,illu/ration3 ,! ,sun-,motor us$ on ! ,pasad5a ,o/ri*-f>m1 ,cali=nia4 ,x works a pump capable ( deliv]+ #a1djj gallons p] m9ute4 ,see pp4 #baj1 #baa4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,,conta9+ ,,int]e/+ ,,descriptions ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,( ,,wireless ,,telegraphy1 ,,liquid ,,air1 ,,mod]n ,,artill]y1 ,,subm>9es1 ,,dirigible ,,torp$oes1 ,,sol> ,,motors1 ,,air%ips1 c4 c4 ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism0 8,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+0 c4 c4 ,,) ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,seeley ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$ #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aijg ,preface ,! object ( ?is book is to set be=e "y p 9 a bright & int]e/+ way1 & )\t ! use ( te*nical language1 acc\nts ( "s ( ! late/ phases ( mod]n inv5tion2 & also to introduce !m to rec5t discov]ies ( :i* ! full developm5t is yet to be witness$4 ,! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges ! help giv5 him z reg>ds bo? lit]>y matt] & illu/rations by3--,mr4 ,cu?b]t ,hall 7! ,m>coni ,wireless ,telegraphy ,co472 ,mr4 ,william ,sugg2 ,mr4 ,hans ,knuds52 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,b4 ,cole2 ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,ryves2 ,mr4 ,anton ,pollak2 ! ,telautograph ,co42 ! ,p>sons ,/eam ,turb9e ,co42 ! ,monotype ,co42 ! ,biograph ,co42 ! ,locomobile ,co42 ! ,spe$well ,motor ,co4 ,septemb] #aijb4 ,cont5ts ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,high-,,spe$ ,,telegraphy ,,! ,,telephone--,,wireless ,,telephony ,,! ,,phonograph--,,! ,,hotographophone--,,! ,,telephonograph ,,! ,,telautograph ,,mod]n ,,artill]y--,,rifles--,,ma*9e ,,guns--,,heavy ,,ordnance--,,explosives--,,9 ,,! ,,gun ,,factory ,,dirigible ,,torp$oes ,,subm>9e ,,boats ,,animat$ ,,pictures ,,! ,,great ,,p>is ,,telescope ,,photograph+ ,,! ,,invisible--,,photography ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k ,,sol> ,,motors ,,liquid ,,air ,,horseless ,,c>riages ,,high-,,spe$ ,,railways ,,sea ,,expresses ,,me*anical ,,flight ,,type-,,sett+ ,,by ,,ma*9]y ,,photography ,,9 ,,col\rs ,,light+ ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,,! ,,sun ,,motor ,,us$ ,,on ,,! ,,pasad5a ,,o/ri*-,,f>m ,a ,,corn] ,,( ,,mr4 ,,m>coni',s ,,cab9 ,,mr4 ,,m>coni',s ,,travell+ ,,/ation ,,! ,,poldhu ,,t[] ,,guglielmo ,,m>coni ,,high-,,spe$ ,,telegraphy3 ,a ,,receiv+ ,,in/rum5t ,,high-,,spe$ ,,telegraphy4 ,,specim5 ,,( ,,pun*$ ,,tape ,a ,,unique ,,gr\p ,,( ,,phonographs ,,! ,,telautograph3 ,,receiv] ,,& ,,transmitt] ,,! ,,telautograph1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,p>ts ,,! ,,telautograph1 ,,specim5 ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,,done ,,! ,,simms ,,arm\r-,,clad ,,motor ,,c> ,,! 8,,holl&0 ,,subm>9e ,,boat ,,an ,,int]ior ,,view ,,( ,,! 8,,holl&0 ,,! 8,,holl&0 ,,subm>9e ,,9 ,,! ,,la/ ,,/ages ,,( ,,subm]sion ,,! ,,great ,,p>is ,,telescope ,,! ,,liquid ,,air ,,company',s ,,factory ,,at ,,pimlico ,m4 ,,s]pollet ,,on ,,! 8,,ea/] ,,egg0 ,a ,,motor ,,c> ,,driv5 ,,by ,,liquid ,,air ,,diagram ,,( ,,liquid ,,air ,,motor ,,c> ,h4,m4,s4 ,,torp$o ,,de/roy] 8,,vip]0 ,,air%ip ,,( ,m4 ,,santos-,,dumont ,,r\nd+ ,,! ,,eiffel ,,t[] ,m4 ,,santos-,,dumont',s ,,air%ip ,,return+ ,,to ,,long*amps ,,! ,,l9otype ,,ma*9e ,,! ,,monotype ,,ca/+ ,,ma*9e ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,inv5tion ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,"o day 9 #ahde a man nam$ ,tawell1 dress$ z a ,quak]1 /epp$ into a tra9 at ,sl\gh ,/ation on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 & travell$ to ,london4 ,:5 he arriv$ 9 ,london ! innoc5t-look+ ,quak] 0 arre/$1 mu* to 8 amazem5t & dismay1 on ! *>ge ( hav+ committ$ a f\l murd] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sl\gh4 ,! news ( ! murd] & a description ( ! murd]] _h be5 telegraph$ f t place to ,padd+ton1 :]e a detective met ! tra9 & %ad[$ ! miscreant until a conv5i5t opportunity = arre/+ him occurr$4 ,tawell 0 tri$1 condemn$1 & hung1 & ! public = ! fir/ "t g5]ally realis$ ! p[] = good dormant 9 ! z yet little develop$ electric telegraph4 ,?irte5 ye>s lat] two vessels met 9 mid-,atlantic lad5 ) cables :i* !y jo9$ & paid out 9 opposite directions1 till ,irel& & ,newf\ndl& 7 rea*$4 ,! fir/ electric message pass$ on ,augu/ #g? ( t ye> f ! ,new ,_w to ! ,old4 ,! telegraph _h n[ become a _w-p[]4 ,! ?ird epo*-mak+ ev5t 9 its hi/ory is ( rec5t date4 ,on ,decemb] #ab1 #aija1 ,guglielmo ,m>coni1 a "y ,italian1 fam\s all ov] ! _w :5 b tw5ty-two ye>s old1 sudd5ly sprang into yet great] fame4 ,at ,hospital ,po9t1 ,newf\ndl&1 he he>d by means ( a kite1 a long wire1 a delicate tube full ( t9y p>ticles ( metal1 & a telephone e>-piece1 signals transmitt$ f f>-(f ,cornwall by 8 colleagues4 ,no wires connect$ ,poldhu1 ! ,corni% /ation1 & ,hospital ,po9t4 ,! ?ree %ort dot signals1 :i* 9 ! ,morse code signify ! lett] ,s1 _h be5 borne f place to place by ! limitless1 my/]i\s e!r1 t /range sub/ance ( :i* we n[ he> s mu*1 ( :i* wise m5 decl>e we "k s little4 ,m>coni's great a*ievem5t1 :i* 0 ( imm5se importance1 naturally a/oni%$ ! _w4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 n want+ ^? :o discr$it$ ! report4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 7 seiz$ ) panic & %[$ _! read9ess to believe t ! ,atlantic _h be5 spann$ arially1 by sell+ (f _! %>es 9 cable companies4 ,to use ! language ( ! money-m>ket1 !re 0 a tempor>y 8slump0 9 cable %>es4 ,! _w aga9 woke up--?is "t to ! fact t exp]im5ts ( :i* x _h he>d fa9tly _h at la/ culm9at$ 9 a great triumph1 m>vell\s 9 itself1 & yet probably no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! revolution 9 ! transmission ( news t x h]ald$4 ,! subject ( ,wireless ,telegraphy is s wide t to treat x fully 9 ! compass ( a s+le *apt] is impossible4 ,at ! same "t x w\ld be equally impossible to pass x ov] 9 a book writt5 ) ! object ( pres5t+ to ! read] ! late/ developm5ts ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,inde$1 ! att5tion t x has ju/ly attract$ entitle x1 n m]ely to a place1 b to a lead+ place2 & = ?is reason ^! fir/ pages w be devot$ to a %ort acc\nt ( ! hi/ory & !ory ( ,wireless ,telegraphy1 ) "s m5tion ( ! diff]5t sy/ems by :i* signals h be5 s5t ?r\gh space4 ,on ca/+ ab\t = a po9t at :i* to beg91 ! writ] is tempt$ to attack ! great topic ( ! e!r1 to :i* exp]im5t]s 9 _m bran*es ( sci5ce are n[ devot+ m & m att5tion1 hop+ to f9d 9 x an explanation ( & connection betwe5 _m ph5om5a :i* at pres5t are ( unc]ta9 orig94 ,:at is ,e!r8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 its v exi/5ce is m]ely assum$1 l t ( ! atom & ! molecule4 ,nobody c say t he has actually se5 or _h any exp]i5ce ( x4 ,! assumption t !re is su* a ?+ is ju/ifi$ only 9 s f> z t assumption expla9s & reconciles ph5om5a ( :i* we h exp]i5ce1 & enables u to =m !ories :i* c be sci5tifically demon/rat$ correct4 ,:at sci5ti/s n[ say is ?is3 t ev]y?+ :i* we see & t\*1 ! air1 ! inf9ity ( space itself1 is p]meat$ by a some?+1 s subtle t1 no matt] h[ cont9u\s a ?+ may seem1 x is b a conc\rse ( atoms sep>at$ by ?is some?+1 ! ,e!r4 ,reason+ drove !m to ?is conclusion4 ,x is obvi\s t an effect _c come out ( no?+4 ,put a clock "u a bell-glass & y he> ! tick+4 ,pump out ! air & ! tick+ becomes inaudible4 ,:at is n[ n 9 ! glass t 0 !re be=e8 ,! air4 ,reason1 !re=e1 obliges u to conclude t air is ! means :]eby ! tick+ is audible to u4 ,no air1 no s\nd4 ,next1 put a light$ c&le on ! fur!r side ( ! exhau/$ bell-glass4 ,we c see x cle>ly en\gh4 ,! abs5ce ( air does n affect light4 ,b c we believe t !re is an absolute gap betwe5 u & ! light8 ,no6 ,x is f> easi] to believe t ! bell-glass is z full z ! outside atmosph]e ( ! some?+ t communicates ! s5sation ( light f ! c&le to ! eye4 ,aga91 suppose we measure a b> ( iron v c>efully :ile cold & !n heat x4 ,we %all f9d t x has exp&$ a little4 ,! iron atoms1 we say1 h become m en]getic ?an be=e1 repel ea* o!r & /& fur!r ap>t4 ,:at !n is 9 ! int]v5+ spaces8 ,n air1 :i* _c be =c$ ?r\gh iron :e!r hot or cold4 ,no6 ! e!r3 :i* passes easily ?r\gh crevices s small z to b> ! way to ! atoms ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,corn] ( ,m4 ,m>coni's cab9 on bo>d ,s4,s4 8,m9neapolis10 %[+ in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,once m1 suppose t to "o end ( our iron b> we apply ! negative 8pole0 ( an electric batt]y1 & to ! o!r end ! positive pole4 ,we see t a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! b>1 :e!r hot or cold1 :i* implies t x jumps across all ! e!r gaps1 or r is convey$ by !m f "o atom to ano!r4 ,! conclusion !n is t e!r is n m]ely omnipres5t1 p5etrat+ all ?+s1 b ! m$ium :]eby heat1 light1 electricity1 p]haps ev5 ?\ght itself1 are transmitt$ f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,9 :at mann] is ! transmission effect$8 ,we _c imag9e ! e!r behav+ 9 a way void ( all sy/em4 ,! answ] is1 by a wave motion4 ,! e!r mu/ be reg>d$ z a v ela/ic solid4 ,! agitation ( a portion ( x by :at we call heat1 light1 or electricity1 sets 9 motion adjo9+ p>ticles1 until !y are mov+ f side to side1 b n =w>ds2 ! resultant movem5t resembl+ t ( a snake te!r$ by ! tail4 ,^! e!r waves v>y imm5sely 9 l5g?4 ,_! qualities & effects ^u our bodies or s5sitive in/rum5ts dep5d ^u _! l5g?4 ,by means ( +5i\s app>atus ! l5g?s ( v>i\s waves h be5 measur$4 ,:5 ! waves numb] #ejj billion p] second1 & are b ! #dj1jjj? ( an in* long !y affect our eyes & are nam$ light--r$ light4 ,at d\ble ! numb] & half ! l5g?1 !y give u ! s5sation ( violet light4 ,:5 ! numb] increases & ! waves %ort5 fur!r1 our bodies are 8bl9d0 to !m2 we h no s5se to detect _! pres5ce4 ,simil>ly1 a sl[] vibration ?an t ( r$ light is imp]ceptible until we rea* ! comp>atively sl[ pace ( #ajj vibrations p] second1 :5 we become aw>e ( heat4 ,e!r waves may be comp>$ to ! notes on a piano1 ( :i* we are acqua9t$ ) "s octaves only4 ,! gaps1 ! unkn[n octaves1 are be+ discov]$ sl[ly b surely4 ,?us1 = example1 ! fam\s ,x-rays h be5 assign$ to ! topmo/ octave2 electric waves to ! notes betwe5 light & heat4 ,=ty ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,cl]k ,maxwell sugge/$ t light & electricity 7 v closely connect$1 probably diff]+ only 9 _! wave-l5g?4 ,8 !ory has be5 ju/ifi$ by subsequ5t rese>*4 ,! velocity ( light 7#ahe1jjj miles p] second7 & t ( electric curr5ts h be5 prov$ id5tical4 ,h]tz1 a pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity ( ,bonn1 also %[$ 7#ahhg-ahhi7 t ! ph5om5a ( light--reflection1 refraction1 & conc5tration ( rays--c be repeat$ ) electric curr5ts4 ,we !re=e take ! ^w ( sci5ti/s t ! orig9 ( ! ph5om5a call$ light & electricity is ! same--vibration ( e!r4 ,x at once occurs to ! read] t _! behavi\r is s diff]5t t !y might z well be consid]$ ( altoge!r diff]5t natures4 ,= in/ance1 int]pose ! v ?9ne/ %eet ( metal betwe5 a c&le & ! eye1 & ! light is cut (f4 ,b ! %eet w v readily convey electricity4 ,on ! contr>y1 glass1 a sub/ance t repels electricity1 is transp>5t1 i4e4 gives passage to light4 ,& aga91 electricity c be convey$ r\nd z _m corn]s z y please1 :]eas light w travel 9 /raight l9es only4 ,to cle> away our d\bts we h only to take ! light$ c&le & aga9 hold up ! metal scre54 ,light does n pass ?r\gh1 b heat does4 ,sub/itute = ! metal a v ?9 tank fill$ ) a solution ( alum1 & !n light passes1 b heat is cut (f4 ,s t heat & electricity bo? p5etrate :at is imp5etrable to light2 :ile light =ces a passage securely b>r$ aga9/ bo? electricity & heat4 ,& we mu/ rememb] t op5 space conveys all alike f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,on meet+ :at we call solid matt]1 e!r waves are influ5c$1 n because e!r is want+ 9 ! solid matt]1 b because ! pres5ce ( some?+ else ?an e!r affects ! int]v5+ e!r itself4 ,consequ5tly glass1 to take an in/ance1 s affects e!r t a v rapid succession ( waves 7light7 are able to cont9ue _! way ?r\gh its int]/ices1 :]eas long electric waves are s hamp]$ t !y die out altoge!r4 ,metal on ! o!r h& welcomes sl[ vibrations 7i4e4 long waves71 b spe$ily kills ! rapid %akes ( light4 ,9 o!r words1 transp>5cy is n conf9$ to light alone4 ,all bodies are transp>5t to "s v>iety ( rays1 & _m bodies to sev]al v>ieties4 ,x may p]haps ev5 be prov$ t !re is no su* ?+ z absolute resi/ance1 & t our inability to detect p5etration is due to lack ( suffici5tly delicate in/rum5ts4 ,! c>d9al po9ts to be rememb]$ are ^!3-- ,t ! e!r is a univ]sal m$ium1 convey+ all k9ds & =ms ( en]gy4 ,t ^! =ms ( en]gy diff] only 9 _! rates ( vibration4 ,t ! rate ( vibration det]m9es :at p[] ( p5etration ! waves %all h ?r\gh any giv5 sub/ance4 ,n[1 x is g5]ally true t :]eas matt] ( any k9d (f]s resi/ance to light--t is1 is n s p]fect a conductor z ! e!r--_m sub/ances1 especially metals1 are m s5sitive ?an e!r to heat & electricity4 ,h[ quickly a spoon ins]t$ into a hot cup ( tea becomes uncom=tably hot1 ?\gh ! h& c be held v close to ! liquid )\t feel+ m ?an a g5tle w>m?4 ,& we all h notic$ t ! v lea/ air-gap 9 an electric circuit effectively breaks a curr5t capable ( trav]s+ miles ( wire4 ,if ! curr5t is s int5se t x insi/s on pass+ ! gap1 x leaps across ) a report1 mak+ a sp>k t is at once int5sely bright & hot4 ,metal wires are to electricity :at speak+ tubes are to s\nd2 !y are z x 7 electrical tubes ?r\gh ! air & e!r4 ,b j z a p]son li/5+ outside a speak+ tube might fa9tly he> ! s\nds pass+ ?r\gh x1 s an in/rum5t gift$ ) an 8electric e>0 w\ld detect ! curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,wireless telegraphy is possible because mank9d has discov]$ in/rum5ts :i* act z electric e>s or eyes1 cat*+ & record+ vibrations t _h hi!rto rema9$ undetect$4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n =m ( wireless telegraphy is transmission ( messages by light4 ,a man on a hill lights a lamp or a fire4 ,?is repres5ts 8 in/rum5t = agitat+ ! e!r into waves1 :i* proce$ /raight ahead ) incr$ible velocity until !y rea* ! receiv]1 ! eye ( a man wat*+ at a po9t f :i* ! light is visible4 ,!n came electric telegraphy4 ,at fir/ a complete circuit 7two wires7 0 us$4 ,b 9 #ahch x 0 discov]$ t if in/ead ( two wires only "o 0 us$1 ! o!r be+ replac$ by an e>? connection1 n only 0 ! effect equally p[]ful1 b ev5 d\ble ( :at x 0 ) ! metallic circuit4 ,?us ! fir/ /ep _h be5 tak5 t[>ds wireless electrical telegraphy4 ,! second 01 ( c\rse1 to aboli% ! o!r wire4 ,?is 0 fir/ effect$ by ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o1 9 #ahdb1 s5t signals across ! ,susquehanna ,riv] )\t metallic connections ( any sort4 ,along ea* bank ( ! riv] 0 /ret*$ a wire ?ree times z long z ! riv] 0 broad4 ,9 ! "o wire a batt]y & transmitt] 7 ins]t$1 9 ! o!r a receiv+ in/rum5t or galvanomet]4 ,ea* wire t]m9at$ at ea* end 9 a l>ge copp] plate sunk 9 ! wat]4 ,morse's conclusions 7 t provid$ ! wires 7 long en\gh & ! plates l>ge en\gh messages c\ld be transmitt$ = an indef9ite di/ance2 ! curr5t pass+ f plate to plate1 ?\gh a l>ge portion ( x w\ld be lo/ 9 ! wat]4#a #a ,x is "h prop] to obs]ve t ! t]m wireless telegraphy1 z appli$ to electrical sy/ems1 is mislead+1 s9ce x implies ! abs5ce ( wires2 :]eas 9 all sy/ems wires are us$4 ,b s9ce x is g5]ally und]/ood t by wireless telegraphy is meant telegraphy )\t metal connections1 & because ! m improv$ me?ods less5 m & m ! am\nt ( wire us$1 ! phrase has be5 all[$ to /&4 ,ab\t ! same date a ,scot*man1 ,james ,b[man ,l9dsay ( ,dundee1 a man z ri* 9 intellectual atta9m5ts z he 0 pecuni>ily poor1 s5t signals 9 a simil> mann] across ! ,riv] ,tay4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahei1 ,l9dsay read a pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,dundee1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t 8 exp]im5ts & calculations assur$ him t by runn+ wires along ! coa/s ( ,am]ica & ,great ,brita91 by us+ a batt]y hav+ an act+ surface ( #acj squ>e feet & imm]s$ %eets ( #cjjj squ>e feet1 & a coil weigh+ #cjj lbs41 he c\ld s5d messages f ,brita9 to ,am]ica4 ,want ( money prev5t$ ! poor s*ol> ( ,dundee f c>ry+ out 8 exp]im5ts on a l>ge en\gh scale to obta9 public support4 ,he di$ 9 #ahfb1 leav+ beh9d him ! reputation ( a man :o 9 ! face ( ! greate/ difficulties made extraord9>y electrical discov]ies at ! co/ ( unceas+ lab\r2 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t he _h und]tak5 & p>tly execut$ a gigantic diction>y 9 fifty diff]5t languages6 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,m>coni's ,travell+ ,/ation = ,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,! transmission ( electrical signals ?r\gh matt]1 metal1 e>?1 or wat]1 is effect$ by conduction1 or ! lead+ ( ! curr5ts 9 a circuit4 ,:5 we come to deal ) arial transmission1 i4e4 :]e "o or bo? wires are replac$ by ! e!r1 !n two me?ods are possible1 ^? ( induction & ,h]tzian waves4 ,to take ! induction me?od fir/4 ,:5ev] a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh a wire magnetism is set up 9 ! e!r surr\nd+ ! wire1 :i* becomes ! core ( a 8magnetic field40 ,! magnetic waves ext5d = an indef9ite di/ance on all sides1 & on meet+ a wire p>allel to ! electrifi$ wire induce 9 x a dynamical curr5t simil> to t :i* caus$ !m4 ,:]ev] electricity is pres5t !re is magnetism also1 & vice v]s4 ,electricity--produces magnetism--produces electricity4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,bell telephone enabl$ telegraph]s to take advantage ( ?is law4 ,9 #ahhe ,sir ,william ,preece1 n[ consult+ electrical eng9e] to ! ,g5]al ,po/-,(fice1 erect$ ne> ,newca/le two insulat$ squ>es ( wire1 ea* side #ddj y>ds long4 ,! squ>es 7 horizontal1 p>allel1 & a qu>t] ( a mile ap>t4 ,on curr5ts be+ s5t ?r\gh ! "o1 curr5ts 7 detect$ 9 ! o!r by means ( a telephone1 :i* rema9$ active ev5 :5 ! squ>es 7 sep>at$ by #ajjj y>ds4 ,sir ,william ,preece ?us demon/rat$ t signals c\ld be s5t )\t ev5 an e>? connection1 i4e4 entirely ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,9 #ahhf he s5t signals betwe5 two p>allel telegraph wires #d-a_/b miles ap>t4 ,& 9 #ahib e/abli%$ a regul> communication betwe5 ,fla?olm1 an isl& =t 9 ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & ,lav]nock1 a po9t on ! ,wel% coa/ #c-a_/c miles di/ant4 ,! inductive me?od might h atta9$ to great] successes _h n a =midable rival appe>$ 9 ! ,h]tzian waves4 ,9 #ahhg ,pr(essor ,h]tz discov]$ t if ! dis*>ge f a ,leyd5 j> 7 pass$ ?r\gh wires conta9+ an air-gap across :i* ! dis*>ge _h to pass1 sp>ks w\ld also pass across a gap 9 an almo/ complete circle or squ>e ( wire held at "s di/ance f ! j>4 ,?is 8electric eye10 or detector1 c\ld h its gap s regulat$ by means ( a screw t at a c]ta9 wid? its effect w\ld be mo/ pron\nc$1 "u :i* condition ! detector1 or receiv]1 0 89 tune0 ) ! excit]1 or transmitt]4 ,h]tz ?us e/abli%$ ?ree great facts1 t-- 7a7 ,a dis*>ge ( /atic 7i4e4 collect$7 electricity across an air-gap produc$ /rong electric waves 9 ! e!r on all sides4 7b7 ,t ^! waves c\ld be caught4 7c7 ,t "u c]ta9 conditions ! cat*] work$ mo/ effectively4 ,out ( ^! ?ree discov]ies has sprung ! late/ phase ( wireless telegraphy1 z exploit$ by ,signor ,m>coni4 ,he1 9 common ) ,pr(essors ,branly ( ,p>is1 ,pop(f ( ,cron/adt1 & ,slaby ( ,*>lott5burg1 besides _m o!rs1 h devot$ _! att5tion to ! production ( improv$ means ( s5d+ & receiv+ ! ,h]tzian waves4 ,_! exp]im5ts h %[n t two ?+s are requir$ 9 wireless telegraphy-- 7i47 ,t ! waves %all h great p5etrat+ p[]1 s z to pi]ce any ob/acle4 7ii47 ,t !y %all reta9 _! en]gy1 s t a maximum ( _! orig9al =ce %all rea* ! receiv]4 ,! fir/ condition is fulfill$ be/ by waves ( great l5g?2 ! second by ^? :i*1 l light1 are ( greate/ frequ5cy4 ,= be/ telegraphic results a compromise mu/ be effect$ betwe5 ^! extremes1 nei!r ! ?\s&-mile long waves ( an alt]nat+ dynamo nor ! light waves ( _m ?\s&s to an in* be+ ( use4 ,! ,h]tzian waves are e/imat$ to be #bcj1jjj1jjj p] second2 at :i* rate !y w\ld be #a-a_/b y>ds long4 ,!y v>y consid]ably1 h[ev]1 on bo? sides ( ?is rate & dim5sion4 ,m>coni's transmitt] consi/s ( ?ree p>ts--a batt]y2 an induction coil1 t]m9at+ 9 a pair ( brass balls1 "o on ea* side ( ! air-gap2 & a ,morse transmitt+-key4 ,^u ! key be+ depress$1 a curr5t f ! batt]y passes ?r\gh ! coil & accumulates electricity on ! brass balls until its t5sion causes x to leap f "o to ! o!r _m millions ( times 9 :at is call$ a sp>k4 ,! long] ! air-gap ! great] mu/ be ! accumulation be=e ! leap takes place1 & ! great] ! p[] ( ! vibrations set up4 ,m>coni f\nd t by connect+ a kite or balloon cov]$ ) t9foil by an alum9ium wire ) "o ( ! balls1 ! effect ( ! waves 0 greatly increas$4 ,sometimes he replac$ ! kite or balloon by a conductor plac$ on poles two or ?ree hundr$ feet high1 or by ! ma/ ( a %ip4 ,we n[ turn to ! receiv]4 ,9 #ahgi ,pr(essor ,d4 ,e4 ,hughes obs]v$ t a microphone1 9 connection ) a telephone1 produc$ s\nds 9 ! latt] ev5 :5 ! microphone 0 at a di/ance ( sev]al feet f coils ?r\gh :i* a curr5t 0 pass+4 ,a microphone1 x may be expla9$1 is 9 its simple/ =m a loose connection 9 an electric circuit1 :i* causes ! curr5t to fl[ 9 fits & />ts at v frequ5t int]vals4 ,he discov]$ t a metal microphone /uck1 or coh]$1 aft] a wave _h influ5c$ x1 b t a c>bon microphone 0 self-re/or+1 i4e4 rega9$ its =m] position ( loose contact z soon z a wave effect _h ceas$4 ,9 #ahia ,pr(essor ,branly ( ,p>is produc$ a 8coh]]10 :i* 0 no?+ m ?an a microphone "u ano!r "n4 ,five ye>s lat] ,m>coni some:at alt]$ ,branly's contrivance1 & took out a pat5t = a coh]] ( 8 own4 ,x is a t9y glass tube1 ab\t two in*es long & a t5? ( an in* 9 diamet] inside4 ,a wire ent]s x at ea* end1 ! wires t]m9at+ 9 two silv] plugs fitt+ ! bore ( ! tube4 ,a space ( #a_/cb in* is left betwe5 ! plugs1 & ?is space is fill$ ) special fil+s1 a mixture ( #if p>ts ( nickel to #d ( silv]1 & ! m]e/ trace ( m]cury4 ,! tube is exhau/$ ( almo/ all its air be=e be+ seal$4 ,?is little gap fill$ ) fil+s is1 except :5 /ruck by an electric wave1 to all practical purposes a non-conductor ( electricity4 ,! metal p>ticles t\* ea* o!r s lightly t !y (f] great resi/ance to a curr5t4 ,b :5 a ,h]tzian wave fly+ ?r\gh ! e!r /rikes ! coh]]1 ! p>ticles sudd5ly press h>d on "o ano!r1 & make a bridge ?r\gh :i* a curr5t c pass4 ,! curr5t works a 8relay10 or circuit ?r\gh :i* a /rong] curr5t passes1 op5+ & clos+ x z (t5 z ! coh]] is influ5c$ by a wave4 ,! relay actuates a tapp] t g5tly taps ! tube aft] ea* wave-influ5ce1 caus+ ! p>ticles to decoh]e 9 read9ess = ! succe$+ wave1 & also a ,morse in/rum5t = record+ words 9 dots & da%es on a long pap] tape4 ,! coh]] may be said to resemble an eng9e-driv]1 & ! 8relay0 an eng9e4 ,! driv] is n suffici5tly /rong to himself move a tra91 b he has /r5g? en\gh to turn on /eam & make ! eng9e d ! "w4 ,! coh]] is n suitable = use ) curr5ts ( ! int5sity requir$ to move a ,morse record]1 b x easily swit*es a p[]ful curr5t into ano!r circuit4 ,want ( space =bids a detail$ acc\nt ( ,m>coni's successes ) 8 improv$ in/rum5ts1 b ! app5d$ li/ w s]ve to %[ h[ he gradually increas$ ! di/ance ov] :i* he s5t signals ?r\gh space4 ,9 #ahif he came to ,engl&4 ,t ye> he signall$ f a room 9 ! ,g5]al ,po/-,(fice to a /ation on ! ro( #ajj y>ds di/ant4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds he cov]$ #b miles on ,salisbury ,pla94 ,9 ,may1 #ahig1 he s5t signals f ,lav]nock ,po9t to ,fla?olm1 #c-a_/c miles4 ,?is success occurr$ at a critical "t1 = ,sir ,w4 ,preece _h already1 z we h se51 bridg$ ! same gap by 8 induction me?od1 & = ?ree days ,m>coni fail$ to accompli% ! feat ) 8 app>atus1 s t x appe>$ z ?\gh ! new] sy/em 7 ! less effective ( ! two4 ,b by c>ry+ ! transmitt+ in/rum5t on to ! bea* bel[ ! cliff on :i* x _h be5 /&+1 & jo9+ x by a wire to ! pole already erect$ on ! top ( ! cliff1 ,mr4 ,m>coni1 ?anks to a happy inspiration1 did j :at 0 ne$$2 he got a great] l5g? ( wire to s5d (f 8 waves f4 ,communication 0 at once e/abli%$ ) ,fla?olm1 & on ! next day ) ,brean ,d[n1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & #h-b_/c miles di/ant4 ,!n we h-- ,ne$les ,hotel to ,swanage #ag-a_/b miles4 ,salisbury to ,ba? #cd ,fr5* ,coa/ to ,h>wi* #ij ,isle ( ,wight to ,! ,liz>d #aif ,at ,sea 7#aija7 #cej ,dec4 #ag1 #aija1 ,engl& to ,am]ica #bjii ,illu/ration3 ,poldhu ,t[]s1 ! ,/ation put d[n by ! ,m>coni ,wireless ,telegraph ,company1 ,limit$1 = c>ry+ on a sy/em ( transatlantic wireless telegraphy betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,f ! f\r t[]s are susp5d$ ! rial wires :i* are c>ri$ into ! build+s 9 ! c5tre4 ,! t[]s are #bae feet 9 height1 & are made ( wood4 ,a m pron\nc$1 ?\gh p]haps less s5sational1 success ?an ev5 ?is la/ occurr$ at ! end ( ,febru>y1 #aijb4 ,mr4 ,m>coni1 dur+ a voyage to ,am]ica on ! s4s4 ,philadelphia rema9$ 9 communication ) ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 until ! vessel 0 #aeej miles di/ant1 receiv+ messages on a ,morse record] = any "o acqua9t$ ) ! code to read4 ,signals arriv$ = a fur!r #ejj miles1 b ow+ to 8 in/rum5ts n be+ ( suffici5t /r5g?1 ,mr4 ,m>coni c\ld n reply4 ,:5 ! transatlantic a*ievem5t 0 ann\nc$ at ! end ( #aija1 !re 0 a t5d5cy 9 "s qu>t]s to decry ! :ole sy/em4 ,! critics laid _! f+]s on two weak po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y said1 ! spe$ at :i* ! messages c\ld be transmitt$ 0 too sl[ to insure t ! sy/em w\ld pay4 ,mr4 ,m>coni repli$ t !re _h be5 a "t :5 "o ^w p] m9ute 0 consid]$ a good work+ rate across ! ,atlantic cable2 :]eas he _h already s5t tw5ty-two words p] m9ute ov] v long di/ances4 ,a fur!r increase ( spe$ 0 only a matt] ( "t4 ,! second objection rais$ c5tr$ on ! lack ( secrecy result+ f signals be+ let loose into space to /rike any in/rum5t )9 _! range2 & also on ! confusion t mu/ arise :5 ! e!r 0 trav]s$ by _m sets ( electric waves4 ,! "y ,italian inv5tor _h be5 ?r\gh\t 8 exp]im5ts aw>e ( ^! defects & s\ght means to rem$y !m4 ,9 8 e>lie/ attempts we f9d him us+ p>abolic metal scre5s to project 8 waves 9 any requir$ direction & prev5t _! go+ 9 any o!r4 ,he also employ$ /rips ( metal 9 conjunction ) ! coh]]1 ! /rips or 8w+s0 be+ ( su* a size z to respond mo/ readily to waves ( a c]ta9 l5g?4 ,! electric oscillations com+ f ! a]ial wires c>ri$ on poles1 kites1 c41 7 ( great p[]1 b _! en]gy disp]s$ v quickly into space 9 a s]ies ( rapidly dim9i%+ vibrations4 ,?is fact made !m affect to a great] or less degree any receiv] !y might enc\nt] on _! w&]+s4 ,if y g into a room :]e !re is a piano & make a l\d noise ne> ! in/rum5t a jangle ( notes results4 ,b if y take a tun+-=k & aft] /rik+ x place x ne> ! /r+s1 only "o /r+ w respond1 i4e4 t ( ! same pit* z ! =k4 ,:at is requir$ 9 wireless telegraphy is a sy/em correspond+ to ! use ( ! tun+-=k4 ,un=tunately1 x has be5 discov]$ t ! syntony or tun+ ( transmitt] & receiv] r$uces ! di/ance ov] :i* !y are effective4 ,an electric 8noise0 is m f>-rea*+ ?an an electric 8note40 ,mr4 ,m>coni has1 h[ev]1 made consid]able advances t[>ds comb9+ ! sympa?y & secrecy ( ! tun+ sy/em ) ! p[] ( ! 8noise0 sy/em4 ,by means ( delicately adju/$ 8w+s0 & coils he has br\ght x ab\t t a s]ies ( waves hav+ small individual /r5g?1 b great regul>ity1 %all produce on ! receiv] a cumulative effect1 /or+1 z x 71 electricity on ! surface ( ! receiv] 8w+s0 until x is ( suffici5t p[] to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! coh]]4 ,t tun$ wireless telegraphy is1 ov] mod]ate di/ances1 at lea/ z secret z t ?r\gh wires 7:i* c be tapp$ by induction7 is evid5t f ! fact t dur+ ! ,am]ica ,cup ,ya*t ,races ,mr4 ,m>coni s5t daily to ! ,new ,york ,h]ald messages ( #djjj total words1 & kept !m private 9 spite ( all ef=ts to int]cept !m4 ,he claims to h z _m z #bej 8tunes02 &1 inde$1 !re seems to be no limit to _! numb]1 s t ! w\ld-be 8tapp]0 is 9 ! position ( a man try+ to op5 a lett]-lock ( :i* he does n "k ! ciph]-^w4 ,he may discov] ! "r tune1 b ! *ances are greatly aga9/ him4 ,we may be c]ta9 t ! rapid advance 9 wireless telegraphy w n proce$ mu* fur!r be=e syntonic messages c be transmitt$ ov] hundr$s if n ?\s&s ( miles4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to dwell ^u ! great prospect t ! new telegraphy op5s to mank9d4 ,! advantages aris+ out ( a ready means ( communication1 fre$ f ! %ackles ( exp5sive connect+ wires & cables are1 9 ! ma91 obvi\s en\gh4 ,we h only to imag9e all ! pres5t network ( wires replac$ or supplem5t$ by e!r-waves1 :i* w be able to act betwe5 po9ts 7e4g4 %ips & %ips1 %ips & l&1 mov+ & fix$ objects g5]ally7 :i* _c be connect$ by metallic circuits4 ,already ocean voyages are be+ %ort5$ z reg>ds ! "t dur+ :i* pass5g]s are out ( contact ) ! do+s ( ! _w4 ,! transatlantic j\rney has n[ a newsless p]iod ( b ?ree days4 ,navies are be+ fitt$ out ) in/rum5ts t may play z important a "p z ! big guns !mselves 9 ! next naval w>4 ,a great m>itime nation l our own %\ld be especially ?ankful t ! day is n f> di/ant :5 our great empire w be connect$ by invisible electric l9ks t no enemy may discov] & cut4 ,! romantic side ( wireless telegraphy has be5 admirably t\*$ 9 "s words utt]$ by ,pr(essor ,ayrton 9 #ahii1 aft] ! read+ ( a pap] by ,mr4 ,m>coni be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s4 8,if a p]son wi%$ to call to a fri5d0 7said ! ,pr(essor71 8he w\ld use a l\d electro-magnetic voice1 audible only to him :o _h ! electro-magnetic e>4 8#8,:]e are y8' he w\ld say4 8,! reply w\ld come--#8,i am at ! bottom ( a coal m9e1' or #8,cross+ ! ,&es1' or #8,9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific4' ,or1 p]haps1 9 spite ( all ! call+1 no reply w\ld come1 & ! p]son w\ld !n "k 8 fri5d 0 dead4 ,let !m ?9k ( :at t meant2 ( ! call+ :i* w5t on e day f room to room ( a h\se1 & !n imag9e t call+ ext5d+ f pole to pole2 n a noisy babble1 b a call audible to him :o want$ to he> & absolutely sil5t to him :o did n40 ,illu/ration3 ,guglielmo ,m>coni4 ,:5 w ,pr(essor ,ayrton's =eca/ come true8 ,:o c say8 ,sci5ce is s full ( surprises t ! ord9>y man wond]s ) a semi-fe> :at may be ! next developm5t2 & wise m5 l ,"l ,kelv9 humbly confess t 9 comp>ison ) :at has yet to be le>nt ab\t ! my/]i\s inn] work+s ( ,nature _! k is b z ignorance4 ,,high-,,spe$ ,,telegraphy4 ,! wond]ful developm5ts ( wireless telegraphy mu/ n make u =get t "s v int]e/+ & />tl+ improvem5ts h be5 made 9 connection ) ! ord9>y wire-circuit me?od3 notably 9 ! matt] ( spe$4 ,at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye> or "u special circum/ances :i* c sc>cely be =ese51 a great ru% takes place to transmit messages ov] ! wires connect+ important t[ns4 ,n[1 ! be/ telegraphi/s c ) difficulty keep up a transmitt+ spe$ ( ev5 fifty words a m9ute = s long z half-an-h\r4 ,! ,morse alphabet conta9s on ! av]age ?ree signals = ea* lett]1 & ! av]age l5g? ( a ^w is six lett]s4 ,fifty words w\ld !re=e conta9 betwe5 !m #ijj signals1 or fifte5 a second4 ,! /ra9 ( s5d+ or not+ s _m = ev5 a brief p]iod is v we>isome to ! op]ator4 ,means h be5 f\nd ( replac+ ! telegraph cl]k1 s f> z ! actual signall+ is conc]n$1 by me*anical devices4 ,9 #ahdb ,alex&] ,ba91 a wat*mak] ( ,?urso1 produc$ :at is kn[n z a 8*emical telegraph40 ,! words to be transmitt$ 7 set up 9 l>ge metal type1 all capitals1 connect$ ) ! positive pole ( a batt]y1 ! negative pole ( :i* 0 connect$ to e>?4 ,a metal bru%1 divid$ into five po9ts1 ea* t]m9at+ a wire1 0 pass$ ov] ! metal type4 ,z (t5 z a division ( ! bru% t\*$ metal x complet$ ! electric circuit 9 ! wire to :i* x 0 jo9$1 & s5t a curr5t to ! receiv+ /ation1 :]e a simil> bru% 0 pass+ at simil> spe$ ov] a /rip ( pap] soak$ 9 iodide ( potassium4 ,! action ( ! electricity decompos$ ! solution1 turn+ x blue or violet4 ,! result 0 a s]ies ( lett]s divid$ longitud9ally into five belts sep>at$ by :ite spaces repres5t+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! contact po9ts ( ! bru%4 ,illu/ration3 ,! receiv+ in/rum5t us$ by ,messrs4 ,pollak ,virag 9 _! high-spe$ sy/em ( telegraphy4 ,?is in/rum5t is capable ( receiv+ & photographically record+ messages at ! a/oni%+ spe$ ( #ej1jjj words an h\r4 ,! ,ba9 ,*emical ,telegraph 0 able to transmit ! enorm\s numb] ( #aejj words p] m9ute2 t is1 at t5 times ! rate ( ord9>y conv]sation6 ,b ev5 :5 improvem5ts _h r$uc$ ! l9e wires f five to "o1 ! sy/em1 on acc\nt ( ! me?od ( compos+ ! message to be s5t1 0 n f\nd suffici5tly practical to come into g5]al use4 ,its place 0 tak5 by sl[] b pref]able sy/ems3 ^? ( duplex & multiplex telegraphy4 ,:5 a message is s5t ov] ! wires1 ! actual "t ( mak+ ! signals is m ?an is requir$ = ! curr5t to pass f place to place4 ,?is fact has be5 utilis$ by ! inv5tors ( me?ods :]eby two or m messages may n only be s5t ! same way along ! same wire1 b may also be s5t 9 diff]5t directions4 ,messages are 8duplex0 :5 !y travel across "o ano!r1 8multiplex0 :5 !y travel toge!r4 ,! pr9ciple :]eby sev]al in/rum5ts are able to use ! same wire is t ( di/ribut+ among ! in/rum5ts ! "t dur+ :i* !y are 9 contact ) ! l9e4 ,let u suppose t f\r transmitt]s are s5d+ messages simultane\sly f ,london to ,ed9burgh4 ,wires f all f\r in/rum5ts are l$ into a circul> contact-mak]1 divid$ into "s hundr$s ( insulat$ segm5ts connect$ 9 rotation ) ! f\r transmitt]s4 ,?us in/rum5t ,a w be jo9$ to segm5ts #a1 #e1 #i1 #ac2 in/rum5t ,b to segm5ts #b1 #f1 #aj1 #ad2 in/rum5t ,c ) segm5ts #c1 #g1 #aa1 #ae2 & s on4 ,along ! top ( ! segm5ts an arm1 connect$ ) ! telegraph l9e to ,ed9burgh1 revolves at a uni=m rate4 ,= ab\t #a_/ejj ( a second x unites a segm5t ) an in/rum5t4 ,if !re are #aej segm5ts on ! 8di/ributor10 & ! arm revolves ?ree times a second1 ea* in/rum5t w be put into contact ) ! l9e r (t5] ?an #aaj times p] second4 ,& if ! top spe$ ( fifty words a m9ute is be+ work$ to1 ea* ( ! fifte5 signals occurr+ 9 ea* second w be on ! av]age divid$ among sev5 mom5ts ( contact4 ,a simil> app>atus at ,ed9burgh receives ! messages4 ,x is evid5t t = ! sy/em to "w satisfactorily1 or ev5 to escape dire confusion1 ! revolv+ arms mu/ run at a level spe$ 9 p]fect unison ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 ! ,london arm is ov] segm5t #a1 ! ,ed9burgh arm mu/ cov] ! same numb]4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 multiplex telegraphy has be5 to adju/ ! tim+ exactly4 ,paul la ,c\r ( ,cop5hag5 inv5t$ = driv+ ! arms a device call$ ! ,phonic ,:eel1 z its action 0 regulat$ by ! vibrations ( a tun+-=k4 ,! :eel1 made ( s(t iron1 & too!d on its circumf]5ce1 revolves at a %ort di/ance f ! pole ( a magnet4 ,z (t5 z a curr5t ent]s ! magnet ! latt] attracts ! ne>e/ too? ( ! :eel2 & if a regul> s]ies ( curr5ts pass ?r\gh x ! motion ( ! :eel w be uni=m4 ,m4 la ,c\r produc$ ! regul>ity ( curr5t impulses 9 ! motor magnet by means ( a tun+-=k1 :i* is unable to vibrate m ?an a c]ta9 numb] ( times a second1 & at ea* vibration clos$ a circuit s5d+ curr5t into ! magnet4 ,to get two tun+-=ks ( ! same note is an easy matt]2 & consequ5tly a uni=mity ( rotation at bo? ,london & ,ed9burgh /ations may be insur$4 ,s s5sitive is ?is 8int]rupt]0 sy/em t z _m z sixte5 messages c be s5t simultane\sly1 :i* means t a s+le wire is convey+ f #ejj to #hjj words a m9ute4 ,we c easily und]/& ! huge sav+ t results f su* a sy/em2 ! co/ ( in/rum5ts1 int]rupt]1 c41 be+ b small 9 proportion to t ( a numb] ( sep>ate conductors4 ,! ^w-s5d+ capacity ( a l9e may be ev5 fur!r increas$ by ! use ( automatic transmitt]s able to "w mu* fa/] 9 signal-mak+ ?an ! human bra9 & h&4 ,sir ,*>les ,:eat/one's ,automatic ,transmitt] has long be5 us$ 9 ! ,po/-,(fice e/abli%m5ts4 ,! messages to be s5t are fir/ ( all pun*$ on a long tape ) ?ree p>allel r[s ( p]=ations4 ,! c5tral r[ is m]ely = guid+ ! tape ?r\gh ! transmitt+ ma*9e4 ,! positions ( ! holes 9 ! two outside r[s relatively to ea* o!r det]m9e ! "* ( ! signal to be s5t4 ,?us1 :5 ?ree holes 7includ+ ! c5tral "o7 are abrea/1 a ,morse 8dot0 is signifi$2 :5 ! left-h& hole is "o place beh9d ! "r h&1 a 8da%0 w be telegraph$4 ,9 ! case ( a long communication ! matt] is divid$ among a numb] ( cl]ks op]at+ pun*+ ma*9es4 ,half-a-doz5 op]ators c\ld betwe5 !m pun* holes repres5t+ #bej to #cjj words a m9ute2 & ! transmitt] is capable ( despat*+ z _m 9 ! same "t1 :ile x has ! additional advantage ( be+ tireless4 ,! action ( ! transmitt] is bas$ ^u ! rev]sal ( ! direction or nature ( curr5t4 ,! pun*$ tape is pass$ betwe5 an oscillat+ lev]1 c>ry+ two po9ts1 & plates connect$ ) ! two poles ( ! batt]y4 ,z soon z a hole comes "u a p9 ! p9 drops ?r\gh & makes a contact4 ,at ! receiv+ end ! wire is connect$ ) a coil w\nd r\nd ! pole ( a p]man5t b>-magnet4 ,su* a magnet has :at is kn[n z a nor? pole & a s\? pole1 ! "o attractive & ! o!r repulsive ( /eel or s(t iron4 ,any b> ( s(t iron c be made tempor>ily into a magnet by twi/+ r\nd x a few turns ( a wire 9 circuit ) ! poles ( a batt]y4 ,b :i* w be ! nor? & :i* ! s\? pole dep5ds on ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,if1 !n1 a curr5t passes 9 "o direction r\nd ! nor? pole ( a p]man5t magnet x w increase ! magnet's attractive p[]1 b w decrease x if s5t 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! 8dot0 holes pun*$ 9 ! tape be+ abrea/ cause fir/ a positive & !n a negative curr5t foll[+ at a v %ort int]val2 b ! 8da%0 holes n be+ opposite all[ ! positive curr5t to occupy ! wires = a long] p]iod4 ,consequ5tly ! ,morse m>k] re/s = correspond+ly unequal p]iods on ! record+ 8tape10 giv+ out a s]ies ( dots & da%es1 z ! ink] is snat*$ quickly or m leisurely f ! pap]4 ,! ,:eat/one record] has be5 work$ up to #djj words a m9ute1 & :5 two ma*9es are by ! multiplex me?od act+ toge!r ?is rate is ( c\rse d\bl$4 ,z a spe$ ma*9e x has1 h[ev]1 be5 completely put 9 ! %ade by a m rec5t inv5tion ( two ,hung>ian electricians1 ,anton ,pollak & ,josef ,virag1 :i* comb9es ! p]=at$ /rip me?od ( transmission ) ! telephone & photography4 ,! message is s5t (f by means ( a pun*$ tape1 & is record$ by means ( a telephonic diaphragm & light m>k+ a s5sitis$ pap]4 ,9 #ahih ! inv5tors made trials ( _! sy/em = ! b5efit ( ! ,unit$ ,electrical ,company ( ,buda-,pe/h4 ,! ,hung>ian capital 0 connect$ by two d\ble l9es ( wire ) a /ation #bjj miles di/ant1 :]e ! two sets 7 jo9$ s z to give a s+le circuit ( #djj miles 9 l5g?4 ,a s]ies ( te/s 9 all wea!rs %[$ t ! ,pollak-,virag sy/em c\ld transmit z _m z #ajj1jjj words an h\r ov] t di/ance4 ,f ,hung>y ! inv5tors w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i* c\ntry ( 8records0 no less ?an #aee1jjj words 7 despat*$ & receiv$ 9 ! sixty m9utes4 ,?is av]age--#behj words p] m9ute1 #dc p] second--is truly rem>kable6 ,ev5 betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago1 sep>at$ by #iej odd miles1 ! wires kept up an av]age ( #ajjj p] m9ute4 ,! app>atus t produces ^! m>vell\s results is ( two types4 ,! "o type records messages 9 ! ,morse alphabet1 ! o!r makes cle>ly-writt5 longh& *>act]s4 ,! =m] is ! fa/] ( ! two1 b ! legibility ( ! o!r m ?an comp5sates = ! decrease ( spe$ by "o-half4 ,illu/ration3 ,specim5s ( ! pun*$ tape us$ = transmitt+ messages by ! ,pollak-,virag sy/em1 & ( a message z x is deliv]$ by ! receiv+ ma*9e4 ,! ,morse alphabet me?od closely resembles ! ,:eat/one sy/em4 ,! message is prep>$ = transmission by be+ pun*$ on a tape4 ,b !re is ?is diff]5ce 9 ! position ( ! holes1 t :]eas 9 ! ,:eat/one me?od two holes are us$ = ea* dot & da%1 only "o is requir$ 9 ! ,pollak-,virag4 ,if to ! "r ( ! c5tral guid+ l9e x signifies a 8da%10 if to ! left1 a 8dot40 ,! 8rev]sal-(-curr5t0 me?od1 already expla9$1 causes at ! receiv] end an increase or decrease 9 ! p[] ( a p]man5t magnet to attract or repel a diaphragm1 ! c5tre ( :i* is connect$ by a v f9e metal b> ) ! c5tre ( a t9y mirror h+$ at "o side on two po9ts4 ,a v slight movem5t ( ! diaphragm produces an exagg]at$ movem5t ( ! mirror1 :i*1 z x tilts backw>ds & =w>ds1 reflects ! light f an electric lamp on to a l5s1 :i* conc5trates ! rays into a bright spot1 & focuses !m on to a surface ( s5sitis$ pap]4 ,9 _! e>lie/ app>atus ! inv5tors atta*$ ! pap] to ! circumf]5ce ( a v]tical cyl9d]1 :i* revolv$ at an ev5 pace on an axle1 furni%$ at ! l[] end ) a screw ?read1 s t ! portion ( pap] affect$ by ! light occupi$ a spiral pa? f top to bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 a lat] edition1 h[ev]1 an endless b& ( s5sitis$ pap] is employ$1 & ! lamp is scre5$ f ! mirror by a horizontal mantle 9 :i* is cut a helical slit mak+ "o complete turn ( ! cyl9d] 9 its l5g?4 ,! mantle is rotat$ 9 unison ) ! ma*9]y driv+ ! s5sitis$ b&2 & z x revolves1 ! spot at :i* ! light f ! filam5t c pass ?r\gh ! slit to ! mirror is con/antly %ift+ f "r to left1 & ! po9t at :i* ! reflect$ light f ! mirror /rikes ! s5sitis$ pap] f left to "r4 ,at ! mom5t :5 a l9e is f9i%$1 ! "r extremity ( ! mantle beg9s to pass light aga91 & ! bright spot ( light recomm5ces its "w at ! left edge ( ! b&1 :i* has n[ mov$ on a space4 ,! movem5ts ( ! mirror backw>ds & =w>ds produce on ! pap] a zigzag trac+ kn[n z syphon-writ+4 ,! record1 :i* is cont9u\s f side to side ( ! b&1 is a s]ies ( zigzag up-&-d[n /rokes1 correspond+ to ! dots & da%es ( ! ,morse alphabet4 ,! app>atus = transmitt+ longh& *>act]s is m complicat$ ?an t j describ$4 ,two telephones are n[ us$1 & ! pun*$ tape has 9 x five r[s ( p]=ations4 ,if we take a copy-book & exam9e ! lett]s1 we %all see t !y all occupy "o1 two1 or ?ree b&s ( space4 ,= in/ance1 a1 betwe5 ! l9es1 occupies "o b&2 g1 two b&s2 & f1 ?ree4 ,9 =m+ lett]s1 ! movem5ts ( ! f+]s trace curves & /raight l9es1 ! curves be+ ! resultants ( comb9$ horizontal & v]tical movem5ts4 ,messrs4 ,pollak & ,virag1 9 ord] to produce curves1 7 oblig$ to add a second telephone1 furni%$ also ) a metal b> jo9$ to ! mirror1 :i* re/s on ?ree po9ts in/ead ( on two4 ,"o ( ^! po9ts is fix$1 ! o!r two repres5t ! ends ( ! two diaphragm b>s1 :i* move ! mirror v]tically & horizontally respectively1 ei!r sep>ately or simultane\sly4 ,a ^w ab\t ! pun*$ pap] be=e go+ fur!r4 ,x conta9s1 z we h said1 five r[s ( p]=ations4 ,! top ?ree ( ^! are conc]n$ only ) ! up-&-d[n /rokes ( ! lett]s1 ! bottom two ) ! cross /rokes4 ,:5 a hole ( "o set is act+ 9 unison ) a hole ( ! o!r set a composite movem5t or curve results4 ,! topmo/ r[ ( all s5ds ?r\gh ! wires a negative curr5t ( kn[n /r5g?2 ?is produces upw>d & return /rokes 9 ! upp] zone ( ! lett]s3 = in/ance1 ! upp] "p ( a t4 ,! second r[ passes positive curr5ts ( equal /r5g? ) ! negative1 & influ5ces ! up-&-d[n /rokes ( ! c5tre zone1 e4g4 ^? ( o2 ! ?ird r[ passes positive curr5ts twice z /rong z ! negative1 & is responsible = d\ble-l5g? v]tical /rokes 9 ! c5tre & l[] zones1 e4g4 ! /roke 9 p4 ,9 ord] t ! record %all n be a s]ies ( zigzags x is necess>y t ! return /rokes 9 ! v]tical elem5ts %all be on ! same pa? z ! out /rokes2 & z ! po9t ( light is cont9u\sly t5d+ to move f left to "r ( ! pap] !re mu/ at times be pres5t a c\nt]act+ t5d5cy c\nt]balanc+ x exactly1 s t ! pa? ( ! light po9t is purely v]tical4 ,at o!r times n m]ely mu/ ! horizontal movem5ts balance ea* o!r1 b ! "r-to-left elem5t mu/ be /rong] ?an ! left-to-"r1 s t /rokes su* z ! left curve ( an e may be possible4 ,to ?is end r[s #d & #e ( ! p]=ations pass curr5ts work+ ! second telephone diaphragm1 :i* moves ! mirror on a v]tical axis s t x reflects ! ray horizontally4 ,x w be notic$ t ! holes 9 r[s #c1 #d1 #e v>y 9 size to p]mit ! passage ( curr5ts dur+ p]iods ( diff]5t l5g?4 ,9 ?is mann] ! little junction-hooks ( su* lett]s z r1 w1 v1 b are effect$4 ,z fa/ z ! s5sitis$ pap] /rip is cov]$ ) ! movem5ts ( ! danc+ spot ( light x is pass$ on ov] roll]s ?r\gh develop+ & fix+ *emical ba?s2 s t ! receiv+ ( messages is purely automatic4 ,! read] c judge = himself ! results ( ?is +5i\s sy/em z %[n 9 a %ort section ( a message transmitt$ by ,mr4 ,pollak4 ,! words %[n actually occupi$ two seconds 9 transmission4 ,!y are beautifully cle>4 ,x is said t by ! aid ( a special 8multiplex0 device ?irty sets ( ,pollak-,virag app>atus c be us$ simultane\sly on a l9e6 ,! read] w be able1 by ! aid ( a small calculation1 to arrive at "s int]e/+ figures z reg>ds _! unit$ output4 ,,! ,,telephone4 ,a common en\gh sight 9 any l>ge t[n is a great %eaf ( f9e wires runn+ across ! /reets & ov] ! h\ses4 ,if y trac$ _! c>e] 9 "o direction y w\ld f9d t !y sudd5ly t]m9ate1 or r comb9e into cables1 & disappe> into ! recesses ( a h\se1 :i* is ! ,telephone ,ex*ange4 ,if y track$ !m ! o!r way y\r exp]i5ce w\ld be v>i$ en\gh4 ,"s wires w\ld lead y into public in/itutions1 "s into (fices1 "s into snug rooms 9 private h\ses4 ,at "o "t y\r j\rney w\ld end 9 ! t[n1 at ano!r y w\ld f9d y\rself roam+ f> into ! c\ntry1 ?r\gh gre5 fields & leafy lanes until at la/ y ran ! wire to e>? 9 "s l>ge mansion /&+ 9 a lordly p>k4 ,p]haps y might h to travel hundr$s ( miles1 hav+ /ruck a 8trunk0 l9e connect+ two important cities2 or y might ev5 be call$ ^u to turn fi% & plunge b5ea? ! sea = a :ile1 grop+ y\r way along a subm>9e cable4 ,9 addition to ! visible ov]head wires t trav]se a t[n !re are _m l$ und]gr\nd ?r\gh special conduits4 ,& _m telephone wires nev] come out ( doors at all1 _! object be+ to furni% communication betwe5 ! rooms ( ! same h\se4 ,! telephone & its fri5d1 ! electric-bell1 are n[ a regul> "p ( ! equipm5t ( any l>ge premises4 ,! ma/] ( ! h\se goes to 8 telephone :5 he wi%es to address ! cook or ! /ew>d1 or ! head-g>d5] or ! coa*man4 ,x saves "t & lab\r4 ,%\ld he desire to speak to 8 t[n-(fices he w1 unless connect$ direct1 8r+ up0 ! ,ex*ange1 into :i*1 z we h se51 fl[ all ! wires ( ! subscrib]s to ! telephone sy/em ( t di/rict4 ,! r++-up is usually done by rapidly turn+ a h&le :i* works an electric magnet & r+s a bell 9 ! ,ex*ange4 ,! op]ator !re1 g5]ally a girl1 dem&s ! numb] ( ! p]son ) :om ! r+] wants to speak1 r+s up t numb]1 & connects ! wires ( ! two p>ties4 ,9 "s ex*anges1 e4g4 ! new ,po/-,(fice telephone ex*anges1 ! place ( electric-bells is tak5 by lamps1 to ! great advantage ( ! op]ators1 ^: e>s are ?us fre$ f p]petual jangl+4 ,! action ( unhook+ ! telephone receiv] at ! subscrib]'s end s5ds a curr5t into a relay :i* closes ! circuit ( an electric lamp opposite ! subscrib]'s numb] 9 ! ex*ange4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! conv]sation is complet$ ! action ( hang+ up ! receiv] aga9 lights ano!r lamp ( a diff]5t col\r1 giv5 ! ex*ange w>n+ t ! wires are free aga94 ,9 ,am]ica1 ! c\ntry ( automatic appliances1 ! op]ator is sometimes entirely disp5s$ )4 ,a subscrib] is able1 by means ( a me*anical contrivance1 to put himself 9 communication ) any o!r subscrib] unless t subscrib] is engag$1 9 :i* case a dial records ! fact4 ,! popul>ity ( ! telephone may be judg$ f ! fact t 9 #aija ! ,national ,telephone ,company's sy/em transmitt$ ov] #hjg millions ( messages1 z comp>$ ) #hi millions ( telegrams s5t ov] ! ,po/ ,(fice wires4 ,9 ,am]ica & ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ! telephone is ev5 m univ]sally employ$ ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! ?9ly populat$ prairies ( ,we/ ,am]ica ! f>m-h\ses are (t5 connect$ ) a c5tral /ation _m miles (f1 f :i* !y receive news ( ! out] _w & are able to keep 9 t\* ) "o ano!r4 ,we are n1 p]haps1 z a nation suffici5tly alive to ! advantages ( an effici5t telephone sy/em2 & on ?is acc\nt _m di/ricts rema9 telephoneless because suffici5t subscrib]s _c be f\nd to gu>antee use ( a sy/em if e/abli%$4 ,x has be5 s]i\sly urg$ t mu* ( our c\ntry depopulation might be c\nt]act$ by a univ]sal telephone s]vice1 :i* w\ld enable p to live at a di/ance f ! t[ns & yet be 9 close contact ) !m4 ,at pres5t1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce & ease ( 8gett+ at0 cli5ts & cu/om]s1 _m bus9ess m5 pref] to h _! homes j outside ! t[ns :]e _! bus9ess is4 ,a *eap & effici5t s]vice op5 to e "o w\ld d away ) a great deal ( travell+ t is necess>y "u exi/+ circum/ances1 & by mak+ x less important to live ne> a t[n all[ p to return to ! c\ntry4 ,ev5 ,norway has a good telephone sy/em4 ,! telegraph is little us$ 9 ! m ?9ly inhabit$ di/ricts1 b ! telephone may be f\nd 9 mo/ unexpect$ places1 9 little villages hidd5 9 ! recesses ( ! fiords4 ,switz]l&1 ano!r m\nta9\s c\ntry1 b v g-ahead 9 all electrical matt]s1 is not$ = ! *eapness ( its telephone s]vices4 ,at ,b]ne or ,g5eva a subscrib] pays #d ! fir/ ye>1 #b1 #abs4 ! second ye>1 & b #a1 #abs4 ! ?ird4 ,contra/ ^! *>ges ) ^? ( ,new ,york1 :]e #ae1 #ajs4 to #di1 #ajs4 is levi$ annually accord+ to s]vice4 ,! telephone z a public b5efactor is se5 at its be/ at ,buda-,pe/h1 ! tw9-capital ( ,hung>y4 ,9 #ahic1 "o ,h]r ,!odore ,bus*gas* f\nd$ 9 t city a 8newspap]0--if s x may be call$--work$ entirely on ! telephone4 ,! publi%+ (fice 0 a telephone ex*ange2 ! wires & in/rum5ts took ! place ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,! subscrib]s 7 to be in=m$ entirely by e> ( ! news ( ! day4 ,! ,telefon ,hirmondo or 8,telephonic ,new/ell]10 z ! 8pap]0 0 nam$1 has m ?an six ?\s& subscrib]s1 :o enjoy _! telephones = ! v small paym5t ( eighte5 flor9s1 or ab\t a p5ny a day1 = twelve h\rs a day4 ,news is collect$ at ! c5tral (fice 9 ! usual j\rnali/ic way by telephone1 telegraph1 & report]s4 ,x is pr9t$ by li?ography on /rips ( pap] six in*es wide & two feet long4 ,^! /rips are h&$ to 8/5tors10 or m5 ) p[]ful & tra9$ voices1 :o read ! cont5ts to transmitt+ in/rum5ts 9 ! (fices1 :5ce x flies 9 all directions to ! e>s ( ! subscrib]s4 ,^! la/ "k exactly :5 to li/5 & :at description ( in=mation !y w he>1 = ea* has ov] 8 receiv] a programme :i* is rigidly adh]$ to4 ,x mu/ be expla9$ at once t ! ,telefon ,hirmondo is m ?an a m]e newspap]1 = x adds to its practical use z a fir/-class j\rnal t ( ent]ta9]1 lectur]1 prea*]1 actor1 political speak]1 musician4 ,! ,telefon (fices are connect$ by wire ) ! !atres1 *ur*es1 & public halls1 draw+ f !m by means ( special receiv]s ! s\nds t are go+ on !re1 & transmitt+ !m aga9 ov] ! wires to ! ?\s&s ( subscrib]s4 ,! ,buda-,pe/hian has !re=e only to consult 8 programme to see :5 he w be 9 t\* ) 8 fav\rite actor or prea*]4 ,! ladies "k j :5 to expect ! late/ h9ts ab\t ! fa%ions ( ! day4 ,nor are ! *ildr5 =gott51 = a special p]iod is set aside weekly = _! ent]ta9m5t 9 ! %ape ( lectures or conc]ts4 ,! adv]tis+ fi5d1 too1 mu/ h 8 say1 ?\gh he pays de>ly = x4 ,on paym5t ( a flor9 ! /5tors w %\t ! virtues ( 8 w>es = a space ( twelve seconds4 ,! adv]tis+ p]iods are s&wi*$ 9 betwe5 items ( news1 s t ! subscrib] is b\nd to he> ! adv]tisem5ts unless he is will+ to risk miss+ "s ( ! news if he hangs up 8 receiv] until ! 8puff0 is f9i%$4 ,?anks to ! ,telefon ,hirmondo ! prea*]1 actor1 or s+] is oblig$ to calculate 8 popul>ity less by ! condition ( ! seats 9 front ( him ?an by ! numb] ( telephones 9 use :ile he is p]=m+ 8 "p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! subscrib] is sp>$ a va/ am\nt ( walk+1 wait+1 cab-hire1 & exp5se g5]ally4 ,9 fact1 if ! pr9ciple is mu* fur!r develop$1 we %all beg9 to d\bt :e!r a ,buda-,pe/hian w be able to discov] reasons = gett+ out ( b$ at all if ! receiv] hang+ )9 rea* ( 8 h& is ! entrance to s _m places ( delight4 ,w he become a v lazy p]son2 & :at w be ! effect on 8 ent]ta9]s :5 !y f9d !mselves fac+ b5*es t are us$ less e day8 ,w ! sight ( a r[ ( telephone trumpets r\se ! future ,liddon1 ,patti1 ,irv+1 or ,glad/one to excel !mselves8 ,x seems r d\btful4 ,telephones _c look int]e/$ or applaud4 ,:at is inside ! simple-look+ receiv] t hangs on ! wall beside a small mahogany case1 or re/s horizontally on a c\ple ( crooks ov] ! case8 ,9 ! old] type ( in/rum5t ! transmitt] & receiv] are sep>ate1 ! =m] fix$ 9 front ( ! case1 ! latt]1 ( c\rse1 movable s t x c be appli$ to ! e>4 ,b improv$ patt]ns h transmitt] & receiv] 9 a s+le movable h&le1 s %ap$ t ! e>piece is by ! e> :ile ! m\?piece curves r\nd opposite ! m\?4 ,by press+ a small lev] ) ! f+]s ! "o or ! o!r is br\ght into action :5 requir$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t1 ( :i* we are at fir/ a little afraid1 & ) :i* we lat] on le>n to become r angry1 is 9 its g5]al l9es simple en\gh4 ,! fir/ practical telephone1 con/ruct$ 9 #ahgf by ,graham ,bell1 a ,scot*man1 consi/$ ( a long wood5 or ebonite h&le d[n ! c5tre ( :i* ran a p]man5t b>-magnet1 hav+ at "o end a small coil ( f9e insulat$ wire w\nd ab\t x ,! ends ( ! wire coil are l$ ?r\gh ! h&les to two t]m9als = connection ) ! l9e wires4 ,at a v %ort di/ance f ! wire-w\nd pole ( ! magnet is firmly fix$ by its edges a ?9 circul> iron plate1 cov]$ by a funnel-%ap$ m\?piece4 ,! iron plate is1 :5 at re/1 concave1 its c5tre be+ attract$ t[>ds ! pole ( ! magnet4 ,:5 any "o speaks into ! m\?piece ! s\nd waves agitate ! diaphragm 7or plate71 caus+ its c5tre to move inw>ds & outw>ds4 ,! movem5ts ( ! diaphragm affect ! magnetism ( ! magnet1 sometimes /r5g!n+ x1 sometimes weak5+ x1 & consequ5tly excit+ electric curr5ts ( v>y+ /r5g? 9 ! wire coil4 ,^! curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! l9e wires to a simil> telephone excite ! coil 9 x1 & 9 turn affect ! magnetism ( ! di/ant magnet1 :i* attracts or releases ! diaphragm ne> its pole1 caus+ undulations ( ! air exactly resembl+ ^? set up by ! speak]'s words4 ,to r5d] ! telephone p[]ful en\gh to make conv]sation possible ov] long di/ances x 0 f\nd advisable to sub/itute = ! "o telephone a special transmitt]1 & to ins]t 9 ! circuit a batt]y giv+ a mu* /rong] curr5t ?an c\ld possibly be excit$ by ! magnet 9 ! telephone at ! speak]'s end4 ,edison 9 #ahgg inv5t$ a special transmitt] made ( c>bon4 ,he discov]$ t ! h>d] two faces ( c>bon are press$ toge!r ! m readily w !y all[ curr5t to pass2 ! reason probably be+ t ! po9ts ( contact increase 9 numb] & af=d m bridges = ! curr5t4 ,accord+ly 8 transmitt] conta9s a small disc ( lampblack 7a =m ( c>bon7 connect$ to ! diaphragm1 & ano!r c>bon or plat9um disc aga9/ :i* ! fir/ is driv5 ) v>y+ =ce by ! vibrations ( ! voice4 ,! ,edison transmitt] is !re=e 9 idea only a modification ( ! microphone4 ,x acts z a regulator ( curr5t1 9 di/9ction to ! ,bell telephone1 :i* is only an excit] ( curr5t4 ,mod]n =ms ( telephones unite ! ,edison transmitt] ) ! ,bell receiv]4 ,! latt] is extremely s5sitive to electric curr5ts1 detect+ !m ev5 :5 ( ! m9ute/ p[]4 ,we h se5 t ,m>coni us$ a telephone 9 8 fam\s transatlantic exp]im5ts to di/+ui% ! signals s5t f ,cornwall4 ,a telephone may be us$ ) an 8e>? return0 in/ead ( a second wire2 b z ?is exposes x to /ray curr5ts by induction f o!r wires c>ri$ on ! same poles or f ! e>? itself1 x is n[ usual to use two wires1 complet+ ! metallic circuit4 ,ev5 s a subscrib] is liable to ov]he> conv]sations on wires neighb\r+ 8 own2 ! writ] has lively recollections ( fir/ receiv+ news ( ! relief ( ,ladysmi? 