,transcriber's ,notes3 ,two letters had macrons above them in the orginal these have been marked as3 i and m4 ,a carot before bracketed letters indicated that the letter or letters were superscripted in the orginal3 ,honble4 ,illustration ,book-,plates ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,hardy1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,second ,,edition ,illustration ,london ,kegan ,paul1 ,trench1 ,trbner ,co41 ,ltd4 ,,mdcccxcvii ,first ,edition published #ahic as ,vol4 ,,ii4 of ',books about ,books4' ,preface ,,having vindicated in my introductory chapter the practice of collecting book-plates from the charge of flagrant immorality1 ,i do not think it necessary to spend many words in demonstrating that it is in every way a worthy and reasonable pursuit1 and one which fully deserves to be made the subject of a special treatise in a series of ,books about ,books4 ,if need were1 the ,editor of the series1 who asked me to write this little hand-book1 would perhaps kindly accept his share of responsibility1 but in the face of the existence of a flourishing ',ex ,libris' ,society1 the importance of the book-plate as an object of collection may almost be taken as axiomatic4 ,my own interest in this particular hobby is of long standing1 and happily the appearance1 when my manuscript was already at the printer's1 of ,mr4 ,egerton ,castle's pleasantly written and profusely illustrated work on ,english ,book-,plates has relieved me of the dreaded necessity of writing an additional chapter on those modern examples1 in treating of which neither my knowledge nor my enthusiasm would have equalled his4 ,the desire to possess a book-plate of one's own is in itself commendable enough1 for in fixing the first copy into the first book the owner may surely be assumed to have registered a vow that he or she at least will not join the great army of book-persecutors--men and women who cannot touch a volume without maltreating it1 and who1 though they are often ready to describe the removal of a book-plate1 even from a worthless volume1 as an act of vandalism1 do infinitely more harm to books in general by their ruthless handling of them4 ,no doubt1 also1 the decay of interest in heraldry1 which is mainly responsible for the eccentricities of modern 'fancy' examples1 has taken from us the temptation to commit certain sins which were at one time attractive4 ,our ancestors1 for instance1 may sometimes have outraged the susceptibilities of the heralds by using as book-plates coats-of-arms to which they had no title4 ,yet their offence against the ,college of ,arms was trivial when compared with the outrage upon common-sense committed by the mystical young man of to-day1 who designs1 or has designed for him1 an 'emblematic' book-plate1 or a 'symbolic' book-plate1 or a 'theoretic' book-plate1 in which the emblem1 or the symbol1 or the theory1 is far too mystical for any ordinary comprehension1 and needs1 in fact1 a lengthy explanation1 which1 however1 ,i am bound to confess1 is always very willingly given by either owner or designer1 if asked for4 ,it is1 perhaps1 needless to say that ,i am very far from including all modern book-plates under this condemnation4 ,the names of the artists--,sir ,john ,millais1 ,mr4 ,stacy ,marks1 ,randolph ,caldecott1 ,mr4 ,walter ,crane1 ,miss ,kate ,greenaway1 and others--who have found time to design1 some of them only one1 some quite a considerable number of really interesting marks of ownership1 suffice to rescue modern book-plates from entire discredit4 ,here and there1 too1 a little-known artist1 like the late ,mr4 ,winter of ,norwich1 has produced a singularly fine plate4 ,above all1 the strikingly beautiful work of ,mr4 ,sherborn1 as seen in the book-plates of the ,duke of ,westminster1 in that of ,mr4 ,william ,robinson1 and in many other fine examples1 forms a refreshing oasis in the desert of wild eccentricity4 ,but the most ardent admirer of modern book-plates cannot pretend that amid the multiplicity of recent examples any school or style is observable1 and as ,i have aimed at giving in this little hand-book an historic sketch1 however unpretentious1 of the different styles adopted in designing book-plates from their first introduction1 ,i hope ,i may be excused for not having attempted to trace their history beyond the early years of the present century1 after which no distinctive style can be said to exist4 ,as ,i have said elsewhere1 it has been no part of my object in writing my book to advocate indiscriminate collecting4 ,but for those who are already collectors ,i have one word of advice on the subject of the arrangement of their treasures4 ,some enthusiasts advocate a chronological arrangement1 others a genealogical1 others a topographical3 and the advocates of each theory paste down their specimens in scrap-books or other volumes in adherence to their own views4 ,now there is a great deal to be said in favour of each of these classifications3 so much1 indeed1 that no system is perfect which does not admit of a collection being arranged according to one plan to-day and another tomorrow--i4e4 no arrangement is satisfactory which is necessarily permanent4 ,let each specimen be lightly1 yet firmly1 fixed on a separate sheet of cardboard or stout paper1 of sufficient size to take the largest book-plates commonly met with4 ,these cards or sheets may be kept1 a hundred or a hundred and fifty together1 in portfolios or boxes1 which should be distinctly numbered4 ,each card or sheet should also be paged and bear the number of the portfolio to which it belongs4 ,the collector can by this means ascertain1 when he pleases1 if all his portfolios contain their proper number of cards or sheets1 and he can arrange his specimens according to the particular point of interest in his collection which from time to time he may desire to illustrate4 ,in addition to this1 the system of single cards has obvious advantages for the purpose of minute study and comparison4 ,in conclusion1 it only remains for me to express my warm thanks to ,lord ,de ,tabley and to ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 ,c4,b42 to the former for allowing me to make use1 without oft-repeated acknowledgment1 of the matter contained in his ,guide to the ,study of ,book-,plates1 a second1 and much amplified edition of which we may hope will1 before long1 make its appearance2 to the latter1 not only for constant advice and assistance1 but also for the loan from his collection of nearly all the book-plates with reproductions of which this volume is illustrated4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h4 #ahic4 ,illustration ,preface to the ,second ,edition ,a ,,few words are1 perhaps1 needed by way of introduction to the present revised and enlarged edition of this work4 ,some slips of my own have been rectified1 and there has been added a considerable amount of additional information1 brought to light since #ahic2 for much of this ,i am indebted to the researches of ,mr4 ,egerton ,castle1 ,mr4 ,charles ,dexter ,allen1 ,miss ,norna ,labouchere1 and ,mr4 ,walter ,hamilton1 as well as to ,mr4 ,fincham and various other contributors to the pages of the ,ex ,libris ,journal4 ,during the three years that have elapsed since the first publication of my book1 the ranks of those taking an intelligent interest in book-plates have been largely increased2 yet they have suffered some serious losses1 and foremost amongst these must be placed the death of ,lord ,de ,tabley4 ,that he died ere the completion of the promised new edition of his ,guide to the ,study of ,book-,plates is a matter of sincere regret to every student of the subject2 all we can now hope for is that ,sir ,wollaston ,franks--the one man really capable of bringing out a new edition of ,lord ,de ,tabley's book--will some day undertake the task4 ,as before1 ,i have again to express my sincere gratitude to a great number of collectors for the kindly help they have given me2 and ,i must not pass without special thanks the kindness of ,mr4 ,everard ,green1 ,f4,s4,a41 ,rouge ,dragon1 for allowing me to illustrate this preface with his own book-plate1 designed and engraved for him by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,eve2 it is in every way an excellent specimen of modern work in book-plates1 being both appropriate and artistic1 and1 above all1 rational4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,st4 ,,albans1 #ahif4 ,contents ,,page ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introductory1 #a ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,early ,,use ,,of ,,book-,,plates ,,in ,,england1 #bj ,,chapter ,,iii4 ',,styles' ,,in ,,english ,,book-,,plates1 #dh ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,allegory ,,in ,,english ,,book-,,plates1 #gb ,,chapter ,v4 ,,english ',,picture' ,,book-,,plates1 #ih ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,german ,,book-,,plates1 #aad ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,book-,,plates ,,of ,,france ,,and ,,other ,,countries1 #ace ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,american ,,book-,,plates1 #aej ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,book-,,plates ,,in ,,condemnation ,,of ,,book-,,stealing ,,or ,,book-,,spoiling1 ,,and ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,study1 #afb ,,chapter ,x4 ,,personal ,,particulars ,,on ,,book-,,plates1 #agh ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,ladies' ,,book-,,plates1 #ahf ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,the ,,more ,,prominent ,,engravers ,,of ,,english ,,book-,,plates1 #bjj ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,odds ,,and ,,ends1 #baf ,,index1 #bca ,list of ,illustrations of ,book-,plates ,,richard ,,towneley1 #agjb1 ,frontispiece ,,page ,,everard ,,green1 ,,rouge ,,dragon4 ,by ,g4 ,w4 ,eve1 x ,,plate ,i4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,isham4 ,by ,loggan1 #i ,,ii4 ,,francis ,,de ,,malherbe1 #be ,,iii4 ,,sir ,,nicholas ,,bacon1 #bg ,,iv4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,tresham1 #aehe1 #bi ,v4 ,,gore4 ,by ,burghers1 #ce ,,vi4 ,,marriott4 ,by ,faithorne1 #cg ,,vii4 ,,st4 ,,albans ,,grammar ,,school1 #da ,,viii4 ,,charles ,,james ,,fox1 #de ,,ix4 ,,thomas ,,knatchbull1 #agjb1 #ea ,x4 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,hare1 #agcd1 #fa ,,xi4 ,,james ,,brackstone1 #agea1 #fc ,,xii4 ,,bishop ,,of ,,kilmore1 #aggd1 #fg ,,xiii4 ,,birnie ,,of ,,broomhill1 #ga ,,xiv4 ,,gift ,,by ,,george ,i4 ,,to ,,cambridge1 #agae1 #gg ,,xv4 ,,george ,,lambart4 ,by ,hogarth1 #hj ,,xvi4 ,,john ,,wiltshire1 #hc ,,xvii4 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,oliver1 #he ,,xviii4 ,,dr4 ,,thomas ,,drummond4 ,by ,sir ,r4 ,strange1 #hi ,,xix4 ,,lady ,,bessborough4 ,by ,bartolozzi1 #ic ,,xx4 ,,william ,,hewer1 #afii1 #aja ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,record ,,office ,,in ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,london1 #aje ,,xxii4 ,,southey4 ,by ,bewick1 #aaa ,,xxiii4 ,,gift-,,plate ,,to ,,buxheim ,,monastery1 #aae ,,xxiv4 ,,ebner4 ,by ,albert ,drer4 #aeaf1 #aai ,,xxv4 ,,paulus ,,speratus1 #abc ,,xxvi4 ' ,,bibliotheca ,,woogiana1' #abi ,,xxvii4 ,,electoral ,,library ,,of ,,bavaria1 #afah1 #acc ,,xxviii4 ,,charles ,,de ,,sales1 #aci ,,xxix4 ,,amadeus ,,lulin4 ,by ,b4 ,picart1 #agbb1 #ade ,,xxx4 ,,michael ,,lilienthal1 #afe ,,xxxi4 ,,david ,,garrick1 #afi ,,xxxii4 ,,lady ,,bath1 #afga1 #ahg ,,xxxiii4 ,,countess ,,of ,,oxford ,,and ,,mortimer4 ,by ,vertue1 #aia ,,xxxiv4 ,,frances ,,anne ,,hoare1 #aig ,,xxxv4 ,,bishop ,,hacket4 ,by ,faithorne 7,portrait71 #bja ,,xxxvi4 ,,sir ,,christopher ,,musgrave1 #bje ,,xxxvii4 ,,francis ,,carington1 #agch1 #bjg ,,xxxviii4 ,,benjamin ,,adamson1 #agdf1 #bji ,,xxxix4 ,,william ,,oliver1 #agea1 #baa ,,xl4 ,,samuel ,,pepys4 ,by ,r4 ,white 7,portrait71 #bag ,,xli4 ,,francis ,,perrault 7,portrait71 #bai ,,xlii4 ,,robert ,,bloomfield1 #ahae1 #bbi ,,book-,,plates ,,chapter ,i ,,introductory ,,book-,,plate collecting1 at least in this country1 is a thing of yesterday4 ,on the ,continent1 particularly in ,france1 it attracted attention sufficiently serious to induce the publication1 in #ahgd1 of a monograph on ,french book-plates by ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis1 which in the next year obtained the honours of a second edition4 ,in ,england1 prior to #ahhj1 we had no work devoted to the study2 but1 in that year1 the ,honourable ,j4 ,leicester ,warren--afterwards ,lord ,de ,tabley--published ,a ,guide to the ,study of ,book-,plates 7,ex ,libris74 ,how little was then generally known about these marks of ownership is shown by the allusions to them--very few in number--that find place in the pages of such publications as ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine or ,notes and ,queries3 for that reason1 the skilful handling of the subject by the late ,lord ,de ,tabley1 and his zeal in compiling the treatise1 are all the more conspicuous4 ,one of the most useful works which has yet appeared in the journal of the ,ex ,libris ,society--a society intended to promote the study of book-plates--is a compilation by ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,fincham and ,mr4 ,j4 ,roberts ,brown1 ,a ,bibliography of ,book-,plates1 arranged chronologically4 ,a glance at this compilation emphasises the truth of the statement1 just made1 as to the scantiness of recorded information on book-plates prior to the year #ahhj2 it also shows what a great deal about them has been written since4 ,writing to ,notes and ,queries in #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,jackson ,howard1 whose collection is now one of the largest in ,england1 says that he began collecting forty years before that date1 and that the nucleus of his own collection was one made by a ,miss ,jenkins at ,bath in #ahbj4 ,it is probably1 therefore1 to this lady that we should attribute the honour of being the first collector of book-plates1 for their own sake4 ,no doubt the collector of engravings admitted into his portfolios book-plates worthy a place there as interesting engravings1 for stray examples are often found in such collections as that formed in the seventeenth century by ,john ,bagford1 the biblioclast1 which is now in the ,british ,museum4 ,no doubt1 too1 heraldic painters or plate engravers collected book-plates as specimens of heraldry1 but this was not collecting them as book-plates--viz4 as illustrations of the custom of placing marks of ownership in books1 which1 ,i take it1 was evidently ,miss ,jenkins's object4#a ,still1 though little was written on the subject of book-plates prior to #ahhj1 it by no means follows that for some years before that date there had not been a considerable number of persons who took an interest in the subject4 ,the fact is1 that the book-plate collector of earlier days was wiser in his generation than are those of his kind to-day4 ,he kept his 'hobby' to himself1 and was thus enabled to indulge it economically4 ,my father had a small collection2 and ,i can well remember how1 as a boy1 ,i used to help him to add to it4 ,we used to go to a shop in a dingy street1 leading off ,oxford ,street1 and there select from a large clothes-basket as many book-plates as were new to our collection4 ,the price was one penny a piece1--new or old1 dated or undated1 ,english or foreign1 that of ,bishop ,burnet1 or ,david ,garrick1 or ,mr4 ,jones1 or ,mr4 ,brown1--all alike1 a penny a piece2 and ,i have no doubt1 though ,i do not remember the fact1 there was the usual 'reduction on taking a quantity4' ,i think this shop was almost the only one in ,london where you could buy book-plates at all4 ,well1 those days are past now2 and1 whilst we regret them1 because book-plate collecting is no longer an economical pursuit1 we cannot allow our regret to be unmingled with satisfaction4 ,the would-be collector of to-day can1 if he pleases1 know something about the collection he is undertaking2 he can tell when he meets with a good specimen2 he knows the points which render any particular book-plate interesting2 and he can1 at least approximately1 affix a date to each example he obtains4 ,as to the morality of book-plate collecting1 ,i suppose something ought to be said here4 ,there is but one objection to it1 but that is1 undoubtedly1 a serious one3 taking a book-plate out of a book means the possible disfigurement and injury of the volume from which it is taken2 yet1 for the purpose of study and comparison1 the removal is a distinct advantage4 ,to confess this seems1 at first sight1 to bring collecting at all under a sweeping condemnation2 and such1 indeed1 would be the case1 were it not for the fact that damage to1 or even the actual destruction of1 very many books is really a matter of no consequence whatever4 ,book-plates are found quite as often in the worthless literary productions of our ancestors as in the worthy2 and it is puerile to cavil over the removal of a book-plate from a binding which holds together material by the destruction of which the world would certainly not be the poorer4 ,so much for the book-plates in valueless books4 ,as regards those in valuable or interesting ones1 it is certainly unwise to remove them at all4 ,this is a golden rule which cannot be too forcibly impressed upon collectors and booksellers4 ,the case does not occur very often2 and when it does1 the book itself1 with the book-plate in it1 can be easily fetched and placed beside the 'collection' when needed for comparison4 ,it may happen that the book-plate in this valuable book is interesting from the fact that it belonged to some man of note1 or that it is unique2 if so1 we have only a further reason against taking it out of the volume4 ,the value of a very early book-plate1 when preserved in the volume in which it is discovered1 is lessened almost to a vanishing point if separated from that volume4 ,pasted into a book as a mark of ownership1 it is an undoubted book-plate2 whereas1 if taken out and fastened into a collection of book-plates1 it at once loses the proof of its original use1 so essential to its value and so material to the student of book-plates4 ,on the other hand1 as ,i have said1 there is no harm in removing1 from some uninteresting and valueless volume1 the book-plate of a famous man4 ,everybody knows that ,bishop ,burnet or ,david ,garrick had plenty of what they themselves regarded as 'rubbish' in their libraries2 so that ,burnet's book-plate in an actually valueless volume does not prove that the ,bishop's shrewd eye ever scanned its pages1 or that his episcopal hand ever held it4 ,besides1 ,i know as a fact that it is a not uncommon trick for the possessor of the book-plate of some famous man to affix that book-plate in a worthless volume1 and then offer the whole for sale at a price much higher than would be asked or obtained for the book-plate itself1 though the value of the book may be nil6 ,without quarrelling with the name book-plate1--as applied to the marks of ownership pasted into books1--and without wasting time with discussion of suggestions for a better one1 it may be admitted that the word is not altogether happily chosen4 ,it perhaps suggests to the mind of the 'uninitiated' an illustration in a book rather than a mark of possession4 ,but then at the present day there are not many 'uninitiated' amongst either buyers or sellers of books and prints1 so that the inappropriateness of the name need not concern us4 ,as to its antiquity1 that is doubtful2 but probably one of the earliest instances of its use1 in print1 occurs in #agia1 when ,john ,ireland published the first two volumes of his ,hogarth ,illustrated4 ,in this work he says that the works of ,callot were probably ,hogarth's first models1 and 'shop bills and book-plates his first performances4' ,again1 in #agih1 ,ireland refers to the 'book-plate' for ,lambert the herald-painter1 which ,hogarth had executed4 ,in #ahbc1 a certain ',c4 ,s4 ,b41' writing in the pages of the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 refers to what 'are generally called' book-plates4 ,his letter was suggested by an article--a review of ,thomas ,moule's ,bibliotheca ,heraldica--in the previous number of the magazine1 the writer of which was evidently not familiar with the term book-plate as we now apply it1 for he calls book-plates 'plates of arms4' ,we shall see1 later on1 that this is quite an inappropriate name2 some of the most interesting and the most beautiful book-plates have nothing armorial about them4 ,on the ,continent1 the term ex libris is generally applied to book-plates4 ,this is1 perhaps1 even less appropriate than book-plate4 ,it is taken from the two first words of the inscription on a great many book-plates1 when the inscription is written in ,latin--e4g4 'ex libris ,johannis ,stearne1 ,s4,t4,p4 ,episcopi ,clogherensis4' ,a moment's reflection will show that this inscription is not intended as a declaration by the book-plate 7should it ever become severed from the book in which it was fastened7 that it came out of a book belonging to ,bishop ,stearne2 but that it is a declaration by the book in which the book-plate is found pasted1 that that particular book is from amongst the books of a particular library1 and ought to be restored to it4 ,it would be as rational to call book-plates 'libri1' because the inscription on them often begins--as in a very famous ,german book-plate--',liber ,bilibaldi ,pirckheimer4' ,it may1 indeed1 be laid down as a general rule1 that whatever the sentiment expressed on a book-plate1 it is clearly intended to be uttered by the book in which the book-plate is fixed1 not by the book-plate itself4 ,there are but two instances1 quoted by ,lord ,de ,tabley1 of the inscription directly referring to the book-plate4 ,both are foreign1 and date about the middle of the last century4 ,one is ,symbolum ,bibliothec of ,john ,bernard ,nack1 a citizen and merchant of ,frankfort2#b and the other1 ,insigne ,librorum1 etc41 quoted from the work of ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis4 ,lord ,de ,tabley thinks that the ,symbolum of ,herr ,nack is simply a trade card2 but he founds this conclusion on the supposition that ,herr ,nack was a book-dealer1 and that the scene depicted on his book-plate was1 in fact1 his shop4 ,in my opinion1 we have in this book-plate a representation of a portion of ,herr ,nack's library1 in which ,minerva787 is seated1 using the books thereof4 ,a gentleman in eighteenth century dress1 who may1 likely enough1 be ,herr ,nack himself1 addresses himself to the goddess1 and explains--as he points to the outer scene1 which shows us ships and merchandise--that1 whilst following his trade as a merchant1 he still has time to devote some attention to literature4 ,in any case1 these and the few other instances there may be of the inscription referring to the book-plate and not to the book1 seem hardly sufficient to make ex libris a good name for book-plates in general4 ,our ancestors1 of degrees more remote than grandfather1 do not appear to have referred to book-plates at all1 so we are unable to learn by what name they would have called them4 ,pepys1 in #affh1 speaks of going to his 'plate-maker's1' and there spending 'an hour about contriving' his 'little plate' for his books4 ,this 'little plate' still exists1 and is a characteristic one2 it shows us the initials ',s4 ,p41' with two anchors and ropes entwined4 ,but we shall speak again of this1 and ,sam's other book-plates1 later on4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,isham',s ,,book-,,plate1 ,,by ,,david ,,loggan4 ,david ,loggan1 a ,german born1 and an engraver of some note1 has1 in writing to ,sir ,thomas ,isham in #afgf1 a no more concise name for ,isham's book-plate than 'a print of your cote of arms4' ,loggan1 as a return for many favours1 had sent ,sir ,thomas a book-plate designed and executed by himself4 ',sir1' he says1 in the covering letter1 ',i send you hier a ,print of your ,cote of ,armes4 ,i have printed #bjj wich ,i will send with the plate by the next return1 and bege the favor of your keind excepttans of it as a small ,niew yaers ,gift or a aknowledgment in part for all your favors4 ,if anything in it be amies1 ,i shall be glade to mend it4 ,i have taken the ,heralds painter's derection in it2 it is very much used amongst persons of ,quality to past ther ,cotes of ,armes befor ther bookes instade of wreithing ther ,names4' ,the ',heralds painter' was1 unfortunately1 wrong in his treatment of the ,isham 'coat1' and so ,loggan's work1 artistic as it might be1 could not be acceptable to ,sir ,thomas1 to whom a mistake in the family escutcheon was no light matter4 ,this he evidently told ,david1 who1 a few days after1 writes to him again3-- ',i ame sorry that the ,cote is wronge2 ,i have taken the herald's derection in it1 but the ,foole did give it wrong4 4 4 4 ,the altering of the plate will be very trubelsom1 and therfor you will be presented with a newe one1 wich shall be don without falt1 and that very sudenly4 ,and if you plase1 ,sir1 to give thies plate and the prints to your ,brothers1 it will serve for them4' ,these ,isham book-plates are really very beautiful pieces of work4 ,a reproduction of one of them may be seen on the foregoing page4 ,this is evidently the one first executed1 the omission of the mark of baronetcy--the 'bloody hand of ,ulster'--and the helmet of an esquire instead of a knight or baronet clearly constituting the blunder into which ,loggan had fallen4 ,by the kindness of ,sir ,charles ,isham1 the present baronet1 ,i have been enabled to see a copy of the corrected design sent by ,loggan1 which is in all respects accurate4 ,this was doing duty as a book-plate in a volume in which it had evidently been placed at the time it was received by ,sir ,thomas4 ,nicholas ,carew1 afterwards ,sir ,nicholas ,carew1 ,baronet1 records in his accounts1 on the #aith ,february #agjg1 a payment for his book-plate1 which is dated in that year1 as follows3--',for coat of arms impressing1 #al4 #as4 #f;d42' and a few months later is a payment ',for #cjj armes1 #gs4 #f;d4' ',the mark of my books1' is the phrase which ,andrew ,lumisden applies to the book-plate engraved for him by his brother-in-law1 ,sir ,robert ,strange1 about the year #agdf4 ,the plate is an interesting one1 and by an interesting man1 of whom we shall speak later on4 ,lumisden thought well of it1 and thus refers to the work in a letter written from ,rouen1 in ,june #agdh3--';,i am very anxious to know if my brother continues his resolution of coming to this country4 ,if he does1 ,i can luckily be of use to him in the way of his business1 from the acquaintance ,i have of a very ingenious person1 professor of the ,academy of ,design here 4 4 4 ,i show'd him1 a few days ago1 the mark of my books1 from which he entertains a high notion of ,robie's abilities4' ,there is a curious advertisement1 quoted by ,thomas ,moule in his ,bibliotheca ,heraldica1 of a certain ,joseph ,barber1 a ,newcastle-on-,tyne 'bookseller1 music and copper-plate publisher1' who1 in #agdb1 resided in ',humble's ,buildings4' ,in that year he engraved the ',equestrian ,statue of ,king ,james ,,ii41' which once stood in the ,sandhill ,market4 ,if a moment's digression be allowed1 the history of this statue is worth telling4 ,on #afth ,march #afhe1 the ,town ,council voted #hjj for the erection of 'a figure of ,his ,majesty in a ,roman habit1 on a capering horse1 in copper1 as big as the figure of ,his ,majesty1 ,king ,charles ,i41 at ,charing ,crosse1 on a pedestal of black marble4' ,a certain ,mr4 ,william ,larson executed it2 ,sir ,christopher ,wren expressed his approval1 and everybody was very pleased1 for a year or two4 ,but popular feeling soon changed in ,newcastle1 as elsewhere1 and the prevalence of sentiments which threw the king off his throne threw his metal representation into the ,tyne1 where it rested till fished out to be melted down and used to make a set of church bells4 ,the drawing of the luckless statue was safe in the keeping of ,sir ,hans ,sloane2 and from this1 ,barber made his engraving1 which he sold for #es4 ,the fact that in #agdb1 three years before the second ,scotch rebellion1 this ,newcastle printseller found it worth while to issue the engraving at all1 is not without political significance4 ,with his engraving1 ,barber issued two large plates of the arms of all the subscribers to it1 each coat of arms being #a-c_/d inches in length1 and #a-a_/d inches in breadth2 and a few years later1 it seems to have occurred to him that he might turn an honest penny by cutting up these large sheets of the subscribers' arms1 so that each coat of arms became a separate plate4 ,having done this1 he issued an advertisement to the subscribers1 in which he sets forth that he is 'the sole proprietor of each of their plates1' and is willing to part with it1 to the lady or gentleman whose arms are engraved thereon1 'together with one hundred prints of it on a good paper1' for the modest sum of half-a-crown4 ,these plates1 suggests ,mr4 ,barber1 might be advantageously used as what we now call book-plates1 and he continues3 ',the design of this proposal is a useful and necessary embellishment1 and a remedy against losing books by lending1 or having them stolen2 by pasting one print on the inside of the cover of each book1 you have the owner's name1 coat of arms1 and place of abode2 a thing so useful and the charge so easy1 'tis hoped will meet with encouragement4 ,to have a plate engraved will cost #ajs4 #f;d4' ,from all which it may be inferred that ,mr4 ,joseph ,barber thought--or wanted other people to think--that the idea of using a book-plate was his own4 ,newcastle people1 in #agdc1 must have been very unobservant of the habits of their neighbours if they believed ,mr4 ,barber2 for the fashion of using a book-plate--which in ,england came in some forty years before--was by that time general throughout the country4 ,that some of the subscribers accepted the offer1 and got their 'hundred plates on a good paper' for half-a-crown1 is demonstrated by the existence of copies of the plates published with the 'equestrian statue1' being still found in books1 doing duty as book-plates4 ,very poor productions they are1 reflecting but slight credit on the designer or engraver4 ,but what ,joseph lacked in art1 he atoned for in enterprise2 we see this in his ingenious way of getting rid of his old copper-plates1 and the postscript to his advertisement demonstrates the fact even more plainly1 for on a day near at hand1 the advertisement tells us1 was to be fought1 at a neighbouring cock-pit1 'a ,welsh main1' and the prize was to be nothing less than one of the advertiser's engravings1 'a pretty piece of work1 worthy the observation of the curious4' ,if the term book-plate had been known in ,barber's day1 it would probably have found its way into his advertisement1 which is clumsy from the want of a word to express the very thing he is advertising4 ,william ,stephens1 who engraved a good many book-plates in his time1 could find no better expression than 'print of your arms' to describe the #hjj book-plates which1 for half-a-guinea1 he sent to ,dr4 ,samuel ,kerrich1 the ,shakespearian student1 in #aged4 ,horace ,walpole1 again1 would1 ,i think1 have used the phrase 'book-plate' had he known it4 ,in his ,catalogue of ,engravers--the edition of #agga--;he speaks of ,george ,vertue having engraved 'a plate to put in ,lady ,oxford's books'2 and in his ,anecdotes of ,painting1 he refers to the 'plate' which ,hogarth 'used for his books4' ,one of his own book-plates--that engraved soon after #agia--,walpole describes as his 'seal'3 ,sigillum ,horatii ,comitis de ,orford2 but this phrase is1 ,i think1 used simply because the book-plate itself is the representation of a medival seal4 ,bartolozzi--giving1 in #agif1 a receipt for a book-plate which he had just completed--refers to it as a 'ticket-plate' 7see p4 #id72 but he was a foreigner1 and may not have known the ,english name for such things1 for we have seen that1 some five years before1 ,ireland refers to ,hogarth's 'book-plate4' ,charles ,james ,fox1 in a note1 dated at ,leicester on #bnd ,august #ahja1 speaks of the 'book-plate' of his great-great-grandfather1 ,sir ,stephen ,fox4 ,but1 though the phrase 'book-plate' may have been occasionally used at the close of the last century and the beginning of the present1 it was then by no means widely used2 and although the writer quoted on page #f refers in #ahbc to what are 'generally called' book-plates1 ,william ,wadd1 in #ahbg1 can find no direct term by which to refer to these marks of ownership4 ,speaking in ,mems41 ,maxims1 and ,memoirs1 he says3 ',in the ,library of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 there are many volumes1 formerly the property of the celebrated ,douglas1 having his arms embellished with various kinds of surgical instruments1 which was by no means an uncommon practice1 as in the ,library of the ,college of ,physicians there are many examples of volumes where the former possessor has not only blazoned his own arms1 but borrowed the arms of the college and super-added supporters1 as ,apollo1 ,mercury1 sculapius1 and his daughter ,hygeia4' ,lord ,byron1 too1 did not1 ,i fancy1 know the word 'book-plate' in its now-used sense2 writing to a fair admirer1 who had apparently designed one of these for him1 he says3 ',i received the arms1 my dear ,miss ----1 and am very much obliged to you for the trouble you have taken4 ,it is impossible ,i should have any fault to find with them4 ,the sight of the drawing gives me great pleasure for a double reason3 in the first place they will ornament my books1 and in the next they convince me that you have not entirely forgot me4'#c ,so the term book-plate is only a century old1 and the fashion of collecting book-plates much more modern still2 but the use of book-plates is really of respectable antiquity1 and is a matter on which we may now appropriately speak4 ,whether1 in the first instance1 the use of book-plates was suggested by a desire to commemorate a gift1 or as a mark of ownership1 seems to be a matter on which a variety of opinions exist4 ,some of the earliest mechanically produced book-plates are certainly commemorative of gifts 7see p4 #aad72 but ,i think we must accept as book-plates1 to all intents and purposes1 the six fourteenth century examples mentioned by ,herr ,warnecke in his ,die ,deutschen ,bcherzeichen1 an excellent work on ,german book-plates4 ,these are heraldic coloured drawings on the parchment leaves of ,italian manuscripts1 which also bear an inscription of possession by the particular individuals whose arms are represented4 ,but1 of course1 the real necessity for book-plates1 whatever may have been their original use1 began when the printing-press gave to the world not two nor three1 but a hundred or more copies of a particular book4 ,then it was that the different owners needed to distinguish their respective copies of a work2 for the professional book-borrower1 who would gladly have retained the manuscript volume lent to him by an unsuspecting friend1 could he have done so without his crime being detected1 doubtless saw in the multitude of copies a greater opportunity of carrying out his nefarious designs4 ,the existence of book-plates is1 therefore1 largely due to the literary enthusiast who amasses a library by retaining volumes received on loan2 the inscriptions on some of the earlier book-plates prove this to be so4 ,the earliest printed book-plates are certainly ,german1 and there is little doubt that some of these are nearly contemporary with the very early printed books on the oak covers of which they may still be found pasted4 ,by the commencement of the sixteenth century book-plates were frequently fine examples of the wood-engraver's art4 ,albert ,drer himself designed book-plates2 and of these1 one of the most elaborate and the best known is that of his friend ,bilibald ,pirckheimer1 the ,nuremberg jurist1 whose portrait he engraved on copper in #aebd4 ,the book-plate is still earlier4 ,england can now--thanks to recent investigations--claim the second place in the chronological sequence of countries in which book-plates have been used4 ,cardinal ,wolsey's book-plate 7see p4 #bd7 is probably not later in date than #aebe4 ,france can boast of a book-plate dated in #aegd2 ,sweden of one dated in the following year1 and ,switzerland of one in #afjg2 ,italy in #afbc3 in other ,european countries1 dated examples do not appear1 nor does the practice of using book-plates seem to have been adopted until considerably later4 ,in concluding this opening chapter1 let me say a word about the position in a book in which a book-plate should be looked for4 ,the usual place was certainly on the front cover of a volume2 sometimes another copy of the same plate was fastened to the back cover2 and sometimes--as in ,pirckheimer's case1 just noticed1 and in that of ,samuel ,pepys 7see p4 #baf7--the same person would use a different book-plate at the back of the volume to that used at the front4 ,another plan1 less frequent1 but by no means uncommon1 was to insert the book-plate on the title-page1 often on the back of it2 and another1 to fasten the book-plate into the volume1 by pasting its right-hand margin about a quarter of an inch on to the title-page1 so that the book-plate would fold over and face it4 ,this is a plan that leads to a book-plate being most easily overlooked4 ,collectors should also note that1 in many instances1 book-plates are found in a variety of sizes2 this should certainly be borne in mind when setting aside any particular specimen as a duplicate4 ,in the present day1 most people are content to have a book-plate small enough to go into a volume of any size2 its dwarfed appearance on the cover of a full-sized folio is no eyesore to them1 or1 if it is1 the pleasure of economy makes them bear with it4 ,but in days gone by it was--especially in ,germany--certainly otherwise4 ,the possession of a large library would necessitate1 in the owner's mind1 the possession of a number of differently sized book-plates1 in order to get one which would neither look too small in the largest volume1 nor be too large for the smallest6 ,some of the most noble foreign examples1 rich in detail and bold in general effect1 are those that belonged to men who liked to have for their folios a book-plate of proportionate size4 ,there are no very large ,english book-plates1 but plenty of library owners in this country had two or three different sized book-plates1 and the late ,sir ,william ,stirling-,maxwell boasted of over a hundred varieties6 ,,footnotes3 #a ,among