c>e1 s z to secure ! m9imum am\nt ( mat]ial1 ! lea/ possible am\nt ( "w 9 con/ruction or erection1 & ! means ( arrang+ all ! p>ts 9 sep>ate packages capable ea* ( be+ c>ri$ by two m52 & ! result is t ea* build+ is ! *eape/ & lighte/ t has yet be5 con/ruct$ 9 proportion to ! area cov]$4 ,= ! transport ( ! mat]ials to ! spot select$1 two sail+-vessels & ?ree /eamboats1 capable ( c>ry+ "o hospital = #a1jjj m51 :i* is ! fir/ ab\t to be s5t out1 h be5 secur$4 ,9 ea* vessel is s5t a c]ta9 numb] ( complete build+s1 ) e detail1 includ+ _! proportion ( wat]-pipes & dra9s1 closets1 lavatories1 ba?s1 c41 & a small am\nt ( surplus mat]ial & tools2 & 9 ea* ( two sep>ate vessels are s5t a set ( pumps & ma9s1 & a kit*5 & wa%h\se4 ,s t by no accid5t1 mi/ake1 or confusion1 %ort ( ! loss ( sev]al ( ! %ips1 c !re fail to be a c]ta9 am\nt ( hospital accommodation1 provid$ ) e com=t & ess5tial4 ,! peculi> circum/ances "u :i* ^! e/abli%m5ts are likely to be plac$ h requir$ n only peculi>ities ( con/ruction1 b ^!1 9 turn1 h requir$ num]\s provisions & details specially design$ = ! case4 ,z all ! build+s1 except ! kit*5 & wa%h\se1 are entirely con/ruct$ ( wood1 x is consid]$ ess5tial t no /ove or fire-place ( any description %\ld be all[$ 9 any "p1 except 9 ! iron build+s2 9 ^! !re is provision = an ample supply ( hot wat]1 b ea* w>d-build+ is provid$ ) a small boil]1 heat$ by c&les1 :i* by exp]im5t h be5 f\nd amply suffici5t = all t c be requir$4 ,c&les are to be us$ exclusively = light+1 & lamps & lant]ns h be5 con/ruct$ = ! purpose4 ,a prop] supply ( fire-eng9es is provid$1 & o!r precaution>y measures are adopt$ aga9/ fire4 ,! condition ( portability requir+ t ! walls & ro(s %\ld be ( ! ?9ne/ & slighte/ possible con/ruction1 protection aga9/ heat has be5 provid$ = 9 ! mann] be=e ref]r$ to1 & good v5tilation secur$ by me*anical means4 ,b1 9 addition to ?is1 !re is a v simple provision made = pass+ ! air ov] a consid]able ext5t ( wat] surface2 :i* w\ld n only cool x1 b dim9i% ! effect ( excessive dryness1 :i* is said to be occasionally 9 ?is climate m oppressive ?an ev5 ! temp]ature4 ,z ! space 9 ! w>ds is v liable to be encroa*$ ^u1 & ! b$s cr[d$1 portable ba?s h be5 design$1 into :i* ! m helpless pati5ts c be lift$1 & l[]$1 on a frame or sack1 )\t requir+ space = assi/ants to /& ar\nd1 or ) ! ba? plac$ only at ! foot ( ! b$4 ,! kit*5 & laundry h ea* requir$ _m special contrivances4 ,! in/ructions giv5 to ,mr4 ,brunton1 ! eng9e]1 :o has be5 s5t out = ! purpose ( erect+ ^! build+s1 are1 to comm5ce by det]m9+ on 8 plan ( arrangem5t to suit ! peculi>ities ( ! gr\nd1 & !n to con/ruct ! complete sy/em ( dra9age & to lay on ! wat] supply be=e ! build+s are r5d]$ capable ( receiv+ pati5ts2 & all ! arrangem5ts ( ! details are design$ ) ! view ( obta9+1 z ! fir/ conditions1 a p]fect sy/em ( dra9age1 a good supply ( wat]1 free v5tilation1 & ! mo/ p]fect cleanl9ess1 q indep5d5t ( lab\r & ( ! cont9u$ att5tion ( assi/ants2 ^! conditions be+ assum$ z ess5tials1 prec$+ ev5 ! m]e cov]+ 9 ( space & provid+ %elt] = pati5ts4 ,! co/ ( ^! build+s1 deliv]$ ready = %ipm5t1 w be f #ahl4 to #bbl4 p] b$1 all[+ #a1jjj cubic feet ( space 9 ea* w>d-room to ea* b$4 ,if press+ em]g5cy %\ld lead to ! b$s be+ plac$ clos]1 & fifty p] c5t4 m pati5ts %\ld be introduc$1 x is believ$ t ! p]fect sy/em ( v5tilation :i* is secur$ w\ld r5d] ^! hospitals v sup]ior to any n[ 9 use = ! army4 ,( ! co/ above nam$1 ab\t #abl4 p] b$ is t due to ! w>d-rooms !mselves1 ) all _! conv5i5ces atta*$1 & ! re/ arises f ! co/ ( ! /ore-rooms1 kit*51 ma*9]y1 resid5ces1 & appurt5ances4 ,! c>go space requir$ = _! conveyance is ab\t a ton & a half to a ton & ?ree-qu>t]s measurem5t p] b$4 ,z ! build+s 7 complet$ ! "w ( transport 0 comm5c$2 & tw5ty-?ree /eam]s & sail+-vessels 7 despat*$1 conta9+ altoge!r ab\t #aa1ejj tons measurem5t ( mat]ials & /ores4 ,! fir/ vessel arriv$ out on ,may #g1 #ahee1 & ! la/ on ,decemb] #e1 9 ! same ye>4 ,mean:ile ! important "q ( ! site = ! hospital build+s 0 be+ det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,p>kes1 ! ,m$ical ,sup]9t5d5t1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,brunton1 :o 0 9 con/ant communication ) ,mr4 ,brunel on ! subject4 ,aft] visit+ v>i\s places1 ,dr4 ,p>kes f9ally select$ a spot ne> ! village ( ,r5kioi1 on ! ,d>danelles4 ,9 a report :i* he address$ to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w> ^u ! =mation & g5]al managem5t ( ! hospital1 he ?us describes #8! nature ( ! site1 & ! means :i* 7 us$ 9 ! =mation ( ! hospital3'-- ,! piece ( l& on :i* ! hospital 0 plac$ 0 a %elv+ bank ( a light1 por\s1 s&y soil1 re/+ on m>l2 x conta9$ ab\t #bgj acres1 /ret*$ tongue-l into ! wat]s ( ! ,d>danelles1 & 0 b\nd$ inl& by a l[ range ( s&/one hills1 :i* 7 !mselves back$ by r l(ty ranges ( oolitic lime/one1 int]sect$ by deep rav9es4 ,! tongue ( l& =m$ two bays1 nor? & s\?1 9 bo? ( :i* 0 good an*orage = %ips1 & z ! w9d blew almo/ always up or d[n ! ,d>danelles1 i4e4 f ! nor?-ea/ or s\?-we/1 "o or o!r ( ^! bays 0 comp>atively calm 9 all w9ds except ^? :i* came infrequ5tly f ! we/4 ,! position ( ! spot 0 on ! ,asiatic coa/1 n9e miles f ! m\? ( ! ,d>danelles1 9 lat4 #dj #b1 long4 #bf #ba4 ,x 0 ! site ( ! port ( an old ,greek city1 ! anci5t ,ophrynium4 ,! extreme po9t ( ?is tongue ( l& 0 ab\t #aj feet above ! sea1 b f ?is po9t x rose regul>ly & gradually to ab\t #ajj feet above ! sea4 ,an admirable fall 0 ?us giv5 = dra9age1 & s gradual 0 ! rise t ! wood5 h\ses 7 plac$ on ! gr\nd )\t t]rac+ or excavation1 :]eby v great exp5se 0 sav$4 ,! extreme l5g? f ! po9t to a spot too /eep = ! erection ( h\ses 0 ab\t half a mile1 & we 7 enabl$ ?us to place d[n ! c5tre ( ! tongue ( l& no less ?an ?irty-f\r h\ses1 capable ( hold+ #a1ejj sick1 9 "o long l9e on ei!r side ( ! c5tral corridor1 an arrangem5t :i* facilitat$ v greatly ! lay+ ( bo? wat]-pipes & dra9-tubes4 ,9 fact1 we 7 able to c>ry out ! plan :i* ,mr4 ,brunel _h sugge/$ z ! be/4 ,!re 0 en\gh space on ! tongue ( l&1 on ei!r side ( ?is long c5tral l9e1 = two %ort] p>allel l9es ( sev5te5 h\ses ea*4 ,^! two l9es 7 plac$ "o to ! nor?1 & ! o!r to ! s\? ( ! l>ge c5tral hospital4 ,ea* 0 capable ( conta9+ #gej m51 & "o ( !m to ! nor? 0 ne>ly complet$ :5 ! decl>ation ( peace put a /op to ! works4 ,on ! sides ( ! hills 9 re> 7 num]\s small spr+s ( excell5t wat]1 :i* 7 collect$ toge!r & convey$ 9 e>!nw>e pipes to a l>ge res]voir1 plac$ by ,mr4 ,brunton #gj feet above ! highe/ h\se1 :i* 0 itself ab\t #fj feet above ! sea4 ,f ?is res]voir ! wat] 0 c>ri$ 9 iron pipes d[n ! c5tre ( ! long corridor1 & at e w>d 7:i* 0 plac$ at int]vals at ei!r side ( ! corridor7 a lead5 s]vice-pipe came (f1 & l$ an abundant & nev]-ceas+ supply into ! w>d ci/]ns1 :i* suppli$ ! ba?s1 lavatories1 & closets4 ,by ?is arrangem5t all necessity = pump+ wat] 0 avoid$1 & ! sew]s 7 able to be flu%$ v p]fectly4 ,! lavatories & closets 7 plac$ at ! ends ( ! w>ds mo/ remote f ! corridor1 & imm$iately outside !m ran ! two ma9 sew]s1 :i* at _! sea t]m9ations 7 c>ri$ "s di/ance into ! ,d>danelles4 ,! plan ( ! hospital may be at once und]/ood by imag9+ a cov]$ way1 op5 at ! sides1 & #bb feet wide1 runn+ ne>ly ea/ & we/1 & rea*+ = a l5g? ( m ?an a ?ird ( a mile1 on ei!r side ( :i* /ood1 at int]vals ( #bg feet on ! s\? side1 & 9 mo/ cases #id feet on ! nor?1 ! ?irty-f\r h\ses1 ea* ( :i*1 z already said1 0 #ajj feet long1 #dj feet wide1 #ab feet high at ! eaves1 & #be 9 ! c5tre1 & 0 capable ( conta9+ fifty pati5ts1 ) an all[ance ( ne>ly #a1cjj cubic feet ( air = ea* man4 ,"s portion ( ?is space 0 occupi$ by ! closets & "s small rooms us$ z ord]lies' & ba?-rooms4 ,?irty ( ^! h\ses 7 us$ z w>ds2 f\r 7 us$ z disp5s>ies & purveyor's /ores4 ,a draw+ by ,mr4 ,brunton1 %[+ ! arrangem5ts ( "o ( ! w>ds1 is atta*$4#ahi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,r5kioi ,,hospital4 ,,w>d ,,build+4 ,a4 ,corridor ,b4 ,w>d room ,c4 ,ord]lies' b$-room ,d4 ,ba?-room ,e4 ,m$ical (fic] ,f4 ,lavatory1 c4 g4 ,v5tilat+ fan h4 ,v5tilat+ air-trunk i4 ,ma9 dra9 j4 ,tables 9 w>ds ,transv]se ,section4 ,longitud9al ,section4 ,gr\nd plan4 ,scale ( feet4 ,to ! s\? ( ea* division ( t5 h\ses 0 plac$ an iron kit*51 :i* af=d$ ! necess>y accommodation = prep>+ #ejj diets4 ,at ! inl& extremity ( ! corridor 7 plac$ two iron laundries1 ! wat] f :i* 7"s #d1jjj gallons daily7 0 pass$ into ! sew]s4 ,beyond ! laundries 7 plac$ on ei!r side ! wood5 h\ses ( ! m$ical & o!r (fic]s1 :o 7 ?us able to see d[n ei!r side ( ?is long l9e1 & to pres]ve to a c]ta9 ext5t surveillance ov] ! pati5ts4 ,! two small] hospitals 7 con/ruct$ on a simil> plan1 ea* range hav+1 h[ev]1 only "o iron laundry inl&1 & "o iron kit*5 9 ! c5tre ( ! range4 ,ab\t half a mile f ! hospital1 close to ! sea 9 ! s\? bay1 ?ree /ore-h\ses 7 erect$1 & a railway l$ f an adjac5t jetty or pi] by ! side ( ^! /ore-h\ses to ! c5tre ( ! ma9 hospital4 ,_h ! w> cont9u$1 x w\ld h be5 c>ri$ to ! nor? pi] & bay1 & w\ld also h _h a bran* runn+ along ! corridor ( ea* hospital1 s z to deposit ! sick at ! v doors ( ! w>ds into :i* !y 7 to g4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! simplicity ( ! :ole arrangem5t2 x 0 a repetition ( simil> p>ts ?r\gh\t2 & exp]i5ce enables me to say1 t no?+ c\ld be bett] adapt$ = a hospital ?an ?is sy/em ( isolat$ build+s1 betwe5 e "o ( :i* 0 a l>ge body ( mov+ air1 r5d]+ v5tilation easy1 & communication ( disease f w>d to w>d impossible4 ,! introduction ( ! cov]$ way connect+ ! v>i\s h\ses 0 a happy idea4 ,9 ! summ] ?is corridor 0 left q op5 at ! sides1 & =m$ a cool walk = ! convalesc5ts2 :ile 9 w9t] we bo>d$ up its nor? side1 s t 9 ! colde/ bla/s ( ! nor!rn w9d ! m5 7 protect$1 & 7 able to leave _! w>ds & to take ex]cise4 ,i ne$ only fur!r obs]ve t1 9 ord] to secure p]fect v5tilation1 n only 7 op5+s left "u ! eaves & 9 ! gables ( ! build+s 7:i* c\ld be clos$ 9 cold wea!r71 b air-%afts 7 plac$ "u ! floors ?r\gh :i* #a1jjj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute c\ld be =c$ into ! w>ds by fans plac$ 9 ! corridor & work$ by h& see fig4 #bb4 ,z ! am\nt ( w9d at ,r5kioi 0 always consid]able1 we nev] _h occasion to use ^! ma*9es2 b _h ! hospital be5 plac$ 9 a less airy situation1 !y w\ld h be5 ( ! greate/ use4 ,= ! con/ruction ( ?is hospital e necess>y "p 0 s5t out by ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,! h\ses 7 erect$ ) great c>e by ,mr4 ,brunton1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,eassie1 jun41 & by eighte5 ,engli% workm5 7?irte5 c>p5t]s1 "o pipelay]1 ?ree plumb]s1 & "o smi?7 s5t out = ?is purpose4 ,on acc\nt ( ! size & height ( ! h\ses 7:i* 7 _m times ! size ( ! l>ge/ ,crimean huts71 ! framework 0 oblig$ to be put toge!r v c>efully1 & ,mr4 ,brunton felt x necess>y to employ none b ! ,engli% workm5 on ?is duty2 consequ5tly ! erection ( ! h\ses took mu* long] "t ?an we orig9ally anticipat$2 b dur+ ! w9t] we _h reason to be satisfi$ t ,mr4 ,brunton _h done wisely1 =1 9 spite ( ! heavy w9ds we (t5 _h1 no f9i%$ h\se 0 ev] damag$1 except 9 "o or two in/ances to a v slight am\nt4 ,! erection ( ! h\ses 0 comm5c$ on ,may #ba1 #ahee4 ,on ,july #ab1 ,i report$ ! hospital ready = #cjj sick2 on ,augu/ #aa1 x 0 ready = #ejj1 & on ,decemb] #d1 = #a1jjj sick4 ,by ,janu>y #ahef1 viz4 sev5 mon?s aft] its comm5cem5t1 x 0 ready = #a1ejj sick2 & :5 ! works 7 discont9u$1 at ! end ( ,m>* #ahef1 we c\ld1 ) a little pressure1 h admitt$ #b1bjj pati5ts4 ,9 ab\t ?ree mon?s m ?is imm5se e/abli%m5t = #c1jjj sick c\ld h be5 f9i%$ & 9 full activity4 ,on ! work+ ( ! sy/em1 ,dr4 ,p>kes says 9 8 report3-- ,al?\gh ! hospital 0 ready = #cjj pati5ts on ,july #ab1 #ahee1 we 7 n call$ on to receive sick till ,octob] #b4 ,f t "t till ,febru>y #aa1 elev5 %ips arriv$ f ,balaclava & ,smyrna4444 ,aft] ,febru>y #aa1 #ahef1 we receiv$ no m sick4 ,! total numb] ( milit>y pati5ts :o 7 receiv$ f ^! %ips 0 #a1bdd1 &1 9 addition1 #hg soldi]s 7 admitt$1 ei!r f ! gu>d at ,r5kioi or ,abydos1 f transport %ips :i* t\*$ at ,r5kioi1 or f ! ,engli% soldi]s atta*$ to ! ,osmanli ,horse /ation$ at ! t[n ( ,d>danelles dur+ ! summ] & autumn4 ,! total numb] ( admissions 0 #a1cca-- ,cur$ #ifa ,invalid$ #cbj ,dea?s #ej ,besides ! milit>y pati5ts1 we admitt$ #gg civilians4444 ,! total numb] ( pati5ts actually treat$ 0 #a1djh1 ! l>ge/ numb] at any "o "t #fdb4444 ,! anticipations we _h =m$ ( ! heal? ( ! spot & ( its adaptability = a hospital 7 q confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an a ye>4 ,! w9t] 0 mild1 & ! climate seem$ especially adapt$ = pulmon>y compla9ts1 ( :i* we _h a l>ge numb]4 ,! *anges ( temp]ature1 x is true1 7 v sudd5 & great2 b z ! m5 _h w>m w>ds1 ^! *anges 7 n felt1 & !re 7 few days 9 :i* ! mo/ delicate consumptive pati5t c\ld n get out into ! %elt]$ corridor = a %ort "t dur+ ! day4 ,! con/ruction ( ! hospital 0 admirably adapt$ = m5 recov]+ f illness4 ,z all ! w>ds 7 on ! gr\nd1 z soon z a man c\ld crawl he c\ld get into ! air ei!r 9 ! cool & %elt]$ corridor or 9 ! spaces r\nd ! hospital4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,april & ,may #ahef ! great] numb] ( ! pati5ts _h be5 ei!r dis*>g$ or invalid$ home1 & 444 ! m$ical & nurs+ /aff 0 r$uc$ m ?an "o-half1 & 444 9 ! middle ( ,july ! rema9+ /aff 0 s5t home4 ,all ! /ores :i* 7 likely to be us$ or to sell well 9 ,engl& 7 s5t home1 & ev]y?+ else 0 sold on ! gr\nd4 ,major ,*ads1 ) tw5ty soldi]s1 & ,mr4 ,brunton rema9$ beh9d1 to sup]9t5d ! sale ( ! build+s1 :i* took place on ,septemb] #bj4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,pr(essional ,,op9ions ,,& ,,practice4 ,,s*eme ,,( ,,! ,,*apt]--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,position ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,companies ,,( ,,:i* ,,he ,,0 ,,eng9e]--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,direction ,,( ,,railway ,,works ,,9 ,,italy 7,,m>* #d1 #ahde7--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,jo9t ,,eng9e] 7,,octob] #af1 #ahdc7--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,consult+ ,,eng9e] 7,,decemb] #cj1 #ahea7--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e] ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,contractors 7,,may #bf1 #ahed7--,,lett]s ,,on ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,eng9e] ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,directors 7,,april #ae1 #ahej2 ,,decemb] #f1 #ahea2 ,,janu>y #bb1 #aheg7--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,assi/ants--,,lett]s ,,on ,,int]f]5ce ,,( ,,directors ,,) ,,! ,,assi/ant ,,eng9e]s 7,,janu>y #ai1 #ahdb2 ,,janu>y #bh1 #ahdb2 ,,janu>y #ab1 #ahea7--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,pupils--,,8 ,,relations ,,) ,,o!r ,,eng9e]s--,,inv5tors--,,lett] ,,9 ,,reply ,,to ,,an ,,inv5tor 7,,septemb] #ag1 #ahdg7--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,views ,,z ,,to ,,/ate ,,int]f]5ce--,,lett] ,,on ,,! ,,royal ,,commission ,,on ,,! ,,application ,,( ,,iron ,,to ,,railway ,,/ructures 7,,m>* #ac1 #ahdh7--,,lett] ,,on ,a ,,proposal ,,to ,,obta9 ,,! ,,recognition ,,9 ,,engl& ,,( ,,decorations ,,conf]r$ ,,at ,,! ,,p>is ,,exhibition ,,( #ahee 7,,febru>y #i1 #ahef7--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,op9ion ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t ,,laws--,,memor&um ,,= ,,evid5ce ,,be=e ,,! ,,select ,,committee ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,lords ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t ,,laws1 #ahea--;,,extract ,,f ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,pat5t ,,laws1 ,,made ,,by ,,mr4 ,,brunel ,,at ,a ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,arts 7,,m>* #bf1 #ahef74 ,x is propos$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt] to describe1 pr9cipally by extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's correspond5ce1 ! position occupi$ by him 9 reg>d to ! ,companies :i* he s]v$1 & to ! v>i\s classes ( p]sons ) :om he act$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties z eng9e] to ^? ,companies4 ,^! selections are foll[$ by extracts relat+ to que/ions ( g5]al pr(essional int]e/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ po9t to be consid]$ is1 8 relations ) ! ,companies :i* employ$ him z _! eng9e]1 & ) ! ,directors :o =m$ ! gov]n+ body4 ,mr4 ,brunel conceiv$ t he 01 by virtue ( 8 appo9tm5t z eng9e]1 ! sole & confid5tial advis] ( ! ,company 9 all matt]s relat+ to ! con/ruction & me*anical work+ ( ! und]tak+4 ,he did n p]mit any "o to be associat$ ) him 9 ! supreme control ov] ^? matt]s :i* 7 9 8 dep>tm5t2 & ! mom5t he ?\ght t confid5ce 0 no long] plac$ 9 him1 he 0 prep>$ at e sacrifice to resign 8 (fice4 ,b1 z long z he 0 support$ by ! ,directors1 he ?or\ghly id5tifi$ himself ) _! cause1 & he nev] all[$ consid]ations ( heal? or conv5i5ce or pecuni>y advantage to int]f]e ) ! p]=mance ( any s]vice :i* he c\ld r5d] !m4 ,! fe>less indep5d5ce ( 8 position1 comb9$ ) 8 absolute devotion to ! int]e/s ( 8 employ]s1 0 no d\bt ! secret ( ! imm5se influ5ce he acquir$1 & ( ! affectionate e/eem ) :i* he 0 reg>d$ by ^? :om he s]v$4 ,on ! ,direction ( ,railway ,works4 ,m>* #d1 #ahde4 ,i h well consid]$ ! communication :i* y did me ! hon\r ( mak+ on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,8 ,maje/y ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia ) ref]5ce to my und]tak+ ! direction ( ! works ( ! propos$ railway f ,g5oa to ,aless&ria1 ab\t to be execut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t itself4444 ,9 ! fir/ place ,i assume t if ! direction ( ! works be confid$ to me z ! eng9e]1 ! same degree ( confid5ce w be plac$ 9 me1 & ! same au?ority w result f t confid5ce1 z w\ld be ! case 9 ,engl&--t is to say1 ,i %\ld be ! confid5tial advis] ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 all eng9e]+ que/ions connect$ ) ?is railway1 my communications w\ld 9 all matt]s be made direct ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 & z long z ,i cont9u$ to be responsible = ! direction ( ! works no o!r eng9e] w\ld be consult$ or all[$ to int]f]e4 ,( c\rse ,i claim no "r to direct any?+ b t :i* has ! sanction ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 b ,i %\ld claim to be _! sole advis] on all eng9e]+ po9ts 7connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! railway71 & to possess _! entire confid5ce2 & also t1 if any portion ( t full confid5ce 7 at any "t )drawn1 ! fact %\ld be imm$iately communicat$ to me2 :51 aft] mak+ e possible arrangem5t to prev5t inconv5i5ce to ! ,gov]nm5t1 ,i might )draw f ! direction ( ! "w4 ,?is is ! position :i* an eng9e] ( any /&+ occupies 9 ?is c\ntry1 :e!r act+ = ! ,gov]nm5t or = individuals2 & ,i believe x to be z fully ess5tial = ! success ( ! propos$ und]tak+1 & z necess>y = ! int]e/s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t z = my satisfaction1 t ,i %\ld be plac$ 9 a simil> position4 ,! circum/ance ( my be+ a =eign]1 ( my be+ r>ely pres5t to meet objections1 if any are rais$1 ( ! unavoidable frequ5cy ( real z well z app>5t failures 9 works ( su* v>iety & s num]\s z ^? :i* occur on ?is l9e1 ( ! difficulties :i* always att5d ! introduction ( novelties & ev]y?+ connect$ ) a railway1 ! rapid mode ( its con/ruction1 ! necessity :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ ( frequ5tly adopt+ app>5tly ha/y & haz>d\s me?ods to prev5t ! evil consequ5ces ( protract$ delays1--all ?is w be novelty ) y z x 0 a few ye>s ago 9 ,engl&1 all ^! circum/ances comb9e to r5d] x peculi>ly ess5tial to ! satisfactory progress ( ! und]tak+ t x %\ld be well kn[n to all p>ties t full & entire confid5ce is plac$ 9 me by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x w ( c\rse also be necess>y t all p>ties act+ "u me 9 ! direction ( ! works %\ld feel t _! appo9tm5t or dismissal dep5ds entirely ^u me4 ,9 return = ! confid5ce ?us plac$ 9 me & ! au?ority giv5 to me1 ,i %\ld ( c\rse "k no int]e/ b t ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t is will+ to appo9t me eng9e] accord+ to ?is def9ition ( my position1 ,i %all feel pride 9 ! appo9tm5t1 & ,i %all devote my be/ en]gies to ! accompli%m5t ( "o ( ! f9e/ & mo/ int]e/+ works ( ! day4444 ,on ! ,position ( ,jo9t ,eng9e]4 ,octob] #af1 #ahdc4 ,! cont5ts ( y\r lett] ( ye/]day take me q by surprise2 ! expression y use ( jo9t-eng9e]%ip implies a view ( our relative position diametrically oppos$ to ! views :i* ,i h pla9ly & unequivocally express$ to y & to ! ,directors :5 su* a ?+ z jo9t-eng9e]%ip 0 propos$ to & reject$ by me4444 ,y w9d up y\r lett] by say+ #8we h accept$ ! duty ( jo9t-eng9e]s1' c41 & y add a po/script reque/+ me to lay y\r lett] be=e ! ,directors3 ?is ,i %\ld h be5 oblig$ to d )\t any su* reque/4 ,i nev] accept$ ! duty ( jo9t-eng9e]2 ,i h always refus$ to d s4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h made ?is v cle> bo? to y & ! ,directors on sev]al occasions2 inde$ ,i (t5 fe>$ t ,i express$ myself too /rongly in/ead ( leav+ x capable ( misappreh5sion4444 ,on ! ,position ( ,consult+ ,eng9e]4 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahea4 ,i %all be happy to act 9 any capacity 7subject to ! exception ,i w fur!r expla97 :i* c be useful to y\r ,company2 444 b ! exception ,i h to make is "o :i* p]haps resolves itself m]ely into a "q ( "n4 ,! t]m #8,consult+ ,eng9e]' is a v vague "o1 & 9 practice has be5 too mu* us$ to mean a man :o = a consid]ation sells 8 "n1 b no?+ m4 ,n[ ,i nev] connect myself ) an eng9e]+ "w except z ! ,direct+ ,eng9e]1 :o1 "u ! ,directors1 has ! sole responsibility & control ( ! eng9e]+1 & is !re=e #8,! ,eng9e]2' & ,i h always object$ to ! t]m #8,consult+ ,eng9e]4' 444 ,9 a railway ! only works to be con/ruct$ are eng9e]+ works1 & !re c really be only "o eng9e]2 & 9 y\r case especially1 :]e1 z ,i appreh5d1 ! contractor is "p ( ! company1 & has to be treat$ ) consid]ation1 & p]haps less vigor\sly1 at all ev5ts diff]5tly f an ord9>y contractor1 consid]able managem5t & discretion w be requir$ ( y\r eng9e]1 & a degree ( responsibility :i* ,i w\ld only und]take if sole eng9e]4 ,possibly ?is is :at y meant1 & t ,i alone see ! di/9ction1 b x is an important "o ) :i* y may n be s famili> z ,i am4 ,on ! ,position ( ! ,eng9e] 9 ,relation to ! ,contractors4 ,may #bf1 #ahed4 ,i h 9 due c\rse tak5 /eps to prep>e a report = ! ,directors on ! /ate ( ! "w1 b y mu/ n apply to ! contractors = su* reports4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w\ld lead to ridicul\s contradictions1 inasmu* z mo/ likely my reports w\ld diff] mat]ially f !irs2 & also x w\ld rev]se ! :ole ord] ( ?+s4 ,i mu/ alone1 s long at lea/ z ,i am ! pr(essional advis] ( ! ,company1 be ! m$ium ( communication ) contractors 9 all matt]s :i* ! t]ms ( ! contract ref] to me4 ,i am v p>ticul> ab\t ! regul>ity ( all ^! =ms1 because1 al?\gh1 :ile all goes smoo?1 !y are ( no consequ5ce1 yet if1 un=tunately1 any little difficulties arise1 !n x is unpleasant & difficult to alt] a previ\s c\rse4 ,i w\ld ask1 !n1 t all (ficial communications ) ! contractors %\ld be made ?r\gh me1 & t1 ev5 z reg>ds ^!1 we %\ld conf] toge!r be=e any =mal resolution %\ld at any "t be pass$1 s z to be sure t x is prop]ly word$1 & t no awkw>d prec$5t is e/abli%$4 ,y may h se5 t a great appeal case be=e ! ,lords1 affect+ claims ( "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 has j be5 f9ally decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company aft] f\rte5 ye>s ( litigation2#aij & ?is fav\rable decision 0 entirely obta9$ by c>efully prep>$ specifications1 & by my n hav+ dep>t$ 9 any s+le case1 9 ye>s ( correspond5ce1 f ! lett] & _s ( ! contract1 & p>ticul>ly f ! fact--/rongly comm5t$ ^u by ,lords ,cranwor? & ,br\gham--t ,i _h ma9ta9$ my position ( umpire betwe5 ! ,company & contractor4 ,x is1 !n1 z ess5tial to ! ,company z to ! contractor & to me t ,i %\ld ma9ta9 t position4 ,on ! ,relations betwe5 ! ,eng9e] & ! ,directors4 ,i4 ,april #ae1 #ahej4 ,y w rememb] t on ! #bnd ( ,novemb] la/ ,i address$ y a lett] on ! subject ( my act+ z umpire 9 sev]al cases ( ref]5ce betwe5 ! ,company & contractors1 :o 7 rais+ heavy claims aga9/ ! ,company1 9 :i* ,i express$ my read9ess to act 9 a v responsible1 labori\s1 & ?ankless position4444 ,i am also /ill act+1 s f> z my s]vices c be useful1 z y\r eng9e]2 & 9 arrang+ ) contractors1 c41 !re is ev5 n[ mu* rema9+ to be done4 ,z long z ,i enjoy y\r full confid5ce1 x w\ld be a great pleasure to me1 al?\gh ! pr(it might = ! pres5t be small1 to cont9ue y\r eng9e]1 look+ =w>d1 z ,i d1 at no di/ant p]iod to ! completion ( ! works2 b ! *anges t h lately tak5 place 9 ! ,bo>d1 & ! excitem5t :i* has be5 display$ by "s ( y\r proprietors 9 effect+ ^? *anges--su* excitem5t z is too apt frequ5tly to lead m5 to =m mo/ unju/ & errone\s op9ions ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ^? :o h be5 long engag$ 9 _! s]vice--v naturally causes anxiety4 ,i1 & y :o h be5 act+ ) me = s long1 "k t ,i h always advis$ y hone/ly1 & ,i hope g5]ally wisely1 on su* matt]s z ,i h be5 consult$ ^u1 not)/&+ my kn[n connection ) o!r & sometimes conflict+ int]e/s4 ,b new m5 may n h ! same confid5ce 9 me1 & ,i _c af=d to run ! risk ( any d\bts be+ ent]ta9$ ^u ! subject4 ,i mu/ !re=e beg ( y to br+ ! matt] be=e ! ,bo>d =mally1 & if x is desir$ t ,i %\ld cont9ue to act z y\r eng9e]1 t ,i may h x cle>ly und]/ood t ,i d s ) ! full concurr5ce ( ! ,bo>d z n[ con/itut$1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! new ,directors2 & t to r5d] ! expression ( _! confid5ce cle>1 ,i wi% !m to und]/& t ,i am q ready to t5d] !m my resignation if !y d n feel t confid5ce1 & t su* resignation _c prejudice any ( ! cases "u arbitration be=e me1 z ,i und]took !m ^u ! express und]/&+ t x 0 z agre$ umpire1 & n z eng9e] to ! ,company4 ,i %all only add t by be+ eng9e] to a ,company1 ,i mean act+ 9 p]fect confid5ce ) ! ,directors on matt]s g5]ally1 z ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( do+4 ,,ii4 ,decemb] #f1 #ahea4 ,i really _c cons5t to =ego 9 ?is case ! rule ,i lay d[n = myself 9 my pr(essional bus9ess1 :i* is to yield z f> z ,i com=tably c to ! m]e wi%es ( ,directors 9 ! mode 9 :i* ,i direct ! works !y may ord]1 b n beyond ?is po9t--& if ! ,directors ( any body claim ! "r to control ! /aff :i* ,i ?9k necess>y to c>ry on my "w1 ,i conc$e ! "r at once1 & resign ! direction ( t /aff4 ,! /aff = con/ruct+ eng9e]+ works is n a p]man5t e/abli%m5t1 :i* c be ext5d$ or re/rict$ j z a ,bo>d ( ,directors may det]m9e2 x is mu* m ( ! "* ( a p]sonal /aff atta*$ to ! eng9e]-9-*ief1 & by means ( :i* he is enabl$ to take great responsibility ^u himself1 bo? 9 respect ( ! works :i* he executes1 & ! settlem5t ( l>ge am\nts ( paym5ts1 9 :i* settlem5t bo? ! company & ! contractors are v mu* at 8 m]cy4 ,x is ! duty ( an eng9e] ( c\rse to /udy economy z well z effici5cy 9 8 /aff1 & to pay att5tion to ! wi%es ( ! ,directors s f> z he c2 b he mu/ be ! ultimate judge ( ! numb] & ! p]sons ( t /aff4 ,at lea/1 t is my rule1 & ,i _c dep>t f x 9 ?is case4 ,i %\ld wi% to /ate ?is z respectfully z possible to ! ,bo>d1 b at ! same "t to /ate x cle>ly4 ,,iii4 ,janu>y #bb1 #aheg4 444,i h repli$ v fully to ! obs]vations ( ! ,directors1 b hav+ done s ,i mu/ aga9 place my resignation 9 ! h&s ( ! ,directors4 ,a ,bo>d ( ,directors has a p]fect "r to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( an eng9e]1 or to lay d[n any rules ( conduct !y may ?9k fit1 & to eng9e] ! works !mselves1 ei!r z a body or by appo9t+ "o ( _! memb]s1 if !y ?9k fit2 b if !y desire to h ! advice & responsibility ( any respectable eng9e]--at all ev5ts1 if !y wi% to h m9e--!y mu/ place ! usual am\nt ( confid5ce 9 me2 & z long z ,i am eng9e] !y mu/ leave me to conduct ! eng9e]+1 & mu/ act z if !y assum$ t ,i 0 m able to advise ! ,bo>d ^u all ! usual practical que/ions ( eng9e]+ ?an any "o ( ! ,directors4 ,admitt+ z ,i d ! full "r ( a ,bo>d ( ,directors to det]m9e :e!r !y w h an eng9e] or n1 if !y h "o !y mu/ tru/ him to d 8 own "w4 ,z a m]e "q ( "t x w\ld be impossible t ,i c\ld be con/antly ent]+ into long explanations ( ! mo/ trifl+ "* ^u po9ts on :i* ,i mu/ be by f> ! mo/ compet5t judge--& 9 fact ! compet5t & responsible judge1 expressly employ$1 & paid pr(essionally because ,i am s4 ,if individual ,directors are m compet5t ?an _! eng9e]1 let !m assume ! (fice & ! responsibility2 b d n h a divid$ responsibility4 ,i am mo/ happy at all times to receive any h9ts or sugge/ions f any body :e!r ,directors or n1 b ,i _c und]take ! lab\r ( reply+ to !m all1 nei!r c ,i act z eng9e] to a ,bo>d ( ,directors :o1 ei!r z a body or by "o or two ( _! memb]s1 make a practice ( tak+ ^u !mselves to judge ( ^? details ( :i* ,i mu/ be assum$ to be ! compet5t judge1 & !reby int]f]+ ) my prop] duties4 ,if ! eng9e] is n assum$ to be wor?y ( tru/ bo? 9 respect ( zeal 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ,company1 & v sup]ior to any "o ( ! ,directors z reg>ds exp]i5ce1 & ability to c>ry out :at ! ,directors may det]m9e ^u1 he is n fit to be ! eng9e]2 b if he is s1 he mu/ be left to c>ry out ^? details ( 8 dep>tm5t ( ! bus9ess4 ,^! are ! g5]al pr9ciples ^u :i* alone ,i c act4 ,x is1 f ! nature ( ! case1 impossible by any extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's correspond5ce to give an adequate idea ( ! position :i* he occupi$ 9 relation to 8 assi/ants4 ,!re 0 s mu* p]sonal int]c\rse betwe5 !m t lett] writ+ 0 b little resort$ to4 ,8 relations ) !m 7 ( ! mo/ affectionate & intimate k9d1 & 7 ma9ta9$ )\t any o/5tation or outw>d %[4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( plac+ entire confid5ce 9 8 subord9ates z long z he consid]$ t !y des]v$ x2 &1 :ile he pres]v$ 8 own prop] position1 he 0 always ready to %ield !m f ! int]f]5ce ( o!rs4 ,! lett]s :i* are pr9t$ bel[ are evid5ce ( ?is4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 any?+ occurr$ to displease him 9 ! conduct ( 8 assi/ants1 he 0 eag] to give ! (f5d] a *ance ( retriev+ 8 position2 & he 0 always ready to help !m 9 any difficulties4 ,on ,int]f]5ce ( ,directors ) ! ,assi/ant ,eng9e]s4 ,i4 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahdb4 ,:ile ,i am ^u ! subject1 & z ,i h ref]r$ to ! impolicy ( ,directors tak+ notice ( little ?+s1 & z ,i speak freely to y1 ,i w m5tion t ,i h obs]v$ ) pa9 on "s occasions ?is t5d5cy2 & ,i w give "o in/ance ( :at ,i mu/ call mo/ unwise int]f]5ce4 ,x 0 lately1 & un=tunately at ! same mom5t z ?is compla9t1 intimat$ t a pair ( box+ gloves _h be5 se5 9 "o ( ! ,company's (fices1 & t ! ,directors _h obs]v$ x4 ,n[ ,i really d n "k :y a g5tlemanly & indu/ri\s "y man l ---- %\ld be subject to h 8 trifl+ actions rem>k$ ^u m ?an ,i myself1 unless ! obs]v] gave him cr$it = a mu* m g5tle temp] ?an ,i possess2 because ,i confess1 if any man _h tak5 ^u himself to rem>k ^u my hav+ gone to ! pantomime1 :i* ,i always d at ,*ri/mas1 no respect = ,directors or any o!r (fic] w\ld h re/ra9$ me4 ,i w d my be/ to keep my team 9 ord]2 b ,i _c d x if my ma/] sits by me1 & amuses himself by t\*+ !m up ) ! :ip4 ,,ii4 ,janu>y #bh1 #ahdb4 ,i am mu* oblig$ to y = y\r lett]4 ,i am sorry to f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! impression1 a v errone\s "o z ,i believe1 rema9s ^u y\r m9d t ! assi/ant eng9e]s are pr$ispos$ to enc\rage1 or at all ev5ts all[1 improp] conduct on ! "p ei!r ( contractors or ! inf]ior ag5ts ( ! ,company4444 ,f "s exp]i5ce 9 ^! matt]s x is t ,i h come to ! conclusion t x is wise 7h[ev] /range y may ?9k ! doctr9e to be7 to %ut "o's e>s & eyes really & truly to ev]y?+ :i* does n come =w>d 9 su* a %ape z to dem& & admit ( an enquiry2 & x is = ?is reason also t ,i d ent]ta9 ! op9ion v /rongly 79 :i* y appe> to diff] f me71 t x is n ! int]e/1 x is n wise1 & !re=e only x is n ! duty ( ,directors to look aft]1 or to see into1 ! small] details ( ! conduct ( an e/abli%m5t :i*1 be+ ( a v tempor>y1 *ang+1 & unc]ta9 "*1 _c at ! be/ be conduct$ ) ! discipl9e & regul>ity ( a p]man5t e/abli%m5t1 9 :i* ! p>ties h _! cle>ly def9$ & un*ang+ duties1 & look =w>d to ! p]man5t occupation ( _! places z _! means ( support4 ,at all ev5ts1 :5 ! ,directors see any?+ !y ?9k desirable to correct or to modify1 !y c fully communicate x to me )\t ! possibility ( giv+ to me any sor5ess ( feel+1 :i* x is always desirable n to excite1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! l[e/ m5ial ^: be/ s]vices "o wi%es to h & use4 ,,iii4 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahea4 ,) ref]5ce to y\r lett] ( ,decemb] #aa1 /at+ t ! ,directors #8are satisfi$ t great irregul>ities h exi/$1 & t !y feel x to be _! duty1 & w n hesitate on any occasion1 to repres5t to me any irregul>ity on ! "p ( my /aff t may come to _! k1' ,i am almo/ afraid1 unless 9 a %ort note y may h fail$ to convey to me ! mean+ ( ! ,directors1 t !y greatly misund]/& my feel+s on ! subject2 my great desire1 z great z1 possibly great] ?an ev5 t ( ! ,directors1 :o _c feel s p]sonally responsible z ,i d = ! effici5cy ( my /aff--my great desire ,i say is to he> imm$iately f anybody1 & p>ticul>ly ( c\rse f a ,director1 ( any suppos$ irregul>ity2 & ,i %\ld feel t ,i _h gr\nd ( compla9t ev5 if any su* report or any suspicion ( any irregul>ity 7 n imm$iately communicat$ to me4 ,! mom5t t ! ,directors c\ld d\bt my be+ z anxi\s z !y c be to "k & to rem$y any irregul>ity1 or t !y %\ld look ^u me 9 su* matt]s o!rwise ?an z "o ( !mselves1 ,i %\ld feel t ,i _h lo/ _! confid5ce1 & c\ld no long] c>ry on satisfactorily to myself my duties1 & %\ld !re=e resign !m4 ,su* mu/1 ,i beg1 be our relative position z reg>ds ! future2 & c>ry+ out ?is pr9ciple z reg>ds ! pa/1 ,i mu/ beg ( !m to tell me explicitly :at are ! irregul>ities to :i* !y ref] z hav+ be5 committ$4 ,i ought to be fully in=m$ ( su* ?