9 ?is mann]4 ,ow+ to ! self-induction ( wires 9 subm>9e cables & ! consequ5t difficulty ( =c+ curr5ts ?r\gh !m1 ! telephone is at pres5t n us$ 9 connection ) subm>9e l9es ( m ?an a v mod]ate l5g?4 ,engl& has1 h[ev]1 be5 connect$ ) ,france by a telephone cable f ,/4 ,m>g>et's ,bay to ,sangatte1 #bc miles2 & ,scotl& ) ,irel&1 ,/ranra] to ,donaghadee1 #bf miles4 ,! =m] cable enables spee* betwe5 ,london & ,m>seilles1 a di/ance ( #ijj miles2 & ! latt] makes x possible to speak f ,london to ,dubl9 vi ,glasg[4 ,! longe/ direct l9e 9 exi/5ce is t betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago1 ! complete circuit ( :i* uses #aijj miles ( /\t copp] wire1 rais$ above ! gr\nd on poles #ce feet high4 ,! effici5cy ( ! telephone on a well laid sy/em is s great t x makes v little diff]5ce :e!r ! p]sons talk+ ) "o ano!r are #ej or #ejj miles ap>t4 ,!re is no reason :y a ,cape-to-,cairo telephone %\ld n put ! two extremities ( ,africa 9 cle> vocal communication4 ,we may ev5 live to see ! day :5 a ,london bus9ess man w be able to talk ) 8 ag5t 9 ,sydney1 ,melb\rne1 or ,well+ton4 ,a /ep t[>ds ?is la/ a*ievem5t has be5 tak5 by ,m4 ,g]ma91 a ,fr5* electrician1 :o has pat5t$ a telephone :i* c be us$ ) /rong] curr5ts ?an are possible 9 ord9>y telephones2 !reby1 ( c\rse1 increas+ ! range ( spee* on subm>9e cables4 ,! telephone t we g5]ally use has a transmitt] :i* p]mits b a small portion ( ! batt]y p[] to pass into ! wires1 ow+ to ! resi/ance ( ! c>bon diaphragm4 ,! weakness ( ! curr5t is to a great ext5t comp5sat$ by ! exce$+ly delicate nature ( ! receiv]4 ,m4 ,g]ma9 has rev]s$ ! conditions ) a transmitt] t all[s a v high p]c5tage ( ! curr5t to fl[ into ! wires1 & a comp>atively ins5sitive receiv]4 ,! result is a 8l\d-speak+ telephone0--n a novelty1 = ,edison inv5t$ "o z long ago z #ahgg--:i* is capable ( reproduc+ spee* 9 a wond]fully p[]ful fa%ion4 ,m4 ,g]ma91 ) ! help ( special tubul> receiv]s1 has actually s5t messages ?r\gh a l9e hav+ ! same resi/ance z t ( ! ,london-,p>is l9e1 s audibly t ! words c\ld be he>d fifte5 y>ds f ! receiv] 9 ! op5 air6 ,! ,telephone ,,wireless ,,telephony4 ,9 days :5 wireless telegraphy is occupy+ su* a great deal ( ! _w's att5tion1 x is n likely to cause mu* a/oni%m5t 9 ! read] to le>n t wireless transmission ( spee* ov] consid]able di/ances is an accompli%$ fact4 ,we h already m5tion$ 7see 8,wireless ,telegraphy07 t by means ( p>allel sy/ems ( wires ,sir ,william ,preece bridg$ a l>ge air-gap1 & induc$ 9 ! "o s\nds imp>t$ to ! o!r4 ,s9ce !n two o!r me?ods h be5 introduc$2 & z a preface to ! m5tion ( ! fir/ we may say a few words ab\t ,graham ,bell's ,photophone4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t light is made to d ! "w ( a metal connection betwe5 speak] & li/5]4 ,pr(essor ,bell1 9 arrang+ ! ,photophone1 us$ a m\?piece z 9 8 electric telephone1 b in/ead ( a diaphragm work+ 9 front ( a magnet to set up electric impulses along a wire he employ$ a mirror ( v ?9 glass1 silv]$ on "o side4 ,! effect ( s\nd on ?is mirror 0 to cause rapid alt]ations ( its %ape f concave to convex1 & consequ5t v>iations ( its reflect+ p[]4 ,a /rong beam ( light 0 conc5trat$ on ! c5tre ( ! mirror ?r\gh a l5s1 & reflect$ by ! mirror at an angle ?r\gh ano!r l5s 9 ! direction ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,! receiv] consi/$ ( a p>abolic reflector to cat* ! rays & focus !m on a sel5ium cell connect$ by an electric circuit ) an ord9>y telephone e>piece4 ,on deliv]+ a message into ! m\?piece ! speak] w\ld1 by agitat+ ! mirror1 s5d a succession ( light waves ( v>y+ int5sity t[>ds ! di/ant sel5ium cell4 ,sel5ium has ! peculi> prop]ty ( (f]+ less resi/ance to electrical curr5ts :5 light is ?r[n ^u x ?an :5 x is 9 d>kness3 & ! m int5se is ! light ! less is ! ob/ruction x af=ds4 ,! light-waves f ! mirror1 !re=e1 con/antly alt] its capacity z a conductor1 all[+ curr5ts to pass ?r\gh ! telephone ) v>y+ p[]4 ,9 ?is way ,pr(essor ,bell bridg$ #hjj y>ds ( space2 ov] :i* he s5t1 besides articulate words1 musical notes1 us+ = ! latt] purpose a revolv+ p]=at$ disc to int]rupt a con/ant beam ( light a c]ta9 numb] ( times p] second4 ,z ! spe$ ( ! disc increas$ ! rate ( ! light-fla%es increas$ also1 & produc$ 9 ! sel5ium cell ! same numb] ( passages to ! electric curr5t1 conv]t$ into a musical note by ! receiv]4 ,s t by means ( me*anical app>atus a 8playful sunbeam0 c\ld lit]ally be compell$ to play a tune4 ,f ! ,photophone we pass to ano!r me?od ( s\nd transmission by light1 ) :i* is connect$ ! "n ( ,mr4 ,hammond ,v4 ,hayes ( ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,x is embodi$ 9 ! ,radiophone1 or ! ,ray-speak]1 = x makes /rong rays ( light c>ry ! human voice4 ,lum9\s bodies give (f heat4 ,z ! light increases1 s z a g5]al rule does ! heat also4 ,at pres5t we are unable to create /rong light )\t hav+ rec\rse to heat to help u1 s9ce we d n "k h[ to cause o!r vibrations ( suffici5t rapidity to yield ! s5sation ( light4 ,b we c produce heat directly1 & heat w set atoms 9 motion1 & ! e!r too1 giv+ u light1 b tak+ z rew>d a great deal ( ! en]gy ex]t$4 ,n[1 ! electric arc ( a se>*light produces a l>ge am\nt ( light & heat4 ,! light is felt by ! eye at a di/ance ( _m miles1 b ! body is n s5sitive en\gh to be aw>e ( ! heat emanat+ f ! same s\rce4 ,mr4 ,hayes has1 h[ev]1 f\nd ! heat accompany+ a se>*light beam q suffici5t to affect a me*anical 8n]ve0 9 a f>-away telephone receiv]4 ,! transmitt+ app>atus is a se>*light1 ?r\gh ! back ( :i* run f\r pairs ( wires connect$ ) a telephone m\?piece aft] pass+ ?r\gh a swit* & resi/ance-box or regulator4 ,! receiv] is a concave mirror1 9 ! focus ( :i* is a tap]+ glass bulb1 half fill$ ) c>bonis$ filam5t v s5sitive to heat4 ,! tap]+ end ( ! bulb projects ?r\gh ! back ( ! mirror into an e> tube4 ,if a message is to be transmitt$ ! w\ld-be speak] turns 8 se>*light 9 ! direction ( ! p]son ) :om he wi%es to conv]se1 & makes ! prop] signals4 ,on see+ !m ! o!r pres5ts 8 mirror to ! beam & li/5s4 ,! speak]'s voice takes control ( ! se>*light beam4 ,! l\d] ! s\nd ! m brilliantly gl[s ! electric arc2 ! /rong] becomes ! beam1 ! great] is ! am\nt ( heat pass$ on to ! mirror & ga!r$ on ! s5sitive bulb4 ,! filam5t inside exp&s4 ,! tap]+ po9t communicates ! fact to ! e>piece4 ,?is op]ation be+ repeat$ _m times a second ! e>piece fills ) s\nd1 9 :i* all ! modulations ( ! f>-di/ant voice are easily di/+ui%able4 ,two sets ( ! app>atus above describ$ are necess>y = a conv]sation1 ! functions ( ! se>*light & ! bulb n be+ rev]sible4 ,b inasmu* z all l>ge /eam]s c>ry se>*lights ! necess>y in/allation may be complet$ at a small exp5se4 ,mr4 ,hayes' inv5tion promises to be a rival to wireless telegraphy ov] comp>atively %ort di/ances4 ,x c be reli$ ^u 9 all wea!rs1 & is a fa/ me?od ( communication4 ,l ! photophone x illu/rates ! int]-relation%ip ( ! ph5om5a ( ,s\nd1 ,light1 & ,heat1 & ! read9ess ) :i* !y may be comb9$ to atta9 an end4 ,next we turn f air to e>?1 & to ! consid]ation ( ! "w ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,coll9s ( ,philadelphia4 ,?is electrician m]ely makes use ( ! curr5ts fl[+ 9 all directions ?r\gh ! e>?1 & ^? excit$ by an electric batt]y connect$ ) e>?4 ,! outfit requisite = s5d+ wireless spok5 messages consi/s ( a c\ple ( conv5i5t /&s1 z _m /orage batt]ies1 sets ( coils1 & receiv+ & transmitt+ in/rum5ts4 ,! action ( ! transmitt] is to s5d f ! batt]y a s]ies ( curr5ts ?r\gh ! coils1 :i* transmit !m1 greatly int5sifi$1 to ! e>? by means ( a wire connect$ ) a buri$ wire-scre54 ,! electric di/urbances set up 9 ! e>? travel 9 all directions1 & /rike a simil> scre5 buri$ b5ea? ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 :]e ! curr5ts affect ! delicate diaphragm ( ! telephone e>piece4 ,! sy/em is1 9 fact1 ^u all f\rs ) ,mr4 ,m>coni's1 ! di/+ui%+ feature be+ t ! e!r ( ! atmosph]e is us$ 9 ! latt] case1 t ( ! e>? 9 ! =m]4 ,! int5sity coils are common to bo?2 ! buri$ scre5s are ! c\nt]p>t ( ! arial kites or balloons2 ! telephone transmitt] corresponds to ! telegraphic transmitt+ key2 ! e>piece to ! coh]] & relay4 ,no d\bt 9 "t ,mr4 ,coll9s w 8tune0 8 in/rum5ts1 s obta9+ bel[ gr\nd ! same sympa!tic electric vibrations :i* ,mr4 ,m>coni1 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 or o!rs h employ$ to clo! _! arial messages 9 secrecy4 ,,! ,,phonograph4 ,ev5 if ,?omas ,edison _h n done wond]s ) electric light+1 telephones1 electric torp$oes1 new processes = sep>at+ iron f its ore1 telegraphy1 animat$ photography1 & o!r ?+s too num]\s to m5tion1 he w\ld /ill h made = himself an endur+ "n z ! inv5tor ( ! ,phonograph4 ,he has fitly be5 call$ ! 8,wiz>d ( ! ,we/0 f 8 g5ius = conjur+ up out ( :at w\ld appe> to ! multitude mo/ unpromis+ mat]ials />tl+ sci5tific m>vels1 among :i* none is m truly wiz>d-l ?an ! in/rum5t t is z receptive ( s\nd z ! human e>1 & ( illimitable reproduc+ p[]4 ,by virtue ( its elfi%ly human *>act]i/ic1 articulate spee*1 x occupies1 & always w occupy1 a v high position z a me*anical wond]4 ,:5 li/5+ to a telephone we are aw>e ( ! fact t ! s\nds are imm$iate reproductions ( a liv+ p]son's voice1 speak+ at ! mom5t & at a def9ite di/ance f u2 b ! phonographic utt]ances are ^? ( a voice p]haps /ill$ = ev]1 & ! diff]5ce adds romance to ! speak+ ma*9e4 ,! ,phonograph 0 born 9 #ahgf4 ,z we may imag9e1 its appe>ance creat$ a /ir4 ,a contributor to ! ,times wrote 9 #ahgg3 8,n _m weeks h pass$ s9ce we 7 />tl$ by ! ann\ncem5t t we c\ld conv]se audibly ) ea* o!r1 al?\gh hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 by means ( s _m miles ( wire ) a little electric magnet at ea* end4 8,ano!r wond] is n[ promis$ u--an inv5tion purely me*anical 9 its nature1 by means ( :i* words spok5 by ! human voice c be1 s to speak1 /or$ up & reproduc$ at w ov] & ov] aga9 hundr$s1 x may be ?\s&s1 ( times4 ,:at w be ?\ght ( a piece ( me*anism by means ( :i* a message ( any l5g? c be spok5 on to a plate ( metal--t plate s5t by po/ to any "p ( ! _w & ! message absolutely respok5 9 ! v voice ( ! s5d]1 purely by me*anical ag5cy8 ,:at1 too1 %all be said ( a m]e ma*9e1 by means ( :i* ! old famili> voice ( "o :o is no long] ) u on e>? c be he>d speak+ to u 9 ! v tones & measure to :i* our e>s 7 once accu/om$80 ,! fir/ ,edison ma*9e 0 ! climax ( rese>* 9 ! realm ( s\nd4 ,z long ago z #ahef a ,mr4 ,leo ,scott made an in/rum5t :i* receiv$ ! =midable "n ( ,phonautograph1 on acc\nt ( its capacity to regi/] me*anically ! vibrations set up 9 ! atmosph]e by ! human voice or by musical in/rum5ts4 ,a l>ge metal cone l ! m\? ( an e>-trumpet _h /ret*$ across its small] end a membrane1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a v delicate trac+-po9t work+ on ! surface ( a revolv+ cyl9d] cov]$ ) black5$ pap]4 ,any s\nd ent]+ ! trumpet agitat$ ! membrane1 :i* 9 turn mov$ ! /ylus & produc$ a l9e on ! cyl9d] correspond+ to ! vibration4 ,scott's app>atus c\ld only record4 ,x 01 s to speak1 ! fir/ half ( ! phonograph4 ,edison1 tw5ty ye>s lat]1 add$ ! active half4 ,8 ma*9e1 z briefly describ$ 9 ! ,times1 0 simple2 s v simple t _m sci5ti/s mu/ h wond]$ h[ !y fail$ to inv5t x !mselves4 ,a metal cyl9d] groov$ ) a cont9u\s squ>e-section ?read ( _m turns to ! in* 0 m\nt$ horizontally on a long axle cut at "o end ) a screw-?read ( ! same 8pit*0 z t on ! cyl9d]4 ,! axle1 work+ 9 upright supports1 & furni%$ ) a heavy fly:eel to r5d] ! rate ( revolution fairly uni=m1 0 turn$ by a h&le4 ,ov] ! groov$ cyl9d] 0 /ret*$ a ?9 %eet ( t9foil1 & on ?is re/$ lightly a /eel trac+-po9t1 m\nt$ at ! end ( a spr+ & sep>at$ f a vibrat+ diaphragm by a small pad ( rubb] tub+4 ,a l>ge m\?piece to conc5trate s\nd on to ! diaphragm complet$ ! app>atus4 ,to make a record ) ?is ma*9e ! cyl9d] 0 mov$ along until ! trac+-po9t t\*$ "o extremity ( ! foil4 ,! p]son speak+ into ! m\?piece turn$ ! h&le to br+ a fre% surface ( foil cont9u\sly "u ! po9t1 :i*1 ow+ to ! ?read on ! axle & ! groove on ! cyl9d] be+ ( ! same pit*1 0 always ov] ! groove1 & burni%$ ! foil d[n into x to a great] or less dep? accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! impulses receiv$ f ! diaphragm4 ,illu/ration3 ,a unique gr\p ( ,phonographs4 #a4 ,! olde/ phonograph 9 exi/5ce1 n[ 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 #b4 ,t9foil in/rum5t4 #c4 ,a *eap] =m ( ! same4 #d4 ,a 8spectacle-=m0 graphophone4 #e4 ,an exactly simil> in/rum5t1 half-size scale4 #f4 ,a doll fitt$ ) phonograph4 ,! record be+ f9i%$1 ! po9t 0 lift$ (f ! foil1 ! cyl9d] turn$ back to its orig9al position1 & ! po9t all[$ to run aga9 ov] ! depressions x _h made 9 ! metal %eet4 ,! latt] n[ became ! active "p1 imp>t+ to ! air by means ( ! diaphragm vibrations simil> 9 duration & quality to ^? t affect$ x :5 ! record 0 be+ made4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ! phonograph pr9ciple 0 orig9ally employ$ by ,edison z a telephone 8relay40 ,8 att5tion _h be5 drawn to ! telephone rec5tly produc$ by ,graham ,bell1 & to ! evil effects ( curr5t leakage 9 long l9es4 ,he saw t ! am\nt ( curr5t wa/$ increas$ out ( proportion to ! l5g? ( ! l9es--ev5 m ?an 9 ! proportion ( ! squ>es ( _! l5g?s--& he hop$ t a great sav+ ( curr5t w\ld be effect$ if a long l9e 7 divid$ into sections & ! s\nd vibrations 7 pass$ f "o to ! o!r by me*anical means4 ,he us$ z ! connect+ l9k betwe5 two sections a /rip ( moi/5$ pap]1 :i* a ne$le1 atta*$ to a receiv]1 ind5t$ ) m9ute depressions1 t h&$ on ! message to ano!r telephone4 ,! phonograph prop]1 z a record+ ma*9e1 0 an aft]-?\ght4 ,edison's fir/ app>atus1 besides be+ heavy & clumsy1 _h 9 practice faults :i* made x fall %ort ( ! description giv5 9 ! ,times4 ,its tone 0 h>%4 ,! records1 s f> f endur+ a ?\s& repetitions1 7 worn out by a doz54 ,to ^! defects mu/ be add$ a consid]able difficulty 9 adju/+ a record made on "o ma*9e to ! cyl9d] ( ano!r ma*9e4 ,edison1 be+ busy ) 8 telephone & electric lamp "w1 put aside ! phonograph = a "t4 ,graham ,bell1 8 bro!r1 ,*i*e/] ,bell1 & ,*>les ,sumn] ,ta9t]1 develop$ & improv$ 8 crude ideas4 ,!y introduc$ ! ,graphophone1 us+ easily removable cyl9d] records4 ,= ! t9foil 0 sub/itut$ a ?9 coat+ ( a special wax prep>ation on light pap] cyl9d]s4 ,clockwork-driv5 motors replac$ ! h& motion1 & ! new ma*9es 7 altoge!r m h&y & effective4 ,z soon z he _h "t ,edison aga9 ent]$ ! field4 ,he conceiv$ ! solid wax cyl9d]1 & pat5t$ a small %av+ app>atus by means ( :i* a record c\ld be p>$ away & a fre% surface be pres5t$ = a new record4 ,! phonograph or graphophone ( to-day is a famili> en\gh sight2 b inasmu* z our read]s may be less intimately acqua9t$ ) its con/ruction & action ?an ) its effects1 a few words w n[ be add$ ab\t its mo/ /rik+ features4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! record rema9s /ation>y :ile ! trumpet1 diaphragm & /ylus pass ov] x4 ,! rev]se 0 ! case ) ! t9foil in/rum5t4 ,! record is cut by means ( a t9y sapphire po9t hav+ a circul> concave end v %>p at ! edges1 to g\ge m9ute depressions into ! wax4 ,! po9t is agitat$ by a delicate comb9ation ( weights & lev]s connect+ x ) a diaphragm ( ,fr5* glass #a_/adj in* ?ick4 ,! reproduc+ po9t is a sapphire ball ( a diamet] equal to t ( ! g\ge4 ,x passes ov] ! depressions1 fall+ into !m 9 turn & communicat+ its movem5ts to a diaphragm1 & s t5d]ly does x treat ! records t a hundr$ repetitions d n inflict noticeable damage4 ,x is a curi\s in/ance ( ! mann] 9 :i* man unconsci\sly copies nature t ! p>ts ( ! reproduc+ atta*m5t ( a phonograph conta9s p>ts correspond+ 9 function exactly to ^? bones ( ! e> kn[n z ! ,hamm]1 ,anvil1 & ,/irrup4 ,to und]/& ! inn] work+ ( ! phonograph ! read] mu/ be acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( s\nd4 ,all s\nd is ! result ( impulses transmitt$ by a mov+ body usually rea*+ ! e> ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! air4 ,! quantity ( ! s\nd1 or l\dness1 dep5ds on ! viol5ce ( ! impulse2 ! tone1 or note1 on ! numb] ( impulses 9 a giv5 "t 7usually fix$ z "o second72 & ! quality1 or timbre1 z musicians say1 on ! exi/5ce ( m9or vibrations )9 ! ma9 ones4 ,if we 7 to exam9e ! surface ( a phonograph record 7or phonogram7 "u a p[]ful magnify+ glass we %\ld see a s]ies ( scoops cut by ! g\ge 9 ! wax1 "s long] & deep] ?an o!rs1 long & %ort1 deep & %all[1 alt]nat+ & recurr+ 9 regul> gr\ps4 ,! dep?1 l5g?1 & gr\p+ ( ! cuts decides ! nature ( ! resultant note :5 ! reproduc+ sapphire po9t passes ov] ! record--at a rate ( ab\t t5 in*es a second4 ,! /udy ( a trac+ made on prop]ly prep>$ pap] by a po9t agitat$ by a diaphragm w\ld enable u to und]/& easily ! cause ( t my/]i\s v>iation 9 timbre :i* betrays at once :at k9d ( in/rum5t has emitt$ a note ( kn[n pit*4 ,= in/ance1 let u take middle ,c1 :i* is ! result ( a c]ta9 numb] ( atmosph]ic bl[s p] second on ! drum ( ! e>4 ,! same note may come f a piano1 a viol91 a banjo1 a man's l>ynx1 an organ1 or a cornet2 b we at once detect its s\rce4 ,x is sc>cely imag9able t a piano & a cornet %\ld be mi/ak5 = "o ano!r4 ,n[1 if ! trac+ in/rum5t _h be5 at "w :ile ! notes 7 made successively x w\ld h record$ a wavy l9e1 ea* wave ( exactly ! same l5g? z its fell[s1 b v>y+ 9 its outl9e accord+ to ! "* ( ! note's orig94 ,we %\ld notice t ! waves 7 !mselves wavy 9 section1 be+ jagg$ l ! tee? ( a saw1 & t ! small second>y waves diff]$ 9 size4 ,! m9or waves are ! h>monics ( ! ma9 note4 ,"s musical in/rum5ts are ri*] 9 ^! h>monics ?an o!rs4 ,! fact t ^! delicate v>iations are record$ z m9ute ind5tations 9 ! wax & reproduc$ is a /rik+ pro( ( ! phonograph's me*anical p]fection4 ,fur!rmore1 ! phonograph regi/]s n only ^! composite notes1 b also *ords or simultane\s comb9ations ( notes1 ea* ( :i* may proce$ f a diff]5t in/rum5t4 ,9 its action x "h resembles a man :o by con/ant practice is able to add up ! p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce columns 9 8 l$g] at ! same "t1 "o wave sy/em ov]lapp+ & bl5d+ ) ano!r4 ,! phonograph is n equally sympa!tic ) all classes ( s\nds4 ,banjo duets make good records1 b ! guit> gives a poor result4 ,simil>ly1 ! cornet is peculi>ly effective1 b ! bass drum disappo9t+4 ,! deep *e/ notes ( a man come f ! trumpet ) />tl+ tru?1 b ! top notes on :i* ! soprano prides h]self are (t5 sadly 8t9ny40 ,! phonograph1 !re=e1 ev5 9 its mo/ p]fect =m is n ! equal ( ! exquisitely s5sitive human e>2 & ?is may p>tially be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! diaphragm 9 bo? record] & reproduc] has its own fundam5tal note :i* is n 9 h>mony ) all o!r notes1 :]eas ! e>1 l ! eye1 adapts itself to any vibration4 ,yet ! phonograph has an almo/ limitless rp]toire4 ,x c ju/ly be claim$ = x t x is _m musical in/rum5ts roll$ into "o4 ,x w reproduce cle>ly & fai?fully an or*e/ra1 an in/rum5tal soloi/1 ! words ( a s+]1 a /ump orator1 or a /age fav\rite4 ,consequ5tly we f9d x e :]e--at ent]ta9m5ts1 9 ! draw+-room1 & ev5 tempt+ u at ! railway /ation or o!r places ( public resort to "p ) our sup]flu\s p5ce4 ,at ! ,london ,hippodrome x disc\rses to audi5ces ( sev]al ?\s& p]sons1 & 9 ! nurs]y x delights ! possessors ( +5i\sly-con/ruct$ dolls :i*1 on a button be+ press$ & conceal$ ma*9]y be+ br\ght into action1 repeat "s well-kn[n *ildi% melody4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! phonograph is no?+ m ?an a sup]ior k9d ( sci5tific toy4 ,m s]i\s duties ?an ^? ( m]e ent]ta9m5t h be5 f\nd = x4 ,at ! la/ ,presid5tial ,election 9 ! ,/ates ! phonograph 0 (t5 call$ ^u to h>angue l>ge meet+s 9 ! int]e/s ( ! rival c&idates1 :o 7 p]haps at ! "t we>+ out _! voices hundr$s ( miles away ) ! same words4 ,s9ce ! pronunciation ( a =eign language is acquir$ by con/ant imitation ( s\nds1 ! phonograph1 in/ruct$ by an exp]t1 has be5 us$ to repeat words & phrases to a class ( /ud5ts until ! difficulties !y conta9 h be5 ?or\ghly ma/]$4 ,! sight ( su* a class hang+ on ! lips--or m prop]ly ! trumpet--( a phonograph gift$ ) ! true ,p>isian acc5t may be common en\gh 9 ! future4 ,z a me*anical secret>y & sub/itute = ! %or?& writ] ! phonograph has c]ta9ly pass$ ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,its daily use by "s ( ! l>ge/ bus9ess e/abli%m5ts 9 ! _w te/ify to its value 9 comm]cial life4 ,_m firms1 especially ,am]ican1 h inve/$ heavily 9 e/abli%+ phonograph e/abli%m5ts to save lab\r & f9al exp5se4 ,! manag]1 on arriv+ at 8 (fice 9 ! morn+1 reads 8 lett]s1 & z ! cont5ts ( ea* is ma/]$1 dictates an answ] to a phonograph cyl9d] :i* is pres5tly remov$ to ! typewrit+ room1 :]e an assi/ant1 plac+ x ^u h] phonograph & fix+ ! tubes to h] e>s1 types :at is requir$4 ,x is int]e/+ to le>n t at ,ottawa1 ! seat ( ! ,canadian ,gov]nm5t1 phonographs are us$ = report+ ! p>liam5t>y proce$+s & debates4 ,!re is !re=e a prospect t1 ?\gh ! talk+-ma*9e may lose its novelty z an ent]ta9]1 its practical usefulness w be l>gely increas$4 ,& :ile consid]+ ! future ( ! in/rum5t1 ! ?\ght sugge/s itself :e!r we %all be tak+ full advantage ( ,mr4 ,edison's notable inv5tion if we neglect to make records ( all k9ds ( intelligible s\nds :i* h m ?an a pass+ int]e/4 ,if ! records 7 made 9 an imp]i%able sub/ance !y might rema9 effective = c5turies1 due c>e be+ tak5 ( !m 9 special depositories own$ by ! nation4 ,to und]/& :at _! value w\ld be to future g5]ations we h only to imag9e ourselves li/5+ to ! long-/ill$ ?und] ( ,e>l ,*a?am1 to ! gold5 eloqu5ce ( ,burke1 or ! passionate declamations ( ,mrs4 ,siddons4 ,& 9 ! n>r[] circle ( family int]e/s h[ valuable a "p ( family heirlooms w\ld be ! phonograms conta9+ a vocal message to po/]ity f ,gr&fa!r ?is1 or ,great-aunt t1 ^: portraits 9 ! draw+-room album d little m ?an call att5tion to ! *anges 9 dress s9ce ! "t :5 _! subjects fac$ ! cam]a6 ,record-,mak+ & ,manufacture4--,phonographic records are ( two %apes1 ! cyl9drical & ! flat1 ! latt] cut ) a volute groove cont9u\sly dim9i%+ 9 diamet] f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,flat records are us$ 9 ! ,gramophone--a reproduc+ ma*9e only4 ,_! manufacture is effect$ by fir/ ( all mak+ a record on a %eet ( z9c coat$ ) a v ?9 film ( wax1 f :i* ! %>p /eel po9t mov$ by ! record+ diaphragm removes small portions1 b>+ ! z9c und]nea?4 ,! plate is !n flood$ ) an acid solution1 :i* eats into ! b>$ pat*es1 b does n affect ! p>ts /ill cov]$ ) wax4 ,! et*+ complete1 ! wax is remov$ entirely1 & a ca/ or electrotype negative record made f ! z9c plate4 ,! ind5tations ( ! orig9al are 9 ?is repres5t$ by excresc5ces ( l size2 & :5 ! negative block is press$ h>d d[n on to a prop]ly prep>$ disc ( vulcanite or celluloid1 ! latt] is ind5t$ 9 a mann] t reproduces exactly ! tones receiv$ on ! 8ma/]0 record4 ,cyl9drical records are made 9 two ways1 by m\ld+ or by copy+4 ,! second process is extremely simple4 ,! 8ma/]0 cyl9d] is plac$ on a ma*9e :i* also rotates a blank cyl9d] at a %ort di/ance f & p>allel to ! fir/4 ,ov] ! 8ma/]0 record passes a reproduc+ po9t1 :i* is connect$ by delicate lev]s to a cutt+ po9t re/+ on ! 8blank10 s t e movem5t ( ! "o produces a correspond+ movem5t ( ! o!r4 ,?is me?od1 ?\gh accurate 9 its results1 is comp>atively sl[4 ,! m\ld+ process is !re=e becom+ ! m g5]al ( ! two4 ,edison has rec5tly introduc$ a mo/ beautiful process = obta9+ negative m\lds f wax positives4 ,ow+ to its %ape1 a z9c cyl9d] c\ld n be treat$ l a flat disc1 z1 ! negative made1 x c\ld n be deta*$ )\t cutt+4 ,edison1 !re=e1 ) *>act]i/ic p]sev]ance1 s\ght a way ( electrotyp+ ! wax1 :i*1 be+ a non-conductor ( electricity1 w\ld n receive a deposit ( metal4 ,! problem 0 h[ to deposit on x4 ,any "o :o has se5 a ,crookes' tube su* z is us$ = ,x-ray "w may h notic$ on ! glass a black deposit :i* arises f ! fl++ (f f ! negative pole ( m9ute p>ticles ( plat9um4 ,edison took advantage ( ?is repell5t action2 & by enclos+ 8 wax records 9 a vacuum betwe5 two gold poles 0 able to coat !m ) an inf9itesimally ?9 sk9 ( pure gold1 on :i* silv] or nickel c\ld be easily deposit$4 ,! deposit be+ suffici5tly ?ick ! wax 0 melt$ out & ! surface ( ! electrotype c>efully clean$4 ,to make ca/+s x 0 necess>y only to p\r 9 wax1 :i* on cool+ w\ld %r9k suffici5tly to be )drawn4 ,! delicacy ( ! process may be d$uc$ f ! fact t "s ( ! sibilants1 or hiss+ s\nds ( ! voice1 are comput$ to be repres5t$ by depressions less ?an a million? ( an in* 9 dep?1 & yet !y are mo/ di/9ctly reproduc$6 ,cyl9d] records are made 9 two sizes1 #b-a_/b & #e in*es 9 diamet] respectively4 ,! l>g] size gives ! mo/ satisfactory r5d]+s1 z ! ind5tations are on a l>g] scale & !re=e less worn by ! reproduc+ po9t4 ,"o hundr$ turns to ! in* is ! /&>d pit* ( ! ?read2 b 9 "s records ! numb] is d\bl$4 ,phonographs1 ,graphophones1 & ,gramophones are manufactur$ almo/ entirely 9 ,am]ica1 :]e l>ge factories1 equipp$ ) mo/ p]fect plant & tools1 "w day & night to cope ) ! ord]s t fl[ 9 freely f all sides4 ,"o factory alone turns out a ?\s& ma*9es a day1 rang+ 9 value f a few %ill+s to =ty p\nds ea*4 ,records are made 9 ,engl& on a l>ge scale2 & n[ t ! ,edison-,bell firm has introduc$ ! unbreakable celluloid =m _! price w decrease4 ,by means ( ! ,edison electrotyp+ process a cu/om] c *ange 8 record )\t *ang+ 8 cyl9d]4 ,he takes ! cyl9d] to ! factory1 :]e x is heat$1 plac$ 9 ! m\ld1 & subject$ to great pressure :i* drives ! s(t celluloid into ! m\ld depressions2 & behold6 9 a few mom5ts 8,auld ,lang ,syne0 has become 8,home1 ,sweet ,home10 or :atev] air is desir$4 ,?us alt]+ records is v little m difficult ?an gett+ a fre% book at ! circulat+ libr>y4 ,,! ,,photographophone4 ,?is in/rum5t is a phonograph work+ entirely by means ( light & electricity4 ,! flame ( an electric lamp is br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( s\nd vibrations :i* cause its brilliancy to v>y at e alt]ation ( pit* or quality4 ,! light ( ! flame is conc5trat$ ?r\gh a l5s on to a travell+ photographic s5sitive film1 :i*1 on developm5t 9 ! ord9>y way1 is f\nd to be cov]$ ) d>k & bright /ripes proportionate 9 tone to ! /r5g? ( ! light at diff]5t mom5ts4 ,! film is !n pass$ betwe5 a lamp & a sel5ium plate connect$ ) an electric circuit & a telephone4 ,! resi/ance ( ! sel5ium to ! curr5t v>ies accord+ to ! p[] ( ! light ?r[n ^u x4 ,:5 a d>k portion ( ! film int]cepts ! light ( ! lamp ! sel5ium plate (f]s high resi/ance2 :5 ! light f9ds its way ?r\gh a cle> "p ( ! film ! resi/ance weak5s4 ,?us ! telephone is submitt$ to a s]ies ( *anges affect+ ! 8receiv]40 ,z 9 ! mak+ ( ! record spee*-vibrations affect light1 & ! light affects a s5sitive film2 s 9 its reproduction ! film affects a s5sitive sel5ium plate1 giv+ back to a telephone exactly :at x receiv$ f ! s\nd vibrations4 ,"o great advantage ( ,mr4 ,ruhm]'s me?od is t f a s+le film any numb] ( records c be pr9t$ by photography2 ano!r1 t1 z ) ! ,telegraphone 7see bel[71 ! same film pass$ be=e a s]ies ( lamps successively is able to op]ate a correspond+ numb] ( telephones4 ,! inv5tor is n cont5t ) 8 success4 ,he hopes to record n m]ely s\nds b ev5 pictures by means ( light & a sel5ium plate4 ,,! ,,telephonograph4 ,hav+ dealt ) ! phonograph & ! telephone sep>ately1 we may briefly consid] "o or two +5i\s comb9ations ( ! two in/rum5ts4 ,! ^w ,telephonograph signifies an app>atus = record+ s\nds s5t f a di/ance4 ,x takes ! place ( ! human li/5] at ! telephone receiv]4 ,let u suppose t a ,read+ subscrib] wi%es to conv]se along ! wires ) a fri5d 9 ,london1 b t on r++ up 8 numb] he discov]s t ! fri5d is abs5t f 8 home or (fice4 ,he is left ) ! alt]native ( ei!r wait+ till 8 fri5d returns1 :i* may cause a s]i\s loss ( "t1 or ( dictat+ 8 message1 a sl[ & labori\s process4 ,?is ) ! ord9>y telephonic app>atus4 ,b if ! ,london fri5d be ! possessor ( a ,telephonograph1 ! p]son answ]+ ! call-bell c1 if desir$ to d s1 swit* ! wires into connection ) x & />t ! ma*9]y2 & 9 a v %ort "t ! message w be /or$ up = reproduction :5 ! abs5t fri5d returns4 ,! ,telephonograph is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,o4 ,kumb]g4 ,! message is spok5 into ! telephone transmitt] 9 ! ord9>y way1 & ! vibrations set up by ! voice are caus$ to act ^u a record+ /ylus by ! impact ( ! s\nd waves at ! fur!r end ( ! wires4 ,9 ?is mann] a phonogram is produc$ on ! wax cyl9d] 9 ! h\se or (fice ( ! p]son address$1 & x may be read (f at leisure4 ,a v s5sitive transmitt] is employ$1 & if desir$ ! app>atus c be s arrang$ t by means ( a d\ble-*annel tube ! words spok5 are simultane\sly convey$ to ! telephone & to an ord9>y phonograph1 :i* insures t a record %all be kept ( any message s5t4 ,! ,telegraphone1 produc$ by ,mr4 ,valdem> ,p\ls51 p]=ms ! same functions z ! telephonograph1 b diff]s f x 9 be+ entirely electrical4 ,x conta9s no wax5 cyl9d]1 no cutt+-po9t2 _! places are tak5 respectively by a /eel wire w\nd on a cyl9drical drum 7ea* turn c>efully insulat$ f its neighb\rs7 & by a v small electro-magnet1 :i* has two delicate po9ts t pass along ! wire1 "o on ei!r side1 re/+ lightly ^u x4 ,z ! drum rotates1 ! :ole ( ! wire passes gradually betwe5 ! two po9ts1 into :i* a s]ies ( electric %ocks is s5t by ! action ( ! speak]'s voice at ! fur!r end ( ! wires4 ,! %ocks magnetise ! portion ( /eel wire :i* acts z a tempor>y bridge betwe5 ! two po9ts4 ,at ! close ( ?ree & a half m9utes ! magnet has work$ f "o end ( ! wire coil to ! o!r2 x is !n automatically lift$ & c>ri$ back to ! />t+-po9t 9 read9ess = reproduction ( ! s\nds4 ,?is is accompli%$ by disconnect+ ! telegraphone f ! telephone wires & swit*+ x on to an ord9>y telephonic e>piece or receiv]4 ,z soon z ! cyl9d] comm5ces to revolve a second "t1 ! magnet is influ5c$ by ! s]ies ( magnetic 8fields0 9 ! wires1 & z (t5 z x t\*es a magnetis$ spot imp>ts an impulse to ! diaphragm ( ! receiv]1 :i* vibrates at ! rate & ) ! same =ce z ! vibrations orig9ally set up 9 ! di/ant transmitt]4 ,! result is a cle> & accurate reproduction ( ! message1 ev5 ?\gh h\rs & ev5 days may h elaps$ s9ce its arrival4 ,z ! magnetic effects on ! wire coil reta9 _! p[] = a consid]able p]iod1 ! message may be reproduc$ _m times4 ,z soon z ! wire-cov]$ drum is requir$ = fre% impressions1 ! old "o is wip$ out by pass+ a p]man5t magnet along ! wire to neutralise ! magnetism ( ! la/ message4 ,mr4 ,p\ls5 has made an in/rum5t ( a diff]5t type to be employ$ = ! reception ( an unusually l5g?y communication4 ,in/ead ( a wire coil on a cyl9d]1 a ribbon ( v ?9 flat /eel spr+ is w\nd f "o reel on to ano!r across ! poles ( two electro-magnets1 :i* t\* ! l[] side only ( ! /rip4 ,! fir/ magnet is trav]s$ by a cont9u\s curr5t to efface ! previ\s record2 ! second magnetises ! /rip 9 ob$i5ce to impulses f ! telephone wires4 ,! message complete1 ! /rip is run back1 & ! magnets connect$ ) receiv]s1 :i* give out l\d & intellig5t spee* z ! /rip aga9 trav]ses !m4 ,! ,p\ls5 ma*9e makes ! transmission ( ! same message simultane\sly ?r\gh sev]al telephones an easy matt]1 z ! /rip c be pass$ ov] a s]ies ( electro-magnets ea* connect$ ) a telephone4 ,,! ,,telautograph4 ,x is a curi\s exp]i5ce to wat* = ! fir/ "t ! movem5ts ( a t9y ,telautograph p5 z x works beh9d a glass w9d[ 9 a japann$ case4 ,! p51 ?\gh connect$ only ) two delicate wires1 appe>s in/9ct ) human reason4 ,x writes 9 a fl[+ h&1 j z a man writes4 ,at ! end ( a ^w x crosses ! t's & dots ! i's4 ,at ! end ( a l9e x dips itself 9 an inkpot4 ,x punctuates its s5t5ces correctly4 ,x illu/rates its words ) sket*es4 ,x uses %or?& z readily z longh&4 ,x c =m lett]s ( all %apes & sizes4 ,& yet !re is no visible reason :y x %\ld d :at x does4 ,! japann$ case hides ! guid+ ag5cy1 :atev] x may be4 ,our e>s _c detect any me*anical motion4 ,! writ+ seems at fir/ sight z my/]i\s z t :i* appe>$ on ! wall to w>n ,k+ ,bel%azz>4 ,9 reality x is ! outcome ( a va/ am\nt ( pati5ce & me*anical +5uity culm9at+ 9 a wond]ful in/rum5t call$ ! ,telautograph4 ,! ,telautograph is s nam$ because by its aid we c s5d our autographs1 i4e4 our own p>ticul> h&writ+1 electrically ov] an indef9ite l5g? ( wire1 z easily z a telegraph cl]k transmits messages 9 ! ,morse alphabet4 ,:atev] ! human h& does on "o telautograph at "o end ( ! wires1 t w be reproduc$ by a simil> ma*9e at ! o!r end1 ?\gh ! latt] be hundr$s ( miles away4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,telautograph ,co4 ,! ,telautograph4 ,! upp] portion is ! ,receiv]1 ! l[] 7) cov] remov$7 is ! ,transmitt]4 ,! in/rum5t /&s ab\t eighte5 in*es high1 & its base is z _m in*es squ>e4 ,x falls into two p>ts1 ! receiv] & ! transmitt]4 ,! receiv] is v]tical & =ms ! upright & back portion ( ! telautograph4 ,at "o side ( x hangs an ord9>y telephone atta*m5t4 ,! transmitt]1 a slop+ desk plac$ conv5i5tly = ! h&1 is ! front & horizontal portion4 ,! receiv] ( "o /ation is connect$ ) ! transmitt] ( ano!r /ation2 !re be+ ord9>ily no direct communication betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! same in/rum5t4 ,an attempt w be made to expla91 ) ! help ( a simple diagram1 ! mann] 9 :i* ! telautograph p]=ms its duties4 ,^! duties are ?reefold4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ reproduce :atev] is writt5 on ! transmitt]4 ,secondly1 x mu/ reproduce only :at is writt51 n all ! movem5ts ( ! h&4 ,?irdly1 x mu/ supply ! record+ p5 ) fre% pap] to write on1 & ) fre% ink to write )4 ,9 our diagram we mu/ imag9e t all ! cov]+s ( ! telautograph h be5 cle>$ away to lay b>e ! mo/ ess5tial p>ts ( ! me*anism4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity n all ! coils1 wires1 & magnets hav+ functions ( _! own are repres5t$1 & ! draw+ is n to scale4 ,b :at is %[n w enable ! read] to grasp ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* "w ! ma*9e4 ,turn+ fir/ ( all to ! transmitt]1 we h ,p1 a little plat=m h+$ at ! back end1 & mov+ up & d[n v slightly 9 front1 accord+ z pressure is put on to or tak5 (f x by ! p5cil4 ,across x a roll ( pap] is %ift$ by means ( ! lev] ,s1 :i* has o!r uses z well4 ,to ! "r ( ,p is an electric bell-pu%1 ,e1 & on ! left ,k1 ano!r small button4 ,! p5cil is at ! junction ( two small b>s ,,cc'1 :i* are h+$ at _! o!r end to ! lev]s ,,aa'4 ,any motion ( ! p5cil is transmitt$ by ,,cc' to ,,aa'1 & by !m to ! arms ,,ll'1 ! extremities ( :i*1 two v small bru%es ,,zz'1 sweep along ! quadrants ,,rr'4 ,?is is ! fir/ po9t to obs]ve1 t ! position ( ! p5cil decides on :i* sections ( ! quadrants ^! little bru%es re/1 & consequ5tly h[ mu* curr5t is to be s5t to ! di/ant /ation4 ,! quadrants are kn[n te*nically z rheo/ats1 or curr5t-controll]s4 ,ea* quadrant is divid$ into #dif p>ts1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by insulat+ mat]ials1 s t curr5t c pass f "o to ! o!r only by means ( "s connect+ wire4 ,9 our illu/ration only ?irte5 divisions are giv51 = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,! d>k l9es repres5t ! insulation4 ,,ww' are ! v f9e wire loops connect+ ea* division ( ! quadrant ) its neighb\rs4 ,if !n a curr5t f ! batt]y ,b ent]s ! rheo/at at division #a x w h to pass ?r\gh all ^! wires be=e x c rea* division #ac4 ,! curr5t always ent]s at #a1 b ! po9t ( dep>ture f ! rheo/at dep5ds entirely ^u ! position ( ! bru%es ,z or ,z'4 ,if ,z happ5s to be on ,no4 #f ! curr5t w pass ?r\gh five loops ( wire1 along ! arm ,l1 & s ?r\gh ! ma9 wire to ! receiv+ /ation2 if on ,no4 #ac1 ?r\gh twelve loops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,telautograph ,be=e go+ any fur!r we mu/ h cle> ideas on ! subject ( electrical resi/ance1 ^u :i* ! :ole sy/em ( ! telautograph is built up4 ,electricity resembles wat] 9 its objection to fl[ ?r\gh small passages4 ,x is mu* h>d] to pump wat] ?r\gh a half-in* pipe ?an ?r\gh a "o-in* pipe1 & ! long] ! pipe is1 :atev] its bore1 ! m "w is requir$4 ,s !n1 two ?+s affect resi/ance--size ( pipe or wire1 & l5g? ( pipe or wire4 ,! wires ,,ww' are v f9e1 & (f] v high resi/ance to a curr5t2 s high t by ! "t ! curr5t f batt]y ,b has pass$ ?r\gh all ! wire loops only "o-fifte5? or less ( ! orig9al =ce is left to trav]se ! long-di/ance wire4 ,! rheo/ats act indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,z ! p5cil moves ov] ! transmitt+ pap]1 a succession ( curr5ts ( v>y+ int5sity is s5t (f by ea* rheo/at to ! receiv+ /ation4 ,! receiv]1 to :i* we mu/ n[ pay att5tion1 has two arms ,,dd'1 & two rods ,,ff'1 correspond+ 9 size ) ,,aa' & ,,cc' ( ! transmitt]4 ,! arms ,,dd' are mov$ up & d[n by ! coils ,,tt' :i* turn on c5tres 9 circul> spaces at ! b5d ( ! magnets ,,mm'4 ,! position ( ^! coils relatively to ! magnets dep5d on ! /r5g? ( ! curr5ts com+ f ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,ea* coil /ra9s at a small spiral spr+ until x has rea*$ ! position 9 :i* its electric =ce is balanc$ by ! ret>d+ influ5ce ( ! spr+4 ,"o ( ! clev]e/ ?+s 9 ! telautograph is ! adju/m5t ( ^! coils s t !y %all foll[ fai?fully ! motions ( ! rods ,,ll' 9 ! transmitt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,telautograph ,co4 ,an example ( ! "w done by ! ,telautograph4 ,! upp] sket* %[s a design drawn on ! transmitt]2 ! l[] is ! same design z reproduc$ by ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 _m miles di/ant4 ,we are n[ able to trace ! actions ( s5d+ a message4 ,! s5d] fir/ presses ! button ,e to call ! att5tion ( "s "o at ! receiv+ /ation to ! fact t a message is com+1 ei!r on ! telephone or on ! pap]4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$1 by-!-bye1 t ! same wires s]ve = bo? telephone & telautograph1 ! unhook+ ( ! telephone ?r[+ ! telautograph out ( connection = ! "t4 ,he !n presses ! lev] ,s t[>ds ! left1 br++ 8 transmitt] into connection ) ! di/ant receiv]1 & also mov+ a fre% l5g? ( pap] on to ! plat=m ,p4 ,) 8 p5cil he writes 8 message1 press+ firmly on ! pap]1 s t ! plat=m may be> d[n aga9/ an electric contact1 ,x4 ,z ! p5cil moves ab\t ! pap] ! arms ,,cc' are con/antly *ang+ _! angles1 & ! bru%es ,,zz' are pass+ along ! segm5ts ( ! rheo/ats4 ,curr5ts fl[ 9 v>y+ int5sity away to ! coils ,,tt' & "w ! arms ,,dd'1 ! wires ,,ff'1 & ! p51 a t9y glass tube4 ,9 ! p]fectly regulat$ telautograph ! arms ,,aa' & ! arms ,,dd' w move 9 unison1 & consequ5tly ! position ( ! p5 mu/ be ! same f mom5t to mom5t z t ( ! p5cil4 ,mr4 ,fo/] ,rit*ie1 ! clev] inv5tor ( ?is telautograph1 _h to provide = _m ?+s besides m]e slavi% imitation ( movem5t4 ,z has be5 /at$ above1 ! p5 mu/ record only ^? movem5ts ( ! p5cil :i* are ess5tial4 ,evid5tly1 if :ile ! p5cil returns to dot an i a long l9e 7 regi/]$ by ! p5 correspond+ to ! pa? ( ! p5cil1 confusion w\ld soon ensue on ! receiv]2 & in/ead ( a neatly-writt5 message we %\ld h an illegible & puzzl+ maze ( l9es4 ,mr4 ,rit*ie has !re=e tak5 +5i\s precautions aga9/ any su* mi%ap4 ,! plat5 ,p on be+ depress$ by ! p5cil t\*es a contact1 ,x1 :i* closes an electric circuit ?r\gh ! long-di/ance wires & excites a magnet at ! receiv+ end4 ,t attracts a little arm & breaks ano!r circuit1 all[+ ! b> ,y to fall close to ! pap]4 ,! wires ,,ff' & ! p5 are n[ able to re/ on ! pap] & trace *>act]s4 ,b z soon z ! plat5 ,p rises1 on ! removal ( ! p5cil f ! transmitt+ pap]1 ! contact at ,x is brok51 ! magnet at ! receiv] ceases to act1 ! arm x attract$ falls back & sets up a circuit :i* causes ! b> to spr+ up aga9 & lift ! p54 ,s t unless y are actually press+ ! pap] ) y\r p5cil1 ! p5 is n m>k+1 ?\gh x may be mov+4 ,z soon z a l9e is f9i%$ a fre% surface ( pap] is requir$ at bo? ends4 ,! op]ator pu%es ! lev] ,s sideways1 & effects ! *ange me*anically at 8 end4 ,at ! same "t a circuit is =m$ :i* excites c]ta9 magnets at ! receiv] & causes ! %ift+ =w>d !re also ( ! pap]1 & also breaks ! writ+ curr5t1 s t ! p5 returns = a mom5t to its normal position ( re/ 9 ! inkpot4 ,x may be ask$3 ,if ! wires are pass+ curr5ts to "w ! writ+ app>atus1 h[ c !y simultane\sly affect ! lift+-b>1 ,y8 ,! answ] is t curr5ts ( two diff]5t k9ds are us$1 a direct curr5t = writ+1 a vibratory curr5t = depress+ ! lift+-b>4 ,! direct curr5t passes f ! batt]y ,b ?r\gh ! rheo/ats ,,rr' along ! wires1 ?r\gh ! coils work+ ! arms ,,dd' & into ! e>? at ! f> end2 b ! vibratory curr5t1 *ang+ its direction _m times a second & s neutralis+ itself1 passes up "o wire & back d[n ! o!r ?r\gh ! lift+-b> connection )\t int]f]+ ) ! direct curr5t4 ,! message f9i%$1 ! op]ator depresses ) ! po9t ( 8 p5cil ! little pu%-key1 ,k1 & connects 8 receiv] ) ! di/ant transmitt] 9 read9ess = an answ]4 ,! work+ spe$ ( ! telautograph is t ( ! writ]4 ,if %or?& be employ$1 messages c be transmitt$ at ! rate ( ov] #ajj words p] m9ute4 ,z reg>ds ! range ( transmission1 successful te/s h be5 made by ! po/al au?orities betwe5 ,p>is & ,london1 & also betwe5 ,p>is & ,lyons4 ,9 ! latt] case ! messages 7 s5t f ,p>is to ,lyons & back directly to ,p>is1 ! l9es be+ connect$ at ,lyons1 to give a total di/ance ( ov] #fej miles4 ,!re is no reason :y mu* great] l5g? ( l9e %\ld n be employ$4 ,! telautograph 9 its e>li] & imp]fect =m 0 ! "w ( ,pr(essor ,eli%a ,gray1 :o inv5t$ ! telephone almo/ simultane\sly ) ,pr(essor ,graham ,bell4 ,8 telautograph work$ on :at is kn[n z ! /ep-by-/ep pr9ciple1 & 0 defective 9 t its spe$ 0 v limit$4 ,if ! op]ator wrote too fa/ ! receiv+ p5 lagg$ beh9d ! transmitt+ p5cil1 & confusion result$4 ,accord+ly ?is me?od1 ?\gh +5i\s1 0 ab&on$1 & ,mr4 ,rit*ie 9 8 exp]im5ts look$ ab\t = "s pref]able sy/em1 :i* %\ld be simpl] & at ! same "t mu* spe$i] 9 its action4 ,aft] f\r ye>s ( h>d "w he has br\ght ! rheo/at sy/em1 expla9$ above1 to a pit* ( p]fection :i* w be at once appreciat$ by any "o :o has se5 ! writ+ done by ! in/rum5t4 ,! advantages ( ! ,telautograph ov] ! ord9>y telegraphy may be briefly summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,anybody :o c write c use x2 ! ne$ ( skill$ op]ators is aboli%$4 ,a record is automatically kept ( e message s5t4 ,! p]son to :om ! message is s5t ne$ n be pres5t at ! receiv]4 ,he w f9d ! message writt5 out on 8 return4 ,! in/rum5t is sil5t & s insures secrecy4 ,an ord9>y telegraph may be read by s\nd2 b n ! telautograph4 ,x is impossible to tap ! wires unless1 z is mo/ unlikely1 ! int]cept+ p>ty has an in/rum5t 9 exact accord ) ! transmitt]4 ,x c be us$ on ! same wires z ! ord9>y telephone1 & s9ce a telephone is comb9$ ) x1 ! subscrib] has a d\ble means ( communication4 ,= "s items ( bus9ess ! telephone may be us$ z pref]able2 b 9 c]ta9 cases1 ! telautograph4 ,a telephone message may be he>d by o!r subscrib]s2 x is impossible to prove ! au!nticity ( su* a message unless witnesses h be5 pres5t at ! transmitt+ end2 & ! message itself may be misund]/ood by reason ( bad articulation4 ,b ! telautograph pres]ves secrecy :ile prev5t+ any misund]/&+4 ,any?+ writt5 by x is = all practical purposes z valid z a lett]4 ,we mu/ n =get its extreme usefulness = transmitt+ sket*es4 ,a v simple diagram (t5 expla9s a ?+ bett] ?an pages ( lett]-press4 ,! telautograph may help 9 ! detection ( crim9als1 a pictorial pres5tm5t ( :om c by its means be despat*$ all ov] ! c\ntry 9 a v %ort "t4 ,& 9 w>f>e an in/rum5t fla%+ back f ! advance-gu>d plans ( ! c\ntry & ( ! enemy's positions might on occasion prove ( ! greate/ importance4 ,,mod]n ,,artill]y4 ,! va/ subject ( artill]y 9 its mod]n =m1 includ+ "u ?is head = conv5i5ce' sake n only heavy ordnance b ma*9e-guns & small-arms1 c ( necessity only be dealt ) mo/ briefly 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x may !re=e be well to take a g5]al survey & to def9e be=eh& any words or phrases :i* are us$ te*nically 9 describ+ ! v>i\s op]ations4 ,! employm5t ( fire>ms dates f a long-di/ant pa/1 & x is int]e/+ to note t _m an improvem5t introduc$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury is b ! revival ( a =m] inv5tion :i* only lack ( accuracy 9 tools & appliances _h hi!rto prev5t$ f be+ br\ght into practical usage4 ,s f> back z #adih ! art ( rifl+ cannon 9 /raight grooves 0 kn[n1 & a ,briti% pat5t 0 tak5 out 9 #afce by ,rotsipan4 ,! grooves 7 fir/ made spiral or screw$ by ,ko/] ( ,birm+ham ab\t #afbj4 ,b]l9 possesses a rifl$ cannon ) ?irte5 grooves dat$ #affd4 ,b ! fir/ record$ uses ( su* weapons 9 actual w>f>e 0 dur+ ,l\is ,napoleon's ,italian campaign 9 #ahei1 & two ye>s lat] by ,g5]al ,james ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,! sy/em ( bree*-load+1 aga91 is z old z ! sixte5? c5tury1 & we f9d a ,briti% pat5t ( #agda2 :ile ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t 0 giv5 9 #ahaa = a fl9t-lock weapon4 ,magaz9e guns ( ,am]ican production appe>$ 9 #ahdi & #ahfj1 b ^! 7 really an adaptation ( ! old mat*lock revolv]s1 said to belong to ! p]iod #adhj-aejj4 ,!re is "o 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london cr$it$ to ! fifte5? c5tury1 & a ,briti% pat5t ( #agah describes a well-con/ruct$ revolv] c>ri$ on a tripod & ( ! dim5sions ( a mod]n ma*9e-gun4 ,! inv5tor gravely expla9s t he has provid$ r\nd *amb]s = r\nd bullets to %oot ,*ri/ians1 & squ>e *amb]s ) squ>e missiles = use aga9/ ! ,turks6 ,! ^w 8ordnance0 is appli$ to heavy guns ( all k9ds1 & includes guns m\nt$ on =tresses1 naval guns1 siege artill]y1 & t = use 9 ! field4 ,^! guns are all m\nt$ on /&s or c>riages1 & may be divid$ into ?ree classes3-- 7i47 ,cannon1 or heavy guns4 7ii47 ,h[itz]s1 = field1 m\nta91 or siege use1 :i* are light] & %ort] ?an cannon1 & design$ to ?r[ holl[ projectiles ) comp>atively small *>ges4 7iii47 ,mort>s1 = ?r[+ %ells at a great elevation4 ,! mod]n long-range guns & improv$ h[itz]s h1 h[ev]1 virtually sup]s$$ mort>s4 ,ma*9e-guns ( v>i\s =ms are comp>atively small & light1 transportable by h&1 & fill+ a place betwe5 cannon & small-arms1 ! latt] t]m embrac+ ! soldi]'s p]sonal armam5t ( rifle & pi/ol or revolv]1 :i* are c>ri$ 9 ! h&4 ,a gr\p ( guns ( ! l design are g5]ally giv5 ! "n ( _! fir/ inv5tor1 or ! place ( manufacture3 su* z ! ,arm/rong gun1 ! ,vick]s-,maxim1 ! ,m>t9i-,h5ry rifle1 or ! ,enfield4 ,! indiff]5t use ( sev]al expressions 9 describ+ ! same weapon is1 h[ev]1 r confus+4 ,"o p>ticul> gun may be ?us ref]r$ to3--by its weight 9 tons or cwt41 z 8! #ce-ton gun02 by ! weight ( its projectile1 z 8a #fh-p\nd]02 by its calibre1 t is1 size ( bore1 z 8! #d-;in* gun40 ,( ^! ! heavi] bree*-load+ 7,b4-,l47 & quick-fir+ 7,q4-,f47 guns are g5]ally kn[n by ! size ( bore2 small ,q4-,f4's1 field-guns1 c41 by ! weight ( projectile4 ,x is !re=e desirable to ent] ^! p>ticul>s toge!r :5 mak+ any li/ ( s]vice ordnance = future ref]5ce4 ,no individual gun1 :e!r l>ge or small1 is a s+le :ole1 b consi/s ( sev]al pieces fa/5$ toge!r by _m clev] devices4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( a cannon are3-- 7#a7 ,! *ase1 or ma9 tube into :i* ! projectile is load$2 t]m9at+ at "o end 9 ! muzzle4 7#b7 ,! bree*-piece1 consi/+ ( 7a7 ! *amb]1 :i* is bor$ out = a l>g] diamet] ?an ! *ase to conta9 ! fir+-*>ge4 7b7 ,! bree*-plug1 :i* is clos$ be=e ! *>ge is explod$ & screw$ tightly into place1 seal+ e ap]ture by means ( a special device call$ ! 8obturator10 9 ord] to prev5t any gases pass+ out r\nd x in/ead ( help+ to =ce ! projectile =w>ds t[>ds ! muzzle4 ,! :ole l5g? ( inside tube is t]m$ ! b>rel1 z 9 a ma*9e-gun1 rifle1 or sport+-piece1 b 9 ! two latt] weapons ! bree*-op5+ is clos$ by slid+ or spr++ back ! bree*-block or bolt into fir+ position4 ,old weapons z a rule 7 smoo?-bor$ 7,s4-,b471 fir+ a r\nd missile betwe5 :i* & ! b>rel a consid]able am\nt ( ! gases g5]at$ by ! explosion escap$ & caus$ loss ( p[]1 ?is escape ( gas be+ kn[n z w9dage4 ,9 all mod]n weapons we use conical projectiles1 fitt$ ne> ! base ) a s(t copp] driv+-b&1 ! diamet] ( :i* is some:at l>g] ?an t ( ! bore ( ! gun1 & cut a numb] ( spiral grooves 9 ! b>rel4 ,! enorm\s pressure g5]at$ by ! explosion ( ! *>ge =ces ! projectile d[n ! bore ( ! gun & out ( ! muzzle4 ,! body ( ! projectile1 made ( /eel or iron1 be+ small] 9 diamet] ?an ! bore1 easily passes ?r\gh1 b ! driv+-b& be+ ( great] diamet]1 & be+ compos$ ( s(t copp]1 c only pass d[n ! bore ) ! projectile by fl[+ into ! grooves1 ?us prev5t+ any escape ( gas1 & be+ =c$ to foll[ _! twi/4 ,x !re=e rotates rapidly ^u its own longitud9al axis :ile pass+ d[n ! b>rel1 & on leav+ ! muzzle two k9ds ( velocity h be5 imp>t$ to x2--fir/1 a velocity ( motion ?r\gh ! air2 secondly1 a velocity ( rotation r\nd its axis :i* causes x to fly /eadily onw>d 9 ! requir$ direction1 i4e4 a prolongation ( ! axis ( ! gun4 ,?us extreme velocity & p5etrat+ p[]1 z well z correctness ( aim1 are acquir$4 ,! pa? ( a projectile ?r\gh ! air is call$ its trajectory1 & if un9t]rupt$ its flight w\ld cont9ue on indef9itely 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,b imm$iately a %ot has be5 hurl$ f ! gun by ! explosion 9 its re> two o!r natural =ces beg9 to act ^u x3-- ,gravitation1 :i* t5ds to br+ x to e>?4 ,air-resi/ance1 :i* gradually *ecks its spe$4 7,!oretically1 a bullet dropp$ p]p5dicul>ly f ! muzzle ( a p]fectly horizontal rifle w\ld rea* ! gr\nd at ! same mom5t z ano!r bullet fir$ f ! muzzle horizontally1 ! action ( gravity be+ ! same 9 bo? cases47 ,its direct1 ev5 c\rse is !re=e deflect$ till x =ms a curve1 & soon] or lat] x returns to e>?1 /ill reta9+ a "p ( its velocity4 ,to c\nt]act ! attraction ( gravity ! %ot is ?r[n upw>ds by elevat+ ! muzzle1 c>e be+ tak5 to direct ! gun's action to ! same height above ! object z ! =ce ( gravitation w\ld draw ! projectile d[n dur+ ! "t ( flight4 ,! gunn] is enabl$ to give ! prop] incl9ation to 8 piece by means ( ! sights2 "o ( ^!1 ne> ! muzzle1 be+ g5]ally fix$1 :ile t next ! bree* is adju/able by slid+ up an upright b> :i* is s graduat$ t ! prop] elevation = any requir$ range is giv54 ,! great] ! velocity ! flatt] is ! trajectory1 & ! m dang]\s to ! enemy4 ,assum+ ! av]age height ( a man to be six feet1 all ! di/ance int]v5+ betwe5 ! po9t :]e a bullet has dropp$ to )9 six feet ( ! e>?1 & ! po9t :]e x actually /rikes is dang]\s to any "o 9 t int]val1 :i* is call$ ! 8dang] zone40 ,a high] initial velocity is ga9$ by us+ /rong] fir+ *>ges1 & a m ext5d$ flight by mak+ ! projectile long] 9 proportion to its diamet]4 ,! reason :y a %ell f a cannon travels fur!r ?an a rifle bullet1 bo? hav+ ! same muzzle velocity1 is easily expla9$4 ,a rifle bullet is1 let u assume1 ?ree times z long z x is ?ick2 a cannon %ell ! same4 ,if ! %ell h t5 times ! diamet] ( ! bullet1 its 8nose0 w h #aj #aj #ajj times ! area ( ! bullet's nose2 b its mass w be #aj #aj #aj #ajjj times t ( ! bullet4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 two bodies are proportional 9 all _! dim5sions _! air-resi/ance v>ies z ! squ>e ( _! diamet]s1 b _! mass & consequ5tly _! mom5tum v>ies z ! cube ( _! diamet]s4 ,! %ell !re=e />ts ) a great advantage ov] ! bullet1 & may be comp>$ to a 8crew0 ( cycli/s on a multicycle all cutt+ ! same pa? ?r\gh ! air2 :]eas ! bullet resembles a s+le rid]1 :o has to ov]come z mu* air-resi/ance z ! front man ( ! 8crew0 b has n ! weight ( o!r rid]s beh9d to help him4 ,z reg>ds ! effect ( rifl+1 x is to keep ! bullet f turn+ head ov] heels z x flies ?r\gh ! air1 & to ma9ta9 x always po9t =w>ds4 ,e boy kn[s t a top 8sleeps0 be/ :5 x is sp9n+ fa/4 ,its horizontal rotation ov]comes a t5d5cy to v]tical movem5t t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,9 l mann] a rifle bullet1 sp9n+ v]tically1 ov]comes an incl9ation ( its atoms to move out ( _! horizontal pa?4 ,pr(essor ,john ,p]ry1 ,f4,r4,s41 has illu/rat$ ?is gyroscopic effect1 z x is call$1 ( a :irl+ body ) a heavy fly:eel 9 a case1 held by a man /&+ on a pivot$ table4 ,h[ev] mu* ! man may try to turn ! top f its orig9al direction he w fail z long z its velocity ( rotation is high4 ,he may move ! top relatively to 8 body1 b ! table w turn s z to keep ! c5tre l9e ( ! top always po9t+ 9 ! same direction4 ,,rifles4 ,up to ! middle ( la/ c5tury our soldi]s 7 arm$ ) ! fl9t-lock musket kn[n z 8,br[n ,bess10 a smoo?