the late ,sir ,bernard ,burke's papers there was discovered a collection of book-plates said to have been formed in ,ireland in the middle of the last century2 but there is nothing to show that the collection was formed as a collection of book-plates qua book-plates4 #b ,there are two varieties of this book-plate4 #c ,moore1 vol4 i4 p4 #hg4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,early ,,use ,,of ,,book-,,plates ,,in ,,england ,,in a short paper1 which in #ahhb ,i contributed to the ,antiquarian ,magazine and ,bibliographer1 ,i wrote this passage3--',it is difficult to believe that the general use of book-plates should have been a hundred and fifty years in reaching this country from the ,continent2 and yet there is rather more difference than that between the date on the earliest-known ,german example 7#aeaf7 and the time when ,english-dated specimens appear at all plentifully4 ,surely the many ,english men of letters who amassed large libraries in the sixteenth century1 and the first half of the seventeenth1 must have possessed book-plates2 and yet1 where are their book-plates now8 ',many1 no doubt1 have perished with the bindings to which they were fastened1 but some are doubtless still extant2 and we may yet hope that1 when the interest in these labels becomes more widely diffused1 more than one or two specimens will be brought to light1 bearing an engraved date sufficiently early to dispel the idea that this country was a century and a half behind its ,german neighbours in the general practice of using book-plates4' ,mr4 ,daniel ,parsons1 who may be properly called the father of book-plate literature1--his contribution1 in #ahcg1 to ',the ,third ,annual ,report of the ,oxford ,university ,archological and ,heraldic ,society1' was certainly the first paper on the subject that ever appeared1--commented on this hope of mine in the number of the same magazine issued in the following ,january1 and was despondent as to evidence being forthcoming to prove the early use of book-plates in ,england4 ,well1 in that ,i expressed the belief that investigation would bring to light a number of sixteenth and seventeenth century dated book-plates1 ,i was perhaps wrong--early ,english dated book-plates have not been found in anything approaching plenty2 but ,i was also wrong in suggesting that proof of the early use of book-plates in this country could only be proved by dated examples2 the existence of examples which1 from internal evidence1 are proved to be of early date is really equally valuable2 and as these have certainly come to light in considerable numbers1 ,i think a good case has been made out on behalf of our fellow-countrymen4 ,i do not pretend that early ,english book-plates are so plentiful as those of ,germany4 ,some individual specimens are known to exist2 but there are very few that are recorded as existing in more than a few collections1 and some are unique4 ,from some cause or other1 early ,english book-plates are a rarity2 and ,i propose1 therefore1 to speak individually of the majority of them1--that is to say1 of those executed prior to the close of the seventeenth century4 ,but before doing this1 let me say a word as to the date at which the colours intended to be shown on the shield of arms were first represented by lines or points4 ,for instance1 perpendicular lines from the top to the bottom of the shield1 thus3 ,illustration to express gules--red4 ,a number of small dots or points1 thus3 ,illustration to express or--gold2 and so on4 ,to whom may be attached the credit of inventing this useful system1 matters little2 what we are now interested in--for the purpose of considering the approximate dates of book-plates--is the time at which it was first employed in heraldic engravings4 ,mr4 ,walter ,hamilton1 in the pages of the ,ex ,libris ,journal1 realises the importance of the subject4 ,he speaks of the work by ,father ,silvester ,petra-,sancta1 published at ,rome in #afch1 in which the proposal is advocated1 and refers to ,m4 ,henri ,bouchot's allusion to a work by ,vulsson de la ,colombire1 written in #afci1 which advocates the system4 ,that1 at an earlier date1 lines running all in one direction were used only as shading1 is shown over and over again4 ,take1 for instance1 the book-plate of ,francis de ,malherbe 7reproduced over leaf71 which1 as the owner died in #afbh1 was engraved1 probably1 soon after the opening of the century4 ,in this case we have a statement by ,de ,malherbe that his arms are ',d'argent six roses de gueules1 et des hermines de sable sans nombre1'--a description obviously inaccurate4 ,de ,malherbe was a poet1 and could no more be expected to describe a coat of arms than ',garter' could be expected to write a poem4 ,the proper blazoning of his family arms is3 ermine1 six roses gules4 ,but1 according to the lines depicted on his book-plate1 the 'field' would be azure3 clearly1 in this case1 the lines mean nothing at all4 ,the late ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,bailey points out that in the #aefb1 #aefh1 and #aegf editions of ,gerard ,legh's ,accedens of ,armory1 sable 7black7 is expressed1 as it would be now1 by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing each other2 whilst the other colours are represented by the initials of their names4 ,it is possible that this form of expressing sable may be merely the result of an attempt on the part of the engraver to produce as dark a tint as possible to represent it4 ,in ,vincent's ,discovery of ,brooke's ,errors1 #afbb1 such lines are certainly used as shading1 or to distinguish colour from white2 but1 as shown from his verbal description of the arms he represents1 these lines are used without any system whatever1 perpendicular lines sometimes representing gules1 and sometimes azure4 ,again1 in the second edition of ,guillim's ,display1 #afcb1 lines are used to denote the darker colours1 though they are used without system4 ,but in #afed1 we find1 in ,bysshe's heraldic tracts1 gules1 azure1 sable1 and the rest expressed in the now orthodox manner1 and an explanatory plate showing what colours are represented by the respective dots or lines1 a conclusive proof of the novelty of the system in ,england4 ,i think the reader will see1 as he proceeds1 that this has been a useful digression4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,francis ,,de ,,malherbe4 ,we have said that the earliest ,english book-plate yet come to light is ,cardinal ,wolsey's4 ,this is not a printed book-plate at all1 but a carefully drawn sketch of the ,cardinal's arms1 with supporters1 and surmounted by a ,cardinal's hat1 the whole coloured by hand4 ,how many of these book-plates the ,cardinal possessed1 we do not know2 but that this--the only example known--is undoubtedly a book-plate1 is proved from the fact that it may now be seen in a folio volume which once belonged to ,wolsey1 and subsequently to his royal master4 ,it bears no date1 and may have been designed any time after the minister's elevation to the cardinalate in ,september #aead4 ,it is a splendid affair in every way1 and gorgeously coloured4 ,the shield of arms rests on a platform 7gold71 the front of which is red1 ornamented with an arabesque pattern1 also red2 pillars on the platform support a canopy1 ornamented as the front of the platform1 with the addition of ,tudor roses2 over the shield is the ,cardinal's hat1 and above that again the holy dove descends4 ,the shield is supported by two dingy-looking griffins1 whose wings and heads are red1 and whose beaks1 claws1 and tail-tips are gold2 the background is blue4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,sir ,,nicholas ,,bacon4 ,next in date1 after ,wolsey's book-plate1 comes that which was1 ,i believe1 engraved at least contemporaneously with the date upon it1 #aegd1 to place in the volumes given in that year by ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon to the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,bacon died five years after this date2 he is familiar to us all as 'the father of his country and of ,sir ,francis ,bacon4' ,this book-plate is engraved on wood2 like ,wolsey's1 it is found coloured1 but it is also--amongst the odds and ends in the ,bagford ,collection--found uncoloured1 and without the inscription which records the gift to ,cambridge4 ,a facsimile of that in the ,bagford ,collection appears opposite3 can it be the book-plate of ,bacon himself1 to which1 on the copies used for the books that he gave to ,cambridge1 was added the donatory inscription8 ,a close comparison shows that both shields of arms are struck from the same block4 ,the arms shown are ,bacon quartering ,quaplode4 ,the variety of this book-plate which bears the inscription belongs to what are termed 'gift' or 'legacy' book-plates1 the dates on which--as they refer to the date of the 'gift' or 'legacy' commemorated--are considered earlier than the engraving4 ,in the case of 'legacy' book-plates they may often be so1 but they are not1 ,i think1 in many cases of 'gift' book-plates4 ,for instance1 if 7as from the ,bagford example seems probable7 this was ,bacon's own book-plate1 the date upon it1 #aegd1 may even be many years later than the time at which it was made for him4 ,that the date on one of these 'gift' book-plates must be1 within a very short space of time1 the date of its engraving1 will be shown presently when ,i come to speak of that recording a donation made by ,lady ,bath4 ,illustration ,the next ,english book-plate which bears upon it an engraved date is that of ,sir ,thomas ,tresham4 ,on this the inscription reads ',june #bi1 #aehe1' which no doubt refers to the date of engraving1 or1 probably1 to the date at which the design for the engraving was finished by the artist4 ,as a work of art it is poor1 but its interest as a book-plate to collectors is not lessened on that account4 ,tresham was knighted by ,queen ,elizabeth ten years before the date of his book-plate4 ,we know not much of him1 save what ,fuller tells us that he was famous for 'his skill in buildings4' ,one of his sons1 ,sir ,francis1 was involved in the ,gunpowder ,plot1 and another1 ,sir ,lewis1 was made a baronet in #afaa4 ,these three examples are all the sixteenth century ,english dated book-plates yet brought to light4 ,those in the seventeenth century are far more numerous4 ,we find one bearing the date '#afac1' which was prepared to place in the volumes given1 in that year1 by ,william ,willmer1 a ,northamptonshire squire1 to his college library4 ,the inscription on it reads3 ',sydney ,sussex ,colledge--,ex dono ,wilhelmi ,willmer de ,sywell in ,com4 ,northamtoni1 ,armigeri1 quondam pentionarii in ista ,domi 7sic71 viz4 in ,anno ,di #aeii2 sed dedit in ,ano ,di #afac4' ,the book-plate is clearly early1 and shows us fine bold heraldic work4 ,in style it nearly resembles the ,bacon plate1 and that of ,sir ,thomas ,tresham2 but the mantling here descends to the base of the shield4 ,the ,willmer plate is in ,dr4 ,howard's ,collection2 a reproduction of it is given in ,mr4 ,griggs's ,examples of ,armorial ,book-,plates4 ,early in the reign of ,charles ,i4 may be placed a very beautiful example of heraldic engraving1 which ,sir ,wollaston ,franks satisfactorily assigns to a certain ,john ,talbot of ,thorneton1 who died in #afei4 ,it is inscribed ',coll4 ,talbott1' and this ,john ,talbot is called ',colonellus ex parte ,regis'2 the quarterings are those of the families of ,ferrers1 ,bellars1 and ,arderne4 ,in strange contrast to this fine work is the wood block book-plate of ',william ,courtenay of ,treemer1 in the county of ,cornwall1 ,esquire1' who1 in #afcb1 inherited the ,treemer estate4 ,we may note that1 not only is this book-plate1 like all those yet described1 free from any indication of lines or dots to express the colours in the armorial bearings1 but below the shield is given a verbal blazon of the coat3 ',he beareth or1 #c ,torteauxes4' ,this seems to be the place to speak of a very puzzling pair of engravings1 which certainly appear to have been used as book-plates1 dated in #afcj4 ,they represent the armorial bearings of ,sir ,edward ,dering4 ,one of these book-plates which ,i take to be the earlier1 shows a less number of quarterings1 and contains no indication of a really systematic expression of the metals and tinctures in the arms2 but the other and later example does4 ,the same date appears upon each4 ,the second of the two plates occurs bound up in a volume of the ,harleian ,collection of ,,mss42 and ',mr4 ,humphrey ,wanly1 library-keeper to ,robert and ,edward1 ,earls of ,oxford1' in his description of the specimen in the ,harleian ,collection1 calls it ',a printed cut of the ,arms or ,atchievement of ,sir ,edward ,dering1 ,baronet1 dated ,a4,d4 #afcj1 with a fanciful motto in misshapen ,saxon characters2 but by the hatching of the arms in order to show the colours1 according to the way found out by ,sir ,edward ,bysshe1 ,i guess that it is not so old4' ,now1 the ,harleian volume1 in which this engraving occurs1 is a copy1 written in #afde-df1 of the ,heralds' ,visitation of ,kent in #afai2 and in a later1 but certainly seventeenth century1 handwriting1 is a description of the numerous quarterings as they appear on the engraving2 so that1 whilst rejecting the claim of this variety of the plate to be an engraving of #afcj1 we may1 ,i think1 accept it as at least an early example of the indication of the colours and tinctures by lines and dots4 ,as for the first of the two varieties1 ,i do not see why it should not be as early as the date upon it2 there was no particular reason in selecting that date2 for ,i do not find that it refers to any special event in ,sir ,edward's life4 ,a writer to ,notes and ,queries1 in #ahea1 states that there were several 'loose copies' of the plate--which variety1 he does not say--in the ,surrenden ,collection1 and ,dr4 ,howard saw it 'inserted' in several folio volumes of that collection1 when it was disposed of by ,messrs4 ,puttick and ,simpson4 ,very good facsimiles of these book-plates have been given by ,dr4 ,howard in his ,miscellanea ,genealogica et ,heraldica4 ,another early instance of the expression of the metals and tinctures occurs in the book-plate of ,lord-,keeper ,lyttelton1 a plate which derives additional interest from the fact of its being the work of ,william ,marshall1 the famous frontispiece engraver4 ,sir ,edward ,lyttelton1 the owner of the book-plate1 was made ,lord-,keeper in #afda1 under the title of ,baron ,lyttelton of ,mounslow4 ,this book-plate1 which shows us the arms of ,lyttelton of ,frankley1 was evidently engraved before ,sir ,edward's elevation to the peerage4 ,the book-plate1 which is the earliest ,english example bearing an engraver's signature1 may be dated about #afdj4 ,we know from the arms on dedication plates1 and the like1 that the expression of colours on shields did not become at all general for many years after #afdj4 ,take1 for instance1 ,hollar's cuts of arms in the illustrations to ,dugdale's ,monasticon1 or his ,history of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,thus1 we must not date every book-plate we find1 on which the colours are not shown in the new fashion1 as before #afdj4 ,the small and unpretentious book-plate of ,john ,marsham of ,whom's ,place1 near ,cuxton1 in ,kent1 is an illustration of this4 ,a representation of it is given by ,mr4 ,griggs in his ,facsimiles4 ,marsham was made a baronet in #affc2 so the plate is earlier than that1 but as it is exactly in the style of the dedicatory plates in the works just noticed1 we may place it somewhere about #afee4 ,it is perhaps by ,hollar4 ,likely enough1 other examples will come to light4 ,after the ,restoration1 the number of ,english book-plates perceptibly increases1 though we must remember that the active supporters of ,cromwell did not object to a little heraldic display--there was a fair amount of heraldic work one way and another1 executed both with pen and pencil1 during the twelve years that the king was kept off his throne4 ,two of the earliest post-,restoration book-plates are those of ,sir ,edward ,bysshe and his brother-in-law1 ,john ,greene4 ,sir ,edward ,bysshe became ,garter ,king-at-,arms1 and ,john ,greene was of ,navestock1 ,essex4 ,both are curious oblong plates1 having fancifully shaped shields surrounded by palm branches1 and held up by ribbons4 ,there is no crest shown in either4 ,they are evidently by the same artist1 which1 as ,bysshe and ,greene were brothers-in-law1 is perhaps natural4 ,a somewhat similar1 though plainer1 form of ornamentation surrounds the shields on two other anonymous book-plates1 one bearing the arms of ,southwell1 and the other those of ,eynes or ,haynes4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,thomas ,,gore ,,by ,,michael ,,burghers4 ,thomas ,gore of ,alderton1 ,wilts1 the author of ,catalogus de ,re ,heraldic1 is a man who might be expected to use a book-plate1 and he did4 ,three varieties are known4 ,the first1 which dates about #affj1 though a more elaborate piece of work than those last described1 is somewhat similar in style1 or perhaps it would be more accurate to say dissimilar to the style in which other book-plates prior to the ,restoration were designed4 ,whoever engraved this plate for ,gore also engraved the arms of ,edward ,waterhouse--most probably the engraving was intended for ,waterhouse's book-plate--which appear as a frontispiece to his ,discourse and ,defence of ,arms and ,armory1 #affj4 ,in his second book-plate ,gore called to his aid the foreigner's art1 employing ,michael ,burghers1 a ,dutch artist1 who had recently come from ,holland and settled at ,oxford4 ,michael produced the book-plate figured opposite1 which introduces some rather wild allegory1 singularly plain cupids seated on the backs of flying eagles4 ,perhaps ,gore did not care for this allegory1--allegory seems never to have been popular with ,english book-plate owners 7see ,chapter ,,iv471--and for his third plate went to an ,englishman1 and to a no less eminent one than ,william ,faithorne4 ,the famous portrait-engraver produced as beautiful and bold a book-plate in the ,simple ,armorial style as could well be3 the peculiar 'depth' of his touch is apparent here and in his other book-plates1 of which there are several4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,the ,,marriott ,,family ,,by ,,faithorne ,it is interesting to note that ,faithorne reverts to the pre-,restoration style1 and improves upon it4 ,the mantling is much richer than that shown in earlier examples in the same style1 and it more completely surrounds the shield4 ,to ,faithorne may be assigned two other magnificent book-plates1 that of ,sir ,george ,hungerford of ,cadenham 7anonymous71 and the one here reproduced of a member of the family of ,marriott of ,whitchurch1 ,warwickshire1 and ,alscot and ,preston1 ,gloucestershire4#d ,the ,hungerford book-plate is noteworthy4 ,the name of ,sir ,george ,hungerford1 its possessor1 does not occur in any list of baronets1 yet he evidently considered himself to possess that dignity1 as the 'bloody hand of ,ulster' figures on his arms4 ,dugdale1 too1 in speaking of ,sir ,george's marriage1 refers to him as 'baronet4' ,faithorne also produced a book-plate to commemorate a gift of books made by ,bishop ,hacket1 who died in #afgj--;it is particularly curious as showing us the ,bishop's portrait4 ,i shall speak of it later on1 under the heading ',portrait ,book-,plates' 7pp4 #baf-bbj72 such plates are comparatively few in number4 ,dated1 and most probably engraved1 in the following year1 #afga1 is another 'gift' book-plate1 prepared to place in books presented by the then ,countess-,dowager of ,bath4 ,the inscription reads3 ',ex dono ,rachel ,comitiss ,bathon3 ,dotari ,an3 ,dom4 ,,mdclxxi4' ,this lady was born in #afac2 she was a daughter of ,francis ,fane1 first ,earl of ,westmoreland1 and became the wife of ,henry ,bourchier1 ,earl of ,bath1 who died in #afed2 and soon afterwards of ,lionel ,cranfield1 ,earl of ,middlesex1 who died in #afgd2 she herself dying in #afhj4 ,there is no reason to doubt the date on this book-plate1 #afga1 though1 at first sight1 it may look a little suspicious4 ,true1 she had become the wife of the ,earl of ,middlesex 7a title only dating from #afbb7 in #afed1 and was still his wife in #afga2 but she had apparently little reason to be proud of him or his title1 for he left her and made hay of her fortune1 spending it to use the words of a contemporary letter1#e 'in play and rioting4' ,we cannot1 therefore1 feel much surprised at her desire to pass by her former title which would give her rank at court as the widow of an ,earl whose creation was hard on a century earlier4 ',our cousin1 ,lady ,bath1' writes ,lady ,newport1 in ,april #affa1 'hath got her place of being ,lady ,bath again2 it cost her #a1bjjl 4 4 4 her ,lord is very angry at her changing her title2 he says it is an affront to him4' ,that is why she calls herself1 on the book-plate under notice1 ,countess-,dowager of ,bath in #afga4 ,a curious feature about the book-plate is1 that it does not seem to have been prepared to place in books included in one particular gift to a particular person or institution1 but rather to have been the outcome of my lady's fancy to place such a remembrance of herself in any volume she gave away at that or at any subsequent date4 ,the ,countess also used a book-stamp of the same design as the ex libris1 but without the inscription4 ,whilst speaking on the subject of gift book-plates1 reference may appropriately be made to a curious woodcut used as a book-plate by the ,st4 ,albans ,grammar ,school1 which is figured opposite the next page4 ,it is a quaint bit of1 no doubt1 local work1 and1 as pointed out to me by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,willcox1 the headmaster1 during a long and dusty hunt1 occurs only in the volumes given to the school by ,sir ,samuel ,grimston4 ,the plate shows us a combination of the arms of the city of ,st4 ,albans and the motto of the ,bacon family1 adopted by the ,grimstons4 ,i have no doubt that1 if a thorough investigation of the too often neglected libraries of our old foundation grammar schools were made1 other early and curious book-plates might be discovered4 ,between #afgj and #afhj quite a number of book-plates were designed1 evidently by the same man4 ,the work is feeble1 but it is very distinct4 ,the most interesting of these book-plates1 from its possessor1 is that of ,samuel ,pepys4 ,altogether1 ,i know of eight examples3 ,charles ,pitfield1 ,sir ,robert ,southwell1 ,william ,wharton1 ,sir ,henry ,hunloke1 ,samuel ,pepys1 ,justinian ,pagit1 ,walter ,chetwynd1 and ,randolph ,egerton4 ,a point of interest about them all is that1 as well as expressing heraldically the blazon of the different shields1 they also indicate with an initial letter the colour intended to be shown3 'a' for argent1 'g' for gules1 and so on4 ,the initial of the heraldic term is used in every case except that of 'azure1' when 'b' for blue is used2 'a1' as we have seen1 standing for argent4 ,though they differ in the arrangement of the mantling1 there can be little doubt that all these book-plates are by the same hand1 and that whoever engraved the plates in ,blome's ,gwilim1 engraved these also4 ,the book-plate of ',fettiplace ,nott1' which bears the date #afid1 is a fair type of the book-plate that was in use in ,england for the next twenty years2 indeed1 these might all be the work of half a dozen artists4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,the ,,st4 ,,albans ,,grammar ,,school1 ,,seventeenth ,,century4 ,i have not yet mentioned a very numerous and very uninteresting class of early ,english book-plates--,i mean those which are nothing more than 'name-tickets'--the owner's name and date printed within a border more or less ornate4 ,these occur quite early in the seventeenth century1 and run all through it4 ,of course1 it may be that the owner is an interesting person1 and then his or her name-ticket becomes interesting by reflection1 but in themselves these tickets are merely dull4 ,of ,english ,armorial plates1 ,i have referred in detail to the majority of those bearing an engraved date--when that date is not obviously misleading--prior to the year #afih4 ,i have also spoken of several1 though by no means all1 of the undated examples1 which have been proved to belong to the seventeenth century4 ,to this second list a patient working out of the internal evidence on early-looking1 but undated1 book-plates would1 no doubt1 add very considerably2 and the illustrations1 verbal and otherwise1 that ,i have given may1 ,i hope1 be sufficient to indicate the kind of book-plates that are worth such investigation4 ,i have used the date #afih as a stopping-point1 because from that year we have dated examples of ,english book-plates1 yearly1 down to the commencement of the present century4 ,here let me say a word on the subject of dated book-plates generally4 ,the date is certainly an advantage1 especially when it clearly refers to the date of the engraving1 and not1 as we have seen it sometimes does1 to an event in the owner's career2 but ,i cannot understand why the 'market value' of a book-plate should be enhanced to such an extent as it is by the presence on that book-plate of an engraved date4 ,there are probably few book-plates which do not bear some mark by which an approximate date can be safely affixed to them1 and the study of these marks is a very desirable undertaking4 ,the great value of a printed date on a book-plate is that one can see from it the style of decoration in vogue at a particular period1 and thus obtain the means for arranging1 chronologically1 undated examples4 ,for there were during certain years certain marked styles of decoration adopted by book-plate engravers2 but of these ,i propose to speak later on under the heading of ',styles4' ,let me also mention misleading dates on book-plates1 and for this purpose it will be sufficient if ,i take principally the examples cited by ,mr4 ,j4 ,paul ,rylands1 ,f4,s4,a41 in his ,notes on ,lancashire and ,cheshire examples4 ,the date on ,sir ,william ,st4 ,quintin's book-plate1 #afda1 is that at which the baronetcy was created2 the book-plate was engraved in the last century4 ,sir ,francis ,fust's book-plate1 one remarkable for its size and ugliness1 is inscribed ',sr ,francis ,fust of ,hill ,court in the county of ,gloucester1 ,baronet1 created #bast ,august #affb1 the #ad year of ,king ,charles #b;d4' ,now this plate cannot be earlier than #agbh1 the year in which the first ',sir ,francis' succeeded to the baronetcy4 ,here1 however1 the context of words1 'created #bast ,august #affb1' renders the inscription less likely to mislead people into supposing that #affb was the year in which the plate was executed4 ,in other instances we have not this help4 ,the date #affi1 on the book-plate of ,gilbert ,nicholson of ,balrath1 merely refers to the date at which ,gilbert acquired his ,irish estates2 the example itself must be later than #agbb1 as the same copper was employed for it as that on which the book-plate of ,thomas ,carter1 dated in that year1 had been engraved4 ,again1 some collectors hold1 and have maintained in print1 that the book-plate of ,sir ,robert ,clayton1 of which we must speak again hereafter1 was not really engraved in #afgi--the date which appears upon it4 #afgi is the year in which ,sir ,robert was ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 and it is thought probable that the book-plate was engraved later--perhaps in the early years of the eighteenth century1 when1 as we have seen1 the fashion of having a book-plate was so prevalent--and that ,sir ,robert placed the date #afgi upon it in order to commemorate the date of his mayoralty4 ,for my part1 ,i see no particular reason for holding this view2 the style in which the plate is executed does not seem to me contradictory to the date upon it4 ,still1 as the doubt exists1 it is better to mention it4 ,attention has been called to a book-plate of ',david ,paynter of ,dale ,castle1 ,pembrokeshire1 #afgi1' which is probably nearly a century later4 ,the book-plate of ',william ,twemlow of ,hatherton1 ,cheshire1 ,esquire1 #afhf1' was engraved for a ,mr4 ,william ,twemlow1 who died in #ahdc4 ,illustration ,on the other hand1 there are certain book-plates which were engraved earlier than the dates which appear upon some impressions of them4 ,the book-plate of the statesman ,charles ,james ,fox 7see opposite7 is one instance of this4 ,it is inscribed ',the ,honble ,charles ,james ,fox1' and was used by the great statesman1 but the plate was engraved in #agjb--;as its style suggests--for his half-uncle1 and the inscription1 before its alteration1 read3--',charles ,fox of the parish of ,st4 ,martin's-in-the-,fields1 ,esq41 #agjb4' ,there is a large book-plate1 shown by its style to have been engraved in the early years of the eighteenth century1 but which is inscribed ',martin ,stapylton1 ,esq4 of ,myton1 in the county of ,york1 ,a4,d4 #ahag4' ,the book-plate was evidently engraved for ,sir ,bryan ,stapylton1 who died in #agbg4 ,the ,martin ,stapylton who altered and used it was one ,martin ,bree--nephew of the last baronet1 who died in #ahag--who succeeded to his uncle's property1 but not to his baronetcy2 hence he was not justified in leaving the helmet of a knight or baronet upon it2 he removed the 'bloody hand of ,ulster' from the shield1 but the mistake in the helmet does not seem to have struck him4 ,on a small variety of this book-plate1 the inscription on which is similarly altered1 the 'bloody hand' remains4 ,again1 the book-plate of ',sr ,willm ,robinson1 ,baronett1 of ,newby1 in the county of ,york1 #agjb1' was altered--by turning the '#j' into a '#f'--;into #agfb1 and was used by his grandson2 that inscribed ',john ,peachey1 #aghb1' designed in the ,chippendale style1 is quite twenty years earlier2 and that of ',fr4 ,dickens ,armig4 #agie1' was certainly engraved half a century before4 ,during the ten or twelve years immediately following the year #afih1 the number of ,english dated book-plates is exceedingly large4 ,taking the list printed for private distribution by ,sir ,wollaston ,franks in #ahhg1 we find sixteen examples in #afih2 seven in #afii2 fifteen in #agjj2 sixteen in #agja2 forty-four in #agjb2 fifty-eight in #agjc2 twenty-seven in #agjd2 and many1 but not so many1 in the succeeding years4 ,something--what1 ,i have failed to discover--must have given a stimulus to the fashion of using book-plates just at the close of the seventeenth and opening of the eighteenth century2 and not only to using them1 but also to putting a date on those used4 ,it is a fact that it is more rare to find book-plates engraved in this particular style without dates than with them4 ,the fashion of 'dating1' as a rule1 went out about the year #agad1 about the time at which1 as we shall see1 a new 'style' in book-plates became generally adopted4 ,anonymous book-plates are rare after this date1 though1 both in ,england and on the ,continent1 they were1 in early times1 certainly common--a fact which bears silent testimony to the much greater intimacy which people in the good old days had with their neighbours' armorial bearings4 ,the coat of arms of a man of position was almost as well known to those dwelling about him as were the features of his face2 and if a volume1 having within it an ,armorial book-plate1 happened to be found in wrongful custody1 the finder might recognise the heraldry of the owner1 even if he could not read the inscription recording that ownership4 ,so much for the early use of book-plates in ,england4 ,in the next chapter ,i propose to say something about the leading styles of decoration employed by their designers4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,there are two sizes of this book-plate4 #e ,report by the ,historical ,,mss4 ,commission on the papers of the ,duke of ,rutland4 ,,chapter ,,iii ',,styles' ,,in ,,english ,,book-,,plates ,,lord ,,de ,,tabley has given us names for nearly all the styles met with in ,english book-plates1 and it is perhaps better to accept these descriptions in the present work1 adding to them another--',simple ,armorial'--for the earliest plates1 and1 indeed1 for the great majority of those anterior to #agbj4 ,it is not only in book-plates that we see this style adopted3 it is used in almost every representation of shields of arms in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 be it on a memorial brass1 in sculpture1 or on a stained glass window4 ,the style is simple and effective4 ,the shield1 nearly always symmetrical1 is surmounted by a helmet1 on which is the wreath and crest4 ,from the helmet is outspread more or less voluminous mantling4 ,in the earlier examples this terminates1 generally in tassels1 before reaching the base of the shield4 ,in later examples its heavy folds descend quite to the base1 and often ascend upwards from the helmet to the level of the top of the crest4 ,below the shield is a narrow scroll for the motto1 which is not always given1 and at the bottom of all is a bracket 7on which the owner's name is inscribed71 having indented edges4 ,occasionally1 but not often1 the mantling1 instead of being foliated1 hangs from the helmet in stiff folds at the back of the shield1 its upper corners being tied up and tasselled4 ,the book-plate of ,thomas ,knatchbull1 dated in #agjb 7shown on p4 #ea71 is a very fair1 though not a very early1 example of this style4 ,in some instances the shield is placed on one side--its right hand upper corner being thus brought to the centre of the helmet4 ,the ,simple ,armorial style was1 roughly speaking1 not much used after #agbj4 ,besides the book-plates described in the foregoing chapter1 nearly all of which belong to the ',armorial' style1 there are sundry others worthy of particular observation1 should the reader meet with them4 ,there is1 for instance1 the book-plate of ',the ,right ,honble ,james1 ,earl of ,derby1 ,lord of ,man and ye ,isles1 #agjb'2 the grandson of the ,james1 seventh ,earl1 who suffered for his loyalty1 and of the gallant ,charlotte ,trmouille4 ,this is a large and very striking book-plate in every way2 its size makes possible the introduction of some fine bold work1 which is rendered even more effective by the fact that the arms portrayed are simply those of ,stanley2 so that there is no crowding in of quarterings4 ,the decoration is that common to the book-plates of peers1 or of other persons entitled to use supporters at the time3 the mantling spreads from the helmet1 and terminates at the heads of the supporters2 these stand upon the motto-scroll4 ,there is a smaller variety of this book-plate--one of the ordinary size--which is not so pleasing4 ,when ,earl ,james died1 in #agcf1 the ,earldom of ,derby devolved on his kinsman1 ,sir ,edward ,stanley1 ,bart41 whose book-plate1 larger and finer than that just described1 is really a very beautiful piece of work in the ,jacobean style2 the arms are ,stanley impaling ,hesketh1 and the size of the book-plate is #f-e_/h #e-a_/d in4 ,similar examples of large-sized book-plates are furnished by those of ',the ,honourable ,iames ,brydges of ,wilton ,castle1 in ,hereford ,shere' 7where the effect is somewhat marred by the number of quarterings displayed72 ',sir ,william ,brownlowe of ,belton1 in the ,county of ,lincoln1 ,baronet1 #afih1' and his wife ',dame ,alice ,brownlowe2' ,lord ,roos and his wife1 ,lady ,roos2 ',paul ,jodrell of ,duffield1 in ye ,county of ,derby1 ,esqr1 ,clerk of ye ,honble ,house of ,commons'--a particularly bold piece of work2 and ',sr ,john ,wentworth of ,north ,elmeshall1 in the ,west ,rideing of ,yorkshire1 ,baronet4' ,it is probable that all these1 and other large-sized ,english book-plates1 also exist1 or existed1 in the ordinary size 7see pp4 #ah1 #ai74 ,the largest ,english book-plate1 and one which1 from its unusual size1 is certain to attract attention1 is that of ',simon ,scroope of ,danby-super-,yore1 in com4 ,ebor41 ,esq41 #afih'2 here1 too1 much of the good effect is lost by the number of quarterings 7no less than twenty-seven7 introduced upon the shield4 ,illustration ,i referred1 at the close of the previous chapter1 to the large number of ,english book-plates engraved during the last two years of the seventeenth century and first ten of the eighteenth4 ,the great majority of these book-plates are in the ',simple ,armorial' style1 and there is upon these a very great similarity in the way in which that style is represented2 indeed1 they may well have been1 all of them1 the work of less than a dozen artists4 ,any distinctive feature that exists is to be found in the treatment of the mantling4 ,for instance3 it is finely cut on the book-plates of ,nicholas ,penny1 ,lord ,cornwallis1 ,lord ,roos1 and ',john ,sayer of ,hounslow1 in the ,county of ,midd41 ,esqr1' all dated in #agjj2 on the ,sayer plate the inscription is enclosed in a ,jacobean scroll2 it is heavy1 and stiffly cut in the book-plates of ,james ,bengough1 ,richard ,newdigate1 ,sir ,william ,hustler1 and ,john ,godfrey1 all dated in #agjb2 it is leaflike and graceful on the book-plates of ,william ,thompson and ,francis ,columbine1 dated in #agjh1 and of ,thomas ,rowney1 dated in #agac1 whilst the book-plate of ',gostlet ,harington of ,marshfield1 in the ,coun4 of ,glocester1 ,gent41 #agjf1' is unique1 the mantling being cut like strawberry leaves4 ,there is a peculiar effect produced by the way in which this example is printed1 and the lettering of the inscription is also unusual4 ,there is one of these book-plates which the reader should notice from the peculiar arrangement of the decorative accessories1 occasioned by the fact that the owner was both a spiritual and temporal peer4 ,i refer to that of ',nathanael ,crewe1 ,lord ,bishop of ,durham and ,baron ,crewe of ,stene1 #agjc4' ,here the mantling springs from the helmet1 rises to the level of the crest1 and terminates at the heads of the supporters2 a baron's coronet appears instead of a mitre1 and behind the shield are a crozier and sword in saltire1 the decoration of the head of the crozier being so like the form of the mantling that it seems1 at first sight1 to be part of it4 ,the ',jacobean' style is far more ornate than that last mentioned1 and the book-plate of ',john ,reilly of the ,middle ,temple1 ,esqr41' is a fair example of the best kind of ,jacobean work4 ,the escutcheon is raised on an elaborate and richly-carved ,jacobean sideboard2 mantling is still there1 but it is curtailed1 and seems almost resting on the top of the sideboard1 on either side of which are columns1 