,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,small capital text has be5 replac$ ) all capitals4 ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical error4 ,9 ?is book ! transcrib] has made ! *anges li/$ 9 ! corrections li/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wave ,,( ,,scepticism ,,& ,,! ,,rock ,,( ,,tru?4 ,,! ,,wave ,,( ,,scepticism ,,! ,,rock ,,( ,,tru?3 ,a ,,reply ,,to ,,sup]natural ,,religion3 ,,an ,,inquiry ,,into ,,! ,,reality ,,( ,,div9e ,,revelation4 ,,mat!w ,,h5ry ,,hab]%on4 ,animus ad amplitud9em my/]iorum pro modulo suo dilatetur1 non my/]ia ad angu/ias animi con/r+antur4--,,"l ,,bacon4 ,london3 ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton1 #bg #ca1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 ,,mdccclxxv4 ,,corrections4 ,title-page4 ,= anima1 read animi4 ,page iv4 ,= ,wann ,w>d51 read ,wann ,wurd54 xii4 ,= "o all[$1 read "o v]sion all[$4 #bh l9e #c4 ,= & t ,paul1 read & t z = ,paul4 #eb l9e #c4 ,= fir/ c5tury1 read second c5tury4 #gg ,= ,he suff]$ m>tyrdom on1 read ,he suff]$ m>tyrdom1 x is said1 on4 #gg ,= 9 ! amphi!atre at ,antio*1 read 9 ! amphi!atre1 n at ,rome1 b at ,antio*4 #gh l9e #d4 ,= lett]s1 read v]sions4 #aji l9e #h f bottom4 ,= :oev]1 read :omsoev]4 #abc l9e #g4 ,= dead1 read read4 #agg l9e #g4 ,= at ! "n ( ,jesus1 read 9 ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,e wave :i* beats aga9/ ! rock ( et]nal tru? seems to rise out ( ! tr\gh caus$ by "s rec$+ wave1 & raises its ?reat5+ cre/ z if x w\ld wa% away ! rock4 ,x is ( ! nature ( tru?1 t ! m x is te/$ ! m sure x becomes "u ! trial4 ,^! attacks ( oppon5ts are among ! means :]eby fre% evid5ces ( ! c]titude ( ! ,gospels are call$ out4 ,translator ( ,tis*5dorf's ,wann ,wurd5 ,uns]e ,evangeli5 ,v]fas/4 ,,preface4 ,?is volume is an amplifi$ & exp&$ essay read be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,society 9 connection ) ,p>k ,*ur*1 ,highbury1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #bnd ( ,novemb]1 #ahgd4 ,! orig9al purpose ( ! au?or 0 to indicate to ! associates ( t ,*ri/ian in/itution h[ ! influ5ce ( ,g]man anti-,*ri/ian lit]ature1 made pla9 to ,engli% read]s by su* books z ! "o "u review1 might be )/ood & neutralis$1 & to supply an antidote to ! poison\s ins9uations respect+ ,*ri/ianity :i* _m ( ! p]iodicals ( ! day dissem9ate 9 notic+ works ( ?is "*4 ,^? t are n pr(ess$ly ho/ile to religion h a way ( treat+ ,tru? & ,error z if no?+ _h be5 prov$1 & z if ! "q 7 q an op5 "o :e!r ,div9e ,revelation is1 or is n1 a reality4 ,! pres5t design ( ! au?or has a wid] range ?an he fir/ int5d$4 ,he desires to induce1 n only "y m51 b ^? ne>] 8 own age1 & plac$1 mu* z himself1 9 ! great c5tres ( bus9ess1 :o h n mu* "t = rese>* into su* matt]s1 to br+ _! intellig5ce fairly alongside ! bold pret5sions ( ! cavill]s & quibbl]s :o presume to "k t !re is no ,god1 or t ,he has n spok54 ,he desires to rem9d ^? :o are d\bt+ t !re is a k t creates d\bts :i* no?+ b a l>g] k c satisfy1 & t he :o /ops 9 ! difficulty w be p]plex$ & uncom=table = life4 ,hav+ inve/igat$ = himself1 ! au?or indicates ! result1 & w\ld l1 if he c1 to facilitate ! inquiry :i* x is1 unque/ionably1 ! duty & int]e/ ( e "o to make4 ,if to re/ on a =egone conclusion on a matt] ( su* mom5t\s importance is n altoge!r ju/ifiable on ! ,*ri/ian side ( ! "q1 h[ mu* less s on ! o!r6 ,= x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 on ! "o side1 look+ at ! "q f a prim facie po9t ( view1 we h a fai? :i* has ! endorsem5t ( ! highe/ civilisation1 ! be/ morality1 ! true/ culture1 ! noble/ aspirations1 & ! greate/ happ9ess :i* humanity has ev] exp]i5c$2 9 contra/ ) a negation :i* has no?+ to (f] z a sub/itute1 tak+ away ! light t illum9es ! pa? ( life1 & leav+ x 9 utt] d>kness4 ,z to ! book "u review1 ! anonym\s au?or seems to reg>d ! evid5ces ( ,sup]natural ,religion z a region ( swamp or s&1 9 :i* solid rock is n[h]e to be f\nd ^u :i* fai? may obta9 a firm foot+4 ,he takes u 9 8 survey "h & !re1 & says t :at seems to be solid /one is only slightly congeal$ s&1 :i*1 at ! t\* ( 8 criticism1 dissolves & falls away4 ,we fix our att5tion on "o ( ^! masses1 & ! result is1 t x is n :at he alleges1 b1 v]ily1 granite4 ,if ! read] :o is n prejudic$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity w att5tively p]use ?is volume to ! end1 he w probably incl9e to ?is op9ion4 ,if any ^: views 9 reg>d to ,*ri/ianity are ho/ile %\ld be at ! tr\ble to read x1 x is ! hope ( ! au?or t ! result w be to /imulate inquiry & rese>*1 = t :i* is true 9 religion _c be %ak51 & t :i* is false1 no "o c desire to pres]ve4 ,9 s f> z ! writ] ( ,sup]natural ,religion & o!rs h1 by _! ref]5ce to e>ly ,patri/ic lit]ature1 %[n h[ c]ta9 x is t ,jesus liv$ & taught1 !y h done s]vice to ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity2 = ! writ+s1 ! traditions1 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* are too closely id5tifi$ ) ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt to admit ( ! probability t ,he :o c\ld ?us tea* 0 less ?an ,he believ$ ,himself to be4 ,on su* a f\ndation ! sup]/ructure is s appropriate1 t ! possibility :i* ,john ,/u>t ,mill conceiv$ is ne> to probability1 & probability to a full assurance ( fai?4 #hb1 ,,/4 ,,m>k',s ,,squ>e1 ,,we/ ,,hackney1 ,,london4 #aa? ,decemb]1 #ahgd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,miracles4 ,miracles ! vital po9t 9 ! inve/igation--,_! modification to suit sci5tific !ologians--,antec$5t cr$ibility--,miracles n sup]-,satanic--,pr(ane oa?s--,c\nt]feits--,*ri/ianity misrepres5t$--,j4 ,s4 ,mill--,appeal to reason--,! ,f\r? ,gospel ignor$--,intellectual condition ( ! age :5 miracles occurr$--,royal ,college ( ,physicians--,fr5* ,academy--,prie/s orda9$ to =give s9s--,paul ! only educat$ man ( 8 g5]ation--,p]fection & inv>iability ( ! ord] ( ,nature 9 contra/ ) ! wick$ness ( mank9d--,ab/ract "q z to ! cr$ibility ( miracles--,mat!w ,arnold & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill reject ,hume's argum5t--,rec5t ,g]man criticisms 9 fav\r ( ,*ri/ianity--,dr4 ,*ri/lieb's ,mod]n ,d\bt & ,*ri/ian ,belief--,baur & ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels4 ,! argum5t f ! sil5ce ( e>ly writ]s--,limits ( ! inquiry--,quotations f unkn[n s\rces & tradition--,! summ>y ( :at ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion alleges 8 inve/igation produces--,8 plausibility1 special plead+1 & boldness ( ass]tion--,8 l9e across hi/ory--,v]bal te/imony 9 ! fir/ two g5]ations--,inscription ov] ! cross--,clem5t ( ,rome--,v]batim quotations--,tis*5dorf & e>ly translations ( ! ,new ,te/am5t into ,lat9 & ,syriac--,pret5sions on behalf ( ! ,synoptics--,rnan's views ( ! ,gospels--,uni=m pl5>y & v]bal inspiration-- ,p]v]sion ( ,scripture--,epi/le ( ,b>nabas--,! n9? *apt] ( ,mat!w dissect$ & ! miracul\s elim9at$--,tis*5dorf's op9ion ridicul$--,quot+ unfairly--,! ,paul9e & ,petr9e cont5tion--,! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]--,! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas #da ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels--cont9u$4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius--,"o ,v]sion all[$ to be g5u9e--,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians3 its acceptance z g5u9e by ,ir5u--,hegesippus--,fragm5ts only pres]v$ ( 8 writ+s--,! impossibility ( kn[+ :at 0 9 ! portions notextant-- ,papias--,8 evid5ce respect+ ,m>k's ,gospel--,8 ass]tion t ,mat!w wrote 9 ,hebrew1 & ,tis*5dorf's op9ion t he wrote 9 ,greek--,ju/9 ,m>tyr--,8 ref]5ce to ! ,memoirs call$ ,gospels--,! ,clem5t9e ,homilies--,important quotation f ,mat!w--,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,*ur* at ,laodicea--,con/ruction ( ,mat!w's ,gospel--,! ,epi/le to ,diognetus #ge ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels--cont9u$4 ,basilides--,! ,gospel to ! ,hebrews--,special plead+ 9 reg>d to ,hippolytus & ! pron\ns ,,he & ,,!y--,co9cid5ce resort$ to--,ev5ts ,,happ5 to occur z pr$ict$--,val5t9us--,m>cion1 a critic ( ! mod]n sceptical sort--,j4 ,s4 ,mill--,tatian3 8 h>mony ( ! f\r ,gospels--,dionysius ( ,cor9?--,! ^w ,scripture appli$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s--,! ,gospel ( ,pet]--,s]apion's explanation :y x 0 read at ,rhossus--,melito ( ,s>dis--,! ^w old appli$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t imply+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,new ,te/am5t-- ,claudius ,apoll9>is & 8 ref]5ce to ! f\r ,gospels-- ,a!nagoras--,opposite op9ions z to 8 quotation f ,mat!w--,! ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons--,ptolemu & ,h]acleon--,celsus--,! ,canon ( ,muratori #ii ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,! evid5ce ( ,ir5u--,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians g5u9e--,! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies by ,hippolytus--,ju/9 ,m>tyr--,! int]nal evid5ce--,philo's philosophy--,! doctr9e ( ! triune nature ( ,jehovah--,! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/--,! ,holy ,_s--,! nameless1 unkn[n au?or--,rnan's views 9 fav\r ( ! ,johann9e au?or%ip--,l+ui/ic difficulties--,william ,p5n--,! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead--,john's memory--,! ,duke ( ,well+ton--,mode ( au?or%ip--,m5 sep>at$ f _! writ+s1 & books )\t au?ors--,! second c5tury non-classical comp>$ ) ! fir/--,facts make hi/ory1 n hi/ory facts--,! liv+ voice r ?an books ! in/rum5t = proclaim+ ! ,gospel 9 ! fir/ c5tury--,! folly ( ignor+ ,div9e ,revelation #ace ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,contempor>y ,,evid5ce4 ,! ,apo/le ,john ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse--,importance ( ! admission--,! precise date ( its composition--,its allegorical "*--,pilgrim's ,progress & ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,rega9$--,! doctr9es indicat$ 9 ! ,apocalypse--,rome ! my/ical ,babylon-- ,n]o ,cs>--,! numb] ( ! bea/--,! ,"l's day--,prom95ce ( ! allusion to ! ,lamb sla9 to take away s9--,paul's epi/les id5tical 9 doctr9e ) ! ,apocalypse--,pr(essor ,ow5--,quotation f ,! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice #afc ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,an eloqu5t s5t5ce analys$--,h5ry ,rog]s--,john ,/u>t ,mill-- ,prie/ley--,paul's admonition to ,timo?y--,! dea? ( apo/les n record$ 9 writ+s alleg$ to h be5 writt5 long aft] _! decease--,v]dict pron\nc$ be=e ! case is complete--,au?ority ( ,*ur* ,c\ncils--,! religion ( ! ,bible a spiritual matt]1 requir+ spiritual disc]nm5t--,summ>y--,p]oration #ahc ,,introduction4 ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy4 ,%akespe>e4 ,:5 we consid] fur!r t a gift1 extremely preci\s1 came to u1 :i*1 ?\gh facilitat$1 0 n necessitat$1 by :at _h gone be=e1 b 0 due1 z f> z appe>ances g1 to ! peculi> m5tal & moral end[m5ts ( "o man1 & t man op5ly proclaim$ t x did n come f himself1 b f ,god ?r\gh him1 !n we are entitl$ to say !re is no?+ s inh]5tly or absolutely incr$ible 9 ?is supposition z to preclude any "o f hop+ t x may p]haps be true4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,,introduction4 ,no?+ 9 ^! days is tak5 = grant$4 ,9 sci5ce1 philosophy1 politics1 & religion1 ! f\ndations ( belief are fe>lessly exam9$1 & ! facilities = ! process are unprec$5t$4 ,criticism has new & improv$ in/rum5ts1 & !y are ext5sively us$--(t5 misus$4 ,x conc]ns u especially to "k h[ f> our religi\s in/itutions are be+ affect$4 ,h dev\t m51 dur+ ! ?ree ?\s& ye>s :i* hi/ory *ronicles1 be5 "u a delusion 9 believ+ t !re is a _s 9 man1 & ! ,almighty give? him und]/&+8 ,is popul> ,*ri/ianity wide ( ! tru?1 & a disfigurem5t ( ! tru?1 z an em95t writ] ! o!r day ass]t$8 ,su* que/ions float 9 our lit]ature & f9d _! way into our homes & our sanctu>ies4 ,al?\gh no importance is to be atta*$ to ! reckless ass]tion t ! outworks ( ,evangelical ,religion are 9 dang]1 & t ! v citadel itself is n impregnable1 x is und\bt$ly true t its mod]n adv]s>ies--reputable & o!rwise--are bold1 active1 & skilful1 & !re is ne$ t its def5d]s %\ld be al]t & vigilant4 ,x w n d to rely altoge!r on ! def5sive l9es & tactics ( our pr$ecessors4 ,ea* g5]ation has ! /ronghold entru/$ to its c>e1 & new appliances are1 f "t to "t1 requir$ to resi/ novel z well z resuscitat$ modes ( assault4 ,h[ev] c]ta9 be ! ultimate triumph ( ,8 cause ^: "r x is to reign1 ! rate ( its progress dep5ds ^u ! fai?fulness & h]oism ( ,8 s]vants at _! v>i\s po/s ( lab\r & conflict4 ,to *ange ! figure4 ,! mirror :i* reflects ,div9e tru? has to be pres]v$ & kept bright by human in/rum5tality4 ,sup]/ition1 9 ! murky atmosph]e ( sac]dotalism1 cl\ds x2 by false philosophy x is liable to be dimm$2 :ile crude sci5ce or uns\nd criticism1 remov+ ! silv] l9+ to make ! glass m transp>5t1 makes x useless4 ,he does well :o is able to act z its cons]vator1 & 9 "s measure cleanse ! surface1 t obscurity may be remov$ & et]nal tru? disc]n$4 ,i am aw>e t1 z a rule1 x is n desirable t ho/ile lit]ature %\ld be help$ into notoriety1 & t believ]s %\ld be tr\bl$ ) explod$ fallacies & di/urb$ by argum5ts aga9/ ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus a hundr$ times answ]$4 ,z ,rob]t ,hall ju/ly rem>ks3--,x is degrad+ to ! dignity ( a revelation1 e/abli%$ ?r\gh a succession ( ages by indubitable pro(s1 to be adv]t+ e mom5t to ! hypo!sis ( its be+ an impo/ure1 & to be invit+ e ignorant sophi/ to wrangle ab\t ! title1 :5 we %\ld be cultivat+ ! possession4 ,b !re are exceptions to e rule1 & z ,i am n address+ a promiscu\s audi5ce1 b ! memb]s ( a society ^: rule is to discuss all subjects )\t limitation1 ,i v5ture to ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 br++ "u y\r notice a rec5t het]odox book :i* is s well writt5 z to be likely to mislead if x be n neutraliz$4 ,& ! m s1 if ,i c make ! au?or n only answ] himself1 b o!r writ]s ^: anti-,*ri/ian argum5ts are n put =? anonym\sly1 b ) ! au?ority ( well-kn[n names & mu* reputation 9 ! _w ( lett]s & sci5ce4 ,let me fur!r premise t ! ,*ri/ian is occupy+ an exceptional position :5 he desc5ds to ! neutral level ( ! sceptic to discuss ! int]nal evid5ces ( ,evangelical tru?4 ,8 usual privileg$ abode is m fav\rable = ! survey ?an ! l[] gr\nd1 = ! light is bright] & ! air cle>] on ! m\nta9 heights :]e he is wont to contemplate religi\s matt]s1 ?an on ! pla9 :]e fai? has no temple1 & reason1 ignor+ ,div9e influ5ce1 op]ates ) ! c>nal in/rum5ts ( a negative cre$4 ,to appeal to ! spiritual disc]nm5t ( a disbeliev] 9 ,div9e illum9ation w\ld be l expect+ a man :o is n ( ! my/ical craft ( ! ,masonic bro!rhood to use ! signs 7if su* !re be7 ( a ,freemason4 ,yet ! argum5t 9 def5ce ( ! reality ( ,div9e revelation is n complete )\t a ref]5ce to t ,_s ( ,tru? :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ promis$ to s5d to te/ify ( him1 & to br+ all ?+s to ! remembrance ( ^? disciples :o 7 to be> witness1 because !y _h be5 ) him f ! beg9n+4#a #a ,john xv4 #bf1 #bg4 ,a good cause may be injur$ by injudici\s & feeble advocacy1 b ,i tru/ ,i am n presumptu\sly m$dl+ ) a !me :i* only an erudite s*ol> & !ologian %\ld deal )4 ,i beg y to be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t if ,i or o!rs fail 9 ! conte/ = tru?1 !re /ill w rema9 ! indubitable pro(s ( ,div9e revelation 9 all _! v>iety & sup]abundance4 ,al?\gh ! ability1 s*ol>%ip1 & rese>* display$ 9 ?is anti-,*ri/ian "w are consid]able1 ,i d\bt if x has really mu* 9 x t is orig9al4 ,! au?or has only clev]ly reproduc$ & re>rang$ ! anti-,*ri/ian argum5ts1 *iefly ,g]man1#b :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #b ,! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,s*5kel1 & ,rnan are ! great au?orities = ! negative criticism ( ! pres5t day4--,dr4 ,*ri/lieb4 ,! ,exam9] says1 9 reg>d to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! "w1 ,x is nei!r m nor less ?an a dige/ ( rec5t ,g]man speculation on ! date & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels2 devoid ( orig9ality1 & infect$ ) ! v]bosity & repetition ( ! au?orities on :i* x is bas$4 ,9 ! o!r notices ( ! "w :i* h appe>$ s f>1 x has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 some:at ov]-e/imat$4 ,! ,=tnightly ,review writes ( x3 ,x is n too mu* to say ( ! two volumes be=e u t !y are by f> ! mo/ decisive1 tr5*ant1 & f>-rea*+ ( ! direct contributions to !ological controv]sy t h be5 made 9 ?is g5]ation4 ,! ,a!num says3 ,! book proce$s f a man ( ability1 a s*ol>1 & reason]1 :o writes l an e>ne/ seek] aft] tru?1 & kn[s well all ! ,g]man & ,dut* books relat+ to ! criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z well z ! ,engli% ones4 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review ass]ts t no m =midable assailant ( or?odoxy c\ld well be imag9$4 ,! ,spectator designates x a ma/]ly b prejudic$ exam9ation ( ! evid5ces = ! antiquity ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures4 ,! ,lit]>y ,_w says3 ,?is is1 beyond all "q1 an important book4 ,! "o gr& p]vad+ fault we f9d ) x is its p>tisan%ip4 ,! writ] plays ! "p ( special plead] aga9/ :at he calls ,ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity1 & fails to repres5t :at c\ld be said on ! o!r side4 ,x is a p>tisan production1 a piece ( clev]1 +5i\s1 plausible1 special plead+4 ,! au?or has got up 8 case ) m>vell\s exclusiv5ess4 ,he makes x an absolute rule1 s f> z we p]ceive1 to reg>d 8 oppon5ts z hav+ no case at all4 ,! qu>t]ly reviews1 ,ed9burgh1 ,qu>t]ly1 & ,briti% ,qu>t]ly1 h n yet pron\nc$ an op9ion on its m]its4 ,my purpose is to %[ t ! au?or ( ?is anonym\s "w has n be5 successful 9 accompli%+ ! two ?+s he has attempt$1 viz41 to prove ! 9cr$ibility ( miracles by-- ,fir/1 a reca/ ( ! (t5-explod$ syllogi/ic fallacies ( ,hume2 &1 secondly1 by an elim9ation ( ! miracul\s f ! ,gospels2 b t he has be5 successful1 )\t int5d+ x1 9 %[+ t ,sup]natural ,religion re/s ^u sub/antial contempor>y evid5ce4 ,! "w consi/s ( ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ is ^u miracles1 treat+ ! subject z an ab/ract "q4 ,! second1 ^u ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke74 ,! ?ird1 ^u ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,& !re is a summ>y ( ! suppos$ results ( ! reason+ & ! inve/igation4 ,! inf]5ce arriv$ at is premature1 = z ! ,new ,te/am5t does n consi/ only ( ! f\r ,gospels1 b conta9s o!r writ+s ( equal importance1 ! argum5t is incomplete1 & ! latt] w h to be dealt ) be=e our au?or c reasonably expect any read] to ent]ta9 8 anti-miracul\s hypo!sis4 ,ano!r volume is promis$1 b we may safely v5ture to anticipate t x w prove no m =midable ?an ! o!r great waves ( scepticism :i* h surg$ aga9/1 b h n und]m9$1 ! rock ^u :i* our fai? is built4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,miracles4 ,s]i\sly to raise ?is "q1 :e!r ,god c p]=m miracles1 w\ld be impi\s if x 7 n absurd4 ,r\sseau4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ! "w ! foll[+ topics are discuss$ by ! au?or3--,miracles 9 relation to ,*ri/ianity & ! ord] ( nature--,reason 9 relation to ! ord] ( nature--,! age ( miracles--,! p]man5t /ream ( miracul\s pret5sion--,miracles 9 relation to ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,9 /at+ ! ma9 purpose ( 8 inquiry1 he says 7p4 #h73--;,x is obvi\s t ! reality ( miracles is ! vital po9t 9 ! inve/igation :i* we h und]tak54 ,if ! reality ( miracles _c be e/abli%$1 ,*ri/ianity loses ! only evid5ce by :i* its tru? c be suffici5tly atte/$4 ,he might h disp5s$ ) 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! views ( ^? :o endeav\r to br+ ! miracles ( ! ,bible )9 ! scope ( ! laws ( nature1 & to modify !m by explanatory int]pretations s z to satisfy ! dem&s ( sci5tific & philosophical !ologians4 ,*ri/ianity admits ( no su* treatm5t4 ,9 its ess5ce x is sup]human1 abnormal1 ph5om5al1 sup]natural1 ?\gh n unnatural4 ,a s]ies ( facts div9ely atte/$1 a proclamation ( m]cy div9ely commission$1 a sy/em ( means div9ely bless$1 is ! true def9ition ( ! gospel4 ,discuss+ ! antec$5t cr$ibility ( miracles1 our au?or makes mu* ( ! ref]5ces 9 ! ,bible to ! work+ ( miracles by ,satanic z well z ,div9e ag5cy4 ,if1 says he1 miracles are sup]human !y are n sup]-,satanic4 ,! answ] to ?is obvi\sly is1 t :at 0 m]ely a sup]/iti\s notion ( ! ,jews1 & t :i* is taught by ,div9e au?ority1 are two v diff]5t ?+s4 ,:]e 9 ! ,bible d we f9d t ,god reveals ,8 w by miracles :i* are n ! manife/ations ( ,8 own p[]8 ,*ri/ po9ts to ! sup]human works t ,he 0 do+ 9 ,8 ,fa!r's "n z evid5ce ( ,8 mission2 & :5 ! ,jews sugge/$ t ,he ca/ out devils by ,beelzebub1 ,he said1 ,if ,satan ca/ out ,satan he is divid$ aga9/ himself3 h[ %all 8 k+dom /&8#c ,! man born bl9d1 to :om sight 0 giv51 said1 ,if ?is man 7 n ( ,god he c\ld d no?+2#d & he said x 0 a m>vell\s ?+ t ! ,jews did n "k he 0 f ,god :o _h wr\ght ! miracle4 #c ,matt4 xii4 #bf4 #d ,john ix4 #cc4 ,nicodemus1 a rul] ( ! ,jews1 said to ,jesus1 ,rabbi1 we "k t ?\ art a tea*] come f ,god3 = no man c d ^! miracles t ?\ doe/ except ,god be ) him4#e ,"s ( ! ,ph>isees said1 ,?is man is n ( ,god1 because he keepe? n ! sabba? day4 ,o!rs said1 ,h[ c a man t is a s9n] d su* miracles8#f ,"s ( ! ,jews said1 ,c a devil op5 ! eyes ( ! bl9d8#g #e ,ibid4 iii4 #b4 #f ,ibid4 ix4 #af4 #g ,ibid4 x4 #ba4 ,our au?or's /atem5t is c]ta9ly n support$ by ! passage quot$ f ,deut]onomy xiii4 #c1 ( :i* he says1 ,! false miracle is "h attribut$ to ,god ,himself4 ,! words ( t passage are3 ,if !re arise among y a prophet1 or a dream] ( dreams1 & give? !e a sign or a wond]1 & ! sign or ! wond] come to pass1 :]e( he spake unto !e1 say+1 ,let u g aft] o!r gods1 :i* ?\ ha/ n kn[n1 & let u s]ve !m3 ?\ %alt n he>k5 unto ! words ( t prophet1 or t dream] ( dreams3 = ! ,"l y\r ,god prove? y1 to "k :e!r ye love ! ,"l y\r ,god ) all y\r he>t & ) all y\r s\l4 ,ye %all walk aft] ! ,"l y\r ,god1 & fe> him1 & keep 8 comm&m5ts1 & obey 8 voice1 & ye %all s]ve him1 & cleave unto him4 ,& t prophet1 or t dream] ( dreams1 %all be put to dea?2 because he ha? spok5 to turn y away f ! ,"l y\r ,god1 :i* br\ght y out ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 & r$eem$ y out ( ! h\se ( bondage1 to ?ru/ !e out ( ! way :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god comm&$ !e to walk 94 ,s %alt ?\ put ! evil away f ! mid/ ( !e4 ,i transcribe ! :ole passage1 t its pla9 mean+ may be se51 & y may und]/& h[ mu* reliance is to be plac$ on our au?or :5 he appe>s z a ,bible comm5tator4 ,( c\rse ! prophet ref]r$ to is "o pret5d+ to ! ,div9e inspiration & au?ority ( ! prophetic (fice1 & ! dream] ( dreams "o :o pret5ds t "s deity has spok5 to him 9 a dream4 ,if our au?or be a ,biblical s*ol>1 8 s*ol>%ip is greatly at fault 9 ! passage he ref]s to 9 ,ezekiel xiv4 #i3 ,& if ! prophet be deceiv$ :5 he ha? spok5 a ?+1 ,i ! ,"l h deceiv$ t prophet1 & ,i w /ret* out my h& ^u him1 & w de/roy him f ! mid/ ( my p ,israel4 ,accord+ to ! ,hebrew language1 ,god is (t5 said to d a ?+ :i* ,he only suff]s or p]mits4 ,h[ c ,god be und]/ood to h>d5 ,ph>aoh's he>t 9 any o!r s5se8 ,! "* ( ,god is too pla9ly describ$ 9 ! ,bible to leave any unc]ta9ty on ?is po9t4 ,! passages quot$ f ! ,new ,te/am5t only app>5tly support 8 /atem5t4 ,he quotes ,dr4 ,mansel 9 ref]5ce to !m1 & no d\bt 8 words truly apply :]e he says1 ,! suppos$ miracles are n true miracles at all1 i4e41 are n ! effects ( ,div9e p[]1 b ( human deception or "s o!r ag5cy4 ,! exi/5ce & p[]s ( angels1 good & bad1 we "k little ab\t1 because little is reveal$2 b x is n ! ,bible b sup]/ition :i* tea*es t ! fall5 spirits h m p[] ?an ! fai?ful ones 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w1 t ,satan is m pot5t ?an ,gabriel4 ,if we knew m ab\t ! orig9 ( evil1 ?is matt] w\ld probably be less my/]i\s to our f9ite intellig5ce4 ,our au?or describes 7vol4 i4 page #dg7 :at he supposes or?odox ,*ri/ianity includes2 & among o!r /range ass]tions he says t man 0 tempt$ into s9 by ,satan1 an all-p[]ful & p]si/5t enemy ( ,god1 ?us mak+ ! fall5 angel an ,almighty be+4 ,?is matt] has an important be>+ on ! prop] exhibition ( religi\s tru?1 = ! m sup]/ition is int]m+l$ ) x1 ! m w unbelief be likely to be preval5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 infidelity eng5d]s sup]/ition1 & on ! o!r1 sup]/ition creates av]sion to religion4 ,i _c b ?9k t !re is some?+ wrong 9 ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ian m51 9 ! pulpit & else:]e1 (t5 allude to ! _s ( evil4 ,he is repres5t$ 9 ,scripture z ! god ( ?is _w1 b surely t is n to be und]/ood lit]ally4 ,jesus told ! ,jews t ! devil 0 _! fa!r1 z _! de$s be+ evil indicat$1 :o 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+1 & abode n 9 ! tru?1 because !re is no tru? 9 him4 ,:5 he speake? a lie1 he speake? ( 8 own3 = he is a li>1 & ! fa!r ( x4#h ,z1 !re=e1 ! devil is ! fa!r ( lies1 s are we to und]/& he is ! ,god ( ?is _w4 ,n 9 any o!r s5se4 ,he is pot5t1 b n omnipot5t2 kn[+1 b n omnisci5t2 has 8 repres5tatives di/ribut$ among ! sc5es ( s9 & dea? 9 our _w1 & himself goe? to & fro 9 ! e>?1#i b he is n omnipres5t4 ,x is ,ori5tal demonology :i* tea*es t two equal pr9ciples--good & evil--are alike dom9ant1 n ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus2 ,p]sian sup]/ition1 ,gno/ical h]esy1 n ,div9e revelation4 #h ,john viii4 #dd4 #i ,job i4 #g4 ,! frivol\s use ( words & matt]s connect$ ) ! spiritual _w & our et]nal int]e/s is greatly to be disapprov$ & condemn$2 b surely ! m5tion ( ,satan is n to be designat$ z pr(ane1 z if ,god's holy "n 7 tak5 9 va94 ,to comm5t on :at are call$ pr(ane oa?s 9 su* a way is n to enlight5 ! m9ds ( ! vulg>1 b to my/ify & conceal ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is "o ?+ to believe t !re is 9 exi/5ce ! spiritual be+ ^: evil do+s our ,savi\r's com+ into our _w fru/rates1 ^: p[] is great1 ^: emiss>ies are innum]able1 & ^: baneful sugge/ions & influ5ce ! ,holy ,_s alone c )/&1 & q ano!r ?