-bore b>rel #c_/d-;in* 9 diamet]1 ?irty-n9e in*es long1 weigh+ ) its bayonet ov] elev5 p\nds4 ,! r\nd lead5 bullet weigh$ an ounce1 & _h to be wrapp$ 9 a 8pat*0 or bit ( oily rag to make x fit ! b>rel & prev5t w9dage2 x 0 !n pu%$ home ) a ramrod on to ! p[d]-*>ge1 :i* 0 ignit$ by a sp>k pass+ f ! fl9t into a prim+ ( p[d]4 ,h[ little its accuracy ( aim c\ld be dep5d$ ^u1 h[ev]1 is prov$ by ! ^w ( comm& :5 advanc+ ^u an enemy1 8,wait till y see ! :ites ( _! eyes1 boys1 be=e y fire60 ,9 ! ye> #afhj ea* troop ( ,life ,gu>ds 0 suppli$ ) eight rifl$ c>b9es1 a mode/ all[ance1 possibly int5d$ to be us$ m]ely by ^? act+ z sc\ts4 ,aft] ?is we he> no?+ ( !m until 9 #ahjj ! #ie? ,regim5t receiv$ a #bj-;bore muzzle-load+ rifle1 ex*ang$ ab\t #ahce = ! ,brunswick rifle fir+ a sph]ical bullet1 an improvem5t t m ?an d\bl$ its effective range4 ,! companies s arm$ became kn[n z ! ,rifle ,brigade4 ,at la/1 9 #ahdb1 ! old fl9t-lock 0 sup]s$$ = ! :ole army by ! orig9al p]cussion musket1 a smoo?-bore ^: *>ge 0 explod$ by a p]cussion cap made ( copp]4 ,t ?is copp] _h "s comm]cial value 0 %[n by ! ru% ( 8r\ghs0 to ,ald]%ot & else:]e ^u a field-day to collect ! split fragm5ts :i* /rew$ ! gr\nd aft] ! troops _h )drawn4 ,soon aft]w>d ! b>rel 0 rifl$ & an elongat$ bullet br\ght into use4 ,?is missile 0 po9t$ 9 front1 & _h a holl[$ base s contriv$ t x exp&$ imm$iately ! pressure ( explod+ gases 0 br\ght to be> on x1 & ?us fill$ up ! grooves1 prev5t+ any w9dage4 ,! "o adopt$ by our army 9 ! ye> #aheb 0 ! production ( ,m4 ,m9i1 a ,fr5*man1 ?\gh an exp&+ bullet ( ,engli% inv5tion _h be5 br\ght =w>d sev]al ye>s be=e4 ,mean:ile ! ,prussians _h _! fam\s ne$le-gun1 a bree*-load+ rifl$ weapon fir$ by a ne$le atta*$ to a slid+ bolt2 z ! bolt is %ot =w>d ! ne$le pi]ces ! *>ge & ignites ! fulm9ate by friction4 ,?is rifle 0 us$ 9 ! ,prusso-,au/rian w> ( #ahff "s tw5ty ye>s aft] its fir/ inception1 & ! ,fr5* promptly c\nt]$ x by arm+ _! troops ) ! ,*assept rifle1 an improv$ edition ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,a piece :i* c\ld be *>g$ & fir$ 9 any position f five to sev5 times z fa/ z ! muzzle-load]1 :i* ! soldi] _h to load /&+1 naturally caus$ a revolution 9 ! infantry armam5t ( o!r nations4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t1 z usual ! la/ to make a *ange1 decid$ 9 #ahfd ^u us+ bree*-load+ rifles4 ,till a m p]fect weapon c\ld be obta9$ ! ,enfields 7 at a small outlay conv]t$ into bree*-load]s aft] ! plans ( ,mr4 ,snid]1 & 7 h5ce=w>d kn[n z ,snid]-,enfields4 ,ev5tually--z ! result ( op5 competition--! ,m>t9i-,h5ry rifle 0 produc$ by comb9+ ,h5ry's sy/em ( rifl+ ) ,m>t9i's me*anism = bree*-load+4 ,?is weapon _h sev5 grooves ) "o turn 9 tw5ty-two in*es1 & weigh$ ) bayonet #aj lb4 #d oz4 ,x fir$ ) great accuracy1 ! trajectory hav+ a rise ( only eight feet at consid]able di/ances1 s t ! bullet w\ld n pass ov] ! head ( a cavalry man4 ,tw5ty r\nds c\ld be fir$ 9 fifty-?ree seconds4 ,n[ 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! c5tury all ^! weapons h be5 sup]s$$ by magaz9e rifles1 i4e4 rifles :i* c be fir$ sev]al times )\t rec\rse to ! ammunition p\*4 ,!y diff] f ! revolv] 9 hav+ only "o fir+ *amb]1 into :i* ! c>tridges are "o by "o br\ght by a simple action ( ! bree* me*anism1 :i* also extracts ! empty c>tridge-case4 ,! bore ( ^! rifles is small] & ! rifl+ %>p]2 !y !re=e %oot /raight] & h>d] ?an ! l>ge bore1 & ow+ to ! use ( new explosives ! recoil is less4 ,! ,fr5* ,lebel magaz9e rifle 0 ! pione] ( all n[ us$ by ,european nations1 ?\gh a some:at simil> weapon 0 famili> to ! ,am]icans s9ce #ahdi1 be+ fir/ us$ dur+ ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! ,h5ry rifle1 z x 0 call$1 aft]w>ds became ! ,w9*e/]4 ,! ,g]man army rifle is ! ,maus]1 s famili> to u 9 ! h&s ( ! ,bo]s dur+ ! ,s\? ,african ,w>--load+ five c>tridges at once 9 a case or 8clip0 :i* falls out :5 empti$4 ,! same rifle has be5 adopt$ by ,turkey1 & 0 us$ by ! ,spani>ds 9 ! late ,spani%-,am]ican ,w>4 ,! ,au/rian ,mannli*]1 adopt$ by sev]al cont95tal nations1 & ! ,krag-,jorg5s5 n[ us$ 9 ! nor? ( ,europe & z ! ,unit$ ,/ates army weapon1 resemble ! ,maus] 9 mo/ p>ticul>s4 ,ea* ( ^! loads ! magaz9e 9 "o movem5t ) a clip4 ,! ,hot*kiss magaz9e rifle has its magaz9e 9 ! /ock1 hold+ five extra c>tridges pu%$ successively into load+ position by a spiral spr+4 ,our =ces are n[ arm$ pr9cipally ) ! ,lee-,enfield1 :i* is tak+ ! place ( ! ,lee-,met=d issu$ a few ye>s ago4 ,^! are small-bore rifles ( 4#cjc in* calibre1 hav+ a deta*able box1 :i* is load$ ) t5 c>tridges 7,lee-,met=d eight7 pass$ up 9 turn by a spr+ into ! bree*1 :5ce1 :5 ! bolt is clos$1 !y are pu%$ into ! fir+-*amb]4 ,! empty case is eject$ by pull+ back ! bolt1 & at ! same "t ano!r c>tridge is press$ up f ! magaz9e & ! :ole process repeat$4 ,:5 ! cut-(f is us$ ! rifle may be load$ & fir$ s+ly1 be ! magaz9e full or empty4 ,! ,lee-,enfield has five grooves 7,lee-,met=d t571 mak+ "o complete turn f "r to left 9 e t5 in*es4 ,x weighs #i lb4 #d oz41 & ! b>rel is #cj4aig in*es long4 ,! range av]ages #cejj y>ds4 ,we are n[ fall+ into l9e ) o!r p[]s by adopt+ ! 8clip0 =m in/ead ( ! box = load+4 ,! seal$ patt]n ( ! new s]vice weapon is ?us provid$1 & has also be5 made some:at light] & %ort] :ile pres]v+ ! same velocity4 ,we are promis$ an ev5 m rapid fir+ rifle ?an any ( ^!1 "o 9 :i* ! recoil is us$ to "w ! bree* & lock s t x is a v]itable automatic gun4 ,inde$1 sev]al cont95tal nations h made trial ( su* weapons & report$ fav\rably ^u !m4 ,"o lately tri$ 9 ,italy works by means ( gas g5]at$ by ! explosion pass+ ?r\gh a small hole to move a pi/on-rod4 ,x is claim$ t ! magaz9e c hold z _m z fifty c>tridges & fire up to ?irty r\nds a m9ute2 b ! b>rel became s hot aft] do+ ?is t ! trial _h to be /opp$4 ,! pr9cipal result ( automatic action w\ld probably be excessive wa/e ( c>tridges by wild fir+ 9 ! excitem5t ( an engagem5t4 ,x is to-day z true z =m]ly t x takes on ! av]age a man's weight ( lead to kill him 9 battle4 ,to our neighb\rs across ! ,*annel ! cr$it also belongs ( introduc+ smokeless p[d]1 n[ univ]sally us$2 t ( ! ,lee-,met=d be+ 8cordite40 ,to prev5t ! bullets flatt5+ on impact !y are coat$ ) a h>d metal su* z nickel & its alloys4 ,if ! nose is s(t1 or split be=eh&1 a t]ribly enl>g$ & lac]at$ w\nd is produc$2 s ! ,g5eva ,conv5tion humanely prohibit$ ! use ( su* missiles 9 w>f>e4 ,be=e quitt+ ?is "p ( our subject x is z well to add a few words ab\t pi/ols4 ,^! h pass$ ?r\gh mu* ! same process ( evolution z ! rifle1 & h n[ culm9at$ 9 ! _m-%ott$ revolv]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #adhj-aejj ! mat*-lock revolv] is said to h be5 br\ght into use2 & "o attribut$ to ?is date may be se5 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,ri*>ds1 a ,london gunsmi?1 conv]t$ ! anci5t :eel-lock into ! fl9t-lock2 he also rifl$ 8 b>rel & load$ x at ! bree*4 ,! ,ri*>ds weapon 0 d\ble-b>rell$1 & unscrew$ = load+ at ! po9t :]e ! p[d]-*amb] end$2 ! ball 0 plac$ 9 ?is *amb] 9 close contact ) ! p[d]1 & ! b>rel rescrew$4 ,! bullet be+ a s(t lead5 ball1 0 =c$1 :5 ! *>ge 0 fir$1 ?r\gh ! rifl$ b>rel ) great accuracy ( aim4 ,! p]cussion cap did n ou/ ! fl9t-lock till less ?an a c5tury ago1 :5 _m s+le-b>rell$ pi/ols1 su* z ! fam\s ,d]r+]1 7 produc$2 ^! 9 _! turn 7 replac$ by ! revolv] :i* ,colt introduc$ 9 #ahcf-ahej4 ,smi? & ,wesson 9 ! e>ly sixties improv$ ^u x by a device = extract+ ! empty c>tridges automatically4 ,liv]more & ,russell ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates inv5t$ ! 8clip10 conta9+ sev]al c>tridges2 b ! equally well-kn[n ,w9*e/] has its c>tridges arrang$ 9 a tube bel[ ! b>rel1 :5ce a helical spr+ fe$s !m to ! bree* z fa/ z !y are ne$$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ea* ,w> ,dep>tm5t has its own special s]vice weapon4 ,! ,g]man ,maus] magaz9e-pi/ol = (fic]'s use fires t5 %ots 9 t5 seconds1 a slight pressure ( ! trigg] sett+ ! full ma*9]y 9 motion2 ! pressure ( gas at ea* explosion does all ! re/ ( ! "w--extracts & ejects ! c>tridge case1 cocks ! hamm]1 & presses spr+s :i* reload & close ! weapon1 all 9 a fraction ( a second4 ,! ,mannli*] is ( ! same automatic type1 b its b>rel moves to ! front1 leav+ space = a fre% c>tridge to come up f ! magaz9e bel[1 :ile 9 ! ,maus] ! bree* moves to ! re> dur+ recoil4 ,! range is half a mile4 ,! c>tridges are made up 9 sets ( t5 9 a case1 :i* c be ins]t$ 9 "o movem5t4 ,,ma*9e-,,guns4 ,int]m$iate betwe5 h&-borne weapons & artill]y1 & p>tak+ ( ! nature ( bo?1 come ! ma*9e-guns fir+ small projectiles ) extraord9>y rapidity4 ,s9ce ! ,unit$ ,/ates made trial ( ,dr4 ,gatl+'s m9iature batt]y 9 ! ,civil ,w> 7#ahfb-ahfe71 inv5tion has be5 busy evolv+ m & m p]fect types1 till ! mo/ mod]n ma*9e-gun is a m>vel ( +5uity & effectiv5ess4 ,! ,gatl+ ma*9e-gun1 :i* has be5 mu* improv$ 9 late ye>s by ! ,accles sy/em ( 8fe$10 & is n yet completely out ( date1 consi/s ( a circul> s]ies ( t5 b>rels--ea* ) its own lock--m\nt$ on a c5tral %aft & revolv$ by a suitable ge>4 ,! c>tridges are successively f$ by automatic actions into ! b>rels1 & ! hamm]s are s arrang$ t ! entire op]ation ( load+1 clos+ ! bree*1 fir+ & )draw+ ! empty c>tridge-cases 7:i* is kn[n z _! 8longitud9al reciprocat+ motion07 is c>ri$ on :ile ! locks are kept 9 con/ant revolution1 along ) ! b>rels & bree*1 by means ( a h&-crank4 ,"o man places a fe$-case fill$ ) c>tridges into ! hopp]1 ano!r turns ! crank4 ,z ! gun is rotat$ ! c>tridges drop "o by "o f ! fe$-cases into ! grooves ( ! c>ri]1 & its lock loads & fires ea* 9 turn4 ,:ile ! gun revolves fur!r ! lock1 draw+ back1 extracts & drops ! empty case2 x is !n ready = ! next c>tridge4 ,9 action five c>tridges are always go+ ?r\gh "s process ( load+1 :ile five empty %ells are 9 diff]5t /ages ( ejection4 ,! late/ type1 fitt$ ) an electro-motor1 w fire at ! rate ( "o ?\s& r\nds p] m9ute1 & eighty r\nds h actually be5 fir$ )9 t5 seconds6 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 safe to "w ^! ma*9e-guns s fa/1 z ! c>tridges are apt to be occasionally pull$ ?r\gh unfir$ & !n explode among ! m5's legs4 ,! automatic guns1 on ! contr>y1 z !y only "w by ! explosion1 are free f any risk ( su* accid5ts4 ,! fe$-drums conta9 #ajd c>tridges1 & c be replac$ almo/ in/antly4 ,"o drumful c be dis*>g$ 9 #e-a_/d seconds4 ,! small-siz$ ,gatl+ has a drum-fe$ ( #djj c>tridges 9 sixte5 sections ( tw5ty-five ea* pass$ up )\t int]ruption4 ,! gun is m\nt$ = use s t x c be po9t$ at any angle1 & ?r\gh a wide lat]al range1 )\t mov+ ! c>riage4 ,! ,g>dn]4--,! ,gatl+1 z orig9ally made1 0 = a "t sup]s$$ by ! ,g>dn]1 :i* diff]$ f x 9 hav+ ! b>rels 7f\r or few] 9 numb]7 fix$ 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,?is 0 work$ by a rotatory h&le on ! side ( ! gun4 ,! c>tridges slid d[n a fe$-case 9 a column to ! b>rel1 :]e !y 7 fir$ by a spr+ act+ on a hamm]4 ,! ,nord5felt4--,mr4 ,nord5felt's ma*9e-gun foll[s ?is prec$5t2 its b>rels--#aj1 #e1 #d1 #b1 or #a 9 numb]--also be+ arrang$ horizontally 9 a /rong1 rigid frame4 ,ea* b>rel has its own bree*-plug1 /rik]1 spr+1 & extractor1 & ea* fires indep5d5tly ( ! re/1 s t all are n out ( action toge!r4 ,! gun has a swivell$ m\nt easily elevat$ & tra9$1 & ! /eel frames take up ! =ce ( ! dis*>ge4 ,9 rapid fir+ "o gunn] c "w ! fir+-h&le :ile ano!r lays & alt]s ! direction4 ,! fir+ is op]at$ by a lev] work+ backw>ds & =w>ds by h&1 & ! gun c be dis*>g$ at ! rate ( #fjj r\nds p] m9ute4 ,! ,hot*kiss4--,! ,hot*kiss gun1 or revolv+ cannon1 is on a fre% sy/em1 t ( int]mitt5t rotation ( ! b>rels )\t any rotation ( bree* or me*anism4 ,!re is only "o load+ pi/on1 "o spr+ /rik]1 & "o extractor = all ! b>rels4 ,! %ock ( dis*>ge is receiv$ aga9/ a massive fix$ bree*1 :i* di/ributes x to ! :ole body4 ,l ! ,nord5felt1 h[ev]1 x c be dism\nt$ & put toge!r aga9 )\t ! ne$ ( tools4 ,! above patt]n ?r[s #a lb4 projectiles4 ,! ,maxim4--,diff]+ f all ^! comes ! ,maxim gun1 s mu* 9 evid5ce n[ ) bo? l& & sea s]vice4 ,x is made up ( two portions3-- 7#a7 ,fix$3 a b>rel-cas+1 :i* is also a wat]-jacket1 & bree*-cas+4 7#b7 ,recoil+3 a b>rel & two side plates :i* c>ry lock & crank4 ,?is recoil+ portion works inside ! fix$4 ,! gun is suppli$ ) ammunition by a belt hold+ #bej c>tridges pass+ ?r\gh a fe$-block on ! top4 ,its me*anism is work$ automatically2 fir/ by ! explosion ( ! *>ge1 :i* causes ! b>rel to recoil backw>ds & ext5ds a /rong spr+ :i*1 on reass]t+ itself1 c>ries x =w>ds aga94 ,! recoil+ "p moves back ab\t an in*1 & ?is recoil is utilis$ by br++ into play me*anism :i* extracts ! empty c>tridge-case1 & on ! spr+ c>ry+ ! b>rel =w>d aga9 moves a fre% "o into position4 ,"u ! b>rel cas+ is ! ejector tube ?r\gh :i* ! empty c>tridge-cases are eject$ f ! gun4 ,! rate ( fire ( ! ,maxim gun is #fjj r\nds p] m9ute4 ,delib]ate fire means ab\t #gj r\nds p] m9ute2 rapid fire w explode #dej r\nds 9 ! same "t4 ,z ! b>rel becomes v hot 9 use ! b>rel-cas+ conta9s sev5 p9ts ( wat] to keep x cool4 ,ab\t #bjjj r\nds c be fir$ at %ort int]vals2 b 9 cont9u\s fir+ ! wat] boils aft] "s #fjj r\nds1 & ne$s repl5i%+ aft] ab\t #ajjj4 ,a valv$ tube all[s /eam1 b n wat] to escape4 ,! op]ator works ?is gun by press+ a fir+-lev] or button4 ,aft] />t+ ! ma*9e he m]ely sits beh9d ! %ield1 :i* protects him f ! enemy1 direct+ x1 z x keeps on fir+ automatically s long z ! b&s ( c>tridges are suppli$ & a f+] held on ! trigg] or button4 ,by sett+ free a c\ple ( lev]s ) 8 left h&1 & press+ 8 %\ld] aga9/ ! padd$ %\ld]-piece1 he is able to elevate or depress1 or tra9 ! b>rel horizontally1 )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! hail ( missiles4 ,we use two sizes1 "o ) 4#de bore = ! ,navy1 :i* takes an all-lead bullet weigh+ #dhj gra9s1 & ! o!r ) 4#cjc bore1 ! ord9>y nickel-coat$ rifle bullet = ! ,army4 ,b z ! ,maxim gun c be adapt$ to e rifle-calibre ammunition x is patronis$ by all gov]nm5ts4 ,! gun itself weighs #ef lbs41 & is m\nt$ = use 9 v>i\s ways3 on a tripod1 a field /&1 or a field c>riage ) :eels4 ,?is c>riage has sixte5 boxes ( ammunition1 ea* conta9+ a belt ( #bej c>tridges1 mak+ #djjj r\nds altoge!r4 ,its total weight is ab\t half a ton1 s t x c be drawn by "o horse1 & x is built = ! r\ghe/ cross-c\ntry "w4 ,a little ma*9e1 :i* c be fix$ to ! :eel1 re*>ges ! belts ) c>tridges by ! work+ ( a h&le4 ,= %ips ! ,maxim is usually m\nt$ on ! ord9>y naval cone m\nt1 or x c be clamp$ to ! bulw>k ( ! deck or ! milit>y 8top0 on ! ma/4 ,b !re is a mo/ +5i\s =m ( p>apet m\nt+1 kn[n z ! g>rison m\nt1 :i* turns ! ,maxim into a 8disappe>+ gun10 & c be us$ equally well = =tress walls or improvis$ entr5*m5ts4 ,! gun is plac$ ov] two little :eels on :i* x c be run along by means ( a h&le pu%$ beh9d 9 some?+ ! fa%ion ( a lawn-m[]4 ,arriv$ at its de/9ation1 ! h&le1 :i* is really a rack1 is turn$ d[nw>ds1 & on twi/+ "o ( ! :eels ! gun climbs x by means ( a p9ion-cog till x po9ts ov] ! wall1 to :i* hooks at ! end ( two project+ b>s firmly fix x1 ! broad5$ end ( ! h&le be+ held by its weight to ! gr\nd4 ,x is lock$ :ile 9 use1 b a few turns ( ! :eel cause x to s9k out ( sight 9 z _m seconds4 ,! rifle-calibre guns may also be us$ z v light horse artill]y to accompany cavalry by be+ m\nt$ on a 8gallop+ c>riage0 drawn by a c\ple ( horses1 & ) two seats = ! op]ators4 ,! c>riage conveys #cjjj r\nds1 & ! /eel-plat$ seats turn up & =m %ields dur+ action4 ,x is int]e/+ to notice t an extra light =m ( ! gun is made :i* may be c>ri$ /rapp$ on an infantryman's back & fir$ f a tripod4 ,two ( ^! m\nt$ on a d\ble tricycle c be propell$ at a good pace along a fairly level road1 & ! rid]s dism\nt+ h1 9 a few mom5ts1 a valuable little batt]y at _! disposal4 ,! ,pom-pom1 ( :i* we h he>d s mu* 9 ! late w>1 is a l>ge edition ( ! ,maxim automatic sy/em ) "s diff]5ces 9 ! sy/em4 ,its calibre is #a-a_/b in*es4 ,in/ead ( bullets x emits explosive %ells #a lb4 9 weight1 fitt$ ) p]cussion fuses :i* bur/ !m into ab\t twelve or f\rte5 pieces4 ,! effective range is up to #bjjj y>ds1 & x w c>ry to #djjj y>ds4 ,an improv$ ,pom-pom rec5tly br\ght out hurls a #a-a_/d lb4 %ell ) effect at a m>k #cjjj y>ds away1 & z f> z #fjjj y>ds be=e its en]gy is entirely exhau/$4 ,! muzzle velocity ( ?is weapon is #bcej feet a second z aga9/ ! #ahjj feet ( ! old] patt]n4 ,!y bo? fire #cjj r\nds a m9ute4 ,! ,colt automatic gun is an ,am]ican inv5tion ^: automatic action is due to explosion ( ! *>ge1 n to recoil4 ,! =ce by :i* ! motions ( fir+1 extract+1 & load+ are p]=m$ is d]iv$ f ! p[d]-gases1 a portion ( :i*--pass+ ?r\gh a small v5t 9 ! muzzle--acts by means ( a lev] on ! me*anism ( ! gun4 ,?is is also 9 two p>ts3 7a7 b>rel1 atta*$ to 7b7 bree*-cas+1 9 :i* ge> = *>g+1 fir+1 & eject+ is conta9$4 ,! b>rel1 made ( a /rong alloy ( nickel1 has its c>tridges f$ 9 by means ( belts coil$ 9 boxes atta*$ to ! bree*-cas+1 ! boxes mov+ ) ! latt] s t ! movem5ts ( ! gun d n affect x4 ,^! boxes conta9 #bej c>tridges ea* & are easily replac$4 ,! fe$-belt is ins]t$1 & ! lev] ?r[n d[n & mov$ backw>d--once by h&--z f> z x w g2 ?is op5s ! bree* & passes ! fir/ c>tridge f ! belt to ! c>ri]4 ,! lev] is !n releas$ & ! spr+ causes x to fly =w>d1 close ! v5t1 & transf] ! c>tridge f ! c>ri] to ! b>rel1 also compress+ ! ma9spr+ & op5+ & clos+ ! bree*4 ,on pull+ ! trigg] ! %ot is fir$1 & aft] ! bullet has pass$ ! little v5t1 b is n yet out ( ! muzzle1 ! =ce ( ! exp&+ gas1 act+ ?r\gh ! v5t on ! pi/on1 sets a gas-lev] 9 op]ation :i* acts on ! bree* me*anism1 op5s bree*1 ejects c>tridge-case1 & fe$s ano!r c>tridge into ! c>ri]4 ,! gas-lev] return+ =ces ! c>tridge home 9 ! b>rel & closes & locks ! bree*4 ,! hamm] ( ! gun acts z ! pi/on ( an air-pump1 =c+ a /rong jet ( air into ! *amb]1 & ?r\gh ! b>rel1 ?us remov+ all unburnt p[d]1 & ?or\ghly cleans+ x4 ,! metal employ$ is /rong en\gh to resi/ ! heavie/ *>ge ( nitro-p[d]1 & ! accuracy ( its aim is n di/urb$ by ! vibrations ( rapid fire4 ,x does n heat fa/1 s has no ne$ ( a wat]-jacket1 any surplus heat be+ remov$ by a sy/em ( radiation4 ,! bore is made ( any rifle calibre = any small-arm ammunition1 & is fitt$ ) a safety-lock4 ,= our own pieces we use ! ,lee-,met=d c>tridges4 ,f\r hundr$ %ots p] m9ute c be fir$4 ,! gun consi/s altoge!r ( n9ety-f\r pieces1 b ! work+-pieces1 i4e4 ^? only :i* ne$ be sep>at$ = clean+1 c41 :5 9 ! h&s ( ! artill]yman1 are less ?an tw5ty4 ,x c be h&l$ 9 action by "o man1 ! op]ation resembl+ t ( fir+ a pi/ol4 ,! ma*9e weighs #dj lbs41 & = use by cavalry or infantry c be m\nt$ on ! ,dundonald ,gallop+ ,c>riage4 ,! ammunition-box1 conta9+ #bjjj r\nds ready = use1 c>ries ! gun on its upp] side1 & is m\nt$ on a /rong /eel axle4 ,a pole ) a slott$ end is ins]t$ into a revolv+ funnel on ! b5d ( ! %aft1 ! limb]+-up be+ complet$ by an automatic bolt & plug4 ,! gun-c>riage itself is ( /eel1 ) hickory :eels & hickory & /eel %afts1 deta*able at w4 ,! simple h>ness suits any saddl$ cavalry horse1 & ! %afts "w 9 sockets beh9d ! rid]'s legs4 ,its :ole weight ) full load ( ammunition is "u f\r hundr$weight4 ,,heavy ,,ordnance4 ,z ) rifles & ! small] =ms ( artill]y1 s also ) heavy ordnance1 ! *anges & improvem5ts )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s h be5 great] ?an ^? made dur+ ! c\rse ( all ! previ\s c5turies4 ,^! *anges h affect$ alike n only ! mat]ials f :i* a weapon is manufactur$1 ! relative size ( calibre & l5g? ( bore1 ! fa%ion ( m\nt+ & fir+1 b also ! =m & weight ( ! projectile1 ! velocity ) :i* x is ?r[n1 & ev5 ! sub/ances us$ 9 expell+ x f ! gun4 ,comp>e = a mom5t ! old ca/-iron muzzle-load]s1 /ubby ( /ature1 :i* ,well+ton's bronz$ vet]ans s]v$ ) r\nd cannon balls1 well pack$ 9 greasy cl\ts to make !m fit tight1 or ) %ell & grape %ot1 ?r\gh\t ! h>d-f\ght day ( ,wat]loo1 f a di/ance :i* ! *ronicl]s measure by paces1 s ne> /ood ! oppos+ ranks to "o ano!r4 ,or /& 9 imag9ation ^u "o ( ,nelson's /ately m5-o'-w> & wat* ! grimy guns' crews1 eight or t5 to ea*1 /ra9+ on ! ropes4 ,see ! /ill smok+ piece haul$ inbo>d1 its bore swabb$ out to clean & cool x1 !n re*>g$ by ! muzzle2 home g p[d]1 wad1 & ! ca/or full ( balls or ! *a9 %ot to spl9t] ! enemy's ma/s1 ramm$ well d[n ere ! gun is aga9 run out ?r\gh ! port-hole4 ,n[ ! gunn] snat*es ! flam+ l9t/ock &1 signal giv51 applies x to ! p[d] gra9s spr9kl$ 9 ! t\*-hole4 ,a salvo ( fifty />bo>d guns goes (f 9 "o t]rific broadside1 cra%+ across ! ,fr5*man's decks at su* close qu>t]s t 9 two or ?ree places !y are set on fire by ! burn+ wads4 ,next comes a cry ( 8,bo>d]s60 & ! %ips are grappl$ z ! bo>d+-p>ty scrambles ov] ! bulw>ks to ! enemy's deck1 a brisk musket-fire f ! cr[d$ rigg+ protect+ _! advance2 mean:ile ! l>bo>d guns1 ) _! simultane\s dis*>ge1 are greet+ a new adv]s>y4 ,su* 0 w> a c5tury ago4 ,comp>e ) x ! late ,s\? ,african ,campaign :]e ! range ( guns 0 e/imat$ 9 miles1 & aft] a combat la/+ f morn to eve1 ! ,briti% g5]al c\ld report3 8,i d n ?9k we h se5 a gun or a ,bo] all day40 ,! days ( h&-to-h& fight+ h pass$1 ! mle 9 ! ranks may be se5 no m2 9 a few ye>s ! bayonet may be relegat$ to ! limbo ( ! coat-(-mail or ! ca/-iron culv]94 ,yet ! mod]n battle-sc5e bri/les ) ! mo/ dea?-deal+ weapons :i* ! +5uity ( man has ev] con/ruct$4 ,! h&-drawn ma*9e-gun dis*>ges 9 a c\ple ( m9utes z _m missiles z a regim5t ( ,well+ton's infantry1 ) a spe$ & precision undreamt ( by him4 ,! quick-fir+ long-range naval guns n[ 9 vogue c\ld annihilate a fleet or de/roy a port )\t approa*+ close en\gh to cat* a glimpse ( ! p]sonnel ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! deadly torp$o gu>ds our wat]ways m effectually ?an a squadron ( %ips4 ,all res\rces ( civilisation h be5 drawn ^u1 e triumph ( eng9e]+ secur$1 to =ge su* weapons z %all /rike ! h>de/ & de/roy ! mo/ pitilessly4 ,b /range & unexpect$ ! result6 ,:]e we c\nt$ our battle-sla9 by ?\s&s we n[ m\rn ov] ! dea? ( hundr$s2 :]e :ole regim5ts 7 m[n d[n our ambulances ga!r w\nd$ 9 scatt]$ units4 ,"h is ! bright side ( mod]n w>4 ,! muzzle-load+ gun has _h its day1 a v long day & a successful "o4 ,aga9 & aga9 x has reass]t$ itself & ou/$ its rivals1 b at la/ all difficulties ( con/ruction h be5 surm\nt$ & ! bree*-load] has 8come to /ay40 ,h[ev]1 our s]vices /ill conta9 a l>ge numb] ( muzzle-load+ guns1 _m ( !m built at q a rec5t p]iod1 & adapt$ z f> z possible to mod]n requirem5ts4 ,s to ^! we w fir/ turn our att5tion4 ,! e>lie/ guns 7 made ( ca/-iron1 b ?is be+ prone to bur/ ) a l>ge *>ge1 bronze1 brass1 & o!r t\gh] mat]ials 7 = a long "t employ$4 ,mo/ elaborately *as$ & ornam5t$ specim5s ( ^! old weapons are to be se5 9 ! ,t[]1 & _m o!r collections4 ,9 ! utilit>ian days ( ! pa/ c5tury *eapness & spe$ 9 manufacture 7 m s\ght aft] ?an %[4 ,iron 0 work$ 9 _m new ways to resi/ ! pressure ( explosion4 ,arm/rong ( ,elswick conceiv$ ! idea ( build+ up a b>rel ( coil$ iron by jo9+ a s]ies ( %ort weld$ cyl9d]s toge!r1 & clos+ !m by a solid =g$ bree*-piece4 ,ov] all1 aga91 wr\ght-iron coils 7 %runk4 ,subsequ5tly he tri$ a solid =g$-iron b>rel bor$ out to =m a tube4 ,nei!r make prov+ v satisfactory1 /eel tubes 7 next us$1 b 7 too exp5sive & unc]ta9 at t /age ( manufacture4 ,aga9 coil$ iron 0 call$ into requisition1 & ,mr4 ,fraz] ( ! ,royal ,gun ,factory introduc$ a sy/em ( d\ble & triple coils :i* 0 f\nd v successful1 especially :5 a ?9 /eel inn] tube 0 sub/itut$ = ! iron "o 7#ahfi74 ,all ^! weapons 7 rifl$1 s t !re 0 ( necessity a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! projectile employ$4 ,conical %ells be+ us$1 /uds 7 n[ plac$ on ! body ( ! %ell to fit into ! rifl+ grooves1 :i* 7 made few 9 numb] & deeply cut4 ,?is 0 apt to weak5 ! bore ( ! gun2 b on ! o!r h& _m /uds to fit into sev]al %all[ grooves weak5$ ! cov] ( ! %ells4 ,v>i\s modifications 7 tri$1 & f9ally a gas-*eck :i* exp&s into ! grooves 0 plac$ at ! base ( ! %ell4 ,! muzzle-load] hav+ ?us be5 turn$ into a v effici5t mod]n weapon ! next problem to be solv$ 0 h[ to ?r[ a projectile ) suffici5t =ce to p5etrate ! iron & /eel arm\r-plates !n be+ g5]ally appli$ to w>-%ips4 8,build l>g] guns0 0 ! conclusion arriv$ at1 & pres5tly ! ars5als ( ! ,p[]s 7 turn+ out mammo? weapons up to #ajj tons1 & ev5 #aaj tons 9 weight ) a calibre ( #af in*es & m = _! huge %ells4 ,!n 0 ! mighty #ce-ton 8,woolwi* ,infant0 born 7#ahgb71 & its y\ng] b /ill bigg] bro!rs1 #ha tons1 #af-;in* bore1 foll[$ by ! ,elswick #ajj-ton giants1 "s ( :i* 7 m\nt$ on our def5ces 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b ! fe>ful concussion ( su* enorm\s guns :5 fix$ 9 action on bo>d %ip injur$ ! sup]/ruction1 & ev5 de/roy$ ! boats1 & ! great improvem5ts made 9 /eel bo? = guns & arm\r soon l$ to a fre% revolution4 ,h5ce=w>d in/ead ( m\nt+ a few v heavy guns we h pref]r$ to tru/ to ! weight ( metal project$ by an increas$ numb] ( small] size1 b mu* high] velocity4 ,& ^! guns are ! quick-fir+ bree*-load]s4 ,! heavie/ ( our up-to-date ordnance is ( mod]ate calibre1 ! l>ge/ bree*-load]s be+ #ab-;in*1 #aj-;in*1 & #i4b-;in* guns4 ,b ! elaborat5ess ( its manufacture is su* t "o big gun takes ne>ly z long to 8build up0 z ! %ip = :i* x is de/9$4 ,ea* weapon has to pass ?r\gh ab\t sixte5 diff]5t processes3-- 7#a7 ,! solid 7or holl[7 +ot is =g$4 7#b7 ,anneal$1 to get rid ( /ra9s4 7#c7 ,x is plac$ horizontally on a la! & r\gh-turn$4 7#d7 ,r\gh-bor$ 9 a la!4 7#e7 ,h>d5$4 ,heat$ to a high temp]ature & plung$1 :ile hot1 into a ba? ( rape oil kept cold by a wat]-ba?4 ,x cools sl[ly = sev5 to eight h\rs1 be+ mov$ ab\t at int]vals by a crane4 ,?is makes ! /eel m ela/ic & t5aci\s4 7#f7 ,anneal$1 i4e4 reheat$ to #ijj ,fahr4 & sl[ly cool$4 ,siem5s' pyromet] is us$ 9 ^! op]ations4 7#g7 ,te/$ by pieces cut (f4 7#h7 ,turn$ & bor$ = ! second "t4 7#i7 ,c>efully turn$ aga9 = %r9kage4 ,out] coil exp&$ till l>ge en\gh to fit easily ov] inn]4 ,inside1 set up v]tically 9 a pit1 has outside l[]$ on to x1 wat] & gas be+ appli$ to make all %r9k ev5ly4 ,o!r projections1 hoops1 r+s1 c41 also %runk on4 7#aj7 ,f9i%--bor$ & *amb]$4 7#aa7 ,broa*$1 or v f9e bor$1 p]haps lapp$ ) lead & em]y4 7#ab7 ,rifl$ horizontally 9 a ma*9e4 7#ac7 ,prep>$ = bree* fitt+s4 7#ad7 ,tak5 to ! ,pro( ,butts = trial4 7#ae7 ,drill$ = sockets1 sights1 c4 ,l9$ & engrav$4 ,bree* fitt+s1 locks1 electric fir+ ge>1 c41 add$4 ,small adju/m5ts made by fil+4 7#af7 ,br[n$ or pa9t$4 ,:5 worn ! bore c be l9$ ) a new /eel tube4 ,^! l5g?y op]ations complet$1 our gun has /ill to be m\nt$ ^u its field-c>riage1 naval cone1 or disappe>+ m\nt+1 any ( :i* are complicat$ & delicately-adju/$ pieces ( me*anism1 ! product ( mu* "t & lab\r1 :i* we h no space "h to describe4 ,"s acc\nt ( ! pr9cipal p>ts ( ^! guns has already be5 giv51 b ! me?od by :i* ! bree* is clos$ rema9s to be dealt )4 ,x w be notic$ t ?\gh guns n[ b>ely rea* half ! weight ( ! mon/] muzzle-load]s1 !y are ev5 m effective4 ,?us ! #df-ton 7#ab-;in*7 gun hurls an #hej-lb4 projectile ) a velocity ( #bgej foot-seconds1 & uses a comp>atively small *>ge4 ,! fam\s 8#ha-ton0 ne$$ a v big *>ge = its #agjj-lb4 %ell1 & _h little m ?an half ! velocity & no su* p[] ( p5etration4 ,?is *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t by us+ a sl[]-burn+ explosive v p[]ful 9 its effects2 enl>g+ ! *amb] to give x suffici5t air space1 & l5g!n+ ! *ase ( ! gun s t e p>ticle ( ! p[d]-gas may be br\ght into action be=e ! %ot leaves ! muzzle4 ,?is sy/em & ! sub/itution ( /eel = ! _m lay]s ( weld$ iron1 makes our mod]n guns long & slim 9 comp>ison ) ! old] ones4 ,to resi/ ! pressure ( ! explosion aga9/ ! bree* end1 a tightly-fitt+ bree*-plug mu/ be employ$4 ,! mo/ mod]n & +5i\s is ! ,wel9 plug1 inv5t$ by a ,sw$i% eng9e]4 ,! ord9>y int]rupt$ screw bree*-plug has ?ree p>ts ( its circumf]5ce plane & ! o!r ?ree p>ts 8?read$10 or groov$1 to screw into correspond+ grooves 9 ! bree*2 ?us only half ( ! circumf]5ce is engag$ by ! screw4 ,mr4 ,wel9 has cut /eps on ! plug1 ?ree ( :i* w\ld be ?read$ to "o plane segm5t1 ea* lock+ ) its c\nt]p>t 9 ! bree*4 ,9 ?is case !re are ?ree segm5ts engag$ to ea* "o left plane1 & ! /r5g? ( ! screw is almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! plug1 :i* is h+$ at ! side1 has !re=e be5 %ort5$ by "o-?ird1 & is light en\gh to sw+ cle> ) "o t\* ( ! h&:eel t fir/ rotates & unlocks x4 ,! me?od ( fir+ is ?is3 ,! projectile lift$ 7by hydraulic p[] on a %ip7 into ! load+ tray is swung to ! m\? ( ! bree* & pu%$ into ! bore4 ,a driv+-b& atta*$ ne> its base is s not*$ at ! edges t x jams ! %ell closely & prev5ts x slipp+ back if load$ at a high angle ( elevation4 ,! p[d] *>ge be+ plac$ 9 ! *amb] ! bree*-plug is n[ swung-to & turn$ till x locks close4 ,! v5t-axial or inn] "p ( ?is bree*-plug 7next to ! *>ge71 :i* is call$ f its %ape ! 8mu%room-head10 encloses betwe5 its head & ! screw-plug ! de ,bange obturator1 a flat canvas pad ( _m lay]s soak$ ) mutton fat tightly pack$ betwe5 discs ( t94 ,:5 ! *>ge explodes1 ! mu%room-head--=c$ back ^u ! pad--compresses x till its edges bulge aga9/ ! tube & prev5t any escape ( gas bree*w>ds4 ,! electric sp>k :i* fires ! *>ge is pass$ 9 f outside by means ( a m9ute & +5i\s app>atus fitt$ into a little v5t or tube 9 ! mu%room-head4 ,z ! electric circuit _c be complet$ till ! bree*-plug is screw$ q home !re is n[ no m fe> ( a premature explosion ?an ( d\ble load+4 ,if ! electric ge> is disord]$ ! gun c be fir$ equally well & safely by a p]cussion tube4 ,?is description is ( a typical l>ge gun1 & may be appli$ to all calibres & also to ! l>g] quick-fir]s4 ,! me*anism z ! bree* is swung op5 aga9 )draws ! empty c>tridge4 ,s valuable has de ,bange's obturator prov$1 h[ev]1 t guns up to ! #f-;in* calibre n[ h ! p[d] *>ge ?r[n into ! *amb] 9 bags1 ?us sav+ ! weight ( ! metal tubes hi!rto necess>y4 ,( c\rse sev]al types ( bree*-load+ guns are us$ 9 ! ,s]vice1 b ! above are ! mo/ mod]n4 ,! fav\rite mode ( con/ruction at ! pres5t "t is ! wire-w\nd b>rel1 ! build+ up ( :i* is complet$ by cov]+ ! _m lay]s ( wire ) an out] tube or jacket exp&$ by heat be=e x is slipp$ on 9 ord] t x may fit closely :5 cold4 ,a previ\s make1 )\t wire1 is /r5g!n$ by r+s or hoops also %runk on hot4 ,! quick-fir]s prop] are ( _m sizes1 #h-;in*1 #g4e-;in*1 #f-;in*1 #d4g-;in*1 #d-;in*1 & #c-;in* 7#ab-p\nd]s74 ,! naval type is z a rule long] & light] ?an ^? made = ! r\gh usage ( field campaign+ & h a mu* great] range4 ,!re are also small] quick-fir]s1 #c-p\nd]s & #f-p\nd]s ) bore some?+ ov] #a-;in* & #b-;in* 7,nord5felt1 ,hot*kiss1 ,vick]s-,maxim74 ,"s ( ! high velocity #ab-p\nd]s be+ employ$ z g>rison guns along ) #f-;in* & #d4g-;in*1 & ! l>ge calibre h[itz]s4 ,we /ill use h[itz] batt]ies ( #e-;in* bore 9 ! field & 9 ! siege-tra91 all be+ %ort1 rifl$1 bree*-load+ weapons1 z !y ?r[ a heavy %ell ) smalli% *>ges at a high angle ( elevation1 b cov] a relatively %ort di/ance4 ,a new patt]n ( #h-;in* calibre is n[ "u consid]ation4 ,x is int]e/+ to contra/ ! pot5cies ( "s ( ^! guns1 all ( :i* use cordite *>ges4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,calibre4 ,*>ge4 ,weight ( ,muzzle ,velocity ,numb] ( ,%ot4 9 ,r\nds p] ,foot ,seconds4 ,m9ute4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ab in* #bjg lbs4 #hej lbs4 #bgej #a #h 0 #eb 0 #baj 0 #bgej #e #f 0 #be 0 #ajj 0 #bgge #h #d4g 0 #i 0 #de 0 #bfjj #ab #c 0 #b lbs4 #i oz4 #ab4e 0 #bfjj #bj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,! ,simms arm\r-clad motor-c> = coa/ def5ce4 ,maxim guns & ,pom-pom 9 action4 ,9 ! armam5t ( our f9e ,navy guns are r\ghly di/ribut$ z foll[s3--#ha-ton1 #ac-a_/b-;in*1 & sup]s$$ patt]ns ( ma*9e-guns su* z ,gatl+'s1 ,g>dn]'s1 & ,nord5felt's1 besides a few surviv+ muzzle-load]s1 c41 are c>ri$ only by ! olde/ battle%ips4 ,! fir/-class battle%ips are *iefly suppli$ ) f\r #ab-;in* guns 9 b>bettes1 twelve #f-;in* z second>y batt]ies1 & a numb] ( small] quick-fir]s on ! upp] decks & 9 ! fight+ tops1 also = use 9 ! boats1 to :i* are add$ sev]al ,maxims4 ,! fir/-class cruis]s h #i4b z _! l>ge/ calibre1 ) a less5$ proportion ( #f-;in*1 c4 ,"s ( ! newe/ be> only #g-a_/b or #f-;in* guns z _! heavie/ ordnance2 l ! second-class cruis]s :i*1 h[ev]1 add sev]al #d4g#8s betwe5 ^! & _! small quick-fir]s4 ,vessels ( inf]ior size usually c>ry no?+ m p[]ful ?an ! #d4g4 ,all are n[ arm$ ) torp$o tubes4 ,^! same useful little quick-fir]s & ma*9e-guns h be5 ! le?al weapons :i* made ! arm\r$ tra9s s =midable4 ,inde$1 !re seems no limit to _! value bo? = (f5ce & def5ce1 = ! battle *>iot ( ! anci5t ,briton has its mod]n successor 9 ! ,simms' motor w> c> lately exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace4 ,?is arm\r-plat$ movable =t is int5d$ prim>ily = coa/ def5ce1 b c "w (f beat5 tracks ov] almo/ any sort ( c\ntry4 ,x is propell$ at ! rate ( n9e miles an h\r by a #af-;horse-p[] motor1 c>ry+ all its own fuel1 two pom-poms1 two small ,maxims1 & #aj1jjj r\nds ( ammunition1 besides ! necess>y complem5t ( m5 & se>*lights = night use1 c41 c4 ,! se>*light1 by ! way1 has tak5 ! place ( all =m] inv5tions ?r[n f guns1 su* z gr\nd-light balls1 or p>a*ute lights ) a "t-fuse :i* bur/ 9 ! air & rema9$ susp5d$1 betray+ ! enemy's proce$+s4 ,9 l mann] ! l9k$ *a9 & 8d\ble-head$0 %ot1 ! 8cani/]0--iron balls pack$ 9 ?9 iron or t9 cyl9d]s :i* w\ld travel ab\t #cej y>ds--! 8c>casses0 fill$ ) inflammable composition = fir+ %ips & villages1 are z mu* out ( date z ! solid r\nd %ot or cannon-ball4 ,"y ,%rapnell's inv5tion a c5tury ago ( ! =m ( %ell t be>s 8 "n1 a numb] ( balls arrang$ 9 a case conta9+ also a small bur/+-*>ge fir$ ei!r by p]cussion or by a "t-fuse1 has practically replac$ !m all4 ,?r[n ) great precision ( aim its effective range is n[ up to #ejjj y>ds4 ,a #ae-p\nd] %rapnell %ell1 = in/ance1 conta9s #aib bullets1 & cov]s sev]al hundr$ y>ds ) ! scatt]$ missiles fly+ ) extreme velocity4 ,common %ell1 f #b-a_/b to #c calibres long1 conta9s an explosive only4 ,ano!r v>iety is segm5t %ell1 made ( pieces built up 9 a r+ ) a bur/+ *>ge 9 ! c5tre :i* pres5tly %att]s x4 ,! ,pallis] %ell has a m>vell\s p5etrat+ p[] :5 us$ aga9/ iron plates4 ,b1 mirabile dictu6 exp]im5ts tri$ )9 ! pa/ few mon?s prove t a s(t cap add$ ext]nally enables a projectile to pi]ce ) ease arm\r :i* _h previ\sly defi$ e attack4 ,,explosives4 ,half a c5tury ago gunp[d] 0 /ill ! "o driv+ p[] :i* />t$ ! projectile on its flight4 ,x is compos$ ( "s #ge p>ts ( saltpetre or nitrate ( pota%1 #ae p>ts ( c>efully prep>$ *>coal1 & #aj p>ts ( sulphur4 ,?is composition imprisons a l>ge am\nt ( oxyg5 = combu/ion & is f\nd to act mo/ successfully :5 =m$ into r l>ge prismatic gra9s4 ,on ! abolition ( ! old fl9t-lock its place 0 tak5 by a detonat+ sub/ance enclos$ 9 a copp] cap1 & "s "t lat] inv5tors came =w>d ) new & m p[]ful explosives to sup]s$e ! use ( gunp[d]4 ,by treat+ cotton ) nitric & sulphuric acid reaction gun-cotton 0 produc$2 & a ye> lat] glyc]9e treat$ 9 ! same mann] became kn[n to comm]ce z nitro-glyc]9e4 ,?is liquid =m be+ inconv5i5t to h&le1 "s in]t granul> sub/ance su* z infusorial e>? 0 us$ to absorb ! nitro-glyc]9e1 & dynamite 0 ! result4 ,! explosion ( gun-cotton 0 f\nd to be too sudd5 & rapid = rifles or cannon2 x 0 liable to bur/ ! piece in/ead ( bl[+ out ! *>ge4 ,9 ord] to less5 ! rapidity ( its ignition ord9>y cotton 0 mix$ ) x1 or its ?reads 7 twi/$ r\nd "s in]t sub/ance4 ,:5 repeat+-rifles & ma*9e-guns came into g5]al use a smokeless p[d] became necess>y4 ,su* p[d]s z a rule conta9 nitro-cellulose 7gun-cotton7 or nitro-glyc]9e1 or bo?4 ,^! are comb9$ into a pla/ic1 gluey composition1 :i* is !n made up into /icks or pellets ( v>i\s %apes1 & usually ( l>ge size to less5 ! extreme rapidity ( _! combu/ion4 ,sub/ances su* z tan1 p>aff91 />*1 bran1 peat1 c41 c41 & _m m9]al salts1 are us$ 9 =m+ l[ explosives f high ones4 ,to secure complete combu/ion "s ( ! l>g] pellets are made ) a c5tral hole1 or ev5 pi]c$ by _m holes1 s t ! fire p5etrates ! entire mass & c>ries (f all its explosive qualities4 ,our cordite consi/s ( nitro-glyc]9e dissolv+ di-nitro cellulose by ! acid ( a volatile solv5t & a m9]al jelly or oil4 ,?is comp\nd is semi-fluid1 & be+ pass$ l mac>oni ?r\gh r\nd holes 9 a metal plate x =ms /r+s or cords ( v>y+ size accord+ to ! diamet] ( ! holes4 ,h5ce ! "n1 cordite4 ,_m exp]im5ts 9 se>* ( m p[]ful explosives result$ 9 an almo/ univ]sal adoption ( picric acid z ! base4 ,?is acid is itself produc$ by ! action ( nitric acid ^u c>bolic acid1 & ea* nation has its own fa%ion ( prep>+ x = artill]y4 ,! ,fr5* began ) ml9ite 9 #ahhe1 ?is be+ a mixture ( picric acid & gun-cotton4 ,! composition ( lyddite 7nam$ f its place ( manufacture1 ,lydd1 9 ,k5t7 is a jeal\sly-gu>d$ ,briti% secret4 ,?is sub/ance 0 fir/ us$ 9 #e-;in* h[itz]s dur+ ! late ,s\dan campaign1 play+ a "p 9 ! bomb>dm5t ( ,omdurman4 ,! effect ( ! #ej-lb4 lyddite %ells ^u ! ,s\? ,african kopjes is describ$ z a/\nd+4 ,:5 ! yell[ cl\d _h cle>$ away trees 7 se5 uproot$1 rocks pulv]is$1 ! v face ( ! e>? _h *ang$4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to utilise dynamite = %ells1 "s ( ! guns employ+ compress$ air z _! motive p[]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates "s ye>s ago w5t to great exp5se 9 sett+ up = ?is purpose heavy pneumatic plant1 :i* has rec5tly be5 dispos$ ( z too cumbr\s4 ,dudley's 8,arial ,torp$o0 gun dis*>g$ a #ac-lb4 %ell conta9+ explosive gelat9e1 gun-cotton1 & fulm9ate ( m]cury by ignit+ ! small cordite *>ge 9 a p>allel tube1 ?r\gh a v5t 9 :i* ! p>tially cool$ gases act$ on ! projectile 9 ! b>rel4 ,?is 0 rotat$ 9 ! air by incl9$ blades on a tailpiece1 z ! b>rel c\ld n be rifl$ = fe> ( ! heat set up by friction4 ,"s guns actuat$ on mu* ! same pr9ciple are said to h be5 us$ ) effect 9 ! ,hispano-,am]ican w>4 ,mr4 ,hudson ,maxim ) 8 explosive 8maximite0 claims to ?r[ half a ton ( dynamite ab\t a mile1 & a "o-ton %ell to half t di/ance4 ,b ev5 ^! inv5tors are out/ripp$ by ,pr(essor ,birkel&1 :o und]takes to hurl a projectile weigh+ two tons f an iron tube coil$ ) copp] wire d[n :i* an electric curr5t is pass$2 ?us do+ away entirely ) ! ne$ ( a fir+-*>ge4 ,,9 ,,! ,,gun ,,factory4 ,let u pay a visit to "o ( our gun factories & get "s idea ( ! multi=m activities necess>y to ! turn+ out complete ( a s+le piece ( ordnance or a complicat$ ma*9e-gun4 ,we ent] ! enorm\s work%op1 glaz$ z to ro( & sides1 full ( ! v>i$ buzz & :irr & clank ( ! ma*9]y4 ,up & d[n ! long bays /& r[ ^u r[ ( la!s1 turn+1 mill+1 poli%+1 bor+1 rifl+--all mov+ automatically1 & ) a precision :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,! sil5t att5dants seem to h no?+ 9 _! own h&s1 !y simply wat* t ! cutt+ does n g too f>1 & ) a t\* ( ! guid+ h&les regulate ! pace or occasionally ins]t a fre% tool4 ,! bits us$ 9 ^! processes are self-clean+1 s ! ma*9]y is nev] clogg$2 & on ! gr\nd lie little heaps ( brass *ips cut away by ! m9ute mill+ tools2 or 9 o!r places x is be/rewn ) %av+s ( brass & /eel :i* great *isels peel (f z easily z a c>p5t] %aves a deal bo>d4 ,"h an enorm\s /eel +ot1 =g$ solid1 heat$ aga9 & aga9 9 a huge furnace & beat5 by /eam-hamm]s1 or press$ by hydraulic p[] betwe5 ea* heat+ till x is br\ght to ! desir$ size & %ape1 is hav+ its c5tre bor$ ?r\gh by a special drill :i* takes out a solid core4 ,?is op]ation is t]m$ 8trepann+10 & is appli$ to guns n exce$+ eight in*es2 ^? ( l>g] calibre be+ r\gh-bor$ on a la!1 & m&rils plac$ 9 !m dur+ ! subsequ5t =g+s4 ,! trem5d\s heat g5]at$ dur+ ! bor+ processes--we may recall h[ ,b5jam9 ,?ompson made wat] boil by ! exp]im5tal bor+ ( a cannon--is kept d[n by /reams ( soapy wat] cont9ually pump$ ?r\gh & ov] ! metal4 ,we notice ?is fl[ ( lubricat+ fluid 9 all directions1 f oil dropp+ sl[ly on to ! small brass-mill+ ma*9es to ?is f\nta9-play ( wat] :i* makes a pleasant und]tone amid/ ! jangle ( ! ma*9es4 ,b ^! ma*9es are less noisy ?an we anticipat$2 9 _! actual work+ !y emit sc>cely ! slighte/ s\nd4 ,:at /rikes u m ?an ! supreme exactness ) :i* ea* does its portion ( ! "w1 is ! great delib]at5ess ( its proce$+4 ,all ! hurry & bu/le is above u1 caus$ by ! driv+-b&s f ! eng9e1 :i* keeps ! :ole ma*9]y ( ! %$ 9 motion4 ,sudd5ly1 ) h>% creak+s1 a great ov]head crane comes j>r+ along ! bay1 drops a *a91 grips up a gun-b>rel1 &1 h&l+ ?is mass ( _m tons' weight z easily z we %\ld lift a walk+-/ick1 sw+s x (f to und]go ano!r process ( manufacture4 ,we pass on to ! next la! :]e a /ill l>g] =g+ is be+ turn$ ext]nally1 support$ on specially devis$ runn+ ge>1 _m diff]5t cutt]s act+ ^u x at ! same "t1 s t x is gradually assum+ ! tap]+1 b&$ appe>ance famili> to u 9 ! complet$ /ate4 ,we turn1 fairly bewild]$1 f "o /age ( manufacture to ano!r4 ,"h is a gun ^: bore is be+ 8*amb]$0 to ! size necess>y = conta9+ ! fir+ *>ge4 ,fur!r along we exam9e a m f9i%$ weapon 9 process ( prep>ation to receive ! bree*-plug & o!r fitt+s4 ,/ill ano!r we notice :i* has be5 8f9e-bor$0 to a beautifully smoo? surface b is be+ improv$ yet m by 8lapp+0 ) lead & em]y p[d]4 ,9 ! next %$ a m>vell\s ma*9e is rifl+ ! int]ior ( a b>rel ) a dext]ity absolutely uncanny1 = ! tool :i* does ! rifl+ has to be rotat$ 9 ord] to give ! prop] 8twi/0 at ! same mom5t z x is advanc+ l5g?wise d[n ! bore4 ,! grooves are n made simultane\sly b z a rule "o at a "t1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m be+ kept by measurem5ts on a prep>$ disc4 ,n[ we h rea*$ ! app>atus = ! wire-w\nd guns1 a pr9ciple repres5t+ ! ne plus ultra ( /r5g? & durability hi!rto evolv$4 ,! r\gh-bor$ gun is plac$ ^u a la! :i* revolves sl[ly1 draw+ on to x f a reel m\nt$ at "o side a cont9u\s lay] ( /eel ribbon ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* wide4 ,on a #ab-;in* gun !re is w\nd "s #aag miles ( ?is wire6 f\rte5 lay]s ( x at ! muzzle end & sev5ty-five at ! bree* end4 ,heavy weights regulate ! t5sion ( ! wire1 :i* v>ies = ea* lay]1 ! out]mo/ be+ at ! l[e/ t5sion1 :i* w resi/ a pressure ( ov] #ajj tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,we next ent] ! division 9 :i* ! gun cradles & m\nts are prep>$1 :]e we see "s ( ! heavie/ "w c>ri$ out by electric dynamos1 ! workman sitt+ on a rais$ plat=m to keep c>eful wat* ov] 8 bus9ess4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ?is ) int]e/$ b cursory inspection ( ! cone m\nt+s = quick-fir+ naval guns1 "s +5i\s elevat+ & tra9+ ge> & a field c>riage ^: hydraulic buff]s m]it clos] exam9ation1 we come to ! %ell dep>tm5t :]e all k9ds ( projectiles are manufactur$4 ,%rapnel 9 its v>i\s =ms1 arm\r-pi]c+ %ells1 =g$ /eel or ca/-iron1 & small brass c>tridges = ! ma*9e-guns may be f\nd "h2 & ! beautifully delicate workman%ip ( ! fuse arrangem5ts attracts our admiration4 ,b we may n l+]2 ! plant = ! ma*9e-guns !mselves claim our att5tion4 ,ow+ to ! complexity & m9ute me*anism ( ^! weapons almo/ a hundr$ diff]5t ma*9es are ne$$1 "s ( ! mill+ ma*9es tak+ a l>ge selection ( cutt]s ^u "o sp9dle4 ,inde$1 9 _m p>ts ( ! works "o notices ! m5 *ang+ _! tools = o!rs ( diff]5t size or application4 ,"s ( ! bor+ ma*9es "w two b>rels at ! same "t1 o!rs c drill ?ree b>rels or poli% a c\ple simultane\sly4 ,b !re are hundr$s ( m9ute op]ations :i* ne$ to be done sep>ately1 d[n to ! bor+ ( screw holes & cutt+ ! groove on a screw-head4 ,_m lab\r]s are employ$ ^u ! lock alone4 ,& e portion is gaug$ correctly to ! mo/ inf9itesimal fraction1 be+ turn$ out by ! ?\s&1 t e sep>ate item may be int]*angeable among weapons ( ! same make4 ,look at ! b>rel :i* came grey & dull f its fir/ turn+ n[ z x is dealt ) *ang+ into bright silv]4 ,"h x is adju/$ ^u ! hydraulic rifl+ ma*9e :i* w prep>e x to c>ry ! small-arm bullet 74#cjc in*74 ,t "o ( l>g] calibre is rifl$ to fire a small %ell4 ,fur!r on1 ! b>rels & _! jackets are be+ fitt$ toge!r & ! diff]5t p>ts assembl$ & screw$ up4 ,we h n "t to foll[ ! p]fect implem5t to its m\nt+1 nor to d m ?an glance at ^? h[itz]s & ! bree* me*anism ( ! #f-;in* quick-fir]s ne> :i* our guide indicates piles ( flat cases to keep ! de ,bange obturators f w>p+ :ile out ( use4 ,= ! aft]noon is wan+ & ! f\ndry /ill unvisit$4 ,to rea* x we pass ?r\gh ! smi?'s %op & pause a:ile to wat* a supply ( spann]s be+ r\ghly /amp$ by an imm5se ma*9e out ( metal plates & hav+ _! edges tidi$ (f be=e !y c be fur!r p]fect$4 ,a /eam-hamm] is busily engag$ 9 driv+ m&rils ( increas+ size ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a r$-hot =g+4 ,! heat f ! =ges is trem5d\s1 & ?\gh x is temp]$ by a spray ( fall+ wat] we are glad to escape into ! next %$4 ,"h we f9d skill$ workm5 c>efully prep>+ m\lds by tak+ 9 s& ! exact impression ( a wood5 dummy4 ,=tunately we arrive j z a s]ies ( ca/s deeply sunk 9 ! gr\nd are ab\t to be made4 ,two brawny lab\r]s be> =w>d an enorm\s iron crucible1 r$-hot f ! furnace1 fill$ ) see?+ liquid--manganese bronze1 we are told--:i*1 :5 an iron b> is dipp$ into x1 ?r[s up tongues ( beautiful gre5i%-gold5 flame4 ,! smi? /irs & cle>s (f ! scum z coolly z a cook skims h] bro?6 ,n[ x is ready1 ! crucible is aga9 lift$ & its cont5ts p\r$ into a l>ge funnel f :i* x fl[s into ! m\lds b5ea? & fills !m to ! level ( ! floor4 ,at ea* "o a help] arm$ ) an iron b> takes 8 /& & /irs aga9 to "w up all dross & air-bubbles to ! surface be=e ! metal sets--a sc5e wor?y ( a pa9t]'s bru%4 ,& s we leave !m4 ,,dirigible ,,torp$oes4 ,! hi/ory ( w>like inv5tions is ! hi/ory ( a cont9ual see-saw betwe5 ! discov]y ( a new means ( def5ce & ! discov]y ( a fre% means ( attack4 ,at "o "t a %ield is devis$ to repel a javel92 at ano!r a ma*9e to hurl ! javel9 ) increas$ viol5ce aga9/ ! %ield2 !n ! %ield is re9=c$ by complete coats ( mail1 & s on4 ,! ball ( inv5tion has roll$ /eadily on into our own times1 ga!r+ size z x rolls1 & br++ m & m />tl+ revolutions 9 ! art ( w>4 ,to-day x is a battle betwe5 ! =ces ( nature1 controllable by man 9 ! %ape ( 8high explosives10 & ! resi/+ p[] ( metals temp]$ to extreme t\ghness4 ,at pres5t x looks z if1 on ! sea at lea/1 ! attack 7 /rong] ?an ! def5ce4 ,our w>%ips may be cas$ 9 ! h>de/ metal sev]al in*es ?ick until !y become float+ =ts1 almo/ impregnable to ! heavie/ %ells4 ,!y may be provid$ ) t]rible eng9es able to give bl[ = bl[1 & be mann$ ) ! /\te/ he>ts 9 ! _w4 ,& yet1 7 a sea-fight 9 progress1 a bl[1 cru%+ & resi/less1 might at any "t come ^u ! vessel f a qu>t] :5ce1 ev5 ?\gh suspect$1 its com+ might escape notice--bel[ ! wat]l9e4 ,7 x possible to case an ironclad f deck to keel 9 foot-?ick plat+1 ! metal w\ld crumple l a biscuit-box "u ! t]rible impact ( ! torp$o4 ,?is de/ructive weapon is an object ( awe n s mu* f :at x has done z f :at x c d4 ,! in/ances ( a torp$o %iv]+ a vessel 9 actual w>f>e are b few4 ,yet its moral effect mu/ be imm5se4 ,ev5 ?\gh x may miss its m>k1 ! v fact ( its possible pres5ce w1 especially at night-"t1 t5d to keep ! comm&+ m9ds ( a fleet v mu* on ! /ret*1 & to de/roy _! effici5cy4 ,a torp$o kn[s no half measures4 ,x is ei!r entirely successful or utt]ly useless4 ,its con/ruction entails great exp5se1 b inasmu* z x c1 if direct$ aright1 s5d a million ( ! enemy's money & a regim5t ( m5 to ! bottom1 ! dis*>ge ( a torp$o is1 aft] all1 b ! sett+ ( a sprat to cat* a :ale4 ,! aim ( inv5tors has be5 to end[ ! dirigible torp$o1 fit = use 9 ! op5 sea1 ) su* qualities t :5 once laun*$ on its murd]\s c\rse x c pursue its c\rse 9 ! requir$ direction )\t ext]nal help4 ,! difficulties to be ov]come 9 arriv+ at a s]viceable weapon h be5 v great ow+ to ! complexity ( ! problem4 ,a torp$o _c be fir$ ?r\gh wat] l a cannon %ell ?r\gh air4 ,wat]1 ?\gh yield+1 is incompressible1 & (f]s to a mov+ body a resi/ance increas+ ) ! spe$ ( t body4 ,!re=e ! torp$o mu/ conta9 its own motive p[] & its own /e]+ app>atus1 & be 9 effect a m9iature subm>9e vessel complete 9 itself4 ,to be out ( sight & dang] x mu/ travel b5ea? ! surface & yet n s9k to ! bottom2 to be effective x mu/ possess great spe$1 a consid]able sph]e ( action1 & be able to c\nt]act any *ance curr5ts x may meet on its way4 ,among purely automobile torp$oes ! ,:itehead is easily fir/4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s x /ill holds ! lead = op5 sea "w4 ,x is a v m>vel ( +5i\s adaptation ( means to an end1 & z x has fulfill$ mo/ successfully ! conditions set =? above = an effective projectile x w be int]e/+ to exam9e 9 "s detail ?is mo/ valuable weapon4 ,9 #ahgc "o ,capta9 ,lupuis ( ! ,au/rian navy exp]im5t$ ) a small fire%ip :i* he direct$ along ! surface ( ! sea by means ( ropes & guid+ l9es4 ,?is fire%ip 0 to be load$ ) explosives :i* %\ld ignite imm$iately on com+ into collision ) ! vessel aim$ at4 ,! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t decl>$ 8 s*eme unworkable 9 its crude =m1 & ! ,capta9 look$ ab\t = "s "o to help him ?r[ :at he felt to be a s\nd idea into a practical %ape4 ,he f\nd ! man he want$ 9 ,mr4 ,:itehead1 :o 0 at t "t manag] ( an eng9e]+ e/abli%m5t at ,fiume4 ,mr4 ,:itehead fell 9 en?usia/ically ) 8 proposition1 at once disc>d$ ! complicat$ sy/em ( guid+ ropes1 & set to "w to solve ! problem on 8 own l9es4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s1 dur+ :i* he work$ 9 secret1 aid$ only by a tru/$ me*anic & a boy1 8 son1 he con/ruct$ ! fir/ torp$o ( ! type t be>s 8 "n4 ,x 0 made ( /eel1 0 f\rte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 weigh$ #cjj lbs41 & c>ri$ eighte5 p\nds ( dynamite z explosive *>ge4 ,b its p[]s 7 limit$4 ,x c\ld atta9 a rate ( b six knots an h\r "u fav\rable conditions1 & !n = a %ort di/ance only4 ,its conduct 0 unc]ta94 ,sometimes x w\ld run along ! surface1 at o!rs make plunges = ! bottom4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 recognis+ ! importance ( ,mr4 ,:itehead's "w1 enc\rag$ him to p]fect 8 in/rum5t1 & paid him a l>ge sum = ! pat5t rights4 ,patt]n succe$$ patt]n1 until comp>ative p]fection 0 rea*$4 ,describ$ briefly1 ! ,:itehead torp$o is cig>-%ap$1 blunt-nos$ & tap]+ gradually t[>ds ! tail1 s foll[+ ! l9es ( a fi%4 ,its l5g? is twelve times its diamet]1 :i* v>ies 9 diff]5t patt]ns f f\rte5 to n9ete5 in*es4 ,at ! =e end is ! /rik]1 & at ! tail are a c\ple ( ?ree-blad$ screws work+ on "o %aft 9 opposite directions1 to economise p[] & obviate any t5d5cy ( ! torp$o to travel 9 a curve2 & two sets ( rudd]s1 ! "o horizontal1 ! o!r v]tical4 ,! late/ =m ( ! torp$o has a spe$ ( tw5ty-n9e knots & a range ( ov] a ?\s& y>ds4 ,! torp$o is divid$ into five comp>tm5ts by wat]tight /eel bulkheads4 ,at ! front is ! explosive head1 conta9+ wet gun-cotton1 or "s o!r explosive4 ,! 