given in high relief2 on each is carved a perpendicular festoon of leaves4 ,below the shield1 crouched on the ledge of the sideboard1 are two eagles with expanded wings2 each holds in its beak one end of the ribbon which ties into a bunch the corners of a fringed cloth bearing the inscription already quoted2 below the eagles1 inverted cornucopi pour out books upon the floor on which the sideboard stands4 ,this plate may probably be dated very early in the eighteenth century1 or even late in the seventeenth1 since it is recorded that ,john ,reilly's signature1 with the date '#afgi1' occurs in a book in which it is fastened4 ,to whichever date it belongs1 the ,simple ,armorial style was then in general use1--that is to say1 so far as the book-plates of private individuals are concerned4 ,these1 as we have just seen1 nearly all bear a helmet1 varying according to the owner's social rank1 and from that falls the mantling1 more or less elaborate4 ,but if we look at the book-plates1 dated in or about the year #agjj1 of certain colleges at ,oxford or ,cambridge1 at ladies' book-plates of the same period1--none of which1 of course1 display a helmet1--and at some others in which the arms are given in an oval1 we see that the blank on either side of the shield 7consequent upon the absence of the helmet from which the mantling would fall7 is supplied by work distinctly ,jacobean4 ,lord ,de ,tabley1 whose descriptions in justification of the names he has bestowed upon the several styles we shall not hesitate to quote in this chapter1 thus describes this work3-- ',to supply this void in decoration1 a distinct frame was placed round the escutcheons1 and this framework was ornamented with ribbons1 palm branches1 or festoons4 ',the prominent or high-relief portions of this frame were not set close to the edges of the escutcheons1 but between it and them2 an interval of flat-patterned surface nearly always intervened1 in which1 as upon a wall1 the actual shield was embedded4 ,this we shall call the lining of the armorial frame2 and we shall find this lining is usually imbricated with a pattern of fish-scales1 one upon another1 or diapered into lattice-work4 ,the scale-covered or latticed interval of lining is the characteristic of the style4 4 4 4 ,another step in the external decoration was to add a bracket1 distinct from the frame1 upon which the shield1 in its frame1 was supposed to rest4 ,this bracket naturally initiated the decorative art and surface arrangement of the shield-frame4' ,as a rule1 too1 an escallop-shell forms the centre of the bracket in ,jacobean book-plates4 ,in some instances it is placed in the centre below1 but more usually in the centre above2 and then in the centre below we have the head of some mythical and uninviting monster4 ,either as quasi-supporters on the ledges of the bracket1 right and left1 or on the side ledges of the shield1 if the bracket is amalgamated with the frame1 are 'things' selected from the following miscellaneous collection--lions2 cherubs1 male and female2 term-figures2 busts of fairies1 with butterfly wings2 angels1 generally engaged in trumpet-blowing1 etc4 ,the student should notice this escallop-shell1 because we shall see it introduced into the style of decoration that succeeded the ,jacobean--there it became a shelly border rather than a distinct shell4 ,on the whole1 then1 the usual ornamentation of a ,jacobean book-plate renders it easily recognisable4 ,the decoration is stiff and conventional1 displays more solidity than grace1 and altogether seems less appropriate to a book-plate than the heavy rolls of mantling1 which1 as we have seen1 surrounded the shield during the prevalence of the preceding style4 ,as for the title ',jacobean' which has been bestowed upon it1 it should be explained that the reference is rather to the style of decoration in vogue in the days of ,james ,,ii4 than to anything in the days of ,james ,i4 ,lord ,de ,tabley has pointed out that1 as compared with the woodwork preserved in churches of the latter half of the seventeenth century1 and as compared with the mouldings on monuments of the same period1 a practical identity of decoration cannot fail to strike the antiquary1 and his choice of the name ',jacobean' for this class of book-plates is thus abundantly justified4 ,examples of ,jacobean book-plates are numerous in most ,english collections1 for the style continued long in fashion2 indeed1 it lasted1 in more or less purity1 down to #agde1 or even later1 and ,i think it quite likely that some of the evidently early undated examples may really have been executed during the last quarter of the seventeenth century4 ,the similarity1 to which we have just alluded1 between the ornamentation shown upon ,jacobean book-plates and that displayed in ecclesiastical decoration of the time of ,charles the ,second as well as ,james the ,second1 makes it very probable that this is so4 ,the few book-plates which are known to have been designed or executed by ,hogarth 7see p4 #gi7 are in the ,jacobean style2 but1 with the exception of that eminent artist and ,george ,vertue1 the men who worked upon ,jacobean book-plates were not distinguished engravers4 ,nevertheless1 some of their productions are distinctly good1 though the decoration was1 perhaps1 too often overdone4 ,the touch1 in many1 suggests that the artist was accustomed to engrave on gold or silver plate4 ,this is notably the case in the book-plate of ',charles ,barlow1 ,esq41 of ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1' engraved in1 or immediately after1 #agcj4 ,this book-plate is worthy of observation1 should the reader meet with it1 as a particularly exaggerated example of the ,jacobean style3 the framework seems scarcely able to support the decorative accessories with which it is laden1 and which include representations of birds1 beasts1 mythical figures1 stony flowers in festoons or baskets1 heads1 shells1 and what not6 ,the earliest dated ,jacobean example is that of ',william ,fitz ,gerald1 ,lord ,bishop of ,clonfert1' which is inscribed '#afih4' ,here the escutcheon is of the ',simple ,armorial' shape1 but set in a ,jacobean framework1 decorated with leafy sprays1 and surmounted by a mitre1 the ribbons of which terminate in tassels4 ,next we have the book-plates of five ,cambridge ,colleges1--,jesus1 ,pembroke1 ,queens'1 ,st4 ,john's1 and ,trinity ,hall2 all bear the same engraved date--#agjj4 ,these1 and many like them dated in subsequent years1 are no doubt the work of one man3 the design consists of an escutcheon1 on which are the ,college arms1 set in a finely-drawn1 scale-patterned frame1 bedecked with hawk-bells1 ribbons1 wreaths1 and sprays of flowers4 ,other ,college plates--except that of ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 which is ',simple ,armorial' in its style--are ,jacobean4 ,in #agja comes the book-plate of ,dame ,anna ,margaretta ,mason4 ,here the lozenge1 in which she bears her arms1 appears with decoration very similar to that just described1 though slightly more elaborate4 ,in #agjc the book-plate of ,philip ,lynch shows how similar decoration is bestowed upon an oval escutcheon2 whilst1 in #agac1 the book-plate of ,henry1 ,duke of ,kent1 furnishes an early dated example of the introduction of the bracket1 which is1 as we have seen1 a leading feature in ,jacobean ornamentation4 ,this is really a remarkably fine book-plate4 ,the escutcheon1 indented in a somewhat peculiar fashion1 is surrounded by the ,garter1 and fastened to the front of the bracket1 a highly ornamented piece of work1 on which stand the two supporters4 ,above is the ducal coronet2 below1 in an oblong ,jacobean frame1 is the inscription4 ,the family of ,grey1 ,dukes of ,kent1 is prolific in book-plates2 that1 dated five years later1 of ',mary1 ,countess of ,harrold1' daughter-in-law to ,henry1 ,duke of ,kent1 is a more elaborate1 though less finely executed1 piece of ,jacobean work4 ,her arms1 and those of her husband1 appear side by side in separate oval shields2 angels hold aloft an earl's coronet over both1 while below1 between the shields1 is the head of a cherub1 whose wings are arranged as a collar4 ,other conspicuous ,jacobean book-plates are those of ,ellerker ,bradshaw2 ,dr4 ,philip ,bisse1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's2 ,richard ,massie of ,coddington1 ,cheshire2 ',james ,hustler1' #agcj2 ',sir ,thomas ,hare1 ,baronet1 of ,stow ,hall1 in ,norfolk1' dated in #agcd 7see p4 #fa72 ',francis ,winnington1 of ,lincoln's ,inn1 ,esq41' dated in #agcb2 ',saml4 ,goodford of ye ,inner ,temple1 ,esq41' dated in #agcg2 ',john ,robinson1 ,m4,d41' dated in #agdb2 ',st4 ,thomas's ,hospital ,library2' and ',lucius ,henry ,hibbins1 of ,gray's ,inne1 ,esqe4' ,a little before1 and a little after1 #agbj there was a fashion in ,english book-plates1 which may almost be called a style3 it was to place the shield of arms in a medallion1 the background of which is shaded4 ,beneath1 is the owner's name and description4 ,the term ',tombstone ,style' might not sound an agreeable designation for these book-plates1 but it would be very accurate2 for1 really1 there is a strong likeness between them and the monumental slabs placed over deceased persons1 whose social status rendered them eligible for interment in positions where they would be walked over by future generations of church-goers4 ,we may mention three such book-plates3 ,edward ,haistwell1 dated in #agah1 ,sir ,john ,rushout and ,john ,lethieullier1 ,remembrancer of the ,city4 ,so far the shape of the shield used has been perfectly symmetrical4 ,we now come to speak of the third style adopted by ,english book-plate designers1 the leading feature of which is an absence of symmetry4 ,this style has been christened ',chippendale'2 and when its characteristics have been described1 and the leading features in ,chippendale furniture remembered1 we shall see the appropriateness of the name4 ',the mark and stamp of a ,chippendale ex libris1' says ,lord ,de ,tabley1 'is a frilling or border of open shell-work1 set close up to the rounded outer margin of the escutcheon1 and1 with breaks1 more or less enclosing it4 ,this seems to be a modification of the scallop shell1 so normal at the base either of frame or bracket on a ,jacobean plate4 ,it is1 in fact1 a border imitating the pectinated curves and grooves on the margins of a scallop-shell4 ,outside this succeed various furniture-like limbs and flourishes1 eminently resembling the triumphs of ornate upholstery which ,chippendale about this time brought into vogue4' ,the helmet and mantling are quite exceptional in book-plates of this style1 except in examples which were probably designed and executed by ,scotch artists4 ,illustration ,although it was not until #aged that ,chippendale published1 in folio1 ,the ,gentleman's and ,cabinetmaker's ,director1 'being a large ,collection of the most useful ,designs of ,household ,furniture in the most fashionable taste1 with #afj ,plates of elegant designed ,furniture1' there was probably by that time a good deal of ,chippendale furniture already in the market1 and we are therefore not surprised to find a book-plate designed in the ,chippendale style1 dated in #agad--that of ',east ,apthorpe4' ,true1 the style there shown is not at all 'advanced1' yet there are decided indications of it1 and for that reason it deserves attention4 ,although the shield is shell-shaped and ornamented with flowers1 yet there are upon the plate indications of a horizontally-hatched ,jacobean lining to the frame4 ,we may1 ,i think1 consider this one of the earliest attempts at designing a ,chippendale book-plate4 ,illustration ,the style improved during the next ten or fifteen years1 and then began to deteriorate4 ,as an escutcheon1 the shell-shaped or non-symmetrical shield is unnatural and even ugly1 but it lends itself to an artistic treatment which the previous styles in ,english book-plates certainly did not4 ,for example1 flowers--of which there are always many in this style of book-plate--can be represented as in nature2 roses blossom on sprays or branches1 instead of being woven closely together in conventional festoons1 lilies are left to droop their heads1 whilst bunches of grasses or leaves are bound so loosely together that they forfeit nothing of their natural elegance4 ,allegoric figures also find place in ,chippendale book-plates1 but they are of a much more attractive kind than those displayed in the ,jacobean plates4 ,cupids or nymphs are sometimes really graceful bits of drawing when depicted in the better specimens of the style of which we are now speaking4 ,the book-plate of ',james ,brackstone1 ,citizen of ,london1' dated in #agea--;figured opposite this page--is as good a specimen of a pure ,chippendale book-plate as could be found2 whilst that of ,john ,ord of ,lincoln ,inn1 dated ten years later1 betrays some signs of a decadence which soon afterwards became general4 ',the fashion1' as ,lord ,de ,tabley remarks1 'began to be vulgarised in the hands of weak designers1 who bestowed floral embellishments upon the framework of the shields1 without any moderation whatever1 endeavouring by a crowded decoration to mask the real weakness and poverty of their powers of design4' ,as a consequence1 we have in the later ,chippendale book-plates1 those1 say1 from #agfj to #aghj or #aghe1 some very terrible productions4 ,shell-work and flowers are retained1 but they are regarded as inadequate1 and cherubs1 dragons1 'nymphs in kilted petticoats1' sheep1 cattle1 trees1 fruit1 fruit-baskets1 portions of buildings1 fountains1 books1 implements of husbandry1 and a host of other miscellaneous objects appear as decorations4 ,indeed1 it is wonderful what a strange medley a designer in the later days of ,chippendaleism could produce for a customer willing to pay for it6 ,we may as well here point out a few interesting examples of ,english book-plates designed in the ,chippendale style4 ,a prolific worker in it was ,j4 ,skinner of ,bath 7see pp4 #ha-hf2 #bjc-bab71 who followed the excellent plan of dating nearly all his work1 which should1 therefore1 be carefully observed when met with4 ,in one of his book-plates1 that which1 in #agdc1 he produced for ',charles ,delafaye1 ,esq41 of ,wichbury1 ,wilts4' it is curious to note with what evident diffidence the designer uses the graceful sprays of natural flowers in ornamenting the shelly shield4 ,yet in another book-plate1 that of ,benjamin ,hatley ,foote1 engraved in the same year1 the anonymous artist uses these ornaments without hesitation1 and produces a book-plate which might have been engraved many years later4 ,two very noticeable examples are also supplied by the fully developed ,chippendale book-plates of ,richard ,caryer and ,joseph ,pocklington4 ,in each the crest is placed on a miniature representation of the shield1 which contains the arms4 ,of the debased ,chippendale book-plates1 of which we have had to speak1 it is hard to select examples for particular reference1 for they are sadly numerous1 and seem to vie with each other in ugliness and vulgarity2 the prize may1 however1 be claimed by ',c4 ,eve'1 who1 conscious1 perhaps1 of the atrocity he was committing in using such a book-plate1 makes an attempt at disguising his name4 ,to describe his plate is nearly impossible2 suffice it to say that1 built on to the frame are sundry stages on which a variety of pastoral scenes are depicted1 and that any beauties which the floral embellishments might in themselves possess are effectually obliterated by overcrowding4 ,before ,chippendaleism had died out1 another marked style in ,english book-plates had already come in1 and was getting to be generally adopted4 ,we will call this the ',wreath and ,ribbon' or ',festoon' style1 and probably one of the earliest examples of it is that figured opposite1 which shows us the book-plate of ,george ,lewis ,jones1 ,bishop of ,kilmore1 dated in #aggd4 ,there is a good deal of grace in these ',wreath and ,ribbon' book-plates4 ,the shield is again symmetrical1 and of a shape that a shield might possibly be2 the flowers and leaves that decorate it are for the most part still left free and unconfined1 and even when woven into festoons they are somewhat less conventional than those which compose the festoons of the ,jacobean period4 ,these festoons1 and a labyrinth of floating ribbons1 were intended to compensate for the loss of the shelly border and its adjuncts of the ',chippendale' style4 ,just in the same way as the ,chippendale book-plates very closely resembled in their decoration the furniture with which ,chippendale filled the fashionable drawing-rooms of his time1 so in their turn those designed in what we have christened the ',wreath and ,ribbon' style very closely resembled the decoration which ,thomas ,sheraton suggested for contemporary furniture4 ,this the reader may see for himself1 if he will turn to ,sheraton's work1 ,the ,cabinetmaker and ,upholsterer's ,drawing ,book4 ,illustration ,i do not know that there are many examples of the ',wreath and ,ribbon' book-plates which call for special attention4 ,though several are pretty1 there is a strong family likeness between all4 ,perhaps the most conspicuous is that of ',john ,symons1 ,esqr4' ,in this1 prettily drawn cherubs1 descending from the sky1 hold the corners of a mantle1 which surrounds the shield4 ,the book-plates of ',sir ,thomas ,banks ,i',anson1 of ,corfe ,castle1 ,dorset'2 of the ',rev4 ,george ,pollen'2 and of ',john ,holcombe1 ,new ,cross1' are useful for comparison1 on account of the engraved dates which they bear--#aghc1 #aghg1 and #agii respectively2 whilst that of ',robert ,surtees1 ,mainsforth1' is interesting both from its possessor1 the historian of ,durham1 who was also its designer1 and from its unusual hatched background4 ,by degrees the festoons of flowers and entanglement of ribbons were discarded1 and the shield1 similarly shaped1 appeared destitute of ornamentation4 ,the helmet was omitted1 and the 'wreath' on which the crest should properly rest was placed1 in a meaningless way1 the fraction of an inch above the upper line of the shield1 and entirely without support4 ,after this1 quite early in the nineteenth century1 and during its first fifteen or twenty years1 there came into fashion a design in ,english book-plates which we may term the ',celestial' style4 ,in this the shield is depicted as suspended in mid-air1 with a background of sky or clouds1 or else resting upon a cloud-built bank4 ,it gave the designer very slight opportunity for the display of artistic taste2 had it done so1 the opportunity would probably have been neglected1 for the designers and engravers of book-plates in this style were men of whom the world at large knows nothing4 ,the shield1 in book-plates of the time of which ,i am now speaking1 was entirely without ornament1 and of this shape-- ,illustration ,the helmet was seldom introduced1 so that the crest was placed in the same absurd position as that just described4 ,the shield figured above is a fair specimen of that in vogue between #ahaj and #ahcj4 ,from the latter date to within a few years ago1 the arms1 in the majority of ,english book-plates1 were represented in a more ornate shield4 ,the helmet was reintroduced1 and from it fell a slight mantling1 somewhat similar to that which appears in our earliest examples4 ,it is hardly necessary to indicate any particular specimens designed in these last-mentioned styles4 ,before closing this chapter1 ,i ought1 perhaps1 to say a word about ,scotch and ,irish book-plates4 ,it cannot be said that in these there was ever a style distinctively national4 ,the style fashionable in ,england at a particular time was also fashionable in ,scotland and in ,ireland2 yet there is a perceptible difference in the way in which its details were carried out1 especially in ,scotland4 ,in ,edinburgh there were several book-plate engravers1 and their work possesses a characteristic touch2#f the ',simple ,armorial' style is rendered much more stiffly1 and the shield is often round4 ',jacobean' book-plates are very uncommon1 but the ',chippendales' are an odd mixture of that style as we know it in ,england and the ',jacobean4' ,the presence of a helmet and mantling in a ',chippendale' book-plate engraved in ,scotland is not unusual1 and the shield is always very soberly placed4 ,i do not know of a ',library ,interior' plate that hails from north of the ,tweed2 but1 if one ever be discovered1 depend upon it no ,cupids will frolic there4 ,a few ,scotch book-plates are1 perhaps1 emblematic2 that is1 display emblems of the possessor's art or trade4 ,dr4 ,john ,bosworth's1 in which are figured the staff of sculapius1 a cock1 a serpent1 and an owl1 is an instance of this2 but allegory is almost unknown4 ,no mythological figures sit among the floral decorations of ,scotch ,chippendale book-plates1 as they do so frequently in later ,chippendale work in ,england4 ,the only instance that ,i can call to mind of the introduction of figures at all into the decoration of a ,scotch book-plate1 is that of ',birnie of ,broomhill' 7circa #agae71 reproduced opposite1 and in this the figures are sombre enough1--two ministers of 'the kirk' kneeling at their desks4 ,irish book-plates have even less individuality than ,scotch1 and are chiefly recognisable by the coarseness of their work1 and their dark printing4 ,illustration ,,footnote3 #f ,a list of some ,scottish book-plate engravers1 compiled by ,mr4 ,j4 ,orr1 is printed in the ,ex ,libris ,journal1 ii4 p4 #da4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,allegory ,,in ,,english ,,book-,,plates ,,in the last chapter ,i spoke of the leading styles followed in designing ,english book-plates1 in1 as far as possible1 chronological sequence1 though the reader will have noticed that such styles overlapped each other1 often by a considerable number of years4 ,concurrently with these distinct styles1 or with nearly all of them1 there are to be found many ,english book-plates which may be appropriately called 'picture' book-plates1 and which may themselves be divided into two classes3 those which1 quite apart from the heraldry upon them1 show things unreal1 or combinations of things real and unreal2 and those which1 apart from the heraldry1 show things wholly real4 ,let us speak1 first1 of the former of these divisions--',allegoric' book-plates we will call them4 ,the collector will soon discover that in ,england allegory formed at no period1 except1 perhaps1 in the days of ,bartolozzi and ,sherwin1 a really national style in book-plates1 but rather an occasional fancy indulged in by a particular individual here and there4 ,whilst in ,france book-plates on which was displayed allegory1 and the wildest allegory1 were actually abundant1 in ,england they are decidedly rare2 and it is indeed interesting to see how our ,english artists set to work when called upon to design them4 ,so far as ,i am aware1 the earliest example of an ,english ,allegoric book-plate as yet brought to light1 is that of ,thomas ,gore of ,alderton1 which is fully described on p4 #cd4 ,this may be dated somewhere about #afge1 and was1 as the signature shows us1 the work of a ,dutch artist1 ,michael ,burghers2 so that we may1 perhaps1 regard the allegory upon it rather as the outcome of ,michael's brain than the carrying out of instructions given him by a ,wiltshire squire6 ,the date of the next ,english book-plate ,i have noticed1 in which allegory is introduced1 is also the work of a foreigner1--a ,frenchman1--,louis du ,guernier1 who1 at the age of thirty1 came over from ,paris in #agjh1 and who died here in #agaf4 ,soon after his arrival he executed a book-plate1 decidedly foreign in appearance1 for ,lady ,cairnes1 wife of ,sir ,alexander ,cairnes of ,monaghan4 ,the ,cairnes arms1 impaling ,gould1 are on a round shield in a scaly frame2 this is placed on steps1 at the back of which is classical masonry4 ,the shield is kept from falling by three cupids1--two seated and one standing1--whilst two flying ones hold aloft a ribbon bearing the owner's name1 thus3 ',lady ,elizabeth ,cairnes4' ,she was a sister of ,sir ,nathaniel ,gould1 so that her description on the book-plate as ',lady' is clearly wrong2 she should have been called ',dame4' ,the error arose1 most likely1 from the engraver's imperfect knowledge of ,english titles1--a very general stumbling-block to foreigners4 ,the book-plate is an exceedingly pretty piece of work4 ,there is some of the ,jacobean scale work used in it which ,english engravers were beginning to introduce into their designs2 but the employment of allegory is certainly the most striking feature it possesses4 ,i do not know of any other book-plates executed by ,louis du ,guernier while in ,england1 and probably the people of this country were not yet quite prepared to confide--as ,lord ,de ,tabley puts it--their family escutcheons 'to the care of ,minerva or the ,delian ,phoebus himself4' ,but though ,michael ,burghers's somewhat unbeautiful allegory may not have pleased ,thomas ,gore or his other ,english clients in #afge1 nor the prettier allegory of ,louis du ,guernier have generally commended itself to people in this country in #agaj1 allegory1 if not in the work of these artists1 was bound sooner or later to come into fashion on ,english book-plates1 seeing that it was1 and for long had been1 fashionable across the ,channel4 ,there have been few outbreaks of disease on the ,continent that have not infected this country1--at all events1 slightly4 ,the foreigners whom the foreign king1 on his arrival in ,england in #afhh1 brought with him engendered foreign ways and foreign fashions at ,court1 and these ways and fashions were in turn adopted by people who did not go to ,court1 and that is how allegory crept into the book-plates of the rank and file of ,englishmen4 ,the first ,english engraver1 born and bred1 to execute an ,allegoric book-plate was ,john ,pine1 himself a man of letters1 and one with whose features ,hogarth has made us familiar4 ,in #agcf he was employed to design and engrave a book-plate to place in the thirty thousand volumes of ,bishop ,moore's library1 which ,george ,i4 had bought1 in #agae1 to present to the ,university of ,cambridge1 but which were not suitably housed till #agcd4 ,no doubt ,pine was fully impressed with the munificence of the gift1--a mass of volumes which the heavy-headed king would have never opened had he kept1 and never understood had he opened them4 ,his task was to design a book-plate commensurate with the royal munificence1 and he probably considered he had been equal to the occasion when he produced what we see opposite the next page4 ,lord ,de ,tabley's words so accurately describe this pompous production1 that ,i will quote them3-- ',the design represents a vast structure1 rather like an ormolu chimney-piece clock1 of which the arms of the ,university of ,cambridge1 in a plain1 solid frame1 represent the face4 ,behind this towers up a vast pyramid1 on which the brick work is distinctly marked4 ,as dexter supporter stands ,phoebus ,apollo in person1 reaching out a wreath4 ,a clouded sun rays out behind him4 ,at his feet are deposited samples of the book collection of late so munificently bestowed4 ,as sinister supporter sits ,minerva with helm and spear and ,gorgon-headed shield4 ,her feet are wrapt in cloud4 ,in the centre of the bracket1 beneath these gods1 is inserted a medallion portrait of royal ,george1 reading round its exergue1 ,georgius ,d4,g41 ,,mag4 ,,br4 ,,fr4 ,,et ,,hib4 ,,rex ,f4,d4 ,this is flanked by a laurel and a palm branch4' ,pine--who had submitted proofs of this book-plate before ,august #agcf1 for at that date he offers to make ,george's portrait more accurate--engraved four sizes of this plate4 ,the design is similar in three1 but in the fourth1 and smallest1 the artist evidently felt that1 in so limited a space1 he could not do justice to ,apollo and ,minerva1 and discreetly omitted them4 ,he signs this smallest plate in full1 ',j4 ,pine1 ,sculp4' ,there may now be seen at ,cambridge1 in many of the books which ,george ,i4 presented1 book-plates which at first sight appear to be modern impressions from ,pine's plates1 but1 on examination1 prove to be copies1 though not exact copies1 of ,pine's work1 and on these the signature is ',j4 ,b4' ,the late ,mr4 ,henry ,bradshaw discovered that these copies were the work of ,john ,baldrey1 a ,cambridge engraver1 at the close of the last century4 ,at the time that he was working for the ,university1 a large number of the volumes given by ,george ,i4 required re-binding1 and1 as ,pine's plates were worn out or lost1 ,baldrey was commissioned to execute a copy of the earlier design1 in order to supply a book-plate for the re-bound volumes4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,found ,,in ,,books ,,given ,,by ,,george ,i4 ,,to ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,cambridge4 ,very soon after the ',munificentia ,regia' to ,cambridge in #agae1 the loyalty of ,oxford to the 'illustrious ,house of ,hanover' was seriously doubted1 and the ,king sent a squadron of horse into the city1 whereupon an ,oxford 'varsity wit composed the following epigram3-- ',the ,king1 observing with judicious eyes1 ,the state of both his ,universities1 ,to one he sends a regiment2--,for why8 ,that learned body wanted loyalty2 ,to th' other books he gave1 as well discerning ,how much that loyal body wanted learning4' ,which drew from a champion of ,cambridge the reply3-- ',the ,king to ,oxford sent his troop of horse1 ,for ,tories own no argument but force2 ,with equal care1 to ,cambridge books he sent1 ,for ,whigs allow no force but argument4' ,though much later in date than the design just noticed1 it may be as well to mention here another book-plate--also ',allegoric'--which1 was engraved by ,john ,pine4 ,this was executed by him from a drawing by ,gravelot1 for ,dr4 ,john ,burton1 about the year #agdj4 ,it shows us the interior of a library1 presumably the doctor's1 with a couple of cupids supporting a shield bearing the ,burton arms4 ,this design1 which was subsequently appropriated by ',wadham ,wyndham1 ,esq41' as his book-plate1#g is a very 'slight' affair after the ,cambridge plate2 but ,pine no doubt possessed a fitting sense of the difference to be observed in designing a book-plate for a mere ,doctor of ,divinity and in commemorating the gift of a royal donor4 ,after ,john ,pine1 the next designers of ,english book-plates in the ,allegoric style are both famous men1--,william ,hogarth and ,george ,vertue4 ,we will speak of the works of the greater man first3 they consist of two undoubted book-plates and of a few more possible ones1 and were executed quite at the outset of ,hogarth's career1 say1 about #agbj4 ,the first is described as done for the books of ,john ,holland1 herald painter4 ,minerva is seen seated among cupids1 four in number1 with her hand placed upon a shield bearing the family arms4 ,the chief interest in ,hogarth's other undoubted book-plate--that of ,george ,lambart1 the landscape painter1 one of ,hogarth's convivial crew--lies in the female figures1 which sit right and left of the shield4 ,it is figured over leaf1 from the copy in ,sir ,wollaston ,franks's collection1 which is the only original example known to exist--other copies are from the plates in ,ireland's work1 and bear his initials4 ,the collector is cautioned against certain plates signed ',w4 ,h41' which have been attributed to ,hogarth1 but are in reality the work of ,william ,hibbart1 a ,bath engraver1 working about the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,illustration ,turning now to the work of ,george ,vertue in designing ,english ,allegoric book-plates1 we come to a very beautiful and very interesting example1 which was probably engraved in1 or very soon after1 #agcj--the book-plate of ,henrietta1 ,countess of ,oxford4 ,i have already called attention to this engraving in speaking of old-time allusions to book-plates 7p4 #ad71 and do not here intend to do more than make passing reference to it1 since ,i have spoken fully of it later on in what ,i have to say about 'ladies'' book-plates 7pp4 #ahf-aii74 ,it is only mentioned now in order to give a reference to it in its proper chronological position4 ,we have now to travel for some distance along the road of time before coming to another example of allegory on an ,english book-plate4 ,we find it1 in #agdj1 on a plate which one ,j4 ,skinner engraved from a design by ',t4 ,ross4' ,this is really a very beautiful book-plate1 as its reproduction 7p4 #hc7 shows4 ,a shield--the shape and ornamentation of which is ,chippendale--bearing the ,wiltshire arms1 is placed upon a platform and against a cippus1 or small monumental column2 ,shakespeare stands on the right1 and listens1 with a pleased expression1 to the music of a rustic piper1 whose head appears at the back of the cippus1 whilst1 on the left1 ,pope weighs the eloquence of an orator1 whose head and upraised hand also appear from behind the cippus4 ,a medallion of ,augustus is on a pedestal above4 ,lying on the platform are a globe and books and many emblems of the painter's and musician's arts1 and amongst these sits ,cupid thinking1 perhaps1 with which he will play next1 and holding the end of a ribbon inscribed3 ',john ,wiltshire1 ,bath1 #agdj4' ,the design is certainly original1 and makes us interested as to the identity of the owner4 ,it is quite possible that we have here not only an interesting book-plate1 but the book-plate of an interesting man4 ,when ,gainsborough1 the painter1 moved to ,bath in #agfj he found that the ',pickford' of the day1 who had the carrying trade of the ,bath road1 was no ordinary carrier1 but a man of taste and culture1 and ready to do anything he could to help art and artists4 ,he was a certain ,john ,wiltshire1 and before ,gainsborough had been long a resident at ,bath he was ,wiltshire's fast friend1 and in the enjoyment of a very tangible proof of friendship3 for ,wiltshire carried to ,london1 gratis1 every picture that ,gainsborough needed to send thither4 ,not a penny would he take for carriage4 ',no1 no1' he would say1 when the painter's modesty led him to protest against such generosity1 ',i admire painting too much for that4' ,no doubt he did1 and it must be said that1 in return for his goodness1 ,gainsborough gave him many a charming bit of work on which to feast his eyes4 ,let us hope we have before us the book-plate of this 'kind of worthy man1' as ,allan ,cunningham called him1 who loved ,gainsborough and admired his works4 ,illustration ,of course the plate is twenty years earlier than the commencement of ,gainsborough's residence at ,bath and of his friendship with ,wiltshire2 but what of that8 ,wiltshire had been1 likely enough1 a lover of things beautiful and the owner of books1 long before2 there is no necessity for imagining that his was a sudden conversion to a self-sacrificing love for art1 produced by intimacy with ,gainsborough4 ,another interesting ,english book-plate1 in which allegory plays a part1 is that1 also by ,j4 ,skinner1 of ,william ,oliver1#h doctor of medicine1 philanthropist1 and inventor of biscuits4 ,it is1 judging from the form of the engraver's signature1 of about the same date as the ,wiltshire book-plate4 ,the shield1 bearing the ,oliver coat-of-arms1 rests upon a platform on which stand two figures1 as in the example last described2 but instead of these figures being representative of the drama and of literature1 they are an ancient and a modern medical practitioner3 the former1 perhaps1 even the god of medicine himself4 ,this was quite appropriate1 for ,oliver1 though a man of cultured tastes in varied walks of life1 and one who might have appropriately committed the care of his family escutcheon to the allegoric representatives of many arts1 was first and foremost a doctor of medicine4 ,the modern doctor is arrayed in cap and gown1 and stands on the left of the shield1 with hand outstretched towards his fellow of old time4 ,below the platform1 on a triangle1 is a club1 around which the serpent of sculapius entwines itself4 ,illustration ,oliver's life lasted for hard on seventy years--#afie to #agfd2 after settling at ,bath and commencing practice1 his rise to fame was remarkable for its rapidity1 and1 as quite early in his career he busied himself with hospital building1 hospital management1 and other good works1 he soon made for himself a number of enemies amongst his fellow-practitioners less capable and less energetic than himself4 ,as a physician and philanthropist he is now forgotten2 as the inventor of a biscuit he is remembered--for the ',bath ,oliver' still holds its own against the multitude of modern competitors1 and is still--so the makers say--prepared from ,dr4 ,oliver's original receipt4 ,that receipt he confided1 when on his death-bed1 to his coachman1 giving him #ajj in money and ten sacks of the finest flour wherewith to continue the production of the then already popular biscuits4 ,with the money the coachman opened a shop in ,green ,street1 ,bath1 and so got together a comfortable fortune4 ,of ,skinner1 to whom we owe these two plates1 we shall have more to say presently 7pp4 #bjc-bab71 in referring to the engravers of ,english book-plates4 ,ten years after the ,wiltshire plate comes our next distinctly ,allegoric book-plate1 engraved by a second-rate engraver for ',john ,duick4' ,i have not seen this plate1 but ,lord ,de ,tabley1 whose word-pictures are always good1 thus describes it3--',apollo with a broad ray effect round his head1 playing the lyre to the nine ,muses1 who are grouped around him2 the musical ones also assist in the concert with various instruments4 ,below are clouds1 above them appear the abrupt cliffs of ,helicon1 with ,pegasus launching himself into the air therefrom2 the fountain ,hippocrene1 tapped by his galloping hoofs1 descends the cliff-side in a cascade4' ,allegory also appears in the two book-plates engraved by ,sir ,robert ,strange about the middle of the eighteenth century2 those of his brother-in-law1 ,andrew ,lumisden1 secretary to ,prince ,charlie1 and of a ,dr4 ,thomas ,drummond4 ,the circumstances under which the former was engraved have been already referred to 7p4 #aa74 ,it is a sombre book-plate1 showing us1 before a dark background1 a slab with a bust at either end2 ',cupid' plays on the ground before the centre of the slab2 the ,lumisden arms are on a shield that lies in the left-hand corner2 and a heavy curtain hangs over the upper part of the design1 which is signed ',r4 ,strange1 sculpt4' ,dr4 ,drummond's book-plate 7see p4 #hi7 is a less heavy1 but not so finished a production1 and