+ to believe t ,satan c\ld give miracul\s atte/ation to a lie1 z ,god did to ! tru?4 ,if !re are "s passages ( ,scripture t seem to fav\r ?is false view1 x behoves u to suspect1 hav+ reg>d to ! :ole t5\r ( ,scripture affect+ ! doctr9e1 t ! correct int]pretation has n be5 arriv$ at4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,satan1 & 8 influ5ce1 p]sonal1 & by ! legions :o fell ) him1 are ( c\rse sup]human ideas1 & 9 ! category ( ! miracul\s2 b !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 ! mo/ /rik+ sign ( 8 spiritual p[] & ! ,div9e miracles wr\ght to atte/ ! tru?4 ,x is ,god :o alone doe? great wond]s4#aj #aj ,psa4 cxxxvi4 #ad4 ,if ?is man 7 n ( ,god he c\ld d no?+4#aa ,if ,i d n ! works ( my ,fa!r1 believe me n4#ab #aa ,john ix4 #cc4 #ab ,ibid x4 #cg4 ,a miracle is a sign = our fai?1 to be appreh5d$ 9 its ,div9e int5tion1 ?\gh x _c be compreh5d$1 because x is ,god's especial "w4 ,:5 ! magicians 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,ph>aoh saw ! miracles :i* ,moses wr\ght1 !y said1 ,?is is ! f+] ( ,god1#ac :i* is1 & int5d$ to be1 ! inevitable inf]5ce4 ,!y knew t all !y c\ld d 0 a %am1 a pret5ce4 #ac ,exod4 viii4 #ai4 ,c\nt]feits are z prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( our race z any feature t c\ld be specifi$1 & an imag9>y devil is conspicu\s 9 ! category ( ! spuri\s4 ,if !re _h be5 no real "o1 ! c\nt]feit c\ld sc>cely h be5 conceiv$4 ,he is ! fa!r ( lies1 & h[ num]\s 8 prog5y6 ,:ile all else is misrepres5t$1 p>odi$1 trave/i$1 burlesqu$1 falsifi$1 beli$1 x w\ld be /range if he _h escap$4 ,f ! ,et]nal ,himself d[n to ! mo/ insignificant ?+ t is wor? a =g]y1 :at a catalogue may 9 an in/ant be specifi$6 ,! ,div9e law ) its c]emonial rites1 & ! ,*ur* ) its ord9ances2 prophets & apo/les2 gospels & epi/les2 sci5ce & philosophy2 hi/ory & biography2 &1 assur$ly1 miracles2 9 %ort1 all tru?--/em1 bran*1 twig1 & leaf--is m or less1 & at "o "t or ano!r1 got up artificially1 & ! spuri\s or adult]at$ article (f]$1 9 competition ) ! g5u9e "o1 to human cr$ulity4 ,?is1 if x makes absolute tru? difficult to buy1 r5d]s ! injunction to sell x n1 :5 b\ght1 true wisdom4 ,x seems to be1 & ( c\rse is1 absurd to d\bt ! g5u95ess ( ! curr5cy ( a nation because spuri\s co9s are met )1 b ,i believe t m scepticism is produc$ by ! consid]ation ( ! _m religi\s impo/ures 9 ! _w ?an by any o!r influ5ce4 ,! inf]5ce is *ildi% 9 ! ignorant & unphilosophical 9 ! s*ol>1 b x is (t5 unconsci\sly arriv$ at 9 _m m9ds z a pla9 & easy solution ( ! "q :i* _c be evad$--,is ,div9e revelation a reality8 ,our au?or misrepres5ts ,*ri/ianity1 & uses ! misrepres5tation z an argum5t aga9/ x1 z1 alas6 is only too common4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill actually says 9 8 essay on ,!ism 7p4 #bdj7 t ,*ri/ is nev] said to h decl>$ any evid5ce ( ,8 mission 7unless ,8 own int]pretations ( ! prophecies be s consid]$7 except int]nal conviction4 ,if ,mr4 ,mill ev] read ! ,new ,te/am5t ?r\gh1 he w\ld h f\nd :]e x is writt51 ,jesus answ]$ & said unto !m1 ,g & %[ ,john aga9 ^? ?+s :i* ye d he> & see3 ! bl9d receive _! sight1 ! lame walk1 ! lep]s are cleans$1 ! deaf he>1 ! dead are rais$ up1 & ! poor h ! gospel prea*$ to !m4 ,& bless$ is he1 :osoev] is n (f5d$ 9 me4 ,& also ! words1 ,b ,i h great] witness ?an t ( ,john3 = ! works :i* ! ,fa!r ha? giv5 me to f9i%1 ! same works t ,i d1 be> witness ( me1 t ! ,fa!r ha? s5t me4#ad ,! ,jews came r\nd ab\t him & said1 ,h[ long do/ ?\ make u to d\bt8 ,if ?\ be ! ,messiah1 tell u pla9ly4 ,jesus answ]$1 ,i told y1 & ye believ$ n3 ! works t ,i d 9 my ,fa!r's "n1 !y be> witness ( me4#ae ,believe me = ! v works' sake4#af #ad ,john v4 #cf4 #ae ,ibid x4 #be4 #af ,ibid xiv4 #aa4 ,h[1 9 ! face ( su* an au?oritative /atem5t :y miracles 7 wr\ght by ,jesus1 c our au?or assume t !y 7 n int5d$ to be an appeal to reason1 & to be te/$ by ! intellig5ce & common s5se !y appeal$ to8 ,! miracles 7 wr\ght to conv9ce m5 t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 & 7 adapt$ to t end4 ,our au?or's picture ( ,div9e revelation is v mu* a conception ( 8 own1 fa%ion$ f isolat$ portions ( ,scripture1 pseudo-,judaism1 & ecclesia/ical repres5tations ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he quotes ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*1 :o1 9 def9+ ! function ( a miracle1 says1--,a miracle does n prove ! tru? ( a doctr9e or ! div9e mission ( him t br+s x to pass2 & ,dr4 ,arnold1 :o says1--,x has always seem$ to me t its sub/ance is a mo/ ess5tial "p ( its evid5ce1 & t miracles wr\ght 9 fav\r ( :at 0 fooli% or wick$ w\ld only prove ,mani*eism3 :i* passages ( fallible comm5tators fail to express ! di/9ction betwe5 real miracles & spuri\s ones4 ,b ,i ask1 ,:y does he appeal to :at ,dr4 ,tr5* & ,dr4 ,arnold1 or any o!r comm5tator says1 :5 he has be=e him our ,savi\r's own words8 ,9 argu+ aga9/ miracles1 x is n compet5t = him to put 8 own con/ruction ^u !m 9 violation ( ! highe/ au?ority z to _! purpose & design4 ,i und]/& 8 conclusions to be aga9/ ,*ri/ianity--n aga9/ :at he is pleas$ to put 9 its place4 ,x is 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel we f9d ,*ri/'s words1 b t book is too important a "p ( ,div9e revelation = any apologi/ to rema9 9 ! field ( discussion & cont9ue ! argum5t if 8 oppon5t1--:e!r he be ,mr4 ,mill or our au?or1--insi/s on assum+ t on ! ,*ri/ian side ! "q is an op5 "o :e!r ! ,f\r? ,gospel is to be accept$4 ,! :ole ( ! f\r ,gospels z we h !m 7 read 9 all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es on ! ?ree cont95ts 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 z our au?or well kn[s4 ,he ackn[l$ges t ,ir5u1 :o wrote ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 comp>$ ! f\r ,gospels to ! f\r columns ( ! ,*ur* ov] ! :ole _w2 & t 9 writ+s ( 8 :i* we h1 & ! g5u95ess ( :i* no "o que/ions1 !re are hundr$s ( ref]5ces to ! ,gospels1 ! f\r? includ$4 ,!re is no "q z to ?is be+ ! fact at t date4 ,x is ! e>li] date t ! argum5t be>s ^u4 ,! f\r ,gospels are held toge!r by an insep>able bond 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,*ur*1 & believ]s 9 !m ass]t !y w all f\r /& or fall toge!r4 ,i c only suppose t x 0 because ,mr4 ,mill ignor$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel t he ignor$ ! v]ses ,i h quot$4 ,if an advocate has a weak case 9 h&1 to damage ! "* ( ! witnesses is a well-kn[n mode ( proce$+2 s our au?or asks :o are ! m5 :o1 x is ass]t$1 saw ^! amaz+ p]=mances8 ,:at 7 ! intellectual conditions ( ! age :5 !y occurr$8 ,did ! ,jews at ! "t ( ,jesus possess su* calmness ( judgm5t & sobriety ( imag9ation z to inspire u ) any confid5ce 9 acc\nts ( m>vell\s occurr5ces unwitness$ except by !m1 & limit$ to _! "t1 :i* contradict all k & all exp]i5ce8 ,7 _! m9ds suffici5tly enlight5$ & free f sup]/ition to w>rant our atta*+ weight to _! report ( ev5ts ( su* an a/\nd+ nature8 7,vol4 i4 p4 #ih47 ,! read+ ( ?is s5t5ce sugge/s a comp>ison betwe5 ! age he ref]s to & ! c5tury succe$+ ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 dur+ :i* our ,royal ,college ( ,physicians repudiat$ ! discov]y1 "s ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! faculty writ+ aga9/ x1 & creat+ a prejudice aga9/ ,h>vey by :i* 8 practice suff]$ consid]ably2 & ! sci5tific p]iod :5 ! ,fr5* ,academy = a long "t reject$ ! use ( qu99e1 vacc9ation1 lightn+-conductors1 ! /eam-eng9e1 c4 ,to weak5 ! apo/olic te/imony1 !re is pres5t$ an elaborate exhibition ( ! wide-spread belief among ! ,jews 9 sorc]y1 dreams1 port5ts1 & num]\s =ms ( sup]/ition4 ,9 :at age h n ^! be5 preval5t8 ,are we free f !m 9 ?is8 ,if ! ,div9e communication _h be5 po/pon$ until n[1 & civilisation c\ld h atta9$ to its pres5t /age )\t its influ5ce1 w\ld its reception h be5 any diff]5t8 ,w\ld ! ve/$ int]e/s 9 e/abli%$ usages & beliefs h rais$ no opposition8 ,if !re are 9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 ?is day1 ?\s&s :o believe1 or pret5d to believe1 t ! prie/s :o are orda9$ to =give s9s c really d s1 are we 9 a position to assume any great sup]iority ov] ! ,jews1 ,greeks1 & ,romans ( eighte5 c5turies ago8 ,if ! mo/ manife/ & /up5d\s miracle 7 wr\ght to %[ m5 ! folly ( drunk5ness1 ly+1 & o!r s9s1 w\ld n ! results be j ! same8 ,"s w\ld believe & te/ify1 & o!rs say t ! sign1 n be+ ( ! precise sort to suit !m1 0 n conclusive4 ,!re mu/ be a com+ d[n f ! cross1 or some?+ else1 to satisfy !m4 ,if !y believe n ,moses & ! prophets1 nei!r w\ld !y believe ?\gh "o rose f ! dead4 ,! te/imony ( ! fir/ disciples1 x is said1 is n satisfactory1 because !y 7 un$ucat$1 unsci5tific1 uncritical4 ,mr4 ,mill says ,paul 0 ! only exception 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians4 ,i rem>k t ,mat!w1 9 ! position ( a receiv] ( taxes = ! ,roman gov]nm5t1 ?\gh n le>n$1 might be %rewd to detect impo/ure2 t ,?omas 0 n too cr$ul\s2 & t z = ,paul1 if he c\ld n judge ( ! value ( ! te/imony ( ! hundr$s ( m5 & wom5 :o told him1 or c\ld h told him1 :at !y 7 eye-witnesses (1 :at 0 8 education wor?1 & :at ab\t ! miracle 9 8 own case8 ,:y %\ld x be d\bt$ t ! vision to :i* he ref]s 9 8 unque/ion$ lett] to ! ,galatians really occurr$8 ,he !re9 tells !m 7) an assev]ation t1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 he 0 n ly+7#ag t he 0 taught ! gospel he prea*$ by ! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,:atev] may be said ab\t ! au?ority ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :i* relates ! p>ticul>s ( ,paul's miracul\s conv]sion s m9utely1 we h ! evid5ce ( x 9 ,paul's own lett]4 ,( c\rse he w\ld comp>e :at 0 reveal$ to him ) :at ! eye-witnesses c\ld tell him2 & if he c\ld mi/ake a sun/roke1 a trance1 or a /ate ( ec/atic dream+ = a ,div9e revelation1 8 "*1 judg$ ( by 8 own writ+s1 is v]ily incompreh5sible4 ,!re is no su* o!r enigma 9 all hi/ory4 ,9 8 equally unque/ion$ lett] to ! ,cor9?ians he tells !m t he receiv$ f ! ,"l ! p>ticul>s ( ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,( ?is memorable ev5t ,paul _h ample opportunities ( comp>+ :at 0 reveal$ to him ) :at ! disciples :o 7 pres5t c\ld tell him2 & he 0 9 su* int]c\rse ) !m1 t ! circum/ances 7 highly fav\rable = an educat$ man1 su* z he 01 arriv+ at ! exact & absolute tru? ( ! matt]4 #ag #a ,gal4 i4 #bj4 ,our au?or's view ( ! "q is n>r[$ by 8 refus+ to ackn[l$ge t mank9d is morally deprav$ by s94 ,h[ a man1 ) ! wick$ness ( su* a city z ,london daily =c$ on 8 notice1 & a k ( ! hi/ory ( ! race 9 8 memory1 c\ld h p5n$ su* a s5t5ce z ! foll[+1 x is difficult to conceive4 ,! :ole !ory ( ?is abortive design ( creation1 ) su* important ef=ts to am5d x1 is emphatically contradict$ by ! glori\s p]fection & inv>iability ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,c he n see t ! degradation & wick$ness ( humanity are 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! glori\s p]fection & inv>iability ( ! ord] ( nature8 ,he is b\nd to give "s reason = ?is anomaly if he w n accept :at revelation makes kn[n to u z ! cause4 ,! ab/ract "q z to ! cr$ibility ( miracles ,paul discuss$ 9 ! ye> #eh at ,cs>ea1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,fe/us & ,agrippa1 :5 he said1 ,:y %\ld x be ?\ght a ?+ incr$ible ) y t ,god %\ld raise ! dead8 & x has be5 dealt ) s exhau/ively by ,newton1 ,locke1 ,butl]1 ,paley1 ,:ateley1 ,ol9?us ,gregory1 ,w>dlaw1 ,alex&]1 & a ho/ ( o!r writ]s1 t !re is really little m to be said4 ,! ,=tnightly ,review rem>ks t ! argum5ts on bo? sides are s famili>1 t x is n necess>y to reproduce ! pres5t au?or's mode ( deal+ ) ?is "p ( ! subject4 ,mat!w ,arnold describes x z an attempt to refute ,dr4 ,mozley's ,bampton ,lecture on ,miracles--a solid reply to a solid treatise2 b t to engage 9 an priori argum5t to prove t miracles are impossible1 aga9/ an adv]s>y :o argues1 priori1 t !y are possible1 is ! va9e/ lab\r 9 ! _w4 ,n[1 z ,mr4 ,arnold is z mu* a disbeliev] 9 miracles z our au?or1 ! wor? ( 8 ab/ract argum5t may be tak5 at ,mr4 ,arnold's e/imate1 & he says3 ,! au?or ( ',sup]natural ,religion' ass]ts aga9 & aga9 t miracles are contr>y to complete induction1 b no su* law ( nature has be51 or c be1 e/abli%$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian miracles1 !re=e a complete induction !re is n4 ,if ! miracle-disbeliev+ ,mat!w ,arnold does n accept our au?or's ab/ract argum5t1 & s9ce we f9d ,mr4 ,mill designat+ two po9ts 9 ,hume's celebrat$ attack z weak & vuln]able1 ,i ne$ n l+] ov] ?is "p ( ! "w4 ,i may assume t x is suffici5tly neutralis$ by m5 on 8 own side ( ! "q z able & le>n$ z himself4 ,b x is n only ,mr4 ,mill & ,mr4 ,arnold :o h rec5tly %[n t ,hume's celebrat$ argum5t1 :i* our au?or reproduces & def5ds1 is n s\nd4 ,x is satisfactory to "k t f ,g]many1 :]e s mu* sceptical criticism has be5 promulgat$1 comes n[ ! mo/ complete & conclusive exposure ( ! :ole anti-,*ri/ian argum5t4 ,= ! pro( ( ?is ass]tion ,i ref] to a "w :i* has j be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 & issu$ by ,messrs4 ,t4 & ,t4 ,cl>k ( ,ed9burgh1 entitl$ ,mod]n ,d\bt & ,*ri/ian ,belief1#ah by ,!odore ,*ri/lieb1 ,d4,d41 ,univ]sity ,prea*] & ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,bonn2 a mo/ able1 le>n$1 & exhau/ive argum5t on ! :ole "q1 equal to ! dem&s ( ^? :o desire to "k all ab\t x1 & to :om ,i e>ne/ly comm5d ! book4 ,he m5tions t ! great majority ( ! repres5tatives ( ! pres5t sci5tific ,g]man !ology are consid]$ to h ess5tially decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! fai?1 n only on dogmatical1 b also on exegetical & speculative gr\nds 7p4 #bhi74 #ah ,a s]ies ( apologetic lectures address$ to e>ne/ seek]s aft] tru?4 ,?is is 9 /rong contra/ to ! ass]tion ( our au?or 7vol4 i4 p4 #bg71 t x may broadly be said t ,engli% div9es alone1 at ! pres5t day1 ma9ta9 ! reality & sup]natural "* ( su* ph5om5a2 & t ! great majority ( mod]n ,g]man critics reject ! miracul\s altoge!r1 & consid] ! "q z no long] wor?y ( discussion4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o may n h "t to read ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb's "w1 ,i w transcribe a few passages be>+ on ! ab/ract argum5t we are discuss+4 ,?+s moral & spiritual _c be ma!matically demon/rat$4 ,he :o said1 ',my ?\ghts are n z y\r ?\ghts1' has introduc$ 9 ,8 words & actions a f> high] logic ?an t ^: pr9ciples ,ari/otle laid d[n4 7,preface1 p4 xi47 ,h[ev] mu*1 9 o!r respects1 our oppon5ts may diff]1 !y all agree 9 ! d5ial ( miracles1 & unit$ly /orm ?is bulw>k ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?2 & 9 its def5ce we h to combat !m all at once4 ,b :5ce ?is unanimity8 ,because1 ) ! tru? ( miracles1 ! entire citadel ( ,*ri/ianity /&s or falls4 ,= its beg9n+ is a miracle1 its ,au?or is a miracle1 its progress dep5ds ^u miracles1 & miracles w h]eaft] be its consummation 7p4 #bhe74 ,if ! pr9ciple ( miracles be set aside1 !n all ! heights ( ,*ri/ianity w be levell$ ) "o /roke1 & n\ght w rema9 b a heap ( ru9s4 ,if we bani% ! sup]natural f ! ,bible1 !re is no?+ left u b ! cov]s 7p4 #bhf74 ,! negation ( miracles leads to ! annihilation ( all religion 7p4 #bhf74 ,_m are av]se to ! miracul\s ?r\gh fe> ( sup]/ition1 & !y ov]look ! %>p discrim9ation ( ,scripture betwe5 belief & sup]/ition1 betwe5 miracul\s p[] & wit*craft4 ,:]eas ! sorc]] pret5ds to make sup]natural p[]s subs]vi5t to 8 p]son1 ! prophet or apo/le acc\nts himself only ! in/rum5t ( ,god4 ,x is ,god :o alone works4 ,! ,son ,himself seeks ?r\gh ,8 works n ,8 own hon\r1 b t ( ,8 ,fa!r4#ai ,notice ! unobtrusiv5ess ( miracles 9 ! holy ,scriptures1 h[ ,*ri/ %>ply repels ! va9 curiosity & vulg> ?ir/ ( ,8 age = wond]s1 & ,8 prohibition ( _! publication4 ,comp>e ) ^! features ! s5sational miracles ( ! ,roman & ,ori5tal ,*ur*es--images ( sa9ts :o sweat blood1 nod ! head1 roll ! eyes--or ! ,:itsuntide m>vels among ! ,greeks & ,arm5ians at ,j]usalem1 :5 ! ,holy ,gho/ lights up c&les 7b n he>ts71 & y w confess t su* feats ( leg]dema9 juggl]y betray1 9 _! ext]nal pomp & /ra9+ aft] effect1 any?+ b a ,div9e orig94 ,a glance at ! int]nal evid5ces ( ! tru? 9 miracles1 at _! moral & religi\s "*1 :i* reflects & s]ves n only ! p[] ( ,god1 b also ,8 tru? & hol9ess1 & mu/ prove pre-em95tly _! ,div9e orig91 w %[ t x is n a v difficult task = any "o to def5d 8 belief 9 ! biblical miracles aga9/ ! *>ge ( sup]/ition 7p4 #big74 #ai ,john viii4 #ej-ed4 ,^? f\ndation-/ones = ! d5ial ( all miracles :i* 7 laid by ,sp9oza & ,hume1 & on :i* ! critics ( ! pres5t day /ill take a defiant /&1 h crumbl$ away piecemeal be=e our eyes4 ,sp9oza's axiom1 t ! 'laws ( nature are ! only realisation ( ! ,div9e w1' /&s or falls ) ! pan!i/ic conception ( ! ,deity--a conception :i* is n only unwor?y ( ,god & ( man1 b also contr>y to reason4 ,! ,s\rce ( all fre$om is suppos$ to h no fre$om1 b to be immur$ 9 ,8 own laws6 ,& to ?is ,sp9oza adds ! conclusion3 ',if any?+ c\ld take place 9 nature contr>y to its laws1 ,god w\ld !reby contradict ,himself4' ,we h se5 t j ! conv]se is true1 namely1 t if ,god p]=m$ no miracles1 & left ! _w to itself1 ,he w\ld contradict ,himself2 t ,he mu/ p]=m miracles 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! end = :i* ! _w 0 creat$1 & to br+ x to ! de/9y :i* 0 orig9ally int5d$4 ,8 miracul\s action contradicts n nature & its laws1 b ! unnatural1 :i* has ent]$ ! _w ?r\gh s91 & c\nt]acts its de/ructive consequ5ces 9 ord] to re/ore ! life ( ! _w to holy ord]4 ,only ^? :o1 l ,sp9oza1 d5y ! reality ( s9 & its de/ructive p[]1 c "q ! necessity ( ! miracul\s4 ,! pres5t condition1 n only ( ! human _w1 b also ( nature1 gives su* op9ions ! lie at e /ep 7p4 #cbg74 ,hume1 9 l mann]1 bases 8 attack aga9/ ! miracul\s on a s]ies ( false assumptions4 ,fir/3 ',miracles are violations ( ! laws ( nature4' ,?is is false1 s9ce miracles1 f> f violat+1 s]ve to re-e/abli% ! already violat$ ord] ( ! _w1 & d n injure ! laws ( nature4 ,second3 ',b we le>n f exp]i5ce t ! laws ( nature are nev] violat$4' ,?is is false1 because we ourselves imm$iately int]f]e ) our high] w 9 ! laws ( nature1 & int]rupt !m )\t _! be+ violat$4 ,?ird3 ',= miracles we h ! que/ionable te/imony ( a few p]sons4' ,?is is false1 because ! entire ,scriptures are full ( miracles1 & ! hi/orical te/imony = !m is unque/ionable1 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,israel & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is p]fectly incompreh5sible )\t miracles4 ',b1' he goes on1 'aga9/ !m we h univ]sal exp]i5ce2 !re=e ?is /rong] te/imony nullifies ! weak] & m que/ionable4' ,! pi? ( ,hume's argum5t1 !n1 is simply ?is3 ,because1 accord+ to univ]sal exp]i5ce1 no miracles n[ take place1 !re=e none c ev] h occurr$4 ,?is proposition1 9 ! fir/ place1 involves a begg+ ( ! "q1 s9ce x is n at all c]ta9 t no miracles are p]=m$ n[-a-days2 &1 second1 x ignores ! fact t diff]5t p]iods are subject to diff]5t laws1 & ) _! v>i$ wants may dem& v>i$ k9ds ( revelatory action on ! "p ( ,god4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! negro :o %\ld affirm t !re is no sn[1 because 9 8 c\ntry1 accord+ to 'univ]sal exp]i5ce1' x nev] sn[s1 w\ld be committ+ an absurdity4 ,& no less illegitimate is x to measure all "t by ! univ]sal 787 exp]i5ce or non-exp]i5ce ( "s p>ticul> p]iod4 ,f9ally1 ,hume goes on to dem&1 z a condition = ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 t !y mu/ be atte/$ by an adequate numb] ( suffici5tly educat$ & hone/ p]sons1 :o c\ld n be suspect$ ( int5tional deception1 & t !y %\ld be done 9 s frequ5t$ a spot t ! detection ( ! illusion w\ld be inevitable4 ,we %all see fur!r 79 ,lectures vi4 & vii47 t ^! conditions 7 all ess5tially fulfill$ 9 ! case ( ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( ! evid5t weakness ( ,hume's argum5t1 ,/rauss w\ld h u believe t ,hume's ',essay on ,miracles' is s univ]sally conv9c+1 t x may be said to h settl$ ! "q 7',leb5 ,jesu1' page #adh74 ,! au?or ( ! ',life ( ,*ri/' =gets to m5tion t ,hume has long s9ce be5 refut$ 9 detail by ! e>li] & lat] ,engli% apologi/s 7e4 g41 by ,campbell1 ,adams1 ,hay1 ,price1 ,d\glass1 ,paley1 ,:ateley1 ,dwight1 ,alex&]1 ,w>dlaw1 & ,pe>son71 to say no?+ ( ! ,g]mans2 b !n he kn[s t only a v small proportion ( 8 read]s is aw>e ( ?is fact 7p4 #cbh74 ,to ^! objections n ev5 our mo/ mod]n philosoph]s h be5 able to add really new ones2 & z aga9/ !m all we may confid5tly ma9ta9 ! foll[+ tru?s z ! result ( our inve/igation3-- ,! possibility ( ! miracul\s re/s ^u ! un9t]rupt$ activity ( a liv+ ,god 9 ! _w4 ,its necessity arises1 on ! "o h&1 f ! ,div9e end & aim ( ! _w2 & on ! o!r1 f ! di/urbance introduc$ into its developm5t ?r\gh s94 ,!re=e1 al?\gh miracles are sup]natural1 !y are n unnatural4 ,f> f violat+ ! conditions ( life1 ( nature1 or ( humanity1 !y re-e/abli% ! life ( ! _w :i* has already be5 d]ang$1 & initiate ! high] ord] ( ?+s = :i* ! univ]se 0 creat$ 7p4 #cbh74 ,( ,baur1 ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb writes3-- ,( all mod]n oppon5ts ( our old fai?1 ! greate/ is ,dr4 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian von ,baur1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,tb+5 7di$ ,decemb] #b1 #ahfj71 "o ( ! greate/1 if n ! greate/ !ological s*ol> ( ?is c5tury2 aft] ,ne&]1 ! mo/ notable hi/orian ( ! ,*ur*1 n only 9 ,g]many b 9 ! _w2 ! mo/ indefatigable ( inve/igators1 especially z reg>ds ! hi/ory ( ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! elucidation ( :i* he has des]v$ well ( !ology4 ,he /&s a head & %\ld]s above all our mod]n oppon5ts ( ! miracul\s4444 ,if human p[]1 human dilig5ce1 & acut5ess1 c\ld ev] br+ ab\t ! ov]?r[ ( our fai?1 ?is man w\ld h accompli%$ x4 ,b our pres5t !ology is daily becom+ m conv9c$ t he 0 incompet5t to ?is task1 & t1 9 spite ( all 8 unutt]able ex]tions1 he did n succe$ 9 prov+ ! m]ely natural orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is is "o ( ! sure/ signs t ! rock ^u :i* our fai? is f\nd$ is absolutely inde/ructible#bj 7p4 #eje74 #bj ,! ,tb+5 s*ool1 :i* has some:at modifi$ ! views ( ,baur1 its f\nd]1 has at pres5t its *ief seats 9 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 & ,holl&4--,dr4 ,c41 p4 #eaf4 ,i mu/ n attempt to give ! po9ts ( ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb's critique & refutation ( ! ,tb+5 !ory1 b ref] ! read] to 8 invaluable "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels4 ,i consid] ! ,gospels decid$ly g5u9e1 = !y are p5etrat$ by ! reflection ( a maje/y :i* proce$$ f ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/2 & ?is is ,div9e1 if ev] ,div9ity appe>$ ^u e>?4 ,goe!4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels4 ,,clem5t ,,( ,,rome--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,b>nabas--,,! ,,pa/or ,,( ,,h]mas4 ,! argum5t bas$ on ! inve/igation :i* is c>ri$ on 9 ! sev5 hundr$ pages ( ! second & ?ird p>ts ( our au?or's "w1 is *iefly ! negative "o f sil5ce4 ,he exam9es ) great m9ut5ess ! date1 "*1 & au?or%ip ( all ! f\r ,gospels1 & ref]s to all ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* = traces ( !m2 insi/+ ^u ! sil5ce ( ^? e>ly writ+s z be+ ( z mu* importance z any suppos$ allusions to ! ,gospels f\nd 9 su* au?ors z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & o!rs :o liv$ soon aft] ! apo/olic age2 ! result be+1 9 our au?or's op9ion1 unfav\rable to ! view ent]ta9$ by or?odox believ]s4 ,i demur to 8 conclusions4 ,i notice a want ( fairness 9 "s ( 8 quotations & 9 "s ( 8 translations1 & a want ( accuracy 9 "s ( 8 /atem5ts1 z well z defects 9 8 reason+1 :i* ,i h no d\bt o!rs w comm5t ^u :o may review ! book4 ,"s ( ^! defects w appe> z ,i proce$4 ,:5 ,i f9d him say+1 z he does1 vol4 ii4 page #chg1 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 c>efully re/rict ourselves to ! limits ( our inquiry1 & resi/ any temptation to ent] ^u an exhau/ive discussion ( ! problem pres5t$ by ! ,f\r? ,gospel f a m g5]al lit]>y po9t ( view1 ,i expect to f9d difficulties1 :i* ( c\rse !re are & mu/ be1 br\ght into prom95ce & c>p$ at1 :ile ! g5]al evid5ce ^u :i* ,div9e revelation is immovably bas$ is c>efully avoid$4 ,! second "p1 on ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 is a long inve/igation1 ext5d+ ov] five hundr$ pages1 & deal+ ) ?ree & tw5ty works by sep>ate non-biblical au?ors ( ! fir/ & second c5turies2 & its object is to disprove t !y 7 writt5 solely by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke1 & to support ! hypo!sis t ^? ,gospels 7 n 9 exi/5ce until long aft] ! times ( ! apo/les1 &1 !re=e1 t !y furni% no evid5ce f eye-witnesses ( ! miracles !y record4 ,! ?ird "p deals ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 a simil> mann]1 & occupies m ?an two hundr$ pages4 ,our au?or's inquiry into ! reality ( ,div9e revelation seems1 at ?is po9t1 to involve ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,does ! extant lit]ature ( ! close ( ! fir/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury quote f1 or allude to1 ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels8 ,& if ?is _c be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 does su* sil5ce prove !y 7 n !n writt52 &1 if s1 is ! conclusion d$ucible t ! miracles record$ are n cr$ible8 ,9 ! prelim9>y rem>ks ) :i* he op5s ! second "p1 he says3 ,:5 su* writ]s1 quot+ l>gely f ! ,old ,te/am5t & o!r s\rces1 deal ) subjects :i* w\ld naturally be assi/$ by ref]5ces to our ,gospels1 & /ill m s by quot+ su* works z au?oritative1 & yet we f9d t n only !y d n %[ any k ( ^? ,gospels1 b actually quote passages f unkn[n s\rces1 or say+s ( ,jesus d]iv$ f tradition1 ! inf]5ce mu/ be t our ,gospels 7 ei!r unkn[n1 or n recognis$ z works ( any au?ority at ! "t4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is s5t5ce ,i rem>k t _m ( ! passages he specifies & exam9es are n f unkn[n s\rces1 b f ! ,gospels1 because1 if n /rictly v]batim1 !y are 9 ! s5se id5tical1 & almo/ id5tical 9 ! language2 !re=e su* quotations are evid5ce t ! ,gospels exi/$ at ! "t4 ,! ins9uation t !y are f tradition is purely conjecture1 & altoge!r improbable1 because our ,gospels conta9 ! passages4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = look+ away f our gospels1 & imag9+ ! quotations to be ei!r f unkn[n s\rces or tradition4 ,?is w appe> z we proce$4 ,i w give 9 8 own words ! results ( 8 exam9ation ( :at he designates evid5ce = ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & !n foll[ him /ep by /ep ?r\gh ! j\rney he takes into e>ly ,patri/ic ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,he says 7vol4 ii4 page #bdh73 ,we may n[ briefly sum up ! results ( our exam9ation ( ! evid5ce = ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,aft] hav+ exhau/$ ! lit]ature & ! te/imony be>+ on ! po9t1 we h n f\nd a s+le di/9ct trace ( any ( ^? ,gospels dur+ ! fir/ c5tury & a half aft] ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,only once dur+ ! :ole ( t p]iod d we f9d any tradition ev5 t any "o ( our ,evangeli/s compos$ a ,gospel at all1 & t tradition1 s f> f fav\r+ our ,synoptics1 is fatal to ! claims ( ! fir/ & second4 ,papias1 ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 on ! occasion to :i* we ref]1 records t ,mat!w compos$ ! ,disc\rses ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 a /atem5t :i* totally excludes ! claim ( our ,greek ,gospel to apo/olic orig94 ,m>k1 he said1 wrote d[n f ! casual prea*+ ( ,pet] ! say+s & do+s ( ,jesus1 b )\t ord]ly arrangem5t1 z he 0 n himself a foll[] ( ! ,ma/]1 & m]ely record$ :at fell f ! apo/le4 ,?is description likewise %[s t our actual ,second ,gospel c\ld n 9 its pres5t =m h be5 ! "w ( ,m>k4 ,!re is no o!r ref]5ce dur+ ! p]iod to any writ+ ( ,mat!w or ,m>k1 & no m5tion at all ( any "w ascrib$ to ,luke4 ,if x be consid]$ t !re is any connection betwe5 ,m>cion's ,gospel & our ,?ird ,synoptic1 any evid5ce s d]iv$ is ( an unfav\rable "* = t ,gospel1 z x involves a *>ge aga9/ x ( be+ int]polat$ & debas$ by ,jewi% elem5ts4 ,any argum5t = ! m]e exi/5ce ( our ,synoptics1 bas$ ^u _! suppos$ rejection by h]etical lead]s & sects1 has ! evitable disadvantage t ! v te/imony :i* w\ld %[ _! exi/5ce w\ld oppose _! au!nticity4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( _! use by h]etical lead]s1 h[ev]1 & no direct ref]5ce to !m by any writ]1 h]etical or or?odox1 :om we h exam9$4 ,we ne$ sc>cely add t no reason :atev] has be5 %[n = accept+ ! te/imony ( ^! ,gospels z suffici5t to e/abli% ! reality ( miracles & ( a direct ,div9e revelation4 7,"h he says1 9 a foot-note3 ,a comp>ison ( ! cont5ts ( ! ?ree ,synoptics w\ld h confirm$ ! conclusion1 b ?is is n at pres5t necess>y1 & we mu/ ha/5 on47 ,x is n pret5d$ t m ?an "o ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels 0 writt5 by an eye-witness ( ! miracul\s occurr5ces report$2 & :il/ no evid5ce has be51 or c be1 produc$ ev5 ( ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! n>ratives1 no te/imony z to ! correctness ( ! inf]5ces f ! ext]nal ph5om5a exi/s or is n[ ev5 conceivable4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! am\nt ( evid5ce requir$ & t :i* is =?com+1 h[ev]1 is great] ?an "u ! circum/ances c\ld h be5 ?