8w> head10 z x is call$1 is deta*able1 & = practice purposes its place is tak5 by a dummy-head fill$ ) wood to make ! balance correct4 ,next comes ! air *amb]1 fill$ ) highly-compress$ air to drive ! eng9es2 aft] x ! balance *amb]1 conta9+ ! app>atus = keep+ ! torp$o at its prop] dep?2 !n ! eng9e-room2 &1 la/ ( all1 ! buoyancy *amb]1 :i* is air-tight & prev5ts ! torp$o f s9k+ at ! end ( its run4 ,to exam9e ! comp>tm5ts 9 ord]3-- ,9 ! v front ( ! torp$o is ! pi/ol & prim]-*>ge = ignit+ ! gun-cotton4 ,especial c>e has be5 tak5 ov] ?is "p ( ! me*anism1 to prev5t ! torp$o be+ z dang]\s to fri5ds z to foes4 ,! pi/ol consi/s ( a /eel plug slid+ 9 a metal tube1 at ! back end ( :i* is ! fulm9at+ *>ge4 ,until ! plug is driv5 "r 9 aga9/ ?is *>ge !re c be no explosion4 ,?ree precautions are tak5 aga9/ ?is happ5+ prematurely4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is on ! =w>d end ( ! plug a ?read cut1 up :i* a screw-fan travels z soon z x /rikes ! wat]4 ,until ! torp$o has run =ty-five feet ! fan has n rea*$ ! end ( its travel1 & ! plug consequ5tly _c be driv5 home4 ,ev5 :5 ! plug is q free only a heavy bl[ w drive x 91 z a little copp] p9 has to be %e>$ ?r\gh by ! impact4 ,& be=e ! screw c unw9d at all1 a safety-p9 mu/ be )drawn at ! mom5t ( fir+4 ,s t a torp$o is h>mless until x has pass$ outside ! zone ( dang] to ! dis*>g+ vessel4 ,! detonat+ *>ge is ?irty-eight gra9s ( fulm9ate ( m]cury1 & ! prim]-*>ge consi/s ( six "o-ounce discs ( dry gun-cotton conta9$ 9 a copp] cyl9d]1 ! front end ( :i* is connect$ ) ! /rik]-tube ( ! pi/ol4 ,! fulm9ate1 on receiv+ a bl[1 exp&s #bejj times1 giv+ a viol5t %ock to ! gun-cotton discs1 :i* 9 turn explode & imp>t a %ock to ! ma9 *>ge1 #bjj lbs4 ( gun-cotton4 ,! air *amb] is made ( ! f9e/ compress$ /eel1 or ( phosphor-bronze1 a ?ird ( an in* ?ick4 ,:5 ready = action ?is *amb] has to be> a pressure ( #acej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,s sev]e is ! compression t 9 ! l>ge/-siz$ torp$oes ! air 9 ?is *amb] weighs no less ?an #fc lbs4 ,! air is =c$ 9 by v p[]ful pumps ( a special design4 ,aft ( ?is *amb] is t conta9+ ! /op-valve & /e]+-ge>4 ,! /op-valve is a species ( air-tap seal+ ! air *amb] until ! torp$o is to be dis*>g$4 ,! valve is s arrang$ t x is impossible to ins]t ! torp$o into ! fir+-tube be=e ! valve has be5 op5$1 & s br\ght ! air *amb] into communication ) ! />t+-valve1 :i* does n admit air to ! eng9es till aft] ! projectile has left ! tube4 ,! /e]+ app>atus is und\bt$ly ! mo/ +5i\s ( ! _m clev] contrivances pack$ into a ,:itehead torp$o4 ,its function is to keep ! torp$o on an ev5 keel at a dep? det]m9$ be=e ! dis*>ge4 ,?is is effect$ by means ( two ag5cies1 a sw++ weight1 & a valve :i* is driv5 9 by wat] pressure z ! torp$o s9ks4 ,:5 ! torp$o po9ts head d[nw>ds ! weight sw+s =w>d1 & by means ( connect+ lev]s br+s ! horizontal rudd]s up4 ,z ! torp$o rises ! weight becomes v]tical & ! rudd] horizontal4 ,?is device only insures t ! torp$o %all travel horizontally4 ,! valve makes x keep its prop] dep? by work+ 9 conjunction ) ! p5dulum4 ,! pr9ciple1 :i* is too complicat$ = full description1 is1 put briefly1 a t5d5cy ( ! valve to correct ! p5dulum :5ev] ! latt] sw+s too f>4 ,le/ ! p5dulum %\ld be viol5tly %ak5 by ! dis*>ge !re is a special controll+ ge> :i* keeps ! rudd]s fix$ until ! torp$o has proce$$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 :5 ! /e]+ me*anism is releas$4 ,! /e]+-ge> does n "w directly on ! rudd]4 ,mr4 ,:itehead f\nd 9 8 e>li] exp]im5ts t ! pull ex]t$ by ! weight & valve 0 n suffici5t to move ! rudd]s aga9/ ! pressure ( ! screws4 ,he !re=e introduc$ a beautiful little auxili>y eng9e1 call$ ! s]vo-motor1 :i* is to ! torp$o :at ! /eam /e]+-ge> is to a %ip4 ,! s]vo-motor1 situat$ 9 ! eng9e-room1 is only f\r in*es long1 b ! p[] x ex]ts by means ( compress$ air is s great t a pressure ( half an ounce ex]t$ by ! /e]+-ge> produces a pull ( #afj lbs4 on ! rudd]s4 ,! eng9es consi/ ( ?ree s+le-action cyl9d]s1 _! cranks work+ at an angle ( #abj to "o ano!r1 s t !re is no 8dead0 or /opp+ po9t 9 _! action4 ,!y are v small1 b1 ?anks to ! huge pressure 9 ! air *amb]1 develop ne>ly ?irty-"o horse-p[]4 ,le/ !y %\ld 8race10 or revolve too quickly1 :ile pass+ f ! tube to ! wat] & d !mselves s]i\s damage1 !y are provid$ ) a 8delay action valve10 :i* is op5$ by ! impact ( ! torp$o aga9/ ! wat]4 ,fur!r1 le/ ! air %\ld be admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s at a v high pressure gradually decreas+ to z]o1 a 8r$uc+ valve0 or gov]nor is add$ to keep ! eng9es runn+ at a con/ant spe$4 ,:itehead torp$oes are fir$ f tubes above or bel[ ! wat]l9e4 ,deck tubes h ! advantage ( be+ m easily aim$1 b :5 load$ !y are a s\rce ( dang]1 z any /ray bullet or %ell f an enemy's %ip might explode ! torp$o ) dire results4 ,!re is !re=e an increas+ pref]5ce = subm]g$ tubes4 ,an +5i\s device is us$ = aim+ ! torp$o1 :i* makes all[ances = ! spe$ ( ! %ip f :i* x is fir$1 ! spe$ ( ! %ip aim$ at1 & ! spe$ ( ! torp$o itself4 ,:5 ! mom5t = fir+ arrives1 ! (fic] 9 *>ge presses an electric button1 :i* sets 9 motion an electric magnet fix$ to ! side ( ! tube4 ,! magnet releases a heavy ball :i* falls & turns ! 8fir+ rod40 ,compress$ air or a p[d] dis*>ge is br\ght to be> on ! re> end ( ! torp$o1 :i*1 if subm]g$1 d>ts out f ! vessel's side along a guid+ b>1 f :i* x is releas$ at bo? ends simultane\sly1 ?us avoid+ ! great deflection t[>ds ! /]n :i* w\ld occur 7 a broadside torp$o n held at ! nose till ! tail is cle>4 ,?is guid+ app>atus enables a torp$o to leave ! side ( a vessel travell+ at high spe$ almo/ at "r angles to ! vessel's pa?4 ,x w be easily und]/ood t a ,:itehead torp$o is a co/ly projectile1 & t its value--#ejj or m--makes ! au?orities v c>eful ( its welf>e4 ,dur+ practice ) 8blank0 torp$oes a 8,holmes light0 is atta*$4 ,?is light is a cani/] full ( calcium phosphide to :i* wat] p5etrates ?r\gh num]\s holes1 caus+ gas to be ?r[n (f & rise to ! surface1 :]e1 on meet+ ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 x bur/s into flame & gives (f d5se volumes ( heavy smoke1 disclos+ ! position ( ! torp$o by night or day4 ,at ,portsm\? are /oreh\ses conta9+ upw>ds ( a ?\s& torp$oes4 ,e torp$o is at int]vals tak5 to pieces1 exam9$1 te/$1 & put toge!r aga9 aft] full p>ticul>s h be5 tak5 d[n on pap]4 ,ea* /eel 8baby0 is kept bright & clean1 coat$ ) a ?9 lay] ( oil1 le/ a s+le spot ( ru/ %\ld m> its beauty4 ,an int]e/+ passage f ,lieut5ant ,g4 ,e4 ,arm/rong's book on 8,torp$oes & ,torp$o ,vessels0 w illu/rate ! scrupul\s exactness obs]v$ 9 all ?+s relat+ to ! torp$o depts3 8,z an example ( ! c>e ) :i* ! /ores are kept x may be m5tion$ t a p>ticul> t9y patt]n ( brass screw :i* =ms "p ( ! torp$o's me*anism & :i* is valu$ at ab\t twop5ce-halfp5ny p] gross1 is nev] all[$ to be a s+le numb] wrong4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 ! /ocktak+ took place1 x 0 f\nd t in/ead ( #ejjj little screws be+ acc\nt$ = by ! man :o 0 told (f to c\nt !m1 !re 7 only #diig4 ,sev]al foolscap lett]s 7 writt5 & ex*ang$ ov] ^! ?ree small screws1 ?\gh _! value 0 n m ?an a small fraction ( a f>?+40 ,! classic in/ance ( ! effectiv5ess ( ?is type ( torp$o is ! battle ( ! ,yalu1 f\ght betwe5 ! ,japanese & ,*9ese fleets 9 #ahid4 ,! ,japanese _h be5 p\nd+ _! adv]s>ies = h\rs ) _! big guns )\t produc+ decisive results4 ,s !y det]m9$ ^u a torp$o attack1 :i* 0 deliv]$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ "u cov] ( d>kness1 & result$ 9 ! de/ruction ( a cruis]1 ! ,t+ ,yu54 ,! next night a second incursion ( ! ,japanese de/roy]s wreck$ ano!r cruis]1 ! ,lai ,yu51 :i* sunk )9 five m9utes ( be+ /ruck2 sank ! ,wei ,yu51 an old wood5 vessel us$ z a tra9+-s*ool2 & blew a l>ge /eam laun* out ( ! wat] on to an adjac5t :>f4 ,^! hits 8bel[ ! belt0 7 too mu* = ! ,*9ese1 :o soon aft]w>ds surr5d]$ to _! m sci5tific & bett] equipp$ foes4 ,if a g5]al naval w> broke out to-day mo/ nations w\ld und\bt$ly p9 _! fai? to ! ,:itehead torp$o = use 9 ! op5 sea1 n[ t its accuracy has be5 l>gely increas$ by ! gyroscope1 a heavy fly:eel atta*m5t revolv+ rapidly at "r angles to ! pa? ( ! torp$o1 & r5d]+ a *ange ( direction almo/ impossible4 ,= h>b\r def5ce ! ,br5nan or its ,am]ican rival1 ! ,sims-,edison1 might be employ$4 ,!y are bo? torp$oes dirigible f a fix$ base by means ( connect+ wires4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! wires con/itutes an ob/acle to _! be+ ( s]vice 9 a fleet action4 ,! ,br5nan is us$ by our naval au?orities4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( a ,melb\rne wat*mak]4 ,be+ a comp>atively poor man1 ,mr4 ,br5nan appli$ to ! ,colonial ,gov]nm5t = grants to aid him 9 ! manufacture & developm5t ( 8 torp$o1 & he 0 suppli$ ) suffici5t money to p]fect x4 ,9 #ahha he 0 reque/$ by our ,admiralty to br+ 8 inv5tion to ,engl&1 :]e x 0 exp]im5t$ ^u1 & pron\nc$ s effici5t = h>b\r & creek def5ce t at ! advice ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s ,mr4 ,br5nan 0 paid l>ge sums = 8 pat5ts & s]vices4 ,! ,br5nan torp$o d]ives its motive p[] f a v p[]ful eng9e on %ore1 capable ( develop+ #ajj horse-p[]1 ) :i* x is connect$ by /\t piano wires4 ,"o end ( ^! wires is w\nd on two reels inside ! torp$o1 ea* work+ a screw2 ! o!r end is atta*$ to two w9d+ drums driv5 at high velocity by ! eng9e on %ore4 ,z ! drums w9d 9 ! wire ! reels 9 ! torp$o revolve2 consequ5tly1 ! h>d] ! torp$o is pull$ back ! fa/] x moves =w>d1 lik$ a tra9$ trott+ m>e4 ,! /e]+ ( ! torp$o is effect$ by alt]ations 9 ! relative spe$s ( ! drums1 & consequ5tly ( ! screws4 ,! drums run loose on ! eng9e axle1 & are ?r[n 9 or out ( ge> by means ( a friction-brake1 s t _! spe$ c be regulat$ )\t alt]+ ! pace ( ! eng9es4 ,any increase 9 ! spe$ ( "o drum causes a correspond+ decrease 9 ! spe$ ( ! o!r4 ,! torp$o c be /e]$ easily to "r or left )9 an arc ( =ty degrees on ea* side ( /raight ahead2 b :5 once laun*$ x _c be retriev$ except by means ( a boat4 ,its pa? is m>k$ by a ,holmes light1 describ$ above4 ,x has a #bjj-lb4 gun-cotton *>ge1 & is fitt$ ) an app>atus = ma9ta9+ a prop] dep? v simil> to t us$ 9 ! ,:itehead torp$o4 ,! ,sims-,edison torp$o diff]s f ! ,br5nan 9 its great] ob$i5ce to ord]s & 9 its motive p[] be+ electrically transmitt$ ?r\gh a s+le connect+ cable4 ,x is ov] ?irty feet 9 l5g? & two feet 9 diamet]4 ,atta*$ to ! torp$o prop] by rods is a l>ge copp] float1 furni%$ ) balls to %[ ! op]ator ! pa? ( ! torp$o4 ,! torp$o itself is 9 f\r p>ts3 ! explosive head2 ! magaz9e ( electric cables1 :i* is paid out z ! torp$o travels2 ! motor room2 & ! comp>tm5t conta9+ ! /e]+-ge>4 ,! projectile has a high spe$ & long range--ov] f\r ?\s& y>ds4 ,x c twi/ & turn 9 any direction1 &1 if ne$ be1 be call$ to heel4 ,l ! ,br5nan1 x has ! disadvantage ( a long trail+ wire1 :i* c\ld easily become entangl$2 & x might be put out ( action by any damage inflict$ on its float by ! enemy's guns4 ,b x is likely to prove a v effective h>b\r-gu>d if br\ght to ! te/4 ,9 pass+ to ! ,orl+-,arm/rong torp$o we ent] ! late/ phase ( torp$o con/ruction4 ,see+ ! disadvantages aris+ f wires1 electricians h s\ght a means ( controll+ torp$oes )\t any tangible connection4 ,wireless telegraphy %[$ t su* a means 0 n beyond ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,mr4 ,axel ,orl+1 a ,sw$e1 work+ 9 conc]t ) ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,arm/rong1 has lately prov$ t a torp$o c be /e]$ by waves ( en]gy transmitt$ along rays ( light1 or p]haps x w\ld be m correct to say along %afts ( a =m ( ,x-rays4 ,mr4 ,orl+ claims = 8 torp$o t x is capable ( a spe$ ( tw5ty-two knots or m an h\r2 t x c be call$ to heel1 & /e]$ to "r or left at w2 t z long z x is 9 sight x is controllable by rays invisible to ! enemy2 t n m]ely "o1 b a numb] ( torp$oes c be direct$ by ! same beams ( light2 t1 z x is subm]g$1 x w\ld1 ev5 if detect$1 be a bad m>k = ! enemy's guns4 ,! torp$o c>ries a %aft :i* projects above ! wat]1 & be>s on its upp] end a :ite disc to receive ! rays & transmit !m to int]nal motors to be transmut$ into driv+ p[]4 ,! rod also c>ries at night an electric light1 %ad$ on ! enemy's side1 b r5d]+ ! :]eab\ts ( ! torp$o v visible to ! /e]]4 ,mr4 ,orl+'s torp$o acts ?r\gh\t 9 a cruelly calculat+ mann]4 ,be=e its attack a %ip w\ld d]ive small advantage f a cr9ol9e ( /eel nett+2 = ! l>ge torp$o conceals 9 its head a small] torp$o1 :i*1 z soon z ! nett+ is /ruck1 d>ts out & bla/s an op5+ ?r\gh :i* its long] bro!r1 aft] a mom5t>y delay1 c easily foll[4 ,! nett+ p5etrat$1 ! torp$o has yet to /rike twice be=e explod+4 ,on ! fir/ impact1 a p91 project+ f ! nose1 is driv5 9 to rev]se ! eng9es1 & at ! same "t a c]ta9 nut comm5ces to travel along a screw4 ,! nut hav+ work$ its way to ! end ( ! ?read1 ! head ( ! torp$o fills sl[ly ?r\gh a valve1 giv+ x a d[nw>d slant 9 front4 ,! eng9es are aga9 rev]s$ & ! nut aga9 travels1 ?is "t br++ ! head ( ! torp$o up1 s z to /rike ! vessel at a v effective angle f bel[4 ,?is torp$o has pass$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,x is report$ t by comm& ( ! ,sw$i% ,gov]nm5t1 to :om ,mr4 ,orl+ (f]$ 8 inv5tion1 & ( ! ,k+1 :o takes a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! ideas ( 8 "y c\ntryman1 a numb] ( exp]im5ts 7 "s "t ago c>ri$ out 9 ! ,sw$i% riv]s4 ,torp$oes 7 s5t #b-a_/b miles1 direct$ z desir$1 & made to rise or s9k--all ?is )\t any tangible connection4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 suffici5tly satisfi$ ) ! result to take up ! pat5ts1 z furni%+ a *eap means ( def5d+ _! coa/s4 ,mr4 ,orl+ has describ$ :at he imag9es w\ld happ5 9 case ( an attack on a position protect$ by 8 +5i\s creations4 8,suppose t ,i _h twelve torp$oes hidd5 away "u t5 feet ( wat] 9 a conv5i5t little cove1 & t ,i 0 direct$ to annihilate a ho/ile fleet j appe>+ above ! horizon4 ,be=e me1 on a little table p]haps1 ,i %\ld h my app>atus2 twelve buttons w\ld be "u my f+]s4 ,aga9/ ea* button !re w\ld be a description ( ! torp$o to :i* x 0 connect$2 x w\ld tell me its p[] ( de/ruction1 & ! p[] ( its ma*9]y1 & = :at di/ance x w\ld g4 ,on ea* button1 also1 w\ld be indicat$ ! "t t ,i mu/ press x to release ! torp$oes4 ,well n[1 ,i p]ceive a l>ge vessel 9 ! van ( ! approa*+ fleet4 ,i put my f+]s on ! button :i* is connect$ ) my l>ge/ & mo/ =midable weapon4 ,i press ! button--p]haps = twelve seconds4 ,! torp$o is pu%$ =w>d f its fa/5+s by a special spr+1 a small p9 is extract$ f x1 & imm$iately ! motive ma*9]y is set 9 motion1 & und]nea? ! wat] goes my little ag5t ( de/ruction1 & !re is no?+ to tell ! %ip ( its doom4 ,i place my h& on ano!r button1 & accord+ to ! "t ,i press x ,i /e] ! torp$o2 ! rudd] answ]s to ! rays1 & ! rays answ] to ! w ( my m9d40#b #b ,pe>son's ,magaz9e4 ,if ?is torp$o acts fully up to its au?or's expectations1 naval w>f>e1 at lea/ z at pres5t conduct$1 w be impossible4 ,!re appe>s to be no reason :y ?is torp$o %\ld n be work$ f %ipbo>d2 & we _c imag9e t ho/ile %ips possess+ su* truly inf]nal ma*9es w\ld c>e to approa* )9 miles ( "o ano!r1 especially if ! subm>9e be re9=c$ by ! arial torp$o1 diff]5t patt]ns ( :i* are 9 c\rse ( con/ruction by ,mr4 ,orl+ & ,major ,unge1 a bro!r ,sw$e4 ,! ,orl+ type w be work$ by ! new rays1 /rong en\gh to project x ?r\gh space4 ,major ,unge's w dep5d = its motive p[] ^u a succession ( impulses obta9$ by ! ignition ( a sl[-burn+ gas1 pass+ ?r\gh a turb9e 9 ! re> ( ! torp$o4 ,! inv5tor hopes = a range ( at lea/ six miles4 ,:at def5ce w\ld be possible aga9/ su* missiles8 ,liable to be %att]$ f bel[1 or %iv]$ f above1 ! w>%ip w be plac$ at an ev]-increas+ disadvantage4 ,its size w only r5d] x an easi] m>k2 its /r5g?1 b\ght at ! exp5se ( weight1 w be b ! means ( insur+ a quick] desc5t to ! sea's bottom4 ,is x n probable t sea-fights w become m & m matt]s ( a few t]rible1 quickly-deliv]$ bl[s8 ,human inv5tions w hold ! balance m & m ev5ly betwe5 nations ( unequal size1 fir/ on sea1 !n on l&1 until at la/1 z we may hope1 ev5 ! hotte/ heads & brave/ he>ts w %r9k f c\rt+ :at w be less w> ?an %e] annihilation1 & w>1 man's wor/ enemy1 w be itself annihilat$4 ,,subm>9e ,,boats4 ,! introduction ( torp$oes = use aga9/ an enemy's %ips bel[ ! wat]l9e has l$ by natural /ages to ! evolution ( a vessel :i* may approa* unsuspect$ close en\gh to ! object ( attack to dis*>ge its missile effectively4 ,be=e ! se>*light 0 adopt$ a night surprise gave due concealm5t to small craft2 b n[ t ! gloom ( midnight c be 9 an in/ant flood$ ) ! brilliance ( day a m subtle mode ( attack becomes necess>y4 ,h5ce ! g5esis ( ! subm>9e or subm]sible boat1 s con/ruct$ z to disappe> b5ea? ! sea at a safe di/ance f ! doom$ %ip1 & :5 its torp$o has be5 sp$ to retrace its invisible c\rse until outside ! radius ( de/ruction4 ,to ?is end _m s-call$ subm>9e boats h be5 inv5t$ & exp]im5t$ ) dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,! idea is an anci5t "o reviv$1 z inde$ are ! l>ge proportion ( our boa/$ mod]n discov]ies4 ,ari/otle describes a vessel ( ?is k9d 7a div+-bell r ?an a boat1 h[ev]71 us$ 9 ! siege ( ,tyre m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago2 & also ref]s to ! div]s be+ provid$ ) an air-tube1 8l ! trunk ( an elephant10 by means ( :i* !y drew a fre% supply ( air f above ! surface--a contrivance adopt$ 9 m ?an "o ( our mod]n subm>9es4 ,alex&] ! ,great is said to h employ$ div]s 9 w>f>e2 ,pl9y speaks ( an +5i\s div+ app>atus1 & ,bacon ref]s to air-tubes us$ by div]s4 ,we ev5 f9d traces ( weapons ( (f5ce be+ employ$4 ,calluvius is cr$it$ ) ! inv5tion ( a subm>9e gun = project+ ,greek fire4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,upsala 9 ! sixte5? c5tury gives a some:at elaborate description ( c]ta9 lea!r skiffs or boats us$ to scuttle %ips by attack+ !m f b5ea?1 two ( :i* he claims to h p]sonally exam9$4 ,9 #afbi we read t ! ,b>b>y corsairs fix$ subm>9e torp$oes to ! enemy's keel by means ( div]s4 ,z e>ly z #aegi an ,engli% gunn] nam$ ,william ,b\rne pat5t$ a subm>9e boat ( 8 own inv5tion fitt$ ) lea!r jo9ts1 s contriv$ z to be made small] or l>g] by ! action ( screws1 balla/$ ) wat]1 & hav+ an air-pipe z ma/4 ,! ,campbell-,a% subm>9e tri$ 9 #ahhe 0 on mu* ! same pr9ciple4 ,cornelius van ,drebbel1 an +5i\s ,dut*man :o settl$ 9 ,engl& be=e #afjj1 produc$ c]ta9 subm]sible vessels & obta9$ = !m ! patronage ( two k+s4 ,he claims to h discov]$ a means ( re-oxyg5at+ ! f\l air & s enabl+ 8 craft to rema9 a long "t bel[ wat]2 :e!r ?is 0 done by *emical treatm5t1 compress$ air1 or by surface tubes no record rema9s4 ,drebbel's success 0 su* t he 0 all[$ to exp]im5t 9 ! ,?ames1 & ,james ,i4 accompani$ him on "o ( 8 sub-aquatic j\rneys4 ,9 #afbf ,*>les ,i4 gave him an ord] to make 8boates to g "u wat]10 z well z 8wat] m9es1 wat] pet>ds10 c41 presumably = ! campaign aga9/ ,france1 b we d n he> ( ^! weapons ( de/ruction be+ actually us$ ^u ?is occasion4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,holl&0 ,subm>9e ,boat4 ,^! e>ly craft seem to h be5 g5]ally mov$ by o>s work+ 9 air-tight lea!r sockets2 b "o con/ruct$ at ,rott]dam ab\t #afed 0 furni%$ ) a paddle-:eel4 ,com+ n[ ne>] to our own times1 we f9d t an ,am]ican call$ ,bu%nell _h a l inspiration 9 #aggc1 :5 he inv5t$ 8 fam\s 8,turtles10 small1 upright boats 9 :i* "o man c\ld sit1 subm]ge himself by means ( lea!r bottles ) ! m\?s project+ outside1 propel himself ) a small set ( o>s & /e] ) an elem5t>y rudd]4 ,an unsuccessful attempt 0 made to bl[ up ! ,engli% fleet ) "o ( ^! 8,turtles0 c>ry+ a torp$o1 b ! curr5t prov$ too /rong1 & ! missile explod$ at a h>mless di/ance1 ! op]ator be+ f9ally rescu$ f an unprem$itat$ sea-trip6 ,bu%nell 0 ! au?or ( ! removable safety-keel n[ uni=mly adopt$4 ,soon aft]w>ds ano!r ,new ,engl&] took up ! runn+1 ,fulton--"o ( ! clev]e/ & lea/ appreciat$ eng9e]s ( ! e>ly ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 ,nautilus1 built 9 ! ,fr5* docky>ds1 0 9 _m respects ! patt]n = our own mod]n subm>9es4 ,! cig>-%ap$ copp] hull1 support$ by iron ribs1 0 tw5ty-f\r feet f\r in*es long1 ) a greate/ diamet] ( sev5 feet4 ,propulsion came f a :eel1 rotat$ by a h& w9*1 9 ! c5tre ( ! /]n2 =w>d 0 a small conn+-t[]1 & ! boat 0 /e]$ by a rudd]4 ,!re 0 a deta*able keel bel[2 & fitt$ into groves on ! top 7 a collapsible ma/ & sail = use on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,an an*or 0 also c>ri$ ext]nally4 ,9 spite ( ! imp]fect mat]ials at 8 disposal ,fulton _h mu* success4 ,at ,bre/ he took a crew ( ?ree m5 tw5ty-five feet d[n1 & on ano!r day blew up an old hulk4 ,9 ! ,se9e two m5 w5t d[n = tw5ty m9utes & /e]$ back to _! />t+-po9t "u wat]4 ,he also put 9 air at high pressure & rema9$ subm]g$ = h\rs4 ,b ,france1 ,engl&1 & 8 own c\ntry 9 turn reject$ 8 inv5tion2 &1 completely disc\rag$1 he b5t 8 en]gies to design+ boat eng9es in/ead4 ,9 #ahba ,capta9 ,johnson1 also an ,am]ican1 made a subm]sible vessel #ajj feet long1 design$ to fet* ,napoleon f ,/4 ,hel5a1 travell+ = ! mo/ "p ^u ! surface4 ,?is exp$ition nev] came (f4 ,two lat] inv5tions1 by ,ca/]a & ,pay]ne1 9 #ahbg & #ahdf respectively1 7 int5d$ = m peaceful objects4 ,be+ furni%$ ) div+-*amb]s1 ! occupants c\ld retrieve ?+s f ! bottom ( ! sea2 ,ca/]a provid+ 8 boat ) an air-tube to ! surface4 ,bau]1 ano!r inv5tor1 liv$ = "s ye>s 9 ,engl& "u ! patronage ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t1 :o suppli$ him ) funds = 8 exp]im5ts4 ,) ,brunel's help he built a vessel :i* 0 indiscreetly modifi$ by ! naval au?orities1 & f9ally sank & dr[n$ its crew4 ,go+ !n to ,russia he con/ruct$ sundry subm>9es = ! navy2 b 0 9 ! end ?r[n ov]1 &1 l ,fulton1 _h to turn himself to o!r employm5t4 ,! fact is t up to ?is p]iod ! cry = a practical subm>9e to use 9 w>f>e _h n yet aris51 or ^! inv5tions w\ld h met ) a f> diff]5t reception4 ,)9 ! la/ half c5tury all has *ang$4 ,am]ica & ,france n[ rival ea* o!r 9 con/ruction1 :ile ! o!r nations ( ,europe look on ) intellig5t int]e/1 & 9 turn make _! contributions t[>ds solv+ ! problem ( "u-wave propulsion4 ,am]ica l$ ! way dur+ ! ,civil ,w> blockades 9 #ahfd1 :5 ! ,h\satonic 0 sunk 9 ,*>le/on h>b\r1 & damage done to o!r %ips4 ,b ^! exp]im5tal torp$o-boats 7 clumsy contrivances comp>$ ) _! mod]n successors1 = !y c\ld only c>ry _! de/ructive weapon at ! end ( a sp> project+ f ! b[s--to be explod$ ^u contact ) ! ob/acle1 & probably involve ! aggressor 9 a common ru94 ,s no?+ m 0 done till ! p]fect+ ( ! ,:itehead torp$o 7see ,dirigible ,torp$oes7 gave ! requir$ impetus to fre% ent]prise4 ,france1 exp]im5t+ 9 ! same direction1 produc$ 9 #ahhi ,g\bet's subm>9e1 pat5t ( a private inv5tor1 :o has also be5 patronis$ by o!r navies4 ,^! are v small boats1 ! fir/1 #af-a_/b feet long1 c>ry+ a crew ( two or ?ree m54 ,g\bet ,no4 #b1 built 9 #ahii1 is #bf-a_/d feet long1 compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( gun-metal unit$ by /rong screw-bolts1 & s able to resi/ v great pressure4 ,!y are egg-or sp9dle-%ap$1 suppli$ ) compress$ air1 able to s9k & rise by re>rangem5t ( wat]-balla/4 ,res]voirs 9 ! hull are gradually fill$ = subm]sion ) wat]1 :i* is easily expell$ :5 x is desir$ to rise aga94 ,if ?is sy/em goes wrong a false keel ( ?irty-six hundr$weight c be deta*$ & ! boat spr+s up to ! surface4 ,! propulsive =ce is electricity1 :i* works ! driv+-screw at ! re>1 & ! automobile torp$o is dis*>g$ f its tube by compress$ air4 8,by ! aid ( an optical tube1 :i* a pneumatic telescopic app>atus enables ! op]ator to ?ru/ above ! surface & pull d[n 9 a mom5t1 ! capta9 ( ! ,g\bet c1 :5 ne> ! surface1 see :at is go+ on all r\nd him4 ,?is telescope has a sy/em ( prisms & l5ses :i* cause ! image ( ! sea-surface to be deflect$ d[n to ! eye ( ! obs]v] bel[4 8,fre% air = ! crew is provid$ by res]voirs ( oxyg51 & accumulations ( f\l air c be expell$ by means ( a small pump4 ,en\gh fre% air c be compress$ into ! res]voirs to la/ ! crew = a week or m40 ,! ,gymnote1 laid d[n 9 #ahih1 is m ?an d\ble ! size ( ! ,g\bet2 x is cig>-%ap$1 #bi feet long by #f feet diamet]1 ) a displacem5t ( ?irty tons4 ,! motive p[] is also electricity /or$ 9 accumulators = use dur+ subm]sion1 & ! spe$ expect$--b n realis$--0 to be t5 knots4 ,five ye>s lat] ?is type 0 improv$ ^u 9 ! ,gu/ave ,zd1 ! l>ge/ subm>9e ev] yet design$4 ,?is boat1 built ( phosphor-bronze1 ) a s+le screw1 measures #aca feet 9 l5g? & has a displacem5t ( #bff tons2 %e c conta9 a crew ( n9e (fic]s & m51 c>ries ?ree torp$oes--?\gh ) "o torp$o tube in/ead ( two--has a lightly arm\r$ conn+-t[]1 & is said to give a surface spe$ ( ?irte5 knots & to make eight knots :5 subm]g$4 ,at a trial ( h] p[]s made 9 ! pres5ce ( ,m4 ,lockroy1 ,m9i/] ( ,m>9e1 %e affix$ an unload$ torp$o to ! battle%ip ,mag5ta & got away unobs]v$4 ,! :ole p]=mance ( ! boat on t occasion 0 decl>$ to be mo/ successful4 ,b its co/ prov$ excessive consid]+ ! small radius ( action obta9able1 & a small] vessel ( ! same type1 ! ,morse 7#aah #i feet71 is n[ ! (ficial size = t p>ticul> class4 ,9 #ahif a competition 0 held & won by ! subm]sible ,n>val ( ,m4 ,laubeuf1 a craft %ap$ mu* l ! ord9>y torp$o-boat4 ,on ! surface or awa% ! ,n>val works by means ( a ,brul eng9e burn+ oil fuel to heat its boil]s2 b :5 subm]g$ = attack ) funnel %ut d[n is driv5 by electric accumulators4 ,%e displaces #ajj odd tons & is provid$ ) f\r ,dzewiecki torp$o tubes4 ,h] radius ( action1 /eam+ awa%1 is calculat$ at "s #bej miles1 or sev5ty miles :5 proce$+ "u wat] at five knots an h\r4 ,?is is ! p>5t ( ano!r class ( boats design$ = (f5sive tactics1 :ile ! ,morse type is adapt$ *iefly = coa/ & h>b\r def5ce4 ,! ,fr5* navy includes altoge!r ?irty subm>9e craft1 ?\gh sev]al ( ^! are only project$ at pres5t1 & none h yet be5 put to ! practical te/s ( actual w>f>e--! torp$oes us$ 9 exp]im5t+ be+1 ( c\rse1 blank4 ,mean:ile 9 ,am]ica exp]im5ts h also be5 proce$+ s9ce #ahhg1 :5 ,mr4 ,holl& ( ,new ,york produc$ ! vessel t be>s 8 "n4 ,?is1 consid]ably modifi$1 has n[ be5 adopt$ z model by our ,navy ,dep>tm5t1 :i* is build+ "s half-doz5 on v simil> l9es4 ,?\gh x is n easy to get any def9ite p>ticul>s conc]n+ ,fr5* subm>9es ,am]icans are less retic5t1 & we h graphic acc\nts ( ! ,holl& & h] (fspr+ f ^? :o h visit$ h]4 ,^! vessels1 ?\gh cig>-%ap$ lik$ mo/ o!rs1 9 "s respects resemble ! ,n>val1 be+ int5d$ = long runs on ! surface1 :5 !y burn oil 9 a f\r-cyl9d] gasol5e eng9e ( #afj horse-p[]4 ,"u wat] !y are propell$ by an electric wat]pro( motor ( sev5ty horse-p[]1 & proce$ at a pace ( sev5 knots p] h\r4 ,!re is a sup]/ructure = deck1 ) a funnel = ! eng9e & a small conn+-t[] protect$ by #d-;in* arm\r4 ,! armam5t c>ri$ comprises five #ah-;in* ,:itehead torp$oes1 #aa feet #h in*es long4 ,"o hundr$ & tw5ty tons is ! displacem5t1 includ+ tank capacity = #hej gallons ( gasol5e2 ! full l5g? is #fc feet #d in*es1 ) a beam ( #aa feet #i in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,an int]ior view ( ! 8,holl&40 ,! l>ge p5dulum on ! "r actuates me*anism to keep ! ,subm>9e at ! requir$ dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,! orig9al ,holl& boat is ?us describ$ by an adv5tur\s correspond5t :o took a trip 9 h]#c3 8,! ,holl& is fifty-?ree feet long1 & 9 its wide/ "p x is #aj-a_/d feet 9 diamet]4 ,x has a displacem5t ( sev5ty-f\r tons1 & :at is call$ a res]ve buoyancy ( #b-a_/b tons :i* t5ds to make x come to ! surface4 #c ,pe>son's ,magaz9e4 8,! frames ( ! boat are exact circles ( /eel4 ,!y are set a little m ?an a foot ap>t4 ,!y dim9i% gradually 9 diamet] f ! c5tre ( ! boat to ! b[ & /]n4 ,on ! top ( ! boat a flat sup]/ructure is built to af=d a walk+ plat=m1 & "u ?is are spaces = exhau/ pipes & = ! ext]nal outfit ( ! boat1 su* z ropes & a small an*or4 ,! /eel plates :i* cov] ! frame are f "o-half to ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 8,f :at may be call$ ! c5tre ( ! boat a turret ext5ds upw>ds ?r\gh ! sup]/ructure = ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,x is two feet 9 diamet]1 & is ! only means ( entrance to ! boat4 ,x is ! place f :i* ! boat is op]at$4 ,at ! /]n is an ord9>y ?ree-blad$ propell] & an ord9>y rudd]1 & 9 addition !re are two horizontal rudd]s--8div+-rudd]s0 !y are call$--:i* look l ! feet ( a duck spread out beh9d z x swims along ! wat]4 8,f ! b[ two-?irds ( ! way to ! /]n !re is a floor+1 b5ea? :i* are ! /orage batt]ies1 ! tank = ! gasol5e1 & ! tanks :i* are fill$ ) wat] = subm]g+2 9 ! la/ "o-?ird ( ! boat ! floor+ drops away1 & ! space is occupi$ by ! propell+ ma*9]y4 8,!re are ab\t a doz5 op5+s 9 ! boat1 ! *ief be+ ?ree ,k+/on valves1 by means ( :i* ! subm]g+ tanks are fill$ or empti$4 ,o!rs admit wat] to pressure gauges1 :i* regulate or %[ ! dep? ( ! vessel "u wat]4 ,!re are twelve deadlights 9 ! top & sides ( ! craft4 ,to rema9 "u wat] ! boat mu/ be kept 9 motion1 unless an an*or is us$4 8,x c be /e]$ to ! surface by ! div+ rudd]s1 or s5t fly+ to ! top ?r\gh empty+ ! /orage tanks4 ,if x /rikes bottom1 or gets /uck 9 ! mud1 x c bl[ itself loose by means ( its compress$ air4 ,x _c be sunk unless pi]c$ above ! floor+4 ,x has a spe$ capacity ( f eight to t5 knots ei!r on ! surface or "u wat]4 8,x c g #aejj miles on ! surface )\t r5ew+ its supply ( gasol5e4 ,x c g fully =ty knots "u wat] )\t com+ to ! surface1 & !re is en\gh compress$ air 9 ! tanks to supply a crew ) fre% air = ?irty h\rs1 if ! air is n us$ = any o!r purpose1 su* z empty+ ! subm]g+ tanks4 ,x c dive to a dep? ( tw5ty feet 9 eight seconds4 8,! int]ior is simply pack$ ) ma*9]y4 ,z y climb d[n ! turret y are confront$ ) x at once4 ,!re is a dim9utive compass :i* mu/ be avoid$ c>efully by ! feet4 ,a pressure gauge is directly 9 front ( ! op]ator's eye z he /&s 9 position4 ,!re are speak+-tubes to v>i\s p>ts ( ! boat1 & a signal-bell to ! eng9e-room4 8,z ! op]ator's h&s hang by 8 sides1 he t\*es a :eel on ! port side1 by turn+ :i* he /e]s ! little vessel1 & "o on ! />bo>d side1 by turn+ :i* he controls ! div+ ma*9]y4 ,aft] ! top is clamp$ d[n ! op]ator c look out ?r\gh plate-glass w9d[s1 ab\t "o in* wide & ?ree in*es long1 :i* encircle ! turret4 8,s long z ! boat is runn+ on ! surface ^! are valuable1 giv+ a complete view ( ! surr\nd+s if ! wat] is smoo?4 ,aft] ! boat goes b5ea? ! surface1 ^! w9d[s are useless2 x is impossible to see ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,/e]+ mu/ be done by compass2 until rec5tly consid]$ an impossible task 9 a subm>9e boat4 ,a t9y electric light 9 ! turret %[s ! op]ator ! direction 9 :i* he is go+1 & reveals ! m>k+s on ! dep? gauges4 ,if ! boat %\ld pass "u an object1 su* z a %ip1 a p]ceptible %ad[ w\ld be notic$ ?r\gh ! deadlights1 b t is all4 ,! ability to see fi%es swimm+ ab\t 9 ! wat] is a pleasant fiction4 8,! only cle> space 9 ! body ( ! boat is directly 9 front ( ! b5* on :i* ! man 9 ! turret is /&+4 ,x is :]e ! eighte5-in* torp$o-tube1 & ! eight & five-eigh?s in* arial gun are load$4 8,along ! sides ( ?is op5 space are six compress$-air tanks1 conta9+ ?irty cubic feet ( air at a pressure ( #bjjj lbs4 to a squ>e in*4 ,ne> by is a small] tank1 conta9+ ?ree cubic feet ( air at a fifty p\nds pressure4 ,a /ill small] tank conta9s two cubic feet ( air at a t5 p\nds pressure4 ,^! small] tanks supply ! compress$ air :i*1 ) ! smokeless p[d]1 is us$ 9 dis*>g+ ! projectiles f ! boat4 8,directly beh9d ! turret1 up aga9/ ! ro( on ! port side1 is ! little eng9e by :i* ! vessel is /e]$2 x is work$ by compress$ air4 ,fa/5$ to ! ro( on ! />bo>d side is ! div+-eng9e1 ) discs t look z l>ge z d9n]-plates /ood on end4 ,^! discs are diaphragms on :i* ! wat]-pressure ex]ts an influ5ce1 c\nt]act+ c]ta9 spr+s :i* are set to keep ! div+ rudd]s at a giv5 pit*1 & ?us insur+ an imm]sion ( an exact dep? dur+ a run4 8,at "o side is a cubic /eel box--! air compressor2 & directly 9 ! c5tre ( ?is "p ( ! boat is a long p5dulum1 j z !re is 9 ! ord9>y torp$o1 :i*1 by sw++ backw>ds & =w>ds z ! boat dives & rises1 *ecks a t5d5cy to g too f> d[n1 or to come up at too %>p an angle4 ,on ! floor are ! lev]s :i*1 :5 rais$ & mov$ 9 c]ta9 directions1 fill or empty ! subm]g+ tanks4 ,on e h& are valves & :eels & pipes 9 su* app>5t confusion z to turn a layman's head4 8,!re are also pumps 9 ! boat1 a v5tilat+ app>atus1 & a s\nd+ contrivance1 by means ( :i* ! *annel is pick$ out :5 runn+ "u wat]4 ,?is s\nd+ contrivance consi/s ( a heavy weight atta*$ to a piano wire pass+ f a reel out ?r\gh a /uff+-box 9 ! bottom4 ,!re are also valves :i* release fre% air to ! crew1 al?\gh 9 ord9>y runs ( f "o-half to "o h\r ?is is n necess>y1 ! fre% air receiv$ f ! v>i\s exhau/s 9 ! boat be+ suffici5t to supply all necessities 9 t l5g? ( "t40 ,ano!r subm]sible ( some:at diff]5t design is ! production ( ! ,sw$i% inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,nord5felt4 ,?is boat is #i-a_/b metres 9 l5g?1 & has a displacem5t ( sixty tons4 ,l ! ,g\bet x s9ks only 9 a horizontal position1 :ile ! ,holl& plunges d[nw>d at a slight angle4 ,on ! surface a /eam-eng9e ( #ajj horse-p[] propels x1 & :5 ! funnel is clos$ d[n & ! vessel subm]ges itself1 ! screws are /ill driv5 by sup]heat$ /eam f ! l>ge res]voir ( wat] boil+ at high pressure :i* ma9ta9s a con/ant supply1 ?ree circulation pumps keep+ ?is 9 t\* ) ! boil]4 ,! plunge is accompli%$ by means ( two protect$ screws1 & :5 !y cease to move ! res]ve buoyancy ( ! boat br+s x back to ! surface4 ,x is /e]$ by a rudd] :i* a p5dulum regulates4 ,! mo/ mod]n ( ^! boats is ( ,engli% manufacture1 built at ,b>r[1 & tri$ 9 ,s\?ampton ,wat]4 ,! vessels hi!rto describ$ %\ld be t]m$ subm]sible r ?an subm>9e1 z !y are design$ to usually proce$ on ! surface1 & subm]ge !mselves only = action :5 9 sight ( ! enemy4 ,am]ican +5uity has produc$ an absolutely unique craft to :i* ! "n subm>9e may ) real appropriat5ess be appli$1 =1 s9k+ 9 wat] #ajj feet deep1 x c rema9 bel[ & run ^u ?ree :eels along ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?is is ! ,argonaut1 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,simon ,lake ( ,baltimore1 & its ma9 portion consi/s ( a /eel framework ( cyl9drical =m :i* is surm\nt$ by a flat1 holl[ /eel deck4 ,dur+ subm]sion ! deck is fill$ ) wat] & ?us sav$ f be+ cru%$ by outside pressure z well z help+ to s9k ! craft4 ,:5 mov+ on ! surface x has ! appe>ance ( an ord9>y %ip1 ) its two light ma/s1 a small conn+-t[] on :i* is ! /e]+-:eel1 b[sprit1 v5tilators1 a d]rick1 suction-pump1 & two an*ors4 ,a gasol5e eng9e ( special design is us$ = bo? surface & subm]g$ cruis+ "u ord9>y circum/ances1 b 9 "t ( w> /orage batt]ies are available4 ,an electric dynamo supplies light to ! :ole int]ior1 includ+ a #djjj c&le-p[] se>*light 9 ! extreme b[ :i* illum9ates ! pa?way :ile "u wat]4 ,on ! boat be+ /opp$ & ! ord] giv5 to subm]ge1 ! crew fir/ ?r[ out s\nd+ l9es to make sure ( ! dep?4 ,!y !n close d[n ext]nal op5+s1 & retreat into ! boat ?r\gh ! conn+-t[]1 )9 :i* ! helmsman takes 8 /&1 cont9u+ to /e] z easily z :5 outside4 ,! valves :i* fill ! deck & subm]sion tanks are op5$1 & ! ,argonaut drops g5tly to ! floor ( ! ocean4 ,! two app>5t ma/s are 9 reality #c-;in* iron pipes :i* rise ?irty feet or m above ! deck1 & s long z no great] dep? is atta9$1 !y supply ! occupants ) fre% air & let exhau/$ gases escape1 b close automatically :5 ! wat] rea*es _! top4 ,once ^u ! bottom ( ! sea ?is v]satile subm>9e beg9s its j\rney z a tricycle4 ,x is furni%$ ) a driv+-:eel on ei!r side1 ea* ( :i* is #f-a_/b feet 9 diamet] & weighs #ejjj lbs42 & is guid$ by a ?ird :eel weigh+ #bjjj lbs4 j\rnall$ 9 ! rudd]4 ,on a h>d bottom or aga9/ a /rong tide ! :eels are mo/ effective ow+ to _! weight1 b 9 pass+ ?r\gh s(t s& or mud ! screw propell] pu%es ! boat along1 ! driv+-:eels runn+ 8loose40 ,9 ?is way %e c travel ?r\gh ev5 wai/-deep mud1 ! screw work+ m /rongly ?an on ! surface1 because x has su* a weight ( wat] to help x1 & %e moves m easily uphill4 ,9 con/ruction ! ,argonaut is %ap$ some?+ l a huge cig>1 h] /rong /eel frames1 spac$ tw5ty in*es ap>t1 be+ clad ) /eel plates #c_/h-;in* ?ick d\ble rivet$ ov] !m4 ,great /r5g? is necess>y to resi/ ! pressure ( sup]9cumb5t wat]1 :i* at a dep? ( #ajj feet am\nts to #dd lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,orig9ally %e 0 built #cf feet long1 b 0 subsequ5tly l5g!n$ by "s #bj odd feet1 & has #i feet beam4 ,%e weighs fifty-sev5 tons :5 subm]g$4 ,a false section ( keel1 #djjj lbs4 9 weight1 c on em]g5cy be in/antly releas$ f inside2 & two d[nhaul weights1 ea* ( #ajjj lbs41 are us$ z an extra precaution = safety :5 s9k+ 9 deep wat]4 ,! int]ior is divid$ into v>i\s comp>tm5ts1 ! liv+ qu>t]s consi/+ ( ! cab91 galley1 op]at+ *amb] & eng9e-room4 ,!re are also a division conta9+ /ores & telephone1 ! int]m$iate1 & ! div]s' room4 ,! 8op]at+0 room conta9s ! lev]s1 h&:eels1 & o!r me*anism by :i* ! boat's movem5ts are gov]n$4 ,a wat] gauge %[s h] exact dep? bel[ ! surface2 a dial on ei!r side indicates any incl9ation f ! horizontal4 ,c]ta9 lev]s op5 ! valves :i* admit wat] to ! balla/-tanks 9 ! hold2 ano!r releases ! false keel2 !re is a cyclomet] to regi/] ! :eel travell+1 & o!r gauges m>k ! pressure ( /eam1 spe$ ( eng9es1 c4 ,a compass 9 ! conn+-t[] enables ! navigator to /e] a true c\rse :e!r above or bel[ ! surface4 ,?is conn+-t[]1 only six feet high1 rises above ! c5tre ( ! liv+ qu>t]s1 & is ( /eel ) small w9d[s 9 ! upp] "p4 ,encircl+ x to ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( its height is a res]voir = gasol5e1 :i* fe$s into a small] tank )9 ! boat = consumption4 ,! compress$ air is /or$ 9 two ,mannesmann /eel res]voirs :i* h be5 te/$ to a pressure ( #djjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is r5ews ! air-supply = ! crew :5 ! ,argonaut is long bel[1 & also enables ! div+ op]ations to be c>ri$ on4 ,! maximum spe$ at :i* ! ,argonaut travels subm]g$ is five knots an h\r1 & :5 %e has arriv$ at h] de/9ation--say a sunk5 coal /eam]--! work+ p>ty pass into ! 8int]m$iate0 *amb]1 ^: air-tight doors are !n clos$4 ,a curr5t ( compress$ air is !n turn$ on until ! air is equal 9 pressure to t 9 ! div]s' room4 ,! doors ( ?is close ov] india rubb] to be air & wat]-tight2 "o communicates ) ! 8int]m$iate10 ! o!r is a trap :i* op5s d[nw>ds into ! sea4 ,?r\gh ?ree w9d[s 9 ! pr[ ^? rema9+ 9 ! room c wat* op]ations outside )9 a radius v>y+ accord+ to ! cle>ness ( ! wat]4 ,! div]s assume _! suits1 to ! helmets ( :i* a telephone is atta*$1 s arrang$ t !y are able to talk to ea* o!r z well z to ^? 9 ! boat4 ,!y are also provid$ ) electric lamps1 & a brilliant flood ( light /reams ^u !m f ! b[s ( ! vessel4 ,! d]rick c be us$ ) ease "u wat]1 & ! p[]ful suction-pump w 8retrieve0 coal f a subm]g$ vessel into a b>ge above at ! rate ( sixty tons p] h\r4 ,x w ?us be se5 h[ valuable a boat ( ?is k9d may be = salvage op]ations1 z well z = survey+ ! bottom ( h>b\rs1 riv] m\?s1 sea coa/s1 & s on4 ,9 w> "t x c lay or exam9e subm>9e m9es = h>b\r def5ce1 or1 if employ$ (f5sively1 c ent] ! enemy's h>b\r ) no *ance ( detection1 & !re de/roy 8 m9es or bl[ up 8 %ips ) p]fect impunity4 ,to return ! ,argonaut to ! surface x is only necess>y to =ce compress$ air into ! space bel[ ! deck & ! f\r tanks 9 ! hold4 ,h] buoyancy be+ ?us gradually re/or$ %e rises sl[ly & /eadily till %e is aga9 afloat ^u ! wat]1 & /eams = l&4 ,we h n[ glanc$ briefly at "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ attempts--out ( _m doz5s--to produce a practicable subm>9e vessel 9 bygone days2 & h inquir$ m closely into ! con/ruction ( sev]al mod]n designs2 among ^! ! ,holl& has receiv$ especial att5tion1 z t is ! model adopt$ by our ,admiralty1 & our own new boats only diff] 9 detail f _! ,am]ican prototype4 ,b be=e quitt+ ?is subject x w be well to consid] :at is requir$ f ! navigat+ eng9e]1 & h[ f> pres5t inv5tion has suppli$ ! dem&4 ,illu/ration3 ,! 8,holl&0 ,subm>9e 9 ! la/ /ages ( subm]sion4 ,! p]fect subm>9e ( fiction 0 introduc$ by ,jules ,v]ne1 ^: ,nautilus rema9s a ma/]piece ( sci5tific imag9ation4 ,?is m>vell\s vessel pl\gh$ ! seas ) equal p[] & safety1 :e!r on ! surface or deeply sunk b5ea? ! waves1 be>+ ! pressure ( _m atmosph]es4 ,x w\ld re/ ^u ! ocean floor :ile its inmates1 clad 9 div+ suits1 issu$ =? to /roll amid aquatic =e/s & scale m>9e m\nta9s4 ,x ga!r$ fabul\s treasures f pe>l b$s & sunk5 galleons2 & c\ld ram & s9k an (f5d+ %ip a ?\s& times its size )\t d9t+ or loos5+ a plate on its own hull4 ,no wea!r deflect$ its compass1 no movem5t di/urb$ its equilibrium4 ,its crew foll[$ peacefully & *e]fully 9 _! spaci\s cab9s a daily r\nd ( duties :i* electric p[] & automatic ge> r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,save = ! misadv5ture ( a %ort5$ air-supply :5 explor+ ! ,pol> pack1 & ! cla% ( human passions1 ,capta9 ,nemo's gue/s w\ld h voyag$ 9 a float+ p>adise4 ,comp>e ) ?is entranc+ creation ! mo/ practical vessels ( actual exp]im5t4 ,!y are small1 bl9d craft1 grop+ _! way p]il\sly :5 bel[ ! surface1 ! /eel & electrical ma*9]y sadly int]f]+ ) any tru/wor?y work+ ( _! compass1 & ! be/ =m ( p]iscope hi!rto introduc$ =m+ a v imp]fect sub/itute = ord9>y vision4 ,_! spe$1 nev] v fa/ ^u ! surface1 is r$uc$ by subm]sion to t ( ! olde/ & sl[e/ gunboats4 ,_! radius ( action is also circumscrib$--t is1 !y _c c>ry supplies suffici5t to g a long di/ance1 deal ) a ho/ile fleet1 & !n return to headqu>t]s )\t repl5i%m5t4 ,fur!rmore1 !re arise ! nice que/ions ( buoyancy comb9$ ) /ability :5 afloat1 ( s9k+ quickly out ( sight1 & ( keep+ a correct balance "u wat]4 ,! equilibrium ( su* small vessels navigat+ betwe5 ! surface & ! bottom is extremely s5sitive2 ev5 ! movem5ts to & fro ( ! crew are en\gh to imp]il !m4 ,to meet ?is difficulty ! big wat]-balla/ tanks1 eng9es & accumulators are necess>ily arrang$ at ! bottom ( ! hull1 & a p5dulum work+ a helm automatically is introduc$ to keep x longitud9ally /able4 ,to s9k ! boat1 :i* is done by *ang+ ! angle ( ! propell] 9 ! ,g\bet & "s o!rs1 & by means ( horizontal rudd]s & vanes 9 ! ,nord5felt & ,holl&1 x mu/ fir/ be mo/ accurately balanc$1 b[ & /]n exactly 9 trim4 ,!n ! boat mu/ be put into precise equilibrium ) ! wat]--i4e4 mu/ weigh j ! am\nt ( wat] displac$4 ,= ?is its specific gravity mu/ be ne>ly ! same z t ( ! wat] 7:e!r salt or fre%71 & a small accid5t might upset all calculations4 ,collision1 ev5 ) a l>ge fi%1 c\ld de/roy ! /e]+-ge>1 & a d5t 9 ! side w\ld also t5d to plunge x at once to de/ruction4 ,did x escape ^! dang]s & succe$ 9 /e]+ an accurate c\rse to its goal1 we h up to n[ little practical pro( t ! m]e act ( dis*>g+ its torp$o--?\gh ! weight ( ! missile is int5d$ to be automatically replac$ imm$iately x drops f ! tube--may n suffice to s5d ! vessel ei!r to bottom or top ( ! sea4 ,9 ! latt] case x w\ld be )9 ! dang] zone ( its al>m$ enemy & at 8 m]cy1 its sl[ spe$ 7ev5 if un9jur$7 leav+ x little *ance ( successful flight4 ,b :atev] ! f9al result1 "o ?+ is c]ta91 t--untri$ z x is--! possible cont+5cy ( a subm>9e attack is likely to %ake ! morale ( an aggressive fleet4 8,:5 ! fir/ subm>9e torp$o-boat goes into action10 says ,mr4 ,holl&1 8%e w br+ u face to face ) ! mo/ p]plex+ problem ev] met 9 w>f>e4 ,%e w pres5t ! unique spectacle1 :5 us$ 9 attack1 ( a weapon aga9/ :i* !re is no def5ce4444 ,y c s5d no?+ aga9/ ! subm>9e boat1 n ev5 itself4444 ,y _c see "u wat]1 h5ce y _c fight "u wat]4 ,h5ce y _c def5d y\rself aga9/ an attack "u wat] except by runn+ away40 ,?is inv5tor is1 h[ev]1 an en?usia/ ab\t ! future await+ ! subm>9e z a social factor4 ,8 boat has be5 te/$ by long voyages on & bel[ wat] ) complete success4 ,! ,argonaut also ^u "o occasion travell$ a ?\s& miles ) five p]sons1 & prov$ h]self 8habitable1 seawor?y1 & "u p]fect control40 ,mr4 ,holl& confid5tly anticipates 9 ! ne> future a ,*annel s]vice ( subm]g$ boats run by automatic /e]+-ge> ^u cables /ret*$ f coa/ to coa/1 & eloqu5tly sums up its advantages4 ,! passage w\ld be always practicable1 = ord9>y int]ruptions su* z fog & /orms _c affect ! sea dep?s4 ,an ev5 temp]ature w\ld prevail summ] & w9t]1 ! well-w>m$ & light$ boats be+ also free f smoke & spray4 ,no nauseat+ smells w\ld proce$ f ! ev5ly-work+ electric eng9es4 ,no motion cause sea-sickness1 no collision be appreh5d$--z ea* l9e w\ld run on its own cable1 & at its own specifi$ dep?1 a telephone keep+ x 9 communication ) %ore4 ,9 l mann] a s]vice might be pli$ ov] lake bottoms1 or across ! b$ ( wide riv]s ^: surface is b\nd 9 ice4 ,su* is ! subm>9e boat z hi!rto conceiv$ = peace or w>--a d>+ project = ! com+ g5]ation to ju/ify4 ,,animat$ ,,pictures4 ,has x ev] occurr$ to ! read] to ask himself :y ra9 appe>s to fall 9 /reaks ?\gh x arrives at e>? 9 drops8 ,or :y ! gl[+ end ( a *>r$ /ick produces fi]y l9es if wav$ ab\t 9 ! d>kness8 ,common s5se tells u ! drop & ! burn+ po9t _c be 9 two places at "o & ! same "t4 ,& yet app>5tly we are able to see bo? 9 _m positions simultane\sly4 ,?is seem+ p>adox is due to 8p]si/5ce ( vision10 a ph5om5on t has attract$ ! notice ( sci5tific m5 = _m c5turies4 ,p]si/5ce may be briefly expla9$ ?us3-- ,! eye is extremely s5sitive to light1 & w1 z is prov$ by ! visibility ( ! electric sp>k1 la/+ = less ?an ! million? "p ( a second1 receive impressions ) m>vell\s rapidity4 ,b x _c get rid ( ^! impressions at ! same spe$4 ,! duration ( a visual impression has be5 calculat$ z "o-t5? to "o-tw5ty-fir/ ( a second4 ,! electric sp>k1 !re=e1 appe>s to la/ mu* long] ?an x really does4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t if a s]ies ( impressions foll[ "o ano!r m rapidly ?an ! eye c free itself ( !m1 ! impressions w ov]lap1 & "o ( f\r results w foll[4 7a7 ,app>5tly un9t]rupt$ pres5ce ( an image if ! same image be repeat$ly repres5t$4 7b7 ,confusion1 if ! images be all diff]5t & disconnect$4 7c7 ,comb9ation1 if ! images ( two or a v few objects be pres5t$ 9 regul> rotation4 7d7 ,motion1 if ! objects be simil> 9 all b "o "p1 :i* occupies a slightly diff]5t portion 9 ea* pres5tation4 ,9 connection ) 7c7 an int]e/+ /ory is told ( ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el by ,*>les ,babbage3--#d #d ,quot$ f ,mr4 ,h5ry ,v4 ,hopwood's 8,liv+ ,pictures10 to :i* book ! au?or is indebt$ = mu* ( 8 in=mation 9 ?is *apt]4 8,"o day ,h]s*el1 sitt+ ) me aft] d9n]1 amus+ himself by sp9n+ a pe> ^u ! table1 sudd5ly ask$ :e!r ,i c\ld %[ him ! two sides ( a %ill+ at ! same mom5t4 ,i took out ( my pocket a %ill+1 & hold+ x up be=e ! look+-glass1 po9t$ out my me?od4 #8,no1' said my fri5d1 #8t won't d2' !n sp9n+ my %ill+ ^u ! table1 he po9t$ out 8 me?od ( see+ bo? sides at once4 ,! next day ,i m5tion$ ! anecdote to ! late ,dr4 ,fitton1 :o a few days aft] br\ght me a beautiful illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple4 ,x consi/$ ( a r\nd disc ( c>d susp5d$ betwe5 two pieces ( sew+ silk4 ,^! ?reads be+ held betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb ( ea* h&1 7 !n made to turn quickly1 :5 ! disc ( c>d1 ( c\rse1 revolv$ also4 ,^u "o side ( ?is disc ( c>d 0 pa9t$ a bird1 ^u ! o!r side an empty bird-cage4 ,on turn+ ! ?read rapidly ! bird appe>$ to h got inside ! cage4 ,we soon made num]\s applications1 z a rat on "o side & a trap on ! o!r1 c4 ,x 0 %[n to ,capta9 ,kat]1 ,dr4 ,wolla/on1 & _m ( our fri5ds1 & 01 aft] ! lapse ( a %ort "t1 =gott54 ,"s mon?s aft]1 dur+ d9n] at ! ,royal ,society ,club1 ,sir ,joseph ,banks be+ 9 ! *air1 ,i he>d ,mr4 ,b>r[1 !n secret>y to ! ,admiralty1 talk+ v l\dly ab\t a wond]ful inv5tion ( ,dr4 ,p>is1 ! object ( :i* ,i c\ld n q und]/&4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,?aumatrope1 & 0 said to be sold at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 ,albem>le ,/reet4 ,suspect+ t x _h "s connection ) our unnam$ toy ,i w5t next morn+ & pur*as$ = sev5 %ill+s & sixp5ce a ?aumatrope1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds s5t d[n to ,sl\gh to ! late ,lady ,h]s*el4 ,x 0 precisely ! ?+ :i* h] son & ,dr4 ,fitton _h contribut$ to inv5t1 :i* amus$ all _! fri5ds = a "t1 & _h !n be5 =gott540 ,! ?aumatrope1 !n1 did no?+ m ?an illu/rate ! p[] ( ! eye to weld toge!r a c\ple ( alt]nat+ impressions4 ,! toys to :i* we %all next pass repres5t ! same pr9ciple work+ 9 a diff]5t direction t[>ds ! production ( ! liv+ picture4 ,n[1 :5 we see a man runn+ 7to take an in/ance7 we see ! same body & ! same legs cont9u\sly1 b 9 diff]5t positions1 :i* m]ge ins5sibly ! "o into ! o!r4 ,no me?od ( reproduc+ t impression ( motion is possible if only "o draw+1 diagram1 or photograph be employ$4 ,a man repres5t$ ) z _m legs z a c5tip$e w\ld n give u any impression ( runn+ or movem5t2 & a blur %[+ ! positions tak5 successively by 8 legs w\ld be equally futile4 ,!re=e we are driv5 back to a s]ies ( pictures1 slightly diff]5t f "o ano!r2 & 9 ord] t ! pictures may n be blurr$ a scre5 mu/ be int]pos$ be=e ! eye :ile ! *ange f picture to picture is made4 ,! %ort] ! p]iod ( *ange1 & ! great] ! numb] ( pictures pres5t$ to illu/rate a s+le motion1 ! m reali/ic is ! effect4 ,^! are ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* h to be obs]v$ 9 all me*anism = ! production ( an illusory effect ( motion4 ,! p]si/5ce ( vision has l$ to ! inv5tion ( _m optical toys1 ! names ( :i*1 9 common ) ! names ( mo/ app>atus connect$ ) ! liv+ picture1 are rem>kable = _! l5g?4 ,( ^! toys we w select ?ree = special notice4 ,9 #ahcc ,plateau ( ,gh5t inv5t$ ! ph5aki/oscope1 8! ?+ t gives "o a false impression ( reality0--to int]pret ?is =midable ^w4 ,! ph5aki/oscope is a disc ( c>d or metal r\nd ! edge ( :i* are drawn a succession ( pictures %[+ a man or animal 9 progressive positions4 ,betwe5 e two pictures a n>r[ slit is cut4 ,! disc is m\nt$ on an axle & revolv$ be=e a mirror1 s t a p]son look+ ?r\gh ! slits see "o picture aft] ano!r reflect$ 9 ! mirror4 ,! zoetrope1 or ,:eel ( ,life1 :i* appe>$ fir/ 9 #ahfj1 is a modification ( ! same idea4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! pictures are arrang$ on ! inn] side ( a holl[ cyl9d] revolv+ on a v]tical axis1 its sides be+ p]=at$ ) slits above ! pictures4 ,z ! slit 9 bo? cases caus$ di/ortion ,m4 ,reynaud1 a ,fr5*man1 produc$ 9 #ahgg ! prax9oscope1 :i* diff]$ f ! zoetrope 9 t ! pictures 7 n se5 directly ?r\gh slits1 b 7 reflect$ by mirrors set half-way betwe5 ! pictures & ! axis ( ! cyl9d]1 a mirror = e picture4 ,only at ! mom5t :5 ! mirror is at "r angles to ! l9e ( sight w\ld ! picture be visible4 ,m4 ,reynaud also devis$ a special lant]n = project+ prax9oscope pictures on to a scre54 ,^! & o!r some:at simil> contrivances1 ?\gh +5i\s1 _h v di/9ct limitations4 ,!y dep5d$ = _! success ^u ! inv5tiv5ess & accuracy ( ! arti/1 :o 0 conf9$ 9 8 *oice ( subject2 & c\ld1 ow+ to ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus1 only repres5t a small s]ies ( actions1 indef9itely repeat$ by ! ma*9e4 ,& z a complete action _h to be cr[d$ into a few pictures1 ! *anges ( position 7 necess>ily abrupt4 ,to make ! liv+ picture a success two ?+s 7 ne$$2 "s me?od ( secur+ a v rapid s]ies ( _m pictures1 & a ma*9e = reproduc+ ! s]ies1 :atev] its l5g?4 ,! me?od 0 f\nd 9 photography1 ) ! advance ( :i* ! liv+ picture's progress is s closely relat$1 t x w be wor? :ile to notice briefly ! v>i\s improvem5ts ( photographic processes4 ,! old-fa%ion$ ,dagu]reotype process1 discov]$ 9 #ahci1 requir$ an exposure ( half-an-h\r4 ,! introduction ( wet collodion r$uc$ ?is tax on a sitt]'s pati5ce to t5 seconds4 ,9 #ahgh ! dry plate process _h /ill fur!r %ort5$ ! exposure to "o second2 & s9ce t date ! silv]-salt emulsions us$ 9 photography h _h _! s5sitiv5ess to light s mu* increas$1 t cle> pictures c n[ be made 9 "o-?\s&? ( a second1 a p]iod m9ute en\gh to arre/ ! mo/ rapid movem5ts ( animals4 ,by #ahgh1 !re=e1 in/antane\s photography 0 ready to aid ! liv+ picture4 ,previ\sly to t ye> s]ies ( photographs _h be5 tak5 f pos$ models1 )\t h[ev] ext5d+ ! *oice ( subjects to any great ext5t4 ,b betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj two m51 ,m>ey & ,muybridge1 began "w ) ! cam]a on ! movem5ts ( horses4 ,m>ey endeav\r$ to produce a s]ies ( pictures r\nd ! edge ( "o plate ) a s+le l5s & repeat$ exposures4#e ,muybridge1 on ! o!r h&1 us$ a s]ies ( cam]as4 ,he erect$ a long :ite backgr\nd p>allel to :i* 7 /ation$ ! cam]as at equal di/ances4 ,! %utt]s ( ! cam]as 7 connect$ to ?reads laid across ! int]val betwe5 ! backgr\nd & ! cam]as 9 su* a mann] t a horse driv5 along ! track snapp$ !m at regul> int]vals1 & br\ght ab\t successive exposures4 ,muybridge's me?od 0 c>ri$ on by ,ans*tz1 a ,g]man1 :o 9 #ahii br\ght out 8 electrical ,ta*yscope1 or 8quick-se]40 ,hav+ secur$ 8 negatives he pr9t$ (f transp>5t positives on glass1 & arrang$ ^! la/ r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a l>ge disc rotat+ 9 front ( a scre51 hav+ 9 x a hole ! size ( ! transp>5cies4 ,z ea* picture came opposite ! hole a ,geissl] tube 0 mom5t>ily lit up beh9d x by electrical contact1 giv+ a fleet+ view ( "o phase ( a horse's motion4 #e ,a v int]e/+ article 9 ! ,may1 #aijb1 issue ( ,pe>son's ,magaz9e deals ) ! late/ "w ( ,pr(essor ,m>ey 9 ! field ( ! photographic repres5tation ( ! movem5ts ( m51 birds1 & quadrup$s4 ,! introduction ( ! ribbon film 9 or ab\t #ahhh op5$ mu* great] possibilities to ! liv+ picture ?an w\ld ev] h exi/$ _h ! glass plate be5 reta9$4 ,x 0 n[ comp>atively easy to take a long s]ies ( pictures2 & accord+ly we f9d ,messrs4 ,friese-,gre5e & ,evans exhibit+ 9 #ahij a cam]a capable ( secur+ ?ree hundr$ exposures 9 half a m9ute1 or t5 p] second4 ,! next app>atus to be specially m5tion$ is ,edison's ,k9etoscope1 :i* he fir/ exhibit$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahid4 ,z e>ly z #ahhg ,mr4 ,edison _h tri$ to produce animat$ pictures 9 a mann] analog\s to ! mak+ ( a s\nd-record on a phonograph 7see p4 #ef74 ,he wrapp$ r\nd a cyl9d] a %eet ( s5sitiz$ celluloid :i* 0 cov]$1 aft] num]\s exposures1 by a spiral l9e ( t9y negatives4 ,! positives made f ^! 