is drawn by ,t4 ,wale3 ,aurora soars at the top of the design1 and with her left hand pulls aside a curtain1 thus disclosing a view of the doctor's library4 ,in the centre is placed a table covered with cloth1 except at the right-hand corner2 here the drapery is raised so as to display the ornate workmanship of the table-leg4 ,on the cloth are a number of books1 some music1 and a flute2 before the table a globe1 and1 leaning against that1 a violoncello4 ,the general decoration of the room is classical1 and busts and statues are introduced1 though not with sufficient detail to be recognisable4 ,in ,aurora's right hand is a flaming torch1 held in dangerous proximity to the curtain4 ,after the date of these two plates comes another long interval--twenty years or so--before we reach the next truly ,allegoric book-plate designed in ,england4 ,we then find a decidedly graceful piece of work4 ,a hooded ,sibyl1 seated at the foot of a pyramid1 peruses attentively an open volume4 ,she leans her cheek upon her right hand1 whilst the left rests upon the book4 ,a caduceus1 against which rests a shield of arms1 lies at her feet4 ,the whole is contained in an oval wreath of berried laurel4 ,below is written3 ',e libris ,johis ,currer de ,kildwick1 ,arm4' ,this book-plate was afterwards altered for ',danson ,richardson ,currer1 de ,gledston1 ,arm1' and an inferior copy was used by a certain ,r4 ,h4 ,alexander ,bennet2 this is a much commoner book-plate than the ,currer--in either form4 ,illustration ,of much the same date is the far less graceful representation of allegory1 which appears on the book-plate of ',t4 ,gascoigne1 ,parlington1 in ,yorkshire4' ,here we have a representation of what1 we must presume1 is the interior of the ,parlington ,library2 but neither ',t4 ,gascoigne1' nor yet any other eighteenth century ,yorkshire gentleman1 is tasting the sweets of his literary collection2 the library is tenanted by a couple of mythological females1 of such substantial forms that ,lord ,de ,tabley thinks they must represent two ,yorkshire damsels masquerading1 one as a muse and the other as ,apollo4 ,the muse writes down either notes or words from ,apollo's dictation4 ,columns support the roof of the library1 and in a niche in the wall stands a small statue of ,minerva4 ,if ,mr4 ,gascoigne obtained the services of some ,yorkshire relatives to stand as models for the figures on his book-plate1 he probably did so when they were in town for the season1 for the work is signed by a ,bond ,street engraver4 ,about the year #agge1 ,english ,allegoric book-plates became more numerous1 and the allegory upon them assumes a grace in conception and execution not before known4 ,cipriani1 ,bartolozzi1 and his pupil ,sherwin1 were showing ,englishmen how allegory could be represented on book-plates without being clumsy and ridiculous1 and the lesser artists were imitating their work with more or less success4 ,one of ,bartolozzi's earliest book-plates was executed for ,sir ,foster ,cunliffe1 ,bart41 the descendant of a very famous ,liverpool merchant4 ,the ,cunliffe arms appear in mid-air1 resting upon a bank of clouds2 two exquisitely drawn cherubs support the shield1 over which is folded drapery4 ,the cherub on the dexter side is seated1 and holds a caduceus in his right hand4 ,the one on the sinister side is furnished with two trumpets1 and is blowing that in his left hand4 ,on a medallion above the shield is the ,cunliffe crest1 with the motto ,fideliter4 ,the plate1 which was afterwards altered for ,sir ,robert ,h4 ,cunliffe1 ,bart41 is1 in all probability1 ,cipriani's design1 for that artist signs his name as designer of an almost similar book-plate for ,jean ,tommins1 which was engraved by ,ford several years before4 ,a very coarse imitation of the design was also used by ,thomas ,anson of ,shughborough1 who intrusted the imitation to ,yates4 ,sir ,foster ,cunliffe was a grandson of ,foster ,cunliffe1 ,king ,charles the ,second's godson1 the ,liverpool merchant1 who1 according to ,foster's ,lancashire ,families1 'became not only the first man in ,liverpool1 but was supposed to have a more extended commerce than any merchant in the kingdom1 and declined all solicitations that he should represent ,liverpool in ,parliament4' ,the remarkably large example of ,bartolozzi's work which has often been described as the book-plate of ,george ,,iii41 does not appear ever to have been used as such4 ,in the previous edition of this book ,i alluded to it 7at p4 #fg7 as1 possibly1 a gift to the ,king1 in which1 at the expense of utility1 ,bartolozzi sought to display his gratitude to1 and admiration for1 the sovereign1 under whom he had come to reside2 it does not1 however1 seem that ,bartolozzi intended the engraving for a book-plate at all1 but designed it for the title-page of a folio volume1 issued in #agib1 which contained engravings of thirty-six statesmen of the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 from drawings by ,holbein4 ,i will give a short description of the engraving in question1 so that it may be more easily recognised by the collector1 if offered to him as a book-plate4 ,it shows us the arms of ,england1 as borne by ,george ,,iii41 prior to the ,union with ,ireland1 upheld in mid-air by three inhabitants of the skies4 ,above the shield a fourth celestial being is flying1 and at the same time holding aloft ,his ,majesty's crown4 ,on the left side of the plate is the figure of ,fame1 who1 on a long trumpet placed to her lips1 is evidently giving a sonorous blast4 ,this is perhaps the most uncomfortable part of the design1 for the whole weight of this somewhat massive young lady is upon the shield1 which we have said is in mid-air1 and only supported by three cherubs1 whose united muscular powers strike one as totally inadequate to bear the burden imposed upon them4 ,illustration ,in #agif1 ,bartolozzi1 then a ,royal ,academician1 executed his most beautiful book-plate4 ,it is inscribed ',h4 ,f4 ,bessborough1' and was made for ,lady ,henrietta ,frances ,spencer1 who1 in #aghj1 married ,frederick1 third ,earl of ,bessborough4 ,the design shows us a ,roman interior with an exquisitely drawn ,venus1 seated1 and holding in her left hand--which is uplifted--a burning human heart1 and in her right1 a dove4 ,behind her is a vase of flowers4 ,the other inmates of the room are two cupids1 who hold above the goddess a long scarf bearing ,lady ,bessborough's name4 ,the design is ,cipriani's4 ,besides his signature and that of the engraver1 there is also on the book-plate1 ',published ,dec4 #cj1 #agif1 by ,f4 ,bartolozzi4' ,it will be remembered that in #agce ,hogarth1 by his own exertions on behalf of his brother artists1 managed to get an ,act through ,parliament--a body that then probably cared little for art or artists--by which designers and engravers obtained a copyright in their own works2 and it is a singular testimony to the popularity of ,bartolozzi's work1 that on so trivial a work as a book-plate it was found necessary to adopt this formula of publication4 ,by the kindness of the ,hon4 ,gerald ,ponsonby1 ,i am enabled to state that ,bartolozzi's receipt for this 'ticket plate1' as he calls it1 bears as its date the #bith ,december #agif1 the day before the date of 'publication4' ,it is noteworthy that ,bartolozzi received #bj for his work4 ,the book-plate is given on the previous page4 ,quite distinct from this 'joyous' book-plate is another1 executed by the same artist for a ,spanish lady1 which we may class as ,english1 since it was no doubt engraved by him in ,england4 ,isabel de ,menezes1 the lady for whom this book-plate was designed1 was1 as she tells us on it1 in the seventy-first year of her age4 ,allegoric figures disporting themselves in youthful frolic would1 perhaps1 have been out of keeping on the book-plate of a lady at that sombre time of life1 and so the designer has run to the other extreme4 ,gloominess predominates in this book-plate4 ,a partly ruined square-built tomb is erected on a promontory above the sea2 briars and other creepers have grown round it and had covered it1 till the kneeling female figure drew them down in order to place upon the tomb a commemorative inscription4 ,beside the figure is a ,cupid1 who points to the newly-cut words4 ,it has been thought that this may have been designed for a visiting card2 it is quite in the fashion of such things at the date1 and it is likely enough that ,isabel de ,menezes used the plate both as a card and as a mark of ownership for her books4 ,there are1 besides those described1 a number of ,english book-plates which in style much resemble ,bartolozzi's work4 ,if they are his1 they probably date before #agif1 for the adoption of the publication formula1 before noticed1 makes it improbable that he executed any work1 whilst in ,england1 that he did not thus protect4 ,after his departure from this country1 he produced1 from a drawing by ,signeira1 a book-plate for ,sir ,thomas ,gage1 ,bart41 of ,hengrave ,hall1 ,suffolk4 ,in this1 a female figure sits upon a stone1 against which is a plain shield bearing the ,gage arms4 ,the plate is signed ',bartolozzi1 ,lisbon1 #ahje4' ,there is a distinct resemblance in this book-plate to that which was engraved1 either in #aghf or #aghg1 for ,richard ,hoare1 eldest son of the ,lord ,mayor of ,london4 ,he was created a baronet in the former year1 and died in the latter4 ,in this we have a seated female1 classically draped1 who rests her left elbow on a cippus1 on which is engraved a shield bearing the arms of ,hoare4 ,richard ,hoare married the heiress of ,stourhead1 and his son was ,sir ,richard ,colt ,hoare1 the famous antiquary and author4 ,the date at which this plate must have been executed1 #aghf or #aghg1 does not allow the absence of the engraver's name and formula of publication to tell against the work being ,bartolozzi's2 his fame was not then so great1 and he found it less necessary to protect his engravings from piracy 7see p4 #aig74 ,beautiful as are ,bartolozzi's book-plates1 it cannot be said that his capabilities as a designer or an engraver are demonstrated in these2 works of a larger kind showed forth his talents far more4 ,so1 then1 allegory at length came to be almost popular with ,english book-plate owners1 and various lesser artists--,henshaw1 ,roe1 ,pollard1 and some others--produced it in imitation of ,bartolozzi1 with only indifferent success4 ,but before ending this chapter1 we must say something about the book-plate work of ,bartolozzi's chief ,english pupil1 ,john ,keys ,sherwin4 ,in #aggc1 the year after he gained the ,royal ,academy's gold medal for drawing1 he executed an extremely pretty ,allegoric book-plate for ,john ,mitford of ,pitt's ,hill4 ,it represents an infant ,neptune1 with his trident1 seated on a large shell1 which is upon the back of a sea-horse4 ,young ,neptune's drapery forms a graceful canopy1 and he supports in his right hand a small shell1 which displays the ,mitford arms and crest4 ,a dolphin1 spouting water in fountain-like sprays1 swims by his side4 ,there are two states of this plate1 one having the arms incorrectly shaded3 both are signed by ,sherwin4 ,in closing our remarks on ,english book-plates1 designed after this fashion1 notice--though only a passing one1 for it is spoken of fully later on--must be taken of the charming book-plate which ,agnes ,berry designed in #agic for her friend ,mrs4 ,damer4 ,i mention it here only to associate it in the reader's mind with ',allegoric' book-plates4 ,so much for allegory on ,english book-plates4 ,it is to the credit of ,englishmen that ,allegoric work did not become popular until something really artistic in this particular style was produced1 and that1 even before that time1 allegory never ran quite so wild on ,english book-plates as it did on foreign examples4 ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis assures us that into one ,french book-plate of the last century were crowded the whole personnel of ,olympus6 ,,footnotes3 #g ,the design has been more recently used by ,thomas ,gainsford4 #h ,william ,oliver's plate from ,bibliographica1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dcd4 ,,chapter ,v ,,english ',,picture' ,,book-,,plates ,,in turning now to consider ,english book-plates which show us1 apart from the heraldry upon them1 things wholly real1 we find much that is interesting4 ,first1 we have ',portrait' book-plates1 those which1 either combined with heraldry or entirely without it1 show us the features of the owner of the volume4 ,there are but few of such book-plates1 but they are so interesting that we shall speak of them by themselves later on 7pp4 #baf-bbj72 they are common to all periods1 and the fashion of using them has increased lately4 ,then we have book-plates in which books themselves--book piles or book shelves--are the predominating feature in the design2 with these1 ,sir ,arthur ,vicars1 in the pages of the ,ex ,libris ,journal1 has dealt exhaustively4 ,though the book-plates which show us library interiors would seem naturally to come into this class of examples1 ,i have been forced to except the majority of them1 and to speak of them in the previous chapter1 as being in nearly every case at least tinged with allegory4 ,even in the sanctum of a doctor of divinity1 ,cupid frolics about as happy1 and as busy1 as in a maiden's boudoir4 ,still there are a few ',library ,interiors' entirely free from allegory4 ,take1 for instance1 the book-plate of ,sir ,robert ,cunliffe4 ,here we have the interior of a library with a window to the right4 ,every ornament is thoroughly ',chippendale' in character2 the legs of the table1 the cartouche 7which contains the name71 the shield1 and the woodwork surrounding the window4 ,on the table is a globe1 upon a stand1 the supports of which terminate in ,chippendale scrolls1 an inkstand with a pen on it1 and two books1 one closed1 and the other open4 ,there are numbers of books confusedly disposed on the shelves1 the ceiling of the room is plain1 and there is only a plain line for a cornice4 ,the arms occupy the centre of the plate1 and appear to be suspended in mid-air1 the foot of one of the scrolls only resting on the table4 ,again1 the book-plates of ',the ,manchester ,subscription ,library1' ',the ,manchester ,circulating ,library1' and ',the ,rochdale ,circulating ,library' all show interiors of libraries1 but free from allegoric inmates4 ,these three book-plates are nearly identical4 ,there are shelves of books at the sides1 a tiled floor1 a table in the foreground1 a panelled ceiling with a cornice2 and1 at the end of the room1 perhaps a passage4 ,there is a round arch containing a window of three lights1 the centre one having a round top4 ,the general appearance of the room is classical ,very similar is the book-plate of the ,liverpool ,library4 ,here we have a complicated ,chippendale bookcase1 with ten columns upon square bases1 and ornamental capitals of no particular style4 ,the shelves are filled with books1 and the two central divisions of the bookcase are all cupboards4 ,in the centre of the case1 among ,chippendale scrolls1 is the crest of the town1 and below the central division of the bookcase are the words ',liverpool ,library' in two lines4 ,below the whole is a large cartouche1 in the same style as the rest of the plate1 inscribed1 ',allowed for reading 4 4 4 4 days4 ,forfeiture1 4 4 4 d4 per day4' ,mr4 ,j4 ,paul ,rylands1 in his interesting ,notes on ,book-,plates1 tells us that this library1 now the ,lyceum1 was founded on the #ast of ,may #ageh2 the book-plate was1 no doubt1 engraved soon afterwards1 as all the ornamentation introduced is certainly ',chippendale4' ,so1 too1 is that on the book-plate engraved by ,john ,pine in #agej1 which the ,benchers of ,gray's ,inn used for their volumes4 ,here a shell-shaped shield1 bearing the arms of the ',learned and ,honourable ,society1' is apparently fastened on to a background of book-shelves filled with books4 ,so much for the ',library ,interiors4' ,the arrangement of the volumes in the other book-plates in which books form the chief feature of decoration1 is generally like that shown opposite in the book-plate of ,william ,hewer1 a ,commissioner of the ,navy1 and the friend and secretary of ,samuel ,pepys4 ,how the scroll1 on which are either the owner's arms or his name1 is supported1 is not clear4 ,illustration ,the book-plate of ,sir ,philip ,sydenham1 dated #afii1 when he was1 as he tells us1 twenty-three years of age1 offers another interesting example of the ,book-,pile design2 ,sir ,philip shows us his coat of arms on the face of the scroll1 on the lower roll of which1 in very small letters1 is written the inscription4 ,apparently neither this nor any of his other book-plates completely satisfied him1 for during the remaining forty years of his life he had more than half-a-dozen different plates designed1 and nearly all of these are found in various 'states4' ,there are1 ,mr4 ,fincham tells me1 some sixteen varieties of ,sir ,philip's book-plate2 many of his books are now in ,sion ,college ,library4 ,in the book-plate of ,white ,kennett1 who filled the ,see of ,peterborough from #agah to #agbh1 we see how the emblems of episcopacy are treated when introduced into book-plates of this type4 ,white ,kennett had other book-plates2 the rarest and earliest1 engraved when he was at college1 is in the ',simple ,armorial' style4 ,these ',book-,pile' plates appear at intervals down to the close of the century1 and the style has been recently revived by book-plate designers2 it is simple and certainly appropriate4 ,the approximate date of each example may be generally gathered from the shape of the shield containing the arms1 or the style of decoration around it4 ,we have yet to speak of by far the most numerous class of those ,english book-plates1 which may be properly brought into our second division of ',picture' book-plates--,i mean the examples which represent upon them a landscape1 either real or imaginary4 ,the real landscapes represented have1 of course1 some direct reference to the plate2 being a view1 either of the owner's house1 his park1 his parish church1 his town or village1 of some particular spot in the immediate vicinity of his residence1 or of some incident connected with his career or occupation--be it business1 profession1 or pleasure4 ,for instance1 ,horace ,walpole1 in one of his book-plates1 shows us a view of his ',palace of ,varieties' at ,strawberry ,hill 7see p4 #ajf74 ,again1 ,thomas ,gosden1 the angler sportsman and collector of angling literature1 introduces into his book-plate all sorts of angling and sporting gear1 even to a capacious whisky flask4 ',the ,honble ,robert ,henry ,southwell1 ,lieut4 #ast ,regiment of ,horse1 #agfg1' flanks his shield with various kinds of military weapons and trophies2 whilst ',captain ,william ,locker1 ,royal ,navy1' shows us the swelling bosom of a man-of-war 'foretop gallant' sail1 on which is figured his coat of arms4 ,we will speak first of those book-plates on which the landscape is real1 and we will call them ',view' plates4 ,probably the earliest of these is the very interesting one 7see p4 #aje71 which was engraved by ,mynde about #aggj for the ,library of the ,public ,record ,office1 then in the ,tower of ,london2 here we have a remarkably faithful representation of the historic building4 ,the date at which the ,tower book-plate was probably engraved adds to its interest4 ,plates in this style hardly appear at all before #aggh or #aghj1 and do not become common till five or six years later4 ,the book-plate of ',peter ,muilman of ,king ,st41 ,london1 and ,kirby ,hall1 ,castle ,hedingham1 ,essex1' is one which1 ,i think1 may be classed among ',view' plates1 since the ruins depicted on it have certainly the appearance of having been sketched from the remains of some feudal stronghold1 perhaps from ,castle ,hedingham itself4 ,in front of the ruins is a wooded lawn1 on which two robust cupids are wrestling for the ,muilman escutcheon4 ,kirby ,hall is not shown3 no doubt this was a comfortable ,georgian house round the corner1 where ,peter and his family spent their summer holidays away from the bustle and smoke of ,king ,street4 ,presumably1 the ruins of the castle were left standing in the park for ornament's sake1 to give a tone of feudalism to the ,muilman domain1 whose owner1 save by his book-plate1 is not known to fame4 ,the plate was engraved by ,terry of ,paternoster ,row1 probably about #agge1 so that this again is an early example of its kind4 ,illustration ,among other notable specimens of these ',view' book-plates may be mentioned that which ,pye1 a ,birmingham engraver1 executed for ',t4 ,w4 ,greene' of ,lichfield4 ,here we have an oval-shaped shield1 bearing the arms of ,greene1 resting against a tree-stump4 ,in the distance is a river1 and ,lichfield ,cathedral4 ,later on1 ,pye engraved a very similar book-plate for another ,lichfield man--an attorney named ,nicholson1 who went to live at ,stockport4 ,this shows ,nicholson's residence on the margin of a sheet of water4 ,the arms rest against a shattered oak-tree4 ,a local view--one of ,darlington--also appears on the book-plate of ,george ,allen1 who describes himself as of that town4 ,collectors are wont to reckon as the most interesting example of a view book-plate the vignette of ,horace ,walpole's house at ,strawberry ,hill1 with his arms hanging on a shield from a withered tree4 ,mr4 ,wheatley1 however1 who is inclined to attribute the design to ,walpole's friend1 ,bentley1 has suggested 7,bibliographica1 vol4 iii4 p4 #hh7 that the vignette was never used as a book-plate1 but was exclusively reserved as a kind of printer's device for the adornment of the books printed at the ,strawberry ,hill ,press4 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks has four varieties of the vignette1 one engraved on wood and three on copper2 and ,i have certainly seen at least one of them doing duty as a book-plate1 but whether rightfully or not it is impossible to say4 ,modern examples of ,view book-plates were1 till quite recently1 rare4 ,one of the quaintest is furnished by that used by the late ,dr4 ,kendrick of ,warrington1 and engraved for him in #ahee2 here we have a view of the doctor's town as it was in #aghc and a picture of a 'loyal ,warrington ,volunteer' of #agih4 ,quite a useful historical print6 ,now let me say a word about the ,picture book-plates on which the landscape is a fancy one4 ,prominent amongst these is that of ',gilbert ,wakefield1' which shows us a pretty scene3 a stag stoops to drink from a rivulet that trickles through a wood4 ,very much later in date is a charming vignette1 representing a rock1 over which a stream of water trickles and sparkles as it falls into a pool below4 ,ferns and flags grow in the pool4 ,the book-plate belonged to ,joseph ,priestley1 and on that account we mention it after ,wakefield's4 ,priestley was quite as bitter a ,dissenter and as ardent a controversialist as ,gilbert ,wakefield1 though it is more as a man of science that most people remember him4 ,his name is so intimately associated with ,birmingham politics at the time of the ,french ,revolution1 that the fact of his book-plate being engraved by a ,birmingham man--it is signed ',allen sct4 ,birmingm'--becomes the more interesting1 and enables us to assign the engraving to a marked period in the owner's life--the time when his friendship with ,lord ,shelburne began to cool1 and when1 settling down at ,birmingham1 he began work on his ,history of the ,corruptions of ,christianity4 ,james ,yates1 who edited ,priestley's collected works1 used the same book-plate1 after altering the name upon it4 ,another delightfully rural scene is depicted on the book-plate of ',john ,hews ,bransby4' ,his motto reads1 ,breve et irreparabile tempus2 and he shows a rustic landscape1 in which the figures represented have evidently learnt the truth of the assertion4 ,the sower scatters seed1 the ploughboy is engaged with his team1--all are making the most of their time1 yet there is no sign of hurry or bustle4 ,the day is fine1 but clouds hover in the sky4 ,on the left1 a cottage nestles in the trees1 and the smoke from its chimney tells of the housewife within preparing a meal for those who are earning it by their labour without4 ,so much for landscapes having direct reference to the book-plates on which they appear4 ,often1 however1 the landscape is purely a fancy one1 as that on the book-plate of ,gregory ,louis ,way4 ,a river flows through fields1 and beside it sits an armour-coated knight1 who is either wearied with the fight1 or bowed down by the fickleness of his lady4 ,his shield rests beside him1 and on it are depicted the arms of ,way4 ,the moon sheds upon the scene what light she is able1 but the sky is overcast and stormy4 ,i must not close this chapter without reference to the book-plates produced by ,thomas ,bewick1 many of which are familiar enough--as examples of ,bewick's art--to those who know little about book-plates1 and do not collect them4 ,his are certainly for the most part ',landscape' plates2 but ,i do not know whether to class them with these examples of ',view' book-plates1 or with those which ,i have christened ',fancy ,landscapes4' ,they were chiefly engraved for northern book-owners1 but one can hardly say that the particular bit of scenery on each--though1 doubtless1 in most cases drawn from nature--has any special applicability to the owner4 ,i will therefore speak here of ,bewick's book-plates as forming a class by themselves4 ,his first was prepared for ,thomas ,bell1 and is dated #agig1 so that it is inaccurate to speak of ,bewick as the originator of the ,landscape style in book-plates2 he found the style already followed by many engravers1 and his taste and skill brought it to perfection4 ,the ,bell plate is not uncommon1 as the books for which it was engraved were sold in #ahfj4 ,it shows1 in the foreground of a landscape1 an oval shield1 inscribed ',t4 ,bell1 #agig1' and resting against a decayed tree4 ,in the distance are trees1 and above them rises the tower of ,st4 ,nicholas's ,church1 in ,newcastle--a favourite object with ,bewick4 ,it is also introduced by ,ralph ,beilby into the book-plate of ,brand1 the antiquary4 ,out of the hundred or so book-plates designed or engraved by ,bewick1 it is difficult to know which to select for comment2 but from the interest which attaches to its owner1 that of ,robert ,southey 7figured on p4 #aaa7 suggests itself4 ,here we have a rock1 thickly crowned with shrubbery1 from which a stream of water falls into a brook below4 ,against the face of the rock leans an armorial shield1 bearing the ,southey arms--a chevron between three crosses crosslet4 ,on the ground to the right of the shield1 and in contact with it1 is the helmet1 supporting on a wreath the crest--an arm vested and couped at the elbow1 holding in the hand a crossed crosslet4 ,across the sinister chief corner of the shield1 and trailing thence to the ground1 is thrown the riband bearing the motto ,in labore quies4 ,the date of the book-plate is probably about #ahaj4 ,not only ,newcastle itself1 but the whole line of country along the river thence to ,tynemouth1 seems to have been ,bewick's sketching ground1 and many of his sketches he used for book-plates4 ,jarrow and ,tynemouth itself were particularly favourite spots4 ,of the latter place his views were mostly taken from the sea1 and afford us delightful pictures of water1 shipping1 and the ruins of ,tynemouth ,priory4 ,the book-plate of ',charles ,charlton1 ,m4,d41' is one of these4 ,illustration3 ,,southey',s ,,book-,,plate ,,by ,,bewick4 ,a great many of the ordinary bits of landscape which ,bewick used for book-plates he afterwards utilised as tailpieces for various books illustrated by him4 ,the book-plate of the ',rev4 ,h4 ,cotes1 ,vicar of ,bedlington1 #ahjb1' which shows us the reverend gentleman busily engaged in fishing1 doubtless a favourite sport with him1 is an instance of this diverted use2 but in this case we know the history of the plate4 ,mr4 ,cotes had practically edited the artist's second volume of ,british ,birds1 and1 as a slight return1 ,bewick prepared for him the book-plate in question2 but1 owing to a subsequent quarrel1 the artist never gave the parson the block1 turning it instead to his own account4 ,there are a great many more copper-plate book-plates by ,bewick than is generally supposed4 ,one of the most elaborate is that of ',buddle ,atkinson1' which represents a bubbling trout-stream1 into which an angler casts his line3 in the foreground is a crest enclosed in a shield4 ,other copper-plate work by ,bewick is found in the book-plates of ',edward ,moises1 ,a4,m4'--a shield of arms1 with books1 pens1 artists' tools of all kinds1 and musical instruments2 ',james ,charlton' and ',a4 ,clapham'--,tyneside scenes2 ',j4 ,h4 ,affleck1 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne'--a shield of arms1 in the midst of flowers and foliage2 ',thos ,carr1 ,newcastle'--a spring of water flowing from a rock2 and some few others4 ,examples of the more unusual designs in ,bewick's book-plates1 i4e4 those in which scenery is not depicted1 are found in the book-plates of ',john ,anderson1 ,st4 ,petersburgh'--a sportsman on horseback1 which was afterwards utilised as a vignette in ,british ,birds2 ',mr4 ,bigges'--a figure of liberty2 ',alexr ,doeg1 shipbuilder'--a just-completed ship1 still standing on the stocks2 and several others1 which simply show the shield of arms and owner's name4 ,one reason why ,bewick was so successful as an engraver of book-plates lay in the fact that his ability was most conspicuous in a small design4 ,the work of such men as ,hogarth or ,bartolozzi seems cramped when it appears on the small scale which alone a book-plate can admit2 but with ,bewick1 the smaller the size of the scene he desired to represent1 the greater was his skill in introducing into it both originality and beauty4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,german ,,book-,,plates ,i ,,have said that the use of book-plates1 whether as commemorative of gifts or as marks of ownership1 originated in ,germany4 ,here1 well before the close of the fifteenth century1 we find at least three undoubted book-plates1 examples of which have survived until the present day1 and have recently been discovered fulfilling the function for which they were originally intended4 ,fastened to the cover of an old ,latin vocabulary was discovered the most ancient of these book-plates4 ,it is printed from a wood-block1 and is rough in execution4 ,it shows us a hedgehog carrying a flower in its mouth1 trampling over fallen leaves2 above is the inscription1 ',hans ,igler1 das dich ein igel kuss4' ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,hildebrande ,,brandenburg4 ,following1 in point of date1 closely after this curious book-plate1 comes a small woodcut1 representing an angel who holds a shield1 on which is displayed a black ox1 with a ring passed through its nose--the arms of the ,brandenburg family4 ,a written inscription beneath it states that the book for which it was intended1 and in which it was found1 belonged to ,hildebrande ,brandenburg of ,biberach1 who presented it to the ,carthusian monastery of ,buxheim1 of which he was a monk4 ,this book-plate1 which is rudely coloured1 is struck off on scraps of paper1 printed on one side2 a curious illustration of the then scarcity of that material4 ,oddly enough1 another very early book-plate--probably of almost the same date as the last--was also found in a book which belonged to the same monastery1 and which had been given to it by ,wilhelm von ,zell4 ,this book-plate also is anonymous2 but the volumes that contained it1 as in the last case1 bear a written inscription1 recording the fact that they belonged to the monastery in question1 and were the gift of the person whose arms are figured in the book-plate inserted4 ,from the fact that two of the three known fifteenth century book-plates are connected with the monastery at ,buxheim1 it would seem as if the use of a book-plate commended itself to the librarian of that monastery1 who commemorated the gifts of volumes by a book-plate bearing the donor's arms4 ,in the sixteenth century1 ,german book-plates became numerous1 and of their beauty there can be no doubt4 ,there is a difficulty1 however1 in accepting many of the early armorial woodcuts which one finds2 and it is this3 ,suppose the example is no longer doing duty in a volume as a book-plate1 there is really no means of being assured that the cut of arms is a book-plate at all2 for very many of these plates are void of any inscription1 save perhaps a text or motto4 ,some of these book-plates are probably the work1 or from the design1 of ,albert ,drer4 ,he certainly produced some undoubted examples2 the earliest1 actually dated1 in #aeaf4 ,this is the ,ebner book-plate 7see p4 #aai74 ,the inscription on this leaves us in no doubt as to its intended use3 ',liber ,hieronimi ,ebner1 #aeaf4' ,eight years after completing the ,ebner plate1 ,drer engraved on copper a ,portrait plate of ,bilibald ,pirckheimer1 a ,nuremberg jurist of some note1 who became councillor to ,maximilian ,i41 and was the owner of a library1 whose subsequent history has been told in ',books about ,books' by ,mr4 ,elton in his ,great ,book ,collectors4 ,now this ,portrait plate1 which is dated #aebd1 was undoubtedly used by ,pirckheimer as his book-plate4 ,there are plenty of known instances in which it may be still found fastened in at the end of a volume4 ,whether or not it was intended for any other purpose than that which ,i have here mentioned1 we cannot say1 for it bears no inscription expressing its use4 ,however--very possibly at the same date--,drer designed for ,pirckheimer what was1 without doubt1 intended for a book-plate1 since it bears the inscription1 ',liber ,bilibaldi ,pirckheimer4' ,this is1 in many instances1 found on the front cover of volumes which also contain the book-plate last described fastened on the back cover4 ,it is a very striking book-plate4 ,a strangely large helmet1 on which is placed an equally large crest1 surmounts a pair of shields4 ,the dexter one bears the arms of ,pirckheimer--a birke or birch-tree2 whilst the sinister bears those of his wife1 ,margretha ,rieterin--a crowned mermaid with two tails1 each of which she holds in her hands4 ,pirckheimer's arms show the curious punning heraldry of the time1 the birke being1 no doubt1 a playful allusion to the jurist's name4 ,clasping the helmet are two angels4 ,on either side of the shield is a large cornucopia apparently filled with grapes and vine leaves1 and amongst these stands a smaller angel holding one end of a heavy festoon1 the other end of which is fastened to a ram's head1 the centre of the design4 ,angels1 apparently at play1 are also represented below the shield4 ,examples of this plate are not uncommon in ,english collections1 many of ,pirckheimer's books having passed into the ,library of the ,royal ,society1 and some of these having been sold as duplicates1 when they were bought up by collectors for the sake of the book-plate4 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks points out to me that there is yet a third variety of ,pirckheimer's book-plate1 which is signed ',j4 ,b4 #aebi1' and is not the work of ,drer4 ,illustration ,the book-plate of ,hector ,pmer1 provost of the ,church of ,st4 ,laurence at ,nuremberg1 dated in #aebe1 is also ascribed to ,drer1 though it is signed with the initials ',r4 ,a4' ,this signature is probably that of the artist who cut the design upon wood1 for it is now maintained that ,drer himself only made the drawings for the woodcuts known as his2 the mechanical operation of cutting being handed over to assistants4 ,the ,pmer plate is the earliest dated book-plate which bears a signature either of the designer or the engraver4 ,the size of this really fine example of early wood-engraving is #ac inches by #i4 ,on the principal shield in the design we have what are no doubt the arms of the monastery1 the gridiron of ,st4 ,laurence1 quartering those of ,pmer4 ,the gridiron is on the first and fourth quarters1 whilst the second and third contain what is heraldically described as per bend sable 787 and argent1 three bendlets of the first4 ,we say 'sable1' because the dark mass which the artist has here shown is probably meant to represent this1 but any dark colour may have been intended1 as ,i have already endeavoured to show 7see p4 #bc74 ,these last arms are very probably ,pmer's1 for1 in one of the small shields which appear in each of the four corners of the design1 they occur again--the other three shields being most likely filled with arms quartered by the ,pmer family4 ,the helmet surmounting the principal shield is without wreath1 and the crest is a demi-nun4 ,the motto1 ',to the pure all things are pure1' is given1 as in other of ,drer's book-plates1 in ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,latin4 ,in charge of the shield stands ,st4 ,laurence himself1 dressed in a monk's garb1 and holding in his right hand the instrument of his martyrdom1 and in his left the palm of martyrdom4 ,the nimbus appears around his head4 ,the beauty of the design is apparent at the first glance1 and it becomes more apparent as we look into it4 ,dr4 ,hector ,pmer was the last ,prior of the ,abbey of ,st4 ,laurence in ,nuremberg4 ,to him ,erasmus gave a copy of his edition of the works of ,st4 ,ambrose1 issued from ,froben's press4 ,that very copy is in the possession of the ,rev4 ,h4 ,w4 ,pereira1 and in each of the two thick volumes in which the work is contained is ,pmer's book-plate4 ,one is struck with the exquisite detail and treatment2 as ,mr4 ,pereira says1 in describing the plate1 the expression and figure of ,st4 ,laurence is full of sweetness and tender pathos4 ,the list of ',armories' by ,drer1 as printed by ,bartsch in vol4 vii4 of the ,peintre-,graveur1 gives us some twenty examples1 any of which may have been used as book-plates4 ,some idea as to whether or not an early armorial plate is really a book-plate may1 however1 be gained by taking its measurement4 ,a very large engraving should be regarded with suspicion1 though not necessarily rejected as a book-plate on account of its size4 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks possesses a magnificent book-plate1 measuring no less than #ad #aj inches1 which is at this moment still fulfilling its original functions4 ,this is certainly the largest example yet discovered4 ,it has been known to collectors for some time in what was believed to be a perfect state1 but the copy just