,illustration3 ,,the ,,modern ,,world ,,and ,,the ,,bible ,,lands4 ,,note4--,the ,bible ,lands are those included within the red lines4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,bold text is set off by equal signs and italic text by underscores4 ,,bible ,,atlas ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,biblical ,,geography ,,and ,,history ,,especially ,,prepared ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,teachers ,,and ,,students ,,of ,,the ,,bible1 ,,and ,,for ,,sunday ,,school ,,instruction1 ,,containing ,maps1 ,plans1 ,review ,charts1 ,colored ,diagrams1 ,,and ,,illustrated ,,with ,,accurate ,,views ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,cities ,,and ,,localities ,,known ,,to ,,bible ,,history4 ,,revised ,,edition4 ,,by ,,rev4 ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,author ,,of ,,revised ,,normal ,,lessons1 ,,studies ,,in ,,the ,,four ,,gospels1 ,,studies ,,in ,,old ,,testament ,,history1 ,,etc4 ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,rev4 ,,bishop ,,john ,h4 ,,vincent1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,,chancellor ,,of ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,university4 ,,chicago3 ,,rand1 ,mc,n,a,l,l,y ,,company1 ,,publishers4 ,,manual ,,of ,,biblical ,,geography4 ,,copyright1 #ahhd1 ,,by ,,rand1 ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #ahhg1 ,,by ,,rand1 ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #ahii1 ,,by ,,rand1 ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #aijh1 ,,by ,,rand1 ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,,copyright1 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,rand1 ,,mcnally ,,co4 ,,introduction4 ,,on this side of the sea we sit down with a big book in our hands4 ,it is an old book4 ,nearly two thousand years have passed since the last word of it was written1 and no one can tell how many thousands of years ago the records were made or the words uttered1 out of which its first writer prepared his wonderful statements4 ,this old book is a singular book as to the variety of its contents1--ranging from dry chronological statement to highest flight of royal poetry4 ,many pages of it are simply historical1 with lists of kings1 and names of family lines through many generations4 ,geographical allusions descending to minutest detail are strewn thickly through its pages4 ,there is no department of natural science which does not find some of its data recognized in the chapters of this venerable volume4 ,stones and stars1 plants and reptiles1 colossal monsters of sea and land1 fleet horse1 bird of swift flight1 lofty cedar and lowly lily1--these all find their existence recognized and recorded in that book of various theme4 ,as it is a long time since these records were made1 so are the lands far away in which the events recorded are said to have occurred4 ,we measure the years by millenaries1 and by the thousand miles we measure the distance4 ,the greatest contrast exists between the age and land in which we live and the age and lands in which this book found its beginning1 its material and its ending4 ,to one familiar only with the habits1 dress and customs of ,american life1 the every-day events recorded in the book seem fabulous4 ,we do not dress as the book says that people dressed in those far-away years and far-away lands2 we do not eat as they did2 our houses are not like theirs2 we do not measure time as they did2 we do not speak their language2 our seasons do not answer to the seasons that marked their year4 ,it is difficult1 knowing only our modern ,american life1 to think ourselves into the conditions under which this book says that people lived and thought in those long-ago ages4 ,their wedding feasts and funeral services differed utterly from ours4 ,they lived and died in another atmosphere1 under a government that no longer exists2 made war upon nations that are powerless to-day as the sleeping dead in a national cemetery2 and the things which we read concerning them seem strange enough to us4 ,in the changes which have taken place through all these centuries1 it would be an easy thing1 under some circumstances1 for men to deny that the people of the book ever lived1 that the cities of the book were ever built1 that the events of the book ever transpired4 ,and1 if its historic foundation were destroyed1 the superstructure of truth1 the doctrinal and ethical teachings resting upon it1 might in like manner be swept away4 ,this old ,book--the ,bible1 a divine product1 wrought into the texture of human history and literature with the gradually unfolding ages--is the old ,book we study to-day on this side the sea4 ,it is a ,book of books1--the ,book out-shining all other books in the literary firmament1 as the sun out-splendors the planets that move in their orbits around him4 ,it is a book that deals with man as an immortal soul2 making known the beginnings of the race2 going back of the beginning to ,god1 who is from everlasting to everlasting1 and who in the beginning created the heaven and the earth2 revealing the creative purpose and loving grace of ,god2 tracing the fall and deterioration of man1 the divine interposition in human history1 the preparation of a family1 a race1 a nation1 and a world at large1 for the coming of the ,redeemer2 revealing the glory of ,god in the face of ,jesus ,christ2 showing how the ,christ came1 what he did1 what he said1 what he resisted1 what he endured1 what he suffered1 what he achieved2 telling in simple way the story of the early church1 from the little meeting of the bereaved disciples in the upper room to the magnificent consummation of ,christ's coming1 as seen in the prophetic visions of ,st4 ,john on the ,isle of ,patmos4 ,it is a book full of history1 of geography1 of archology1 of prophecy1 of poetry1 of doctrine1 of exceeding great and precious promises4 ,in an important sense the foundations of this book are laid in human history and geography4 ,however high toward the heavens it may reach in doctrine and promise1 its foundations lay hold of the earth4 ,if the children of ,israel did not live in ,egypt and ,canaan and the far ,east1 if the statements of their history as recorded in the book be not facts1 if the story of ,jesus ,christ be false1--everything fails us4 ,with the sweeping away of fact1 we must also bid farewell to the words of doctrine and of promise here recorded2 to the divine words of assurance which now give comfort to the penitent1 hope to the despairing1 strength to the feeble1 and immortal life to the dying4 ,as we sit down on this side of the sea1 it is well that we are able to look beyond the sea to the lands which gave to the world the book in our hands4 ,and it is well1 that1 as we look1 we are able to connect the book of to-day with those same lands as they now lie among the rivers and by the seaside1 from the sources of the ,tigris and ,euphrates to the mouths of the ,nile1 from the palaces of ,babylon to the dock at ,puteoli and the prison at ,rome4 ,and it is well that the lands as they are found to-day correspond to the records of the ,book as they were made centuries and centuries ago4 ,the ,book1 on its human historic1 geographical and archological side1 is true to the facts as in the nineteenth century they are presented to us in the lands of the ,east4 ,there are those who believe with firm faith1 that1 for these days of skepticism and of merciless and conscienceless historic criticism1 the lands have been kept almost in their original condition1 that the testimony of the modern skeptical traveler might 7though unintentionally on his part1 but necessarily7 corroborate the teachings of the ,bible4 ,have the mummy wrappings of ,mohammedan domination held the far ,east unchanged through the centuries1 that in these days of doubt the hills of ,canaan1 the plains of ,egypt and the ruins of ,mesopotamia might lift their voice in solemn attestation to the divine truthfulness of the sacred historians8 ,these lands are memorial lands4 ,they are now what the ,book says they once were4 ,although the sweeping away of ancient governments and the reign of anarchy have modified the face of the country1 the evidences still remain that the most glowing descriptions of their prosperity were not exaggerated4 ,infidels have doubted1 for example1 whether ,palestine could contain the immense populations which1 in its prosperous days1 according to the statements of the ,book1 were resident there4 ,but scientists show that the soil of ,canaan1 under cultivation1 is one of the richest and most fertile in the world4 ,the broken terraces that may still be traced on the hill-sides1 the walls of cities and other ruins that fill the land1 sustain the account of the prosperous days and the immense populations of ,bible times4 ,so little have the conditions of social life been modified1 that one may live the old life over again in ,canaan4 ,soil and scenery1 the seasons of the year1 ,jacob's well and the ,jordan1 ,ebal and ,gerizim1 the plain1 the wilderness and the city1 all give witness to the words of the ,book4 ,the names of olden time still linger4 ,one lands at ,yafa1 the ,joppa of old2 ,jerusalem is now el ,khuds1--the ,holy2 ,bahr-lut--the ,sea of ,lot--is the ,dead ,sea in the ,valley of ,sodom and ,gomorrah2 ,bir es ,seba is the ,beersheba of the olden time2 el ,azariyeh is ,bethany1 the home of ,lazarus2 ,beit-lahm is still ,bethlehem2 and el ,khalil--the ,friend--is the name of ,hebron1 the home of ,abram1 the ,friend of ,god4 ,in the customs and costumes1 in the habits of speech and the manners of the people1 you read the same lesson4 ,in the spring of #ahfc ,i was permitted to spend forty days and forty nights in ,palestine4 ,i saw ,abraham at his tent-door2 ,rebekah vailing herself at the approach of the stranger2 the long caravan of camels and ,midianites on their way toward the ,south4 ,i saw the wailing mourners at the house of death2 the roof that might easily have been broken up2 the wedding procession2 the grass on the house-tops2 the sparrow making a nest for her young in the synagogues of ,jerusalem4 ,i saw the elders in the gates2 ,david the shepherd1 with his sheep1 on the hill-side2 the ,jewish mother teaching ,timothy the words of the old ,book in the old city on the hill4 ,verily1 it is the old land2 it is the old life2 it is the memorial presentation in concrete form of what the ,book says was true there thousands of years ago4 ,as ,i stood on ,safed1 overlooking the ,sea of ,galilee and the lovely land about it1 ,i turned and looked toward the north1 and saw snow-sheathed ,hermon1 probably the ,mount of ,transfiguration1 as it stood out that day against the blue sky of ,syria4 ,i thought of ,ruskin's words3 ,these pure white hills1 near to the heavens and sources of all good to the earth1 are the memorials of the light of his mercy that fell snow-like on the ,mount of ,transfiguration4 ,i once saw the ,alps glorified by the setting sun4 ,i was standing on ,la ,flgre1 looking down upon the ,valley of ,chamounix1 and upward upon the magnificent heights1 above which towered the great ,mont ,blanc4 ,a pall of mist had hidden the rough and unilluminated rocks2 but1 when that mist grew thin as a vail of delicate lace1 ,i saw the ,alps beyond1 and they appeared as if on fire4 ,i cried out in ecstacy1 ,behold ,mount ,zion4 ,through the mists of earth ,i saw the splendors of heaven4 ,the story of the transfiguration on ,mount ,hermon1 in the days of ,jesus1 if taken literally1 is not so marvelous as the history we call the life and character of ,jesus4 ,both belong to the realm of the supernatural4 ,the life granted1 the transfiguration has no surprise in it4 ,so ,i discover the strange blending of the natural and supernatural in the ,land and the ,book1--in the ,land as to-day hallowed by the ,book1--in the ,book as to-day supported and made real by the ,land4 ,it thus easily appears that every ,bible reader should be acquainted with the outlines of ,biblical and geographical antiquities4 ,without such knowledge it is impossible properly to understand the divine word4 ,how often1 through ignorance of sacred archology1 we overlook the force and beauty of the allusions which abound in the narrative1 poetic and prophetic parts of ,scripture4 ,and there is1 moreover1 an air of reality imparted to all history by familiarity with the geography involved in it4 ,in view of the supernatural character of ,bible history1 acquaintance with ,bible geography is particularly important4 ,once give its wonderful transactions an actual locality among the hills1 valleys and cities which may still be found and visited1 connecting and comparing them with the records of our present history1 and our youth will readily distinguish the miraculous from the mythical1 and discover not only clear illustrations of many portions of the ,bible1 but strong and irresistible evidence in favor of its divinity4 ,i therefore hail with joy the admirable presentation of the facts of ,bible history and geography in this volume--a presentation so clear1 and so abundantly illustrative1 that the humblest teacher and most indifferent student may be interested and instructed4 ,the study of ,bible history and geography must not be limited to the theological school1 the pastor's study1 or the advanced ,bible class4 ,it is a department peculiarly adapted to our youngest children1 and by them most needed1 that they may secure the vivid realization of actuality in the ,bible narratives4 ,boys and girls to-day may not take much delight in the advanced doctrinal teachings of the ,bible2 but it is possible so to connect its history with stories of modern travel1 through the regions referred to in that history1 that they will become interested in the one because of the pleasure they find in the other4 ,our ,sunday ,school libraries should contain the many books of travel through the far ,east which are published in these days4 ,and our ministers should enlist young people1 through special classes1 in the study of ,bible history and geography4 ,in this way a week-day hold upon our young people may be secured4 ,during ten years of my pastoral life1 wherever the itinerant system of my church placed me1 ,i held on every ,saturday afternoon1 in the lecture-room of my church1 a class to which old and young1 and the representatives of all denominations1 were admitted4 ,it was called ,the ,palestine ,class1 and was devoted to the study of ,bible history and geography4 ,an outline of facts1 prepared in catechetical form1 was printed1 and committed to memory by every pupil4 ,difficult old ,hebrew names of lands1 cities and mountains1 were arranged in a rhythmic way1 and chanted after the manner of the old-time singing geography classes4 ,answers were given in concert to help the memory1 and personal examinations were afterward conducted to test it4 ,the class constituted an ideal company of tourists to the far ,east4 ,the course of lessons was divided into five sections1 covering the whole of ,bible history4 ,as each member1 passing a personal examination1 gave proof that he had thoroughly mastered ,section ,one1 he was constituted a ,,pilgrim to the ,holy ,land1 and given a certificate to that effect4 ,having studied ,section ,two1 and passed a satisfactory examination1 he was made a ,,resident in ,palestine1 and his name was associated with one town or mountain4 ,in that way every principal place on the map was associated with the name of some member1 who was held responsible to the class for information concerning its history and present condition4 ,an examination in ,section ,three made our pilgrim and resident a ,,dweller ,,in ,,jerusalem4 ,having been examined in ,section ,four1 he was made an ,,explorer of other ,bible lands1 and was located on some mountain1 or city of ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,chaldea1 ,asia ,minor1 etc4 ,a final examination made him a ,,templar4 ,the songs1 concert exercises1 responses and ideal pilgrimage gave enthusiasm to the class1 while the personal examinations guaranteed thoroughness4 ,as ,i recall those ,saturday afternoons of my early ministry1 surrounded by earnest women and wide-awake boys and girls of all ages1 ,i am amply rewarded for all the labor and time expended4 ,the enthusiasm and delight1 the perceptible growth in knowledge1 the spirit of catholicity1 the steadiness promoted in the frivolous1 the gratification afforded on the occasion of public examinations and reviews1 the increased appreciation of the ,sunday preaching1 visible on the faces of young and old1 the grateful words that have come through the intervening years from those who were by these studies incited to a more intelligent and earnest ,bible study--these are some of the results of those years of pastoral service4 ,the plan is practicable for every pastor4 ,the book which ,i now have the honor of introducing to the public furnishes to every minister a complete preparation for directing such classes--a preparation which1 twenty-five years ago1 would have been a great benediction to me4 ,one of these ,palestine classes reported its imaginary tour through the village paper4 ,these articles gave local interest to the movement1 delighting the imaginary tourists1 and 7through no fault of ours7 deceiving more than one simple-hearted reader in the community4 ,from these letters ,i make a few extracts4 ,,palestine ,,correspondence ,,of ,,the ',,independent ,,watchman4' ,,dear ,,independent3 ,in fulfillment of the promise made the night before our departure1 ,i sit down to write the first of a series of letters detailing the most noteworthy incidents of our journey to the ,holy ,land1 with such historical and geographical facts as are suggested by the localities we may be permitted to visit4 ,as you are well aware1 an association1 which has for its specific object the study of ,bible history and geography1 was organized in your town some months ago4 ,after a course of thorough preliminary training1 arrangements were consummated for a tour of observation through ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,palestine1--the lands of ,hebrew life and literature1 the scenes of the early ,christian history1 and1 later1 the arena of ,saracenic invasion and domination4 ,we are now on the way thither4 ,while the tide of mighty immigration is pouring westward toward the ,american desert1 the ,rocky ,mountains1 ,pike's ,peak and ,cherry creek1 a tiny rill of exploration is trickling eastward toward the desert of ,sinai1 the mountains of ,egypt1 the peaks of ,lebanon1 and the river of ,jordan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after