\ght possible4 ,!re is a plausibility1 comb9$ ) an assum$ conclusiv5ess1 9 ?is summ>y1 :i* may impose = a mom5t on ^? read]s ( 8 book :o are n conv]sant ) ! "q "u discussion4 ,!y w be likely to h glanc$ at ! foot-notes indicat+ ! great numb] ( books ref]r$ to1 & take x = grant$ t an au?or s le>n$ & pa9/ak+ w\ld sc>cely h ass]t$ conclusions s boldly )\t hav+ f\nd good reasons = !m1 :i*1 be=e he has done1 he w adduce & make pla94 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t :atev] 8 reasons may be z a :ole1 :5 8 promis$ fur!r volume has be5 publi%$1 x is q c]ta9 t1 s f>1 8 argum5t f ! sil5ce ( e>ly writ+s1 suppos+ he _h conduct$ x successfully1 comb9$ ) 8 logic on ! ab/ract "q ( ! cr$ibility ( miracles1 is n suffici5t to ju/ify 8 ass]tion t ! te/imony ( ! ,gospels is insuffici5t to e/abli% ! reality ( miracles2 because ! ,gospels might h exi/$1 al?\gh no trace ( !m c be f\nd 9 ! fragm5ts extant ( books writt5 dur+ ! few ye>s betwe5 ! composition ( ! ,gospels & ! p]iod :5 !y 7 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z au?oritative1 & read ev]y:]e 9 ! ,*ri/ian assemblies on ! ,"l's ,day1 t is1 f ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajj to #aej4 ,! read] w be unwise if he all[ himself to be impress$ by ! multiplicity ( select$ witnesses f a select$ p]iod1 o!r evid5ce be+ unappeal$ to4 ,if a hundr$ ( witnesses are1 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 produc$ to swe> to ! id5tity ( a man1 ! impression is creat$ t x _c b be e/abli%$4 ,we h lately se5 h[ f be+ inevitable is su* an outside v]dict4 ,! special plead+ ( au?or%ip1 l t ( ! ,que5's ,b5*1 />tles & impresses = a mom5t2 b aft] ! inve/igation ( all ! facts & circum/ances ( ! case is complete1 & ! judge has dissect$ ! evid5ce1 ! sophi/ry is f\nd n to h help$ ! side :i* us$ x1 b has t5d$ to /r5g!n ! o!r4 ,i rem>k1 be=e foll[+ our au?or 9 8 ref]5ces to ! witnesses he has select$ = cross-exam9ation1 x is n conc$$ to him ! "r to draw a l9e :]e x be/ suits him 9 ,*ur* hi/ory1 & decide ! case 9 ! abs5ce ( ! evid5ce ( witnesses on ! outside ( x4 ,he draws su* a l9e 9 specify+ ! fir/ c5tury & a half aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,if ! probable date ( ,*ri/'s bir? be ! ?ird ye> be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 we h ?is l9e drawn at ,a4,d4 #ahj1 at :i* po9t ! second g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians _h only j pass$ away1 :5 direct tradition _h n lo/ its fre%ness4 ,:ile m5 & wom5 7 liv+ :o _h he>d f eye-witnesses ( ! ev5ts ( ,*ri/'s life on e>?1 ! /ory ( ,8 adv5t1 dea?1 resurrection1 & asc5sion1 ! books record+ ! facts = future ages 7 9 a less prom95t position 9 ! ,*ur* ?an imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,!y 7 !n read 9 all ! ,*ur*es1 b comm5t>ies on !m & writt5 ref]5ces to !m 7 n v num]\s2 !re=e :at we c trace ( su* be=e t "t is comp>atively scanty4 ,b1 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 9 ! ?ird & f\r? g5]ation ( ,*ri/ians1 :5 !re 7 no m5 liv+ :o c\ld say1 ,my gr&fa!r or my v5]able tea*] told me s & s ( ,*ri/1 & he saw ,*ri/ 9 ,galilee aft] ,8 resurrection1 :5 !re 7 n less ?an five hundr$ ( ,8 disciples assembl$1 & he 0 pres5t :5 ,he asc5d$ 9 a cl\d--:ile su* p]sons 7 liv+1 ! te/imony ( a book 0 to !m ( less] weight & importance1 = !y c\ld say t !y _h ! tru?1 n f ! writt5 words ( a disciple1 b f 8 own lips4 ,z ,ir5u well rememb]$ ,polyc>p1 s might p]sons liv+ ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury rememb] ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,! argum5t f sil5ce1 appli$ to ! e>ly p]iod re/rict$ to ! ye> #ahj1 is = ?is & o!r reasons f> f be+ conclusive1 :ile ! evid5ce furni%$ by su* writ+s z ^? ( ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 ,tatian1 ,hippolytus1 & ,orig51 :o belong to ! subsequ5t ye>s ( ! fir/ & ! op5+ ( ! second c5tury1 is mu* m important ?an is indicat$ by our au?or4 ,8 inve/igation ignores to a great ext5t ! circum/antial evid5ce ( ?is lat] p]iod4 ,he says 7vol4 ii4 p4 #chg7 he mu/ be c>eful to re/rict himself to ! limits ( 8 inquiry1 & to avoid ! m g5]al lit]>y po9t ( view1 & he does s re/rict himself4 ,if a p]son really desires to deciph] an obscure antiqu>ian manuscript or inscription1 he does n say1 ,i mu/ c>efully keep to ?is imp]fectly-light$ room1 & n /ep into broad daylight4 ,"h is a specim5 ( ! way he draws an inf]5ce4 ,9 argu+ aga9/ ! au?ority ( ! f\r ,gospels1 he says1 vol4 ii4 p4 #deg1 ,no two ( !m agree ev5 ab\t s simple a matt] ( fact z ! inscription on ! cross4 ,n[ ! exact words1 z giv5 9 ea* ,gospel1 are z foll[s3 ,mat!w gives ! inscription 9 eight words--,?is is ,jesus ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 ,m>k 9 five words--,! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 ,luke 9 sev5 words--,?is is ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 & ,john 9 eight words--,jesus ( ,naz>e? ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews4 ,?is ne$s no comm5t4 ,c\ld any?+ be m natural ?an su* slight discrepancies8 ,w\ld f\r %or?& report]s ( ! pres5t day h be5 m exact8 ,! fir/ e>ly writ] he exam9es is ,clem5t1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 :o1 t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 wrote an epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,x is atta*$ to ! anci5t copy ( ! ,scriptures kn[n z ! ,codex ,alex&r9us1 writt5 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is writ]'s fame surpass$ all o!rs 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,8 fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 writt5 9 ,greek1 is deem$ to be g5u9e2 b1 says ,dr4 ,mo%eim1 x seems to h be5 corrupt$ & int]polat$4 ,eusebius assures u x 0 receiv$ by all1 & rev]5c$ next to ! ,holy ,scriptures1 & !re=e publicly read 9 ! ,*ur*es = "s ages1 ev5 till 8 "t4#ba #ba ,cod4 cxii4 c4 #ch4 ,! epi/le itself makes no m5tion ( ! au?or's "n4 ,x purports to be address$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,god :i* soj\rns at ,rome to ! ,*ur* ( ,god soj\rn+ at ,cor9?4 ,b 9 ! ,codex ,alex&r9us ! title ( ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t to ! ,cor9?ians is add$ at ! end4 ,int]nal evid5ce %[s x 0 writt5 aft] "s p]secution ( ! ,*ur*1 ei!r t ( ,n]o1 ,a4,d4 #fd-gj1 or ,domitian1 at ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,! epi/le conta9s ^! words3-- ,especially rememb]+ ! words ( ! ,"l ,jesus1 :i* he spake tea*+ g5tl5ess & long-suff]+4 ,= ?us he said1 ,be pitiful1 t ye may be piti$2 =give1 t x may be =giv5 y2 z ye d1 s %all x be done to y2 z ye give1 s %all x be giv5 to y2 z ye judge1 s %all x be judg$ to y2 z ye %[ k9dness1 %all k9dness be %[n to y2 ) :at measure ye mete1 ) ! same x %all be measur$ to y4 ,our au?or himself %[s t ^! precepts _c be m]e float+ tradition4 ,he says su* seems impossible 7vol4 i4 p4 #bbf74 ,!y are evid5tly ! words ( ,jesus tak5 f a writt5 s\rce1 b he cont5ds t !y are n a quotation f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 z record$ 9 ! ,gospels z we h !m1 b f "s o!r ,gospel :i* is n extant4 ,he says3 ,:5 ! great diff]5ce is consid]$ betwe5 ! p>allel passages 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 & /ill m betwe5 ^! & ! passage 9 ,m>k1 x is easy to und]/& t t o!r ,gospel may h conta9$ a v]sion diff]+ z mu* f !m z !y d f ea* o!r4 ,i rem>k1 suppos+ t ,clem5t _h be=e him all ?ree v]sions1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r1 :at is m natural ?an t he %\ld give ! s5se )\t adh]+ to ! exact words ( any4 ,only an inquir] :o has a bias aga9/ ,*ri/ianity w\ld ?9k ( disput+ ! quotation4 ,if ,epiphanius cle>ly wrote )\t hav+ ! ,gospel ( ,luke be=e him1 z our au?or /ates on page #ajj1 & if ,t]tullian evid5tly quotes t ,gospel f memory1 z he also says on ! same page2 :y %\ld x be assum$ z a matt] ( c\rse t ,clem5t _h ! writ+s be=e him8 ,he also may h quot$ f memory4 ,!re is some?+ /rangely m>vell\s ab\t ! disappe>ance ( ^! imag9>y lo/ records ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,we "k t 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #aci ,ju/9 ,m>tyr wrote t ! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les1 call$ ,evangels 7gospels71 7 read aft] ! prophets e ,"l's ,day 9 ! assembly ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,:]e 7 !y !n8 ,7 !y id5tical ) ^! memoirs call$ ,gospels8 ,:]e 7 !y ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ahj1 :5 ,ir5u proves t f\r ,gospels 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 & 7 read 9 all ! ,*ur*es2 allud+ to !m z ! f\r columns ( ! ,*ur*1 & comp>+ !m to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w1 ! f\r pr9cipal w9ds1 & ! f\r figures ( ! ,*]ubim8 ,:]e 7 !y :5 he says3 ,s well e/abli%$ are our ,gospels1 t ev5 tea*]s ( error !mselves be> te/imony to !m3 ev5 !y re/ _! objections on ! f\ndations ( ! ,gospels8#bb ,?is hypo!sis ( our au?or is c]ta9ly go+ out ( ! way to f9d ! reason = a ?+4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t :at is evid5c$ by ,ir5u1 :o wrote ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj1 & 0 ! pupil ( ,polyc>p1 is highly important4 ,dr4 ,mo%eim says 8 five books aga9/ h]esies1 ! only writ+s ( 8 extant1 are a spl5did monum5t ( antiquity4#bc ,f ! evid5ce ( ,ir5u1 x is cle> t ! f\r ,gospels mu/ h be5 occupy+ a special & au?oritative place 9 ! ,*ur* "s "t be=e ! "t he wrote 8 five books on h]esies1 ab\t ! ye> #ahj4 ,tis*5dorf1 :o kn[s z mu* z any man ab\t ! ,scripture manuscripts1 says3 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t1 already betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aej & #bjj1 n only 7 ! ,gospels translat$ into ,lat9 & ,syriac1 b also t _! numb] 0 def9$ to be only f\r1 nei!r m nor less4 ,! ,syriac v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t call$ ! ,pe%ito1 a "w ( imm5se value1 z ! language is almo/ id5tical ) t spok5 by ,*ri/1 a translation admirably execut$1 is g5]ally assign$1 says ,tis*5dorf1 to ! end ( ! second c5tury1 ?\gh we h n any positive pro( to (f]2 & ! ,lat9 v]sion _h acquir$ be=e ?is p]iod a c]ta9 public au?ority4 ,z ! man :o translat$ ,ir5u's five books f ,greek into ,lat9 foll[s ! ,italic v]sion1 & z ,t]tullian1 9 ! quotation :i* he makes f ! ,lat9 translation ( ,ir5u copies t translator1 ,tis*5dorf ju/ly argues t "s "t mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 t date :5 ! translation is kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce1 & ! p]iod :5 !y 7 fir/ sep>at$ f o!r ,*ur* writ+s1 & atta9$ a prom95t & sacr$ "*4 ,?us we get to ! apo/olic age = ! orig9 ( all ! f\r ,gospels1 & !re seems to be no int]val ( "t suffici5t to acc\nt = our au?or's primitive ,gospels to h disappe>$1 leav+ no trace ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x is enorm\sly m probable t ! f\r ,gospels allud$ to by ,ir5u & ,t]tullian conta9$ ! records f :i* ,clem5t quot$ ! passage ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ?an t !re 7 primitive indep5d5t writ+s :i* 7 soon lo/1 obta9+ no recognition :5 ! sep>ate ,gospel manuscripts became associat$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 7 read aft] !m 9 ! ,*ri/ian assemblies4 ,our au?or says ! passage quot$ by ,clem5t1 ref]r+ to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 is decid$ly oppos$ to ! pret5sions made on behalf ( ! ,synoptics4 ,i d n q "k :at pret5sions he alludes to1 b ,i am n def5d+ pret5sions1 ei!r ecclesia/ical or non-ecclesia/ical4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 ! def5ce ( ! ,gospels1 to ass]t t ! f\r ,evangeli/s ^: names are atta*$ to !m wrote e ^w2 t !y only conta9 records ( :at ^? disciples 7 ei!r eye-witnesses (1 or1 9 ! case ( ,m>k & ,luke1 he>d ,pet] & ,paul prea*4 ,! =mul1 accord+ to ,mat!w1 accord+ to ,m>k1 accord+ to ,luke1 accord+ to ,john1 d n imply t1 9 ! mo/ anci5t op9ion1 ^! recitals 7 writt5 f beg9n+ to end by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john4#bd ,x is en\gh to "k t ! writ+s s f> emanat$ f ^? disciples z to ju/ify ! titles !y be>1 & _! reception by ! e>ly ,*ur*1 z ! true record ( ! important transactions to :i* !y ref]4 ,t reception ( !m 0 suffici5tly ne> to ! date ( _! composition to preclude ! probability t ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h n ! means ( te/+ _! g5u95ess or hi/orical data1 :ile _! int]nal evid5ce is su* z to confirm _! tru?fulness & au?ority4 #bb ,adv4 ,hr4 iii4 #aa4 #g4 #bc ,!y 7 writt5 :ile ,eleu!rius 0 ,bi%op ( ,rome 7,a4,d4 #agg to #aic71 z is evid5t f 8 ,catalogue 7,lib4 iii4 c4 #c7 ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,rome1 = ,eleu!rius is ! la/ ( ! twelve he m5tions1 & 0 !n 9 possession ( t pa/orate4 #bd ,see ,rnan1 ,life ( ,jesus1 p4 #h1 *eap edition4 ,z to ,luke1 says ,rnan1 d\bt is sc>cely possible4 ,x is a regul> composition1 f\nd$ on ant]ior docum5ts1 ! "w ( "o man1 :o selects1 prunes1 & comb9es4 ,! au?or is c]ta9ly ! same z t ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,n[ ! au?or ( ! ,acts is a companion ( ,paul1 a title :i* applies to ,luke exactly4 ,! "n ( ,lucus 7contraction ( ,lucanus7 be+ v r>e1 we ne$ n fe> "o ( ^? homonyms :i* cause s _m p]plexities 9 que/ions ( criticism relative to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is beyond d\bt t ! au?or ( ! ,?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts 0 a man ( ! second g5]ation1 & t is suffici5t = our object4 ,! date c be det]m9$ by consid]ations drawn f ! ,gospel itself4 ,! tw5ty-fir/ *apt]1 insep>able f ! re/ ( ! "w1 0 c]ta9ly writt5 a %ort "t aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,we are "h ^u solid gr\nd1 = we are conc]n$ ) a "w writt5 entirely by ! same h&1 & ( ! mo/ p]fect unity4 ,if ! ,gospel ( ,luke is dat$1 ^? ( ,mat!w & ,m>k are dat$ also2 = x is c]ta9 t ! ,?ird ,gospel is po/]ior to ! fir/ two1 & exhibits ! "* ( a mu* m advanc$ composition4 ,e "o drew l>gely on ! ,gospel tradition !n curr5t4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! anci5t ,fa!rs quote _m words ( ,jesus :i* appe> au!ntic1 & are n f\nd 9 ! ,gospels we possess4 ,! life ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synoptics re/s ^u two orig9al docum5ts--fir/1 ! disc\rses ( ,jesus collect$ by ,mat!w2 second1 ! collection ( anecdotes & p]sonal rem9isc5ces :i* ,m>k wrote f ! recollections ( ,pet]4 ,we may say t we h ^! two docum5ts /ill1 mix$ ) acc\nts f ano!r s\rce1 9 ! two fir/ ,gospels1 :i* be>1 n )\t reason1 ! "n ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 & ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,m>k4 ,x 0 :5 tradition became weak5$1 9 ! second half ( ! second c5tury1 t ! texts be>+ ! "n ( ! apo/les took a decisive au?ority1 & obta9$ ! =ce ( law4 ,i h select$ ^! passages f ,rnan's ,life ( ,jesus1 z !y be> ^u ! view ( ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels :i* may be ent]ta9$ ) consi/5cy by ^? :o accept _! au?ority1 )\t insi/+ ^u any su* pret5sions z our au?or seems to combat1 & :i* are n necess>y = _! def5ce4 ,i object also to ! case be+ tri$ ^u an indictm5t :i* includes a uni=m1 pl5>y1 & v]bal inspiration4 ,nor is x1 ,i submit1 necess>y to def5d ! view t ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts include no words b :at are ( ,div9e au?ority4 ,i ma9ta9 t ,god has sup]naturally reveal$ ,8 "* & ,8 w 9 ! ,bible1 b ,i "k n :]e ! h>d & fa/ l9e is :i* sep>ates ! human f ! sup]human 9 our v]sions ( ^! sacr$ docum5ts1 ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( :i* is t !y are inspir$ productions2 t !re9 holy m5 ( ,god spake z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4#be ,n ! words :i* man's wisdom tea*e?1 b :i* ! ,holy ,gho/ tea*e?4#bf #be #b ,pet4 i4 #ba4 #bf #a ,cor4 ii4 #ac4 ,god at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s spake 9 "t pa/ unto ! fa!rs1 & hav+ subsequ5tly spok5 by ,8 ,son1 au!nticates ,8 message1 :i*1 we _c d\bt1 ! ,holy ,_s inspir$ ! apo/les to record1 by a special inspiration1 z ,he did 9 pre-,*ri/ian times4 ,x is human nature = man to p]v]t ev5 8 be/ ( bless+s4 ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike h done s4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! translators ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures into ,greek alt]+ ! prophetical dates1 to mislead z to ! com+ ( ,messiah1 z 0 done 9 ! ,septuag9t ,v]sion2 ( ! g5ealogy ( ,joseph be+ fitt$ into ?ree p]iods ( f\rte5 g5]ations ea*1 to squ>e ) ,jewi% notions ( num]ical precision & complet5ess2 ( ! v]se 9 ,john's fir/ epi/le 7v4 #g7 ins]t$ 9 ! text to add /r5g? to ! !ological phraseology ( a cre$2 & ( ! fir/ v]ses ( ! eigh? *apt] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel be+ left out 9 sev]al ( ! mo/ anci5t ,,mss41 evid5tly ow+ to "s great au?ority1 su* z ,eusebius 7:o 0 ord]$ by ,con/ant9e to prep>e copies ( ! ,scriptures71 hav+ suppress$ !m2 we _c b be suspici\s t human infirmity & m$dlesom5ess h1 to "s ext5t1 int]f]$ ) ! transmission ( ! ,div9e oracles4 ,! f\nta9 is und\bt$ly pure1 b has n ! *annel be5 pollut$ ?r\gh :i* ! ,div9e tru?s h be5 transmitt$8 ,we h next a ref]5ce to ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 bo? ( :i* are atta*$ to t anci5t copy ( ! ,scriptures kn[n z ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 rec5tly f\nd by ,tis*5dorf1 9 a mona/]y 9 ! des]t ( ,s9ai1 & n[ pres]v$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,x is ! mo/ anci5t ,,ms4 ( ! ,scriptures we c ref] to1 & is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,aft] ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 ?is valuable ,,ms41 is plac$ ! epi/le ascrib$ to ,b>nabas4 ,x is complete4 ,x 0 writt5 "s "t betwe5 ! ye> #gj & ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & x conta9s ^! words3--,let u !re=e bew>e le/ we %\ld be f\nd z x is writt51 ,_m are call$1 few are *os54 ,^! words c]ta9ly appe> to be quot$ f ! tw5ty-second *apt] ( ,mat!w1 b our au?or says !re is a simil> passage 9 ! apocryphal book ( ,ezra--,!re be _m creat$1 b few %all be sav$1 & he asks u to believe x is quot$ f ! latt]4 ,z we h n ! same bias z he has1 we decl9e1 = obvi\s reasons1 to d s1 al?\gh he po9ts out t ! v]se 9 ,mat!w is n 9 ! olde/ codex4 ,un=tunately ! "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is defective at t "p1 b ! v]se appe>s 9 lat] ,,mss4 ,he says1 _h ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas be5 s]i\sly reg>d$ z a "w ( ! apo/le ( t "n1 x c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to atta9 canonical rank4 ,if ?is be our au?or's op9ion1 !re 0 m discrim9ation us$ by ! m5 :o decid$ :at writ+s 7 admissible into ! canon ?an he has else:]e giv5 !m cr$it =4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas also conta9s ! foll[+ important passage3-- ,b :5 he select$ 8 own apo/les1 :o %\ld prea* 8 gospel1 :o 7 s9n]s above all s91 9 ord] t he might %[ t he came n to call ! righte\s1 b s9n]s1 !n he manife/$ himself to be ! ,son ( ,god4 ,our au?or says t ! words he came n to call ! righte\s1 b s9n]s1 v probably a pi\s scribe add$ 9 ! m>g91 & !y 7 aft]w>ds includ$ 9 ! text ( ! epi/le4 ,i rem>k t ?is is q a gratuit\s assumption4 ,i see no probability ( any?+ ( ! k9d1 & ,i agree ) ,tis*5dorf1 :o asks1 ,c\ld any "o mi/ake ! words be+ a quotation f ,matt4 ix4 #ac8 ,b our au?or ins9uates t ?is *apt] %\ld be dissect$1 & ! miracul\s elim9at$4 ,he says ! words ( ,jesus1 ,!y t be :ole ne$ n a physician1 b !y t are sick1 evid5tly belong to ! olde/ tradition ( ! ,gospel2 & he gives ! op9ion ( ,ewald1 :o ascrib$ !m 7v]4 #abad71 ap>t f ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]1 orig9ally to ! collection ( disc\rses#bg f :i*1 ) two int]m$iate books1 he consid]s our pres5t ,gospel ( ,mat!w 0 compos$4 #bg ,spru*sammlung4 ,^! are ! sort ( conjectures ^u :i* our au?or builds 8 argum5t4 ,! n9? *apt] ( ,mat!w is too full ( ! miracul\s to be accept$ z a :ole4 ,x records h[ ,jesus =gave s9s1 to ! sick gave heal?1 to ! bl9d sight1 to ! dumb spee*1 & to ! dead life2 all ( :i* is out ( keep+ ) 8 bias & ! ,g]man rationalism ) :i* he has su* pr(\nd sympa?y4 ,tis*5dorf f9ds a fur!r analogy betwe5 ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas & ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 9 ! words1 ,david prophesi$1 ,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 ,sit at my "r h& until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool2 & inquires1 ,c\ld ,b>nabas s write )\t ! supposition t 8 read]s _h ,matt4 xxii4 #d be=e !m8 & does n su* a supposition likewise inf] ! actual au?ority ( ,mat!w's ,gospel8 ,because ! passage is 9 ! ,psalms1 our au?or ridicules ,tis*5dorf's inf]5ce4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 q z probable t ,b>nabas quot$ f ! ,gospel z f ! ,psalms1 & !re is propriety 9 ,tis*5dorf's op9ion & inf]5ce4 ,9 designat+ 8 argum5t rabid & prepo/]\s1 our au?or exposes himself to arr[s w+$ ) simil> fea!rs4 ,:5 he unw>rantably pret5ds to "k t ! e>lie/ records ( :at ,jesus did & taught did n conta9 any?+ b :at comports ) ! ,g]man s*ool ( !ology :i* he fav\rs1 & :i* he has done 8 be/ to make famili> to ,engli% read]s1 )\t expos+ himself p]sonally to ! odium :i* atta*es to su* op9ions 9 a ,*ri/ian community1 he has no claim to indulg5ce f ^? :o exam9e 8 language & animadv]t !reupon4 ,consid]+ t1 accord+ to 8 own %[+1 ! belief 01 at all ev5ts1 preval5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury t ^! writ+s ( ! apo/les 7 au!ntic1 & t he _c acc\nt = _! be+ s e/eem$1 s soon aft] ! ev5ts occurr$ to :i* !y ref]1 z to be univ]sally read 9 all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es2 x is1 to say ! lea/1 unbecom+ 9 him to exalt 8 conjectures into oracles4 ,o!r critics1 q z inquir+1 able1 & le>n$1 m mode/ly say1 ,! subject pres5ts a v>iety ( emb>rass+ circum/ances1 s t x is difficult to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion4 ,he lays himself op5 to be classifi$ ) ^? :o ru% 9 :]e angels fe> to tread4 ,!re is a close analogy betwe5 ^? :o say 9 _! he>ts !re is no ,god1 & ^? :o say ,he has nev] spok52 & we "k :at is said 9 ! ,bible ( ! =m]4 ,i w give "h a specim5 ( ! way our au?or quotes to suit 8 own argum5t1 & y w see :e!r ! epi!t prepo/]\s is at all applicable to him4 ,9 %[+ h[ mu* ,john 0 oppos$ to ,paul on ! "q ( ,g5tile ,*ri/ians obs]v+ ,jewi% rites1 he says1 ,allusion is und\bt$ly made to ,paul 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,*ur*es1 9 ! ,apocalypse2 &1 ,x is cle> t ,paul is ref]r$ to 9 ! address to ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus4 ,! fir/ passage is ,rev4 ii4 #b1 ,i "k ?y works & ?y pati5ce1 444 & h[ ?