7 illum9at$ 9 turn by fla%es ( electric light4 ,?is me?od 01 h[ev]1 entirely ab&on$ 9 ! p]fect$ k9etoscope1 an in/rum5t = view+ pictures ! size ( a po/age /amp1 c>ri$ on a cont9u\sly mov+ celluloid film betwe5 ! eye ( ! obs]v] & a small electric lamp4 ,! pictures pass$ ! po9t ( inspection at ! rate ( =ty-six p] second 7a rate hi!rto nev] approa*$71 & z ea* picture 0 prop]ly c5tr$ a slit 9 a rapidly revolv+ %utt] made x visible = a v small fraction ( a second4 ,holes pun*$ at regul> int]vals along ea* side ( ! film engag$ ) /uds on a :eel1 & insur$ a regul> motion ( ! pictures4 ,?is pr9ciple ( a p]=at$ film has be5 us$ by ne>ly all subsequ5t manufactur]s ( animatographs4 ,to secure =ty-six negatives p] second ,edison inv5t$ a special exposure device4 ,ea* negative w\ld h b "o-=ty-six? ( a second to itself1 & t mu/ include ! "t dur+ :i* ! fre% surface ( film 0 be+ br\ght into position be=e ! l5s4 ,he !re=e introduc$ an int]mitt5t ge>+1 :i* j]k$ ! film =w>ds =ty-six times p] second1 b all[$ x to rema9 /ation>y = n9e-t5?s ( ! p]iod allott$ to ea* picture4 ,dur+ ! "t ( movem5t ! l5s 0 cov]$ by ! %utt]4 ,?is pr9ciple ( exposure has also be5 l>gely adopt$ by o!r inv5tors4 ,by its means weak negatives are avoid$1 :ile pictures project$ on to a scre5 ga9 greatly 9 brilliancy & /ead9ess4 ,! capabilities ( a long flexible film-b& hav+ be5 %[n by ,edison1 he 0 n long )\t imitators4 ,phantoscopes1 ,bioscopes1 ,photoscopes1 & _m o!r in/rum5ts foll[$ 9 quick succession4 ,9 #ahie ,messrs4 ,lumire scor$ a great success ) _! ,c9ematograph1 :i* !y exhibit$ at ,m>seilles & ,p>is2 ?r[+ ! liv+ picture z we n[ "k x on to a scre5 = a l>ge company to see4 ,?is cam]a-lant]n op5s ! era ( comm]cial animat$-photography4 ,! numb] ( pat5ts tak5 out s9ce #ahie 9 connection ) liv+-picture ma*9es is suffici5t pro( t inv5tors h ei!r f\nd 9 ?is p>ticul> bran* ( photography a peculi> fasc9ation1 or h anticipat$ f x a sub/antial pr(it4 ,a company kn[n z ! ,mutoscope & ,biograph ,company has be5 =m$ = ! sole object ( work+ ! manufacture & exhibition ( ! liv+ picture on a great comm]cial scale4 ,! pres5t company is ,am]ican1 b !re are subsidi>y alli$ companies 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 includ+ ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 ,s\? ,africa4 ,! "p t ! company has play$ 9 ! developm5t ( animat$ photography w be easily und]/ood f ! %ort acc\nt t foll[s4 ,! company controls ?ree ma*9es1 ! ,mutograph1 or cam]a = mak+ negatives2 ! ,biograph1 or lant]n = ?r[+ pictures on to ! scre52 & ! ,mutoscope1 a famili> app>atus 9 :i* ! same pictures may be se5 9 a diff]5t fa%ion on ! paym5t ( a p5ny4 ,ext]nally ! ,mutograph is rem>kable = its size1 :i* makes x a giant ( its k9d4 ,! complete app>atus weighs1 ) its accumulators1 sev]al hundr$s ( p\nds4 ,x takes a v l>ge picture1 z animatograph pictures g--two by two-&-a-half in*es1 :i*1 besides giv+ increas$ detail1 require less sev]e magnification ?an is usual ) o!r films4 ,! cam]a c make up to a hundr$ exposures p] second1 9 :i* "t tw5ty-two feet ( film w h pass$ be=e ! l5s4 ,! film is s heavy t 7 x arre/$ bodily dur+ ea* exposure & !n j]k$ =w>d aga91 x might be injur$4 ,! me*anism ( ! mutograph1 driv5 at regul> spe$1 by an electric motor1 has be5 s arrang$ z to halt only t "p ( ! film :i* is be+ expos$1 ! re/ mov+ =w>d cont9u\sly4 ,! expos$ portion1 toge!r ) ! next surface1 :i* has accumulat$ 9 a loop beh9d x1 is dragg$ on by two roll]s t are 9 contact ) ! film dur+ "p only ( _! revolutions4 ,?us ! j]ky motion is conf9$ to b a few in*es ( ! film1 & ev5 at ! highe/ spe$s ! cam]a is peculi>ly free f vibration4 ,an expos$ mutograph film is w\nd = developm5t r\nd a skeleton reel1 ?ree feet 9 diamet] & sev5 long1 :i* rotates 9 a %all[ tr\gh conta9+ ! develop+ solution4 ,developm5t complete1 ! reel is lift$ f its supports & susp5d$ ov] a succession ( o!r tr\ghs = wa%+1 fix+1 & f9al wa%+4 ,:5 dry ! negative film is pass$ ?r\gh a special pr9t+ frame 9 contact ) ano!r film1 :i* receives ! positive image = ! biograph4 ,! difficulty ( h&l+ su* films w be appreciat$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 by ^? ^: exp]i5ce is conf9$ to ! snaky behavi\r ( a %ort ,kodak reel dur+ developm5t4 ,! ,mutoscope ,company's organisation is z p]fect z its ma*9]y4 ,x has repres5tatives 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,:]ev] /irr+ ev5ts are tak+ place1 :e!r 9 peace or w>1 a mutograph op]ator w soon be on ! spot ) 8 heavy app>atus to secure pictures = _w-wide exhibition4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t great ob/acles1 human & physical1 h (t5 to be ov]come be=e a film c be expos$2 & consid]able p]sonal dang] enc\nt]$4 ,we read t an op]ator1 despat*$ to ,cuba dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> 0 left ?ree days & nights )\t food or wat] to gu>d 8 preci\s in/rum5ts1 ! p>ty t _h l&$ him hav+ sudd5ly put to sea on sight+ a ,spani% cruis]4 ,ano!r is report$ to h _h a n>r[ escape f be+ captur$ at sea by ! ,spani>ds aft] a hot *ase4 ,x is also on record t a mutograph set up 9 ,atlantic ,city to take a procession ( fire-eng9es 0 *>g$ & %att]$ by "o ( ! eng9es2 t ! op]ators 7 flung into ! cr[d3 & t nev]!less ! box conta9+ ! expos$ films 0 un9jur$1 & on developm5t yield$ a v s5sational s]ies ( pictures la/+ to ! mom5t ( collision4 ,! ,mutoscope ,company owns sev]al ?\s& s]ies ( views1 none probably m valuable ?an ^? ( 8 ,hol9ess ! ,pope1 :o graci\sly gave ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,dickson five special sitt+s1 dur+ :i* no less ?an #ag1jjj negatives 7 made1 ea* "o ( great int]e/ to millions ( p ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! company sp>es nei!r "t nor money 9 its endeav\r to supply ! public ) :at w prove acceptable4 ,a ye>'s output runs into a c\ple ( hundr$ miles ( film4 ,z mu* z #gjj feet is sometimes exp5d$ on a s+le s]ies1 :i* may be wor? any?+ up to #ajjj4 ,! en]gy display$ by ! op]ators is (t5 m>vell\s4 ,to take in/ances4 ,! ,d]by ( #ahih 0 run at #c4bj ,p4,m4 ,at t5 o'clock ! race 0 run aga9 by ,biograph on ! great %eet at ! ,palace ,!atre4 ,on ! home-com+ ( ,"l ,kit*5] f ! ,s\dan ,campaign1 a s]ies ( photographs 0 tak5 at ,dov] 9 ! aft]noon & exhibit$ ! same ev5+6 ,or aga91 to consid] a wid] sph]e ( action1 ! ,jubilee ,procession ( #ahig 0 wat*$ 9 ,new ,york t5 days aft] ! ev5t2 two days lat] 9 ,*icago2 & 9 ?ree m ! films 7 attract+ l>ge audi5ces 9 ,san ,francisco1 #ejjj miles f ! actual sc5e ( ! procession6 ,"o may easily we>y ( a s]ies ( s+le views pass$ sl[ly ?r\gh a magic-lant]n at a lecture or ent]ta9m5t4 ,b :5 ! ,biograph is fla%+ its records at lightn+ spe$ !re is no cause = dullness4 ,x is impossible to escape f ! fasc9ation ( movem5t4 ,a s+le photograph gives ! impression ( m]e resemblance to ! orig9al2 b a s]ies1 ea* re9=c+ ! signification ( ! la/1 brea!s life into ! dead image1 & deludes u into ! belief t we see1 n ! repres5tation ( a ?+1 b ! ?+ itself4 ,! bill ( f>e provid$ by ! ,biograph ,company is v>i$ en\gh to suit ! mo/ fa/idi\s ta/e4 ,n[ x is ! great ,naval ,review (f ,spi!ad1 or ,presid5t ,faure %oot+ pheasants on 8 pres]ves ne> ,p>is4 ,a mom5t's pause & !n ! magnific5t ,falls ( ,niag>a foam across ! %eet2 ,maxim guns fire h>mlessly2 panoramic sc5es tak5 f locomotives runn+ at high velocity unfold !mselves to ! delight$ spectators1 :o feel z if !y really 7 spe$+ ov] op5 c\ntry1 among t[]+ rocks1 or plung+ into ! d>kness ( a tunnel4 ,"h is an express approa*+ ) all ! quiv] & fuss ( real motion1 s fai?fully r5d]$ t x seems z if a cata/rophe 7 imm95t2 :51 snap6 we are transport$ a hundr$ miles to wat* x glide into a /ation4 ,! doors op51 pass5g]s /ep out & %ake h&s ) fri5ds1 port]s bu/le ab\t aft] luggage1 doors are slamm$ aga91 ! gu>d waves 8 flag1 & ! c>riages move sl[ly out ( ! picture4 ,!n our att5tion is swit*$ away to ! #aj-;in* disappe>+ gun1 l&+ & fir+ at ,s&y ,hook4 ,& next1 z ?\gh to %[ t no?+ is b5ea? ! notice ( ! biograph1 we are p]haps introduc$ to a family ( small pigs fe$+ f a tr\gh ) porc9e e>ne/ness & want ( mann]s4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! ,liv+ ,picture cat]s = m]e ent]ta9m5t only4 ,x s]ves "s v practical & useful ends4 ,by its aid ! movem5ts ( ma*9]y & ! human muscles may be /udi$ 9 detail1 to aid a me*anical or m$ical education4 ,x furni%es art s*ools ) all ! poses ( a liv+ model4 ,less s]i\s pursuits1 su* z danc+1 box+1 wre/l+ & all a?letic sports & ex]cise1 w f9d a use = x4 ,z an adv]tis+ m$ium x /&s unrivall$1 & we %all owe x a deep debt ( gratitude if x ultimately supplants ! fl>+ po/]s t disfigure our t[ns & desecrate our l&scapes4 ,n s long s9ce1 ! directors ( ! ,norddeuts*]-,lloyd ,/eam%ip ,company hir$ ! biograph at ! ,palace ,!atre1 ,london1 to demon/rate to anybody :o c>$ to witness a v int]e/+ exhibition t _! l9e ( vessels %\ld always be us$ = a j\rney betwe5 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! ,liv+ ,picture has ev5 be5 impress$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,briti% ,empire to promote emigration to ! ,colonies4 ,?ree ye>s ago ,mr4 ,fre] exhibit$ at ! ,imp]ial ,in/itute & 9 o!r places 9 ,engl& a s]ies ( films repres5t+ ! #ahig h>ve/ 9 ,manitoba4 ,w\ld-be emigrants 7 able to satisfy !mselves t ! great ,canadian pla9s 7 fruitful n only on pap]4 ,= c\ld !y n see ) _! own eyes ! /ately procession ( automatic 8b9d]s0 reap+1 b9d+1 & deliv]+ %eaves ( :eat1 & puff+ eng9es ?re%+ out ! gra9 ready = m>ket8 ,a f> pref]able me?od ?is to ! bogus descriptions ( l& companies su* z lur$ poor ,*uzzlewit & ,m>k ,tapley into ! deadly swamps ( 8,ed540 ,aga91 :at m calculat$ to recruit boys = our w>%ips ?an ! f9e ,polyte*nic exhibition kn[n z 8,our ,navy08 ,:at words1 spok5 or pr9t$1 c\ld h ! effect ( a s]ies ( vivid sc5es tru?fully r5d]$1 ( drills on bo>d %ip1 ! mann+ & fir+ ( big guns1 ! limb]+-up ( small] guns1 ! dis*>ge ( torp$oes1 ! headlong ru% ( ! 8de/roy]s08 ,! ,mutoscope1 to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above1 may be f\nd 9 mo/ places ( public ent]ta9m5t1 9 refre%m5t b>s1 on pi]s1 9 exhibitions1 on prom5ades4 ,a p5ny dropp$ into a slot releases a h&le1 ! turn+ ( :i* br+s a s]ies ( pictures "u inspection4 ,! pictures1 enl>g$ f mutograph films1 are m\nt$ 9 consecutive ord] r\nd a cyl9d]1 /&+ out l ! leaves ( a book4 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is revolv$ by means ( ! h&le ! picture c>ds are snapp$ pa/ ! eye1 giv+ an effect simil> to ! lifelike projections on a biograph scre54 ,f #ijj to #ajjj pictures are m\nt$ on a cyl9d]4 ,! advantages ( ! mutoscope--its conv5i5t size1 its simplicity1 & ! ease ) :i* its cont5ts may be *ang$ to illu/rate ! topics & ev5ts ( ! day--h made ! animat$ photograph extremely popul>4 ,x does = vision :at ! phonograph does = s\nd4 ,9 a %ort "t we %all d\btless be provid$ ) h&y ma*9es comb9+ ! two functions & giv+ u d\ble value = our p5ny4 ,! real importance & value ( animat$ photography w be m easily e/imat$ a few ye>s h5ce ?an to-day1 :5 x is /ill m or less ( a novelty4 ,! multiplication ( illu/rat$ newspap]s & magaz9es po9ts to a g5]al desire = pictorial matt] to help d[n ! daily1 weekly1 or mon?ly budget ( news1 ev5 if ! illu/rations be imag9ative products ( ,fleet ,/reet r ?an fai?ful to fact4 ,! reliable liv+ picture 7we expect ! 8set-sc5e07 :i* 8holds up a mirror to nature10 w be a companion r ?an a rival ( j\rnalism1 foll[+ h>d on ! description 9 pr9t ( an ev5t t has tak5 place "u ! eye ( ! record+ cam]a4 ,! ze/ ) :i* we h wat*$ dur+ ! la/ two ye>s biographic views ( ! emb>kation & disemb>kation ( troops1 ( ! transport ( big guns ?r\gh drifts & difficult c\ntry1 & ( ! o!r circum/ances ( w>1 is l>gely due to ! descriptions we h already read ( ! ?+s t we see on ! scre54 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! impression left by a s]ies ( animat$ views w dwell 9 our memories long aft] ! cont5ts ( ! newspap] columns h become confus$ & jumbl$4 ,x is !re=e especially to be hop$ t photographic records w be kept ( hi/oric ev5ts1 su* z ! ,jubilee1 ! ,que5's ,fun]al1 ,k+ ,edw>d's ,coronation1 s t future g5]ations may1 by ! turn+ ( a h&le1 be br\ght face to face ) ! great do+s ( a bygone age4 ,,! ,,great ,,p>is ,,telescope ,a telescope s p[]ful t x br+s ! moon app>5tly to )9 ?irty-five miles ( ! e>?2 s long t _m a cricket] c\ld n ?r[ a ball f "o end ( x to ! o!r2 s heavy t x w\ld by itself make a respectable load = a goods tra92 s exp5sive t a/ronomically-incl9$ millionaires might well hesitate to ord] a simil> "o = _! private use4 ,su* is ! huge ,p>is telescope t 9 #aijj delight$ ?\s&s ( visitors 9 ! ,fr5* ,exposition1 :]e1 among ! _m wond]ful sights to be se5 on all sides1 x probably attract$ m notice ?an any o!r exhibit4 ,?is triumph ( sci5tific eng9e]+ & dogg$ p]sev]ance 9 ! face ( great difficulties owes its be+ to a sugge/ion made 9 #ahid to a gr\p ( ,fr5* a/ronom]s by ,m4 ,deloncle4 ,he propos$ to br+ a/ronomy to ! front at ! com+ ,exposition1 & to effect ?is by build+ a refract+ telescope t 9 size & p[] %\ld completely eclipse all exi/+ in/rum5ts & add a new *apt] to ! 8/ory ( ! heav5s40 ,to ! m9d unv]s$ 9 a/ronomy ! telescope appeals by ! magnitude ( its dim5sions1 9 ! same way z d ! ,=? ,bridge1 ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 ! ,big ,:eel1 ! /atue ( ,lib]ty ne> ,new ,york h>b\r1 ! ,pyramids1 & mo/ human-made 8bigge/ on records40 ,at ! "t ( ,m4 ,deloncle's proposal ! l>ge/ refract+ telescope 0 ! ,y]kes' at ,william's ,bay1 ,wiscons91 ) an object-glass =ty in*es 9 diamet]2 & next to x ! #cf-;in* ,lick in/rum5t on ,m\nt ,hamilton1 ,cali=nia1 built by ,messrs4 ,alvan ,cl>k ( ,cambridgeport1 ,massa*usetts4 ,among reflect+ telescopes ! prior place is /ill held by ,"l ,rosse's1 set up on ! lawn ( ,birr ,ca/le half a c5tury ago4 ,its speculum1 or mirror1 weigh+ ?ree tons1 lies at ! l[] end ( a tube six feet across & sixty feet long4 ,?is huge reflector1 be+ m\nt$ 9 m]idian1 moves only 9 a v]tical direction4 ,a refract+ telescope is "o ( ! ord9>y pocket type1 hav+ an object-l5s at "o end & an eyepiece at ! o!r4 ,a reflector1 on ! o!r h&1 has no object-l5s1 its place be+ tak5 by a mirror t ga!rs ! rays ent]+ ! tube & reflects !m back into ! eyepiece1 :i* is situat$ ne>] ! m\? end ( ! tube ?an ! mirror itself4 ,ea* sy/em has its peculi> disadvantages4 ,9 reflectors ! image is m or less di/ort$ by 8sph]ical ab]ration40 ,9 refractors ! image is approximately p]fect 9 %ape1 b liable to 8*romatic ab]ration10 a ph5om5on especially noticeable 9 *eap telescopes & field-glasses1 :i* (t5 %[ objects fr+$ ) "s ( ! col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,?is defect arises f ! diff]5t refrangibility ( diff]5t light rays4 ,?us1 violet rays come to a focus at a %ort] di/ance f ! l5s ?an r$ rays1 & :5 "o set is 9 focus to ! eye ! o!r mu/ be out ( focus4 ,9 c>efully-made & exp5sive in/rum5ts comp\nd l5ses are us$1 :i* by ! employm5t ( diff]5t k9ds ( glass br+ all ! col\rs to practically ! same focus1 & s d away ) *romatic ab]ration4 ,to r$uce col\r tr\bles to a m9imum ,m4 ,deloncle propos$ t ! object-l5s %\ld h a focal di/ance ( ab\t two hundr$ feet1 s9ce a long focus is m easily correct$ ?an a %ort "o1 & a diamet] ( ov] fifty-n9e in*es4 ,! ne$ = s huge a l5s arises out ( ! optical pr9ciples ( a refractor4 ,! rays f an object--a />1 = in/ance--/rike ! object-glass at ! ne> end1 & are b5t by x into a conv]g+ beam1 till !y all meet at ! focus4 ,beh9d ! focus !y aga9 sep>ate1 & are caught by ! eyepiece1 :i* r$uces !m to a p>allel beam small en\gh to ent] ! pupil4 ,we ?us see t ?\gh ! unaid$ eye ga!rs only ! few rays t fall directly f ! object on to ! pupil1 :5 help$ by ! telescope x receives ! conc5trat$ rays fall+ on ! :ole area ( ! object-glass2 & x w\ld be s5sible ( a greatly increas$ brightness _h n ?is light to be r$i/ribut$ ov] ! image1 :i* is ! object magnifi$ by ! eyepiece4 ,assum+ ! ap]ture ( ! pupil to be "o-t5? ( an in*1 & ! object to be magnifi$ a hundr$ times1 ! object-l5s %\ld h a hundr$ times ! diamet] ( ! pupil to r5d] ! image z bright z ! object itself4 ,if ! l5s be five in/ead ( t5 in*es across1 a great loss ( light results1 z 9 ! high p[]s ( a microscope1 & ! image loses 9 di/9ctness :at x ga9s 9 size4 ,z ,m4 ,deloncle meant 8 telescope to beat all records 9 respect ( magnification1 he _h no *oice b to make a l5s t %\ld give proportionate illum9ation1 & itself be ( unprec$5t$ size4 ,at fir/ ,m4 ,deloncle met ) consid]able opposition & ridicule4 ,su* a s*eme z 8 0 decl>$ to be beyond accompli%m5t4 ,b 9 spite ( _m prophecies ( ultimate failure he set to "w1 entru/+ ! con/ruction ( ! v>i\s portions ( 8 colossal telescope to well-tri$ exp]ts4 ,to ,m4 ,gauti] 0 giv5 ! task ( mak+ all ! me*anical p>ts ( ! app>atus2 to ,m4 ,mantois ! ca/+ ( ! giant l5ses2 to ,m4 ,despret ! ca/+ ( ! huge mirror1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made imm$iately4 ,! fir/ difficulty to be enc\nt]$ arose f ! %e] size ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x 0 evid5tly impossible to m\nt su* a levia?an 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,a tube1 #ahj feet long1 c\ld n be made rigid en\gh to move ab\t & yet p]mit c>eful obs]vation ( ! />s4 ,ev5 suppos+ t x 7 satisfactorily m\nt$ on an 8equatorial foot0 l small] glasses1 h[ c\ld x be protect$ f w9d & wea!r8 ,to cov] x1 a mighty dome1 two hundr$ feet or m 9 diamet]1 w\ld be requir$2 a dome exce$+ by ov] sev5ty feet ! cupola ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,rome2 & ?is dome mu/ revolve easily on its base at a pace ( ab\t fifty feet an h\r1 s t ! telescope might foll[ ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! con/ructors !re=e decid$ to ab&on any idea ( mak+ a telescope t c\ld be mov$ ab\t & po9t$ 9 any desir$ direction4 ,! alt]native c\rse op5 to !m 0 to fix ! telescope itself rigidly 9 position1 & to br+ ! />s )9 its field by means ( a mirror m\nt$ on a massive iron frame--! two toge!r te*nically call$ a sid]o/at4 ,! mirror & its support w\ld be driv5 by clockwork at ! prop] sid]eal rate4 ,! sid]o/at pr9ciple _h be5 employ$ z e>ly z ! eighte5? c5tury1 & p]fect$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ,lon ,f\cault1 s t 9 hav+ rec\rse to x ! build]s ( ! telescope 7 n committ+ !mselves to any untri$ device4 ,9 days :5 ! h&l+ ( masses ( iron1 & ! erection ( huge metal con/ructions h become matt]s ( ev]yday eng9e]+ life1 no peculi> difficulty pres5t$ itself 9 connection ) ! metal-"w ( ! telescope4 ,! greate/ possible c>e 0 ( c\rse obs]v$ 9 e p>ticul>4 ,all jo9ts & be>+s 7 adju/$ ) an extraord9>y accuracy2 & all ! cyl9drical mov+ p>ts ( ! sid]o/at v]ifi$ till !y did n v>y f p]fect cyl9dricity by s mu* z "o tw5ty-five-?\s&? ( an in*6 ,! tube ( ! telescope1 #ahj feet long1 consi/$ ( tw5ty-f\r sections1 fifty-n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 bolt$ toge!r & support$ on sev5 massive iron pill>s4 ,x weigh$ tw5ty-"o tons4 ,! sid]o/at1 tw5ty-sev5 feet high1 & z _m 9 l5g?1 weigh$ =ty-five tons4 ,! l[] portion1 :i* 0 fix$ firmly on a b$ ( concrete1 _h on ! top a tank fill$ ) quicksilv]1 9 :i* ! mirror & its frame float$4 ,! quicksilv] support$ n9e-t5?s ( ! weight1 ! re/ be+ tak5 by ! lev]s us$ to move ! mirror4 ,?\gh ! total weight ( ! mirror & frame 0 ?irte5 tons1 ! quicksilv] (f]$ s little resi/ance t a pull ( a few p\nds suffic$ to rotate ! entire mass4 ,! real romance ( ! con/ruction ( ?is huge telescope c5tres on ! mak+ ( ! l5ses & mirror4 ,fir/-class l5ses = all photographic & optical purposes comm& a v high price on acc\nt ( ! c>e & lab\r t has to be exp5d$ on _! production2 ! value ( ! glass be+ trifl+ by comp>ison4 ,few1 if any1 trades require great] me*anical skill ?an t ( l5smak+2 ! l>g] ! l5s ! great] ! difficulties x pres5ts1 fir/ 9 ! ca/+1 !n 9 ! gr9d+1 la/ ( all 9 ! poli%+4 ,! pres5ce ( a s+le air-bubble 9 ! molt5 glass1 ! slighte/ irregul>ity ( surface 9 ! poli%+ may utt]ly de/roy ! value ( a l5s o!rwise wor? sev]al ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by ! p]mission ( ,proprietors ( 8,k40 ,g5]al view1 ( ! ,great ,p>is ,telescope1 %[+ ! eye-end4 ,! tube is #ahj feet long1 & #ei in*es 9 diamet]4 ,x weighs #ba tons4 ,! object-glass ( ! great telescope 0 ca/ by ,m4 ,mantois1 fam\s z ! manufactur] ( l>ge l5ses4 ,! glass us$ 0 boil$ & reboil$ _m times to get rid ( all bubbles4 ,!n x 0 run into a m\ld & all[$ to cool v gradually4 ,a :ole mon? elaps$ be=e ! break+ ( a m\ld1 :5 ! l5s (t5 prov$ to be crack$ on ! surface1 ow+ to ! ext]ior hav+ cool$ fa/] ?an ! int]ior & p>t$ company ) x4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 a p]fect ca/ result$4 ,m4 ,despret und]took ! ev5 m =midable task ( ca/+ ! mirror at 8 works at ,jeumont1 ,nor? ,france4 ,a special furnace & ov51 capable ( conta9+ ov] fifte5 tons ( molt5 glass1 _h to be con/ruct$4 ,! mirror1 #f-a_/b feet 9 diamet] & elev5 in*es ?ick1 absorb$ #c-c_/d tons ( liquid glass2 & s great 0 ! difficulty ( cool+ x gradually1 t out ( ! tw5ty ca/s eighte5 7 failures4 ,! r\gh l5ses & mirror hav+ be5 gr\nd to approximate correctness 9 ! ord9>y way1 !re arose ! "q ( poli%+1 :i* is g5]ally done by "o ( ! mo/ s5sitive & p]fect in/rum5ts exi/+-! human h&4 ,9 ?is case1 ow+ to ! enorm\s size ( ! objects to be treat$1 h& "w w\ld n d4 ,! m]e hot t\* ( a workman w\ld raise on ! glass a t9y protub]ance1 :i* w\ld be worn level ) ! re/ ( ! surface by ! poli%]1 & on ! cool+ ( ! "p w\ld leave a depression1 only #a-ge1jjj ( an in* deep1 p]haps1 b suffici5t to produce di/ortion1 & require t ! l5s %\ld be gr\nd d[n aga91 & ! :ole surface poli%$ afre%4 ,m4 ,gauti] !re=e poli%$ by ma*9]y4 ,x prov$ a v difficult process altoge!r1 on acc\nt ( frictional heat+1 ! rise ( temp]ature 9 ! poli%+ room1 & ! pres5ce ( du/4 ,to insure success x 0 f\nd necess>y to w>m all ! poli%+ ma*9]y1 & to keep x at a fix$ temp]ature4 ,at ! end ( almo/ a ye> ! poli%+ 0 f9i%$1 aft] ! l5ses & mirror _h be5 subject$ to ! mo/ se>*+ te/s1 able to detect irregul>ities n exce$+ #a-bej1jjj ( an in*4 ,m4 ,gauti] appli$ to ! mirror ,m4 ,f\cault's te/1 :i* is wor? m5tion+4 ,a po9t ( light ?r[n by ! mirror is focus$ ?r\gh a telescope4 ,! eyepiece is !n mov$ inw>ds & outw>ds s z to ?r[ ! po9t out ( focus4 ,if ! po9t becomes a lum9\s circle surr\nd$ by conc5tric r+s1 ! surface ?r[+ ! light po9t is p]fectly plane or smoo?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a pu%+-9 %[s a v]tical flatt5+ ( ! po9t1 & a pull+-out a horizontal flatt5+1 t "p is concave2 if ! rev]se happ5s1 convexity is ! cause4 ,= ! removal ( ! mirror f ,jeumont to ,p>is a special tra9 0 engag$1 & precautions 7 tak5 rivall+ ^? by :i* travell+ ,royalty is gu>d$4 ,! tra9 ran at night )\t /opp+1 & at a con/ant pace1 s t ! vibration ( ! glass atoms might n v>y4 ,on arriv+ at ,p>is1 ! mirror 0 transf]r$ to a pond]\s waggon1 & escort$ by a body ( m5 to ! ,exposition build+s4 ,! huge object-l5s receiv$ equally c>eful treatm5t4 ,! telescope 0 h\s$ at ! ,exhibition 9 a long gall]y po9t+ due nor? & s\?1 ! sid]o/at at ! nor? end4 ,at ! o!r1 ! eyepiece1 end1 a l>ge amphi!atre accommodat$ ! public assembl$ to wat* ! projection ( /ell> or lun> images on to a scre5 ?irty feet high1 :ile a lectur] expla9$ :at 0 visible f "t to "t4 ,! images ( ! sun & moon z !y appe>$ at ! prim>y focus 9 ! eyepiece measur$ f tw5ty-"o to tw5ty-two in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! scre5 projections 7 magnifi$ f ^! ab\t ?irty times sup]ficially4 ,! eyepiece section consi/$ ( a %ort tube1 ( ! same bread? z ! ma9 tube1 re/+ on f\r :eels t travell$ along rails4 ,special ge>+ mov$ ?is truck-l con/ruction backw>ds & =w>ds to br+ a %>p focus into ! eyepiece or on to a photographic plate4 ,focus+ 0 ?us easy en\gh :5 once ! desir$ object came 9 view2 b ! obs]v] be+ unable to control ! sid]o/at1 #bej feet di/ant1 _h to telephone directions to an assi/ant /ation$ ne> ! mirror :5ev] he wi%$ to exam9e an object n 9 ! field ( vision4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! proprietors ( ! ,/r& ,magaz9e we are all[$ to quote ,m4 ,deloncle's own words describ+ 8 emotions on 8 fir/ view ?r\gh ! giant telescope3-- 8,z is inv>iably ! case1 :5ev] an innovation t sets at n\ght old-e/abli%$ !ories is br\ght =w>d1 ! prophecies ( failure 7 _m & l\d1 & ,i _h m ?an a suspicion t my success w\ld cause less satisfaction to o!rs ?an to myself4 ,bett] ?an any "o else ,i myself 0 cognisant ( ! unpropiti\s conditions 9 :i* my in/rum5t _h to "w4 ,! proximity ( ! riv]1 ! du/ rais$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( trampl+ feet1 ! trepidation ( ! soil1 ! work+ ( ! ma*9]y1 ! *anges ( temp]ature1 ! gl>e f ! ?\s&s ( electric lamps 9 close proximity--ea* ( ^! circum/ances1 & _m o!rs ( a m te*nical nature1 :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate1 b :i* 7 no less important1 w\ld h be5 m ?an suffici5t to make any a/ronom] despair ( success ev5 9 obs]vatories :]e all ! surr\nd+s are *os5 ) ! utmo/ c>e4 8,9 regions pure ( calm & s]5e air l>ge new in/rum5ts take mon?s1 m (t5 ye>s1 to regulate prop]ly4 8,9 spite ( ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 ,i /ill felt confid5t4 ,our calculations _h be5 gone ov] aga9 & aga91 & ,i c\ld see no?+ t 9 my op9ion w>rant$ ! wor/ appreh5sions ( my k9d critics4 8,x 0 ) ill-re/ra9$ impati5ce t ,i wait$ = ! fir/ night :5 ! moon %\ld %[ h]self 9 a suitable position = be+ obs]v$2 b ! night arriv$ 9 due c\rse4 8,ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess4 ,! movable portion ( ! ro( ( ! build+ _h be5 slid back1 & ! mirror ( ! sid]o/at /ood b>$ to ! sky4 8,9 ! d>k1 squ>e *amb] at ! o!r end ( ! in/rum5t1 #bjj feet away1 into :i* ! eyepiece ( ! in/rum5t op5$1 ,i _h tak5 my /ation ) two or ?ree fri5ds4 ,an att5dant at ! telephone /ood wait+ at my elb[ to transmit my ord]s to 8 colleague 9 *>ge ( ! lev]s t regulat$ ! sid]o/at & its mirror4 8,! moon _h ris5 n[1 & h] silv]y glory %one & sp>kl$ 9 ! mirror4 8#8,a "r decl5sion1' ,i ord]$4 8,! telephone bell rang 9 reply4 #8,sl[ly1 /ill sl[]2 n[ to ! left--en\gh2 aga9 a "r decl5sion--sl[]2 /op n[--v1 v sl[ly4' 8,on ! gr\nd-glass be=e our eyes ! moon's image crept up f "o corn] until x _h ov]spread ! glass completely4 ,& !re we /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ,p>is1 exam9+ ! surface ( our satellite ) all its crat]s & valleys & bleak desolation4 8,i _h won ! day40 ,,photograph+ ,,! ,,invisible4 ,mo/ ( u are able to recognise :5 we see !m %ad[graphs tak5 by ! aid ( ! n[ fam\s ,x-rays4 ,!y g5]ally repres5t "s "p ( ! /ructure ( m51 bea/s1 birds1 or fi%es4 ,v d>k pat*es %[ ! position ( ! bones1 l>ge & small2 light] pat*es ! m solid muscles cl++ to ! bony framework2 & outside ^! aga9 are %ad[y tracts correspond+ to ! ?9ne/ & mo/ transp>5t portions ( ! fle%y envelope4 ,9 an age fruitful z ?is 9 sci5tific m>vels1 x (t5 takes "s consid]able "t = ! public to grasp ! full importance ( a fre% discov]y4 ,b :51 9 #ahif1 x 0 ann\nc$ t ,pr(essor ,rntg5 ( ,wrzburg _h actually tak5 photographs ( ! int]nal organs ( /ill liv+ creatures1 & p5etrat$ metal & o!r opaque sub/ances ) a new k9d ( ray1 great int]e/ 0 manife/$ ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w4 ,on ! "o h& ! 8new photography0 seem$ to upset popul> ideas ( opacity2 on ! o!r x sav\r$ /rongly ( ! black art1 &1 by its easy excursions ?r\gh ! human body1 seem$ likely to revolutionise m$ical & surgical me?ods4 ,at fir/ _m /range ideas ab\t ! ,x-rays got afloat1 attribut+ to !m p[]s :i* w\ld h surpris$ ev5 _! mode/ discov]]4 ,x 0 also ?\ght t ! records 7 made 9 a cam]a aft] ! ord9>y mann] ( photography1 b z a matt] ( fact ,rntg5 us$ nei!r l5s nor cam]a1 ! op]ation be+ simil> to t ( ca/+ a %ad[ on a wall by means ( a lamp4 ,9 ,x-radiography a specially con/ruct$ electrically-lit glass tube takes ! place ( ! lamp1 & = ! wall is sub/itut$ a s5sitis$ plate4 ,! object to be radiograph$ is m]ely ins]t$ betwe5 !m1 its v>i\s p>ts (f]+ v>y+ resi/ance to ! rays1 s t ! plate is affect$ unequally1 & aft] exposure may be develop$ & pr9t$ f x ! usual way4 ,photographs obta9$ by us+ ,x-rays are !re=e prop]ly call$ %ad[graphs or skiagraphs4 ,! discov]y t has made ,pr(essor ,rntg5 fam\s is1 l _m great discov]ies1 bas$ ^u ! lab\rs ( o!r m5 9 ! same field4 ,geissl]1 ^: vacuum tubes are s well kn[n = _! /rik+ col\r effects1 _h already notic$ t electric dis*>ges s5t ?r\gh v mu* r>efi$ air or gases produc$ beautiful gl[s4 ,sir ,william ,crookes1 foll[+ ! same l9e ( rese>*1 & r$uc+ ) a ,spr5gel air-pump ! int]nal pressure ( ! tubes to #a_/ajjjjj ( an atmosph]e1 f\nd t a lum9\s gl[ /ream$ f ! ca?ode1 or negative pole1 9 a /raight l9e1 heat+ & r5d]+ phosphoresc5t any?+ t x met4 ,crookes reg>d$ ! gl[ z compos$ ( 8radiant matt]10 & expla9$ its exi/5ce z foll[s4 ,! airy p>ticles inside ! tube1 be+ few 9 numb]1 are able to move ab\t ) f> great] fre$om ?an 9 ! tightly pack$ atmosph]e outside ! tube4 ,a p>ticle1 on rea*+ ! ca?ode1 is repell$ viol5tly by x 9 a /raight l9e1 to 8bomb>d0 ano!r p>ticle1 ! walls ( ! tube1 or any object set up 9 its pa?1 ! sudd5 arre/ ( motion be+ conv]t$ into light & heat4 ,by means ( special tubes he prov$ t ! 8radiant matt]0 c\ld turn little vanes1 & t ! fl[ cont9u$ ev5 :5 ! t]m9als ( ! %ock+-coil 7 outside ! glass1 ?us meet+ ! cont5tion ( ,puluj t ! radiant matt] 0 no?+ m ?an small p>ticles ( plat9um torn f ! t]m9als4 ,he also %[$ t1 :5 int]cept$1 radiant matt] ca/ a %ad[1 ! int]cept+ object receiv+ ! en]gy ( ! bomb>dm5t2 b t :5 ! ob/ruction 0 remov$ ! hi!rto %elt]$ "p ( ! glass wall ( ! tube gl[$ ) a bright] phosphoresc5ce ?an ! "p :i* _h become 8tir$0 by prolong$ bomb>dm5t4 ,exp]im5ts fur!r reveal$ ! fact t ! %aft ( 8,ca?ode rays0 c\ld be deflect$ by a magnet f _! c\rse1 & t !y affect$ an ord9>y photographic plate expos$ to !m4 ,9 #ahid ,l5>d1 a ,hung>ian1 & pupil ( ! fam\s ,h]tz1 fitt$ a ,crookes' tube ) a 8w9d[0 ( alum9ium 9 its side replac+ a "p ( ! glass1 & saw t ! c\rse ( ! rays c\ld be trac$ ?r\gh ! outside air4 ,f ?is x 0 evid5t t some?+ else ?an matt] mu/ be pres5t 9 ! %aft ( en]gy s5t f ! negative t]m9al ( ! tube1 z !re 0 no direct communication betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( ! tube to acc\nt = ! ext]nal phosphoresc5ce4 ,:atev] 0 ! nature ( ! rays he succe$$ 9 mak+ !m p5etrate & impress !mselves on a s5sitis$ plate enclos$ 9 a metal box4 ,!n 9 #ahif came ,rntg5's great discov]y t ! rays f a ,crookes' tube1 aft] trav]s+ ! glass1 c\ld pi]ce opaque matt]4 ,he cov]$ ! tube ) ?ick c>dbo>d1 b f\nd t x w\ld /ill ca/ ! %ad[s ( books1 c>ds1 wood1 metals1 ! human h&1 c41 on to a photographic plate ev5 at ! di/ance ( "s feet4 ,! rays w\ld also pass ?r\gh ! wood1 metal1 or bones 9 c\rse ( "t2 b c]ta9 bodies1 notably metals1 (f]$ a mu* great] resi/ance ?an o!rs1 su* z wood1 lea!r1 & pap]4 ,pr(essor ,rntg5 cr[n$ 8 ef=ts by %[+ t a skeleton c\ld be 8%ad[-graph$0 :ile its own] 0 /ill alive4 ,naturally ev]ybody wi%$ to "k n only :at ! rays c\ld d1 b :at !y 74 ,rntg51 n be+ able to id5tify !m ) any kn[n rays1 took refuge 9 ! algebraical symbol ( ! unkn[n quantity & dubb$ !m ,x-rays4 ,he discov]$ ?is mu*1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 invisible to ! eye "u ord9>y conditions2 t !y travell$ 9 /raight l9es only1 pass+ ?r\gh a prism1 wat]1 or o!r refract+ bodies )\t turn+ aside f _! pa?2 & t a magnet ex]t$ no p[] ov] !m4 ,?is la/ fact 0 suffici5t ( itself to prev5t _! confusion ) ! radiant matt] 8ca?ode rays0 ( ! tube4 ,rntg5 ?\ght1 nev]!less1 t !y might be ! ca?ode rays transmut$ 9 "s mann] by _! passage ?r\gh ! glass1 s z to resemble 9 _! motion s\nd-waves1 i4e4 mov+ /raight =w>d & n sway+ f side to side 9 a s]ies ( zig-zags4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* e!r waves _h = "s "t be=e be5 suspect$ by ,"l ,kelv94 ,o!r au?orities h o!r !ories4 ,we may m5tion ! view t ,x repres5ts ! ultra-violet rays ( ! spectrum1 caus$ by vibrations ( su* extreme rapidity z to be imp]ceptible to ! human eye1 j z s\nds ( extremely high pit* are inaudible to ! e>4 ,?is !ory is to a c]ta9 ext5t upheld by ! behavi\r ( ! photographic plate1 :i* is lea/ affect$ by ! col\rs ( ! spectrum at ! r$ end & mo/ by ^? at ! violet end4 ,a photograph] is able to use r$ or orange light 9 8 d>k room because 8 plates _c 8see0 !m1 ?\gh he c2 :]eas ! rev]se w\ld be ! case ) ,x-rays4 ,?is ultra-violet !ory claims = ,x-rays a rate ( e!r vibration ( trillions ( waves p] second4 ,an alt]native !ory is to relegate ! rays to ! gap 9 ! scale ( e!r-waves betwe5 heatwaves & light-waves4 ,b ?is does n expla9 any m satisfactorily ?an ! o!r ! peculi> ph5om5on ( non-refraction4 ,! app>atus employ$ 9 ,x-photography consi/s ( a ,crookes' tube ( a special type1 a p[]ful %ock+ or induction coil1 a fluoresc5t scre5 & photographic plates & appliances = develop+1 c41 besides a supply ( high-pressure electricity d]iv$ f ! ma91 a small dynamo or batt]ies4 ,a ,crookes' tube is f\r to five in*es 9 diamet]1 globul> 9 its middle portion1 b tap]+ away t[>ds ea* end4 ,?r\gh "o extremity is l$ a plat9um wire1 t]m9at+ 9 a sauc]-%ap$ plat9um plate an in* or s across4 ,at ! focus ( ?is1 ! negative t]m9al1 is fix$ a plat9um plate at an angle to ! pa? ( ! rays s z to deflect !m ?r\gh ! side ( ! tube4 ,! positive t]m9al p5etrates ! glass at "o side4 ,! tube conta9s1 z we h se51 a v t9y residue ( air4 ,if ?is 7 entirely exhau/$ ! action ( ! tube w\ld cease2 s t "s tubes are s arrang$ t :5 r>efaction becomes too high ! passage ( an electrical curr5t ?r\gh small b>s ( *emicals1 ^: ends project ?r\gh ! sides ( ! tube1 lib]ates gas f ! b>s 9 suffici5t quantity to r5d] ! tube active aga94 ,:5 ! ,ruhmkorff induction coil is jo9$ to ! electric circuit a s]ies ( viol5t dis*>ges ( great rapidity occur betwe5 ! tube t]m9als1 resembl+ 9 _! p[] ! dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j>1 ?\gh = want ( a d5se atmosph]e ! brilliant sp>k has be5 replac$ by a gl[ & bru%-light 9 ! tube4 ,! coil is ( l>ge dim5sions1 capable ( pass+ a sp>k across an air-gap ( t5 to twelve in*es4 ,x w p]haps increase ! read]'s respect = ,x-rays to le>n t a coil ( prop] size conta9s upw>ds ( ?irte5 miles ( wire2 ?\gh inde$ ?is quantity is no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! #aej miles w\nd on ! huge inductorium =m]ly exhibit$ at ! ,london ,polyte*nic4 ,if we 7 invit$ to an ,x-ray demon/ration we %\ld f9d ! op]ator & 8 app>atus 9 a d>k5$ room4 ,he turns on ! curr5t & ! d>kness is brok5 by a velvety gl[ surr\nd+ ! negative t]m9al1 :i* gradually ext5ds until ! :ole tube becomes clo!d 9 a gre5 phosphoresc5ce4 ,a %>ply-def9$ l9e a?w>t ! tube sep>ates ! %ad[$ "p beh9d ! receiv+ plate at ! negative focus--n[ int5sely hot--f t on :i* ! reflect$ rays fall directly4 ,"o ( u is n[ invit$ to ext5d a h& close to ! tube4 ,! op]ator !n holds on ! ne> side ( ! h& 8 fluoresc5t scre51 :i* is no?+ m ?an a framework support+ a pap] sme>$ on "o side ) plat9o-cyanide ( b>ium1 a *emical t1 9 common ) sev]al o!rs1 0 discov]$ by ,salvioni ( ,p]ugia to be s5sitive to ! rays & able to make !m visible to ! human eye4 ,! value ( ! scre5 to ! ,x-radiograph] is t ( ! gr\nd-glass plate to ! ord9>y photograph]1 z x all[s him to see exactly :at ?+s are be=e ! s5sitis$ plate is br\ght into position1 & 9 fact l>gely obviates ! necessity = mak+ a p]man5t record4 ,! scre5 %[s cle>ly & 9 full detail all ! bones ( ! h&--s cle>ly t "o is almo/ irresi/ibly drawn to peep beh9d to see if a real h& is !re4 ,"o ( u n[ ext5ds an arm & ! scre5 %[s u ! ulna & ! radius work+ r\nd ea* o!r1 n[ bo? visible1 n[ "o obscur+ ! o!r4 ,on pres5t+ ! body to ! c\rse ( ! rays a rem>kable %ad[ is ca/ on to ! scre54 ,! sp9al column & ! ribs2 ! action ( ! he>t & lungs are se5 q di/9ctly4 ,a deep brea? causes ! movem5t ( a d>k mass--! liv]4 ,!re is no privacy 9 pres5ce ( ! rays4 ,! enl>g$ he>t1 ! diseas$ lung1 ! ulc]at$ liv] betrays itself at once4 ,9 a second ( "t ! phosphoresc5t scre5 reveals :at might baulk m$ical exam9ation = mon?s4 ,if a photographic slide conta9+ a dry-plate be sub/itut$ = ! focus+-scre51 ! rays soon p5etrate any cov]+ 9 :i* ! plate may be wrapp$ to protect x f ord9>y light rays4 ,! process ( tak+ a %ad[graph may !re=e be conduct$ 9 broad daylight1 :i* is "u c]ta9 conditions a great advantage1 ?\gh ! s5sitiv5ess ( plates expos$ to ,rntg5 rays entails special c>e be+ tak5 ( !m :5 !y are n 9 use4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,x-radiography an exposure ( "s m9utes 0 necess>y to secure a negative1 b n[1 ?anks to ! improvem5ts 9 ! tubes1 a few seconds is (t5 suffici5t4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,x-rays is a great discov]y1 because x has done mu* to promote ! noble/ possible cause1 ! alleviation ( human suff]+4 ,n ev]ybody w appreciate a m rapid mode ( telegraphy1 or a new me?od ( sp9n+ y>n1 b ! dulle/ intellect w give due cr$it to a sci5tific process t helps to save life & limb4 ,:o among u is n liable to break an arm or leg1 or suff] f int]nal injuries invisible to ! eye8 ,:o among u !re=e %\ld n be ?ankful on reflect+ t1 9 ev5t ( su* a mi%ap1 ! ,x-rays w be at h& to %[ j :at ! tr\ble is1 h[ to deal ) x1 & h[ f> ! heal+ advances day by day8 ,! ,x-ray app>atus is n[ z necess>y = ! prop] equipm5t ( a hospital z a cam]a = t ( a photographic /udio4 ,x is especially welcome 9 ! hospitals :i* accompany an army into ! field4 ,s9ce ,may #ahif _m a w\nd$ soldi] has _h reason to bless ! pati5t "w t l$ to ! discov]y at ,wrzburg4 ,! ,greek w>1 ! w> 9 ,cuba1 ! ,tirah campaign1 ! ,egyptian campaign1 & ! w> 9 ,s\? ,africa1 h giv5 a quick succession ( f9e opportunities = putt+ ! new photography to ! te/4 ,!re is n[ small excuse = ! useless & agonis+ prob+s t once add$ to ! dang]s & horrors ( ! milit>y hospital4 ,ev5 if ! ,x-ray equipm5t1 by reason ( its weight1 _c conv5i5tly be kept at ! front ( a rapidly mov+ army1 x c be set up 9 ! 8advanc$0 or 8base0 hospitals1 :i!r ! w\nd$ are s5t aft] a fir/ r\gh dress+ ( _! injuries4 ,! m$ical /aff !re subject _! pati5ts to ! se>*+ rays1 are able to record ! exact position ( a bullet or %ell-fragm5t1 & ! damage x has done2 & by promptly remov+ ! intrud] to greatly less5 its p[] to h>m4 ,! ,rntg5 ray has add$ to ! surgeon's arm\ry a p[]ful weapon4 ,its possibilities are n yet fully kn[n1 b !re c be no d\bt t x m>ks a new epo* 9 surgical "w4 ,& = ?is reason ,pr(essor ,rntg5 des]ves to rank ) ,h>vey1 ! discov]] ( ! blood's circulation2 ) ,j5n]1 ! fa!r ( vacc9ation2 & ) ,sir ,james ,"y ,simpson1 ! fir/ doctor to use *lor(orm z an an/hetic4 ,,photography ,,9 ,,! ,,d>k4 ,/range z x seems to take photographs ) invisible rays1 x is /ill /rang] to be able to affect s5sitis$ plates )\t app>5tly ! pres5ce ( any k9d ( rays4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 has discov]$ t _m sub/ances h ! p[] ( impress+ _! outl9es automatically on a s5sitive film1 if ! sub/ance be plac$ 9 a d>k cupbo>d 9 contact )1 or v close to a dry-plate4 ,aft] "s h\rs1 or x may be days1 developm5t ( ! plate w reveal a di/9ct impression ( ! body 9 "q4 ,dr4 ,russell exp]im5t$ ) wood1 metal1 leaves1 draw+s1 pr9t$ matt]1 lace4 ,z9c prov$ to be an unusually active ag5t4 ,a plate ( ! metal1 highly poli%$ & !n rul$ ) patt]ns1 _h at ! end ( a few days imp>t$ a record ( e scrat* & m>k to ! plate4 ,& n only w z9c impress itself1 b x affects sub/ances :i* are n !mselves active1 ?r[+ %ad[graphs on to ! plate4 ,?is 0 demon/rat$ ) samples ( lace1 laid betwe5 a plate & a small %eet ( bright z9c2 also ) a skeleton leaf4 ,x is curi\s t :ile ! int]position ( ?9 films ( celluloid1 gutta-p]*a1 vegetable p>*m5t1 & gold-beat]'s sk9--all inactive--betwe5 ! z9c & ! plate has no ob/ructive effect1 a plate ( ?9 glass c\nt]acts ! action ( ! z9c4 ,besides z9c1 nickel1 alum9ium1 pewt]1 lead1 & t9 among ! metals influ5ce a s5sitis$ plate4 ,ano!r totally diff]5t sub/ance1 pr9t]'s ink1 has a simil> p[]2 or at lea/ "s pr9t]'s ink1 = ,pr(essor ,russell f\nd t diff]5t samples v>i$ greatly 9 _! effects4 ,:at is especially curi\s1 ! pr9t$ matt] on bo? sides ( a piece ( newspap] appe>$ on ! plate1 & t ! effect proce$$ f ! ink & n f any rays pass+ f beyond x is prov$ by ! fact t ! type came out d>k 9 ! developm5t1 :]eas if x _h be5 a case ( %ad[graphy1 ! ink by int]cept+ rays w\ld h produc$ :ite lett]s4 ,pr(essor ,russell has also %[n t mod]n writ+ ink is incapable ( produc+ an impression unaid$1 b t on ! o!r h& pap] writt5 on a hundr$ ye>s ago or a pr9t$ book c5turies old w1 ) ! help ( z9c1 yield a picture 9 :i* ev5 fad$ & unc]ta9 *>act]s appe> q di/9ctly4 ,?is op5s ! way to a practical use ( ! discov]y1 9 ! deciph]+ ( old & p>tly oblit]at$ manuscripts4 ,a v int]e/+ exp]im5t may be made ) t useful possession--a five-p\nd note4 ,place ! note pr9t$ side next to ! plate1 & ! pr9t+ appe>s d>k2 b ins]t ! note betwe5 a z9c %eet & ! plate1 its back be+ ?is "t t[>ds ! s5sitis$ surface1 & ! pr9t+ appe>s :ite2 & ! z9c1 aft] contact ) ! pr9t$ side1 w itself yield a picture ( ! inscription z ?\gh x _h absorb$ "s virtue f ! note6 ,z explanation ( ?is p>adoxical d>k photography--or :atev] x is--two !ories may be advanc$4 ,! "o--fav\r$ by ,pr(essor ,russell--is t all 8active0 sub/ances give (f vap\rs able to act on a photographic plate4 ,9 support ( ?is may be urg$ ! fact t ! int]position ( glass prev5ts ! mak+ ( d>k pictures4 ,b on ! o!r h& x mu/ be rememb]$ t celluloid & %eet-gelat9e1 also air-tight sub/ances1 are able to /ore up light & to give x out aga94 ,x is well kn[n among photograph]s t to all[ sunlight to fall on ! inside ( a cam]a is apt to h a 8fogg+0 effect on a plate t is expos$ 9 ! cam]a aft]w>ds1 ?\gh ! greate/ c>e be tak5 to keep all ext]nal light f ! plate4 ,b "h ! glass aga9 pres5ts a difficulty1 = if ?is 7 a case ( reflect$ light1 glass w\ld evid5tly be less ob/ructive ?an opaque vegetable p>*m5t or gutta-p]*a4 ,,sol> ,,motors4 ,"o day ,george ,/eph5son & a fri5d /ood wat*+ a tra9 drawn by "o ( 8 locomotives4 8,:at moves t tra980 ask$ ,/eph5son4 8,! eng9e10 repli$ 8 fri5d4 8,& :at moves ! eng9e80 8,! /eam40 8,& :at produces ! /eam80 8,coal40 8,& :at produces coal80 ,?is la/ qu]y nonpluss$ 8 fri5d1 & ,/eph5son himself repli$1 8,! sun40 ,! 8bottl$ sun%9e0 t drove ! locomotive 0 /or$ up millions ( ye>s ago 9 ! d5se =e/s !n cov]+ ! face ( ! globe4 ,e day vegetation 0 built by ! sunbeams1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ages ?is gr[? 0 cru%$ into fossil =m by ! pressure ( high-pil$ rock & dbris4 ,to-day we ca/ 8black diamonds0 into our grates & furnaces1 to call out ! w>m? & p[] t is a legacy f a p]iod long prior to ! adv5t ( fire-lov+ man1 (t5 =getful ( its real s\rce4 ,we see ! influ5ce ( ! sun m directly 9 ! motions ( w9d & wat]4 ,_h n ! sun's action deposit$ sn[ & ra9 on ! upl&s ( ! _w1 !re w\ld be no ro>+ wat]fall1 no ru%+ torr5t1 no smoo?-fl[+ /ream4 ,b = ! sun heat+ ! atmosph]e unequally1 !re w\ld n be t ru%+ ( cool air to replace hot :i* we "k z w9d4 ,we press ,sol into our s]vice :5 we burn fuel2 our w9d-mills & wat]-mills make him our slave4 ,( late ye>s _m prophets h aris5 to w>n u t we mu/ n be too lavi% ( our coal2 t ! "t is n s f> di/ant1 reckon+ by c5turies1 :5 ! coal-seams ( ! _w w be work$ out & leave our desc5dants de/itute ( :at plays s important a "p 9 mod]n life4 ,n[1 ?\gh wa/e is unp>donable1 & ! c>e = po/]ity praisewor?y1 !re really seems to be no good reason :y we %\ld al>m ourselves ab\t ! welf>e ( ! p ( ! f> future4 ,ev5 if coal fails1 ! w9ds & ! riv]s w be !re1 & ! huge unh>ness$ en]gy ( ! tides1 & ! sun himself is ready to answ] appeals = help1 if rightly %ap$4 ,he does n dem& ! pray]s ( ,p]sian fire-wor%ipp]s1 b r ! sci5tific ga!r+ ( 8 good gifts4 ,place y\r h& on a ro( ly+ squ>e to ! summ] sun1 & y w f9d x too hot = ! t\*4 ,conc5trate a beam ( sun%9e ?r\gh a small burn+-glass4 ,h[ fi]ce is ! small gl[+ focal spot t makes u draw our h&s sudd5ly away6 ,suppose n[ a l>ge glass _m feet across b5d+ sev]al squ>e y>ds ( sun rays to a po9t1 & at t po9t a boil]4 ,! boil] w\ld develop /eam1 & ! /eam might be l$ into cyl9d]s & =c$ to drudge = u4 ,d _m ( u realise ! enorm\s en]gy ( a hot summ]'s day8 ,! heat fall+ 9 ! tropics on a s+le squ>e foot ( ! e>?'s surface has be5 e/imat$ z ! equival5t ( "o-?ird ( a horse-p[]4 ,! =ce ( ,niag>a itself w\ld on ?is basis be mat*$ by ! sun%9e /ream+ on to a squ>e mile or s4 ,a /eam%ip might be propell$ by ! heat t scor*es its decks4 ,= _m c5turies inv5tors h tri$ to utilise ?is huge wa/e p[]4 ,we all "k h[1 accord+ to ! /ory1 ,ar*im$es burnt up ! ,roman %ips besieg+ 8 native t[n1 ,syracuse1 by conc5trat+ on !m ! sun heat ca/ f hundr$s ( mirrors4 ,?is /ory is less probable ?an int]e/+ z a pro( t ! anci5ts 7 aw>e ( ! sun's p[]4 ,! fir/ g5u9e sol> ma*9e 0 ! "w ( ,ericsson1 ! build] ( ! ,monitor4 ,he focus$ sun heat on a boil]1 :i* gave ! equival5t ( "o horse-p[] = e hundr$ squ>e feet ( mirrors employ$4 ,?is 0 n :at eng9e]s w\ld call a 8high effici5cy10 a great deal ( heat be+ wa/$1 b x l$ ! way to fur!r improvem5ts4 ,9 ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! dry1 arid regions1 :]e fuel is sc>ce & ! sun %9es pitilessly day aft] day1 all ! ye> r\nd1 sun-cat*]s ( v>i\s types h be5 erect$ & work$ successfully4 ,dr4 ,william ,calv]1 ( ,wa%+ton1 has built 9 ! b>r5 wa/es ( ,arizona huge frames ( mirrors1 travell+ on circul> rails1 s t !y may be br\ght to face ! sun at all h\rs betwe5 sunrise & sunset4 ,dr4 ,calv] employs no less ?an #afjj mirrors4 ,z ea* ( ^! mirrors develops #aj-ae degrees ( heat x is obvi\s1 aft] an appeal to simple ari?metic1 t ! unit$ ef=ts ( ^! reflectors %\ld produce ! trem5d\s temp]ature #af1jjj-bd1jjj degrees1 :i*1 express$ comp>atively1 means ! paltry #ij degrees 9 ! %ade b5ea? :i* we gr[ re/ive multipli$ hundr$s ( times4 ,hi!rto ! greate/ kn[n heat _h be5 t ( ! arc ( ! electric lamp1 9 :i* ! inc&esc5t p>ticles betwe5 pole & pole atta9 #fjjj degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! comb9$ effect ( ! burn+ mirrors is irresi/ible4 ,!y c1 we are told1 9 a few mom5ts r$uce ,russian iron to ! consi/5cy ( w>m$ wax1 ?\gh x mocks ! heat ( _m bla/-furnaces4 ,!y w bake bricks tw5ty times z rapidly z any kiln1 & ! bricks produc$ are n ! friable blocks :i* a mason *ips easily ) 8 tr[el1 b bodies s h>d z to scrat* case-h>d5$ /eel4 ,!re are at "w 9 ,cali=nia sun-motors ( ano!r design4 ,! read] mu/ imag9e a huge conical lamp-%ade turn$ ov] on to its small] end1 its inn] surface l9$ ) ne>ly #ahjj mirrors #b feet long & #c in*es broad1 ! :ole support$ on a light iron framework1 & he w h a good idea ( ! app>atus us$ on ! ,pasad5a o/ri* f>m4 ,! ma*9e is arrang$ 9 m]idian1 t is1 at "r angles to ! pa? ( ! sun1 :i* x foll[s all day long by ! ag5cy ( clockwork4 ,9 ! focus ( ! mirrors is a boil]1 #ac feet #f in*es long1 coat$ ) black1 heat-absorb+ sub/ances4 ,?is boil] holds ov] #ajj gallons ( wat]1 & be+ f$ automatically w raise /eam unt5d$ all ! day ?r\gh4 ,! /eam is l$ by pipes to an eng9e work+ a pump1 capable ( deliv]+ #adjj gallons p] m9ute4 ,! *eapness ( ! app>atus 9 proportion to its utility is s m>k$ t1 9 regions :]e sun%9e is almo/ p]petual1 ! sol> motor w 9 "t become z common z are w9dmills & factory *imneys else:]e4 ,if ! heat fall+ on a few squ>e y>ds ( mirror lifts ne>ly #ajj1jjj gallons ( wat] an h\r1 !re is inde$ hope = ! ,sah>a1 ! ,p]sian ,des]t1 ,arabia1 ,mongolia1 ,mexico1 ,au/ralia4 ,t is to say1 if ! wat] "u ! e>? be 9 ^! p>ts z pl5tiful z ! sun%9e above x4 ,! effect ( wat] on ! mo/ unpromis+ soil is m>vell\s4 ,already 9 ,alg]ia ! ,fr5* h reclaim$ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles by sci5tific irrigation4 ,9 ,au/ralia huge artesian wells h made habitable = man & bea/ millions ( acres t 7 be=e des]t4 ,x is only a j retribution t ! sun %\ld be h>ness$ & compell$ to draw wat] = tracts to :i* he has s long d5i$ x4 ,! sun-motor is only j ent]+ on its useful c>e]1 & at pres5t we c b dream ( ! great effects x may h on future civilisation4 ,yet its pr9ciple is s simple1 s sci5tific1 & s obvi\s1 t x is easy to imag9e x at no f> di/ant date a dang]\s rival to ,k+ ,coal himself4 ,to qu>ry coal f ! b[els ( ! e>? & trans=m x into heat1 is to trav]se two sides ( a triangle1 ! ?ird be+ to use ! sun%9e ( ! pass+ h\r4 ,,liquid ,,air4 ,among common ph5om5a few are m int]e/+ ?an ! *anges und]gone by ! sub/ance call$ wat]4 ,its usual =m is a liquid4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( fro/ x becomes h>d z iron1 brittle z glass4 ,at ! t\* ( fire x passes into unsub/antial vap\r4 ,?is trans=mation illu/rates ! great pr9ciple t ! =m ( e sub/ance 9 ! univ]se is a "q ( heat4 ,a metal transport$ f ! e>? to ! sun w\ld fir/ melt & !n vaporise2 :ile :at we "h "k only z vap\rs w\ld 9 ! moon turn into liquids4 ,we notice t1 z reg>ds bulk1 ! mo/ /rik+ *ange is f liquid to gase\s =m4 ,9 /eam ! atoms & molecules ( wat] are end[$ ) enorm\s repulsive vig\r4 ,ea* atom sudd5ly %[s a huge di/a/e = ! company ( its neighb\rs1 drives !m (f1 & endeav\rs to occupy ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( private space4 ,n[1 ?\gh we are accu/om$ to see wat]-atoms ?us /irr$ into an activity :i* gives u ! giant /eam z s]vant1 x has probably fall5 to ! lot ( b few ( u to enc\nt] c]ta9 gase\s sub/ances s utt]ly depriv$ ( _! self-ass]tiv5ess z to collapse into a liquid mass1 9 :i* %ape !y are q /rang]s to u4 ,:at gase\s body d we "k bett] ?an ! air we brea!8 & :at %\ld we less expect to be r$ucible to ! consi/5cy ( wat]8 ,yet sci5ce has lately br\ght prom95tly into notice t /range *ild ( pressure & cold1 ,liquid ,air2 ( :i* great ?+s are prophesi$1 & ab\t :i* _m /range facts may be told4 ,v likely our read]s h sometimes notic$ a port] unc\pl+ ! air-tube betwe5 two railway c>riages4 ,he fir/ turns (f ! tap at ea* end ( ! tube1 & !n by a twi/ disconnects a jo9t 9 ! c5tre4 ,at ! mom5t ( disconnection :at appe>s to be a small cl\d ( /eam issues f ! jo9t4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ! result ( cold1 n heat1 ! tube be+ full ( highly-compress$ air1 :i* by its sudd5 expansion develops cold suffici5t to freeze any p>ticles ( moi/ure 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,keep ?is 9 m9d1 & also :at happ5s :5 y inflate y\r cycle-tyre4 ,! air-pump gr[s hott] & hott] z inflation proce$s3 until at la/1 if ( metal1 x becomes uncom=tably w>m4 ,! heat is caus$ by ! =c+ toge!r ( air-molecules1 & inasmu* z all =ce produces heat1 y\r /r5g? is trans=m$ into w>m?4 ,9 ^! two op]ations1 compression & expansion1 we h ! key to ! creation ( liquid air--! great p[]1 z "s say1 ( to-morr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,liquid ,air ,co4 ,a view ( ! ,liquid ,air ,co4's factory at ,pimlico4 ,on ! left are ! ?ree compressors1 squeez+ ! air at pressures ( #ij1 #ejj & #b1bjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in* respectively4 ,on ! "r is ! res]voir 9 :i* ! liquid is /or$4 ,suppose we take a volume ( air & squeeze x into #a_/ajj ( its orig9al space4 ,! combativ5ess ( ! air-atoms is imm5sely increas$4 ,!y p\nd ea* o!r frantically1 & become v hot 9 ! process4 ,n[1 by cool+ ! vessel 9 :i* !y are1 we rob !m ( _! en]gy4 ,!y become quiet1 b !y are mu* clos] ?an be=e4 ,!n imag9e t all ( a sudd5 we let !m loose aga94 ,! life is gone out ( !m1 _! heat has dep>t$1 & on sep>at+ !y %iv] griev\sly4 ,9 o!r words1 ! heat conta9$ by ! #a_/ajj volume is sudd5ly compell$ to 8spread itself ?90 ov] ! :ole volume3 result--int5se cold4 ,& if ?is air be br\ght to be> ^u a second vessel fill$ likewise ) compress$ air1 ! cold w be ev5 m int5se1 until at la/ ! air-atoms lose all _! /r5g? & collapse into a liquid4 ,liquid air is no new ?+4 ,:o fir/ made x is unc]ta94 ,! cr$it has be5 claim$ = sev]al p1 among !m ,olzewski1 a ,pole1 & ,pictet1 a ,swiss4 ,z a m]e laboratory exp]im5t ! manufacture ( liquid air 9 small quantities has be5 kn[n = tw5ty ye>s or m4 ,! e>li] process 0 "o ( t]rific compression alone1 actually =c+ ! air molecules by %e] /r5g? into su* close contact t _! antagonism to "o ano!r 0 tempor>ily ov]come4 ,s exp5sive 0 ! process t ! fir/ ounce ( liquid air is e/imat$ to h co/ ov] #fjj6 ,9 ord] to make liquid air an article ( comm]ce ! mo/ important condition 0 a :olesale decrease 9 co/ ( production4 ,9 #aheg ,c4 ,w4 ,siem5s took out a pat5t = mak+ ! liquid on :at is kn[n z ! reg5]ative pr9ciple1 :]eby ! compress$ air is *ill$ by exp&+ a "p ( x4 ,pr(essor ,dew>--a sci5ti/ well kn[n = 8 rese>*es 9 ! field ( liquid gases--_h 9 #ahib produc$ liquid air by a modification ( ! pr9ciple at comp>atively small co/2 & o!r inv5tors h s9ce !n /ill fur!r r$uc$ ! exp5se1 until at ! pres5t day !re appe>s to be a prospect ( liquid air becom+ *eap en\gh to prove a dang]\s rival to /eam & electricity4 ,a company1 kn[n z ! ,liquid ,air1 ,p[] & ,automobile ,company1 has e/abli%$ l>ge plants 9 ,am]ica & ,engl& = ! manufacture ( ! liquid on a comm]cial scale4 ,! writ] paid a visit to _! depot 9 ,gill+ham ,/reet1 ,london1 :]e he 0 %[n ! process by ,mr4 ,hans ,knuds51 ! inv5tor ( mu* ( ! ma*9]y !re us$4 ,! read] w d\btless l to le>n ! 