calling attention to two books which had just then appeared--,the ,land and ,the ,book1 by ,dr4 ,thomson1 and ,palestine ,past and ,present1 by ,dr4 ,osborn--the ,palestine correspondent continued3 ,no class of literature is more refining and exalting than the records of cultivated minds made amid the sacred scenes of ,palestine1 and the not less interesting ruins of ,egypt1 ,asia ,minor and ,greece4 ,a taste for such mental pabulum is a better safeguard against the popular and polluting fictions of the day than all the mandates of the parent or the uncompromising denunciations of the pulpit4 ,preoccupy by the good1 and there will be no evil to expel4 ,create a taste for healthful literature in our young people1 and they will not crave the blood and fire potions now so mercilessly provided by the corrupt press4 ,this is one object of our present pilgrimage to ,palestine4 ,we would open a new world--the newest and yet the oldest of worlds--to their view4 ,we would unfurl bright maps and open new books1 and delight them in a field of thought and research1 in which healthful influences prevail1 a field of fragrant and thornless flowers1 of luscious and life-giving fruit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the association to which ,i have referred is composed of about eighty pilgrims4 ,on ,saturday morning1 the #beth1 we left your quiet village1 reaching ,chicago the same evening4 ,tuesday morning found us on our way to ,new ,york1 where we arrived early this morning4 ,we shall sail on ,saturday1 ,april #b1 for the ,orient4 ,in order to diminish our expenses1 we forego the speed of the regular steam route1 and have chartered the sailing vessel1 the schooner ',star of ,bethlehem4' ,she is a new vessel1 and a 'bright light' in her way4 ,well rigged1 and ably manned1 she is prepared for the buffeting of old ocean4 ,her captain is the distinguished and experienced ,hardstudy1 with whom1 ,i am sure1 you have some acquaintance4 ,he is a true gentleman1 and1 ,i am told1 has been an intimate companion of several ,oriental travelers4 ,he accompanied ,dr4 ,robinson on both his tours4 ,the ',star1' built expressly for excursions to the ,mediterranean waters1 is a stout boat1 and is provided with the modern conveniences and luxuries of travel4 ,she is about #aej tons burden4 ,i spent an hour on board of her this afternoon1 and am much gratified with the neatness and elegance displayed in all her departments4 ,the library and reading-room is a little palace4 ,it contains about #a1ejj volumes1 chiefly of ,eastern travel1 which1 together with a number of good maps and paintings1 will afford us every opportunity to prepare for the interesting tour we are about making4 ,all thus far are well4 ,remember us in our wanderings1 and send us copies of your paper1 directing to the 'care of the ,united ,states ,consul at ,alexandria4' ,prepay to ,new ,york1 and send ',via ,liverpool and ,beyrout4' ,the next letter gives an account of the various pilgrimages which have been made to ,palestine from the days of ,abraham down to the present4 ,off ,sandy ,hook1 #c4cj ,p4 ,m41 our correspondent wrote4 ,the wide ocean is before us4 ,we have passed the ,battery1 ,brooklyn1 ,staten ,island1 the ruins of old quarantine and the forts1--feeble protection in cases of invasion1--and yonder to the east is ,sandy ,hook4 ,the bell of the tug rings4 ,in five minutes our friends who accompany us down will return to the city1 and we shall be alone upon the wide1 wide sea4 ,the waters appear quiet2 a faint west wind is rising2 all the children are in good spirits4 ,if they are as bright to-morrow it will be strange4 ,farewell1 native land6 ,farewell6 ,the third letter opened with a quotation from ,browning3 ',in the dimmest northeast distance ,dawned ,gibraltar1 grand and gray4' ,,schooner ,,star ,,of ,,bethlehem1 ,,harbor ,,of ,,gibraltar1 ,may #d1 '#ei4 ,,dear ,,independent3 ,thirty-two days ago we left the port of ,new ,york1 and day before yesterday glided through the ,straits of ,gibraltar1 casting anchor in this harbor4 ,our voyage was short and agreeable1 all that could be desired1 with the exception of the sea-sickness that prevailed among us for the first four or five days1 and the alarm occasioned by the heavy gale of last week4 ,for two days the storm raged so violently that our fears were much excited4 ,on the evening of the #bfth ult4 the winds were lulled1 the clouds broke away1 and the rays of the setting sun hurried swiftly across the yet raging waves1 to brighten their foaming crests with golden light1 and bring hope to our hearts4 ,religious services were conducted each ,sabbath by the chaplain1 and our programme of study and reading was faithfully observed every day4 ,all that we did1 and all that we saw1 cannot be reported in a single letter4 ,our young friends must themselves write about the wonders of the sea1--whales1 dolphins1 icebergs2 sunset1 sunrise1 midnight2 calms1 storms1 water-spouts2 and all other sources of joy or terror in ocean life4 ,yesterday was spent in an excursion to the town of ,gibraltar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after a description of ,gibraltar1 the writer says3 ,the whole juvenile forces of our vessel have been invited to dine this afternoon with the officers of ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,manchester1 in company with the ,british and ,american consuls of ,gibraltar1 and left an hour ago1 under the charge of ,captain ,hardstudy1 to comply with the gracious invitation1 and ,i remain to prepare this letter for the morrow's steamer from ,valetta to ,liverpool4 ,the sun is already sinking in the blue and gold waters of the ,mediterranean4 ,a fresh breeze has startled the sleeping waves into lively gambols1 and our flag points eagerly westward and homeward4 ,see our party of little travelers just off for the ',manchester'6 ,how their boats dance up and down over the water6 ',boom6' 'boom6' go the signal guns from the kind old ship6 ,now hear the thunderous volleys from the batteries on the huge mountain1 proclaiming the hour of sunset6 ,the letters which follow are from ,alexandria1 ,egypt1 ,may #bh2 from the ,steamer ,rameses1 ,river ,nile1 ,june #aa2 from ,off ,joppa1 ,june #af2 from ,jerusalem1 ,july #e2 from ,nablous1 'the ,city of ,samaria1' ,july #ab2 from ,beyrout1 ,syria1 ,july #bc2 and on ,monday morning1 ,july #be1 our correspondent writes his farewell1 as follows3 ,well1 friend ,,independent1 our travels are ended4 ,we came on board the ',star of ,bethlehem' this morning4 ,the steamer for ,liverpool leaves this afternoon1 and we shall send our letters ashore to be mailed4 ,by the #cjth of ,september we hope to be with you again4 ,we have seen the earthly ,canaan1 with its degradation and defilement4 ,our minds turn toward the better ,canaan4 ,with ,watts we sing3 ',look up1 our souls1 pant toward the eternal hills2 ,those heavens are fairer than they seem4 ,there pleasures all sincere glide on in crystal rills2 ,there not a dreg of guilt defiles1 ,no grief disturbs the stream ,that ,canaan knows1--no noxious thing1 ,no cursed soil1 no tainted spring2 ,no roses grow on thorns1 nor honey wears a sting4' ,such devices as these help to inspire the young with an interest in sacred things4 ,they may not yet be prepared to appreciate the night of prayer on the mountain1 the agony of the ,lord in ,gethsemane1 or the rapturous experiences of ,st4 ,john on ,patmos2 but they may take delight in the land1 its customs1 its wonderful histories1 read with gratification an account of journeys from ,dan to ,beersheba1 with perils from robbers1 and the pranks of native children1 the lonely horseback ride from ,jerusalem down to ,jericho1 the encampment by the ,fountain of robbers north of ,jerusalem1 the loveliness of ,nazareth1 the beauty of the ,sea of ,galilee1 and the glories of ,lebanon and ,hermon4 ,finding delight in these more human things1 they may1 incidentally1 under the leadership of the divine ,providence and ,spirit1 catch glimpses of his face who1 by simile and word and spirit1 sanctified the land from north to south and from ,bashan to the sea4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,revised ,,edition4 ,,during the fourteen years since this work was prepared great advancement has been gained in knowledge of the ancient ,oriental world4 ,in the light of recent researches it has become necessary to revise the entire book4 ,the work has been done with care1 every location has been reinvestigated1 and the historical allusions have been compared with the latest and best authorities4 ,in this revision the author has been materially aided by ,prof4 ,robert ,w4 ,rogers of ,madison1 ,n4 ,j41 and ,prof4 ,karl ,p4 ,harrington of ,chapel ,hill1 ,n4 ,c41 to both of whom thanks are rendered4 ,it is possible that some errors may yet remain1 and if any appear to students who make use of this work1 corrections or suggestions with regard to them will be gratefully received4 ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut4 ,,general ,,index4 ,,page ,ancient ,world1 and the ,descendants of ,noah #bc ,apostolic ,history1 ,early #aab ,bible ,history1 ,chart of #ac ,conquest of ,canaan #ej ,empire of ,david and ,solomon #fh ,illustrations1 ,list of #aa ,index to ,descriptive ,matter #aeg ,index to ,map of ,old ,testament ,world 7,map on pp4 #ah1 #ai7 #aef ,index to ,map of ,palestine 7,map on pp4 #aeb1 #aec7 #aea ,introduction #c ,isles of ,greece and the ,seven ,churches #acb ,jerusalem1 ,ancient #gb ,jerusalem1 ,environs of #hb ,jerusalem1 ,modern #gg ,journeys of the ,apostle ,paul #aaf ,journeys of the ,patriarchs #cc ,kingdom of ,saul #fd ,lands of the ,sojourn and ,wandering #da ,life of ,christ1 ,the #ajc ,measures of the ,bible1 ,the #adh ,new ,testament ,palestine 7,kingdom of ,herod the ,great7 #ajj ,old ,testament ,world1 ,the #ag ,oriental ,empires1 ,the ,great #ia ,palestine ,among the ,twelve ,tribes #ee ,palestine ,before the ,conquest #cf ,palestine1 ,lessons in the ,geography of #adc ,palestine ,under the ,judges #fj ,physical ,palestine #bh ,roman ,empire1 ,the #ig ,solomon's ,empire1 ,the ,division of #hf ,tabernacle1 ,the #ace ,table of ,contents #i ,temple1 ,the #ach ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,page ,,chart ,,of ,,bible ,,history #ac-af ,i4 ,,general ,,periods4 ,,ii4 ,,subdivisions4 ,,iii4 ,,persons ,,and ,,rulers4 ,,iv4 ,,events ,,of ,,bible ,,history4 ,v4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,egypt4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,kingdoms ,,of ,,the ,,east4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,oriental ,,empires4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,world ,,in ,,general4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,world #ag-bb ,i4 ,,extent4 ,,ii4 ,,seas4 ,,iii4 ,,mountain ,,ranges4 ,,iv4 ,,rivers4 ,v4 ,,lands4 ,i4 ,lands of the ,mountain ,system4 #a4 ,armenia2 #b4 ,media2 #c4 ,persia4 ,,ii4 ,lands of the ,plain4 #a4 ,assyria2 #b4 ,elam2 #c4 ,mesopotamia2 #d4 ,chaldea2 #e4 ,arabia4 ,,iii4 ,lands of the ,mediterranean4 #a4 ,asia ,minor2 #b4 ,syria2 #c4 ,phoenicia2 #d4 ,palestine2 #e4 ,the ,wilderness2 #f4 ,egypt4 ,,ancient ,,world1 ,,and ,,descendants ,,of ,,noah #bc-bg ,i4 ,,the ,,japhetic ,,nations4 #a4 ,gomer2 #b4 ,magog2 #c4 ,madai2 #d4 ,javan2 #e4 ,tubal2 #f4 ,meshech2 #g4 ,tiras4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,hamitic ,,races4 #a4 ,cush2 #b4 ,mizraim2 #c4 ,phut2 #d4 ,canaan4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,semitic ,,races4 #a4 ,elam2 #b4 ,asshur2 #c4 ,arphaxad2 #d4 ,lud2 #e4 ,aram4 ,,physical ,,palestine #bh-cb ,i4 ,,dimensions4 #a4 ,canaan2 #b4 ,palestine ,proper2 #c4 ,the ,land of ,promise4 ,,ii4 ,,natural ,,divisions4 #a4 ,maritime ,plain2 #b4 ,mountain ,region2 #c4 ,jordan ,valley2 #d4 ,eastern ,table-,land4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,waters ,,of ,,palestine4 #a4 ,the ,river ,jordan2 #b4 ,the ,three ,lakes2 #c4 ,the ,brooks4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,mountains ,,of ,,palestine4 #a4 ,west of the ,jordan2 #b4 ,east of the ,jordan4 ,v4 ,,the ,,plains ,,of ,,palestine4 #a4 ,phoenicia2 #b4 ,sharon2 #c4 ,philistia2 #d4 ,esdraelon2 #e4 ,negeb2 #f4 ,jordan2 #g4 ,hauran4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs #cc-cf ,i4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,abraham4 #a4 ,ur to ,haran2 #b4 ,haran to ,canaan2 #c4 ,visit to ,egypt2 #d4 ,removal to ,hebron2 #e4 ,pursuit of the ,elamites2 #f4 ,settlement at ,beersheba2 #g4 ,offering of ,isaac2 #h4 ,burial of ,sarah4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,isaac4 ,homes3 #a4 ,beer-lahai-roi2 #b4 ,gerar2 #c4 ,rehoboth2 #d4 ,beersheba2 #e4 ,hebron4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,jacob4 #a4 ,flight to ,haran2 #b4 ,return to ,canaan2 #c4 ,residence in ,canaan2 #d4 ,descent into ,egypt2 #e4 ,burial ,procession4 ,,palestine ,,before ,,the ,,conquest #cf-dj ,i4 ,,the ,,earliest ,,inhabitants4 #a4 ,the ,rephaim2 #b4 ,the ,zuzim2 #c4 ,the ,emim2 #d4 ,the ,horim2 #e4 ,the ,avim2 #f4 ,the ,anakim4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,tribes ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchal ,,era4 #a4 ,zidonians2 #b4 ,canaanites2 #c4 ,philistines2 #d4 ,hittites2 #e4 ,girgashites2 #f4 ,hivites2 #g4 ,perizzites2 #h4 ,jebusites2 #i4 ,amorites4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,nations ,,at ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,conquest4 #a4 ,amorites2 #b4 ,moabites and ,ammonites4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,surrounding ,,nations4 #a4 ,hivites1 ,arkites1 ,sinites1 ,arvadites1 ,hamathites2 #b4 ,ammonites2 #c4 ,amalekites1 ,kenites1 ,edomites4 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,sojourn ,,and ,,wandering #da-di ,i4 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,egypt4 #a4 ,names2 #b4 ,boundaries and ,dimensions2 #c4 ,divisions2 #d4 ,the ,nile2 #e4 ,the ,people2 #f4 ,history2 #g4 ,principal ,places4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,wilderness ,,of ,,the ,,wandering4 #a4 ,situation2 #b4 ,natural ,features2 #c4 ,inhabitants4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,edom4 #a4 ,boundaries2 #b4 ,names2 #c4 ,natural ,features2 #d4 ,history2 #e4 ,peculiarities4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,wandering ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness4 #a4 ,rameses to the ,red ,sea2 #b4 ,red ,sea to ,mt4 ,sinai2 #c4 ,mt4 ,sinai to ,kadesh-barnea2 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,kadesh-barnea to ,mt4 ,hor1 ,ezion-geber1 and ,return2 #g1 #h4 ,kadesh-barnea to ,elath and ,jordan2 ,table of ,stations4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,canaan #ej-ed ,i4 ,,conquest ,,of ,,eastern ,,palestine4 #a4 ,gilead2 #b4 ,bashan2 #c4 ,midian4 ,,ii4 ,,conquest ,,of ,,western ,,palestine4 #a4 ,central2 #b4 ,southern2 #c4 ,northern4 ,,iii4 ,,supplementary ,,conquests4 #a4 ,judah and ,simeon2 #b4 ,caleb and ,othniel2 #c4 ,dan4 ,,palestine ,,among ,,the ,,twelve ,,tribes #ee-ei ,i4 ,,reuben4 ,,ii4 ,,gad4 ,,iii4 ,,manasseh--,,east4 ,,iv4 ,,simeon4 ,v4 ,,judah4 ,,vi4 ,,benjamin4 ,,vii4 ,,dan4 ,,viii4 ,,ephraim4 ,,ix4 ,,manasseh--,,west4 ,x4 ,,issachar4 ,,xi4 ,,asher4 ,,xii4 ,,zebulon4 ,,xiii4 ,,naphtali4 ,,xiv4 ,,levi4 ,,palestine ,,under ,,the ,,judges #fj-fc ,i4 ,,supplementary ,,to ,,the ,,conquest4 #a4 ,judah and ,simeon2 #b4 ,danite ,migration2 #c4 ,civil ,war4 ,,ii4 ,,oppressions ,,and ,,judges4 #a4 ,mesopotamian 7south72 #b4 ,moabite 7central72 #c4 ,early ,philistine 7south72 #d4 ,canaanite 7north72 #e4 ,midianite 7central and north72 #f4 ,ammonite 7east72 #g4 ,philistine 7south and central74 ,,iii4 ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,period4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,saul #fd-fg ,i4 ,,saul',s ,,appointment ,,as ,,king4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,wars ,,of ,,saul4 ,,iii4 ,,saul',s ,,pursuit ,,of ,,david4 ,,iv4 ,,saul',s ,,death4 ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,solomon #fh-ga ,i4 ,,david',s ,,reign ,,over ,,judah4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,union ,,of ,,palestine4 ,,iii4 ,,david',s ,,foreign ,,conquests4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,calamities ,,of ,,david',s ,,reign4 ,v4 ,,the ,,close ,,of ,,david',s ,,reign4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,solomon4 ,,ancient ,,jerusalem #gb-gf ,i4 ,,names4 ,,ii4 ,,location4 ,,iii4 ,,geologic ,,formation4 ,,iv4 ,,valleys4 ,v4 ,,mountains4 ,,vi4 ,,walls4 ,,vii4 ,,history4 ,,modern ,,jerusalem #gg-ha ,i4 ,,location4 ,,ii4 ,,walls4 ,,iii4 ,,gates4 ,,iv4 ,,quarters4 ,v4 ,,fountains ,,and ,,pools4 ,,vi4 ,,outside ,,the ,,walls4 ,,the ,,environs ,,of ,,jerusalem #hb-he ,i4 ,,northern ,,road4 #a4 ,mizpeh2 #b4 ,nob2 #c4 ,gibeah2 #d4 ,anathoth2 #e4 ,ramah2 #f4 ,michmash2 #g4 ,ai2 #h4 ,beeroth2 #i4 ,bethel2 #aj4 ,rimmon2 #aa4 ,ephraim4 ,,ii4 ,,eastern ,,road4 #a4 ,bethany2 #b4 ,steep ,descent2 #c4 ,jericho4 ,,iii4 ,,southern ,,road4 #a4 ,plain of the ,rephaim2 #b4 ,rachel's ,tomb2 #c4 ,bethlehem2 #d4 ,valley of ,elah2 #e4 ,hebron2 #f4 ,jeshimon4 ,,iv4 ,,southwestern ,,road4 ,jerusalem to ,gaza4 ,v4 ,,western ,,road4 #a4 ,emmaus2 #b4 ,kirjath-jearim4 ,,vi4 ,,northwestern ,,road4 #a4 ,ramah2 #b4 ,gibeon2 #c4 ,beth-horon4 ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,solomon',s ,,empire #hf-ij ,i4 ,,kingdoms3 #a4 ,syria2 #b4 ,israel2 #c4 ,judah2 #d4 ,moab2 #e4 ,edom4 ,,ii4 ,,periods3 #a4 ,period of ,division2 #b4 ,syrian ,period2 #c4 ,restoration of ,israel2 #d4 ,fall of ,israel2 #e4 ,fall of ,judah4 ,,iii4 ,,battles ,,of ,,the ,,period4 ,,the ,,great ,,oriental ,,empires #ia-if1 #ii ,i4 ,,the ,,early ,,chaldean ,,empire4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,assyrian ,,empire4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,babylonian ,,empire4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,persian ,,empire4 ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,alexander',s ,,empire1 ,b4,c4 #bej4 #a4 ,persian ,supremacy2 #b4 ,macedonian ,supremacy2 #c4 ,egyptian ,supremacy2 #d4 ,syrian ,supremacy2 #e4 ,maccabean ,independence2 #f4 ,roman ,supremacy4 ,,the ,,roman ,,empire #ig-ii ,i4 ,,european ,,provinces4 ,,ii4 ,,insular ,,provinces4 ,,iii4 ,,asiatic ,,provinces4 ,,iv4 ,,african ,,provinces4 ,,new ,,testament ,,palestine #ajj-ajb ,i4 ,,the ,,provinces ,,of ,,palestine4 #a4 ,judea2 #b4 ,samaria2 #c4 ,galilee2 #d4 ,pera2 #e4 ,decapolis4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,political ,,history ,,of ,,palestine1 ,b4,c4 #d-;,a4,d4 #gj4 #a4 ,kingdom of ,herod the ,great2 #b4 ,tetrarchy2 #c4 ,kingdom of ,herod ,agrippa2 #d4 ,the ,two ,provinces4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ #ajc-aaa ,i4 ,,period ,,of ,,preparation4 #a4 ,presentation in the ,temple2 #b4 ,flight into ,egypt2 #c4 ,settlement at ,nazareth2 #d4 ,visit to the ,temple4 ,,ii4 ,,period ,,of ,,inauguration4 #a4 ,baptism2 #b4 ,temptation2 #c4 ,marriage at ,cana2 #d4 ,first ,passover2 #e4 ,return to ,galilee4 ,,iii4 ,,period ,,of ,,early ,,galilean ,,ministry4 #a4 ,opening of the ,ministry2 #b4 ,tour in ,eastern ,galilee2 #c4 ,second ,passover2 #d4 ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,,iv4 ,,period ,,of ,,later ,,galilean ,,ministry4 #a4 ,tour in ,southern ,galilee2 #b4 ,gadarene ,voyage2 #c4 ,tour in ,central ,galilee2 #d4 ,retirement to ,bethsaida4 ,v4 ,,period ,,of ,,retirement4 #a4 ,journey to ,phoenicia2 #b4 ,journey to ,decapolis2 #c4 ,journey to ,csarea ,philippi2 #d4 ,last ,return to ,capernaum4 ,,vi4 ,,period ,,of ,,jud,,an ,,ministry4 #a4 ,galilee to ,jerusalem2 #b4 ,jerusalem to ,bethabara4 ,,vii4 ,,period ,,of ,,per,,an ,,ministry4 #a4 ,bethabara to ,bethany2 #b4 ,retirement to ,ephraim2 #c4 ,journey in ,pera2 #d4 ,jericho to ,bethany4 ,,viii4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,passion4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,bethany to ,temple and ,return2 #d4 ,bethany to ,supper2 #e4 ,supper to ,gethsemane2 #f4 ,gethsemane to ,house of ,caiaphas2 #g4 ,caiaphas to ,pilate2 #h4 ,pilate to ,herod and ,return2 #i4 ,pilate to ,calvary4 ,,ix4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,resurrection--,the ,ten ,appearances of ,christ3 #a4 ,at ,jerusalem2 #b4 ,at ,jerusalem2 #c4 ,near ,emmaus2 #d4 ,at ,jerusalem2 #e4 ,at ,jerusalem2 #f4 ,at ,jerusalem2 #g4 ,near the ,sea of ,galilee2 #h4 ,on a ,mountain in ,galilee2 #i4 ,at ,jerusalem2 #aj4 ,near ,bethany4 ,,early ,,apostolic ,,history #aab-aae ,i4 ,,philip',s ,,journey4 ,,ii4 ,,saul',s ,,journey4 ,,iii4 ,,peter',s ,,journey4 ,,iv4 ,,barnabas' ,,journey4 ,v4 ,,barnabas ,,and ,,saul',s ,,journey4 ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,apostle ,,paul #aaf-aca ,i4 ,,the ,,provinces ,,of ,,asia ,,minor4 #a4 ,on the ,black ,sea2 #b4 ,on the gean ,sea2 #c4 ,on the ,mediterranean2 #d4 ,in the ,interior4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,first ,,missionary ,,journey4 #a4 ,antioch in ,syria2 #b4 ,seleucia2 #c4 ,island of ,cyprus2 #d4 ,salamis2 #e4 ,paphos2 #f4 ,perga2 #g4 ,antioch in ,pisidia2 #h4 ,iconium2 #i4 ,lystra2 #aj4 ,derbe2 #aa4 ,return1 and ,attalia4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,second ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,i4 ,asiatic ,stations4 #a4 ,syria2 #b4 ,cilicia2 #c4 ,derbe2 #d4 ,lystra2 #e4 ,phrygia2 #f4 ,galatia2 #g4 ,troas4 ,,ii4 ,european ,stations4 #a4 ,philippi2 #b4 ,amphipolis2 #c4 ,apollonia2 #d4 ,thessalonica2 #e4 ,berea2 #f4 ,athens2 #g4 ,corinth2 #h4 ,cenchrea4 ,,iii4 ,stations of the ,return ,journey4 #a4 ,ephesus2 #b4 ,csarea2 #c4 ,jerusalem2 #d4 ,antioch4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,third ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,i4 ,outward ,journey4 #a4 ,antioch2 #b4 ,galatia2 #c4 ,phrygia2 #d4 ,ephesus2 #e4 ,troas2 #f4 ,macedonia2 #g4 ,greece4 ,,ii4 ,return ,journey4 #a4 ,philippi2 #b4 ,troas2 #c4 ,assos2 #d4 ,mitylene2 #e4 ,chios2 #f4 ,samos2 #g4 ,trogyllium2 #h4 ,miletus2 #i4 ,coos2 #aj4 ,rhodes2 #aa4 ,patara2 #ab4 ,tyre2 #ac4 ,ptolemais2 #ad4 ,csarea2 #ae4 ,jerusalem4 ,v4 ,,the ,,voyage ,,to ,,rome4 #a4 ,jerusalem2 #b4 ,antipatris2 #c4 ,csarea2 #d4 ,zidon2 #e4 ,myra2 #f4 ,crete2 #g4 ,melita2 #h4 ,syracuse2 #i4 ,rhegium2 #aj4 ,puteoli2 #aa4 ,appii ,forum2 #ab4 ,rome4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,last ,,journeys ,,of ,,paul4 #a4 ,colosse1 ,ephesus2 #b4 ,macedonia2 #c4 ,crete2 #d4 ,nicopolis2 #e4 ,troas2 #f4 ,ephesus2 #g4 ,rome4 ,,the ,,isles ,,of ,,greece ,,and ,,the ,,seven ,,churches #acb-acd ,i4 ,,patmos4 ,,ii4 ,,asia4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,seven ,,churches ,,of ,,asia4 #a4 ,ephesus2 #b4 ,smyrna2 #c4 ,pergamos2 #d4 ,thyatira2 #e4 ,sardis2 #f4 ,philadelphia2 #g4 ,laodicea4 ,,the ,,tabernacle #ace-acg ,i4 ,,origin4 ,,ii4 ,,history4 ,,iii4 ,,departments ,,of ,,the ,,tabernacle4 #a4 ,the ,court2 #b4 ,the ,altar2 #c4 ,the ,laver2 #d4 ,the ,tent2 #e4 ,the ,holy ,place2 #f4 ,the ,holy of ,holies4 ,,the ,,temple #ach-adb ,i4 ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,gentiles4 ,,ii4 ,,sacred ,,enclosure4 ,,iii4 ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,women4 ,,iv4 ,,court ,,of ,,israel4 ,v4 ,,court ,,of ,,the ,,priests4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,god4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,the ,,geography ,,of ,,palestine #adc-adg ,i4 ,,lines ,,and ,,waters4 ,,ii4 ,,names ,,and ,,distances4 ,,iii4 ,,natural ,,divisions4 #a4 ,sea-,coast ,plain2 #b4 ,mountain ,region2 #c4 ,jordan ,valley2 #d4 ,eastern ,table-,land4 ,,iv4 ,,mountains4 ,v4 ,,places4 #a4 ,in the ,sea-,coast ,plain2 #b4 ,in the ,mountain ,region2 #c4 ,in the ,jordan ,valley2 #d4 ,in the ,eastern ,table-,land4 ,,vi4 ,,provinces4 #a4 ,juda2 #b4 ,samaria2 #c4 ,galilee2 #d4 ,pera2 #e4 ,bashan4 ,,the ,,measures ,,of ,,the ,,bible #adh-aej ,i4 ,,smaller ,,measures ,,of ,,length4 ,,ii4 ,,larger ,,measures ,,of ,,length4 ,,iii4 ,,dry ,,measures ,,of ,,capacity4 ,,iv4 ,,liquid ,,measures ,,of ,,capacity4 ,v4 ,,measures ,,of ,,weight4 ,,vi4 ,,measures ,,of ,,value4 ,,index ,,to ,,and ,,map ,,of ,,palestine #aea-aee ,,index ,,to ,,map ,,of ,,old ,,testament ,,world #aef ,,index ,,to ,,descriptive ,,matter #aeg1 #aeh ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ,,maps4 ,,page ,alexander's ,empire1 ,division of #id ,ancient ,jerusalem in ,new ,testament ,period #gb ,ancient ,world1 and ,descendants of ,noah #bd ,assyrian ,empire #ib ,babylonian ,empire and its ,surroundings #ib ,beth-horon and ,vicinity #ej ,conquest of ,canaan #ej ,corinth and ,vicinity #abc ,damascus and ,vicinity #aad ,division of ,solomon's ,empire #hf ,early ,apostolic ,history #aab ,empire of ,chedorlaomer #cd ,empire of ,david and ,solomon #fh ,environs of ,jerusalem #hb ,island of ,cyprus #aai ,isles of ,greece and the ,seven ,churches #acb ,isle of ,patmos #acd ,journeys of the ,patriarchs #cf ,kadesh-barnea and ,vicinity #dh ,kingdom of ,egypt at its greatest extent under ,rameses ,,ii #db ,kingdom of ,herod the ,great #ajj ,kingdom of ,saul #fd ,lands of the ,sojourn and ,wandering #dd ,modern ,jerusalem #ha ,modern ,palestine #aeb1 #aec ,modern ,world and ,bible ,lands facing title ,mount ,sinai1 ,vicinity of #dd ,natural ,features of ,jerusalem #ge ,nineveh and ,vicinity #if ,old ,testament ,world #ah1 #ai ,oriental ,world in the ,time of ,david #gj ,outline ,map for ,review #bf ,outline ,maps 7,geography of ,palestine7 #adc-adf ,palestine among the ,tribes #eh ,palestine as ,promised and ,possessed #ec ,palestine before the ,conquest #cf ,palestine during the ,ministry of ,jesus #ajb ,palestine under the ,judges #fj ,palestine under the ,maccabees1 ,b4,c4 #ajj #if ,paul's ,first ,missionary ,journey #aaf ,paul's ,second ,missionary ,journey #abj ,paul's ,third ,missionary ,journey #abd ,paul's ,voyage to ,rome #abf ,paul's ,last ,journeys #acj ,period of ,preparation4 7,life of ,christ7 #ajd ,period of ,inauguration4 #ajd ,period of ,early ,galilean ,ministry4 #ajf ,period of ,later ,galilean ,ministry4 #ajg ,period of ,retirement4 #ajg ,period of ,judan ,ministry4 #ajh ,period of ,peran ,ministry4 #aji ,period of the ,passion4 #aji ,persian ,empire #id ,peter's ,journey #aab ,philip's ,journey #aab ,physical ,palestine #bh ,plain of ,esdraelon #fj ,restoration of ,israel1 ,b4,c4 #hjj #hi ,roman ,empire in ,new ,testament ,period #ih ,saul's ,last ,battle #fd ,saul of ,tarsus' and ,barnabas' ,journeys #aab ,st4 ,paul's ,bay1 ,malta1 enlarged #abh ,syrian ,period1 ,b4,c4 #hhd-hdj #hh ,the ,two ,provinces1 ,a4,d4 #dd-gj #ajb ,,engravings4 ,ancient ,coins #adi1 #aej ,antioch in ,syria #aag ,arches under ,temple ,area #adg ,areopagus at ,athens #aba ,assyrian ,palace #ia ,babylon #ie ,bashan1 ,view in the ,eastern ,table-,land #ee ,bethany #aej ,bethlehem #aje ,bible ,measures #adh1 #adi ,birs ,nimroud 7supposed ,tower of ,babel7 #bc ,black ,obelisk #ic ,brazen ,altar #acg ,capernaum and the ,sea of ,galilee #aja ,church of the ,ascension #ed ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre #af ,church of ,nativity1 ,bethlehem #ga ,colosseum at ,rome #ig ,damascus #aac ,david's ,tomb #gc ,defile between ,jerusalem and ,jericho #hc ,dome of the ,rock 7,site of the ,temple7 #aci ,egyptian ,temple #da ,entry of ,pilgrims into ,bethlehem xii ,garden of ,gethsemane #di ,gethsemane #he ,grotto of ,jeremiah #ii ,hebron #ci ,jericho #fg ,jericho and the ,jordan #cg ,jews' ,wailing ,place at ,jerusalem #bg ,laodicea from ,hierapolis #acc ,moabite ,stone #hh ,modern ,jerusalem1 ,panorama and ,description of #gh1 #gi ,mosque ,el ,aska #ij ,mount ,ararat #bj ,mount ,tabor #fa ,mount ,zion #aae ,mugheir 7supposed to be ,ur of the ,chaldees7 #cc ,nazareth #aaj ,pool of ,siloam #ajc ,rs es ,sufsafeh 7,mount ,sinai7 #dc ,river ,jordan #cj ,round about ,jerusalem #ei ,shechem #ea ,solomon's ,pools #hd ,tabernacle #ace ,tower of ,david #fi ,table of ,shew ,bread #acf ,via ,dolorosa #aaa ,,charts4 ,bible ,history #ad1 #ae ,chronological ,chart of ,kings of ,israel and ,judah #hg ,paul's ,first ,journey1 ,review #aai ,table of ,nations1 ,review #bg ,,comparative ,,diagrams4 ,age of the ,patriarchs1 before and after the ,deluge #cd ,areas of ,asia ,minor and ,texas1 ,u4,s4 #aah ,area of ,egypt #db ,areas of ,palestine and ,new ,england #bi ,area of ,palestine at ,different ,periods #gj ,areas of ,assyrian1 ,babylonian and ,persian ,empires #ic ,height of ,bible ,mountains #ag ,height of ,mountains in ,palestine #cb ,population of the ,twelve ,tribes at ,entrance into ,canaan #eg ,size of the ,territory of the ,tribes #ef ,united ,states and ,old ,testament ,world #ag ,,plans4 ,antioch1 ,ancient #aad ,athens1 ,ancient #abb ,babylon #ic ,camp of ,israel #dg ,ephesus and ,vicinity #abe ,rome1 ,ancient #abi ,sacred ,enclosure 7,herod's ,temple7 #ada ,section of ,palestine1 ,north to ,south #ca ,section of ,palestine1 ,east to ,west #ca ,section ,through the ,middle of ,temple1 ,east to ,west #adj ,solomon's ,temple #ga ,temple in the ,time of ,christ 7,herod's7 #ach ,illustration3 ,,entry ,,of ,,pilgrims ,,into ,,bethlehem4 ,,chart ,,of ,,bible ,,history4 ,,the ,geography and the ,history of the ,bible are so closely united that neither subject can be studied to advantage without the other4 ,we therefore present at the opening of our work the ,chart of ,bible ,history1 upon which the leading events of ,bible ,history and those of the ancient world in general are arranged in parallel columns4 ,the blue lines extending across the page represent the centuries before ,christ1 each space between them being #ajj years4 ,until recently the common chronology found in all reference ,bibles and ,biblical works1 was that prepared by ,archbishop ,ussher1 who died in #afef1 long before the present sources of information from the monuments had been discovered4 ,his chronology has not been regarded as trustworthy by scholars for thirty years past2 but until recently it has been retained because students of ,biblical and ,ancient ,history were not agreed as to the dates which should be given in place of it4 ,but there is now a substantial1 though not complete agreement among scholars2 and we therefore discard the ,ussherian system1 and adopt that obtained from the information given in the inscriptions of ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 and ,egypt1 when compared with statements in the ,bible4 ,we begin at the date #bejj ,b4,c4 as the events of ,bible ,history earlier than #bejj ,b4,c4 cannot be fixed with any certainty4 ,and it must be admitted that none of the dates earlier than #ajjj ,b4,c4 can be regarded as established4 ,i4 ,general ,periods4 ,in the first column we note the five great periods of ,bible ,history4 ,these are the natural divisions of the events contained in the ,bible story4 #a4 ,the ,period of the ,early ,races1 from the ,deluge1 at a date unknown1 to the ,call of ,abraham1 ,b4,c4 #bbhj4 ,before the ,call of ,abraham1 the history in the book of ,genesis is introductory4 #b4 ,the ,period of the ,chosen ,family1 from the ,call of ,abraham1 ,b4,c4 #bbhj1 to the ,exodus from ,egypt1 about #abej ,b4,c4 #c4 ,the ,period of the ,israelite ,people1 from the ,exodus1 #abej ,b4,c41 to the ,coronation of ,saul1 about #ajej ,b4,c4 #d4 ,the ,period of the ,israelite ,kingdom1 from the ,coronation of ,saul1 #ajej ,b4,c41 to the ,captivity in ,babylon1 ,b4,c4 #ehg4 #e4 ,the ,period of the ,jewish ,province1 from the ,captivity in ,babylon1 #ehg ,b4,c41 to the ,destruction of ,jerusalem by the ,romans1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,,ii4 ,in the second column the larger periods are broken up into ,subdivisions4 #a4 ,in the ,period of the ,early ,races the line of division is made at the ,dispersion of the ,races1 to which no date is assigned4 #b4 ,the ,period of the ,chosen ,family is subdivided at the ,descent into ,egypt by ,jacob and his family1 about #bjfj ,b4,c4 #c4 ,the ,period of the ,israelitish ,people has three subdivisions4 7#a47 ,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness1 from the ,exodus1 ,b4,c4 #abej1 to the ,entrance into ,canaan1 ,b4,c4 #abaj4 7#b47 ,the ,settlement1 extending to the ,mesopotamian ,oppression1 ,b4,c4 #aahj4 7#c47 ,the ,rule of the ,judges1 to the ,coronation of ,saul1 ,b4,c4 #ajej4 #d4 ,the ,period of the ,israelitish ,kingdom naturally divides itself into three sections4 7#a47 ,unity1 to the ,division of the ,kingdom1 ,b4,c4 #ice4 7#b47 ,division1 to the ,captivity of the ,ten ,tribes1 ,b4,c4 #gba4 7#c47 ,decay1 the stage of the kingdom of ,judah alone1 from ,b4,c4 #gba to #ehg1 the ,babylonian ,captivity4 #e4 ,the ,period of the ,jewish ,province has five subdivisions4 7#a47 ,chaldean ,rule1 to the ,return from ,captivity1 ,b4,c4 #ecf4 7#b47 ,persian ,rule1 to the ,conquest by ,alexander the ,great1 ,b4,c4 #ccj4 7#c47 ,greek ,rule1 under the kingdoms of ,alexander's successors to the ,revolt of ,mattathias1 ,b4,c4 #afh4 7#d47 ,jewish ,independence1 to the ,annexation of ,juda to the ,roman ,empire1 ,a4,d4 #f4 7#e47 ,roman ,rule1 to the final ,destruction of ,jerusalem1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,,iii4 ,next1 we notice the prominent ,persons and ,rulers in ,sacred ,history4 ,the perpendicular lines opposite the names of the patriarchs indicate the duration of their lives1 according to the common chronology4 ,only the most important of the ,judges are named1 and with each is given his number in the order of the list4 ,the crowns show the kings1 and the years show the period of their reigns4 ,the chronology during the age of the ,judges is very uncertain1 and the dates are only conjectural4 ,,iv4 ,the ,events of ,bible ,history1 given in the fourth column1 are too numerous to be recapitulated4 ,the student should divide them according to the ,subdivisions of the ,periods1 already given4 ,v4 ,the ,history of ,egypt occupies the fifth column4 ,the opinions of scholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first eighteen dynasties1 some of them differing by a thousand years4 ,the ancient history of ,egypt is divided into three sections4 7#a47 ,the ,old ,kingdom1 founded by ,menes perhaps #dgjj ,b4,c41 and governed by ten dynasties in succession4 7#b47 ,the ,middle ,kingdom1 from about #bijj ,b4,c4 to #aegj ,b4,c41 ,dynasties ,,xi4 to ,,xvii4 7#c47 ,the ,new ,kingdom1 from #aegj ,b4,c4 to #ebe ,b4,c41 ,dynasties ,,xvii4 to ,,xxvii4 ,egypt was part of the ,persian ,empire from #ebe to #ccb ,b4,c4 ,after #cbc ,b4,c4 it was governed by a line of ,greek kings1 who bore the name of ,ptolemy1 until #cj ,b4,c41 when it became a ,roman province4 ,,vi4 ,the ,kingdoms of the ,east1 ,babylonia and ,assyria1 appear on the sixth column2 beginning with a number of states in ,babylonia2 becoming an empire under ,hammurabi about #bbhj ,b4,c42 by turns strong and weak until about #aajj ,b4,c41 when the ,assyrian empire arose1 overpowering ,babylon4 ,the ,assyrian ,empire lasted until #fbe ,b4,c41 when ,babylon again arose to power1 though the ,chaldean ,empire did not begin until #fjf ,b4,c4 ,in #ecf ,b4,c4 it fell before the ,persian conquerors1 and the whole world of the ,bible was under ,persian control until #ccj ,b4,c41 when ,alexander the ,great won it4 ,no world-empire arose after the death of ,alexander1 until the ,roman period4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this time-line has been changed from the original layout due to width and text constraints4 ,originally1 there were eight columns across with the ,roman numeral major divisions noted below and the century marks ran down the left and right margins4 ,the original is also color-coded to indicate eras of history such as the ,roman ,rule of ,israel4 ,to try to make this time-line still useful in a text format1 each item from each column has been arranged in order with a letter indicating its original column title4 ,this leads to some necessary repetion4 ,for example3 ,c c4 #ajaj4 ,david1 ,king4 ,d #ajaj--;,david ,king over ,judah4 because ,david was both a ,ruler in ,bible ,history and a part of the ,history of ,israel4 ,below this linear timeline is a format more like the original but with only one1 two or three columns in a section depending on the space available4 ,a ,i4 ,general ,periods ,b ,,ii4 ,subdivision of ,general ,periods ,c ,,iii4 ,persons and ,rulers in ,bible ,history ,d ,,iv4 ,history of ,israel ,e ,v4 ,egypt ,f ,,vi4 ,kingdoms of the ,east ,g ,,vii4 ,the ,oriental ,empires ,h ,,viii4 ,the ,world in ,general ,pre-#bejj ,b4,c4 ,a ,period of ,early ,races1 from the deluge4 7,date unknown7 ,b ,the ,united ,races to the ,dispersion4 7,date unknown7 ,d ,all the dates in this column are uncertain above #ajjj ,b4,c41 and are given tentatively4 ,the dates are not sufficient for a complete and sure chronology4 ,e #dgjj787--;,egypt founded by ,menes4 ,old ,kingdom 7,dynasties ,i4-,x474 ,memphis earliest capital4 ,f #dejj ,b4,c4--,kingdoms existing in ,babylonia4 ,h ,dates earlier than #gjj ,b4,c4 traditional and uncertain4 ,f #cijj787--,rise of ,ur to power4 ,e #cejj787--,pyramids built 7,dynasty ,,iv474 ,f #cjjj--,nineveh in existence4 ,e #bijj787--,middle kingdom begins 7,dynasties ,,xi4-,,xvii474 ,h #bhej--;,china founded by ,fu-hi4 #bejj ,a #bejj-bbhj--;,i4 ,period of the ,early ,races to the ,call of ,abraham c4 #bbhj4 ,b #bejj-bbhj--;,,ii4 ,the ,dispersed ,races to the ,call of ,abraham4 ,f #bded787--;,first dynasty of kings begins to reign at ,babylon with ,su-mu-abi4 ,eleven kings reigning #bded to #baea7874 #bdjj ,f #bceg--,lao reigning in ,china4 ,e ,during the middle kingdom1 #bijj-aegj ,b4,c4 ,thebes was capital until about #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,the dates are very uncertain1 but between #bejj and #bjjj ,b4,c4 the kingdom declined4 #abth ,dynasty #bejj-bcjj4 ,c c4 #bcee ,abraham4 #bcjj ,a #bbhj-abej--;,,ii4 ,period of the ,chosen ,family4 ,b #bbhj-bjfj--;,journeys of the ,patriarchs4 ,g #bbhj-aabj--;,,early ,,bablylonian ,,empire ,f #bbhj787--;,hammurabi 7,amraphel7877 7,gen4 #ad71 sixth king of the first dynasty reigning at ,babylon4 ,he conquered many states1 established a code of laws1 and may be regarded as founder of the early ,babylonian ,empire4 ,d c4 #bbhj787--;,call and ,migration of ,abraham4 ,d c4 #bbgj787--;,abraham's ,victory over the ,five ,kings4 ,gen4 #ad ,b c4 #bbef ,isaac4 ,d c4 #bbcb787--,the ,offering of ,isaac on ,mount ,moriah4 ,h #bbje--;,chinese ,history ,begins #bbjj ,c #baie--;,jacob ,f #baej787--,second dynasty of kings at ,babylon begins with ,an-ma-an4 7,according to records1 not certain1 it lasted until #aghc ,b4,c47 ,d c4 #bahj787 ,death of ,abraham4 ,d c4 #babj787--;,jacob's ,vision and ,journey to ,padan-aram4 ,c #bajc--;,joseph ,d c4 #bajc787--;,jacob's ,return to ,canaan4 #bajj ,d c4 #bjhd787--;,joseph ,sold into ,egypt4 ,d c4 #bjgc787--;,joseph ,ruler in ,egypt4 ,b #bjfj-abej--,sojourn in ,egypt4 ,d c4 #bjfj787--;,jacob and his ,family go down to ,egypt2 ,beginning of the ,,sojourn ,,of ,,the ,,israelites4 ,d c4 #bjde787--;,death of ,jacob in ,egypt4 ,e ,about #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,lower ,egypt fell under the power of invaders from the desert1 who were called ,hyksos1 or ,shepherd ,kings4 ,their capital was ,tanis1 or ,zoan4 ,very little is known of their history1 and their names cannot be given with certainty1 as their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them1 and their inscriptions may have been obliterated4 ,they ruled ,egypt until about #aegj ,b4,c47871 though the dates both of their conquest and their departure are uncertain4 ,f #bjjj--;,ishkibal1 fourth king of second dynasty1 reigning at ,babylon4 ,h #bjjj--;,aryan migration to ,india7874 #bjjj ,d #aiic787--;,death of ,joseph in ,egypt4 ,the ,israelites remain in the ,land of ,goshen1 between ,egypt and the ,wilderness1 from about #bjfb to #abej ,b4,c4 dates very very uncertain4 ,during most of this period the ,hyksos or ,shepherd-,kings1 friendly to the ,israelites1 were ruling in ,egypt4 ,h #aibj--;,gold and silver first mentioned as money4 ,f #ahjj--;,an ,assyrian ,kingdom in existence1 but subject to ,babylon4 ,asshur1 its capital4 ,f #aghb--,third dynasty of kings of ,babylon1 beginning with ,gandish1 reigning #aghb-agfg4 ,this dynasty1 known as ,kassites1 came from ,elam1 conquered ,babylonia1 and held rule until #abjg4 ,not much is known of ,babylonian history during this period2 but the kingdom was declining4 ,e ,about #aegj the war of liberation from the ,hyksos began under ,dynasty ,,xviii41 and the ,new ,kingdom opened4 ,e #aegj-acbj787--;,dynasty ,,xviii4 reigning 7,amosis1 ,amenophis1 ,queen ,hatasu1 ,thutmosis 7or ,thotmes7 ,,iii41 ,amenophis ,,ii41 ,amenophis ,,iii41 ,amenophis ,,iv474 ,a period of conquest4 ,egyptian invasion of ,syria about #adij787 7,thutmosis ,,iii474 ,battle of ,esdraelon in ,canaan4 ,tell-el-,amarna letters written in reigns of ,amenophis ,,iii4 and ,,iv4 ,h #aeef--;,athens founded4 7traditional47 ,h #aedf--,traditional founding of ,troy4 ,h #aejg--;,court of ,areopagus founded at ,athens4 ,d #aejj--,the ,israelites still in ,egypt4 ,f #aejj-abjg--,kassite dynasty still reigning at ,babylon4 ,h #aejj--,thebes founded4 ,greek alphabet introduced by ,cadmus4 ,h c4 #aejj--;,hittite migration to southern ,asia ,minor4 #aejj ,f #adcj--;,assur-nadin-akhi4 ,king of ,assyria4 7,from this reign1 regular lists of ,assyrian kings2 and their kingdom grows in power47 ,h #adjj--,rise of ,hittite ,kingdom in ,asia ,minor4 #adjj ,e #acei787--;,dynasty ,,xix4 begins4 ,seti ,i4 powerful ruler and conqueror4 ,rameses ,,ii41 ,pharaoh of the ,oppression7874 ,merenepthah1 ,pharaoh of the ,exodus7874 ,decline of ,egyptian power4 ,rameses ,,iii41 date unknown4 ,c c4 #accj ,moses4 ,d ,about #accj787 begins the ,oppression of the ,israelites under ,dynasty ,,xix4 in ,egypt4 ,about the same time #accj787 ,moses was born4 ,all the dates of this period are uncertain4 ,f #acjj787--,shalmaneser ,i41 ,king of ,assyria1 begins conquests4 ,calah becomes capital4 #acjj ,f #abij787--,tukulti-ninib1 ,king of ,assyria1 conquers ,babylon2 but it soon regains its independence4 ,babylonian ,kingdom declining in power4 ,c #abfj--;,joshua4 ,a #abej-ajej--;,,iii4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,israelite ,,people4 ,b #abej-abaj--,,wandering4 ,d #abej787--,the ,exodus of the ,israelites from ,egypt4 ,end of the ,sojourn2 ,beginning of the ,history of ,israel as a ,people4 ,death of ,moses4 ,h #abce--,theseus1 ,king of ,athens4 ,h #abcc--;,carthage founded4 ,b #abaj-aahj--;,,conquest4 ,d #abaj787--,the ,israelites enter the ,land of ,canaan1 and begin the ,conquest of ,canaan4 ,battle of ,beth-horon1 #abaj7874 ,f #abjg-ajge--;,dynasty of ,isin in ,babylon2 wars between ,assyria and ,babylonia2 continued decline of ,babylonia and rise of ,assyria4 ,h #abjj--;,dorian migration into ,greece4 #abjj ,h #aaic--,trojan war begins4 ,b #aahj-ajbj--,rule of the ,judges ,d #aahj787--;,death of ,joshua4 ,d #aagj787--;,age of the ,judges in ,israel begins4 ,c c4 #aagj4 ,othniel1 ,judge4 ,c c4 #aacj4 ,gideon1 ,judge4 ,d #aacj--;,gideon ruling in ,israel4 ,h #aabj-fbf ,b4,c4 ,,assyrian ,,empire ,f #aabj-ajij--,tiglath-pileser ,i41 the first great king of ,assyria1 conqueror over many lands4 ,,the ,,assyrian ,,empire begins4 ,h #aabb--;,chow dynasty reigning in ,china4 ,c c4 #aajj4 ,jephthah1 ,judge4 #aajj ,e #ajhi787--;,dynasty ,,xxi4 begins2 a line of kings of foreign race who obtained control in ,egypt4 ,c #ajhj--,samuel1 ,judge4 ,d #ajhj--,samuel1 the last of the ,judges4 ,h #ajgj--;,codrus2 last king of ,athens4 ,a #ajej-ehg--;,,iv4 ,,period ,,of ,,israelite ,,kingdom ,b #ajej-ibe--,,unity ,c c4 #ajej4 ,saul1 ,king4 ,d #ajej--;,coronation of ,saul1 ,king of ,israel4 ,h #ajae--,minos gives laws in ,crete4 ,c c4 #ajaj4 ,david1 ,king4 ,d #ajaj--;,david ,king over ,judah4 ,d #ajjc--;,david ,king over ,israel4 #ajjj ,d #iij--;,david conquers ,syria1 ,moab1 and ,edom4 ,c #igj4 ,solomon1 ,king4 ,d #igj--,solomon1 ,king of ,israel1 ,syria1 ,moab1 and ,edom4 ,b #ice-gba--;,,division ,c ,,kings ,,of ,,israel4 ,,kings ,,of ,,judah4 #ice4 ,jeroboam4 #ice4 ,rehoboam4 ,d #ice--;,division of the ,kingdom4 ,jeroboam1 ,king of ,ten ,tribes 7,israel74 ,rehoboam1 ,king of ,judah4 ,e #ibe--,shishak1 ,king of ,egypt1 invades ,judah1 and takes many cities4 ,e #ijj787--,zerah1 the ,ethiopian 7,osorkon ,,ii471 invades ,egypt4 #ijj ,h #hhf--;,homeric ,poems brought into ,greece4 ,f #hhe-hfj--;,assur-nazir-pal1 ,king of ,assyria4 ,c #hge4 ,ahab 7,isr47 ,d #hge--,worship of ,baal introduced into ,israel by ,jezebel4 ,c #hgj4 ,jehoshaphat4 7,jud47 ,d #hgj--;,elijah the ,prophet4 ,f #hfj-hbe--,shalmaneser ,,ii41 ,king4 ,f #hed--,victory of ,shalmaneser over ,syrians and ,israelites 7under ,king ,ahab7 at ,karkar4 ,h #hej--,lycurgus1 lawgiver of ,sparta4 ,c #hdb4 ,jehu 7,isr47 #hdb4 ,athaliah1 usurper4 7,jud47 ,d #hdb--;,jehu ,king of ,judah4 ,athaliah usurper in ,judah4 ,f #hdb--;,jehu1 ,king of ,israel1 pays tribute to ,shalmaneser4 ,c #hcf4 ,jehoash4 7,jud47 ,d #hcf--,revolution in ,judah under ,jehoiada1 the ,priest4 ,f #hjj--;,babylon under ,assyrian control4 #hjj ,c #gii4 ,joash4 7,isr47 ,d #gii--;,joash1 ,king of ,israel4 ,c #ghc4 ,jeroboam ,,ii4 7,isr47 #ghc4 ,uzziah4 7,jud47 ,d #ghc--;,jeroboam ,,ii41 ,king of ,israel4 ,israelite power2 ,prophet ,amos4 ,d #gfi--,uzziah1 ,king of ,israel2 ,age of ,prosperity4 ,h #gec--,traditional founding of ,rome by ,romulus4 ,h #gej--,syracuse in ,sicily founded by ,corinthians4 ,d #gdh--,prophet ,hosea in ,israel4 ,f #gde-gbg--,tiglath-pileser ,,iii41 ,king of ,assyria2 great conqueror2 receives tribute from ,menahem1 ,king of ,israel4 #gcb--;,damascus taken4 ,c #gda4 ,menahem4 7,isr47 ,d #gch--,prophet ,isaiah begins his ,ministry4 ,jotham1 ,king of ,judah4 ,c #gce4 ,ahaz4 7,jud47 ,c #gcj4 ,hoshea4 7,isr47 ,d #gcj--;,hoshea1 last ,king of ,israel4 ,f #gbg-gbb--,shalmaneser ,,iv41 ,king4 #gbe--,siege of ,samaria begun4 ,e #gbe--;,hoshea1 ,king of ,israel1 in ,alliance with ,so 7or ,sabakon71 ,king of ,egypt4 ,f #gbb-gje--,sargon ,,ii41 ,king of ,assyria4 ,b #gba-ehg--;,,decay ,d #gba--;,fall of ,samaria4 ,israel carried captive by ,sargon ,,ii4 of ,assyria4 ,c #gai4 ,hezekiah4 7,jud47 ,h #gjh--,median ,kingdom begins under ,deioces4 ,f #gjd-fhg--,sennacherib1 ,king4 ,nineveh made capital4 ,d #gja--,sennacherib's invasion of ,judah4 ,e #gja--;,defeat of ,tirkahah by ,sennacherib1 ,king of ,assyria4 #gjj ,c #fij4 ,manasseh4 7,jud47 ,f #fhj-ffh--;,esar-haddon1 ,king4 #fgd--;,egypt invaded by ,assyrians4 ,empire of ,assyria at its culmination4 ,e #fgd--;,invasion of ,egypt by ,esar-haddon1 ,king of ,assyria4 ,f #ffh-fbf--;,assur-bani-pal1 ,king4 ,decline of ,assyrian ,empire begins4 ,e #ffe--;,destruction of ,thebes by the ,assyrians4 ,h #ffj--;,japanese ,history begins with ,jimmu ,tenno whose descendants have reigned since without intermission4 ,h #feh--;,byzantium founded by ,byzas4 #fdj--,media independent of ,assyria4 ,d #fdg--,manasseh a captive at ,babylon2 but released later4 ,c #fci4 ,josiah4 7,jud47 ,d #fbh--,prophet ,jeremiah begins ,ministry4 ,g #fbf-ecf--;,,chaldean ,,empire ,f #fbe-fjd--,nabopolassar1 ,king of ,babylon1 founder of ,chaldean ,empire4 ,d #fba--;,josiah begins great reforms4 ,finding of the ,book of the ,law4 ,h #fba--,laws of ,draco in ,athens4 ,f #fji--;,,fall ,,of ,,assyrian ,,empire4 ,nineveh destroyed by the ,medes4 ,c #fjh4 ,jehoiakim4 7,jud47 ,d #fjh--;,death of ,josiah in battle at ,megiddo4 ,necho of ,egypt invades ,judah4 ,jehoiakim1 ,king of ,judah4 ,f #fjh--,victory of ,nebuchadnezzar1 son of ,nabopolassar1 over ,necho1 ,king of ,egypt1 at ,carchemish4 ,,chaldean ,,empire begins 7#fjf-ecf74 ,d #fjf--;,first visit of ,nebuchadnezzar to ,judah2 first group of ,captives to ,babylon4 ,e #fjf--,necho1 ,king of ,egypt1 defeated at ,carchemish by ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,f #fjd-efb--,nebuchadnezzar1 ,king of ,babylon4 #fjj ,d #eih--;,chaldeans invade ,judah a second time4 ,c #eig4 ,zedekiah4 ,d #eib--,prophet ,ezekiel in ,chaldea4 ,a #ehg ,b4,c4-787 ,a4,d4--,,period ,,of ,,the ,,jewish ,,province ,b #ehg-ecf--;,,chaldean ,,rule ,d #ehf--;,fall of ,jerusalem2 end of ,kingdom of ,judah2 ,jews taken to ,babylon4 ,f #ehf--;,jerusalem taken and destroyed by ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,f #ehe-egc--,siege of ,tyre by ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,h #ehc--,laws of ,solon in ,athens4 ,h #egh--,money coined in ,rome4 ,e #efg--;,egypt invaded by ,nebuchadnezzar1 but not held4 ,f #efb--,rapid decline of ,chaldean power after death of ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,h #efj--,pisistratus usurps rule at ,athens4 ,f #eeh-ecf--,nabonidus1 last king of ,babylon4 ,he associates his son ,belshazzar in the government4 ,h #eeg--;,buddha born in ,india4 ,f #eec--;,cyrus1 the ,persian1 conquers the ,medes4 ,beginning of ,persian power4 ,h #eej--;,confucius born4 ,laocius and ,mencius1 the other ,chinese sages1 lived in same century4 #edf--;,cyrus overthrows empire of ,croesus4 ,c #ecf4 ,zerubbabel1 ,prince4 ,d #ecf--;,decree of ,cyrus1 ,king of ,persia1 permitting return of ,exiled ,jews4 ,f #ecf--;,babylon taken by ,cyrus4 ,end of ,chaldean ,empire4 ,d #ece--,rebuilding of ,temple begun4 #ebb--;,discontinued4 ,g #ecj-ccj--,,the ,,persian ,,empire4 ,f #ebi-eba--;,cambyses1 ,king of ,persia4 ,egypt conquered4 ,e #ebe--;,egypt conquered by ,persians under ,cambyses and annexed to the ,persian empire4 ,from that time until #ccb ,egypt was under ,persian rule4 ,f #eba-dhf--;,darius1 ,king of ,persia4 ,d #ebj--,prophets ,haggai and ,zechariah4 ,d #eae--,second ,temple completed4 ,h #eaj--,romans abolish royalty2 ,government by ,consuls begins4 ,h #eaj--;,africa first circumnavigated4 ,h #ejj--,pythagoras teaching in ,greece4 #ejj ,f #dia--;,darius1 ,king of ,persia1 invades ,greece4 #dij--;,battle of ,marathon4 ,greeks victorious over ,persians4 ,h #dij--;,battle of ,lake ,regillus in ,italy4 ,h #dij--;,battle of ,marathon in ,greece4 ,f #dhf-dff--,xerxes 7,ahasuerus in book of ,esther71 ,king of ,persia4 ,f #dha--;,expedition of ,xerxes into ,greece4 ,f #dhj--;,battles of ,thermopylae and ,salamis4 ,d #dgh--;,esther's deliverance4 ,f #dff-dbe--;,artaxerxes ,longimanus1 ,king of ,persia4 ,empire declining in power4 ,c #deh4 ,ezra4 ,d #deh--;,ezra's visit to ,jerusalem4 ,c #ddd4 ,nehemiah4 ,d #ddd--,nehemiah rebuilds the ,wall of ,jerusalem4 ,d #ddj--,separation of ,samaritans from ,jews4 ,f #dbe--,xerxes ,,ii41 ,king of ,persia4 ,f #dbd-djd--;,darius ,,ii41 ,king4 ,h #dah--;,battle of ,mantinea in ,greece4 ,d #djj787--,malachi1 last of ,old ,testament ,prophets4 ,h #djj--,retreat of the ,ten ,thousand in ,persia4 ,c c4 #djj--;,,end ,,of ,,old ,,testament #djj ,h #cii--;,death of ,socrates4 ,f #cfa--;,artaxerxes 7or ,darius7 ,ochus1 ,king of ,persia4 ,c #cej4 ,jaddua1 ,high ,priest4 ,d #cej--;,jaddua1 ,high ,priest4 ,f #ccf--;,darius ,codomannus1 last king of ,persia4 ,d #ccb--,visit of ,alexander the ,great to ,judea4 ,e #ccb--;,alexander the ,great receives the submission of ,egypt4 ,b #ccj-afh--;,,greek ,,rule ,g #ccj-fj--,,kingdoms ,,of ,,alexander',s ,,successors ,c #ccj4 ,onias1 ,high ,priest4 ,d #ccj--,onias1 ,high ,priest4 ,f #ccj--,persian ,empire conquered by ,alexander the ,great 7,battle of ,arbela47 ,e #cbh--,ptolemy ,soter establishes the ,greek kingdom of ,egypt4 ,f #cbc--;,alexander the ,great dies at ,babylon4 ,d #cje--;,jerusalem taken by ,ptolemy ,lagus1 of ,egypt4 ,judea subject to ,egypt4 ,f #cja--;,alexander's empire divided among his four generals ,ptolemy1 ,seleucus1 ,cassander1 ,lysimachus4 ,c #cjj4 ,simon the ,just1 ,high ,priest4 ,d #cjj--,simon the ,first1 ,high ,priest4 #cjj ,e #bhf--,the ,alexandrian library and ,museum began by ,king ,ptolemy ,,ii41 ,philadelphus4 ,d #bge787--,translation of the ,old ,testament into ,greek begun 7,septuagint47 ,h #bfd--;,first ,punic war begun by ,rome4 ,e #bdg-bbe--,reign of ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 ablest and most powerful of the ,ptolemies4 ,h #baf--;,battle of ,cannae2 overthrow of ,hannibal4 ,h #baa--,wall of ,china completed4 ,e #bje-ahb--,reign of ,ptolemy ,v4 ,epiphanes4 #bjj ,d #aig--,palestine annexed to kingdom of ,syria under ,antiochus ,,iii4 ,f #ahg--,seleucus ,,iv41 ,philopator1 ,king of ,syria4 ,f #age--;,antiochus ,,iv41 ,epiphanes1 ,king of ,syria4 ,b #afh-dc--;,,jewish ,,independence ,d #afh--,persecution of the ,jews by ,antiochus ,,iv4 7,epiphanes74 ,d #afh--,revolt of ,mattathias against ,syrian rule4 ,c #aff4 ,judas ,maccabeus4 ,d #aff--;,judas ,maccabeus1 ,liberator and ,ruler of ,judea4 ,e #afe--,the ,roman senate intervenes in ,egypt4 ,f #afb--;,demetrius ,i41 ,soter1 ,king of ,syria4 ,d #adb--,simon1 brother of ,judas1 ,high ,priest and ,ruler4 ,h #abc--,the ,gracchi in ,rome4 ,d #ajg--;,aristobulus assumes title of ,king of ,judea4 ,d #aje--,rise of ,sects1 ,pharisees and ,sadducees4 #ajj ,f #fi--,syria and ,armenia conquered by ,romans4 ,c #fc4 ,antipater4 ,d #fc--;,jerusalem taken by ,pompey2 ,romans intervene in ,judea4 ,d #fc--;,antipater1 ,ruler1 under ,roman authority4 ,g #fj ,b4,c4-#ajj ,a4,d4--,,roman ,,empire ,e #eb-cj--;,cleopatra1 ,queen of ,egypt4 ,b #dc--,,start ,,of ,,roman ,,rule ,c #dc4 ,herod the ,great4 ,d #dc--;,herod the ,great made ,king by ,roman ,senate4 ,h #da--;,assassination of ,julius ,caesar4 ,e #cj--;,egypt becomes a ,roman province4 ,f #bg--,syria made an imperial province of ,roman empire4 ,h #bg--;,augustus1 ,emperor of ,roman ,world4 ,d #d ,b4,c4--,jesus born at ,bethlehem4 #d ,b4,c4--,death of ,herod4 ,a4,d4 ,h #ad--,tiberius1 ,emperor4 ,c #bf4 ,pontius ,pilate1 ,procurator4 ,d #bf--,ministry of ,john the ,baptist4 ,d #cj--;,crucifixion1 ,resurrection1 and ,ascension of ,christ4 ,d #cg--;,conversion of ,st4 ,paul4 ,c #da4 ,herod ,agrippa ,i4 ,king of ,judea4 ,h #da--;,claudius1 ,emperor4 ,d #ej--;,council of ,christian ,church at ,jerusalem4 ,c #eb4 ,felix1 ,procurator4 ,h #ed--,nero1 ,emperor4 ,c #fj4 ,festus1 ,procurator4 ,d #fh--,revolt of ,jews against ,roman ,empire4 ,d #fh--,martyrdom of ,st4 ,paul4 ,d #gj--;,destruction of ,jerusalem by ,titus4 ,h #gi--,titus1 ,emperor4 ,b4,c4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,general ,,sub ,,division ,,persons ,,and ,,rulers ,,in ,,bible ,,periods4 ,,of ,,general ,,history4 ,,periods4 ,i4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,i4 ,,early ,,the ,,united ,,races1 ,,races ,,from ,,the ,,to ,,the ,,deluge4 ,,dispersion4 7,date unknown7 7,date unknown7 #bejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,period ,,the ,,dispersed ,,of ,,the ,,races ,,to #bdjj ,,early ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,races ,,the ,,call ,,of to the ,call of of ,abraham ,,abraham4 c4 #bcee ,abraham4 c4 #bbhj #bcjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbhj ,b4,c4 c4 #bbhj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #bbef ,isaac4 ,,journeys #bbjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #bahj c4 #baie ,jacob4 ,,ii4 ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs c4 #bajc ,joseph4 #bajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,period c4 #bjge c4 #bjfj ,b4,c4 ------------ c4 #bjde4 #bjjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #aiic4 ,,of ,,the ,,the #aejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,chosen ,,sojourn ,,in #adjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #accj ,moses4 ,,family4 ,,egypt4 #acjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #abfj ,joshua4 #abej ,b4,c4 #abej ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,wandering ,,iii4 #abaj c4 #abaj ------------ #abjj ,,conquest4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,period #aahj c4 #aahj ------------ c4 #aagj4 ,othniel1 ,judge4 ,,of ,,rule ,,israelite ,,of ,,the c4 #aacj4 ,gideon1 ,judge4 ,,people ,,judges4 c4 #aajj4 ,jephthah1 ,judge4 #aajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- c4 #ajhj4 ,samuel1 ,judge4 #ajej ,b4,c4 #ajej c4 #ajej4 ,saul1 ,king4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,unity ,,iv4 c4 #ajaj4 ,david1 ,king4 #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #igj4 ,solomon1 ,king4 #ice ,,kings ,,of ,,israel4 ,,kings ,,of ,,judah4 ---------#ice4 ,jeroboam4 #ice4 ,rehoboam4 ,,period #ijj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hge4 ,ahab #hgj4 ,jehoshaphat4 #hdb4 ,jehu4 #hdb4 ,athaliah1 usurper4 ,,of ,,division #hcf4 ,jehoash4 #hjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gii4 ,joash4 #ghc4 ,jeroboam ,,ii4 #ghc4 ,uzziah4 #gda4 ,menahem4 #gce4 ,ahaz4 ,,israelite #gcj4 ,hoshea4 #gba ------- #gai4 ,hezekiah4 #gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,kingdom #fij4 ,manasseh4 ,,decay #fci4 ,josiah4 #fjh4 ,jehoiakim4 #fjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ehg ,b4,c4 #ehg #eig4 ,zedekiah4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,chaldean ,,period ,,of ,,rule #ecf4 ,zerubbabel1 ,prince4 #ecf ,,the ,,jewish ------- ,,province #ejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,period ,,persian #deh4 ,ezra4 #ddd4 ,nehemiah4 7,,end ,,of ,,old ,,testament7 #djj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,rule #cej4 ,jaddua1 ,high ,priest4 ,,of #ccj ,b4,c4 #ccj4 ,onias1 ,high ,priest4 --------- #cjj4 ,simon the ,just1 ,high ,priest4 #cjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,greek ,,jewish ,,rule #bjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #afh ,b4,c4 --------- ,,province #aff4 ,judas ,maccabeus4 ,,jewish ,,independence #ajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fc4 ,antipater4 #dc ,b4,c4 #dc4 ,herod the ,great4 -------- ,a4,d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,roman #bf4 ,pontius ,pilate1 ,procurator4 #da4 ,herod ,agrippa ,i4 ,king of ,judea4 #eb4 ,felix1 ,procurator4 #fj4 ,festus1 ,procurator4 ,,rule ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajj ,b4,c4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,israel4 ,all the dates in this column are uncertain above #ajjj ,b4,c41 and are given tentatively4 ,the dates are not sufficient for a complete and sure chronology4 #bejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bdjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bcjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #bbhj787--;,call and ,migration of ,abraham4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #bbgj787--;,abraham's ,victory over the ,five ,kings4 ,gen4 #ad c4 #bbcb787--,the ,offering of ,isaac on ,mount ,moriah4 #bbjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #bahj787 ,death of ,abraham4 c4 #babj787--;,jacob's ,vision and ,journey to ,padan-aram4 c4 #bajc787--;,jacob's ,return to ,canaan4 #bajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- c4 #bjhd787--;,joseph ,sold into ,egypt4 c4 #bjgc787--;,joseph ,ruler in ,egypt4 c4 #bjfj787--;,jacob and his ,family go down to ,egypt2 ,beginning of the ,,sojourn ,,of ,,the ,,israelites4 c4 #bjde787--;,death of ,jacob in ,egypt4 #bjjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aiic787--;,death of ,joseph in ,egypt4 ,the ,israelites remain in the ,land of ,goshen1 between ,egypt and the ,wilderness1 from about #bjfb to #abej ,b4,c4 dates very very uncertain4 ,during most of this period the ,hyksos or ,shepherd-,kings1 friendly to the ,israelites1 were ruling in ,egypt4 #aejj--,the ,israelites still in ,egypt4 #aejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #adjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,about #accj787 begins the ,oppression of the ,israelites under ,dynasty ,,xix4 in ,egypt4 ,about the same time #accj787 ,moses was born4 ,all the dates of this period are uncertain4 #acjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abej #abej787--,the ,exodus of the ,israelites from ,egypt4 ,end of the ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,sojourn2 ,beginning of the ,history of ,israel as a ,people4 ,death of ,moses4 #abaj787--,the ,israelites enter the ,land of ,canaan1 and begin the ,conquest of ,canaan4 ,battle of ,beth-horon1 #abaj7874 #abjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aahj787--;,death of ,joshua4 #aagj787--;,age of the ,judges in ,israel begins4 #aacj--;,gideon ruling in ,israel4 #aajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajhj--,samuel1 the last of the ,judges4 #ajej #ajej--;,coronation of ,saul1 ,king of ,israel4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajaj--;,david ,king over ,judah4 #ajjc--;,david ,king over ,israel4 #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #iij--;,david conquers ,syria1 ,moab1 and ,edom4 #igj--,solomon1 ,king of ,israel1 ,syria1 ,moab1 and ,edom4 #ice--;,division of the ,kingdom4 ,jeroboam1 ,king of ,ten ,tribes 7,israel74 ,rehoboam1 ,king of ,judah4 #ijj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hge--,worship of ,baal introduced into ,israel by ,jezebel4 #hgj--;,elijah the ,prophet4 #hdb--;,jehu ,king of ,judah4 ,athaliah usurper in ,judah4 #hcf--,revolution in ,judah under ,jehoiada1 the ,priest4 #hjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gii--;,joash1 ,king of ,israel4 #ghc--;,jeroboam ,,ii41 ,king of ,israel4 ,israelite power2 ,prophet ,amos4 #gfi--,uzziah1 ,king of ,israel2 ,age of ,prosperity4 #gdh--,prophet ,hosea in ,israel4 #gch--,prophet ,isaiah begins his ,ministry4 ,jotham1 ,king of ,judah4 #gcj--;,hoshea1 last ,king of ,israel4 #gba--;,fall of ,samaria4 ,israel carried captive by ,sargon ,,ii4 of ,assyria4 #gja--,sennacherib's invasion of ,judah4 #gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fdg--,manasseh a captive at ,babylon2 but released later4 #fbh--,prophet ,jeremiah begins ,ministry4 #fba--;,josiah begins great reforms4 ,finding of the ,book of the ,law4 #fjh--;,death of ,josiah in battle at ,megiddo4 ,necho of ,egypt invades ,judah4 ,jehoiakim1 ,king of ,judah4 #fjf--;,first visit of ,nebuchadnezzar to ,judah2 first group of ,captives to ,babylon4 #fjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #eih--;,chaldeans invade ,judah a second time4 #eib--,prophet ,ezekiel in ,chaldea4 #ehf--;,fall of ,jerusalem2 end of ,kingdom of ,judah2 ,jews taken to ,babylon4 #ecf--;,decree of ,cyrus1 ,king of ,persia1 permitting return of ,exiled ,jews4 #ece--,rebuilding of ,temple begun4 #ebb--;,discontinued4 #ebj--,prophets ,haggai and ,zechariah4 #eae--,second ,temple completed4 #ejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dgh--;,esther's deliverance4 #deh--;,ezra's visit to ,jerusalem4 #ddd--,nehemiah rebuilds the ,wall of ,jerusalem4 #ddj--,separation of ,samaritans from ,jews4 #djj #djj787--,malachi1 last of ,old ,testament ,prophets4 7,,end ,,of ,,old ,,testament7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cej--;,jaddua1 ,high ,priest4 #ccb--,visit of ,alexander the ,great to ,judea4 #ccj--,onias1 ,high ,priest4 #cje--;,jerusalem taken by ,ptolemy ,lagus1 of ,egypt4 ,judea subject to ,egypt4 #cjj--,simon the ,first1 ,high ,priest4 #cjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bge787--,translation of the ,old ,testament into ,greek begun 7,septuagint47 #bjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aig--,palestine annexed to kingdom of ,syria under ,antiochus ,,iii4 #afh--,persecution of the ,jews by ,antiochus ,,iv4 7,epiphanes74 #afh--,revolt of ,mattathias against ,syrian rule4 #aff--;,judas ,maccabeus1 ,liberator and ,ruler of ,judea4 #adb--,simon1 brother of ,judas1 ,high ,priest and ,ruler4 #ajg--;,aristobulus assumes title of ,king of ,judea4 #aje--,rise of ,sects1 ,pharisees and ,sadducees4 #ajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fc--;,jerusalem taken by ,pompey2 ,romans intervene in ,judea4 #fc--;,antipater1 ,ruler1 under ,roman authority4 #dc--;,herod the ,great made ,king by ,roman ,senate4 ,a4,d4 #d ,b4,c4--,jesus born at ,bethlehem4 #d ,b4,c4--,death of ,herod4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bf ,a4,d4--,ministry of ,john the ,baptist4 #cj ,a4,d4--,crucifixion1 ,resurrection1 and ,ascension of ,christ4 #cg--;,conversion of ,st4 ,paul4 #ej--;,council of ,christian ,church at ,jerusalem4 #fh--,revolt of ,jews against ,roman ,empire4 #fh--,martyrdom of ,st4 ,paul4 #gj--;,destruction of ,jerusalem by ,titus4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajj ,b4,c4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,egypt4 ,,kingdoms ,,of ,,the ,,east4 #dgjj787--;,egypt founded by ,menes4 ,old ,kingdom 7,dynasties ,i4-,x474 #dejj ,b4,c4--,kingdoms existing in ,memphis earliest capital4 ,babylonia4 #djjj787--;,city of ,babylon founded4 #cijj787--,rise of ,ur to power4 #cejj787--,pyramids built 7,dynasty ,,iv474 #cjjj--,nineveh in existence4 #bijj787--,middle kingdom begins 7,dynasties ,,xi4-,,xvii47 #bejj ,b4,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bded787--;,first dynasty of kings begins to reign at ,babylon with ,su-mu-abi4 ,eleven kings reigning #bded to #baea7874 #bdjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,during the middle kingdom1 #bijj-aegj ,b4,c4 ,thebes was capital until about #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,the dates are very uncertain1 but between #bejj and #bjjj ,b4,c4 the kingdom declined4 #abth ,dynasty #bejj-bcjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbhj787--;,hammurabi 7,amraphel7877 7,gen4 #ad71 sixth king of the first dynasty reigning at ,babylon4 ,he conquered many states1 established a code of laws1 and may be regarded as founder of the early ,babylonian ,empire4 #bcjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #baej787--,second dynasty of kings at ,babylon begins with ,an-ma-an4 7,according to records1 not certain1 it lasted until #aghc ,b4,c47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,about #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,lower ,egypt fell under the power of invaders from the desert1 who were called ,hyksos1 or ,shepherd ,kings4 ,their capital was ,tanis1 or ,zoan4 ,very little is known of their history1 and their names cannot be given with certainty1 as their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them1 and their inscriptions may have been obliterated4 ,they ruled ,egypt until about #aegj ,b4,c47871 though the dates both of their conquest and their departure are #bjjj--;,ishkibal1 fourth king of uncertain4 second dynasty1 reigning at ,babylon4 #bjjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,about #aegj the war of liberation from the ,hyksos began under ,dynasty ,,xviii41 and the ,new ,kingdom opened4 #aegj-acbj787--;,dynasty ,,xviii4 #ahjj--;,an ,assyrian ,kingdom in reigning 7,amosis1 ,amenophis1 existence1 but subject to ,queen ,hatasu1 ,thutmosis 7or ,babylon4 ,asshur1 its capital4 ,thotmes7 ,,iii41 ,amenophis ,,ii41 ,amenophis ,,iii41 ,amenophis #aghb--,third dynasty of kings of ,,iv474 ,a period of conquest4 ,babylon1 beginning with ,egyptian invasion of ,syria ,gandish1 reigning #aghb-agfg4 about #adij787 7,thutmosis ,,iii474 ,this dynasty1 known as ,battle of ,esdraelon in ,canaan4 ,kassites1 came from ,elam1 ,tell-el-,amarna letters written conquered ,babylonia1 and in reigns of ,amenophis ,,iii4 held rule until #abjg4 ,not and ,,iv4 much is known of ,babylonian history during this period2 but the kingdom was declining4 #aejj-abjg--,kassite dynasty #aejj still reigning at ,babylon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #adcj--;,assur-nadin-akhi4 ,king of ,assyria4 7,from this reign1 regular lists of ,assyrian kings2 and their kingdom grows in power47 #adjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #acei787--;,dynasty ,,xix4 begins4 ,seti ,i4 powerful ruler and conqueror4 ,rameses ,,ii41 ,pharaoh of the ,oppression7874 ,merenepthah1 ,pharaoh of the ,exodus7874 ,decline of ,egyptian power4 ,rameses ,,iii41 date unknown4 #acjj787--,shalmaneser ,i41 ,king of ,assyria1 begins conquests4 #acjj ,calah becomes capital4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #abij787--,tukulti-ninib1 ,king of ,assyria1 conquers ,babylon2 but it soon regains its independence4 ,babylonian ,kingdom declining in power4 #abjg-ajge--;,dynasty of ,isin in ,babylon2 wars between ,assyria and ,babylonia2 continued decline of ,babylonia and rise #abjj of ,assyria4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aabj-ajij--,tiglath-pileser ,i41 the first great king of ,assyria1 conqueror over many lands4 ,,the ,,assyrian ,,empire #aajj begins4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajhi787--;,dynasty ,,xxi4 begins2 a line of kings of foreign race who obtained control in ,egypt4 #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ibe--,shishak1 ,king of ,egypt1 invades ,judah1 and takes many cities4 #ijj787--,zerah1 the ,ethiopian 7,osorkon ,,ii471 #ijj invades ,egypt4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hhe-hfj--;,assur-nazir-pal1 ,king of ,assyria4 #hfj-hbe--,shalmaneser ,,ii41 ,king4 #hed--,victory of ,shalmaneser over ,syrians and ,israelites 7under ,king ,ahab7 at ,karkar4 #hdb--;,jehu1 ,king of ,israel1 pays tribute to ,shalmaneser4 #hjj--;,babylon under ,assyrian #hjj control4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #gde-gbg--,tiglath-pileser ,,iii41 ,king of ,assyria2 great conqueror2 receives tribute from ,menahem1 ,king of ,israel4 #gcb--;,damascus taken4 #gbe--;,hoshea1 ,king of ,israel1 in #gbg-gbb--,shalmaneser ,,iv41 ,king4 ,alliance with ,so 7or ,sabakon71 #gbe--,siege of ,samaria begun4 ,king of ,egypt4 #gbb-gje--,sargon ,,ii41 ,king of ,assyria4 #gjd-fhg--,sennacherib1 ,king4 #gja--;,defeat of ,tirkahah by ,nineveh made capital4 #gjj ,sennacherib1 ,king of ,assyria4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fgd--;,invasion of ,egypt by #fhj-ffh--;,esar-haddon1 ,king4 ,esar-haddon1 ,king of ,assyria4 #fgd--;,egypt invaded by #ffe--;,destruction of ,thebes by ,assyrians4 ,empire of ,assyria the ,assyrians4 at its culmination4 #ffh-fbf--;,assur-bani-pal1 ,king4 ,decline of ,assyrian ,empire begins4 #fbe-fjd--,nabopolassar1 ,king of ,babylon1 founder of ,chaldean ,empire4 #fji--;,,fall ,,of ,,assyrian ,,empire4 ,nineveh destroyed by the ,medes4 #fjh--,victory of ,nebuchadnezzar1 son of ,nabopolassar1 over ,necho1 ,king of ,egypt1 at #fjf--,necho1 ,king of ,egypt1 ,carchemish4 ,,chaldean ,,empire defeated at ,carchemish by begins 7#fjf-ecf74 ,nebuchadnezzar4 #fjd-efb--,nebuchadnezzar1 ,king #fjj of ,babylon4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ehf--;,jerusalem taken and destroyed by ,nebuchadnezzar4 #efg--;,egypt invaded by #ehe-egc--,siege of ,tyre by ,nebuchadnezzar1 but not held4 ,nebuchadnezzar4 #efb--,rapid decline of ,chaldean power after death of ,nebuchadnezzar4 #eeh-ecf--,nabonidus1 last king of ,babylon4 ,he associates his son ,belshazzar in the government4 #eec--;,cyrus1 the ,persian1 conquers the ,medes4 ,beginning of ,persian power4 #ecf--;,babylon taken by ,cyrus4 #ebe--;,egypt conquered by ,persians ,end of ,chaldean ,empire4 under ,cambyses and annexed to #ecj-ccj--,,the ,,persian ,,empire4 the ,persian empire4 ,from that #ebi-eba--;,cambyses1 ,king of time until #ccb ,egypt was under ,persia4 ,egypt conquered4 ,persian rule4 #eba-dhf--;,darius1 ,king of #ejj ,persia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #dia--;,darius1 ,king of ,persia1 invades ,greece4 #dij--;,battle of ,marathon4 ,greeks victorious over ,persians4 #dhf-dff--,xerxes 7,ahasuerus in book of ,esther71 ,king of ,persia4 #dha--;,expedition of ,xerxes into ,greece4 #dhj--;,battles of ,thermopylae and ,salamis4 #dff-dbe--;,artaxerxes ,longimanus1 ,king of ,persia4 ,empire declining in power4 #dbe--,xerxes ,,ii41 ,king of ,persia4 #djj #dbd-djd--;,darius ,,ii41 ,king4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cfa--;,artaxerxes 7or ,darius7 ,ochus1 ,king of ,persia4 #ccf--;,darius ,codomannus1 last king of ,persia4 #ccb--;,alexander the ,great receives the submission of ,egypt4 #ccj--,persian ,empire conquered by ,alexander the ,great #cbh--,ptolemy ,soter establishes 7,battle of ,arbela47 the ,greek kingdom of ,egypt4 #cbc--;,alexander the ,great dies at ,babylon4 #cja--;,alexander's empire divided among his four generals ,ptolemy1 ,seleucus1 ,cassander1 #cjj ,lysimachus4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bhf--,the ,alexandrian library and ,museum began by ,king ,ptolemy ,,ii41 ,philadelphus4 #bdg-bbe--,reign of ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 ablest and most powerful of the ,ptolemies4 #bjj #bje-ahb--,reign of ,ptolemy ,v4 ,epiphanes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ahg--,seleucus ,,iv41 ,philopator1 ,king of ,syria4 #age--;,antiochus ,,iv41 ,epiphanes1 ,king of ,syria4 #afe--,the ,roman senate intervenes in ,egypt4 #afb--;,demetrius ,i41 ,soter1 #ajj ,king of ,syria4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fi--,syria and ,armenia conquered by ,romans4 #eb-cj--;,cleopatra1 ,queen of ,egypt4 #cj--;,egypt becomes a ,roman province4 #bg--,syria made an imperial ,a4,d4 province of ,roman empire4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,b4,c4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,oriental ,,empires4 ,,the ,,world ,,in ,,general4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,dates earlier than #gjj ,b4,c4 traditional and uncertain4 #bhej--;,china founded by ,fu-hi4 #bejj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bdjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bceg--,lao reigning in ,china4 #bcjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bbhj ,b4,c4 ----------------- #bbje--;,chinese history begins4 #bbjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,early #bjjj #bjjj--;,aryan migration to ,india7874 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aibj--;,gold and silver first mentioned as money4 #aeef--;,athens founded4 7traditional47 #aedf--,traditional founding of ,troy4 #aejg--;,court of ,areopagus founded at ,athens4 #aejj--,thebes founded4 ,greek alphabet introduced by ,cadmus4 c4 #aejj--;,hittite migration to southern #aejj ,asia ,minor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,babylonian #adjj--,rise of ,hittite ,kingdom in ,asia #adjj ,minor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #acjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,empire4 #abce--,theseus1 ,king of ,athens4 #abcc--;,carthage founded4 #abjj #abjj--;,dorian migration into ,greece4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aaic--,trojan war begins4 #aabb--;,chow dynasty reigning in ,china4 #aabj ,b4,c4 ----------------- #aajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajgj--;,codrus1 last king of ,athens4 ,,assyrian ,,empire #ajae--,minos