+s--inde$1 no?+ ought to be suspect$ ev5 )\t my kn[+2 = if ,i ought n to "k1 :o ought8 ,z a matt] ( =m1 & to be /rictly correct1 ,i mu/ gu>d myself aga9/ be+ suppos$ to mean t ,i c\ld desire or approve ( :at ! ,directors ,i am sure w\ld also disapprove (--namely1 a sy/em ( fault-seek+--because 9 a v num]\s /aff or body ( m51 p>ticul>ly :]e !y h n ! b5efit ( p]man5t situations1 ! p]fection ( regul>ity _c be hop$ =2 :at ,i pr9cipally seek & require ( my assi/ants is an hone/ dis*>ge ( _! duties1 & any dep>ture f ?is x is well kn[n among/ !m ,i nev] ov]look4 ,h ! goodness1 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 = me1 & to let me "k imm$iately1 :at ^! irregul>ities h be54 ,a few words may "h be add$ on ,mr4 ,brunel's practice 9 ref]5ce to tak+ pupils4 ,al?\gh _m ( 8 assi/ants _h be5 8 pupils1 he did n enc\rage "y m5 to come to him ) ! object ( le>n+ _! pr(ession 9 8 (fice4 ,he nev] absolutely decl9$ to take pupils2 b he endeav\r$1 by fix+ a high premium1 to r$uce ! numb] ( applicants4 ,he did n pr(ess to d m = 8 pupils ?an to give !m ! opportunities ( see+ "w1 af=d$ by 8 (fice1 & ! *ance ( be+ aft]w>ds employ$ z 8 assi/ants4 ,he atta*$ mu* importance to private /udy ( ma!matics & o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pass+ on to ! position assum$ by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 8 relations to ! pr(ession at l>ge2--x may be /at$ 9 a few words1 t he 0 desir\s on all occasions ( promot+ its welf>e by enc\rag+ fri5dly int]c\rse among its memb]s1 by heal+ /rife1 by suppress+ z f> z he c\ld all cant or pret5sion1 & by sett+ 8 face /eadfa/ly aga9/ all attempts to fett] ! fre$om ( inv5tion or to less5 ! indep5d5ce ( eng9e]s by ,/ate patronage or control4 ,x may appe> /range to affirm ( "o :o 0 =emo/ 9 almo/ all ! pr(essional conte/s ( 8 "t1 t he 0 zeal\s 9 heal+ /rife2 b x is nev]!less true t ,mr4 ,brunel1 :ile he 0 a bold & uncompromis+ advocate ( 8 own s*emes1 0 at ! same "t untir+ 9 8 ex]tions to limit ! area ( controv]sy1 to conf9e x /rictly )9 its prop] b\nds1 & to dive/ x ( all p]sonality or ( any?+ :i* c\ld lead to unpleasant feel+ or annoyance4 ,8 endeav\rs to ?is end 7 greatly help$ by ! fri5dly relations :i* he ma9ta9$ at all times ) 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,he nev] all[$ any div]g5ce ( op9ion to int]f]e ) private fri5d%ip2 &1 ev5 9 ! height ( controv]sy1 he 0 glad to give1 & ready to ask =1 advice on matt]s connect$ ) ! sci5tific dep>tm5ts ( civil eng9e]+4 ,x is b seldom t extracts h be5 made f ,mr4 ,brunel's private j\rnals2 b x may be p]mitt$1 9 illu/ration ( :at has be5 said on ?is po9t1 to give ! foll[+ passage1 writt5 dur+ ! great conte/s ( ! ye> #ahdf4 ,may #e1 #ahdf4 ,i am j return$ f sp5d+ an ev5+ ) ,r4 ,/eph5son4 ,x is v delightful1 9 ! mid/ ( our incessant p]sonal pr(essional conte/s1 c>ri$ to ! extreme limit ( fair opposition1 to meet him on a p]fectly fri5dly foot+1 & discuss eng9e]+ po9ts4444 ,aga9 ,i _c help record+ ! great pleasure ,i d]ive f ^! occasional ?\gh r>e meet+s4 ,mr4 ,brunel's op9ions on ! work+ ( ! pat5t laws w be giv5 bel[1 z foll[+ m fitly aft] extracts f 8 correspond5ce relat+ to ! position ( 8 pr(ession 9 reg>d to ! ,gov]nm5t2 b1 be=e ent]+ ^u t subject1 a few words may be said 9 ref]5ce to a class ( p]sons :o =m$ a v l>ge proportion ( 8 correspond5ts--! class ( #8,inv5tors4' ,he us$ to receive num]\s applications f p]sons :o _h inv5t$1 or :o ?\ght !y _h inv5t$1 "s useful contrivance1 f a locomotive :i* w\ld save fifty p] c5t4 9 fuel ov] ^? !n 9 use1 to a ma*9e :i*1 z ,mr4 ,brunel assur$ its inv5tor1 #8w\ld n ev5 h a t5d5cy to move4' ,he 0 always ready to enc\rage inv5tions :i* seem$ likely to produce good results1 & to enquire into _! m]its1 if !y 7 pat5t$2 b n o!rwise1 le/ x %\ld be said t confid5ce _h be5 plac$ 9 him4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! _m lett]s he _h to write 9 answ] to reque/s ( ?is nature4 ,septemb] #ag1 #ahdg4 ,i c\ld n h compli$ ) y\r reque/ ( giv+ any op9ion ^u ! m]its ( ! inv5tion4 ,simple z su* an act may be1 x too frequ5tly involves "o 9 controv]sy2 & ,i nev] f\nd1 be=e ,i made ! rule n to give op9ions1 t my advice 0 ev] foll[$1 if x 0 to disc\rage ! inv5tor f fur!r exp5se & tr\ble4 ,i %\ld tell y 9 ?is case t ! idea ( dovetail+1 :i* 9 y\r fir/ lett] ,i f9d 0 ! pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion1 _h long be=e be5 work$ out 9 e %ape & =m t +5uity or blund]+ c\ld possibly give x4 ,^u ! important "q h[ f>1 if at all1 ! practice ( civil eng9e]s %\ld be subject to ,/ate control1 ,mr4 ,brunel held v decid$ views4 ,he 0 /rongly oppos$ bo? to any int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,/ate ) ! fre$om ( civil eng9e]s 9 ! conduct ( _! pr(essional "w1 & to ! recognition ( m]it by ! be/[al ( hon\rs or rew>ds4 ,on ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures4#aia ,m>* #ac1 #ahdh4 ,i regret t ! ,commission]s %\ld h done me ! hon\r ( reque/+ #8my op9ion ^u ! enquiry ref]r$ to !m2' because1 z x is kn[n to "o or m ( ^! ,commission]s t ,i h express$ v /rongly1 bo? publicly & privately1 my d\bts ( ! advantage ( su* an enquiry1 & my fe>s ( its be+1 on ! contr>y1 productive ( mu* mis*ief1 bo? to sci5ce & to ! pr(ession1 x w\ld expose me to a *>ge ( weakness & ( inconsi/5cy if ,i 7 n[ to refra9 f express+ ^? op9ions1 :i* o!rwise ,i _h no idea ( intrud+ ^u ! ,commission]s2 &1 inde$1 ,i _h hop$ t1 by mak+ ^? op9ions kn[n to "s ( ! memb]s1 ,i might h be5 pass$ ov]1 & n invit$ to assi/ 9 ! proce$+s4 ,i %all be mo/ happy to communicate1 z ,i am at all times mo/ anxi\s to d1 any k :i* ,i may obta9 9 ! c\rse ( my practice1 & su* int]communication ( ideas & ( exp]i5ce among/ eng9e]s ,i believe to be mo/ useful2 b ! attempt to collect & re-issue z facts1 ) ! /amp ( au?ority1 all t may be (f]$ gratuit\sly to a ,commission 9 ! %ape ( evid5ce or op9ions1 to /amp ) ! same m>k ( value /atem5ts & facts1 ha/y op9ions & well-consid]$ & matur$ convictions1 ! good & ! bad1 ! metal & ! dross 7& simple c\rtesy to ! donors mu/ prev5t ! ,commission]s f attempt+ to draw di/9ctions :i* might appe> invidi\s7--?is1 ,i believe1 always has r5d]$1 & always w r5d]1 su* collections ( miscall$ evid5ce injuri\s in/ead ( advantage\s to sci5ce2 & ! facts or /atem5ts & op9ions s collect$ w =m g5]ally1 ,i believe1 a l[] av]age ( in=mation ?an t :i* is already 9 ! possession1 or at lea/ )9 ! rea*1 ( ^? :o h occasion to /udy ! subject3 = x is rem>kable t 9 ?is p>ticul> enquiry ! ,commission]s c h no peculi> means ( obta9+1 &1 z ,i believe1 _c hope to get bett] or m ext5d$ in=mation ?an t possess$ by any "o ( ! pr9cipal eng9e]s ( ! day2 :ile !y w be compell$ to receive & to publi% mu* t a prud5t man1 act+ on 8 own responsibility1 w\ld ei!r n h att5d$ to1 or w\ld sil5tly h reject$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is p]haps a negative evil1 or1 at mo/1 "o :i* _c mu* affect ! proce$+s ( ! well-in=m$ 9 our pr(ession2 b ! mis*ief :i* ,i anticipate is mu* m dang]\s to ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,if ! ,commission is to enquire into ! conditions #8to be obs]v$1' x is to be presum$ t !y w give ! result ( _! enquiries2 or1 9 o!r words1 t !y w lay d[n1 or at lea/ sugge/1 #8rules' & #8conditions to be 7h]eaft]7 obs]v$' 9 ! con/ruction ( bridges1 or1 9 o!r words1 emb>rass & %ackle ! progress ( improvem5t to-morr[ by record+ & regi/]+ z law ! prejudices or errors ( to-day4 ,no?+1 ,i believe1 has t5d$ m to di/+ui% advantage\sly ! pr(ession ( eng9e]+ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 no?+ has conduc$ m to ! great advance made 9 our pr(ession & to our pre-em95ce 9 ! real practical application ( ! sci5ce1 ?an ! abs5ce ( all rgles de l'art--a t]m :i* ,i fe> is n[ go+ to be translat$ into ,engli% by ! words #8conditions to be obs]v$4' ,no man1 h[ev] bold or h[ev] high he may /& 9 8 pr(ession1 c resi/ ! b5umb+ effect ( rules laid d[n by au?ority4 ,occupi$ z lead+ m5 are1 !y c\ld n af=d ! "t1 or tr\ble1 or responsibility ( con/antly fight+ aga9/ !m--!y w\ld be compell$ to ab&on all idea ( improv+ ^u !m2 :ile incompet5t m5 might commit ! grosse/ blund] provid$ !y foll[$ ! rules4 ,=1 9 ! simple/ bran* ( con/ruction1 rules may be foll[$ lit]ally )\t any security z to ! result4 ,!re is h>dly a bran* ( eng9e]+ t c\ld h be5 select$ :i* 9 its pres5t /ate is less capable ( be+ made ! subject ( fix$ laws or in/ructions ?an ! application ( iron to railway /ructures1 & c]ta9ly !re is no bran* 9 :i* !re is m room = improvem5t1 or :i* (f]s s _m diff]5t *annels or directions = t improvem5t4 ,9 ! quality ( ! mat]ial1 ! workman%ip1 or ! mode ( manufacture1 & 9 ! application ( x1 !re is e imag9able v>iety1 !re is room = almo/ any imag9able degree or nature ( improvem5t2 & unless ! ,commission]s are end[$ ) prophetic p[]s1 x is impossible t !y c n[ =esee :at may be ! result ( *anges 9 any "o ( ^! conditions4#aib 444 ,:at rules or #8conditions to be obs]v$' c\ld be drawn up n[ t w\ld n become1 n m]ely wor?less1 b totally errone\s & mislead+1 "u su* improv$ circum/ances8 ,b above all1 ,i fe>--nay1 ,i feel conv9c$--t any attempt to e/abli% any rules1 any publication ( op9ions :i* may create or guide public prejudice1 any sugge/ions com+ f au?ority1 mu/ close ! door to improvem5t 9 any direction b t po9t$ out by ! ,commission]s1 & mu/ t5d to lead & direct1 & !re=e to control & to limit1 ! numb] ( ! roads n[ op5 = advance4 ,i believe t no?+ c\ld t5d m to arre/ improvem5t ?an su* assi/ance1 & t any attempt to fix n[1 or at any giv5 p]iod1 ! conditions to be !reaft] obs]v$ 9 ! mode ( con/ruction ( any specific "w ( art1 & ?us to dictate = ! pres5t & = ! future ! !ory :i* is to be adopt$ z ! correct "o 9 any bran* ( eng9e]+1 is contr>y to all s\nd philosophy1 & w be productive ( great mis*ief1 9 t5d+ to *eck & to control ! ext5t & direction ( all improvem5ts1 & prev5t+ t rapid advance 9 ! useful application ( sci5ce to me*anics :i* has result$ f ! free ex]cise ( eng9e]+ skill 9 ?is c\ntry1 subject$ z x ev] is1 "u ! pres5t sy/em1 to ! sev]e & un]r+ control & te/ ( compet+ skill & ( public op9ion4 ,devot$ z ,i am to my pr(ession1 ,i see ) fe> & regret t ?is t5d5cy to legislate & to rule1 :i* is ! fa%ion ( ! day1 is fl[+ 9 our direction4 ,i mu/ repeat my regret t circum/ances %\ld h =c$ me to intrude ^! my op9ions ^u ! ,commission]s2 b1 = ! reasons ,i h be=e giv51 ! application to me1 aft] ! "p ,i h tak51 left me no alt]native2 b hav+ express$ my op9ions1 & respectfully prote/$ aga9/ ! objects & proce$+s ( ! ,commission]s1 ,i %all feel x my duty to att5d to _! summons1 & af=d any in=mation 9 my p[]4 ,on a ,proposal to obta9 ! ,recognition 9 ,engl& ( ,decorations conf]r$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahee4 ,febru>y #i1 #ahef4 ,i regrett$ to be "u ! necessity ( decl9+ to sign ! memorial t 0 br\ght to me by a g5tleman introduc+ himself ) y\r c>d1 )\t an opportunity ( expla9+ to y my reasons2 & x w\ld be difficult to d s satisfactorily )\t an opportunity ( p]sonal explanation4 ,9 a few words1 h[ev]1 ,i w /ate t ,i disapprove /rongly1 & aft] full consid]ation1 ( any introduction into ,engl& ( ! sy/em ( di/9ctions conf]r$ by ,gov]nm5t ^u individuals1 :e!r engag$ 9 pr(essions1 arts1 or manufactures1 ^: m]its c be s mu* bett] & m surely m>k$ by public op9ion4 ,9 c\ntries :]e public op9ion is n s se>*+ & s p[]ful z 9 ,engl&1 ! evils ( fav\ritism may be out-balanc$ by ! advantages ( "s means ( di/+ui%+ m54 ,i admit ! possibility1 ?\gh ,i d\bt ! fact2 b ,i feel sure t ! evils w\ld be f> great] ?an ! advantages 9 ,engl&4 ,! few cases ( knigh?ood conf]r$ 9 ,engl& g5]ally foll[ public op9ion1 ?\gh ,i %\ld n wi% to see ?is sy/em c>ri$ fur!r4 ,su* be+ my op9ion1 ,i c\ld n consi/5tly ask = my own lett] ( ,*evali] de la ,lgion d',honneur be+ recognis$ "h4 ,on ! "q ( ! pat5t laws1 ,mr4 ,brunel held ! op9ion t ! sy/em ( protect+ inv5tions by means ( lett]s pat5t 0 productive ( imm5se evil4 ,! prom95t "p :i* he took 9 all discussions ^u ?is subject expos$ him to mu* adv]se criticism1 :i* 0 p]haps ! m freely be/[$1 because x 0 felt t he 0 a v =midable oppon5t1 n only f ! =ce ( 8 argum5ts1 b also f ! au?ority ) :i* he spoke4 ,he 01 f ! necessity ( 8 position z a civil eng9e]1 himself an inv5tor2 he _h 9 8 /aff & among ^? ) :om he act$ _m inv5tors2 he did n1 !re=e1 und]rate ! b5efits conf]r$ on sci5ce by ^? :o1 by inv5t+1 add to its res\rces4 ,he 0 cont9ually be+ trammell$ & ?w>t$ 9 8 v>i\s und]tak+s by pat5ts1 & he !re=e c\ld judge ( _! evil effects ^u ! progress ( practical eng9e]+2 &1 la/ly1 he _h ! be/ possible means ( judg+ ( _! effects ^u ! inv5tors !mselves1 bo? f 8 opportunities ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! fate ( o!rs1 & f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 _h tak5 out pat5ts = mo/ ( 8 inv5tions1 &1 z ,mr4 ,brunel /at$ be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords ,committee ( #ahea1 ) v un=tunate results1 especially 9 ! case ( ! c>bonic-gas eng9e 7see ,note ,b to ,*apt] ,i72 :]e1 if !y _h n be5 oblig$ to "w secretly1 9 ord] to conceal ! process be=e ! pat5t 0 grant$1 !y c\ld h obta9$ valuable advice1 :i* might ei!r h l$ to an e>li] ab&onm5t ( ! project1 or to its improvem5t 9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* x fail$4 ,mr4 ,brunel drew up ! foll[+ /atem5t :5 ask$ to give evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 #ahea4 ,8 evid5ce w be f\nd at p4 #bdf ( ! ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce 7ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,july #a1 #ahea74 ,memor&um = ,evid5ce be=e ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords on ! ,pat5t ,laws1 #ahea4 ,i h = _m ye>s _h consid]able exp]i5ce ( ! op]ation ( pat5ts4 ,i h be5 engag$ "u my fa!r 9 ! work+ out ( num]\s inv5tions ( 81 & ! tak+ out ( pat5ts on 8 acc\nt1 also 9 advis+ o!rs pr(essionally ) him1 & by myself1 & h be5 engag$ 9 num]\s que/ions ( disputes result+ f pat5ts2 & ,i h _h frequ5t occasion to use ! pat5ts & inv5tions ( o!rs4 ,i h also _h to introduce improvem5ts ( my own )\t pat5ts1 & to def5d my use ( !m aga9/ pat5ts4 ,i h ?us = ! la/ tw5ty-eight ye>s be5 9 ! mid/ ( ev]y?+ connect$ ) inv5tions1 & 9 con/ant contact ) ! op]ation ( ! pat5t laws4 ,i h be5 beh9d ! sc5es ! :ole "t4 ,! result has be5 t ,i h nev] tak5 out a pat5t myself1 or ev] ?\ght ( do+ s2 & ,i h gradually become conv9c$ t ! :ole sy/em ( pat5ts is1 9 ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( arts & sci5ce & manufactures1 productive ( imm5se evil4 ,i ?9k t x does no?+ ( :at x pr(esses to d1 & :i* ,i believe to be impracticable 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 x imp$es ev]y?+ x means to enc\rage1 & ru9s ! class x pr(esses to protect1 & t x is productive ( imm5se mis*ief to ! public4 ,i %\ld wi% to obs]ve t my op9ions are n =m$ f any !ory1 or f any consid]ation ( :at are or ought to be ! laws ( pat5ts1 or :e!r ! details ( su* laws are capable ( improvem5t or o!rwise2 b !y are simply ! result ( a v long & tol]ably intimate k ( ! op]ation ( ! hope ( protection held out1 & ! op]ation ( t protection su* z x c be :5 obta9$2 & ^! results d n1 9 my op9ion1 dep5d at all ^u any "q ( :e!r pat5ts are *eap or de>1 :e!r !y are grant$ sp>+ly or pr(usely1 by a simple or by complicat$ ma*9]y2 x is ! ru9\s effects ^u ! class ( inv5tors1 ( ! false dreams & hopes excit$ by ! sy/em1 & ! injuri\s effect ^u improvem5ts ( ! great] or less degree ( exclusive privilege :i* is atta9$1 :i* ,i h _h con/antly be=e my eyes = s _m ye>s1 & :i* mu/ be increas$ by any real improvem5t ( ! pat5t laws4 ,i %\ld1 !re=e1 be an advocate = v *eap pat5ts grant$ ) great facility1 to ! poor illit]ate workman1 z well z to ! ri* manufactur] ) 8 c\nsel & ag5ts1 & z well protect$ z legal +5uity c devise4 ,if ! sy/em is good 9 pr9ciple x mu/ be> ext5sion1 b ,i believe x c\ld n /& a twelvemon? "u su* a te/--e evil n[ inh]5t 9 ! sy/em w\ld be greatly increas$ 9 quantity1 & ! absurdities :i* are n[ ascrib$ to errors ( detail w\ld all become s evid5t t ! sy/em w\ld be ab&on$ by univ]sal cons5t4 ,i believe1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 t ! privileges ?us promis$ & grant$ to inv5tors are mo/ injuri\s to !m4 ,to und]/& ?is1 x mu/ be kn[n & borne 9 m9d t useful inv5tions or improvem5ts 9 ! pres5t day1 c]ta9ly 9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e cases out ( a ?\s&1 are n new discov]ies1 b g5]ally slight modifications ( :at is already 9 use2 judici\s applications ( kn[n pr9ciples & ( well-kn[n & common p>ts ( ma*9]y1 or ( common sub/ances1 v (t5 m]e revivals or re-inv5tions ( some?+ :i* _h _m times previ\sly be5 ?\ght (1 & p]haps tri$1 & fail$ f ! want only ( "s sub/ance or ( "s tool :i* has s9ce be5 introduc$4 ,i believe t ! mo/ useful & novel inv5tions & improvem5ts ( ! pres5t day are m]e progressive /eps 9 a highly wr\ght & highly advanc$ sy/em1 sugge/$ by1 & dep5d5t on1 o!r previ\s /eps1 _! :ole value & ! means ( _! application probably dep5d5t on ! success ( "s or _m o!r inv5tions1 "s old1 "s new4 ,i ?9k also t really good improvem5ts are n ! result ( inspiration2 !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 inv5tions1 b m or less ! results ( an obs]v+ m9d1 br\ght to be> ^u circum/ances z !y arise1 ) an intimate k ( :at has already be5 done1 or :at might n[ be done1 by means ( ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( ?+s1 & t 9 mo/ cases !y result f a dem& :i* circum/ances happ5 to create4 ,! consequ5ce is t mo/ good ?+s are be+ ?\ght ( by _m p]sons at ! same "t2 & if !re 7 publicity & fre$om ( communication1 in/ead ( concealm5t & my/]y1 t5 times or a hundr$ times ! numb] ( useful ideas w\ld be g5]at$ by ea* man1 & ) less m5tal ef=t & f> less exp5diture ( "t & money4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 if a man ?9ks he has inv5t$ some?+1 he imm$iately dreams ( a pat5t1 & ( a =tune to be made by x4 ,if he is a ri* man he loses 8 money1 & no great h>m is done2 b if he is a workman1 & a poor man1 8 ?\ghts are divid$ betwe5 s*em+ at 8 ma*9e 9 secret1 & s*em+ at ! mode ( rais+ money to c>ry x out4 ,he does n consult 8 fell[-workm51 or m5 engag$ 9 ! same pursuits1 z to :e!r ! same ?+ _h ev] be5 tri$1 :y x _h fail$1 :at are ! difficulties1 or 7:at is mo/ probable7 :e!r some?+ bett] is n already kn[n1 & wait+ only ! dem&4 ,9 n9e cases out ( t5 he devotes 8 "t & money to ! idea1 in/ead ( pursu+ 8 legitimate & natural pursuits4 ,9 elaborat+ ?is idea 8 :ole ?\ghts are turn$ to ! means ( mak+ x diff]5t f :at he may happ5 to "k ( simil> ideas1 s t he may secure a pat5t1 r ?an to an hone/ endeav\r to obta9 ! mo/ useful result4 ,he does n make use ( o!r good ideas :i* may be already pat5t$ or 9 use1 ev5 if he kn[s ( !m1 because 8 sole object !nce=? is n improvem5t1 b #8exclusive "r4' ,aft] mu* "t & money sp5t 9 exp]im5ts1 he takes out a pat5t4 ,i w assume t ! m]e pat5t co/s him no?+1 b ! wa/e ( "t & money 9 elaborat+ 8 idea is g5]ally consid]able1 & f> m s]i\s 9 its effects ^u ! man ?an ! paym5t ( ! fees n[ dem&$ = a pat5t4 ,:5 8 pat5t is complete1 & 8 inv5tion publi%$1 ! *ances are1 & ev] w be1 "o hundr$ or "o ?\s& to "o t x is n wor? a sixp5ce z an exclusive "r :i* o!rs w buy ( him3 e *ance is aga9/ him4 ,9 ! fir/ place x mu/ be a good ?+1 x mu/ be an improvem5t ^u ! v #8be/ ?+' ( ! same sort3 ! *ances are ( c\rse great aga9/ ?is4 ,secondly4--,x mu/ be new1 no?+ ( ! sort mu/ h be5 9 use be=e--h[ v few ?+s c be devis$ :i* w be> ?is te/4 ,i d n "k ( half-a-doz5 cle> cases ( di/9ctly new inv5tions s9ce ,i h be5 acqua9t$ ) ma*9]y & sci5ce2 &1 judg+ f analogy1 ,i _c br+ my m9d to believe t ^! w\ld be> ! te/ ( a /rict & se>*+ enquiry by int]e/$ p>ties4 ,! *ances are !n imm5sely aga9/ 8 inv5tion1 if good en\gh to be disput$1 prov+ to be new en\gh to /& z giv+ a claim to exclusiv5ess4 ,?irdly4--,x mu/ n dep5d = its success ^u ! use ( "s o!r exclusive & privileg$ inv5tion1 or else ( c\rse x is ( little saleable value1 ev5 if n an infr+em5t ^u ! previ\s pat5t4 ,f\r?ly4--,!re mu/ be a dem& exi/+ or creatable = ! article produc$2 or1 l _m o!r good ?+s1 x w be out ( "t1 & drop accord+ly4 ,fif?ly4--,he mu/ f9d "s p>ties ^: int]e/ x is to enc\rage ! introduction ( ! *ange1 & :o h ! means ( combat+ ^? int]e/s :i* are emb>k$ 9 previ\s monopolies4 ,s9ce all ^! conditions are necess>y = success1 x is n surpris+ t ! result %\ld be1 z ,i am positive t x is 9 practice1 t ! aggregate ( individual b5efit d]iv$ by ! exclusive privileges grant$1 is greatly bel[ ! aggregate exp5diture ( "t & money involv$ 9 ! production ( ! :ole1 tak+ ! good & bad2 b ! proportion ( ! aggregate b5efits z comp>$ ) ! co/ to ! real inv5tor is /ill less4 ,x is kn[n to all p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! subject t1 9 n9e cases out ( t5 ( successful inv5tions1 ! pat5ts are n b5eficially enjoy$ by ! orig9al inv5tor4 ,& x always mu/ be s4 ,! m]e orig9al inv5tion =ms g5]ally b a small "p ( ! :ole bus9ess or m]it ( br++ into useful op]ation any new ?+4 ,judgm5t1 a k ( ! _w1 & ( bus9ess & o!r qualities n p>ticul>ly belong+ to inv5tors1 are j z requisite z m]e +5uity1 al?\gh !y are n ! subject ( protection4 ,capital & connection are also g5]ally requir$4 ,all ^! comm&1 z !y ought to d1 a l>ge %>e 9 ! ultimate pr(its1 b x is r>e t an inv5tor at once f9ds su* a p>tn]4 ,! inv5tion g5]ally *anges h&s once or twice1 or (t5]1 till "s *ance br+s x into op]ation2 & ultimately x is 7z mu/ be admitt$ by all :o "k any?+ ab\t ^! matt]s7 v r>ely1 ev5 9 ! case ( good ?+s1 t ! p>ty :o orig9at$ ! subject ( ! pat5t has ultimately any l>ge b5eficial int]e/ 9 x2 & c]ta9ly1 f ^! & all ! o!r causes m5tion$1 x is an und\bt$ fact t inv5tors1 on ! :ole1 make a heavy annual loss1 q irrespective ( m]e pat5t fees1 by inv5tions & pat5ts1 & t pat5ts are n !re=e a b5efit to ! pres5t class ( inv5tors1 & p>ticul>ly n to ! poor] memb]s ( ! class4 ,)\t ! hopes ( any exclusive privileges1 ,i believe t a clev] man w\ld produce _m m good ideas1 & d]ive mu* m easily "s b5efit f !m4 ,x is true t he w aim only at e>n+ a few p\nds in/ead ( dream+ ( ?\s&s2 b he w e>n ^! few p\nds frequ5tly1 & )\t int]f]+ ) 8 daily pursuits2 on ! contr>y1 he w make himself m useful4 ,an obs]v+ man sees :at he ?9ks to be a mode ( increas+ ! production ( a c]ta9 ma*9e or manufactur+ op]ation 9 :i* he is engag$1 or a bett] mode ?an t :i* he is acqua9t$ ) ( produc+ "s article4 ,9 all probability ! same circum/ances :i* l$ him to make ! obs]vation h attract$ ! att5tion ( o!rs be=e him2 p]haps1 at ! same "t1 a little free communication ) 8 fell[-"w m5 or ) o!r manufactur]s or m5 ( sci5ce w\ld %[ him t !re 7 insup]able difficulties1 & he w\ld turn 8 att5tion at once to o!r ?+s1 or t !re 7 bett] ways ( do+ ! same ?+1 or1 by po9t+ out difficulties1 enable him to avoid useless inve/igations1 or to make a *ange t w\ld va/ly improve 8 s*eme2 or he w\ld communicate 8 ideas1 in/ead ( wa/+ 8 "t 9 elaborat+ !m1 :i* v possibly o!rs m acqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul> bran* w\ld d mu* bett] ?an he2 if he is a workman1 8 ma/] w\ld give him some?+ = ! idea1 or if n1 8 value z a workman w\ld soon become kn[n4 ,x is a great error to suppose t /upid m5 c live ^u ! clev] man's bra9s if !y are all left free scope 9 ! use ( _! intellect2 b if by artificial means an exclusive "r or prop]ty 9 an idea c be secur$1 !n ( c\rse ! ?ief may /eal ! idea1 & hav+ regi/]$ 8 prop]ty 9 x1 8 inf]iority ( intellect is m ?an c\nt]balanc$4 ,intellig5t m5 :o w\ld always be sugge/+ improvem5ts 9 a manufactory w\ld soon become necess>y1 & w\ld be valu$ accord+ly4 ,a manufactur] :o 0 n surr\nd$ by su* assi/ants w\ld /& no *ance 9 ! g5]al competition1 & :at is necess>y & valuable w 9 ,engl& fet* its price2 & ?us clev] workm5 w get well paid1 & e>n mu* m1 & t m heal?ily1 ?an ! :ole body ( s*em]s n[ d4 ,! imp$im5ts ?r[n 9 ! way ( improvem5ts by ! exi/5ce ( pat5ts w h>dly be cr$it$ by ^? :o are n famili> ) ! op]ation ( !m4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s !y create su* b>ri]s t x is almo/ wond]ful t any improvem5ts c be effect$4 ,x w n be difficult to und]/& t1 f ! inf9ite numb] ( pat5ts t are n[ tak5 out1 x is h>dly possible to devise a me*anism or a *emical comb9ation t does n1 9 "s %ape or o!r1 =m "p ( "s previ\s inv5tion or process4 ,?is w\ld be ! case ev5 if pat5ts 7 only tak5 out to secure real1 or :at are believ$ to be real1 inv5tions4 ,b ! %oals ( pat5ts h br\ght into exi/5ce animals to fe$ ^u !m4 ,!re is a trade :i* no?+ c de/roy z long z pat5ts la/1 & :i* mu/ increase ) ! increase ( pat5t1 :atev] may be ! mode ( grant+ !m4 ,pat5ts are tak5 out ev5 9 v g5]al t]ms1 s z to embrace ev]y?+ t c resemble "s probable or imag9>y improvem5t1 & !n1 l a spid] 9 8 web1 ! pat5tee wat*es = 8 victims4 ,besides ?is1 ! hone/ b trad+ pat5tee1 ! m completely to secure a monopoly1 (t5 takes out sev]al sep>ate pat5ts = ne>ly ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t =ms1 "s av[$ly wor?less4 ,9 do+ ?is1 )\t ev5 int5d+ x1 he includes comb9ations1 any b5eficial application ( :i* p]haps nev] cross$ 8 m9d1 & :i*1 9 ! %ape 9 :i* he sugge/$ !m 7 good = no?+1 b :i* nev]!less m or less prev5t anybody else f t\*+ !m1 ev5 to make a good ?+4 ,aga91 ! mo/ respectable h\ses take out pat5ts m]ely to secure a monopoly ( "s "o =m ( article )\t mu* reg>d to ! sup]iority ( x4 ,! result ( all ?is is t x is almo/ impossible n[ to introduce ! slighte/ real improvem5t 9 any?+ )\t infr++ ^u "s pat5t1 & expos+ oneself to be proce$$ aga9/ by "s pat5tee4 ,! ext5t to :i* improvem5ts are imp$$ by ?is /ate ( ?+s is h>dly conceivable1 except to ^? :o1 l myself1 are daily suff]+ "u x4 ,!re is ano!r v s]i\s evil produc$ by ! sy/em4 ,9 tak+ out a pat5t1 ! necessity = avoid+ all claim to any?+ t c be %[n to h be5 pat5t$ or 9 common use be=e compels y 9 mo/ cases to seek r :at "p ( x c be/ be pat5t$ ?an :at x is t is good 9 ! inv5tion4 ,comp>atively trivial po9ts are frequ5tly pat5t$ 9 ord] to secure ! monopoly ( t :i*1 al?\gh x con/itutes ! m]it ( ! inv5tion1 may n happ5 to be s new 9 e respect z to admit ( a pat5t4 ,:5 ! pat5t is tak51 o!r modes ( c>ry+ out ! real inv5tion are discov]$2 ^! modes are pat5t$ & ! orig9al pat5tee is oblig$ to lose ! b5efit ( 8 inv5tion or to buy up ^! new pat5ts4 ,!re are in/ances :]e enorm\s sums h be5 sp5t 9 ?is mann] to protect an orig9al inv5tion4 ,&1 la/ly1 !re is an evil :i* acts l a numb+ disease on all improvem5ts2 a pat5tee frequ5tly d>es n himself introduce improvem5ts 9 any app>atus or process :i* he has pat5t$1 = fe> ( ?us injur+ 8 pat5t2 & ,i h se5 num]\s cases ( v important inv5tions :]e all improvem5t has be5 ?us *eck$ & resi/$ by ! v p>ties mo/ capable ( effect+ !m1 & :o w\ld h br\ght great tal5t & zeal to ! "w if !y _h be5 free4 ,extract f ,obs]vations on ! ,pat5t ,laws made by ,mr4 ,brunel at a ,meet+ ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,m>* #bh1 #ahef4 ,he did n agree at all z to ! advantages ( pat5ts4 ,he q agre$ z to ! desirability ( protect+1 z f> z possible1 a man's prop]ty1 :e!r x 0 9 ! p[] ( inv5tion1 or any o!r good ?+ t 0 )9 him1 & /ill m w\ld he protect 9 e possible way ! prop]ty 9 inv5tions ( ^? :o possess$ b little o!r prop]ty--! p[]s ( ! inv5tor & ! +5uity ( ! workman2 b1 hav+ _h "s consid]able exp]i5ce ) pat5tees1 manufactur]s1 & workm51 he 0 ( op9ion t any practical b5efits d]iv$ f ! pat5t laws did n comp5sate = ! injury inflict$4 ,he believ$1 on ! contr>y1 t bo? ! inv5tors & ! public greatly suff]$ f ! attempt to protect inv5tions4 ,he _h _h great exp]i5ce on ?is subject1 be+ compell$ daily to exam9e inv5tions ( v>i\s k9ds1 & hav+ himself con/antly to inv5t 9 ! occupations 9 :i* he 0 engag$4 ,hav+1 !n1 all 8 life1 be5 connect$ ) inv5tors & workm51 he _h witness$ ! injury1 ! wa/e ( m9d1 ! wa/e ( "t1 ! excitem5t ( false hopes1 ! va/ wa/e ( money1 caus$ by ! pat5t laws1 9 fact1 all ! evils :i* g5]ally result$ f ! attempt to protect t :i* did n naturally admit ( protection4 ,he agre$ z to ! ab/ract desirability ( protect+ inv5tors 9 "s way1 provid$ x did n fo/] unheal?y inv5tion1 z he ?\ght x desirable to protect e species ( prop]ty t exi/$4 ,he 0 dispos$ to enc\rage e /ep t[>ds facilitat+ ! obta9+ pat5ts2 he hop$ !y w\ld be made dirt *eap1 z he ?\ght t w\ld be ! mo/ effectual way ( de/roy+ !m altoge!r4 ,!re=e1 :5ev] he _h be5 consult$ on ! subject ( ! pat5t laws1 he _h always advocat$ ! r5d]+ ( pat5ts z op5 & free & *eap z possible2 9 ! fir/ place1 because he saw no reason = atta*+ a price to !m1 & next1 because !y w\ld soon] arrive :]e ! pr9ciple w\ld be fully te/$4 ,we 7 already ne>ly arriv$ at t /ate ( ?+s :5 eng9e]s 7 almo/ br\ght to a dead /& 9 _! attempt to introduce improvem5ts1 f ! excess ( protection4 ,he f\nd t he c\ld h>dly introduce ! slighte/ improvem5t 9 8 own ma*9]y )\t be+ /opp$ by a pat5t4 ,he c\ld m5tion a /rik+ in/ance1 9 :i*1 a few mon?s ago1 wi%+ to introduce an improvem5t t he ?\ght w\ld h be5 valuable to ! public 9 a l>ge "w on :i* he 0 engag$1 he _h no soon] ent]$ ^u x1 ) a will+ness to incur consid]able exp5se 9 ! prelim9>y requirem5ts & 9 ! trial ( x1 ?an he 0 /opp$ by a pat5tee2 b he 0 =tunate en\gh to f9d t ano!r pat5t exi/$ ( ! same ?+1 & a week aft] a ?ird appe>$4 ,!re 0 ?us1 =tunately1 a probability t1 by ! de/ruction ( all value 9 any ( ! pat5ts1 he might be able to cont9ue ! improvem5ts he 0 desir\s ( introduc+4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,private ,,life4 ,,rem9isc5ces ,,( ,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,private ,,life--,,removal ,,to #ah ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,we/m9/]--,,8 ,,m>riage1 #ahcf--,,special ,,con/able ,,9 #ahdh--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,love ,,( ,,art--,,8 ,,j\rney ,,to ,,italy1 #ahdb--;,,accid5t ,,) ,,! ,,half-,,sov]eign1 #ahdc--,,pur*ase ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,9 ,,devon%ire1 #ahdg--;,,8 ,,life ,,at ,,watcombe--,,! ,,laun* ,,( ,,! #8,,great ,,ea/]n1' #aheg--,,mr4 ,,brunel',s ,,fail+ ,,heal?--,,j\rneys ,,to ,,switz]l& ,,& ,,egypt1 #aheh--,,lett] ,,f ,,phil 7,,febru>y #ab1 #ahei7--;,,8 ,,la/ ,,illness--,,8 ,,dea? 7,,septemb] #ae1 #ahei7--;,,fun]al--,,address ,,( ,,joseph ,,locke1 ,,esq41 ,m4,p41 ,,at ,,! ,,in/itution ,,( ,,civil ,,eng9e]s 7,,novemb] #h1 #ahei74 ,"u any circum/ances1 & by :omsoev] made1 ! attempt to describe ,mr4 ,brunel's home life mu/ fail to satisfy ^? :o knew him1 & :o rememb] him 9 ! mid/ ( 8 family or among 8 fri5ds4 ,b ^? :o did n "k him1 except z a pr(essional man1 or :o are only acqua9t$ ) 8 works1 w expect to f9d 9 ^! pages "s acc\nt ( 8 private life1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* he sp5t ^? brief int]vals ( relaxation :i* he p]mitt$ himself to enjoy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel 0 nev] an idle man1 he 0 able1 until he obta9$ bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt1 to enjoy _m amusem5ts f :i* 9 aft] life he 0 completely deb>r$4 ,?is arose p>tly f 8 "w "u 8 fa!r be+ ne> 8 own home & 8 fri5ds1 & p>tly f ! p[] he possess$1 & :i* nev] des]t$ him1 ( be+ able to ?r[ aside c>es & anxieties & to jo9 ) ! utmo/ ze/ 9 pass+ amusem5ts4 ,! foll[+ lett]1 relat+ to ?is "t1 is writt5 by "o :o 0 ,mr4 ,brunel's con/ant companion dur+ ! p]iod to :i* x ref]s3-- ,june #bh1 #ahgj4 #8,de> ,isamb>d ,brunel1--,i w endeav\r to supply y ) "s rem9isc5ces ( y\r fa!r1 be=e he became a public man1 & 0 engross$ by ! v sev]e lab\r ( 8 pr(ession4 #8,! mo/ /rik+ feature 9 8 "* z a "y man1 & "o :i* aft]w>ds produc$ su* great results1 0 an entire abnegation ( self 9 8 int]c\rse ) 8 fri5ds & associates4 #8,8 influ5ce among !m 0 unb\nd$1 b nev] s\ght by him2 x 0 ! result ( 8 love ( fair play1 ( 8 uni=m k9dness & will+ness to assi/ !m1 ( ! confid5ce he inspir$ 9 8 judgm5t1 & ( ! simplicity & high-m9d$ness ( 8 "*4 #8,f #ahbd to #ahcb he jo9$ 8 fri5ds 9 e manly sport2 & :51 aft] 8 accid5t at ! ,tunnel1 he 0 oblig$ to )draw f m viol5t ex]cise1 he 0 /ill ready to co-op]ate 9 ! arrangem5ts requir$ to give effect to :atev] 0 9 h&4 #8,:e!r 9 boat+1 9 pic-nic p>ties1 or 9 private !atricals1 he 0 always ! life & s\l ( ! p>ty2 = 8 skilful arrangem5ts1 z well z 8 nev]-fail+ inv5tion & p[] ( adaptation ( :atev] came to h&1 made him ! inv>iable lead] 9 e amusem5t or sport 9 :i* he took "p4 #8,to ensure ! success ( 8 fri5ds 9 a r[+ mat* aga9/ "t1 f ,london to ,ox=d & back1 9 #ahbh1 he design$ & sup]9t5d$ ! build+ ( a f\r-o>$ boat1 :i*1 9 l5g? & 9 ! proportion ( its l5g? to its bread?1 f> exce$$ any boat ( ! k9d :i* _h !n be5 se5 on ! ,?ames4 #8,dur+ t portion ( ! p]iod to :i* ^! notes ref]1 :5 y\r fa!r 0 engag$ at ! ,tunnel works1 ! fre%ness & en]gy ) :i* he jo9$ 9 ! amusem5ts ( 8 fri5ds aft] _m consecutive days & nights sp5t 9 ! ,tunnel--= frequ5tly he did n g to b$1 ,i might almo/ say1 = weeks toge!r--surpris$ !m all4 #8,8 p[] ( do+ )\t sleep = long int]vals 0 mo/ rem>kable4 ,he also possess$ ! p[]1 :i* ,i h nev] se5 equall$ 9 any o!r man1 ( ma9ta9+ a calm & ev5 temp]1 nev] %[+ irritation ev5 :5 he 0 be>+ an am\nt ( m5tal & bodily fatigue :i* few c\ld h su/a9$4 ,8 pres5ce ( m9d & c\rage nev] fail$ him1 & x 0 especially exhibit$ aft] ! fir/ irruption ( wat] into ! ,tunnel1 :5 he desc5d$ 9 ! div+-bell to exam9e ! ext5t ( ! di/urbance ( ! b$ ( ! riv]1 & ! injury1 if any1 :i* _h be5 done to ! brickwork4 #8,! bell c\ld n be l[]$ deep en\gh1 & he dropp$ himself out ( ! bell1 hold+ on by a rope1 & asc]ta9$ by c>eful exam9ation t ! brickwork 0 un9jur$4 #8,he 0 sev]al m9utes 9 ! wat]2 & ^u ?is fact be+ /at$1 _m p]sons1 & ,i ?9k ! (fic]s ( ! ,royal ,humane ,society1 d5i$ ! possibility ( 8 reta9+ 8 consci\sness s long 9 ! wat]1 =gett+1 :i* he did n1 t 8 lungs 7 fill$ ) air at two & a half atmosph]es' pressure4 #8,9 #ahcj1 he jo9$ ! ,surrey ,yeomanry & att5d$ drill1 & 0 out ) ! troop to :i* he belong$ on sev]al occasions4 #8,9 ?is capacity he 0 z popul> z 9 e o!r2 b 8 rem>kable tal5t 9 obta9+ p]sonal influ5ce1 ev5 among ^? ) :om he 0 comp>atively a /rang]1 0 ab\t ?is "t mo/ usefully exhibit$ dur+ ! election ( 8 bro!r-9-law z memb] = ,lambe?4 #8,he made fri5ds & conciliat$ oppon5ts among all classes ( electors--especially among work+ m51 l>ge bodies ( :om he met on sev]al occasions--& among all %ades ( politicians2 & to 8 en]gy1 good judgm5t & skilful arrangem5t ( electione]+ details1 :i* 7 n !n s well und]/ood z !y n[ are1 v mu* ( ! success a*iev$ 0 due4 #8,no "o1 ,i believe1 ev] saw him out ( temp] or he>d him utt] an ill-natur$ ^w4 ,he (t5 said t spite & ill-nature 7 ! mo/ exp5sive luxuries 9 life2 & 8 advice1 !n (t5 s\ght1 0 giv5 ) t cle>ness & decision1 & t abs5ce ( all prejudice1 :i* *>act]is$ 8 op9ions 9 aft]-life4 #8,all 8 fri5ds ( 8 own age 7 atta*$ to him 9 no ord9>y degree1 & !y wat*$ e /ep 9 8 future c>e] ) pride & int]e/4 #8,9 fact1 he 0 a joy\s1 op5-he>t$1 consid]ate fri5d1 will+ to contribute to ! pleasure & enjoym5t ( ^? ab\t him2 well kn[+ 8 own p[]1 b nev] intrud+ x to ! annoyance ( o!rs1 unless he 0 ?w>t$ or oppos$ by pret5ti\s ignorance2 & !n1 ?