mentioned shows that what was thought to be the whole was in reality only a portion of the design1 since it lacked the elaborate framework1 which is richly embellished with weapons and ensigns1 as well as with musical instruments of every description4 ,this book-plate belonged to ,count ,maximilian ,louis ,breiner1 a distinguished official of the ,emperor of ,austria in ,lombardy4 ,a striking feature in it is the introduction1 above the arms of the owner of the plate1 of those of ,austria1 surmounted by the imperial crown1 supported by a couple of cherubs4 ,both the design and engraving are the work of ,giuseppe ,petrarca1 who probably produced them during the closing years of the seventeenth century4 ,illustration ,quite in a distinct style from the other ,german book-plates mentioned is that figured opposite1 which may be dated about the year #aecj4 ,it is interesting from its owner1 one ,paulus ,speratus1 an ardent preacher of the ,lutheran doctrine at ,augsburg1 ,wrttemberg1 ,salzburg1 and ,vienna1 and afterwards ,bishop of ,pomerania1 who proved himself ready to undergo suffering in the cause he imagined to be right4 ,he was born in #adhd1 and died in #aeed4 ,the shading in the arms is very peculiar1 expressing as it does1 on the first and fourth divisions of the shield1 argent and vert at a period1 as we have seen1 long anterior to the use of lines or dots to express the metals or tinctures in heraldry4 ,an explanation is no doubt to be found in the fact that the artist only intended to represent some light colour in the shaded parts1 in the same way as in the second and third divisions of the shield he desired in the thickly inked parts to represent sable4 ,the book-plate is now preserved in a copy of the ,psalms translated into ,russian by ,francis ,skorina1 and printed at ,wilna about the year #aebe4 ,the peculiar inscription on this book-plate is referred to on p4 #aff4 ,we have spoken somewhat fully about these early examples of ,german book-plates1 because1 both from the fact that they are the earliest known to us1 and that several of them are the designs of ,albert ,drer1 they have a very special interest4 ,space precludes the possibility of alluding in detail to later ,german examples1 though they are1 many of them1 exceedingly beautiful specimens of the engraver's art1 as indeed they may well be considering the men who engraved them--,lucas ,cranach1 ,jost ,amman1 ,hans ,troschel1 ,wolffgang ,kilian of ,augsburg1 and the uncle and nephew ,giles and ,joseph ,sadeler4 ,let me1 however1 speak very tersely of a few examples of the productions of these artists1 in order that the reader's attention may be attracted should he come across a specimen of their work4 ,two woodcuts by ,lucas ,cranach have certainly been used as book-plates1 though not designed by the artist as such1 for they both appear among other cuts in a work illustrated by him4 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks possesses both varieties4 ,in one1 we have a half-length figure of ,st4 ,paul4 ,he is seated1 and reading a book1 the lines of which he follows with his finger4 ,his head is surrounded with the nimbus1 whilst a shaggy beard nearly covers the face4 ,the right hand holds a double sword with the points upwards2 beneath this is the shield of the ,elector of ,saxony4 ,above the upper line of the plate is an inscription1 showing that it was intended to mark the volumes belonging to the 'preachership' 7',predicatur'7 at ,oringen4 ,the other woodcut by ,cranach is very similar in design1 but the figure represented is that of ,st4 ,peter1 and it bears the inscription ',stadt ,orngau4' ,it is worth remarking that in one instance at least1 on removing the book-plate portraying ,st4 ,paul1 a smaller hand-drawn book-plate was found1 which consisted of a shield half red and half white1 and upon it a key1 placed in pale1 countercharged4 ,there is no inscription on this book-plate1 nor is there any margin shown--the paper being cut close to the design4 ,jost ,amman is another ,german artist who leaves us in a difficulty as to deciding as to which of his many armorial engravings were really intended for book-plates4 ,one undoubted book-plate by him1 however1 exists1 and this was designed for a member of the ,nuremberg family of ,holzschuher--',wooden shoes4' ,wooden shoes1 or sabots1 appear as charges on the shield1 and afford another example of the punning heraldry which was then fashionable in ,germany4 ,this is a fine book-plate1 engraved on copper1 and signed ',j4 ,a4'2 its size1 #g-c_/d #f-a_/h inches4 ,the shield is supported by two angels and a lion4 ,hans ,sibmacher or ,siebmacher was another ,nuremberg engraver2 he worked there quite at the close of the sixteenth century and in the early years of the seventeenth4 ,he also executed a book-plate for a member of the ,holzschuher family4 ,this is a more elaborate piece of work than ,amman's1 though smaller 7#d-a_/b #c-c_/h inches74 ,its characteristic feature is a closely-woven wreath of leaves1 with clusters of fruit and ornaments introduced at intervals4 ,seated on this wreath1 at the top of the design1 are two reading cherubs clothed in 'nature unadorned4' ,below the design is an oblong and indented bracket4 ,hans ,troschel's work as a book-plate engraver is illustrated by the book-plate of yet another ,nuremberg man--,john ,william ,kress of ,kressenstain1 dated in #afai4 ,in this we are shown a shield set in an oval wreath of leaf-work4 ,the helmet which surmounts it displays some elaborate work2 finely-cut mantling extends itself from this on the right side and on the left2 and above is a cornet1 which encircles the crest4 ,the whole is enclosed in a circle of leaves and berries1 somewhat similar to that just described in speaking of ,sibmacher's work2 but outside this1 at each of the four corners of the plate1 are small shields surmounted by helmets and crests1 and containing the arms of the four families from which he immediately descended1 their names being given4 ,nestling amongst the mantling on the left side of the design is a distinct shield1 on which are depicted the arms of ,susanna ,koler1 wife of the owner of the book-plate4 ,wolffgang ,kilian 7born #aeha1 died #affb7 was an ,augsburg man1 and the book-plate which bears his signature and the date1 #afce1 is that of an ,augsburg church dignitary--,sebastian ,myller1 suffragan-bishop of ,adramytteum1 and ,canon of ,augsburg4 ,in its ornamentation it bears some resemblance to an ,english ,jacobean book-plate4 ,above the shield is the head of a cherub1 on which the episcopal mitre is made to rest in a somewhat comical manner2 the cherub's wings protrude over the top of1 and into1 the shield4 ,the inscription is contained in an oval band2 outside this is an oval leaf-wreath1 and outside this again an indented frame4 ,wolffgang was a younger brother of the more noted ,lucas ,kilian4 ,both brothers studied at ,venice1 and were pupils of their stepfather1 ,dominick ,custos1 who was himself a designer of book-plates4 ,of ,giles ,sadeler's work--the ,count of ,rosenberg's book-plate--,i shall speak directly 7pp4 #acj1 #aca74 ,an example of his nephew's engraving is afforded by the book-plate of ,ferdinand von ,hagenau1 dated in #afdf4 ,in later times--the eighteenth century--other distinguished ,german artists 'stooped' to book-plate engraving4 ,amongst them was ,daniel ,nicholas ,chodowiecki 7the son of a ,dantzig drug merchant71 born in #agbf4 ,chodowiecki is best known as a book-illustrator1 in which his great knowledge of costume--at a period when the point was little studied--stood him in good stead4 ,his book-plates are probably few2 only four or five are known4 ,one of the most elaborate in design is that of a ,german doctor of medicine1 dated in #agib1 nine years before the artist's death4 ,in this example much of the sensational style of the generality of his work manifests itself4 ',the book-plate1' says ,lord ,de ,tabley1 'in its motive reminds us much of those allegoric framed certificates of membership which various sick clubs and benefit societies accord to their members at the present day4 ,in the foreground1 sculapius is pushing out a skeleton draped in a long white sheet1 with a scythe across its shoulder4 ,the god is sturdily applying his serpent-twined staff to the somewhat too solid back of the terrible phantom4 ,behind1 beneath a kind of pavilion1 lies a sick person in bed2 his hands are upraised in silent thankfulness as he watches the prowess of the healing deity4' ,the book-plate was engraved for ,dr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,schintz4 ,besides this1 ,chodowiecki engraved1 about #aggj1 a book-plate for himself1 and1 about ten years later1 one for the ,french seminary at ,berlin4 ,illustration ,the book-plate of ,dr4 ,schintz calls to mind a somewhat earlier ,german example1 engraved by ,boetius from a design by ,wernerin 7whose signature appears on some varieties of the plate71 about the middle of the last century4 ,it is figured opposite1 and is perhaps the most gloomy book-plate that it ever entered into the mind of man to conceive4 ,a skeleton sits upon a coffin1 or a coffin-shaped tomb1 holding in his right hand a pair of scales1 and in his left a scythe2 in the lighter balance of the scales is a scroll1 bearing the inscription1 ',dan4 v4 #be1 ,mene ,tekel'2 in the background we see monuments1 ,lombardy poplars or cypress-trees1 and a distant landscape4 ,this uninviting picture is contained in a frame1 inscribed1 in a medallion above1 ',e ,bibliotheca ,woogiana1' and below1 ,nominor libra3 libratus ne levis unquam ,inveniar1 prsta pondere1 ,christe1 tuo1--a motto in which the owner makes a play upon the derivation of his name from wage1 the ,german for a weight or balance1 and asks the bestowal of divine weight on the day of soul-weighing4 ,as compared with ,german book-plates1 those of other countries are sadly deficient in artistic composition4 ,the former1 particularly examples of the seventeenth century1 are ornate and well designed4 ,take1 for instance1 the really magnificent book-plate of ,peter ,vok1 ,ursinus1 ,count of ,rosenberg1 dated '#afji4' ,it is engraved on copper1 and measures #aj inches by #f4 ,in a central circular medallion1 #c-b_/c inches in diameter1 is depicted the owner1 arrayed in armour1 and seated on a richly caparisoned war-horse1 plumed1 and going at full speed across a landscape of hillocks4 ,on his breastplate is an escutcheon bearing his arms2 a knight's sword is in his hand4 ,round the margin of the medallion runs a wreath of roses4 ,platforms come out on either side of the medallion1 and on each of these there stands a figure about #e inches in height2 the one on the left is a female symbolical form1 clad in flowing drapery1 and holding in one hand the cup of the ,eucharist1 and in the other a cross4 ,a somewhat similar figure stands on the right1 holding in her hand a tablet1 inscribed ,verbum ,domini manet in eternum4 ,the medallion rests upon two bears--an allusion1 of course1 to the family name of the owner1 ,ursinus--crouching between the two female figures described4 ,the face of the altar-like platform below is divided into one central and two lateral compartments1 of which the side ones project forward4 ,on the right lateral slab is an escutcheon1 charged simply with the ,rosenberg rose2 whilst on the left we see the family arms1 as on the breastplate1 but surmounted with an ermine-faced crown4 ,on the central slab is a skull resting on two shin-bones4 ,reaching across the upper portion of the design is an oblong tablet1 with indented shelly scroll-work edges1 and a background border of large full-blown roses1 with thorny stems4 ,with the inscription1 which is appropriately pompous1 ,i need not trouble the reader2 but ,i have thought it worth while to give here 7following ,lord ,de ,tabley's example1 and using sometimes his words7 a very full verbal picture of this truly magnificent book-plate1 in order that the pitch of elaboration to which a ,german book-plate can be carried may be understood4 ,suffice it to add that this work of art was engraved by ,giles ,sadeler1 the ,antwerp-born engraver1 who1 after studying in ,italy1 was invited by the ,emperor ,rudolph ,,ii4 to enter his service at ,prague2 in short1 to become what he styles himself in his signature to this book-plate--',engraver to ,his ,imperial ,majesty4' ,less elaborate1 yet very beautifully engraved1 are the book-plates used in the ,electoral ,library of the ,dukes of ,bavaria at ,munich4 ,on one1 dated in #afah1 the largest variety of which is #g inches high and #e-a_/b broad1 we have the arms of the ,duchy enclosed by the collar of the ,golden ,fleece4 ,winged ,caryatides support the ,electoral crown1 whilst below is an arabesqued platform1 on which is the inscription3 ,ex ,bibliotheca ,serenissimorum ,utriusque ,bavari ,ducum1 #afah4 ,a smaller variety of this plate is figured opposite4 ,some twenty years later1 a still larger and more ornate book-plate 7#aj #g inches7 was designed for use in the same library4 ,here the arms are in an oval frame1 surrounded by the ,golden ,fleece2 on the right and left are inverted cornucopi1 and the crown is held aloft by four cherubs4 ,all the book-plates of this library exist in a great variety of design1 and nearly all the varieties are found in different sizes4 ,illustration ,these examples are typical of many other ,german book-plates2 the conception of the design is excellent1 and its working out is equally good4 ,in later times1 the work on book-plates perhaps deteriorated1 because it fell1 to a large extent1 into inferior hands4 ,yet ,germany can show several very creditable examples in the eighteenth century4 ,some of those which give the view of a library interior are decidedly pleasing2 they appear soon after the commencement of the century4 ,the libraries represented have usually one or more mythological inmates2 but1 in one instance1 the owner is in possession1 and is seen hard at work amongst his volumes4 ,in concluding this chapter1 it may be noted that examples of name-tickets are found in ,germany as in other countries4 ,perhaps the earliest is one 7first noticed1 ,i believe1 by ,mr4 ,weale7 in a copy at the ,bodleian ,library of a ,german ,psalter printed at ,augsburg in #adih4 ,this reads1 ',sum ,magistri ,georgii ,mayrii ,monacencis' i4e4 of ,munich1 with the motto1 ',melius est pro veritate pati supplicium1 quam pro adulatione consequi beneficium4' ,the same inscription has been written in ink on the title-page1 with the added date #aeac1 and afterwards--no doubt a few years later when the label was printed and placed in the book--crossed through4 ,the most complete work on ,german book-plates that has yet made its appearance is ,herr ,warnecke's ,die ,deutschen ,bcherzeichen1 ,berlin1 #ahij2 but a work properly classifying the different styles of ,german book-plates1 and affixing to these styles covering dates1 has yet to be written4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,the ,,book-,,plates ,,of ,,france ,,and ,,other ,,countries ,,france1 so far as a generally descriptive account of her book-plates is concerned1 is certainly more fortunate than her neighbour ,germany4 ,french book-plates received attention1 in the shape of a capital work upon them1 before those of any other country were similarly honoured4 ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis's ,les ,ex libris ,franais made its first appearance in #ahgd1 and bears evident testimony to the fact that the author had for many years previously made an attentive study of his native book-plates4 ,since the appearance of ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis's work1 book-plate collecting in ,france1 as well as in other countries1 has been vigorously carried on1 and earlier examples of dated ,french book-plates than those then known have come to light4 ,the most ancient of these is one dated #aegd 7the same year1 it will be noted1 as that of the plate of ,sir ,nicholas ,bacon71 but it is simply typographical1 having no kind of design whatever4 ,it reads3 ',ex bibliotheca ,caroli ,albosii ,e4 ,eduensis4 ,ex labore quies4' ,no ,armorial book-plate bearing an engraved date appears in ,france until thirty-seven years later1 when we1 at last1 meet with that of ,alexandre ,bouchart1 ,vicomte de ,blossville1 engraved by ,lonard ,gaultier1 and1 in the copy in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 dated #afaa4 ,a variety of this book-plate1 undated1 unsigned1 and probably not by the same hand1 exists in the collection of ,sir ,wollaston ,franks4 ,the field in the ,bouchart arms is gules1 though the lines shown in the engraving of the undated plate would1 according to the present system1 represent it as azure 7see remarks on this point at p4 #bb74 ,after the ,bouchart book-plate1 we have1 in #afac1 that of ,melchior de la ,valle1 ,canon of ,nancy1 given by ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis as dated in #afaa1 and then1 in #afdd1 a roughly-executed anonymous book-plate signed ',raigniauld ,riomi1 #afdd4' ,the arms are untinctured1 and leaflike mantling falling from the helmet surrounds the shield2 there is no crest4 ,raigniauld--or1 as the modern spelling of the name is1 ,regnault--is not a known engraver4 ,riomi is an old-fashioned town of ,auvergne4 ,other ,french book-plates of the seventeenth century1 both dated and undated1 exist2 but ,france is undeniably behind ,germany both in the number of her early book-plates and in their beauty2 for instance1 we do not in ,france find those numerous book-plates of ecclesiastical corporations which so much swell the list of early ,german examples4 ,the subject of ,french ecclesiastical book-plates has1 indeed1 received special treatment from ,father ,ingold1 himself a ,french ecclesiastic2 and he is compelled to admit that such book-plates are not numerous and not ancient4 ,the old way seems to have been for the monastic official in charge of the convent library to inscribe each volume with some appropriate inscription4 ,these are in themselves interesting2 but book-plate lovers must regret the existence of the fashion4 ,the earliest ,french ecclesiastical book-plates belong to the middle of the eighteenth century1 and1 like the #aegd example already noticed1 they are mere typographical labels1 possessing little more artistic merit than is usually displayed in a post-mark4 ,with regard1 however1 to the book-plates of ecclesiastical individuals1 the case is different2 some of them engraved during the seventeenth century are ambitious and interesting4 ,a particularly quaint example is found in the book-plate which an ,annecy engraver1 named ,sinton1 executed for ,charles de ,sales1 the energetic labourer in the cause of religion1 brother of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 and his successor in the ,bishopric of ,annecy4 ,lord ,de ,tabley thus describes the book-plate3--',the family arms are shown in a shield1 which appears very gigantic1 in a frame of heavy curves1 which is set in the centre of a huge sideboard-like monumental structure4 ,on the top ledges of this1 two full-grown1 long-skirted angels1 seated right and left1 uphold the episcopal hat 7with its usual knotted ropes and tassels7 in air above the escutcheon4 ',at the base of the structure1 to the right1 appears a figure of ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 seated1 holding an olive branch in one hand1 while beneath his other arm is a profuse cluster of fruit4 ,to the left1 also seated1 is a portrait of ,st4 ,jane ,frances ,de ,chantal1 holding a palm-branch1 also with fruit beneath her other arm4 ,each portrait is realistic1 and not in the least flattered4 ,between them is a medallion bearing the crossed papal keys4' ,the probable date of this very curious book-plate is #afdb4 ,it appears earlier1 but this may be accounted for by the fact that the work is provincial4 ,students will do well to remember that provincially executed book-plates1 ,english or foreign1 are often misleading in this respect4 ,there is a somewhat elaborate book-plate1 engraved in several sizes1 and dated in #afib1 which introduces the cardinal's hat1 mitre1 and crozier1 and which was prepared to place in the books given by ,dr4 ,peter ,daniel ,huet to the ,paris ,jesuits4 ,huet is himself an interesting figure in ,french literature4 ,in #afgj he was made tutor to the ,dauphin1 and whilst so employed he assisted in bringing out the sixty-two volumes of classics1 specially prepared for his pupil1 known as the ,delphin edition4 ,he became ,bishop of ,avranches in #afhi1 but ten years after resigned his see in order to devote the remainder of his life to literature1 which he did1 completing amongst other voluminous works a defence of the doctrine of ,christianity4 ,illustration3 ,,book-,,plate ,,of ,,charles ,,de ,,sales4 ,it is from their possessors that ,french book-plates derive their chief interest2 and these possessors are for the most part persons who lived at a late date4 ,amongst the few early celebrities is the soldier-poet of ,france1 ,francis de ,malherbe1 of whom it has been said that he was as lax in morals as he was rigid in his zeal for the purity of his native language4 ,his book-plate is figured at p4 #be1 and is interesting as showing that no reliance can be placed on lines1 apparently expressing the colour of the shield in early ,armorial book-plates 7see pp4 #ba-bb74 ,he died in #afbh4 ,the books containing this very pleasing book-plate passed after ,de ,malherbe's death to ,vincent de ,boyer1 in whose family they remained till the ,revolution2 after that they were dispersed4 ,coming to later times1 we find a charming book-plate1 engraved by ,le ,grand for the unfortunate ,countess ,dubarry4 ,her books were well chosen and well bound1 but they were few in number2 hence her book-plate is rare1 but it may be seen in the library at ,versailles1 where most of her books are preserved4 ,though she could not read1 she seems to have felt in duty bound to follow ',la ,pompadour' in getting together a library to amuse her royal master4 ,from the book-plate of the countess--a woman who1 after aiding in the general degradation of the ,french court1 was willing to risk her life for those whose downfall she had in a measure assisted in bringing about--we may appropriately turn to that of ,cardinal ,maury2 the inscription on which reads3 ,bibliothque particulire de son ,eminence ,mgr4 le ,cardinal ,maury4 ,this book-plate calls to mind a famous figure in the ,french ,revolution1--a fervent preacher1 the spokesman of his fellow-clergy before those who were but little inclined to listen to argument2 the calm-minded man1 who would turn round and give a witty retort to a cry raised by the mob which followed through the streets of ,paris1 clamouring for his blood4 ,the mention of these names leads one naturally to speak generally of book-plates engraved about the time of the ,french ,revolution1--a period which is immortalised in a singular manner on ,french book-plates4 ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis remarks that many a noble library owner took good care to alter his book-plate in those troublesome times1 and to replace the coronet which had surmounted the family escutcheon by the ,phrygian cap of liberty4 ,for instance1 the ,viscount de ,borbon-,busset in #agic changed his ,armorial book-plate to a simple inscription--in which he calls himself ',citoyen ,franois'--surrounded by a leafy garland4 ,the same fashion is exemplified even in clerical examples4 ,father le ,mercier in his first book-plate displays the coronet which he either was1 or at least considered himself to be1 entitled to bear2 but between #aghi and #agib we find a second example of his book-plate1 with a simple decorative finish to the top of the design in lieu of the coronet4 ,at that time there was in ,france1 as ,mr4 ,walter ,hamilton puts it1 'an awkward fashion of putting heads accustomed to coronets under the falling knife of the guillotine4' ,as far as the classifying of the leading styles in ,french book-plates goes1 ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis does not really help us much2 and we cannot but hope that ere long some enterprising ,french collector will undertake the task4 ,there is certainly1 as ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis observes1 a resemblance--as the reader will see by turning back to the illustration of ,de ,malherbe's book-plate--between the style of the first ,french book-plates and that of the first ,english2 and it is noteworthy that the style disappeared in both countries much at the same time4 ,again1 ,french book-plates of #agbj-agcj bear distinct traces of what we have called ',jacobean' work in speaking of ,english examples4 ,the ,french ,rococo book-plate is really analogous to our ',chippendale4' ,there is1 however1 a greater variety both of subject and treatment in each ,french style than one finds in ,england4 ,allegory is1 as ,i stated in ,chapter iv41 more frequent and more wild in ,french book-plates than in those of ,england4 ,the follies of his own countrymen in this respect are fully recognised by ,m4 ,poulet ,malassis1 who1 in most amusing style1 deals with some of the more pronounced examples2 as for instance the rollicking allegory displayed in the book-plate of ,m4 ,hnault1 ,president of the ,french ,academy4 ,the date of this remarkable production may be fixed at #agej2 it is designed by ,boucher and engraved by ,count de ,caylus1 and we see that ,minerva has honoured ,m4 le ,prsident by placing his family arms upon her shield4 ,very wonderful1 too1 is the book-plate of the ,abb de ,gricourt1 whose arms are borne heavenwards by a vast company of angels4 ,this example1 which is approximately of the same date as the last1 is the work of the ,abb's brother1 ,a4 ,t4 ,ceys1 who was himself an ecclesiastic4 ,often the allegory displayed has allusion to the owner's business or his tastes1 as on that of ,m4 ,gueullette1 a ,french novelist and dramatist of the first half of the last century1 the popularity of whose writings1 although those writings are numerous1 has not outlived him4 ,this book-plate is the work of ,h4 ,becat1 and is inscribed after the ,pirckheimer manner1 ',ex libris ,thom ,gueullette et ,amicorum4' ,the family arms are supported by an ,italian harlequin1 a ,chinese mandarin1 a ,cyclops holding an infant1 and a ,tartar4 ,now the presence of these strange inhabitants of a book-plate is accounted for thus4 ,gueullette wrote farces for the ,paris stage1 and he also wrote ',contes ,tartares' and ',les ,aventures du ,mandarin ,fum ,hoam4' ,below the shield water pours from a satyr's mouth into a basin containing a mermaid1 and above soars ,cupid in clouds1 bearing aloft a scroll and motto4 ,this1 says ',w4 ,h4' in the ,ex ,libris ,journal1 is probably one of the earliest book-plates on which appear allegoric allusions to its owner's tastes and literary labours4 ,the ,typical or ,personal book-plate is also found in ,france in that of the ,chevalier de ,fleurieu1 described by ,mr4 ,egerton ,castle4 ,during the ancien rgime he was a naval officer1 who1 whilst still low in the service1 was intrusted with the testing of various new marine appliances4 ,on the book-plate we get the bird's-eye view of an island1 on which are strewn the said marine appliances1 and behind them stands the ,chevalier's coat of arms4 ,a recent writer on ,french book-plates1 ,m4 ,henri ,bouchot1 goes so far as to think a book-plate may be of service as exhibiting a man's character4 ,it may be so with regard to ,frenchmen and ,french book-plates1 but if this principle of argument be applied to ,english book-plates1 all ,i can say is1 that the possessors of ,english book-plates in the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth must have been singularly alike in their personal characteristics6 ,illustration ,the ',library ,interior' book-plate is found in ,france as early as #agah1 in an anonymous book-plate described by ,mr4 ,walter ,hamilton in the ,book ,worm for ,may #ahib4 ,it shows us1 in the background of a library1 two men working a printing-press4 ,in the foreground are five little winged cupids at play with books and mathematical instruments1 whilst a female figure1 representing peace and plenty1 appears seated on what ,mr4 ,hamilton conjectures to be a ,pegasus4 ,the engraving is by ,bernard ,picart1 an eminent engraver1 who1 though a ,frenchman by birth1 settled at ,amsterdam in #agaj 7he died in #agcc7 and was evidently much influenced by the then prevailing style in ,dutch art4 ,he executed another very beautiful ',library ,interior' plate 7figured opposite7 for ,amadeus ,lulin1 a ,savoyard4 ,here we have the interior of a ,french library of the period1 with a curved roof4 ,at the end of the room is a window and beneath this a ,louis ,,xv4 table4 ,in the foreground the same cupids 'play with books1' which1 by the way1 they are treating exceedingly badly4 ,caryatides at the sides form a frame for the plate4 ,on the breast of one is a sun2 the other holds a heart4 ,a globe surmounts each4 ,the arms are shown in the centre of the design at the top4 ,other examples of ,french book-plates of this kind are found quite late in the century1 and any one who feels specially interested in the subject of these1 and indeed of ',library ,interior' book-plates as a whole1 will do well to study ,sir ,arthur ,vicars's valuable treatise and lists in the pages of the ,ex ,libris ,journal4 ,about the book-plates of countries other than ,germany and ,france there is not very much to be said4 ,sweden has given us an insight into its native book-plates4#i ,herr ,carlander tells us that the earliest date on a ,swedish book-plate is #aeie1 which occurs on that belonging to ,thure ,bielke1 a senator who1 having mixed himself up in political strife1 lost his head by a stroke of the executioner's axe five years later4 ,senator ,bielke was evidently far in advance of his fellow-countrymen as regards such matters2 for no other dated ,swedish book-plate occurs for a considerable number of years4 ,in the eighteenth century1 however1 ,swedish book-plates became much more numerous1 and some of the more prominent native engravers appear to have worked upon them1 producing a few singularly fine examples in the ,rococo style2 library interiors also appear occasionally on ,swedish book-plates4 ,one of the most interesting late examples of book-plates of this country is that of ,king ,charles ,,xiii4 ,on this we have the royal arms of ,sweden1 surmounted by the collar and cross of the order of the ,seraphim1 and the king's motto1 ',folkets wl mint hogsta lag'--',the people's weal my highest law4' ,i imagine that this book-plate may be placed at the close of the last century4 ,charles died in #ahah4 ,swiss book-plates are numerous and early4 ,the first dated example occurs in #afjg4 ,their general style is not pleasing1 since it presents a stiffness and awkwardness in the arrangement of the decoration4 ,italian book-plates1 again1 possess few remarkable features4 ,perhaps their leading characteristic is the extreme coldness of their engravers' touch4 ,one of these engravers was1 however1 a famous man1 whose work deserves more than passing mention4 ,i mean ,raphael ,morghen1 the ,florentine artist1 who died in #ahcc1 and who is said to have been able to engrave a plate when he was only twelve years old4 ,it is curious to turn from his large engravings of the chief works in the gallery at ,florence1 to the unusually small work which enables us to reckon him here among the engravers of book-plates4 ,this is a representation of the arms of the ,duke of ,cassano ,serra1 framed in a shelly frame1 somewhat ',chippendale' in appearance1 but with the stiff1 heavy ',jacobean' wreath clinging closely to it4 ,in a scroll which winds in and out of this wreath is the inscription3 ',il ,duca ,cassano ,serra'2 it is signed ',r4 ,morghen fecit4' ,a careful investigation of the ,vatican and other ,italian libraries would probably lead to the discovery of some more papal book-plates4 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks tells me that amongst his numerous engravings of the papal arms1 there is only one which he feels sure was ever used as a book-plate4 ,the late ,sir ,george ,dasent1 in ,notes and ,queries1#aj describes what he considers the book-plate of ,maffeo ,barberini1 ,urban ,,viii42 but he does not tell us what leads him to the belief that the engraving is really a book-plate4 ,about ,spanish book-plates not much is yet known1 and it seems likely that the majority of examples usually classed as ,spanish were designed and executed in ,flanders4 ,the family of ,bouttats--the original ,bouttats had1 says ,walpole1 twenty sons1 of whom twelve became engravers--executed some of these book-plates4 ,amongst their work is one which ,lord ,de ,tabley styles 'a gloomy yet striking heraldic study'2 it is signed ',p4 ,b4 ,bouttats1 sculp41' and was probably engraved about the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,it shows us the arms of a bishop surmounted by a plumed helmet1 above which again is a bishop's hat1 with pendent ropes and tassels2 beneath is the motto3 ',por la ,le ,bezerra por el ,ry4' ,a particularly fine example of ,flemish heraldic art is furnished by the book-plate engraved and signed by ,j4 ,harrewyn1 of ,brussels1 and dated #agbc2 the inscription gives us quite a biographical sketch3 ',messire ,charles ,bonaventure1 ,comte vander ,noot1 ,baron de ,schoonhoven et de ,mares ca2 ,conseiller de sa ,mate ,imple et ,cathe au souverain ,conseil de ,brabant par patante du #i ,mars #agac1 ,reu aux ,etats nobles de ,brabant1 fils de ,messire ,rogier ,wouthier1 en son vivant ,baron de ,carloo ca2 et deputez ordinaire au dit corps de la noblesse des ,etats de ,brabant1 et de ,dame ,anne ,louse vander ,gracht1 ne ,baronne de ,vrempde et d',olmen1 ca4' ,our knowledge of ,russian or ,polish book-plates is chiefly derived from the illustrations shown in ,monsieur ,s4 ,j4 ,siennicki's work1 entitled ,les ,elzevirs de la ,bibliothque de ,l',universit ,impriale de ,varsovie4 ,here we have some examples of the book-plates both of distinguished laymen and ecclesiastics4 ,the probability is that none are of an early date1 and they are certainly not conspicuous as works of art4 ,the ,russian style is perhaps the more distinct1 though in many respects resembling the ,french1 especially that shown in the more pronounced examples of the ,louis ,,xv4 epoch4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,svenska ,bibliotek och ,ex ,libris antecknigar af ,c4 ,m4 ,carlander1 med #hd illustrationer4 ,stockholm1 #ahhi1 and ,supplement1 #ahia4 #aj ,sixth series1 vol4 i4 p4 #b4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,american ,,book-,,plates ,,whatever an ,american collects1 he collects well3 he works with a will and energy that loosens his purse-strings in a manner which makes the acquisition of valuable specimens a comparatively easy matter4 ,it is well1 therefore1 that book-plate collecting has found its way over the ,atlantic1 and that there is now a goodly body of ,american book-plate collectors who are giving the requisite amount of attention to ,american examples1 and who are not keeping to themselves the result of their labours4 ,in the first edition of this book ,i wrote3 ',no doubt1 ten years hence1 we shall know a great deal more about ,american book-plates'2 and already the appearance of ,mr4 ,charles ,dexter ,allen's#aa interesting and carefully composed account of them has enabled me materially to improve this chapter1 which ,i have devoted to them4 ,the majority of book-plates which bear upon them ,american addresses1 especially those belonging to the ,southern ,states1 many of which appear with the opening of the eighteenth century1 are1 without doubt1 the work of engravers in the then mother-country4#ab ,the library owners of ,virginia sent to ,england for these book-plates1 or their sons ordered them there1 whilst paying the orthodox visit to one of the universities1 and brought them home1 either for their own use or for the use of their fathers4 ,the northern book-plates1 though much later1 are mostly the work of artists born and bred1 or at least settled1 in ,america4 ,foremost in interest and earliest in date of these ,american address-plates is that of ,william ,penn1 on which he styles himself ',proprietor of ,pensylvania4' ,this is designed in the ordinary ',simple ,armorial' style then common in ,england1 and is dated in #agjb4 ,it is therefore subsequent to ,penn's last visit to his 'plantation1' and cannot have been the work of an engraver on that side of the ,atlantic4 ,after his death1 the inscription on this book-plate was altered1 for his son's use1 to ',thomas ,penn of ,stoke ,pogeis1 in the county of ,bucks1 first proprietor of ,pensilvania 7sic74' ,the expression 'first' must here be evidently read as 'chief' or 'principal4' ,the fact of this alteration is important for collectors to note1 as copies of ,william ,penn's book-plate are frequently offered for sale1 which--they are palpably recent impressions--are said to be struck from the original plate2 a statement which1 from the fact mentioned1 may be at once discredited4#ac ,next in point of date is a much more ornate book-plate1 the inscription on which reads3 ',william ,byrd of ,westover1 in ,virginia1 ,esquire4' ,it is an elaborate piece of work1 excellently engraved in the style of the majority of ,english book-plates of #agbj or thereabouts1 ',simple ,armorial1' but with indications of ,jacobean decoration4 ,william ,byrd was born in ,virginia1 #bhth ,march #afid2 he was sent to ,england to be educated1 and returned to his native country1 having his mind 'stored with useful information to adorn its annals1 his manners cultivated in royal ,courts1' and with this book-plate1 as a mark of his devotion to literature4 ,the famous ,westover mansion1 which may to-day be viewed from the ,james ,river1 two hours' sail below ,richmond1 was for long the viceregal ,court of ,virginia4 ,it was erected about the year #afgh1 by ,william ,byrd1 who left ,england when very young1 and was father to his namesake1 whose book-plate has just been described1 the author of the famous ,westover ,manuscripts1 compiled in #agcb-cc4 ,some five years before the probable date of the ,byrd book-plate1 we have note of that belonging to ',robert ,elliston1 gent41 ,comptrolr of ,his ,majestie's ,customs of ,new ,york in ,america ,,mdccxxv4' ,this book-plate is quite ',jacobean' in style1 and was no doubt executed in ,england1 and sent out to the colony4 ,it is too fine a piece of work to be the production