8pla91 unv>ni%$ tru?0 ab\t ! creation ( ?is peculi> liquid1 & to he> ( ! freaks 9 :i* x indulges--if inde$ ^? may be call$ freaks :i* are b ob$i5ce to ! un*ang+ laws ( ,nature4 ,on ent]+ ! factory ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes ! eye & e> is ! mon/r\s fifty horse-p[] gas-eng9e1 p\nd+ away ) an en]gy t %akes ! :ole build+4 ,f its pond]\s fly:eels great lea!r belts pass to ! compressors1 ?ree 9 numb]1 by :i* ! air1 drawn f outside ! build+ ?r\gh special purifi]s1 is subject$ to an increas+ pressure4 ,?ree dials on ! wall %[ exactly :at is go+ on inside ! compressors4 ,! fir/ /&s at #ij lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 ! second at #ejj1 & ! ?ird at #bbjj1 or r less ?an a ton pressure on ! area ( a p5ny6 ,! pi/ons ( ! l[-pressure compressor is t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 b t ( ! high pressure only two in*es1 or #a_/be ( ! area1 s great is ! resi/ance to be ov]come 9 ! la/ /age ( compression4 ,n[1 if ! cycle-pump heats our h&s1 x w be easily und]/ood t ! temp]ature ( ! compressors is v high4 ,!y are wat]-jacket$ l ! cyl9d]s ( a gas-eng9e1 s t a circulat+ /ream ( cold wat] may absorb "s ( ! heat4 ,! compress$ air is pass$ ?r\gh spiral tubes w9d+ ?r\gh l>ge tanks ( wat] :i* fairly boils f ! fi]c5ess ( ! heat ( compression4 ,:5 ! air has be5 suffici5tly cool$ x is all[$ to pass into a small *amb]1 exp&+ z x goes1 & f ! small into a l>g] *amb]1 :]e ! cold ( expansion becomes s acute t ! air-molecules collapse into liquid1 :i* collects 9 a special receptacle4 ,arrangem5ts are made :]eby any vap\r ris+ f ! liquid passes ?r\gh a space outside ! expansion *amb]s1 s t x helps to cool ! incom+ air & is n wa/$4 ,! liquid-air tank is inside a great wood5 case1 c>efully protect$ f ! heat ( ! atmosph]e by non-conduct+ sub/ances4 ,a tap be+ turn$1 a ru% ( vap\r %oots out1 soon foll[$ by a cle>1 blui% liquid1 :i* is ! air we brea! 9 a fre% guise4 ,a quantity ( x is collect$ 9 a saucepan4 ,x simm]s at fir/1 & pres5tly boils l wat] on a fire4 ,! air-heat is by comp>ison s great t ! liquid _c resi/ x1 & /rives to rega9 its =m] condition4 ,y may dip y\r f+] into ! saucepan--if y )draw x aga9 quickly--)\t hurt4 ,! cu%ion ( air t y\r f+] takes 9 ) x protects y aga9/ h>m--= a mom5t4 ,b if y held x 9 ! liquid = a c\ple ( seconds y w\ld be m9us a digit4 ,p\r a little ov] y\r coat sleeve4 ,x fl[s h>mlessly to ! gr\nd1 :]e x sudd5ly exp&s into a cl\d ( *illy vap\r4 ,put "s 9 a te/ tube & cork x up4 ,! cork soon flies out ) a report--! pressure ( ! boil+ air drives x4 ,n[ wat* ! boil+ process4 ,! nitrog5 be+ m volatile--z x boils at a l[] temp]ature ?an oxyg5--passes (f fir/1 leav+ ! pure1 blue oxyg54 ,! temp]ature ( ?is liquid is ov] #cab degrees bel[ z]o 7z f> bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! air we brea! z ! temp]ature ( molt5 lead is above x674 ,a tumbl] ( liquid oxyg5 dipp$ into wat] is soon cov]$ ) a coat+ ( ice1 :i* c be deta*$ f ! tumbl] & itself us$ z a cup to hold ! liquid4 ,if a bit ( /eel wire be n[ twi/$ r\nd a light$ mat* & ! :ole dipp$ into ! cup1 ! /eel fl>es fi]cely & fuses into small pellets2 :i* means t an op]ation requir+ #cjjj degrees ,fahr5heit has be5 accompli%$ 9 a liquid #cjj degrees bel[ z]o6 ,liquid air has curi\s effects ^u c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,x makes iron s brittle t a ladle imm]s$ = a few mom5ts may be cru%$ 9 ! h&s2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 x has a t\gh5+ effect on copp] & brass4 ,meat1 eggs1 fruit1 & all bodies conta9+ wat] become h>d z /eel & z breakable z glass4 ,m]cury is by x congeal$ to ! consi/5cy ( iron2 ev5 alcohol1 t c brave ! utmo/ ,arctic cold1 succumbs to x4 ,! writ] 0 pres5t :5 "s !rmomet]s1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra1 7 te/$ ) liquid air4 ,! _s 9 ! tubes rapidly desc5d$ to #bej degrees bel[ z]o1 !n sank sl[ly1 & at ab\t #bfj degrees froze & bur/ ! bulb4 ,! measur+ ( su* extreme temp]atures is a v difficult matt] 9 consequ5ce ( ! inability ( _s to )/& !m1 & special app>atus1 regi/]+ cold by ! %r9kage ( metal1 mu/ be us$ = te/+ "s liquid gases1 notably liquid hydrog51 :i* is s mu* cold] ?an liquid air t x actually freezes x into a solid ice =m6 ,= h&l+ & transport+ liquid gases glass receptacles ) a d\ble sk9 f :i* all air has be5 exhau/$ are employ$4 ,! surr\nd+ vacuum is s p]fect an insulator t a 8,dew> bulb0 full ( liquid air sc>cely cools ! h&1 ?\gh ! int]v5+ space is less ?an an in*4 ,?is fact is h>d to squ>e ) ! ass]tion ( sci5tific m5 t our atmosph]e ext5ds b a hundr$ or two miles f ! e>?'s surface1 & t ! recesses ( space are a vacuum4 ,if x 7 s1 h[ w\ld heat rea* u f ! sun1 n9ety-two millions ( miles away8 ,"o use at lea/ = liquid air is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,z a refrig]at+ ag5t x is unequall$4 ,bulk = bulk its effect is ( c\rse f> great] ?an t ( ice2 & x has ?is advantage ov] o!r freez+ comp\nds1 t :]eas sl[ freez+ has a de/ructive effect ^u ! tissues ( meat & fruit1 ! in/antane\s action ( liquid air has no bad results :5 ! ?+ froz5 is ?aw$ out aga94 ,! ,liquid ,air ,company !re=e proposes erect+ depts at l>ge ports = supply+ %ips1 to pres]ve ! food1 cool ! cab9s 9 ! tropics1 &1 we hope1 to alleviate "s ( ! horrors ( ! /okehold4 ,liquid air is already us$ 9 m$ical & surgical sci5ce4 ,9 surg]y x is sub/itut$ = an/hetics1 dead5+ any "p ( ! body on :i* an op]ation has to be p]=m$4 ,9 fev] hospitals1 too1 its cool+ influ5ce w be welcom$2 & liquid oxyg5 takes ! places ( compress$ oxyg5 = reviv+ ! flick]+ flame ( life4 ,x w also prove invaluable = div]s & subm>9e boats4 ,9 comb9ation ) oil & *>coal liquid air1 "u ! "n ( 8oxyliquit10 becomes a p[]ful bla/+ ag5t4 ,c>tridges ( pap] fill$ ) ! oil & *>coal are provid$ ) a fir+ prim]4 ,:5 ev]y?+ is ready = ! bla/+ ! c>tridges are dropp$ into a vessel full ( liquid air1 saturat$1 plac$ 9 position1 & explod$4 ,mr4 ,knuds5 assur$ ! writ] t oxyliquit is twice z p[]ful z nitro-glyc]9e1 & its co/ b "o-?ird ( t ( ! o!r explosive4 ,x is also saf] to h&le1 = 9 case ( a misfire ! c>tridge becomes h>mless 9 a few m9utes1 aft] ! liquid air has evaporat$4 ,b ! greate/ use w be f\nd = liquid air :5 x ex]ts its =ce less viol5tly4 ,x is ! result ( p[]2 its condition is abnormal2 & its return to its ord9>y /ate is accompani$ by a great developm5t ( en]gy4 ,if x be plac$ 9 a clos$ vessel x is capable ( ex]t+ a pressure ( #ab1jjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,its return to atmosph]ic condition may be regulat$ by expos+ x m or less to ! heat ( ! atmosph]e4 ,s long z x rema9s liquid x repres5ts s mu* /or$ =ce1 l ! electricity /or$ 9 accumulators4 ,! ,liquid ,air ,company h at _! ,gill+ham ,/reet dept a neat little motor c> work$ by liquid air4 ,a copp] res]voir1 c>efully protect$1 is fill$ ) ! liquid1 :i* is by me*anical means squirt$ into coils1 9 :i* x rapidly exp&s1 & f !m passes to ! cyl9d]s4 ,a *>ge ( eighte5 gallons w move ! c> =ty miles at an av]age pace ( twelve miles an h\r1 )\t any ( ! noise1 dirt1 smell1 or vap\r insep>able f ! employm5t ( /eam or petroleum4 ,! spe$ ( ! c> is regulat$ by ! am\nt ( liquid inject$ into ! expansion coils4 ,we n[ come to ! "q ( co/--! unromantic balance 9 :i* new discov]ies are weigh$ & _m f\nd want+4 ,! /orage ( liquid air is feasible = long p]iods4 7,a l>ge vacuum bulb fill$ & expos$ to ! atmosph]e _h "s ( ! liquid /ill unevaporat$ at ! end ( tw5ty-two days47 ,b w x be too co/ly = ord9>y practical purposes n[ s]v$ by /eam & electricity8 ,! manag]s ( ! ,liquid ,air ,company1 :ile deprecat+ extravagant prophecies ab\t ! future ( _! commodity1 are nev]!less confid5t t x has 8come to /ay40 ,) ! small #ej horse-p[] plant its production co/s upw>ds ( "o %ill+ a gallon1 b ) mu* l>g] plant ( #ajjj horse-p[] !y calculate t ! exp5ses w be cov]$ & a pr(it left if !y retail x at b "o p5ny ! gallon4 ,?is great r$uction 9 co/ arises f ! economis+ ( 8wa/e en]gy40 ,9 ! fir/ place ! p[] ( expansion previ\s to ! liquefaction ( ! compress$ air w be utilis$ to "w motors4 ,secondly1 ! heat ( ! cool+ tanks w be turn$ to acc\nt1 & ev5 ! 8exhau/0 ( a motor w\ld be cold en\gh = ord9>y refrig]at+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to get m out ( a ?+ ?an has be5 put into x2 & liquid air w !re=e n develop ev5 z mu* p[] z 0 requir$ to =m x4 ,b its h&9ess & cleanl9ess /rongly recomm5d x = _m purposes1 z we h se52 & z soon z x is turn$ out 9 l>ge quantities new uses w be f\nd = x4 ,p]haps ! day w come :5 liquid-air motors w replace ! petrol c>1 & 9 e village we %all see hung out ! sign1 8,liquid air sold "h40 ,z ! ,fr5* say1 8,qui vivra v]ra40 ,,horseless ,,c>riages4 ,a body ( ent]pris+ ,man*e/] m]*ants1 9 ! ye> #aged1 put on ! road a 8fly+ coa*10 :i*1 accord+ to _! special adv]tisem5t1 w\ld1 8h[ev] incr$ible x may appe>1 actually1 b>r+ accid5ts1 arrive 9 ,london 9 f\r & a half days aft] leav+ ,man*e/]40 ,accord+ to ! ,"l ,*ancellor ( ! "t su* swift travell+ 0 consid]$ dang]\s z well z wond]ful--! condition ( ! roads might well make x s--& also injuri\s to heal?4 8,i 0 gravely advis$10 he says1 8to /ay a day 9 ,york on my j\rney betwe5 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 z sev]al pass5g]s :o _h gone ?r\gh )\t /opp+ _h di$ ( apoplexy f ! rapidity ( ! motion40 ,z ! coa* took a =tnight to pass f ! ,scot* to ! ,engli% capital1 at an av]age pace ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r miles an h\r1 x is probable t ! ,*ancellor's advis]s w\ld be v s]i\sly indispos$ by ! m]e sight ( a motor-c> :irl+ along 9 its att5dant cl\d ( du/1 c\ld !y be resuscitat$ = ! purpose4 ,& we1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld pref] to get out & walk to 8fly+0 at ! safe spe$ ( _! mail coa*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,spe$well ,motor ,co4 ,m4 ,s]pollet on ! 8,ea/] ,egg10 :i* at ,nice cov]$ a kilometre 9 ! record "t ( #bi-d_/e secs4 7ov] #ge miles p] h\r74 ,?is c> is run ) /eam4 ,! improvem5t ( highroads1 & road-mak+ g5]ally1 accel]at$ ! rate ( po/+4 ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury an av]age ( t5 or ev5 twelve miles an h\r 0 ma9ta9$ on ! ,ba? ,road4 ,b t pace 0 consid]$ inadequate :5 ! era ( ! 8iron horse0 comm5c$1 & ! decay ( /age-driv+ foll[$ h>d ^u ! gr[? ( railways4 ,:at %\ld h be5 ! natural successor ( ! /age-coa* 0 driv5 f ! road by ill-advis$ legislation1 :i* gave ! railroads a monopoly ( swift transport1 :i* has b lately be5 remov$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! /eam-coa*1 /eam-c>riage1 automobile1 motor-c>--to give x its successive names--is 9 a mann] unique1 %[+ z x does1 in/ead ( /eady developm5t ( a practical means ( locomotion1 a sudd5 & decisive *eck to an inv5tion wor?y ( f> bett] treatm5t ?an x receiv$4 ,! compil] ( ev5 a %ort survey ( ! automobile's c>e] is oblig$ to divide 8 acc\nt into two ma9 portions1 l9k$ toge!r by a few solit>y eng9e]+ a*ievem5ts4 ,! fir/ p]iod 7#ahjj-ahcf71 w1 )\t any desire to arrogate = ,engl& m ?an h] due or to belittle ! ef=ts ( any o!r nations1 be t]m$ ! ,engli% p]iod1 s9ce 9 x ,engl& took ! lead1 & produc$ by f> ! greate/ numb] ( /eam-c>riages4 ,! second 7#ahgj to ! pres5t day7 may1 ) equal ju/ice1 be /yl$ ! ,cont95tal p]iod1 z witness+ ! great developm5ts made 9 automobilism by ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,belgian1 & ,am]ican eng9e]s3 ,engl&1 = reasons t w be pres5tly notic$1 be+ until q rec5tly too heavily h&icapp$ to take a "p 9 ! advance4 ,hi/orical4--,x is impossible to discov] :o made ! fir/ self-mov+ c>riage4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury "o ,johann ,hau/a*1 a ,nuremb]g wat*mak]1 produc$ a vehicle t d]iv$ its motive p[] f coil$ spr+s1 & 0 9 fact a l>ge edition ( our mod]n clockwork toys4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! ,dut*1 & among !m especially "o ,simon ,/ev91 fitt$ c>riages ) sails1 & !re are records ( a /eam-c>riage z e>ly z ! same c5tury4 ,b ! fir/ practical1 & at lea/ semi-successful1 automobile driv5 by int]nal =ce 0 und\bt$ly t ( a ,fr5*man1 ,ni*olas ,joseph ,cugnot1 :o ju/ly m]its ! title ( fa!r ( automobilism4 ,8 ma*9e1 :i* is to-day "o ( ! mo/ treasur$ exhibits 9 ! ,p>is ,museum ( ,arts & ,crafts1 consi/$ ( a l>ge c>riage1 hav+ 9 front a pivot$ plat=m be>+ ! ma*9]y1 & re/+ on a solid :eel1 :i* propell$ z well z /e]$ ! vehicle4 ,! boil]1 ( /\t rivet$ copp] plates1 _h bel[ x an enclos$ furnace1 f :i* ! flames pass$ upw>ds ?r\gh ! wat] ?r\gh a funnel4 ,a c\ple ( cyl9d]s1 provid$ ) a simple rev]s+ ge>1 work$ a rat*et t communicat$ motion to ! driv+-:eel4 ,?is c>riage did n travel beyond a v sl[ walk+ pace1 & ,cugnot !re=e add$ c]ta9 improvem5ts1 aft] :i* 7#aggj7 x rea*$ ! /ill v mod]ate spe$ ( f\r miles an h\r1 & di/+ui%$ itself by *>g+ & knock+ d[n a wall1 a feat t is said to h = a "t det]r$ eng9e]s f develop+ a seem+ly dang]\s mode ( progression4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ,dall]y built a /eam c>1 & ran x 9 ! /reets ( ,ami5s--we are n told ) :at success2 & be=e any fur!r advance _h be5 made ) ! automobile ! ,fr5* ,revolution put a /op to all inv5tions ( a peaceful "* among our neighb\rs4 ,9 ,engl&1 h[ev]1 /eam _h already be5 recognis$ z ! com+ p[]4 ,ri*>d ,treve?ick1 aft]w>ds to become fam\s z a railroad eng9e]1 built a /eam motor 9 #ahjb1 & actually drove x f ,camb\rne to ,plym\?1 a di/ance ( n9ety miles4 ,b in/ead ( foll[+ up ?is success1 he =sook /eam-c>riages = ! con/ruction ( locomotives1 leav+ 8 idea to be exp&$ by o!r m51 :o 7 conv9c$ t a vehicle :i* c\ld be driv5 ov] exi/+ roads 0 pref]able to "o t 0 helpless :5 sep>at$ f smoo? metal rails4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahjj & #ahcf _m /eam vehicles = road traffic appe>$ f "t to "t1 "s1 su* z ,david ,gordon's 7propell$ by metal legs press+ ^u ! gr\nd71 /rangely unpractical1 b ! majority %[+ a /eady improvem5t 9 me*anical design4 ,z x w be impossible1 )\t writ+ a small book1 to "n all ! ,engli% con/ructors ( ?is p]iod1 we mu/ re/ cont5t ) ! m5tion ( ! lead+ pione]s ( ! new locomotion4 ,sir ,goldswor?y ,gurney1 an em95t *emi/1 did = me*anical road propulsion :at ,george ,/eph5son 0 do+ = railway developm5t4 ,he boldly sp5t l>ge sums on exp]im5tal vehicles1 :i* took ! =m ( six-:eel$ coa*es4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! 7 fitt$ ) legs z well z driv+-:eels1 s9ce he ?\ght t 9 difficult c\ntry :eels alone w\ld n h suffici5t grip4 7,a simil> fallacy 0 responsible = ! cogg$ :eels on ! fir/ railways47 ,b 9 ! lat] types legs 7 ab&on$ z unnecess>y4 ,8 coa*es easily climb$ ! /eepe/ hills r\nd ,london1 includ+ ,highgate ,hill1 ?\gh a ?\ghtful ma!matician _h prov$ by calculations t a /eam-c>riage1 s f> f m\nt+ a gradi5t1 c\ld n1 )\t violat+ all natural laws1 s mu* z move itself on ! level6 ,hav+ satisfi$ himself ( _! p[]1 ,gurney took 8 coa*es fur!r afield4 ,9 #ahbi 0 publi%$ ! fir/ acc\nt ( a motor trip made by him & ?ree companions ?r\gh ,read+1 ,devizes1 & ,melk%am4 ,! pace 01 we read1 at fir/ only ab\t six miles an h\r1 includ+ /oppages4 ,!y drove v c>efully to avoid injury to ! p]sons or feel+s ( ! c\ntry folk2 b at ,melk%am1 :]e a fair 0 9 progress1 !y _h to face a %[] ( /ones1 hurl$ by a cr[d ( r\ghs at ! in/igation ( "s coa*+ po/ilions1 :o fe>$ los+ _! livelihood if ! new me?od ( locomotion became g5]al4 ,two ( ! t\ri/s 7 sev]ely hurt1 & ,gurney 0 oblig$ to take %elt] 9 a brew]y1 :]e con/ables gu>d$ 8 coa*4 ,on ! return j\rney ! p>ty tim$ _! movem5ts s z to pass ?r\gh ,melk%am :ile ! inhabitants 7 all safely 9 b$4 ,! coa* ran mo/ satisfactorily1 improv+ e mile4 8,our pace 0 s rapid10 wrote "o ( ! company1 8t ! horses ( ! mail-c>t :i* accompani$ u 7 h>d put to x to keep up ) u4 ,at ! foot ( ,devizes ,hill we met a coa* & ano!r vehicle1 :i* /opp$ to see u m\nt ?is hill1 an extremely /eep "o4 ,we asc5d$ x at a rapid rate4 ,! coa* & pass5g]s1 delight$ at ?is unexpect$ sight1 hon\r$ u ) %\ts ( applause40 ,9 #ahcj ,messrs4 ,ogle & ,summ]s completely beat ! road record on a vehicle fitt$ ) a tubul> boil]4 ,?is c>1 put ?r\gh its trials be=e a ,special ,commission ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 atta9$ ! a/oni%+ spe$ ( #ce miles an h\r on ! level1 & m\nt$ a hill ne> ,s\?ampton at #bd-a_/b miles an h\r4 ,x work$ at a boil] pressure ( #bej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & ?\gh n hung on spr+s1 ran #hjj miles )\t a breakd[n4 ,?is p]=mance appe>s all ! m extraord9>y :5 we rememb] ! roads ( t day 7 n g5]ally z good z !y are n[1 & t 9 ! previ\s ye> ,/eph5son's 8,rocket10 runn+ on rails1 _h n rea*$ a high] velocity4 ,! report ( ! ,p>liam5t>y ,commission on horseless c>riages 0 mo/ fav\rable4 ,x urg$ t ! /eam-driv5 c> 0 swift] & light] ?an ! mail-coa*es2 bett] able to climb & desc5d hills2 saf]2 m economical2 & less injuri\s to ! roads2 &1 9 conclusion1 t ! heavy *>ges levi$ at ! toll-gates 7(t5 tw5ty times ^? on horse vehicles7 7 no?+ %ort ( iniquit\s4 ,z a result ( ?is report1 motor s]vices1 inaugurat$ by ,walt] ,hancock1 ,brai?wayte1 & o!rs1 comm5c$ betwe5 ,padd+ton & ! ,bank1 ,london & ,gre5wi*1 ,london & ,w9dsor1 ,london & ,/rat=d4 ,already1 9 #ahbi1 ,sir ,*>les ,dance _h a /eam-coa* runn+ betwe5 ,*elt5ham & ,gl\ce/]4 ,9 f\r mon?s x ran #cejj miles & c>ri$ #cjjj pass5g]s1 trav]s+ ! n9e miles 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r2 al?\gh n>r[-m9d$ l&[n]s plac$ ridges ( /one eighte5 in*es deep on ! road by way ( prote/4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s s]vice ( all 0 t betwe5 ,london & ,birm+ham1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahcc by ,dr4 ,*ur*4 ,! roll+-/ock consi/$ ( a s+le v mu* decorat$ coa*4 ,! success ( ! road-/eam] seem$ n[ assur$1 :5 a cl\d appe>$ on ! horizon4 ,x _h already be5 too successful4 ,! railway companies 7 up 9 arms4 ,!y saw pla9ly t if once ! roads 7 cov]$ ) vehicles able to transport ! public at l[ f>es quickly f door to door on exi/+ ?or\ghf>es1 ! con/ruction ( exp5sive railroads w\ld be s]i\sly h9d]$1 if n altoge!r /opp$4 ,s1 tak+ advantage ( two motor accid5ts1 ! companies appeal$ to ,p>liam5t--full ( horse-lov+ squires & manufactur]s1 :o sc5t$ pr(it 9 ! railways--& ?\gh sci5tific op9ion ran /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! /eam-coa*1 a law 0 pass$ 9 #ahcf :i* r5d]$ ! /eam]s h>mless by robb+ !m ( _! spe$4 ,! fiat w5t =? t 9 future e road locomotive %\ld be prec$$ at a di/ance ( a hundr$ y>ds by a man on foot c>ry+ a r$ flag to w>n pass5g]s ( its approa*4 ,?is law m>ks ! end ( ! fir/ p]iod ( automobilism z f> z ,engl& is conc]n$4 ,at "o bl[ x crippl$ a great indu/ry1 depriv$ ! community ( a v valuable means ( transport1 & cru%$ ! en]gies ( _m clev] inv5tors :o w\ld soon1 if we may judge by ! rapid advances already made 9 con/ruction1 h br\ght ! /eam-c>riage to a high pit* ( p]fection4 ,9 ! v ye> 9 :i* !y 7 suppress$ ! /eam s]vices _h prov$ _! effici5cy & safety4 ,hancock's ,london s]vice alone trav]s$ #dbjj miles )\t s]i\s accid5t1 & 0 s popul> t ! coa*es 7 g5]ally cr[d$4 ,x is !re=e h>d to believe t ^! vehicles did n supply a public want1 or t !y 7 reg>d$ by ^? :o us$ !m z 9 any way inf]ior to horse-drawn coa*es4 ,yet ignorant prejudice drove !m (f ! road = sixty ye>s2 & to-day x surprises _m ,engli%m5 to le>n t :at is g5]ally consid]$ a novel me?od ( travell+ 0 already fairly well develop$ 9 ! "t ( _! gr&fa!rs4 ,second ,p]iod 7#ahgj onw>ds74--,to foll[ ! fur!r developm5t ( ! automobile we mu/ cross ! ,*annel once aga94 ,fr5* inv5tion _h n be5 idle :ile ,gurney & ,hancock 7 build+ _! coa*es4 ,9 #ahce ,m4 ,dietz e/abli%$ a s]vice betwe5 ,v]sailles & ,p>is1 & ! same ye> ,m4 ,d',asda c>ri$ out "s successful trials ( 8 /eam 8dilig5ce0 "u ! eyes ( ,royalty4 ,b we f9d t = ! next ?irty-five ye>s ! /eam-c>riage 0 n mu* improv$1 ow+ to want ( capital among its ,fr5* admir]s4 ,no ,gurney appe>$1 ready to sp5d 8 ?\s&s 9 exp]im5t+2 also1 ?\gh ! law left road locomotion unre/rict$1 ! railways (f]$ a det]m9$ opposition to a possibly dang]\s rival4 ,s t1 on ! :ole1 road transport by /eam f>$ badly till aft] ! t]rible ,franco-,prussian w>1 :5 inv5tors aga9 took c\rage4 ,m4 ,bolle1 ( ,mans1 built 9 #ahgc a c>1 8l',obissante10 :i* ran f ,mans to ,p>is2 & became ! subject ( allusions 9 popul> songs & plays1 :ile its "n 0 held up z an example to ! ,p>is ladies4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he con/ruct$ a /eam omnibus to c>ry fifty p]sons1 & 9 #ahgh exhibit$ a c> t j\rney$ at ! rate ( eighte5 miles an h\r f ,p>is to ,vi5na1 :]e x ar\s$ great admiration4 ,aft] ! ye> #ahhj ,fr5* eng9e]s divid$ _! att5tion betwe5 ! heavy motor omnibus & light vehicles = pleasure p>ties4 ,9 #ahhd ,,mm4 ,b\ton & ,trp>d\x1 work+ conjo9tly ) ! ,comte de ,dion1 produc$ a /eam-driv5 tricycle1 & 9 #ahhg ,m4 ,s]pollet foll[$ suit ) ano!r1 fitt$ ) ! peculi> =m ( /eam g5]ator t be>s 8 "n4 ,!n came 9 #ahij a v important innovation1 :i* has made automobilism :at x n[ is4 ,gottlieb ,daiml]1 a ,g]man eng9e]1 introduc$ ! petrol gas-motor4 ,its comp>ative lightness & simplicity at once /amp$ x z ! ?+ = :i* mak]s 7 wait+4 ,petrol-driv5 vehicles 7 soon abroad 9 consid]able numb]s & v>ieties1 b !y did n attract public att5tion to any great ext5t until1 9 #ahid1 ,m4 ,pi]re ,giff>d1 an editor ( ! ,petit ,j\rnal1 organis$ a motor race f ,p>is to ,r\54 ,! proprietors ( ! pap] (f]$ h&some prizes to ! successful competitors4 ,!re 7 t5 />t]s1 "s on /eam1 o!rs on petrol c>s4 ,! race %[$ t1 s f> z /ability w5t1 ,daiml]'s eng9e 0 ! equal ( ! /eam cyl9d]4 ,! next ye> ano!r race ( a m ambiti\s "* 0 held1 ! c\rse be+ f ,p>is to ,bordeaux & back4 ,subscriptions = prizes fl[$ 9 freely4 ,s]pollet1 de ,dion1 & ,bolle prep>$ /eam c>s t %\ld w9 back = /eam its lo/ supremacy1 :ile ! petrol faction secretly built motors ( a /r5g? to relegate /eam once & = all to a back place4 ,electricity1 too1 made a bid unsuccessfully = ! prize 9 ! ,jeantaud c>1 a special tra9 be+ engag$ 9 advance to di/ribute *>g$ accumulators ov] ! r\te4 ,! /eam]s broke d[n soon aft] ! />t1 s t ! petrol c>s 8walk$ ov]0 & won a mo/ decisive victory4 ,! int]e/ r\s$ 9 ! race l$ ! ,comte de ,dion to f\nd ! ,automobile ,club ( ,france1 :i* drew toge!r all ! en?usia/ic admir]s ( ! new locomotion4 ,automobilism n[ became a sport1 a craze4 ,! ,fr5*1 ) _! f9e /raight roads1 & a n too deeply +ra9$ love ( horsefle%1 gladly welcom$ ! fly+ c>1 despite its noisy & malodor\s prop]ties4 ,ord]s fl[$ 9 s freely t ! motor mak]s c\ld n keep pace ) ! dem&1 or promise deliv]y )9 eighte5 mon?s4 ,ri* m5 7 !re=e oblig$ to pay d\ble prices if !y c\ld f9d any "o will+ to sell--a /ate ( ?+s t rema9s unto ?is day ) c]ta9 makes ( ,fr5* c>s4 ,poor] folks cont5t$ !mselves ) ,de ,dion motor tricycles1 :i* %[$ up s well 9 ! #ahif ,p>is-,m>seilles race2 or ) ! neat little ?ree-:eel$ c>s ( ,m4 ,bolle4 ,motor rac+ became ! topic ( ! h\r4 ,j\rnals 7 />t$ = ! sole purpose ( record+ ! do+s ( motori/s2 & few newspap]s ( any popul>ity omitt$ a special column ( motor news4 ,successive conte/s on ! highroads at increas+ spe$s attract$ increas$ int]e/4 ,! black-goggl$1 fur-clad *auffeur :o c>ri$ (f ! prizes f\nd himself a h]o4 ,9 %ort1 ! hold :i* automobilism has ov] our neighb\rs may be gaug$ f ! fact t 9 #aija x 0 e/imat$ t ne>ly a ?\s& motor c>s assembl$ to see ! sport on ! ,long*amps ,c\rse 7! sc5e ( t ultra-8horsey0 ev5t1 ! ,gr& ,prix71 & ! real int]e/ ( ! meet did n c5tre r\nd horses ( fle% & blood4 ,! ,fr5* h n a monopoly ( devotion to automobilism4 ,! spe$y motor c> is too mu* 9 accord ) ! bu/l+ _s ( ! age2 its delights too easily appreciat$ to be conf9$ to "o c\ntry4 ,all[+ ,france ! fir/ place1 ,am]ica1 ,g]many1 & ,belgium are n f> beh9d 9 _! addiction to ! 8sport10 & ev5 9 ,brita91 p>tially fre$ s9ce #ahif f ! r$-flag tyranny1 ?anks to ! ef=ts ( ,sir ,david ,salomons1 !re are mo/ visible signs t ! era ( ! horse is beg9n+ its end4 ,,types ,,( ,,c>4 ,automobiles may be classifi$ accord+ to ! purpose !y s]ve1 accord+ to _! size & weight1 or accord+ to _! motive p[]4 ,we w fir/ review !m "u ! latt] head4 ,a4 ,petrol4--,! petrol motor1 suitable alike = l>ge c>s ( #dj to #fj horse-p[] & = ! small bicycle weigh+ #gj lbs4 or s1 at pres5t und\bt$ly occupies ! fir/ place 9 popul> e/imation on acc\nt ( its comp>ative simplicity1 :i* m ?an comp5sates c]ta9 defects t affect p]sons (f ! vehicle m ?an ^? on x--smell & noise4 ,! *ief feature ( ! int]nal explosion motor is t at "o op]ation x conv]ts fuel directly into en]gy1 by explod+ x inside a cyl9d]4 ,x is h]e9 m economical ?an /eam1 :i* loses p[] :ile pass+ f ! boil] to ! driv+-ge>4 ,petrol cycles & small c>s h usually only "o cyl9d]1 b l>ge vehicles c>ry two1 ?ree1 & sometimes f\r cyl9d]s4 ,f\r & m avoid t bugbe> ( rot>y motion1 8dead po9ts10 dur+ :i* ! mom5tum ( ! ma*9]y alone is do+ "w2 & = t reason ! eng9es ( rac+ c>s are (t5 quadrupl$4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity we w describe ! work+ ( a s+le cyl9d]1 leav+ ! read] to imag9e x act+ alone or 9 conc]t ) o!rs z he pleases4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! fuel1 petrol1 is a v inflammable di/illation ( petroleum3 s ready to ignite t x mu/ be mo/ rigor\sly gu>d$ f nak$ lights2 s quick to evaporate t ! receptacles conta9+ x1 if n q airtight1 w soon r5d] x 8/ale0 & unpr(itable = motor driv+4 ,! eng9e1 to m5tion its mo/ important p>ts1 consi/s ( a s+le-action cyl9d] 7giv+ a ?ru/ "o way only72 a heavy fly:eel revolv+ 9 an airtight circul> case1 & connect$ to ! pi/on by a h+$ rod :i* conv]ts ! reciprocat+ movem5t ( ! pi/on into a rot>y movem5t ( ! crank-%aft built 9 ) ! :eel2 inlet & outlet valves2 a c>burettor = g5]at+ petrol gas1 & a device to ignite ! gas-&-air mixture 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! action ( ! eng9e is z foll[s3 z ! pi/on moves outw>ds 9 its fir/ /roke x sucks ?r\gh ! inlet valve a quantity ( mix$ air & gas1 ! proportions ( :i* are regulat$ by special taps4 ,! /roke end$1 ! pi/on returns1 compress+ ! mixture & r5d]+ x m combu/ible4 ,j z ! pi/on comm5ces its second outw>d /roke an electric sp>k pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture me*anically ignites x1 & creates an explosion1 :i* drives ! pi/on viol5tly =w>ds4 ,! second return =ces ! burnt gas ?r\gh ! exhau/-valve1 :i* is lift$ by cog-ge> once 9 e two revolutions ( ! crank1 into ! 8sil5c]40 ,! cycle ( op]ations is !n repeat$4 ,we see t dur+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! 8cycle0--! suction1 compression1 & expulsion--! "w is p]=m$ entirely by ! fly:eel4 ,x foll[s t a s+le-cyl9d] motor1 to "w at all1 mu/ rotate ! :eel at a high rate4 ,once /opp$1 x c be re/>t$ only by ! action ( ! h&le or p$als2 a task (t5 s unpleasant & labori\s t ! driv] ( a c>1 :5 he comes to re/ = a %ort "t only1 disconnects 8 motor f ! driv+-ge> & lets x ?rob away idly b5ea? him4 ,! means ( ignit+ ! gas 9 ! cyl9d]s may be ei!r a ,buns5 burn] or an electric sp>k4 ,tube ignition is g5]ally consid]$ inf]ior to electrical because x does n p]mit 8tim+0 ( ! explosion4 ,l>ge c>s are (t5 fitt$ ) bo? sy/ems1 s z to h "o 9 res]ve %\ld ! o!r break d[n4 ,electrical ignition is mo/ commonly produc$ by ! aid ( an int5sity coil1 :i* consi/s ( an inn] core ( co>se insulat$ wire1 call$ ! prim>y coil2 & an out]1 or second>y coil1 ( v f9e wire4 ,a curr5t passes at int]vals1 tim$ by a cam on ! exhau/-valve ge> work+ a make-&-break contact blade1 f an accumulator ?r\gh ! prim>y coil1 excit+ by induction a curr5t ( mu* great] int5sity 9 ! second>y4 ,! second>y is connect$ to a 8sp>k+ plug10 :i* screws into ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 & c>ries two plat9um po9ts ab\t #a_/cb ( an in* ap>t4 ,! second>y curr5t leaps ?is little gap 9 ! circuit1 & ! sp>k1 be+ int5sely hot1 fires ! compress$ gas4 ,in/ead ( accumulators a small dynamo1 driv5 by ! motor1 is sometimes us$ to produce ! prim>y curr5t4 ,by mov+ a small lev]1 kn[n z ! 8advanc+ lev]10 ! driv] c control ! "t ( explosion relatively to ! compression ( ! gas1 & raise or l[] ! spe$ ( ! motor4 ,! /rokes ( ! petrol-driv5 cyl9d] are v rapid1 v>y+ f #ajjj to #cjjj a m9ute4 ,! heat ( v frequ5t explosions w\ld soon make ! cyl9d] too hot to "w 7 n measures adopt$ to keep x cool4 ,small cyl9d]s1 su* z are c>ri$ on motor cycles1 are suffici5tly cool$ by a numb] ( radiat+ ribs ca/ 9 a piece ) ! cyl9d] itself2 b = l>ge ma*9es a wat] jacket or tank surr\nd+ ! cyl9d] is a necessity4 ,wat] is circulat$ ?r\gh ! jacket by means ( a small c5trifugal pump work+ (f ! driv+ ge>1 & ?r\gh a coil ( pipes fix$ 9 ! front ( ! c> to cat* ! draught ( progression4 ,s long z ! jacket & tubes are full ( wat] ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d] _c rise above boil+ po9t4 ,motion is transmitt$ f ! motor to ! driv+-:eels by int]m$iate ge>1 :i* 9 cycles may be only a lea!r b& or c\ple ( cogs1 b 9 c>s is m or less complicat$4 ,"u ! body ( ! c>1 runn+ usually across x1 is ! c\nt]%aft1 fitt$ at ea* end ) a small cog :i* drives a *a9 pass+ also ov] mu* l>g] cogs fix$ to ! driv+-:eels4 ,! c\nt]%aft engages ) ! cyl9d] me*anism by a 8friction-clut*10 a c\ple ( circul> faces :i* c be press$ aga9/ "o ano!r by a lev]4 ,to />t 8 c> ! driv] all[s ! motor to obta9 a consid]able mom5tum1 & !n1 us+ ! friction lev]1 br+s m & m /ress on to ! c\nt]%aft until ! friction-clut* ov]comes ! in]tia ( ! c> & produces movem5t4 ,ge>+ suitable = level /ret*es w\ld n be suffici5tly p[]ful = hills3 ! motor w\ld sl[ & probably /op f want ( mom5tum4 ,a c> is !re=e fitt$ ) *ang+ ge>s1 :i* give two or ?ree spe$s1 ! l[] = asc5ts1 ! high] = ! level3 & on decl9es ! friction-clut* c be releas$1 all[+ ! c> to 8coa/40 ,b4 ,/eam ,c>s4--,?\gh ! petrol c> has come to ! front ( late ye>s x /ill has a p[]ful rival 9 ! /eam c>4 ,inv5tors h made /r5u\s ef=ts to provide /eam-eng9es light en\gh to be suitable = small pleasure c>s4 ,at pres5t ! ,locomobile 7,am]ican7 & ,s]pollet 7,fr5*7 sy/ems are increas+ _! popul>ity4 ,! ,locomobile1 ! co/ ( :i* 7ab\t #abj7 contra/s fav\rably ) t ( ev5 ! *eap] petrol c>s1 has a small multitubul> boil] w\nd on ! outside ) two or ?ree lay]s ( piano wire1 to r5d] x safe at high pressures4 ,z ! boil] is plac$ "u ! seat x is only fit & prop] t x %\ld h a l>ge m>g9 ( safety4 ,! fuel1 petrol1 is pass$ ?r\gh a specially design$ burn]1 pi]c$ ) hundr$s ( f9e holes arrang$ 9 circles r\nd air inlets4 ,! fe$-supply to ! burn] is gov]n$ by a spr+ valve1 :i* cuts (f ! petrol automatically z soon z ! /eam 9 ! boil] rea*es a c]ta9 pressure4 ,! locomobile runs v ev5ly & smoo?ly1 & ) v little noise1 a welcome *ange aft] ! v audible explosion motor4 ,! ,s]pollet sy/em is a peculi> me?od ( g5]at+ /eam4 ,! boil] is m]ely a long coil ( tub+1 into :i* a small jet ( wat] is squirt$ by a pump at e /roke ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,! /eam is g5]at$ & us$ 9 a mom5t1 & ! spe$ ( ! ma*9e is regulat$ by ! am\nt ( wat] ?r[n by ! pumps4 ,by an +5i\s device ! fuel supply is controll$ 9 comb9ation ) ! wat] supply1 s t !re may n be any undue wa/e 9 ! burn]4 ,c4 ,electricity4--,( electric c>s !re are _m patt]ns1 b at pres5t !y are n comm]cially s practical z ! o!r two types4 ,! great drawbacks to electrically-driv5 c>s are ! weight ( ! accumulators 7:i* (t5 scale ne>ly z mu* z all ! re/ ( ! vehicle71 & ! difficulty ( gett+ !m re*>g$ :5 exhau/$4 ,we might add to ^! ! rapidity ) :i* ! accumulators become worn out1 & ! consequ5t exp5se ( r5ewal4 ,t4 ,a4 ,edison is report$ at "w on an accumulator :i* w surpass all hi!rto con/ruct$1 hav+ a mu* long] life1 & weigh+ v mu* less1 p[] = p[]4 ,! longe/ cont9u\s run ev] made ) electricity1 #ahg miles at ,*icago1 comp>es badly ) ! feat ( a petrol c> :i* on ,novemb] #bc1 #aijj1 travell$ a ?\s& miles on ! ,cry/al ,palace track 9 #dh h\rs #bd m9utes1 )\t a s+le /op4 ,successful attempts h be5 made by ,,mm4 ,piep] & ,j5atsky to comb9e ! petrol & electric sy/ems1 by an arrangem5t :i* in/ead ( wa/+ p[] 9 ! cyl9d]s :5 less spe$ is requir$1 ?r[s into action electric dynamos to /ore up en]gy1 conv]tible1 :5 ne$$1 into motive p[] by rev]s+ ! dynamo into a motor4 ,b ! simple electric c> w n be a univ]sal fav\rite until ei!r accumulators are s light t a v l>ge /ore ( electricity c be c>ri$ )\t inconv5i5t addition ( weight1 or until *>g+ /ations are erect$ all ov] ! c\ntry at di/ances ( fifty miles or s ap>t4 ,:e!r /eam w ev5tually get ! upp] h& ( ! petrol eng9e is at pres5t unc]ta94 ,! /eam c> has ! advantage ov] ! gas-eng9e c> 9 ease ( />t+1 ! delicate regulation ( p[]1 facility ( rev]s+1 abs5ce ( vibration1 noise & smell1 & fre$om f complicat$ ge>s4 ,on ! o!r h& ! petrol c> has no boil] to get out ( ord] or bur/1 no tr\blesome gauges requir+ con/ant att5tion1 & !re is small difficulty ab\t a supply ( fuel4 ,petrol suffici5t to give motive p[] = hundr$s ( miles c be c>ri$ if ne$ be2 & z long z !re is petrol on bo>d ! c> is ready = "w at a mom5t's notice4 ,judg+ by ! numb] ( ! v>i\s types ( vehicles actually at "w we %\ld say t :ile /eam is be/ = heavy traction1 ! gas-eng9e is mo/ (t5 employ$ on pleasure c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,liquid ,air ,co4 ,?is graceful little motor-c> is driv5 by ,liquid ,air4 ,x makes absolutely no smell or noise4 ,d4 ,liquid ,air w also h to be reckon$ ) z a motive p[]4 ,at pres5t x is only on its probation2 b ! writ] has good au?ority = /at+ t be=e ^! words appe> 9 pr9t !re w be on ! roads a c> driv5 by liquid air1 & able to turn (f eighty miles 9 ! h\r4 ,manufacture4--,z ! ,engli% 7 ! pione]s ( ! /eam c>1 s are ! ,g]mans & ,fr5* ! *ief manufactur]s ( ! petrol c>4 ,:ile ! h&s ( ,engli% manufactur]s 7 ti$ by %ortsight$ legislation1 cont95tal nations 7 inv5t+ & controll+ valuable pat5ts1 s t ev5 n[ our manufactur]s are greatly h&icapp$4 ,l>ge numb]s ( petrol c>s are import$ annually f ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,belgium4 ,/eam c>s come *iefly f ,am]ica & ,france4 ,! =m] c\ntry s5t u ne>ly #bjjj vehicles 9 #aija4 ,!re are signs1 h[ev]1 t ,engli% eng9e]s mean to make a det]m9$ ef=t to recov] lo/ gr\nd2 & x is satisfactory to le>n t 9 heavy /eam vehicles1 su* z are turn$ out by ,?orneycr(t & ,co41 ?is c\ntry holds ! lead4 ,we w hope t 9 a few ye>s we %all be export]s 9 turn4 ,hav+ glanc$ at ! hi/ory & nature ( ! v>i\s types ( c>1 x w be int]e/+ to turn to a consid]ation ( _! travell+ capacities4 ,z we h se51 a /eam omnibus atta9$1 9 #ahcj1 a spe$ ( no less ?an ?irty-five miles an h\r on :at we %\ld call bad roads4 ,x is !re=e to be expect$ t on good mod]n roads ! late/ types ( c> w\ld be able to eclipse ! records ( sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,t su* has inde$ be5 ! case is evid5t :5 we exam9e ! p]=mances ( c>s 9 races organis$ z te/s ( spe$4 ,france1 ) its /raight1 beautifully-kept1 milit>y roads1 is ! c\ntry p> excell5ce = ! *auffeur4 ,"o has only to glance at ! map to see h[ ! ma9 highways con=m to ,euclid's dictum t a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts1 e4g4 betwe5 ,r\5 & ,dieppe1 :]e a p>k ( artill]y1 well po/$1 c\ld rake ! road ei!r way = miles4 ,! gr[? ( spe$ 9 ! ,fr5* races is rem>kable4 ,9 #ahid ! w9n+ c> ran at a mean velocity ( ?irte5 miles an h\r2 9 #ahie1 ( fifte54 ,! ye> #ahih witness$ a great advance to tw5ty-?ree miles1 & ! next ye> to ?irty miles4 ,b all ^! spe$s pal$ be=e t ( ! ,p>is to ,bordeaux race ( #aija1 9 :i* ! w9n]1 ,m4 ,f\rni]1 trav]s$ ! di/ance ( #cbg-a_/b miles at a rate ( #ec-c_/d miles p] h\r6 ,! fam\s ,sud express1 runn+ betwe5 ! same cities1 & consid]$ ! fa/e/ long-di/ance express 9 ! _w1 0 beat5 by a full h\r4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 9 ! same races a motor bicycle1 a ,w]n]1 weigh+ #hj lbs4 or less1 successfully accompli%$ ! c\rse at an av]age rate ( ne>ly ?irty miles an h\r4 ,! motor-c>1 aft] wait+ sev5ty ye>s1 _h _h its rev5ge on ! railways4 ,?is 0 n ! only occasion on :i* an express s]vice %[$ up badly aga9/ its nimble rival ( ! roads4 ,9 ,june1 #aija1 ! ,fr5* & ,g]man au?orities =got old animosities 9 a common en?usiasm = ! automobile1 & organis$ a race betwe5 ,p>is & ,b]l94 ,x 0 to be a big affair1 9 :i* ! c>s ( all nations %\ld fight = ! spe$ *ampion%ip4 ,e possible precaution 0 tak5 to insure ! safety ( ! competitors & ! spectators4 ,flags ( v>i\s col\rs & plac>ds m>k$ out ! c\rse1 :i* lay ?r\gh ,rheims1 ,luxemb\rg1 ,cobl5tz1 ,frankfurt1 ,eis5a*1 ,leipsic1 & ,potsdam to ! ,g]man capital4 ,ab\t fifty t[ns & l>ge villages 7 8neutralis$0--t is to say1 ! competitors _h to consume a c]ta9 "t 9 trav]s+ !m4 ,at ! entrance to ea* neutralis$ zone a 8control0 0 e/abli%$4 ,z soon z a competitor arriv$1 he mu/ sl[ d[n1 & a c>d on :i* 0 writt5 ! "t ( 8 arrival 0 h&$ to a 8pilot10 :o cycl$ 9 front ( ! c> to ! o!r 8control0 at ! f>!r end ( ! zone1 f :i*1 :5 ! prop] "t _h elaps$1 ! c> 0 dismiss$4 ,among o!r rules 73 t no c> %\ld be pu%$ or pull$ dur+ ! race by any "o else ?an ! pass5g]s2 t at ! end ( ! day only a c]ta9 "t %\ld be all[$ = clean+ & repairs2 & t a limit$ numb] ( p]sons1 v>y+ ) ! size ( ! c>1 %\ld be p]mitt$ to h&le x dur+ t p]iod4 ,a small army ( automobile club repres5tatives1 besides ?\s&s ( police & soldi]s1 7 di/ribut$ along ! c\rse to re/ra9 ! cr[ds ( spectators4 ,x 0 absolutely imp]ative t = vehicles propell$ at a rate ( f #ej to #fj miles an h\r a cle> pa? %\ld be kept4 ,at dawn1 on ,july #bg?1 #aji rac+ ma*9es assembl$ at ! ,=t de ,*ampigny1 outside ,p>is1 9 read9ess to />t = ,b]l94 ,j be=e half-pa/ ?ree1 ! fir/ competitor receiv$ ! signal2 two m9utes lat] ! second2 & !n at %ort int]vals = ?ree h\rs ! rema9+ #ajg1 among :om 0 "o lady1 ,mme4 de ,ga/4 ,at lea/ #bj1jjj p]sons 7 pres5t1 ev5 at t e>ly h\r1 to give ! rac]s a he>ty f>ewell1 & demon/rate ! int]e/ atta*+ 9 ,france to all ?+s connect$ ) automobilism4 ,great excitem5t prevail$ 9 ,p>is dur+ ! ?ree days ( ! race4 ,e few m9utes telegrams arriv$ f po/s on ! r\te tell+ h[ ! competitors f>$4 ,! news %[$ t dur+ ! fir/ /age at lea/ a h>d fight = ! lead+ place 0 9 progress4 ,! ,fr5* cracks1 ,f\rni]1 ,*>ron1 ,de ,knyff1 ,f>man1 & ,gir>dot press$ h>d on ,h\rgires1 ,no4 #b at ! />t+-po9t4 ,f\rni] soon secur$ ! lead1 & ^? :o rememb]$ 8 rem>kable driv+ 9 ! ,p>is-,bordeaux race at once select$ him z ! w9n]4 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 #bhc miles f ,p>is & ! end ( ! fir/ /age1 0 rea*$ 9 #f h\rs #bh m9utes4 ,f\rni] fir/1 ,de ,knyff second by six m9utes4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,liquid ,air ,co4 ,diagram ( ! ,liquid ,air ,motor-,c>1 %[+ ,a1 res]voir ( liquid air2 ,b1 pipes 9 :i* ! liquid is trans=m$ into atmosph]ic air "u great pressure2 ,c1 cyl9d]s = driv+ ! re> :eels by means ( *a9-ge>4 ,on ! #bh? ! rac+ became furi\s4 ,sev]al accid5ts occurr$4 ,edge1 driv+ ! only ,engli% c>1 wreck$ 8 ma*9e on a culv]t1 ! %>p curve ( :i* flung ! c> into ! air & broke its spr+s4 ,ano!r ru9$ 8 *ances by runn+ ov] & kill+ a boy4 ,b ,f\rni]1 ,antony1 ,de ,knyff1 & ,gir>dot manag$ to avoid mi%aps = t day1 & cov]$ ! gr\nd at a trem5d\s pace4 ,at ,dsseldorf ,gir>dot won ! lead f ,f\rni]1 to lose x aga9 %ortly4 ,antony1 driv+ at a reckless spe$1 ga9$ gr\nd all day1 & arriv$ a close second at ,hanov]1 ! halt+-place1 aft] a run av]ag+1 9 spite ( bad roads & dang]\s corn]s1 no less ?an #ed miles an h\r6 ,! *auffeur 9 su* a race mu/ inde$ be a man ( iron n]ves4 ,?r\gh ! great black goggles :i* %elt] 8 face f ! du/-lad5 hurricane set up by ! spe$ he travels at he mu/ keep a p]petual1 pi]c+ly ke5 wat*4 ,?\gh travell+ at express spe$1 !re are no signals to help him2 he mu/ be 8 own signalman z well z driv]4 ,he mu/ m>k e loose /one on ! road1 e inequality1 e sudd5 rise or depression2 he mu/ calculate ! curves at ! corn]s & judge :e!r 8 me*anician1 hang+ out on ! inw>d side1 w enable a c> to r\nd a turn )\t slack5+ spe$4 ,8 calculations & decisions mu/ be made 9 ! fraction ( a second1 = a mom5t's hesitation might be disa/]4 ,8 driv+ mu/ be furi\s & n reckless2 ! timid *auffeur w nev] w91 ! c>eless "o w probably lose4 ,8 head mu/ be cool al?\gh ! c> leaps b5ea? him l a wild ?+1 & ! w9d la%es 8 face4 ,at lea/ "o well-tri$ driv] f\nd ! m]e m5tal /ra9 too great to be>1 & retir$ f ! conte/2 & we may be sure t few ( ! competitors slept mu* dur+ ! nights ( ! race4 ,at f\r o'clock on ! #bi? ,f\rni] />t$ on ! ?ird /age1 :i* witness$ ano!r b\t ( fa/ travell+4 ,x 0 n[ a /ruggle betwe5 him & ,antony = fir/ place4 ,! pace rose at times to eighty miles an h\r1 a spe$ at :i* our fa/e/ expresses seldom travel4 ,su* a spe$ means huge risks1 = /opp+1 ev5 ) ! p[]ful brakes fitt$ to ! l>ge c>s1 w\ld be a matt] ( a hundr$ y>ds or m4 ,n f> f ,hanov] ,antony met ) an accid5t--,gir>dot n[ held second place2 & ,f\rni] f9i%$ an easy fir/4 ,all along ! r\te cr[ds _h *e]$ him1 & hurl$ b\quets into ! c>1 & wi%$ him good spe$2 b 9 ,b]l9 ! assembl$ populace w5t ne>ly frantic at 8 appe>ance4 ,f\rni] 0 ov]:elm$ ) fl[]s1 laurel wrea?s1 & o!r (f]+s2 dukes1 du*esses1 & ! great p ( ! l& press$ = pres5tations2 he 0 ! h]o ( ! h\r4 ,?us end$ :at may be t]m$ a peaceful invasion ( ,g]many by ! ,fr5*4 ,among o!r ?+s x _h %[n t ov] an imm5se /ret* ( c\ntry1 ov] roads 9 places bad z only ,g]man roads c be1 ! automobile 0 able to ma9ta9 an av]age spe$ sup]ior to t ( ! express tra9s runn+ betwe5 ,p>is & ,b]l92 also t1 9 spite ( ! l>ge numb] ( c>s employ$ 9 ! race1 ! accid5ts to ! public 7 a negligible quantity4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! actual "t occupi$ by ,f\rni] 0 #af h\rs #e m9utes2 t out ( ! #aji />t]s #dg rea*$ ,b]l92 & t ,osmont on a motor cycle f9i%$ only #c h\rs & #aj m9utes beh9d ! w9n]4 ,9 ,engl& su* rac+ w\ld be undesirable & impossible1 ow+ to ! crook$ness ( our roads4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly n be p]missible s long z ! #ab miles an h\r limit is obs]v$4 ,at ! pres5t "t an agitation is on foot aga9/ ?is re/riction1 :i*1 ?\gh reasonable en\gh among traffic & 9 t[ns1 appe>s unju/ifiable 9 op5 c\ntry4 ,to help to conv9ce ! magi/]ial m9d ( ! ease ) :i* a c> c be /opp$1 & !re=e ( its safety ev5 at comp>atively high spe$s1 trials 7 held on ,janu>y #b1 #aijb1 9 ,welbeck ,p>k4 ,! results %[$ t a c> travell+ at #ac miles an h\r c\ld be /opp$ dead 9 #d y>ds2 at #ah miles 9 #g y>ds2 at #bj miles 9 #ac y>ds2 or 9 less ?an half ! di/ance requir$ to pull up a horse-vehicle driv5 at simil> spe$s4 ,uses4--,n9ety-five p] c5t ( motors1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 are atta*$ to pleasure vehicles1 cycles1 voiturettes1 & l>ge c>s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! co/l9ess ( c>s motori/s are f> less num]\s ?an cycli/s2 b ^? p ^: means enable !m to indulge 9 automobilism f9d x extremely fasc9at+4 ,c>icaturi/s h pres5t$ to u 9 pl5ty ! gloomi] incid5ts ( motor+--! brok5 *a91 ! bur/ tyre1 ! 8some?+ gone wrong40 ,x requires p]sonal exp]i5ce to und]/& h[ lightly ^! mi%aps weigh aga9/ ! exhil>ation ( movem5t1 ! rapid *ange ( sc5e1 ! s5sation ( control ov] p[] :i* c :irl "o along tirelessly at a pace altoge!r beyond ! capacities ( horsefle%4 ,if pro( 7 want$ ( ! motor c>'s popul>ity x w be se5 9 ! unconv5tional dress ( ! *auffeur4 ,! breeze set up by 8 rapid ru% is su* z w\ld p5etrate ord9>y clo?+2 he dons cumbr\s fur cloaks4 ,! du/ is all-p]vad+ at times2 he swa!s himself 9 du/-pro( ov]alls1 & m\nts l>ge goggles edg$ ) velvet1 :ile a cap ( semi-nautical cut tightly drawn d[n ov] neck & e>s s]ves to protect ^? portions ( 8 anatomy4 ,! g5]al effect is peculi>ly unpicturesque2 b ev5 ! mo/ arti/ically-m9d$ driv] is ready to sacrifice appe>ances to com=t & ! prop] enjoym5t ( 8 c>4 ,9 ,engl& ! great grievance ( motori/s arises f ! spe$ limit impos$ by law4 ,to re/rict a p[]ful c> to twelve miles an h\r is l conf9+ a ?or\ghbr$ to ! paces ( a brok5-d[n cab horse4 ,c>eless driv+ is unp>donable1 b its occasional exi/5ce sc>cely ju/ifies ! intol]ant attitude ( ! law t[>ds motori/s 9 g5]al4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be grant$ 9 ju/ice to ! police t ! *auffeur1 f con/ant transgression ( ! law1 becomes a bad judge ( spe$1 & (t5 travels at a f> great] velocity ?an he is will+ to admit4 ,! conv5i5ce ( ! motor c> = _m purposes is imm5se1 especially = cross-c\ntry j\rneys1 :i* may be made f door to door )\t ! monotony or indirectness ( railway travel4 ,x be>s ! doctor swiftly on 8 r\nds4 ,x c>ries ! bus9ess man f 8 c\ntry h\se to 8 (fice4 ,x deliv]s goods = ! m]*ant2 p>cels = ! po/ (fice4 ,9 ! w>f>e ( ! future1 too1 x w play its "p1 :e!r to drag heavy ordnance & /ores1 or to move comm&+ (fic]s f po9t to po9t1 or p]=m err&s ( m]cy among ! w\nd$4 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,locomobile ,company we are p]mitt$ to app5d ! te/imony ( ,capta9 ,r4 ,s4 ,walk]1 ,r4,e41 to ! usefulness ( a c> dur+ ! great ,bo] ,w>4 8,sev]al mon?s ago ,i notic$ a locomobile c> at ,cape ,t[n1 & be+ /ruck ) its simplicity & neatness1 b\ght x & took x up c\ntry ) me1 ) a view to mak+ "s te/s ) x ov] bad roads1 c4 ,its fir/ trip 0 ov] a r\gh c\rse r\nd ,pretoria1 especially *os5 to f9d out defects be=e tak+ x into regul> use4 ,naturally1 z ! ma*9e 0 n design$ = ?is class ( "w1 !re 7 sev]al4 ,9 ab\t a mon? ^! _h all be5 f\nd out & rem$i$1 & ! c> 0 9 con/ant use1 tak+ /ores1 c41 r\nd ! t[ns & =ts4 ,x also p]=m$ "s v useful "w 9 visit+ out-/ations1 :]e se>*lights 7 ei!r in/all$ or want$1 & 9 ?is way visit$ ne>ly all ! bigg] t[ns 9 ! ,transvaal4 ,x 0 possible to g r\nd all ! likely positions = a se>*light 9 "o day at e /ation1 :i* frequ5tly meant consid]ably ov] fifty miles ( mo/ indiff]5t roads--m ?an a s+le horse c\ld h be5 expect$ to d--& ! c> g5]ally c>ri$ two p]sons on ^! occasions4 ,! c> 0 also us$ z a t5d] to a se>*light plant1 on a gun-c>riage & limb]1 be+ utilis$ to fet* gasol5e1 c>bons1 wat]1 c41 c41 & also to run ! dynamo = *>g+ ! accumulators us$ = sp>k+1 ?us sav+ runn+ ! gasol5e motor = ?is purpose4 ,to d ?is ! trail ( ! c>riage1 on :i* 0 ! dynamo1 0 l[]$ on to ! gr\nd1 ! back ( ! c> 0 pull$ up1 "o :eel be+ support$ on ! dynamo pulley & ! o!r cle> ( ! gr\nd1 & two bolts 7 pass$ ?r\gh ! balance-ge> to jo9 x4 ,on "o occasion ! c> ran a #cj c4m4 se>*light = an h\r1 driv+ a dynamo 9 ?is way4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is a trail] has be5 made to c>ry a dynamo & projector = se>*light+ 9 ! field1 b s f> ?is has n be5 s us$4 ,! trail] hooks into an eye1 pass+ j beh9d ! balance-ge>4 ,a ,maxim1 ,colt1 or small ammunition c>t1 c41 c\ld be atta*$ to ?is same eye4 8,und\bt$ly ! be/ piece ( "w done by ! c> s f> 0 its trial trip ) ! trail]1 :5 x blew up ! m9es at ,kle9 ,nek4 ,^! m9es 7 laid "s eight mon?s previ\sly1 & _h nev] be5 look$ to 9 ! int]val4 ,!re _h be5 sev]al bad /orms1 ! ,bo]s & cattle _h be5 frequ5tly ?r\gh ! ,nek1 x _h be5 on fire1 & f9ally x 0 %ell$ ) lyddite4 ,! m9es1 eighte5 9 numb]1 7 f\nd to be intact except two1 :i* presumably _h be5 fir$ (f by ! heat ( ! veldt fire4 ,all ! insulation 0 burnt (f ! wires1 & ! batt]y 0 useless4 ,x _h be5 anticipat$ t a dynamo explod] w\ld be inadequate to fire ^! m9es1 s a #bej volt two h4p4 motor1 :i* happ5$ to be 9 ,pretoria1 weigh+ ab\t ?ree or f\r hundr$weight1 0 plac$ on ! trail]2 a qu>t] ( a mile ( insulat$ cable1 "s te/+ ge>1 ! kits ( ?ree m5 & _! rations = ?ree days1 ) a case ( gasol5e = ! c>1 7 also c>ri$ on ! c> & trail]1 & ! :ole left ,pretoria "o morn+ & trekk$ to ,rietfonte94 ,two ( u 7 m\nt$1 ! ?ird drove ! c>4 ,at ,rietfonte9 we halt$ = ! night1 & />t$ next morn+ ) an escort ?r\gh ,comm&o ,nek1 r\nd ! nor? ( ! ,magaliesburg1 to ne> ,kle9 ,nek1 :]e ! road _h to be left1 & ! c> tak5 across c\ntry ?r\gh bu% veldt4 ,at ! bottom ! go+ 0 pretty easy2 only a few bu%es _h to be *>g$ d[n1 & ! grass1 c41 r w\nd itself ar\nd ! :eels & *a94 ,z ! rise became /eep] ! /ones became v l>ge1 & ! c> _h to be tak5 along v g+]ly to prev5t break+ ! :eels4 ,a halt 0 made ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! top ( ! ,nek1 :]e ! m9es 74 ,^! 7 reconnoit]$1 & ! wire1 c41 0 pick$ up2 t portion :i* 0 useless 0 plac$ on top ( ! *>ges1 & ! rema9d] tak5 to ! c>4 ,! dynamo 0 slid (f ! trail]1 ! c> back$ aga9/ x2 "o :eel 0 rais$ slightly & plac$ aga9/ ! dynamo pulley1 :i* 0 held up to x by a man us+ 8 rifle z a lev]2 ! o!r :eel 0 on ! gr\nd ) a /one "u x4 ,! balance ge> be+ free1 ! dynamo 0 excit$ )\t ! o!r :eel mov+1 & ! load be+ on = a v %ort "t 7t is1 f ! "t ( t\*+ lead on dynamo t]m9al to fir+ ( ! m9e7 no h>m c\ld come to ! c>4 ,:5 all ! leads _h be5 jo9$ to ! dynamo ! c> 0 />t$1 & aft] a %ort "t1 :5 x 0 judg$ to h excit$1 ! second t]m9al 0 t\*$1 a bang & cl\ds ( du/ result$1 & ! ,kle9 ,nek ,m9efield _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,! day 0 extremely hot1 & ! "w _h n be5 light1 s ! tea1 made ) wat] drawn direct f ! boil]1 :i* we 7 able to s]ve r\nd to ! ma9 body ( our escort 0 mu* appreciat$1 & wa%$ d[n ! surplus rations we disp5s$ ) to accommodate ! batt]y & wire1 :i* we c\ld n leave beh9d = ! enemy4 8,on ! return j\rney we f\nd ?is extra load too mu* = ! c>1 & _h great difficulty gett+ up to ,comm&o ,nek1 frequ5tly hav+ to /op to get up /eam1 s ^! mat]ials 7 left at ! fir/ blockh\se1 & ! j\rney home cont9u$ 9 com=t4 8,a second night at ,rietfonte9 gave u a re/ aft] our lab\r1 & ! ?ird aft]noon saw u on our way back to ,pretoria4 ,z luck w\ld h x1 a s&/orm ov]took ! c>1 :i* _h a lively "t ( x4 ,! /orm began by bl[+ ! sole occupant's hat (f1 s1 ! two m\nt$ m5 be+ a long way beh9d1 he %ut (f /eam & *as$ 8 hat4 ,9 ! meantime ! w9d increas$1 & ! c> sail$ (f #8on its own1' & 0 only j caught 9 "t to save a sma%4 ,luckily ! gale 0 9 ! "r direction1 = ! fire 0 bl[n out1 & x 0 impossible to light a mat* 9 ! op54 ,! c> sail$ into a poort on ! outskirts ( ,pretoria1 got a t[ f a fri5dly c>t ?r\gh x1 & !n /eam$ home aft] ! fire _h be5 relit4 8,! load c>ri$ on ?is occasion 7)\t ! batt]y1 c47 mu/ h be5 at lea/ five hundr$weight besides ! driv]1 :i*1 consid]+ ! c> is design$ to c>ry two on ord9>y roads1 & t ^! roads 7 by no means ord9>y1 0 no mean feat4 ,! c>1 z ord9>ily equipp$ = trekk+1 c>ries ! foll[+3 ,blankets1 wat]pro( %eets1 c41 = two m52 f\r planks = cross+ dit*es1 bogs1 /ones1 c42 all necess>y tools & sp>e p>ts1 a day's supply ( gasol5e1 a c\ple ( telephones1 & "o mile ( wire4 ,9 addition1 on ! trail]1 if us$ = se>*light+3 ,"o #cj c4m4 projector1 "o automatic lamp = projector1 "o dynamo 7#ajj volts #bj ampres71 two %ort l5g?s ( wire1 two pairs ( c>bons1 tools1 c4 ,?is trail] w\ld normally be c>ri$ ) ! baggage1 & only pick$ up by ! c> :5 want$ z a light2 t is1 z a rule1 aft] arriv+ 9 camp1 :5 a good _m o!r ?+s c\ld be left beh9d40 ,p]haps ! mo/ useful "w 9 /ore = ! motor is to help relieve ! conge/ion ( our l>ge t[ns & to re/ore to ! c\ntry "s ( its lo/ prosp]ity4 ,!re is no /rong] inducem5t to make p live 9 ! c\ntry ?an rapid & safe means ( locomotion1 :e!r public or private4 ,at pres5t ! sl[ & conge/$ suburban tra9 s]vices on "s sides ( ,london consume z mu* "t z w\ld suffice a motor c> to cov] twice or ?ree times ! di/ance4 ,we mu/ welcome any =m ( travel :i* w t5d to re/ore ! balance betwe5 c\ntry & t[n by enabl+ ! work] to live f> f 8 "w4 ,! ga9 to ! heal? ( ! nation aris+ f m ev5 di/ribution ( population w\ld be ine/imable4 ,a _w's t\r is among ! late/ projects 9 automobilism4 ,on ,april #bi1 #aijb1 ,dr4 ,lehwess & n9e fri5ds />t$ f ,hyde ,p>k ,corn] = a n9e mon?s' t\r on ?ree vehicles1 ! l>ge/ ( !m a luxuri\sly appo9t$ #bd horse-p[] c>avan1 built to accommodate f\r p]sons4 ,_! r\te lies ?r\gh ,france1 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,sib]ia1 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,high-,,spe$ ,,railways4 ,a c5tury ago a long j\rney 0 consid]$ an exploit1 & an exploit to be c>ri$ ?r\gh z quickly z possible on acc\nt ( ! dang]s ( ! road & ! g5]ally uncom=table conditions ( travel4 ,to-day1 ?\gh our express spe$ is _m times great] ?an t ( ! lumb]+ coa*es1 our c>riages comp>atively luxuri\s1 ! risk practically nil1 ! same wi% lurks 9 ! brea/ ( n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ railway pass5g]s--to sp5d ! %orte/ "t 9 ! tra9 t ! "t-table p]mits (4 ,"t diff]5ces t to our gr&fa!rs w\ld h appe>$ trifl+ are n[ matt]s ( suffici5t importance to make rival railway companies anxi\s to clip a few m9utes (f a #ajj-mile 8run0 simply because _! pass5g]s appreciate a few m9utes' less conf9em5t to ! c>s4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ! highe/ express spe$s h n mat]ially alt]$4 ,! ,great ,we/]n ,company 9 its e>ly days ran tra9s f ,padd+ton to ,sl\gh1 #ah miles1 9 #ae-a_/b m9utes1 or at an av]age pace ( #fi-a_/b miles an h\r4 ,on turn+ to ! pres5t regul> express s]vices ( ! _w we f9d ,am]ica head+ ! li/ ) a #ej-mile run betwe5 ,atlantic ,city & ,camd51 cov]$ at ! av]age spe$ ( #fh miles an h\r2 ,brita9 second ) a #cc-mile run betwe5 ,=f> & ,p]? at #ei miles2 & ,france a good ?ird ) an h\rly av]age ( r m ?an #eh miles betwe5 ,les ,aubrais & ,s4 ,pi]re des ,corps4 ,^! runs are long] ?an t on ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway ref]r$ to above 7:i* n[ occupies tw5ty-f\r m9utes71 b _! av]age velocity is less4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is decrease ( spe$8 ,n want ( p[] 9 mod]n eng9es2 at times our tra9s atta9 a rate ( #hj miles an h\r1 & 9 ,am]ica a mile has be5 turn$ (f 9 ! a/oni%+ "t ( ?irty-two seconds4 ,we %\ld r seek x 9 ! ne$ = economy & 9 ! physical limitations impos$ by ! pres5t sy/em ( plate-lay+ & railroad eng9e]+4 ,an av]age spe$ ( n9ety miles an h\r w\ld1 z ?