\ ha/ tri$ !m :i* say !y are apo/les & are n1 & ha/ f\nd !m false2 imply+ t ,john 0 s oppos$ to ,paul z to d5y 8 be+ an apo/le1 :i* is grossly improbable4#bh ,b ! full absurdity ( ! idea is m manife/ 9 ! next quotation f ,rev4 ii4 #ad3 ,b ,i h a few ?+s aga9/ !e because ?\ ha/ !re !m t hold ! doctr9e ( ,balaam1 :o taught ,balak to ca/ a /umbl+-block be=e ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 to eat ?+s sacrific$ unto idols1 c4 ,x w\ld n h answ]$ 8 purpose to f9i% ! s5t5ce1 s he /ops at ! ^w idols1 & puts c4 ,:5 ,i m5tion t ! words :i* are repres5t$ by ! c4 are & to commit =nication1 y w agree ) me1 t n only is ! idea ( ,john say+ t ,paul _h taught ! ,*ri/ians at ,p]gamos to s9 9 ?is respect ! climax ( absurdity1 b t an au?or :o quotes s unfairly1 & reasons s /rangely1 is n to be implicitly tru/$1 nor 8 conclusions accept$4 ,he has adopt$ ! errone\s notion ( ,baur1 ! late em95t ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,tb+51 & o!r ,g]man writ]s1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian conv]ts1 9 ref]5ce to circumcision & o!r ,jewi% obs]vances1 am\nt$ to a p>ty conte/1 :i* caus$ ,paul & ,pet] & ,james to be s]i\sly at v>iance4 ,n[ we "k ! facts ( ! tempor>y disagreem5t1 & !y c]ta9ly d n ju/ify su* a conclusion4 ,! hypo!sis ( su* a ,paul9e & a ,petr9e conte/ ne$s only to be br\ght into contact ) ! lett]s ( ,paul1 9 :i* he ref]s frequ5tly to ! ,g5tile ,*ur*es s5d+ help to ! ,jewi% *ur* at ,j]usalem1 & x is at once explod$4 ,he tells ! ,galatians h[ x 0 arrang$ at ,j]usalem1 aft] ! matt]s 9 dispute _h be5 discuss$1 t he & ,b>nabas1 receiv+ ! "r h& ( fell[%ip1 %\ld g to ! hea!n1 & ,james1 ,pet]1 & ,john to ! circumcision2 only ! latt] /ipulat$ t ! poor at ,j]usalem 7 to be rememb]$1 :i* ,paul says1 ,i 0 =w>d to d4 ,& he in/ructs ! ,cor9?ians 9 8 fir/ epi/le z to _! collections on ! fir/ day ( ! week be=e he came1 t _! lib]ality might be ready to s5d to ! poor sa9ts at ,j]usalem4 ,!re is "h ! v opposite ( su* extreme ho/ile & disgraceful p>ty feel+ z mu/ h exi/$ if ,john c\ld indulge 9 su* language reg>d+ ,paul z our au?or attributes to him4 ,!re 7 false m51 su* z ,simon ! sorc]]2 false apo/les1 su* z ,paul alludes to2 & corrupt]s ( morals1 su* z ! ,nicolaitanes2 s t !re is n ! slighte/ necessity to ?9k ( ,paul & 8 dispute ab\t ,jewi% rites1 to make ! words ( ! ,apocalypse intelligible4 #bh ,paul 0 n liv+ :5 ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse4 ,clem5t's lett]1 writt5 f ,rome to ! ,cor9?ians1 probably ab\t ! ye> #id or #ie1 supplies u ) evid5ce z to ! nature ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul1 z well z proves ! epi/le to be g5u9e4 ,he says1 ,d take up ! writ+s ( ! bless$ apo/le4 ,:at did he say to y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,gospel8 ,truly1 by ,div9e ,inspiration1 he gave y directions conc]n+ himself & ,pet] & ,apollos1 because ev5 !n ye 7 splitt+ into p>ties4 ,b y\r p>ty _s at t "t _h less evil 9 x1 because x 0 ex]cis$ 9 fav\r ( apo/les ( em95t hol9ess1 & ( "o mu* approv$ ( by !m4 ,b n[ consid] :o !y are t h subv]t$ y4 ,^! are %ameful ?+s1 bre?r51 v %ameful1 t ! anci5t & fl\ri%+ ,*ur* ( ,cor9? h qu>rell$ ) _! pa/ors1 f a weak p>tiality = "o or two p]sons4 ,clem5t contra/s ! em95t holy ,pet] & ,paul & ,apollos ) ! p]sons :o 7 subv]t+ !m1 & ! latt] 7 und\bt$ly ! sort ( false apo/les t ,john alludes to 9 ! ,apocalypse4 ,! evid5ce ( ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] is n to be set aside because our au?or includes x among ! que/ionable writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & ,pet] !re speaks ( ,paul z our belov$ bro!r1 :o accord+ to ! wisdom giv5 him ha? writt5 unto y4#bi ,x is n conv5i5t = su* critics to all[ ! lett] to be g5u9e1 on acc\nt ( ?is v passage4 ,b !re is ample pro(1 f int]nal evid5ce1 z %[n by ,dr4 ,macnight1 ,dr4 ,blackwell1 & ,dr4 ,a4 ,cl>ke1 t x is a g5u9e lett]4 ,:at a weak case he mu/ h 9 h& :o has to resort to su* means to def5d x6 #bi #b ,pet4 iii4 #ae4 ,! =egone conclusion t miracles are incr$ible1 hamp]s all ! inve/igations ( ^! ,g]man s*ol>s1 & compels !m to resort to all sorts ( conjectures & devices to acc\nt = ?+s :i*1 on ! basis ( ,evangelical views1 are nei!r my/]i\s nor inh>moni\s4 ,if x be true ( ,g]many t h] able/ !ologians are n[ explod+ su* fallacies1 ! argum5t ( our au?or is "o1 ! =ce ( :i* is exp5d$1 a gun br\ght into ! field ( battle :5 ! fight is ne>ly ov]4 ,x may d "s damage1 b _c affect mat]ially ! issue ( ! conte/4 ,! outspok5ness ( ! sceptics has r\s$ ! believ]s1 & ! result1 we _c d\bt1 w be = ! fur!rance ( ! gospel4 ,! natural & spiritual miracles ( ! sacr$ n>rative are only ! notes ( a high] h>mony :i* res\nd ?r\gh\t ! discords ( e>?ly hi/ory4 ,to our dull s5se inde$ !y may seem disconnect$1 b ! m we li/5 ! m we p]ceive a connect$ law ( high] euphony1 n[ presag+1 & f9ally br++ ab\t ! solution ( all dissonance into an et]nal h>mony4 ,surely !n a believ] may look d[n ) pity ^u ! _s ( ! age & its decl>ation1 t ! h>mony ( ! ,kosmos is de/roy$ by ! miracles ( ! ,bible4 7,beys*lag47 ,! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas is next allud$ to1 b z x is n pret5d$ t x conta9s any quotation f1 or ref]5ce to1 any passage ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 x is simply a negative witness 9 ?is case4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 aft] ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas4 ,! foll[+ is ,mo%eim's description ( ! "w3 ,! book entitl$ ! ',%eph]d ( ,h]mas' 7s call$ because an angel is ! lead+ "* 9 ! drama7 0 compos$ 9 ! second c5tury1 by ,h]mas1 ! bro!r ( ,pius1 ! ,roman bi%op4 ,! writ]1 if he 0 inde$ sane1 deem$ x prop] to =ge dialogues held ) ,god & angels1 9 ord] to ins9uate :at he reg>d$ z salut>y tru?s m effectually into ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,b 8 cele/ial spirits talk m insipidly ?an our scav5g]s & port]s4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & ^? left out ( ! canon does su* a book z ?is ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas exhibit6 ,buns5 ?us alludes to x3 ,t good b dull novel :i* ,niebuhr us$ to say he piti$ ! ,a!nian ,*ri/ians = be+ oblig$ to he> read 9 _! meet+s4 ,f ! v dawn ( ,ca?olic lit]ature1 beg9n+ ) ',h]mas ! ,%eph]d1' x _h be5 ! object ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s to r5d] ! ,greek & ,roman m9d1 by degrees1 indep5d5t ( ! hea!n philosoph]s1 & to create a ,ca?olic lit]ature & libr>y1 m p>ticul>ly = ! use ( *ildr5 & cate*um5s4#cj #cj ,hippolytus & 8 ,age1 vol4 i41 #cae4 ,fail+ to di/+ui% betwe5 :at 0 int5d$ to be true1 :at 0 meant to be fiction1 & :at 0 fraudul5tly spuri\s1 !ologians h (t5 be5 misl$1 & important doctr9es h be5 !reby p]v]t$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels--,,cont9u$4 ,i _c disp5se ) miracles z hi/orical explanations ( c]ta9 indubitable hi/orical facts4 ,i d n f9d t !y make r5ts 9 hi/ory1 b by _! aid alone am ,i able to get ov] its gap+ *asms4 ,ro!4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels--,,cont9u$4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,ignatius--,,! ,,epi/le ,,( ,,polyc>p--,,ju/9 ,,m>tyr--,,hegesippus--,,papias--,,! ,,clem5t9es--,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,diognetus4 ,next our au?or exam9es quotations 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 ?\gh he says !y really app]ta9 to a v mu* lat] p]iod1 = !y are all pron\nc$1 by a l>ge mass ( critics1 spuri\s compositions4 ,he suff]$ m>tyrdom1 x is said1 on ! #bj? ,decemb]1 ,a4,d4 #aae1 :5 he 0 condemn$ to be ca/ to wild bea/s 9 ! amphi!atre1 n at ,rome1 b at ,antio*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! fanatical excitem5t produc$ by ! e>?quake :i* took place on ! ?irte5? ( t mon?4#ca ,if any ( 8 fifte5 lett]s1 says our au?or1 c\ld be accept$ z g5u9e1 ! ref]5ces to !m might be important4 ,dr4 ,mo%eim says 8 :ole epi/les are extremely dubi\s4 ,! %ort] ( ! two v]sion ( ,ignatius is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally all[$ to be g5u9e4 ,tis*5dorf says its g5u95ess is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,9 x we f9d1 ,:at w\ld a man be pr(it$ if he %\ld ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l8 :i* ( c\rse is a quotation f ,matt4 xvi4 #bf4 #ca ,:ile ,trajan 0 on 8 ,p>?ian exp$ition1 & sp5t ! w9t] at ,antio*4 7,see ,davidson's ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #cgj47 ,! next docum5t m5tion$ is ! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 :o1 ,ir5u says1 0 9 8 y\? a disciple ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,he 0 ,bi%op ( ,smyrna1 & end$ 8 life by m>tyrdom1 ,a4,d4 #afg4 ,ir5u knew ,polyc>p p]sonally4 ,x is said t ! epi/le 0 writt5 be=e ,a4,d4 #abj4 ,our au?or ascribes x to a lat] date1 & says t !re are pot5t reasons = consid]+ x spuri\s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,ir5u1 ,polyc>p's disciple1 believ$ x to be g5u9e1 we %all take ! lib]ty ( diff]+ f our au?or1 & ( believ+ x to be s4 ,! epi/le conta9s ! foll[+3 ,rememb]+ :at ! ,"l said1 tea*+3 ,judge n1 t ye be n judg$2 =give1 & x %all be =giv5 y2 be pitiful1 t ye may be piti$2 ) :at measure y mete x %all be measur$ to y aga92 & t bless$ are ! poor1 & ^? t are p]secut$ = righte\sness' sake1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,also3 ,besee*+ 9 our pray]s ! all-see+ ,god n to lead u into temptation1 z ! ,"l said1 ,! _s inde$ is will+1 b ! fle% is weak4 ,also3 ,if1 !re=e1 we pray ! ,"l t he may =give u1 we ought also ourselves to =give4 ,our au?or demurs to ^! be+ quotations f our ,gospels1 & says !y might h be5 f orally curr5t acc\nts ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or f _m ( ! records ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus 9 circulation4 ,hegisippus is ! next e>ly writ] ref]r$ to4 ,he made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,j]ome says 7confirm+ ,eusebius7 t ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews is writt5 9 ! ,*aldaic & ,syriac 7,syro-,*aldaic7 language1 b ) ,hebrew *>act]s4 ,we h1 says our au?or1 direct intimation t ,hegesippus made use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,he 0 "o ( ! contempor>ies ( ,ju/9--a ,pale/9ian ,jewi% ,*ri/ian4 ,9 ord] to make himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! /ate ( ! ,*ur*1 he travell$ widely1 & came to ,rome :5 ,anicitus 0 bi%op4 ,subsequ5tly he wrote a "w ( hi/orical memoirs 9 five books1 & ?us became ! fir/ ecclesia/ical hi/orian ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is "w is lo/1 b portions h be5 pres]v$ by ,eusebius1 & "o o!r fragm5t is also extant4 ,x mu/ h be5 writt5 aft] ! succession ( ,eleu!rius to ! ,roman bi%opric 7,a4,d4 #agg-aic71 z t ev5t is m5tion$ 9 ! book4 ,! te/imony ( ,hegesippus is ( great value1 n only z a man born ne> ! primitive ,*ri/ian tradition1 b also z t ( an intellig5t travell] among/ _m ,*ri/ian communities 7p4 #dcj74 ,hegesippus says1 9 ! fif? book ( 8 ,memoirs1 t ^! words 7',good ?+s prep>$ = ! righte\s nei!r eye ha? se5 nor e> he>d1 nor h !y ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1' f #a ,cor4 ii4 #i7 are va9ly spok51 & t ^? :o say ^! ?+s give ! lie to ! ,div9e writ+s & to ! ,"l say+1 ',bless$ are y\r eyes t see1 & y\r e>s t he>1' c4 ,?is fragm5t is pres]v$ by ,/ephanus ,gob>us1 a le>n$ monophysite ( ! six? c5tury4 ,no?+ is m c]ta91 says our au?or1 ?an ! fact t1 9 spite ( ! opportunities = collect+ in=mation af=d$ him by 8 travels ?r\gh s _m ,*ri/ian communities1 = ! express purpose ( su* inquiry1 ,hegesippus did n f9d any ,new ,te/am5t ,canon1 or1 t su* a rule ( fai? did n exi/ 9 ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #afj & #agj4 ,i ask1 ,h[ 9 ! _w c our au?or be c]ta9 ( ?is1 :5 only portions ( ,hegesippus are extant8 ,?is applies g5]ally to 8 argum5t t ! sil5ce ( ! e>ly writ]s is ( z mu* importance z _! suppos$ allusions to ! ,gospels4 ,su* a mode ( reason+ is aptly comm5t$ ^u by ! ,rev4 ,k5ti% ,ba*e1 9 8 lett] to ,dr4 ,davidson on ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,he says3 ,:5 b small portions ( a "w h be5 pres]v$ to our use1 x is no wond] t ^! portions %\ld make no m5tion ( _m circum/ances int]e/+ & important1 :i* ! writ] mu/ c]ta9ly h kn[n & told (4 ,if ,i te> a few leaves f ! middle ( my ,engli% ,hi/ory book1 ,i %all f9d on !m 7! few leaves7 no record ( ! ,norman ,conque/ or ( ! ,battle ( ,wat]loo4 ,w\ld x !nce be a fair conclusion t ^! ev5ts are unhi/orical & fictiti\s8 ,papias is next ref]r$ to4 ,he 0 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 9 ,phrygia1 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 & is said to h suff]$ m>tyrdom "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj-afg4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury he wrote a "w 9 five books1 call$1 ,exposition ( ! ,"l's ,oracles1 :i* is lo/1 except+ a few fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,eusebius & ,ir5u4 ,we h ! preface to 8 book1 :i* /ates3 ,i %all n hesitate to set beside my int]pretations all t ,i rightly le>nt f ! ,presbyt]s1 & rightly rememb]$1 e>ne/ly te/ify+ to its tru?4 ,= ,i h n1 l ! multitude1 delight$ 9 ^? :o spoke mu*1 b 9 ^? :o taught ! tru?2 nor 9 ^? :o record$ ali5 comm&m5ts1 b 9 ^? :o recall ^? deliv]$ by ! ,"l to fai?1 & :i* come f tru? itself4 ,if x happ5$ t any "o came :o _h foll[$ ! ,presbyt]s1 ,i inquir$ m9utely aft] ! words ( ! ,presbyt]s--:at ,&rew or :at ,pet] said1 or :at ,philip or :at ,?omas or ,james1 or :at ,john or ,mat!w1 or :at any o!r ( ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say2 = ,i held t :at 0 to be d]iv$ f books 0 n s pr(itable z t f ! liv+ & abid+ voice4 ,x is cle> 7says our au?or7 f ?is t ev5 if ,papias knew any ( our ,gospels1 he atta*$ little or no value to !m1 & t he knew absolutely no?+ ( ! ,canonical ,scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 7p4 #dde74 ,i rem>k t x is f> f cle> t he atta*$ no value to our ,gospels f any?+ he says 9 ! fragm5ts extant1 & ( c\rse we "k no?+ ( ^? portions t are lo/4 ,we "k t he 0 mak+ a book1 consi/+ ( :at he c\ld ga!r f tradition ab\t ! tru?1 to set beside 8 int]pretations ab\t ! comm&m5ts deliv]$ by ! ,"l to fai?4 ,!re 7 ,gospel writ+s 9 circulation1 & he 0 supplem5t+ :at !y record$4 ,!re is positively no evid5ce to make u ?9k t our pres5t ,gospels 7 unkn[n to him4 ,he does n1 9 ! fragm5ts we h1 m5tion ,paul's writ+s1 nor ! ,gospel ( ,luke1 nor ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 b he does allude to a book by ,mat!w & ano!r by ,m>k1 & ,eusebius tells u t ,papias makes use ( passages tak5 f ,pet]'s fir/ epi/le & ,john's fir/ epi/le4 ,s1 on ! :ole1 ! te/imony ( ,papias1 in/ead ( be+ aga9/ is 9 fav\r ( ! ,synoptics1 & also ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel2 = ! sil5ce inf]5ce applies no m to x ?an x does to ,paul & ,luke's writ+s1 & ! /atem5t ( ,eusebius ab\t ,john's ,epi/le is n to be set aside1 = if ,john wrote x1 x w be all[$ he wrote ! ,gospel4 ,8 evid5ce respect+ ,m>k is important1 = ! fragm5ts conta9 a /atem5t t ,m>k record$ :at fell f ,pet]1 writ+ accurately1 & tak+ especial c>e nei!r to omit nor to misrepres5t any?+2 & ,papias says t ,pet] prea*$ ) a view to ! b5efit ( 8 he>]s1 & n to give a hi/ory ( ,*ri/'s disc\rses4 ,our au?or's inf]5ce is t x is "s o!r p]son ( ! "n ( ,m>k t is connect$ ) ! ,second ,gospel1 & n ! ,m>k t ,papias ref]s to4 ,?is is v f>-fet*$ & improbable1 = ! description tallies well ) our ,second ,gospel1 & q admits ( ! supposition t ,m>k _h e opportunity ( obta9+ f eye-witnesses ! hi/orical mat]ials ( 8 ,gospel4 ,no "o supposes t e /atem5t 9 ! book emanat$ f ,pet]'s disc\rses4 ,papias is ! only e>ly writ] t our au?or ackn[l$ges furni%es any evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,he _c d5y t he records t ,mat!w compos$ disc\rses ( ! ,"l 9 ! ,hebrew tongue1 b he says t totally excludes ! claim ( our ,greek ,gospel to apo/olic orig94 ,! boldness ( ?is ass]tion c only be prop]ly met by an equally explicit d5ial t x does any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,if ! translation be a fai?ful "o f a ,hebrew v]sion1 x is ( c\rse entitl$ to ! epi!t apo/olic if ! orig9al possess$ x4 ,our au?or mu/ h "s peculi> notions ab\t v]bal inspiration if ?is be ! rule he lays d[n4 ,b he altoge!r ov]looks ! supposition t ,mat!w's ,gospel 0 n orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 not)/&+ ?is /atem5t ( ,papias4 ,tis*5dorf1 9 8 book issu$ by ! ,tract ,society1 entitl$1 ,:5 7 our ,gospels ,writt58 ma9ta9s t ! ass]tion ( ,papias re/s on a misund]/&+1 & he briefly /ates 8 reasons = ?is view4 ,he says3 ,?is ,hebrew text mu/ h be5 lo/ v e>ly1 = n "o ev5 ( ! v olde/ ,*ur* fa!rs _h ev] se5 or us$ x4 ,!re 7 two p>ties among ! ,judais]s--! "o ! ,naz>5es & ! o!r ! ,ebionites4 ,ea* ( ^! p>ties us$ a gospel accord+ to ,mat!w1 ! "o p>ty us+ a ,greek & ! o!r p>ty a ,hebrew text4 ,t !y did n scruple to tamp] ) ! text1 to suit _! cre$1 is probable f _! v sect>ian _s4 ,! text1 z we h c]ta9 means ( prov+1 re/$ ^u our receiv$ text ( ,mat!w1 )1 h[ev]1 occasional dep>tures1 to suit _! arbitr>y views4 ,:5 !n x 0 report$1 9 lat] times1 t ^! ,naz>5es1 :o 7 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian sects1 possess$ a ,hebrew v]sion ( ,mat!w1 :at 0 m natural ?an t "s p]son or o!r1 ?us fall+ 9 ) ! pret5sions ( ?is sect1 %\ld say t ,mat!w 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ,hebrew1 & t ! ,greek 0 only a v]sion f x8 ,h[ f> ^! two texts diff]$ f ea* o!r no "o c>$ to inquire2 & ) su* sep>ati/s :o )drew !mselves to ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea1 x w\ld n h be5 easy to h attempt$ x4 ,j]ome1 :o knew ,hebrew1 z o!r ,lat9 & ,greek fa!rs did n1 obta9$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury a copy ( ?is ,hebrew ,gospel ( ! ,naz>5es1 & at once ass]t$ t he _h f\nd ! orig9al4 ,b :5 he look$ m closely into ! matt]1 he conf9$ himself to ! /atem5t t _m suppos$ ?is ,hebrew text 0 ! orig9al ( ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,he translat$ x into ,lat9 & ,greek1 & add$ a few obs]vations ( 8 own on x4 ,f ^! obs]vations ( ,j]ome1 z well z f o!r fragm5ts1 we mu/ conclude t ?is notion ( ,papias _c be sub/antiat$2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?is ,hebrew has be5 drawn f ! ,greek text1 & disfigur$ moreov] "h & !re ) c]ta9 arbitr>y *anges4 ,! same is applicable to a ,greek text ( ! ,hebrew ,gospel 9 use among ! ,ebionites4 ,?is text1 f ! fact t x 0 9 ,greek1 0 bett] kn[n to ! ,*ur* ?an ! ,hebrew v]sion ( ! ,naz>5es2 b x 0 always reg>d$1 f ! e>lie/ times1 z only ano!r text ( ,mat!w's ,gospel4 ,! ref]5ces to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr occupy ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty pages ( ! "w4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ & "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s ( ! ,*ur* n long aft] ! apo/les4 ,8 conv]sion took place ab\t ! ye> #acb1 & 8 m>tyrdom1 ,a4,d4 #afe4 ,9 8 second ,apology1 ,a4,d4 #aci1 & 9 8 ,dialogue ) ,tryphon ! ,jew1 are _m quotations ( passages f\nd 9 ! ,gospels4 ,he quotes f all ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 & our au?or's elaborate attempt to prove ! contr>y is c]ta9ly n successful4 ,8 objection1 bas$ on slight discrepancies 9 ! words :ile ! s5se is id5tical1 is frivol\s 9 ! extreme4 ,suppos+ !re 7 9 ,ju/9's h&s a primitive "w :i* suppli$ ! passages1 & t "w 0 embodi$ 9 ! canonical compilation1 !y c be tru?fully said to be quotations f ! latt]4 ,! objection to 8 quotations on ! gr\nds t !y are n v]batim1 is neutraliz$ by ! fact t nei!r are 8 quotations f ! ,old ,te/am5t always exact4 ,x has be5 %[n t if ,ju/9 did n quote f our ,gospels1 !re mu/ h be5 9 8 h&s1 9 ! second c5tury1 a v>iety ( acc\nts ( ,*ri/'s life1 to :i* he1 a lead+ ,*ri/ian apologi/1 atta*$ ! greate/ importance2 & yet1 9 ! c\rse ( ! few foll[+ ye>s1 ^? acc\nts mu/ h disappe>$1 & f\r o!rs1 ( :i* ?is em95t ,*ri/ian apologi/ knew no?+1 mu/ h tak5 _! place4 ,?is w\ld h be5 :at ,canon ,we/cott ju/ly calls a 'revolution1' = x w\ld h1 9 a s+le g5]ation1 entirely *ang$ ! records ( ! life ( ,*ri/ publicly us$ by ! ,*ri/ians4#cb #cb ,lit]>y ,_w1 ,oct4 #bc1 #ahgd4 ,ju/9 quotes f a book entitl$ ! ,memoirs1 :i* he says are call$ ,gospels1 & our au?or tries to make out t ! passage quot$ is an int]polation4 ,x is n ! only in/ance :]e ! wi%1 & n ! pro(1 is fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,9 ,ju/9's "w1 ! ,apology1 occur ! words1 ,& ?\ %alt call 8 "n ,jesus1 = he %all save 8 p f _! s9s2 :i* are f\nd 9 ! apocryphal ,gospel ( ,james1 z said to ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 :ile 9 ,mat!w's ,gospel !y are spok5 to ,joseph4 ,x is urg$ t ,ju/9 mu/1 !re=e1 h quot$ !m f a lo/ ,gospel2 b :y %\ld x be suppos$ s :5 !y are 9 ! apocryphal ,gospel ( ,james1 :i*1 ,orig5 says1 0 ev]y:]e kn[n ab\t ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & :i*1 !re is good gr\nd = believ+1 0 writt5 9 ! e>ly "p ( t c5tury8 ,a few o!r passages 9 ,ju/9's "w1 :i* are n f\nd 9 our ,gospels1 may be acc\nt$ = by suppos+ !m to be quotations ei!r f lo/ ,gospels1 g5u9e or apocryphal1 or tradition may h suppli$ !m4 ,!re is no c]ta9 inf]5ce to be arriv$ at4 ,ju/9 tells u 9 8 fir/ ,apology 7,a4,d4 #aci71 t ! memoirs ( ! apo/les call$ evangels 7 read aft] ! prophets e ,"l's ,day 9 ! assemblies ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,?is mu/ h ref]5ce to ! writ+s :i* alone1 a few ye>s lat]1 7 univ]sally kn[n z ! ,f\r ,gospels1 or ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! second volume ( ! "w op5s ) an exam9ation ( ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! apocryphal religi\s romance g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( ',! ,clem5t9es1' :i* includes ! ,homilies1 ! ,recognitions1 & a s-call$ ,epitome--! ,homilies & ,recognitions be+1 he says1 ! "o m]ely a v]sion ( ! o!r1 & ! ,epitome a bl5d+ ( ! o!r two4 ,z !re are 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies upw>ds ( a hundr$ quotations ( expressions ( ,jesus1 or ref]5ces to ,8 hi/ory 7n less ?an fifty passages f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt71 x is important to asc]ta91 if possible1 :5 !y 7 writt51 & f :at writ+s !y quote4 ,! date _c be det]m9$4 ,! range ( probability is f ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,if mu* lat]1 ! inquiry does n am\nt to mu*1 because we "k1 f ample evid5ce1 su* z t ( ,ir5u1 t ! ,f\r ,gospels z we h !m 7 9 exi/5ce1 & read 9 ! ,*ur*es1 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,we presume1 !re=e1 our au?or takes an e>ly date = grant$1 or he w\ld n h occupi$ =ty pages 9 _! exam9ation4 ,! fir/ quotation :i*1 he says1 agrees ) a passage 9 our ,synoptics1 occurs 9 ! ?ird ,homily1 p4 #eb3 ,& he cri$1 say+1 ,come unto me all ye t are we>y2 :i* agrees ) ,matt4 xi4 #bh4 ,because ! quotation is n cont9u$1 b ! foll[+ words are an explanation ( :at ,come unto me1 c41 means--t is1 :o are seek+ tru?1 & n f9d+ x1--we are to deem x evid5t t s %ort & fragm5t>y a phrase _c prove any?+4 ,i exclaim1 ,inde$6 ,n 9 a book t conta9s a hundr$ ref]5ces to ! words ( ,jesus6 ,n1 consid]+ t !y are especially ! words ( ,jesus1 t no "o else s said to ! we>y1 ,come unto me6 ,mo/ read]s w surely ?9k ! contr>y %\ld be inf]r$6 ,among ! quotations are words resembl+ ! text ( ,mat!w xxv4 #bf-cj3 ,?\ wick$ & slo?ful s]vant3 ?\ oughte/ to h put out my money ) ! ex*ang]s1 & at my com+ ,i %\ld h exact$ m9e own4#cc ,if ?is 7 ! only ref]5ce to ! ,gospels z we h !m1 ! quotation is suffici5tly ne> to make ! inf]5ce c]ta9 t su* writ+s1 9 "s %ape1 mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce :5 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 7 writt54 ,?is our au?or ackn[l$ges1 b he says 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ag73 ,if ! v>iations 7 ! exception among a mass ( quotations p]fectly agree+ ) ! p>allels 9 our ,gospels1 x might be exagg]ation to base ^u su* div]g5ces a conclusion t !y 7 d]iv$ f a diff]5t s\rce4 ,! v>iations be+ ! rule1 in/ead ( ! exception1 ^!1 h[ev] slight1 become evid5ce ( ! use ( a diff]5t ,gospel f ours4#cd #cc ,hom4 iii4 #fa4 #cd ,! ',recognitions ( ,clem5s1' :i* diff] little f ,clem5t9a1 are ! witty & agreeable productions ( an ,alex&rian ,jew1 well v]s$ 9 philosophy1 writt5 9 ! ?ird c5tury4--,dr4 ,mo%eim4 ,i rem>k1 suppos+ ?is be s1 t ! au?or ( ^! ,homilies _h1 9 ! ye> #afj1 o!r ,gospel manuscripts be=e him1 x is n pret5d$ t our ,gospels conta9 all t 0 kn[n ( ! say+s ( ,jesus1 & all ! ev5ts ( ,8 public m9i/ry4 ,we are told 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel3 ,!re are also _m o!r ?+s :i* ,jesus did1 ! :i*1 if !y %\ld be writt5 e "o1 ,i suppose t ev5 ! _w itself c\ld n conta9 ! books t %\ld be writt54#ce ,if ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel did n include _m ?