of any colonial engraver of that date4 ,but the interest attaching to book-plates bearing upon them ,american addresses1 and used by residents in ,america1 is obviously not so great as that awakened by examples which were also actually produced in ,america1--examples which at once give us an insight into the state of the engraver's art1 and of the artistic feeling then existing there4 ,the earliest of these is the book-plate of the ',rev4 ,john ,williams1' first minister of ,deerfield1 ,mass41 dated in #afgi4 ,the next1 in #agjd1 that of ,thomas ,prince1 an ,american born and bred1 who graduated from ,harvard ,college in #agjg1 and paid his first visit to ,england in #agji1 so that his book-plate may be taken as genuinely ,american4 ,in design it resembles dozens of ,english examples1--a rough woodcut border of national emblems1 within which is the inscription1 ',thom ,prince ,liber1 ,anno ,domini1 #agjd'2 the sequence of the words in the inscription1 the reader will notice1 being somewhat unusual4 ,the ,prince ,library was bequeathed to a ,society1 which became known as 'the ,new ,england ,library1' and which itself had a similar label prepared recording the gift4 ,a part of the collection is now in the ,boston ,public ,library4 ,but these two examples stand by themselves2 it is not until the middle of the eighteenth century that any number of book-plates of ,american execution are found2 after that1 there are a really considerable quantity4 ,their style is not particularly distinctive2 it is at first either ,jacobean or ',chippendale1' or a combination of the two styles2 later1 the 'wreath and ribbon1' and landscape and pictorial styles are introduced and treated much as in ,england4 ,in execution1 ,american book-plates are perhaps a trifle coarse4 ,the more prominent of their engravers seem to have been--,hurd1 ,dawkins1 ,anderson1 ,johnson1 ,callendar1 ,doolittle1 the ,mavericks1 ,revere1 and ,turner4 ,revere is the best known2 he was a picture engraver of some merit2 but for the most part the names quoted are those of men of little artistic reputation4 ,nathaniel ,hurd was probably the earliest of these engravers1 and not the worst4 ,he was born at ,boston in #agbi1 the son of an ,american1 who was a goldsmith in that town4 ,nathaniel was his father's apprentice2 he devoted himself to working on copper1 and so naturally would turn his attention to book-plates4 ,probably the earliest example1 signed by him as ',n4 ,h41' and dated in #agdi1 was designed for ,thomas ,dering4 ,this is the earliest signed and dated ,american book-plate yet brought to light2 ,hurd was barely twenty when he produced it4 ,as a seal and book-plate engraver he worked hard and well2 he died in #aggg4 ,one of his most original book-plates is that of ,harvard ,college4 ,a curiously short and wide shield1 bearing the college arms1 is encircled by a band bearing the inscription1 ',sigill4 ,coll4 ,harvard4 ,cantab4 ,nov4 ,angl4 #afej4' ,outside this circle are two leaf sprays1 tied at the base and nearly meeting at the top4 ,both in conception and execution this is a very peculiar book-plate4 ,the ,dering plate1 on the other hand1 is interesting as showing how exactly the style of the mother-country at that period was copied in ,america4 ,here we have a pure ',chippendale' book-plate of an unpronounced type4 ,henry ,dawkins 7who began life by designing metal buttons7 had been for a long time resident in ,america1 when1 in #aged1 he engraved the book-plate of ',john ,burnet of ,new ,york4' ,like the ,dering plate1 ,burnet's is interesting1 and for the same reason2 it is ',chippendale1' but distinctly later ,chippendale1 with cupids and other figures introduced4 ,dawkins was found guilty of counterfeiting1 and begged to be hanged rather than suffer the imprisonment to which he had been condemned4 ,whether or not his request was granted we do not know4 ,that the heraldry on some of these ,american book-plates should be startling1 is only to be expected4 ,take1 for instance1 the very interesting book-plate of ,robert ,dinwiddie1 ,deputy-,governor of ,virginia from #agea-eh1 which was probably engraved a few years before the earlier date4 ,here we have the shield divided fesse-fashion1 and in the upper and lower divisions landscapes1--the first introducing an ,indian archer shooting at a stag1 and the lower a fort or castle with a ship at sea sailing towards it4 ,dinwiddie was a good servant to the ,english ,crown both in ,barbadoes and ,virginia1 and is said1 like most successful people of his day1 to be descended from an ancient family1 though his immediate ancestors were ,glasgow merchants4 ,we are1 however1 not asked to believe1 and we should not1 if we were1 that the arms are more ancient than ,governor ,dinwiddie himself1 or that they originated elsewhere than in his mercantile brain1 though they may have been legally granted by the ,scotch ,college of ,arms4 ,the plate looks ',scotch'--it is ',chippendale1' and1 ,i suspect1 was engraved in the mother-country by a ,scotch engraver4 ,we may date it about #agej4 ,there are1 of course1 some ,american book-plates specially interesting from their possessors1 and foremost amongst them is that of ,george ,washington4 ,for its description ,i cannot do better than quote ,mr4 ,allen3 ',the arms are displayed upon a shield of the usual shell-like form1 and the sprays and rose-branches of this style ,chippendale are used in the ornamentation of the sides of the escutcheon4 ,the motto1 ,exitus acta probat1 is given upon its ribbon at the base of the shield1 and the name is engraved1 in script1 on the bracket at the bottom of the design4 ,in general appearance the plate is like scores of ,chippendale plates of the period4' ,i am sorry to take1 somewhat1 from the interest which attaches to this book-plate1 by saying that1 as ,i look more closely into it and study the details of its ornamentation and its execution1 ,i am convinced it was engraved in ,england and not in ,america2 it must therefore be of an earlier date than that attributed to it4 ,i do not think it is subsequent to #agfj4 ,of course there is a forgery of this plate1 though it was prepared1 not because of the value of the book-plate1 but to sell a number of books which were said to have belonged to ,george ,washington himself1 and to have been captured in ,virginia4 ,the fraud was1 however1 discovered4 ,no doubt these forgeries are now palmed off as the great man's book-plate4 ,mr4 ,lichtenstein's words about the real book-plate and the sham are therefore important3-- ',original examples are noticeable for their sharp black impressions on dampened plate paper of a buff colour mellowed by age4 ,those of the imitation are printed from a plate which has the appearance of having seen considerable wear2 besides being printed on a dry paper of a thin quality1 and a bluish colour2 by its modern appearance it is easily recognised1 the engraving of the name being poorly done4' ,i do not know if a series of ',presidents'' book-plates could be shown to exist1 but ,washington's successor1 ,john ,adams1 certainly used one1 introducing into it a certain number of national emblems4 ,the ,american eagle with outspread wings overshadows the whole design4 ,of ,american women1 in the early days of independence1 only one is known to have used a book-plate4 ,this lady was ,elizabeth ,grme1 the youngest child of ,dr4 ,thomas ,grme1 member of the ,provincial ,council1 and in other ways a distinguished and wealthy citizen1 who owned ,grme ,park1 an estate lying some twenty miles from ,philadelphia4 ,elizabeth was born in #agcg4 ,at seventeen she was engaged to be married1 but her engagement was suddenly--why1 we learn not--broken off4 ,to divert her mind1 she set to work to translate ,tlmaque4 ,she carried out the task1 but it was never published1 and lies to-day1 as she wrote it1 in the ,philadelphia ,museum4 ,her next engagement was to a man ten years her junior--a ,mr4 ,ferguson2 him she married1 but1 her husband taking the ,crown's part1 they separated4 ,by the time of her death1 in #ahja1 she had grown needy1 despite the fact that she received money from her literary productions1 which were numerous4 ,though evidently a staunch ,republican1 she was the bearer of the famous letter from the ,rev4 ,jacob ,duch to ,washington1 in which the writer begged his correspondent to return 'to his allegiance to the ,king4' ,the book-plate1 which is1 in every way1 curious and interesting1 is ,armorial4 ,an interesting point about ,american book-plates--which illustrates a distinctive feature in social life there--is the existence of a large number belonging to ,friendly ,societies1 ,mutual ,improvement ,societies1 and institutions akin to them2 for the books forming the libraries of these bodies contain some of the most curious and characteristic ,american book-plates4 ,amongst the number may be mentioned those of the ,new ,york ,society ,library1 the ,farmington ,library1 the ,hasty ,pudding ,society and the ,porcellian ,club in ,harvard ,college1 the ,linonian ,society and the ,brothers of ,unity in ,yale1 and the ,social ,friends in ,dartmouth ,college4 ,none of these are particularly early1 indeed the majority must be dated after the establishment of independence1 but they are well worthy of study4 ,allegory runs wild in the book-plates--there are three mentioned by ,mr4 ,dexter ,allen--of the first-named ,society1 and ,minerva is prominent in all4 ,let me endeavour to describe two1 both the work of ,maverick4 ,in one she hands a volume of the ,society's ,library to an ,indian1 whose attitude in receiving it suggests that he had never seen a book before2 in which case its contents cannot have done him much good4 ,in the other she has just descended from ,olympus1 entered the library1 and seized a volume from the book-shelf1 which she presents to an apparently more appreciative red-skin4 ,i say appreciative1 for in return he hands the goddess his tomahawk4 ,minerva with a tomahawk6 ,can anything be more delightfully absurd8 ,one might go on with many pages of these descriptions1 but enough has been said to show the burlesque spirit in which allegory is treated1 doubtless quite unintentionally1 on ,american ,society book-plates4 ,in that fact lies much of their interest4 ,more happy in conception and execution is the homelier design appearing on the book-plate of the ,village ,library in ,farmington1 which1 if not a beautiful piece of engraving1 is at least free from grotesqueness4 ',in this1' says ,mr4 ,allen1 'we see the interior of a room in which a young lady patron of the library is storing her mind with those choice axioms which1 if put in practice1 far exceed the attractiveness of mere personal beauty2 so says the couplet beneath the picture3-- ',beauties in vain1 their pretty eyes may roll2 ,charms strike the sense1 but merit wins the soul4 ,a writer in the ,ex ,libris ,journal points out that1 after the ,revolution1 till about the year #ahaj1 there were scarcely any ,american armorial book-plates4 ,perhaps one of the earliest is that of ',samuel ,elam1 ,rhode ,island1' which appears to have been engraved about #ahjj4 ,it is ',pictorial' in style1 and shows a shield1 bearing arms1 resting against a tree-stump1 with a landscape background4 ,the majority of ,american book-plate possessors1 from #ahaj until the fashion of using a book-plate became common some little time back1 seem to have been members of the legal profession4 ,during the last few years many ,american book-plates have been as wild and meaningless in design as the majority of those recently produced in ,england2 although1 as ,mr4 ,allen's illustrations show us1 a few truly artistic and appropriate examples have appeared4 ,one modern book-plate from across the ,atlantic is sure to attract ,english eyes2 for the owner's works are read as eagerly1 and appreciated as fully1 here as in the ,states1--,i mean that of ',oliver ,wendell ,holmes4' ,this1 too1 is appropriate for the man1 consisting simply of a motto-scroll1 on which is written ,per ,ampliora ad ,altiora1 and a nautilus--'the ship of pearl1' as he calls it2 'the venturous bark that flings ',on the sweet summer winds its purpled wings ,in gulfs enchanted where the siren sings1 ,and coral reefs lie bare1 ,where the cold sea maids rise to sun their streaming hair4' ,,footnotes3 #aa ,american ,book-,plates4 ,by ,charles ,dexter ,allen4 ,bell and ,son1 #ahie4 #ab ,the same remark applies to other book-plates bearing colonial addresses1 such as that of ',isaac ,royall1 ,esq41 of ,antigua4' #ac ,it may be remarked as curious that ,william ,penn does not1 on his book-plate1 impale the arms of ,hannah ,callowhill1 to whom he was married in #afie4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,book-,,plates ,,in ,,condemnation ,,of ,,book-,,stealing ,,or ,,book-,,spoiling1 ,,and ,,in ,,praise ,,of ,,study ,i ,,propose now to speak about the inscriptions on book-plates1 and ,i will divide them as follows3--7#a7 ,sentiments in condemnation of book-stealing or book-spoiling2 7#b7 sentiments in praise of books or of study2 and 7#c7 personal particulars of the owner of the book-plate1 which last class shall receive attention in a separate chapter4 ,in all three cases illustrations may be appropriately drawn both from ,english and foreign examples4 ,let me begin by calling the reader's attention to the fact1 which ,i commented upon in my first chapter1 that in nearly all inscriptions on book-plates it is the volume in which the book-plate is placed1 and not the book-plate itself1 that is spokesman4 ,take the inscription on one of the earliest examples3 ',liber ,bilibaldi ,pirckheimer1 ,sibi et amicis4' ,bilibald ,pirckheimer's book for himself and his friends6 ,here is an amiable intention2 but the plan did not work1 and we do not find the sentiment often repeated4 ,in the good jurist's day printed books were not numerous1 and they were costly4 ,then might a man be reasonably regarded as a dog in the manger1 who shut the door of his bookcase against those anxious to benefit by the work of the printing-press2 then mankind at large had not demonstrated the fact that general morality does not extend to returning borrowed books4 ,hence1 ,i say1 it was that on this early book-plate we have the expression ',sibi et amicis4' ,school-boys--and ,i dare say1 if one could only learn the truth in such matters1 school-girls too--have a habit of inscribing their school-books with verses1 denouncing in decidedly forcible language the school-fellow who steals--i4e4 borrows and forgets to return--any particular volume1 and at the end of these verses is depicted a gallows from which hangs the lifeless body of the thief4 ,when did school-boys first thus protect their possessions8 ,few school-books survive for use by many successive generations1 so we have no means of answering the question satisfactorily2 but in a book--not a school-book--published in #aedj1 there are written 7so a correspondent of ,notes and ,queries informs us71 in writing more than three centuries old1 these lines below the owner's signature3-- ',my ,master's name above you se1 ,take heede therefore you steale not mee2 ,for if you doe1 without delay ,your necke 4 4 4 for me shall pay4 ,looke doune below and you shal see ,the picture of the gallowstree2 ,take heede therefore of thys in time1 ,lest on this tree you highly clime4' ,drawing of the gallows4 ,so the school-boy's doggerel is at least founded on an ancient model1 which we have quoted1 though not actually appearing on a book-plate1 because it was clearly intended to do duty as one4 ,of exactly the same date is a very pompous declaration1 on a ,german book-plate1 of a donor's intention that certain volumes given by him should remain for ever in the library to which they are presented4 ,the owner of the book-plate was ,john ,faber1 ,bishop of ,vienna1 who died in #aeda1 and who1 in the previous year1 presented his books to the ,college of ,st4 ,nicholas in that city4 ,here is a translation given by ,lord ,de ,tabley1 in which mark how in kingly fashion the bishop refers to himself as 'we'3-- ',this book was bought by us1 ,dr4 ,john ,faber1 ,bishop of ,vienna1 and assistant in the ,government of the ,new ,state1 both as councillor and confessor to the most glorious1 clement1 and pious ,ferdinand1 ,king of the ,romans1 ,hungary1 and ,bohemia1 and ,archduke of ,austria4 ,and since1 indeed1 that money 7which purchased this volume7 did not arise from the revenues and properties of our diocese1 but from our own most honest labours in other directions4 ,and therefore it is free to us to give or bequeath the book to whomsoever we please4 ,we accordingly present it to our ,college of ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,and we ordain that this volume shall remain there for ever for the use of the students1 according to our order and decree4 ,done in our ,episcopal ,court at ,vienna1 on the first day of ,september in the year of ,grace #aedj4' ,illustration ,dr4 ,faber was famous for his orthodoxy and his fervour in enforcing it2 so much so1 that he earned for himself the title ,malleus hereticorum4 ,he does not trust himself to express his opinion of the too eager student who should take to himself a volume from amongst these books2 which is perhaps well4 ,more polite than the ,english verses of #aedj1 and therefore not half so serviceable1 are those printed on an actual book-plate1 by which ,andrew ,hedio1 a ,knigsberg professor of philosophy1 who lived about the middle of the seventeenth century1 sought to insure the safe return to his library of any volume which was out on loan4 ,the arms of ,hedio--the head and shoulders of an old bearded man in a fish-tailed nightcap--appear on the book-plate1 and below1 supposed to be spoken by the volume1 are ,latin verses1 which in free translation may be rendered3-- ',by him who bought me for his own1 ,i'm lent for reading leaf by leaf2 ,if honest1 you'll return the loan1 ,if you retain me1 you're a thief4' ,if you turn back to p4 #abc and look at the book-plate of ,speratus1 you will see that he had expressed very much this sentiment more than a century before4 ,it is not till the beginning of the eighteenth century that we find any decided expression of possession on an ,english book-plate4 ,then it occurs on that of ,john ,reilly 7described on p4 #ec74 ,at the very bottom of the design is printed3 ',clamabunt omnes te1 liber1 esse meum4' ,here you see it is ,john ,reilly himself and not his book that speaks4 ,it is a mild and decidedly gentlemanly way of expressing ownership1 free from threats for not returning the volume2 indeed1 hardly contemplating the possibility of so dishonest an act4 ,about the same date as ,reilly's book-plate is a very graceful ,german one1 executed for ,michael ,lilienthal 7figured on p4 #afe74 ,it shows us a group of growing lilies1 around which bees are hovering or tasting their sweetness1 and below-- ',use the book1 but let no one misuse it2 ,the bee does not stain the lilies1 but only touches them4' ,from this graceful book-plate and the pleasantry of its inscription1 we turn to a heavy declamatory sentence1 devised1 circa #agcj1 by the librarian of the ,benedictine monastery of ,wessenbrun1 in ,bavaria1 for the books in his charge to speak when a theft had been actually committed or was in contemplation3 ',i am the rightful possession of the ,cloister of ,wessenbrun4 ,ho there6 ,restore me to my master1 so right demands6' ,sherlock ,willis1 whose book-plate--a decided ',chippendale'--is dated in #agef1 flies to ,scripture for his aid against immoral borrowers1 and places on his book-plate the familiar quotation from the #cgth ,psalm3 ',the ungodly borroweth1 and payeth not again4' ,various other ,english book-plates bear the same quotation1 or some other taken from the ,bible4 ,on that in use at the ,parochial ,library of ,tadcaster1 which shows us ,st4 ,john in the isle of ,patmos receiving from the angel the book which he was to eat1 we read3 ',accipe librum et devora illum' 7,rev4 x4 #i72 advice which it was not1 we may presume1 intended that the borrower should follow literally4 ,there is something very businesslike and to the point about the inscription on the book-plate of ,charles ,ferdinand ,hommeau1 which is dated six years after that of ,sherlock ,willis4 ,the inscription reads in translation3 ',if you do not return the loan within fourteen days1 or do not keep it carefully1 on another occasion when you ask to borrow it or some other book ,i shall say ,i have not got it4' ,so ,m4 ,hommeau will not mind telling a lie to protect his library2 and what is more1 does not mind telling the world of his intention to do so4 ,truly he was an honest liar4 ,david ,garrick 7whose book-plate is figured opposite7 selected as an appropriate quotation for his book-plate the following1 taken from the fourth volume of ,menagiana3--',la premire chose qu'on doit faire quand on a emprunt un livre1 c'est de le lire afin de pouvoir le rendre plutt4' ,very good advice1 no doubt2 but ,i wonder if ',davy' was careful enough to confine his loans to those who would follow it8 ,this reminds me of a very nicely put passage of ,lord ,de ,tabley's1 propos of the subject of book-borrowing in general3-- ,illustration ',now this batch of mottoes raises the point1 whether valuable books should be lent to persons who treat volumes like coal scuttles2 who perpetrate such atrocities as moistening their thumbs to turn a page over2 who hold a fine binding before a roaring fire8 who1 horribile dictu1 read at breakfast1 and use1 as a book-marker1 the butter-knife4 ,ought ,garrick to have lent the cream of his ,shakespeare quartos to slovenly and mole-eyed ,samuel ,johnson8 ,we think emphatically not6 ,many full-grown folks have no more idea of handling a book than has a school-boy4' ,so far the 'caveats' on book-plates have been either original compositions or quotations1 specially selected by the owner2 but1 as time went on1 people did not trouble to compose their own verses or inscriptions1 or to hunt up appropriate quotations4 ,the same lines or words appear fastened beneath1 or printed upon1 the book-plates of many different persons2 in the latter case the book-plate is generally little more than a name ticket4 ,here is one1 composed early in this century1 which could be bought of ,c4 ,talbot1 at #agd ,tooley ,street1 and on it the purchaser could write his name before affixing it in his volumes3-- ',,this ,,book ,,belongs ,,to 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,if thou art borrowed by a friend1 ,right welcome shall he be ,to read1 to study1 not to lend1 ,but to return to me4 ,not that imparted knowledge doth ,diminish learning's store2 ,but ,books1 ,i find1 if often lent1 ,return to me no more4 ,read slowly1 ,pause frequently1 ,think seriously1 ,keep cleanly1 return duly1 ,with the corners of the leaves not turned down4' ,of about the same date is another little effusion1 which clearly does not contemplate the purchaser being the possessor of a unique volume1 or of one for any cause irreplaceable1 if lost3-- ',,this ,,book ,,belongs ,,to 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,neither blemish this book1 nor the leaves double down1 ,nor lend it to each idle friend in the town2 ,return it when read1 or1 if lost1 please supply ,another as good to the mind and the eye4' ,in these last quoted examples are certainly many stipulations1 but they are as nought when compared with what we find on the book-plate of the ,cavalier ,francesco ,vargas ,macciucca1 who was in the habit of pasting on the fly-leaf of the book1 opposite his book-plate1 fifteen rules1 written in ,latin1 to be observed by those who borrowed books from his library4 ,if he enforced them1 he can have been seldom troubled with a borrower6 ,on the face of them1--since most of them have a blank space left for the owner's name1 etc41--these poetic or prosaic threats against book-stealers and the ill-usage of books do not pretend to be the compositions of those that used them4 ,jones or ,brown went to the nearest stationer or bookseller1 and purchased his admonitions all ready composed4 ,but even after the introduction of ready-made admonitions1 we find the man of independent mind rebelling against saving his library from spoliation by anybody's words save his own4 ,such a person was ,mr4 ,charles ,clark1 of ,great ,totham ,hall1 near ,witham1 in ,essex1 who can at least claim originality for his composition1 which1 if lengthy1 has occasional gleams of humour4 ,here it is3-- ',a ,,pleader ,,to ,,the ,,needer ,,when ,a ,,reader ,as all1 my friend1 through wily knaves1 full often suffer wrongs1 ,forget not1 pray1 when it you've read1 to whom this book belongs4 ,than one ,charles ,clark1 of ,totham ,hall1 none to 't a right hath better1 ,a wight1 that same1 more read than some in the lore of old black letter2 ,and as ,c4 ,c4 in ,essex dwells--a shire at which all laugh-- ,his books must sure less fit seem drest1 if they're not bound in calf6 ,care take1 my friend1 this book you ne'er with grease or dirt besmear it2 ,while none but awkward puppies will continue to dog's-ear it6 ,and o'er my books1 when book-worms grub1 ,i'd have them understand1 ,no marks the margin must de-face from any busy hand6 ,marks1 as re-marks1 in books of ,clark's1 whene'er some critic spy leaves1 ,it always him so waspish makes though they're but on the fly-leaves6 ,yes1 if so they're used1 he'd not de-fer to deal a fate most meet-- ,he'd have the soiler of his quires do penance in a sheet6 ,the ,ettrick ,hogg--ne'er deem'd a bore--his candid mind revealing1 ,declares1 to beg a copy now's a mere pre-text for stealing6 ,so1 as some knave to grant the loan of this my book may wish me1 ,i thus my book-plate here display lest some such fry should dish me6 ,but hold6--though ,i again declare with-holding ,i'll not brook1 ,and a sea of trouble still shall take to bring book-worms to book4 ',c4 ,c4' ,a certain ,cheshire clergyman1 who died not very long since1 sought euphony in a string of commands to intending borrowers1 which he had printed on his book-plate2 ',borrow bravely2 ,keep carefully2 ,peruse patiently2 ,return righteously4' ,what a pity he did not spell 'carefully' with a 'k' whilst he was about it6 ,the ,plymouth architect and author1 ,george ,wightwick1 or1 as he evidently pronounced it1 ,witick1 used to affix in his books3-- ',to whomsoever this book ,i lend ,i give one word--no more2 ,they who to borrow condescend ,should graciously restore4 ,and whosoe'er this book should find 7,be't trunk-maker or critick71 ,i'll thank him if he'll bear in mind ,that it is mine1 ,,george ,,wightwick4' ,see1 too1 how a certain ,mr4 ,charles ,woodward protected1 or thought he protected1 the volumes which good nature may have prompted him to lend4 ,his plate shows an opened volume1 on one page of which is written3 ',narrative--promising to send me home at the appointed time4 ,finis4' ,evidently ,mr4 ,woodward1 like the honest liar before mentioned1 was not a man to lend his volumes for an indefinite period4 ,having quoted various recent ,english examples of this kind1 we are in duty bound to cite some from other component parts of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,under the name ',h4 ,macdonald' we find3 ',tear not1 nor soil not2 ,read all1 but spoil not4' ',a good book is a good friend2 he who would injure the one deserves not the respect of the other4' ,there is something almost pathetic in the exclamation which ,mr4 ,john ,marks makes his volumes utter3 ',gentle reader1 take me home2 ,i belong to ,john ,marks1 #bj ,cook ,street1 ,cork'2 and then the evil-minded borrower is reminded of the scriptural condemnation of his kind by reference to ',psalm xxxvii4 ver4 #ba4' ,before this comes-- ',,advice ,,for ,,the ,,million ,neither a borrower or a lender be1 ,for loan oft loses both itself and friend1 ,and borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry4 ,true for you1 ,mr4 ,shakespeare6 ,,moral ,of all books and chattels that ever ,i lent1 ,i never got back five-and-twenty per cent4 ,fac1 my ,bredern6' ,we may presume from this that ,mr4 ,john ,marks tried to be funny1 and from his composition getting into print he may flatter himself that he succeeded4 ,one more example of these warnings to borrowers and we have done with the subject4 ,lord ,de ,tabley fixes the date of it as #ahbj1 but surely it must be the composition of some eleventh century reprobate1 who on his death-bed richly endowed a neighbouring monastery1 and threatened any one who should ever disturb his endowment4 ,the words appear on the book-plate of ,o4 ,moore1 and they read in translation3 ',if any one steals this book1 and with furtive hand carries it off1 let him go to the foul waves of ,acheron1 never to return4' ,now1 let us look at some of the eulogies of books or of study which are found on book-plates4 ,these do not appear until a much later date4 ,the text on ,pirckheimer's book-plate1 ',the fear of the ,lord is the beginning of wisdom1' can hardly be called one in praise of study1 though it is a wholesome truth that should be borne in mind by every student4 ,indeed1 we have to pass over more than two centuries after the invention of book-plates before one which1 in the inscription upon it1 yields an example of the kind now under consideration4 ,this appears at last in #afig1 in a sentiment expressed by an ,austrian lawyer1 ,john ,seyringer by name4 ,here it is3 ',he that would learn without the aid of books ,draws water in a sieve from running brooks4' ,we have again to pass over many years for our next example4 ,peter de ,maridat1 who was1 he tells us1 a senator in the ,great ,council of ,louis ,,xiv4 of ,france1 used for a book-plate1 which may therefore be dated before #agae1 the figure of a negro1 who stands with one hand resting on a shield of arms1 and holds in the other a pair of scales4 ,the arms on the shield are azure1 a cross argent1 and below is written3 ',inde cruce hinc trutina armatus regique deoque ,milito1 ,disco meis hc duo nempe libris1' which may be construed3 ',armed on one side with the cross the cross on the shield1 and on the other with the pair of scales1 ,i fight for my king and for my ,god4 ,these two things ,i indeed learn from my books1' libris2 but libris may also be translated 'balances1' and herein is the pun6 ,taking them chronologically1 our next examples are on ,english book-plates2 one is dated #agcj1 and the other evidently belongs to the same period4 ,on the first1 the ,rev4 ,john ,lloyd writes3 ',animus si quus1 quod petis hic est'2 and on the other1 ,thomas ,robinson1 a ,fellow of ,merton1 quotes from ,cicero3 ',delectant domi non impediunt foris4' ,perhaps ',herbert ,jacob1 ,esq4 of ,st4 ,stephen's1 in ,kent1' had a generally troublesome wife1 who did not penetrate the sacred region of his library2 however it may have been1 he placed on his book-plate1 circa #agdj3 ',otium cum libris1' a sentiment expressed in a great variety of ways on later book-plates4 ,some ten years later than the last example is the book-plate of a ,german cleric1 ,gottfried ,balthazar ,scharff1 ,archdeacon of ,schweidnitz1 a town in ,prussian ,silesia1 on which his books are praised in some not ungraceful verses2 in these the owner asks divine help in understanding aright the teaching of his volumes4 ,on the ,flemish book-plate of ,lewis ,bosch 7spoken of elsewhere in this volume1 p4 #bah71 we read beneath the representation of the prelate's library1 in which he is shown hard at work among his books3 ',a hunt in such a forest never wearies4' ,the allusion to a forest of books recalls the motto on the much later ,english book-plate of ,mary ,berry4 ,on this is depicted a wild strawberry plant1 its fruit half hidden by leaves1 and below is written1 ',inter folia fructus4' ,probably ,miss ,berry1 besides alluding to the fruit of knowledge which she found amongst the leaves of her books1 intended a mild play upon the strawberry and her own family name4 ,besides these1 a host of further mottoes in praise of books or about books are to be met with4 ,some recommend the collection of as large a library as possible2 others point out that the mind is distracted by a multitude of books2 some advocate the careful handling of a volume1 even at the expense of not getting so well acquainted with its contents2 whilst others tell us that well-thumbed books are monuments of the owner's industry and constant study4 ,nor are the consoling powers of books forgotten4 ,on a very pretty rustic vignette1 executed by ,bonner after ,bewick1 ',w4 ,b4 ,chorley of ,liverpool' has the words3 ',my books1 the silent friends of joy and woe4' ,,chapter ,x ,,personal ,,particulars ,,on ,,book-,,plates ,,how much more communicative1 in the matter of personal particulars1 are some people1 upon their book-plate1 than others6 ,what a contrast1 for instance1 between the inscription on ,walpole's book-plate--',mr4 ,horatio ,walpole'--and that on one of ,pepys's1 on which he styles himself ',esquire1' and states that he is of ,brampton in ,huntingtonshire1 ',secretary of the ,admiralty of his ,maty ,king ,charles the ,second1' and ',descended of ye ancient family of ,pepys of ,cottenham in ,cambridgeshire4' ,of course ,sam ,pepys was a vain man--that we all know2 but the difference between the two inscriptions has more to do with the fashion of the time than with the characteristics of the two men4 ,in enlarging on his pedigree1 social position1 and secretaryship to the ,admiralty1 ,pepys was only following the custom of his day4 ,there are many examples of similar inscriptions on book-plates contemporary with ,pepys's3--',charles ,pitfeild of ,hoxton1 in the ,parish of ,st4 ,leonards1 ,shoreditch1 in ,middlesex1 ,esqr41 descended of the ancient family of the ,pitfeilds of ,symsbury in ,dorsetshire1 and is now married to ,winifred1 one of the daughters and ,coeheyrs of ,john ,adderley1 of ,coton in ,stafordshire1 ,esqr4' ,and again3--',sr4 ,henry ,hunloke of ,wingerworth1 in ,derbyshire1 ,bart4 ,in ye escocheon of pretence is ye ,armes of ,katherine his ,lady1 who was sole daughter and heyre of ,francis ,tyrwhit of ,kettleby1 in ,lincolnshire1 ,esqe1 ye last of ye ,eldest branch of yt great and ancient family4' ,equally proud of his ancestry is ',thomas ,windham of ,sale in ,devonshire1 ,esqr41 one of the ,grooms of his ,majesties ,bed-chamber1 third son of ,sr ,edmund ,windham of ,cathanger in ,somersetshire1 ,kt41 ,marshall of his ,majesties most ,honble household1' who concludes the inscription on his book-plate by telling us that he was 'lineally descended from the antient family of the ,windhams of ,crown-,thorpe1 in the ,county of ,norfolk4' ,but this habit of expressing pride in ancestry1 though it became less frequent1 certainly survived ,pepys's time4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,paul ,rylands1 ,f4,s4,a41 has a copy of the ,eikon ,basilike1 printed in #afdi1 on the title-page of which is written1 ',dan4 ,mercator4' ,within the book is an armorial book-plate engraved in the ,jacobean style1 and1 since it belonged to a man born in #afdj1 one of the early examples of that style4 ,the owner was the eminent mathematician1 ,nicholas ,mercator1 who was born at ,holstein1 and afterwards settled in ,england1 where his mathematical ability was recognised by his election as a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,nicholas was proud of his ancestors' efforts in the cause of ,protestantism1 and also wished his ,english friends to be aware of them2 he therefore inscribes his book-plate1 ',nicholas ,mercator1 a ,descendant of the ,kauffmans of ,prague1 in ,bohemia1 ,coadjutors with ,luther in the ,reformation4' ,on the ,continent1 lengthy eulogies of ancestors are common1 and they commence at an early date4 ,here is one1 which is also a sigh for the purity of nobility in ages past4 ,it is uttered1 in #aefe1 by ,john ,giles ,knringen1 who writes1 below his shield of arms1 given in colour3-- ',these are the famed insignia of my sires1 ,which in their proper colour you may see2 ,not bribes1 as is the fashion in these days1 ,but virtue1 raised them to nobility4' ,it is1 however1 most frequently in an enumeration of his offices or degrees that the owner of a book-plate allows himself to get wordy4 ,let us take1 for instance1 the already mentioned book-plate of ,sir ,edward ,dering 7see pp4 #ca1 #cb71 which bears date #afcj1 and displays a shield of twenty coats of arms2 it has a proportionately impressive description of ,sir ,edward's many offices--,lieutenant of ,dover ,castle1 ,vice-,chancellor1 and ,vice-,admiral of the ,cinque ,ports1 etc4 ,sir ,robert ,southwell1 ,knight1 tells us that he is 'one of the ,clerkes attending ,his ,majesty ,king ,charles the ,second in his most ,honourable ,privy ,councell1 etc4' ,william ,wharton1 who was killed in a duel1 in #afhi1 calls himself 'fourth son to the ,right ,honourable ,philip ,lord ,wharton of ,wharton1 in ,westmoreland1 by ,ann1 ,daughter to ,william ,carr1 of ,fernihast1 in ,scotland1 ,esqr41 one of the ,groome 7sic7 of the ,bedchamber to ,king ,james'2 whilst ,randolph ,egerton1 in the inscription on his book-plate1 recalls the time when the unhappy ,duke of ,monmouth was yet a trusted officer in the royal army3 ',randolph ,egerton of ,betley1 in ,staford ,shire1 ,esquire1 ,lieutenant of his ,majestyes own ,troop of ,guard1 under the comand of his ,grace ,james ,duke of ,monmouth1 etc4' ,the book-plates of ,thomas1 ,earl of ,wentworth1 contain a curiously lengthy enumeration of the offices enjoyed by that distinguished soldier and diplomatist1 who1 at a critical time1 steered his country through a great many difficulties4 ,the first is dated in #afih1 and on it the owner describes himself as ',the ,right ,honourable ,thomas ,wentworth1 ,baron of ,raby1 and ,colonell of his ,maiesties owne ,royall ,regmt of ,dragoons1 #afih4' ,in #agjc ,wentworth was sent as envoy to ,berlin1 and two years later was advanced to the post of ambassador4 ,on this appointment he had a second book-plate engraved1 bearing the following inscription3--',his ,excellency ,the ,rt ,honble ,tho4 ,wentworth1 ,lord ,raby1 ,peer of ,england1 ,collo of her ,matys ,royal ,regt of ,dragoons1 ,lieut ,general of all her ,matys ,forces her ,matys ,embassador ,extrary to ye ,king of ,prussia1 #agje2'--size #d #c4 ,on the face of it1 this is foreign work1 and the expression ',peer of ,england' could hardly have been put on it by an ,english engraver4 ,wentworth's later diplomatic post has been made famous by ,swift's allusion to it1 in reference to his being associated with ,mat ,prior4 ',wentworth1' says the ,dean1 'is as proud as hell1 and how he will bear one