\gh at times decid$ & sev]e 9 8 rem>ks1 he g5]ally pref]r$ leav+ su* individuals to !mselves1 r ?an1 by notic+ !m1 to give prom95ce to _! defici5cies4 #8,8 appreciation ( "* 0 s exact1 & 8 dislike to any?+ approa*+ to vulg>ity 9 ?\ght or action or to undue assumption 0 s decid$1 t to be 8 fri5d soon became a di/9ction2 & ! ext5t to :i* 8 society 0 s\ght1 n only 9 private life1 b 9 ! sci5tific _w1 at ?is e>ly p]iod1 m>k$ /rongly ! di/+ui%+ features ( 8 m9d & "*4 #8,9 #ahbe & #ahbf he att5d$ ! morn+ lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 & ! eag]ness & rapidity ) :i* he foll[$ ! *emical discov]ies :i* 7 !n be+ made by ,mr4 ,f>aday1 %[$ ! facility ) :i* he ga9$ & reta9$ sci5tific k4 #8,to write m w\ld lead me to ! ev5ts ( a lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 9 ! hi/ory ( :i* y require no aid f me2 nev]!less1 ,i _c refra9 f add+ a few words ^u y\r fa!r's p]sonal & pr(essional "*1 :i* 0 n1 9 my op9ion1 adequately appreciat$ by ! public4 #8,8 pr(essional fri5ds be=e 8 dea?1 & 8 private fri5ds at all times1 well knew ! g5ius1 ! int5se en]gy1 & indefatigable indu/ry ) :i* e pr9ciple & detail ( 8 pr(ession 0 ma/]$2 & bo? knew & valu$ ! high moral tone :i* p]vad$ e act ( 8 life4 #8,! public1 h[ev]1 did n see him "u ! same circum/ances4 #8,_! imp]fect acqua9tance ) 8 "* arose 9 a great degree f 8 disreg>d ( popul> approbation1 = he 0 nev] s satisfi$ ) 8 own "w z to feel himself entitl$ to receive praise 9 ! adulatory /yle ( mod]n writ+1 & he pref]r$ to "w quietly 9 8 own sph]e1 & to rely on ! intr9sic m]its ( 8 und]tak+s br++ _! rew>d1 r ?an to c\rt tempor>y popul>ity4 #8,! rapidity ) :i* he ga9$ a high position z a civil eng9e] is ! be/ evid5ce ( 8 tal5ts4 ,he pass$ almo/ direct f boyhood to an equality ) any "o !n 9 ! pr(ession--a position atta9$ by ! rapidity & accuracy ) :i* he c\ld apply !ory to practice1 & support 8 conclusions by ma!matical demon/rations4 #8,?is k1 always us$ )\t o/5tation1 soon plac$ him above mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies2 & 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ! /r5g? & peculi>ities ( ! v>i\s mat]ials he _h to employ1 & ( ! be/ & mo/ economical mode ( apply+ !m1 impress$ bo? directors & contractors ) a degree ( confid5ce 9 8 e/imates & op9ions :i* no "o _h be=e possess$4 #8,8 p[] ( obs]vation 0 s+ul>ly accurate2 he 0 n satisfi$ ) a ha/y or sup]ficial exam9ation1 nor ) ! m]e ass]tion ( a fact2 8 m9d requir$ evid5ce ( its correctness be=e he c\ld receive & adopt x4 ,i may illu/rate ?is by a ref]5ce to ! exp]im5ts he made ) ,fr5* mesm]i/s1 & ! pa9s he took to expose ! f>ce ( table-turn+ & its accompany+ follies4 #8,my object1 h[ev]1 by ?is addition to my note1 is to dwell ^u ! fact t he left a m>k ^u 8 pr(ession :i* _c be oblit]at$4 ,he set up a high /&>d ( pr(essional excell5ce1 & endeav\r$ to impress on all :o 7 associat$ ) him1 or "u him pr(essionally1 t to atta9 ! highe/ hon\rs requir$ ! /ricte/ integrity1 s\nd ma!matical k1 orig9ality & accuracy ( ?\ght & expression1 bo? 9 viva voce descriptions & 9 designs & work+ draw+s1 & a practical acqua9tance ) ! durability & /r5g? ( mat]ials1 s z to "k ! be/ conditions "u :i* ea* might be appli$4 #8,x 0 8 excell5ce 9 ^! respects1 :5 /ill "y1 :i* soon e>n$ = him a great reputation z a witness be=e ! ,committees ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 #8,8 calmness & unobtrusive mann]1 :5 "u sev]e exam9ation1 or :ile att5d+ public meet+s1 l$ _m to ?9k him cold1 & reg>dless ( ! feel+s or int]e/s ( ^? ) :om he 0 associat$2 b no?+ 0 fur!r f 8 "*1 z e "o knew :o 0 engag$ 9 ! consultations ^u ! result ( :i* future proce$+s dep5d$4 #8,he 0 a prud5t & cauti\s1 b bold advis]1 & a w>m-he>t$ & g5]\s fri5d4 #8,y\rs fai?fully1 #8,w4 ,,hawes4 #8,isamb>d ,brunel1 ,esq4' ,! ev5ts ( ! ye> #ahce br\ght ) !m1 n unnaturally1 o!r *anges4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( #ahcf1 he remov$ to #ah ,duke ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]1 a l>ge h\se look+ on ,/4 ,james's ,p>k1 & n[ 7#ahgj7 ! la/ 9 ! /reet1 next to ! new ,india ,(fice4 ,9 ,july ( ! same ye> he m>ri$ ! elde/ daught] ( ! late ,william ,horsley1 & gr&daught] ( ,doctor ,callcott4 ,( ?is m>riage !re 0 issue two sons & a daught]1 all ( :om survive him4 ,al?\gh1 z w be pres5tly m5tion$1 he aft]w>ds b\ght "s prop]ty 9 ,devon%ire1 ! ,duke ,/reet h\se 0 always 8 home4 ,he sp5t 8 life !re1 hav+ 8 (fices on ! l[] floors4 ,he _h no wi% to ent] ,p>liam5t1 al?\gh x _h be5 m ?an once sugge/$ to him to d s1 & 8 "w prev5t$ 8 tak+ an active %>e1 z an inhabitant ( ,we/m9/]1 9 ! conc]ns ( 8 neighb\rhood4 ,! only occasion on :i* he took a prom95t "p 9 local affairs 0 z a special con/able 9 ,april #ahdh1 :5 he act$ z "o ( ! two #8lead]s' ( ! special con/ables 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ,great ,george ,/reet & ,d[n+ ,/reet4 ,he 0 n )\t exp]i5ce ( ! duties ( a special con/able1 z he _h be5 sworn 9 dur+ ! ,bri/ol riots ( #ahcj1 & on t occasion saw active s]vice4 ,happily1 matt]s 7 bett] manag$ 9 ,london1 & no actual collision took place betwe5 ! con/ables1 or ! milit>y1 & ! mob4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ext5t to :i* ,mr4 ,brunel kept 8 works 9 8 own h&s1 & "u 8 own sup]9t5d5ce1 made x necess>y = him to h a l>ge am\nt ( (fice accommodation2 & ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ bran* (fices 9 ! /reets ne> 8 h\se l$ him1 9 #ahdh1 to enl>ge 8 (fices3 ) ?is object he add$ ! adjo9+ h\se1 #ag ,duke ,/reet1 :i* he rebuilt4 ,a l>ge room on ! gr\nd floor1 look+ on ! ,p>k1 0 !nce=w>d 8 own (fice1 & ! room above 0 made ! d9+-room4 ,x 0 decorat$ 9 ! ,elizabe?an /yle1 & 0 to h conta9$ a collection ( pictures illu/rative ( sc5es 9 #8,%akespe>e1' pa9t$ = him by ! pr9cipal arti/s ( ! day4 ,?is project 0 nev] completely c>ri$ out1 b sev]al pictures 7ab\t t5 9 all7 7 pa9t$ & hung up1 among !m ! #8,titania' ( ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se]4 ,^! subjects are aga9 ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ lett]3-- ,febru>y1 #ahgj4 #8,my de> ,isamb>d1--,y ask me to jot d[n = y any rem9isc5ces ,i h ( y\r fa!r's love & feel+ = art4 #8,i rememb] ) s+ul> di/9ctness ! fir/ "t ,i ev] saw him1 :5 ,i 0 a lad ( f\rte51 & _h j obta9$ my /ud5t%ip at ! ,royal ,academy4 ,he criticis$ ) great ke5ness & judgm5t a draw+ :i* ,i _h ) me1 & at ! same "t gave me a lesson on pap] /ra9+4 ,f t "t till 8 dea? he 0 my mo/ intimate fri5d4 ,be+ naturally imbu$ ) arti/ic ta/e & p]ception ( a v high ord]1 8 critical rem>ks 7 always ( great value1 & 7 made ) an am\nt ( good hum\r :i* s(t5$ _! occasionally some:at try+ pung5cy4 ,he _h a rem>kably accurate eye = proportion1 z well z ta/e = =m4 ,?is is ev9c$ 9 e l9e to be f\nd 9 8 sket* books1 & 9 all ! ar*itectural features ( 8 v>i\s works4 #8,s small an incid5t z ! *oice ( col\r 9 ! orig9al c>riages ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & any decorative "w call$ = on ! l9e1 gave public evid5ce ( 8 ta/e 9 col\r2 b ^? :o rememb] ! gradual arrangem5t & fitt+ up ( 8 h\se 9 ,duke ,/reet w want no assurance f me ( y\r fa!r's r>e arti/ic feel+4 ,he pass$1 ,i believe1 ! pleasante/ ( 8 leisure mom5ts 9 decorat+ t h\se1 & well d ,i rememb] our visits 9 se>* ( r>e furniture1 *9a1 bronzes1 c41 ) :i* he fill$ x1 till x became "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & attractive h\ses 9 ,london4 ,its int]e/ 0 greatly increas$ :5 he =m$ t magnific5t d9+-room1 n[1 ) ! h\se ( :i* x 0 a "p1 pull$ d[n4 ,?is room1 hung ) pictures1 ) its ri*ly c>v$ fireplace1 doorways1 & ceil+1 its silk5 hang+s & ,v5etian mirrors1 light$ up on "o ( ! _m fe/ive ga!r+s frequ5t 9 t hospitable h\se1 =m$ a sc5e :i* none w =get :o _h ! privilege ( tak+ "p 9 x4 ,:5 f "t to "t he w5t abroad1 & especially 9 8 visit to ,v5ice 9 #aheb1 he add$ to 8 collection by pur*ases made ) great judgm5t & skill4 ,9 buy+ pictures1 y\r fa!r ev9c$ a ta/e (t5 f\nd 9 m5 ( ref9$ m9d & feel+--viz4 a repugnance to works1 h[ev] excell5t 9 !mselves1 :]e viol5t action 0 repres5t$4 ,he pref]r$ pictures :]e ! subject p>took m ( ! sugge/ive ?an ! positive1 & :]e a consid]able scope 0 left 9 :i* ! imag9ation ( ! spectator might disport itself4 ,?is feel+ 0 display$ 9 a great love ( l&scape art1 & 9 ! ke5e/ appreciation ( ! beauties ( nature4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact to record1 & "o :i* ,i (t5 he>d him m5tion1 :5 8 fri5ds 7 admir+ 8 beautiful gr\nds at ,watcombe1 t 9 ! old po/+ days1 :5 travell+ on ! cliff road betwe5 ,teignm\? & ,torquay1 he con/antly /opp$ ! c>riage to get out & admire ! view :i* he _h discov]$ f a field at ,watcombe1 little ?9k+ !n t x w\ld ultimately be ! site ( 8 int5d$ c\ntry home4 #8,:5 y\r fa!r & ,i w5t to ,italy toge!r 9 #ahdb1 po/+ f ,we/m9/] to ,rome & back aga91 ,i _h ample opportunities ( obs]v+ 8 love & en?usiasm = nature & art4 #8,ov]:elm$ z he 0 ) "w 9 ,engl& at ! "t1 x 0 no easy matt] = him to leave ! c\ntry = a c\ple ( mon?s2 & ,i rememb] t our />t+ at all 0 unc]ta9 up to ! la/ mom5t2 & t1 an h\r be=e quitt+ ,london1 x 0 only by a c\p de ?tre1 :i* he mo/ adroitly p]=m$1 t he escap$ ! s]v+ ( a subpna1 ! be>] ( :i* _h actually p5etrat$ to ! d9+-room door 9 ,duke ,/reet4 #8,we left ,london "o ev5+ 9 ,april #ahdb4 ,dur+ our j\rney we con/antly pass$ sev]al consecutive days & nights 9 ! c>riage2 & ,i am sure !re 0 n "o ( our wak+ h\rs 9 :i* "s incid5t ( int]e/ did n occur4 #8,i rememb] y\r fa!r agree+ ) me1 t our exp]i5ces m]ely ( po/-boys & _! v>i\s *>act]i/ics w\ld be wor?y ( record+ 9 detail--f ,newman's two sm>t lads1 :o took u ! fir/ /age out ( ,london1 on to ! g5u9e 8po/illon0 7boots & all7 we f\nd at ,calais2 !n to ! wild "y brig&s 79 appe>ance7 :o1 inspir$ by ! prospect ( extra 8buon mano10 :irl$ u along ! road f ,civita ,vec*ia t[>ds ,rome1 & w9d+ up ) ! /olid ,g]man :o rose sl[ly 9 8 /irrups1 & di/ract$ u by a melan*oly p]=mance on ! horn slung r\nd him1 & :i* no entreaty w\ld induce him to give up4 #8,we po/$ f ,calais1 vi ,p>is1 to ,*lons-sur-,sane1 m>vell+ ! :ole way :]eab\ts 8,la ,belle ,france0 0 to be f\nd2 = a dre>i] & m utt]ly monoton\s ride ( some?+ l #hjj miles x is impossible to conceive4 ,f ,*lons we w5t d[n ! riv] to ,lyons1 !n onw>ds1 visit+ ,nismes1 & ?r\gh ,arles to ,t\lon4 #8,f ,t\lon we w5t ?r\gh ,cannes & ,nice & along ! lovely ,cornice road to ,g5oa4 ,y\r fa!r 0 int5sely delight$ ) ?is portion ( ! j\rney4 ,^? wond]fully picturesque t[ns1 ) _! roccoco *ur*es look+ l toys1 & pa9t$ all ov] ^u ! pr9ciple ( col\r g5]ally develop$ 9 t species ( art1 especially int]e/$ him4 ,! /reets 7 s n>r[ t x 0 sometimes d\btful :e!r ! c>riage c\ld be squeez$ ?r\gh1 & m ?an once x graz$ ! h\ses on ei!r side z x pass$ on4 #8,! "w = :i* y\r fa!r _h come to ,italy comm5c$ at ,g5oa1 & he 0 met !re by a /aff appo9t$ by ! ,gov]nm5t to accompany him dur+ 8 /ay4 #8,:ile at ,g5oa he came to me "o morn+ & said1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( "s delay1 he _h a week 9 :i* to make complete holiday1 & gave me ! *oice ( ,flor5ce or ,rome4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ,i *ose ,rome1 & = ?ree days we 7 9 ! ,et]nal ,city1 see+ m 9 t "t ?an ^? to :om we relat$ our proce$+s c\ld believe4 #8,h[ well d ,i rememb] our ent]+ ,rome by ! gate on ! ,civita ,vec*ia road1 & /&+ up 9 ! c>riage to get our fir/ view ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 &1 hav+ se5 x1 ! blank look ( disappo9tm5t we turn$ on ea* o!r at ! sight6 ,b ! int]ior ( ! great *ur* z f> exce$$ our expectations z ! ext]ior _h fall5 %ort ( !m4 #8,we 7 back at ,g5oa to ! m9ute y\r fa!r _h appo9t$2 & ! "w be+ complet$ !re1 we w5t on to ,tur94 ,"h we 7 9 "t to be pres5t at ! ,c\rt balls & c]emonies consequ5t ^u ! m>riage ( ! pres5t ,k+ ( ,italy4 #8,f ,tur9 we proce$$ to ,milan4 #8,at ,milan y\r fa!r p>t$ f 8 /aff1 & complet$ ! "w he _h und]tak5 z f> z x 0 necess>y to d s 9 ,italy4 ,f ,milan1 !re=e1 our j\rney home 0 "o ( un9t]rupt$ enjoym5t ?r\gh ^? glori\s ,lomb>d t[ns to ,v5ice1 :i* happily we rea*$ 9 a gondola f ,me/re1 & n by a railway viaduct2 !n ?r\gh ! ,tyrol to ,muni*1 & s d[n ! ,rh9e to ,belgium1 rea*+ home f ,antw]p4 #8,?us 0 complet$ an exp$ition 9 :i* !re 0 nei!r hit* nor disagreeable adv5ture ( any k9d1 & ^u :i* ,i look back ) unmix$ pleasure4 #8,! next & la/ "t t y\r fa!r & ,i j\rney$ on ! ,cont95t toge!r 0 9 ,april #ahdh1 :5 he wi%$ to see ,p>is 9 ,republican g>b1 & ask$ me to accompany him4 #8,we 7 !re = "s days1 &1 arm$ ) c>ds ( admission1 on :i* our names 7 inscrib$ ) ! prefix ( 8,citoy510 he>d & saw ! v>i\s celebrities ( ! h\r4 #8,affectionately y\rs1 ,j4 ,c4 ,,horsley4 #8,isamb>d ,brunel1 ,esq4' ,)9 less ?an a ye> ( ,mr4 ,brunel's return f 8 visit to ,italy1 a /range accid5t happ5$ to him1 :i* plac$ 8 life 9 great jeop>dy4 ,on ,april #c1 #ahdc1 he 0 amus+ "s *ildr5 at 8 h\se by ! exhibition ( conjur+ tricks1 :51 9 pret5d+ to pass a half-sov]eign f 8 e> to 8 m\?1 ! co9 he _h plac$ 9 8 m\? slipp$ d[n 8 ?roat4 ,aft] a few days he began to suff] f a tr\blesome c\gh1 & on ,april #ah ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie 0 consult$4 ,! nature ( ! accid5t & ! c\rse ( treatm5t adopt$ are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel's bro!r-9-law1 ! late ,dr4 ,se? ,?ompson1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! #8,times' newspap] ( ,may #af1 #ahdc3-- ,i %all be mu* oblig$ by y\r giv+ ins]tion to ! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! treatm5t pursu$ by ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie 9 ! case ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 x be+ ! wi% ( ,mr4 ,brunel & 8 fri5ds t ! true facts %\ld be kn[n1 z a j tribute to ! skill ( ?is em95t surgeon1 & z a guide to future practice4 ,! accid5t happ5$ on ,april #c2 ,sir ,b4 ,brodie 0 consult$ on ! #ah?1 & 8 op9ion 0 t ! half-sov]eign _h pass$ into ! w9dpipe4 ,! foll[+ day ,mr4 ,brunel /r5g!n$ ?is op9ion by a simple exp]im5t4 ,he b5t 8 head & %\ld]s ov] a *air1 & di/9ctly felt ! co9 drop t[>ds ! glottis2 :il/ rais+ himself a viol5t fit ( c\gh+ came on1 :i* ceas$ aft] a few m9utes4 ,he repeat$ ?is a second "t1 ) ! same results4 ,a consultation 0 held on ! #bbnd1 at :i* x 0 decid$ t conclusive evid5ce exi/$ ( ! half-sov]eign hav+ pass$ into ! w9dpipe1 t x 0 probably lodg$ at ! bottom ( ! "r bron*us1 & t x 0 movable4 ,x 0 det]m9$ t e ef=t %\ld be made = its removal1 & t = ?is purpose an app>atus %\ld be con/ruct$ = inv]t+ ! body ( ! pati5t1 9 ord] t ! weight ( ! co9 might assi/ ! natural ef=t to expel x by c\gh+4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made on ! #be?4 ,! body ( ! pati5t be+ inv]t$1 & ! back g5tly /ruck ) ! h& betwe5 ! %\ld]s1 viol5t c\gh came on1 b ( s convulsive & al>m+ a nature t dang] 0 appreh5d$1 & ! exp]im5t 0 discont9u$4 ,on ?is occasion ! co9 0 aga9 mov$ f its situation1 & slipp$ t[>ds ! glottis4 ,on ! #bg? tra*eotomy 0 p]=m$ by ,sir ,b4 ,brodie1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,a/on ,key1 ) ! int5tion ( extract+ ! co9 by ! =ceps1 if possible1 or1 9 ! ev5t ( ?is fail+1 ) ! expectation t ! op5+ 9 ! w9dpipe w\ld facilitate a repetition ( ! exp]im5t ( ! #bbnd4 ,on ?is occasion1 & subsequ5tly on ,may #b1 ! introduction ( ! =ceps 0 att5d$ ) s mu* irritation1 t x c\ld n be p]sev]$ 9 )\t dang] to life4 ,on ! #crd ano!r consultation 0 held1 :5 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce & ,mr4 ,/anley entirely confirm$ ! views ( ,sir ,b4 ,brodie & ,mr4 ,key1 & x 0 agre$ t ! exp]im5t ( inv]sion %\ld be repeat$ z soon z ,mr4 ,brunel _h recov]$ suffici5t /r5g?1 ! incision 9 ! w9dpipe be+ kept op54 ,on ,saturday1 ! #ac?1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 aga9 plac$ on ! app>atus1 ! body inv]t$1 & ! back g5tly /ruck4 ,aft] two or ?ree c\ghs1 he felt ! co9 quit its place on ! "r side ( ! *e/1 & 9 a few seconds x dropp$ f 8 m\? )\t excit+ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! glottis any di/ress or inconv5i5ce1 ! op5+ 9 ! w9dpipe prev5t+ any spasmodic action ( ! glottis4 ,9 ?is rem>kable case ! foll[+ circum/ances appe> to be wor?y ( note--t a piece ( gold rema9$ 9 ! air-tube = six weeks1 q movable1 & )\t excit+ any inflammatory action1 ! brea?+ entirely undi/urb$1 & ! only symptoms ( its pres5ce occasional uneas9ess on ! "r side ( ! *e/ & frequ5t fits ( c\gh+2 t an accurate diagnosis 0 =m$ )\t be+ able to obta9 any assi/ance f ! /e?oscope1 al?\gh ! *e/ 0 repeat$ly & c>efully exam9$2 & also t1 a fair trial hav+ be5 giv5 to ! =ceps1 ! application ( ?is in/rum5t to ! removal ( a body ( ?is peculi> =m f ! bottom ( ! bron*us 0 prov$ to be att5d$ ) great risk to life1 :ile ! cauti\s & well-consid]$ plan ( treatm5t above detail$ 0 att5d$ ) complete success1 & )\t risk4 ,dur+ ! "t t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 9 dang] ! public excitem5t 0 int5se4 ,8 high pr(essional position1 ! extraord9>y nature ( ! accid5t1 & ! greatness ( ! loss1 7 ! result to prove fatal1 made 8 condition & ! *ances ( 8 recov]y an engross+ topic ( conv]sation2 &1 :5 ! news 0 spread t #8x is out1' ! message ne$$ no explanation4 ,t ! result 0 successful 0 due1 n only to ! skill ( ! surgeons engag$1 & to ! anxi\s c>e ) :i* ^? :o nurs$ him left no?+ undone to ensure 8 safety1 b also to ! rem>kable coolness :i* ,mr4 ,brunel himself display$ ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! fir/ he took "p 9 ! consultations :i* 7 held on 8 case1 & assi/$ mat]ially 9 det]m9+ ! c\rse ( treatm5t :i* %\ld be pursu$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! t5 ye>s :i* foll[$ 7 ! mo/ prosp]\s 9 ,mr4 ,brunel's life2 he _h atta9$ to great em95ce 9 8 pr(ession1 & 0 /ill 9 ! enjoym5t ( robu/ heal?4 ,b ! results ( ! gauge controv]sy & ! fi]ce conte/s :i* foll[$ x1 &1 above all1 ! failure ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 caus$ him grave anxiety & sorr[4 ,critics h err$ greatly 9 repres5t+ him z a man :o1 9 ord] to accompli% "s va/ design1 ?\ght b little ( ! di/ress :i* foll[s want ( success 9 comm]cial ent]prises4 ,s f> f its be+ true t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 indiff]5t to ! int]e/s ( 8 employ]s1 8 private j\rnals %[ t ?r\gh\t 7to use 8 own words7 #8! incessant w>f>e 9 :i* he 0 engag$' he 0 e>ne/ly desir+ peace & endeav\r+ to secure x1 & t 9 times ( difficulty1 su* z ! trial ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em & ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' 8 *ief ?\ghts 7 = ^? :o w\ld suff] ?r\gh ! failure ( 8 plans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 pr(essional occupations he 0 able occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 to enjoy ! society ( 8 fri5ds4 ,aft] ! session 0 ov]1 9 #ahdd & #ahde1 he w5t to ,italy on bus9ess1 & 9 #ahdf to ,switz]l& = a %ort holiday4 ,9 #ahdg ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway 0 occupy+ 8 att5tion1 & he det]m9$ to take a h\se at ,torquay4 ,:ile !re1 ! important "* ( 8 railway works 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall l$ him to ?9k ( mak+ a m p]man5t settlem5t 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,aft] a good deal ( hesitation betwe5 v>i\s places1 he fix$ ^u a spot at ,watcombe1 ab\t ?ree miles f ,torquay1 on ! ,teignm\? turnpike road4 ,he made 8 fir/ pur*ase ( l& 9 ! autumn ( #ahdg2 & f t "t to )9 a ye> ( 8 dea? ! improvem5t ( ?is prop]ty 0 8 *ief delight4 ,he _h always a great love & appreciation ( beautiful sc5]y1 & 9 8 *oice ( a place 9 :i* to plant & build he provid$ amply = 8 complete gratification4 ,! pr9cipal view1 :i*1 if ! h\se _h be5 built1 w\ld h be5 ! view f ! t]race1 is "o ( ! lovelie/ 9 t "p ( ,devon%ire4 ,on "o side is ! sea1 & on ! o!r ! range ( ,d>tmoor1 :ile 9 front is spread undulat+ c\ntry1 b\nd$ by ! hills on ! fur!r side ( ,torbay1 ! bay itself look+ l a lake1 be+ %ut 9 by ! hills above ,torquay4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,brunel b\ght ?is prop]ty x consi/$ ( fields divid$ by h$g][s2 b1 assi/$ by ,mr4 ,william ,nesfield1 he laid x out 9 plantations ( *oice trees4 ,! occupation ( arrang+ !m gave him unfail+ pleasure2 &1 al?\gh he c\ld seldom sp>e m ?an a few days' holiday at a "t1 !re c be little d\bt t ! happie/ h\rs ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 walk+ ab\t 9 ! g>d5s ) 8 wife & *ildr51 & discuss+ ! condition & prospects ( 8 fav\rite trees4#aic ,he c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 take a prom95t "p 9 ! affairs ( ! p>i%1 b he 0 always ready to assi/ 9 any "w t _h be5 tak5 9 h&4 ,he w be long rememb]$ !re by 8 fri5ds 9 e rank ( life4 ,9 pur*as+ ?is prop]ty 9 ,devon%ire1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h look$ =w>d to retir+ gradually f active pr(essional life1 #8to draw 9 & make room = o!rs1' & to sp5d a great] portion ( 8 "t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x may well be que/ion$ :e!r he w\ld h be5 happy 9 giv+ up "w :ile yet 9 middle life2 b ! wisdom ( 8 resolve 0 n to be put to ! te/4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #aheb ! #8,great ,ea/]n' /eam-%ip began to occupy 8 "t & ?\ghts4 ,z ! works progress$ he 0 m & m ti$ to ,london2 & ! l>ge pecuni>y inve/m5t he _h made 9 ! %>es ( ! company caus$ him to hesitate be=e proce$+ ) ! build+ ( 8 h\se4 ,?us ! hopes he _h =m$ = mak+ 8 home 9 ,devon%ire fad$ gradually away1 & 7 at l5g? ext+ui%$ by ! failure ( 8 heal?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m ?+s _h happ5$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( #aheg :i* gave him pleasure4 ,9 ,june he receiv$1 9 company ) ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ! honor>y degree ( ,doctor 9 ,civil ,law f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4#aid ,9 ! summ] he paid sev]al visits to ,devon%ire1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] ! float+ ( ! fir/ truss ( ! ,salta% bridge 0 successfully accompli%$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 ,novemb]1 has be5 already told4 ,?r\gh\t all ! disappo9tm5ts he !n endur$ ,mr4 ,brunel took com=t f ! sympa?y ( valu$ fri5ds1 & f ^? high] s\rces ( consolation on :i* x 0 8 habit to rely4 ,he paid = 8 ex]tions a heavy price1 = !y left him brok5 9 heal? & already suff]+ f ! disease ( :i* 9 a little m ?an eighte5 m\?s aft]w>ds he di$4#aie 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ,may #aheh ,mr4 ,brunel w5t to ,vi*y1 & !nce to ,switz]l&1 return+ home 9 ! autumn by way ( ,holl&4 ,:5 at ,luc]ne he w5t up ! ,righi1 & 0 s *>m$ ) x t1 in/ead ( sp5d+ only a night !re1 he rema9$ a week1 work+ at ! designs = ! ,ea/]n ,b5gal ,railway4 ,x 0 on 8 return to ,engl& 9 ,septemb] t ! al>m+ nature ( 8 illness 0 asc]ta9$4 ,aft] anxi\s consultation ) ,sir ,b5jam9 ,brodie & ,dr4 ,bright1 he 0 ord]$ to sp5d ! w9t] 9 ,egypt1 9 ! hope t he might return 9 ! ,m>* or ,april foll[+ 9 re/or$ heal?4 ,he 0 v unwill+ to be s long abs5t f ,engl&1 especially z a new company _h j be5 =m$ to f9i% ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' & ! contracts = h] completion 7 ab\t to be let4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 ?\ght t v s]i\s consequ5ces might foll[ if he rema9$ at home2 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb] he left = ,alex&ria1 ) 8 wife & y\ng] son4 ,hav+ /ay$ !re a day or two1 !y w5t on to ,cairo1 :]e !y f\nd ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,he & ,mr4 ,brunel d9$ toge!r on ,*ri/mas ,day4 ,on ,decemb] #cj ! j\rney up ! ,nile comm5c$4 ,on ,janu>y #ba !y arriv$ at ,!bes1 & sp5t "s days !re4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 able to ride ab\t on a donkey1 & made "s sket*es ( ! celebrat$ ru9s 9 ! neighb\rhood4#aif ,!y rea*$ ,ass\an on ,febru>y #b1 & made prep>ations = asc5d+ ! cat>acts4 ,!y w5t z f> z ,dakkeh1 & got back to ,ass\an on ,febru>y #ai4 ,! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel to 8 si/]1 ,lady ,hawes1 describes "s ( ! sc5es ?r\gh :i* he pass$3-- ,phil1 ,febru>y #ab1 #ahei4 ,i n[ write to y f a *>m+ place2 b ,ass\an1 :i* ,i left to come "h1 is also beautiful1 & ,i w speak ( t fir/4 ,x is /range t s little is said 9 ! guide books ( ! picturesque beauty ( ^! places4 ,approa*+ ,ass\an1 y glide ?r\gh a reef ( rocks1 l>ge b\ld]s ( granite poli%$ by ! action ( ! wat] *>g$ ) s&4 ,y arrive at a *>m+ bay or lake ( p]fectly /ill wat] & /udd$ ) ^! s+ul> jet-black or r$ rock isl&s4 ,9 ! di/ance y see a cont9uation ( ! riv]1 ) di/ant isl&s %ut 9 by m\nta9s1 ( beautiful col\rs1 "s a lilac s&/one1 "s ! bright r$ yell[ ( ! s&s ( ! des]t4 ,above ! promontories ! wat] excursions are delici\s4 ,y ent] at once among ! isl&s ( ! ,cat>acts1 fanta/ic =ms ( granite heaps ( b\ld]s split & worn into s+ul> %apes4 ,aft] sp5d+ a week at ,ass\an1 ) a trip by l& to ,phil1 ,i 0 s *>m$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! ,cat>acts z se5 f ! %ore1 & ) ! delici\sly quiet repose ( ,phil1 t ,i det]m9$ to get a boat1 & sleep a few nights !re4 ,we succe$$ 9 hir+ a c\ntry boat lad5 ) dates1 & empti$ h]1 & fitt$ up h] ?ree cab9s4#aig ,we put our cook & dragoman & provisions1 c41 on bo>d1 & "s m51 & w5t up ! ,cat>act4 ,x 0 a mo/ amus+ affair1 & mo/ beautiful & curi\s sc5]y all ! way4 ,x is a long rapid ( ?ree miles1 & p]haps "o mile wide1 full ( rocky isl&s & isolat$ rocks4 ,a bird's-eye view h>dly %[s a free passage1 & "s ( ! m rapid falls are betwe5 rocks n =ty feet wide--9 appe>ance n tw5ty4 ,al?\gh !y d n drag ! boats up p]p5dicul> falls ( ?ree or f\r feet1 z ! travell]s' books tell y1 !y really d drag ! boats up ru%es ( wat] :i*1 until ,i _h se5 x1 & _h !n calculat$ ! p[] requir$1 ,i %\ld imprud5tly h said c\ld n be effect$4 ,we 7 dragg$ up at "o place a gu% ( wat]1 :at might fairly be call$ a fall ( ab\t ?ree feet1 ! wat] ru%+ pa/ v =midably1 & betwe5 rocks seem+ly n m ?an wide en\gh to let our boat pass1 & ?is only by "s ?irty-five m5 at ?ree or f\r ropes1 ! m5 /&+ 9 ! wat] & on ! rocks 9 all directions1 %\t+1 plung+ into ! wat]1 swimm+ across ! top or bottom ( ! fall1 j z !y want$1 !n gett+ "u ! boat to pu% x (f rocks1 all ) an imm5se exp5diture ( noise & app>5t confusion & want ( plan1 yet on ! :ole prop]ly & successfully4 ,we 7 probably tw5ty or ?irty m9utes gett+ up ?is "o1 sometimes bump+ h>d on "o rock1 sometimes on ano!r1 & jamm$ h>d fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 ! boat all ! "t on ! fall ) ropes all /ra9$1 sometimes go+ up a foot or two1 sometimes los+ x1 till at la/ we crept to ! top1 & sail$ quietly on 9 a p]fectly smoo? lake4 ,^! ef=ts up ! diff]5t falls _h be5 go+ on = ne>ly eight h\rs1 & ! relief f noise 0 delici\s4 ,we select$ a quiet spot "u ! temples ( ,phil4444 ,our p\ltry-y>d is on ! s&bank1 :]e f[ls1 pigeons1 & turkeys are walk+ ab\t loose1 &1 l all animals 9 ?is c\ntry1 p]fectly tame4 ,yes1 !y walk up & cat* a pigeon to be kill$ :5 y l4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! & ( ! small birds :i* always walk & fly ab\t u1 h be5 walk+ = h\rs ?is morn+ ?ree or f\r l>ge eagles1 :o1 ) ! polit5ess peculi> to animals "h1 pay no att5tion to our f[ls1 nor d !y to ! eagles4 ,b "h ,i am ent]+ on ! anomalies & contradictions ( ,egypt1 :i* w\ld fill volumes4 ,aft] leav+ ,egypt1 ,mr4 ,brunel w5t to ,naples & ,rome1 :]e he sp5t ,ea/]1 & he return$ to ,engl& 9 ! middle ( ,may4 ,:5 abroad1 ,mr4 ,brunel made sight-see+ a pleasure r ?an a bus9ess2 ?us 9 ,egypt he pref]r$ to visit frequ5tly ! same places1 & r to enjoy t :i* he knew gave him pleasure1 ?an to hurry ab\t ) ! object ( see+ all t 0 to be se54 ,at ,phil he /opp$ m ?an a week1 & at ,!bes he sp5t m "t 9 a small outly+ temple ne> ,k>nac ?an 9 ! great ru9 itself4 ,s also at ,rome he w5t frequ5tly to ! ,colosseum1 & he sp5t _m h\rs 9 ! int]ior ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,%ortly aft] 8 return to ,engl& he w5t to ,plym\?1 & ov] ! ,salta% bridge & o!r p>ts ( ! ,cornwall ,railway1 :i* _h be5 op5$ dur+ 8 abs5ce abroad4 ,al?\gh x _h by ?is "t become c]ta9 t ! disease "u :i* he lab\r$ _h assum$ a fatal "*1 he cont9u$ to give unremitt+ att5tion to 8 v>i\s pr(essional duties2 & 9 ord] to be ne>] ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' he took a h\se at ,syd5ham1 & remov$ !re ) 8 family 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,almo/ e day he w5t to ! great %ip & sup]9t5d$ ! prep>ations = gett+ h] to sea4 ,%e 0 adv]tis$ to sail on ,septemb] #f1 & ,mr4 ,brunel _h int5d$ go+ r\nd 9 h] to ,weym\?4 ,he 0 on bo>d e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! #e?1 & 8 memor&um book has1 "u t date1 an entry ( "s unf9i%$ "w :i* _h to be look$ aft]4 ,t[>ds midday he felt symptoms ( fail+ p[]1 & w5t home to 8 h\se 9 ,duke ,/reet1 :5 x became evid5t t he _h be5 attack$ ) p>alysis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at "o "t x seem$ possible t he might recov]2 b on ! t5? day aft] 8 seizure1 ,?ursday1 ,septemb] #ae1 all hope 0 tak5 away4 ,9 ! aft]noon he spoke to ^? :o wat*$ ar\nd him1 call+ !m to him by _! names2 z ev5+ clos$ 9 he gradually sank1 & di$ at half-pa/ t51 quietly & )\t pa94 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fun]al 0 on ,septemb] #bj1 at ! ,k5sal ,gre5 ,cemet]y4 ,along ! road lead+ to ! *apel _m hundr$s ( 8 private & pr(essional fri5ds1 8 neighb\rs among ! tradespeople ( ,we/m9/]1 ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & ! s]vants ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company1 _h assembl$1 &1 ) 8 family1 foll[$ 8 body to its place ( burial1 9 ! grave ( 8 fa!r & "m4#aih ,x w\ld be improp] "h to attempt to ent] into a g5]al criticism ( ,mr4 ,brunel's works1 or to det]m9e ! position :i* he is entitl$ to occupy among civil eng9e]s4 ,t task has yet to be accompli%$1 & mu/ be und]tak5 by ^? :o c claim to be imp>tial judges4 ,x has be5 ! object ( ?is book to provide1 z f> z possible1 ! mat]ials on :i* a j judgm5t ( 8 c>e] c be bas$4 ,b x may be p]mitt$1 9 conclusion1 to place on record ! foll[+ te/imony to ! high position held by ,mr4 ,brunel 9 ! e/eem ( 8 contempor>ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,novemb] #h1 #ahei1 at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,brunel & ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,locke1 ,m4,p41 ! ,presid5t1 rose & said-- #8,i _c p]mit ! occasion ( op5+ a new session to pass )\t allud+ to ! irrep>able loss :i* ! ,in/itution has su/a9$ by ! dea?1 dur+ ! recess1 ( its two mo/ hon\r$ & di/+ui%$ memb]s4 #8,9 ! mid/ ( difficulties ( no ord9>y k9d1 ) an ard\r r>ely equall$1 & an application bo? ( body & m9d almo/ beyond ! limit ( physical endurance1 9 ! full pursuit ( a great & *]i%$ idea1 ,brunel 0 sudd5ly /ruck d[n1 be=e he _h accompli%$ ! task :i* 8 d>+ g5ius _h set be=e him4 #8,foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 di/+ui%$ p>5t1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 8 e>ly c>e]1 ev5 f its comm5cem5t1 0 rem>kable = orig9ality 9 ! conception ( ! works confid$ to him4 ,z 8 exp]i5ce increas$1 8 confid5ce 9 8 own p[]s augm5t$2 & ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 ) its broad-gauge l9e1 colossal eng9es1 l>ge c>riages1 & bold designs ( e description1 0 c>ri$ onw>d1 & ultimately embrac$ a wide di/rict ( ! c\ntry4 #8,! same feel+ induc$1 9 /eam navigation1 ! successive con/ruction ( ! 8,great ,we/]n0 /eam]1 ! l>ge/ vessel ( ! "t1 until sup]s$$ by ! 8,great ,brita910 :i* 0 9 its turn eclips$ by ! 