+s n[ /&1 be too wa/eful ( coal & too injuri\s to ! roll+-/ock to yield pr(it to ! proprietors ( a l9e2 &1 except 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 w\ld prove p]il\s = ! pass5g]s4 ,be=e our s]vices c be mu* improv$ ! /eam locomotive mu/ be supplant$ by "s o!r application ( motive p[]1 & ! metals be laid 9 a mann] :i* w make special provision = extreme spe$4 ,s9ce rapid transit is z mu* a matt] ( comm]cial importance z ( m]e p]sonal conv5i5ce x mu/ n be suppos$ t an av]age ( #ej miles an h\r w cont9ue to meet ! ne$s ( travell]s4 ,already practical exp]im5ts h be5 made ) two sy/ems t promise u an ord9>y spe$ ( #ajj miles an h\r & an express spe$ consid]ably high]4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! monorail or s+le-rail sy/em1 w be employ$ on a railroad project$ betwe5 ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool4 ,at pres5t pass5g]s betwe5 ^! two cities--! fir/ to be connect$ by a railroad ( any k9d--enjoy ! *oice ( ?ree rival s]vices cov]+ #cd-a_/b miles 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,an em95t eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,behr1 n[ wi%es to add a f\r? ( unprec$5t$ swiftness4 ,p>liam5t>y p[]s h be5 secur$ = a l9e />t+ f ,deansgate1 ,man*e/]1 & t]m9at+ beh9d ! pro-,ca!dral 9 ,liv]pool1 on :i* s+le c>s w run e t5 m9utes at a velocity ( #aaj miles an h\r4 ,a monorail track pres5ts a r curi\s appe>ance4 ,! ord9>y p>allel metals are replac$ by a s+le rail c>ri$ on ! summit ( ,a-%ap$ tre/les1 ! legs ( :i* are firmly bolt$ to sleep]s4 ,a monorail c> is divid$ l5g?wise by a gap t all[s x to hang half on ei!r side ( ! tre/les & cle> !m z x moves4 ,! d\ble flang$ :eels to c>ry & drive ! c> are plac$ at ! apex ( ! gap4 ,z ! 8c5tre ( gravity0 is bel[ ! rail ! c> _c turn ov]1 ev5 :5 travell+ r\nd a %>p curve4 ,! fir/ railway built on ?is sy/em 0 con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,*>les ,l>tigue1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 9 ,alg]ia1 a di/rict :]e an ord9>y two-rail track is (t5 block$ by sev]e s&-/orms4 ,he d]iv$ ! idea ( balanc+ trucks ov] an elevat$ rail f c>avans ( camels lad5 on ea* flank ) l>ge bags4 ,! camel1 or r its legs1 0 trans=m$ by ! eng9e]'s eye into iron tre/les1 :ile its burd5 became a c>4 ,a l9e built z a result ( ?is obs]vation1 & suppli$ ) mules z tractive p[]1 has = _m ye>s play$ an important "p 9 ! esp>to-grass trade ( ,alg]ia4 ,9 #ahhf ,mr4 ,behr decid$ t by apply+ /eam to ,m4 ,l>tigue's sy/em he c\ld make x successful z a means ( transport+ pass5g]s & goods4 ,he accord+ly set up 9 ,to?ill ,fields1 ,we/m9/]1 on ! site ( ! new ,roman ,ca?olic ,ca!dral1 a m9iature railway :i* dur+ n9e mon?s ( use %[$ t ! monorail w\ld be practical = heavy traffic1 safe1 & m *eaply ma9ta9$ ?an ! ord9>y d\ble-metal railway4 ,! tra9 travell$ easily r\nd v %>p curves & climb$ unusually /eep gradi5ts )\t slipp+4 ,mr4 ,behr 0 enc\rag$ to con/ruct a monorail 9 ,k]ry1 betwe5 ,li/[el1 a c\ntry t[n fam\s = its butt]1 & ,ballybunion1 a seaside resort ( increas+ popul>ity4 ,! l9e1 op5$ on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y #ahhh1 has work$ mo/ satisfactorily ev] s9ce1 )\t injury to a s+le employ or pass5g]4 ,on ea* side ( ! tre/les1 two feet bel[ ! apex1 run two guide-rails1 aga9/ :i* press small :eels atta*$ to ! c>riages to prev5t undue oscillation & 8tipp+0 r\nd curves4 ,at ! ?ree /ations !re are1 in/ead ( po9ts1 turn-tables or swit*es on to :i* ! tra9 runs = transf]5ce to sid+s4 ,road traffic crosses ! rail on drawbridges1 :i* are v easily work$1 & :i* automatically set signals aga9/ ! tra94 ,! bridges are 9 two portions & act on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ea* half fall+ f a p]p5dicul> position t[>ds ! c5tre1 :]e ! ends re/ on ! rail1 specially /r5g!n$ at t spot to c>ry ! extra weight4 ,! locomotive is a tw9 affair2 has two boil]s1 two funnels1 two fireboxes2 c draw #bdj tons on ! level at fifte5 miles an h\r1 & :5 runn+ light travels a mile 9 two m9utes4 ,! c>riages1 #ah feet long & c>ry+ twelve pass5g]s on ea* side1 are divid$ longitud9ally into two p>ts4 ,trucks too are us$1 ma9ly = ! transport ( s&--( :i* ea* c>ries ?ree tons--f ,ballybunion to ,li/[el3 & 9 ! c5tre ( ea* tra9 is a que]-look+ vehicle s]v+ z a bridge = any "o :o may wi% to cross f "o side ( ! rail to ! o!r4 ,sev]al l9es on ! patt]n ( ! ,ballybunion-,li/[el h be5 erect$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,mr4 ,behr 0 n satisfi$ ) 8 fir/ success1 h[ev]1 & det]m9$ to develop ! monorail 9 ! direction ( fa/ travell+1 :i* he ?\ght w\ld be mo/ easily atta9$ on a tre/le-track4 ,9 #ahic he />tl$ eng9e]s by propos+ a ,lightn+-,express s]vice1 to transport pass5g]s at a velocity ( #abj miles an h\r4 ,b ! project seem$ too ideal to tempt money f ! pockets ( f9anci]s1 & ,mr4 ,behr soon saw t if a high-spe$ railway aft] 8 own he>t 7 con/ruct$ x mu/ be at 8 own exp5se4 ,he _h suffici5t fai? 9 8 s*eme to sp5d #dj1jjj on an exp]im5tal track at ! ,brussels ,exhibition ( #ahig4 ,! exhibition 0 9 two p>ts1 connect$ by an electric railway1 ! "o at ! capital1 ! o!r at ,t]vu]51 sev5 miles away4 ,mr4 ,behr built 8 l9e at ,t]vu]54 ,! greate/ difficulty he enc\nt]$ 9 its con/ruction arose f ! opposition ( l&[n]s1 mo/ly small peasant proprietors1 :o 7 anxi\s to make advantage\s t]ms be=e !y w\ld he> ( ! rail pass+ ?r\gh _! l&s4 ,until he _h conclud$ two hundr$ sep>ate contracts1 by mo/ ( :i* ! peasants b5efit$1 8 platelay]s c\ld n get to "w4 ,ap>t f ?is opposition ! conditions 7 n fav\rable4 ,he 0 oblig$ to bridge no less ?an t5 roads2 & ! cont\r ( ! c\ntry necessitat$ /eep gradi5ts1 %>p curves1 long cutt+s & embankm5ts1 ! la/ ( :i*1 ow+ to a wet summ]1 c\ld n be tru/$ to /& q firm4 ,! track 0 d\bl$ = ?ree miles1 pass+ at ea* end r\nd a curve ( #afjj feet radius4 ,! rail ran ab\t f\r feet above ! track on tre/les bolt$ d[n to /eel sleep]s re/+ on ord9>y balla/4 ,! c>riage--,mr4 ,behr us$ b "o on ?is l9e--weigh$ #fh tons1 0 #ei feet long & #aa feet wide1 & c\ld accommodate "o hundr$ p]sons4 ,x 0 h&somely fitt$ up1 & _h specially-%ap$ seats :i* neutralis$ ! effect ( r\nd+ curves1 & end$ =e & aft 9 a po9t1 to ov]come ! w9d-resi/ance 9 front & ! air-suction beh9d4 ,sixte5 pairs ( :eels on ! "u side ( ! c>riage engag$ ) ! two pairs ( guide rails flank+ ! tre/les1 & eight l>ge d\ble-flang$ :eels1 #d-a_/b feet 9 diamet]1 c>ri$ ! weight ( ! vehicle4 ,! inn] f\r ( ^! :eels 7 driv5 by z _m p[]ful electric motors conta9$1 along ) ! guid+ me*anism1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! c>4 ,! motors pick$ up curr5t f ! c5tre rail & f ano!r /eel rail laid along ! sleep]s on porcela9 insulators4 ,! top spe$ atta9$ 0 ab\t n9ety miles an h\r4 ,on ! close ( ! ,exhibition special exp]im5ts 7 made at ! reque/ ( ! ,belgian1 ,fr5*1 & ,russian ,gov]nm5ts1 ) results t prov$ t ! ,behr sy/em des]v$ a trial on a mu* l>g] scale4 ,! eng9e] accord+ly approa*$ ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t ) a ,bill = ! con/ruction ( a high-spe$ l9e betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,a ,committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons reject$ ! ,bill on repres5tations ( ! ,sal=d ,corporation4 ,! ,committee _h to admit1 nev]!less1 t ! evid5ce call$ 0 ma9ly 9 fav\r ( ! sy/em2 &1 ! plans ( ! rail hav+ be5 alt]$ to meet c]ta9 objections1 ,p>liam5t>y cons5t 0 obta9$ to comm5ce op]ations :5 ! necess>y capital _h be5 subscrib$4 ,9 a few ye>s ! great seaport & ! great cotton t[n w probably be )9 a few m9utes' run ( ea* o!r4 ,a "q t naturally arises 9 ! m9d ( ! read] is ?is3 c\ld ! c>s1 :5 travell+ at #aaj miles an h\r1 be arre/$ quickly en\gh to avoid an accid5t if any?+ got on ! l9e8 ,! ,we/+h\se air-brake has a ret>d+ =ce ( ?ree miles a second4 ,x w\ld !re=e arre/ a tra9 travell+ at #aaj miles p] h\r 9 #cg seconds1 or #iie y>ds4 ,mr4 ,behr proposes to re9=ce ! ,we/+h\se ) an electric brake1 compos$ ( magnets #ah in*es long1 ex]t+ on ! guide rails by means ( curr5t g5]at$ by ! rev]s$ motors an attractive =ce ( #bjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is brake is t its effici5cy is greate/ :5 ! spe$ ( ! tra9 is highe/ & :5 x is mo/ ne$$4 ,! unit$ brakes are expect$ to /op ! c> 9 half ! di/ance ( ! ,we/+h\se alone2 b !y w\ld n bo? be appli$ except 9 em]g5cies4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! sl[+ ( a c> w\ld take place only at ! t]m9i1 :]e ! l9e asc5ds gradi5ts into ! /ations4 ,!re w\ld1 h[ev]1 be small *ance ( collisions1 ! railway be+ securely f5c$ (f ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 & free f level cross+s1 drawbridges & po9ts4 ,fur!rmore1 ea* tra9 w\ld be its own signalman4 ,suppose ! total #cd-a_/b miles divid$ into 8block0 l5g?s ( #g miles4 ,on leav+ a t]m9us ! tra9 sets a dang] signal beh9d x2 at #g miles x sets ano!r1 & at #ad miles releases ! fir/ signal4 ,s t ! driv] ( a c> w\ld h at lea/ #g miles to sl[ d[n 9 aft] see+ ! signals aga9/ him4 ,9 case ( fog he w\ld consult a m9iature signal 9 8 cab9 work+ electrically 9 unison ) ! l>ge semaphores4 ,! ,man*e/]-,liv]pool rail w be res]v$ = express traffic only4 ,mr4 ,behr does n believe 9 mix+ spe$s1 & consid]s x "o ( ! advantages ( 8 sy/em t sl[ c>s & waggons ( ! ord9>y two-rail type _c be run on ! monorail2 because if !y c\ld manag]s might be tempt$ to place !m !re4 ,a tra9 w consi/ ( a s+le vehicle = =ty1 fifty1 or sev5ty pass5g]s1 z ! occasion requires4 ,x is calculat$ t an av]age ( twelve pass5g]s at "o p5ny p] mile w\ld pay all ! exp5ses ( runn+ a c>4 ,mr4 ,behr ma9ta9s t monorails c be con/ruct$ f> m *eaply ?an ! two-rail1 because !y p]mit %>p] curves1 & !reby save a lot ( cutt+ & embankm5t2 & also because ! monorail itself1 :5 tre/les & rail are specially /r5g!n$1 c s]ve z its own bridge across roads1 valleys & riv]s4 ,?\gh ! s+le-rail has come to ! front ( late1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! two-rail track is = ev] doom$ to mod]ate spe$s only4 ,g]man eng9e]s h built an electric two-rail milit>y l9e betwe5 ,b]l9 & ,zoss51 sev5te5 miles long1 ov] :i* c>s h be5 run at a hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,! l9e has v gradual curves1 & 9 ?is respect is inf]ior to ! m s9u\s monorail4 ,its *ief virtue is ! me?od ( apply+ motive p[]--a me?od common to bo? sy/ems4 ,! /eam locomotive creates its own motive =ce1 & z long z x has fuel & wat] c act indep5d5tly4 ,! electric locomotive1 on ! o!r h&1 receives its p[] ?r\gh metallic conductors f "s c5tral /ation4 ,%\ld ! curr5t fail all ! traffic on ! l9e is susp5d$4 ,s f> ! advantage re/s ) ! /eam]4 ,b z reg>ds economy ! sup]iority ( ! curr5t is obvi\s4 ,9 ! electric sy/ems "u consid]ation--! monorail & ,b]l9-,zoss5--!re is less weight p] pass5g] to be %ift$1 s9ce a comp>atively light motor sup]s$es ! heavy locomotive4 ,! c>s runn+ s+ly1 bridges & track are subject$ to less /ra91 & co/ less to keep 9 repair4 ,b ! greate/ sav+ ( all is made 9 fuel4 ,a /eam locomotive uses coal wa/efully1 s5d+ a lot ( lat5t p[] up ! funnel 9 ! %ape ( half-exp&$ /eam4 ,want ( space prev5ts ! design] f fitt+ to a mov+ eng9e ! m economical ma*9]y to be f\nd 9 ! c5tral p[]-/ation ( an electric railway1 :i* may be s situat$--by ! wat]-side or ne> a pit's m\?--t fuel c be br\ght to x at a trifl+ co/4 ,n only is ! exp5se ( di/ribut+ coal ov] ! sy/em avoid$1 b ! coal itself1 by ! help ( triple & quadruple expansion eng9es %\ld yield two or ?ree times z mu* en]gy p] ton z is develop$ 9 a locomotive furnace4 ,_m s*emes are afoot = ! con/ruction ( high-spe$ railways4 ,! ,s\?-,ea/]n plans a monorail betwe5 ,cannon ,/reet & ,*>+ ,cross to avoid ! delay t at pres5t occurs 9 pass+ f "o /ation to ! o!r4 ,we he> also ( a project$ railway f ,london to ,brighton1 :i* w r$uce ! j\rney to half-an-h\r2 & ( ano!r to connect ,dov] & ,london4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ to e/abli% monorails on exi/+ tracks = fa/ pass5g] traffic1 ! expresses pass+ ov]head1 ! sl[ & goods tra9s plodd+ along ! d\ble metals bel[4 ,b ! mo/ ambiti\s programme ( all comes f ! l& ( ! ,cz>4 ,m4 ,hippolyte ,roman(f1 a ,russian eng9e]1 proposes to unite ,/4 ,pet]sburg & ,mosc[ by a l9e t %all cov] ! int]v5+ #fjj miles 9 ?ree h\rs--an improvem5t ( t5 h\rs on ! pres5t "t-tables4 ,he w use ,t-%ap$ supports to c>ry two rails1 "o on ea* arm1 f :i* ! c>s are to hang4 ,! l9e be+ ?us d\ble w p]mit ! c>s--"s f\r hundr$ 9 numb]--to run to & fro cont9u\sly1 urg$ on _! way by curr5t pick$ up f ov]head wires4 ,ea* c> is to h twelve :eels1 f\r driv]s arrang$ v]tically & eight horizontally1 to prev5t d]ailm5t by gripp+ ! rail on ei!r side4 ,! /oppage or breakd[n ( any c> w automatically /op ^? foll[+ by cutt+ (f ! curr5t4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( railway hi/ory l9es 7 project$ 9 all directions1 reg>dless ( ! fact :e!r !y w\ld be ( any use or n4 ,_m ( ^! l9es began1 :]e !y end$1 on pap]4 ,& n[ t ! high-spe$ "q has cropp$ up1 we mu/ n believe t e project$ electric railway w be built1 ?\gh ( ! ultimate preval5ce ( f> high] spe$s ?an we n[ enjoy !re c be no d\bt4 ,! foll[+ is a "t-table drawn up on ! two-mile-p]-m9ute basis4 ,a man leav+ ,london at #aj ,a4,m4 w\ld rea*-- ,brighton #ej miles away1 at #aj4be ,a4,m4 ,portsm\? #fj #aj4cj ,a4,m4 ,birm+ham #aac #aj4eg ,a4,m4 ,le$s #ahh #aa4cd ,a4,m4 ,liv]pool #bjb #aa4da ,a4,m4 ,holyhead #bfb #ab4aa ,p4,m4 ,ed9burgh #djj #a4bj ,p4,m4 ,ab]de5 #edj #b4cj ,p4,m4 ,:at w\ld become ( ! records e/abli%$ 9 ! 8,race to ! ,nor?0 & by ,am]ican 8fli]s08 ,& :at ab\t cont95tal travel8 ,assum+ t ! ,*annel ,tunnel is built--p]haps a r l>ge assumption--,p>is w be at our v doors4 ,a comm]cial travell] w /ep into ! lightn+ express at ,london1 sleep = two h\rs & tw5ty-f\r m9utes & wake1 refre%$1 to f9d ! blue-smock$ ,p>is port]s bawl+ 9 8 e>4 ,or ev5 if we pref] to keep ! 8little silv] /reak0 free f subt]ranean burr[s1 he w be able to cat* ! swift turb9e /eam]s--( :i* m anon--at ,dov]1 slip across to ,calais 9 half-an-h\r1 & be at ! ,fr5* capital )9 f\r h\rs ( quitt+ ,london4 ,& if ,m4 ,roman(f's /&>d be rea*$1 ! late/ ?+ 9 hats despat*$ f ,p>is at noon may be worn 9 ,reg5t ,/reet be=e two o'clock4 ,su* spe$s w\ld inde$ produce a revolution 9 travell+ comp>able to ! sub/itution ( ! /eam locomotive = ! /age coa*4 ,z has be5 pi?ily said1 ! effect ( /eam 0 to make ! bulk ( population travel1 :]eas !y _h nev] travell$ be=e1 b ! effect ( ! electric railway w be to make ^? :o travel travel mu* fur!r & mu* (t5]4 ,,sea ,,expresses4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcf ! ,sirius1 a paddle-:eel vessel1 cross$ ! ,atlantic f ,cork ,h>b\r to ,new ,york 9 n9ete5 days4 ,contra/ ) ! fir/ /eam-passage f ! ,old ,_w to ! ,new a return j\rney ( ! ,deuts*l&1 a ,nor? ,g]man l9]1 :i* 9 #aijj av]ag$ ov] tw5ty-sev5 miles an h\r betwe5 ,s&y ,hook & ,plym\?1 accompli%+ ! :ole di/ance 9 ! record "t ( five days sev5 h\rs ?irty-eight m9utes4 ,?is gr[? ( spe$ is ev5 m rem>kable ?an might appe> f ! m]e comp>ison ( figures4 ,a body mov+ ?r\gh wat] is s ret>d$ by ! in]tia & friction ( ! fluid t to quick5 its pace a =ce q out ( proportion to ! increase ( velocity mu/ be ex]t$4 ,! proportion _c be r$uc$ to an exact =mula1 b "u c]ta9 conditions ! spe$ & ! p[] requir$ advance 9 ! ratio ( _! cubes2 t is1 to d\ble a giv5 rate ( progress eight times ! driv+-p[] is ne$$2 to treble x1 tw5ty-sev5 times4 ,! me*anism ( our fa/ mod]n vessels is 9 e way z sup]ior to t :i* mov$ ! ,sirius1 z ! beautifully-adju/$ safety cycle is to ! clumsy 8bone%ak]0 :i* pass$ = a wond] among our gr&fa!rs4 ,a great improvem5t has also tak5 place 9 ! art ( build+ %ips on l9es calculat$ to (f] lea/ resi/ance to ! wat]1 & at ! same "t af=d a good c>ry+ capacity4 ,! big l9]1 ) its knife-edg$ b[ & tap]+ hull1 is by its %ape alone eloqu5t ( ! high spe$ :i* has e>n$ x ! title ( ,ocean ,greyh\nd2 & z = ! fa/e/ craft ( all1 torp$o-de/roy]s1 _! design]s seem to h kept 9 m9d ,euclid's def9ition ( a l9e--l5g? )\t bread?4 ,b :atev] its %ape1 boat or %ip may n %ake itself free ( ,nature's laws4 ,h] re/ra9+ h& lies heavy ^u x4 ,a s+le man paddles 8 weight-c>ry+ d+hy along easily at f\r miles an h\r2 eight m5 9 ! p9k ( condition1 aft] ardu\s tra9+1 _c urge _! light1 sl5d]1 rac+ %ell m ?an twelve miles 9 ! same "t4 ,to und]/& h[ mail boats & 8de/roy]s0 atta91 despite ! enorm\s resi/ance ( wat]1 velocities t w\ld %ame _m a tra9-s]vice1 we h only to visit ! /okeholds & eng9e-rooms ( our sea expresses & note ! _m devices ( m>9e eng9e]s by :i* fuel is conv]t$ into spe$4 ,we ent] ! /okehold ?r\gh air-locks1 clos+ "o door be=e we c op5 ! o!r1 & f9d ourselves among sweat+1 grimy m51 /ripp$ to ! wai/4 ,z ?\gh life itself dep5d$ ^u x !y %ovel coal into ! rapaci\s maws ( furnaces gl[+ ) a dazzl+ gl>e "u ! 8=c$-draught0 s5t d[n into ! hold by ! fans :irl+ ov]head4 ,! ignit$ furnace gases on _! way to ! out] air surr5d] a portion ( _! heat to ! wat] f :i* !y are sep>at$ by a sk9 ( /eel4 ,two k9ds ( m>9e boil] are us$--! fire-tube & ! wat]-tube4 ,9 fire-tube boil]s ! fire passes inside ! tubes & ! wat] outside2 9 wat]-tube boil]s ! rev]se is ! case1 ! cr[n & sides ( ! furnace be+ compos$ ( %eaves ( small p>allel pipes ?r\gh :i* wat] circulates4 ,! latt] type1 z g5]at+ /eam v quickly1 & be+ able to be> v high pressures1 is mo/ (t5 f\nd 9 w> vessels ( all k9ds4 ,! quality s\ght 9 boil] con/ruction is t ! heat+ surface %\ld be v l>ge 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat] to be heat$4 ,special coal1 an?racite or ,wel%1 is us$ 9 ! navy on acc\nt ( its great heat+ p[] & fre$om f smoke2 exp]im5ts h also be5 made ) crude petroleum1 or liquid fuel1 :i* c be m quickly put on bo>d ?an coal1 requires ! s]vices ( few] /ok]s1 & may be /or$ 9 odd corn]s unavailable z coal bunk]s4 ,f ! boil] ! /eam passes to ! eng9e-room1 :i!r we w foll[ x4 ,we are n[ 9 a bewild]+ maze ( clank+1 :irl+ ma*9]y2 our noses (f5d$ by ! reek ( oil1 our e>s deaf5$ by ! upro> ( ! mov+ metal1 our eyes we>i$ by ! ef=ts to foll[ ! motions ( ! cranks & rods4 ,on ei!r side ( u is rang$ a s]ies ( ?ree or p]haps ev5 f\r cyl9d]s1 ( increas+ size4 ,! smalle/1 kn[n z ! high-pressure cyl9d]1 receives /eam direct f ! boil]4 ,x takes 9 ?r\gh a slide-valve a supply = a /roke2 its pi/on is driv5 f end to end2 ! pi/on-rod flies ?r\gh ! cyl9d]-end & transmits a rot>y motion to a crank by means ( a connect+-rod4 ,! half-exp&$ /eam is !n eject$1 n into ! air z w\ld happ5 on a locomotive1 b into ! next cyl9d]1 :i* has a l>g] pi/on to comp5sate ! r$uction ( pressure4 ,numb] two s]v$1 ! /eam does duty a ?ird "t 9 numb] ?ree1 & p]haps yet a f\r? "t be=e x rea*es ! cond5s]s1 :]e its sudd5 conv]sion into wat] by cold produces a vacuum suction 9 ! la/ cyl9d] ( ! s]ies4 ,! secret ( a m>9e eng9e's /r5g? & economy lies !n 9 its treatm5t ( ! /eam1 :i*1 l clo!s 9 a num]\s family1 is n ?\ght to h s]v$ its purpose till x has be5 us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,reciprocat+ 7i4e4 cyl9d]7 eng9es1 ?\gh br\ght to a high pit* ( effici5cy1 h grave disadvantages1 ! greate/ among :i* is ! annoyance caus$ by _! int5se vibration to all p]sons 9 ! vessel4 ,a revolv+ body t is n exactly balanc$ runs unequally1 & transmits a tremor to any?+ ) :i* x may be 9 contact4 ,turn a cycle upside d[n & revolve ! driv+-:eel rapidly by means ( ! p$al4 ,! :ole ma*9e soon beg9s to tremble viol5tly1 & dance up & d[n on ! saddle spr+s1 because "o "p ( ! :eel is heavi] ?an ! re/1 ! m]e weight ( ! air-valve be+ suffici5t to di/urb ! balance4 ,n[ consid] :at happ5s 9 ! eng9e-room ( high-p[]$ vessels4 ,on de/roy]s ! screws make #djj revolutions a m9ute4 ,t is to say1 all ! mom5tum ( ! pi/ons1 cranks1 rods1 & valves 7weigh+ tons71 has to be arre/$ ?irte5 or f\rte5 times e second4 ,h[ev] well ! mov+ p>ts may be balanc$1 ! vibration is felt f /em to /]n ( ! vessel4 ,ev5 on luxuri\sly-appo9t$ l9]s1 ) eng9es runn+ at a f> sl[] spe$1 ! ?robb+ ( ! screw 7i4e4 eng9es7 is only too noticeable & productive ( discom=t4 ,we %all be told1 p]haps1 t vibration is a necess>y consequ5ce ( spe$4 ,?is is true en\gh ( all vehicles1 su* z railway tra9s1 motor-c>s1 cycles1 :i* are %ak5 by ! irregul>ities ( ! unyield+ surface ov] :i* !y run1 b does n apply univ]sally to %ips & boats4 ,a sail or o>-propell$ craft may be entirely free f vibration1 :atev] its spe$1 z ! motions aris+ f wat] are usually sl[ & delib]ate4 ,9 fact1 wat] 9 its calm] moods is an ideal m$ium to travel on1 & ! tr\ble beg9s only ) ! introduction ( /eam z motive =ce4 ,b ev5 /eam may be robb$ ( its p[] to annoy u4 ,! /eam-turb9e has arriv$4 ,x works a screw propell] z smoo?ly z a dynamo1 & at a spe$ t no cyl9d] eng9e c\ld ma9ta9 = a m9ute )\t %ak+ itself to pieces4 ,! /eam-turb9e is mo/ closely connect$ ) ! "n ( ! ,hon4 ,*>les ,p>sons1 son ( ,"l ,rosse1 ! fam\s a/ronom]4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to %[1 9 8 spe$y little ,turb9ia1 ! possibilities ( ! turb9e :5 appli$ to /eam navigation4 ,! results h be5 su* z to attract ! att5tion ( ! :ole %ipbuild+ _w4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! turb9e is se5 9 ! ord9>y w9dmill4 ,to an axle revolv+ 9 a /ation>y be>+ are atta*$ vanes :i* oppose a curr5t ( air1 wat]1 or /eam1 at an angle to its c\rse1 & by x are mov$ sideways ?r\gh a circul> pa?4 ,mr4 ,p>sons' turb9e has ( c\rse be5 specially adapt$ = ! action ( /eam4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical1 air-tight *e/1 inside :i* rotates a drum1 fitt$ r\nd its circumf]5ce ) r[s ( curv$ vanes4 ,! *e/ itself has fix$ immovably to its inn] side a correspond+ numb] ( vane r+s1 alt]nat+ ) ^? on ! drum1 & s arrang$ z to deflect ! /eam on to ! latt] at ! mo/ effici5t angle4 ,! diamet] ( ! *e/ & drum is n con/ant1 b increases t[>ds ! exhau/ end1 9 ord] to give ! exp&+ & weak5+ /eam a l>g] lev]age z x proce$s4 ,! /eam ent]+ ! *e/ f ! boil] at a pressure ( "s hundr$s ( p\nds to ! squ>e in* /rikes ! fir/ set ( vanes on ! drum1 passes !m & meets ! fir/ set ( *e/-vanes1 is turn$ f its c\rse on to ! second set ( drum-vanes1 & s on to ! o!r end ( ! *e/4 ,its p[] arises entirely f its expansive velocity1 :i*1 r ?an turn a numb] ( %>p corn]s1 w1 if possible1 compel ! ob/ruction to move out ( its way4 ,if t ob/ruction be f any cause difficult to /ir1 ! /eam mu/ pass r\nd x until its pressure ov]comes ! in]tia4 ,consequ5tly ! turb9e diff]s f ! cyl9d] eng9e 9 ?is respect1 t /eam c pass ?r\gh & be wa/$ )\t do+ any "w at all1 :]eas1 unless ! ge> ( a cyl9d] moves1 & p[] is ex]t$1 all /eam ways are clos$1 & !re is no wa/e4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 x is f\nd t a turb9e is mo/ effective :5 runn+ at high spe$4 ,! fir/ /eam-turb9es 7 us$ to drive dynamos4 ,9 #ahhd ,mr4 ,p>sons made a turb9e 9 :i* fifte5 :eels ( increas+ size mov$ at ! a/oni%+ rate ( #cjj revolutions p] second1 & develop$ #aj horse-p[]4 ,9 #ahhh foll[$ a #abj horse-p[] turb9e1 & 9 #ahib "o ( #bjjj horse-p[]1 provid$ ) a cond5s] to produce suction4 ,s successful 7 ^! /eam fans = electrical "w1 pump+ wat] & v5tilat+ m9es1 t ,mr4 ,p>sons det]m9$ to te/ !m z a means ( propell+ %ips4 ,a small vessel #ajj feet long & #i feet 9 beam 0 fitt$ ) ?ree turb9es--high1 m$ium1 & l[ pressure1 ( a total #bjjj horse-p[]--a proportion ( motive =ce to tonnage hi!rto n approa*$4 ,yet :5 tri$ ov] ! te/ c\rse ! ,turb9ia1 z ! boat 0 fitly nam$1 ran 9 a mo/ disappo9t+ fa%ion4 ,! screws revolv$ too fa/1 produc+ :at is kn[n z cavitation1 or ! scoop+ out ( ! wat] by ! screws1 s t !y mov$ 9 a p>tial vacuum & utilis$ only a fraction ( _! =ce1 f lack ( any?+ to 8bite0 on4 ,?is defect 0 rem$i$ by employ+ screws ( co>s] pit* & l>g] blade area1 ?ree ( :i* 7 atta*$ to ea* ( ! ?ree propell] %afts4 ,on a second trial ! ,turb9ia atta9$ #cb-c_/d knots ov] ! 8measur$ mile10 & lat] ! a/oni%+ spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r1 or d\ble t ( ! fa/ ,*annel packets4 ,at ! ,spi!ad ,review 9 #ahig "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sights 0 ! little nimble ,turb9ia ru%+ up & d[n ! r[s ( maje/ic w>%ips at ! rate ( an express tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,h4,m4,s4 ,torp$o ,de/roy] 8,vip]40 ,?is vessel 0 ! fa/e/ afloat1 atta9+ ! enorm\s spe$ ( #da miles an h\r4 ,! screws 7 work$ by turb9es1 giv+ #aa1jjj horse-p[]4 ,%e 0 wreck$ on ,ald]ney dur+ ! ,naval ,manoeuvres ( #aija4 ,aft] ?is success ,mr4 ,p>sons erect$ works at ,walls5d-on-,tyne = ! special manufacture ( turb9es4 ,! ,admiralty soon plac$ ) him an ord] = a torp$o-de/roy]--! ,vip]--( #cej tons2 :i* on its trial trip exce$$ =ty-"o miles an h\r at an e/imat$ horse-p[] 7#aa1jjj7 equall+ t ( our l>ge/ battle%ips4 ,a si/] vessel1 ! ,cobra1 ( l size1 prov$ z spe$y4 ,mis=tune1 h[ev]1 ov]took bo? de/roy]s4 ,! ,vip] 0 wreck$ ,augu/ #c1 #aija1 on ! coa/ ( ,ald]ney dur+ ! autumn naval manoeuvres1 & ! ,cobra f\nd]$ 9 a sev]e /orm on ,septemb] #ab ( ! same ye> 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,?is d\ble disa/] ca/s no reflections on ! turb9e eng9es2 be+ attribut$ to fog 9 ! "o case & to /ructural weakness 9 ! o!r4 ,! ,admiralty has s9ce ord]$ ano!r turb9e de/roy]1 & be=e _m ye>s are pa/ we %all probably see all ! great naval p[]s provid+ !mselves ) l craft to act z ! 8eyes ( ! fleet10 & travel at ev5 high] spe$s ?an ^? ( ! ,vip] & ,cobra4 ,! turb9e has be5 appli$ to m]cantile z well z w>like purposes4 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t a turb9e-propell$ /eam]1 ! ,k+ ,edw>d1 runn+ 9 ! ,clyde on ! ,fairlie-,campbellt[n r\te4 ,?is vessel1 #bej feet long1 #cj broad1 #ah deep1 conta9s ?ree turb9es4 ,9 ea* ! /eam is exp&$ fivefold1 s t by ! "t x passes into ! cond5s]s x occupies #abe times its boil] volume4 7,on ! ,vip] ! /eam ent]$ ! turb9e ?r\gh an inlet eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & left !m by an outlet f\r feet squ>e47 ,9 cyl9d] eng9es ?irty-fold expansion is consid]$ a high ratio2 h5ce ! turb9e extracts a great deal m p[] 9 proportion f its /eam4 ,z a turb9e _c be rev]s$1 special turb9es are atta*$ to ! two outside ( ! ?ree propell] %afts to drive ! vessel a/]n4 ,! /eam] atta9$ #bj-a_/b knots ov] ! 8,skelmorlie mile0 9 fair & calm wea!r1 ) #cejj horse-p[] produc$ at ! turb9es4 ,! ,k+ ,edw>d is ?us ! fa/e/ by two or ?ree knots ( all ! ,clyde /eam]s1 z %e is ! mo/ com=table4 ,we are assur$ t z f> z ! turb9es are conc]n$ x is impossible by plac+ ! h& ^u ! /eam-*e/ to tell :e!r ! drum inside is revolv+ or n6 ,e m>9e eng9e is judg$ by its economy 9 ! consumption ( coal4 ,except 9 times ( national p]il extra spe$ produc$ by an extravagant use ( fuel w\ld be sev]ely avoid$ by all own]s & capta9s ( %ips4 ,at l[ spe$s ! turb9e develops less p[] ?an cyl9d]s f ! same am\nt ( /eam1 b :5 work+ at high velocity x gives at lea/ equal results4 ,a c>eful record kept by ! manag]s ( ! ,cal$onian ,/eam%ip ,company comp>es ! ,k+ ,edw>d ) ! ,du*ess ( ,hamilton1 a paddle /eam] ( equal tonnage us$ on ! same r\te & built by ! same firm4 ,! record %[s t ?\gh ! paddle-boat ran a fraction ( a mile fur!r = e ton ( coal burnt 9 ! furnaces1 ! ,k+ ,edw>d av]ag$ two knots an h\r fa/]1 a sup]iority ( spe$ q out ( proportion to ! slight excess ( fuel4 ,7 ! ,du*ess driv5 at #ah-a_/b knots in/ead ( #af-a_/b h] coal bill w\ld f> exce$ t ( ! turb9e4 ,z an outcome ( ^! fir/ trials ! ,cal$onian ,company are laun*+ a second turb9e vessel4 ,?ree high-spe$ turb9e ya*ts are also on ! /ocks2 "o ( #gjj tons1 ano!r ( #aejj tons1 & a ?ird ( #agj tons4 ,! la/1 ! prop]ty ( ,colonel ,m',calmont1 is design$ = a spe$ ( tw5ty-f\r knots4 ,mr4 ,p>sons claims = 8 sy/em ! foll[+ advantages3 ,greatly increas$ spe$2 increas$ c>ry+ p[] ( coal2 economy 9 coal consumption2 increas$ facilities = navigat+ %all[ wat]s2 great] /ability ( vessels2 r$uc$ weight ( ma*9]y 7! turb9es ( ! ,k+ ,edw>d weigh b "o-half ( cyl9d]s requir$ to give ! same p[]72 *eapness ( att5d+ ! ma*9]y2 abs5ce ( vibration1 less5+ we> & te> ( ! %ip's hull & assi/+ ! accurate tra9+ ( guns2 l[]$ c5tre ( gravity 9 ! vessel1 & consequ5t great] safety dur+ times ( w>4 ,! inv5tor has sugge/$ a cruis] ( #bhjj tons1 eng9$ up to #hj1jjj horse-p[]1 to yield a spe$ ( =ty-f\r knots 7ab\t fifty miles7 an h\r4 ,figures su* z ^! sugge/ t we may be on ! eve ( a revolution ( ocean travel comp>able to t made by ! sub/itution ( /eam = w9d p[]4 ,:e!r ! /eam-turb9e w make = increas$ spe$ all r\nd1 or = great] economy1 rema9s to be se52 b we may be assur$ ( a high] degree ( com=t4 ,we c easily believe t improvem5ts w foll[ 9 ?is z 9 o!r me*anical contrivances1 & t ! turb9e's effici5cy has n yet rea*$ a maximum2 & ev5 if our ocean expresses1 naval & m]cantile1 d n atta9 ! "o-mile-a-m9ute /&>d1 :i* is /ill reg>d$ z cr$itable to ! fa/e/ me?ods ( l& locomotion1 we look =w>d to a "t 9 ! ne> future :5 mu* high] spe$s w prevail1 & ! t$ium ( long voyages be greatly %ort5$4 ,already !re is talk ( a s]vice :i* %all r$uce ! trans-,atlantic j\rney to ?ree-&-a-half days4 ,! means are at h& to make x a fact4 ,note4--,9 ! rec5tly-laun*$ turb9e de/roy] ,velox a novel feature is ! introduction ( ord9>y reciprocat+ eng9es fitt$ 9 conjunction ) ! /eam turb9es4 ,^! eng9es are ( triple-comp\nd type1 & are c\pl$ direct to ! ma9 turb9es4 ,!y take /eam f ! boil]s direct & exhau/ into ! high-pressure turb9e4 ,^! reciprocat+ eng9es are = use at cruis+ spe$s4 ,:5 high] p[] is ne$$ ! /eam w be admitt$ to ! turb9es direct f ! boil]s1 & ! cyl9d]s be ?r[n out ( ge>4 ,,me*anical ,,flight4 ,few1 if any1 problems h s /rongly influ5c$ ! imag9ation & ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( mank9d z t ( arial navigation4 ,!re is some?+ 9 our nature t rebels aga9/ be+ condemn$ to ! condition ( 8fea!rless bip$s0 :5 birds1 bats1 & ev5 m9ute insects h ! :ole realm ( air & ! wide heav5s op5 to !m4 ,:o has n1 l ,solomon1 pond]$ ^u 8! way ( a bird 9 ! air0 ) feel+s ( envy & regret t he is *a9$ to e>? by 8 gross body2 contra/+ our lab\r$ movem5ts f po9t to po9t ( ! e>?'s surface ) ! easy glid+ ( ! fea!r$ travell]8 ,! unrealis$ wi% has f\nd expression 9 leg5ds ( ,ddalus1 ,pegasus1 9 ! 8fly+ c>pet0 ( ! fairy tale1 & 9 ! pages ( ,jules ,v]ne1 9 :i* la/ ! adv5tur\s ,robur on 8 8,clipp] ( ! ,cl\ds0 anticipates ! future 9 a mo/ />tl+ fa%ion4 ,a]omobilism--to use its mo/ mod]n title--is reg>d$ by ! cr[d z ! me*anical c\nt]p>t ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one or ! ,elixir ( ,life2 a highly desirable b unatta9able ?+4 ,at times ?is incr$ulity is trans=m$ by highly-col\r$ press reports into an equally unreasonable read9ess to believe t ! conque/ ( ! air is complet$1 foll[$ by a feel+ ( irritation t facts are n z !y 7 repres5t$ 9 pr9t4 ,! prop] attitude is ( c\rse half-way betwe5 ^! extremes4 ,reflection w %[ u t money1 "t1 & life itself w\ld n h be5 freely & ungrudg+ly giv5 or risk$ by _m m5--h>d-head$1 practical m5 among !m--9 pursuit ( a ,w-o'-!-,wisp1 especially 9 a c5tury :5 sci5tific calculation t5ds always to calm d[n any too imag9ative s*eme4 ,! exi/+ /ate ( ! arial problem may be comp>$ to t ( a railway truck :i* an insuffici5t numb] ( m5 are try+ to move4 ,t5 m5 may make no impression on x1 ?\gh !y are putt+ out all _! /r5g?4 ,yet ! arrival ( an elev5? may enable !m to ov]come ! truck's in]tia & move x at an increas+ pace4 ,e new discov]y ( ! sci5tific application ( p[] br+s u ne>] to ! day :5 ! truck w move4 ,we h metals ( wond]ful /r5g? 9 proportion to _! weight2 pigmy motors conta9+ ! =ce ( giants2 a huge fund ( me*anical exp]i5ce to draw ^u2 9 fact1 to p>aphrase ! ,j+o song1 8,we've got ! ?+s1 we've got ! m51 we've got ! money too0--b we hav5't z yet got ! ma*9e t c mock ! bird l ! fly+ express mocks ! /r5g? & spe$ ( horses4 ,! reason ( ?is is n f> to seek4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! creation ( a successful fly+-ma*9e are imm5se1 "s unique1 n be+ f\nd 9 aquatic & t]re/rial locomotion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! air%ip1 fly+-ma*9e1 a]o/at1 or :atev] we please to call x1 mu/ n m]ely move1 b also lift itself4 ,nei!r a %ip nor a locomotive is call$ ^u to d ?is4 ,its ability to lift itself mu/ dep5d ^u ei!r ! employm5t ( l>ge balloons or ^u %e] p[]4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! balloon w1 by reason ( its size1 be unmanageable 9 a high w9d2 9 ! second case1 a breakd[n 9 ! ma*9]y w\ld probably prove fatal4 ,ev5 suppos+ t our a]o/at c lift itself successfully1 we enc\nt] ! difficulties connect$ ) /e]+ 9 a m$ium trav]s$ by ev]-%ift+ curr5ts ( air1 :i* dem&s ( ! helmsman a caution & capacity seldom requir$ on l& or wat]4 ,add to ^! ! difficulties ( leav+ ! gr\nd & alight+ safely ^u x2 &1 :at is m s]i\s ?an all1 ! fact t ?\gh success c be atta9$ only by exp]im5t1 exp]im5t is 9 ?is case extremely exp5sive & risky1 any failure (t5 result+ 9 total ru9 ( ! ma*9e1 & sometimes 9 loss ( life4 ,! li/ ( ^? :o h p]i%$ 9 ! se>* = ! p[] ( flight is a v long "o4 ,yet 9 spite ( ^! ob/acles det]m9$ attempts h be5 & are be+ made to conqu] ! air4 ,m5 9 a position to judge are confid5t t ! day ( conque/ is n v f> di/ant1 & t ! next g5]ation may be z famili> ) a]o/ats z we ) motor-c>s4 ,speculation z to ! future is1 h[ev]1 "h less pr(itable ?an a consid]ation ( :at has be5 already done 9 ! direction ( collect+ =ces = ! f9al victory4 ,to beg9 at ! beg9n+1 we see t exp]im5t]s mu/ be divid$ into two great classes3 ^? :o p9 _! fai? to air%ips light] ?an air1 e4g4 ,santos ,dumont1 ,zeppel91 ,roze2 & ^? :o h small respect = balloons1 & see ! ideal air-craft 9 a ma*9e lift$ entirely by means ( p[] & surfaces press+ ! air aft] ! mann] ( a kite4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim & ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce ,h>grave1 & ,mr4 ,sydney ,holl&s are em95t memb]s ( ! latt] cult4 ,z soon z we get on ! topic ( /e]able balloons ! "n ( ,mr4 ,santos ,dumont looms l>ge4 ,b be=e deal+ ) 8 exploits we may notice ! air%ip ( ,c\nt ,zeppel91 an +5i\s & co/ly /ructure t 0 te/$ ov] ,lake ,con/ance 9 #aijj4 ,! balloon 0 built 9 a l>ge wood5 %$1 #dej by #gh by #ff feet1 t float$ on ! lake on n9ety pontoons4 ,! %$ alone co/ ov] #aj1jjj4 ,! balloon itself 0 ne>ly #djj feet long1 ) a cyl9drical diamet] ( #ci feet1 except at its ends1 :i* 7 conical1 to (f] z little resi/ance z possible to ! air4 ,ext]nally x af=d$ ! appe>ance ( a s+le-comp>tm5t bag1 b 9 reality x 0 divid$ into sev5te5 p>ts1 ea* gas-tight1 s t an accid5t to "o "p ( ! fabric %\ld n imp]il ! :ole4 ,a framework ( alum9ium rods & r+s gave ! bag a p>tial rigidity4 ,its capacity 0 #ab1jjj cubic y>ds ( hydrog5 gas1 :i*1 z our read]s d\btless "k1 is mu* light] ?\gh m exp5sive ?an ord9>y coal-gas2 ea* inflation co/+ sev]al hundr$s ( p\nds4 ,"u ! balloon hung two c>s ( alum9ium1 ! motors & ! screws2 & also a great slid+ weight ( #fjj lbs4 = alt]+ ! 8tip0 ( ! air%ip2 & rudd]s to /e] its c\rse4 ,on ,june #cj a great numb] ( sci5tific m5 & exp]ts assembl$ to witness ! behavi\r ( a balloon :i* _h co/ #bj1jjj4 ,= two days w9d prev5t$ a />t1 b on ,july #b1 at #g4cj ,p4,m41 ! balloon em]g$ f its %$1 & at eight o'clock comm5c$ its fir/ j\rney1 ) & aga9/ a light ea/]ly w9d = a di/ance ( ?ree & a half miles4 ,a mi%ap to ! /e]+-ge> occurr$ e>ly 9 ! trip1 & prev5t$ ! air%ip appe>+ to advantage1 b a l&+ 0 effect$ easily & safely4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,octob] ! ,c\nt made a second attempt1 return+ aga9/ a w9d bl[+ at ?ree y>ds a second1 or r m ?an six miles an h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,! air-%ip ( ,m4 ,santos-,dumont r\nd+ ! ,eiffel ,t[] dur+ its successful run = ! ,h5ri ,deuts* ,prize4 ,ow+ to lack ( funds ! fate ( ! 8,great ,ea/]n0 has ov]tak5 ! ,zeppel9 air%ip--to be brok5 up1 & ! p>ts sold4 ,! ag$ ,c\nt _h demon/rat$ t a petroleum motor c\ld be us$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( gas )\t dang]4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 res]v$ = a y\ng] man to give a m decid$ pro( ( ! /e]abl5ess ( a balloon4 ,9 #aijj ,m4 ,h5ri ,deuts*1 a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,a]o ,club1 f\nd$ a prize ( #djjj1 to w9 :i* a competitor mu/ />t f ! ,a]o ,club ,p>k1 ne> ! ,se9e 9 ,p>is1 sail to & r\nd ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 & be back at ! />t+-po9t )9 a "t-limit ( half-an-h\r4 ,m4 ,santos ,dumont1 a weal?y & plucky "y ,brazilian1 _h1 previ\sly to ?is (f]1 made sev]al successful j\rneys 9 motor balloons 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,eiffel ,t[]4 ,he !re=e det]m9$ to make a bid = ! prize ) a specially con/ruct$ balloon 8,santos ,dumont ,v40 ,! ?ird unsuccessful attempt end$ 9 disa/] to ! air%ip1 :i* fell on to ! h\ses1 b =tunately )\t injur+ its occupant4 ,ano!r balloon--8,santos ,dumont ,,vi40--0 !n built4 ,on ,saturday1 ,octob] #ai?1 ,m4 ,dumont rea*$ ! ,t[] 9 n9e m9utes & recross$ ! />t+ l9e 9 #bj-a_/b m m9utes1 ?us comply+ ) ! conditions ( ! prize ) half-a-m9ute to sp>e4 ,a dispute1 h[ev]1 arose z to :e!r ! prize _h be5 actually won1 "s ( ! committee cont5d+ t ! balloon %\ld h come to e>? )9 ! half-h\r1 in/ead ( m]ely pass+ ov]head2 b f9ally ! well-m]it$ prize 0 aw>d$ to ! det]m9$ "y a]onaut4 ,! successful air%ip 0 ( mod]ate proportions z comp>$ ) t ( ,c\nt ,zeppel94 ,! cig>-%ap$ bag 0 #aab feet long & #bj feet 9 diamet]1 hold+ #gae cubic y>ds ( gas4 ,m4 ,dumont %[$ orig9ality 9 furni%+ x ) a small] balloon inside1 :i* c\ld be pump$ full ( air s z to c\nt]act any leakage 9 ! ext]nal bag & keep x taut4 ,! motor1 on :i* ev]y?+ dep5d$1 0 a f\r-cyl9d] petrol-driv5 eng9e1 furni%$ ) 8wat]-jackets0 to prev5t ov]-heat+4 ,! motor turn$ a l>ge screw--made ( silk & /ret*$ ov] light frames--#bjj times a m9ute1 giv+ a driv+ =ce ( #age lbs4 ,beh9d1 a rudd] direct$ ! air%ip1 & 9 front hung d[n a long rope susp5d$ by "o end t c\ld be drawn t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! frame to alt] ! trim ( ! %ip4 ,! a]onaut /ood 9 a l>ge wick] basket flank$ on ei!r side by bags ( s& balla/4 ,! fact t ! motor1 once /opp$1 c\ld only be re/>t$ by com+ to e>? aga9 add$ an elem5t ( great unc]ta9ty to all 8 trips2 & on "o occasion ! mis-fir+ ( "o ( ! cyl9d]s almo/ br\ght ab\t a collision ) ! ,eiffel ,t[]4 ,f ,p>is ,m4 ,dumont w5t to ,monaco at ! invitation ( ! pr9ce ( t pr9cipality1 & cruis$ ab\t ov] ! bay 9 8 balloon4 ,8 fre% s*eme 0 to cross to ,corsica1 b x 0 br\ght to an abrupt conclusion by a leakage ( gas1 :i* precipitat$ balloon & ballooni/ into ! sea4 ,dumont 0 rescu$1 & at once set ab\t new projects1 includ+ a visit to ! ,cry/al ,palace1 :]e he w\ld h made a s]ies ( asc5ts ?is summ] 7#aijb7 b = damage done to ! silk ( ! gas-bag by its imm]sion 9 salt wat] & ! o!r vicissitudes x _h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,dumont's mo/ important a*ievem5t has be51 l t ( ,c\nt ,zeppel91 ! application ( ! gasol5e motor to a]omobilism4 ,9 proportion to its size ?is =m ( motor develops a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy1 & its me*anism is comp>atively simple--a matt] ( great mom5t to ! a]onaut4 ,he has also %[n t "u fav\rable conditions a balloon may be /e]$ aga9/ a head-w9d1 ?\gh n ) ! c]ta9ty t is desirable be=e air travel c be pron\nc$ an ev5 mod]ately simple und]tak+4 ,! fact t _m inv5tors1 su* z ,dr4 ,b>ton1 ,m4 ,roze1 ,h5ri ,deuts*1 are fitt+ motors to balloons 9 ! hopes ( solv+ ! arial problem %[s t ! air%ip has /ill a /rong hold on ! m9ds ( m54 ,b on review+ ! successes ( su* comb9ations ( lift+ & driv+ p[] x mu/ be confess$1 ) all due respect to ,m4 ,dumont1 t !y are some:at meagre1 & d n %[ any great advance4 ,! "q is :e!r ^! m5 are n work+ on wrong l9es1 & :e!r _! utmo/ endeav\rs & ^? ( _! successors w ev] produce any?+ m ?an a v semi-successful craft4 ,_! ef=ts appe> =$oom$ to failure4 ,z ,sir ,hiram ,maxim has obs]v$1 a balloon by its v nature is light & fragile1 x is a m]e bubble4 ,if x 7 possible to con/ruct a motor to develop #ajj horse-p[] = e p\nd ( its weight1 x w\ld /ill be impossible to navigate a balloon aga9/ a w9d ( m ?an a c]ta9 /r5g?4 ,! m]e en]gy ( ! motor w\ld cru% ! gas-bag aga9/ ! pressure ( ! w9d1 de=m x1 & r5d] x unmanageable4 ,balloons !re=e mu/ be at ! m]cy ( ! w9d1 & oblig$ to submit to x "u conditions n always 9 accordance ) ! wi% ( ! a]onaut4 ,sir ,hiram 9 condemn+ ! air%ip 0 ready ) a sub/itute4 ,on look+ r\nd on ! patt]ns ( ,nature1 he conclud$ t1 inasmu* z all ?+s t fly are heavi] ?an air1 ! problem ( arial navigation mu/ be solv$ by a ma*9e ^: natural t5d5cy is to fall to ! gr\nd1 & :i* c be su/a9$ only by ! ex]tion ( great =ce4 ,its v weight w\ld enable x to )/&1 at lea/ to a f> great] ext5t ?an ! air%ip1 ! v>y+ curr5ts ( ! air4 ,! lift+ pr9ciple mu/ be analog\s to t by :i* a kite is susp5d$4 ,a kite is prev5t$ f ris+ beyond a c]ta9 height by a /r+1 & ! pressure ( ! w9d work+ aga9/ x at an angle t5ds to lift x1 l a s(t w$ge cont9u\sly driv5 "u x4 ,9 practice x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! kite be /ation>y 9 a w9d or t[$ rapidly ?r\gh a dead calm2 ! w$ge-l action ( ! air rema9s ! same4 ,maxim decid$ ^u con/ruct+ :at 0 practically a huge comp\nd kite driv5 by v p[]ful motors4 ,b be=e sett+ to "w on ! ma*9e itself he made "s useful exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! necess>y size ( 8 kites or a]oplanes1 & ! =ce requisite to move !m4 ,he accord+ly built a 8:irl+-table10 consi/+ ( a long arm m\nt$ on a /rong pivot at "o end1 & driv5 by a #aj horse-p[] eng9e4 ,to ! free end1 :i* describ$ a circle ( #bjj feet 9 circumf]5ce1 he atta*$ small a]oplanes1 & by means ( delicate balances discov]$ t at #dj miles an h\r ! a]oplane w\ld lift #acc lbs4 p] horse-p[]1 & at #fj miles p] h\r e squ>e foot ( surface su/a9$ #h lbs4 weight4 ,he1 9 common ) o!r exp]im5t]s on ! same l9es1 became aw>e ( ! fact t if x took a c]ta9 /ra9 to susp5d a /ation>y weight 9 ! air1 to advance x rapidly z well z to susp5d x took a small] /ra94 ,n[1 z on sea & l&1 increas$ spe$ means a v rapid increase 9 ! =ce requir$1 ?is is a po9t 9 fav\r ( ! fly+-ma*9e4 ,pr(essor ,langley f\nd t a brass plate weigh+ a p\nd1 :5 :irl$ at great spe$1 0 support$ 9 ! air by a pull+ pressure ( less ?an "o ounce4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 z ! spe$ increas$ ! plate became m ne>ly horizontal1 (f]+ less resi/ance to ! air4 ,x is on ?is behavi\r ( ! a]oplane t ! hopes ( ,maxim & o!rs h be5 bas$4 ,! swiftly mov+ a]oplane1 com+ con/antly on to fre% air1 ! in]tia ( :i* _h n be5 di/urb$1 w\ld resemble ! skat] :o c at high spe$ trav]se ice t w\ld n be> him at re/4 ,maxim next turn$ 8 att5tion to ! con/ruction ( ! a]oplanes & eng9es4 ,he made a special ma*9e = te/+ fabrics1 to decide :i* w\ld be mo/ suitable = /ret*+ ov] /rong frames to =m ! planes4 ,! fabric mu/ be light1 v /rong1 & (f] small frictional resi/ance to ! air4 ,! te/+-ma*9e 0 fitt$ ) a nozzle1 ?r\gh :i* air 0 =c$ at a kn[n pace on to ! sub/ance "u trial1 :i* met ! air curr5t at a c]ta9 angle & by means ( indicators %[$ ! /r5g? ( its 8lift0 or t5d5cy to rise1 & t ( its 8drift0 or t5d5cy to move horizontally 9 ! direction ( ! air-curr5t4 ,a piece ( t91 m\nt$ at an angle ( "o 9 t5 to ! air-curr5t1 %[$ a 8lift0 ( t5 times its 8drift40 ,?is proportion 0 made ! /&>d4 ,exp]im5ts conduct$ on velvet1 plu%1 silk1 cotton & wooll5 goods prov$ t ! drift ( crape 0 sev]al times t ( its lift1 b t f9e l95 _h a lift equal to n9e times its drift2 :ile a sample ( ,sp5c]'s balloon fabric 0 z good z t94 ,accord+ly he select$ ?is balloon fabric to /ret* ov] light b /rong frames4 ,! /ret*+ ( ! mat]ial 0 no easy matt]1 z unev5 t5sion di/ort$ x2 b ev5tually ! a]oplanes 7 complet$1 tight z drumheads4 ,! l>ge or c5tral plane 0 #ej feet wide & #dj long2 on ei!r side 7 auxili>y planes1 five pairs2 giv+ a total area ( #edjj squ>e feet4 ,! /eam-eng9e built to give ! motive p[] 0 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! :ole con/ruction4 ,maxim employ$ /eam 9 pref]5ce to any o!r p[] z be+ "o ) :i* he 0 mo/ famili>1 & yield+ mo/ =ce 9 proportion to ! weight ( ! app>atus4 ,he design$ & con/ruct$ a pair ( high-pressure comp\nd eng9es1 ! high-pressure cyl9d]s #e in*es 9 diamet]1 ! l[-pressure #h in*es1 & bo? #a foot /roke4 ,/eam 0 suppli$ to ! high-pressure cyl9d]s at #cbj lbs4 p] squ>e in* f a tubul> boil] heat$ by a gasol5e burn] s p[]ful 9 its action z to raise ! pressure f #ajj to #bjj lbs4 9 a m9ute4 ,! total weight ( ! boil]1 burn]1 & eng9es develop+ #cej horse-p[] 0 #bjjj lbs41 or ab\t #f lbs4 p] horse-p[]4 ,! two screw-propell]s driv5 by ! eng9e measur$ #ag feet #aa in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! complet$ fly+-ma*9e1 weigh+ #gejj lbs41 0 m\nt$ on a railway-truck ( #i-;foot gauge1 9 ,baldwyn's ,p>k1 ,k5t1 n f> f ! gun-factories = :i* ,sir ,hiram is fam\s4 ,outside & p>allel to ! #i-;foot track 0 a second track1 #ce feet across1 ) a rev]s$ rail1 s t z soon z ! ma*9e %\ld rise f ! inn] track long sp>s furni%$ ) flang$ :eels at _! extremities %\ld press aga9/ ! "u side ( ! out] track & prev5t ! ma*9e f ris+ too f>4 ,dynamomet]s1 or in/rum5ts = measur+ /ra9s1 7 fitt$ to decide ! driv+ & lift+ p[] ( ! screws4 ,exp]im5ts prov$ t ) ! eng9es work+ at full p[] ! screw-?ru/ aga9/ ! air 0 #bbjj lbs41 & ! lift+ =ce ( ! a]oplanes #aj1jjj lbs41 or #aejj 9 excess ( ! ma*9e's weight4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ready ! ma*9e 0 fa/5$ to a dynamomet] & /eam run up until x /ra9$ at its te!r ) maximum p[]2 :5 ! moor+s 7 sudd5ly releas$ & x b\nd$ =w>d at a t]rific pace1 s sudd5ly t "s ( ! crew 7 flung viol5tly d[n on to ! plat=m4 ,:5 a spe$ ( #db miles 0 rea*$ ! inn] :eels left _! track1 & ! out] :eels came into play4 ,un=tunately1 ! long #ce-;foot axletrees 7 too weak to be> ! /ra91 & "o ( !m broke4 ,! upp] track gave way1 & = ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w a fly+-ma*9e actually left ! gr\nd fully equipp$ ) eng9es1 boil]1 fuel1 & a crew4 ,! j\rney1 h[ev]1 0 a %ort "o1 = "p ( ! brok5 track f\l$ ! screws1 snapp$ a propell] blade & necessitat$ ! %utt+ (f ( ! /eam1 :i* done1 ! ma*9e settl$ to e>?1 ! :eels s9k+ into ! sw>d & %[+ by ! abs5ce ( any m>ks t x _h come directly d[nw>ds & n run along ! surface4 ,! inv5tor 0 prev5t$ by o!r bus9ess1 & by ! want ( a suffici5tly l>ge op5 space1 f cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts1 :i* _h demon/rat$ t a l>ge ma*9e heavi] ?an air c\ld be made to lift itself & move at high spe$4 ,mis=tune alone prev5t$ its true capacities be+ %[n4 ,ano!r exp]im5t] on simil> l9es1 b on a less h]oic scale ?an ,sir ,hiram ,maxim1 is ,pr(essor ,s4 ,p4 ,langley1 ! secret>y ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 ,wa%+ton4 ,= sixte5 ye>s he has devot$ himself to a p]sev]+ c\rse ( /udy ( ! fly+-ma*9e1 & aft] (t-repeat$ failures has scor$ a decid$ success 9 8 ,a]odrome1 :i*1 ?\gh only a model1 has made consid]able flights4 ,8 rese>*es h prov$ beyond d\bt t ! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ = flight is b "o-fiftie? ( :at 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a m9imum4 ,a ,fr5* ma!matician _h prov$ by figures t a swall[ mu/ develop ! p[] ( a horse to ma9ta9 its rapid flight6 ,pr(essor ,langley's a]odrome has told a v diff]5t tale1 af=d+ ano!r in/ance ( ! tru? ( ! say+ t an ounce ( practice is wor? a p\nd ( !ory4 ,a bird is ne>ly "o ?\s& times heavi] ?an ! air x displaces4 ,z a motor x develops huge p[] = its weight1 & consumes a v l>ge am\nt ( fuel 9 do+ s4 ,an obs]vant naturali/ has calculat$ t ! homely rob9 dev\rs p] diem1 9 proportion to its size1 :at w\ld be to a man a sausage two hundr$ feet long & ?ree in*es ?ick6 ,any "o :o has wat*$ birds pull+ worms out ( ! g>d5 lawn & swall[+ !m :olesale c readily cr$it ?is4 ,pr(essor ,langley !re=e conc5trat$ himself on ! production ( an extremely light & at ! same "t p[]ful ma*9e4 ,l ,maxim1 he turn$ to /eam = motive-p[]1 & by rigid economy ( weight con/ruct$ an eng9e ) boil]s weigh+ #e lbs41 cyl9d]s ( #bf ozs41 & an en]gy ( #a to #a-a_/b horse-p[]6 ,surely a ma/]piece ( me*anical workman%ip6 ,?is he enclos$ 9 a boat-%ap$ cov] :i* hung f two pairs ( a]oplanes #ab-a_/b feet f tip to tip4 ,! :ole app>atus weigh$ ne>ly #cj lbs41 ( :i* "o qu>t] repres5t$ ! ma*9]y4 ,exp]im5ts ) small] a]odromes w>n$ ! ,pr(essor t rigidity & balance 7 ! two mo/ difficult ?+s to atta92 also t ! />t+ ( ! ma*9e on its a]ial c\rse 0 f> f an easy matt]4 ,a so>+ bird does n rise /raight f ! gr\nd1 b op5s its w+s & runs along ! gr\nd until ! pressure ( ! air raises x suffici5tly to give a full /roke ( its p9ions4 ,also x rises aga9/ ! w9d to get ! full b5efit ( its lift+ =ce4 ,pr(essor ,langley hir$ a h\seboat on ! ,potomac ,riv]1 & on ! top ( x built an app>atus f :i* ! a]odrome c\ld be laun*$ into space at high velocity4 ,on ,may #f1 #ahif1 aft] a long wait = propiti\s wea!r1 ! a]odrome 0 despat*$ on a trial trip4 ,x rose 9 ! face ( ! w9d & travell$ = ov] half a mile at ! rate ( tw5ty-five miles an h\r4 ,! wat] & fuel be+ !n exhau/$ x settl$ lightly on ! wat] & 0 aga9 laun*$4 ,its flight on bo? occasions 0 /eady1 & limit$ only by ! rapid consumption ( its p[]-produc+ elem5ts4 ,! ,pr(essor believes t l>g] ma*9es w\ld rema9 9 ! air = a long p]iod & travel at spe$s hi!rto unkn[n to u4 ,9 bo? ! ma*9es t we h consid]$ ! propulsive p[] 0 a screw4 ,no c\nt]p>t ( x is se5 9 ,nature4 ,?is is n a valid argum5t aga9/ its employm5t1 s9ce no animal is furni%$ ) driv+-:eels1 nor does any fi% c>ry a revolv+ propell] 9 its tail4 ,b "s inv5tors are /rongly 9 fav\r ( copy+ ,nature z reg>ds ! employm5t ( w+s4 ,mr4 ,sydney ,h4 ,holl&s1 an en?usia/ic a]omobili/1 has devis$ an +5i\s cyl9d]-motor s arrang$ z to flap a pair ( long w+s1 giv+ !m a mu* /rong] impulse on ! d[n ?an on ! up /roke4 ,! pectoral muscles ( a bird are reproduc$ by two /rong spr+s :i* are ext5d$ by ! upw>d motion ( ! w+s & /ore up en]gy = ! d[n-/roke4 ,close att5tion is also be+ paid to ! actual %ape ( a bird's w+1 :i* is n flat b holl[ on its "u side1 & at ! front has a slightly d[nw>d dip4 8,a]ocurves0 are !re=e likely to sup]s$e ! 8a]oplane10 = ,nature w\ld n h built bird's w+s z !y are )\t an object4 ,! !ory ( ! a]ocurve's action is ?is3 t ! front ( ! w+1 on /rik+ ! air1 gives x a d[nw>ds motion1 & if ! w+ 7 q flat its re> portion w\ld /rike air already 9 motion1 & !re=e less buoyant4 ,! curvature ( a float+ bird's w+s1 :i* becomes m & m pron\nc$ t[>ds ! re>1 c\nt]acts ?is yield+ ( ! air by press+ h>d] ^u x z x passes t[>ds _! h9d] edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,m4 ,santos ,dumont's ,air%ip return+ to ,long*amps aft] d\bl+ ! ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,octob] #ai1 #aija4 ,! a]ocurve has be5 us$ by a v int]e/+ gr\p ( exp]im5t]s1 ^? :o1 putt+ motors entirely aside1 h float$ on w+s1 & le>nt "s ( ! secrets ( balanc+ 9 ! air4 ,= a man to propel himself by flapp+ w+s mov$ by legs or arms is impossible4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim1 9 address+ ! ,a]onautical ,society1 once said t = a man to successfully imitate a bird 8 lungs mu/ weigh #dj lbs41 to consume suffici5t oxyg51 8 brea/ muscles #ge lbs41 & 8 brea/ bone be ext5d$ 9 front #ba in*es4 ,& unless 8 total weight 7 increas$ 8 legs mu/ dw9dle to ! size ( broom/icks1 8 head to t ( an apple6 ,s t = ! pres5t we %all be cont5t to rema9 z we are6 ,dr4 ,lili5?al1 a ,g]man1 0 ! fir/ to try sci5tific w+-sail+4 ,he became a regul> air gymna/1 runn+ d[n ! sides ( an artificial m\nd until ! w+s lift$ him up & enabl$ him to float a consid]able di/ance be=e rea*+ e>? aga94 ,8 w+s _h an area ( #afj squ>e feet1 or ab\t a foot to e p\nd weight4 ,he 0 kill$ by ! w+s collaps+ 9 mid-air4 ,a simil> fate also ov]took ,mr4 ,p]cy ,pil*]1 :o ab&on$ ! initial run d[n a slop+ surface 9 fav\r ( be+ t[$ on a rope atta*$ to a fa/-mov+ vehicle4 ,at pres5t ,mr4 ,octave ,*anute1 ( ,*icago1 is ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! 8glid+0 s*ool4 ,he employs1 in/ead ( w+s1 a species ( kite made up ( a numb] ( small a]ocurves plac$ "o on ! top ( ano!r a small di/ance ap>t4 ,^! box kites are said to give a great lift+ =ce = _! weight4 ,^! & _m o!r exp]im5t]s h _h ! same object 9 view--to le>n ! laws ( equilibrium 9 ! air4 ,until ^! are fully und]/ood ! con/ruction ( l>ge fly+-ma*9es mu/ be reg>d$ z some:at premature4 ,man mu/ walk be=e he c run1 & balance himself be=e he c fly4 ,!re is no fall+ (f 9 ! numb] ( arial ma*9es & s*emes br\ght f "t to "t into public notice4 ,we may assure ourselves t if pati5t "w & exp]im5t c d x ! problem ( 8h[ to fly0 is n v f> f solution at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,z a sign ( ! times1 ! ,w> ,(fice1 n usually v ready to take up a new idea1 has int]e/$ itself 9 ! air%ip1 & commission$ ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,b>ton to con/ruct a dirigible balloon :i* comb9es ! two sy/ems ( a]o/ation4 ,propulsion is effect$ by six sets ( triple propell]s1 ?ree on ea* side4 ,asc5t is br\ght ab\t p>tly by a balloon #ahj feet long1 conta9+ #aef1jjj cubic feet ( hydrog51 p>tly by n9e a]oplanes hav+ a total sup]ficial area ( ne>ly #bjjj squ>e feet4 ,! utilisation ( ^! a]oplanes obviates ! necessity to ?r[ out balla/ to rise1 or to let out gas = a desc5t4 ,! air%ip1 be+ j heavi] ?an air1 is rais$ by ! #ace horse-p[] motors press+ ! a]oplanes aga9/ ! air at ! prop] angle4 ,9 desc5t !y act z p>a*utes4 ,! mo/ orig9al feature ( ?is w> balloon is ! automatic wat]-balance4 ,at ea* end ( ! 