gives laws in ,crete4 #ajjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,assyrian #ijj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #hhf--;,homeric ,poems brought into ,greece4 #hej--,lycurgus1 lawgiver of ,sparta4 #hjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,empire4 #gec--,traditional founding of ,rome by ,romulus4 #gej--,syracuse in ,sicily founded by ,corinthians4 #gjh--,median ,kingdom begins under ,deioces4 #gjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ffj--;,japanese ,history begins with ,jimmu #fbf ,b4,c4 ,tenno whose descendants have reigned ----------------- since without intermission4 #feh--;,byzantium founded by ,byzas4 #fdj--,media independent of ,assyria4 #fba--,laws of ,draco in ,athens4 ,,chaldean ,,empire #fjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ehc--,laws of ,solon in ,athens4 #egh--,money coined in ,rome4 #efj--,pisistratus usurps rule at ,athens4 #eeg--;,buddha born in ,india4 #eej--;,confucius born4 ,laocius and ,mencius1 the other ,chinese sages1 lived in same #ecf ,b4,c4 century4 #edf--;,cyrus overthrows empire of ----------------- ,croesus4 #eaj--,romans abolish royalty2 ,government by ,consuls begins4 #eaj--;,africa first circumnavigated4 #ejj #ejj--,pythagoras teaching in ,greece4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,persian #dij--;,battle of ,lake ,regillus in ,italy4 #dij--;,battle of ,marathon in ,greece4 ,,empire4 #dah--;,battle of ,mantinea in ,greece4 #djj #djj--,retreat of the ,ten ,thousand in ,persia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #cii--;,death of ,socrates4 #ccj ,b4,c4 ----------------- #cjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,kingdoms #bfd--;,first ,punic war begun by ,rome4 #baf--;,battle of ,cannae2 overthrow of ,hannibal4 #baa--,wall of ,china completed4 #bjj ,,of ,,alexander',s ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,successors4 #abc--,the ,gracchi in ,rome4 #ajj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #fj ,b4,c4 ----------------- #da--;,assassination of ,julius ,caesar4 #bg--;,augustus1 ,emperor of ,roman ,world4 ,a4,d4 ,,roman ,,empire4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ad ,a4,d4--,tiberius1 ,emperor4 #da--;,claudius1 ,emperor4 #ed--,nero1 ,emperor4 #gi--,titus1 ,emperor4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ajj ,a4,d4 #ajj ,a4,d4 ----------------- ,,vii4 ,the ,oriental ,empires are indicated upon the seventh column of the chart4 ,while they follow in regular succession1 there were brief periods of anarchy and confusion between them1 which cannot be indicated4 7#a47 ,the ,early ,babylonian ,empire1 #bbhj-aabj ,b4,c4 ,much of the time this was not an empire1 but rather the leading state in the oriental world4 7#b47 ,the ,assyrian ,empire1 #aabj-fbf ,b4,c42 its capital at ,nineveh on the ,tigris ,river1 its people fierce warriors1 but not able rulers4 7#c47 ,the ,chaldean ,empire1 #fjf-ecf ,b4,c41 established by ,nebuchadnezzar1 and passing away soon after his death4 7#d47 ,the ,persian ,empire1 #ecf-ccj1 founded by ,cyrus1 and ruling over all the ,old ,testament lands4 7#e47 ,the ,kingdoms 7not empire7 of ,alexander's ,successors1 #ccj-fj ,b4,c4 ,the empire of ,alexander the ,great lasted only seven years 7#ccj-cbc71 and was followed by war until #cja1 when the four generals of ,alexander made a division of his conquests4 7#f47 ,the ,roman ,empire became dominant in the east about #fj ,b4,c41 and continued supreme until after the ,new ,testament period4 ,,viii4 ,the ,world in ,general4 ,we arrange on the last column events showing the general progress of the world outside of the ,bible lands4 ,the student will note that ,bible ,history antedates the annals of ,greece and ,rome by many centuries4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,sepulchre4 ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,world4 ,i4 ,extent4 ,the ,old ,testament ,world embraces the seas and lands between #cj and #ed east longitude1 or from the mouth of the ,nile to that of the ,persian ,gulf2 and between #bg and #dj north latitude1 from the parallel south of ,mount ,sinai to that north of ,mount ,ararat4 ,the total extent of territory is about #a1djj miles from east to west and #ijj miles from north to south1 aggregating #a1bfj1jjj square miles4 ,deducting from this the space occupied by the ,mediterranean ,sea and other large bodies of water1 the land will include about #a1aaj1jjj square miles1 or one-third the extent of the ,united ,states1 excluding ,alaska4 ,unlike the ,united ,states1 however1 nearly two-thirds of this extent is a vast desert1 and uninhabitable1 so that the portion actually occupied by man is less than an eighth of that included in the ,american ,union4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,view ,,of ,,united ,,states ,,and ,,old ,,testament ,,world4 ,,ii4 ,seas4 ,this world of the ,old ,testament embraces several large bodies of water4 #a4 ,the ,caspian ,sea1 the largest body of water surrounded by land on the globe1 occupies its northeastern corner4 #b4 ,the ,persian ,gulf1 the outlet of the great rivers of the ,old ,testament history1 is in its southeastern border4 #c4 ,the two arms of the northern end of the ,red ,sea1 the ,gulf of ,suez and the ,gulf of ,akaba1 are on its southwestern side4 #d4 ,the ,mediterranean ,sea1 the great sea toward the going down of the sun 7,josh4 #a3d71 forms a part of its western boundary4 ,these are its largest seas2 but besides these may be named three others1 all salt lakes1 imbedded in its mountain system4 #e4 ,the ,dead ,sea1 called in the ,bible ,sea of the ,plain1 and ,salt ,sea1 lying #a1bij feet below the ,mediterranean1 and situated in the land of ,palestine2 #f4 ,lake ,van1 anciently ,arsissa1 in ,armenia2 and #g4 ,lake ,urumiyeh1 in ,media4 ,neither of the last two are referred to in the ,bible4 ,,iii4 ,mountain ,ranges4 ,the nucleus of the mountain system is found in the land of ,armenia1 on the north of the map4 ,here five great ranges of mountains have their origin4 #a4 ,the ,ararat ,mountains are lofty masses1 lying between the ,caspian ,sea and ,asia ,minor4 ,they are arranged in three sections1 nearly parallel3 ,mount ,masius1 on the south2 ,mount ,niphates1 north of ,lake ,van2 and ,mount ,abus1 still farther north4 ,one of the peaks of this latter section is the traditional resting place of the ark 7,gen4 #h3d71 and is the summit of the group1 #ag1gej feet high4 #b4 ,the ,caspian ,mountains1 branching from ,ararat1 bend around the southern end of the ,caspian ,sea and extend eastward1 forming the northern boundary of ,media4 #c4 ,the ,zagros ,mountains also start from ,ararat1 and follow a direction generally southeast1 to the northern shore of the ,persian ,gulf4 ,they form the eastern watershed of the ,tigris and ,euphrates rivers4 #d4 ,the ,lebanon ,range starts from the western side of the ,ararat group1 and follows the ,mediterranean coast through ,syria and ,palestine1 then down the ,sinaitic peninsula4 ,its general direction is west of south4 ,in ,syria and ,palestine it is divided into two parallel branches1 ,lebanon and ,anti-,lebanon1 the latter on the east4 ,its highest peak is ,mount ,hermon1 about #i1jjj feet above the sea4 ,south of ,palestine it forms the remarkable ,sinaitic group of mountains1 upon one of which the ,law was given4 #e4 ,the last range is ,mount ,taurus1 which also branches from ,ararat1 in a westerly direction1 and forms the southern coast line of ,asia ,minor4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,height ,,of ,,bible ,,mountains4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,world4 ,,iv4 ,rivers4 ,passing by many unimportant streams1 we notice the following1 the largest of which have their rise in the mountain system of ,armenia4 #a4 ,the ,araxes1 not named in the ,bible1 but important as a boundary1 rises in the northern section of the ,ararat ,range1 and flows1 in a general direction1 eastward into the ,caspian ,sea4 #b4 ,the ,tigris1 called in the ,bible ,hiddekel1 rises in ,mount ,niphates1 of the ,ararat ,range1 and flows in a southeasterly direction1 following the line of ,mount ,zagros1 unites with the ,euphrates1 and thence flows into the ,persian ,gulf4 ,its length to the union with the ,euphrates is #a1adf miles2 beyond the union to the gulf1 at present1 #ajj miles1 though anciently much less2 and at a time within the limits of history the two rivers discharged by separate mouths4 ,their united stream is now called the ,shaat el ,arab4 #c4 ,the ,euphrates1 or the ,frat 7a word meaning abounding71 is the great river of the ,bible world4 ,it has two important sources1 both in ,armenia3 one at a place called ,domli2 the other1 the more distant and true source1 at ,diyadin1 at the foot of a mountain called ,ala ,tagh1 #bj miles west of ,mount ,ararat4 ,it flows westward #djj miles1 then southward about as far1 then in a southeasterly direction #a1jjj miles1 uniting at last with the ,tigris to form the ,shaat el ,arab4 ,it is navigable for #a1ajj miles1 and has in all ages formed the principal means of travel between ,eastern and ,western ,asia4 ,at ,babylon1 it is nearly a mile in width1 though for #hjj miles it does not receive a single tributary1 as it flows through a desert4 ,it overflows its banks every year1 rising as high as twelve feet4 #d4 ,the ,orontes rises in ,mount ,lebanon1 and flows northward parallel with the ,mediterranean until1 just before reaching ,asia ,minor1 it breaks through the mountains and empties into the sea4 #e4 ,the ,jordan1 least yet most important of all1 flows southward from the foot of ,mount ,hermon into the ,dead ,sea4 ,it will be described in connection with the ,physical ,map of ,palestine4 #f4 ,the ,nile1 the great river of ,africa1 rises in the centre of the continent and flows northward into the ,mediterranean ,sea1 turning the desert through which it passes into a garden4 ,v4 ,the ,lands4 ,these are not easy to determine since their boundaries and names varied at different periods of the history4 ,yet their locations may be given1 and their natural limits are generally known4 ,they may be classified as follows3 #a4 ,lands of the ,mountain ,system1 all north and east of the ,zagros chain of mountains3 ,armenia1 ,media1 and ,persia4 #b4 ,lands of the ,plain3 ,assyria1 ,elam1 ,mesopotamia1 ,chaldea1 ,arabia4 #c4 ,lands of the ,mediterranean3 ,asia ,minor1 ,syria1 ,phoenicia1 ,palestine1 ,the ,wilderness1 ,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,,mount ,,ararat4 ,i4 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,mountain ,,system4 #a4 ,armenia is a name nowhere used in the original ,scriptures1 but in our version is a translation of the word ,ararat1 which word properly appears in place of ,armenia in the ,revised ,version4 ,the province embraces the lofty plateau and mountain group between the ,caspian and ,black ,seas1 and north of ,mesopotamia and ,assyria1 the source of four great rivers1 the ,araxes1 ,tigris1 ,euphrates1 and ,acampsis1 the latter pouring into the ,black ,sea4 ,its boundaries are3 upon the north1 the ,caucasus ,mountains2 on the east1 ,media and the ,caspian ,sea2 on the south1 ,media1 from which it is separated by the ,araxes1 and ,assyria1 from which it is divided by ,mount ,masius2 and on the west1 the ,euphrates1 separating it from ,asia ,minor4 ,tradition states that it was settled by ,hak1 a grandson of ,japhet2 and the earliest history names it as tributary to ,assyria4 ,excepting the resting of ,noah's ark upon one of its mountains1 few events of ,scripture are associated with it4 #b4 ,media is in the original the same word as ,madai1 the son of ,japhet4 7,gen4 #aj3b47 ,its boundaries are the river ,araxes and the ,caspian ,sea on the north1 the great salt desert of ,iram on the east1 ,persia on the south1 and the ,zagros ,mountains1 separating it from ,assyria and ,armenia4 ,a branch of the ,zagros ,mountains1 running eastward1 divides it into two portions1 anciently known as ,media ,atropatene 7the one northward7 and ,media ,magna4 ,in each of these provinces the principal city was called ,ecbatana4 ,the ,medes were of the ,aryan or ,japhetic stock1 and were always a warlike and independent people4 ,though conquered by ,assyria1 their land was never formally annexed to the ,assyrian empire4 ,in ,b4,c4 #fcc the ,median kingdom was established1 and soon became supreme over ,assyria1 ,armenia1 and ,persia1 and formed the ,medo-,persian empire1 which succeeded to the power of ,babylon in the ,east1 ,b4,c4 #ecf4 ,after that date the history of ,media is lost in that of ,persia4 #c4 ,persia was originally a small province on the ,persian ,gulf1 still known as ,fars4 ,but ,persia ,proper included1 besides the sandy plain on the gulf1 a mountainous plateau north of it1 and was bounded by ,media on the north1 by ,carmania on the east1 by the ,persian ,gulf on the south1 and by ,elam on the west4 ,its people were of the ,aryan race1 and at first subject to the ,medes4 ,they revolted under ,cyrus the ,great1 and became the controlling power in the conquest of ,nebuchadnezzar's dominion4 ,the ,persian empire arose to greatness at the fall of ,babylon1 ,b4,c4 #ecf1 conquered and ruled over all the lands from ,india to ,ethiopia1 and was by far the greatest of the great ,oriental monarchies4 ,it was subjected by ,alexander the ,great1 ,b4,c4 #ccj4 ,the capital of the ,persian empire was ,susa1 called in the ,bible ,shushan the ,palace 7,esther #a3b72 which was1 however1 situated not in ,persia ,proper1 but in ,elam4 ,the most important places in the province were ,persepolis 7its capital at one period71 ,pasargada1 and ,mesambria1 none of which are named in the ,bible4 ,,ii4 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,plain4 ,of these1 two are situated mainly between the ,zagros chain of mountains and the ,tigris river1 ,assyria and ,elam2 two are between the ,tigris and ,euphrates1 ,mesopotamia and ,chaldea2 and one is the vast ,arabian desert4 #a4 ,assyria1 in the ,hebrew everywhere ,asshur1 was properly the province now called ,kurdistan1 lying on the western slope of the ,zagros ,mountains1 and extending across the ,tigris to the ,sinjar hills and the border of the ,mesopotamian desert4 ,the mountains separate it from ,armenia2 and the line of division from ,elam1 on the southeast1 was near the place where the ,tigris and ,euphrates approach nearest before their separation4 ,the land was occupied by people of various races1 of which the ,semitic were predominant4 ,the earliest city was at ,asshur1 supposed to be ,kileh ,sherghat1 where a dynasty of kings began to rule about #ahjj ,b4,c41 while the ,israelite tribes were in ,egypt4 ,the seat of government was afterward transferred to ,calah1 or ,halah 7,nimrud71 north of ,asshur2 and finally a permanent location of the capital was made at ,nineveh1 which became the centre of the great ,assyrian empire4 ,this will be described more fully with the map of that empire1 on page #ia4 ,the ,assyrian kingdom was long in its duration1 but passed through many vicissitudes1 several times ruling all the lands of the ,euphrates1 and again1 in a feeble condition4 ,its principal cities1 besides ,nineveh1 were ,calah1 ,resen 7which may have been at ,selamiyeh1 three miles south of ,nineveh71 and ,rehoboth4 ,there is reason to believe that all the four cities named in ,gen4 #aj3aa1 #ab1 were combined in the walls of ,nineveh4 #b4 ,elam1 called ,susiana by the ,greeks1 lay southeast of ,assyria and west of ,persia ,proper1 between the ,zagros chain of mountains and the ,tigris river4 ,it included both a mountainous and a lowland tract1 the latter very fertile4 ,shushan 7,susa71 the capital of the ,persian empire1 lay within this province1 and was its principal city4 ,the earliest conqueror named in the ,bible1 ,amraphel1 was the king of ,elam1 and held dominion over most of the lands as far west as ,canaan4 7,see the map of his empire1 on page #cd47 ,this kingdom was not of long continuance as an independent state1 but soon fell under the power of ,assyria1 though maintaining its own organization as a vassal state until the ,persian period1 when it became a province of the empire4 #c4 ,mesopotamia1 called in ,scripture ,aram-naharaim1 or ,syria of the two rivers1 was a land of indefinite boundaries4 ,the name means between the rivers1 and hence it was often applied to all the plain between the ,tigris and ,euphrates1 including even ,chaldea and a part of ,assyria4 ,a more frequent use of the name restricts it to the northwestern portion of the region between the rivers1 above the place where they approach and separate again4 ,the ,sinjar hills1 crossing1 divide it into two sections1 a higher and a lower1 the former mountainous1 and the latter mostly a great desert4 ,the upper section contained the cities of ,orfa 7,edessa71 formerly supposed to be the birthplace of ,abraham2 ,haran1 the patriarch's resting place on the way to ,canaan2 ,nisibis and ,amida1 now ,nisibin and ,diarbekr4 ,the only time when ,mesopotamia appears in ,bible history as a kingdom was a brief interval during the period of the ,judges4 7,judg4 #c3h47 ,earlier it had been occupied by separate and warring tribes2 later it was a part of ,assyria4 #d4 ,chaldea is also called ,shinar and ,babylonia4 ,the name ,chaldea1 in its most accurate sense1 belongs to the southern portion of the province1 but is generally used with reference to all the ,mesopotamian plain south of ,baghdad4 ,it is perfectly level1 and by nature one of the most fertile places on the whole earth4 ,its earliest inhabitants1 at least the ruling portion of them1 were ,cushites1 of the stock of ,ham4 ,an early ,oriental kingdom began at ,ur 7,mugheir7 about ,b4,c4 #cijj4 ,it lasted1 with varying fortunes1 until ,b4,c4 #ech4 ,babylon afterward became the capital1 and in a later period was the greatest city of the ,east4 7,see diagram on page #ic47 ,other cities of ,chaldea were ,erech 7,orcho71 ,calneh1 and ,sepharvaim4 ,further details of its political history are given in the account of the ,babylonian empire of ,nebuchadnezzar1 on page #ib4 #e4 ,the desert of ,arabia occupies more than half of the map of the ,old ,testament ,world4 ,that portion of it included upon the map is a vast triangle1 having for its base the #bhth parallel of latitude1 from the ,persian ,gulf to the ,red ,sea1 the ,euphrates on its northeastern side1 and the border of the ,lebanon chain of mountains for its western4 ,it is called in the ,bible the land of ,kedar4 ,it is a high1 undulating1 dry plain1 with few oases1 and almost impenetrable to travelers4 ,from the days of ,abraham until the