8,great ,ea/]n10 ! mo/ gigantic exp]im5t ( ! age4 #8,! ,great ,%ip 0 ,brunel's peculi> *ild2 he appli$ himself to x 9 a mann] :i* c\ld n fail to comm& respect2 &1 if he did n live to see its f9al & successful completion1 he saw en\gh1 9 8 lat] h\rs1 to su/a9 him 9 ! belief t 8 idea w\ld ultimately become a triumphant reality4 #8,! %ock :i* ! loss ( ,brunel creat$ 0 yet felt1 :5 we 7 />tl$ by an ann\ncem5t t ano!r ( our e/eem$ memb]s _h be5 summon$ f u4#aii 99 99 99 99 99 #8,x is n my int5tion at ?is "t to give ev5 an outl9e ( ! works a*iev$ by our two dep>t$ fri5ds4 ,_! lives & lab\rs1 h[ev]1 are be=e u2 & x w be our own fault if we fail to draw f !m useful lessons = our own guidance4 ,man is n p]fect1 & x is n to be expect$ t he %\ld be always successful2 &1 z 9 ! mid/ ( success we sometimes le>n great tru?s be=e unkn[n to u1 s also we (t5 discov] 9 failure ! causes :i* fru/rate our be/ direct$ ef=ts4 ,our two fri5ds may probably =m no exception to ! g5]al rule2 b1 judg+ by ! position !y _h ea* secur$1 & by ! univ]sal respect & sympa?y :i* ! public has manife/$ = _! loss1 & rememb]+ ! brilliant +5uity ( argum5t1 z well z ! m homely appeals to _! own long exp]i5ce1 (t5 he>d 9 ?is hall1 we are well assur$ t !y h n lab\r$ 9 va94 #8,we1 at lea/1 :o are b5efit$ by _! successes1 :o feel t our ,in/itution has reason to be pr\d ( its association ) su* names z ,brunel & ,/eph5son1 h a duty to p]=m2 & t duty is1 to hon\r _! memory & emulate _! example4' ,,app5dix ,i4 7,see ,*apt] ,v4 on ! ,broad ,gauge1 p4 #ii47 ,report to ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company4 ,augu/ #ahch4 ,,g5tlem51--,z ! endeav\r to obta9 ! op9ions & reports ( ,mr4 ,walk]1 ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 & ,mr4 ,wood1 prior to ! next half-ye>ly meet+1 has n be5 successful1 ,i am anxi\s to record m fully ?an ,i h previ\sly done1 & to comb9e !m into "o report1 my own views & op9ions ^u ! success ( ! sev]al plans :i* h be5 adopt$ at my recomm5dation 9 ! =mation & 9 ! work+ ( our l9e2 & 9 ju/ice to myself & to ^! plans1 & inde$ to enable o!rs to arrive at any j conclusion z to ! result :i* has be5 atta9$1 or z to ! probable ultimate success or advantages ( ! sy/em1 x is necess>y t ,i %\ld ent] v fully1 ,i fe> ev5 t$i\sly1 into a recapitulation ( ! circum/ances1 peculi> to ?is railway1 :i* l$ to ! consid]ation & ! adoption ( ^! plans1 :i* "s call innovations & wide deviations f ! results ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 b ! majority ( :i* ,i w und]take to %[ are m]ely adaptations ( ^? plans to our p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,x w be necess>y also t ,i %\ld ref] to all ! num]\s difficulties :i* we h _h to enc\nt]1 :i* h necess>ily prev5t$ ! p]fect work+ ( ^! plans 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 b :i* h be5 ov]come1 or :i* are gradually & successively dim9i%+2 &1 f9ally1 ,i am prep>$ to %[ t1 not)/&+ ! novelty ( ! circum/ances1 & ! difficulties & delays :i* at ! outset inv>iably att5d any alt]ation1 h[ev] necess>y1 or h[ev] desirable1 f ! accu/om$ mode ( proce$+1 & not)/&+ ! viol5t prejudices excit$ aga9/ u1 & ! increas$ difficulties caus$ by ^! prejudices1 ! result is /ill su* z to ju/ify ! attempt :i* has be5 made1 & to %[ t 9 ! ma9 features1 if n 9 all ! details1 ! sy/em hi!rto foll[$ is good1 & ought to be pursu$4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! circum/ances ( ?is railway1 to :i* ,i w\ld m p>ticul>ly ref]1 & :i* h frequ5tly be5 m5tion$1 consi/s 9 ! unusually fav\rable gradi5ts & curves :i* we h be5 able to obta94 ,) ! capability ( c>ry+ ! l9e upw>ds ( fifty miles out ( ,london on almo/ a dead level1 & )\t any objectionable curve1 & hav+ beyond ?is1 & = ! :ole di/ance to ,bri/ol1 excell5t gradi5ts1 x 0 ?\ght t unusually high spe$ might easily be atta9$1 & t ! v l>ge ext5t ( pass5g] traffic :i* su* a l9e w\ld c]ta9ly comm& w\ld ensure a return = any advantages :i* c\ld be (f]$ to ! public1 ei!r 9 increas$ spe$ or increas$ accommodations4 ,) ?is view e possible att5tion 0 paid to ! improvem5t ( ! l9e z orig9ally laid d[n 9 ! p>liam5t>y plans4 ,we ultimately succe$$ 9 det]m9+ a maximum gradi5t ( #d feet p] mile1 :i* c\ld be ma9ta9$ = ! unusual di/ance1 be=e m5tion$1 ( upw>ds ( fifty miles f ,london1 & also betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,ba?1 compreh5d+ ^? p>ts ( ! l9e on :i* ! pr9cipal portion ( ! pass5g] traffic w be c>ri$4 ,! atta9m5t ( high spe$ appe>$ to involve ! "q ( ! wid? ( gauge1 & on ?is po9t accord+ly ,i express$ my op9ion at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t #d feet #h in*es1 ! wid? adopt$ on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway1 is exactly ! prop] wid? = all railways1 & t to adopt any o!r dim5sion is to deviate f a positive rule :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ correct2 b su* an ass]tion c be ma9ta9$ by no reason+4 ,admitt+1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 t1 "u ! p>ticul> circum/ances 9 :i* x has be5 tri$1 #d feet #h in*es has be5 prov$ ! be/ possible dim5sion1 ! "q w\ld /ill rema9--,:at are ! be/ dim5sions "u ! circum/ances8 ,al?\gh a bread? ( #d feet #h in*es has be5 f\nd to create a c]ta9 resi/ance on curves ( a c]ta9 radius1 a great] bread? w\ld produce only ! same resi/ance on curves ( great] radius4 ,if c>riages & eng9es1 & m p>ticul>ly if :eels & axles ( a c]ta9 weight1 h n be5 f\nd inconv5i5t ^u "o railway1 great] weights may be employ$ & ! same results obta9$ on a railway ) bett] gradi5ts4 ,to adopt a gauge ( ! same numb] ( in*es on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway z on ! ,gr& ,junction ,railway1 w\ld 9 fact am\nt practically to ! use ( a diff]5t gauge 9 simil> railways4 ,! gauge :i* is well adapt$ to ! "o is n well adapt$ to ! o!r1 unless1 inde$1 "s my/]i\s cause exi/s :i* has nev] yet be5 expla9$ = ! empirical law :i* w\ld fix ! gauge "u all circum/ances4 ,=tunately ?is no long] requires to be argu$1 z too _m au?orities may n[ be quot$ 9 support ( a v consid]able deviation f ?is prescrib$ wid?1 & 9 e case ?is *ange has be5 an increase4 ,i take x = grant$ t1 9 det]m9+ ! dim5sions 9 ea* case1 due reg>d has be5 _h to ! curves & gradi5ts ( ! l9e1 :i* ought to =m a mo/ ess5tial1 if n ! pr9cipal1 condition4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,commission]s ^u ,iri% ,railways1 ! argum5ts are id5tically ! same ) ^? :i* ,i us$ :5 fir/ address+ y on ! subject 9 my ,report ( ,octob] #ahce4 ,! me*anical advantage to be ga9$ by increas+ ! diamet] ( ! c>riage-:eels is po9t$ out1 ! necessity1 to atta9 ?is1 ( increas+ ! wid? ( way1 ! dim5sions ( ! bridges1 tunnels1 & o!r pr9cipal works1 n be+ mat]ially affect$ by ?is2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! circum/ance :i* limits ?is increase be+ ! curves on ! l9e1 & ! increas$ proportional resi/ance on incl9ations 7& on ?is acc\nt x is /at$ to be almo/ solely applicable to v level l9es72 &1 la/ly1 ! increas$ exp5se1 :i* c\ld be ju/ifi$ only by a great traffic4 ,! :ole is cle>ly argu$ 9 a g5]al po9t ( view1 & !n appli$ to ! p>ticul> case1 & ! result ( ?is application is ! recomm5dation ( ! adoption ( #f feet #b in*es on ! ,iri% railways4 ,?us1 an increase 9 ! bread? ( way to atta9 "o p>ticul> object--viz4 ! capability ( increas+ ! diamet] ( ! c>riage-:eels )\t rais+ ! bodies ( ! c>riages--is admitt$ to be mo/ desirable1 b is limit$ by c]ta9 circum/ances1 namely1 ! gradi5ts & curves ( ! l9e1 & ! ext5t ( traffic4 ,e argum5t "h adduc$1 & e calculation made1 w\ld t5d to ! adoption ( ab\t #g feet on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,! gradi5ts ( ! l9es laid d[n by ! ,iri% ,commission are consid]ably /eep] ?an ^? ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 & f\r & five times ! incl9ation ( ^? on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway2 ! curves are by no means ( v l>ge radius1 & inde$ ! ,commission]s1 aft] fix+ ! gauge ( #f feet #b in*es1 express _! op9ion1 t ^u exam9ation into ! "q ( curves1 ) a view to economy1 !y d n f9d t ! effect is s injuri\s z might h be5 anticipat$1 & imply !re=e t curves1 g5]ally consid]$ ( small radius on our ,engli% l9es1 are n incompatible ) ! #f feet #b in* gauge2 &1 la/ly1 ! traffic1 in/ead ( be+ unusually l>ge1 s z to ju/ify any exp5se beyond t absolutely requir$1 is su* z to r5d] assi/ance f ,gov]nm5t necess>y to ensure a return = ! capital emb>k$4 ,z comp>$ ) ?is1 :at are ! circum/ances 9 our case8 ,! object to be atta9$ is ! plac+ an ord9>y coa* body1 :i* is upw>ds ( #f feet #f in*es 9 wid?1 betwe5 ! :eels4 ,?is necess>ily involves a gauge ( rail ( ab\t #f feet #aj in*es to #f feet #aa in*es1 b #g feet all[s ( its be+ done easily2 x all[s1 moreov]1 ( a diff]5t arrangem5t ( ! body3 x admits all sorts ( c>riages1 /age-coa*es1 & c>ts to be c>ri$ betwe5 ! :eels4 ,& :at are ! limits 9 ! case ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 z comp>$ to ^? on ,iri% railways8 ,gradi5ts ( "o-fif? ! incl9ation1 v fav\rable curves1 & probably ! l>ge/ traffic 9 ,engl&4 ,i ?9k x unnecess>y to say ano!r ^w to %[ t ! ,iri% ,commission]s w\ld h arriv$ at #g feet on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway by exactly ! same tra9 ( argum5t t l$ !m to adopt #f feet #b in*es 9 ! case !n be=e !m4 ,all ^! argum5ts 7 advanc$ by me 9 my fir/ ,report to y1 & ! subject 0 well consid]$4 ,! circum/ance ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & o!r pr9cipal railways likely to ext5d beyond x1 hav+ no connection ) o!r l9es !n made1 leav+ u free f any prescrib$ dim5sion1 ! #g-;feet gauge 0 ultimately det]m9$ ^u4 ,_m objections 7 c]ta9ly urg$ aga9/ x3 ! deviation f ! e/abli%$ #d feet #h in*es 0 !n consid]$ z ! ab&onm5t ( ! pr9ciple3 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 a m]e ass]tion1 unsupport$ ev5 by plausible argum5t1 & 0 gradually disus$2 b objections 7 /ill urg$1 t ! orig9al co/ ( con/ruction ( all ! works connect$ ) ! =mation ( ! l9e mu/ be greatly increas$2 t ! c>riages mu/ be s mu* /rong]2 t !y w\ld be proportionally heavi]2 t !y w\ld n run r\nd ! curves1 & w\ld be m liable to run (f ! rails2 & p>ticul>ly1 t ! increas$ l5g? ( ! axles w\ld r5d] !m liable to be brok53 & ^! objections 7 n advanc$ z difficulties :i*1 z exi/+ 9 all railways1 might be some:at increas$ by ! increase ( gauge1 b z peculi> to ?is1 & fatal to ! sy/em4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ objection1 namely1 ! increas$ co/ 9 ! orig9al con/ruction ( ! l9e1 if !re be any1 x is a "q ( calculation :i* is easily e/imat$1 & 0 s e/imat$ be=e ! increas$ gauge 0 det]m9$ ^u4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 preconceiv$ op9ions h be5 all[$ weight 9 lieu ( argum5ts & calculations2 cause & effect are mix$ up1 & )\t mu* consid]ation x 0 assum$ at once t an increas$ gauge necess>ily involv$ increas$ wid? ( way1 & dim5sions ( bridges1 tunnels1 c4 ,yet su* is n ! case )9 ! limits we are n[ treat+ (3 a #g-;feet rail requires no wid] bridge or tunnel ?an a #e-;feet2 ! bread? is gov]n$ by a maximum wid? all[$ = a load$ waggon1 or ! l>ge/ load to be c>ri$ on ! railway1 & ! cle> space to be all[$ on ei!r side beyond ?is4 ,on ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway ?is total bread? is only #i feet #aj in*es1 & ! bridge & viaducts ne$ only h be5 twice ?is1 or #ai feet #h in*es2 #i feet #aj in*es 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 r too small1 & 9 ! ,london & ,birm+ham1 ) ! same wid? ( way1 ?is 0 increas$ to #aa feet by wid5+ ! int]val betwe5 ! two rails4 ,9 ! space ( #aa feet1 all[$ = ea* rail1 a #g-;feet gauge might be plac$ j z well z a #e-;feet1 leav+ ! bridges1 tunnels1 & viaducts exactly ! same2 b #aa feet 0 ?\ght by "s /ill too n>r[3 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ?is b>ely all[s a wid? ( #aj feet = loads1 :e!r ( cotton1 wool1 agricultural produce1 or o!r light goods1 & :i* are liable also to be displac$ 9 travell+1 #ac feet 7:i* has be5 fix$ ^u 9 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & :i* limits ! maximum bread?1 "u any circum/ances1 to ab\t #ab feet7 w n be f\nd excessive4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! m9imum wid?1 actually requir$ "u bridges & tunnels1 #bf feet in/ead ( #bb feet1 & n ! increas$ gauge4 ,! e>?work is slightly affect$ by ! gauge1 b only to ! ext5t ( #b feet on ! embankm5t1 & n q s mu* 9 ! cutt+s2 b :at1 9 practice1 has be5 ! result8 ,! bridges ov] ! railway on ! ,london & ,birm+ham are #cj feet1 & ! wid? ( viaducts #bh feet2 on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway !y are bo? #cj feet2 no great exp5se is !re=e incurr$ on ^! items1 & c]ta9ly a v small "o comp>$ to ! increas$ space ga9$1 :i*1 z ,i h /at$1 is f #aj to #ab feet4 ,9 ! tunnels exi/s ! greate/ diff]5ce2 on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 :i* ,i ref] to z be+ ! be/ & mo/ analog\s case to t ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 ! tunnels are #bd feet wide4 ,on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ! con/ant wid? ( #cj feet is ma9ta9$1 m ) a view ( dim9i%+ ! objections to tunnels1 & ma9ta9+ ! same m9imum space :i* h]eaft] may =m a limit to ! size & =m ( ev]y?+ c>ri$ on ! railway1 ?an f su* a wid? be+ absolutely necess>y4 ,)\t pret5d+ to f9d fault ) ! dim5sions fix$1 & :i* h1 no d\bt1 be5 well consid]$1 ^u ! works on o!r l9es1 ,i may /ate t ! pr9ciple :i* has gov]n$ has be5 to fix ! m9imum wid?1 & to make all ! works ! same1 consid]+ x unnecess>y to h a great] wid? betwe5 ! p>apet walls ( a viaduct1 :i* admits ( be+ alt]$1 ?an betwe5 ! sides ( a tunnel :i* _c be alt]$4 ,! embankm5ts on ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway are #bf feet1 on ! ,great ,we/]n #cj feet1 mak+ an excess ( ab\t six & a half p] c5t4 on ! actual quantity ( e>?work4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( l& requir$ is "u half an acre to a mile4 ,on ! :ole1 ! increas$ dim5sions f #aj to #ab feet w n cause any av]age increas$ exp5se 9 ! con/ruction ( ! works1 & pur*ase ( l&1 ( above sev5 p] c5t4--eight p] c5t4 hav+ orig9ally be5 assum$ 9 my ,report 9 #ahce z ! excess to be provid$ =4 ,) respect to ! weight ( ! c>riages1 al?\gh we h :eels ( #d feet diamet]1 in/ead ( #c feet1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 involves an increas$ weight q indep5d5t ( ! increase ( wid?1 & al?\gh ! space all[$ = ea* pass5g] is a trifle m1 & ! height ( ! body great]1 yet ! gross weight p] pass5g] is some:at less4 ,tons cwt4 qrs4 lbs4 ,a ,birm+ham fir/-class coa* weighs #c #ag #b #j ,:i* ) #ah pass5g]s at #ae to ! ton #a #d #j #j ---------------- #e #a #b #j ,or #fca lbs4 p] pass5g] ,a ,great ,we/]n fir/-class weighs #d #ad #j #j ,& ) #bd pass5g]s #a #ab #j #j ---------------- #f #f #j #j ,or #ehh lbs4 p] pass5g] ,& our #f-:eel$ fir/-class #f #aa #j #j ,) #cb pass5g]s #b #b #b #j ---------------- #h #ac #b #j ,or #fjj lbs4 p] pass5g] ,be+ an av]age ( #eid lbs4 on ! two c>riages4 ,?is sav+ ( weight does n arise f ! increas$ wid?1 & is not)/&+ ! increas$ /r5g? ( ! fram+ & ! increas$ diamet] & weight ( ! :eels2 ,i h n weigh$ our second-class op5 c>riages1 b ,i %\ld ?9k ! same proportion w\ld exi/4 ,z to ! break+ ( axles or runn+ (f ! l9e1 ! practical result has be5 t1 f "s cause or o!r1 we h be5 almo/ p]fectly free f ^? v objections :i* h be5 felt s s]i\sly on "s o!r l9es4 ,f> f break+ any eng9e axles1 n ev5 a s+le crank$ axle has be5 /ra9$1 al?\gh ! eng9es h be5 subject$ to r sev]e trials4 ,"o ( our l>ge/ hav+1 a %ort "t back1 be5 s5t along ! l9e at night1 :5 x 0 n expect$1 came 9 collision ) "s balla/ waggons1 & 0 ?r[n (f ! l9e ne>ly #f feet2 none ( ! axles 7 b5t1 or ev5 /ra9$ 9 ! lea/1 al?\gh ! front ( ! c>riage1 a piece ( oak ( v l>ge scantl+1 0 %att]$4 ,aft] t5 weeks' runn+1 "o solit>y in/ance has occurr$ ( a c>riage 9 a tra9 gett+ (f ! l9e & dragg+ ano!r ) x1 & :i* 0 n discov]$ till aft] runn+ a mile & a half4 ,z ! c>riage 0 9 ! middle ( ! tra91 & "o end ( ! axle 0 ?r[n completely out ( ! axle gu>d1 !re mu/ evid5tly h be5 "s extraord9>y cause--possibly a plank ?r[n across ! railway by a bl[ f ! c>riage :i* prec$$1 & :i* might h produc$ ! same effect on any railway2 & at any rate x 0 a /rong trial to ! axle1 :i* 0 n brok51 b m]ely re/or$ to its place1 & ! c>riage s5t on to ,london4 ,! same mode ( reason+ :i* has by "s be5 us$ 9 fav\r ( ! #d feet #h in*es gauge1 if appli$ "h1 w\ld prove t long axles are /rong] ?an %ort1 & wide rails be/ adapt$ = curves4 ,all t ,i ?9k prov$1 h[ev]1 is ?is--t ! increas$ t5d5cy ( ! axles to break1 or ( ! :eels to run (f ! rails1 is s slight t x is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! increas$ /ead9ess f ! wid? ( ! base1 & ! abs5ce ( ^? viol5t /ra9s :i* arise f irregul>ity on ! gauge & ! h>%ness ( ! ord9>y con/ruction ( rails4 ,9 fact1 n "o ( ! objections orig9ally urg$ aga9/ ! practical work+ ( ! wide gauge has be5 f\nd to exi/1 :ile ! object s\ght = is obta9$1 namely1 ! capability ( increas+ at any future p]iod ! diamet] ( ! :eels1 :i* _c be done1 h[ev] desirable x may h]eaft] be f\nd1 ) ! old wid? ( rail4 ,?is may be said to be only prospective2 b1 9 ! meantime1 cont+5t advantages are s5sibly felt 9 ! increas$ lat]al /ead9ess ( ! c>riages & eng9es1 & ! great] space :i* is af=d$ = ! works ( ! locomotives4 ,& "h ,i wi% p>ticul>ly to call y\r att5tion to ! fact t ?is prospective advantage--?is abs5ce ( a mo/ inconv5i5t limit to ! r$uction ( ! friction1 :i*1 ) our gradi5ts1 =ms f\r-fif?s or eighty p] c5t4 ( ! total resi/ance--0 ! object s\ght =1 & t1 at ! "t ( recomm5d+ x1 ,i expressly /at$ z foll[s3--#8,i am n by any means prep>$ at pres5t to recomm5d any p>ticul> size ( :eel1 or ev5 any great increase ( ! pres5t dim5sions4 ,i believe !y w be mat]ially increas$2 b my great object w\ld be 9 e possible way to r5d] ea* "p capable ( improvem5t1 & to remove :at appe>s an ob/acle to any great progress 9 su* a v important po9t z ! diamet] ( ! :eels1 ^u :i* ! resi/ance1 :i* gov]ns ! co/ ( transport & ! spe$ t may be obta9$1 s mat]ially dep5ds4' ,^! advantages 7 consid]$ important by y1 !y are n[ consid]$ s by _m o!rs2 & c]ta9ly ev]y?+ :i* has occurr$ 9 ! practical work+ ( ! l9e confirms me 9 my conviction t we h secur$ a mo/ valuable p[] to ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & t x w\ld be folly to ab&on x4 ,! next po9t ,i %all consid] is ! con/ruction ( ! eng9es1 ! modifications 9 :i*1 necess>y to adapt !m to high] spe$s ?an usual1 h1 l ! increas$ wid? ( gauge1 be5 condemn$ z innovations4 ,i %all n attempt to argue ) ^? :o consid] any increase ( spe$ unnecess>y4 ,! public w always pref] t conveyance :i* is mo/ p]fect1 & spe$ )9 reasonable limits is a mat]ial +r$i5t 9 p]fection 9 travell+4 ,a rate ( ?irty-five to =ty miles an h\r is n unfrequ5tly atta9$ at pres5t on o!r railways 9 desc5d+ planes1 or ) light loads on a level1 & is f\nd practically to be att5d$ ) no inconv5i5ce4 ,to ma9ta9 su* a spe$ ) regul>ity on a level l9e1 ) mod]ate loads1 is !re=e q practicable1 & unque/ionably desirable4 ,) ?is view ! eng9es 7 con/ruct$1 b no?+ new 0 requir$ or recomm5d$ by me4 ,a c]ta9 velocity ( ! pi/on is consid]$ ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,! eng9es int5d$ = sl[ spe$s h always _h ! driv+ :eels small 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,! fa/] eng9es h _h a diff]5t proportion2 ! :eels h be5 l>g]1 or ! /rokes ( ! pi/on %ort]4 ,f ! some:at clamor\s objections rais$ aga9/ ! l>ge :eels1 & ! con/ruction ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway eng9es1 & ! op9ions r freely express$ ( my judgm5t 9 direct+ ?is con/ruction1 x w\ld naturally be suppos$ t "s e/abli%$ pr9ciple _h be5 dep>t$ f1 & t ,i _h recomm5d$ ?is dep>ture4 ,! facts are1 t a c]ta9 velocity ( pi/on be+ f\nd mo/ advantage\s1 ,i fix$ ?is velocity1 s t ! eng9es %\ld be adapt$ to run ?irty-five miles an h\r1 & capable ( runn+ =ty--z ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway eng9es are be/ calculat$ = tw5ty to tw5ty-five1 b capable ( runn+ easily up to ?irty & ?irty-five miles p] h\r2 & fix+ also ! load :i* ! eng9e 0 to be capable ( draw+1 ,i left ! =m ( con/ruction & ! proportions entirely to ! manufactur]s1 /ipulat+ m]ely t !y %\ld submit detail draw+s to me = my approval4 ,?is 0 ! sub/ance ( ! circul>1 :i*1 ) y\r sanction1 0 s5t to sev]al ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ manufactur]s4 ,mo/ ( ^! manufactur]s1 ( _! own accord1 & )\t previ\s communication ) me1 adopt$ ! l>ge :eels1 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! spe$ requir$4 ,! recomm5dation com+ f su* qu>t]s1 !re c be no necessity = def5d+ my op9ion 9 its fav\r2 nei!r h ,i n[ ! slighte/ d\bt ( its correctness4 ,z x has be5 suppos$ t ! manufactur]s may h be5 compell$ or induc$ by me to adopt c]ta9 modes ( con/ruction1 or c]ta9 dim5sions1 9 o!r p>ts by a specification--a practice :i* has be5 adopt$ on "s l9es--& t ^! re/rictions may h emb>rass$ !m1 ,i %\ld wi% to take ?is opportunity to /ate di/9ctly t su* is n ! case4 ,i h inde$ /rongly recomm5d$ to _! consid]ation ! advantages ( hav+ v l>ge & well-=m$ /eam passages1 :i* g5]ally !y h adopt$1 & ) good results2 & ) ?is s+le exception1 if x c be consid]$ "o1 !y h be5 left unfett]$ by me 7p]haps too mu* s7 & un9flu5c$1 except inde$ by ! prejudices & fe>s ( ^? by :om !y h be5 surr\nd$1 :i* h by no means dim9i%$ ! difficulties ,i h _h to cont5d )4 ,! pr9cipal proportions ( ^! eng9es be+ ^? :i* h be5 recomm5d$ by ! mo/ able exp]im5tali/s & writ]s1 & ^! hav+ be5 adopt$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ mak]s1 x is difficult to und]/& :o c con/itute !mselves objectors1 or :at c be _! objections4 ,ev5 if ^! eng9es _h n be5 f\nd effective1 at lea/ x mu/ be admitt$ t ! be/ & mo/ lib]al means _h be5 adopt$ to procure !m2 b ,i am f> f ask+ su* an admission4 ,! eng9es1 ,i ?9k1 h prov$ to be well adapt$ to ! p>ticul> task = :i* !y 7 calculat$--namely1 high spe$s--b circum/ances prev5t _! be+ b5eficially appli$ to ?is purpose at pres5t1 & !y are1 !re=e1 work+ "u great disadvantages4 ,an eng9e con/ruct$ expressly = a high velocity _c1 ( c\rse1 be well adapt$ to ex]t great p[] at a l[ spe$2 nei!r c x be well adapt$ = /opp+ frequ5tly & rega9+ its spe$4 ,b su* 0 n ! int5tion :5 ^! eng9es 7 made1 nei!r w x be ! case :5 ! arrangem5ts on ! l9e are complete2 9 ! meantime1 our av]age rate ( travell+ is mu* great] ?an x 0 ei!r on ! ,gr& ,junction or ! ,birm+ham ,railway )9 ! same p]iod ( ! op5+4 ,i h b "o s]i\s objection to make to our pres5t eng9es1 & = ?is1 /range z x may seem1 ,i feel t we are ma9ly indebt$ to ^? :o h be5 mo/ l\d 9 _! compla9ts--,i ref] to ! unnecess>y weight ( ! eng9es4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! wide gauge :i* involves any consid]able increas$ weight 9 ! eng9e4 ,an eng9e ( ! same p[] & capacity = spe$1 :e!r = a #d-;feet #h-;in* rail1 or = a #g-;feet rail1 w h id5tically ! same boil]1 ! same fire-box1 ! same cyl9d] & pi/on1 & o!r work+ ge>1 ! same side frames1 & ! same :eels2 ! axles & ! cross-fram+ w alone diff]1 & ^u ^! alone ne$ !re be any increase2 b1 if ^! 7 d\bl$ 9 weight1 ! diff]5ce ^u ! :ole eng9e w\ld be immat]ial4 ,b ! repeat$ ass]tion1 frequ5tly pr(ess+ to come f exp]i5c$ au?orities1 & repeat$ until x 0 suppos$ to be prov$1 t ! increas$ gauge mu/ require increas$ /r5g? & great p[]1 0 n )\t its indirect effect ^u ! manufactur]s4 ,unnecess>y dim5sions h be5 giv5 to _m p>ts1 & ! weight !reby increas$--r t5d+1 z ,i believe1 to dim9i% ?an to add to ! /r5g? ( ! :ole4 ,i ?\ght !n1 & ,i believe n[1 t x w\ld h be5 unwise 9 ?is case to h resi/$ ! g5]al op9ion1 & tak5 ^u myself ! responsibility :i* belong$ to ! manufactur]s2 b ,i ne$ n n[ hesitate to say t a v consid]able r$uction may be effect$1 & t no su* unusual precautions are necess>y to meet ^! anticipat$ /ra9s & resi/ances--su* be+1 9 fact1 imag9>y4 ,x _c surprise anybody t1 "u su* circum/ances1 att5tion 0 m occupi$ 9 endeav\r+ to meet ^! imag9>y prejudic$ objections1 ?an 9 boldly tak+ advantage ( ! new circum/ances1 & t a piece ( ma*9]y con/ruct$ "u su* disadvantages 0 n likely to be a fair sample ( :at might be done4 ,i am happy to say1 h[ev]1 t ! result ( ! trials t h be5 made has entirely de/roy$ all cr$it 9 ^! al>mi/s ) ! manufactur]1 & t we may hope 9 future to h ! b5efits ( ! free ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce & practical k ( eng9e-manufactur]s4 ,! mode ( lay+ ! rails is ! next po9t :i* ,i %all consid]4 ,x may appe> /range t ,i %\ld aga9 9 ?is case disclaim hav+ attempt$ any?+ p]fectly new2 yet reg>d to tru? compels me to d s4 ,i h recomm5d$1 9 ! case ( ! ,great ,we/]n1 ! pr9ciple ( a cont9u\s be>+ ( timb] "u ! rail1 in/ead ( isolat$ supports--an old sy/em rec5tly reviv$1 & z su* ,i describ$ x 9 my ,report ( ,janu>y #ahcf2 ! result ( _m hundr$ miles laid 9 ?is mann] 9 ,am]ica1 & ( "s deta*$ portions ( railways 9 ,engl&1 0 q suffici5t to prove t ! sy/em 0 att5d$ ) _m advantages2 b s9ce we fir/ adopt$ x ^! pro(s h be5 multipli$--!re ne$ n[ be no appreh5sion4 ,!re are railways 9 full "w1 ^u :i* ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ suffici5tly to prove beyond d\bt1 to ^? will+ to be conv9c$1 t a p]man5t way 9 cont9u\s be>+s ( wood may be con/ruct$1 9 :i* ! motion w be mu* smoo!r1 ! noise less1 & consequ5tly--= !y are effects produc$ by ! same cause--! we> & te> ( ! ma*9]y mu* less4 ,su* a plan is c]ta9ly be/ adapt$ = high spe$s1 & ?is is ! sy/em recomm5d$ by me & adopt$ on our road4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 diff]5t modes ( con/ruction1 & t :i* ,i h adopt$ z an improvem5t ^u o!rs may1 on ! contr>y1 be att5d$ ) disadvantages4 ,= ! sy/em ,i w /r5u\sly cont5d4 ,b ,i %\ld be sorry to ent] ) any su* det]m9$ feel+ into a discussion ( ! m]its ( ! p>ticul> mode ( con/ruction4 ,i w\ld ref] to my la/ ,report = ! reasons :i* influ5c$ me1 & ! objects ,i _h 9 view 9 introduc+ ! pil+2 t "p :i* _h be5 made "u my own eye answ]$ fully all my expectations4 ,"h ! piles did answ] _! purpose1 & no inconv5i5ce result$ f _! use4 ,! difficulties :i* we h s9ce enc\nt]$1 ! bad /ate 9 :i* ! l9e 0 = a consid]able "t1 & :i* is only rec5tly improv$1 h und\bt$ly be5 aggravat$1 if n caus$1 by ^! piles2 b n1 z ,i believe1 f a defect 9 ! pr9ciple z appli$ 9 our case1 :]e ! l9e is mo/ly 9 cutt+1 or on ! surface1 b f defective execution2 =1 not)/&+ ! det]m9ation to all[ suffici5t "t = ?is mo/ important op]ation1 yet1 to make up = previ\s delays & loss ( "t1 x became necess>y at la/ to =ce =w>d ! "w m rapidly ?an 0 at all consi/5t ) due c>e 9 ! execution2 & dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod ,i 0 mo/ un=tunately prev5t$ by a s]i\s accid5t f ev5 see+ ! "w almo/ until ! day ( op5+1 :5 ,i ought to h p]sonally sup]9t5d$ ! :ole4 ,i d n mean t ! "w 0 neglect$ by ^? ^: duty x 0 to supply my place--f> f x2 b 9 su* a case1 a new "w _c be prop]ly direct$ except "u ! eye ( ! ma/]4 ,foll[+ exactly ! plan :i* _h succe$$ on ! fir/ piece complet$1 sev]al s]i\s faults 7 committ$4 ,a mu* great] d5sity & firmness ( pack+ is requir$ ?an 0 previ\sly suppos$2 ! mode ( pack+ adopt$1 & ! mat]ial select$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 h prov$ defective else:]e2 & ov] a great ext5t 9 ! l9e1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! clay cutt+s1 & :]e ! "w 0 at la/ mo/ hurri$1 x has be5 badly execut$4 ,b _m p>ts h /ood well f ! comm5cem5t2 o!rs are fa/ improv+2 & ,i h ! satisfaction1 al?\gh a v pa9ful "o1 ( see+ t if1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a f\ndation ( co>se gravel _h be5 ev]y:]e well ramm$ 9 be=e ! timb]s _h be5 laid1 & ! pack+ =m$ ^u ?is1 we %\ld1 f ! outset1 h obta9$ z solid a road z we h n[ ov] a great "p ( ! l9e4 ,:at we h be5 able to effect s9ce ! op5+ ( ! l9e has necess>ily be5 a sl[1 exp5sive1 & labori\s op]ation4 ,we h be5 compell$ to op5 ! gr\nd1 & excavate x to a dep? ( #ah in*es "u ! longitud9al timb]s1 & ?is )\t int]rupt+ ! traffic3 to remove ! :ole ( ! mat]ial ?us obta9$ f (f ! l9e1 & to replace x by co>se balla/2 & n hav+ ! means ( suffici5tly consolidat+ ?is balla/ by ramm+ :ile ! timb] is 9 its place1 ! pack+ has to be repeat$ once or twice aft] x has be5 compress$ by ! pass+ ( ! tra9s4 ,?is new pack+1 h[ev]1 does /&1 & 9 a few weeks ,i expect ! l9e w be 9 a v diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* x has be51 or inde$ n[ is4 ,f :at ,i h describ$ z ! result :i* c n[ be1 & might h be51 obta9$ f ! comm5cem5t1 x w be inf]r$ t ,i am dispos$ /ill to def5d ! sy/em ( pil+4 ,i c]ta9ly c\ld n ab&on x f conviction ( its ineffici5cy1 = ,i see pro(s ( ! contr>y2 & ,i feel t "u simil> circum/ances ,i c\ld n[ prev5t ! mis*ief :i* has occurr$4 ,^u t portion ( ! l9e :]e ! p]man5t way mu/ next be =m$1 pil+ c\ld n be resort$ to1 ! gr\nd be+ a solid h>d *alk = _m miles4 ,i _h int5d$1 h[ev]1 recomm5d+ ! same pr9ciple1 b 9 a diff]5t =m1 hold+ d[n ! longitud9als by small iron rods driv5 into ! *alk2 b ! same objection c\ld n exi/1 because ! *alk _c yield "u ! timb]s l clay1 or ev5 gravel4 ,b ,i %\ld wi% mo/ anxi\sly to avoid any?+ l an ob/9ate adh]5ce to a plan1 if ! object :i* ,i believe ess5tial c be obta9$ by o!r means1 p>ticul>ly :51 t plan be+ my own1 ,i may be some:at prejudic$ 9 its fav\r4 ,i f9d t ! sy/em ( pil+ involves consid]able exp5ses 9 ! fir/ con/ruction1 & requires p]haps too great a p]fection 9 ! :ole "w1 & t if ! :ole or a "p ( ?is co/ 7 exp5d$ 9 increas$ scantl+ ( timb] & weight ( metal1 t a v solid cont9u\s rail w\ld be =m$4 ,= ?is z a pr9ciple1 z = ! wid? ( gauge1 ,i am prep>$ to cont5d1 & to /& or fall by x1 believ+ x to be a mo/ ess5tial improvem5t1 :]e high spe$s are to be obta9$4 ,i /rongly urge ^u y n to hesitate ^u ^! two ma9 po9ts1 :i*1 comb9$ ) :at may be t]m$ ! natural advantages ( ! l9e1 w ev5tually secure to y a sup]iority :i*1 "u o!r circum/ances1 _c be obta9$4 ,z reg>ds ! exp5se ( =m+ ! p]man5t way on ?is pr9ciple1 ,i am q prep>$ to ma9ta9 :at ,i h on a =m] occasion advanc$3 t ev5 on ! sy/em :i* we h adopt$ betwe5 ,london & ,maid5head1 ! total co/ does n mat]ially exce$ t ( a well-con/ruct$ l9e ) /one blocks4 ,i did n make 9 ! outset an exact e/imate ( ! co/ ( ei!r mode2 ,i 0 unable to obta9 ! co/ :i* has actually be5 incurr$ on o!r l9es2 b a comp>ative e/imate 0 made1 & ! result ( t comp>ison l$ me to /ate t ! "o might exce$ ! o!r by #ejjl4 a mile4 ,! actual co/ ( our p]man5t way appe>s1 by ! detail$ acc\nt :i* has be5 made out1 to h be5 above #i1jjjl41 includ+ exp5ses ( "u-dra9+ & =m+ ! surfaces :i* _c be includ$ 9 ! co/ giv5 9 o!r cases1 because t dra9age 7al?\gh ,i believe g5]ally =m+ "p ( ! plan7 is n yet con/ruct$4 ,?is sum includes ! sid+s at ! /ations1 swit*es1 jo9ts1 & o!r cont+5cies1 & also ! exp5ses incurr$ dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( work+ ! l9e1 & :i*1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 consi/$ 9 remov+ & replac+ "w :i* _h be5 improp]ly execut$4 ,^! items w make a consid]able r$uction2 & besides ^!1 l>g] r$uctions may be effect$ 9 p>ts ( ! "w :i* 7 new1 &1 f ! circum/ances naturally att5d+ a fir/ attempt1 7 n s economically conduct$ z !y might be1 or inde$1 z !y 7 t[>ds ! close ( ! works1 :5 ! diff]5t p>ts 7 let by contract4 ,tak+ ! prices at :i* ! "w 0 latt]ly actually execut$1 #h1jjjl4 p] mile w\ld be a lib]al all[ance = our future proce$+1 ev5 adopt+ ! same sy/em2 & ) a modifi$ sy/em1 su* z t sugge/$ ( simple longitud9al be>]s ( l>ge scantl+1 & a rail ( fifty-f\r p\nds p] y>d1 at ! pres5t high price ( iron1 ! co/1 calculat$ ^u our actual pa/ exp5diture1 w\ld n exce$ #g1djjl4 p] mile4 ,?is1 ,i am aw>e1 is a l>g] sum ?an t :i* has usually be5 assum$ z ! co/ ( ! p]man5t way4 ,i _c prove t o!rs h co/ m1 or ev5 s mu* z ?is1 z ,i h no?+ b ! publi%$ acc\nts to ref] to2 b ?is ,i c /ate1 & prove if necess>y1 t rails & blocks1 su* z are n[ be+ adopt$ on ! ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool ,railway1 w\ld ^u our l9e co/ at lea/ z mu*4 ,! prime co/ ( rails & *airs deliv]$ on ! l9e w\ld alone am\nt to half ! money2 & no?+ is1 p]haps1 m c]ta9 ?an t ! exp]i5ce ( o!r l9es )9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s has prov$ t ?is "p ( ! con/ruction ( a railway is unavoidably mu* m exp5sive ?an 0 ev] calculat$ = at ! "t our e/imates 7 made4 ,i am1 g5tlem51 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 7,sign$7 ,i4 ,k4 ,,brunel4 ,,app5dix ,,ii4 7,see ,*apt] ,,ix4 on ! #8,great ,brita9' ,/eam-,%ip1 p4 #bed47 ,report to ! ,directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company4 ,octob] #ahdj4 ,,g5tlem51--,i h n[ ! pleasure to lay be=e y ! result ( ! diff]5t exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made1 & ( ! be/ consid]ation ,i h be5 enabl$ to give to ! subject ( ! screw propell]4 ,! obs]vations :i* ,i h to make are naturally divid$ "u two pr9cipal heads1 namely3 fir/1 ! simple "q ( ! applicability & effici5cy ( ! screw consid]$ m]ely z a means ( propell+ a vessel1 comp>$ ) ! ord9>y paddle:eel2 &1 secondly1 ! g5]al advantages or disadvantages att5d+ its use4 ,! consid]ation ( ! comp>ative effici5cy ( ! screw z a means ( propell+1 ( c\rse embraces ! :ole "q1 n m]ely ( ! effect produc$1 b also t ( ! proportionate p[] absorb$ 9 produc+ t effect4 ,) respect to ! m]e effect ( a screw1 ! p]=mance ( ! #8,ar*im$es' has prov$1 9 a satisfactory & und5iable mann]1 t a screw act+ aga9/ ! wat] ) a surface ev5 mu* small] ?an t (f]$ by ! paddle-bo>ds ( a well-proportion$ paddle:eel1 w propel ! %ip at a v fair spe$1 b at :at exp5se ( p[] ?is effect has be5 produc$ is n s evid5t4 ,i %all fir/ exam9e into ! pr9cipal cause ( :at am\nts practically to a loss ( p[]1 & :i* is common 9 a great] or less degree to all modes ( propell+ a vessel by ex]t+ a pressure aga9/ ! wat] z aga9/ a fix$ po9t4 ,! resi/ance1 :e!r to ! surface ( a screw1 or ( a paddle-bo>d1 or ( ! blade ( an o>1 or any o!r propell+ body1 (f]$ by ! fluid aga9/ :i* x acts1 is ( c\rse n p]fect1 & !