+s :i* he knew _h be5 previ\sly writt5 ab\t1 :y %\ld we be surpris$ to f9d ! au?ors ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels record only portions8 #ce ,john xx4 #be4 ,we "k t ,paul wrote an epi/le to ! ,*ur* at ,laodicea1 :i* is n pres]v$ to u4 ,we hold t ,paul 0 z mu* an inspir$ writ] z any ( ! apo/les1 & in/ead ( mak+ all sorts ( difficulties ab\t ! books we h1 we ought to be grateful t !y are extant4 ,we read 9 ,paul's ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 iv4 #af3 ,& :5 ?is epi/le is read among y1 cause t x be read also 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,laodiceans2 & t ye likewise read ! epi/le f ,laodicea4 ,i wond] :e!r our au?or has an objection to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 because ,epictetus1 :o 0 born at ,hi]apolis ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej1 :i* 0 )9 a few miles ( ,colosse & ,laodicea1 & :o w\ld be likely to "k1 at t "t1 :at 0 !re go+ on1 does n ref] to ,paul & ! ,*ur*es !re8 ,b x is useless to disprove ! ass]tion t !re are no quotations f ! ,gospels1 = we are met at e turn ) ! objection t ^? specifi$ are probably quotations f ! num]\s lo/ ,gospels kn[n to h be5 9 circulation4 ,he says3 ,! great mass ( intellig5t critics are agre$ t our ,synoptics h assum$ _! pres5t =m only aft] repeat$ modifications by v>i\s editors ( e>li] evangelical works4 ,! primitive ,gospels h entirely disappe>$1 supplant$ by ! lat] & m amplifi$ v]sions 7p4 #dei74 ,! fir/ two ,synoptics be> no au?or's "n1 because !y are n ! "w ( any "o man1 b ! collect$ mat]ials ( _m4 ,! ?ird only pret5ds to be a compilation = private use1 & ! f\r? be>s no simple signature1 because x is nei!r ! "w ( an apo/le nor ( an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts x records 7p4 #dja74 ,i rem>k1 if ,luke's ,gospel does only pret5d to be = private use1 does t affect its value8 ,if ,mat!w wrote at all1 & our au?or ackn[l$ges he did 9 ,hebrew1 8 "w w\ld be likely to be translat$ into ,greek1 ei!r by himself or "s "o else1 & _m copies circulat$4 ,suppos+ ! orig9al 9 ,hebrew to be lo/1 x is n probable ! ,greek copies c\ld be all collect$ f v>i\s places1 & all alt]$ & supplem5t$4 ,h[ c\ld any "o d ?is8 ,he might write & issue a new v]sion1 b he c\ld n suppress ! orig9al "o unless all ! exi/+ copies 7 "u 8 own control4 ,z we h a c]ta9 "w pres]v$1 & no o!r1 pret5d+ to be ,mat!w's1 x is highly probable t :at ,mat!w contribut$ to ! ,*ur* is t ,gospel4 ,a fictiti\s "o w\ld be less likely to be pres]v$ ?an a real "o1 ?\gh we are ask$ to believe ! contr>y4 ,our au?or sugge/s t if we _h ! orig9al writ+s we %\ld f9d !m m9us ! miracles1 :i* is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) :at he has said ab\t ! preval5ce ( miracul\s notions among ! ,jews at ! "t4 ,at any rate1 if ! books 9 circulation did n relate miracles1 !y w\ld n be 9 h>mony ) ! gospel prea*$ by ,paul1 & believ$ by ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,suppos+ t !re 71 z ,luke intimates1 & z our au?or ass]ts1 _m orig9al writ+s1 :at m likely ?an t ,mat!w %\ld collect "s ( !m1 & embody !m1 ) 8 own record1 9 "o book1 "u 8 own "n8 ,x is q true t we meet ) ref]5ces to apo/olic writ+s "u o!r titles ?an ^? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 we read (1-- ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,egyptians4 ,! ,memoirs ( ! ,apo/les4 ,! ,gospel ( ,mat!w 9 ,hebrew4 ,! ,gospel ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,disc\rses ( ,pet]4 ,! ,collection ( ,disc\rses4 ,al?\gh we d n "k h[ ^! 7 embodi$ 9 our ,new ,te/am5t ,scriptures1 x is probable t !y 7 9 "s way includ$1 or ! copies ( ! pres5t ,gospels may n all h uni=mly borne ! same titles z we "k !m by4 ,9 our day x is n usual = an au?or's "n to appe> 9 ! body ( 8 "w1 & (t5 a title-page gives m ?an "o title4#cf ,h[ few p]sons c give ! exact title ( ! book kn[n z ,butl]'s ,analogy4 ,! value ( a book does n dep5d ess5tially ^u ! p]son :o wrote x4 ,we d n "k :o wrote ! ,book ( ,job1 _m ( ! ,psalms1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & o!r portions ( ! ,bible1 b x w\ld be unwise to reject _! tea*+ on t acc\nt4 #cf ,! ',recognitions' are convey$ to u by ! anci5ts "u diff]5t titles4 ,!y are sometimes /yl$ ',/4 ,clem5s's ,acts1' ',hi/ory ,*ronicle2' sometimes ',/4 ,pet]'s ,acts1' ',it9]>y ,p]iods1' ',dialogues ) ,apion1' all :i* are unque/ionably b diff]5t inscriptions1 or x may be p>cels1 ( ! same book4--,dr4 ,cave's ,apo/alici1 p4 #eh4 ,our au?or says3 ,no reason :atev] has be5 %[n = accept+ ! te/imony ( ^! ,gospels z suffici5t to e/abli% ! reality ( miracles 7p4 #bdi74 ,i rem>k1 ! "q is1 ,d !y %[ su* 9suffici5t te/imony z to w>rant ! conclusion t ! g5]al evid5ce bas$ on a great v>iety ( pro(s is n to be accept$8 ,! ,epi/le to ,diognetus is a %ort composition1 :i* has be5 ascrib$ to ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 b its au?or%ip is unc]ta91 & ! date ( its composition4 ,x is n quot$ or m5tion$ by any anci5t writ]4 ,! two conclud+ *apt]s are suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by a diff]5t h&4 ,to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! second half to ! end ( t c5tury ! date is v>i\sly assign$4 ,x is writt5 9 pure ,greek1 & is elegant 9 /yle4 ,buns51 9 8 valuable book1 ,hippolytus & 8 ,age1 ass]ts t ! epi/le is c]ta9ly ! "w ( a contempor>y ( ,ju/9 ! ,m>tyr2 t he believes he has prov$ t ! fir/ "p is a portion ( ! lo/ e>ly ,lett] ( ,m>cion1 ( :i* ,t]tullian speaks2 & t ! v beautiful & ju/ly admir$ second fragm5t1 :i* 9 our editions ( ,ju/9's works is giv5 at ! end ( t ,patri/ic gem1 ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1#cg does n belong to t lett]1 b is ! conclusion ( ! great "w1 9 t5 books1 by ,hippolytus1 ,! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies4 ,our au?or1 9 ! eighte5 pages devot$ to ! ,epi/le to ,diognetus1 says no?+ ( ?is1 al?\gh x is bo? important & int]e/+4 ,he says ! suppos$ allusions 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel may be all ref]able to ,paul's epi/les1 t ! date & au?or are unkn[n1 & t ! lett] is ( no evid5tial value4 ,8 two brief allusions to ,buns5's "w %[ t ! ignor+ ( t em95t man's op9ion 0 n un9t5tional2 :ile ! abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to ,buns5's elaborate pro( t ,hippolytus wrote ! ,refutation1 is also significant4 #cg ,hippolytus & 8 ,age1 vol4 i4 #ahg4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels--,,cont9u$4 ,x rema9s a possibility t ,*ri/ actually 0 :at ,he suppos$ ,himself to be4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,gospels--,,cont9u$4 ,,basilides--,,val5t9us--,,m>cion--,,tat ian--,,dionysius ,,( ,,cor9?--,,melito ,,( ,,s>dis--,,claudius ,,apoll9>is--,,a!nagoras--,,epi/le ,,( ,,vi5ne ,,& ,,lyons--,,ptolem,,u1 ,,h]acleon1 ,,celsus--,,canon ,,( ,,muratori4 ,our au?or says ( ,basilides1 ,he 0 f\nd] ( a sy/em ( ,gno/icism1 :o liv$ at ,alex&ria ab\t ! ye> #abe4 ,) ! exception ( a v few brief fragm5ts1 none ( 8 writ+s h be5 pres]v$1 & all our in=mation reg>d+ !m is d]iv$ f writ]s oppos$ to him4 ,eusebius /ates t ,agrippa ,ca/or1 :o _h writt5 a refutation ( ! doctr9es ( ,basilides1 ',says t he _h compos$ tw5ty-f\r books ^u ! gospel4' ,?is is int]pret$ by ,tis*5dorf to imply t ! "w 0 a comm5t>y ^u our f\r ,gospels1 a conclusion ! audacity ( :i* c sc>cely be exce$$ 7p4 #db74 ,i rem>k t by ! gospel w\ld be meant ! gospel :i* 0 prea*$ by ! apo/les1 & ,tis*5dorf is n f> wrong 9 suppos+ t ! writt5 records ( x 9 ! h&s ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians 0 ! subject ( ! comm5t>y4 ,our au?or has c]ta9ly n prov$ ! contr>y4 ,he says3 ,we "k t ,basilides made use ( a ,gospel1 writt5 by himself x is said1 b c]ta9ly call$ aft] 8 own "n2 444 b ! fragm5ts ( t "w :i* are extant are ( a "* :i* precludes ! possibility ( ! "w be+ consid]$ a ,gospel4 ,ne&] affirm$ ! ,gospel ( ,basilides to be ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews4 ,i rem>k t t is n only probable1 b t ! ,gospel to ! ,hebrews may h be5 ! ,hebrew translation ( ! ,greek ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 ) its additions & modifications1 to suit ! ,jewi% ,naz>5e sect1 :o1 we "k1 _h a ,hebrew text ( _! own1 :i* !y did n hesitate to alt] & adapt to _! own views4 ,basilides1 says our au?or1 expressly /ates t he receiv$ 8 k ( ! tru? f ,glaucis1 ! int]pret] ( ,pet]1 ^: disciple he claim$ to be4 ,basilides also claim$ to h receiv$ f a c]ta9 ,mat?ias ! report ( private disc\rses :i* he _h he>d f ! ,savi\r = 8 special in/ruction4 ,canon ,we/cott writes3 ,s9ce ,basilides liv$ on ! v]ge ( ! apo/olic times1 x is n surpris+ t he made use ( o!r s\rces ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e besides ! canonical books4 ,! belief 9 ,div9e inspiration 0 /ill fre% & real4#ch ,our au?or says3 ,x is app>5t1 h[ev]1 t ,basilides1 9 bas+ 8 doctr9e on ^! apocryphal books z inspir$1 & ^u tradition1 & 9 hav+ a special ,gospel call$ aft] 8 own "n1 ignores ! canonical ,gospels1 (f]s no evid5ce = _! exi/5ce1 b proves t he did n recognise any su* works z ( au?ority4 ,i rem>k1 ! "q is n _! au?ority1 b1 ,did !y exi/8 ,basilides wrote a book1 call$ x a ,gospel1 or comm5t>y ( ! ,gospel1 & made z mu* use z suit$ 8 h]etical purpose ( ! canonical records1 ( tradition1 & ( o!r books4 ,?is seems to be :at we c arrive at4 ,hippolytus1 writ+ ( ! ,basilideans & describ+ _! doctr9es1 uses ! s+ul> pron\n he--he says1 9 a passage ( :i* our au?or gives an un9telligible translation4 ,?is pron\n is an inconv5i5t witness4 ,our au?or wants x to be !y1 9 ord] t ! disciples ( ,basilides liv+ at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! ,gospels 7 g5]ally recognis$1 may be meant1 & n ,basilides1 :o liv$ ,a4,d4 #abe4 ,hippolytus has a s5t5ce ( ,basilides1 :i* our au?or translates z foll[s3--,jesus1 h[ev]1 0 g5]at$ accord+ to ^!1 z we h already said4 ,b :5 ! g5]ation :i* has already be5 decl>$ _h tak5 place1 all ?+s reg>d+ ! ,savi\r1 accord+ to !m1 occurr$ 9 a simil> way z !y h be5 writt5 9 ! ,gospel4 ,?is means t ! ?+s ref]r+ to ! ,inc>nation 7 z writt5 9 ! ,gospel1 n z prea*$1 b z writt52 & if ,basilides1 z ! f\nd] ( ! sect1 is ref]r$ to1 ! /atem5t te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospels 9 ! ye> #abe1 & ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation be+ 9 !m4 ,b our au?or says ! /atem5t is n made 9 connection ) ,basilides1 b 8 foll[]s2 t x is made ab\t ,a4,d4 #bbe1 by ,hippolytus1 & af=ds no pro( t ei!r ,basilides or 8 foll[]s us$ ! ,gospels or admitt$ _! au?ority4 ,! exclusive use1 by any "o1 ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 = in/ance1 w\ld be p]fectly consi/5t ) ! /atem5t 7p4 #dh74 ,no "o :o consid]s :at is kn[n ( t ,gospel1 or :o ?9ks ( ! use made ( x 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury by p]fectly or?odox ,fa!rs1 be=e we he> any?+ ( our ,gospels1 c d\bt ?is 7p4 #dh74 ,i rem>k1 t ^? :o adopt ,tis*5dorf's view1 t ,mat!w 0 writt5 9 ,greek1 & a corrupt$ v]sion 9 ,hebrew1 us$ 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 w n h to resort to any su* explanation z our au?or sugge/s4 ,8 exam9ation 9 detail ( ! sev]al quotations is important1 because x exhibits 8 want ( appreciation ( ! evid5ce !y af=d4 ,! fir/ passage ,tis*5dorf po9ts out is f\nd 9 ! ,/romata ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & x is c]ta9ly f our ,gospel ( ,mat!w1#ci h[ev] t "w may h be5 compil$ 7= x is n necess>y to insi/ t no o!r records ?an ,mat!w's own are includ$ 9 ! book :i*1 we cont5d1 0 at v e>ly date read 9 ! ,*ur*es1 & is :at we n[ h74 ,!y say ! ,"l answ]$1 ,all m5 _c receive ?is say+4 ,= !re are eunu*s :o are inde$ f bir?1 b o!rs f necessity4#dj ,our au?or says ?is passage 9 its aff9ity to1 & mat]ial v>iation f1 our ,fir/ ,gospel1 might be quot$ z evid5ce = ! use ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 b x is simply prepo/]\s to po9t to x z evid5ce = ! use ( ,mat!w4 ,apologi/s 444 seem altoge!r to ignore ! hi/ory ( ! creation ( writt5 ,gospels1 & to =get ! v exi/5ce ( ! ( ,luke4 ,we value 8 ackn[l$gm5t1 & f9d no difficulty1 not)/&+ ! sil5ce ( "s apologi/s1 9 reconcil+ our belief 9 ! f\r ,gospels ) ! facts or probabilities ( :at c be asc]ta9$ z to _! creation4 ,we all[ t ! ^w ,luke uses 77 ref]s to _m1 :i* is consi/5t ) ! idea t _m committ$ to writ+ :at !y knew1 & t _! records 7 embodi$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 #ch ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #bee4 #ci ,see ,matt4 xix4 #aa1 #ab4 #dj ,/rom4 iii4 #a4 ,! next passage ref]r$ to by ,tis*5dorf is "o quot$ by ,epiphanius3 ,& !re=e he said1 ,ca/ n ye pe>ls be=e sw9e1 nei!r give t :i* is holy unto dogs4#da ,x is introduc$ 9 ! section ( ! "w ( ,epiphanius direct$ aga9/ ! ,basilideans4 ,z 9 deal+ ) all ^! h]esies !re is cont9ual int]*ange ( ref]5ce to ! head & lat] foll[]s1 !re is no c]ta9ty :o is ref]r$ to 9 ^! quotations1 & 9 ?is in/ance no?+ to indicate t ! passage is ascrib$ to ,basilides himself4 ,8 "n is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! fir/ *apt]1 b n aga9 until ! fif? *apt] 7p4 #ej74 #da ,hr4 xxiv4 #e4 ,i rem>k1 x 0 ! f\nd] ( ! sect & n ! foll[]s :o wrote ! book1 & ^? :o oppos$ ! h]esy w\ld1 al?\gh !y allud$ to ! sect1 h reg>d to ! f\nd] :5 !y ref]r$ to ! doctr9es held1 & quot$ ! writt5 op9ions :i* di/+ui%$ ! p>ty on gospel matt]s4 ,to make ! matt] z pla9 z ,i c1 ,i w suppose a case z an illu/ration ( ! po9t4 ,suppos+ t 9 ,pl9y's lett] to ,trajan !re 7 f\nd ^! words ref]r+ to ! ,*ri/ians3 ,!y say1 ! rule :i* %\ld be obs]v$ 9 reg>d to an enemy is1 ,love y\r enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 d good to !m t hate y1 & pray = !m :i* p]secute y--w\ld x be "r to ass]t t ! quotation is no pro( t ,*ri/ s taught1 b ,8 disciples1 long aft]w>ds8 ,?is is some?+ l :at our au?or's objection1 ref]r+ to ! pron\ns he & !y 9 ,hippolytus1 am\nts to4 ,!y does n mean he :5 ?us us$2 & he1 :5 actually us$ 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ! fir/ *apt]1 & aft]w>ds means1 !y2 t is1 ,he 7,basilides7 says1 means ,!y 78 foll[]s at a lat] date7 say4 ,! plural pron\n is us$1 indicat+ ! sect1 ,basilides & 8 foll[]s4 ,!re=e our au?or says !re is unc]ta9ty z to :o he is :5 us$ 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,he says ,hippolytus is giv+ an epitome ( ! views ( ! s*ool ) no?+ m def9ite ?an a subjectless 7he says7 to indicate :o is ref]r$ to4 ,none ( ! quotations :i* we h consid]$ are directly ref]r$ to ,basilides himself1 b !y are introduc$ by ! utt]ly vague expression1 ',he says' 771 )\t any subject accompany+ ! v]b4 ,! sugge/ion 7p4 #ea7 t ,hippolytus consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 9 ! c\rse ( transf] to 8 pages1 correct$ ! text1 is v unsatisfactory4 ,an intellig5t read] _c fail to see h[ an obvi\s inf]5ce is avoid$1 & h[ +5uity is tax$ to make words squ>e ) =egone conclusions4 ,tis*5dorf asks3 ,:o is !re s sapi5t z to draw ! l9e betwe5 :at ! ma/] alone says1 & t :i* ! disciples /ate1 )\t 9 ! lea/ repeat+ ! ma/]8 7p4 #ei7 & our au?or says1 ,tis*5dorf solves ! difficulty by ref]r+ ev]y?+ indiscrim9ately to ! ma/] 7p4 #ei74 ,to say t ,tis*5dorf does ?is is reckless ass]tion4 ,:5 our au?or has to acc\nt = su* a passage 9 ,basilides z1 ,! ,holy ,_s %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e1 he says x happ5s to agree ) ! words 9 ,luke i4 #ee2 & resorts to 8 usual mode ( avoid+ ! ackn[l$gm5t t su* a v]batim quotation is aga9/ 8 hypo!sis1 by say+1 ,!re is good reason = conclud+ t ! n>rative to :i* x belongs 0 conta9$ 9 o!r ,gospels4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce is />tl+1 & apt to mislead ^? :o d n take ! tr\ble to be sure ( 8 mean+4 ,he says 7p4 #fg73 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be cle>] ?an ! fact t ?is quotation1 by :omsoev] made1 is n tak5 f our ,?ird ,synoptic1 inasmu* z !re does n exi/ a s+le ,,ms4 :i* conta9s su* a passage4 ,:at does he mean8 ,we turn to ,luke i4 #ce1 & read3 ,! ,holy ,gho/ %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e3 !re=e also t holy ?+ :i* %all be born ( !e %all be call$ ! ,son ( ,god4 ,does he mean ! :ole passage is n 9 any ,,ms8 ,no3 he means ! foll[+1 ) ! slight v>iation at ! end1 is n 9 any ,,ms4 ,! ,holy ,_s %all come ^u !e1 & ! p[] ( ! ,highe/ %all ov]%ad[ !e1 !re=e ! ?+ begott5 ( !e %all be call$ holy4 ,only ! words 9 italics are diff]5t 9 ! two passages1 & ! mean+ is ! same1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! latt] does n include ! words ! ,son ( ,god4 ,! rem>k t ! quotation happ5s to agree ) ! passage 9 ,luke i4 #ce1 %\ld n be unnotic$4 ,happ5s6 ,m>k ! peculi> inappropriat5ess ( ! ^w4 ,x indicates our au?or's :]eab\ts1 & is a beacon 9 ! book to w>n ! read]4 ,ev5ts transpire1 & !y happ5 to agree ) prophetic visions :i* pla9ly =etold !m6 ,reason be+ unequal to an explanation1 co9cid5ce mu/ be resort$ to4 ,0 x an accid5t t1 at "o p>ticul> po9t 9 hi/ory1 & 9 "o special individual1 ! elem5ts ( a new religi\s developm5t1 :i*1 p] se1 7 already extant1 %\ld h conc5trat$ !mselves 9 a new life8 ,?is1 says ,baur1 is ! wond] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity :i* no hi/orical reflection c fur!r analyse4 ,did x happ5 t ! ,messiah came z 0 pr$ict$ c5turies be=e8 ,did ,paul happ5 to h a vision j at ! "t :5 ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life und]w5t a *ange1 & f be+ a *ief p]secutor ( ! fai? he became a *ief apo/le--no less an apo/le ?an ! mo/ prom95t among ! ,twelve8 ,if ! ,savi\r did n meet him on ! way to ,damascus he c\ld n be an apo/le2 & z he 0 an hone/ man1 & no impo/or1 c\ld :at happ5$ to him h be5 o!r ?an :at he ass]t$8 ,baur 0 9 a great difficulty ab\t ! matt]1 & said1 ,no analysis1 ei!r psy*ological or didactic1 c cle> up ! my/]y ( t act 9 :i* ,god reveal$ ,8 ,son 9 ,paul4 ,j]emiah prophesi$ t ! ,jews %\ld return to _! own l& aft] sev5ty ye>s ( exile1 & !y happ5$ to d s6 ,! artful way 9 :i* ! evid5ce f ! writ+s ( ,hippolytus is dispos$ ( is "o ( ! mo/ notable ?+s 9 ! book we are review+4 ,! read]'s att5tion is tax$ to keep up ) ! sophi/ical argum5t1 & our au?or f9ds x necess>y to expla9 :y he has be5 =c$ to g at su* a l5g? into ^! que/ions1 z to risk be+ v we>isome to 8 read]s 7p4 #gc74 ,^! rem>ks apply to a great ext5t to ! exam9ation ( ! evid5ce ( ,val5t9us1 describ$ z ano!r ,gno/ic lead]1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #adj1 came f ,alex&ria to ,rome1 & fl\ri%$ till ab\t ,a4,d4 #afj4 ,v little rema9s ( ! writ+s ( ?is ,gno/ic1 & we ga9 our only k ( !m f a few quotations 9 ! works ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & "s d\btful fragm5ts pres]v$ by o!rs 7p4 #ef74 ,m>cion1 ! son ( a bi%op ( ,pontus1 became a conspicu\s h]etic 9 ! second c5tury1 & !re 0 a book call$ ,m>cion's ,gospel1 :i* has long furni%$ a field = criticism4 ,he 0 a ,paul9e h]etic1 d5\nc+ ! ,jewi% p>ty :i* insi/$ ^u dragg+ ,jewi% obs]vances into ,*ri/ianity4 ,he w5t to ,rome ab\t ,a4,d4 #aci-adb1 & taught !re "s tw5ty ye>s4 ,8 op9ions 7 widely dissem9at$4 ,8 collection ( apo/olic writ+s1 :i* is ! olde/ ( :i* we h any trace1 includes 7says our au?or7 a s+le ,gospel & t5 ,epi/les ( ,paul--viz41 ,galatians1 ,cor9?ians 7#b71 ,romans1 ,!ssalonians 7#b71 ,ephesians 79 ! sup]scription ( :i* !re is1 to ! ,laodiceans71 ,colossians1 ,philippians1 & ,philemon4 ,! ,gospel ( ,m>cion is n extant1 b x is ref]r$ to by 8 oppon5ts1 :o affirm$ t 8 evangelical "w 0 an audaci\sly mutilat$ v]sion ( ,luke's ,gospel4 ,our au?or gives a brief acc\nt ( ! v>i\s op9ions :i* h prevail$ ab\t ! book dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 & consid]s ! discussion ^u x f> f clos$4 ,is x a mutilation ( ,luke1 or an indep5d5t "w d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z 81 or is x a m primitive v]sion ( t ,gospel8 ,:5ce are ! mat]ials f :i* ! portions ( ! text extant are d]iv$8 ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius d5\nc$ ,m>cion's h]esy4 ,! =m] call$ him impi\s & sacrilegi\s1 :i*1 our au?or says1 implies any?+ b fair & legitimate criticism4 ,i rem>k1 ,did he des]ve ! epi!ts8 ,w\ld ,paul1 :o tells ! ,colossians to bew>e le/ any man spoil !m ?r\gh philosophy & va9 deceit1 aft] ! traditions ( m51 aft] ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 & n aft] ,*ri/1 h be5 less emphatic 9 8 d5unciations 9 su* a case8 ,m>cion 0 m ,paul9e ?an ,petr9e1 b w\ld ,paul h fail$ to c5sure 9 ! /ronge/ language su* a misrepres5tation ( ,jehovah & ! ,old ,te/am5t economy z ,m>cion dissem9at$8 ,c our au?or's ass]tion be absolutely true t ,t]tullian & ,epiphanius 7 only dogmatical1 & n 9 ! lea/ critical8 ,h[ c\ld !y be o!rwise ?an to a c]ta9 ext5t critical8 ,!y 7 n critics 9 ! way ( tak+ no?+ = grant$1 aft] ! mod]n fa%ion2 b !y mu/ h weigh$1 comp>$1 & te/$ ,m>cion's views :ile writ+ aga9/ !m4 ,! _s ( ! age1 he says1 0 inde$ s uncritical1 t n ev5 ! canonical text c\ld awak5 x into activity4 ,?is is a s5t5ce :i* sugge/s t ! position 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! canonical text 0 s evid5t1 t to "q x 0 !n unw>rantable1 z1 inde$1 x has cont9u$ to be to ?is day4 ,! comb9$ int]nal & ext]nal evid5ces h>monis+ ) ! believ]'s consci\sness1 8 necessities1 & 8 aspirations1 7 suffici5t to preclude sceptical & capti\s criticism4 ,! ,*ri/ian contempor>ies ( ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 & ,epiphanius 7 uncritical 9 t !y did n d\bt t ! f\ndations ( _! fai? 7 sure4 ,! gospel :i* _h be5 prea*$ to !m1 :i* _h *ang$ ! :ole c\rse ( _! lives1 correspond$ 9 its ma9 features ) ! f\r books :i* 7 held 9 e/imation by ! ,*ur* at t "t above all o!r writ+s2 & !y w\ld n be likely to wrangle ab\t ! title in/ead ( cultivat+ ! fai? !y possess$4 ,!y c\ld n1 p]haps1 prove by ! rules ( logic t ,god is1 & is ! rew>d] ( !m t dilig5tly seek him2 t ,*ri/ is ! brightness ( ! ,fa!r's glory1 & ! express image ( 8 ,p]son2 b !y knew t ,he _h said1--,ye believe 9 ,god believe also 9 me2 ,9 my ,fa!r's h\se are _m mansions2 &1 ,i g to prep>e a place = y4 ,be ?\ fai?ful unto dea?1 & ,i w give !e a cr[n ( life4 ,!y liv$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ^! tru?s1 & di$ 7,bi%op ,po?9us1 = in/ance7 a m>tyr's dea? r ?an d5y !m4 ,!re is ?is rem>k to be made 9 ref]5ce to ! alleg$ uncritical age ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,h[ is x t ,m>cion is se5 to be s critical8 ,he is surely aft] ! mod]n model4 ,he :o wrote ! ,anti!sis1 &1 z our au?or says1 anticipat$ 9 "s ( 8 op9ions ^? held by _m 9 our own "t2 he :o wrote1--,if ! ,god ( ! ,old ,te/am5t be good1 presci5t ( ! future1 & able to av]t evil1 :y did he all[ man1 made 9 8 own image1 to be deceiv$ by ! devil1 & to fall f ob$i5ce ( ! law into s9 & dea?8#db ,h[ came ! devil1 ! orig9 ( ly+ & deceit1 to be made at all8#dc surely he is an in/ance ( a man 9 t age possess+ ! critical faculty4 ,he has ! boldness to "q1 & say1--,yea1 ha? ,god said8 ,anticipat+ ! results ( mod]n criticism1 says our au?or1 ,m>cion d5ies ! applicability to ,jesus ( ! s-call$ ,messianic prophecies 7p4 #ajf74 #db ,t]tullian1 ,adv4 ,m>c4 xi4 #e1 cf4 #i4 #dc ,ibid4 xi4 #aj4 ,if ! rese>* :i* is go+ on z to ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion be conduct$ 9 a prop] mann]1 & f a prop] motive1 n f antipa?y to p>sons & ecclesia/ical assumptions1 :i* 0 ! inc5tive ( ,/rauss 9 attack+ ,*ri/ianity1 good w come ( x4 ,z ,ju/9 ,m>tyr did n1 z f> z we "k1 suppose ! book to be a corrupt$ v]sion ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,luke1 ,t]tullian may h be5 mi/ak51 & x may h be5 an indep5d5t "w1 "o ( ! _m ,luke ref]s to1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* does n necess>ily invalidate ! canonical ones4 ,we may naturally suppose t ev5ts ( su* m>vell\s speciality & importance z ^? :i* _h come to pass 9 ^? days among ! ,jews1 w\ld be m or less describ$ 9 lett]s & o!r writ+s by _m p]sons :o 7 eye-witnesses4 ,su* writ+s w\ld be collect$ & read :5 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians assembl$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f\r canonical ,gospels & o!r manuscripts w\ld consi/ 9 _! be+ compil$ by p]sons compet5t to ! task1 :o1 l ,ezra1 7 in/rum5ts ,div9ely influ5c$ to compile & set =? 9 ord] a decl>ation ( ^? ?+s1 = ! b5efit ( future ages & ! religi\s in/ruction ( ! race4 ,! analysis ( ! text ( ,m>cion by ,hahn1 ,rits*l1 ,volkm>1 ,helg5feld1 & o!rs1 :o h exam9$ & sy/emis$ ! data ( ! ,fa!rs1 is suppos$ to be suffici5t to awak5 9 any inquir] unc]ta9ty1 & /imulate conjecture 7p4 #aja74 ,i d n d\bt x4 ,g]man hyp]criticism is able1 by a process ( ratioc9ation1 to discr$it any tru?1 ev5 to p]suade m5 t ! ,?rone ( ! univ]se is vacant1 & t ! only alt> t man has ! k to re> is "o to ! ,unkn[n ,god2 b ,he sits on no prec>i\s ?rone1 ,nor borr[s leave to be4 ,!y :o believe 9 ! inspiration by ! ,holy ,gho/ ( ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t see no difficulty 9 reg>d to ! inspiration ( ! writ]s ( ! ,new4 ,if ,isaiah & ,j]emiah & ,daniel _h sup]natural communications made to !m1 9 ord] t ! ,et]nal ,creator might be manife/$1 :y n ,paul & ,john & ,mat!w8 ,x is ! =egone conclusion1 on ! "p ( critics1 t ! miracul\s is impossible1 :i* emb>rasses _! rese>*es4 ,"o ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill's la/ s5t5ces is3 ,x rema9s a possibility t ,*ri/ actually 0 :at ,he suppos$ ,himself to be4 ,if ?is _h occurr$ to ! great reason] at ! outset ( 8 c>e] in/ead ( ! close1 h[ mu* might ! _w h be5 advantag$6 ,tatian is a witness ^: evid5ce our au?or next tries to set aside4 ,he 0 an ,assyrian by bir?1 a disciple ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr at ,rome1 & aft]w>ds1 hav+ jo9$ ! sect ( ! ,eucratites1 a conspicu\s expon5t ( _! au/]e & ascetic doctr9es4 ,! only "o ( 8 writ+s extant is 8 ,oration to ! ,greeks1 writt5 aft] ,ju/9's dea?1 z x ref]s to t ev5t1 & x is g5]ally dat$ ,a4,d4 #agj-age4 ,"o po9t conte/$ is ,canon ,we/cott's affirmation t x conta9s a cle> ref]5ce to a p>able record$ by ,mat!w3#dd ,! k+dom ( heav5 is l unto treasure hidd5 9 a field1 :i* a man f\nd & hid1 & = 8 joy he goe? & selle? all t he ha? & buye? t field4 ,& ! suppos$ ref]5ce by ,tatian is1 ,= by means ( a c]ta9 hidd5 treasure he has tak5 to himself all t we possess1 = :i*1 :ile we are digg+1 we are inde$ cov]$ ) du/1 b we succe$ 9 mak+ x our fix$ possession4#de #dd ,matt4 xiii4 #dd4 #de ,orat4 ad ,gr4 #cj4 ,!re is c]ta9ly n mu* simil>ity betwe5 ! two passages1 al?