present1 the caravans have gone around it upon the north1 following up the ,euphrates to ,tiphsah 7,thapsacus71 and then turning southward rather than face its terrors4 ,only once in history is it related that an army crossed it4 ,this was when ,nebuchadnezzar1 while ravaging ,palestine1 learned of his father's death1 and crossed this great desert by the most direct route1 in order to take possession of the throne4 ,,iii4 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,mediterranean4 ,these lands will receive more extended treatment in connection with other maps1 so that we give them only a brief mention here4 #a4 ,asia ,minor scarcely enters the field of the ,old ,testament1 except as the land of the ,hittites4 ,it will be noticed under the topic of the ,journeys of the ,apostle ,paul1 page #aag4 #b4 ,syria1 in the ,hebrew ,aram1 is a name of indefinite signification1 sometimes embracing all the territory north of ,the ,wilderness of the ,wandering1 and therefore including ,palestine and the provinces around it4 ,but ,syria ,proper seems only to indicate the territory bounded by the ,amanus and ,taurus ranges of mountains on the north1 by the ,euphrates and the desert on the east1 by ,palestine1 beginning with ,mount ,hermon1 on the south1 by the ,mediterranean and ,phoenicia on the west4 ,it reaches the ,mediterranean only near the mouth of the ,orontes4 ,it consists of three portions3 ,on the north an elevated tract1 never thickly populated1 having ,carchemish and ,samosata as its principal cities2 between the ,lebanon and ,anti-,lebanon ranges of mountains a great valley1 called ,coele-,syria1 hollow ,syria1 forming the bed of the ,orontes1 flowing north1 and the ,leontes 7,litany71 flowing south2 and on the east a level country reaching to the desert1 containing the cities of ,damascus on the south1 ,tiphsah 7,thapsacus7 on the north1 and ,tadmor 7,palmyra7 in the desert4 ,during the times from ,jeroboam to ,jehoash1 ,syria was an independent kingdom1 the rival of ,israel1 with which its political relations may be seen on the map on page #hf4 ,in the ,old ,testament period1 ,damascus was its principal city1 and exercised sovereignty2 but later1 ,antioch1 in the north1 became more prominent1 and was the ,greek and ,roman capital of the province4 #c4 ,phoenicia is a narrow strip of territory between the ,mediterranean ,sea and ,mount ,lebanon1 north of ,palestine and south of the ,orontes4 ,its two great cities were1 ,zidon1 the mother of ,mediterranean commerce2 and ,tyre1 her daughter4 ,its boundaries were never extensive2 but its vessels traded with every land1 and its colonies were planted all along the shores of the ,mediterranean4 #d4 ,palestine lies south of ,phoenicia1 between the ,mediterranean and the desert4 ,it will be described in connection with the ,physical ,map of ,palestine1 page #bi1 and ,moab and ,edom1 near it1 on pages #ci and #de4 #e4 ,south of ,palestine is ,the ,wilderness1 a part of ,arabia1 in which the ,israelites wandered during forty years4 ,its description may be found on page #db4 #f4 ,egypt lies in the northeastern corner of ,africa4 ,see its description on page #da4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 #a4 ,let the teacher state the ,,extent of the ,old ,testament ,world1 and its comparison in size with the ,united ,states1 as given in the description2 the class taking down the figures in their note-books4 #b4 ,let the teacher draw upon the blackboard the ,,seas of the map1 in presence of the class1 describing each as it is drawn4 ,if drawn in advance with an ordinary slate pencil1 the mark cannot be seen by the class1 but can be traced by the teacher with white chalk4 ,do not try to make the lines exact4 ,a general sketch will answer far better than finished work4 ,write upon each its initial letter1 but let the class give its full name2 and at the same time follow the teacher by drawing the map on slates or in note-books4 ,review the names of the seas3 ,caspian1 ,persian ,gulf1 ,red ,sea1 ,mediterranean or ,great ,sea1 ,dead ,sea1 ,lake ,arsissa or ,van1 ,lake ,urumiyeh4 #c4 ,draw next the most important of the ,,mountain ,,ranges1 showing their general lines1 in blue or green color1 naming each as drawn1 requiring the class to repeat its name1 and to review at the close all the names3 ,ararat 7including ,masius1 ,niphates1 ,abus71 ,caspian1 ,zagros1 ,lebanon1 ,taurus4 #d4 ,draw the ,,rivers in white chalk1 and drill the class upon their names as the course of each is shown3 ,araxes1 ,tigris1 ,euphrates1 ,orontes1 ,jordan1 ,nile4 ,review the names of seas1 mountains1 and rivers1 before beginning the next subject4 #e4 ,show the ,,lands in their three classes1 and drill the class upon their names4 7#a47 ,,mountain ,,lands3 ,armenia1 ,media1 ,persia4 7#b47 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,plain3 ,assyria1 ,elam1 ,mesopotamia1 ,chaldea1 ,arabia4 7#c47 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,mediterranean3 ,asia ,minor1 ,syria1 ,phoenicia1 ,palestine1 ,wilderness1 ,egypt4 ,review the entire map1 from the beginning2 then erase it1 and call for the class to give the names as they are indicated by the pointer without marking4 ,,ancient ,,world1 ,,and ,,descendants ,,of ,,noah4 ,,one of the most ancient and valuable accounts of the races of mankind is found in the tenth chapter of ,genesis4 ,it states the location and1 in large degree1 the relationship of the various families upon the earth1 as they were known to the descendants of ,abraham4 ,illustration3 ,,birs ,,nimroud 7,,supposed ,,tower ,,of ,,babel74 ,in the interpretation of this ,table of ,nations certain facts and principles are to be borne in mind4 #a4 ,it is incomplete2 not undertaking to name all the races of mankind1 but only those in the ,hebrew1 ,egyptian1 and ,assyrian sphere of interest4 ,neither the yellow1 the brown1 or the black races are represented upon it1 and only a portion of the ruddy or white race4 #b4 ,it is popular and not scientific4 ,the ,orientals never wrote with the precision of modern students4 ,hence find in this document terms employed in a general and indefinite manner4 #c4 ,it is1 in reality1 geographical rather than racial4 ,for example1 when it says the sons of ,canaan1 we are not always to infer a literal descent1 but a location in the land of ,canaan4 ,the names upon this table are generally not those of individuals1 but of tribes4 ,in some instances relationship may be indicated2 but generally propinquity of settlement is all that can positively be affirmed4 #d4 ,it arranges the nations according to zones1 in a general direction from northwest to southeast2 not by continents1 as was formerly supposed4 ,the nations of the ,japhetic family are found in ,asia and ,europe2 the ,shemites1 or ,semites1 in ,asia2 the so-called ,hamitic races1 in ,asia and ,africa4 ,after the deluge an instinct of migration took possession of the human family4 ,from the original home 7long supposed to be near the ,caspian ,sea1 but now uncertain as to locality7 clans moved in all directions1 and nations arose1 occupying different lands4 ,i4 ,,the ,,japhetic ,,nations4 ,these belonged to seven families1 who are called sons of ,japheth in ,gen4 #aj3b2 and seven others1 who are spoken of as his grandsons in ,gen4 #aj3c1 #d4 ,these statements are not necessarily to be understood literally4 ,there may have been other sons and grandsons of ,japheth2 but these were the ones whose names are remembered as the founders of nations4 ,the peoples descended from ,japheth belong to what is called the ,aryan or ,indo-,european race4 #a4 ,gomer is named1 in ,ezek4 #ch3b-f1 as a race opposed to ,israel after the captivity4 ,they were probably the people whom the ,assyrians called ,gimirrai1 and the ,greeks ,kimmerioi4 ,their name is perpetuated in the ,crimea1 their early home4 ,a branch of this race moving westward became the ,cimbri1 who were formidable enemies of ,rome2 and probably another1 the ,cymry1 settled in the ,british ,isles1 and were the ancestors of the ,welsh and the ,irish4 ,the ,celtic races1 to which the ,french partly belong1 are descended from this family4 ,three of the families descended from ,gomer formed separate tribes1 named1 in the table of nations in ,gen4 #aj3c1 after ,ashkenaz1 ,riphath and ,togarmah4 ,all of these had homes around or near the ,black ,sea4 7#a47 ,ashkenaz is the name of a people spread out of ,mysia and ,phrygia in ,asia ,minor4 ,ascanios1 a ,greek form of the word1 occurs in ,homer as the name of a ,mysian and ,phrygian prince4 ,it is1 however1 true that1 in ,jer4 #ea3bg1 ,ashkenaz is located in ,western ,armenia1 whither this people had later migrated4 ,here1 also1 the ,assyrians located them4 7#b47 ,riphath was formerly supposed to point to the ,riphn ,mountains1 north of the ,danube and west of the ,black ,sea1 but this is very doubtful4 7#c47 ,togarmah 7,ezek4 #bg3ad2 #ch3f7 is identified with the land of ,armenia1 whose people have a tradition that they are descended from ,targom4 #b4 ,magog 7called1 in ,ezek4 #ch and #ci1 ,gog1 the prefix ,ma being thought to signify land7 is generally understood to designate the ,scythians4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,ancient ,,world ,,and ,,the ,,descendants ,,of ,,noah4 #c4 ,madai is everywhere in ,scripture the word translated ,medes1 whose early home was south of the ,caspian ,sea1 whence they marched westward1 and conquered the lands as far as the ,mediterranean4 #d4 ,javan is the ,hebrew term for the ,greeks1 as is indicated by various references in the ,old ,testament4 ,it is especially applied to the ,ionians 7originally called ,iafon-es1 the descendants of ,iafon1 or ,javan71 who were the ,grecian people1 with whom the ,israelites were brought into commercial relations4 ,five lands and races are named as subdivisions of the family of ,javan in ,gen4 #aj3d1 all of which were situated near each other4 7#a47 ,elishah 7or1 as in ,ezek4 #bg3g1 the isles of ,elishah17 is supposed to refer to the olians1 inhabiting the isles of the gean ,sea1 from which came the purple dye mentioned in ,ezekiel's reference4 7#b47 ,tarshish was formerly supposed to refer to ,tarsus in ,cilicia of ,asia ,minor1 on the authority of ,josephus1 but is now identified with ,tartessus in ,spain1 embracing the coast land from ,gibraltar to the ,guadalquiver4 7#c47 ,kittim1 or ,chittim1 was the name applied to the island of ,cyprus1 of which one of the cities was called ,kitium4 ,the name ,chittim was also loosely given by the ,hebrews to the shores and isles of the ,mediterranean4 7#d47 ,dodanim 7or1 as in some copies of #a ,chron4 #a3g1 ,rodanim74 ,if the reading ,dodanim be preferred1 this may point to the ,dardanians1 a name often applied in the classics to the people of ,troy1 the famous city of ,homer4 ,the other reading1 ,rodanim1 which is preferred by some critics1 is supposed to point to the isle of ,rhodes1 in the gean ,sea1 a home of the ancient ,greeks4 ,thus both ,javan and all his sons who founded families were connected with the ,greek race4 7#e47 ,the ,isles of the ,gentiles 7,gen4 #aj3e7 in ,hebrew refers not only to islands1 but all lands bordering upon the sea4 ,here it refers to the ,japhetic colonies on the coasts of the ,mediterranean1 the ,black and the ,caspian ,seas4 #e4 ,tubal1 and #f4 ,meshech1 are generally associated in ,scripture4 7,ezek4 #bg3ac2 #cb3bf2 #ch3b1 #c2 #ci3a47 ,from their associations1 they are to be sought near the ,caspian and ,black ,seas1 where ,herodotus mentions the ,tibareni and the ,moschi4 #g4 ,tiras 7#a4 ,chron4 #a3e7 was believed by the ,jews to refer to the ,thracians1 southwest of the ,black ,sea4 ,there is nothing to oppose this view1 but no evidence except the similarity of name in its favor4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,hamitic ,,races4 ,these are named with greater particularity1 because they were those which rose to prominence early in the history1 and those with which the ,hebrews were brought into closer relations1 either as enemies or as friends4 ,four principal races are given1 some of which were greatly subdivided4 ,the homes of these races were in ,africa1 ,eastern ,arabia1 with a fringe of sea-coast along the eastern ,mediterranean1 and the great ,mesopotamian valley1 in which arose the earliest world empires4 ,they have been sometimes called ,turanians4 ,it is by no means probable that all these nations should be regarded as the descendants of ,ham1 the son of ,noah4 ,in this list are evidently grouped together some races whose territory was contiguous1 but whose physical appearance and language show no relationship4 #a4 ,cush is1 throughout the ,bible1 the word translated ,ethiopia4 ,generally this refers to the region south of ,egypt1 now known as ,abyssinia2 but in ,gen4 #b3ac1 ,isa4 #aa3aa1 and ,ezek4 #ch3e1 the reference must be to an ,asiatic ,cush1 in ,mesopotamia4 ,the subdivisions of the ,cushite tribes in ,gen4 #aj3g-ab1 show that the earliest great ,oriental monarchies were of this race4 ,these subdivisions are as follows3 7#a47 ,seba4 ,these were1 probably1 the ,ethiopians of ,mero1 on the ,nile1 anciently called ,saba2 in ,isa4 #dc3c and #de3ad1 connected with the ,egyptians4 7#b47 ,havilah4 ,this is supposed to refer to ,arabia1 or at least a part of it4 7#c47 ,sabtah4 ,this may refer to the ,sabbatha1 or ,sabota1 of ,pliny and ,ptolemy1 on the southern shore of ,arabia4 7#d47 ,raamah1 with whom are associated his sons or descendants1 ,sheba and ,dedan1 occupied the eastern shore of ,arabia1 near the ,persian ,gulf4 7#e47 ,sabtechah4 ,this is unknown1 but1 from the relation of the previous names1 may have been in the southeastern portion of ,arabia4 7#f47 ,nimrod is named as a descendant of ,cush 7perhaps the only name of an individual in the list71 and the founder of the early ,babylonian empire4 #b4 ,mizraim is the name everywhere used for ,egypt in the ,hebrew4 ,the word is in the dual form1 representing the two divisions of the country1 and corresponding to the two crowns on all the royal effigies4 ,several branches of this race are especially mentioned4 7#a47 ,ludim4 ,not the same with the ,lud of verse #bb1 but from its associations plainly in ,africa4 ,the location has been given as ,nubia1 but is very doubtful4 7#b47 ,anamim4 ,an unknown people1 whose identity was early lost in some other race4 7#c47 ,lehabim4 ,these are elsewhere in ,scripture called ,lubim1 and were the ,libyans1 or people of ,libya1 west of ,egypt1 on the southern shore of the ,mediterranean4 7#d47 ,naphtuhim4 ,probably the ,na-,ptah of the ,egyptian monuments1 having their home at ,memphis1 south of the ,delta4 7#e47 ,pathrusim4 ,often referred to in the prophets as ,pathros1 or ,upper ,egypt4 7#f47 ,casluhim4 ,an unknown people1 perhaps in the vicinity of ,goshen4 7#g47 ,caphtorim4 ,generally supposed to refer to the people on the island of ,crete4 ,with these1 and not with the ,casluhim1 should the ,philistim be connected4 7,see ,deut4 #b3bc1 ,jer4 #dg3d1 ,amos #i3g47 #c4 ,phut4 ,the word is several times translated ,libya1 and1 from its association with other tribes1 should probably be referred to that section in ,northern ,africa4 7,see ,jer4 #df3i2 ,ezek4 #bg3aj2 #cj3e2 #ch3e2 ,nah4 #c3i47 ,some of these passages would indicate that there was also an ,asiatic branch of this same family4 #d4 ,canaan4 ,the ancient inhabitants of ,palestine and ,lower ,syria1 from ,gaza to ,hamath4 ,in their most flourishing period1 just before the conquest by ,joshua1 they embraced six subdivisions or clans4 7,see map on page #cf1 and explanations47 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,semitic ,,races4 7,gen4 #aj3ba-ca47 ,the descendants of ,shem are placed last in the list of the table of nations1 not because their founder was the youngest1 but because out of their lines one family is chosen as the especial theme of the history1 which thus receives a fitting introduction4 ,shem was the founder of five great races1 and of many subordinate tribes4 #a4 ,elam everywhere is recognized as the name of a province east of the ,tigris and north of the ,persian ,gulf1 called by the ,greeks ,elymais4 ,the name was often applied1 in later times1 to the whole of ,persia1 whose capital stood within its territory4 #b4 ,asshur is frequently mentioned in the ,old ,testament4 ,it was located on the ,tigris1 having ,nineveh as its capital1 and its people at one time were rulers of all the lands westward to the ,mediterranean4 #c4 ,arphaxad1 or ,arpachshad 7as in the margin of ,gen4 #aa3aj71 has been supposed to be the ancestor of the ,chaldeans1 whose home was at the head of the ,persian ,gulf4 ,the patriarch ,abraham belonged to his race1 and was born in ,ur of the ,chaldees4 ,another of ,arphaxad's descendants was ,joktan1 from whom arose thirteen tribes1 named after ,almodad1 ,sheleph1 ,hazarmaveth1 ,jerah1 ,hadoram1 ,uzal1 ,diklah1 ,obal1 ,abimael1 ,sheba 7the most important of all in after history1 absorbing most of the rest71 ,ophir1 ,havilah1 and ,jobab4 ,all these occupied the southeastern and southern sections of the great ,arabian peninsula4 ,the fact that some of these names have already been mentioned in the ,hamite genealogies may indicate that the two races became mingled4 #d4 ,lud4 ,this is believed by most scholars to refer to the ,lydians1 who dwelt on the southwestern border of ,asia ,minor1 and under their king1 ,croesus1 became a powerful nation4 ,their history was short1 as their empire was conquered by ,cyrus the ,great4 #e4 ,aram4 ,this is the word uniformly rendered ,syria throughout the ,bible4 ,the ,arameans1 or ,syrians1 occupied the region between ,canaan and ,phoenicia1 on the east1 the ,euphrates on the north1 and the great desert on the west and south4 ,four branches of this race formed separate tribes4 ,uz1 the race of the ancient ,job1 was settled in the middle of ,north ,arabia1 near ,nejd4 ,hul and ,gether are supposed 7but with slight evidences7 to have occupied the country near ,lake ,merom1 where the ,geshurites were afterward found4 ,mash1 or1 as called in #a ,chron4 #a3ag1 ,meshech1 may have merged with the ,meshech of the ,japhetic line4 ,illustration3 ,,outline ,,map ,,for ,,review4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching4 #a4 ,the principal authorities for the map on page #bd1 and its explanations1 are3 ,ethnic ,affinities1 by ,canon ,george ,rawlinson2 ,e4 ,h4 ,browne1 in ,the ,speaker's ,commentary2 ,j4 ,g4 ,murphy's ,notes on ,genesis2 ,dillmann1 ,commentary on ,genesis2 and ,the ,races of the ,old ,testament1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,sayce4 ,to these the student is referred for more