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( yield+1 commonly call$ ! slip1 ( ! paddle:eel2 ! am\nt ?us slipp$ causes a consid]able wa/e ( p[]1 inasmu* z ! full p[] ( ! eng9e is exp5d$ ?r\gh ! entire space pass$ ov] by ! paddles or o!r propell+ surface1 :ile ! useful effect produc$ is only equal to ! same p[] exp5d$ ov] ! space ?r\gh :i* ! vessel passes3 ?is loss frequ5tly am\nts to "o-qu>t]1 & ev5 "o-?ird1 ( ! :ole p[] employ$4 ,to inve/igate !oretically ! am\nt ( slip due to any giv5 =m & quantity ( surface1 involves mu* m complicat$ calculations ?an h g5]ally be5 appli$1 & w\ld inde$ require data :i* we h>dly possess2 b =tunately we h _h ! means ( mak+ exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* enable u to det]m9e ! comp>ative slip ( ! paddle & ( ! screw1 ) suffici5t accuracy = all practical purposes4 ,! screw 9 use on bo>d ! #8,ar*im$es' is #e feet #i in*es diamet]1 ) a pit* ( #h feet--t is to say1 9 mak+ "o revolution ! ?read ( ! screw advances #h feet2 ! area ( ! screw1 consid]$ z a disc ( ! same diamet]1 or ! ext5t ( ! surface ( wat] :i* is act$ ^u 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! vessel1 is !re=e ab\t #bf feet1 )\t d$uct+ ! section ( ! %aft-be>+1 c4 ,! mid%ip section ( ! vessel :5 ,i exp]im5t$ ^u h] 01 accord+ to ,mr4 ,patt]son's e/imate1 #abb feet2 ! ratio ( ! resi/+ surface to ! mid%ip section be+ !re=e z #a to #dg1 :i* is a small proportion2 & ! =m ( ! vessel is by no means peculi>ly good z a /eamboat4 ,?is proportion ( propell+ surface to mid%ip section is mu* small]--t is1 ! area ( ! screw is mu* less 9 proportion to ! size ( ! vessel ?an is ! area ( paddle-bo>ds imm]s$ 9 /eamboats g5]ally4 ,! av]age paddle-bo>d imm]s$ & really effective is r difficult to e/imate1 z all[ances mu/ be made = ! di/urbance ( ! wat]1 :5 ! :eel is 9 motion2 b ?is av]age 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n' measur$ p]p5dicul>ly--t is1 all[+ = ! obliquity ( ! paddle--_c be less ?an #ahj to #bjj feet1 say only #ahj1 :ile ! mid%ip section av]ages ab\t #dfb feet2 ! surface ( paddle is !re=e ab\t #a_/bef ( ! mid%ip section4 ,i w n[ give ! comp>ative effects ( ^! diff]5t propell+ surfaces 9 ^! two cases4 ,i h made v accurate exp]im5ts ^u ! comp>ative rate ( ! #8,ar*im$es1' & ( ! space pass$ ?r\gh by ! screw1 & 0 enabl$ to det]m9e ?is ratio ) great c]ta9ty4 ,! av]age ( a numb] ( trials gave ! foll[+ results3 ,rate ( %ip1 #ej1hfg feet p] h\r1 or ab\t #h knots4 ,space pass$ ?r\gh by screw due to ! numb] ( revolutions1 #fe1fhe feet4 ,! av]age rate ( vessel be+ to t ( screw !re=e z #a to #abiac4 ,9 ! p]=mances ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' ^u an av]age ( #bj voyages ! ratio has be5 z #a to #abiig2 b1 sep>at+ f ^! #bj su* voyages z 7 unusually %ort or long1 & tak+ only su* z1 occupy+ #ad1 #ae1 or #af days1 may be consid]$ z giv+ a fair av]age ( ! spe$ ( ! %ip :5 n adv]sely affect$ by ! w9d or heavy seas1 ! av]age ( ^! #ac voyages give #a to #abhc2 & leav+ out aga9 ^? ( #af days1 & tak+ only #h voyages ( #ad & #ae days1 ! av]age gives a ratio ( #a to #abgahg4 ,( ^!1 #e voyages ( #ae days give #a to #abijgg1 & #c #ad #a to #abcija4 ,! la/ ?ree1 h[ev]1 7 %ort passages & homew>d1 :5 ! curr5ts & w9ds h be5 9 fav\r1 & consequ5tly we may safely say t ! ratio mu/ be above #a to #abci2 & aft] mak+ e all[ance = ! effect ( swell & o!r imp$im5ts 7! exp]im5ts ^u ! #8,ar*im$es' be+ made 9 smoo? wat]71 ! av]age ( ! #h 7#e ( :i* 7 homew>d voyages ) fav\rable curr5t & w9d & ! vessel 9 good trim71 giv+ a ratio ( #a to #abg1 may be tak5 z a fair av]age4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ! #8,ar*im$es' & ! #8,great ,we/]n' w !re=e /& ?us-- ,area ( ,propell+ ,diff]5ce ( ,spe$ ( ,surface1 ! ,mid%ip ,vessel & ,propell+ ,section be+ #aj4 ,surface1 or am\nt ( ,slip1 ! ratio ( ,vessel be+ #aj4 #8,ar*im$es1' screw #jbjc #jbiac #8,great ,we/]n1' paddle #jcia #jbgjh ,%[+ an am\nt ( slip 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n' v ne>ly equal to t ( ! #8,ar*im$es1' :ile ! ratio ( ! propell+ surface to ! mid%ip section 9 ! case ( ! screw is little m ?an half t ( ! paddle-bo>ds 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n4' ,9 tak+ ! av]age ( ! eight voyages ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' ) fav\rable w9ds z ,i h done1 ,i believe ,i h made full all[ance = ! diff]5t circum/ances ( smoo? wat] & sea2 b !re is ample room 9 ! above comp>ison to make ev5 great] all[ance = ^! circum/ances1 & /ill to leave a result :i* w\ld prove t ) simil> areas ! screw w\ld meet ) at lea/ equal1 if n a great] resi/ance1 & consequ5tly w slip z little or less ?an ! ord9>y paddle-bo>d4 ,i subjo9 a table also1 tak5 f a well-kn[n "w on ! /eam-eng9e 7,tr$gold's71 ( ! slip ( a numb] ( vessels1 ( :i* 9 e case ! surface ( paddle imm]s$ is f> great] 9 proportion to ! mid%ip section ?an t ( ! screw 9 ! #8,ar*im$es4' ,rate ( ,paddle1 t ( ,%ip be+ #a4 ,m$ea #aeie ,flam] #adhc ,firebr& #aeja ,columb9e #aebi ,salam&] #abjjbjj ,dee #acff ,firefly #acfd ,firebr&1 z alt]$ #abie ,phito #abae ,mon>* #acbc ,magnet #acaj ,meteor #adij ,c>ron #abhg ,av]age #acha ,great ,we/]n #abg ,ar*im$es #abi ,?is li/ %[s t ! result 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n1' ) :i* %ip ,i h made ! comp>ison1 is 9 itself a fav\rable "o1 & t comp>$ ) _m o!rs ! #8,ar*im$es' w\ld /& mu* bett]4 ,?is app>5t sup]iority ( ! screw ov] ! paddle z reg>ds ! resi/ance (f]$ to x by ! wat] may at fir/ appe> />tl+1 b !re is a great mi/ake committ$ 9 assum+ t ! action ( ! screw is a v oblique action1 t5d+ r to drive ! wat] lat]ally ) a rotatory motion ?an to pu% x /eadily backw>ds4 ,hav+ witness$ & c>efully obs]v$ ! degree & ! nature ( ! di/urbance 9 ! wat] caus$ by ! screw1 & comp>+ ?is ) ! viol5t displacem5t ( ! wat] by ! action ( paddle-bo>ds1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 ,i no long] feel surpris$4 ,! mass ( wat] pu%$ backw>ds by ! action ( ! screw appe>s to be v l>ge1 spread+ f ! screw probably 9 ! =m ( an inv]t$ cone1 b !re is little or no appe>ance ( any rotatory motion1 & ! surface ( ! wat] is n put into rapid motion z 9 ! case ( ! paddle:eel1 :i* may be obs]v$ to imp>t a consid]able velocity to ! wat]1 probably = a small dep? only1 b ov] a v l>ge space4 ,z reg>ds ! oblique action also1 a great mi/ake appe>s to h be5 g5]ally made1 & v naturally made1 by mo/ p]sons :5 fir/ consid]+ ! work+ ( ! screw4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t ! incl9$ plane =m$ by ! ?read ( ! screw /rikes ! p>ticles ( wat] at t angle & ) ! velocity ( ! revolution ( ! screw1 b x is =gott5 t ! screw is mov+ =w>d ) ! %ip1 & !re=e t ! angle at :i* ! wat] is /ruck by ! plane is dim9i%$ by all t mu* t ! %ip ) ! screw advances--inde$1 x is evid5t t if ! %ip advanc$ ! :ole am\nt ( ! pit* ( ! screw1 ! screw1 oblique z x appe>s1 & rapidly z x revolves1 w\ld n /rike ! wat] at all1 b simply glide ?r\gh4 ,! angle at :i* any giv5 "p ( ! screw does 9 fact /rike ! wat] is only equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! angle to :i* t "p ( ! screw is =m$ & ! angle or direction 9 :i* x moves by ! comp\nd motion ( ! revolution ( ! screw & ( ! =w>d motion ( ! %ip & screw2 &1 contr>y to "o's ha/ily imbib$ notions ( ! action ( ! screw1 ?is angle at :i* ! plane ( ! screw is driv5 aga9/ ! p>ticles ( wat]1 is 9 su* a screw z t ( ! #8,ar*im$es' v ne>ly equal ov] ! great] portion ( ! surface1 dim9i%+ to no?+ at ! c5tre2 & ! motion imp>t$ to ! wat]1 al?\gh p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! screw 9 po9t ( direction1 is small 9 ext5t or velocity1 be+ also ne>ly ! same ov] ! :ole surface ( ! screw1 except close to ! c5tre1 :]e x is inf9itely small4 ,9 ! #8,ar*im$es' screw1 :i* appe>s to ! eye s oblique1 & ! c5tre "p ( :i* w\ld appe> to act flat aga9/ ! wat]1 only caus+ x to revolve1 ! out] circumf]5ce be+ #ah feet & ! slip #a foot #h in*es1 ! angle at :i* ?is out] edge acts ^u ! wat] is only "o 9 #aa4 ,! total am\nt ( motion imp>t$ to ! wat] at "r angles to ! plane ( ! screw by "o entire revolution ev5 at ! out] edge is n q equal to ! slip1 be+ only #afg foot4 ,! rotatory motion is /ill less1 ! total di/ance to :i* any p>ticle ( wat] is displac$ lat]ally1 or at "r angles to ! axis ( ! %ip1 by "o entire revolution ( ! screw be+ at ! out] edge only #jfi foot1 & ! maximum di/ance be+ 9 any screw only equal to half ! slip1 & occurr+ at t "p ( ! screw :]e ! circumf]5ce is equal to ! advance ( ! %ip due to "o revolution4 ,?is maximum ( lat]al motion is #ji foot1 & takes place at #jii foot1 or ab\t #a foot f ! c5tre4 ,9 ?is mode ( consid]+ ! direction at :i* ! p>ticles ( wat] are act$ ^u by ! plate ( ! screw ,i h tak5 no notice ( ! effect ( ! friction ^u ! surface ( ! screw1 :i*1 caus+ to be c>ri$ ) x a film ( wat]1 w modify m or less accord+ to ! degree ( smoo?ness ( ! surface ! effect ( ! screw ^u ! wat]2 & t[>ds ! c5tre ?is friction1 h[ev] smoo? ! surface may be made1 w gradually become equal to1 & at la/ great] ?an1 ! propell+ effect ( t "p ( ! screw2 b ?is defect applies only to a v small portion ( ! :ole area ( ! screw1 & ! abs5ce ( any v viol5t impulse to ! wat] 9 a direction approa*+ to a "r angle ) ! axis ( ! vessel1 & :i* has always be5 assum$ z an unavoidable evil 9 ! screw1 w acc\nt = ! abs5ce ,i h obs]v$ ^u ( any app>5t rotatory motion4 ,i w\ld n pret5d1 h[ev]1 to advance ^! circum/ances :i* ,i h obs]v$1 or ^! reason+s1 z argum5ts :]eon to f\nd an op9ion ( ! action ( ! screw1 ! facts z prov$ by ! exp]im5ts are :at ,i rely ^u2 b x is satisfactory to be able to acc\nt = ! results by circum/ances actually obs]v$1 & ! reasons :i* sugge/ !mselves4 ,! effect ( a propell+ surface 9 ! =m ( a screw1 & mov+ at a c]ta9 velocity1 z comp>$ ) an equal surface mov+ at ! same velocity b appli$ 9 ! %ape ( paddle-bo>ds1 hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 x rema9s to det]m9e ! comp>ative p[] requir$ to give motion to t surface4 ,! difficulty ( det]m9+ ?is ) any degree ( accuracy f any exp]im5ts :i* we c\ld make on bo>d ! #8,ar*im$es' 0 v great1 b consid]+ su* results z ,i c\ld obta9 9 conjunction ) exp]im5ts :i* ,i h s9ce made 9 our own works1 & ) ! results ^u /eamboats record$ by o!rs1 & ( ^? ( exp]im5ts made by ,colonel ,beaufoy on ! resi/ance ( bodies 9 wat]1 ,i ?9k we may arrive at approximate conclusions suffici5tly accurate = our purpose1 & :i* may safely be reli$ ^u4 ,9 ! case ( ! #8,ar*im$es' ! eng9es 7 c]ta9ly n effective well-work+ eng9es1 ! proportions ( ! ge>+ or :eel-"w betwe5 ! eng9e & ! screw 0 bad--su* t ! eng9e c\ld n atta9 its prop] spe$--! friction ( ! ge>+ 7:i*1 :e!r x be a s\rce ( resi/ance necess>ily att5d+ ! use ( ! screw or n1 ,i %all consid] aft]w>ds7 0 v great1 & ! surface ( ! screw itself1 :i* ,i _h an opportunity ( exam9+ out ( wat]1 0 s r\gh z necess>ily to create v mu* m friction ?an w\ld be caus$ by a tol]ably smoo? metallic surface4 ,) all ^! s\rces ( resi/ance1 & "u ^! unfav\rable circum/ances1 ! p[] calculat$ = ! effective pressure on ! pi/on & )\t d$uction = friction or o!r causes1 :i*1 = ! sake ( di/9ction h]eaft]1 ,i %all call ! gross p[]1 0 ab\t #ade horses1 ! spe$ ( ! vessel be+ ab\t #h knots p] h\r1 z actually measur$ by ! l&1 & full #i knots z measur$ ) great c>e by heav+ ! common log1 ! mid%ip section be+1 z be=e /at$1 #abb feet1 & ! l9es ( ! vessel n s good z ^? ( fa/ boats2 comp>+ ?is ) ! gross p[] ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' eng9es :5 propell+ t vessel at ! same velocity1 ) ! advantage ( bett] l9es & ! o!r advantages aris+ f great] dim5sions1 !re does n appe> any su* discrepancy z to indicate any loss ( p[] by ! use ( ! screw 9 ! #8,ar*im$es'2 on ! contr>y1 ! p[] exp5d$ 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n' is actually z great z t 9 ! #8,ar*im$es1' z comp>$ ) _! relative mid%ip sections--& if any great all[ance is to be made = ! circum/ances :i* ,i h ref]r$ to ( l>g] dim5sions & bett] l9es1 !re w\ld appe> to be actually less p[] exp5d$ 9 proportion to ! dim5sions & =m ( ! #8,ar*im$es' ?an 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n4' ,! results obta9$ ) ! #8,great ,we/]n1' :i* z reg>ds spe$ are simil> to ^? ( ! #8,ar*im$es1' are necess>ily tak5 f exp]im5ts made :5 %e 0 r deep1 & ! spe$ !reby r$uc$ to #gi knots2 b ,i h comp>$ ^! ) results r$uc$ by calculations f exp]im5ts at high] spe$s1 & ,i f9d !m agree satisfactorily--inde$1 at ! draft & consequ5t imm]sion ( paddles :5 9 ?is /ate1 ,i consid] ! #8,great ,we/]n' z v ne>ly at h] be/ z reg>ds economy ( p[] & effect produc$4 ,i %\ld obs]ve t ! p>ticul> exp]im5ts f :i* ! foll[+ calculations are d$uc$ 7 made ) ! #8,great ,we/]n' 9 smoo? wat] 9 ! ,sev]n4 ,i h add$ also "s calculations d$uc$ f data giv5 by ,tr$gold z to ! p]=mance ( ! #8,ruby1' a good boat ) imm5se surface ( paddle-bo>d4 ,! comp>ison /&s ?us3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,great ,,we/]n ,,ar*im$es ,,ruby ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,actual ,,dim5sions3 ,mid%ip section #ebj #abb #fc ,area ( bo>d imm]s$ #bcj --- #fd ,area ( a disc ( diamet] ( screw --- #bf -- ,,relative ,,dim5sions ,,& ,,p[]3 ,area ( propell+ surface1 mid%ip section be+ #a #jddb #jbac #ajaf ,gross p[] exp5d$ = "o squ>e foot ( mid%ip section #ajbc #ajbf #jigf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! spe$ be+ ! same1 viz41 #gi knots1 ! p[] exp5d$ is z ne>ly z possible ! same 9 ! ?ree1 & equal to "o horse-p[] gross to "o foot ( mid%ip section2 :ile ! relative propell+ surface 9 ! #8,ar*im$es' is equal to only half t ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' & "o-fif? t ( ! #8,ruby4' ,?is gross horse-p[]1 x w be obs]v$1 is ab\t equal to "o-half a nom9al horse-p[]4 ,i h made sev]al comp>isons ) record$ obs]vations made on bo>d ! #8,great ,we/]n' at diff]5t times1 & ) exp]im5ts made 9 o!r vessels1 & ,i f9d ! same result2 9 e/imat+ ! p[]s us$ m p>ticul>ly 9 "s comp>isons ) ! #8,great ,we/]n1' ,i h tak5 ! mean pressure z asc]ta9$ on bo? sides ( ! pi/on1 :ile 9 ! #8,ar*im$es' ,i only obta9$ t on ! top ( ! pi/on1 :i* appe>s g5]ally to be ! be/1 & consequ5tly ! e/imate is made unfav\rably to ! #8,ar*im$es4' ,su* g5]al results are all t ,i c\ld obta9 f ! exp]im5ts on bo>d ! #8,ar*im$es1' b s9ce t "t ,i h made "s exp]im5ts ^u ! friction ( a plate ( metal 9 wat]1 & h comp>$ ^! results ) ! exp]im5ts ( ,colonel ,beaufoy1 & ! conclusion ,i h come to is t ! p[] absorb$ by friction 9 a well-made screw1 ap>t f all "q ( ! means adopt$ = work+ x1 w\ld n be su* z to int]f]e ) its b5eficial application4 ,! resi/ance creat$ by ! screw itself arises pr9cipally f two s\rces--! resi/ance to ! cutt+ edge & ! tail-edge1 & ! friction ( ! surface 9 contact ) ! wat]4 ,! am\nt ( ! fir/ may ( c\rse be r$uc$ to an unlimit$ ext5t by hav+ a f9e edge1 & practically su* edge ought to be mu* f9] ?an t ( ! screw ( ! #8,ar*im$es4' ,! friction ^u ! surface w ( c\rse mat]ially dep5d ^u ! smoo?ness ( t surface1 & 9 ! #8,ar*im$es' x 0 v r\gh1 ! iron be+ corrod$ at _m places1 ) exfoliations & small holes--! corrosion aris+ app>5tly f ! galvanic effect produc$ by ! iron & ! %ip's copp]4 ,! great numb] ( revolutions requir$ 9 ! screw z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! paddle:eel1 leads a p]son to assume1 )\t mu* consid]ation1 t a v high velocity is giv5 to ! cutt+ edges & to ! surface ( ! screw1 & consequ5tly t great friction mu/ be produc$--?is velocity is n1 h[ev]1 ne>ly s great z x at fir/ appe>s4 ,9 ! pres5t screw ( ! #8,ar*im$es' ! velocity ( ! extreme po9t1 foll[+ its oblique or spiral c\rse1 is only ab\t ?ree times t ( ! vessel1 :ile ! av]age velocity ( ei!r ( ^! knife edges or ( ! surface is n twice t ( ! vessel4 ,n[ )\t det]m9+ :at ! actual am\nt ( ^! resi/ances may be1 we c at once satisfy ourselves t x _c be v consid]able1 by comp>+ x 7:i* we h ! means ( do+7 ) ! resi/ance caus$ by ! cutwat] & any giv5 portion ( ! %ip's bottom4 ,! resi/ance ( a knife-edge w be ab\t z ! squ>e ( ! velocity1 & if we assume ! surface friction to increase 9 ! ratio det]m9$ by ,colonel ,beaufoy--namely1 at ! #age? p[]1 or z ! #d? root ( ! #g? p[] ( ! velocity--!n ! resi/ance ( ! knife-edge w be equal to ! resi/ance ( a simil> edge ( ab\t five & a-half times ! l5g? ( ! diamet] ( ! screw mov+ at ! same rate z ! vessel1 & ! surface friction w be equal to t ( a piece ( ! %ip's bottom ab\t six & five-eigh? times ! area ( ! screw--or1 9 ! case ( ! #8,ar*im$es1' ! additional p[] absorb$ by ! friction ( ! screw w\ld be ab\t equal to t absorb$ by ! friction ( little m ?an twice ! space ( ! dead wood :i* _h be5 cut out to receive ! screw--:ile ! knife-edges w\ld be ab\t equival5t to ?ree knife-edges imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 ( ! same dep? z ! %ip's /em4 ,! actual am\nt ( p[] absorb$ 9 driv+ ! #8,ar*im$es' screw 0 probably ab\t tw5ty horse-p[] gross1 or f t5 to twelve nom9al horse-p[]2 b ,i h no d\bt t a screw ( simil> diamet] & 9 good condition w\ld n absorb half t p[]3 & ?is am\nt may be /ill fur!r1 & v mu* r$uc$1 by increas+ ! relative size ( ! screw to t ( ! %ip1 & !reby r$uc+ ! slip1 & proportionately r$uc+ ! numb] ( revolutions requir$4 ,! great ext5t to :i* ?is is capable ( be+ c>ri$ w at once be se5 :5 ,i /ate t if ! %ip's progress 7 made to be #g feet in/ead ( #f feet to ea* revolution ( ! screw1 :i* a v slight increase ( diamet] & pit* ( screw w\ld effect1 ! p[] absorb$ 9 driv+ ! screw w\ld be dim9i%$ 9 ! ratio ( ! #fbd #fg to #gbd #gg--t is1 z #f-ae_/d to #g-ae_/d1 or ab\t z #c to #b4 ,i mu/ repeat "h ! obs]vation ,i h previ\sly made1 & rem9d y t ^! calculations are n introduc$ z prov+1 b m]ely z expla9+1 t :i* appe>s to me prov$ by ! g5]al results ( ! exp]im5ts on ! #8,ar*im$es'--namely1 t ! effect produc$ 01 consid]+ all ! circum/ances1 fully proportionate to ! p[] exp5d$1 :ile ! exp]im5ts & calculations :i* ,i h s9ce made also satisfy me t ^! results may be v mu* improv$ ^u4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ ( ! two heads "u :i* ,i /at$ t ,i propos$ to consid] ! subject1 namely1 ! m]e effici5cy ( ! screw z a propell]1 ,i ?9k b "o conclusion c be drawn f ! results ( ! exp]im5ts quot$1 & t is1 t z comp>$ ) ! ord9>y paddle:eel ( sea-go+ /eam]s1 ! screw is1 bo? z reg>ds ! effect produc$1 & ! proportionate p[] requir$ to obta9 t effect1 an effici5t propell]4 ,i limit ! comp>ison to ! ord9>y paddle:eels ( sea-go+ /eam]s1 fir/1 because ^? are ! circum/ances :i* we h alone to consid]2 &1 secondly1 because x is possible1 by increas+ ! diamet] & bread? ( ! paddles1 :i*1 = ! atta9m5t ( an adequate object is practicable to any ext5t 9 a m]e riv] boat1 to r5d] ! action ( ! common paddle all b p]fect1 & probably m effective ?an any o!r propell]4 ,9 consid]+ ! advantages & disadvantages likely to att5d ! use ( ! screw propell]1 ,i w1 comm5c+ ) ! latt]1 consid] su* objections z h be5 advanc$ by o!rs1 z well z ^? :i* may h occurr$ to myself4 ,! only objections1 h[ev]1 :i* ,i ?9k wor? consid]ation are3-- ,fir/4 ,! necessity ( a peculi> =m ( vessel4 ,secondly4 ,! situation ( ! screw "u wat]1 & consequ5tly to a c]ta9 ext5t unse5 & inaccessible1 & ! liability to injury f its position f gr\nd+ or 9 o!r ways4 ,?irdly4 ,! probability ( its be+ lift$ out ( wat] :5 ! %ip pit*$ deep4 ,f\r?ly4 ,! difficulty ( gett+ up ! requir$ numb] ( revolutions1 & ! great defects ( ! mode employ$ 9 ! #8,ar*im$es1' & ! %ak+ caus$ by ! ma*9]y4 ,z reg>ds ! =m ( vessel1 und\bt$ly a %all[ boat1 int5d$ = %all[ wat]s1 w\ld be v unfit = ! application ( ! screw1 :i* w\ld probably require a great] dep? ( wat] ?an ! :ole draft ( ! vessel2 b ,i see no defect or difficulty ( ?is description 9 ! vessel n[ "u consid]ation1 nor c ,i anticipate any 9 any vessel ?is ,company is likely to be int]e/$ 92 a clean run is ! mo/ ess5tial condition1 & ,i %\ld suppose no %ip 0 ev] built 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple ( =m 0 c>ri$ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 our new iron %ip4 ,h] pres5t =m ,i believe to be excell5t = ! screw1 & ) a v slight dropp+ ( ! keel t[>ds ! /]n1 :i* c easily be done n[ )\t any exp5se1 assi/$ by ! diff]5t trim1 :i*1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[1 w be effect$ by ! use ( ! screw1 ! requir$ draft ( wat] w be atta9$4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be z well to m5tion "h1 t ! diamet] ( ! screw1 if 9 ! same ratio to ! mid%ip section z 9 ! #8,ar*im$es1' w\ld be only #ab feet #c in*es1 my fri5d ,capta9 ,claxton hav+ made a mi/ake ^u ?is po9t 9 calculat+ x at #af feet1 & t if increas$ only to #ad feet #d in*es1 ! dim9ution ref]r$ to 9 a =m] "p ( my ,report ( "o-?ird 9 ! p[] lo/ 9 work+ ! screw w\ld be effect$2 consid]+ ! spe$ we wi% to atta91 probably #ae feet #f in*es w\ld be a good diamet]4 ,^u ! :ole ,i ?9k ! vessel is z well fitt$ = a screw z %e is = paddles1 & mu* bett] adapt$ = ei!r ?an ! #8,ar*im$es2' b if orig9ally int5d$ = a screw1 possibly "s trifl+ modification 9 ! =m & con/ruction1 pr9cipally ( ! keel ne> ! /]n1 might h be5 introduc$ :i* w\ld h r5d]$ ! :ole a m p]fect job ?an %e w\ld n[ be if alt]$--b ! abs5ce ( ?is w\ld 9 no way less5 ! effici5cy ( ! screw1 & ,i _c ?9k t any alt]ation we might n[ be oblig$ to make w\ld exce$ 9 co/ ! sum ( #bjjl4 ,secondly1 ! inaccessibility ( ! screw & liability to damage2 ?is appe>s to me ! objection mo/ plausible1 b ,i _c say t ,i atta* mu* weight to x1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( a vessel int5d$ = long voyages & across ! ocean4 ,dur+ ! :ole passage 9 deep wat] ,i consid] ! screw f> less expos$ to injury ?an a paddle:eel1 & t ! *ances ( injury are s remote t ev5 if x 7 q inaccessible x w\ld /ill be altoge!r saf] ?an paddles1 :i* are s mu* expos$2 b x is by no means inaccessible1 ! screw may be r5d]$ /ation>y at any "t or dur+ any wea!r1 :5 x w\ld be b>ely safe to /op ! eng9es ) common paddles1 & :5 x w\ld be v difficult to d any?+ to ! paddles ev5 if ! eng9es 7 /opp$1 :ile ! :ole ( ! screw1 be>+s1 c41 may easily be exam9$ & felt f above1 &1 if necess>y1 m5 s5t d[n ) common div+ jackets & hoods to replace be>+s1 or atta* tackle to move ! screw1 or cle> away any ob/acle entangl$ 9 x4 ,:5 9 port ,i /ill ?9k ! *ances ( injury v remote2 an inspection ( our model w satisfy y t f ! =m & size ( h] mid%ip section ! vessel _c lay 9 any position 9 :i* ! screw w\ld t\* ! gr\nd1 :ile at t "t ! :ole screw may be v easily exam9$ & replac$ )\t any necessity = go+ into dock4 ,?irdly1 ! probability ( its be+ lift$ out ( wat] :5 ! %ip pit*es deep4 ,?is appe>s at fir/ to be a v natural & an unavoidable objection1 b ! result ( obs]vations proves t ! motion ( vessels1 ( /eam]s at lea/1 is n su* z to cause ! appreh5d$ difficulty4 ,among ! obs]vations made on bo>d ! #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip by ,mr4 ,b]keley ,claxton1 "u my direction1 7 measurem5ts ( ! angles ( roll+ & pit*+1 & f ^! x 0 evid5t t ! vessel nev] pit*es to s great an angle z t to :i* %e rises2 su* a result might inde$ h be5 anticipat$ by consid]+ ! =m ( ! vessel =w>d & aft1 & ! circum/ance t a /eam] is almo/ inv>iably meet+ or pass+ ! seas1 or1 if ov]tak5 by !m1 is /ill go+ at a good rate1 :i* r$uces ! relative spe$ ( ! sea2 consequ5tly1 al?\gh ! vessel may be frequ5tly ?r[n up v viol5tly =w>d1 yet ! /]n1 :i* has no displacem5t "u wat]1 settles d[n quietly & heavily ^u ! surface2 or1 consid]+ x 9 ano!r way1 ! v>iation ( displacem5t at ! /]n is v rapid1 fall+ (f almo/ to no?+ at a few feet bel[ ! wat]-l9e1 & spread+ out to a great ext5t at a few feet above1 :il/ =w>d ! diff]5ce ( displacem5t is comp>atively small1 ! c5tre ( motion1 !re=e1 is ?r[n v f> aft1 & :ile ! b[s1 :i* are also oppos$ to ! fir/ %ock1 are ?r[n alt]nately high out ( wat] or plung$ deeply into x1 ! /]n floats ne>ly /eady1 ! vessel re/+ on its broad c\nt] ne>ly z ! c5tre ( motion3 :atev] may be ! explanation su* is ! op]ation1 n only z measur$ by in/rum5ts1 b m p>ticul>ly z obs]v$ s9ce1 practically4 ,9 ! #8,great ,we/]n' ! :ole cutwat] &1 x is said1 a consid]able l5g? ( keel1 is frequ5tly se5 out ( wat] f ! b[sprit1 :ile a/]n x is v d\btful :e!r m ?an half ! /]n "p 0 ev] se52 m>ks h be5 made by my direction on ! rudd] to obs]ve ?is2 z yet ! #i-;foot m>k is ! l[e/ se51 & ?is occurr+ r>ely1 & = v %ort int]vals4 ,9 ! #8,ar*im$es1' dur+ a voyage p]=m$ 9 h] by ,mr4 ,guppy f ,bri/ol to ,liv]pool1 & dur+ :i* !y 7 expos$ on m ?an "o occasion to viol5t pit*+1 ! screw 7:i* c be wat*$ f ! deck7 nev] 0 uncov]$2 & ,mr4 ,smi? & o!rs on bo>d ! #8,ar*im$es1' ^: :ole conduct 0 su* z to inspire unusual confid5ce 9 all in=mation obta9$ f !m1 assur$ me t su* 0 always ! case4 ,9 ! voyage to ,oporto & back1 9 :i* ,i s5t ,mr4 ,b]keley ,claxton1 he made ! same obs]vation2 ^! facts1 9 conjunction ) previ\s & subsequ5t obs]vations on bo>d ! #8,great ,we/]n1' conv9ce me t no?+ is to be fe>$ on ?is head2 b ev5 if ! screw 7 occasionally to be p>tly expos$1 ,i "k ( no evil consequ5ces likely to ensue1 z ,i %all cle>ly po9t out :5 ref]r+ to ! advantages ( ?is propell] ov] ! common paddle4 ,f\r?ly1 ! difficulty ( gett+ up ! requir$ numb] ( revolutions1 & ! great defects ( ! mode employ$ 9 ! #8,ar*im$es4' ,^u ?is po9t c]ta9ly ! #8,ar*im$es' (f]s b a mis]able example1 & ! result is almo/ en\gh to prejudice ! m9d ( any p]son aga9/ ! :ole s*eme2 ! proportions ( ! ge>+1 z ,i h be=e /at$1 are s bad t ! eng9es appe>1 ev5 to ! eye1 to lab\r ineffectually to get up _! spe$4 ,! requir$ spe$ ( ! screw is n ne>ly atta9$1 :ile ! noise & tremor caus$ by ! ma*9]y is su* z to r5d] ! vessel un9habitable1 & p]fectly unfit = pass5g]s1 ,i %\ld almo/ say = a crew4 ,i nev] atta*$ mu* importance to ^! circum/ances1 because ,i felt conv9c$ t su* a m]e me*anical difficulty w\ld by "s means be ov]come1 if1 z ,i confess ,i did n !n at all anticipate1 ! screw itself %\ld prove effici5t4 ,! mo/ simple & effectual means ( ov]com+ all objections on ^! heads always appe>$ to me to be by ! use ( /raps in/ead ( ge>+2 & all my exp]i5ce1 & ,i h se5 a great deal ( ! work+ ( ma*9]y by /raps & ropes 9 ! num]\s works execut$ by my fa!r1 l$ me to ! conclusion t !re exi/$ no difficulty :atev] 9 s5d+ ! necess>y p[] ?r\gh a rope or hemp /rap1 b ,i 0 h>dly prep>$ to f9d ! result s entirely satisfactory z x has prov$ to be4 ,9 an exp]im5t made 9 y\r works at ! y>d1 ,i h s5t ?r\gh two small :ale l9es1 a p[] equal to ab\t "o-?irtie? ( t :i* w\ld be requir$ 9 ! /rap if us$ 9 ! new %ip1 & ?is )\t any slip or /ra9+ ( ! rope :i* w\ld be injuri\s 9 practice1 & )\t any peculi> means ( ensur+ adhesion to ! drums2 s t we h asc]ta9$ beyond d\bt t sixty su* :ale l9es ^u a drum ( only #d feet #c in*es diamet] is adequate to our wants1 b if we suppose sev5ty l9es ( sup]ior manufacture to t us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ) a p]fect mode ( tight5+ & work+ ^u a drum ( #f feet diamet]1 all ( :i* c easily be _h1 x w ensure ! p]fect & easy work+ ( a mode ( obta9+ ! requir$ numb] ( revolutions ( ! screw )\t noise or tremor4 ,! /rap 9 "q w\ld be only ab\t #c feet or #c feet #c in*es broad1 easily replac$ piecemeal1 & ev51 if necess>y1 )\t /opp+ ! eng9es4 ,all ! difficulties enum]at$ "u ! fif? head may be consid]$ z entirely ov]come1 or r z ceas+ to exi/2 & s f> f ! work+ ( ! screw involv+ difficulties & unavoidable friction1 noise1 or tremor1 x may be work$ ) unque/ionable & p]fect facility1 & z comp>$ ev5 ) ! be/-made paddles 9 smoo? wat]1 ! :ole ma*9e w be noiseless4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y t ,i %\ld say t ! screw1 ap>t f ! ge>+ 9 use on bo>d ! #8,ar*im$es1' _c & does n produce ! slighte/ tremor or noise--x 0 ) "s difficulty1 & at lea/ only by att5tively li/5+1 t ! revolutions ( ! screw c\ld be c\nt$1 ev5 :5 disconnect$ & free f ! noise ( ! eng9e or ge>+ & ! vessel be+ t[$1 & !n only f "s defect 9 ! be>+s or ! %aft ( ! screw caus+ a slight beat4 ,9 ?us answ]+ ! objections suppos$ to h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! use ( ! screw1 ,i may probably h appe>$ to see ev]y?+ 9 a fav\rable light2 unhesitat+ly ,i admit t x is s1 & t bo? =m]ly :5 ,i 0 completely sceptical z to ! m]e effici5cy ( ! screw z a propell]1 & s9ce my d\bts on t head h be5 remov$1 ,i always felt t ^u all o!r po9ts ! screw possess$ e sup]iority t c\ld be desir$ ov] a common paddle:eel = a sea-go+ vessel4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to po9t out ! pr9cipal advantages peculi> to ! use ( ! screw2 !y are-- ,fir/4 ,a consid]able sav+ ( weight1 & t pr9cipally top weight4 ,secondly4 ,! admitt+ ( a bett] & simpl] =m ( vessel1 hav+ great] /iffness ) ! same quantity ( mat]ial1 & (f]+ less resi/ance to head w9d & seas1 & af=d+ m available space )94 ,?irdly4 ,! op]ation ( ! screw be+ unaffect$ by ! trim or ! roll+ ( ! vessel1 & all[+ ( ! free use ( sails1 ) ! capability ( entirely disconnect+ ! screw or ( v>y+ ! multiply+ motion s z to adapt ! p[] ( ! eng9e to ! circum/ance ei!r ( /rong adv]se w9ds or scudd+4 ,f\r?ly4 ,p]fect regul>ity ( motion & fre$om f ! possibility ( viol5t %ocks to ! eng9es4 ,fif?ly4 ,! s+ul>ly increas$ p[] ( /e]+ giv5 to ! vessel--& ,six?ly4 ,! great r$uction 9 ! bread? ( beam4 ,i h gone into "s detail 9 calculat+ ! weights ( ! p>ts :i* are n common to ! two sy/ems1 & ,i f9d t ! diff]5ce1 or actual dim9ution 9 weight 9 fav\r ( ! screw z appli$ to our new %ip1 is upw>ds ( n9ety-five tons2 b t a mu* great] weight ev5 ?an ?is is transpos$ f ! top ( ! %ip to ! bottom--no less a mass ?an "o hundr$ & sixty tons is remov$ f ! level ( ! paddle-%aft or f ab\t #aj feet above ! wat]-l9e1 & replac$ by sixty-five tons at ab\t #g feet bel[ ! wat]-l9e2 n only is buoyancy1 & consequ5tly proportionate space = c>go1 ga9$ to ! ext5t ( ! diff]5ce1 b ! relief to ! lab\r+ ( ! vessel 9 bad wea!r f ! *ange ( position mu/ be imm5se4 ,if ! rev]se 7 "u consid]ation1 if 9 a vessel fitt$ = sea1 h[ev] /iff 9 trim or =m1 x 7 sugge/$ to remove sixty-five tons ( h] balla/1 & to place "o hundr$ & sixty tons ^u h] deck1 & ?us navigate h] across ! ,atlantic 9 all wea!rs1 x w\ld probably be consid]$1 n m]ely z highly dang]\s1 b z actually impossible4 ,al?\gh su* an op9ion z t x w\ld be impracticable we n[ "k w\ld be incorrect1 yet ! ext5t ( ! b5eficial *ange is mu* m /rik+ :5 consid]$ 9 ?is way4 ,z reg>ds ! trim ( ! %ip1 ab\t "o hundr$ & =ty-five tons w\ld be remov$ f ne>ly ! c5tre ( flotation1 & ! balance ( fifty tons add$ & di/ribut$ ov] ! aft] "p1 pr9cipally q aft4 ,i h n calculat$ ! exact effect ( ?is ^u h] trim2 x w\ld only br+ h] d[n by ! /]n1 & ?is is a defect :i* !re seems1 z we too well "k1 nev] any difficulty 9 rem$y+4 ,secondly4 ,! simplify+ & improv+ ! =m ( ! %ip--bo? z reg>ds /r5g? & mass expos$ to ! w9d & sea4 ,! necessity ( contract+ ! mid%ips ( a /eam]1 & mak+ h] completely wall-sid$1 & =m+ a sort ( recess to receive ! paddles1 int]f]es consid]ably ) ! fram+ ( ! %ip4 ,9 a wood5 %ip ( ! size ( our new "o ! :ole beam ( ! %ip w\ld h to be contract$ 9 ord] to c>ry ! plank+ ?r\gh 9 a direct l9e & obta9 ! requisite =e & aft tie z has be5 done 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n'2 9 ! new %ip ! almo/ inf9ite res\rces af=d$ by ! mat]ial us$1 enabl$ u to exp& ! sides & obta9 bread? ( beam = cab9 room1 bo? be=e & abaft ! paddles1 & contract ! sides at ! paddles z se5 ^u ! plan2 b 9 ord] to /r5g!n ?is "p1 s evid5tly weak by =m1 mu* contrivance & mu* mat]ial 0 requir$4 ,by disp5s+ ) paddles1 ! be/ =m ( %ip is left free to be adopt$2 p]fect l9es may be pres]v$1 m equal /r5g? obta9$ ) increas$ space1 & ! :ole mass ( paddle-boxes & _! accompany+ sponsons & deck-h\ses swept away1 & ! resi/ance ( ^! huge w+s to head w9ds or seas entirely avoid$4 ,! space ga9$ by avoid+ ! contraction is calculat$ by ,mr4 ,patt]son to am\nt to two hundr$ tons measurem5t2 ?is w\ld be entirely ga9$1 & w\ld n ev5 involve increas$ dues or tolls1 z x w\ld be add$ to ! eng9e-room2 x w\ld !re=e p]haps c\nt]balance any loss ( room caus$ by ! %aft convey+ ! movem5t f ! eng9e to ! screw1 b ,i believe ?is nom9al increase at "o "p w\ld n be s great1 :ile 9 fact ! %ip w\ld really be m compact1 &1 ?