of ,prior's mean birth on an equal character with him ,i know not4' ,proud as hell1 was he8 ,well1 he certainly was proud of his advance in title and his many high offices1 all of which he sets out in his third and last book-plate1 also1 ,i think1 foreign work1 dated in #agab4 ,here is the inscription3 ',his ,excellency the ,right ,honourable ,thomas ,earl of ,strafford1 ,viscount ,wentworth of ,wentworth ,woodhouse1 and of ,stainborough1 ,baron of ,raby1 ,newmarch1 and ,oversley1 ,her ,majesty's ,ambassador ,extraordinary and ,plenipotentiary to the ,states ,general of ye ,united ,provinces1 and also at the ,congress of ,utrecht2 ,colonel of ,her ,majesty's own ,royal ,regiment of ,dragoons1 ,lieutenant-,general of all ,her ,forces2 ,first ,lord of the ,admiraltry 7sic7 of ,great ,britain and ,ireland2 one of the ,lords of ,her ,majesty's ,most ,honourable ,privy ,council2 and ,knight of the ,most ,noble ,order of ye ,garter4' ,on the accession of ,george ,i41 an attempt was made to impeach this busy ,lord1 but it failed1 and he retired into private life for the rest of his days4 ,his memoirs1 published a few years back by ,mr4 ,cartwright1 ,f4,s4,a41 give an excellent picture of life at the time he lived4 ,some book-plate owners1 not boastful of their titles1 let us into their confidences as to their place of birth1 age1 and the like4 ,the ,german book-plate1 dated in #afah1 of ,john ,vennitzer1 a knife-smith or cutler by trade1 tells us that he was born at ,nuremberg1 at #bb minutes past #e in the afternoon on the #adth day of ,may1 #aefe4 ,vennitzer made money by his trade1 and founded the ,library of ,st4 ,lawrence in his native city2 perhaps the date on the book-plate is that of the foundation of the library4 ,no doubt1 as ,lord ,de ,tabley remarks1 the cutler conscientiously believed that the condition of his whole life depended on the particular moment at which he entered the world2 for he was probably well versed in the mysteries of horoscopy4 ',john ,collet' makes us really quite familiar with all his relations1 and with his own religious feelings4 ,his book-plate--it is only a printed label--reads3 ',johannes ,collet filius ,thom ,collet4 ,pater ,thom1 ,gulielmi1 ac ,johannis1 omnium superstes4 ,natus quarto junii1 #afcc4 ,denasciturus quando ,deo visum fuerit2 interim hujus proprietarius ,john 7sic7 ,collet4' ,even more obliging is ',thomas ,tertius ,okey1 medicin ,professor1 #afig4' ,he was1 he tells us1 'great grandson to ,william ,okey 7usually cal'd ,okely7 of ,church ,norton1 betwixt ,gloucester and ,tewxsbury1 gentelman2 grandson to ,thomas ,primus ,okey of ,church ,norton1 the ,devizes and ,taunton1 ,professor of ,theology2 eldest son to ,thomas ,secundus ,okey1 of the ,devizes and ,london1 ,professor of ,physick1 and father to ,thomas ,quartus ,okey1 of ,london1 gentelman4 ,the above mentioned ,thomas ,tertius ,okey1 ,professor of ,physick1 now liveth in ,london near the ,bodys of his deceased relations4' ,before such details as these1 even ,john ,collet seems reticent4 ,sir ,philip ,sydenham--whose peculiarities in the matter of book-plates are elsewhere commented upon--in one of his first examples1 dated in #afii1 tells us his age3 ',sir ,philip ,sydenham1 ,bart41 of ,brympton in ,somerset1 and ,m4,a4 of the ,university of ,cambridge1 ta4 ,su #bc4' ,richard ,towneley in #agjb does the same4 ,the inscription on his book-plate reads1 as we see by the frontispiece3 ',ex libris ,bibliothec ,domestic ,richardi ,towneley de ,towneley ,in ,agro ,lancastrensi ,armigeri ,anno tatis3 #gc ,domini3 #agjb4' ,one cannot help wondering why ,mr4 ,towneley--the owner1 and in a great part the collector1 of the vast library with which the family name is connected--should have waited till he was seventy-three years of age to have a book-plate engraved4 ,some of the volumes in that library had a curious stamp in silver of the ,towneley arms1 with the date #afjc on their bindings1 but there does not seem to have been an earlier book-plate4 ,richard ,towneley died at ,york in #agjg4 ,besides being an astronomer and a mathematician1 he was a keen antiquary2 and ,thoresby1 the historian of ,leeds1 tells us of the pride with which he showed him a wondrous and just completed pedigree of the ,towneley family1 on the occasion of their meeting during the year in which the book-plate was engraved4 ',john ,fenwick of ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 ,attorney at ,law1' leaves us in ignorance as to his age at the time his book-plate was engraved1 because he does not date it2 but he states that he was 'born at ,hexham1 #adth ,april #aghg1' and 'married at ,alnwick1 #ith ,june #ahad4' ,one lady--and only one--lets us into what1 with those of her sex1 is usually a secret4 ,isabel de ,menezes inscribes her book-plate by ,bartolozzi 7see p4 #id71 'tatis #ga anno #agih4' ,i have given1 in this chapter1 no foreign examples of book-plates on which minute personal particulars appear2 but some of the examples of which ,i have spoken elsewhere--notably the ,flemish book-plate of ,count vander ,noot--will show that they exist4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,ladies' ,,book-,,plates ,,there seem to be really several good and logical reasons why we should separate1 for consideration by themselves1 the book-plates which have been used by ladies4 ,to mention two3 there are certain differences 7such as the shape of the shield in which the arms are borne7 which1 by the rigid laws of heraldry1 ought to appear on these book-plates when belonging to a maid or widow2 moreover1 ladies' book-plates1 though sometimes mere printed labels1 are generally more fanciful in design than the majority of those owned by the sterner sex4 ,the whole subject of ladies' book-plates has been so exhaustively treated by ,miss ,norna ,labouchere that it need not take up much space in the present chapter4 ,when1 however1 in this work1 ,miss ,labouchere asks where are book-plates of the ,english feminine bibliophiles of the fifteenth1 sixteenth1 and seventeenth centuries--,dame ,juliana ,berners1 ,margaret ,roper1 ,lady ,jane ,grey1 ,mary ,stuart1 and the ladies of ,little ,gidding--the answer1 ,i am afraid1 is3 they had none4 ,had they possessed them1 they would1 in this book-plate-spying age1 have been discovered4 ,illustration3 ,,lady ,,bath',s ,,book-,,plate4 ,but1 be it said to the credit of the ladies1 some of the earliest dated ,english book-plates belonged to them4 ,it is true these are merely name-tickets1 such as that of ,elizabeth ,pindar1 #afjh1 in the ,bagford ,collection1 kindly pointed out to me by ,mr4 ,w4 ,y4 ,fletcher2 but the fact of their existence deserves notice1 because it shows the readiness of the fair sex to lay hold of a new fashion2 and having a book-plate in the early years of the seventeenth century was a new fashion1 at least in ,england4 ,the first ,armorial ladies' book-plate is that of the ,countess-,dowager of ,bath1 already very fully described4 ,i will only add that readers who refer back to what ,i have said about her matrimonial arrangements 7vide p4 #ch71 will see that she is heraldically accurate in not bearing her arms in a lozenge4 ,the laws of heraldry do not allow ladies1 while married1 to place their arms in lozenge-shaped shields2 and this fact enables some feminine book-plate owners to demonstrate the possession of a virtue which women are often taxed with lacking--economy4 ,ladies frequently made the same designs do duty as their own book-plates which had served for their husbands4 ,but1 according to ,miss ,labouchere1 the husband sometimes used his wife's book-plate2 for the book-plates--identical1 save for the inscriptions--of the ,duke and ,duchess of ,beaufort1 ,lord and ,lady ,roos1 and some others1 show1 on examination1 that the words indicative of ownership by the lady have been erased1 and over-engraved by those indicative of possession by her lord4 ,the lozenge really looks very well on a book-plate2 and lends itself readily to the decoration usually bestowed upon it4 ,take1 for instance1 that of ,dame ,anne ,margaretta ,mason1 dated in #agja4 ,her maiden name was ,long1 and the shield shows us ,mason impaling ,long4 ,lady ,mason's is a fair sample of a lady's book-plate of that date4 ,the arms are contained in a lozenge1 set in a ,jacobean frame1 which is lined with scale work1 and adorned with ribbons and leafy sprays4 ,there is no motto-scroll1 but the name bracket comes up close to the base of the design 7see also p4 #eb74 ,indeed it may be said that the ,jacobean style of ornamentation is that best suited to ladies' book-plates1 especially when the arms are depicted on a lozenge-shaped shield4 ,the book-plate of the ',hon4 ,anne ,north1' by ,simon ,gribelin1 is another instance to prove this4 ,i do not think that ,chippendale decoration suits them at all1 and1 in the use of ornaments of that style1 ,englishwomen were as immoderate as ,englishmen4 ,lady ,lombe's book-plate1 designed in the later days of ,chippendalism1 is quite appalling from its over-ornamentation4 ,the wreath of ribbon1 or festoon1 style of the close of the last century is more suitable for ladies' book-plates1 and some very charming examples are known2 equally suitable1 it seems to me1 would have been the picture or landscape style--the style in which1 at the close of the last century1 ,bewick1 and some few other ,english artists1 were working with conspicuous success1 and it seems strange that the ladies of ,great ,britain did not adopt it more extensively4 ,when we come to modern times we find ladies have run as wild as their lords over book-plates2 there is the same peculiarity1 the same mysticism1 the same inappropriateness for book-plates in the designs of many book-plates of fin de sicle ,english ladies4 ,the few really artistic and appropriate book-plates stand out in marked contrast in ,miss ,labouchere's excellent little book1 and amongst them may be noted ,lady ,mayo's1 designed in #ahid by ,mr4 ,anning ,bell1 which shows us a musician and a songstress within a frame composed of spring flowers and the national emblem of ,ireland4 ,but let us go back a little in date1 and look at a ladies' book-plate designed in the ,allegoric style2 what more striking example could be found than that furnished by ,george ,vertue's charming piece of work engraved for ,lady ,oxford8 ,illustration ,it represents the interior of the library either at ,brampton or ,welbeck1 probably the latter1 which was ,lady ,oxford's own inheritance4 ,through a doorway1 flanked by ,corinthian columns1 the curtain in front of which is drawn back1 we obtain a view of a country house standing back in a well-kept park2 a river crossed by a three-arched bridge meanders through this4 ,but it is the occupants of the room that call for most attention4 ,the prominent figure is that of ,minerva1 who has laid aside her arms1 and stands sandalled and helmeted4 ,she is busily engaged in instructing six cupids1 who appear to be industriously following her injunctions4 ,one of these is painting in oils1 with an easel before him and a palette on his thumb2 the goddess with her left hand points out some defect in his work1 and apparently explains how it may be remedied4 ,another cupid plays the harp2 two more sit on the frame of the design1 weaving flowing festoons2 another1 also on the frame1 near a celestial globe1 copies the picture of a flute-playing satyr which a sixth cupid holds in position4 ,on the frame which surrounds the picture sit two figures--one of which is ,mercury1 with caduceus and winged hat--who act as supporters to a medallion bearing ,lady ,oxford's monogram2 above is an urn1 and from the sides fall bunches of grapes4 ,below the design is engraved ',henrietta ,cavendish ,holles1 ,oxford and ,mortimer4 ,given me by'--and then the donor's name and last two figures of the date1 filled in by ,lady ,oxford herself4 ,lady ,oxford was the sole heiress of ,john ,holles1 last ,duke of ,newcastle of the ,holles family1 and was the wife of ,edward1 second ,earl of ,oxford1 son of ,queen ,anne's minister1 and the continuator and completor of the ,harleian collections4 ,vertue's love of studying all kinds of antiquities brought him1 at an early date1 into contact with ,lord ,oxford1 who proved one of his warmest patrons4 ,the artist himself speaks of 'the ,earl's generous and unparalleled encouragement of my undertakings4' ,harley would take his friend with him on his various 'hunting' tours in ,england1 getting him to sketch the numerous objects of interest that they came across4 ,no wonder that the ,earl's death1 in #agda1 was a heavy loss1 in every way1 to ,george ,vertue4 ,it is noteworthy that there is no trace of heraldry in this remarkable book-plate4 ,book-plates free from anything armorial were not the rule in ,england in #agcj1 and ,vertue was certainly proficient in heraldic engraving1 or ought to have been so1 since his earliest task in life was engraving coats of arms on plate1 and his second engagement was with ,michael ,vandergucht1 who1 we know1 executed a good deal of armorial work4 ,it is probable1 therefore1 that the idea of the book-plate was ,lady ,oxford's own4 ,from this delightful specimen of a lady's book-plate in which heraldry is entirely absent1 we may appropriately turn our attention to two examples which combine heraldry with a fanciful design--the book-plates of ,lady ,pomfret and the ,honourable ,mrs4 ,damer4 ,the first of these is that which ',s4 ,w41' probably ,samuel ,wale1 the ,royal ,academician1 engraved for ',the ,rt ,honble ,henrietta ,louisa ,jeffreys1 ,countess of ,pomfret1 ,lady of the ,bed-chamber to ,queen ,caroline1' and is a very unusual piece of work1 both in shape1 design1 and heraldry4 ,there is a clear indication of ',chippendaleism' about the shield and sprays of flowers and leaves1 which is certainly curious in view of what we must consider the approximate date of the book-plate2 but the arms are in a ,jacobean frame1 which stands in a garden4 ,on one side we have a cupid bearing aloft the lady's family crest1 and on the other the husband's crest and helmet1 situated just within the opening of a tent4 ,lady ,pomfret was the granddaughter of ,james ,,ii4's infamous ,lord ,chancellor4 ,she married ,lord ,pomfret in #agbj1 and was ,lady of the ,bed-chamber to ,queen ,caroline from #agac to #agcg1 so that we are enabled to fix the date of this plate within seventeen years1 indeed1 probably within four years1 for she had a less ambitious1 and no doubt earlier1 book-plate engraved for her1 which bears the date #agcc4 ,as might be expected1 the book-plate of ',selina1 ,countess of ,huntingdon1' forms a striking contrast to that last described4 ,here we have a plain representation of a coat of arms in a lozenge1 and supported in the orthodox manner4 ,no cupids or other vanities intrude themselves into this sombre and coarsely executed work1 which may be dated1 after the owner became a widow1 in #agdf1 and therefore1 after her 'call'--which is1 ,i believe1 the correct expression for a sudden conversion to the form of religion she embraced4 ,probably of about the same date as ,lady ,huntingdon's book-plate is that of another famous woman of her day1 ,lady ,betty ,germain1 about whom ,swift has plenty to say in his ,journal to ,stella4 ,on this book-plate a somewhat funereal effect is produced by the dark background1 against which is the lozenge containing the arms ,berkeley impaling ,germain2 but the ornamentation of the lozenge1 of the name-scroll1 and of the frame enclosing the design1 is light and elegant4 ,poor ,lady ,betty6 she had a good deal to live down3 her girlhood had not been so moral as it might have been1 and the ,duchess of ,marlborough did her best to make her friend's misfortunes as public as possible4 ,but for all that1 ,elizabeth ,berkeley made a good match in point of money1 marrying--as his second wife--,sir ,john ,germain1 a soldier of fortune and repute4 ,he left her a widow in #agah1 with ,drayton as her home and a vast fortune4 ,her widowhood lasted very nearly fifty years1 during which she gave away large sums in charity1 as well as spending them on amassing curios3 these1 in #agfc1 ,walpole went to look at1 and admired4 ,but we have been digressing1 and have not yet spoken about the second of the two book-plates just now mentioned1 that of the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,damer1 which1 in design and execution1 certainly surpasses any ladies' book-plate yet noticed2 it is really a beautiful picture4 ,first let me speak of ,mrs4 ,damer and her surroundings2 her book-plate becomes the more interesting as we call these to mind4 ,the daughter of ,field-,marshal ,henry ,seymour ,conway1 she made for herself1 at an early age1 a name1 both in ,england and ,italy1 as an accomplished sculptress4 ,from infancy--she was born in #agdi--she was the pet of ,horace ,walpole1 and throughout her life his intimate friend1 living1 after her husband's#ad suicide1 close to him at ,strawberry ,hill1 which he bequeathed to her by his will1 and where1 by the way1 the work of her artistic fingers might be seen in profusion4 ,friends of herself and of ,walpole were ,robert ,berry and his daughters ,mary and ,agnes--'my twin wives1' ,walpole calls them4 ,mrs4 ,damer's book-plate is the work of the latter of these two ladies--,walpole's 'sweet lamb1 ,agnes4' ,it shows us a kneeling female figure1 pointing to a newly-cut inscription on a block of stone1 ',anna ,damer'2#ae above is a shield bearing the arms of ,damer1 with those of ,seymour-,conway on an escutcheon of pretence1 and on the right and left of this are elegantly drawn dogs4 ,the work was engraved by ,francis ,legat1 and is dated '#agic4' ,miss ,mary ,berry's book-plate has been already spoken of 7p4 #agg74 ,as an illustration to this chapter on ladies' book-plates1 ,i have taken one which is both artistic and interesting1 from the fact that it shows us--in the figure contemplating the bust--what is presumably a picture of the owner4 ,i fear1 however1 that proof of its authenticity as a likeness sufficient to allow of its incorporation as a ',portrait' book-plate 7see pp4 #baf-bbj7 will not be forthcoming2 but whether it is one or not1 it is certainly a pleasing book-plate4 ,frances ,anne ,acland1 the owner1 was born in #agcf1 became the wife of ,richard ,hoare of ,barne ,elms in #agfa and thus stepmother to ,richard ,colt ,hoare1 the future antiquary and the historian of ,wiltshire2 she died in the year #ahjj1 and was buried at ,beckenham4 ,illustration ,but all that has been said1 so far1 concerns the book-plates of ,english women4 ,foreign dames of various nationalities1 and our feminine cousins across the ,atlantic 7see p4 #aej71 have made a very generous use of these marks of book-possession4 ,french women of the eighteenth century have1 as the reader of ,miss ,labouchere's interesting pages on this part of her subject will see1 for the most part1 used book-stamps1 many of the most beautiful ,french bindings gaining an additional interest and beauty from the coats of arms of their fair owners impressed upon them4 ,there are1 however1 a fairly large number of book-plates known which have belonged to ,french women1 or1 at all events1 to women resident in ,france1 and amongst them one to which attaches pathetic interest from the tragic fate of its owner4 ,i mean that of the ,princesse de ,lamballe1 who fell a victim to her attachment to the reigning house of ,france during the revolting massacres of #agib4 ,there are such things as 'joint' book-plates--book-plates which have belonged both to husbands and wives4 ,we meet with some such in ,england1 though not at a very early date2 but in ,germany they exist as far back as #afje4 ,in ,england the first example1 only a printed label1 is in #agcg--',mr4 ,thomas and ,mrs4 ,anne ,pain4' ,examples of this dual ownership occur frequently in modern book-plates4 ,for other points of interest in and about ladies' book-plates the reader must consult ,miss ,labouchere's work2 all ,i will do1 in concluding my remarks upon them1 is to say that--as might perhaps be expected--in phrases of book-possession ladies are even more outspoken than gentlemen2 few1 however1 are so much so as ,lady ,dorothy ,nevill1 who protects her books with the words 'stolen from' placed before her name3 surely she can be no more troubled by borrowers than was the ,cavalier ,macciucca 7vide p4 #aga74 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,she married1 in #agfg1 the ,hon4 ,john ,damer1 a son of ,lord ,milton4 #ae ,a variety of this book-plate exists on which the inscription reads3 ',anna ,seymour-,damer4' ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,more ,,prominent ,,engravers ,,of ,,english ,,book-,,plates ,,william ,,marshall heads our list of engravers of ,english book-plates4 ,we know of but one specimen of his work1 but it is exceedingly fine--the anonymous plate of the ,lyttelton family1 described on p4 #cb4 ,marshall's works are dated between #aeia and #afdf4 ,next after him comes the well-known engraver of portraits1 ,william ,faithorne 7b4 #afcc2 d4 #afia71 whose ,portrait book-plate of ,bishop ,hacket is figured opposite4 ,david ,loggan1 the engraver of the ,isham book-plates in #afgf1 is the artist next on our roll4 ,how many book-plates he designed and engraved ,i do not know1 but there are two or three early ,english examples which1 in their arrangement and touch1 resemble somewhat closely his work for ,isham4 ,illustration ,about this same date ,michael ,burghers was engraving book-plates in ,england2 he appears to have left ,holland in #afgb1 and to have settled in ,oxford4 ,the earliest book-plate of his that ,i have seen is that of ,thomas ,gore1 already described2 perhaps he found the allegory with which he embellished it was not popular with ,englishmen1 and his other book-plates--we know of two or three--are in the ',simple ,armorial' style usual in ,english book-plates of the period4 ,lord ,de ,tabley suggests that ,christopher ,sartorius1 who worked at ,nuremberg between #afgd and #agcg1 may be connected with the ,james ,sartor who signed a fine ,english ',jacobean' book-plate at the opening of the eighteenth century2 of this ,james we know nothing except this piece of work1 which is certainly good4 ,after ,sartor comes ,john ,pine1 whose pompous book-plate1 engraved about the year #agcf1 to commemorate ,george ,i4's gift of books to the ,university of ,cambridge1 has been described and figured 7p4 #ge74 ,he was born in #afij1 and died in #agef4 ,his engravings of the ,tapestry in the ,house of ,commons became so popular1 that he was the subject of a special ,act of ,parliament securing to him the emoluments arising from the sale of the work4 ,pine1 as we have seen1 engraved other book-plates later on in the century4 ,michael ,vandergucht1 the famous ,antwerp engraver1 was also working in ,england before the close of the seventeenth century1 but his first book-plate is dated in #agaf4 ,this was engraved for ,sir ,william ,fleming1 of ,rydal1 and is in many respects a striking piece of work4 ,the style is quite ,english of the period3 heavy mantling descends to the base of the shield2 but the inscription--',the ,paternal ,arms of ,sir ,william ,fleming of ,rydal in the county of ,westmoreland1 ,baronet1' with a description of the heraldry--savours much of being the work of a foreigner4 ,it should be mentioned of this artist that he was pupil of one of the many ,boutats who were active as engravers of foreign book-plates4 ,he 7,vandergucht7 died in ,bloomsbury in #agbe4 ,after him we may appropriately mention his principal pupil--,george ,vertue4 ,his most conspicuous book-plate is certainly that of ,lady ,oxford1 which is already familiar to the reader4 ,simon ,gribelin is well known as a book-illustrator1 and finds frequent mention by ,walpole4 ,he was born at ,blois in #affa1 came to ,england when nineteen1 and worked here till his death in #agcc4 ,perhaps the earliest book-plate he engraved is that of ,sir ,philip ,sydenham1 which shows us the shield and crest encircled with snakes and other ornaments1--a book-plate decidedly foreign in appearance1 though ,gribelin must have been nearly twenty years in ,england when it was engraved4 ,he did two other book-plates for ,sir ,philip4 ,he also engraved some of the ,parochial ,library plates described later on 7pp4 #bbe-bbg71 and some others4 ,illustration ,though ',j4 ,skinner'#af 7see pp4 #ha-hf71 an engraver who worked at ,bath1 does not find mention in any dictionary of engravers1 yet he deserves notice from the student of book-plates for the great quantity of his work in that field--nearly all dated1 and some really very excellent4 ,of ,skinner1 ,lord ,de ,tabley writes3--',i would gladly learn some biographical details'2 but he failed to find any1 and ,i have been equally unfortunate4 ,at the ,british ,museum there is no ,bath newspaper or directory sufficiently early to contain either an advertisement by ,skinner or a mention of his place of residence2 in the ,bath ,directory of #ahab the name is represented by two grocers1 a publican1 a gardener1 and one private resident--a ,miss ,skinner who lived at #c ,st4 ,james's ,parade4 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks tells me that1 amongst the engravers who vouched for the perfection of ,sympson's ,new ,book of ,cypher--'the most perfect and neatest drawn of any performance of the kind hitherto extant'--was one ,jacob ,skinner1 and it is very likely this was our friend the engraver of book-plates1 who laboured at ,bath from #agci to #agec4 ,he worked in three successive styles of ,english book-plate engraving--the ,armorial1 the ,jacobean1 and the ,chippendale2 a fact which renders his plates of special interest to collectors1 since it enables them to see how the same hand treats the succeeding styles when fully developed1 and during their gradual change from one style into the other4 ,his earliest dated book-plate that we know is that for the library of ,sir ,christopher ,musgrave 7figured opposite71 and the next1 five years later1 that of ',john ,conyers of ,walthamstow in ,essex1 ,esq4' ,here the ornamentation is quite ,jacobean2 the shield is oval1 with wing-like excrescences at the top and on either side--that at the top forming a background to the helmet which supports the crest4 ,next year 7#agch7 ,skinner produced the book-plate of ',francis ,carington1 ,esq41 of ,wotton1 ,warwickshire'--in appearance even earlier than that of ,musgrave4 ,some of this early appearance is perhaps due to an absence of indication of the tinctures on the shield--a habit which1 as we shall presently see1 ,skinner followed in one or two other instances4 ,a slight mantling falls from an esquire's helmet and descends a little way down the shield till it joins the ,jacobean scroll-work1 and the owner's name and description are upon a fringed cloth4 ,but the feature to note in this book-plate is the monogrammatic form of the engraver's signature3 ',illustration3 ,,js symbol4' ,it is the first time he uses it1 and in his subsequent dated work he appears always to have adopted some similar form1 this being the most frequent3--',illustration3 ,,js symbolkinr4' ,illustration ,i have spoken of ,j4 ,skinner as a ,bath engraver1 but the reader will observe that none of the book-owners1 whose book-plates by him ,i have as yet named1 are specially connected with ,bath1 and on none has the engraver mentioned it as his place of residence2 but insomuch as then--in the palmy days of the reign of ,king ,nash--all roads led to ,bath1 it is probable that1 at the fashionable season1 the ,cumberland baronet1 as well as the ,essex and ,warwickshire squires1 found his way thither1 and followed the fashion by having a book-plate engraved1 just as he would follow it1 during his sojourn in the ancient city1 by squandering his time and injuring his digestion with late hours and a surfeit of generally unwholesome gaiety4 ,the next dated book-plate by ,skinner bears this out2 on this1 engraved in #agci1 he gives ,bath as his place of abode2 but this book-plate is that of ,francis ,massy of ,rixton1 ,lancashire2 it is similar in design to the ,carington just mentioned and figured4 ,but earlier in style than any of ,skinner's work yet mentioned is the book-plate of ',william ,hillary1 ,m4,d41' dated in #agdc2 here the mantling descends nearly to the base of the shield1 quite in the ',armorial' style4 ,this seems to be his latest work in early fashion4 ,in #agda he had designed a book-plate for ',john ,william ,fuhr1' in which there are clear indications of ,chippendale ornamentation4 ,this is indeed a transitional book-plate2 it has a ,jacobean shield1 which the artist has adorned with ,chippendale ornament2 the tinctures are only partially expressed and the shield remains symmetrical1 though the floral sprays and shell-work give it1 at first sight1 the appearance of not being so4 ,identical1 almost1 with this book-plate is that done by ,skinner for ',henry ,pennant1' and dated in #agdb2 and like it1 but weaker1 is that of ',thos4 ,haviland1 ,bath1' dated in the same year4 ,illustration ,skinner's next book-plates are those of ',charles ,delafaye1 ,esq41 of ,wichbury1 ,wilts' 7#agdc72 ',johnson ,robinson' 7#agdd72 ',john ,hughes of ,brecon1 ,esqre4'2 and ',benja3 ,adamson' 7#agde72 ',hen4 ,toye ,bridgeman1 ,esq41 of ,princknash1 ,gloucestershire' 7#agdf72 ',henry ,walters1 ,esq41' and ',john ,wodroofe' 7#agdg71 and ',thos4 ,fitzherbert1 ,esq41' 7#agdi74 ,all these last-named book-plates are much on a level as regards artistic merit1 and that level is not a high one2 ,benjamin ,adamson's book-plate1 figured on p4 #bji1 is a fair example of it1 though it is not so good as the ,bridgeman book-plate of the same year4 ,in #agej1 however1 we find a more noteworthy specimen of ,skinner's work in the book-plate of ',francis ,fleming4' ,there is a ,scotch look about this1 which suggests that the owner1 and not the engraver1 was responsible for its design2 the shield is oddly shaped and is on a medallion1 whilst musical instruments of various kinds are figured beneath2 ,sir ,wollaston ,franks points out to me that the ,fleming coat of arms here represented is borne only by the family of the ,earls of ,wigtown4 ,the same year 7#agej7 ,skinner did an ordinary ,chippendale book-plate for ,dr4 ,robert ,gusthart1 whose name appears in the ,bath ,guide as a doctor in practice there in #aggc4 ,in #agea ,skinner engraved a pleasing ,chippendale book-plate for ,william ,oliver1 a son of his more famous namesake1 whose book-plate1 also by ,skinner1 has been already described in these pages 7p4 #he74 ,young ,oliver's plate shows a remarkable fineness of touch1 and is altogether in very good taste--not over-ornamented4 ,two years later we have the latest known example of ,skinner's work3 the book-plate of ',the ,revd ,i4 ,dobson1 ,a4,m41' which is coarse in execution1 and suggests that the artist's skill as an engraver was diminishing4 ,illustration ,of the twenty-two known book-plates by ,skinner only two are undated1 ,dr4 ,oliver's1 already described 7p4 #he71 and that of ,sir ,john ,smyth1 ,bart41 ,,ll4,d4 ,this last he must have executed early in his career4 ,the shield bearing the arms stands upon a platform1 and is ,jacobean in shape and ornamentation2 the background is shaded4 ,clumsily drawn and clumsily posed female figures1 partly draped1 stand upon bracket-like excrescences that spring from the shield1 whilst cupids recline below it and hold it aloft4 ,what happened to ,skinner after #agec ,i have failed to discover4 ,he is certainly an interesting person from a book-plate collector's point of view1 and it is to be hoped something more about him may some day be brought to light4 ,in considering his identity it is worth remembering that a little after his disappearance1 viz4 in #agee1 another ,west of ,england engraver named ,skinner--,matthew ,skinner of ,exeter1 is found working on book-plates4 ,he signs three examples1 all designed in the ,chippendale style--',jean ,eli ,jaquri de ,moudon en ,suisse1 ,n en #agcb'2 ',sr ,edmd ,thomas1 ,bart41' and ',peregrine ,fras ,thorne4' ,the two first are ordinary ,chippendale examples1 but in the third many implements of the soldier's art are introduced4 ,another very prolific engraver of book-plates--unknown except in that capacity--was ',robert ,mountaine4' ,his book-plates are frequently dated1 but the dates are placed in the most obscure positions1 and in the smallest of figures1 so it needs a careful study of the engravings to discover them4 ,he laboured wholly in the ,chippendale style2 his touch is peculiar1 and his treatment graceful4 ,roughly speaking1 he worked from #agdj to #agee4 ,his signature varies--sometimes it is ',r4,m41' sometimes ',mountaine4' ,the following are a few of his book-plates3-- ,henry ,bowles4 ,w4 ,harrison1 ,d4,d41 ,fellow of ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 ,oxon4 ,r4 ,c4 ,cobbe4 ,s4 ,j4 ,collins4 ,c4 ,blackstone4 ,ed4 ,gore1 ,kiddington1 ,oxon4 ,john ,duthy4 ,john ,hoadly1 ,,ll4,d4 ,this is ,dr4 ,hoadly1 the versatile author of oratorios and comedies4 ,sophia ,penn4 ,jos4 ,portal4 ,c4 ,s4 ,powlet1 ,itchen4 ,geo4 ,powlet1 ,esq4 ,john ,sturgis4 ,a list of nearly sixty book-plates by ,mountaine is given in the ,ex ,libris ,journal1 ii4 p4 #df4 ,hogarth's book-plates have been already described in this volume4 ,the ',w4 ,h4' who signs certain examples1 once wrongly ascribed to ,hogarth1 was a certain ,william ,hibbart1 who1 like ,skinner1 was a ,bath artist1 and etched portraits after the manner of ,worlidge4 ,lord ,de ,tabley mentions that ,worlidge himself executed a book-plate--that of the ,honourable ,henrietta ,knight--which he signs in full4 ,worlidge was certainly a distinguished engraver2 his etchings after ,rembrandt are excellent and highly prized4 ,he died in #agff4 ,the work of ,sir ,robert ,strange as a book-plate engraver has been already referred to4 ,both ,lumisden's and ,dr4 ,drummond's book-plates were probably executed after ,strange's departure from ,england1 and therefore after #agde4 ,his continental visit was rendered necessary1 or at least expedient1 by the manner in which he had identified himself with the ,stuart cause during the then recent troubles4 ,he had joined the ,jacobite ,life-,guards1 and employed his artistic ability in designing pay-notes for the ,jacobite soldiers4 ,after studying some time in ,paris under ,le ,bas1 he returned to ,england1 where he remained till #agfj4 ,he then went back to the ,continent1 where his ability was freely appreciated1 and where he was loaded with decorations at ,rome and ,florence4 ,england at length recognised his merit1 and in #aghg the ,king conferred upon him a knighthood1 which he lived for five years to enjoy4 ,his devotion to the ,house of ,stuart never altered2 the inscription beneath one of his most celebrated portraits reads ',charles ,james ,edward ,stuart1 called the ,young ,pretender4' ,after the days of ,strange1 an innumerable number of artists sign their names to ,english book-plates2 yet1 with three exceptions1 the names of none are known to fame till we come to those of a comparatively recent date4 ,the exceptions are ,francis ,bartolozzi1 ,john ,keys ,sherwin1 and ,thomas ,bewick4 ,bartolozzi1 the man of whom ,sir ,robert ,strange displayed such ill-concealed jealousy1 began to work in ,england about four years after the accession of ,george ,,iii41 though it was some years before his worth was appreciated by the people with whom he came to reside4 ,none of his book-plates belong to a date prior to #aggj or #aghj4 ,he removed to ,lisbon in #ahjb to take charge of the ,national ,academy1 and while there1 it will be remembered1 engraved an ,englishman's book-plate in #ahje 7see p4 #ie74 ,his death took place at ,lisbon in #ahae4 ,sherwin was born in poverty1 and1 owing largely to his own folly1 died in it1 after having at one time amassed a considerable sum of money4 ,he was a pupil of ,bartolozzi1 gained the ,royal ,academy gold medal in #aggb1 and was appointed ,engraver to the ,king in or about #aghe4 ,his book-plate work is referred to at p4 #gb4 ,thomas ,bewick1 who1 as we have seen 7pp4 #ajh-ac71 was the most prolific of any ,english engraver of book-plates1 was born at ,cherry ,burn1 in ,northumberland1 in #agec1 and died in #ahbh4 ,the incidents in his history are too well known to need repetition here1 and his work upon book-plates has been already mentioned4 ,it may be1 however1 noticed that his earliest book-plate is dated in #agig1 the year in which he published the first volume of his ,british ,birds4 ,,footnote3 #af ,see ,article in ,bibliographica1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbb4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,odds ,,and ,,ends ,,odds and ends6 ,the compiler of a volume of this sort is sure to find plenty of these1--scraps worth putting in somewhere1 yet not coming precisely under any particular head4 ,in the first place1 ',portrait' book-plates claim attention4 ,we have seen that they exist1 but1 alas6 that they are so few2 for1 to any reasonable person1 members of the ,heralds' ,college1 of course1 excepted1 a man's features are certainly more interesting than his armorial bearings4 ,in ,england1 ,sam4 ,pepys adopted the style1 which was not then unknown on the ,continent4 ,pirckheimer perhaps originated it1 by placing1 as ,i have already said1 a portrait of himself at the end of the volumes1 which contained his now familiar book-plate by ,drer on the front cover2 and there are many other early foreign examples4 ,one of the most conspicuous is the bust-portrait of ,john ,vennitzer1 of ,nuremberg1 engraved by ,pfann1 and dated in #afah1 to which ,i have already alluded 7p4 #adj74 ,pepys used to place the small variety of his portrait book-plate--that figured opposite--at the commencement of many of his books1 and that showing his interwoven initials 7'the little plate for my books'7 at the end4 ,both his portrait book-plates are by ,white4 ,i have failed to find any allusion in his ,diary to the engraving of these book-plates1 though1 as we have seen1 he refers to the preparation of another 7see p4 #h74 ,he very likely took the idea of a ',portrait' book-plate from that which ,faithorne1 either in or soon after #afgj1 prepared to place in the volumes left by good ,bishop ,hacket to ,cambridge 7see p4 #bja74 ,illustration ,it is possible that we have a portrait in the figure on the book-plate1 already noticed1 of ,louis ,bosch1 a clergyman of ,tamise1 near ,antwerp2 but the head is too small to afford an interesting likeness4 ,the priest sits at a table in his study1 the walls of which are lined