\gh ,tatian may be well suppos$ to h _h ! p>able 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote4 ,! m important "q is1 ,did ,tatian write ,a ,h>mony ( ,f\r ,gospels1 :i* recognises our f\r ,evangeli/s8 ,0 8 ,diatess>on su* a book1 or 0 x ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews8 ,if ! latt]1 :at is ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews8 ,i say x is probable x is ! corrupt$ ,hebrew translation ( ! ,greek ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 & ?is conjecture has m 9 its fav\r ?an our au?or's hypo!sis4 ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 ,eusebius tells u1 wrote sev5 epi/les to v>i\s ,*ur*es1 & a lett] to ,*rysophora1 a mo/ fai?ful si/]4 ,only a few %ort fragm5ts exi/1 :i* are all f ! epi/le to ,sot]1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 ^: date 9 t pa/orate is ,a4,d4 #afh-agf4 ,9 ^! fragm5ts we f9d ! foll[+ words3--,= ! bre?r5 hav+ reque/$ me to write epi/les1 ,i write !m4 ,& ! apo/les ( ! devil h fill$ ^! ) t>es1 bo? tak+ away p>ts & add+ o!rs1 = :om ! woe is de/9$4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 if "s h recklessly v5tur$ to adult]ate ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l1 :5 !y h corrupt$ ^!1 :i* are n ( su* importance4#df ,aft] quot+ ?is passage1 our au?or reit]ates 8 /atem5t t ,we h se5 t !re has n be5 a trace ( any ,new ,te/am5t ,canon 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs be=e & dur+ ?is age4 ,does he suppose 8 read]s w h se5 z he sees1 or r refuse to see :at is pla9 en\gh8 ,he has 8 own op9ion1 b he ne$ n assume t he has conv9c$ 8 read]s t he has prov$ :at he alleges4 ,he talks ( ,we/cott's boldness1 & ( 8 imag9ation runn+ away ) him1 & t x is simply prepo/]\s to suppose t ?is passage ref]s to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,i leave ,canon ,we/cott to def5d 8 own words1 b ,i say x is n prepo/]\s to inf] t :5 ,dionysius speaks ( ! ,scriptures ( ! ,"l he means ,gospel writ+s1 :i* are includ$ 9 our ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if x be assum$ t ! def5ce ( ! au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s & ( evangelical views is necess>ily bas$ on ! synodical au?ority ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 !re may be "s weight 9 8 objections2 b ,*ri/ianity has a position indep5d5t ( ecclesia/ical pret5sions to infallibility1 & ! latt] may be ov]?r[n )\t ! great in/itution e/abli%$ by ,div9e m]cy = ! recov]y ( humanity f s9 & its consequ5ces be+ 9 ! slighte/ degree damag$4 ,dr4 ,donaldson is quot$1 :o rem>ks3 ,x is n easy to settle :at ?is t]m1 ',scriptures ( ! ,"l1' is2 b my own op9ion is t x mo/ probably ref]s to ! ,gospels1 z conta9+ ! say+s & do+s ( ! ,"l4 ,x is n likely1 z ,l>dn] supposes1 t su* a t]m w\ld be appli$ to ! :ole ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4#dg ,! ^w ,scripture1 9 ,greek1 7,graph71 9 ,lat91 ,scriptura1 has1 no d\bt1 a mean+ :i* d5otes an inspir$ writ+4 ,x is us$ fifty-"o times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! same s5se1 = ,*ri/ & ! au?ors ( ! ,new ,te/am5t reg>d$ ! ,old ,te/am5t z di/+ui%$ f all o!r writ+s1 z ! writ+--! writ+ ( ,god4 ,by speak+ ( _! own books z ,graphai1 ! apo/les place !m on a level ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ?us ass]t _! ,div9e "*4#dh #df ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bc4 #dg ,hi/4 ,*ri/4 ,lit4 & ,doct4 ii4 p4 #bag4 #dh ,see ,*r4 ,wordswor?1 ,on ! ,canon1 p4 #ee4 ,lec4 ii4 & ,ed4 #ahea4 ,dr4 ,davidson speaks ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s be+ rank$ z ,holy ,scripture by ,dionysius ( ,cor9?1 ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,our au?or ass]ts 7p4 #afg7 t _m works 7 reg>d$ z inspir$ by ! ,fa!rs besides ^? 9 our ,canon1 & m5tions especially ! ,gospel ( ,pet] hav+ be5 read at ,rhossus4 ,he says3 ,! fact t ,s]apion1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 all[$ ! ,gospel ( ,pet] to be us$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rhossus %[s ! consid]ation 9 :i* x 0 held1 & ! incomplet5ess ( ! canonical position ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,n[1 he ought to h quot$ ,s]apion's own explanation1 :i* we h pres]v$ by ,eusebius4 ,he says 79 8 treatise writt5 to confute :at 0 false 9 ! ,gospel ( ,pet]73 ,we receive ,pet] & ! o!r apo/les ev5 z ,*ri/2 b ! writ+s falsely call$ by _! names1 we1 z compet5t critics1 r5\nce1 kn[+ t we receiv$ n su* ?+s4 ,= :5 ,i 0 ) y ,i suppos$ t all 7 agre$ ) ! true fai?2 &1 )\t read+ ! ,gospel call$ ,pet]'s1 :i* !y br\ght =w>d1 ,i said1 ,if ?is is ! only ?+ t seems to cause y diss5sion1 let x be read4 ,s]apion says he borr[$ ! book & read x1 & f\nd _m ?+s agreeable to ,*ri/'s doctr9e1 b "s discrepant additions4 ,?us ! read+ ( ! ,gospel ( ,pet] at ,rhossus _c be in/anc$ z a pro( t o!r ,gospels besides ! canonical ones 7 us$ z inspir$ books1 nor c any o!r be m5tion$ z hav+ be5 ?us reg>d$1 ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews n be+ apocryphal1 b a "p ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :e!r we take x to be1 z our au?or supposes1 ! basis ( ,mat!w's ,gospel1 or1 z we say1 a corrupt$ v]sion ( t apo/le's ,greek "w4 ,to argue t because "o spuri\s ,gospel 0 tempor>ily receiv$ among a few p]sons1 !re=e !re 0 no real canon ( ,scripture1 & we _c be sure t any ,gospel is g5u9e1 %[s ab\t z mu* common s5se & logical acum5 z w\ld be display$ by a critic eighte5 c5turies h5ce1 :o1 discov]+ 9 "o ( our newspap]s an acc\nt ( ! conviction ( a gang ( co9]s1 %\ld argue t because _! base half-cr[ns _h got into circulation1 & _h pass$ curr5t ) "s p]sons :o might h be5 expect$ to detect ! fraud1 !re=e !re 0 no su* ?+ z a legal curr5cy ( intr9sic value among u2 or if !re 71 /ill we did n "k or c>e to inquire into ! g5u95ess ( ! co9 :i* we accept$ & pass$4#di #di ,see ,k5ti% ,ba*e's ,lett]s to ,dr4 ,davidson1 p4 #bb4 ,our au?or says 7p4 #af73 ',! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1' :i* 0 read 9 ! *ur*es1 & ne>ly secur$ a p]man5t place 9 ! ,canon1 0 quot$ z inspir$ by ,ir5u4#ej #ej ,adv4 ,hr4 iv4 #bj1 #b2 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e4 v4 #h1 & cf4 iii4 #c4 ,! ^w ,ir5u uses is ,graph1 :i* is sometimes translat$1 :5 f\nd 9 8 works1 ,scripture1 & at o!r times writ+s1 z may be/ suit ! argum5t ( a critic l ,dr4 ,davidson1 :o does s adapt ! translation to suit 8 purpose4 ,:atev] errone\s notions might prevail z to apocryphal writ+s1 ! discrim9ation ( ,s]apion1 9 reg>d to ! ,gospel ( ,pet]1 %[s t su* a "w z ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 9 :i*1 z ,mo%eim says1 ! angels are made to talk m insipidly ?an our scav5g]s & port]s1 w\ld n be put on a level ) ! books ^: int]nal evid5ce1 z well z hi/orical pret5sions1 plac$ !m 9 a mu* sup]ior position4 ,! contra/ is too great = su* m5 z ,ir5u & ,t]tullian1 z well z ,s]apion1 n to h recognis$ ! diff]5ce4 ,! gross =g]ies 7 too gross to be at once accept$ z g5u9e by ! ,fa!rs ( ! slight critical faculty & ! ready cr$ulity ( our au?or's argum5t4 ,melito ( ,s>dis1 ^: writ+s1 x is g5]ally agre$1 belong to ,a4,d4 #agf1 because ! fragm5t extant has a phrase indicat+ t ,commodus _h be5 admitt$ to %>e ! ,imp]ial ,gov]nm5t ) ,m>cus ,aurelius1 is ! next witness4 ,he writes to ,onesimus1 a fell[-,*ri/ian :o _h urg$ him to make selections = him f ! ,law & ! ,prophets conc]n+ ! ,savi\r & ! fai? g5]ally1 & fur!rmore desir$ to le>n ! accurate acc\nt ( ! old 7,palaion7 books4 ,hav+ gone to ! ,ea/1 ,melito says1 & rea*$ ! spot :]e ea* ?+ 0 prea*$ & done1 & hav+ le>n$ accurately ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,i h s5t a li/ ( !m4 ,dr4 ,we/cott excites our au?or's ire because he says t ! use ( ! ^w 'old' 9 ?is way implies t !re mu/ h be5 a ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! =m ( language implies a famili> recognition ( its cont5ts4 ,?is is truly a/oni%+1 says our au?or4 ,i rem>k1 x is truly a/oni%+ t any "o %\ld ass]t t ! use ( ! adjective old 9 ?is s5t5ce does n pla9ly indicate ! exi/5ce ( o!r books ( a ,new ,cov5ant or ,te/am5t4 ,if ! ,jewi% ,scriptures _h be5 m]ely describ$ z old books1 we c\ld h und]/ood ! objection2 b z ! words occur1 hav+ le>n$ accurately ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we mu/ side ) ,dr4 ,we/cott1 9 spite ( our au?or's a/oni%m5t4 ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 ,eusebius says1 0 ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 & !re is ! fragm5t ( a lett] ( ,s]apion1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*1 :i* supports ! /atem5t1 & 9 :i* ,apoll9>is is ref]r$ to z ! mo/ bless$4 ,! date ( 8 writ+s1 9 consequ5ce ( an allusion to ! ,?und]+ ,legion ( ! army ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 may be fix$ at ab\t ,a4,d4 #agd4 ,none ( !m are extant4 ,we h only two brief fragm5ts1 9 :i* ! controv]sy respect+ ! obs]vance ( ! ,*ri/ian ,passov] is allud$ to4 ,! foll[+ passage is important3 ,!re are "s1 h[ev]1 :o ?r\gh ignorance raise cont5tions reg>d+ ^! matt]s 9 a way :i* %\ld be p>don$1 = ignorance mu/ n be pursu$ ) accusation1 b requires in/ruction4 ,& !y say t ! ,"l1 toge!r ) ,8 disciples1 ate ! lamb on ! great day ( unleav5$ bread1 & !y /ate t ,mat!w says precisely :at !y h und]/ood2 h5ce _! und]/&+ ( x is at v>iance ) ! law1 & accord+ to !m ! ,gospels seem to contradict ea* o!r4 ,tis*5dorf & ,we/cott naturally adduce ?is passage 9 support ( ! position ( ! f\r canonical ,gospels4 ,our au?or demurs1 argu+ t !re is su* exce$+ly slight reason = attribut+ ^! fragm5ts to ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 & s _m /rong gr\nds = believ+ t he _c h writt5 !m1 t !y h no mat]ial value z evid5ce = ! antiquity ( ! ,gospels 7p4 #aia74 ,a!nagoras wrote an apology1 entitl$ ,! ,embassy ( ,a!nagoras ! ,a!nian1 a ,philosoph] & a ,*ri/ian1 conc]n+ ,*ri/ians1 to ! ,emp]ors ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us & ,lucius ,aurelius ,commodus1 ,arm5iaci ,surmatici1 &1 above all1 ,philosoph]s2 & also a ,treatise on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body4 ,a passage f ! =m] occurs 9 ! "w ( ,me?odius on ! ,resurrection1 & is pres]v$ by ,epiphanius & by ,photius4 ,= we h le>nt n only n to r5d] a bl[1 nor to g to law ) ^? :o spoil & plund] u2 b1 to ^? :o inflict a bl[ on "o side1 also to pres5t ! o!r side ( ! head 9 return = smit+2 & to ^? :o take away ! coat1 also to give besides ! cloke4#ea #ea ,leg4 pro ,*ri/4 #a4 ,( ?is our au?or says3 ,no e*o ( ! words ( ,mat!w has l+]$ 9 ! e> ( ! writ]1 = he employs utt]ly diff]5t phraseology ?r\gh\t2 & no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t !re is n a l+ui/ic trace 9 x ( acqua9tance ) our ,synoptics 7p4 #aid74 ,! value ( our au?or's conclusions may be measur$ by :at he "h ass]ts4 ,x seems to me t ! rev]se may be ass]t$4 7#a7 ,t words 9 ,mat!w did l+] 9 ! e> ( ! writ]2 7#b7 t he does n employ utt]ly diff]5t phraseology ?r\gh\t2 & 7#c7 t _m ?+s c be m c]ta9 ?an ! fact t !re is n a l+ui/ic trace 9 x ( acqua9tance ) our ,synoptics4 ,! next passage :i* is ref]r$ to is z foll[s3--,:at1 !n1 are ^? precepts 9 :i* we are in/ruct$8 ,i say unto y1 ,love y\r enemies1 bless !m t curse y1 pray = !m t p]secute y2 t ye may be sons ( y\r ,fa!r :i* is 9 ! heav5s1 :o make? 8 sun1 c4#eb #eb ,leg4 pro ,*ri/4 #aa4 ,see ,matt4 v4 #dd1 #de4 ,!re is also ! foll[+3--,= if ye love1 !m :i* love y1 & l5d to !m :i* l5d to y1 :at rew>d %all ye h8#ec #ec ,leg4 pro4 ,*ri/4 #ab4 ,comp4 ) ,matt4 v4 #df4 ,( ?is passage1 our au?or says x is evid5t t x does n agree ) ei!r ( ! ,synoptics4 ,we h se51 says he1 ! p]si/5t v>iation 9 ! quotations f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt :i* occur 9 ,ju/91 & !re is no "p ( ! disc\rses ( ,jesus m c]ta9 to h be5 pres]v$ by liv+ ,*ri/ian tradition1 or to h be5 record$ 9 e =m ( ,gospel4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ^! passages f our ,synoptics pres5t ! same features z m>k ! sev]al v]sions ( ! same disc\rse 9 our ,fir/ & ,?ird ,gospel1 & indicate a di/9ct s\rce 7p4 #aie74 ,i rem>k1 e /ep our au?or takes 9 ?is sort ( criticism t5ds to ! confirmation ( our ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i* is n ! ,*ri/ianity ( a cre$ or a ,*ur*1 b ! belief 9 a ,p]son4 ,! m indep5d5t acc\nts ( ,8 life & disc\rses :i* c be trac$1 ! great] ! pro( ( ,8 adv5t & mission4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt _c be acc\nt$ = ap>t f ! sup]human4 ,nev] man spake l ?is man4 ,! m x is quot$ ! m x is e/abli%$ z a sublime fact 9 lit]ature1 :i* nei!r ! ,jewi% race1 nor ! ,augu/an era1 nor inde$ any o!r race or any o!r age1 c\ld h orig9at$ ap>t f ,div9e int]v5tion4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,vi5ne & ,lyons1 writt5 f ! ,*ur*es 9 ^? t[ns to _! bre?r5 9 ,asia & ,phrygia1 ab\t ! ye> ,a4,d4 #agg1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! t]rible p]secution :i* _h brok5 out1 is 9 "p pres]v$ by ,eusebius4 ,x conta9s words simil> to ^? us$ 9 reg>d to ,za*>ias & ,elisabe?1 :]e !y are said to h walk$ 9 all ! comm&m5ts & ord9ances ( ,god1 blameless4 ,& x has also ! words1 ,& himself hav+ ! ,_s m abundantly ?an ,za*>ias1 :i* comp>es ) ,luke i4 #fg3 ,& 8 fa!r ,za*>ias 0 fill$ ) ! ,holy ,_s1 & prophesi$4 ,9 ref]5ce to ^! passages1 our au?or's comm5t is z foll[s3 ,! /ate ( ! case is1 we f9d a co9cid5ce1 9 a few words 9 connection ) ,za*>ias1 betwe5 ! ,epi/le & our ,?ird ,gospel2 b s f> f ! ,gospel be+ 9 any way indicat$ z _! s\rce1 ! words 9 "q are1 on ! contr>y1 9 association ) a ref]5ce to ev5ts unkn[n to our ,gospels1 b :i* 7 indubitably *ronicl$ else:]e4 ,x foll[s cle>ly1 & few w v5ture to d\bt ! fact1 t ! allusion 9 ! ,epi/le is to a ,gospel diff]5t f ours1 & n to our ,?ird ,synoptic at all 7p4 #bjd74 ,! ev5t unkn[n to our ,gospels is ! m>tyrdom ( ,za*>ias1 :i* our ,gospels make no m5tion (4 ,ptolemu & ,h]acleon1 two ,gno/ic lead]s1 are next ref]r$ to4 ,( ! =m]1 ,epiphanius has pres]v$ ,! ,epi/le to ,flora1 address$ to "o ( 8 disciples1 :i* conta9s passages simil> to s5t5ces f\nd 9 ,mat!w xii4 #be1 xix4 #h1 #f1 xv4 #d-h1 v4 #ch1 #ci42 b our au?or objects t ! ,epi/le 0 9 all probability writt5 t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & !re=e x does n come )9 ! scope ( our inquiry2 & he goes into consid]able detail to ju/ify ?is /atem5t4 ,celsus wrote a "w entitl$ ,true ,doctr9e1 :i* is n extant1 & ( :i* ,orig5 wrote a refutation4 ,our au?or says x ref]s to incid5ts ( ,gospel hi/ory & quotes "s say+s :i* h p>allels1 ) m or less ( v>iation1 9 our ,gospels2 b ,celsus n[h]e m5tions ! "n ( any ,*ri/ian book1 unless we except ! ,book ( ,eno*1 & he accuses ,*ri/ians1 n )\t reason1 ( int]polat+ ! ,book ( ! ,sibyl1 ^: au?ority he /ates "s ( !m ackn[l$g$ 7p4 #bcf74 ,he goes into ! "q ( ! date1 :i* he makes out to be probably n betwe5 ,a4,d4 #aej-afj1 z ,tis*5dorf sugge/s1 b mu* lat]4 ,9 ! la/ fragm5t ( e>ly lit]ature exam9$--! ,canon ( ,muratori--! ,book ( ,luke is allud$ to z ! ?ird ,gospel1 & our au?or says 7p4 #bda7 ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! ,?ird ,gospel m]ely proves ! exi/5ce ( t ,gospel at ! "t ! fragm5t 0 compos$1 & t ! inf]5ce t !re 0 a fir/ & second ,gospel is a m]e conjecture4 ,i rem>k t if ! /atem5t does prove t ,luke's ,gospel exi/$ at ! "t ! fragm5t 0 compos$1 we gratefully accept ! ackn[l$gm5t2 & z to ! adv]bs m]e & m]ely1 :i* qualify ! n\n conjecture & v]b proves1 :5 our au?or's ?ird volume appe>s1 if x does n furni% m ?an m]e conjecture t ! fir/ & second prec$$ x1 we w all[ ! adv]bs prop]ly appli$1 & ! logic p]fect4 ,! s5t5ces 9 :i* su* words z c]ta9ly1 x is c]ta91 x is und5iable1 !re is no "q1 x is impossible to suppose1 x is obvi\sly m]e speculation1 c41 are us$1 :]e ! reason+ does n w>rant !m1 are innum]able2 & x is only aft] becom+ famili> ) ! special plead+ :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! "w ?r\gh\t1 t ! unsophi/icat$ read] escapes f ! bewild]m5t into :i* ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity seem to get entangl$4 ,! au?or seems to h got ! read] into a gloomy cav]n ( criticism1 & x is only aft] ! eye has become accu/om$ to ! p>tial d>kness t he c make out :e!r :at he is tak5 to see are real figures1 images1 or gho/s4 ,:5 he has got to ! middle ( ! second volume1 h[ev]1 he beg9s to see ! light aga91 & brea! m freely4 ,he sees a way "r ?r\gh ! cav]n1 & f9ds t ! figures ( ?is und]gr\nd *amb] ( horrors are all phantoms4 ,! ,exam9] ju/ly says3 ,= our "p we see no reason :y ! ,synoptic#ed ,gospels may n h assum$ _! pres5t =m by ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury2#ee & we _c ?9k t our au?or's ,g]man oracles h succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ _! dissimil>ity f ! docum5ts quot$ by ! ,primitive ,fa!rs4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr's ref]5ces to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 = in/ance1 appe> to u to be actually d]iv$ f ,mat!w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z is cont5d$1 !y 7 tak5 f ! lo/ ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 ?is m]ely proves ! sub/antial id5tity ( ! two4 ,! "q ( ,ju/9's acqua9tance ) ! ,f\r? ,gospel is m difficult4 ,we are nev]!less dispos$ to resolve x 9 ! affirmative4 #ed ,! ^w ,synoptics1 appli$ to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke's ,gospels1 indicates abridgm5t--! br++ ( all p>ts "u "o view4--,see ,dr4 ,hyde ,cl>k's ,diction>y4 #ee ,negative critics1 z we h se51 h be5 compell$ aga9 to raise ! age ( ! ,gospels1 & to place !m 9 ! apo/olic age1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ej & ,a4,d4 #ajj4--;,dr4 ,*ri/lieb1 p4 #eda4 ,?is is a s5sible comm5t on our au?or's g5]al argum5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,e trace has vani%$ ( ! great nameless "o4 ,baur4 ,! d5ial ( ! au!nticity ( ,john's ,gospel is a s\rce ( f> great] difficulties ?an its ackn[l$gm5t4 ,rits*l4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,gho/1 is ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,)\t x ,*ri/ianity1 z a !ological & z a philosophical sy/em1 _c rank above ,rabb9ism & ,mahomm$anism4 ,buns54 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,gospel4 ,! evid5ce t to ,john ! ,apo/le is to be ascrib$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 is wor?y ( ! be/ att5tion we c be/[ ^u x4 ,aft] t apo/le _h be5 dead half a c5tury1 ?is book1 z is ackn[l$g$ by our au?or & all o!r critics1 occupi$ a prom95t place among ! manuscripts ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ) ! "n ( ,john1 z ! au?or1 atta*$2 & ! "q n[ arises1 aft] ne>ly eighte5 c5turies ( belief 9 its au?or%ip & au?ority1 is !re reasonable gr\nd = d\bt+ t x c be prop]ly attribut$ to ! apo/le :o 0 ! companion1 disciple1 & bosom fri5d ( ,jesus8 ,i ?9k ! "q may be answ]$ ) confid5ce ^u ! evid5ce )9 our rea*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,ir5u believ$ x 0 ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john ! ,apo/le2 & :o 0 ,ir5u1 t 8 belief 9 x %\ld be good evid5ce8 ,he 0 n ,john's contempor>y1 b !re 0 "o betwe5 ,john & ,ir5u :o 0 s intimate ) bo? t ! l9k ( evid5ce is fully to be reli$ ^u1 & t l9k is ,polyc>p4 ,!re=e1 ,ir5u1 :o 0 a he>] ( ,polyc>p1 c tell u some?+ ab\t x4 ,n[ ,polyc>p 0 born 9 ! "t ( ,n]o1 s he 0 = ?irty-two ye>s a contempor>y ( ,john's1 & 0 8 disciple4 ,& ,ir5u says 9 a lett] writt5 to a p]son call$ ,flor9us1 & pres]v$ by ,eusebius3 ,:5 ,i 0 yet a y\?1 ,i saw !e 9 ,asia ,m9or1 at ,polyc>p's h\se1 :]e ?\ w]t di/+ui%$ at c\rt1 & obta9$ ! reg>d ( ! bi%op4 ,i c m di/9ctly recollect ?+s :i* happ5$ !n ?an o!rs m rec5t1 = ev5ts :i* happ5$ 9 y\? seem to gr[ ) ! m9d1 & to become "p ( ourselves4 ,s ,i c tell ! place :]e ! bless$ ,polyc>p us$ to sit & disc\rse1 & 8 go+ out & com+ 91 & ! mann] ( 8 life1 & 8 p]sonal appe>ance1 & 8 disc\rses to ! p1 & h[ he relat$ 8 int]c\rse ) ,john1 & ! re/ :o _h se5 ! ,"l2 & h[ he rehe>s$ _! say+s1 & :at ?+s !re 7 :i* he _h he>d f !m ab\t ! ,"l1 & ab\t ,8 miracles1 & ab\t ,8 doctr9e2 & h[ ,polyc>p1 hav+ le>n$ f ! eye-witnesses ( ! ,^w ( ,life1 n>rat$ all ?+s agreeably ) ! ,scriptures4 ,& to ^! ?+s1 by ,god's m]cy be/[$ on me at t "t1 ,i us$ dilig5tly to li/51 writ+ ! remembrance ( !m1 n on pap]1 b 9 my he>t2 &1 by ,god's grace1 ,i am always m$itat+ affectionately ^u !m4#ef #ef ,hi/4 ,eccl4 v4 #bj4 ,n[ we may be c]ta9 t ,polyc>p w\ld be likely to "k ! tru? ( ! matt]1 & ,ir5u decl>es t ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l :o lean$ on ! bosom ( ! ,"l at supp]1 wrote ! ,apocalypse4#eg ,s we h "h reliable evid5ce t ,john wrote bo? ! ,apocalypse & ! book ^: au?or lean$ on our ,"l's bosom at supp]4 ,n only ?is f ,polyc>p4 ,!re is extant ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p to ! ,philippians1 :i* ,ir5u believ$ to be g5u9e1 & 9 x we f9d ^! words3 ,= :osoev] do? n confess ,jesus ,*ri/ ha? come 9 ! fle%1 is anti*ri/4 ,i comp>e ?is ) ! words 9 ,john's ,epi/le3 ,& e _s t confesses n t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 is n ( ,god1 & ?is is t _s ( anti*ri/4 ,our au?or says x is n a v]batim quotation4 ,i say x is a quotation1 if n v]batim4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ t ! au?or ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john & ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ! same1 ! ideas & /yle be+ s mu* alike4 ,! two writ+s1 says ,rnan1 pres5t ! mo/ complete id5tity ( /yle1 ! same peculi>ities1 ! same fav\rite expressions4 #eg ,ibid4 iv4 #cb4 ,x is impossible to d\bt t ,polyc>p w\ld h le>n$ f ,john himself :e!r he 0 ! au?or ( a ,gospel2 & if ,ir5u _h nev] he>d ,polyc>p allude to ! ,gospel z ,john's1 he c\ld n h believ$ 9 x z he did1 & h pla9ly /at$ t ,john wrote x & ! ,apocalypse4 ,!re w\ld h be5 9 ?is case a ju/ifiable inf]5ce f sil5ce4 ,if ,polyc>p 9 8 tea*+ _h nev] allud$ to ,john's ,gospel1 x w\ld h be5 s /range t ,ir5u w\ld h deem$ x spuri\s altoge!r1 & unwor?y ( ! e/imation ) :i* he reg>d$ x2 = x is "o ( ! f\r ,gospels t he fancifully lik5s to ! f\r corn]s ( ! e>?1 ! f\r pr9cipal w9ds1 & ! f\r w+s ( ! ,s]aphim4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t our au?or ackn[l$ges ,ir5u s reg>d$ all ! f\r ,gospels1 = he alludes 7p4 #ia7 to ! arbitr>y assumption ( exclusive orig9ality & priority = ! f\r ,gospels by ,ir5u1 ,t]tullian1 & ,epiphanius4 ,x is evid5t t ?is ,f\r? ,gospel c\ld n h fir/ appe>$ z late z ,a4,d4 #aej1 b mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce long be=e2 & on ! te/imony ( ,ir5u1 ?r\gh ,polyc>p1 f ,john himself1 its au!nticity may be consid]$ e/abli%$4 ,! evid5ce f ! "w ( ,hippolytus1 entitl$1 ,! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 t ,basilides quot$ f ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 our au?or dismisses 9 "o p>agraph 7p4 #cga71 hav+ fully ref]r$ to ! te/imony f t writ] 9 treat+ ( ! ,synoptics4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two v di/9ct passages :i* _c be object$ to z quotations1 & ! attempt to get rid ( !m by ! sub/itution ( ! plural pron\n !y = ! s+ul> "o he1 9 ! text ( ,hippolytus1 is an utt] failure4 ,! fir/ is f ,john i4 #i1 ,! true ,light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w2 & ! words 9 ,! ,refutation1 by ,hippolytus1 are1 ,& ?is1 he says1 is t :i* has be5 /at$ 9 ! ,gospels1 ',he 0 ! true ,light :i* lighte? e man t come? into ! _w4' ,! o!r is1 ,m9e h\r is n yet come1 agree+ ) ,john ii4 #d4 ,! discov]y ( ! "w1 ,! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies1 9 ! ye> #ahda1 at ,m\nt ,a?os1 by ! erudite ,m9oides ,mynas1 a ,greek1 9 ! employ ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 0 important z be>+ on ?is "q1 = x proves t ! ,f\r? ,gospel 0 9 exi/5ce ?irty ye>s e>li] ?an ! ,tb+5 criticism ass]t$4 ,our au?or's want ( appreciation ( ! evid5ce f\nd 9 ,hippolytus is "o ( ! weake/ po9ts 9 8 book4 ,is ! ,f\r? ,gospel quot$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr8 ,our au?or says1 ,no6 ,i say1 ,yes6 to ! "q4 ,9 8 ,dialogue ) ,tryphon 7p4 #caf7 occur ! words1 ,i am n ! ,*ri/1 b ! voice ( "o cry+1 :i* is evid5tly f t ,gospel1 = we "k ( no o!r :i* makes ,john ! ,bapti/ say ! same4 ,he says ! evangelical "w ( :i* ,ju/9 made use 0 obvi\sly diff]5t f our ,gospels1 & ! evid5t conclusion to :i* any imp>tial m9d mu/ arrive is1 t !re is n only n ! slighte/ gr\nd = affirm+ t ,ju/9 quot$ ! passage 7z above7 f ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 f :i* he s fundam5tally diff]s1 b e reason on ! contr>y to believe t he d]iv$ x f a p>ticul> ,gospel1 9 all probability ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews 7p4 #cjb74 ,i rem>k1 t ! words1 ,i am n ! ,*ri/1 b ! voice ( "o cry+1 c\ld n be quot$ f ! ,gospel accord+ to ! ,hebrews if t suppos$ indep5d5t book did n conta9 !m1 & !re is no evid5ce t x did4 ,on ! contr>y1 our ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 compil$1 z we suppose1 p>tly f x1 w\ld h 9 t case _h ! words2 & z x has n1 & z only ,john's ,gospel has !m1 ! inf]5ce is cle> t ,ju/9 _h se5 ! latt]1 z well z ! o!r ,gospel or ,gospels f :i* ! e>li] "p ( ! s5t5ce is tak54 ,! :ole ( ,ju/9's s5t5ce is z foll[s3 ,= ,john sat by ! ,jordan & prea*$ ! baptism ( rep5tance1 we>+ only a lea!rn girdle & raim5t ( camel's hair1 & eat+ no?+ b locu/s & wild honey4 ,m5 suppos$ him to be ! ,*ri/1 :]e=e he cries to !m1 ,i am n ,*ri/1 b ! voice ( "o cry+ 7or prea*+74 ,= he come? :o is great] ?an ,i1 ^: %oes ,i am n meet to be>4 ,we f9d 9 ! second ,apology 7p4 #id7 ^! words3 ,*ri/ said1 ',except ye be born aga9 ye may n ent] into ! k+dom ( heav52 & 9 ! v same l9e is cont9u$ ! ref]5ce to ! conv]sation ) ,nicodemus1 9 ^! words3 ,b t x is impossible = ^? :o h be5 once born to ent] into _! "m's womb1 is pla9 to all4 ,i sc>ce ne$ rem9d y h[ ! /atem5t ( ,*ri/ & ! "q ( ,nicodemus are z close toge!r 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,! passage !re is1 ,except a man be born aga91 he _c see ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,nicodemus sai? unto him1 ,h[ c a man be born :5 he is old8 ,c he ent] ! second "t into 8 "m's womb & be born8 ,! two s5t5ces1 com+ toge!r 9 bo?1 leaves no d\bt t ,ju/9 us$ ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 = !re is no?+ l !m 9 any ( ! o!r ,gospels4 ,x is some?