\gh to a v small ext5t1 a small] %ip1 z ! sponsons w\ld be remov$4 ,! ?ird po9t ( advantage nam$ is p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,) paddles1 ! action is mat]ially affect$ by ! dep? ( imm]sion2 :5 ! vessel is deep1 & consequ5tly ! paddles deep1 _! action is imp$$1 a great] "p ( ! p[] ( ! eng9e is absorb$ 9 driv+ ! paddle1 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e is r$uc$ & ! effect dim9i%$2 :5 too light also ! paddles d n take suffici5t hold ( ! wat]1 ! am\nt ( slip increases & p[] is wa/$2 9 roll+ ! same effects are produc$1 & ?us at ^? times :5 ! greate/ effect is requir$1 namely1 ) deep imm]sion or 9 bad wea!r to ov]come ! increas$ resi/ance (f]$ to ! vessel1 ! propell+ p[] is lea/ effective1 & ,capta9 ,hosk9s actually e/imates ?is loss z occasionally equal to two-?irds ! :ole p[]4 ,! bad effects ( "o paddle be+ imm]s$ too deeply1 & ! o!r n suffici5tly1 also prev5ts ! free use ( ! sails2 & x mu/ (t5 occur t ! imp$im5t ?us (f]$ to ! work+ ( ! paddles m ?an c\nt]balances ! good effects ( a tol]ably fair w9d4 ,) ! screw ! effect is con/ant1 at lea/ unaffect$ by ! position or motion ( ! %ip1 :e!r deep or light ! screw acts ne>ly ! same1 & z to roll+ or heel+ ov]1 ! screw w\ld "w equally well 7z long z x be imm]s$7 if ! vessel 7 on h] beam-ends or bottom upw>ds4 ,! screw !re=e leaves ! %ip free to be us$ z a sail+-vessel to any ext5t t o!r circum/ances w admit (1 & z long z ! sails draw !re c g5]ally be no d\bt t ! w9d is assi/+ ! %ip4 ,! screw may also be ?r[n 9 & out ( ge> at any "t & dur+ any wea!r1 ei!r 9 case ( accid5t to ! eng9es1 or 9 ! ev5t ( h] scudd+ be=e a gale ( w9d1 :5 ! eng9e w\ld be useless2 ?is la/1 h[ev]1 ,i d n consid] a probable occurr5ce1 p>ticul>ly if ano!r arrangem5t ( :i* ! screw is susceptible be tak5 advantage (4 ,if ! motion be convey$ by a /rap1 z ,i h recomm5d$1 !re is no difficulty 9 hav+ two or ev5 ?ree drums on ! screw-%aft ( diff]5t diamet]s1 & ?us :5 ! resi/ance to ! %ip is v mu* increas$ by /rong head w9ds1 deep draught1 & o!r causes1 to use ! sl[ motion & obta9 an increas$ propell+ =ce1 or :51 on ! contr>y1 ! vessel is runn+ be=e ! w9d to use ! quick motion--by :i*1 9 bo? cases1 a great increase ( spe$ w\ld be atta9$4 ,?is is 9 fact obta9+ at once & by simple means all ^? advantages1 & to a mu* full] ext5t1 :i* are aim$ at 9 ! reef+-paddles4 ,f\r?ly1 great regul>ity ( motion is naturally consequ5t ^u ! screw be+ unaffect$ by ! roll+ ( ! %ip1 & ^u its be+ imm]s$ & n expos$ !re=e to bl[s f ! sea1 & except 9 ! case ( its be+ lift$ out ( wat]1 ! resi/ance is p]fectly uni=m & p]fectly smoo?4 ,an eng9e c\ld n h a "w less capable ( caus+ any j> or %ock z to ! effect2 ev5 if lift$ p>tially out ( wat] ! v>iation ( resi/ance w\ld be z easy or s(t1 to use a me*anical t]m1 z possible1 :ile ! ext5t ( ! v>iation c\ld nev] approa* to t to :i* paddles cont9ually expose an eng9e4 ,a heavy sea or a deep plunge w occasionally br+ ! eng9es ne>ly to a /&2 :ile at o!r mom5ts1 if ! eng9e]s are to be believ$1 ! paddles are left free & ! eng9es run away at a fe>ful spe$4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ?is description ( ! effects some:at exagg]at$2 b c]ta9ly ! screw _c by possibility be expos$ to ! same v>iations z ! paddles--x _c be /opp$ by ! action ( ! sea1 inde$1 be+ :olly imm]s$1 ! resi/ance _c be increas$ at all1 :ile "u no circum/ances c x be reliev$ to ! ext5t to :i* paddles are1 :i* may bo? on "s r>e occasions be q out ( ! wat]2 & !re=e :e!r ! resi/ance ( ! screw is s con/ant z ,i believe x to be1 or n1 yet z comp>$ ) t (f]$ by paddles1 x is c]ta9ly all b p]fectly con/ant4 ,fif?ly1 ! effect ^u ! /e]age is s+ul>1 ! mass ( wat] put into motion by ! ?ru/ ( ! screw is ?r[n directly ^u ! rudd]1 & ! consequ5ce is n only t :5 ! %ip is go+ at any giv5 rate1 ! rudd] is pass+ ?r\gh ! wat] at a great] rate1 & consequ5tly is m s5sible1 & acts m p[]fully ^u ! %ip2 b ev5 :5 ! %ip has no way1 b ! screw is at "w1 ! rudd] is act$ ^u by wat] mov+ p]haps at two or ?ree knots p] h\r1 & ! vessel is /ill "u comm&--?is mu/ be a mo/ important p[] to possess 9 a %ip1 & mu/ mat]ially dim9i% _m ( ! greate/ dang]s aris+ f a /rong head w9d & sea1 & at ! same "t & "u ! same circum/ances mu/ increase ! spe$ by improv+ ! /e]age4 ,& la/ly1 h] dim9i%$ bread? ( beam4 ,important z ?is alt]ation w\ld be to any vessel1 x is peculi>ly s z connect$ ) ,bri/ol2 ! total bread?1 includ+ paddle-boxes1 w\ld be at lea/ #gh feet2 ) ! screw1 & tak+ all ! increas$ beam t might be conv5i5t1 x w\ld be "u #ej--v ne>ly #cj feet ( diff]5ce4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal objections to h] com+ up ! riv] w\ld be remov$1 & ! dock gates might easily be made to receive h]4#bja ,!re are _m o!r po9ts ^u :i* comp>isons may be drawn1 b ,i am n aw>e t any v important diff]5ces exi/4 ,z reg>ds fir/ co/ ,i believe !re w\ld be little diff]5ce--if any1 x w\ld be 9 fav\r ( ! screw2 z a r$uction ( n9ety-five tons ( iron c h>dly fail to cause "s sav+1 al?\gh "s portion ( ! sub/itut$ ma*9]y may be m co/ly p] ton4 ,z reg>ds we> & te> ,i c h no d\bt t "s consid]able sav+ w\ld be effect$2 ! paddles are a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble & exp5se1 & seem nev] to be capable ( be+ kept 9 good repair2 inde$1 !y are huge & comp>atively light frameworks subject$ to extraord9>y & con/antly repeat$ %ocks1 ea* arm receiv+ direct ab\t #bfj1jjj v %>p bl[s p] voyage1 indep5d5tly ( ! m viol5t %ocks f heavy seas1 :ile ! screw c be subject$ to no su* con/ant s\rce ( mis*ief4 ,f all t ,i h said x mu/ be evid5t to y1 g5tlem51 t my op9ion is /rong & decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! advantage ( employ+ ! screw 9 ! new %ip2 x c]ta9ly is s4 ,i am fully aw>e ( ! responsibility ,i take ^u myself by giv+ ?is advice1 ,i am also fully s5sible ( ! l>ge am\nt we h at /ake1 & ,i h n =gott5 ! nature & tone ( ! obs]vations :i* h on m occasions ?an "o be5 s freely made by individuals ^u ! c\rse we h hi!rto pursu$2 al?\gh1 & ,i h pleasure 9 ref]r+ to ! fact1 ?is c\rse has 9 e in/ance :]e results h be5 obta9$ prov$ successful2 b my conviction ( ! wisdom1 ,i may almo/ say ! necessity1 ( our adopt+ ! improvem5t ,i n[ recomm5d is too /rong1 & ,i feel x is too well f\nd$1 = me to hesitate or to %r9k f ! responsibility4 ,i ?9k ,i h h>dly advanc$ an op9ion :i* ,i h n support$1 & 9 mo/ cases prec$$1 by a /atem5t ( facts1 leav+ no d\bt z to ! correctness & safety ( rely+ on ^! op9ions2 /ill x w\ld be too mu* to hope t my mode ( lay+ be=e y ^! facts :i* ,i h collect$ & ! op9ions ,i h =m$ c\ld produce z /rong a conviction 9 y\r m9ds z ! consid]ation ( !m has 9 my own2 b if y be> 9 m9d t ! actual results ( ! fair & full trial ( ! #8,ar*im$es' = sev]al mon?s has completely e/abli%$ ! fact ( ! effici5cy ( ! screw z a propell]2 t ! exp]im5ts ,i h made1 z well z ! g5]al & app>5t results ( h] work+1 h equally satisfactorily expla9$ ! fact ( ! p[] requir$ be+ no great] 9 proportion to ! effect produc$ ?an 9 ! #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip1 & _m o!r good /eamboats2 & t ^! results are satisfactorily expla9$ by !ory1 y _c fail to draw ! same conclusion t ,i h done z to ! g5]al "q ( at lea/ ! equal effici5cy ( ! screw4 ,z to ! comp>isons ,i h drawn betwe5 ! g5]al & :at ,i may call ! indirect advantages ( ! "o mode ( propell+ ov] ! o!r1 !y seem to me s evid5t t ,i am dispos$ to apologise to y = hav+ occupi$ y\r "t 9 po9t+ !m out1 & we h ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t !y are n[ v g5]ally admitt$1 p>ticul>ly by practical m54 ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t mu* m detail$ in=mation & record$ results ?an appe> on ! face ( ?is ,report h be5 requir$ to enable me to =m correct comp>isons1 & to r$uce to calculation & to actual figures & am\nts _m results obs]v$2 & t x w\ld h be5 impossible = me to h giv5 y su* cle> & positive facts on _m mo/ important po9ts )\t ! v detail$ obs]vations made & record$ by ,mr4 ,b]keley ,claxton 9 ! sev]al voyages ( ! #8,great ,we/]n1' & also 9 "o on bo>d ! #8,ar*im$es4' ,! in=mation obta9$ f ^! logs has be51 & may /ill be1 ( ! greate/ importance to u 9 our future work+1 & ,i h mu* pleasure 9 add+ t ! mann] 9 :i* my directions 7 c>ri$ out 0 highly cr$itable to ,mr4 ,b]keley ,claxton1 :o1 ,i ?9k1 has conf]r$ a great b5efit on ! ,company by 8 lab\rs4 ,i h to express also my ?anks to my fri5ds ,capta9 ,claxton & ,mr4 ,guppy = _! assi/ance 9 ! v>i\s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made1 & 9 work+ out ! results4 ,i am1 ,g5tlem51 ,y\rs v fai?fully1 7,sign$7 ,i4 ,k4 ,,brunel4 ,,index #8,adelaide' /eam-%ip1 built "u ,mr4 ,brunel's directions1 #bij ,admiralty1 ,mr4 ,brunel's connection ) !1 respect+ ! screw propell]1 #bhc4 ,communication ) !1 on float+ gun-c>riage1 #dei ,airy1 ,g4 ,b41 ,a/ronom] ,royal1 memb] ( ! ,gauge ,commission1 #aag4 ,correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,brunel on a/ronomical obs]vations = ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #cba ,ang>rack1 viaduct at1 #ahi #8,ar*im$es' /eam]1 ! screw propell] us$ 9 !1 #bec4 ,exp]im5ts made 9 !1 #bed ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,8 hydraulic ma*9]y at ,padd+ton /ation1 #he note4#a ,engag$ ) ,mr4 ,brunel on gunn]y inve/igations1 #deb4 ,lett] to1 #ded1 #dfa ,atlantic cable exp$itions ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #dab4 ,loss ( ! fir/ cable1 #dab4 ,a second "o laid1 & ! fir/ recov]$1 #dac4 ,! ,fr5* cable ( #ahfi1 #dac ,atmosph]ic sy/em ( propulsion on railways1 #aca4 ,description ( ?is me?od ( traction1 #acd4 ,hi/ory ( its introduction prior to #ahdd1 #acf4 ,mr4 ,brunel's views respect+ x1 #acg4 ,8 report recomm5d+ its adoption on ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 #ach4 ,gr\nds ( 8 recomm5dation1 #adb4 ,select ,committee on1 #add4 ,work+ ( ! sy/em1 #aec4 ,imp]fections ( eng9es1 #aed1 & longitud9al valve1 #aeg4 ,mr4 ,brunel's report on ! failure ( ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus1 #aei4 ,ab&onm5t ( ! sy/em1 #afd ,au/ralian ,mail ,company1 ,mr4 ,brunel appo9t$ eng9e] ( !1 #bij ,b>l[1 ,pr(essor ,p41 memb] ( ! ,gauge ,commission1 #aag ,b>l[1 ,w4 ,h41 #eg ,ba?1 /ation at1 #hd ,ba?1 bridges at1 #age1 #agi ,ba?=d1 bridge at1 #age ,beami%1 ,ri*>d1 8 acc\nt ( ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's block ma*9]y at ,portsm\?1 quot$1 #c4 ,jo9s ! ,?ames ,tunnel works1 #ba ,b5nett1 ,joseph1 ,mr4 ,brunel's secret>y1 #ib ,b]ks & ,hants ,railway1 #hh ,birm+ham & ,ox=d ,junction ,railway1 #ij ,birm+ham1 ,great ,we/]n ext5sion to1 #abd ,bir? ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #a ,blake1 ,h4 ,w41 consult$ by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #big ,block ma*9]y at ,portsm\?1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's1 #b ,b\rbon1 ,ile de1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's susp5sion bridges = !1 #e4 ,description ( !m1 #dj ,b\rne viaduct1 #aha ,box ,tunnel1 #gj note#a1 #gb1 #ha4 ,criticism z to its safety1 #ha4 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel on !1 #ha ,bremn]1 ,a41 #bfc1 #bhj ,br5t=d1 dock at1 #ddj ,br5t=d1 ext5sion ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway to1 #hf ,br]eton1 ,rob]t ,pe>son1 *ief ( ,mr4 ,brunel's eng9e]+ /aff1 #ib1 #baj1 #bae note#a1 #bag note#a1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #dcg1 #dch note#a ,brickwork1 use (1 #ei4 ,bridges 91 #agb ,bridges1 susp5sion1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's3 9 ! ,ile de ,b\rbon1 #e1 #dj2 designs = ! ,s]p5t9e1 & = ! ,?ames at ,k+/on1 #e4 ,mr4 ,brunel's3 at ,clifton1 #df2 ,*>+ ,cross1 #ei ,bridges1 railway1 #aga4 #a4 ,brickwork & masonry bridges1 #agb4 ,fly+ bridges1 #agf4 ,skew bridges1 #agg4 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel on bridge con/ruction1 #agh4 #b4 ,timb] bridges & viaducts1 #agi4 #c4 ,ca/-iron bridges1 #aij4 #d4 ,wr\ght-iron bridges1 #aib4 ,gird] bridges1 #aic4 ,op5+ bridges1 #aie4 ,truss$ bridges1 #aii4 ,extracts f lett]s on bridges ( l>ge span1 #bab note#a4 ,exp]im5ts on matt]s connect$ ) bridge con/ruction1 #bbg ,bri/ol1 ,mr4 ,brunel's e>ly connection )1 #eh1 #fd4 ,/ation at1 #hd4 ,bridges at1 #age1 #aie4 ,float+ ,h>b\r1 #dbb4 ,propos$ improvem5t ( ! port1 #dbf4 ,new lock at1 #dbg ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway1 #hf ,bri/ol & ,gl\ce/] ,railway1 #ij ,bri/ol & ,s\? ,wales ,union ,railway1 #ij ,briton ,f]ry ,docks1 #dcg ,broad ,gauge4 ,see ,gauge ,brunel1 ,sir ,m>c ,isamb>d1 bir? (1 #b4 ,arrives 9 ,engl&1 #b4 ,m>ries ,miss ,sophia ,k+dom1 #b4 ,designs ! ,block ma*9]y at ,portsm\?1 #b4 ,v5e]+ ma*9]y1 #e4 ,%oe ma*9]y1 #e4 ,designs susp5sion bridges = ! ,ile de ,b\rbon1 #e1 #dj4 ,exp]im5ts on c>bonic acid gas1 #e1 #db4 ,proposes ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 #e4 ,extracts f 8 ,j\rnal relat+ to ! ,ro!rhi! %aft1 #aj4 ,extracts f 8 ,j\rnal relat+ to ! works at ! ,?ames ,tunnel up to ,janu>y #ahbh1 #af4 ,8 dea?1 #ci4 ,hoop iron introduc$ by1 9 brickwork1 #agg4 ,design$ a l>ge timb] bridge to cross ! ,neva1 #baa note#b ,bullo ,pill op5+ bridge1 #aig ,ca]m>!n1 op5+ bridge at1 #aih ,c>bonic acid gas1 exp]im5ts on1 by ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel & ,mr4 ,brunel1 #e1 #db ,ca/-iron bridges1 #aij4 ,mr4 ,brunel's views z to ! use ( ca/ iron 9 bridge con/ruction1 #aij1 #aib ,*elt5ham & ,great ,we/]n ,union ,railway1 #hh ,*ep/[ bridge1 #bjc4 ,mode ( =m+ pi]s1 #bjc4 ,description ( sup]/ructure1 #bjf4 ,float+ & erection1 #bji ,cl>ke1 ,seym\r1 #aag ,claxton1 ,capta91 #eg4 ,assi/s ,mr4 ,brunel at ! float+ ( ! ,*ep/[ bridge1 #baj4 ,& ! ,salta% bridge1 #bbb4 ,appo9t$ ,manag+ ,director ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 #bcd1 #bdb1 #bdg4 ,lett] to1 f ,mr4 ,brunel1 on ! #8,great ,brita91' #bfd4 ,goes to ,dundrum to c>ry out ,mr4 ,brunel's plans = ! protection ( ! #8,great ,brita91' #bgb4 ,lett] to1 f ,mr4 ,brunel1 on ! breakwat]1 #bgb4 ,report (1 on breakwat]1 #bgd4 ,sup]9t5ds float+ ( ! #8,great ,brita91' #bhj4 ,consult$ by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #bia1 #big4 ,float+ ,h>b\r1 ,bri/ol1 #dbd ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge1 orig9 ( !1 #dg4 ,mr4 ,brunel's designs1 #dg4 ,reject$ by ,mr4 ,tel=d1 #ea4 ,mr4 ,tel=d's own design1 #eb4 ,second competition1 #eb4 ,mr4 ,brunel successful1 & appo9t$ eng9e]1 #ec4 ,! site describ$1 #ed4 ,description ( ! design1 #ee4 ,ar*itectural features1 #ef4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 #ef4 ,complet$1 #eg ,coles1 ,capta9 ,c[p]1 #dfa ,con/ruction ( works1 lett] on1 #agh ,cont9u\s gird]s1 #bjh ,cork & ,y\ghal ,railway1 #ia ,cornwall ,railway1 #hg4 ,viaducts on1 #ahe ,cry/al ,palace at ,syd5ham1 wat]-t[]s ( !1 #ddh ,cyl9d]s1 ( ,*ep/[ bridge1 me?od ( s9k+ !1 #bjd4 ,! great cyl9d] ( ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge1 #bad ,dalkey ,railway1 ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em on1 #aca ,d>tm\? & ,torbay ,railway1 #hg ,dea? ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #ebj ,dock & pi] works3 ,monkwe>m\?1 #dah2 ,bri/ol1 #dbb2 ,plym\?1 #dcc2 ,briton ,f]ry1 #dcg2 ,br5t=d1 #ddj2 ,neyl&1 #ddc ,draught1 ,mr4 ,brunel's pap] on1 #aja note#a ,dubl91 railway to ,wickl[ f1 #ia ,dundrum ,bay1 /r&+ ( ! #8,great ,brita9' 91 #bfc ,e>ly life ( ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,he goes to s*ool at ,*elsea1 #d2 at ,brighton1 #d2 at ,p>is1 #e4 ,employ$ 9 8 fa!r's (fice1 #e4 ,engag$ at ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 #f4 ,ref]5ces by ,sir ,i4 ,brunel to 8 ex]tions1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba1 #bb1 #be1 #cc4 ,appo9t$ resid5t eng9e]1 #be note#a4 ,fir/ irruption ( ! riv]1 #bi4 ,second irruption1 #ce4 ,accid5t1 #cf4 ,visit to ,plym\?1 #df ,ea/]n ,b5gal ,railway1 #ia1 #aie1 #eag ,ea/]n ,c\nties ,railway1 gauge adopt$ on !1 #aje ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 =mation ( !1 #bia4 ,see #8,great ,ea/]n' ,egypt1 visit to1 #eag ,electric telegraph1 application ( !1 9 connection ) railways1 #aee ,eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,brunel's view ( ! position (1 #dge4 ,( jo9t-eng9e]1 #dgf4 ,( consult+ eng9e]1 #dgg4 ,( ! position ( ! eng9e] 9 relation to ! contractors1 #dgg4 ,to ! ,directors1 #dgh4 ,rem>ks on int]f]5ce ( ,directors ) assi/ant eng9e]s1 #dha4 ,on ,/ate control ov] eng9e]+ works1 #dhf ,exp]im5ts3 ,/r5g? ( timb]1 #ahb1 #bbg4 ,ca/-iron gird]s1 #aij1 #aia4 ,wr\ght-iron gird]1 #aic4 ,rivet+1 #aid1 #bbh4 ,cont9u\s beams1 #bji1 #bbi4 ,bridge con/ruction1 #bbg4 ,ropes & *a9s1 #bbh4 ,friction1 #cdh1 #cfh1 #che ,f>aday1 ,m41 8 exp]im5ts on ! liquefaction ( gases1 #db4 ,consult$ by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! ,kyanis+ process1 #ahi ,field1 ,cyrus1 #daa1 #dad ,field1 ,j41 consult$ by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #big ,float+ gun-c>riage1 #ded ,float+ h>b\r at ,bri/ol1 #dbb ,float+ pi]1 propos$ at ,porti%ead1 #dbf4 ,9 ,mill ,bay1 #dcf ,flor5ce & ,pi/oja ,railway1 #ia ,fly+ bridges1 #agf ,=d1 ,capta9 ,rob]t1 consult$ by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #big ,friction1 exp]im5ts & obs]vations on1 #cdh1 #cfh1 #che ,fr\de1 ,w41 lett] to1 describ+ float+ ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #chi ,ga?ampton1 bridge at1 #agd ,g5oa1 ,novi1 & ,aless&ria ,railway1 #ia ,gauge ( railways1 diff]5ce betwe5 ! broad & n>r[1 #ii4 ,orig9 ( ! ord9>y gauge1 #ii4 ,adoption ( ! broad gauge on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #aja1 #ajf4 ,reasons = its adoption1 #ajb4 ,attacks on1 #ajf4 ,reports ( ,mr4 ,wood & ,mr4 ,hawk%aw on1 #ajg4 ,report by ,mr4 ,brunel on1 #ajg4 ,nor!rn ext5sion1 #aaf4 ,inconv5i5ces ( a break ( gauge1 #aaf4 ,royal ,commission on ! gauge "q1 #aag4 ,report ( ! ,commission]s1 #aag4 #8,obs]vations on ! ,report1' #aai4 ,report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 #abb4 ,act = regulat+ gauge1 #abb4 ,! mix$ gauge1 #abd4 ,summ>y ( ! advantages ( ! broad gauge1 #abg4 ,p>tial ab&onm5t ( ! broad gauge1 #abg1 #abi4 ,report on ! broad gauge1 #ebe ,gilb]t1 ,davies1 appo9t$ ref]ee 9 ! second competition = ! ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #eb4 ,recomm5ds ,mr4 ,brunel's design1 #ec ,gird] bridges1 #aic ,gl5nie1 ,w41 #bae note#a ,gl\ce/]1 op5+ bridges ne>1 #aif ,gl\ce/] & ,dean ,=e/ ,railway1 #hh ,goo*1 ,sir ,daniel1 #aag1 #aai4 ,exp]im5ts by1 #abe ,gravatt1 ,william1 an assi/ant eng9e] at ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 #bf #8,great ,brita9' /eam-%ip1 comm5cem5t ( !1 #bdg4 ,report on ! eng9es1 #bdi4 ,adoption ( ! screw propell]1 #bed4 ,pr9cipal features ( h] design1 #bee4 ,arrives 9 ! ,?ames1 #bfa4 ,h] voyages1 #bfb4 ,/r&$ 9 ,dundrum ,bay1 #bfc4 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel on ! subject1 #bfd4 ,8 reports to ! ,directors1 #bfg1 #bgc4 ,con/ruction ( breakwat]1 #bgd4 ,float+ ( ! %ip1 #bhj4 ,h] subsequ5t hi/ory1 #bhb4 ,dim5sions ( %ip & eng9es1 #bhb #8,great ,ea/]n' /eam-%ip1 orig9 ( ! project1 #bia4 ,memor&um by ,mr4 ,brunel to ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/]n ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 #bib4 ,he is appo9t$ eng9e]1 #bic4 ,lett] on ! =m & dim5sions ( ! %ip1 #bid4 ,report on mode ( proce$+1 #bif4 ,on enquiries relat+ to ! draught & =m ( ! vessel1 #big4 ,on ! dim5sions1 #bii4 ,t5d]s invit$1 #cjj4 ,report on t5d]s1 #cja4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 #cjd4 ,extracts f ,mr4 ,brunel's memor&a1 #cjd1 #caj4 ,lett]s on 8 position z eng9e]1 #caa4 ,report describ+ ! %ip1 #cae4 ,lett] to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 #cba4 ,! obs]v]s' dep>tm5t 9 ! %ip1 #cbb4 ,capta9 ,h>rison appo9t$ to ! comm&1 #cbc4 ,memor&um on ! managem5t ( ! %ip1 #cbd4 ,lett] on ! duties ( *ief eng9e]1 #cce4 ,susp5sion & resumption ( ! works1 #cci4 ,reasons = laun*+ ! %ip broadside to ! riv]1 #cdj4 ,adoption ( iron slid+-surfaces1 #cdc4 ,! ways & cradles1 #cde4 ,motive p[]1 #cdh4 ,*eck+ ge>1 #cea4 ,riv] tackle1 #ceb4 ,lett] to ,capta9 ,h>rison on ! riv] tackle1 #ced4 ,lett] to ! ,directors respect+ ! op]ation ( laun*+1 #cee4 ,memor&um ( arrangem5ts & int5d$ mode ( proce$+1 #cef4 ,p>ticul> in/ructions1 #ceh4 ,f9al prep>ations1 #cei4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! laun*1 #cfj4 ,accid5t at "o ( ! drums1 #cfa4 ,failure ( ! fir/ attempt1 #cfb4 ,second attempt1 #cfd4 ,report on op]ations1 #cff4 ,progress ( ! laun*1 #cfh4 ,susp5sion ( op]ations1 #cgf4 ,report & memor&um1 #cgg4 ,re-comm5cem5t1 #cgi4 ,float+ ( ! %ip1 #chb4 ,exp]im5ts & obs]vations on friction1 #che4 ,lett] to ,mr4 ,w4 ,fr\de1 describ+ ! float+1 #chi4 ,=mation ( ! ,great ,%ip ,company1 #cic4 ,progress ( ! works to ,mr4 ,brunel's la/ illness1 #cic4 ,completion ( ! %ip1 #cic4 ,voyage to ,weym\?1 #cic4 ,explosion ( wat]-heat]1 #cic4 ,/orm at ,holyhead1 #cie4 ,description ( ! %ip1 #cif4 ,h] fir/ voyages to ,new ,york1 #djc4 ,to ,quebec1 ) troops1 #djd4 ,accid5t to rudd]1 & loss ( paddle:eels1 #dje4 ,voyages 9 #ahfb1 #djg4 ,accid5t (f ,montauk ,po9t1 #djg4 ,=mation ( ,great ,ea/]n ,/eam-,%ip ,company1 #dji4 ,rem>ks on p]=mance ( %ip1 #dji4 ,employ$ 9 lay+ ,atlantic cables1 #dab4 ,! ,indian cable1 #dad4 ,dim5sions ( %ip & eng9es1 #daf ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea1 ,mr4 ,brunel's op9ion respect+ prizes to exhibitors1 #dde4 ,8 "p 9 ! "w ( ! ,build+ ,committee1 #ddf4 ,supports ,sir ,joseph ,paxton's design1 #ddg ,great ,we/]n ,hotel1 #hf ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 orig9 ( !1 #fc4 ,mr4 ,brunel appo9t$ eng9e]1 #fd4 ,survey ( ! c\ntry1 #fe4 ,bill = a l9e f ,london to ,read+1 & ,ba? to ,bri/ol1 read a second "t1 & ref]r$ to a committee1 #ff4 ,opposition to ! ,bill1 #fg4 ,plan ( ent]+ ,london1 #fh4 ,mr4 ,brunel's cross-exam9ation1 #fi4 ,! ,bill pass$ by ! ,commons1 b ?r[n out 9 ! ,lords1 #gj4 ,a ,bill = ! :ole l9e introduc$1 read a second "t1 & committ$1 #ga4 ,evid5ce tak5 be=e ! ,commons' ,committee1 #gb4 ,evid5ce be=e ! ,lords' ,committee1 #gc4 ,! ,bill receives ! ,royal ,ass5t1 #gd4 ,con/ruction ( ! l9e1 #hj4 ,op5+ f ,london to ,bri/ol1 #hj4 ,levels & incl9es1 #hj1 #ajd4 ,! ,box ,tunnel1 #ha4 ,! ,ba? & ,bri/ol /ations1 #hd4 ,padd+ton /ation1 #hd4 ,bran*es & ext5sions ( ! railway1 #hf1 #hh1 #ij4 ,adoption ( ! broad gauge1 #ajf4 ,! p]man5t way1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,meet+ ( %>ehold]s on broad gauge1 #aaa4 ,ext5sion ( ! ,great ,we/]n sy/em1 #aaf #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip1 =mation ( ! company1 #bcc4 ,details ( ! con/ruction ( ! vessel1 #bcd note#b4 ,report on ! selection ( ! build]s ( ! eng9es1 #bce4 ,controv]sy ) ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 #bcg4 ,laun* ( ! vessel1 & voyage to ,london1 #bda4 ,return to ,bri/ol1 #bdb4 ,fire on bo>d1 & accid5t to ,mr4 ,brunel1 #bdb4 ,fir/ voyage to ,new ,york1 #bdc4 ,subsequ5t hi/ory1 #bdd4 ,dim5sions ( %ip & eng9es1 #bde ,gunn]y exp]im5ts1 #deb ,guppy1 ,t4 ,r41 #adh1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #bdg1 #bec1 #bed4 ,lett] to1 on iron-%ip build+1 #bei ,hammond1 ,j4 ,w41 #fe1 #ib ,hanwell1 bridge at1 de/roy$ by fire1 #aij ,hanwell viaduct1 #agb ,h>rison1 ,capta91 #bbc4 ,appo9t$ comm&] ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #cbc4 ,lett] to1 on ! riv] tackle1 #ced4 ,at ! laun*1 #cfb1 #cgj1 #chb1 #cib ,hav]=dwe/1 op5+ bridge at1 #aih ,hawk%aw1 ,j41 #eg4 ,report on broad gauge & p]man5t way1 #ajg ,h5ley bran* ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #hf ,hung]=d ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #eg1 #ei ,india1 railway works 91 #ia ,indian ,cable exp$ition ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #dad ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 #eaf note#b1 #eba ,inv5tors1 communications )1 #dhe ,irel&1 railway works 91 #ij ,italy1 ,mr4 ,brunel's railway works 91 #ia1 #eaj ,ivybridge viaduct1 #ahb ,k5net1 bridge ov] ! riv]1 #age ,kidwelly1 op5+ bridge at1 #aih ,kyanis+ process1 #ahi1 #dba ,l&ore1 viaduct at1 #ahc ,lane1 ,mi*ael1 #bi ,l>dn]1 ,dr41 #aad note#a4 ,op9ions respect+ ocean /eam navigation1 #bcg ,llansamlet1 fly+ ar*es ne>1 #agf ,llynvi ,valley ,railway1 #hi ,locke1 ,joseph1 #fb1 #gd4 ,8 address on ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #eba ,locomotive p[]1 comp>ison (1 ) /ation>y p[]1 #adb1 #aff ,l\ghor1 op5+ bridge at1 #aig ,maid5head bridge1 #if1 #agc ,masonry1 bridges 91 #agb ,maudslay & ,field1 #ae1 #adh1 #bcf1 #bhd ,mil=d ,hav51 #hh1 #ddc ,monkwe>m\?1 docks at1 #dag1 #dah ,m\ls=d1 bridge at1 #agd ,nasmy?1 ,james1 8 /eam hamm] design$1 #beb note#a4 ,lett] to1 on gunn]y exp]im5ts1 #deb ,nea?1 improvem5t ( riv]1 #dch note#a ,newport viaduct1 #ahe1 #aii ,neyl&1 pi] at1 #ddc ,ocean /eam navigation1 ,mr4 ,brunel's connection )1 #bca1 #cac ,op5+ bridges1 #aie ,ox=d1 ,mr4 ,brunel creat$ a ,doctor 9 ,civil ,law at1 #eaf ,ox=d & ,rugby ext5sion ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #ij1 #aaf ,ox=d bran* ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #hf ,ox=d1 ,worce/]1 & ,wolv]hampton ,railway1 #ij1 #aaf ,padd+ton /ation1 #hd ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahee1 lett] on decorations conf]r$ at1 #dhi ,p>kes1 ,dr41 m$ical sup]9t5d5t ( ,r5kioi ,hospital1 #dfh4 ,report (1 on hospital build+s1 #dfh ,pat5t laws1 ,mr4 ,brunel's op9ions on !1 #bab note1#a #dej1 #dea1 #ded1 #dhe1 #dhi1 #dig ,patt]son1 ,w41 #bcd1 #bdg1 #bfc ,paxton1 ,sir ,joseph1 8 design = ! ,great ,exhibition build+1 #ddg ,p]man5t way on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #ajh1 #ece ,plym\? ,great ,we/]n ,docks1 #dcc ,polygonal rifle1 #ddi ,porti%ead1 propos$ pi] at1 #dbf ,pr9ce ,consort1 ,h4,r4,h4 !1 op5s ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge1 #bbf4 ,pres5t at float+ ( ! #8,great ,brita91' #bei ,private life ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #dii4 ,e>ly rem9isc5ces1 #ejj4 ,removal to ,duke ,/reet1 & m>riage1 #eje4 ,8 ta/e 9 art1 #ejf4 ,fir/ j\rney to ,italy1 #ejh4 ,half-sov]eign accid5t1 #eaa4 ,pur*ase ( prop]ty 9 ,devon%ire1 #ead4 ,life at ,watcombe1 #eae4 ,fail+ heal?1 #eaf4 ,j\rneys to ,switz]l& & ,egypt1 #eaf4 ,lett] f ,phil1 #eag4 ,8 la/ illness1 #ebj ,quak]'s ,y>d1 viaduct at1 #hi ,railways1 sket* (1 9 ,engl& prior to #ahcc1 #fa4 ,ext5t ( ,mr4 ,brunel's1 #gi4 ,great ,we/]n1 #hj4 ,bran*es to ,ox=d1 #hf4 ,w9dsor1 #hf4 ,wycombe1 #hf4 ,uxbridge1 #hf4 ,h5ley1 #hf4 ,br5t=d1 #hf4 ,bri/ol & ,exet] ,railway1 #hf4 ,s\? ,devon1 #hg4 ,s\? ,devon & ,tavi/ock1 #hg4 ,cornwall1 #hg4 ,bran* l9es n[ incorporat$ ) ,great ,we/]n ,railway3 ,b]ks & ,hants1 #hh4 ,wilts & ,som]set1 #hh4 ,*elt5ham & ,great ,we/]n ,union1 #hh4 ,gl\ce/] & ,dean ,=e/1 #hh4 ,! ,s\? ,wales1 #hh4 ,! ,taff ,vale1 #hi4 ,! ,vale ( ,nea?1 #hi4 ,! ,llynvi ,valley1 #hi4 ,! ,s\? ,wales ,m9]al1 #hi4 ,bri/ol & ,s\? ,wales ,union1 #ij4 ,bri/ol & ,gl\ce/]1 #ij4 ,! ,ox=d & ,rugby1 #ij4 ,birm+ham & ,ox=d ,junction1 #ij4 ,ox=d1 ,worce/]1 & ,wolv]hampton1 #ij4 ,irel&1 #ij4 ,italy1 #ia4 ,india 7,ea/]n ,b5gal71 #ia ,railway ,/ructures1 lett] on ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to1 #aib1 #dhf #8,rattl]' /eam-%ip1 trials ) !1 #bhg ,r5del1 ,j4 ,m41 #baa1 #dcc ,r5kioi1 hospital build+s at1 #dfa4 ,description ( ! build+s1 #dfc4 ,dr4 ,p>kes's report on ! =mation & g5]al managem5t ( ! hospital1 #dfh ,r5nie1 ,g4 & ,j41 #adh ,ri*>ds1 ,we/ley1 lett]s to1 on polygonal rifle1 #dej ,rivet+1 exp]im5ts on1 #aid1 #bbh ,ropes & *a9s1 exp]im5ts on1 #bbh ,ro!rhi! %aft ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 con/ruction ( !1 #i ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge at ,salta%1 #baa4 ,plans = cross+ ! riv] ,tam> at ,salta%1 #baa4 ,trial cyl9d] = c5tre pi]1 #bac4 ,report on mak+ bridge = a s+le l9e1 #bad4 ,mode ( con/ruction ( c5tre pi]1 #bad4 ,description ( sup]/ructure1 #bah4 ,float+ ( fir/ truss1 #bba4 ,lift+ ( fir/ truss1 #bbd4 ,float+ & lift+ ( second truss1 #bbe4 ,op5+ by ,h4,r4,h4 ! ,pr9ce ,consort1 #bbf ,royal ,society1 #eaf note#a ,russell1 ,j4 ,scott1 builds ! #8,victoria' & #8,adelaide1' #bij4 ,assi/s ,mr4 ,brunel 9 matur+ designs ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #bia1 #bib1 #big4 ,lett] to1 on ! =m & dim5sions ( ! %ip1 #bid4 ,t5d] accept$ = hull & paddle-eng9es1 #cja ,/4 ,m>y's viaduct1 #aha ,/4 ,p9nock viaduct1 #ahf ,salta% bridge4 ,see ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge ,samuda1 ,j41 #aca1 #acd1 #adh1 #afj ,saund]s1 ,c4 ,a41 #ib1 #aag1 #aai ,screw propell]1 !1 adopt$ = ! #8,great ,brita91' #bed4 ,communications on1 ) ! ,bo>d ( ,admiralty1 #bhc4 ,trials ) ! #8,polyphemus1' #bhd4 ,) ! #8,rattl]1' #bhg4 ,report recomm5d+ adoption (1 #eci ,%ield1 ,?ames ,tunnel1 !1 #aa1 #ab #8,sirius' /eam-%ip1 #bda ,skew bridges1 #agg ,smi?1 ,f4 ,p41 ! screw propell]1 #bec1 #bhg4 ,consult$ by ,mr4 ,brunel on ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #big1 #bih ,smi?1 ,sir ,f41 memb] ( ! ,gauge ,commission1 #aag ,smy?1 ,c4 ,piazzi1 ,a/ronom] ,royal = ,scotl&1 correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,brunel on a/ronomical in/rum5ts = ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #cbb ,sonn+ ,cutt+ brickwork bridge1 #age4 ,timb] bridge1 #agi ,s\? ,devon & ,tavi/ock ,railway1 #hg4 ,viaducts1 #ahh ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 #hg4 ,c\rse ( ! l9e1 #acb4 ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em adopt$ on !1 #ach4 ,viaducts1 #ahb ,s\? ,wales ,m9]al ,railway1 #hi ,s\? ,wales ,railway1 #hh4 ,viaducts1 #ahc1 #aid ,/&>d draw+s1 #agb note#b ,/ation>y & locomotive p[]1 comp>ison (1 #adb1 #aff ,/atue ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 #ebj note#a ,/eph5son1 ,george1 #fa1 #fb1 #gj1 #gd1 #ii ,/eph5son1 ,rob]t1 #fb1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #acd ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 #acf1 #acg note#a1 #ach1 #add4 ,conway & ,britannia bridges1 #bba1 #bbc4 ,laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #cge1 #cgf1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #chd note#a1 #dhe1 #eaf1 #eag1 #eba ,/oneh\se viaduct1 #aha ,taff ,vale ,railway1 #hi1 #ajd note#a ,tam>1 plans = cross+ ! riv]1 #e note#b1 #df1 #baa ,tel=d1 ,t41 appo9t$ ref]ee to decide ^u ! plans = ! ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge1 #ea4 ,rejects ,mr4 ,brunel's plan1 #ea4 ,designs "o himself1 #eb4 ,8 plan describ$1 #eb ,?ames ,tunnel1 project (1 fir/ occupies ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel's att5tion1 #e4 ,plans sugge/$ = ! con/ruction ( a tunnel1 #f4 ,bor+s1 #g4 ,rem>ks on bor+s1 #h note#a4 ,comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 #i4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,ro!rhi! %aft1 #i4 ,description ( ! %ield1 #ab4 ,j\rnals ( ,sir ,i4 ,brunel ( ! progress ( ! "w1 #aj1 #aa1 #af4 ,mr4 ,brunel appo9t$ resid5t eng9e] (1 #be note#a4 ,fir/ irruption ( ! riv]1 #bi4 ,second irruption1 #ce4 ,works susp5d$1 #cg4 ,resum$1 #ch4 ,! ,wapp+ %aft1 #ch4 ,complet$ & op5$1 #ci4 ,its subsequ5t hi/ory1 #ci note#a ,?ompson1 ,dr4 ,se?4 ,lett] on ! half-sov]eign accid5t1 #eaa ,timb] bridges & viaducts1 #agi ,timb]1 exp]im5ts on /r5g? (1 #ahb1 #bbg ,torquay bran* ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 #hg ,truss$ bridges1 #aii ,uxbridge bran* ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #hf ,vale ( ,nea? ,railway1 #hi4 ,viaducts1 #aga ,vick1 ,ald]man ,william1 8 beque/ = a bridge at ,clifton1 #dg #8,victoria' /eam-%ip1 built "u ,mr4 ,brunel's direction1 #bij ,vignoles1 ,c41 #gd ,walk]1 ,j41 #ajg ,walkham viaduct1 #ahi ,wapp+ %aft ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 con/ruction ( !1 #ch ,watcombe1 ,mr4 ,brunel's life at1 #ead ,watt1 ,james ,co41 #adh4 ,t5d] accept$ = screw eng9es ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' #cja ,we/ ,cornwall ,railway1 #hg4 ,viaducts1 #ahi ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 memorial w9d[ 91 #ebj note#a ,wilts & ,som]set ,railway1 #hh ,w9dsor bran* ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #hf ,w9dsor bridge1 #bjj4 ,description ( sup]/ructure1 #bjj4 ,mode ( =m+ pi]s1 #bja ,wire gun1 #dec ,witness1 ,mr4 ,brunel's reputation z a1 #fi1 #ic1 #eje ,wood1 ,ni*olas1 #aja4 ,report on broad gauge & p]man5t way1 #ajg ,wr\ght-iron bridges1 #aib ,wr\ght-iron gird]1 exp]im5ts on1 #aic ,wyatt1 ,sir ,m4 ,d41 #hd ,wycombe ext5sion ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #hf ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,& ,,co41 ,,new-,,/reet ,,squ>e ,,& ,,p>liam5t ,,/reet 99 99 99 99 99 ,typographical errors correct$ by ! etext transcrib]3 kn[n me?od ( makng kn[n me?od ( mak+ pg #de consits m]ely ( consi/s m]ely ( pg #aji e calcluation e calculation pg #ebg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #a ,to avoid confusion1 ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel has be5 call$ ?r\gh\t by t designation1 ! "o by :i* he is g5]ally kn[n3 he 0 knight$ on ,m>* #bd1 #ahda4 ,8 ,life has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,beami%1 ,f4,r4,s4 7,london1 #ahfb47 #b ,lady ,brunel surviv$ h] husb& five ye>s4 ,( _! *ildr51 ?ree liv$ to maturity1 "o son1 ,isamb>d ,k+dom1 & two daught]s1 ,sophia1 wife ( ! late ,sir ,b5jam9 ,hawes1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,"u ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,w>1 & ,emma1 wife ( ! ,rev4 ,george ,h>rison1 ,rector ( ,sutcombe4 #c ,he 0 s5t to ,p>is to recov] 8 k ( ,fr5*1 :i* _h got r ru/y at s*ool1 & also to /udy ma!matics4 ,he reta9$ ?r\gh life a great admiration ( ! me?od ( tea*+ ?is subject :i* 0 adopt$ 9 ,france4 ,9 addition to ! "t sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ma!matics & languages1 ,mr4 ,brunel occupi$ himself on 8 holidays 9 exam9+ ! v>i\s eng9e]+ works go+ on 9 ,p>is1 & he us$ to s5d 8 fa!r draw+s & descriptions ( !m4 #d ,sir ,isamb>d 0 also consult$ ^u a propos$ susp5sion bridge ov] ! ,tam> at ,salta%1 :]e ,mr4 ,brunel subsequ5tly built ! ,royal ,alb]t ,bridge4 #e ,?is hi/ory has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,beami% 9 8 ,life ( ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 pp4 #bjb-cjd1 & also1 up to ! ye> #ahbh1 9 ! v valuable "w by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,law1 ,c4,e41 entitl$ #8,a ,memoir ( ! sev]al ,op]ations1 & ! ,con/ruction1 ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1' & publi%$ by ! late ,mr4 ,weale 9 8 ,qu>t]ly ,pap]s on ,eng9e]+4 #f ,= an acc\nt ( ^! e>li] attempts see ,law1 pp4 #c-g4 #g ,?is expectation does n seem to h be5 realis$1 z !re 0 nev] any consid]able traffic ?r\gh ! ,?ames ,tunnel4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x w\ld h be5 o!rwise _h ! l>ge desc5ts = c>riages & horses be5 con/ruct$4 #h ,! results obta9$ by ^! bor+s 7 no d\bt fallaci\s1 b n to ! ext5t :i* has sometimes be5 imag9$4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 9 ,novemb] #ahdi1 ,dean ,buckl& call$ att5tion to #8! evils aris+ f ! ignorance ( ! eng9e]s :o report$ to ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 t ! :ole ( ! bottom ( ! riv] at t spot 0 ,london clay4' ,:]eupon ,mr4 ,brunel rose & said1 t he #8agre$ t k ( e k9d 0 mo/ desirable1 & t x w\ld be well if eng9e]s 7 g5]ally mu* bett] in=m$ on _m subjects :i* w\ld be useful1 & m p>ticul>ly on matt]s connect$ ) geology2 at ! same "t he c\ld n admit t !y 7 defici5t 9 t k ( ! surface ( ! e>? :i* 0 necess>y = ! purpose ( guid+ !m 9 _! "w4 ,x might be true t _m memb]s ( ! pr(ession 71 l himself1 n p]fectly well acqua9t$ ) ! m9ute geological *>act]i/ics ( ! soils !y _h to deal )1 b he ?