8deck0 is a tank hold+ =ty gallons ( wat]4 ,two pumps circulate wat] ?r\gh ^! tanks1 ! am\nt s5t into a tank be+ regulat$ by a heavy p5dulum :i* turns on ! cock lead+ to ! end :i* may be highe/ 9 proportion z x turns (f t lead+ to ! l[] end4 ,! idea is v +5i\s1 & %\ld "w successfully :5 ! "t ( trial comes4 ,valuable money prizes w be compet$ = by a]onauts at ! com+ ,_w's ,fair at ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijc4 ,sir ,hiram ,maxim has express$ an int5tion ( sp5d+ #bj1jjj 9 fur!r exp]im5ts & prizes4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 too1 c]ta9 j\rnals h (f]$ l>ge rew>ds to any a]onaut :o %all make prescrib$ j\rneys 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t a]onautical rese>* %\ld be end[$ by ! /ate1 s9ce ,engl& has no?+ to fe> m ?an ! fly+ ma*9e & ! subm>9e boat1 ea* ( :i* t5ds to rob h] ( ! advantages ( be+ an isl& by expos+ h] to unexpect$ & unse5 attacks4 ,t5nyson1 9 a f9e passage 9 8,locksley ,hall10 turns a poetical eye t[>ds ! future4 ,?is is :at he sees-- 8,= ,i dipt into ! future1 f> z human eye c\ld see1 ,saw ! vision ( ! _w & all ! wond] t w\ld be1 ,saw ! heav5s fill ) comm]ce1 argosies ( magic sail1 ,pilots ( ! purple twilight dropp+ d[n ) co/ly bales1 ,he>d ! heav5s fill ) %\t+1 !n !re ra9$ a gho/ly dew1 ,f ! nations' airy navies1 grappl+ 9 ! c5tral blue40 ,express$ 9 m prosaic language1 ! fly+-ma*9e w prim>ily be us$ = milit>y purposes4 ,a c\ntry _c spread a metal umbrella ov] itself to protect its t[ns f explosives dropp$ f ! cl\ds4 ,mail s]vices w be revolutionis$4 ,! pleasure a]odrome w take ! place ( ! ya*t & motor-c>1 af=d+ gr& opportunities = ! m\nta9e] & explor] 7if ! latt] c\ld f9d any?+ new to explore74 ,!n !re w also be a direct r\te to ! ,nor? ,pole ov] ! top ( ^? t]rible icefields t h co/ civilisation s _m gallant lives4 ,& possibly ! ease ( transit w br+ ! nations clos] toge!r1 & produce good-fell[%ip & concord among !m4 ,x is pleasant] to reg>d ! fly+-ma*9e ( ! future z a br+] ( peace ?an z a novel means ( spread+ dea? & de/ruction4 ,,type-,,sett+ ,,by ,,ma*9]y4 ,to ! ,assyrian brickmak]s :o1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 us$ blocks :]e) to impress on _! unbak$ bricks hi]oglyphics & symbolical *>act]s1 mu/ be attribut$ ! fir/ hesitat+ /ep t[>ds t mo/ m>vell\s & revolution>y ( human discov]ies--! art ( pr9t+4 ,n1 h[ev]1 till ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury did ,gut5b]g & ,co/] conceive ! brilliant b simple idea ( pr9t+ f sep>ate types1 :i* c\ld be set 9 diff]5t ord]s & comb9ations to repres5t diff]5t ideas4 ,= ,engli%m51 #adgd des]ves to rank ) #ahae1 z 9 t ye> a v ,wat]loo 0 won on ,engli% soil aga9/ ! =ces ( ignorance & oppression1 ?\gh ! effects ( ! victory 7 n at once evid5t4 ,consid]+ ! /ir made at ! "t by ! appe>ance ( ,caxton's fir/ book at ,we/m9/]1 x seems /range t an inv5tion ( su* importance z ! pr9t+-press %\ld h be5 fr[n$ ^u by ^? 9 p[]1 & s disc\rag$ t = ne>ly two c5turies pr9t+ rema9$ an ill-us$ & unprogressive art1 a giant half /rangl$ 9 8 cradle4 ,yet z soon z prejudice gave x an op5 field1 improv$ me?ods foll[$ close on "o ano!r's heels4 ,to-day we h 9 ! place ( ,caxton's rude h&-made press great cyl9d] ma*9es capable ( absorb+ pap] by ! mile1 & gr9d+ out #bj1jjj impressions an h\r z easily z a *ild c unw9d a reel ( cotton4 ,side by side ) ! problem h[ to produce ! greate/ possible numb] ( copies 9 a giv5 "t f "o ma*9e1 has aris5 ano!r3--h[ to set up type ) a proportionate rapidity4 ,a press )\t type is z useless z a *aff-cutt] )\t hay or /raw4 ,! type once assembl$1 z _m ca/s or /]eotypes c be made f x z !re are ma*9es to be work$4 ,b to arrange a l>ge body ( type 9 a %ort "t br+s ! pr9t] face to face ) ! ne$ ( employ+ ! exp5sive s]vices ( a small army ( compositors--unless he c atta9 8 end by "s equally effici5t & less co/ly means4 ,= ! la/ c5tury a /ruggle has be5 9 progress betwe5 ! ma*9e compositor & ! human compositor1 me*anical +5uity aga9/ eye & bra9s4 ,9 ! la/ five ye>s ! battle has turn$ mo/ decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! ma*9e4 ,to-day !re are 9 exi/5ce two wond]ful contrivances :i* enable a man to set up type six times z fa/ z he c\ld by h& f a box ( type1 ) an ease t rem9ds "o ( ! my?ical ma*9e = ! conv]sion ( live pigs into /r+s ( sausages by an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( movem5ts4 ,^! ma*9es are call$ respectively ! ,l9otype & ,monotype4 ,r\ghly describ$1 !y are to ! compositor :at a typewrit] is to a cl]k--=m+ words 9 ob$i5ce to ! depression ( keys on a keybo>d4 ,b :]eas ! typewrit] m]ely impr9ts a s+le "* on pap]1 ! l9otype & monotype ca/1 deliv]1 & set up type f :i* an indef9ite numb] ( impressions c be tak54 ,!y meet ! compositor m ?an half-way1 & simplify 8 lab\r :ile hugely increas+ 8 productiv5ess4 ,z f> back z #ahdb p]iodicals 7 me*anically compos$ by a ma*9e :i* is n[ practically =gott54 ,s9ce t "t hundr$s ( o!r inv5tions h be5 pat5t$1 & "s scores ( diff]5t ma*9es tri$1 ?\gh ) small success 9 mo/ cases2 z x 0 f\nd t quality ( composition 0 sacrific$ to quantity1 & t :at at fir/ appe>$ a %ort cut to ! pr9t+-press 0 aft] all ! longe/ way r\nd1 :5 corrections _h all be5 att5d$ to4 ,a really economical type-sett] mu/ be accurate z well z prolific4 ,slip%od "w w n pay 9 ! long run4 ,su* a ma*9e 0 p]fect$ a few ye>s ago by ,ottm> ,m]g5?al] ( ,baltimore1 :o devis$ ! plan ( ca/+ a :ole l9e ( type4 ,! ,l9otype ,compos+ ,ma*9e1 to give x its full title1 produces type all ready = ! presses 9 8slugs0 or l9es--h5ce ! "n1 ,l9' o' type4 ,x des]ves at lea/ a %ort description4 ,! ,l9otype occupies ab\t six squ>e feet ( floor space1 weighs "o ton1 & is entirely op]at$ by "o man4 ,its mo/ prom95t features are a slop+ magaz9e at ! top to hold ! brass matrices1 or dies f :i* ! type is ca/1 a keybo>d controll+ ! ma*9]y to drop & collect ! dies1 & a long lev] :i* re/ores ! dies to ! magaz9e :5 done )4 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,l9otype ,co4 ,! ,l9otype ,ma*9e4 ,by press+ keys on ! key-bo>d ! op]ator causes l9es ( type to be set up1 ca/1 & arrang$ on ! 8galley0 ready = ! pr9t]s4 ,! op]ator sits fac+ ! keybo>d1 9 :i* are n9ety keys1 v>i\sly col\r$ to di/+ui% ! diff]5t k9ds ( lett]s4 ,8 h&s tw9kle ov] ! keys1 & ! brass dies fly into place4 ,:5 a key is depress$ a die %oots f ! magaz9e on to a travell+ belt & is :irl$ (f to ! assembl+-box4 ,ea* die is a flat1 oblong brass plate1 ( a ?ickness v>y+ ) ! lett]1 hav+ a l>ge ,v-%ap$ not* 9 ! top1 & ! lett] cut half-way d[n on "o ( ! long] sides4 ,a correspond+ lett] is /amp$ on ! side ne>e/ to ! op]ator s t he may see :at he is do+ & make ne$ful corrections4 ,z soon z a ^w is complete1 he t\*es ! 8spac+0 lev] at ! side ( ! keybo>d4 ,! action causes a 8space0 to be plac$ aga9/ ! la/ die to sep>ate x f ! foll[+ ^w4 ,! op]ations are repeat$ until ! t9kle ( a bell w>ns him t1 ?\gh !re may be room = "o or two m lett]s1 ! l9e w n admit ano!r :ole syllable4 ,! l9e mu/ !re=e be 8ju/ifi$10 t is1 ! spaces betwe5 ! words increas$ till ! vacant room is fill$ 94 ,9 h& composition ?is takes a consid]able "t1 & is irksome2 b at ! l9otype ! op]ator m]ely twi/s a h&le & ! w$ge-%ap$ 8spaces10 plac$ ?9 end upw>ds1 are driv5 up simultane\sly1 giv+ ! lat]al expansion requir$ to make ! l9e ( ! "r measure4 ,a ^w ab\t ! 8spaces10 or space-b&s4 ,7 ea* a s+le w$ge ! pressure w\ld be on ! bottom only ( ! dies1 & _! tops1 be+ able to move slightly1 w\ld admit lead betwe5 !m4 ,to obviate ?is a small second w$ge1 ?9 end d[nw>ds1 is arrang$ to slide on ! l>g] w$ge1 s t 9 all positions p>allelism is secur$4 ,?is small] w$ge is ( ! same %ape z ! dies & rema9s /ation>y 9 l9e ) !m1 ! l>g] "o only mov+4 ,! l9e ( dies be+ n[ complete1 x is automatically borne (f & press$ into contact ) ! ca/+ :eel4 ,?is :eel1 revolv+ on its c5tre1 has a slit 9 x correspond+ 9 l5g? & wid? to ! size ( l9e requir$4 ,at fir/ ! slit is horizontal1 & ! dies fit aga9/ x s t ! r[ ( sunk lett]s on ! faces are 9 ! exact position to receive ! molt5 lead1 :i* is squirt$ ?r\gh ! slit f beh9d by an automatic pump1 suppli$ f a metal-pot4 ,! pot is kept at a prop] heat ( #eej ,fahr5heit by ! flames ( a ,buns5 burn]4 ,! lead solidifies 9 an in/ant1 & ! 8slug0 ( type is ready = removal1 aft] its back has be5 c>efully trimm$ by a knife4 ,! :eel revolves = a qu>t]-turn1 br++ ! slit into a v]tical position2 a pun* drives out ! 8slug10 :i* is slid into ! galley to jo9 its pr$ecessors4 ,! :eel !n resumes its =m] horizontal position 9 read9ess = ano!r ca/4 ,! assembl$ dies h = ! "t done _! "w & mu/ be return$ to ! magaz9e4 ,! me*anism us$ to effect ?is is peculi>ly +5i\s4 ,an arm c>ry+ a ribb$ b> desc5ds4 ,! dies are pu%$ up1 leav+ ! 8spaces0 beh9d to be re/or$ to _! prop] comp>tm5t1 till on a level ) ! ribb$ b>1 on to :i* !y are slid by a lat]al movem5t1 ! not*es ( ! ,v-%ap$ op5+ 9 ! top side ( ea* die engag+ ) ! ribs on ! b>4 ,! b> !n asc5ds till x is 9 l9e ) a long] b> ( l section pass+ ov] ! op5 top ( ! entire magaz9e4 ,a set ( horizontal screw-b>s1 rotat+ at high spe$1 transf] ! dies f ! %ort to ! long b>1 along :i* !y move till1 z a die comes above its prop] division ( ! magaz9e1 ! arrangem5t ( ! tee? all[s x to drop4 ,:ile all ?is has be5 go+ on1 ! op]ator has compos$ ano!r l9e ( m\lds1 :i* w 9 turn be transf]r$ to ! ca/+ :eel1 & !n back to ! magaz9e4 ,s t ! ?ree op]ations ( compos+1 ca/+1 & sort+ m\lds are 9 progress simultane\sly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ma*9e2 ) ! result t z _m z #bj1jjj lett]s c be =m$ by an exp]t 9 ! space ( an h\r1 aga9/ ! #aejj lett]s ( a skill$ h& compositor4 ,h[ ab\t corrections8 ,ev5 a comma too few or too _m ne$s ! :ole l9e ca/ ov] aga94 ,x is a conv9c+ pro( ( ! diff]5ce 9 spe$ betwe5 ! two me?ods t a column ( type c be correct$ mu* fa/] by ! ma*9e1 h&icapp$ z x is by its solid 8slugs10 ?an by h&4 ,no wond] !n t m ?an #ajjj l9otypes are to be f\nd 9 ! pr9t+ (fices ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,monotype1 l ! ,l9otype1 aims at spe$ 9 composition1 b 9 its me*anism x diff]s ess5tially f ! l9otype4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! app>atus is con/ruct$ 9 two q sep>ate p>ts4 ,!re is a keybo>d1 :i* may be on ! ?ird floor ( ! pr9t+ (fices1 & ! ca/+ ma*9e1 :i* ceaselessly ca/s & sets type 9 ! basem5t4 ,yet !y are b "o :ole4 ,! connect+ l9k is ! long /rip ( pap] pun*$ by ! keybo>d me*anism1 & !n transf]r$ to ! ca/+ ma*9e to br+ ab\t ! =mation ( type4 ,! keybo>d is ! s]vant ( man2 ! ca/+ ma*9e is ! slave ( ! keybo>d4 ,secondly1 ! ,monotype ca/s type1 n 9 blocks or a :ole l9e1 b 9 sep>ate lett]s4 ,x is ?us a complete type-f\ndry4 ,ord] x to ca/ ,g's & x w turn !m out by ! ?\s& till ano!r lett] is requir$4 ,?irdly1 by means ( ! pun*$ pap] roll1 ! same type c be set up "t aft] "t )\t a second rec\rse to ! keybo>d1 j z a tune is gr\nd repeat$ly out ( a b>rel organ4 ,! keybo>d has a =midable appe>ance4 ,x conta9s #bbe keys1 provid+ z _m *>act]s2 also ?irty keys to regulate ! spac+ ( ! words4 ,at ! back ( ! ma*9e a roll ( pap] runs ov] roll]s & above a r[ ( ?irty little pun*es work$ by ! keys4 ,a key be+ depress$1 an op5$ valve admits air into two cyl9d]s1 ea* driv+ a pun*4 ,! pun*es fly up & cut two neat little holes 9 ! pap]4 ,! roll !n moves =w>d = ! next lett]4 ,at ! end ( ! ^w a special lev] is us$ to regi/] a space1 & s on to ! end ( ! l9e4 ,! op]ator !n consults an automatic indicator :i* tells him exactly h[ mu* space is left1 & h[ mu* too long or too %ort ! l9e w\ld be if ! spaces 7 ( ! normal size4 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 t !re are t5 spaces1 & t !re is "o-t5? ( an in* to sp>e4 ,x is obvi\s t by ext5d+ ea* space "o-hundr$? ( an in* ! vacant room w be exactly fill$4 ,simil>ly1 if ! t5 normal spaces w\ld make ! l9e "o-t5? ( an in* too long1 by decreas+ ! spaces ea* "o-hundr$? in* ! l9e w also be 8ju/ifi$40 ,illu/ration3 ,by k9d p]mission ( ,! ,monotype ,co4 ,! ,monotype ,ca/+ ,ma*9e4 ,a pun*$ pap] roll f$ ?r\gh ! top ( ! ma*9e automatically ca/s & sets up type 9 sep>ate lett]s4 ,b ! op]ator ne$ n tr\ble 8 head ab\t calculations ( ?is k9d4 ,8 indicator1 a v]tical cyl9d] cov]$ ) t9y squ>es1 9 ea* ( :i* are pr9t$ two figures1 tell him exactly :at he has to d4 ,on press+ a c]ta9 key ! cyl9d] revolves & comes to re/ ) ! tip ( a po9t] ov] a squ>e4 ,! op]ator at once presses d[n ! keys be>+ ! numb]s pr9t$ on t squ>e1 confid5t t ! l9e w be ( ! prop] l5g?4 ,z soon z ! roll is f9i%$1 x is deta*$ f ! keybo>d & introduc$ to ! ca/+ ma*9e4 ,hi!rto passive1 x n[ becomes active4 ,hav+ be5 plac$ 9 position on ! roll]s x is sl[ly unw\nd by ! ma*9]y4 ,! pap] passes ov] a holl[ b> 9 :i* !re are z _m holes z !re 7 pun*es 9 ! keybo>d1 & 9 precisely ! same position4 ,:5 a hole 9 ! pap] comes ov] a hole 9 ! holl[ b> air ru%es 91 & pass+ ?r\gh a tube actuates ! type-sett+ ma*9]y 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 s z to br+ ! desir$ die into contact ) molt5 lead4 ,! dies are1 9 ! monotype1 all c>ri$ 9 a magaz9e ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e1 :i* moves backw>ds or =w>ds1 to "r or left1 9 ob$i5ce to ord]s f ! p]=at$ roll4 ,! dies are arrang$ 9 exactly ! same way z ! keys on ! keybo>d4 ,s t1 suppos+ ,a to h be5 /amp$ on ! roll1 "o ( ! p]=ations causes ! magaz9e to slide "o way1 :ile ! o!r %oves x ano!r1 until ! comb9$ motions br+ ! matrix engrav$ ) ! ,a und]nea? ! small hole ?r\gh :i* molt5 lead is =c$4 ,! lett] is eject$ & moves sideways ?r\gh a n>r[ *annel1 pu%+ prec$+ lett]s be=e x1 & ! magaz9e is free = o!r movem5ts4 ,at ! end ( ea* ^w a 8space0 or blank lead is ca/1 its size exactly det]m9$ by ! 8ju/ify+0 hole belong+ to t l9e4 ,^w foll[s ^w till ! l9e is complete2 !n a knife-l lev] rises1 & ! type is propell$ into ! 8galley40 ,?\gh a slave ! ca/+ ma*9e w n tol]ate inju/ice4 ,%\ld ! compositor h made a mi/ake1 s t ! l9e is too long or too %ort1 automatic ma*9]y at once comes into play1 & slips ! driv+ belt f ! fix$ to ! loose pulley1 ?us /opp+ ! ma*9e till "s "o c att5d to x4 ,b if ! pun*+ has be5 correctly done1 ! ma*9e w "w away unatt5d$ till1 a :ole column ( type hav+ be5 set up1 x comes to a /&/ill4 ,! advantages ( ! ,monotype are easily se54 ,9 ord] to save money a man ne$ n possess ! complete app>atus4 ,if he has ! keybo>d only he becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 own compositor1 able to set up ! type1 z x 7 by proxy1 at any conv5i5t "t4 ,he c give 8 undivid$ att5tion to ! keybo>d1 /op "w :5ev] he likes )\t keep+ a ca/+-ma*9e idle1 & z soon z 8 roll is complete =w>d x to a c5tral e/abli%m5t :]e type is set4 ,!re a s+le man c sup]9t5d ! completion ( half-a-doz5 m5's lab\rs at ! keybo>d4 ,t means a great r$uction ( exp5se4 ,9 due "t he receives back 8 copy 9 ! %ape ( set-up type1 all ready to be correct$ & transf]r$ to ! pr9t+ ma*9es4 ,! type done )1 he c melt x d[n )\t fe> ( future regret1 = he kn[s t ! pap] roll lock$ up 9 8 cupbo>d w d its "w a second "t z well z x did ! fir/4 ,%\ld he ne$ ! same matt] re-sett+1 he has only to s5d ! roll ?r\gh ! po/ to ! c5tral e/abli%m5t4 ,?anks to ,mr4 ,lan/on's inv5tion we may hope = ! day :5 e p>i% w be able to d its own pr9t+1 or at lea/ set up its own magaz9e4 ,! only ?+ ne$ful w be a monotype keybo>d suppli$ by an enlight5$ ,p>i% ,c\ncil--z soon z ! exp5se appe>s ju/ifiable--& kept 9 ! ,po/ ,(fice or ,village ,in/itute4 ,! paym5t ( a small fee w entitle ! ,squire to pun* out 8 spee* on behalf ( ! ,cons]vative ,c&idate1 ! ,s*oolma/] to compose special in=mation = 8 pupils1 ! ,rector to r$uce to pr9t pamphlets & appeals to *>ity4 ,& if ^? ( humbl] degree ?9k !y c /rike eloqu5ce f ! keys1 !y too w ( c\rse be all[$ to turn out _! ideas lit]ally by ! y>d4 ,,photography ,,9 ,,col\rs4 ,:ile photography 0 /ill 9 its infancy _m p believ$ t1 a means hav+ be5 f\nd ( impress+ ! repres5tation ( an object on a s5sitis$ surface1 a %ort "t only w\ld h to elapse be=e ! discov]y ( "s me?od ( regi/]+ ! col\rs z well z ! =ms ( nature4 ,photography has dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s pass$ ?r\gh "s />tl+ developm5ts1 especially z reg>ds spe$4 ,exp]ts1 su* z ,m4 ,m>ey1 h prov$ ! sup]iority ( ! cam]a ov] ! human eye 9 its p[] to grasp ! v>i\s phases ( animal motion4 ,ev5 rifle bullets h be5 arre/$ 9 _! lightn+ flight by ! s5sitis$ plate4 ,b :ile ! cam]a is a valuable aid to ! eye 9 ! matt] ( =m1 ! eye /ill has ! advantage s f> z col\r is conc]n$4 ,x is /ill impossible = a photograph] by a simple process simil> to t ( mak+ an ord9>y black-&-:ite negative1 to affect a plate 9 su* a mann] t f x pr9ts may be made by a s+le op]ation %[+ objects 9 _! natural col\rs4 ,nor1 = ! matt] ( t1 does col\r photography direct f nature seem any ne>] atta9m5t n[ ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,dagu]re4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 extant sev]al me?ods ( mak+ col\r photographs 9 an indirect or r\ndab\t way4 ,^! v>i\s 8dodges0 are1 ap>t f _! beautiful results1 s extremely +5i\s & int]e/+ t we propose to "h exam9e ?ree ( ! be/ kn[n4 ,! read] mu/ be c>eful to bani% f 8 m9d ^? col\r$ photographs s (t5 to be se5 9 railway c>riages & %op w9d[s1 :i* are purely ! result ( h&-"w & me*anical pr9t+1 & !re=e n col\r photographs at all4 ,be=e emb>k+ on an explanation ( ^! ?ree me?ods x w be necess>y to exam9e briefly ! nature ( ^? ph5om5a on :i* all are bas$--light & col\r4 ,! two are really id5tical1 light is col\r & col\r is light4 ,sci5ti/s n[ agree t ! s5sation ( light arises f ! wave-l movem5ts ( t my/]i\s fluid1 ! omnipres5t e!r4 ,9 a beam ( :ite light sev]al rates ( wave vibrations exi/ side by side4 ,pass ! beam ?r\gh a prism & ! v>i\s rapidities are sort$ out into violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange & r$1 :i* are call$ ! pure col\rs1 s9ce if any ( !m be pass$ aga9 ?r\gh a prism ! result is /ill t col\r4 ,crimson1 br[n1 c41 ! composite col\rs1 w\ld1 if subject$ to ! prism1 at once split up into _! compon5t pure col\rs4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts to be notic$ ab\t ! relation%ip ( ! sev5 pure col\rs4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?\gh !y are all allies 9 ! task ( mak+ :ite light1 !re is ho/ility among !m1 ea* be+ jeal\s ( ! o!rs1 & only wait+ a *ance to %[ x4 ,?us1 suppose t we h on a /rip ( pap] squ>es ( ! sev5 col\rs1 & look at ! /rip ?r\gh a piece ( r$ glass we see only "o squ>e--! r$--9 its natural col\r1 s9ce t squ>e is 9 h>mony only ) r$ rays4 7,comp>e ! sympa?y ( a piano ) a note /ruck on ano!r in/rum5t2 if ,c is /ruck1 say on a viol91 ! piano /r+s produc+ ! correspond+ note w s\nd1 b ! o!r /r+s w be sil5t47 ,! orange squ>e sugge/s orange1 b ! gre5 & blue & violet appe> black4 ,r$ glass has arre/$ _! e!r vibrations & said 8no way "h40 ,gre5 & violet w\ld s]ve j ! same trick on r$ or on ea* o!r4 ,x is f ?is read9ess to absorb or /op dissimil> rays t we h ! diff]5t col\rs 9 a l&scape flood$ by a common :ite sunlight4 ,! trees & grass absorb all b ! gre5 rays1 :i* !y reflect4 ,! d&elions & butt]cups capture & hold fa/ all b ! yell[ rays4 ,! poppies 9 ! corn s5d u back r$ only1 & ! cornfl[]s only blue2 b ! daisy is m g5]\s & gives up all ! sev54 ,col\r !re=e is n a ?+ t c be t\*$1 any m ?an s\nd1 b m]ely ! capacity to affect ! ret9a ( ! eye ) a c]ta9 numb] ( e!r vibrations p] second1 & x makes no diff]5ce :e!r light is reflect$ f a sub/ance or refract$ ?r\gh a sub/ance2 a r$ brick & a piece ( r$ glass h simil> effects on ! eye4 ,?is !n is ! fir/ ?+ to be cle>ly grasp$1 t :5ev] a col\r has a *ance to make prison]s ( o!r col\rs x w d s4 ,! second po9t is r m intricate1 viz4 t ?is imprisonm5t is go+ on ev5 :5 fri5dly concord appe>s to be ! ord] ( ! day4 ,let u endeav\r to pres5t ?is cle>ly to ! read]4 ,( ! pure col\rs1 violet1 gre5 & r$--! extremes & ! c5tre--are suffici5t to produce :ite1 because ea* conta9s an elem5t ( its neighb\rs4 ,violet has a c]ta9 am\nt ( indigo1 gre5 "s yell[1 r$ "s orange2 9 fact e col\r ( ! spectrum conta9s a great] or less degree ( sev]al ( ! o!rs1 b n en\gh to de/roy its own id5tity4 ,n[1 suppose t we h ?ree lant]ns project+ _! rays on to ! same portion ( a :ite %eet1 & t 9 front ( ! fir/ is plac$ a violet glass1 9 front ( ! second a gre5 glass1 9 front ( ! ?ird a r$ glass4 ,:at is ! result8 ,a :ite light4 ,:y8 ,because !y meet on equal t]ms1 & z no "o ( !m is 9 a po9t ( advantage no prison]s c be made & !y mu/ "w 9 h>mony4 ,next1 turn d[n ! violet lant]n1 & gre5 & r$ produce a yell[1 half-way betwe5 !m2 turn d[n r$ & turn up violet1 indigo-blue results4 ,all ! way ?r\gh a compromise is effect$4 ,b suppos+ t ! r$ & gre5 glasses are put 9 front ( ! same lant]n & ! :ite light s5t ?r\gh !m--:]e has ! yell[ gone to8 only a br[ni%-black light rea*es ! scre54 ,! same ?+ happ5s ) r$ & violet or gre5 & violet4 ,prison]s h be5 tak51 because "o col\r has _h to dem& passage f ! o!r4 ,r$ says to gre51 8,y want y\r rays to pass ?r\gh me1 b !y %all n40 ,gre5 retorts1 8,v well2 b ,i myself h already cut (f all b gre5 rays1 & if !y don't pass y1 no?+ %all40 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ! qu>rel is practical d>kness4 ,! same ph5om5on may be illu/rat$ ) blue & yell[4 ,lights ( ^! two col\rs project$ simultane\sly on to a %eet yield :ite2 b :ite light s5t ?r\gh blue & yell[ glass 9 succession produces a gre5 light4 ,also1 blue pa9t mix$ ) yell[ gives gre54 ,9 nei!r case is !re d>kness or entire cutt+-(f ( col\r1 z 9 ! case ( ,r$ ,violet or ,gre5 ,r$4 ,! reason is easy to see4 ,blue light is a compromise ( violet & gre52 yell[ ( gre5 & r$4 ,h5ce ! two col\r$ lights fall+ on ! scre5 make a comb9ation :i* c be express$ z an addition sum4 ,blue gre5 violet4 ,yell[ gre5 r$4 -------------------- gre5 violet r$ :ite4 ,b :5 light is pass$ ?r\gh two col\r$ glasses 9 succession1 or reflect$ f two lay]s ( col\r$ pa9ts1 !re are prison]s to be made4 ,blue passes gre5 & violet only4 ,yell[ passes gre5 & r$ only4 ,s violet is captur$ by yell[1 & r$ by blue1 gre5 be+ free to pass on its way4 ,!re is1 !n1 a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! mix+ ( col\rs1 :i* evokes any t5d5cy to antagonism1 & ! add+ ( col\rs "u su* conditions t !y meet on equal t]ms4 ,! fir/ process happ5s1 z we h se51 :5 a ray ( light is pass$ ?r\gh col\rs 9 succession2 ! second1 :5 lights /ream simultane\sly on to an object4 ,a :ite scre51 be+ capable ( reflect+ any col\r t falls on to x1 w ) equal read9ess %[ gre51 r$1 violet1 or a comb9ation2 b a sub/ance t is 9 :ite light r$1 or gre51 or violet w capture any o!r col\r4 ,s t if = ! :ite scre5 we sub/itut$ a r$ "o1 violet or gre5 fall+ simultane\sly1 w\ld yield blackness1 because r$ takes bo? prison]s2 if x 7 violet1 gre5 w\ld be captur$1 & s on4 ,f ?is foll[s ano!r ph5om5on3 t :]eas projection ( two or m lights may yield :ite1 :ite _c result f any mixture ( pigm5ts4 ,a p]son ) a :ole boxful ( pa9ts c\ld n get :ite 7 he to mix !m 9 an inf9itude ( diff]5t ways2 b ) ! aid ( 8 lant]ns & z _m diff]5tly col\r$ glasses ! feat is easy en\gh4 ,any two col\rs :i* meet on equal t]ms to make :ite are call$ complem5t>y col\rs4 ,?us yell[ 7 r$ gre5 lights7 is complem5t>y ( violet4 ,?us p9k 7 r$ violet lights7 is complem5t>y ( gre54 ,?us blue 7 violet gre5 lights7 is complem5t>y ( r$4 ,?is does n ( c\rse apply to mixture ( pa9ts1 = complem5t>y col\rs mu/ act toge!r1 n 9 antagonism4 ,if ! read] has ma/]$ ^! prelim9>y consid]ations he w h no difficulty 9 foll[+ out ! foll[+ processes4 7a7 ,! ,joly ,process1 inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,joly ( ,dubl94 ,a glass plate is rul$ across ) f9e p>allel l9es--#cej to ! in*1 we believe4 ,^! l9es are fill$ 9 alt]nately ) violet1 gre51 & r$ matt]1 e ?ird be+ violet1 gre5 or r$ z ! case may be4 ,! col\r-scre5 is plac$ 9 ! cam]a 9 front ( ! s5sitis$ plate4 ,^u an exposure be+ made1 all light reflect$ f a r$ object 7to select a col\r7 is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! r$ l9es1 b block$ by all ! gre5 & violet l9es4 ,s t on developm5t t "p ( ! negative correspond+ to ! position ( ! r$ object w be cov]$ ) d>k l9es sep>at$ by transp>5t belts ( twice ! bread?4 ,f ! negative a positive is pr9t$1 :i* ( c\rse %[s transp>5t l9es sep>at$ by opaque belts ( twice _! bread?4 ,n[1 suppose t we take ! col\r-scre5 & place x aga9 9 front ( ! plate 9 ! position x occupi$ :5 ! negative 0 tak51 ! r$ l9es be+ opposite ! transp>5t p>ts ( ! positive w be visible1 b ! gre5 & violet be+ block$ by ! black deposit beh9d !m w n be noticeable4 ,s t ! object is repres5t$ by a numb] ( r$ l9es1 :i* at a small di/ance appe> to bl5d into a cont9u\s :ole4 ,! violet & gre5 affect ! plate 9 a correspond+ mann]2 & composite col\rs w affect two sets ( l9es 9 v>y+ degrees1 ! lights f ! two sets bl5d+ 9 ! eye4 ,?us yell[ w obta9 passage f bo? gre5 & r$1 & :5 ! scre5 is held up aga9/ ! positive1 ! light /ream+ ?r\gh ! gre5 & r$ l9es w bl5d into yell[ 9 ! same mann] z !y w\ld make yell[ if project$ by lant]ns on to a scre54 ,! same applies to all ! col\rs4 ,! advantage ( ! ,joly process is t 9 x only "o negative has to be made4 7b7 ,! ,ives ,process4--,mr4 ,fr$]ic ,eug5e ,ives1 ( ,philadelphia1 arrives at ! same result z ,pr(essor ,joly1 b by an entirely diff]5t means4 ,he takes ?ree negatives ( ! same object1 "o ?r\gh a violet-blue1 ano!r ?r\gh a gre51 & a ?ird ?r\gh a r$ scre5 plac$ 9 front ( ! l5s4 ,! r$ negative is affect$ by r$ rays only2 ! gre5 by gre5 rays only1 & ! violet-blue by violet-blue rays only1 9 ! prop] gradations4 ,t is to say1 ea* negative w h opaque pat*es :]ev] ! rays ( a c]ta9 k9d /rike x2 & ! positive pr9t$ (f w be by consequ5ce transp>5t at ! same places4 ,by hold+ ! positive made f ! r$-scre5 negative aga9/ a piece ( r$ glass1 we %\ld see light only 9 ^? p>ts ( ! positive :i* 7 transp>5t4 ,simil>ly ) ! gre5 & violet positives if view$ ?r\gh glasses ( prop] col\r4 ,! mo/ +5i\s "p ( ,mr4 ,ives' me?od is ! app>atus = pres5t+ all ?ree positives 7light$ ?r\gh _! col\r$ glasses7 to ! eye simultane\sly4 ,:5 prop]ly adju/$1 s t _! v>i\s p>ts exactly co9cide1 ! eye bl5ds ! ?ree toge!r1 see+ gre51 r$1 or violet sep>ately1 or bl5d$ 9 correct proportions4 ,! ,kromoscope1 z ! view+ app>atus is t]m$1 conta9s ?ree mirrors1 project+ ! reflections f ! positives 9 a s+le l9e4 ,z ! ?ree slides are tak5 /]eoscopically ! result gives ! impression ( solidity z well z ( col\r1 & is mo/ reali/ic4 7c7 ,! ,sang] ,%eph]d ,process4--,?is is employ$ mo/ly = lant]n transp>5cies4 ,z 9 ! ,ives process1 ?ree negatives & ?ree transp>5t positives are made4 ,b in/ead ( col\r$ glasses be+ us$ to give effect to ! positives ! positives !mselves are dy$1 & plac$ "o on ! top ( ano!r 9 close contact1 s t ! light f ! lant]n passes ?r\gh !m 9 succession4 ,we h !re=e n[ quitt$ ! realms ( h>mony = t ( discord1 9 :i* prison]s are made2 & ,mr4 ,%eph]d has _h to s arrange matt]s t 9 e case ! capture ( prison]s does n int]f]e ) ! f9al result1 b conduces to x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ?ree negatives are secur$ ?r\gh violet1 gre51 & r$ scre5s4 ,positives are pr9t$ by ! c>bon process on ?9 celluloid films4 ,! c>bon film conta9s gelat9e & bi*romate ( potassium4 ,! light acts on ! bi*romate 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! gelat9e insoluble4 ,! result is t1 ?\gh 9 ! positives !re is at fir/ no col\r1 pat*es ( gelat9e are left :i* w absorb dyes ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! dye+ process requires a l>ge am\nt ( c>e & pati5ce4 ,n[1 x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ea* positive is dy$ 9 ! col\r ( ! scre5 ?r\gh :i* its negative 0 tak54 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ u :y4 ,let u assume t we are photograph+ a r$ object1 a fl[]-pot = in/ance4 ,! r$ negative repres5ts ! pot by a d>k deposit4 ,! positive pr9t$ (f w consequ5tly %[ cle> glass at t spot1 ! unaffect$ gelat9e be+ soluble4 ,s t to dye ! plate w\ld be to make all r$ except ! v "p :i* we require r$2 & on hold+ x up to ! light ! fl[]-pot w\ld appe> z a :ite transp>5t pat*4 ,h[ !n is ! problem to be solv$8 ,mr4 ,%eph]d's process is bas$ ^u an ord]$ sy/em ( prison]-tak+4 ,?us1 z r$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case is want$ x w be atta9$ by ! o!r two positives 7:i* are plac$ 9 contact ) ! r$ positive1 s t all ?ree co9cide exactly71 robb+ :ite light ( all b its r$ rays4 ,n[ if ! o!r positives 7 dy$ gre5 & violet1 :at w\ld happ58 ,!y w\ld n produce r$1 b by robb+ :ite light betwe5 !m ( r$1 gre51 & violet1 w\ld produce blackness1 & we %\ld be z f> z ev] f our object4 ,! positives are !re=e dy$1 n 9 ! same col\rs z ! scre5s us$ :5 ! negatives 7 made1 b 9 _! complem5t>y col\rs1 i4e4 z expla9$ above1 ^? col\rs :i* add$ to ! col\r ( ! scre5 w\ld make :ite4 ,! r$ scre5 negative is !re=e dy$ 7violet gre57 blue4 ,! gre5 negative 7r$ violet7 p9k4 ,! violet negative 7r$ gre57 yell[4 ,to return to our fl[]-pot4 ,! r$-scre5 positive 7dy$ blue7 is1 z we saw1 q transp>5t :]e ! pot %\ld be4 ,b beh9d ! transp>5t gap are ! p9k & yell[ positives4 ,:ite light 7 violet gre5 r$7 passes ?r\gh p9k 7 violet r$71 & has to surr5d] all its gre5 rays4 ,! violet & r$ pass on & enc\nt] yell[ 7 gre5 r$71 & violet falls a victim to gre51 leav+ r$ unmole/$4 ,if ! fl[]-pot _h be5 :ite all ?ree positives w\ld h conta9$ cle> pat*es unaffect$ by ! ?ree dyes1 & ! :ite light w\ld h be5 unob/ruct$4 ,! gradations & mixtures ( col\rs are obta9$ by two ( ! scre5s be+ influ5c$ by ! col\r ( ! object4 ,?us1 if x 7 crimson1 bo? violet & r$-scre5 negatives w\ld be affect$ by ! rays reflect$ by x1 & ! gre5 scre5 negative n at all4 ,h5ce ! p9k positive w\ld be p9k1 ! yell[ cle>1 & ! blue cle>4 ,:ite light pass+ ?r\gh is robb$ by p9k ( gre51 leav+ r$ violet crimson4 ,,col\r ,,pr9t+4 ,pr9t+ 9 ink col\rs is done 9 a mann] v simil> to ! ,sang] ,%eph]d lant]n slide process4 ,?ree blocks are made1 by ! help ( photography1 ?r\gh violet1 gre5 & r$ scre5s1 & et*$ away ) acid1 l ord9>y half-tone black-&-:ite blocks4 ,! ?ree blocks h appli$ to !m ink ( a complem5t>y col\r to ! scre5 !y repres5t1 j z 9 ! ,sang] ,%eph]d process ! positives 7 dy$4 ,! ?ree inks are laid ov] "o ano!r on ! pap] by ! blocks1 ! reliev$ p>ts ( :i* 7correspond+ to ! undissolv$ gelat9e ( ! ,%eph]d positives7 only take ! ink4 ,:ite light be+ reflect$ ?r\gh lay]s ( col\r$ inks is treat$ 9 j ! same way z x w\ld be 7 x transmitt$ ?r\gh col\r$ glasses1 yield+ all ! col\rs 9 approximately correct gradations4 ,,light+4 ,! production ( fire by artificial means has be5 reasonably reg>d$ z ! greate/ inv5tion 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,prior to ! day :5 a man 0 fir/ able to call heat f ! sub/ances ab\t him ! condition ( our ance/ors mu/ h be5 wret*$ inde$4 ,raw food 0 _! portion2 metals m+l$ ) o!r matt] mock$ _! ef=ts to sep>ate !m2 ! cold ( w9t] drove !m to ! recesses ( gloomy cav]ns1 :]e night reign$ p]petual4 ,! production ( fire also1 ( c\rse1 entail$ ! creation ( light1 :i* 9 its developm5ts has be5 ( an importance second only to ! improv$ me?ods ( heat+4 ,s accu/om$ are we to our c&les1 our lamps1 our gas-jets1 our electric lights1 t x is h>d = u to imag9e :at an imm5se effect _! sudd5 & complete removal w\ld h on our exi/5ce4 ,at times1 :5 floods1 explosions1 or o!r accid5ts cause a tempor>y /oppage ( ! gas or curr5t supply1 a t[n may = a "t be plung$ into d>kness2 b ?is only = a %ort p]iod1 ! di/ress ( :i* c be alleviat$ by rec\rse to p>aff9 lamps1 or ! m homely c&le4 ,! e>lie/ me?od ( illum9ation 0 ! r\gh-&-ready "o ( k9dl+ a pile ( bru%wood or logs4 ,! light produc$ 0 v unc]ta9 & feeble1 b possibly suffici5t = ! ne$s ( ! cave-dwell]4 ,) ! advance ( civilisation arose an increas+ necessity = a m /eady illum9ant1 discov]$ 9 vegetable oils1 burn$ 9 lamps ( v>i\s designs4 ,lamps h be5 f\nd 9 old ,egyptian & ,etruscan tombs con/ruct$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,^! lamps d n diff] ess5tially f ^? 9 use to-day1 be+ res]voirs fitt$ ) a *annel to c>ry a wick4 ,b probably f ! difficulty ( procur+ oil1 lamps fell into comp>ative disuse1 or r 7 almo/ unkn[n1 9 _m c\ntries ( ,europe z late z ! fifte5? c5tury2 :5 ! cottage & b>onial hall 7 alike lit by ! blaz+ tor* fix$ into an iron sconce or bracket on ! wall4 ,! ru%light1 consi/+ ( a peel$ ru%1 coat$ by repeat$ dipp+ into a vessel ( melt$ fat1 made a feeble ef=t to dispel ! gloom ( long w9t] ev5+s4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by ! tall[ & m sci5tifically made wax c&le1 :i* la/ /ill ma9ta9s a c]ta9 popul>ity4 ,h[ our gr&mo!rs manag$ to 8keep _! eyes0 z !y work$ at /it*+ by ! light ( a c\ple ( c&les1 ^: adv5t 0 ! ev5t ( ! ev5+1 is n[ a my/]y4 ,to-day we feel aggriev$ if our lamps are n ( _m c&le-p[]1 & prote/ t our sight w be ru9$ by :at "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago w\ld h seem$ a m>vel ( illum9ation4 ,9 ! case ( light+ necessity has be5 ! "m ( inv5tion4 ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n life is to turn night into day4 ,we g to b$ late & we get up late2 ?is is p]haps fooli%1 b /ill we d x4 ,&1 :at is m1 we make increas+ use ( places1 su* z basem5ts1 und]gr\nd tunnels1 & 8tubes10 to :i* ! light ( heav5 _c p5etrate dur+ any ( ! daily tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury saw a wond]ful advance 9 ! sci5ce ( illum9ation4 ,z e>ly z #ahjd ! fam\s sci5ti/1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 discov]$ ! electric arc1 pres5tly to be put to su* univ]sal use4 ,ab\t ! same "t gas 0 fir/ manufactur$ & l$ ab\t 9 pipes4 ,b be=e electricity = light+ purposes _h be5 r5d]$ suffici5tly *eap ! discov]y ( ! huge oil deposits 9 ,p5nsylvania flood$ ! _w ) an inexp5sive illum9ant4 ,z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury ,m>co ,polo1 ! explor]1 wrote ( a natural petroleum spr+ at ,baku1 on ! ,caspian ,sea3 8,!re is a f\nta9 ( great abundance1 inasmu* z a ?\s& %iploads might be tak5 f x at "o "t4 ,?is oil is n good to use ) food1 b x is good to burn2 & is also us$ to ano9t camels t h ! mange4 ,p come f va/ di/ances to fet* x1 = 9 all o!r c\ntries !re is no oil40 ,8 la/ words h be5 confut$ by ! ,am]ican oil-fields1 yield+ _m ?\s&s ( b>rels a day--(t5 9 su* quantities t ! oil runs to wa/e = lack ( a buy]4 ,! rivals = pre-em95ce 9 light+ to-day are electricity1 coal gas1 petroleum1 & acetyl5e gas4 ,! two =m] h ! advantage ( be+ easily turn$ on at w1 l wat]2 ! ?ird is m g5]ally available4 ,! inv5tion ( ! dynamo by ,gramme 9 #ahgj m>ks ! beg9n+ ( an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( illum9ation4 ,) its aid curr5t ( su* int5sity z to con/antly bridge an air-gap betwe5 c>bon po9ts c\ld be g5]at$ = a fraction ( ! co/ entail$ by o!r previ\s me?ods4 ,paul ,jablo*k(f devis$ 9 #ahgf 8 8electric c&le0--a c\ple ( p>allel c>bon rods sep>at$ by an insulat+ m$ium t wa/$ away "u ! influ5ce ( heat at ! same rate z ! rods4 ,! 8c&les0 7 us$ ) rapidly-alt]nat+ curr5ts1 z ! positive 8pole0 wa/$ twice z quickly z ! negative4 ,dur+ ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahgh visitors to ,p>is 7 delight$ by ! new me?od ( illum9ation in/all$ 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal /reets & !atres4 ,! arc-lamp ( to-day1 su* z we see 9 our /reets1 factories1 & railway /ations1 is a modification ( ,m4 ,jablo*k(f's pr9ciple4 ,c>bon rods are us$1 b !y are po9t$ t[>ds ea* o!r1 ! di/ance betwe5 _! extremities be+ kept con/ant by +5i\s me*anical contrivances4 ,arc-lamps ( all types lab\r "u ! disadvantage ( be+1 by necessity1 v p[]ful2 & 7 !y only available ! employm5t ( electric light+ w\ld be greatly re/rict$4 ,z x is1 we h1 ?anks to ! g5ius ( ,mr4 ,edison1 a means ( utilis+ curr5t 9 b small quantities to yield a g5tl] light4 ,! gl[-lamp1 z x is call$1 is s famili> to u t we ought to "k some?+ ( its antec$5ts4 ,9 ! arc-lamp ! electric circuit is brok5 at ! po9t :]e light is requir$4 ,9 gl[ or inc&esc5t lamps ! curr5t is only h9d]$ by ! int]position ( a bad conductor ( electricity1 :i* mu/ also be incombu/ible4 ,j z a curr5t ( wat] fl[s 9 less volume z ! bore ( a pipe is r$uc$1 & requires t great] pressure %all be ex]t$ to =ce a con/ant am\nt ?r\gh ! pipe1 s is an electric curr5t *ok$ by its conductor be+ r$uc$ 9 size or alt]$ 9 nature4 ,edison 9 #ahgh employ$ z ! curr5t-*ok] a v f9e plat9um wire1 :i*1 hav+ a melt+ temp]ature ( #cdej degrees ,fahr5heit1 all[$ a v :ite heat to be g5]at$ 9 x4 ,! wire 0 enclos$ 9 a glass bulb almo/ entirely exhau/$ ( air by a m]cury-pump be=e be+ seal$4 ,b x 0 f\nd t ev5 plat9um c\ld n always )/& ! heat+ effect ( a /rong curr5t2 & accord+ly ,edison look$ ab\t = "s less combu/ible mat]ial4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,swan ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne _h already exp]im5t$ ) c>bon filam5ts made f cotton ?reads /eep$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,edison & ,swan jo9$ h&s to produce ! pres5t well-kn[n lamp1 8,! ,ediswan10 ! filam5t ( :i* is a bamboo fibre1 c>bonis$ dur+ ! exhau/ion ( air 9 ! bulb to "o-million? ( an atmosph]e pressure by pass+ ! electric curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,^! bamboo filam5ts are v ela/ic & capable ( /&+ almo/ any heat4 ,gl[-lamps are made 9 all sizes--f t9y globes small en\gh to top a tie-p9 to p[]ful lamps ( #ajjj c&le-p[]4 ,_! indep5d5ce ( atmosph]ic air r5d]s !m mo/ conv5i5t 9 places :]e o!r =ms ( illum9ation w\ld be dang]\s or impossible2 e4g4 9 coal m9es1 & "u wat] dur+ div+ op]ations4 ,by _! aid great improvem5ts h be5 effect$ 9 ! light+ ( !atres1 :i* require a quick swit*+ on & (f ( light4 ,!y h also be5 us$ 9 connection ) m9ute cam]as to explore ! recesses ( ! human body4 ,9 libr>ies !y illum9ate )\t injur+ ! books4 ,9 liv+ rooms !y d n f\l ! air or black5 ! ceil+ l oil or gas burn]s4 ,! advantages ( ! 8,edison lamp0 are1 9 %ort1 multitud9\s4 ,*eapness ( curr5t to "w !m is1 ( c\rse1 a v important condition ( _! economy4 ,9 "s small c\ntry villages ! cottages are lit by electricity ev5 9 ,engl&1 b ^! are g5]ally )9 easy rea* ( wat] p[]4 ,m\nta9\s di/ricts1 su* z ,norway & ,switz]l&1 ) _! ru%+ /reams & high wat]-falls1 are peculi>ly suit$ = electric light+3 ! co/ ( :i* is ma9ly repres5t$ by ! exp5se ( ! g5]at+ app>atus & ! motive p[]4 ,"o ( ! greate/ eng9e]+ und]tak+s 9 ! _w is connect$ ) ! manufacture ( electric curr5t4 ,niag>a1 ! 8,?und] ( ! ,wat]s0 z ! ,indians call$ x1 has be5 h>ness$ to produce electrical en]gy1 conv]tible at w into motion1 heat1 or light4 ,! falls pass all ! wat] ov]fl[+ f ne>ly #ajj1jjj squ>e miles ( lakes1 :i* 9 turn dra9 a f> l>g] area ( t]ritory4 ,upw>ds ( #aj1jjj cubic y>ds ( wat] leap ov] ! falls e second1 & are hurl$ d[nw>ds = m ?an #bjj feet1 ) an en]gy ( eight or n9e million horse-p[]6 ,9 #ahhf a company det]m9$ to turn "s ( ?is huge =ce to acc\nt4 ,!y b\ght up l& on ! ,am]ican bank1 & cut a tunnel #fgjj y>ds long1 beg9n+ a mile & a half above ! falls1 & t]m9at+ bel[ !m4 ,wat] drawn f ! riv] ?und]s into ! tunnel ?r\gh a numb] ( :eel pits1 at ! bottom ( ea* ( :i* is a wat]-turb9e develop+ #ejjj horse-p[]4 ,! unit$ =ce ( ! turb9es is said to approximate #ajj1jjj horse-p[]2 & z if ?is 7 b a small ?+1 ! same ,company has obta9$ concessions to erect plant on ! ,canadian bank to d\ble or treble ! total p[]4 ,s *eaply is curr5t ?us produc$ t ! ,company is 9 a position to supply x at rates :i* appe> small comp>$ ) ^? t prevail 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a f>?+ w !re pur*ase :at w\ld "h co/ f n9ep5ce to a %ill+4 ,"u su* conditions ! electric lamp ne$ fe> no competitor4 ,b 9 less fav\r$ di/ricts gas & petroleum are aga9 hold+ up _! heads4 ,bo? coal & oil-gas develop a great am\nt ( heat 9 proportion to ! light !y yield4 ,! hydrog5 !y conta9 9 l>ge quantities burns1 :5 pure1 ) an almo/ invisible flame1 b m hotly ?an any o!r kn[n gas4 ,! p>ticles ( c>bon also pres5t 9 ! flame are heat$ to :it5ess by ! hydrog51 b !y are n suffici5t 9 numb] to conv]t m ?an a fraction ( ! heat into light4 ,a ,g]man1 ,au] von ,welsba*1 conceiv$ ! idea ( susp5d+ r\nd ! flame a circul> 8mantle0 ( wov5 cotton /eep$ 9 a solution ( c]ta9 r>e e>?s 7e4g4 lan?anum1 yttrium1 zirconium71 to arre/ ! heat & compel x to produce bright inc&esc5ce 9 ! arre/+ sub/ance4 ,) ! same gas consumption a ,welsba* burn] yields sev5 or m times ! light ( an ord9>y batsw+ burn]4 ,! light itself is also ( a m pleasant description1 be+ well suppli$ ) ! blue rays ( ! spectrum4 ,! mantle is us$ ) o!r sy/ems ?an ! ord9>y gas-jet4 ,rec5tly two me?ods ( illum9ation h be5 introduc$ 9 :i* ! s\rce ( illum9ation is suppli$ "u pressure4 ,! high-pressure inc&esc5t gas in/allations ( ,mr4 ,william ,sugg supply gas to burn]s at five or six times ! ord9>y pressure ( ! ma9s4 ,! effect is to pulv]ise ! gas z x issues f ! nozzle ( ! burn]s1 &1 by r5d]+ x m inflammable1 to increase its heat+ p[] until ! surr\nd+ mantle gl[s ) a v brilliant & :ite light ( great p5etration4 ,gas is =c$ ?r\gh ! pipes connect$ ) ! lamps by hydraulic rams work+ gas-pumps1 :i* alt]nately suck 9 & expel ! gas "u a pressure ( twelve in*es 7i4e4 a pressure suffici5t to ma9ta9 a column ( wat] twelve in*es high74 ,! gas "u ?is pressure passes into a cyl9d] ( a capacity consid]ably great] ?an ! capacity ( ! pumps4 ,?is cyl9d] neutralises ! %ock ( ! rams1 :5 ! /roke *anges f up-to d[n/roke1 & vice v]s4 ,on ! top ( ! cyl9d] is fix$ a gov]nor consi/+ ( a /rong lea!rn gas-hold]1 :i* has a /roke ( ab\t ?ree in*es1 & actuates a lev] :i* op5s & closes ! valve ?r\gh :i* ! supply ( wat] to ! rams fl[s1 & r$uces ! fl[ ( ! wat] :5 x exce$s t5 or twelve in*es pressure1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! gas-hold] ( ! gov]nor is lift$ by ! pressure ( ! gas 9 ! cyl9d]1 :i* passes ?r\gh a small op5+ f ! cyl9d] to ! gov]nor s z n to cause any sudd5 rise or fall ( ! gas-hold]4 ,by ?is means a ne>ly con/ant pressure is ma9ta9$2 & f ! outlet ( ! cyl9d] ! gas passes to ano!r gov]nor suffici5t to supply ! numb] ( lights ! app>atus is design$ =1 & to ma9ta9 ! pressure )\t v>iation :e!r all or a few lamps are 9 action4 ,= v l>ge in/allations /eam is us$4 ,ea* burn] develops #cjj c&le-p[]4 ,a d\ble-cyl9d] /eam-eng9e work+ a d\ble pump supplies #cjj ( ^! burn]s1 giv+ a total light+-p[] ( #ij1jjj c&les4 ,z comp>$ ) ! co/ ( l[-pressure inc&esc5t light+ ! high-pressure sy/em is v economical1 be+ b half z exp5sive = ! same am\nt ( light4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 factories & railway /ations4 ,x may be se5 on ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ,blackfri>s ,bridge1 ,eu/on ,/ation1 & 9 ! t]m9us ( ! ,great ,c5tral ,railway1 ,/4 ,john's ,wood4 ,p]haps ! mo/ =midable rival to ! electric arc-lamp = ! light+ ( l>ge spaces & build+s is ! ,kitson ,oil ,lamp1 n[ s l>gely us$ 9 ,am]ica & ?is c\ntry4 ,! lamp is usually plac$ on ! top ( an iron po/ simil> to an ord9>y gas-light /&>d4 ,at ! bottom ( ! po/ is a *amb] conta9+ a /eel res]voir capable ( hold+ f five to =ty gallons ( petroleum4 ,above ! oil is an air-space into :i* air has be5 =c$ at a pressure ( fifty lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 to act z an ela/ic cu%ion to press ! oil into ! burn]s4 ,! oil passes upw>ds ?r\gh an extremely f9e tube sc>cely ?ick] ?an electric inc&esc5t wires to a pair ( cross tubes above ! burn]s4 ,! top "o ( ^! acts z a filt] to arre/ any =eign matt] t f9ds its way into ! oil2 ! l[] "o1 9 diamet] ab\t ! size ( a lead-p5cil & eight in*es long1 is imm$iately above ! mantles1 ! heat f :i* vaporises ! small quantity ( oil 9 ! tube4 ,! oil-gas !n passes ?r\gh a t9y hole no l>g] ?an a ne$le-po9t into an op5 mix+-tube :]e suffici5t air is drawn 9 = support+ combu/ion4 ,! mixture !n travels d[n to ! mantle1 inside :i* x burns4 ,an +5i\s device has lately be5 add$ to ! sy/em = facilitat+ ! light+ ( ! lamp4 ,at ! base ( ! lamp-po/ a small h]metically-clos$ c conta9+ petroleum e!r is plac$1 & connect$ by v f9e copp]-tub+ ) a burn] "u ! vaporis+ tube4 ,:5 ! lamp is to be lit a small rubb] bulb is squeez$1 =c+ a quantity ( ! e!r vap\r into ! burn]1 :]e x is ignit$ by a plat9um wire r5d]$ inc&esc5t by a curr5t pass+ f a small accumulator also plac$ 9 ! lamp-po/4 ,! burn] rapidly heats ! vaporis+ tube1 & 9 a few mom5ts oil-gas is pass+ into ! mantles1 :]e x is ignit$ by ! burn]4 ,s economical is ! sy/em t a light ( #ajjj c&le-p[] is produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ab\t half-a-p9t ( petroleum p] h\r6 ,comp>isons are prov]bially odi\s1 b 9 _m cases v in/ructive4 ,pr(essor ,v4 ,b4 ,lewes ?us tabulates ! results ( exp]im5ts ) v>i\s illum9ants3-- ,co/ ( #ajjj c&les p] h\r4 s4 d4 ,electricity ,p] unit1 #c-a_/b;d4 ,inc&esc5t1 #a #b ,arc1 #j #c-c_/d ,coal-gas ,flat flame1 #a #f ,inc&esc5t1 #j #b-a_/d high pressure1 #j #a-c_/d ,oil ,lamp 7oil at #h;d4 p] gall471 #j #g-a_/d ,inc&esc5t lamp1 #j #b-a_/d ,kitson lamp1 #j #a ,petroleum1 !re=e1 at pres5t comes 9 a v good fir/ 9 ,engl&4 ,! sy/em t we h notic$ at "s l5g? has be5 adapt$ = ligh?\se use1 z x gives a light peculi>ly fog-pi]c+4 ,x is said to approximate mo/ closely to ord9>y sunlight1 & on t acc\nt has be5 f\nd v useful = ! tak+ ( photographs at night-"t4 ,! portability ( ! app>atus makes x popul> ) contractors2 & ! fact t its in/allation requires no te>+ up ( ! /reets is a great recomm5dation ) ! long-suff]+ public ( "s ( our l>ge t[ns4 ,ano!r v p[]ful light is produc$ by burn+ ! gas giv5 (f by c>bide ( calcium :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,acetyl5e gas1 z x is call$1 is n[ widely us$ 9 cycle & motor lamps1 :i* emit a %aft ( light sometimes pa9fully dazzl+ to ^? :o h to face x4 ,9 ,g]many ! gas is l>gely employ$ 9 village /reets2 & 9 ?is c\ntry x is ga9+ gr\nd z an illum9ant ( c\ntry h\ses1 be+ easy to manufacture--9 small gasomet]s ( a few cubic y>ds capacity--& economical to burn4 ,well suppli$ z we are ) lights1 we f9d1 nev]!less1 t savants are con/antly 9 pursuit ( an ideal illum9ant4 ,f ! sun are borne to u ?r\gh ! e!r light waves1 heat waves1 magnetic waves1 & o!r waves ( :i* we h z yet b a dim p]ception4 ,! waves are comm+l$1 & we are unable to sep>ate !m absolutely4 ,& z soon z we try to copy ! sun's effects z a s\rce ( heat or light we f9d ! same difficulty4 ,! fire t cooks our food gives (f a quantity ( useless light-waves2 ! oil-lamp t bright5s "o's rooms gives (f a quantity ( useless1 (t5 obnoxi\s1 heat4 ,! ideal illum9ant & ! ideal heat+ ag5t mu/ be "o 9 :i* ! requir$ waves are 9 a great majority4 ,un=tunately1 ev5 ) our mo/ p]fect$ me?ods1 ! production ( light is accompani$ by ! ex]tion ( a disproportionate am\nt ( wa/$ en]gy4 ,9 ! ord9>y inc&esc5t lamp1 to take an in/ance1 only #e or #f p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy put into x z electricity results 9 light4 ,! re/ is dispell$ 9 ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! filam5t & agitat+ ! few air-molecules 9 ! bulb4 ,to ?is we mu/ add ! fact t ! curr5t itself repres5ts b a fraction ( ! p[] ex]t$ to produce x4 ,! foll[+ words ( ,pr(essor ,lodge are to ! po9t on ?is subject3-- 8,look at ! furnaces & boil]s ( a /eam-eng9e driv+ a gr\p ( dynamos1 & e/imate ! en]gy exp5d$2 & !n look at ! inc&esc5t filam5ts ( ! lamps excit$ by !m1 & e/imate h[ mu* ( _! radiat$ en]gy is ( real s]vice to ! eye4 ,x w be z ! en]gy ( a pit*-pipe to an entire or*e/ra4 8,x is n too mu* to say t a boy turn+ a h&le c\ld1 if 8 en]gy 7 prop]ly direct$1 produce q z mu* real light z is produc$ by all ?is mass ( me*anism & consumption ( mat]ial40#f #f ,pr(essor ,oliv] ,lodge1 9 a lecture to ! ,a%molean ,society1 #crd ,june #ahhi4 ,! mo/ p]fect light 9 nature is probably t ( ! gl[-worm & firefly--a phosphoresc5t or 8cold0 light1 illum9at+ )\t combu/ion ow+ to ! abs5ce ( all waves b ^? ( ! requisite frequ5cy4 ,! task be=e mank9d is to imitate ! gl[-worm 9 ! production ( isolat$ light-waves4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to its a*ievem5t has occurr$ 9 ! laboratories ( ,mr4 ,nikola ,tesla1 ! fam\s electrician4 ,by means ( a special oscillator1 inv5t$ by himself1 he has succe$$ 9 ?r[+ ! e!r p>ticles into su* an int5se /ate ( vibration t !y become lum9\s4 ,9 o!r words1 he has creat$ vibrations ( ! enorm\s rapidity ( light1 & ?is )\t ! creation ( heat waves to any appreciable ext5t4 ,an inc&esc5t lamp1 m\nt$ on a p[]ful coil1 is lit )\t contact by e!r waves transmitt$ f a cable runn+ r\nd ! laboratory1 or bulbs & tubes conta9+ highly r>efi$ gases are plac$ betwe5 two l>ge plate-t]m9als arrang$ on ! end walls4 ,z soon z ! bulbs are held 9 ! pa? ( ! curr5ts pass+ ?r\gh ! e!r f plate to plate !y become inc&esc5t1 %9+ ) a light :i*1 ?\gh weak1 is suffici5tly /rong to take photographs by ) a long exposure4 ,tesla has also inv5t$ :at he calls a 8sanit>y0 light1 z he claims = x ! g]m-kill+ prop]ties ( sun%9e4 ,! lamps are glass tubes sev]al feet long1 b5t into spirals or o!r convolutions1 & fill$ be=e seal+ ) a c]ta9 gas4 ,! ends ( ! glass tube are coat$ ) metal & provid$ ) hooks to connect ! lamp ) an electric curr5t4 ,! gas becomes lum9\s "u ! influ5ce ( curr5t1 b n /rictly inc&esc5t1 z !re is v little heat eng5d]$4 ,?is means economy 9 use4 ,! lamps are said to be *eaply manufactur$1 b z yet !y are n 8on ! m>ket40 ,we %all he> m ( !m 9 ! ne> future1 :i* w probably witness no m int]e/+ developm5t ?an t ( light+4 ,be=e clos+ ?is *apt] a few words may be said ab\t new heat+ me?ods4 ,gas /oves are becom+ increas+ly popul> by reason ( ! ease ) :i* !y c be put 9 action & made to ma9ta9 an ev5 temp]ature4 ,b ! mo/ up-to-date heat+ app>atus is und\bt$ly electrical4 ,ut5sils ( all sorts are fitt$ ) v ?9 heat+ /rips 7=m$ by ! deposition ( preci\s metals1 su* z gold1 plat9um1 c41 on exce$+ly ?9 mica %eets71 ?r\gh :i* are pass$ p[]ful curr5ts f ! ma9s4 ,! resi/ance ( ! /rip conv]ts ! electromotive en]gy ( ! curr5t into heat1 :i* is ei!r radiat$ into ! air or into wat] = cook]y1 c4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! h\se ! electric curr5t may be made to d "w besides t ( light+4 ,x w>ms ! passages by means ( special radiators--replac+ ! clumsy coal & 8/uffy0 gas /ove2 9 ! kit*5 x boils1 /ews1 & fries1 heats ! flat-irons & ov5s2 9 ! breakfa/ room boils ! kettle1 keeps ! di%es1 teapots1 & c(fee-pots w>m2 9 ! ba?room heats ! wat]2 9 ! smok+-room replaces mat*es2 9 ! b$room electrifies footw>m]s1 &--la/ wond] ( all--ev5 makes possible an artificially w>m b$-quilt to heat ! *ill$ limbs ( invalids6 ,! great advantage ( electric heat+ is ! fre$om f all smell & smoke t accompanies x4 ,b until curr5t c be provid$ at *eap] rates ?an prevail at pres5t1 its employm5t w be *iefly re/rict$ to ! h\ses ( ! weal?y or to l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 su* z hotels1 :]e x c be us$ on a suffici5t scale to be comp>atively economical4 ,,! ,,end ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,inv5tion ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,uni=m ) ?is ,volume ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,conta9+ ,int]e/+ ,descriptions 9 ,non-,te*nical ,language ( ! ,nile ,dam1 ! ,panama ,canal1 ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ! ,brooklyn ,bridge1 ! ,trans-,sib]ian ,railway1 ! ,niag>a ,falls ,p[] ,co41 ,b]muda ,float+ ,dock1 etc4 etc4 8,a s]ies ( descriptions :i* rival "o ano!r 9 lucidity ( explanation & 9 int]e/1 bo? ( subject & treatm5t40--,man*e/] ,c\ri]4 8,m5 ( any age w be int]e/$ 9 ?is volume2 boys w be fasc9at$ by x40--,spectator4 8,if !re lives a boy :o is fond ( eng9e]+ & speaks ! ,engli% tongue1 ?is is ! book = him40--,! ,bookman4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,gilt edges4 ,price #es4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,conta9+ ,int]e/+ ,descriptions 9 ,non-,te*nical ,language ( ! ,rise & ,developm5t ( ! ,railroad ,sy/ems 9 all ,p>ts ( ! ,_w4 8,! book is crisply writt51 is brimful ( incid5t n less ?an in/ruction1 & %\ld be z welcome to an intellig5t lad z a ,ballantyne /ory or a ,mayne ,reid romance40--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,) #be ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? ,gilt1 ,gilt edges4 ,price #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,?is ,,volume ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m illu/rations1 #es4 ea* 8,messrs4 ,seeley's well-kn[n s]ies ( gift books1 f9ely illu/rat$ & 9 mo/ attractive b9d+s40 ,! ,nor!rn ,:ig4 8,^! popul> natural hi/ory books are writt5 by compet5t au?orities1 & besides be+ ent]ta9+ are in/ructive & educative40--,! ,liv]pool ,c\ri]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,by ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc41 ,,john ,,lea1 ,b4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m9+ ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,,seeley ,co41 ,,limit$