+ to h f ,ju/9 ,m>tyr ! evid5ce t ,jesus taught ,nicodemus t a man _c see ! k+dom ( ,god )\t be+ born ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,if ,ju/9 quot$ f an e>li] ,gospel1 x is aga9/ our au?or's non-sup]human !ory2 & if f our ,gospels1 x is equally s4 ,b1 suppos+ t he c\ld prove t ,ju/9 did n quote1 t w\ld n prove t ! books 7 n 9 exi/5ce4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 #a ,!ssalonians1 ,galatians1 #a ,cor9?ians1 & ,romans1 all writt5 n lat] ?an ! ye> #eh1 are !y quot$1 z we might suppose !y w\ld be1 by ,ju/98 ,we "k no?+ z to ! ext5t ( 8 libr>y4 ,he might h _h copies ( all ^! ,gospels & ,epi/les1 or none at h& to quote v]batim f4 ,0 !re a concordance1 to help a writ] to be exact1 aft] ! mod]n dem&8 ,! int]nal evid5ce ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is1 p]haps1 n s appreciable by our au?or z ! ext]nal1 on acc\nt ( 8 =egone conclusion t ! sup]human is incr$ible4 ,b z !re is no feasible explanation ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity )\t ackn[l$g+ ! ,div9e mission ( ,jesus1 s is !re no possible explanation ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel )\t a recognition ( ! evangelical doctr9e ( ! triune 9 ! ,div9e ,nature--! ?reefold manife/ation ( ! "o ,god4 ,exclude f ! ,f\r? ,gospel ! idea ( ! ,holy ,_s hav+ inspir$ ,john to write x1 & !re naturally foll[s ! attempt to exclude ! book f its hi/orical & au?oritative position4 ,x has a p]fectly h>moni\s place 9 ! sup]human means by :i* spiritual tru? is exhibit$ & en=c$ = ! b5efit ( mank9d1 b t place is an advanc$ "o4 ,x 0 ! la/ ( inspir$ utt]ances1 & x presupposes ! developm5t t x supplem5ts1 & :i* x designs to promote4 ,! ,holy ,_s1 ! ,god ( peace t br\ght aga9 f ! dead our ,"l ,jesus1 t ,great ,%eph]d ( ! %eep1 ?r\gh ! blood ( ! ev]la/+ cov5ant1 to make u p]fect 9 e good "w to d ,8 w1 mu/ be recognis$ & duly hon\r$ if ! ,bible is to be und]/ood & ,*ri/ianity successfully exhibit$ & def5d$4 ,let u turn to ! book4 ,x op5s ) allusions to ! dignity ( ,*ri/ ! ,messiah :i* no philosophy kn[n 9 ,alex&ria _h a conception (4 ,philo & 8 ,platonic s*ool disc\rs$ ( ! ,logos2 b _! doctr9e is di/9ct f t ( ?is ,gospel4 ,ju/9 takes up _! idea1 z our au?or %[s 7p4 #bgh71 & draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! ,logos & ,jesus1 describ+ ,jesus ,*ri/ z be+ made fle% by ! p[] ( ! ,logos2 = ,ju/9 says1--,?r\gh ! p[] ( ! ,^w1 accord+ to ! w ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ,"l ( all1 he 0 born a man ( a virg94#eh ,philo says1#ei--,! ,logos ( ,god is above all ?+s 9 ! ^w1 & is ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ univ]sal ( all ?+s creat$4 ,i d n d5y t ,ju/9 got ideas ( ! ,logos f ! ,old ,te/am5t & f ! writ+s ( ,philo1 z %[n by our au?or1 b ,i submit t he confus$ _! doctr9e ) ! m develop$ tru? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is c]ta91 he says 7p4 #bia71 t bo? ,ju/9 & ,philo1 unlike ! prelude to ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 place ! ,logos 9 a second>y position to ,god ! ,fa!r1 indicat+ a less advanc$ /age 9 ! doctr9e4 ',he calls ! ,^w con/antly ! fir/-born ( all creat$ be+s' 7p4 #bib74 ,our au?or says1--,we d n propose 9 ?is "w to ent] fully into ! hi/ory ( ! ,logos doctr9e 7p4 #bhj74 ,_h he done s1 he c\ld n h %[n t ! doctr9e rea*$ to ! height ( ! apo/olic conception4 ,!re is no allusion to ! ,div9ity ( ! ,logos1 z ,john & ,paul ass]t2 & no ref]5ce to ! unque/ionable /atem5t ( ,scripture t1 9 ! ,^w made fle%1 we h a revelation ( ! my/]i\s triune nature ( ,jehovah4 ,a vague notion ( x is f\nd 9 _m idolatr\s sy/ems ( religi\s wor%ip1 & its preval5ce is an indication ( ! tru? :i* tradition1 f primitive revelation1 has h&$ d[n2 b ! my/]y1 z ,paul says1 0 hidd5 = ages & g5]ations1 & 0 n made manife/ until1 9 ! fulness ( "t1 ! s*eme ( ,r$emption 0 fully unfold$4 ,! gospel is call$ by ,paul ! revelation ( ! my/]y1 :i* 0 kept secret s9ce ! _w began1 b n[ is made manife/ by a cle> int]pretation ( ! scriptures ( ! prophets1 accord+ to ! comm&m5t ( ! ev]la/+ ,god1 made kn[n to all nations = ! ob$i5ce ( fai?4#fj ,to conc5trate ! doctr9e 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ,paul's lat] epi/les1 & !n repudiate ! writ+s1 is a mode ( su/a9+ ! d5ial ( x :i* is f> f be+ successful4 ,?is doctr9e is evid5tly "o ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,z ! bread :i* su/a9s our bodily life1 s ! bread ( ! life ( ! s\l1 may be decompos$1 b none ( ! elem5ts mu/ be left out ( x if x is to be ( use4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we f9d _m passages :i* %[ ! plurality 9 ! ,div9e nature4 ,! doctr9e1 x is true1 0 n s reveal$ z to be conspicu\s at ! "t1 = if x _h be51 x w\ld h be5 misund]/ood1 & ?us t5d$ to int]f]e ) ! s*ool+ :i* ! ,jews 7 und]go+ to cure !m ( _! pron5ess to idolatry2 b ) ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 our h& we see :at1 )\t x1 w\ld be /ill hidd5 9 obscurity4 ,z we read ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 ! light ( ?is doctr9e1 h[ x h>monises ) ! plan ( salvation :i* believ]s 9 all evangelical ,*ur*es call ,*ri/ianity6 ,! book pr(esses to be writt5 t m51 believ+ 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 may h et]nal life2 records ! te/imony ( ,john ! ,bapti/ t ,jesus 0 ! ,lamb ( ,god :i* take? away ! s9 ( ! _w 7i4 #bi72 & ann\nces ! important dogma t ! sup]natural influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s is indisp5sable to ov]come ! unwill+ness ( ! s\l ( man to receive ! tru?s ( ! ,div9e revelation4 ,no man c come to me1 except ! ,fa!r :i* ha? s5t me draw him 7vi4 #dd74 ,except a man be born ( ! ,_s he _c ent] ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,x te/ifies to ! ,div9e nature ( ,jesus 9 ! mo/ explicit mann]4 ,!re=e ! ,jews s\ght to kill him1 because he said ,god 0 8 ,fa!r1 mak+ himself equal ) ,god 7v4 #ah74 ,t all m5 %\ld hon\r ! ,son1 ev5 z !y hon\r ! ,fa!r 7v4 #bc74 ,if ye _h kn[n me1 ye %\ld h kn[n my ,fa!r also 7viii4 #ai74 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 ,be=e ,abraham 01 ,i am 7viii4 #eh74 ,x is he 7! ,son ( ,god7 t talke? ) !e4 ,& he 7! man :o _h be5 bl9d7 said1 ,"l1 ,i believe4 ,& he wor%ipp$ him 7ix4 #ch74 ,i & my ,fa!r are "o 7x4 #cj74 ,= blasphemy 7we /one !e71 & because ?\1 be+ a man1 make/ ?yself ,god 7x4 #cf74 ,jesus said unto h]1 ,i am ! resurrection1 & ! life3 he t believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live3 & :osoev] live? & believe? 9 me %all nev] die4 ,believe/ ?\ ?is8 7xi4 #be1 #bf74 ,jesus said1 ,n[ is ! ,son ( man glorifi$1 & ,god is glorifi$ 9 him4 ,if ,god be glorifi$ 9 him1 ,god %all also glorify him 9 himself1 & %all /raightway glorify him 7xiii4 #cb74 ,he t ha? se5 me ha? se5 ! ,fa!r 7xiv4 #i74 #eh ,apol4 i4 #df4 #ei ,leg4 iii4 #fa4 #fj ,rom4 xvi4 #be1 #bf4 ,! doctr9e ( :at we call 7n hav+ a bett] ^w7 ! p]sonality ( ! ,holy ,_s is cle>ly indicat$ 9 su* passages z ! foll[+3--,i w pray ! ,fa!r1 & he %all give y ano!r ,com=t]1 t he may abide ) y = ev]2 ev5 ! ,_s ( tru?2 :om ! _w _c receive1 because x see? him n1 nei!r kn[e? him3 b ye "k him2 = he dwelle? ) y 7xiv4 #ag74 ,b ! ,com=t]1 ! ,holy ,gho/1 :om ! ,fa!r w s5d 9 my "n1 he %all tea* y all ?+s1 & br+ all ?+s to y\r remembrance1 :atsoev] ,i h said unto y 7xiv4 #bf74 ,x is exp$i5t = y t ,i g away3 = if ,i g n away1 ! ,com=t] w n come unto y2 b if ,i dep>t1 ,i w s5d him unto y4 ,& :5 he is come1 he w reprove ! _w ( s91 & ( righte\sness1 & ( judgm5t 7xvi4 #g74 ,:5 he1 ! ,_s ( tru?1 is come1 he w guide y into all tru?3 = he %all n speak ( himself2 b :atsoev] he %all he>1 t %all he speak3 & he w %[ y ?+s to come 7xvi4 #ac74 ,! sev5te5? *apt] ,i w n ref] to 9 "p1 b specify entire1 begg+ ! read] to m$itate on its m>vell\s compreh5siv5ess & expressiv5ess4 ,mu* ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus w\ld be s f> above ! compreh5sion ( ! disciples :5 !y he>d x1 t x w\ld n be likely to be impress$ on _! memory4 ,! ,holy ,_s 0 to be s5t1 to br+ all ?+s to _! remembrance2 & x is only by ?is promise be+ fulfill$ t we c und]/& ! inspir$ words ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,c\ld ,jesus h said :at ,he is describ$ 9 ?is book to h said1 if ,god _h n be5 ) ,him z ,he nev] 0 ) any o!r man8 ,if su* a "q be p]t95t1 h[ utt]ly ne$less ! fur!r "q1 ,c\ld ! book h be5 writt5 by ! nameless unkn[n "s "o :om ! hypo!sis ( its non-,johann9e orig9 sub/itutes z ! au?or8 ,:atev] diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! composition ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ! ,apocalyse1 !re is1 at all ev5ts1 a /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! op5+ v]ses ( ! =m] & ^? 9 ! latt]1 :]e ! fai?ful & true witness is ref]r$ to z ! beg9n+ ( ! creation ( ,god1#fa & z be+ set d[n ) ,8 ,fa!r ^u ,8 ?rone4 ,9 ! preface to ea* ( ! addresses to ! sev5 ,*ur*es ,*ri/ assumes ! attributes & pr]ogatives ( ! ,deity4 ,! prom95ce giv5 to ! my/]i\s doctr9e ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ is z great 9 ! "o z ! o!r4 #fa ,rev4 iii4 #ad4 ,x is some:at s+ul> t f ,rnan1 :o s utt]ly rejects ! miracul\s1 we %\ld h su* a decid$ op9ion t x is appropriately entitl$ ! ,gospel accord+ to ,john4 ,aft] say+1 ,i d>e n be sure t ! ,f\r? ,gospel has be5 entirely writt5 by a ,galilean fi%]man1 he writes 9 8 introduction to ! ,life ( ,jesus3 ,no "o d\bts t t[>ds ! ye> #aej1 ! ,f\r? ,gospel did exi/1 & 0 attribut$ to ,john4 ,explicit texts f ,ju/91 ,a!nagoras1 ,tatian1 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 & ,ir5u1 %[ t f !nce=? ?is ,gospel mix$ 9 e controv]sy1 & s]v$ z corn]-/one = ! developm5t ( ! fai?4 ,ir5u is explicit4 ,n[ he came f ! s*ool ( ,john1 & betwe5 him & ! apo/le !re 0 only ,polyc>p4 ,! "p play$ by ?is ,gospel 9 ,gno/icism1 & especially 9 ! sy/em ( ,val5t9us1 9 ,montanism1 & 9 ! qu>rel ( ! ,qu>todecimans1 is n less decisive4 ,! s*ool ( ,john 0 ! mo/ influ5tial 9 ! second c5tury1 & x is only by reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! ,gospel z co9cid5t ) ! rise ( ! s*ool1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! latt] c be und]/ood at all4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 attribut$ to ,john1 is c]ta9ly by ! same au?or z ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,n[ ?is ,epi/le is recognis$ z f ,john by ,polyc>p1 ,papias1 & ,ir5u4 ,b x is1 above all1 ! p]usal ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel itself :i* is calculat$ to give ! impression t ,john mu/ h writt5 x4 ,! au?or always speaks z an eye-witness4 ,he wi%es to pass = ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,if1 !n1 ?is "w is n really by ! apo/le1 we mu/ admit a fraud ( :i* ! au?or convicts himself4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! ideas ( ! "t respect+ lit]>y hone/y diff]$ ess5tially f ours1 !re is no example 9 ! apo/olic _w ( a falsehood ( ?is k9d4 ,besides1 n only does ! au?or wi% to pass = ! apo/le1 b we see cle>ly t he writes 9 ! int]e/ ( ?is apo/le4 ,z to ! diff]5ce 9 language & /yle betwe5 x & ! ,apocalypse1 x is n altoge!r unusual = an au?or to produce works :i* diff] greatly f ea* o!r4 ,an in/ance is m5tion$ by ! ,rev4 ,k5ti% ,ba*e1 9 8 lett] to ,dr4 ,davidson4 ,william ,p5n1 )9 "o & ! same ye> 7#affh7 wrote two diff]5t works1 entitl$ ',! ,s&y ,f\ndation ,%ak51' & ',innoc5cy ) h] ,op5 ,face4' ,! =m] pamphlet is circulat$ by ! ,unit>ians z a tract demoli%+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 :ile ! latt] is an e>ne/ def5ce ( t v doctr9e2 & yet ,p5n prote/s t 8 belief _h und]gone no *ange 7p4 #ce74 ,"o ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ! reception ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead1 :i* ! ,synoptics d n record4 ,a probable explanation is sugge/$ by ,grotius1 :o says1 z ,laz>us 0 liv+ :5 ! ,synoptics 7 writt51 & z ! *ief prie/s consult$ t !y might put him to dea?1 because t by reason ( him _m ( ! ,jews w5t away & believ$ on ,jesus1#fb ! publication ( ! miracle w\ld h expos$ ,laz>us to m int5se ho/ility1 & endang]$ 8 life4 #fb ,john xii4 #aj4 ,our au?or makes ! /range ass]tion t ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 by :omsoev] writt5--ev5 if x c\ld be trac$ to ! ,apo/le ,john--has no real hi/orical value1 be+ at be/ ! glorifi$ recollections ( an old man1 writt5 d[n half a c5tury aft] ! ev5ts record$ 7p4 #dfg74 ,?is bold ass]tion ignores ! fact t ! impressions ( e>ly life are1 z a rule1 indelibly fix$ on ! memory4 ,( no hi/orical value1 ?\gh writt5 by ,john6 ,our au?or kn[s p]fectly well t su* an ev5t z ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f ! dead c\ld nev] fade f ! memory ( ^? :o witness$ x4 ,does he ov]look1 or suppress1 ! consid]ation t ,john's recollection w\ld be daily refre%$ by ! tea*+ ( ! pr9ciples ( a gospel :i* consi/$ ( ^! ev5ts & disc\rses8 ,we c z well conceive ( ! ,duke ( ,well+ton hav+ =gott51 :5 he 0 eighty ye>s old1 ! campaigns ( ! ,p59sula & ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 z ,john =gett+ ! memorable transactions 9 ! life ( 8 ,ma/] ) :i* he 0 s closely id5tifi$4 ,besides1 we d n "k t ! mat]ials = ,john's book _h n long be=e be5 not$ d[n4 ,x is n probable t he :o wrote ! ,apocalypse 9 ! ye> #fh w\ld put no?+ into writ+ ( ! memoirs until close ^u ! "t :5 ! book 0 publi%$4 ,su* is n ! mode ( au?or%ip n[1 & 0 n !n4 ,suppos+ ! apo/le to h di$1 leav+ beh9d him un>rang$ mat]ials1 includ+ notes & memor&a made at v>i\s times1 & t ^! 71 ) fidelity1 b ) m s*ol>%ip ?an ,john possess$1 transcrib$1 edit$1 & made a book (1 entitl$ ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,john1 we h an explanation ( ! l+ui/ic difficulty :i* does n ov]/ep ! limits ( reasonable probability4 ,well may ,dr4 ,davidson ackn[l$ge x is n easy to acc\nt = ! e>ly belief ( its ,johann9e orig92 & t if a disciple ( ,john wrote x1 he _h le>n$ m ?an 8 ma/]4 ,x w\ld h be5 /range if su* an au?or _h cont9u$ unkn[n4 ,if we reject ! ,johann9e orig91 we h to believe t dur+ ! fifty ye>s betwe5 ,john's dea? & ! "t ( ! book's g5]al acceptance z 8 !re liv$ "s "o capable ( writ+ x1 ( :om hi/ory & tradition are sil5t4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a l>ge matt] = sceptical cr$ulity to swall[4 ,h[ mu* easi] to believe t ! ref9em5t & beauty ( composition1 ^: *>m has captivat$ ! _w1 is ! "w ( a ,grecian disciple1 :o wrote "u ! sup]9t5d5ce1 if n dictation1 ( ! apo/le :o only c\ld h furni%$ ! mat]ials at ! "t :5 x 0 writt54 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury all ! o!r apo/les 7 dead1 & = its au?or%ip we _c look beyond ! circle :i* surr\nd$ ,jesus at ! in/itut+ ( t ev]-abid+ memorial ( ,him1 ,! ,"l's ,supp]4 ,among ! anomalies ( our au?or's hypo!sis we h to ?9k ( ! apo/les liv+ 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & atta9+ _! reputation z writ]s dur+ ! second4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury m5 appe>1 b )\t _! writ+s4 ,9 ! second c5tury ! writ+s come to light1 b )\t ! m54 ,h[ unnatural1 says ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb1 is ?is6 ,:o c fail to see t ! hypo!sis is incr$ible8 ,we inv>iably f9d t an age :i* is f]tile 9 lit]>y productions is foll[$ by a cons]vative p]iod1 9 :i* ! productions ( ! =ego+ p]iod are collect$ & dige/$--fir/ ! classical1 !n ! po/-classical4 ,does ! second c5tury1 9 o!r respects1 be> ! impress ( a productive classical p]iod 9 lit]ature8 ,on ! contr>y1 its und\bt$ products brea! a _s :i* be>s ! same relation to ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s z does ! t5\r ( a po/-classical age be> to t ( ! age prec$+ x4 ,did ^! writ+s1 especially ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 belong to 'unkn[n' au?ors1 !y w\ld be p]fectly inexplicable ph5om5a z comp>$ ) all ! o!r products ( t p]iod4 ,x has be5 well said t x 7 no less absurd to ascribe ! mo/ inspirit+ writ+s ( ,lu!r to ! spiritless p]iod ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 ?an to transf] ! ,gospel ( ,john to ! middle ( ! second c5tury4#fc #fc ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb1 p4 #eda4 ,not)/&+ _! w>m ,*ri/ian life1 ! writ+s ( ! second c5tury ev9ce su* a rem>kable de>? ( new ideas t "o pla9ly sees h[1 aft] ! spiritual flood-tides ( ! fir/ c5tury1 ! ebb _h set 94#fd #fd ,dr4 ,*ri/lieb1 p4 #eda4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! cle> & sob]-m9d$ _s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t epi/les1 or ! quiet sublimity ( ! ,gospel ( ,john1 ) ! epi/les ( ,ignatius1 ! en?usiasm ( :i* deg5]ates into a well-nigh fanatic desire = m>tyrdom2 or ) ! ,pa/or ( ,h]mas1 & ! value ascrib$ by him to ascetic rig\r2 or ) ! epi/les by ,clem5t ( ,rome1 :i* tell ! fable ( ! phnix z a fact2 or1 aga91 ) ! ,epi/le ( ,b>nabas1 :i* delights 9 insipid allegories1 & gives ! mo/ absurd typical int]pretations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ju/ify+ ,ne&]'s rem>k1 t "h we enc\nt] q ano!r _s ?an t ( an apo/olic man4#fe #fe ,ibid4 p4 #eda4 ,our au?or produces su* a mass ( evid5ce f ! e>ly writ]s1 confirmatory ( ! tru?s ( ! ,gospel1 t 8 criticism t5ds to opposite conclusions4 ,suppos+ he c prove t ! canon ( ,scripture is n unassailable1 he has n accompli%$ mu*4 ,x is ( m value to h confirmation ( ! facts & pr9ciples ( ,div9e tru?1 ?an to be assur$ t ! au?or%ip1 con/ruction1 compilation1 or arrangem5t ( ! ,scriptures1 are j :at ! ,*ur* ( ,rome au?oritatively pron\nc$4 ,because we _c positively settle c]ta9 que/ions ( little comp>ative importance1 are we to surr5d] our fai? 9 ess5tials8 ,are we to let ! conjectures & qu]ies ( ,g]man cavill]s1 ) _! ,yea1 ha? ,god said1 de/roy our *]i%$ fai? & hope8 ,god =bid6 ,x is n ! pres]vation or infallibility ( ! apo/olic writ+s :i* makes ,8 inc>nation1 dea?1 & resurrection1 facts 9 ! hi/ory ( our race4 ,! facts make ! hi/ory1 n ! hi/ory ! facts4 ,europe 0 sav$ f ,ori5tal despotism by ,leonidas at ,!rmopyl1 & ! val\r & patriotism ( ! ,greeks2 by ,*>les ,m>tel 9 ! eigh? c5tury2 & aga9 by ,pr9ce ,eug5e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b x is n because hi/ory has truly or imp]fectly record$ ^! facts t we enjoy to ?is day ! great b5efits result+ to civilisation f _! h]oism4 ,! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity does n1 at all ev5ts1 re/ on ! quotations ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 & our au?or w\ld h accompli%$ b little _h he prov$ t !re 7 none f\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 ! ev5ts 7 fre%1 ! voice ( ! prea*] 0 ! *annel :i* convey$ ! sav+ gospel to ! s\ls ( m51 & !re 0 n ! same necessity = ref]5ce to ! writt5 records z 9 aft] times4 ,:5 a c5tury _h elaps$ aft] ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 !n ! records ( ! fir/ disciples became ( importance4 ,!y !n came into prom95ce1 & 7 abundantly quot$1 z our au?or ackn[l$ges4 ,z "t w5t on t importance increas$1 & ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ev5ts ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e ord]$ ,eusebius to h fifty copies ( ! ,holy ,scriptures fairly inscrib$ on p>*m5t1 ! use :]e( he tells ,eusebius he knew to be absolutely necess>y to ! ,*ur*4 ,eusebius gives u ! emp]or's entire lett]4 ,!y 7 n s absolutely necess>y :5 mo/ ( ! ,fa!rs wrote :om our au?or has ref]r$ to4 ,i d n want any writt5 record to prove to me t ! ,spani>ds 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>1 sev5ty ye>s ago1 poison$ ! bread ( ! ,briti% troops4 ,i liv$ 9 my y\? ) an old ,*ri/ian soldi] & 8 wife :o 7 9 ! campaign1 & us$ to amuse me ) _! exp]i5ce ( su* facts1 z we sat r\nd ! fire on a w9t]'s ev5+4 ,nor ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce d ! p ( ! pres5t g5]ation dep5d entirely on writ+s or books = ! pro( t x took place4 ,two lives rea* f date to date1 & no evid5ce c be /rong] ?an su*4 ,until we h bett] reason ?an our au?or has adduc$ = alt]+ our e/imate ( ^! sacr$ writ+s1 s (t5 assail$1 b ma9ta9+ s]5ely1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 _! high pret5sions z a message f heav5 to culture our moral & spiritual nature1 & guide u ?i!r1 we %\ld be fooli%1 oh1 h[ fooli%6 to "q _! au?ority or neglect _! guidance4 ,because we _c be sure t ! ,bible is 9 e detail ! p]fect transcript ( ,div9e revelation1 we are to ab&on ! only solace t humanity possesses1 ! only !ory :i* acc\nts = ! wick$ness :i*1 )\t its tea*+1 is su* an anomaly to all else 9 creation1 ! only bond :i* b9ds society 9 bro!rhood1 & makes social exi/5ce capable ( includ+ happ9ess "h1 or ! hope ( life h]eaft]4 ,bett] a misund]/ood revelation ?an none at all4 ,bett] a glimpse ( immortality1 ?an ! negation :i* is utt] d>kness1 & makes ! issue ( exi/5ce only dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,contempor>y ,,evid5ce4 ,hoi/ ) 8 own pet>d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,contempor>y ,,evid5ce4 ,we n[ come to ! "q ( contempor>y evid5ce4 ,our au?or says ! te/imony ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 fav\r ( ! miracul\s is inadequate because x is n contempor>y4 ,i h to endeav\r to %[ t he has himself prov$ x to be contempor>y4 ,! ,spectator describes him z virtually say+3 ,x is z if y tri$ to prove "s unhe>d-( facts ( ! civil w> 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i4 by te/imony n to be trac$ high] ?an ! reign ( ,george ,,iii4 ,i say we trace ! te/imony to "o ( ,cromwell's own (fic]s1 & our au?or's own criticism %all be %[n to prove x4 ,i take "o piece ( evid5ce ( 8 own :i* he has elaborately pres5t$4 ,i comp>e x ) pro(s ( ! same k9d f o!r s\rces4 ,i ref] to ! au?orities specifi$1 & ,i accept x & endorse x4 ,b ,i make a diff]5t use ( x4 ,he uses x to prove t because ,john1 ! apo/le1 wrote ! ,apocalypse1 he _c h writt5 ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,i use x to prove t because ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse ! facts ( ! ,gospel are by contempor>y te/imony sub/antiat$2 & ,i cont5d t ?is evid5ce--cle>1 direct1 & irrefragable--neutralises 8 ma9 argum5t & ! object ( 8 book1 :i* is to invalidate sup]natural religion & ! reality ( ,div9e revelation4 ,he says 7on page #cib ( 8 second volume73 ,! ext]nal evid5ce t ! ,apo/le ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse is m anci5t ?an t = ! au?or%ip ( any o!r book ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except+ "s ( ! epi/les ( ,paul4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr affirms 9 ! cle>e/ & mo/ positive mann] ! apo/olic orig9 ( ! "w4 ,he speaks to ,tryphon ( a c]ta9 man ^: "n 0 ,john1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,*ri/1 :o prophesi$1 by a revelation made to him1 ( ! ,mill5nium & subsequ5t g5]al resurrection4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is te/imony is n call$ 9 "q by any "o4 ,z ano!r mo/ important po9t we may m5tion t !re is probably n ano!r "w ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! precise date ( ! composition ( :i*1 )9 a v few weeks1 c be s positively affirm$4 ,no result ( criticism re/s ^u a m secure basis1 & is n[ m univ]sally accept$ by all compet5t critics ?an ! fact t ! ,apocalypse 0 writt5 ,a4,d4 #fh1 #fi4 ,! writ] di/9ctly & repeat$ly m5tions 8 "n4 ',! revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 444 unto 8 s]vant ,john4 ,john to ! sev5 ,*ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia2' & he /ates t ! "w 0 writt5 9 ! isl& ( ,patmos1 :]e he 0 'on acc\nt ( ! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus' 7p4 #cie74 ,x is cle> t ! writ] c\nt$ fully ^u be+ g5]ally kn[n "u ! simple designation ( ,john2 & :5 we consid] ! unmi/akable t]ms ( au?ority ) :i* he addresses ! sev5 ,*ur*es1 x is sc>cely possible to d5y t ! writ] ei!r 0 ! apo/le1 or1 di/9ctly desir$ to assume 8 p]sonality 7p4 #cig74 ,! :ole description 7( ! ,new ,j]usalem7 is a m]e allegory ( ! /ronge/ ,jewi% dogmatic "*1 & x is ( s+ul> value = ! purpose ( id5tify+ ! au?or 7p4 #cii74 ,!re is no int]nal evid5ce :atev] aga9/ ! supposition t ! ',john' :o ann\nces himself z ! au?or ( ! ,apocalypse 0 ! apo/le4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! tone ( au?ority adopt$ ?r\gh\t1 & evid5t c]ta9ty t 8 id5tity w\ld ev]y:]e be recognis$1 d5ote a position 9 ! ,*ur* :i* no o!r p]son ( ! "n ( ,john c\ld possibly h held at ! "t :5 ! ,apocalypse 0 writt54 ,! ext]nal evid5ce1 !re=e1 :i* indicates t ,apo/le ,john z ! au?or is q 9 h>mony ) ! int]nal te/imony ( ! book itself 7p4 #djb74 ,i h quot$ suffici5t to %[ t our au?or1 ^: object is to discr$it ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 elaborately & successfully proves t ,john ! ,apo/le wrote ! ,apocalypse4 ,!re is o!r te/imony to prove ?is1 easily got at1 besides :at our au?or supplies4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton long ago fix$ ^u ! ye> #fh z ! date4 ,dr4 ,davidson says3 ,we %\ld despair ( prov+ ! au!nticity ( any ,new ,te/am5t book by ! help ( anci5t witnesses1 if t ( ! ,apocalypse be reject$4 ,9 ! pres5t qu>t]'s ,ed9burgh ,review 7,octob] #ahgd7 !re is a rem>kable confirmation ( ! importance ,i am atta*+ to ! ,apocalypse z a book writt5 by ! ,apo/le ,john dur+ ! n9e mon?s' reign ( ! ,emp]or ,galba1 t is1 betwe5 ,may #a1 #fh1 & ,janu>y #ae1 #fi4 ,! writ] ( ! article1 :i* is a review ( ,rnan's ,anti*ri/1 says3 ,! argum5ts :i* support ! assignm5t ( ,a4,d4 #fh z ! date ( its composition are absolutely irresi/ible4 ,& he adds3 ,"h we h a book ! date ( :i* is positively asc]ta9$1 & ! writ] almo/ c]ta9ly kn[n1 :ile its cont5ts are ( a prophetic "*1 & lay claim 79 a m>k$ mann]7 to inspiration1 yet are s peculi>ly hi/orical 9 _! "*1 & deal ) a p]iod ( hi/ory s p]fectly well kn[n d[n to its m9ute/ details1 t x c be *eck$ & v]ifi$ at e turn4 ,might we n almo/ say t we h "h 7z 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel7 a gauge by :i* to measure inspiration1 a sample by :i* to und]/& prophecy1 a key = a full compreh5sion ( :at ,holy ,scripture is & means8 ,! ,apocalypse is1 z our au?or describes x1 an ec/atic & dogmatic allegory4 ,:at x is besides1 :i* ! believ] 9 ,div9e inspiration w\ld include 9 ! def9ition1 is out ( ! range ( su* a critic's compreh5sion1 & he w\ld n be likely to atta* mu* importance to ! words1 ,write ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ se51 & ! ?