\ght ! education & ! practical exp]i5ce ( ! pr(ession g5]ally r5d]$ !m well acqua9t$ ) ^? features & *>act]i/ics :i* 7 necess>y = _! guidance 9 ! design or execution ( "w4 ,he mu/ also say a few words 9 def5ce ( ^? p]sons 7n[ ne>ly all dead7 :o made ! bor+s 9 ! ,?ames1 & 7 /at$ to h made s fallaci\s a report previ\s to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,tunnel4 ,n[1 al?\gh t /atem5t _h by con/ant repetition become a sort ( hi/orical fact1 x 0 really only "o ( ^? popul> fallacies :i* obta9$ too ready cr$5ce 9 ! _w4 ,! position ( ! ,tunnel 0 n det]m9$ by any report1 or by ! result ( any bor+s1 b ) a view to e/abli%+ a communication betwe5 p>ticul> localities = enc\rag+ ! traffic :i* 0 anticipat$ f ! facility ( access to ! docks1 & = o!r local reasons1 su* z ! g5]al direction ( ! roads & /reets on bo? %ores4 ,aft] ! position 0 settl$1 & n until !n1 bor+s 7 made to asc]ta9 :at soils might be expect$ 9 t "p ( ! riv]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! bor+s 7 made full tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 bor+ 9 ! b$ ( a riv] ?r\gh a dep? ( wat] ( ne>ly ?irty feet 0 n an ord9>y occurr5ce4 ,! tool !n g5]ally employ$ 0 ! worm1 & tubes 7 n ev5 us$ 9 su* cases4 ,! bor+s %[$ ! exi/5ce 9 t spot ( some?+ :i*1 9 ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! t]m1 might h be5 inadv]t5tly call$ ,london clay1 b he _h no recollection ( its geological designation hav+ ev] be5 ?\ght (4 ,x 0 report$ & %[n to be a v fair clay = work+ 94444 ,! errors :i* 7 made 9 giv+ ! results ( ! bor+s did n1 9 fact1 arise f ignorance1 b f me*anical defects 9 ! tools1 = x 0 subsequ5tly discov]$ t ! worm frequ5tly c>ri$ a portion ( ! upp] t5aci\s clay ?r\gh ! s(t] /rata b5ea?1 & br\ght x up aga94 ,! t5aci\s clay might h be5 call$ ,london clay1 b no value 0 atta*$ to t p>ticul> designation2 !y c>$ little 9 eng9e]+ = its d5om9ation1 provid$ x 0 ( a good t5aci\s quality4 ,?is mi/ake 9 t]ms 7suppos+ x to h occurr$7 c\ld n h _h any influ5ce on aft] proce$+s2 =1 be=e ! ,tunnel 0 f> advanc$1 he conduct$ ) great c>e a s]ies ( bor+s ext5d+ across ! ,?ames1 &1 z he us$ improv$ tools & work$ ?r\gh tubes1 ! holes 7 kept s dry t a c&le 0 frequ5tly l[]$ d[n to ! bottom 9 ord] to see ! am\nt ( infiltration4 ,by ?is means he 0 enabl$ to con/ruct a correct section ( ! b$ ( ! ,?ames at t spot1 %[+ e lay] ( %ells & gravel z well z e v>iation ( ! surface ( ! silt1 c4 ,he ent]$ m at l5g? into ^! details ?an might p]haps appe> necess>y1 because he felt x 0 incumb5t ^u ^? :o _h ! conduct ( works to %[ t !y did n proce$ s ignorantly or s recklessly z _h be5 assum$1 9 ! design or execution ( l>ge und]tak+s4' #i ,! p>agraphs 9 small type1 )\t any ref]5ce1 are f ,sir ,isamb>d's j\rnals4 ,! s5t5ces ins]t$ at ! side are 8 m>g9al summ>y4 ,occasionally a few words are add$ 79 squ>e brackets7 by way ( explanation4 #aj ,! %aft subsequ5tly made on ! ,wapp+ %ore 0 sunk to its full dep? )\t any "u-p9n+4 #aa ,pr(essor ,rank9e1 9 8 "w on ,civil ,eng9e]+1 p4 #eii1 describes ! ,?ames ,tunnel works "u ! significant head+ #8,tunnell+ 9 ,mud4' #ab ,proce$+s ,in/4 ,c4 ,e4 i4 #cd4 ,! circum/ances :i* l$ ,sir ,isamb>d to conceive ! idea ( a %ield1 & ! e>li] designs he made = x1 are describ$1 ) illu/rations1 by ,mr4 ,law1 pp4 #g-aj4 #ac ,mr4 ,law's memoir conta9s a detail$ description ( e "p ( ! %ield1 illu/rat$ by c>eful draw+s4 #ad ,mr4 ,beami% _h jo9$ ! works on ,augu/ #g4 #ae ,on ,novemb] #bj ,mr4 ,brunel m5tions 9 8 di>y t he _h #8pass$ sev5 days out ( ! la/ t5 9 ! ,tunnel4 ,= n9e days on an av]age #bj h\rs p] day 9 ! ,tunnel & #c to sleep4' #af ,on ! previ\s day ,mr4 ,brunel _h be5 =mally appo9t$ resid5t eng9e]4 #ag ,mr4 ,gravatt _h be5 appo9t$ an assi/ant eng9e] six mon?s be=e4 #ah ,sir ,isamb>d's j\rnal ( ?is ev5tful night consi/s--z he 0 n himself pres5t--( ,mr4 ,beami%'s j\rnal1 ) a few words 9 w>m comm5dation ( t g5tleman's #8judgm5t1 coolness1 & c\rage1' foll[$ by obs]vations ^u ! /ability ( ! %ield4 ,he !n gives a /atem5t made by ,mr4 ,gravatt1 & tak5 d[n 9 %or?&4 ,no extracts are giv5 9 ! text f ,mr4 ,beami%'s n>rative1 z he has already ins]t$ x 9 a cond5s$ =m 9 8 ,life ( ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel1 pp4 #bdd-bdh4 #ai ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,lane1 at ?is "t =eman bricklay]1 became "o ( ,mr4 ,brunel's mo/ valu$ assi/ants1 & 0 employ$ by him on ! ,monkwe>m\? ,docks & ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 ,aft] fill+ v>i\s po/s 9 ! s]vice ( t company1 he 0 9 #ahfj appo9t$ _! pr9cipal eng9e]1 an (fice :i* he held till 8 dea?1 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfh4 #bj ,on ?is occasion an amus+ incid5t occurr$4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 exce$+ly unwill+ to p]mit 8 visitors to make ?is exp$ition into ! ar*2 b on ! assurance t !y c\ld all swim p]fectly well1 he cons5t$ to take !m1 ) ! und]/&+ t1 if he jump$ ov]bo>d1 !y 7 imm$iately to foll[ 8 example1 & swim aft] him to ! %aft4 ,:ile !y 7 9 ! ar* ,mr4 ,brunel 7z ,sir ,isamb>d m5tions7 fell ov]bo>d4 ,z soon z he recov]$ himself1 & turn$ to swim back to ! boat1 he rememb]$ t he _h unwitt+ly giv5 to 8 companions ! signal to jump out into ! wat]4 ,he 0 mu* amus$1 on look+ up1 to see t !y 7 n swimm+ aft] him1 b 7 /ill sitt+ 9 ! boat cl++ to ! gunwale1 ) faces expressive ( blank despair4 #ba ,mr4 ,brunel's comm5t 9 8 di>y is z foll[s3--#8,)\t ascrib+ any p>ticul> m]it to myself1 ,i _c help obs]v+1 = my future guidance1 t be+ alone1 & giv+ few b cle> ord]s1 & ^? always to ! m5 :o 7 to execute !m1 ,i succe$$ 9 an op]ation n altoge!r mean1 & :i* a v trifl+ want ( precaution or ord] might h caus$ to be a total failure4' #bb ,on ,janu>y #ae1 #ahbh1 ! ,directors ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel ,company pass$ ! foll[+ resolution1 :i* !y ord]$ to be adv]tis$ 9 ! ,times1 ,new ,times1 ,h]ald1 ,l$g]1 & ,c\ri]3--#8,t ?is c\rt1 hav+ he>d ) great admiration ( ! intrepid c\rage & pres5ce ( m9d display$ by ,mr4 ,isamb>d ,brunel1 ! company's resid5t eng9e]1 :5 ! ,?ames broke into ! ,tunnel on ! morn+ ( ! #ab? in/ant1 are desir\s to give _! public te/imony to 8 calm & en]getic endeav\rs1 & to t g5]\s pr9ciple :i* induc$ him to put 8 own life 9 m imm95t haz>d to save ! lives ( ! m5 "u 8 imm$iate c>e4' #bc ,! ,?ames ,tunnel 0 n successful z a comm]cial und]tak+2 b x has always be5 consid]$1 especially by =eign]s1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sights 9 ,london1 & has be5 visit$ by sev]al millions ( p]sons4 ,9 #ahfe x 0 pur*as$ by ! ,ea/ ,london ,railway ,company1 & tra9s n[ 7,m>*1 #ahgj7 run ?r\gh x4 ,! possibility ( us+ ! ,tunnel z a railway _h be5 consid]$ 9 ,mr4 ,brunel's lifetime1 & ! idea 0 approv$ ( by him4 #bd ,?is description is bas$ on ! translation giv5 by ,mr4 ,drewry 7,susp5sion ,bridges1 ,london1 #ahcb1 p4 #ge71 f ! ,mmoire sur les ,ponts ,susp5dus1 by ,m4 ,navi] 7,p>is1 #ahbc1 p4 #di74 ,m4 ,navi] saw ! bridges :5 !y 7 erect$ at ,%effield 9 ,may #ahbc4 #be ,! dim5sions ( ^! designs 7 z foll[s3-- 7a47 ,l5g? ( floor #hij feet4 ,di/ance betwe5 po9ts ( susp5sion #ihj ,l5g? ( *a9 #a1cjj ,) a capacity to be> excessive load ( #fej tons4 7b47 ,l5g? ( floor #iaf feet4 ,di/ance betwe5 po9ts ( susp5sion #a1afj ,l5g? ( *a9 #a1dfh ,) capacity to be> excessive load ( #fej tons4 #bf ,on plate ,i4 is giv5 7fig4 #a7 a facsimile on a small] scale ( ! draw+ s5t 9 by ,mr4 ,brunel = ! la/-m5tion$ 7b7 ( ^! two designs4 #bg ,see bel[1 p4 #fj4 #bh ,see above1 p4 #db4 #bi ,! dim5sions propos$ 9 ?is design 7 z foll[s3-- ,di/ance betwe5 po9ts ( susp5sion #fjj feet4 ,v]s$ s9e #fj ,wid? ( roadway #cb #cj ,a few days be=e ?is c]emony1 an iron b>1 #a in* diamet]1 & ab\t #a1jjj feet 9 l5g?1 0 hung across ! valley f ,clifton ,rocks to ,leigh ,d[n1 to facilitate ! works4 ,x 0 trav]s$ by a basket pull$ by ropes4 ,! fir/ few j\rneys ( ?is ma*9e 7 some:at p]il\s4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,brunel %\ld be ! fir/ pass5g]s2 b1 :5 all 0 ready1 "o ( ,mr4 ,brunel's assi/ants />t$ on a cl&e/9e trial trip1 & ow+ to a b5d 9 ! b>1 ! basket /uck half way1 & ! ma/ ( a pass+ /eam] caught 9 ! rope4 ,! rope 0 h[ev] cut1 & he 0 drawn back4 ,:5 ! app>atus _h be5 put to rights1 on ano!r occasion1 :5 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 9 ! basket1 x got jamm$1 & he _h to climb up ! connect+ l9k & get ^u ! b>1 be=e he c\ld release ! basket4 #ca ,span #gjb feet #c in*es4 ,v]s$ s9e #gj ,roadway above high-wat] #bdh #cb ,plate ,i4 fig4 #b 7p4 #di71 %[s an elevation ( ! bridge accord+ to ! designs on :i* x 0 comm5c$4 #cc ,see ,mr4 ,brunel's rem>ks3--,proce$+s ,in/4 ,c4 ,e4 = #ahda1 pp4 #gh1 #gi4 #cd ,roll]s on an ar*$ surface _h be5 us$ previ\sly 9 sev]al bridges4 #ce ,! *a9s 7 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,salta% bridge4 #cf ,spee* ( ! ,*airman1 ! late ,capta9 ,m>k ,hui%1 at ! fir/ g5]al meet+1 ,augu/ #b1 #ahfa4 #cg ,"s re-arrangem5t ( ,mr4 ,brunel's design 0 r5d]$ necess>y 9 ord] to adapt ! ,hung]=d bridge *a9s to ! ,clifton bridge1 & !re are ?ree *a9s in/ead ( two1 z 9 ,mr4 ,brunel's design4 ,! plat=m is /iff5$ by wr\ght-iron gird]s in/ead ( by timb] truss+1 & ! :ole bridge is /iff5$ transv]sely by ! wr\ght-iron gird]s at ! sides1 :i* are connect$ ?r\gh\t by diagonal brac+4 ,! cle> wid? ( ! bridge is #cj feet1 #e feet less ?an orig9ally int5d$4 ,x %\ld be add$1 t no attempt has be5 made to complete ! t[]s accord+ to ,mr4 ,brunel's ar*itectural designs4 #ch ,a graphic acc\nt ( ?is fam\s p>liam5t>y conte/ w be f\nd 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,mr4 ,smiles' ,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s1 *apt] xi4 #ci ,see ,mr4 ,smiles' ,life ( ,george ,/eph5son1 p4 #cbe4 #dj ,see ,mr4 ,smiles' ,lives ( ! ,eng9e]s1 vol4 iii4 *ap4 xv4 #da ,by means ( ! railway 7x 0 said7 goods w\ld be convey$ ) ease f ,london to ,read+ 9 ?ree or f\r h\rs1 & f ,ba? to ,bri/ol 9 "o h\r4 #db ,dur+ ,mr4 ,/eph5son's cross-exam9ation1 sev]al que/ions 7 put to him z to ! dang]\s consequ5ces :i* might be expect$ to result f travell+ ?r\gh a tunnel a ?\s& y>ds long4 ,at l5g? he lo/ all pati5ce at ! ignorance display$ by ! que/ions put to him by c\nsel1 & ! foll[+ passage ( arms took place3-- #8,mr4 ,/eph5son4 ,i wi% y _h a little eng9e]+ k--y w\ld n talk to me s4 ,c\nsel4 ,i feel ! disadvantage4 ,mr4 ,/eph5son4 ,i am sure y mu/4' ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e]+ evid5ce !re are "s /atem5ts :i* read /rangely en\gh at ! pres5t day1 z = example ! foll[+3 #8,! noise ( two tra9s pass+ 9 a tunnel w\ld %ake ! n]ves ( ?is assembly4 ,i d n "k su* a noise4 ,no pass5g] w\ld be induc$ to g twice4' #dc ,at ?is "t ! ,lords' committees 7 op5 to all pe]s :o *ose to sit on !m1 & x 0 n consid]$ indecor\s = pe]s :o _h n att5d$ any ( ! previ\s sitt+s to vote on ! division4 #dd ,! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 0 con/ruct$ ) b few deviations f ! l9e sanction$ 9 #ahce4 ,! only alt]ation ( any importance 0 at ! ,london end1 :]e1 by an ,act pass$ 9 #ahcf1 ! l9e 0 tak5 to ,padd+ton1 in/ead ( jo9+ ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway ne> ,k5sal ,gre54 ,?is *ange ( plan 0 r5d]$ necess>y by reason ( a difficulty hav+ aris5 betwe5 ! two companies z to ! t]ms ( _! agreem5t1 & n1 z has be5 (t5 /at$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! adoption ( ! broad gauge on ! ,great ,we/]n l9e4 #de ,sir ,william ,arm/rong's hydraulic ma*9]y at ,padd+ton is describ$ by him 9 a communication pr9t$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #ahed1 p4 #dah3 #8,i h also appli$ x wat] pressure ma*9]y ext5sively to railway purposes *iefly "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o has f\nd a multitude ( cases involv+ lift+ or traction p[] 9 :i* x may be made available4 ,mo/ ( ^! applications are well exemplifi$ at ! new /ation ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company 9 ,london1 :]e ! load+ & unload+ ( trucks1 ! hoi/+ into w>eh\ses1 ! lift+ ( load$ trucks f "o level to ano!r1 ! mov+ ( turn-tables1 & ! haul+ ( trucks & trav]s+ ma*9es are all p]=m$1 or ab\t to be s1 by means ( hydraulic pressure suppli$ by "o c5tral /eam eng9e ) connect$ accumulators4' #df ,see p4 #ajd4 #dg ,no copy ( ?is report c be f\nd2 b docum5ts ( subsequ5t date suffici5tly indicate ! nature ( ! argum5ts ,mr4 ,brunel us$ 9 x4 ,mr4 ,brunel _h ab\t ?is "t giv5 mu* att5tion to ! pr9ciples ( :eel c>riages1 z is manife/$ by an int]e/+ article #8,on ,draught' writt5 by him = ! "w on #8,! ,horse1' publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion ( ,useful ,k4 #dh ,) reg>d to ?is po9t1 ,mr4 ,brunel aft]w>ds admitt$ t he _h held a mi/ak5 op9ion4 ,9 speak+ ( 8 reasons = adopt+ ! n>r[ gauge on ! ,taff ,vale ,railway 9 #ahch1 he said be=e ! ,gauge ,commission3--#8,"o ( ! reasons1 ,i rememb]1 0 "o :i* w\ld n influ5ce me n[2 b at t "t ,i c]ta9ly assum$ t ! effect ( curves 0 su*1 t ! radius ( ! curve might be measur$ 9 units ( ! gauge1 9 :i* ,i h s9ce f\nd myself to h be5 mi/ak54' #di ,see ,mr4 ,brunel's report ( ,augu/ #ahch1 pr9t$ 9 ,app5dix ,i4 p4 #ebh4 ,?is plan 0 nev] adopt$1 z x 0 f\nd desirable ^u ! broad gauge to use /ill wid] c>riages ov]hang+ ! :eels2 b advantage 0 tak5 ( ! broad] base to use :eels ( great] diamet]4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! saloon c>riages1 :]e ease ( travell+ 0 ! *ief object aim$ at1 ! bodies 7 plac$ )9 ! :eels4 #ej ,9 ! c\rse ( con/ruct+ ! e>?-works ( a railway1 ! contractors 7 accu/om$ to lay d[n tempor>y ways or l9es ( rail1 = ! e>? waggons to travel ^u4 ,:5 ^! 7 done )1 ! prop] road = ! tra9s 0 laid d[n2 & ?is1 to di/+ui% x f ! =m] "o1 0 call$ ! p]man5t way4 #ea ,see ,wood ,on ,railways1 #crd4 edit4 #ahch1 p4 #aea4 #eb ,a full description ( ! orig9al road ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 w be f\nd 9 ,wood's ,treatise on ,railroads1 #crd edit4 #ahch1 p4 #gjh4 #ec ,at ?is "t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 conf9$ to ! h\se by ! effects ( 8 accid5t on bo>d ! #8,great ,we/]n' /eam-%ip 7see p4 #bdb74 ,_h he be5 on ! spot1 he w\ld h be5 able to give ! "w c>eful consid]ation dur+ its progress1 & to judge ( ! exp$i5cy ( proce$+ ) ! plan4 #ed ,! cont9uity ( ! timb]s dim9i%es ! risk ( tra9s leav+ ! l9e f small imp]fections 9 ! p]man5t way4 ,&1 %\ld a tra9 leave ! rails1 ! injury to ! c>riages & to ! road is g5]ally less s]i\s ?an x is :5 ! :eels ( a c>riage (f ! rails come into repeat$ & viol5t contact ) ! cross sleep]s4 ,in/ances h frequ5tly occurr$ :]e c>riages :i* h left ! rails h run consid]able di/ances on ! longitud9al timb]s )\t injury4 #ee ,?is exp]im5t excit$ ! greate/ int]e/1 & x 0 long aft]w>ds relat$ h[ ,mr4 ,brunel1 by ! /roke ( a hamm]1 _h knock$ to pieces ! sci5tific d$uctions ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 :o1 z 0 well kn[n1 _h prompt$ ,mr4 ,wood's decision 9 ?is matt]4 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 s mu* impress$ ) ! great influ5ce :i* ! op]ation ( ! bla/-pipe _h on ! work+ ( ! locomotive t he aft]w>ds inve/igat$ ! :ole subject1 & made fur!r exp]im5ts to det]m9e :e!r or n x might be exp$i5t to ab&on ! /eam bla/1 & to ma9ta9 ! draught 9 ! *imney ) a fan work$ by a rot>y /eam jet4 #ef ,! inconv5i5ces ( a break ( gauge _h already be5 br\ght into notice4 ,"o ( ! n>r[-gauge companies1 ! ,midl&1 work$ two exi/+ l9es ( railway1 "o betwe5 ,birm+ham & ,gl\ce/]1 laid on ! n>r[ gauge1 & ano!r betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,gl\ce/]1 on ! broad gauge2 & ?us !re 0 a break ( gauge at ,gl\ce/]4 #eg ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be add$1 t ! ,commission]s _h /at$ 9 ! body ( _! report3 #8,we feel x a duty to obs]ve "h1 t ! public are ma9ly indebt$ = ! pres5t rate ( spe$1 & ! increas$ accommodation ( ! railway c>riages1 to ! g5ius ( ,mr4 ,brunel & ! lib]ality ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,company4' #eh ,^! exp]im5ts w be f\nd 9 ! ,app5dix to ! ,report ( ! ,commission]s ( ,railways1 respect+ railway communication betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham 7ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,may #bb1 #ahdh74 #ei ,?is 0 fully borne out aft]w>ds1 ! express tra9s runn+ 9 ! same "t1 #c h\rs1 ov] bo? r\tes1 ?\gh ! l5g? ( ! broad-gauge l9e 0 #abi miles1 z aga9/ #aac ( ! n>r[4 ,simil> fav\rable results h be5 s9ce exhibit$ 9 ! competition betwe5 ! broad & n>r[ gauge l9es to ,exet]4 #fj ,among _m important advances 9 railway travell+ made on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 x may be m5tion$ t x 0 on ?is l9e t express tra9s runn+ long di/ances )\t /opp+ 7 fir/ introduc$2 & t1 9 #ahde1 )9 ab\t a ye> ( ! completion ( ! l9e to ,exet]1 express tra9s ran f ,london to ,exet]1 #aid miles1 9 #d h\rs4 ,?is rate ( travell+1 :i* 0 accompli%$ )\t difficulty by ! broad gauge 9 its e>ly days1 has sc>cely be5 exce$$ s9ce on any railway4 #fa ,ev5 9 ! locomotives :5 ( equal p[]1 ,mr4 ,brunel calculat$ t ! extra weight 0 n m ?an ab\t #ejj lbs4 ,! extra co/ ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway 0 only1 includ+ l&1 f #cjjl4 to #ejjl4 p] mile1 or less ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! :ole2 al?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel _h tak5 advantage ( ! broad gauge to get c>riage bodies #b feet wid] ?an 0 !n usual4 ,! wide c>riages & waggons 7 f\nd less co/ly ?an ! n>r[ ones 9 proportion to ! load !y c>ri$4 #fb ,! app>atus pat5t$ 9 #ahci by ,mr4 ,samuel ,clegg & ,messrs4 ,jacob & ,joseph ,samuda1 & improv$ f "t to "t by !m1 0 t adopt$ 9 almo/ all ! attempts made 9 ?is c\ntry to introduce ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,9 reckon+ up ! =ce :i* 0 available = ma/]+ ! practical difficulties ( ! und]tak+1 ! dea?1 9 #ahdd1 ( ,mr4 ,jacob ,samuda mu/ be consid]$ to h be5 to 8 bro!r1 & to all o!rs conc]n$1 a great & irrep>able loss4 #fc ,a consid]able am\nt ( eng9e p[] 0 necess>ily consum$ 9 exhau/+ ! tube be=e ! passage ( ! tra9 comm5c$2 & x might at fir/ sight appe> t ?is "w 0 wa/$1 & t x 0 only ! "w :i* ! eng9e p]=m$ dur+ ! passage ( ! tra9 :i* 0 useful 9 traction4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case2 =1 z 0 admitt$ by ! m sci5tific ( ! oppon5ts ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 ! p[] employ$ 9 anticipatory pump+ 0 "w legitimately /or$ up & re-deliv]$ 9 relief ( ! eng9es dur+ ! passage ( ! tra94 ,a wa/e ( p[] incid5tal to ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em 0 indicat$ by ! heat ( ! air :i* 0 deliv]$ by ! exhau/+ pumps4 ,?is wa/e1 h[ev]1 am\nt$ on ! av]age to only #aj p] c5t4 ( ! total "w done4 ,a fur!r s\rce ( wa/e ( p[] 0 ! friction ( ! air pass+ along ! tube to ! exhau/+ pumps2 ?is wa/e 0 f\nd to am\nt1 on ! av]age1 to f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( ! total "w done4 #fd ,?is 0 almo/ ! only case 9 :i* ,mr4 ,/eph5son approv$ ( ! application ( ! ,sy/em4 ,be=e ! ,croydon & ,epsom ,committee1 9 answ] to ! "q1 #8,does ! ,atmosph]ic railway give y any p[] ( us+ practically & usefully /eep] incl9es ?an ! locomotive railways8' ,mr4 ,/eph5son said1 #8,yes1 ,i ?9k x does1 b /ill at a v inord9ate loss ( p[]2 /ill x is )9 ! scope ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em "u p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,i rememb] a case :]e x might be advantage\s4 ,mr4 ,brunel w5t to ,italy = ! purpose ( lay+ out a l9e !re1 & f ,g5oa ov] ! ,ap5n9es he _h to =m a l9e2 x w\ld probably rise #ae or #bj miles at #a 9 #ajj or #a 9 #fj or #gj4 ,:]e !re is t cont9u\s l9e ( asc5t1 :]e no /oppages are requir$1 :]e ! locomotive is totally inapplicable1 !re ,i c conceive no?+ m eligible ?an ! ,atmosph]ic plan' 7p4 #hj74 #fe ,! l5g? ( ! l9e 0 #eb miles1 b z x 0 consid]$ t auxili>y /ation>y p[] w\ld 9 any case be necess>y on ! #aj miles ( v /eep incl9es1 ! co/ ( ! ,atmosph]ic app>atus is tak5 on #da miles4 #ff ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t beyond ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway 0 ! project$ railway ?r\gh ,cornwall1 :i*1 ) its long & heavy gradi5ts1 01 9 all its features1 ev5 m suitable ?an ! ,s\? ,devon = ! application ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em4 ,_h t sy/em succe$$1 & be5 introduc$ on ! ,cornwall ,railway1 a v great sav+ might h be5 made 9 ! co/ ( ! works ( ?is l9e4 #fg ,i4e4 be=e ! ,croydon & ,epsom ,committee4 ,see above1 p4 #ach4 #fh ,x w be f\nd on pp4 #ce-eb ( ! ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce tak5 be=e ! ,atmosph]ic ,committee 7ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,april #bd1 #ahde74 #fi ,?is appe>$ ) suffici5t cle>ness f ! g5]al comp>ison betwe5 vacuum1 weight ( tra91 & spe$4 ,! exact appropriation ( ! =ce employ$ 0 %[n by "s dynamometric exp]im5ts made on ! l9e4 ,! highe/ spe$ record$ 0 #fh miles p] h\r1 ) a tra9 ( #bh tons1 ! spe$ av]ag+ #fd miles p] h\r = f\r level miles ( ! l9e1 ! vacuum be+ #af in*es4 ,?is spe$ %\ld h exhibit$ a resi/ance ( ab\t #ba lbs4 p] ton1 or #ehh lbs41 z ! runn+ resi/ance or friction1 & #fde lbs4 = ! resi/ance ( ! air2 9 all #a1bcc lbs4 ,n[1 ! pressure due to #af in*es ( vacuum on ! pi/on is #a1cij lbs41 :i* gives #aeg lbs4 z ! friction ( ! pi/on2 a result :i* corresponds suffici5tly well ) a direct dynamometric exp]im5t4 ,go+ to ! o!r extreme1 !re are num]\s records ( tra9s ( #ajj tons :i* atta9$1 on a level ( f\r miles 9 l5g?1 av]age spe$s ( f #cj to #ce miles p] h\r1 ) #afe in*es ( vacuum1 "o tra9 ( #ajc tons go+ #cbd miles p] h\r ) #afi in*es ( vacuum4 #gj ,?is valve consi/$ ( a numb] ( long delicate blades ( spr+ /eel1 arrang$ p>allel to ea* o!r1 z 9 a musical box1 b ) wid] int]vals4 ,^! plates re/$ on a s]ies ( truly fac$ b>s1 :i* cross$ ! end ( ! air-passage4 ,! slighte/ pressure outw>ds lift$ ! spr+s2 & z ! area ( op5+ 0 l>ge1 a v free passage 0 giv5 to ! air4 ,on ! curr5t ceas+1 ! blades in/antly1 yet )\t %ock1 replac$ !mselves 9 contact ) ! b>s1 clipp+ !m tightly "u a v small rev]se pressure1 & effectually clos+ ! passage4 ,_! m]it consi/$ 9 _! be+ almo/ )\t weight1 & ?us promptly re-clos+ ! ap]ture by a delicate ela/ic reaction4 #ga ,tra9s frequ5tly arriv$ late on ! ,atmosph]ic portion ( ! ,s\? ,devon ,railway1 ow+ to its be+ at ! end ( ! long trunk l9e f ,london to ,exet]1 & hav+ at its o!r end a locomotive l9e cont5d+ ) v heavy gradi5ts4 #gb ,x may be m5tion$ t1 f ! date ( ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,atmosph]ic ,sy/em1 he refus$ to receive any remun]ation = 8 pr(essional s]vices z eng9e] beyond a nom9al reta9+ fee4 #gc ,see above1 p4 #ach4 #gd ,^! quantities are ! result ( ! exp]im5ts made 9 ,septemb] #ahdg4 ,!y agree ) :at is n[ ! receiv$ op9ion ( au?orities on tra9 resi/ances1 & repres5t fav\rably ! case = ! locomotives at ! "t ( ,mr4 ,brunel's report 9 ,augu/ #ahdd4 ,at ! "t :5 ,mr4 ,brunel wrote 8 report ( ,augu/ #ahdd1 ! weight ( a locomotive1 z has be5 said1 bore a high] ratio to its p[]4 #ge ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t all ! inconv5i5ces att5d+ ! use ( auxili>y locomotives mu/ be enc\nt]$1 or else ! excessive dead weight ( an eng9e p[]ful en\gh to take a tra9 up ! /eepe/ gradi5t 9 a hilly di/rict mu/ accompany x = ! :ole l5g? ( t "p ( ! l9e4 #gf ,no dynamomet] 0 us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 b all o!r requisite data 7 record$ ) ! greate/ exactness1 & ! horse-p[] employ$ may be d$uc$ by means ( ! scale ( resi/ance :i* ! subsequ5t dynamomotric trials supply4 ,moreov]1 ! result above arriv$ at = ! consumption ( coke is v]ifi$ by an exam9ation ( publi%$ indicator diagrams tak5 (f ! same eng9e on ano!r occasion4 #gg ,x w\ld ( c\rse be impossible "h to give a description ( all ,mr4 ,brunel's bridges1 or ev5 to ref] to ! mo/ important ( !m ) t m9ut5ess :i* w\ld be requir$ if ?is 7 a book writt5 = pr(essional use4 ,! foll[+ publications may be consult$3--,b\rne's ,hi/ory & ,description ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #ahdf2 ,brees' ,railway ,practice1 #ahcg2 ,simms' ,public ,works ( ,great ,brita91 #ahch2 ,proce$+s ( ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 vols4 #ad1 #be1 & g5]ally2 ,mol9os et ,pronni]1 ,con/ruction des ,ponts ,mtalliques1 #aheg2 ,humb]'s ,ca/ & ,wr\ght-,iron ,bridge ,con/ruction1 #ahfa2 & ,humb]'s ,record ( ,eng9e]+ = #ahff4 ,at ! end ( ! description ( _m ( ! bridges 9 ?is *apt] a note has be5 giv5 ( publications 9 :i* ! bridge has be5 ref]r$ to4 #gh ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway special designs 7 made = e "o ( ! ord9>y bridges ov] & "u ! railway2 b :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! rapid ext5sion ( ! ,great ,we/]n sy/em1 ! numb] ( bridges to be design$ became v l>ge1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h a set ( #8/&>d draw+s' prep>$ & engrav$1 :i* embodi$ ! exp]i5ce ga9$1 & conta9$ designs suitable = v>i\s situations4 ,! contract draw+s 7 made by adapt+ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ea* case ! /&>d draw+ :i* 0 mo/ applicable to x4 ,?is sy/em1 besides secur+ uni=mity ( con/ruction1 introduc$ a consid]able am\nt ( economy2 s9ce1 ! /&>d draw+s be+ bas$ ^u ! results arriv$ at 9 an ext5sive practice1 ! prop] /ructural arrangem5ts & dim5sions 7 indicat$ ) f> great] accuracy ?an c\ld be atta9$ 9 a reasonable "t by an indep5d5t calculation 9 ea* individual case4 #gi ,x 0 call$ ! #8,:>ncliffe ,viaduct1' 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s]vices r5d]$ to ! ,company by ! late ,"l ,:>ncliffe z ,*airman ( ! ,committee 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,draw+s ( ?is bridge are giv5 9 ,simms' ,public ,works ( ,great ,brita91 #ahch1 pl4 #ed1 #ee1 & #ef2 & 9 ,b\rne's ,hi/ory & ,description ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 #ahdf4 #hj ,at ! back ( reta9+ walls1 su* z ! abutm5ts & w+ walls ( bridges :i* 7 subject to ! pressure ( e>? beh9d !m1 ,mr4 ,brunel introduc$ :at 7 t]m$ #8sail+ c\rses1' project+ %elves corbell$ out at ! back ( ! wall4 ,! weight ( e>? re/+ on ^! %elves virtually increas$ ! weight ( ! back ( ! wall1 & assi/$ x 9 resi/+ ! =w>d pressure ( ! e>?4 #ha ,dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! bridge a "p ( ! cr[n ( ! ea/]n ar* prov$ defective1 9 consequ5ce ( ! cem5t 9 ! middle ( ! brickwork n hav+ set suffici5tly at ! "t :5 ! c5t]+ 0 eas$4 ,appreh5sions :i* _h be5 ent]ta9$ by "s z to ! safety ( ! /ructure 7 gr\ndless1 = :5 ! defective "p 0 tak5 out & replac$1 no fur!r tr\ble 0 exp]i5c$4 ,! bridge has /ood well1 & has %[n none ( ^? symptoms :i* an ov]/ra9$ /ructure exhibits4 #hb ,simms' ,public ,works ( ,great ,brita91 pl4 #eg1 #eh2 ,b\rne's ,hi/ory & ,description ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 p4 #cf4 #hc ,:5 ,mr4 ,brunel = ar*itectural effect employ$ ,go?ic or po9t$ ar*es1 he occasionally made ! ma9 "p ( ! ar* ( a =m diff]5t f ! curve visible on ! face1 b he m frequ5tly made x ( ! same po9t$ =m ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ?is case he did n obta9 equilibrium by load+ ! cr[n1 b he kept ! l9e ( pressure suffici5tly )9 ! ?ickness ( ! ar* by /r5g!n+ ! haun*es4 #hd ,brees' ,railway ,practice1 pl4 #db4 #he ,!re is an illu/ration ( ?is bridge 9 ,b\rne's ,hi/ory & ,description ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 #hf ,joggles are small pieces ( h>d wood or ca/-iron ( rectangul> cross section1 plac$ betwe5 two beams1 & fitt$ c>efully into not*es cut across !m4 ,! beams are !n bolt$ firmly toge!r4 ,! object is to /op ! slipp+ :i* w\ld occur betwe5 ! two surfaces if ! beams 7 m]ely laid "o on ! o!r & load$1 & s to make two pieces ( equal size act z "o ( d\ble ! dep?1 & !re=e ( f\r times ! /r5g? ( a s+le piece4 ,9 #ahda ,mr4 ,brunel made exp]im5ts to satisfy himself ( ! /r5g? ga9$ by ?is me?od2 & he aft]w>ds p]fect$ ! arrangem5t by ensur+ an exact fit 9 ! not*es by tight5+ up ! joggles ) wr\ght-iron w$ges4 #hg ,a draw+ ( ?is bridge is app5d$ to ! ,report ( ! ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures1 #ahdi4 #hh ,mr4 ,brunel1 by tak+ c>e 9 8 timb] /ructures to di/ribute ! load uni=mly1 0 frequ5tly able to disp5se ) co/ly f\ndations4 ,on "o occasion a timb] viaduct #cj feet high 0 plac$ ^u a broad plat=m re/+ on an old embankm5t upw>ds ( #ej feet 9 height4 ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 adopt$ by him 9 "s cases on slips 9 embankm5ts :i* x w\ld h be5 unc]ta9 & exp5sive to make up ) e>?work4 #hi ,= a description ( ?is viaduct1 see ,proce$+s ,in/4 ,c4 ,e41 vol4 xiv4 = #ahed-e1 p4 #dib4 #ij ,mr4 ,brunel ab\t ?is "t introduc$ a great improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( wr\ght-iron bolts = bridges1 :5 ^!1 z is usually ! case are screw$ at ! ends4 ,a screw _c be made on a bolt )\t ! metal be+ cut into to ! ext5t ( ! dep? ( ! ?read1 & ! /r5g? !reby consid]ably r$uc$4 ,! section1 tak5 at ! bottom ( ! ?read1 is mu* small] ?an t ( ! bolt2 &1 moreov]1 ow+ to ! abrupt *ange at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?read1 ! /r5g? is n s great z t due to ! r$uc$ sectional area4 ,! improvem5t consi/$ 9 swell+ out ! iron ( ! end ( ! bolt :]e ! ?read 0 to be made1 s t ! diamet]1 at ! deepe/ "p ( ! ?read1 %\ld be fully equal to t ( ! bolt4 ,! sav+ ( metal by ?is improvem5t1 especially 9 ! case ( long bolts1 is v consid]able4 #ia ,an arrangem5t 0 introduc$ by ,mr4 ,brunel to prev5t any di/urbance 9 ! p]man5t way by a settlem5t ( ! embankm5ts at ! ends ( ! viaducts4 ,!re 7 no l>ge abutm5ts & w+ walls1 b ! end ( ! viaduct 0 =m$ ) a que5 truss 9 ! p>apet1 :i* re/$ on a plat=m on ! top ( ! embankm5t slope4 ,9 any slight settlem5t ( ! e>?1 ! end ( ! viaduct sunk ) x1 & ! p]man5t way 0 n di/urb$4 ,w$ges 7 provid$ to raise ! ends ( ! trusses & readju/ _! level4 ,?is 0 an important provision1 z x appli$ to ab\t #fj cases on ! ,cornwall ,railway4 #ib ,! simple arrangem5t ( ! timb]-"w 0 specially arrang$ ) a view to giv+ facility = replac+ portions ( x1 %\ld !y decay4 #ic ,! viaducts on ! ,cornwall ,railway betwe5 ,plym\? & ,truro are ?irty-f\r 9 numb]4 ,( ^! !re are n9ete5 :i* h f six to tw5ty op5+s1 & are f #hj to #aec feet 9 height4 ,! aggregate l5g? ( ^! n9ete5 viaducts is ne>ly #b miles4 #id ,a draw+ %[+ ?is =m ( section is app5d$ to ! ,report ( ! ,commission on ! ,application ( ,iron to ,railway ,/ructures1 #ahdi4 #ie ,! rema9d] ( ?is lett] is pr9t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 p4 #dhf4 #if ,mr4 ,brunel 0 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! pr9ciples ( ma!matical analysis1 & 0 able ) great read9ess to apply x 9 practice2 b at ! same "t he pref]r$1 :5 x 0 possible1 to use geometrical me?ods ( solution = eng9e]+ problems4 #ig ,9 ! note at ! end ( ?is *apt] m5tion is made ( "s exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,brunel on rivet$ jo9ts4 #ih ,see above1 p4 #ahe4 #ii ,a description ( ?is bridge is giv5 9 ,humb]'s ,bridge ,con/ruction1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh1 & vol4 ii4 pl4 #gj1 #ga1 #gb2 ,mol9os et ,pronni]1 ,con/ruction des ,ponts ,mtalliques1 p4 #cbh1 pl4 #bj1 #ba1 #bb4 #ajj ,see ,proce$+s ,in/4 ,c4,e41 = #ahdg-h1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ach4 #aja ,aft] "s p]sev]ance1 ,mr4 ,brunel succe$$ 9 gett+ ^! unusually l>ge l9ks1 :i* 7 #bj feet long1 roll$ 9 a s+le piece )\t weld+ on ! eyes4 ,he _h to g d[n himself to ! manufactory 9 ord] to get ! m5 into ! way ( do+ ! "w4 #ajb ,see note at ! end ( ?is *apt] = exp]im5ts on ropes & *a9s4 ,! crabs 7 design$ & made specially = ?is duty4 ,ea* _h two b>rels1 groov$ to receive ! *a91 :i* 0 pass$ sev]al times r\nd bo? b>rels1 s z to get suffici5t grip2 & x 0 9 ?is way possible to w9d 9 ) ! crabs any l5g? ( *a9 )\t hav+ to /op to fleet1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h a s+le-b>rell$ crab be5 us$4 ,^! crabs 7 subsequ5tly us$ at ! float+ ( ! ,salta% trusses1 & at ! laun* ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' ,a simil> arrangem5t 0 appli$ 9 ! pay+-out ma*9]y ( ! ,atlantic cable1 & is /ill us$ = ! pick+-up ge> 9 ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' #ajc ,see ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #8,iron ,bridges1' vol4 xii4 p4 #fja2 ,mol9os et ,pronni]1 ,con/ruction des ,ponts ,mtalliques1 p4 #cbj1 pl4 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 #ajd ,^! w\ld h be5 magnific5t specim5s ( timb]-"w1 & a design = some:at simil> trusses _h at "o "t be5 prep>$ = ! ,*ep/[ ,bridge4 ,x is wor?y ( m5tion t ,sir ,isamb>d ,brunel at "o "t design$ a timb] ar*$ bridge ( #hjj feet span to cross ! ,neva at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 #aje ,be=e ! "w 0 begun ,mr4 ,brunel made calculations to det]m9e :e!r or n x might be desirable to cross ! riv] ) "o span ( #hej feet1 9 ord] to avoid ! great dep? at ! c5tre pi]4 ,a few extracts f lett]s relat+ to bridges ( l>ge span w be int]e/+3 #8,janu>y #ca1 #aheb4 #8,i h revis$ my calculation z to a span ( #a1jjj feet1 & f9d t ev5 ) ! loads & limitations ( /ra9s :i* ,i adopt--namely a prop] ?ickness ( balla/1 & a possible load ( a tra9 ( eng9es )\t t5d]s1 & a limitation "u su* a load ( #e tons' /ra9 p] squ>e in*1 t a span ( #a1jjj feet may be made 9 ,engl& ( ! v be/ workman%ip1 & s5t out & erect$ = ,i %\ld say safely #bej1jjjl41 ( c\rse a s+le way--ano!r #bej1jjjl4 ought1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 to cov] ! re/ ( ! bridge4 ,i %\ld l to expla9 to y ! mode ,i %\ld propose = rais+ su* a bridge1 weigh+ #g1jjj tons4 #8,decemb] #a1 #aheb4 ,z y ask me my op9ion ( ! advisability ( pat5t+ y\r bridge1 ,i give x y2 ?