with volumes1 and beneath him is written in ,latin3 ',a hunt in such a forest never wearies1'--the 'forest being1' as ,lord ,de ,tabley observes1 'the rows and ranks of his reverence's books4' ,in ,france the ',portrait' book-plate is not uncommon2 that of a ,french clergyman1 ,francis ,perrault1 figured opposite1 is a nice piece of work1 and bears the date #agfd2 but portraits1 possibly or indeed probably1 of the owners occur on ,french book-plates at an earlier date4 ,in ,italy there is an example in #agfj1 the book-plate of ,filippo ,linarti4 ,illustration ,an instance of the use of the ',portrait' book-plate in ,england during the last century is afforded by that of ',jacobus ,gibbs1 ,architectus1 #agcf1' which is found in the architectural books bequeathed by the possessor to the ,radcliffe ,library at ,oxford1 a building which he designed4 ,james ,gibbs was born at ,aberdeen in #afgd1 but came south early in his career1 and ,londoners may see examples of his work in the churches of ,st4 ,martin-in-the-,fields and ,st4 ,mary le ,strand4 ,he also built the ,senate ,house at ,cambridge4 ,he died in #aged4 ,on his book-plate1 which is oblong in shape and might well form the head-piece to a preface1 the portrait appears in a medallion1 surrounded by shell and scroll-work4 ,the engraver1 who signs his initials ,b4 ,b41 was ,bernard ,baron1 a ,frenchman1 who came to ,england in #agcf and engraved ,hogarth's portrait of ,gibbs4 ,the resuscitator of ',portrait' book-plates in ,england in recent times was the late ,mr4 ,thoms4 ,that veteran antiquary tells1 in a letter to the ,athenum1 how he came to use1 as a book-plate1 a photograph of himself taken by ,dr4 ,diamond in the very early days of photography4 ,beneath this he placed an inscription setting forth that the volume in which it was fastened was for the use of himself and his friends--a repetition of the sentiment on one of the ,pirckheimer book-plates1 ',sibi et amicis4' ,we do not1 of course1 know how far ,pirckheimer meant what he said2 but we do know1 any of us who ever asked the loan of a volume from ,mr4 ,thoms1 that the sentiment was by him really meant4 ,no worthy book-borrower ever met with refusal from that ever courteous literary enthusiast4 ,after considering ',portrait' book-plates1 the collector may turn his attention to the study of the book-plates that have belonged to interesting men4 ,i have spoken of many of these in reaching this point in my volume1 but to the names already mentioned may be added some more3 ,charles1 ,earl of ,dorset and ,middlesex1 who1 as ,lord ,buckhurst1 was a prominent figure at the dull court of ,dutch ,william1 saved ,dryden from ruin and introduced ,mat ,prior to society4 ,then there is ,robert ,harley--great minister1 great statesman1 and underminer of the ,whig power2 founder of the collection of books and manuscripts which now bears his name4 ,the inscription on his book-plate reads3 ',robert ,harley of ,brampton ,castle in the county of ,hereford1 ,esqre'2 it is found in two sizes--one for folio volumes1 and another for those of smaller size4 ,its date may be fixed at the very close of the seventeenth century4 ,then we have the book-plate of ,sir ,thomas ,hanmer1 the ,speaker1 a bold piece of work1 in the ',simple ,armorial' style1 dated #agjg4 ,hanmer was born in #afgf1 so that his book-plate was executed when he was in his thirty-first year--that is1 six years prior to his first entry of the ,house of ,commons1 and probably before he had made much use of the library with which his name was afterwards associated1 when towards the close of his life he ceased to be a man of politics and became a man of letters4 ,he died in #agdf1 leaving1 completed1 his edition of ,shakespeare's works in half a dozen volumes4 ,with the book-plate of ,sir ,thomas ,hanmer we may1 appropriately1 consider that of ,sir ,paul ,methuen1 the soldier and minister of ,anne and ,george ,i41 with whom ,hanmer must have been frequently brought in contact4 ,methuen's book-plate is altogether more exceptional in style than ,hanmer's2 the mantling1 after being blown about by a strong wind1 ends regularly in tassels2 curious creatures figure in the design1 and the bracket1 on which rests the shield1 is upheld by a male and a female angel4 ,methuen's book-plate was engraved about #agbj4 ,five years later we find that of ,john1 ,lord ,boyle1 who1 though by means of the quarrel with his father he was robbed of the ,boyle library1 had1 whilst yet a young man1 a sufficient stock of volumes of his own to necessitate the use of a distinguishing mark for them4 ,his book-plate is by ,john ,hulett1 an indifferent engraver4 ,matthew ,prior's book-plate now claims attention2 indeed1 if these book-plates of celebrities were taken in strictly chronological order1 it should have been considered before that of ,sir ,paul ,methuen4 ,in style it is early ,jacobean1 so that we may date it at1 say1 #agah1 though there is nothing in the inscription--',matthew ,prior1 ,esq4'--to show to what particular period in the 'thin hollow-looked' man's life it belongs4 ,but it is tempting to place it at the close of his career as a diplomatist1 when he was settling down on the small country property that ,harley had bought for him1 and was rich on the proceeds of the subscription to his huge volume of ,occasional ,poems4 ,after ,prior's book-plate we do not meet with another of a celebrity for a considerable number of years4 ,one appears at last in that engraved--probably by a ,scotch engraver1 about the year #agdj--;for the luckless ,lord ,lovat1 who lost his head on ,tower ,hill after the second ,scotch rebellion4 ,the inscription deserves consideration1 because it is characteristic of the man3 ',the ,right ,honourable ,simon ,lord ,fraser of ,lovat1 ,chief of the ,ancient ,clan of the ,frasers1 ,governor of ,inverness1' etc4 ,mark the way in which he emphasises his headship of the clan6 ,can he1 in those early days1 have heard whisperings of a story that he had an elder brother who was in hiding lest the law should mete out to him its penalty for murder8 ,anyhow1 it is a fine bold book-plate1 more in the style of ,english book-plates of a dozen years earlier2 a heavy ermine-lined mantle of estate falls from the back of the helmet and encloses both shield and supporters4 ,john ,wilkes had three book-plates1 and what is remarkable1 they all make display of the ,wilkes armorial bearings4 ,one would fancy that the great demagogue would1 at least in the decoration of the shield1 display bombs1 kegs of gunpowder1 ,phrygian caps1 or other emblems of the manifestation and enjoyment of liberty2 but it is not so4 ,lawrence ,sterne's book-plate is certainly more appropriate4 ,here we have the bust of a young man1 whom ,lord de ,tabley considers to be either ,juvenal or ,martial1 placed on a slab1 on either side of which are closed volumes1 one inscribed1 ',alas6 poor ,yorick1' and the other1 ',tristram ,shandy4' ,no doubt this book-plate was engraved in or about the year #agfa1 when ,sterne had bought--as he told a correspondent--seven hundred books1 'dog cheap1 and many good1' which he was then busy arranging in the 'best room at ,coxwould4' ,samuel ,rogers's book-plate is in the 'wreath and ribbon' style4 ,william ,cowper's is a little later1 and shows us a plain shield without the festoon-decoration4 ,his must become a scarce book-plate1 for he had but few books--only #agg at his death1 and the book-plate does not appear in all2 perhaps he began to insert it1 but was stopped by loss of reason4 ,mr4 ,bolton suggests that the book-plate may be the work of ,thomas ,park1 an engraver who1 he reminds us1 offered to do anything for ,cowper in the way of his art as a labour of love1 so much did he appreciate the poet's writings4 ,byron's book-plate1 alluded to elsewhere1 is without one remarkable feature2 whether or not it is that sent him by the fair admirer already referred to 7p4 #af7 one cannot say4 ,thomas ,carlyle's book-plate was engraved1 in #ahec1 by ,h4 ,p4 ,walker4 ,one might extend a list of celebrities who have used book-plates ad infinitum2 but there is no need to attempt that process here1 though it might be as well to point out that certain book-plates1 inscribed with the names of celebrities1 which have induced collectors to speak of them as the book-plates of these distinguished persons1 cannot really have been made for them4 ,there is1 for instance1 an early ,chippendale book-plate inscribed ',william ,wilberforce1' which is1 or perhaps ,i should say1 used to be1 constantly spoken of as the book-plate of the famous man who was bold enough to suggest that ,england's colonies could get on very well without the presence of slavery4 ,now this book-plate is very little1 if any1 later than #agej1 and the great emancipator was not born till #agei2 as a matter of fact it was probably engraved for his grandfather1 ,william ,wilberforce of ,hull4 ,a great many specimens bear his signature written at the top of the book-plate4 ,then1 to give one more instance1 there is the book-plate inscribed ',capt4 ,cook1' and in this you are told to see the mark of ownership which the once popular hero placed in the volumes that composed his library2 but1 so far as the evidence of this book-plate goes1 ,captain ,cook may never have had a library at all4 ,it bears arms highly appropriate to a navigator2 but they were not granted to the ,cook family till #aghe1 and1 as every reader of travel knows1 ,captain ,cook was murdered in #aggi4 ,in all probability this book-plate was engraved for the navigator's son1 ,james ,cook1 who1 in #agic1 attained to the rank of commander in the ,navy2 #agic1 be it said1 is--to judge from its style and decoration--about the date of the book-plate4 ,book-plates of ,english parish libraries and institutions deserve some notice for several reasons4 ,in these days1 when enthusiasm for the erection of free libraries is so great1 it is curious to be reminded of the past and long-forgotten efforts of our ancestors to civilise their neighbours by the use of books4 ,gloomy affairs most of these 'parish' libraries are now6 ,you still sometimes find them locked in a damp vestry1 or in a country vicarage1 where their existence is a secret to the parishioners1 and1 indeed1 to most other people4 ,the book-plates of some of them are interesting4 ,there is a neat design in the ,jacobean style1 which shows us the shield divided1 and contains on the sinister side two crossed keys1 and on the dexter two crossed swords4 ,this is inscribed ',swaffham ,library4 ,t4 ,dalton1 ,f4 ,rayner1 churchwardens1 #agcg4' ,at least two designs for these parish book-plates are by ,simon ,gribelin4 ,in one1 we have ,st4 ,john in the isle of ,patmos2 and in the other1 an unidentifiable figure kneeling in prayer4 ,to each the artist has placed his initials1 ',s4 ,g41' and both belong to about the same date--#agbc4 ,a great many of these parochial libraries were founded early in the last century by ,dr4 ,thomas ,bray1 during his lifetime1 and by a body calling themselves the ',associates of ,dr4 ,bray1' after his death4 ,it was at ,bray's instance that the ,act of #g ,anne1 'for the better ,preservation of ,parochial ,libraries1' was passed by ,parliament4 ,one of the earliest of the foundations under it was in #agbj4 ,it is probable that the ',associates' issued book-plates for placing in the volumes of the different libraries established2 for there is1 in the design1 a space left blank for the insertion1 with pen and ink1 of the name of the particular library using the book-plate4 ,these book-plates generally bear texts or some appropriate words1 such as1 ',accipe librum et devora illum' 7,rev4 x4 #i71 the scene depicted being ,st4 ,john1 in the isle of ,patmos1 receiving the book from the angel2 or sometimes a reminder to the borrower that he needs to do more than borrow the volume in order to profit by its contents1 such as ,tolle1 ,lege1 which appears on the book-plate of the parish library of ,weobley6 ,grotesque heraldry is not often met with in ,england on genuine book-plates4 ,we have seen that on many examples the decorative accessories of the shield have a certain appropriateness to the owner2 besides this1 the arms borne have frequently a direct reference to the bearer's name4 ,but grotesque heraldry1 such as that which ,hogarth was so fond of designing1 is certainly rare in engravings prepared for book-plates4 ,there is1 however1 one example of such heraldry on an ,english book-plate1 which is worth referring to--,i mean the very interesting example figured on p4 #bbi4 ,this belonged to the shoemaker-poet1 ,robert ,bloomfield1 and certainly the arms upon it are both grotesque and appropriate to the owner1 since they commemorate his only really successful literary effort1 ,the ,farmer's ,boy4 ,look for a moment at the details1 for they repay inspection4 ,a figure on cow-back holding a shoe on the end of a stick1 does duty as a crest1 two ploughmen act as supporters1 whilst the bearings on the shield represent every variety of agricultural implement1 every occupant of a farm-yard ordinarily met with1 and various tools connected with the owner's craft2 besides1 on the sinister half of the shield1 is a cobbler in an attitude suggestive of his having done full justice to a feast in honour of ,st4 ,crispin--not conducted on total abstinence principles4 ,the quarterings also include three open volumes1 and across the pages of one is printed ',farmer's ,boy4' ,the whole--even to its motto1 ',a fig for the ,heralds'--is most characteristic of ,bloomfield1 and was engraved for him1 in #ahac--ten years before his death--by a ,cheapside engraver4 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,with this gathering together of scraps and clippings ,i will bring my volume to a close4 ,most of what ,i have said1 and a very great deal besides1 is well known to the students of book-plates2 but to them1 ,i fancy1 this work is not intended to appeal4 ,it is meant for the public at large1 to the majority of whom book-plates are unconsidered trifles4 ,to promote wholesale book-plate collecting in albums and portfolios is certainly not my intention4 ,if it were1 it would be a very undesirable intention1 for so far as it succeeded it would unquestionably lead to the wholesale disfigurement and destruction of books1 without regard to their value4 ,what ,i have aimed at is to awaken a wider interest in book-plates1 and a wider observation of them in their abiding places1 by those who either possess them already1 or acquire them hereafter4 ,if ,i have succeeded in doing this1 my work will1 ,i am vain enough to believe1 be not altogether unsuccessful2 for book-plates possess really an artistic and general interest1 which will be heightened the more our stock of knowledge concerning them is increased4 ,,index ,,acland1 ,,frances ,,anne1 #aif4 ,adams1 ,john1 #aeg4 ,adamson1 ,benjamin1 #bjh1 #baj4 ,adderley1 ,john1 #agh4 ,adramytteum1 ,suffragan-,bishop of1 #abg4 sculapius1 represented on a book-plate1 #hd1 #abh4 ,affleck1 ,j4 ,h41 #aab4 ,allegory1 in ,english book-plates1 #cd1 #cf1 #gb1 #ig1 #aij1 #bjj4 ----1 wildness of on ,french book-plates1 #adb4 ----1 ---- on ,american book-plates1 #aei1 #afj4 ,allen1 ---- #ajg4 ---- ,charles ,dexter1 #aej1 #aef1 #aei1 #afj4 ---- ,george1 #ajf4 ,american book-plates1 #aej-afa4 ,amman1 ,jost1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf4 ,ancestry1 pride in1 expressed on book-plates1 #agi4 ,anderson1 #aed4 ---- ,john1 #aab4 ,anson1 ,thomas1 #ia4 ,apthorpe1 ,east1 #fj4 ',armorial style1' the1 #eb4 ,atkinson1 ,buddle1 #aab4 ,avranches1 ,bishop of1 #ach4 ,b41 ,b41 #bbj4 ,bacon1 ,sir ,francis1 #bf4 ,bacon1 ,sir ,nicholas1 #bf-bh1 #ace4 ,bagford1 ,john1 his collections1 #b1 #bf1 #bh1 #ahh4 ,bailey1 ,j4 ,e41 #bc4 ,baldrey1 ,john1 #gf4 ,barber1 ,joseph1 #ab-ad4 ,barlow1 ,charles1 #eg4 ,baron1 ,bernard1 #bbj4 ,barberini1 ,maffeo1 #adh4 ,bartolozzi1 ,f41 #ae1 #gb1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie1 #if1 #aab1 #bad1 #bae4 ---- his receipt for engraving ,lady ,bessborough's book-plate1 #id4 ,bath1 ,countess-,dowager of1 #bh1 #ch1 #ci1 #ahh4 ---- ,earl of1 #ch4 ---- book-plate engravers at1 #bjc-bab4 ',bath ,oliver' biscuits1 #hf4 ,bavaria1 ,ducal1 library of1 at ,munich1 #acb4 ,beaufort1 ,duke and ,duchess of1 #ahh4 ,beilby1 ,ralph1 #aji4 ,bell1 ,anning1 #aij4 ---- ,thomas1 #aji4 ,bengough1 ,james1 #eb4 ,bennet1 ,r4 ,h4 ,alexander1 #hh4 ,bentley1 engraver1 #ajf4 ,berry1 ,agnes1 #if1 #aif4 ---- ,mary1 #agg1 #aif4 ---- ,robert1 #aif4 ,bessborough1 ,earl of1 #ib4 ,bessborough1 ,lady1 #ib4 ,bewick1 ,thomas1 #ajh-aac1 #agg1 #ahi1 #bad1 #bae4 ---- book-plates engraved on copper by1 #aab4 ,bielke1 ,thure1 #adf4 ,bigges1 ,mr41 #aab4 ,birnie of ,broomhill1 #gj4 ,bisse1 ,dr4 ,philip1 #ei4 ,blackstone1 ,c41 #bac4 ,blazon1 heraldic1 method of representing1 #bb-bd4 ----1 ---- expressed by initials1 #dj4 ----1 ---- verbal1 #cj4 ,bloomfield1 ,robert1 #bbg-bbh4 ,blossville1 ,viscomte de1 #acf4 ,boetius1 #abh4 ,bolton1 ,william1 #bbd4 ,bonner1 engraver1 #agg4 ,book-plate1 antiquity of the name1 #f4 ---- appropriateness of the name1 #e4 ---- collecting1 early days of1 #a-e4 ---- ----1 morality of1 #ed4 ---- the largest ,english1 #ej4 ,book-plates1 dates on1 #db-dg4 ---- the earliest1 #ag4 ---- ---- ,english1 #ah4 ---- ---- ,french1 #ah ---- ---- ,italian1 #ah4 ---- ---- ,swedish1 #ah4 ---- ---- ,swiss1 #ah4 ---- early use of in ,england1 #bj-dg4 ---- necessity for the use of1 #ag4 ---- sizes of1 #ai1 #aba4 ---- where to be sought for in a volume1 #ah4 ---- ,english1 prominent engravers of1 #bjj-bae4 ---- first used in ,germany1 #aad4 ---- of famous people1 #bba-bbh4 ,book-stealing or spoiling1 condemned on book-plates1 #afb-age4 ,books represented in book-plates1 #ii-ajb4 ,borbon-,busset1 ,viscount de1 #ada4 ,bosch1 ,lewis1 #agg1 #bah4 ,boston ,public ,library1 the1 #aec4 ,bosworth1 ,dr4 ,john1 #gj4 ,bouchart1 ,a41 #acf4 ,bouchot1 ,henri1 #bc1 #add4 ,bouttats family1 the1 #adh1 #bjc4 ,bowles1 ,henry1 #bac4 ,boyle1 ,john1 ,lord1 #bbb4 ,brackstone1 ,john1 #fb4 ,bradshaw1 ,henry1 #gf4 ,brampton1 #aij4 ,brand1 the ,antiquary1 #aji4 ,brandenburg family1 arms of1 #aad4 ---- ,hildebrande1 #aad4 ,bransby1 ,j4 ,h41 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,bray1 ,dr4 ,thomas1 #bbf4 ,bree1 ,martin1 #df4 ,breiner1 ,count ,m4 ,l41 #abb4 ,bridgeman1 ,henry ,toye1 #bjh1 #baj4 ,brownlowe1 ,dame ,alice1 #ej4 ---- ,sir ,william1 #ej4 ,brydges1 the ,hon4 ,james1 #ej4 ,burghers1 ,michael1 #cd1 #gc1 #gd1 #bjj4 ,burke1 ,sir ,bernard1 #b1 note4 ,burnet1 ,bishop1 #c1 #e4 ---- ,john1 #aee4 ,burton1 ,dr4 ,john1 #gh4 ,buxheim1 #aaf4 ,byron1 ,lord1 #af4 ,byrd1 ,william1 #aeb4 ,bysshe1 ,sir ,edward1 #ca1 #cc4 ,,cairnes1 ,,sir ,,alexander1 #gc4 ---- ,lady1 #gc4 ,callot1 the works of1 #f4 ,callowhill1 ,hannah1 #aeb1 note4 ,callendar1 an ,american book-plate engraver1 #aed4 ,cambridge ,university1 #bf1 #ge4 ---- ,george ,i4's gift to1 #ge1 #bjb4 ,carew1 ,sir ,nicholas1 #aa4 ,carington1 ,francis1 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,carlander1 ,herr1 #adf4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #bbd4 ,carr1 ,anne1 #aha4 ---- ,thomas1 #aab4 ---- ,william1 #aha4 ,cassano-,serra1 ,duke of1 #adh4 ,carter1 ,thomas1 #dc4 ,castle1 ,egerton1 #adc4 ---- ,hedingham1 #ajd4 ,cartwright1 ,j4 ,j41 #ahb4 ,caryer1 ,richard1 #fe4 ',celestial' style1 the1 #fh4 ,ceys1 ,a4 ,t41 #adc4 ,charles ,i41 statue of1 at ,charing ,cross1 #ab4 ,charles ,,xiii41 book-plate of1 #adg4 ',charlie1 ,prince1' #hg4 ,charlton1 ,charles1 #aaj4 ,chetwynd1 ,walter1 #dj4 ,chinese ,mandarin1 figured on a book-plate1 #adc4 ,chippendale style1 the1 #ei-fe4 ,chodowiecki1 ,d4 ,n41 #abg4 ,chorley1 ,w4 ,b41 #agg4 ,cipriani1 #ij1 #ib4 ,clapham1 ,a41 #aab4 ,clark1 ,charles1 #agb4 ,clayton1 ,sir ,robert1 #dd4 ,clonfert1 ,bishop of1 #eg4 ,cobbe1 ,r4 ,c41 #bac4 ,college book-plates1 #ed1 #eg4 ,collet1 ,john1 #ahc4 ---- ,thomas1 #ahc4 ---- ,william1 #ahc4 ,collins1 ,s4 ,j41 #bac4 ,colonial book-plates1 #aea4 ,columbine1 ,francis1 #eb4 ,conway1 ,field-,marshal1 #aie4 ,conyers1 ,john1 #bjd4 ,cook1 ,captain1 #bbe4 ---- ,james1 #bbe4 ,cornwallis1 ,lord1 #eb4 ,cotes1 ,rev4 ,h41 #aaj4 ,courtney1 ,william1 #cj4 ,cowper1 ,william1 #bad4 ,cranach1 ,lucas1 #abd1 #abe4 ,crewe1 ,nathanael1 ,bishop of ,durham1 #eb4 ,cunliffe1 ,foster1 #ia4 ---- ,sir ,foster1 #ij1 #ia4 ---- ,sir ,robert ,h41 #ij1 #ii4 ,cunningham1 ,allan1 #hb4 ,currer1 ,danson ,richardson1 #hh4 ---- ,john1 #hh4 ,custos1 ,dominick1 #abg4 ,,dalton1 ,t41 #bbf4 ,damer1 ,anne ,seymour1 #if1 #aic1 #aie1 #aif4 ---- ,hon4 ,john1 #aie1 note4 ,dawkins1 ,henry1 #aed4 ,darlington1 view of1 #ajf4 ,dartmouth ,college1 #aei4 ,dasent1 ,sir ,george1 #adh4 ,dates on book-plates1 #db-dg4 ,de ,fleurieu1 ,chevalier1 #adc4 ,delafaye1 ,charles1 #fd1 #bjh4 ,delphin edition1 the1 #ach4 ,de ,la ,colombire1 ,vulsson1 #bc4 ,de ,la ,valle1 ,melchior1 #acf4 ,de ,malherbe1 ,francis1 #bc1 #adj1 #adb4 ,de ,maridat1 ,peter1 #age4 ,de ,menezes1 ,isabel1 #id1 #ahe4 ,derby1 ,james1 ,earl of1 #di-ej4 ,dering1 ,sir ,edward1 #ca1 #ahj4 ---- ,thomas1 #aed1 #aee4 ,de ,sales1 ,charles1 #acg4 ,de ,tabley1 ,lord1 #a1 #g1 #dh1 #ed1 #fj1 #gd1 #ge1 #hf1 #hh1 #abh1 #aca1 #acg1 #adh1 #afd1 #afh1 #agd1 #ahc1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bac1 #bah1 #bbd4 ,diamond1 ,dr41 #bbj4 ,dickens1 ,fr41 #df4 ,dinwiddie1 ,robert1 #aee1 #aef4 ,dobson1 ,rev4 ,i41 #baj4 ,doctors of ,medicine1 represented on a book-plate1 #hd4 ,doeg1 ,alexander1 #aab4 ,doolittle1 ,amos1 #aed4 ,dorset and ,middlesex1 ,charles1 ,earl of1 #bba4 ,douglas1 ,dr41 #ae4 ,drummond1 ,dr4 ,thomas1 #hg1 #bad4 ,dual ownership of book-plates1 #aih4 ,dubarry1 ,countess1 #adj4 ,duch1 ,rev4 ,jacob1 #aeh4 ,du ,guernier1 ,louis1 #gc1 #gd4 ,duick1 ,john1 #hf4 ,drer1 ,albert1 #ag1 #aag1 #aah1 #aba4 ,duthy1 ,john1 #bac4 ,,ebner1 ,,hieronimus1 #aag4 ,edinburgh1 book-plate engravers at1 #fi4 ,egerton1 ,randolph1 #dj1 #aha4 ,elliston1 ,robert1 #aeb4 ,elton1 ,c4 ,i41 #aag4 ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 #eg4 ,erasmus1 #aba4 ,eve1 ,c41 #fe4 ,ex ,libris ,society1 the1 #a4 ---- appropriateness of the words for book-plates1 #f-h4 ,eynes or ,haynes1 #cd4 ,,faber1 ,,john1 ,bishop of ,vienna1 #afd4 ,faithorne1 ,william1 #cf1 #bjj1 #bah4 ',farmer's ,boy1' the1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,farmington ,library1 the1 #aei1 #afj4 ,fenwick1 ,john1 #ahd1 #ahe4 ',festoon ,style1' the1 #fe4 ,fincham1 ,h4 ,w41 #b1 #ajb4 ,fitzherbert1 ,thomas1 #bjh4 ,fleming1 ,francis1 #baj4 ---- ,sir ,william1 #bjb4 ,flemish book-plates1 #adh-adi4 ,fletcher1 ,w4 ,y41 #ahh4 ,foote1 ,benjamin ,hatley1 #fe4 ,ford1 ,h41 engraver1 #ij4 ,fox1 ,charles ,james1 #ae1 #dd-df4 ---- ,sir ,stephen1 #ae4 ,franks1 ,sir ,a4 ,wollaston1 #cj1 #df1 #gi1 #ajf1 #aah1 #aba1 #abd1 #acf1 #adh1 #bjd1 #baj4 ,french book-plates1 #ig1 #ace-adf4 ---- their chief interest1 #ach-aci4 ---- styles in1 #ada-adb4 ---- ,revolution1 effects of the1 displayed on ,french book-plates1 #ada4 ,froben's press1 #aba4 ,fuhr1 ,john ,william1 #bjh4 ,fust1 ,sir ,francis1 #dc4 ,g41 ,s41 #bbf4 ,gage1 ,sir ,thomas1 #ie4 ,gainsborough1 anecdote of1 #hb4 ,garrick1 ,david1 #afh-agj4 ,gascoigne1 ,t41 #hh1 #ij4 ,gaultier1 ,lonard1 #acf4 ,george ,i41 his gift to ,cambridge ,university1 #gf1 #bjb4 ,george ,,iii41 arms of1 by ,bartolozzi1 #ia4 ,germain1 ,lady ,betty1 #aid4 ---- ,sir ,william1 #aid4 ,german book-plates1 #aad-acd4 ,gibbs1 ,james1 #bah1 #bai4 ,gift book-plates1 #bf1 #bh1 #cj1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci4 ,godfrey1 ,john1 #eb4 ,goodford1 ,samuel1 #ei4 ,gore1 ,edward1 #bac4 ---- ,thomas1 #cd1 #gc1 #bjj4 ,gosden1 ,thomas1 #ajc4 ,gould1 ,sir ,nathaniel1 #gc4 ,grme1 ,elizabeth1 #aeg-h4 ---- ,dr4 ,thomas1 #aeg4 ,gravelot1 #gh4 ,gray's ,inn ,library1 the1 #ajj4 ,greene1 ,john1 #cc4 ---- ,t4 ,w41 #ajd4 ,gribelin1 ,simon1 #ahi1 #bjc1 #bbf4 ,gricourt1 ,abb de1 #adc4 ,grimston1 ,sir ,samuel1 #ci4 ,grotesque heraldry on book-plates1 #bbg4 ,gueullette1 ,thomas1 #adc4 ,gusthart1 ,dr4 ,robert1 #baj4 ,h41 ,w41 #gi1 #adc1 #bac4 ,hacket1 ,bishop1 #cf1 #bjj1 #bah4 ,haistwell1 ,edward1 #ei4 ,hamilton1 ,walter1 #bb1 #ada1 #add4 ,hanmer1 ,sir ,thomas1 #bba4 ,hanover1 ,house of1 ,oxford's suspected disloyalty to1 #gh4 ,hare1 ,sir ,thomas1 #ei4 ,harington1 ,gostlet1 #eb4 ,harleian ,collections1 the1 #aib4 ,harley1 ,robert1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,harrewyn1 ,j41 #adi4 ,harrison1 ,w41 #bac4 ,harrold1 ,countess of1 #eh4 ,harvard ,college1 #aec1 #aed1 #aei4 ,hasty ,pudding ,society1 the1 #aei4 ,haviland1 ,thomas1 #bjh4 ,haynes or ,eynes1 #cd4 ,hedio1 ,andrew1 #aff4 ,hnault1 ,m41 #adb4 ,henshaw1 the engraver1 #if4 ,hesketh family1 arms of1 #ej4 ,hewer1 ,william1 #ajj4 ,hibbart1 ,william1 #gi1 #bac4 ,hibbins1 ,lucius ,henry1 #ei4 ,hillary1 ,william1 #bjh4 ,hoadly1 ,dr4 ,john1 #bac4 ,hoare1 arms of1 #ie4 ---- ,frances ,ann1 #aif4 ---- ,richard1 #ie1 #aif4 ---- ,sir ,richard ,colt1 #ie1 #aif4 ,hogarth1 ,william1 #f1 #ad1 #ef1 #ge1 #gi1 #ib1 #aab1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bbg4 ,holbein1 drawings by1 #ia4 ,holcombe1 ,john1 #fh4 ,holland1 ,john1 #gi4 ,hollar's armorial work1 #cc4 ,holles1 ,henrietta ,cavendish1 #aib4 ,holmes1 ,oliver ,wendell1 #afa4 ,holzschuher family1 #abe1 #abf4 ,hommeau1 ,c4 ,f41 #afh4 ,howard1 ,dr4 ,jackson1 #b1 #cj1 #cb4 ,huet1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,d41 #ach4 ,hughes1 ,john1 #bjh4 ,hulett1 ,john1 #bbb4 ,hungerford1 ,sir ,george1 #cf4 ,hunloke1 ,sir ,henry1 #dj4 ---- ,henry1 #agi4 ,huntingdon1 ,selina1 ,countess of1 #aid4 ,hurd1 ,nathaniel1 #aed4 ,hustler1 ,james1 #ei4 ---- ,sir ,william1 #eb4 ,i',,anson1 ,sir ,t4 ,b41 #fh4 ,ingold1 ,father1 #acf4 ,ireland1 ,john1 #f4 ,irish book-plates1 #fi-gj4 ,isham1 ,sir ,charles1 #aa4 ---- ,sir ,thomas1 #h-aa1 #bjj4 ,italian ,,mss41 heraldic decoration of1 #af4 ---- book-plates1 #adg-h1 #bah4 ,,jacob1 ,,herbert1 #agf4 ,jacobean style1 the1 #ec-ei4 ,jacobite ,life-guards1 the1 #bad4 ,jaquri1 ,jean ,eli1 #bab4 ,james ,,ii41 statue of1 at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 #ab4 ,jeffreys1 ,henrietta ,louisa1 ,countess of ,pomfret1 #aic4 ,jenkins1 ,miss1 #b4 ,jesus ,college1 #eg4 ,jodrell1 ,paul1 #ej4 ,johnson1 engraver1 #aed4 ,jones1 ,g4 ,l41 ,bishop of ,kilmore1 #ff4 ,,kendrick1 ,,dr41 #ajf4 ,kennett1 ,white1 ,bishop of ,peterborough1 #ajb4 ,kent1 ,henry1 ,duke of1 #eh4 ,kerrich1 ,dr4 ,samuel1 #ad4 ,kilian1 ,lucas1 #abg4 ---- ,wolffgang1 #abd1 #abg4 ,kilmore1 ,bishop of1 #ff4 ,kirby ,hall1 #ajd4 ,knatchbull1 ,thomas1 #di4 ,knight1 ,hon4 ,henrietta1 #bac4 ,knringen1 ,john ,giles1 #ahj4 ,koler1 ,susanna1 #abg4 ,kressenstain1 ,j4 ,w41 #abf4 ,,labouchere1 ,,miss ,,norna1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aij1 #aih4 ,ladies' book-plates1 #ahf-aii4 ,lamballe1 ,princess de1 #aih4 ,lambart1 ,george1 #f1 #gi4 ,landscape book-plates1 #ajc4 ,larson1 ,william1 #ab4 ,le ,bas1 engraver1 #bad4 ',legacy' book-plates1 #bh4 ,legh1 ,gerard1 #bc4 ,le ,grand1 engraver1 #adj4 ,leicester ,warren1 ,hon4 ,j4 ,b41 see ,de ,tabley1 ,lord4 ,le ,mercier1 ,father1 #ada4 ,lethieullier1 ,john1 #ei4 ',library ,interiors1' #ii1 #ajj1 #add1 #adf4 ,libraries1 ,public1 #ii4 ,lichfield ,cathedral1 view of1 #ajf4 ,lilienthal1 ,michael1 #afg4 ,linarti1 ,filippo1 #bah4 ,liverpool ,library1 the1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,lloyd1 ,rev4 ,john1 #agf4 ,locker1 ,capt4 ,william1 #ajc4 ,loggan1 ,david1 #h-aa1 #bjj4 ,lombe1 ,lady1 #ahi4 ,lovat1 ,lord1 #bbc4 ,lulin1 ,amadeus1 #adf4 ,lumisden1 ,andrew1 #aa1 #hg1 #bad4 ,lynch1 ,philip1 #eh4 ,lyttelton book-plate1 #bjj4 ---- ,sir ,edward1 #cb4 ,m41 ,r41 #bac4 ,macciucca1 ,francesco ,vargas1 #aga1 #aii4 ,macdonald1 ,h41 #agd4 ,malassis1 see ,poulet-,malassis4 ,manchester ,circulating ,library1 the1 #ii4 ---- ,subscription ,library1 the1 #ii4 ,mantling1 style of1 #eb4 ,marks1 ,john1 #agd4 ,marlborough1 ,duchess of1 #aie4 ,marriott book-plate1 the1 #cf4 ,marshall1 ,william1 #cb1 #bjj4 ,marsham1 ,john1 #cc4 ,mason1 ,dame ,anna ,margaretta1 #eh1 #ahi4 ,massie1 ,richard1 #ei4 ,massy1 ,francis1 #bjh4 ,maury1 ,cardinal1 #adj4 ,mavericks1 the1 engravers1 #aed4 ,mayo1 ,lady1 #aij4 ,mercator1 ,daniel1 #agi4 ---- ,nicholas1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,methuen1 ,sir ,paul1 #bbb4 ,middlesex1 ,lionel1 ,earl of1 ill-treatment of his wife1 by1 #ch4 ,minerva1 presented with a tomahawk1 #aei4 ,mitford1 ,john1 #if4 ,moises1 ,edward1 #aab4 ,monmouth1 ,james1 ,duke of1 #aha4 ,moore1 ,bishop1 library of1 #ge4 ---- ,o1 #age4 ,morghen1 ,raphael1 #adg1 #adh4 ,mottoes1 punning1 #agf4 ---- repeated in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew1 #abj4 ,moule1 ,thomas1 #f1 #ab4 ,mountaine1 ,robert1 #bab-bac4 ,muilman1 ,peter1 #ajd4 ,musgrave1 ,sir ,christopher1 #bjd4 ,myller1 ,sebastian1 #abg4 ,mynde1 ,h41 #ajc4 ,,nack1 ,j4 ,b41 #g1 #h4 ',name ,tickets1' #dj1 #acd4 ---- used in ,france1 #ace4 ---- ---- ,germany1 #ace4 ,nash1 ',beau1' #bjf4 ,neptune1 figured on a book-plate1 #if4 ,newcastle-upon-,tyne1 #ab4 ---- ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 view of1 #aji4 ,new ,college1 ,oxford1 #eh4 ,newdigate1 ,richard1 #eb4 ,new ,england ,library1 the1 #aec4 ,newport1 ,lady1 #ch4 ,new ,york ,society ,library1 #aei4 ,nevill1 ,lady ,dorothy1 #aii4 ,nicholson1 ,gilbert1 #dc4 ,nicholson1 ----1 an attorney at ,lichfield1 #ajf4 ,north1 ,hon4 ,anne1 #ahi4 ,nott1 ,fettiplace1 #dj4 ,nuremberg1 ,library of ,st4 ,laurence at1 #ahc4 ,,okey1 family book-plate1 #ahc4 ,oliver1 ,dr4 ,william1 #hd1 #hf1 #bab4 ---- ,william1 #baj4 ,ord1 ,john1 #fd4 ,oringen1 #abe4 ,orr1 ,j41 #gj1 note4 ,oxford1 ,earl of1 #aib1 #aic4 ---- ,henrietta1 ,countess of1 #ad1 #gi1 #ha1 #aij1 #aic1 #bjc4 ,oxford1 suspected disloyalty of1 to the ,house of ,hanover1 #gh4 ,,pagit1 ,,justinian1 #dj4 ,pain1 ,anne1 #aih4 ---- ,thomas1 #aih4 ,paper1 its ancient scarcity1 #aaf4 ,park1 ,thomas1 #bbd4 ,parlington1 library at1 #hh4 ,parochial ,libraries1 #afg1 #afh1 #bjc1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,parsons1 ,daniel1 #ba4 ,paynter1 ,david1 #dd4 ,pembroke ,college1 #eg4 ,penn1 ,sophia1 #bac4 ---- ,thomas1 #aea4 ---- ,william1 #aea1 #aeb1 note4 ,pennant1 ,henry1 #bjh4 ,penny1 ,nicholas1 #eb4 ,pepys1 ,samuel1 #h1 #ah1 #dj1 #ajj1 #agh1 #baf-bah4 ,pereira1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,w41 #aba4 ,perrault1 ,francis1 #bah4 ,personal particulars on book-plates1 #agh4 ,petrarca1 ,giuseppe1 #abb4 ,petra-,sancta1 ,father1 his system of expressing metals and tinctures in heraldry1 #bc4 ,pfann1 engraver1 #baf4 ,physicians1 ,college of1 #ae4 ,picart1 ,bernard1 #add4 ',picture' book-plates1 #ih-aac4 ,pindar1 ,elizabeth1 #ahh4 ,pine1 ,john1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh1 #gi1 #ajj1 #bjb4 ,pirckheimer1 ,bilibald1 #g1 #ag1 #ah1 #aag1 #aah1 #afb1 #age1 #bbj4 ,pitfield1 ,charles1 #dj1 #agh4 ,pocklington1 ,joseph1 #fe4 ,polish book-plates1 #adi4 ,pollard1 engraver1 #if4 ,pollen1 ,rev4 ,george1 #fh4 ,pmer1 ,hector1 #aah1 #abj1 #aba4 ,pomfret1 ,lady1 #aic1 #aid4 ,pompadour1 ,la1 #adj4 ,ponsonby1 ,hon4 ,gerald1 #id4 ,pope1 figured on a book-plate1 #ha4 ,porcellian ,club1 the1 #aei4 ,portal1 ,joseph1 #bac4 ,portrait book-plates1 #cf1 #ih1 #aif1 #bjj1 #baf-bbj4 ,poulet-,malassis1 ,m41 #a1 #g1 #ig1 #ace1 #acf1 #ada1 #adb4 ,powlet1 ,c4 ,s41 #bac4 ---- ,george1 #bac4 ,priestley1 ,joseph1 #ajg4 ,prince ,library1 the1 #aec4 ---- ,thomas1 #aec4 ,prior1 ,matthew1 #ahb1 #bbb4 ,punning ,heraldry1 instances of1 upon book-plates1 #abe4 ,pye1 engraver1 #ajd1 #ajf4 ,,queens' ,,college1 ,,camb41 #eg4 ,,raby1 ,,lord1 #aha4 ,radcliffe ,library1 ,j4 ,gibbs's gift to1 #bah4 ,raigniauld1 engraver1 #acf4 ,rayner1 ,f41 #bbf4 ,red-skins figured on book-plates1 #aei4 ,reilly1 ,john1 #ec1 #aff1 #afg4 ,restoration1 increase in number of book-plates1 after the1 #cc4 ,revere1 engraver1 #aed4 ,rieterin1 ,margretha1 #aah4 ,roberts-,brown1 ,j41 #b4 ,robinson1 ,john1 #ei4 ---- ,johnson1 #bjh4 ---- ,thomas1 #agf4 ---- ,sir ,william1 #df4 ,rochdale ,circulating ,library1 the1 #ii4 ',rococo' style1 the1 #adb1 #adg4 ,roe1 engraver1 #if4 ,rogers1 ,samuel1 #bbd4 ,roos1 ,lady1 #ej1 #ahh4 ---- ,lord1 #ej1 #eb4 ,rosenberg1 ,count of1 #abg1 #acj1 #aca4 ,ross1 ,t41 #ha4 ,rowney1 ,thomas1 #eb4 ,royal ,society1 ,library of1 #aah4 ,royall1 ,isaac1 #aea1 note4 ,rushout1 ,sir ,john1 #ei4 ,russian book-plates1 #adi4 ,rylands1 ,j4 ,paul1 #dc1 #ajj1 #agi4 ,,sadeler1 ,,giles1 #abd1 #abg1 #acb4 ---- ,joseph1 #abd4 ,st4 ,albans ,grammar ,school1 #ci4 ,st4 ,david's1 ,bishop of1 #ei4 ,st4 ,frances de ,sales1 #acg4 ,st4 ,john figured on a book-plate1 #afg1 #bbf1 #bbg4 ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,camb41 #eg4 ,st4 ,paul figured on a book-plate1 #abd1 #abe4 ,st4 ,peter figured on a book-plate1 #abe4 ,st4 ,quintin1 ,sir ,william1 #dc4 ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 #ei4 ,sartor1 ,james1 #bjb4 ,sartorius1 ,christopher1 #bjb4 ,sayer1 ,john1 #eb4 ,scharff1 ,gottfried ,balthazar1 #agf4 ,schintz1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,s41 #abh4 ,scotch book-plates1 #fi-gj4 ---- rebellion1 the second1 #ab4 ,scripture1 quoted in condemnation of book-stealing1 #afg4 ,scroope1 ,simon1 #ej4 ,seyringer1 ,john1 #age4 ,shakespeare represented on a book-plate1 #ha4 ,shelburne1 ,lord1 his quarrel with ,priestley1 #ajg4 ,sheraton1 ,thomas1 #ff4 ,sherwin1 ,john ,keys1 #gb1 #ij1 #if1 #bad1 #bae4 ,sibmacher1 ,hans1 #abf4 ,signeira1 drawing by1 #ie4 ,sinton1 engraving by1 #acg4 ,sion ,college ,library1 #ajb4 ,skeleton1 one represented on a book-plate1 #abi4 ,skinner1 ,j4 ,jacob81 #fd1 #ha1 #hd1 #bjc-bab4 ---- ,matthew1 #bab4 ,skorina1 ,f41 #abd4 ,sloane1 ,sir ,hans1 #ab4 ,smyth1 ,sir ,john1 #bab4 ,southey1 ,robert1 #bji-baj4 ,southwell 7anon471 #cd4 ---- ,sir ,robert1 #dj1 #ahj4 ---- ,hon4 ,r4 ,h41 #ajc4 ,spanish book-plates1 #adh4 ,speratus1 ,paulus1 #abb1 #aff4 ,stanley1 ,sir ,edward1 #ej4 ,stapylton1 ,sir ,bryan1 #df4 ---- ,martin1 #df4 ,stearne1 ,bishop ,john1 #g4 ,stephens1 ,william1 #ad4 ,sterne1 ,laurence1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,stirling-,maxwell1 ,sir ,william1 #ai4 ,stourhead1 #ie4 ,strafford1 ,earl of1 #ahb4 ,strange1 ,sir ,robert1 #aa1 #hg1 #bad1 #bae4 ,strawberry ,hill1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aie4 ,study1 praise of1 on book-plate1 #age-agg4 ,sturgis1 ,john1 #bac4 ,surgeons1 ,college of1 #ae4 ,surtees1 ,robert1 #fh4 ,swaffham1 parish library of1 #bbf4 ,swedish book-plates1 #adf-adg4 ,swift1 ,jonathan1 #aid4 ,swiss book-plates1 #adg4 ,sydenham1 ,sir ,philip1 #ajb1 #ahd1 #bjc4 ,sydney ,sussex ,college1 #cj4 ,symons1 ,john1 #ff4 ,,tadcaster ,,library1 #afg4 ,talbot1 ,col4 ,john1 #cj4 ---- ,c41 #agj4 ,tapestry in the ,house of ,commons1 #bjb4 ,terry1 engraver1 #ajd4 ,thomas1 ,sir ,edmund1 #bab4 ,thompson1 ,william1 #eb4 ,thoms1 ,mr41 #bbj4 ,thoresby1 the historian of ,leeds1 #ahd4 ,thorne1 ,peregrine ,francis1 #bab4 ,titles1 ,english1 a stumbling-block to foreigners1 #gd4 ',tombstone ,style1' the1 #ei4 ,tommins1 ,jean1 #ij4 ,tower of ,london1 library of the ,public ,record ,office in1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,towneley1 ,richard1 #ahd4 ,trmouille1 ,charlotte1 ,countess of ,derby1 #di4 ,tresham1 ,sir ,francis1 #bh4 ---- ,sir ,lewis1 #bh4 ---- ,sir ,thomas1 #bh1 #cj4 ,trinity ,hall1 #eg4 ,troschel1 ,hans1 #abd1 #abf4 ,turner1 engraver1 #aed4 ,twemlow1 ,william1 #dd4 ,tynemouth ,priory1 view of ruins of1 #aaj4 ,tyneside1 the1 ,bewick's sketching ground1 #aaj-aab4 ,tyrwhit1 ,francis1 #agi4 ,,urban ,,viii41 book-plate of1 #adh4 ,,vandergucht1 ,,michael1 #aic1 #bjb-bjc4 ,vander ,noot1 ,count1 #adi1 #ahe4 ,vennitzer1 ,john1 #ahc1 #baf4 ,venus figured on a book-plate1 #ib4 ,versailles1 library at1 #adj4 ,vertue1 ,george1 #ad1 #ef1 #gi1 #aib-aic1 #bjc4 ,vicars1 ,sir ,arthur1 #ih1 #adf4 ,vienna1 ,college of ,st4 ,nicholas at1 #afd4 ,von ,hagenau1 ,ferdinand1 #abg4 ,von ,zell1 ,william1 #aaf4 ,,wadd1 ,,william1 #ae4 ,wakefield1 ,gilbert1 #ajg4 ,wale1 ,samuel1 #aic4 ---- ,t41 #hg4 ,walker1 ,h4 ,p41 #bbd4 ,walpole1 ,horace1 #ad1 #ae1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #agh1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjc4 ,walters1 ,henry1 #bjh4 ,wanly1 ,humphrey1 #ca4 ,warnecke1 ,herr1 #af4 ,warrington1 local volunteers1 picture of one1 #ajg4 ,warrington1 view of1 #ajf4 ,washington1 ,george1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,way1 ,g4 ,l41 #ajh4 ,welbeck1 #aij4 ,wentworth1 ,sir ,john1 #ej4 ---- ,thomas1 ,earl of1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,weobley ,parish ,library1 #bbg4 ,wernerin1 designer1 #abh4 ,wessenbrun1 monastery of1 #afg4 ,westmoreland1 ,francis ,fane1 ,earl of1 #ch4 ,wharton1 ,philip1 ,lord1 #ahj4 ---- ,william1 #dj1 #ahj4 ,wheatley1 ,henry1 #ajf4 ,white1 engraver1 #bah4 ,wightwick1 ,george1 #agc4 ,wigtown1 ,earl of1 #baj4 ,wilberforce1 ,william1 #bbe4 ,wilkes1 ,john1 #bbc4 ,willcox1 ,rev4 ,f41 #ci4 ,william ,,iii41 effect of his invasion upon ,english fashions1 #gd4 ,williams1 ,rev4 ,john1 #aec4 ,willis1 ,sherlock1 #afg1 #afh4 ,willmer1 ,william1 #cj4 ,wiltshire1 ,john1 #ha1 #hb1 #hf4 ,windham1 ,sir ,edmund1 #agi4 ---- ,thomas1 #agi4 ,winnington1 ,francis1 #ei4 ,wodroofe1 ,john1 #bjh4 ,wolsey1 ,cardinal1 #ah1 #bd4 ,woodward1 ,charles1 #agc4 ,worlidge1 #bac4 ',wreath and ,ribbon ,style1' the1 #fe4 ,wren1 ,sir ,christopher1 #ab4 ,wyndham1 ,wadham1 #gh4 ,,yale ,,college1 #aei4 ,yates1 engraving by1 #ia4 ---- ,james1 #ajg4 ,printed by ,t4 and ,a4 ,,constable1 ,printers to her ,majesty at the ,edinburgh ,university ,press 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,page xv1 ,bromhill changed to ,broomhill 7,,birnie ,,of ,,broomhill7 ,page #add1 th changed to the 7perhaps the most gloomy7 ,page #aej1 missing marker #a added to footnote4 ,page #ahd1 the inscription on ,sir ,philip ,sydenham's book was moved out of the end of the paragraph to allow the tatis3 #gc ,domini3 #agjb4' to be lined up at the end as they are in the original text4 ,page #ahd1 mathematican changed to mathematician 7astronomer and a mathematician7 ,page #aie1 y changed to yet 7and have not yet7 ,index3 ,page #bcc1 ,chadowiecki changed to ,chodowiecki and moved to new alphabetical position 7,chodowiecki1 ,d4 ,n41 #abg47 ,page #bcc1 ,maridal changed to ,maridat 7,de ,maridat1 ,peter7 ,page #bce1 ,henault changed to ,hnault 7,hnault1 ,m47 ,page #bce1 ,i',,anson changed to ,i',,anson 7,i',,anson1 ,sir ,t4 ,b47 ,page #bcf1 this text uses both ,jaquri in the text once and ,jacquri in the index once4 ,the index was changed to reflect what was in the text1 but the reader should be aware that the name appears both ways in other texts and often with ,elie instead of ,eli4 ,page #bce1 ,kaler changed to ,koler and move to new alphabetical position 7,koler1 ,susanna7 ,page #bcf1 ,linasti changed to ,linarti 7,linarti1 ,filippo7