+s :i* are1 & ! ?+s :i* %all be h]eaft]4 ,b he seems to h ov]look$ h[ mu* ess5tial evangelical doctr9e x expresses1 & h[ mu* x is imbu$ ) its _s2 t x te/ifies to ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ & ! atonem5t4 ,al?\gh x is an allegory1 its au?or c\ld no m h writt5 x1 if he _h kn[n no?+ ( ^? doctr9es1 ?an ,bunyan c\ld h writt5 ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 or ,milton ,p>adise ,lo/ & ,rega9$4 ,by prov+ ,john to be ! au?or ( ?is highly dogmatic treatise1 z he calls ! ,apocalypse1 he takes u to ! ess5ce ( ! dogmas4 ,!y mu/ h ei!r be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ,john wrote x1 or he inv5t$ !m1 = !y are c]ta9ly !re4 ,he seems unconsci\sly to h furni%$ ! v contempor>y evid5ce :i* su* critics z himself pret5d n to h f\nd1 & pr(ess !y require1 be=e !y c accept ! miracles & evangelical doctr9es ( ! gospel4 ,he all[s t ,mat!w 0 an eye-witness1 b d5ies t he wrote ( miracles4 ,he all[s t ,paul wrote ( miracles1 b he 0 n an eye-witness4 ,n[ ,john bo? saw !m & wrote ( !m1 = he 0 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 & he wrote ! ,apocalypse4 ,?is be+ prov$1 we h 9 x1 f him1 z an eye-witness ( ! miracles ( ,jesus1 evid5ce :i* confirms ! ,gospels4 ,! vision is f ,him :o live? & 0 dead2 ! fir/ begott5 ( ! dead1 :o come? ) cl\ds1 & to "o :o 0 9 ! _s on ! ,"l's day4 ,x z evid5tly presupposes ! miracul\s facts ( ! ,gospels1 & is supplem5t>y to !m1 z c]ta9ly z x presupposes ! prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & supplem5ts ! pr$ictions ( ,daniel4 ,! allegory ( a ,lamb z x _h be5 sla91 :i* is prom95t 9 ! vision1 is unmi/akable4 ,no critic c\ld be s p]v]se z to d5y t ?is pla9ly indicates t ,jesus ,*ri/ rose f ! dead1 & t ,8 dea? is ref]r$ to z a sacrifice = s9 9 fulfilm5t ( ! anci5t types & sacrificial rites2 nor c x be d\bt$ t ! same is 9 h>mony ) ! gospel :i* ,paul prea*$ & wrote ab\t 9 8 absolutely unque/ionable epi/les1 to :i* alone we ref]1 avoid+1 = obvi\s reasons1 allusion to ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 z our au?or seems to ignore t book altoge!r4 ,let u turn to ! sublime words ( ?is ,apocalypse1 prov$ to h be5 writt5 by ,john ! ,apo/le1 & z we read1 imag9e1 if we c1 t ! au?or himself1 & ! ,*ri/ians ( ! sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia & else:]e1 knew no?+ ( ! miracul\s facts ( ! ,gospels & ! doctr9e ( ! atonem5t ) :i* !y are insep>ably connect$2 & imag9e1 if we c1 t !y 7 bo? add$1 accord+ to our au?or's hypo!sis1 to ! orig9al & lo/ ,gospels a c5tury lat]4 ,x is entitl$ ,! ,revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* ,god gave unto him1 to %[ unto 8 s]vants ?+s :i* mu/ %ortly come to pass4 ,among su* ?+s--%ortly to come to pass--affect+ ! ,*ur*1 we _c be wrong 9 und]/&+ ! attack ^u ,j]usalem by ! ,romans to be includ$4 ,if s1 ! say+ ( ! angel--,rise & measure ! temple ( ,god1 & ! alt>1 & !m t wor%ip !re91 implies t ,j]usalem 0 /ill /&+ :5 ! book 0 writt54 ,also1 among ! ?+s %ortly to come to pass1 mu/ be und]/ood ! imp5d+ judgm5ts on ,rome 7! my/ical ,babylon7 = ! t]rible & bloody p]secution :i* _h lately happ5$2 = ,rome is evid5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! sev5te5? *apt]1 :]e we read3 ,^u h] =ehead 0 a "n writt51 ,my/]y1 ,babylon ! great2 & ,i saw ! woman drunk5 ) ! blood ( ! sa9ts & ( ! m>tyrs ( ,jesus4 ,we are left 9 no unc]ta9ty z to ! int]pretation ( ?is *apt]1 = x is giv5 u 9 ! la/ v]se1 :]e we are told--,& ! woman :i* ?\ sawe/ is t great city :i* reigne? ov] ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,! sev5 heads are sev5 m\nta9s on :i* ! woman sitte?4 ,& !re are sev5 k+s1 five are fall51 & "o is1 & ! o!r is n yet come4 ,x is all b c]ta9 t ! k+s ref]r$ to are--#a ,augu/us1 #b ,tib]ius1 #c ,caligula1 #d ,claudius1 #e ,n]o1 & ! #f?1 :i* n[ is1 ,galba1 :o reign$ n9e mon?s1 f #a/ ,may1 #fh1 till #ae? ,janu>y1 #fi2 ! #g?1 to come next1 be+ ,o?o1 :o1 :5 he come?1 mu/ cont9ue a %ort space4 ,x 0 b a %ort space1 = on ! #bj? ( ,april 9 ! same ye> ,vespasian asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,! bea/ :i* 0 to appe> next is und\bt$ly ,n]o2 = ?\gh he 0 dead1 ,tacitus tells u !re 0 a wide-spread rum\r1 :i* creat$ great al>m1 t ! report ( 8 hav+ committ$ suicide1 :5 ! s5ate _h d5\nc$ him1 0 false4 ,he is said to h be5 p]sonifi$ by a slave1 :o took up 8 abode 9 an isl& n f> f ,patmos4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,roman co9s ( t date hav+ on !m ! words ,n]o ,cs>1 ! ,hebrew lett]s = :i* are id5tical ) ! six hundr$ ?reescore & six1 ! numb] ( ! bea/1 :i* he t ha? und]/&+ is to c\nt1 we _c avoid ! conclusion t ,n]o1 "u ! symbol ( a bea/1 is ref]r$ to4 ,if ?is be ! correct int]pretation1 !re is no unc]ta9ty ab\t ! date & au?or%ip ( ! book4 ,! preface or title closes ) ! words1 ,bless$ is he t reade?1 & !y t he>1 ! words ( ?is prophecy1 & keep ^? ?+s :i* are writt5 !re92 = ! "t is at h&4 ,& !n ! book op5s ) an apo/olic salutation to ! ,*ur*es1 & a f]v5t ascription ( praise to ,jehovah1 & to ! ris5 & exalt$ ,messiah & ,r$eem]4 ,john to ! sev5 ,*ur*es :i* are 9 ,asia 7,*ur*es plant$ by ,paul ye>s be=e73 ,grace unto y1 & peace1 f him :i* is1 & :i* 01 & :i* is to come2 & f ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! fai?ful witness1 ! fir/ begott5 f ! dead1 & ! pr9ce ( ! k+s ( ! e>?4 ,unto him :o lov$ u1 & wa%$ u f our s9s 9 8 own blood1 & ha? made u k+s & prie/s unto ,god & 8 ,fa!r2 to him be glory & dom9ion = ev] & ev]4 ,i ,john1 :o also am y\r bro!r1 & companion 9 tribulation1 & 9 ! k+dom & pati5ce ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 0 9 ! isle t is call$ ,patmos1 = ! ^w ( ,god1 & = ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,i 0 9 ! _s on ! ,"l's day4 7,to be 9 ! _s on ! ,"l's day is 9 h>mony ) evangelical ,*ri/ianity1 & q mean+less ap>t f x4 ,! fir/ day ( ! week is1 und\bt$ly1 call$ ! ,"l's day1 because on t day ,he rose f ! dead2 & bread has be5 brok5 & w9e drunk on t day1 9 ob$i5ce to ,8 comm&s1 & 9 remembrance ( ,8 dea?1 ev] s9ce ! day ( ,p5teco/47 ,i am he t live?1 & 0 dead2 &1 behold1 ,i am alive = ev]more1 & h ! keys ( hades & ( dea?4 ,! ,lion ( ! tribe ( ,juda1 ! ,root ( ,david1 ha? prevail$ to op5 ! book1 & to loose ! seals !re(4 ,& ,i beheld1 &1 lo1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?rone 444 a ,lamb z x _h be5 sla92 & !y sung a new song1 say+1 ,?\ art wor?y to take ! book1 & op5 ! seals !re(3 = ?\ wa/ sla91 & ha/ r$eem$ u to ,god by ?y blood out ( e k9dr$1 & tongue1 & p1 & nation4 ,wor?y is ! ,lamb t 0 sla9 to receive p[]1 & ri*es1 c4 ,bless+1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & p[]1 be unto him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb1 = ev] & ev]4 ,^! are !y t came out ( great tribulation1 & wa%$ _! robes1 & made !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb4 ,& e creature :i* is 9 heav51 & on ! e>?1 & "u ! e>?1 & su* z are 9 ! sea1 & all t are 9 !m1 he>d ,i say+1 ,bless+1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & p[]1 be unto him t sitte? ^u ! ?rone1 & unto ! ,lamb1 = ev] & ev]4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 nor 9 any o!r "p ( ,scripture1 t m emphatically proclaims ! ,godhead ( ,jesus ,*ri/ ?an ?is wor%ip ( ,him by ! :ole ho/ ( heav54 ,! :ole creation1 z twice describ$ 9 ! second comm&m5t1 fall d[n & wor%ip ,him4 ,x is id5tical ) ! language ,paul uses 9 8 lett] to ! ,philippians3 ,:]e=e ,god also ha? highly exalt$ him1 & giv5 him a "n t is above e "n1 t 9 ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %\ld b[1 ( ?+s 9 heav51 & ?+s 9 e>?1 & ?+s "u ! e>?2 & e tongue %\ld confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,"l1 to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,?is sort ( language p]vades ! :ole book4 ,! allegory ( a ,lamb sla9 to wa% away s9 by ! %$d+ ( ,8 blood occurs a score times4 ,x is n possible to read x & believe :at our au?or ins9uates4 ,he wants "s pro( t ! f\r ,gospels are n religi\s romances writt5 long aft] ! ev5ts occurr$ :i* !y record4 ,i po9t out t ! au?or has ! pro( 9 8 own argum5t t ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse1 & t ! evid5ce !re9 giv5 to ! miracles is n affect$ by any unc]ta9ty :e!r ! ,gospels 7 produc$ by eye-witnesses1 or con/ruct$ on second-h& evid5ce1 by su* disciples z ,m>k & ,luke4 ,no criticism ev] que/ions t ,paul prea*$ a miracul\s gospel1 or ev] d\bts ! g5u95ess ( c]ta9 ( 8 epi/les 9 :i* ! doctr9es are fully /at$4 ,!re are1 at lea/1 f\r :i* h nev] be5 que/ion$--viz41 ! ,fir/ ( ,!ssalonians1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #ej2 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 ,a4,d4 #eb2 ! ,fir/ ( ,cor9?ians1 ,a4,d4 #eg2 & ! "o to ! ,romans1 ,a4,d4 #eh2 & 9 all ^? lett]s ! miracles & doctr9es are ref]r$ to :i*1 ye>s be=e1 :5 he fir/ w5t =? to prea*1 7 ! !mes ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,8 insight into spiritual matt]s increas$ z he grew old]1 z 8 lat] writ+s indicate2 b f fir/ to la/ x 0 ! same gospel4 ,he writes to ! ,cor9?ians 9 ! ye> #eg1 to rem9d !m ( ! gospel he _h prea*$ unto !m4 ,he says1 ,i deliv]$ unto y fir/ ( all t :i* ,i also receiv$1 h[ t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 & t he 0 buri$1 & t he rose aga9 ! ?ird day1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures2 & t he 0 se5 ( ,pet]1 !n ( ! twelve2 aft] t he 0 se5 ( five hundr$ bre?r5 at once1 ( :om ! great] "p rema9 unto ?is pres5t1 b "s are fall5 asleep4 ,aft] t he 0 se5 ( me also1 z ( "o born out ( due "t4 ,n[ z ,paul's writt5 v]sion ( ! gospel at ?is "t 0 9 ! ma9 id5tical ) ,john's1 we get f ! evid5ce t ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse a v def9ite conclusion4 ,x has be5 absurdly sugge/$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 & o!rs1#ff t ,paul orig9at$ ! dogmatic doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n[ we "k t ,paul1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 m9i/ry1 communicat$ ) ,james1 ,pet]1 & ,john1 at ,j]usalem1 respect+ t gospel :i* he 0 prea*+ among ! ,g5tiles2 = he writes to t effect 9 8 unque/ion$ epi/le to ! ,galatians1 & tells !m t :5 ^? ?ree apo/les1 :o seem$ to be pill>s1 p]ceiv$ ! grace t 0 giv5 to him1 !y gave to him & ,b>nabas ! "r h& ( fell[%ip4 ,w\ld ,john & ,pet] & ,james h done ?is if ! miracul\s gospel ,paul told !m he 0 prea*+ 0 inconsi/5t ) _! own k ( ! circum/ances & ev5ts 9 ,*ri/'s life ( :i* !y 7 all eye-witnesses8 #ff ,no?+ c be m false ?an ! fa%ionable notion ( our day t ,paul 0 ! au?or ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! true f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity 0 ,jesus4--,rnan 7,! ,apo/les1 p4 #c74 ,we h ,john writ+ a book be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 & ,paul an epi/le be=e ! reign ( ,n]o1 & !y bo? be> te/imony to ! fact t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah ( ,jewi% prophecy1 :o desc5d$ into our _w to be its ,savi\r & ,r$eem] by ! sacrifice ( ,8 life on ! cross--,8 miracul\s resurrection f ! dead be+ ! atte/ation ( ,8 aton+ "w1 :ile ,8 promise to come aga9 to e>? 9 l mann] z ,he 0 se5 to g away1 !y bo? reli$ ^u ) implicit confid5ce4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #eb ,paul writes f ,cor9? to ! ,!ssalonians1 rem9d+ !m h[ !y turn$ f idols to s]ve ! liv+ & true ,god1 & to wait = 8 ,son f heav51 :om ,he rais$ f ! dead1 ev5 ,jesus1 :o deliv]$ u f ! wra? to come2#fg & he *>ges !m by ! ,"l t ?is epi/le be read 9 all ! ,*ur*es 9 ,mac$onia4#fh ,its g5u95ess has nev] be5 que/ion$4 #fg #a ,!ss4 i4 #i4 #fh ,ibid4 i4 #bg4 ,?us x is q c]ta9 t ,paul1 at ! comm5cem5t & ?r\gh\t 8 m9i/ry1 prea*$ ! dogmatic doctr9es ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 ! resurrection1 ! atonem5t1 ! depravity ( human nature1 ju/ification by fai?1 & ! "w ( ! ,holy ,_s 9 r5ew+ & sanctify+ ! s\ls ( m51 :i* con/itut$ ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies1 & und\bt$ly emanat$--n f ! dep?s ( ,paul's moral consci\sness1 b f ! ev5ts1 ,div9e utt]ances1 & sup]human circum/ances :i* 7 ! !me ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian records4#fi ,! ,apocalypse is absolute pro( z to h[ !y orig9at$1 & t !y 7 preval5t :5 x 0 writt54 #fi ,paul tells ! ,!ssalonians he is ?ankful t !y receiv$ :at he prea*$ z ! ^w ( ,god1 n z ! ^w ( m54 ,?is1 ,i cont5d1 is s\nd argum5t1 & neutralises t ( our au?or4 ,o!r objections ( cavill]s h _! appropriate answ]s4 ,!y may say t ! eye-witnesses might hone/ly believe & tea*1 b 7 deceiv$4 ,no "o w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 say !y 7 di%one/1 & inv5t$ ! miracles4 ,x may be said t a s+le eye-witness su* z ,john is insuffici5t4 ,b if a jury has "o su*1 & all ! circum/antial evid5ce 9 ! case supports 8 te/imony1 ! v]dict is easily arriv$ at4 ,a tree t is graft$ usually yields fruit aft] ! process1 n be=e2 b we h "h ?is tree ( ,*ri/ianity prov$ to be fully develop$ 9 ! ye> #fh1 & its fruit describ$1 & we are ask$ to believe t x 0 graft$ to be> its evangelical dogmas a c5tury aft]w>ds6 ,! fact is t ! same apo/le1 :o describes its fruit 9 ! ye> #fh1 0 pres5t :5 x 0 plant$1 & we "k f 8 evid5ce t ! tree ne$$ no graft+ to produce su* fruit4 ,?is evid5ce1 f a ho/ile critic ( su* ability & s*ol>%ip1 to ! au!nticity & au?or%ip ( ! book ( ,revelation1 is surely ( consid]able value4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ow5 c\ld1 f a s+le bone ( a fossil animal1 %[ :at ! :ole 0 ( :i* ! bone =m$ a "p1 s might be us$ ?is evid5ce t ,john wrote ! ,apocalypse4 ,! ,*ri/ian apologi/ may %[ our au?or 8 own argum5t1 & po9t+ out ! ^w ,apocalypse1 exclaim1 ,i ?ank !e1 ,jew1 = tea*+ me t ^w6 ,?\ art hoi/ ) ?9e own pet>d6 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,! f9al & sure/ pro( ( ! actuality & ,div9e orig9 ( revelation is its manife/ation 9 individuals1 z a heal+1 s9-con/ra9+ p[]1 diffus+ ev]y:]e light & life4 ,*ri/lieb4 ,! mo/ important controv]sies are ^? :i* a man f9ds 9 8 own he>t4 ,j4 ,a4 ,b5gel4 ,! ,key to ,scripture is ! ,p]son & ,(fice ( ,messiah4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,conclusion4 ,at ! close ( 8 "w our au?or attempts to console 8 read]s = hav+ demoli%$ _! evangelical belief 9 ! foll[+ eloqu5t language3-- ,9 surr5d]+ its miracul\s elem5t & its claims to sup]natural orig91 !re=e1 ! religion ( ,jesus does n lose its virtue1 or ! qualities :i* h made x a bless+ to humanity4 ,x sacrifices none ( t elevat$ "* :i* has di/+ui%$ & rais$ x above all human sy/ems2 x m]ely rel9qui%es a claim :i* x has %>$ ) all antec$5t religions1 & sev]s its connection ) ignorant sup]/ition4 ,x is too div9e 9 its morality to require ! aid ( miracul\s attributes4 ,no sup]natural halo c height5 its spiritual beauty1 & no my/icism deep5 its hol9ess4 ,9 its p]fect simplicity x is sublime1 & 9 its pr(\nd wisdom x is et]nal 7p4 #dhi74 ,?is may be eloqu5tly express$1 b x w n be> analysis4 ,if ! religion ( ,jesus has an elevat$ "*1 :i* has di/+ui%$ & rais$ x above all human sy/ems1 x mu/ h a sup]human elevat$ "*1 &1 if s1 a sup]natural "*1 &1 !re=e1 ! religion ( ,jesus is a sup]natural religion4 ,to take f ! ,bible all t is miracul\s1 & pret5d x w\ld n lose its virtue1 or ! qualities :i* h made x a bless+ to humanity1 is simply absurd4 ,! tea*+s ( ,*ri/1 ap>t f ,8 recognition ( ,abraham's fai? 9 ,god hav+ spok5 to him2 ( ,moses1 z div9ely commission$ to give ! law ( ,s9ai2 & ( ,david1 to prophesy ( ,himself z ! ,messiah1 is inconceivable4 ,x is n possible to /rike out ( ! ,bible all t is sup]natural & leave x intelligible4 ,:at w\ld be left1 f> f be+ p]fect simplicity & pr(\nd & et]nal wisdom1 w\ld be1 = religi\s in/ruction1 inde$1 a blank4 ,kn[+ :at human nature is & has be5 9 all ages1 :]e1 we may ask1 c\ld su* p]fect & sublime morality h come f ap>t f ,div9e int]f]5ce8 ,z ,h5ry ,rog]s says 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,! ,sup]human ,orig9 ( ! ,bible inf]r$ f itself1 ,! ,bible is n su* a book z man w\ld h made if he c\ld1 or c\ld h made if he w\ld4 ,ev5 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 8 book j publi%$1 describes ,*ri/ z ! patt]n ( p]fection = humanity2 & a unique figure1 n m unlike all ,8 precursors ?an all ,8 foll[]s1 ev5 ^? :o _h ! direct b5efit ( ,8 p]sonal tea*+4 ,! late ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 ! em95t ,unit>ian1 said t ! actual resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is m au!ntically atte/$ ?an any o!r fact 9 hi/ory4#gj #gj ,see 8 "w1 ,matt] & ,_s1 p4 #bdg4 ,! fact is1 9 %ort1 j ?is3 ! :ole ,scripture te/imony to ! "w ( man's r$emption is1 to ! believ]1 explicit & h>moni\s1 :ile ! emasculat$ & p]v]t$ cre$ ( ! morali/ :o rejects ! miracul\s is %e] confusion & absurdity4 ,we appreciate ! admonition ( ! apo/le ,paul1 :]e he says3 ,oh1 ,timo?y1 keep t :i* is committ$ to ?y tru/1 avoid+ pr(ane & va9 babbl+s1 & oppositions ( sci5ce1 s call$1 :i*1 "s pr(ess+1 h err$ conc]n+ ! fai?4 ,x is ( importance to note t ! writ+s :i* record ! dea?s ( "s ( ! pr9cipal p]sons1 su* z ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,james ! ,apo/le1 & ,/eph51 w\ld1 probably1 h m5tion$ ! decease ( o!rs if !y _h di$ be=e ! books 7 compos$4 ,suppos+ !y orig9at$ at a lat] date1 ! writ]s w\ld h _h no motive = omitt+ any su* p>ticul>s4 ,surely1 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les w\ld h told u ( ! dea? ( ,paul & ,pet]1 ,mat!w & ,b>nabas1 & ! o!r m5 ^: do+s x records4 ,if we imag9e ! book a fiction1 !n1 we ask1 :]e are ! /ories :i* apocryphal books conta91 su* z ! crucifixion ( ,pet]1 :i* w\ld1 c]ta9ly1 h be5 includ$8 ,?is mu/ be acc\nt$ = be=e we set aside ! book z n hi/ory1 b fiction4 ,?is anonym\s sceptical "w has to enc\nt] ! damag+ objection t x ent]s a v]dict be=e ! case is complete4 ,! judge1 t is1 imp>tial criticism hold+ ! balance ev5ly1 may ju/ly say1 ,h[ c ! v]dict be pron\nc$ 9 ! abs5ce ( witnesses ( su* importance z ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! epi/les ( ,paul8 ,! f9al reflections at ! conclusion ( ! second volume are premature4 ,in/ead ( x be+ "r n to delay a cle> /atem5t ( :at ! au?or believes to be ! tru? & its consequ5ces1 x is ! opposite2 & we v5ture to pr$ict t1 :5 he has done 8 wor/1 :5 he has made ! mo/ ( ! sil5ce ( primitive writ]s ^: works "t has r$uc$ to fragm5ts2 :5 he has fully expos$ ! irrelevancy ( _m ( ! ass]tions ( ov]-sangu9e apologi/s 7su* z ,tis*5dorf & ,canon ,we/cott72 :5 he has magnifi$ to ! utmo/ ! difficulties insep>able f ! inve/igation ( matt]s eighte5 c5turies di/ant1 betwe5 :i* p]iod 9 hi/ory & ! pres5t "t !re h int]v5$ revolutions 9 nations1 invasions ( b>b>ians1 cities burn$1 libr>ies de/roy$1 & all t is conceivable ( oblit]ation1 falsification1 fraud1 & sup]/ition1 9 :at are call$ ! d>k ages--8 ability1 le>n+1 rese>*1 & logic w n h conv9c$ ! majority ( 8 read]s t ,*ri/ianity is to be plac$ 9 ! category ( ! _w's religi\s delusions & impo/ures4 ,8 complete "w w be fully repli$ to by critics ( 8 own calibre & acum51 & ! highe/ hon\r x w ultimately atta9 w be to be relegat$ to ! un5viable position 9 lit]ature 9 :i* are plac$ ,sp9oza1 ,hume1 ,baur1 ,/rauss1 ,rnan1 ,mill1 & all ^? able d\bt]s :o h boldly b unsuccessfully assail$ ! tru? z x is 9 ,jesus4 ,i close ) ! rem>k t ! ,bible is reg>d$ by ! ,evangelical ,prote/ant ,noncon=mi/s f an indep5d5t po9t ( view4 ,! au?ority ( ! c\ncils ( ! ,popi% ,*ur* is no?+ to !m4 ,! decision ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 ,a4,d4 #cfd1 furni%es evid5ce ( ! ,holy ,scriptures be+1 9 ! ma91 :at we e/eem !m to be2 b we d n recognise its au?ority4 ,we are 9 a position to welcome any light :i* any critic c ?r[ ^u ! records ( ,div9e revelation1 & c be grateful = any labori\s rese>* :i* sep>ates ! gold f ! dross1 & selects ! real co9 f ! c\nt]feit4 ,b x is und\bt$ly true t1 z ! religion ( ! ,bible is a spiritual matt]1 x is be/ disc]n$ by ^? ^: he>ts are op5 to receive x4 ,if any man w d 8 w1 he %all "k ( ! doctr9e :e!r x be ( ,god4#ga ,he t believe? on ! ,son ( ,god ha? ! witness 9 himself4#gb ,fill$ ) ! k ( 8 w 9 all wisdom & spiritual und]/&+4#gc #ga ,john vii4 #ag4 #gb #a ,john v4 #aj4 #gc ,col4 i4 #i4 ,on ! assumption t man is n a spiritual be+1 ! inve/igation ( :at ! ,bible tea*es is n likely to be successful4 ,! mo/ prom95t /atem5ts w be fooli%ness4 ,! prim>y fact t ,god is a ,_s w n be appreh5d$1 & all analog\s doctr9es deem$ ! outgr[? ( sup]/ition4 ,x is ! va9e/ ( all inquiries f su* a =egone conclusion4 ,man is n plac$ at su* a po9t ( obs]vation 9 ! univ]se z to be compet5t to conduct a !ological inve/igation1 bas$ on a negative hypo!sis1 reg>d+ ! ess5tial proposition ( all religi\s tru?4 ,among ! indisp5sable requisites 9 ! pursuit ( su* k1 are1 ! receptive disposition1 ! li/5+ attitude1 ! becom+ humility1 ! consci\sness ( a t5d5cy to g wrong1 & ( dep5d5ce on ! ,div9e illum9ation ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,bl9d unbelief is sure to err4 ,! inquir] :o does n lay aside pride & self-suffici5cy is n 9 a condition to take ! fir/ /ep4 ,if intellectual p[]1 acut5ess ( p]ception1 & ! logical faculty1 c\ld ensure ! successful pursuit ( spiritual tru?1 we may suppose t ,satan's k w\ld conv9ce him ( ! folly ( 8 opposition to ! ,div9e au?ority4 ,t :i* int]v5es betwixt ! ,almighty ,creator & ! fall5 angel int]cepts ! vision ( ! deprav$ human s\l4 ,only ! pure 9 he>t c see ,god4 ,! bl9dness is n removable until1 z 9 ! case ( ,saul ( ,t>sus1 ^? conditions are compli$ ) :i* are impli$ 9 ! /atem5t1 ,behold he praye?4 ,8 s\l is humbl$1 8 eyes are op5$1 & he gets ne>] to ! tru?4 ,! ,"l is nigh unto !m :o call ^u him4#gd #gd ,psa4 cxlv4 #ah4 ,! summ>y ( :at ,i h endeav\r$ to make pla9 to y respect+ ! book is briefly ?is3-- #a4 ,t x *iefly consi/s ( ,g]man scepticism made pla9 to ,engli% read]s2 ( a reca/ ( ! explod$ fallacies ( ,hume2 & an unsuccessful attempt to elim9ate ! miracul\s f ! ,gospels4 #b4 ,t ! assumption t !re are 9 ! ,bible ,satanic miracles1 ?us putt+ ,jewi% sup]/ition on a level ) reveal$ tru?1 is reason+ on false premises4 #c4 ,t ! miracles ( ! ,bible d n admit ( _! be+ accommodat$ to ! laws ( nature1 to satisfy ! sci5tific & philosophical !ologians4 #d4 ,t ! objection to ! te/imony ( ! fir/ disciples1 on ! gr\nd ( _! n be+ le>n$1 sci5tific1 & critical1 has no weight1 especially z appli$ to ,paul1 ^: education w\ld enable him to weigh ! evid5ce ( ! eye-witnesses1 :i* he w\ld comp>e ) ! revelation to himself2 & ?us he 0 9 a position to "k ! exact tru?4 #e4 ,t ! ab/ract argum5t aga9/ miracles n hav+ suffici5t =ce to m]it ,mr4 ,arnold's endorsem5t1 its fur!r discussion 0 n necess>y1 ! fir/ "p ( ! book be+ suffici5tly neutralis$4 #f4 ,t ! argum5t f ! sil5ce ( e>ly ,*ur* writ]s is n conclusive1 because we h only fragm5ts ( _! writ+s1 & t !re 0 n ! same ne$ to ref] to writt5 records :ile tradition 0 fre%4 #g4 ,t ! objection to a quotation because x is n v]batim is frivol\s4 #h4 ,t ! hypo!sis t ! orig9al records ( ,*ri/'s life1 :i* are n our ,gospels1 & are lo/1 did n conta9 any miracles1 is a ,g]man conjecture1 :i* is totally unsupport$ & absolutely incr$ible4 #i4 ,t ! assumption ( uni=m & v]bal inspiration is n an ess5tial ( or?odox views1 & t ,*ri/ianity has be5 m damag$ by its fri5ds ?an its enemies4 #aj4 ,t ! au?or's mode ( pres5t+ 8 facts is n to be reli$ ^u1 any m ?an 8 conclusions4 #aa4 ,t (f5sive epi!ts & unw>rantable boldness ( ass]tion d n /r5g!n 8 argum5ts2 nor is eloqu5t language always s5se4 #ab4 ,t ! "q is n :e!r ! ,gospels e/abli% ! reality ( miracles1 s t ,*ri/ianity is false if !y d n suffici5tly d s2 b is ! g5]al evid5ce1 re/+ on a great v>iety ( pro(s1 suffici5t to prove x true8 #ac4 ,t special plead+ is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! book4 #ad4 ,t :atev] in=mation is want+1 z to ! exact mann] 9 :i* ! f\r ,gospels 7 compil$--:atev] probability !re may be t ,mat!w's is made up ( mat]ials f sev]al o!r s\rces1 su* z ! lo/ ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews1 z well z f t apo/le's own record ( :at he he>d & 0 eye-witness (--:atev] probability !re may be t ! ,f\r? ,gospel is only ! ,apo/le ,john's to ! ext5t ( 8 hav+ furni%$ ! mat]ials1 :i* ,grecian1 r ?an ,jewi%1 p5s put into elegant language & arti/ic =m--x is und5iable t if ,john ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ! apo/le1 wrote ! ,apocalypse1 z our au?or proves he did1 ! fact furni%es ! /ronge/ evid5ce1 cle>1 direct1 & irrefragable1 t he knew1 be+ an eye-witness ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,gospel records1 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ to be no cunn+ly devis$ fable1 b ! fact ( facts1 ! tru? ( tru?s1 ! miracle ( miracles4 #ae4 ,t ! religion ( ! ,bible be+ spiritual1 its tru?s are be/ disc]n$ by ^? ^: he>ts are op5 to receive !m4 ,! va/ expanse ( evangelical ,*ri/ian evid5ce1 %9+ ar\nd u l ! sky on a cle> night1 has its nebul :i* only fai?'s telescope c rea*2 b !re are />s & con/ellations :i* are s conspicu\s t no inquir] aft] tru? c fail to see !m4 ,john to ! sev5 ,*ur*es1 ^: angels are sev5 />s1 is z obvi\s z ! ,pleiades2 ,paul & ,b>nabas1 z ( old1 are ,m]curius & ,jupit]2 ,abraham's desc5dants1 /ill di/9ct f all o!r races1 9 all l&s1 are prom95t z ,sirius2 ,pl9y's lett] to ,trajan is radiant z ,arcturus2 ! m>tyr-/ory ( ! ,catacombs & ( hi/ory is z demon/rative z ,m>s2 :ile ! in/itution to %[ =? ! ,"l's dea?1 by ! break+ ( bread on ! ,"l's day1 gl[s l ,v5us4 ,^!1 requir+ no telescope1 ,confirm ! tid+s z !y roll1 ,& spread ! tru? f pole to pole4 ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,! ,,gre%am ,,press1 ,,*ilwor? ,,& ,,london4