\gh y w probably be ! fir/ p]son :o w h foll[$ su* advice if y d s1 & might safely pat5t su* a novel mode ( us+ advice4 ,9 my op9ion y _c pat5t ! bridge4 ,)\t detract+ 9 ! lea/ f y\r m]it ( inv5tion1 ! =m has be5 s frequ5tly & exactly appli$ t no pat5t c\ld hold4 ,! ,salta% bridge n[ j adv]tis$ = lett+ is exactly on ! same pr9ciple z reg>ds =m2 & ?is is s old to my k t ,i c claim no inv5tion1 & ! use ( ca/ iron = su* purpose is also incapable ( be+ pat5t$4 ,!re is mu* t is good 9 y\r bridge1 & y des]ve cr$it1 b y w\ld f9d innum]able claimants to dispute1 & successfully1 y\r attempt to claim a monopoly by a pat5t--,i myself = "o4 ,besides1 ,i see x publi%$ 9 a book4 #8,may #cj1 #ahed4 #8,z to y\r pres5t enquiry1 ,i d n ?9k t :at ,i am do+ at ,salta% w\ld be applicable 9 ?is case2 b )\t be+ guilty ( great presumption1 ,i ?9k ,i may say t if ! same plan w n d1 x is fair to assume t ! same bra9s :i* concoct$ ! plan to suit ! difficulties ( ! ,tam> might v likely f9d ! means ( ov]com+ ^? ( ! ,sev]n4 ,if ,i %\ld be able to sugge/ a feasible plan1 & !re %\ld be f\nd p ready to make x1 ,i %all h ! satisfaction ( bridg+ ! ,sev]n z well z ! ,tam>4' #ajf ,x has ( c\rse be5 impossible to ref] to ! po9ts on :i* ,mr4 ,brunel 0 aid$1 9 8 diff]5t works1 by ! sugge/ions ( 8 assi/ants2 b x may be m5tion$ "h t1 z appe>s f "o ( ,mr4 ,brunel's lett]s1 ! plan ( work+ "u a div+-bell _h be5 propos$ by ,mr4 ,william ,gl5nie1 8 assi/ant1 be=e he knew t ,mr4 ,brunel _h decid$ to adopt x4 ,mr4 ,brunel also m5tions 9 ano!r lett] t ! #8v simple & effectual mann]' ( apply+ ! pneumatic app>atus1 by =m+ ! annul> space r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 0 sugge/$ to him by ,mr4 ,br]eton1 :5 ! me?od ( con/ruct+ ! cyl9d] 0 be+ f9ally settl$4 #ajg ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 vol4 xxi4 #ahfa-b1 w be f\nd a pap] by ,mr4 ,br]eton1 giv+ a detail$ description ( ! means employ$ = ! con/ruction ( ! c5tral pi]4 #ajh ,%ortly aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's dea? "s ( 8 fri5ds on ! ,bo>d ( ! ,cornwall ,railway plac$ ! foll[+ inscription1 9 rais$ lett]s1 ov] ! l>d ar*ways--,i4 ,k4 ,,brunel1 ,,eng9e]1 #ahei4 #aji ,a portion ( ! *a9s us$ 7 ^? :i* _h be5 made = ! ,clifton ,susp5sion ,bridge1 ,mr4 ,brunel's e>lie/ design4 #aaj ,?\gh x is conv5i5t to expla9 ! nature ( ! /ra9s 9 ! ,salta% bridge z an ar* & susp5sion bridge comb9$1 x is n int5d$ to imply t !re is any virtual diff]5ce betwe5 ?is truss & ! "o at ,*ep/[1 = 9 bo? ! /ra9 on ! tube c\nt]acts ! /ra9 on ! *a9s1 ?\gh ! "o tube is curv$ & ! o!r /raight4 #aaa ,humb]'s ,bridge ,con/ruction1 vol4 i4 p4 #bca2 vol4 ii4 pl4 #gh1 #gi1 #hj4 #aab ,?is load am\nt$ to two & ?ree qu>t] tons p] foot run1 9 addition to ! weight ( ! truss4 ,"u ?is load ! c5tral deflection 0 ab\t #e in*es4 ,! /ra9 on ! iron ( ! tube & ( ! *a9s ) a load ( "o ton p] foot run1 9 addition to ! weight ( ! truss1 floor+1 & balla/1 is "u f\r tons p] squ>e in*4 #aac ,! difficult op]ations ( float+ & lift+ ! sup]/ructures ( ! ,*ep/[ & ,salta% bridges 7 c>ri$ out entirely by ,mr4 ,brunel & 8 assi/ants1 !re be+ no contractor engag$ 91 or responsible =1 ! "w 9 ei!r case4 #aad ,a photograph tak5 %ortly aft] ! float+ ( ! second tube =ms ! frontispiece ( ! fir/ volume ( ,humb]'s ,bridge ,con/ruction4 #aae ,see above pp4 #aij & #aic4 #aaf ,x has be5 obs]v$ ) mu* tru? t full ju/ice has n be5 done to ,mr4 ,brunel's ex]tions 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( practical sci5ce4--,see #8,address ( ,george ,p>k] ,bidd]1 ,esq41 on 8 election z ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahfj4' #aag ,capta9 ,claxton di$ on ,m>* #bg1 #ahfh1 9 8 #gi? ye>4 ,! manuscript ( ?is & ! ?ree foll[+ *apt]s 0 =tunately complet$ 9 "t to be submitt$ to him4 ,he sp>$ no tr\ble ei!r 9 giv+ or procur+ orig9al docum5ts & o!r mat]ials = all p>ts ( ?is book1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* he took ! livelie/ int]e/4 #aah ,to enable ! %ip to resi/ ! action ( ! heavy ,atlantic waves1 especial pa9s 7 tak5 to give h] great longitud9al /r5g?4 ,! ribs 7 ( oak1 ( scantl+ equal to t ( l9e-(-battle %ips4 ,!y 7 plac$ close toge!r1 & caulk$ )9 & )\t be=e ! plank+ 0 put on4 ,!y 7 d[ell$ & bolt$ 9 pairs2 & !re 7 also f\r r[s ( #a-;in* iron bolts1 #bd feet long1 & sc>f+ ab\t #d feet1 :i* ran longitud9ally ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! bottom frames ( ! %ip4 ,%e 0 closely truss$ ) iron & wood5 diagonals & %elf pieces1 :i*1 ) ! :ole ( h] upp] works1 7 fa/5$ ) bolts & nuts to a mu* great] ext5t ?an _h hi!rto be5 ! practice4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! hull & eng9es are giv5 9 ! note to ?is *apt] 7p4 #bde74 #aai ,! eng9es z design$ by ,messrs4 ,maudslay 7 beam eng9es1 al?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel _h /rongly urg$ !m to adopt ! m compact =m ( direct-act+ eng9es4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x bett] n to dep>t f :at 0 !n ! usual =m4 #abj ,/eam & its ,uses1 by ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 #ahef4 ,*apt] on #8,/eam ,navigation1' section #aj4 #aba #8,an exposition ( ! advantages ( ! propos$ ,railway f ,lim]ick to ,wat]=d4' #abb ,! ,/eam ,eng9e3 its ,application to ,navigation & ,railways1 ) ,pla9 ,maxims = ,railway ,speculators1 #e? edition1 #ahcf1 p4 #cjg4 #abc ,x is "r to add t1 accord+ to ! report giv5 9 ! ,a!num newspap] ( ! meet+s ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,liv]pool 9 ,septemb] #ahcg1 #8,dr4 ,l>dn] address$ ! section 7,me*anical7 on 8 old subject1 ! application ( /eam to long voyages4 ,8 rem>ks & calculations 7 to a great ext5t id5tical ) ^? br\ght =w>d by him la/ ye> at ,bri/ol1 & publi%$ long s9ce 9 8 "w on ! /eam-eng9e1 b ! conclusions 7 some:at v>i$4 ,! ,doctor did n n[ d5y t ! voyage might be practicable1 b he did n believe t x w\ld be pr(itable' 7,a!num1 ,septemb] #bc1 #ahcg74 ,dr4 ,l>dn] 0 answ]$ by sev]al speak]s1 & among !m by ,mr4 ,guppy1 :o po9t$ out 9 mu* detail ! unreliable "* ( ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s data2 :ile no?+ 0 sugge/$ ab\t comm]cial pr(its or subsidies4 ,x may !re=e be inf]r$ t ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s argum5ts z to ! consumption ( fuel rema9$ ! same1 al?\gh he may h ab&on$ ! conclusion :i* legitimately foll[$ f !m--namely1 t ! long voyages 7 practically impossible4 ,! ,report 9 ! ,bri/ol ,mirror newspap] ( ! same date 7copi$ f ! ,liv]pool ,/&>d7 is z foll[s3--#8,dr4 ,l>dn]'s spee* 0 little beyond a repetition ( 8 disc\rse la/ ye> 9 ,bri/ol1 re-publi%$ by him 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,! voyage to ,am]ica by /eam he treat$ z practicable1 b s unc]ta9 z to r5d] a pr(itable result hopeless4444 ,dur+ ne>ly all ! ye> !re 0 an adv]se we/ w9d1 & ! ,gulf ,/ream 0 to be avoid$4' #abd ,%e _h only sev5 pass5g]s on bo>d2 fifty1 x is /at$1 7 det]r$ f go+ 9 h] by he>+ ( ! fire4 #abe ,^! eng9es 7 to h _h two cyl9d]s ( #hh in*es diamet]4 #abf ,x is int]e/+1 9 connection ) ?is subject1 to m5tion ! foll[+ circum/ance4 ,at ,mr4 ,brunel's recomm5dation1 ,mr4 ,humphrys consult$ ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy? z to ! be/ means ( =g+ ! l>ge paddle-%aft2 z !y c\ld n get any manufactur] to und]take x4 ,to accompli% ?is =g+ ,mr4 ,nasmy? design$ 8 /eam-hamm]1 & ?\gh x 0 n !n erect$ 9 ,bri/ol1 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]ation ( ! =m ( ! eng9es ( ! #8,great ,brita91' x soon aft]w>ds came into g5]al use4 #abg ,9 ! ,m9ute ,book ( ?is date x is m5tion$ z a reason = po/pon+ any decision on ! subject1 t ,mr4 ,brunel 0 mak+ #8f9al1' & aft]w>ds #8fur!r1' exp]im5ts4 #abh ,see ,mr4 ,guppy's pap]1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s = #ahde1 p4 #aea4 #abi ,?is report is pr9t$ 9 ,app5dix ,,ii4 p4 #eci4 ,! p>agraphs 9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel describes ! advantages ( ! screw propell] w be f\nd at page #eeb4 #acj ,a description ( ,mr4 ,humphrys' trunk eng9es is giv5 9 ,tr$gold's "w on ! /eam eng9e 7ed4 #ahch71 p4 #cij4 #aca ,! balanc$ rudd]1 :i* is peculi>ly applicable to screw %ips1 has enc\nt]$ mu* opposition2 b x has lately be5 successfully introduc$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,re$1 ,c4,b41 into vessels design$ by him = ! ,royal ,navy4 #acb ,x maybe conv5i5t "h to /ate t ! dock 9 :i* ! #8,great ,brita9' 0 built l$ into ! ,float+ ,h>b\r1 :i* is a portion ( ! *annel ( ! riv] ,avon clos$ 94 ,! ,float+ ,h>b\r communicates ?r\gh ! ,cumb]l& ,bas9 ) ! riv]4 #acc ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ! publication ( ?is report 01 t ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ s _m lett]s conta9+ sugge/ions = lift+ & float+ ! %ip1 t he 0 oblig$ to h a circul> lett] pr9t$ decl9+ assi/ance2 & m ?an f\r hundr$ lett]s 7 also receiv$ by ! ,company's secret>y4 #acd #8,! 8,great ,brita90 ,/eam-,%ip4 ,extracts f ! lett]s ( ,capta9 ,claxton1 ,r4,n41 to ,i4 ,k4 ,brunel1 ,esq41 & ! ,directors4 ,bri/ol1 #ahdg4' ,mr4 ,bremn]'s app>atus is also describ$ 9 a pap] read by him at ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 & pr9t$ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ volume ( ! ,transactions1 p4 #afj4 ,accurate illu/rations ( ! break-wat] & float+ app>atus w be f\nd 9 ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ( ,augu/ #ba1 #ahdg4 ,9 publi%+ ! correspond5ce to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made1 ! ,directors ackn[l$ge _! obligations to all conc]n$ 9 ! ardu\s task ( sav+ ! #8,great ,brita92' & !y add--#8to ,mr4 ,brunel above all _! ?anks are mo/ due1 = op5+ _! eyes to :at might be accompli%$1 & = tak+ ^u himself ! responsibility ( h] release1 provid$ t ,capta9 ,claxton 0 employ$ to c>ry out 8 views4' #ace ,sir ,e4 ,p>ry 0 at t "t ,controll] ( ,/eam ,ma*9]y1 & a w>m support] ( ^? :o desir$ to make a fair trial ( ! screw propell]4 #acf ,b\rne1 on ! ,screw ,propell]1 ed4 #ahfg1 p4 #bfc4 #acg ,! records ( ^! trials1 f\nd among ,mr4 ,brunel's pap]s1 %[ results :i* co9cide 9 all mat]ial po9ts ) ^? giv5 by ,mr4 ,b\rne at p4 #bhd ( 8 "w on ! ,screw ,propell]1 ed4 #ahfg4 #ach ,b\rne1 ,app5dix1 p4 xxxiii4 #aci ,! lett] to ,mr4 ,guppy ( ,augu/ #ahdc 7giv5 above1 p4 #bei7 conta9s a ref]5ce to "s ( ,mr4 ,brunel's ideas ^u iron %ipbuild+1 subsequ5t to ! date ( ! design ( ! #8,great ,brita94' #adj ,extract f a memor&um by ,mr4 ,brunel 7dat$ ,febru>y #be1 #ahed7 on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! great %ip4 #ada ,s ,mr4 ,brunel wrote to ! secret>y :5 excus+ 8 own abs5ce f ! meet+ on acc\nt ( illness4 #adb ,mr4 ,brunel concludes ?is report by indicat+ ! be/ mode ( contract+ = ! con/ruction ( ! %ip & eng9es1 & sugge/s t an exam9ation %\ld be made ( ! riv] ,hooghly4 #adc ,f ! great l5g? ( ?is report x has be5 necess>y to omit ! less important p>agraphs4 #add ,! passages :i* are omitt$ ref] to ! relative co/ & m]its ( ! diff]5t t5d]s4 #ade ,two ye>s lat] ,mr4 ,brunel spoke ( ! success ( ! screw eng9es z #8a mo/ grave "q ^u :i* hangs ,i fe> to ?9k h[ mu*4' #adf ,mr4 ,gea* 0 "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s fri5ds ( ! great %ip4 ,8 dea?1 )9 a ye> aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w1 0 ! fir/ ( h] _m mis=tunes4 #adg ,/r+5t conditions z to jacket+ 7 introduc$ into ! contracts2 b !y 7 n en=c$ by ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 def]5ce to ! /rong objections urg$ by ! mak]s4 ,he mu* regrett$ ?is concession4 #adh ,! de/9ation ( ! %ip z propos$ at ?is "t 0 ,au/ralia4 #adi ,! p[] ( bl[+ (f ! /eam )\t noise is ( great importance1 & ,mr4 ,brunel made _m exp]im5ts on ! po9t4 ,! noise ( ! /eam bl[+ (f1 :5 ! eng9es ( a %ip are /opp$ = fe> ( an imp5d+ collision or o!r accid5t1 is s great1 t x is almo/ impossible to he> any ord]s t may be giv54 #aej ,! screw propell] ( #8,agamemnon' 0 brok5 9 a trial trip outside ,plym\? ,s\nd1 on ,novemb] #i1 #ahec2 & ! result 0 t1 f n hav+ effici5t gov]nors1 ! eng9es flew r\nd at an al>m+ spe$4 #aea ,mr4 ,russell's works4 ,! %ip 0 built 9 a y>d imm$iately adjo9+ !m4 #aeb ,see1 = example1 an article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ( ,m>* #ahef1 entitl$ #8,! ,triton & ! ,m9n[s4' #aec ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is report describes ! %ip z %e 0 at t "t design$ by ,mr4 ,brunel4 #aed ,extract f memor&a ( ,octob] #e1 #ahee3-- #8,by con/ant obs]vation1 to lay d[n position & c\rse ( %ip1 & correct compasses4 #8,to record spe$ ( %ip ?r\gh wat] by logs4 #8,revolution ( eng9es4 #8,=ce & direction ( w9d4 #8,draught & trim ( %ip1 sails c>ri$1 c4 #8,temp]ature & peculi>ities ( sea wat]4 #8,z ! result ( ^! obs]vations1 to plot d[n h\r by h\r ! position ( ! %ip1 to compute ! spe$1 v>iations ( compass1 ! direction & =ce ( curr5t1 & true direction & =ce ( ! w9d4' #aee ,mr4 ,brunel also propos$ to h *>ts prep>$ = ! r\te ( ! great %ip to ,au/ralia & ,calcutta1 simil> 9 "* to "s :i* 7 made "u 8 directions = ! r\te ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' to ,new ,york1 :i* he describ$ z foll[s3-- #8,:5 we />t$ ! 8,great ,we/]n0 to ,new ,york1 ,i _h a *>t drawn & engrav$ ( ! sea 7t is1 ! l9es ( latitude & longitude1 & ! be>+s ( ! compass1 & ! coa/ & s\nd+s7 on a cyl9drical projection ( a great circle f ,bri/ol to ,new ,york2 & we f\nd x v useful = ! capta9 to see 8 great circle sail+1 & to see h[ mu* he 0 deviat+ f x4' #aef ,capta9 ,h>rison's comm& ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' aft] %e left ! riv] 0 unhappily ( b %ort duration1 z he 0 dr[n$ by ! accid5tal upsett+ ( 8 boat 9 ,s\?ampton ,wat] on ,janu>y #ba1 #ahfj1 f\r mon?s aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's dea?4 #aeg ,) ?is pap] ,mr4 ,brunel enclos$ a lett]1 9 :i* he po9ts out ) great e>ne/ness ! responsibility ( 8 own position4 ,aft] call+ ! ,directors' att5tion to ! important /ep !y 7 ab\t to take1 he proce$s3-- #8,i am n po9t+ out a dang] )\t be+ prep>$ to propose a rem$y4 ,! same man :o1 aft] he has be5 select$ & appo9t$ on acc\nt ( 8 previ\s "* z a sailor1 & z an exp]i5c$ naval man1 w\ld probably feel dispos$ to reject advice com+ f ^? :o d n pr(ess to be sailors1 & to resi/ directions :i* might appe> to him z tr5*+ ^u 8 au?ority1 or z imply+ d\bts ( 8 ability1 c\ld h no su* feel+ 7if he is a s5sible man & fit = ! position7 if 8 att5tion _h be5 drawn to ^! views be=e 8 appo9tm5t1 & if he accepts ! tru/ repos$ 9 him on ! und]/&+ t he is expect$ to pay att5tion to ^! op9ions1 & if1 z ,i %all urge ^u ! ,directors to asc]ta91 he ent]ta9s no objection to ! adoption ( !m1 & agrees to foll[ ! pr9ciples ( action :i* ,i hope to induce ! ,directors to adopt z rules 9 ! navigation ( ! %ip4 #8,i propose !re=e to lay be=e ! ,directors ! result ( my anxi\s consid]ation ( ?is subject1 to urge ^u !m ! adoption ( my views1 &1 if !y adopt !m1 to urge t !y %\ld make x a condition 9 ! selection & appo9tm5t ( a comm&] t su* views are approv$ ( & adopt$ by him4 #8,?is is a /rong & pla9ly /at$ reque/1 b n m /rongly put ?an ,i feel t ! occasion requires4 #8,i h an imm5se /ake 9 ! success ( ?is ent]prise4 ,i d n ref] m]ely to my pecuni>y inve/m5t2 b1 z affect+ my pr(essional reputation1 my /ake is mu* deep]2 z1 al?\gh ,i 0 accid5tally l$ by circum/ances into propos+ ! plan we h adopt$1 & ! ,company 0 n orig9ally =m$ to c>ry x out1 & al?\gh ! plan :5 propos$ 0 well weigh$ & consid]$ by m5 compet5t to judge1 at all ev5ts1 ^u ! prospects z a comm]cial speculation1 & al?\gh x 0 adopt$ by !m1 & !re=e !y mu/ %>e 9 ! responsibility1 & al?\gh _m may %>e ) me 9 ! cr$it ( our success2 yet !re is no d\bt t ,i %\ld h to be> solely & v heavily ! blame ( a failure4 ,on ?is gr\nd alone1 !re=e1 ! ,directors1 ,i am sure1 w will+ly all[ me to urge my views /rongly1 & w excuse ! l5g? at :i* ,i d s4 ,b ,i %all rely ^u satisfy+ !m t my views & op9ion %\ld comm& _! concurr5ce on _! own m]its2 & ) ?is preface1 :i* has already rea*$ an undue l5g?1 ,i w lay be=e !m a pap] on ! subject1 mo/ ( :i* has be5 writt5 = "s "t 9 anticipation ( ! pres5t circum/ances1 & hav+ be5 ?us writt5 at diff]5t p]iods is1 ,i fe>1 some:at disjo9t$1 & want+ 9 arrangem5t1 & !re=e mu* long] ?an x might h be54' #aeh ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( ?is report1 ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,bull1 ( ,buffalo1 ,u4,s4,a41 enc\rag+ him to adopt ! plan ( laun*+ sideways1 z t 0 ! way 9 :i* ! l>ge /eamboats ( ! ,am]ican lakes 7 laun*$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a correspond5ce :i* ensu$1 ,mr4 ,bull gave mu* in=mation z to ! mann] 9 :i* ^! laun*es 7 effect$4 ,he advocat$ a free laun* = ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' #aei ,= an acc\nt ( ?is & o!r exp]im5ts & obs]vations on friction1 see note ,a at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 #afj ,! p[] m5tion$ "h z appli$ = />t+ ! %ip 0 two hydraulic presses1 to ov]come adhesion at ! fir/ />t4 ,! riv] tackle 0 reli$ on to ov]come ! friction4 #afa ,see bel[1 note ,a1 p4 #chi4 #afb ,! reason = /opp+ 0 le/ ! %ip %\ld float at high wat] dur+ ! night4 #afc ,x rema9$ a d\btful po9t :e!r or n ! b[ cradle 0 /opp$ by ! brakes4 ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce fav\r$ ! op9ion t x _h /opp$ ( itself4 #afd ,! %ip _h always be5 spok5 ( z ! #8,great ,ea/]n1' & ?is "n 0 specially agreeable to ,mr4 ,brunel4 ,x 0 n a po9t on :i* he set mu* /ore1 b 8 views 7 pretty well kn[n2 &1 z ! "n _h n be5 ( 8 *oos+1 b _h r gr[n out ( ! "n ( ! ,company1 & ! natural association ( ideas ) 8 fir/ %ip1 ! #8,great ,we/]n1' x might reasonably h be5 suppos$ t x w\ld h be5 adopt$4 ,b "s fa/idi\s p]son sugge/$ t ! "n 0 objectionable1 z consi/+ ( two adjectives4 ,a li/ ( names 0 prep>$ & submitt$ to ,mr4 ,brunel on ! day ( ! laun* at ! mom5t :5 he 0 busie/4 ,he said (f-h& t !y might call x #8,tom ,?umb' if !y lik$4 ,! ,directors1 h[ev]1 select$ ! "n #8,levia?an1' & s ! %ip 0 *ri/5$4 ,! new "n nev] /uck to ! %ip1 & %e 0 regi/]$ z ! #8,great ,ea/]n4' #afe ,! action ( an hydraulic press is limit$ to ! l5g? ( /roke ( ! ram4 ,h5ce1 z soon z ! %ip mov$ a di/ance equal to ! l5g? ( ! /roke1 x became necess>y to relieve ! wat] pressure 9 ! cyl9d]1 to pull back ! ram into x1 & to ins]t betwe5 ! ram ( ! press & ! cradle an additional l5g? ( timb]4 ,?is op]ation ( pull+ back ! ram & putt+ 9 ano!r l5g? ( timb] 0 call$ #8fleet+' ! press1 a t]m us$ 9 _m me*anical op]ations :5 ! motive arrangem5ts are re9/at$ 9 _! prim>y position ready = a fur!r advance 9 ! "w4 #aff ,on ?is occasion ,mr4 ,brunel _h 8 way1 & !re 7 n a doz5 spectators 9 ! y>d4 #afg ,see note ,a at ! end ( ! *apt]4 #afh ,at ?is "t ! friction :5 ! %ip 0 9 motion 0 n mu* great] ?an x _h be5 on previ\s occasions2 b1 ! adhesion be+ greatly increas$1 a l>ge excess ( p[] became /or$ up 9 ! ela/icity ( ! abutm5ts & ! *a9s4 ,?is excess ( p[]1 on ! %ip comm5c+ to move1 dis*>g$ itself 9 giv+ h] velocity1 & !re=e %e mov$ by %ort slips1 in/ead ( by a gradual motion1 z _h be5 ! case previ\sly1 :5 ! resi/ance due to friction & t due to adhesion _h be5 m ne>ly equal4 ,= obs]vations on ! friction1 see note ,a at ! end ( ! *apt]4 #afi ,mr4 ,/eph5son w5t ) ,mr4 ,brunel into all ! facts relative to ! op]ations & all ! exp]i5ce ga9$ !refrom1 & exam9$ c>efully ! inve/igations :i* _h be5 made by means ( self-record+ app>atus1 & :i* %[$ t ! friction dim9i%$ z ! velocity increas$4 ,s /ruck 0 ,mr4 ,/eph5son at ^! results t he urg$ ,mr4 ,brunel on no acc\nt to neglect hav+ ! brakes prop]ly att5d$ to2 le/ ! great adhesion %\ld cause a l>ge am\nt ( /or$-up p[]1 :i* might give ! %ip su* a velocity t ! =ce ( gravity might exce$ t ( ! friction4 ,! brakes _h n be5 hi!rto neglect$2 b1 9 con=mity ) ,mr4 ,/eph5son's sugge/ion1 x 0 !nce=w>d made a rule t1 :5 a mod]ate am\nt ( slack _h be5 ov]haul$ f ! drums1 ! brakes %\ld be put d[n1 on a signal be+ giv5 t ! pressure 9 ! presses 0 ris+4 #agj ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ a great _m sugge/ions = laun*+ ! %ip4 ,pun*eons1 gas1 artill]y1 & especially lev]s1 7 among ! appliances recomm5d$4 ,) ! desire ( behav+ civilly to well-mean+ p]sons :o 7 wi%+ to d him a s]vice1 ,mr4 ,brunel adopt$ a plan simil> to t :i* he _h f\nd useful :5 ! #8,great ,brita9' 0 on %ore4 ,he _h a circul> lett] pr9t$1 ?ank+ 8 correspond5ts = _! sugge/ions1 b say+ t ! numb] ( su* communications _h become s great t x 0 impossible = him to d m ?an cause ! receipt to be ackn[l$g$1 ) ?anks = ! int5tions ( ! p>ties writ+4 ,?is plan _h1 h[ev]1 ! effect ( increas+ ! numb] ( 8 correspond5ts1 z sev]al ( !m wrote a second "t to express _! regret t _! lett]s _h _h no bett] effect ?an to be class$ ) ! num]\s communications :i* ,mr4 ,brunel said he _h receiv$ on ! same subject1 :i* _h seem$ unwor?y ( 8 notice2 & !y expla9$ t ?\gh o!r p's s*emes 71 no d\bt1 wor?less1 /ill t _! own1 if adopt$1 w\ld laun* ! %ip4 #aga ,! numb] ( ! presses be+ almo/ d\bl$1 b ! resi/ance ( ! %ip n be+ mu* great] ?an be=e1 ! ela/ic compression ( ! abutm5ts 0 less ?an x _h be5 previ\sly1 s t :5 ! %ip mov$ !re 0 mu* less "w /or$ up to give x velocity2 !re=e ! slides 7 %ort] ?an !y _h be5 be=e4 #agb ,among ! _m congratulations :i* ,mr4 ,brunel receiv$ on ! completion ( ! laun*1 !re 0 p]haps none :i* pleas$ him m ?an ! foll[+ lett] f ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1 :o _h be5 prev5t$ by illness f be+ pres5t at ! conclud+ op]ations1 ! critical "* ( :i* he _h fully appreciat$3-- ,febru>y #a1 #aheh4 ,,my ,,de> ,,brunel1--,i slept la/ night l a top1 aft] ,i receiv$ y\r message4 ,i got desp]ately anxi\s all day1 b my doctor w\ld n p]mit me to v5ture s f> away z ,millwall4 ,i d1 my good fri5d1 mo/ s9c]ely congratulate y on ! arrival ( ! conclusion ( y\r anxiety4 ,y\rs s9c]ely1 ,,rob]t ,,/eph5son4 ,a lett] f ,mr4 ,brunel to 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,fr\de1 describ+ ! float+1 is giv5 9 note ,b to ?is *apt]4 #agc ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! %ip & eng9es are giv5 9 ! note to ?is *apt]1 p4 #daf4 #agd ,dur+ ! la/-m5tion$ voyage1 return+ f ,quebec1 a nor?-ea/]ly w9d blew ) a velocity ( f #cj to #dj miles an h\r4 ,= ! fir/ #bd h\rs ! %ip paid no att5tion to ! sea2 ! next day1 ! w9d rema9+ ! same1 b ! sea hav+ got m swell on1 ! %ip began to roll sl[ly & s$ately1 ! rolls gradually increas+ up to ab\t #i degrees on ei!r side ( ! p]p5dicul>1 & dy+ out aga91 & !n recomm5c+4 #age ,betwe5 ! screw & ! rudd] 0 :at 0 t]m$ ! aft] /]n-po/1 :i* _h no duty to p]=m except to /eady ! heel ( ! %ip1 into :i* ! rudd] 0 /epp$4 #agf ,be=e ! %ip 0 f9i%$1 ,mr4 ,brunel _h h] /ability & roll+ c>efully inve/igat$4 ,calculations 7 made to asc]ta9 ! position ( h] c5tre ( gravity & ! o!r necess>y elem5ts = det]m9+ h] /ability & p]iod ( roll+4 ,he also _h a model made1 ) arrangem5ts = alt]+ ! levels ( weights plac$ inside4 ,by ?is means ! results ( ! calculations 7 v]ifi$4 ,x 0 det]m9$ t ! %ip w\ld make a s+le roll f "o side to ! o!r 9 ab\t six seconds4 ,:ile %e 0 9 ! ,?ames a /eam] /ruck ! hulk alongside & gave ! great %ip a slight impulse4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 :o 0 on bo>d1 took advantage ( ! opportunity to obs]ve ! p]iod ( ! roll %e made1 & 0 pleas$ at f9d+ x agree ) ! calculat$ p]iod4 ,x is to ! inve/igations initiat$ at t "t by ,mr4 ,brunel t are due ! great /eps s9ce made 9 ! k ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! roll+ ( %ips4 ,_h ,mr4 ,brunel liv$ he w\ld no d\bt h tak5 ! same pa9s to record ! roll+ ( ! #8,great ,ea/]n' z he _h 9 ! case ( ! #8,great ,we/]n' :51 9 #ahci1 he s5t an assi/ant to ,am]ica & back1 :o took obs]vations ( ! roll+ & pit*+ ( t vessel 9 sev]al voyages4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made by a simple angle-measur+ in/rum5t1 adju/$ by ! visible level l9e ( ! horizon1 & n by ! fallaci\s me?od ( not+ d[n ! sw+s ( a p5dulum4 ,! #8,great ,ea/]n' rema9s almo/ p]fectly /eady 9 ord9>y r\gh seas4 ,:5 ! seas become v long1 s t _! p]iod is ne>ly ! same z t ( ! %ip1 %e rolls2 ?\gh ! numb] ( degrees on ei!r side ( ! p]p5dicul> is n l>ge4 ,by /[+ ! weights ( c>go high 9 ! %ip1 ! t5d5cy to roll has be5 mu* dim9i%$1 & :5 engag$ 9 cable lay+1 ) ! enorm\s weights 9 ! cable tanks all plac$ above ! l[] deck1 %e is rem>kably /eady4 #agg ,hi/ory ( ! ,atlantic ,telegraph3 ,new ,york1 #ahff4 #agh ,x may be desirable to give a %ort explanation ( ^! works1 :i* consi/$ pr9cipally ( a sluice1 a trunk1 & a drag-boat4 ,! ,sluice 0 made 9 ! abutm5t ( ,pr9ce's ,/reet ,bridge1 & 0 int5d$ to create a sc\r aft] ! wat] _h be5 let (f f ei!r side ( ! float1 ! op5+ at ! bridge be+ clos$ by a caisson :i* _h long be5 9 use :5 7z 0 =m]ly ! case7 ! upp] "p ( ! float 0 sc\r$ ?r\gh ,ba?ur/ ,bas94 ,! ,trunk1 ne> ! entrance f ,cumb]l& ,bas91 is a wood5 culv]t betwe5 ! float+ h>b\r & ! riv]4 ,z mu* ( ! mud z c\ld be dragg$ !re 0 deposit$ at ! entrance ( ! trunk1 &1 :5 ! tide 0 l[ 9 ! new *annel ( ! ,avon1 sluices 7 op5$1 & ! wat] ru%$ ?r\gh f ! float+ h>b\r1 c>ry+ ! mud ) x4 ,! ,drag-,boat 0 fitt$ ) a /eam-eng9e :i* work$ a l>ge w9dlass ) ?ree comp>tm5ts1 r\nd two ( :i* *a9s 7 pass$ & fix$ to po/s on ! quays1 & ! boat 0 dragg$ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,! ?ird comp>tm5t ( ! w9dlass work$ a *a9 :i* elevat$ or depress$ a scrap]1 atta*$ to a long pole at ! /]n1 & secur$ f sw]v+ by a *a9-bridle :i* pass$ "u ! boat4 ,! scrap] /irr$ up ! mud1 & deposit$ ! m solid p>ts at ! entrance ( ! trunk4 ,mr4 ,brunel also desir$ t ! float bo>ds ( ! ,nee?am ,dam %\ld be put into prop] work+ ord]2 & t !y %\ld be alt]$ s t1 9 times ( l& floods1 ! :ole or a consid]able portion ( ! excess ( wat] %\ld be reta9$1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! fe$]2 & t ev5 ! wat] ( spr+ tides %\ld be all[$ to pass ! dam1 & !n be /opp$ back = ! same purpose4 #agi ,! advantage ( =m+ an air-*amb] 9 ! l[] "p ( ! gate1 & all[+ ! wat] to ent] above x1 is t :5 ! size ( ! air-*amb] is prop]ly adju/$ to ! weight ( ! gate1 !re ne$ n come on ! :eels1 :ile mov+1 m ?an a trifl+ am\nt ( weight4 #ahj ,! arrangem5ts ( a buoyant gate h be5 expla9$ above1 p4 #dbi4 #aha ,9 ! ye> #ahef & aft]w>ds1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 engag$ 9 improv+ ! navigable *annel ( ! riv] ,nea?1 at its emb\*ure into ! ,bri/ol ,*annel4 ,a bank ( furnace slag1 = direct+ ! c\rse ( ! riv]1 _h be5 made previ\sly by ,mr4 ,palm]1 & cont9u$ z f> seaw>ds z x 0 !n ?\ght c\ld be done ) safety4 ,mr4 ,brunel c>ri$ a tra9+ bank /ill f>!r1 & succe$$ 9 cutt+ (f a b5d ( ! riv]2 ,mr4 ,br]eton has s9ce ext5d$ ! navigable *annel 9 a /raight l9e to l[-wat] m>k1 a di/ance ( two miles2 & ! b> has be5 l[]$ to )9 #a foot ( ! level ( ! dock sill4 #ahb ,reports on ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition #ahfg vol4 i41 p4 xxiv4 #aid #ahc ,:51 at ! close ( ! ,exhibition1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 compell$1 mu* aga9/ 8 w1 to accept a pecuni>y ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 s]vices1 he sp5t ! money 9 ! erection ( model cottages at ,b>ton1 a village ne> 8 prop]ty 9 ,devon%ire4 #ahd ,see ,report ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,ordnance1 #ahfc1 ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce & ,app5dix 7ord]$ to be pr9t$ ,july #bc1 #ahfc73--p4 #cjf1 ,report ( ,ordnance ,select ,committee2 p4 #dd1 ,/atem5t ( ,mr4 ,:itwor?2 p4 #ef1 ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,:itwor? 7,q4 #acbi-accg72 pp4 #eh1 #ei1 ! same 7,q4 #ache-adaj72 pp4 #djb1 #djc1 ,pap]s deliv]$ 9 by ,mr4 ,isamb>d ,brunel2 p4 #aaj1 ,fur!r ,evid5ce ( ,mr4 ,:itwor? 7,q4 #bede-beea72 p4 #aab1 ! same 7,q4 #bfjb-bfaj72 p4 #edh1 ,lett] f ,mr4 ,we/ley ,ri*>ds to ,mr4 ,isamb>d ,brunel4 #ahe ,capta9 ,claxton1 at ,mr4 ,brunel's desire1 w5t = a voyage 9 ,messrs4 ,ru?v5's vessel1 ! #8,ent]prise1' 9 ord] to te/ h] p]=mances4 #ahf ,?is appe>s to be ! only in/ance 9 :i* ,mr4 ,brunel pr9t$ an acc\nt ( any ( 8 works4 #ahg ,on ?is application ( t9 = ! cov]+ ( ! ro(1 ,dr4 ,p>kes obs]ves 7,manual ( ,practical ,hygi5e1 ,london1 #ahfi1 p4 #cag73--#8;,9 ! ,crimean ,w> ! ro(s ( ,r5kioi ,hospital1 on ! ,d>danelles1 7 cov]$ ) poli%$ t92 x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 some:at difficult to place x s z to exclude ra91 & ! surface soon became t>ni%$4 ,! !rmometric exp]im5ts did n %[ a great] less5+ ( heat ?an #c ,fahr4 bel[ h\ses n t9-coat$4' #ahh #8,at ,r5kioi1 9 ,turkey1 ,mr4 ,brunel suppli$ squ>e wood5 sew]s ab\t #ae in*es to ! side2 !y 7 t>r$ inside1 & act$ mo/ admirably )\t leakage = fifte5 mon?s1 till ! end ( ! w>4 ,! wat]-closets 7,j5n+s's simple syphon71 arrang$ ) a small wat]-box bel[ ! ci/]n1 to economise wat]1 nev] got out ( ord]1 & 9 fact ! dra9age ( ! hospital 0 lit]ally p]fect4 ,i h little d\bt su* well-t>r$ wood5 sew]s w\ld la/ two or ?ree ye>s' 7,p>kes's ,manual ( ,practical ,hygi5e1 p4 #fce74 #ahi ,! woodcut1 fig4 #bb1 is a r$uction ( "p ( ?is draw+4 #aij ,! case ( ,rang] v4 ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ,company4 #aia ,see above1 p4 #aib4 #aib ,! rema9d] ( ?is lett] is pr9t$ above1 p4 #aib4 #aic ,al?\gh ,mr4 ,brunel endeav\r$1 z f> z possible1 to lay aside "w dur+ 8 visits to ,watcombe1 he f\nd occasions = ! use ( 8 me*anical k4 ,he prep>$ tools = transplant+ "y trees2 he did n1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 mak+ !m fl\ri% z well z be=e !y 7 transplant$1 ?\gh he att5d$ to ! "w himself1 & took c>e t a l>ge am\nt ( e>? 0 mov$ ) ! tree4 ,! bridge ( r\gh poles across ! turnpike road betwe5 ,teignm\? & ,torquay is z good ( its k9d z 8 l>g] works4 #aid ,on ,june #aj1 #ahcj1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 ,mr4 ,brunel 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,he subsequ5tly became a memb] ( mo/ ( ! o!r sci5tific societies2 b he r>ely att5d$ any meet+s1 except ^? ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 #aie ,at ! beg9n+ ( #aheh1 on ! expiration ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son's t]m ( (fice z ,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s1 ,mr4 ,brunel came next 9 rotation = election2 b 8 fail+ heal?1 & ! pressure ( 8 pr(essional duties1 l$ him to reque/ t he might n !n be put 9 nom9ation4--- ,see ,inaugural ,address ( ,john ,f[l]1 ,esq41 ,janu>y #i1 #ahff4 #aif ,a draw+ ( _! ,nile boat1 ! #8,flor5ce1' :i* he made = 8 daught]1 exhibits ! same beautiful m9ut5ess :i* appe>s 9 all 8 e>ly sket*es = ! ,clifton bridge & ,great ,we/]n ,railway4 #aig ,mr4 ,brunel's ,nile boat1 be+ ( iron1 c\ld n safely g up ! ,cat>acts4 #aih ,a few weeks aft] ,mr4 ,brunel's dea?1 a meet+ ( 8 fri5ds 0 held1 :5 x 0 det]m9$ to raise "s memorial to him4 ,a /atue 0 made by ! late ,b>on ,m>o*etti1 & a site = x promis$ by ! ,fir/ ,commission] ( ,works2 b x has n yet be5 erect$4 ,mr4 ,brunel's family1 by ! p]mission ( ! ,dean ( ,we/m9/]1 h plac$ a memorial w9d[ 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! nave ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,along ! bottom ( ! w9d[ 7:i* consi/s ( two lights1 ea* #bc feet #f in*es high & #d feet wide1 surm\nt$ by a quatrefoil op5+1 #f feet #f in*es across7 is ! ,inscription1 #8,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,isamb>d ,,k+dom ,,brunel1 ,,civil ,,eng9e]4 ,,born ,,april #i1 #ahjf4 ,,dep>t$ ,,?is ,,life1 ,,septemb] #ae1 #ahei4' ,ov] ?is are f\r allegorical figures 7two 9 ea* light73 ,=titude1 ,ju/ice1 ,fai?1 & ,*>ity4 ,! upp] "p ( ! w9d[ consi/s ( six panels1 divid$ by a patt]n "w ( lilies & pomegranates4 ,! panels conta9 subjects f ! hi/ory ( ! ,temple4 ,! ?ree subjects 9 ! we/]n light repres5t sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t--viz4 ! ,d$ication ( ! ,temple by ,solomon1 ! ,f9d+ ( ! ,book ( ! ,law by ,hilkiah1 & ! ,lay+ ! ,f\ndations ( ! ,second ,temple4 ,! subjects 9 ! ea/]n light are f ! ,new ,te/am5t--viz4 ,simeon ,bless+ ! ,infant ,savi\r1 ,*ri/ ,disput+ ) ! ,doctors1 & ,! ,disciples po9t+ out to ,*ri/ ! ,build+s ( ! ,temple4 ,9 ! heads ( ea* light are angels kneel+1 & 9 ! quatrefoil is a repres5tation ( ,our ,"l 9 ,glory1 surr\nd$ by angels4 ,! "w 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,norman ,%aw1 ar*itect1 :o prep>$ ! g5]al design1 arrang$ ! scale ( ! v>i\s figures1 & design$ ! ornam5tal patt]n "w4 ,! figure subjects 7 drawn by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,holiday1 & ! :ole design 0 execut$ 9 glass by ,messrs4 ,heaton1 ,butl]1 ,bayne4 #aii ,mr4 ,locke "h spoke 9 feel+ language ( ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 #bjj ,!re appe>s1 f ! table1 to be an imm5se ext5t ( paddle-bo>d to ?is vessel1 if ! table be correct--great] ?an ! mid%ip section4 #bja ,9 a ,report by ,mr4 ,brunel on improvem5ts 9 ! port ( ,bri/ol1 dat$ ,decemb] #bf1 #ahci1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 #8,a great *ange is unque/ionably ab\t to take place 9 ! c>riage ( m]*&ise by sea1 a *ange simil>1 ?\gh possibly n s /rik+1 z t :i* has s sudd5ly be5 effect$ by railways 9 l& c>riage4 ,to ensure ! spe$ :i* ! pass5g] traffic dem&s1 great size 9 ! vessels is requir$2 9 ! c\rse ( a v few ye>s we %all f9d ,atlantic /eam]s desir\s ( tak+ #ejj or #fjj tons ( c>go to make up _! draught4'