thorough discussion of the subject4 #b4 ,in teaching1 draw on the blackboard a sketch map 7no matter how roughly7 of the outlines of the coast1 as given above1 and then write on each place the name of the people occupying it4 ,take1 first1 the great divisions of ,noah's family2 then1 the subdivisions2 then1 the minor tribes4 ,review the locations as each family is finished4 ,write on the board only the first syllable of each name1 as an aid to memory1 as ,ar for ,arphaxad1 ,cu for ,cush1 etc4 ,if the names of each of the three great races are written in chalk of a different color1 it will make the distinctions more readily understood4 #c4 ,if practicable1 by means of a duplicating process1 print a sufficient number of copies of the sketch map to supply the class or audience1 and let each person1 with pencil1 place on the map the names of the tribes as they are located4 ,this will greatly add to the interest of the lesson4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this family tree was originally one tree4 ,it was separated into families to accommodate size issues4 ,,review ,,chart--,,the ,,table ,,of ,,nations4 ,,noah ---------------------------------------- --- ,,japheth ,,ham ,,shem 7,aryan ,race7 7,turanian ,race7 7,semitic ,race7 ,,japheth 7,aryan ,race7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,gomer ,magog ,madai ,javan ,tubal ,meshech ,tiras 7,celts77,scythians77,medes7 7,greeks7 7,thracians7 ,ashkenaz 7,nysia and ,phrygia7 ,elishah 7olians7 ,riphath 7,riphaean ,mts87 ,tarshish 7,tartessus7 ,togarmah 7,armenia7 ,kittim 7,cyprus7 ,dodanim 7,trojans7 ,,ham 7,turanian ,race7 --------------------------- ,cush ,mizraim ,phut ,canaan 7,ethiopia7 7,egypt77,libya77,palestine7 ,seba ,ludim 7,mero7 7,nubia87 ,havilah ,anamim 7,arabia7 ,sabtah ,lehabim 7,sabbatha87 7,libya7 ,raamah ,naphtuhim 7,per4 ,gulf7 7,na-petu7 ,sabtechah ,pathrusim 7,pathros7 ,,nimrod ,casluhim-,philistim 7,philistia7 ,caphtorim 7,crete7 ,,shem 7,semitic ,race7 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,elam ,asshur ,arphaxad ,lud ,aram 7,elamites7 7,assyrians7 7,chaldeans7 7,lydians7 7,syrians7 ,salah ,uz ,hul ,gether ,mash ,eber ------ ,peleg ,joktan7,arabia7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,jews' ,,wailing ,,place1 ,,at ,,jerusalem4 ,illustration3 ,,physical ,,map ,,of ,,palestine4 ,,physical ,,palestine4 ,i4 ,,dimensions4 ,,the terms ,canaan1 ,palestine and the ,holy ,land are used with various meanings4 ,the first is the original name1 taken from the ancestor of its early inhabitants2 the second is a modernized form of the word ,philistine1 a race occupying its southwest portion2 the third is the name applied to it as the land where the ,saviour of the world lived and died4 ,in either one of these three names we may also find three different limitations of meaning4 #a4 ,strictly speaking1 the word ,canaan refers to the country between the ,jordan and the ,mediterranean2 bounded on the north by ,mount ,lebanon1 and on the south by the desert4 ,the name ,palestine is often given to this section only4 ,this region includes about #f1fjj square miles1 a territory smaller than the ,state of ,massachusetts by #a1bjj square miles4 #b4 ,palestine ,proper1 the ,land of the ,twelve ,tribes1 embraces both ,canaan and the region east of the ,jordan1 loosely called ,gilead1 though that name strictly belongs to but one section of it4 ,palestine ,proper is bounded on the north by the river ,leontes1 ,mount ,lebanon and ,mount ,hermon2 east by the ,syrian desert1 south by the ,arabian desert1 and west by the ,mediterranean2 and forms a sort of parallelogram1 embracing an area of about #ab1jjj miles1 about the size of ,massachusetts and ,connecticut4 #c4 ,the ,land of ,promise 7,num4 #cd71 in its largest meaning1 extended from the ,entrance of ,hamath1 on the north1 to ,mount ,hor1 ,kadesh-barnea1 and the ,river of ,egypt 7,wady el ,arish72 and from the ,euphrates to the ,mediterranean2 including an area of #fj1jjj square miles1 a little less than that of the five ,new ,england ,states4 ,this was realized only during a part of the reigns of ,david and ,solomon4 ,not all of even ,palestine ,proper was possessed by ,israel during most of its history2 for the plain along the sea-shore was held by the ,philistines on the south1 and by the ,phoenicians on the north4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,areas ,,of ,,palestine ,,and ,,new ,,england4 ,,ii4 ,,natural ,,divisions4 ,the divisions of ,palestine made by the natural features of the country are four1 generally parallel to each other3 #a4 ,the ,maritime ,plain4 #b4 ,the ,mountain ,region4 #c4 ,the ,jordan ,valley4 #d4 ,the ,eastern ,table-,land4 #a4 ,the ,maritime ,plain lies along the coast of the ,mediterranean for the entire length of the country1 broken only by ,mount ,carmel1 north of which it is quite narrow2 but immediately south of the mountain it is #h miles wide1 thence widening to #bj miles at the southern boundary of the country4 ,it is an undulating surface of low hillocks of sandy soil1 from #ajj to #bjj feet above the sea-level1 and very fertile4 ,in the ,old ,testament period it was but little occupied by the ,israelites1 whose home was on the mountains4 ,it is divided into four portions4 ,north of ,mount ,carmel a narrow strip is called ,phoenicia4 ,directly east of ,mount ,carmel the level country is pressed inward1 and lies between the mountains1 forming the remarkable ,plain of ,esdraelon1 physically belonging to the ,maritime ,plain1 but geographically to the ,mountain ,region4 ,south of ,mount ,carmel lay ,sharon2 and further southward was ,philistia1 a land whose people1 the ,philistines1 were long the enemies of ,israel1 and have since given the name ,,palestine to the whole land4 #b4 ,the ,mountain ,region1 between the ,jordan ,valley and the ,plain1 is the backbone of the country1 and was the principal home of the ,israelites4 ,it is a continuation of the ,lebanon range of mountains1 and extends southward to the desert4 ,it is divided into five sections1 by natural rather than political lines of boundary4 7#a47 ,in ,upper ,galilee the mountains average a height of #b1hjj feet above the sea1 and ,jebel ,jermuk1 the highest peak1 is #d1jjj feet high4 7#b47 ,in ,lower ,galilee the hills are about #a1hjj feet high1 their southeastern slopes precipitous1 the northern and northwestern gentle4 ,in this section lies the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 about #bej feet above the sea1 #i miles across1 and #ad miles north and south4 7#c47 ,the ,hill ,country of ,samaria and ,juda1 called in the ,old ,testament ,mount ,ephraim1 and the mountains of ,judah1 is from #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet high1 consisting of mountain and valley1 with the watershed midway between the ,jordan and the sea4 ,near the ,dead ,sea is the ,wilderness of ,juda1 an uninhabitable region1 without verdure1 and penetrated with ravines and caves2 sometimes called ,jeshimon4 7#d47 ,the ,shefelah1 or low hills1 are the foot-hills of the ,mountain ,region1 forming a natural terrace #ejj feet above the sea-level1 on the western side of the mountains1 between them and the ,plain4 ,this extends along both ,samaria and ,juda4 7#e47 ,the ,negeb1 a word meaning dry1 translated ,south ,country in the ,bible1 begins just south of ,hebron1 and slopes southward to the ,arabian desert1 in a series of hills much lower than those in the northern section4 #c4 ,the ,jordan ,valley is a remarkable depression1 beginning at the sources of the river1 and plowing a gorge which grows deeper as it goes southward4 ,at the springs of the ,jordan it is #a1gjj feet above the sea1 with lofty mountains on each side1 ,hermon and ,lebanon4 ,at lake ,merom it is #g feet above the level of the sea4 ,below ,merom it descends by a fall of #fj feet to the mile1 and at the ,sea of ,galilee is #fhb feet below the ,mediterranean4 ,here begins the ,ghor 7its ,arab name1 meaning hollow71 a gorge #fe miles long to the ,dead ,sea1 and descending #faj feet further in its depth1 with a barrier of cliffs on either side1 from #b to #h miles apart1 except at the ,plain of ,jordan1 or ,plain of ,jericho1 just north of the ,dead ,sea1 which is #ad miles wide4 ,this plain lies #djj feet above the level of the ,dead ,sea1 and is encompassed by mountains which rise above it about #d1jjj feet4 #d4 ,the ,eastern ,table-,land is a lofty plateau1 east of the ,jordan4 ,the mountains on this side are higher and more steep than are those on the west2 and from their summit a plain stretches away to the great ,syrian desert4 ,it is mostly fertile1 and especially adapted to pasturage4 ,on the north is ,bashan1 now called the ,hauran1 in the centre lies ,gilead1 and south was the land of ,moab4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,waters ,,of ,,palestine4 ,these may be noticed under three heads3 #a4 ,the ,river ,jordan4 #b4 ,the ,three ,lakes4 #c4 ,the ,brooks1 or mountain torrents4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,river ,,jordan4 #a4 ,the ,river ,jordan has three sources4 7#a47 ,the most northerly is at ,hasbeiya1 on ,hermon4 7#b47 ,the largest stream proceeds from a great spring at the ancient ,dan1 now ,tell el ,kady4 7#c47 ,the one recognized as the source by the ,jews is at ,banias1 near the ancient ,csarea ,philippi4 ,it may be divided into three sections3 from ,hasbeiya to ,lake ,merom1 about #dj miles2 from its entrance into ,merom to the ,sea of ,galilee1 #ae miles2 and from the northern end of that lake to the ,dead ,sea1 #gi miles1--making its direct length #acd miles1 though by its windings the channel is about #bjj miles long4 ,in its progress it falls over #c1jjj feet1 an average fall of over #bb feet to the mile4 ,it varies in width from #hj to #ahj feet1 and in depth from #e to #ab feet4 #b4 ,the ,three ,lakes are3 7#a47 ,merom1 now called ,huleh1 a triangular sheet of water three miles across1 located in a swamp in ,northern ,galilee4 7#b47 ,the ,sea of ,galilee1 called ,chinnereth in the ,old ,testament1 a pear-shaped lake1 #ad miles long1 and #i wide4 7#c47 ,the ,dead ,sea1 #df miles long1 its surface #a1bij feet below the level of the ,mediterranean1 and in some places #a1cjj feet deep1 though the great lagoon on its southern end is not more than #bj feet deep4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,palestine ,,from ,,north ,,to ,,south4 #c4 ,the ,brooks1 or mountain torrents1 are an important feature in the country4 ,they are dry for most of the year1 but during the winter are large and rapid4 7#a47 ,on the east of the ,jordan ,valley are3 7a7 the ,hieromax 7now called the ,jarmuk71 flowing from the highlands of ,bashan into the ,jordan1 south of the ,sea of ,galilee2 7b7 the ,jabbok 7now ,zerka71 descending from the table-land1 and entering the ,jordan a little south of midway between the ,sea of ,galilee and the ,dead ,sea2 7c7 the ,arnon 7now ,mojeb71 entering the ,dead ,sea about the middle of its eastern shore4 7#b47 ,flowing from the ,mountain ,region eastward are3 7a7 the ,farah1 the waters of ,enon 7,john #c3bc72 7b7 the brook ,cherith 7#a ,kings #ag3c71 perhaps ,wady ,kelt1 near ,jericho2 7c7 the brook ,kedron1 running past ,jerusalem1 eastward1 into the ,dead ,sea1 probably the ,wady en ,nar4 7#c47 ,flowing into the ,mediterranean are3 7a7 the ,leontes 7now ,litany71 the northern boundary of ,palestine1 a stream almost as long as the ,jordan2 7b7 the ,kishon1 that ancient river 7,judg4 #e3ba71 watering the ,plain of ,esdraelon2 7c7 the brook ,besor 7,wady es ,sheriah71 near the southern frontier4 ,others might be named1 but these are the most important1 though not in all cases the largest4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,of ,,palestine ,,from ,,east ,,to ,,west4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,mountains ,,of ,,palestine4 ,these may be considered either in order of height or of location4 ,the diagram groups the principal mountains in the relation of their comparative height above the sea-level2 we may notice them in their order of location4 ,they naturally divide into two sections3 #a4 ,those of the ,mountain ,region west of ,jordan4 #b4 ,those of the ,eastern ,table-,land4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,height ,,of ,,mountains ,,in ,,palestine4 ,beginning at the northern boundary of ,palestine1 we find3 #a4 ,mount ,lebanon1 the white mountain1 a range of lofty mountains stretching northward1 parallel with the sea1 generally about #e1jjj feet high1 but at its highest point1 ,jebel ,mukhmeel1 #aj1bjj feet high4 #b4 ,the highest point in ,galilee is ,jebel ,jermuk1 northwest of the ,sea of ,galilee1 #d1jjj feet high4 #c4 ,west of the ,sea of ,galilee is ,kurn ,hattin1 the horns of ,hattin1 the traditional ,mount of the ,beatitudes1 #a1bjj feet high4 #d4 ,at the northeastern corner of the ,plain of ,esdraelon is ,mount ,tabor1 a symmetrical cone1 the battle-field of ,deborah and ,barak1 #a1hdc feet high4 #e4 ,a short distance to the south stands ,little ,hermon1 the ,hill of ,moreh1 now ,jebel el ,duhy1 #a1hae feet high4 #f4 ,southward still is ,mount ,gilboa1 the place of ,gideon's victory and of ,king ,saul's defeat1 #a1gae feet high4 #g4 ,sweeping around the southern border of the ,plain of ,esdraelon to the ,mediterranean ,sea is ,mount ,carmel1 at its highest point #a1gej feet1 but #ejj as it meets the sea4 ,these last four mountains form the boundary of the ,plain of ,esdraelon4 ,in the land of ,samaria1 which we now enter1 are but two important elevations3 #h4 ,ebal1 the mountain of the curses1 #c1jge feet2 #i4 ,directly opposite1 ,gerizim1 the mountain of the blessings1 #b1hej feet4 ,the principal peaks in ,juda are the following3 #aj4 ,mount ,zion1 the seat of ,david's castle1 #b1eej feet2 #aa4 ,across the valley of the ,kedron eastward1 the ,mount of ,olives1 #b1ffe feet2 #ab4 ,mount ,hebron1 #c1jcj feet4 ,south of ,hebron the land slopes away to the level of the desert4 ,the ,eastern ,table-,land has fewer elevations1 and is generally less noticed in the ,scriptures4 #a4 ,on the north rises ,mount ,hermon1 #i1jjj feet high1 the southern end of the range known as ,anti-,lebanon1 or ,lebanon toward the sun-rising4 #b4 ,south of the river ,hieromax is ,mount ,gilead1 about #c1jjj feet high4 #c4 ,near the northern end of the ,dead ,sea is ,mount ,nebo1 #b1fgj feet high1 on a shoulder of which1 ,mount ,pisgah1 ,moses beheld the ,promised ,land1 and died4 ,v4 ,,the ,,plains ,,of ,,palestine4 ,these have been already noticed1 to some extent1 but may be named together4 ,upon the ,maritime ,plain1 we notice3 #a4 ,phoenicia1 a very narrow strip along the ,mediterranean1 north of ,mount ,carmel1 never possessed by the ,israelites1 and having ,tyre and ,sidon as its principal cities4 #b4 ,directly south of ,mount ,carmel1 ,sharon1 having ,csarea and ,joppa as its most important places4 #c4 ,still further south1 ,philistia1 the land of ,israel's ancient enemies1 containing several cities1 of which ,gaza and ,ashkelon 7afterward ,ascalon7 were chief4 ,upon the ,mountain ,region we find imbedded1 #d4 ,the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 a ,y-shaped region1 #bej feet above the sea-level1 surrounded by mountains1 and situated between ,mounts ,carmel1 ,tabor and ,gilboa4 #e4 ,the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country1 between ,hebron and the desert1 in ,southern ,juda1 may be regarded as a plain1 though of rolling character1 as its hills are not so high as those on the north4 #f4 ,in the ,jordan ,valley1 just north of the ,dead ,sea1 is a place called the ,plain of ,jordan1 or the ,plain of ,jericho1 the site of the destroyed cities of the plain4 #g4 ,in the northern section of the ,eastern ,table-,land is the vast highland known as the ,hauran1 anciently called ,bashan1 watered by the streams which form the ,hieromax river4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,dimensions4 #a4 ,canaan4 #b4 ,palestine 7,twelve ,tribes74 #c4 ,land of ,promise4 ,,ii4 ,natural ,divisions4 #a4 ,maritime ,plain4 #b4 ,mountain ,region 7,upper ,galilee1 ,lower ,galilee1 ,hill ,country1 ,shefelah1 ,negeb74 #c4 ,jordan ,valley 7,merom1 ,galilee1 ,dead ,sea74 #d4 ,eastern ,table-,land 7,bashan1 ,gilead1 ,moab74 ,,iii4 ,waters4 #a4 ,jordan 7sources1 sections74 #b4 ,lakes 7,merom1 ,galilee1 ,dead ,sea74 #c4 ,brooks4 7#a47 ,east3 ,hieromax1 ,jabbok1 ,arnon4 7#b47 ,mountain ,region3 ,farah1 ,cherith1 ,kedron4 7#c47 ,maritime ,plain3 ,leontes1 ,kishon1 ,besor4 ,,iv4 ,mountains4 #a4 ,west of ,jordan3 ,lebanon1 ,jermuk1 ,hattin1 ,tabor1 ,little ,hermon1 ,gilboa1 ,carmel1 ,ebal1 ,gerizim1 ,zion1 ,olives1 ,hebron4 #b4 ,east of ,jordan3 ,hermon1 ,gilead1 ,nebo4 ,v4 ,plains4 #a4 ,phoenicia4 #b4 ,sharon4 #c4 ,philistia4 #d4 ,esdraelon4 #e4 ,negeb4 #f4 ,jordan4 #g4 ,hauran4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs4 ,,at the close of the eleventh chapter of ,genesis a change is made in the subject of the ,bible story4 ,thus far it has been a history of the entire race2 but from this point to the close of ,genesis a single family is brought into prominent notice1 and the rest of the tribes of men are referred to only incidentally4 ,the family of ,abraham1 of ,semitic origin1 deserve all their prominence in sacred history1 since through them the true religion was perpetuated until the world was ready for its wider dissemination in the gospel period4 ,illustration3 ,,mugheir1 ,,supposed ,,to ,,be ,,ur ,,of ,,the ,,chaldees4 ,i4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,abraham4 ,these extend over nearly all the lands of the ,old ,testament1 from ,chaldea to ,egypt4 ,they represent the separation of a ,semitic clan from the great body of the race1 which was then ruled by an ,elamite dynasty2 and they bring to our notice the political relations of the world about two thousand years before ,christ1 in the early ,chaldean period of the ,east4 #a4 ,from ,ur to ,haran4 7,gen4 #aa3bg-cb47 ,the family of ,abraham 7then called ,abram7 lived at ,ur of the ,chaldees1 probably ,mugheir1 south of the ,euphrates1 and an early seat of empire4 ,thence1 at ,god's call1 they migrated1 moving up the ,euphrates to ,haran1 in ,mesopotamia1 probably the ,roman ,carrh1 and the modern ,haran1 on the river ,belik1 #ej miles above its entrance into the ,euphrates4 ,here the family remained until the death of ,terah1 ,abraham's aged father1 whose traditional tomb is still shown4 #b4 ,from ,haran to ,canaan4 7,gen4 #ab3a-i47 ,a branch of the family1 the descendants of ,abraham's brother ,nahor1 settled in ,haran2 but ,abraham and his nephew ,lot moved on southward1 past ,damascus1 to the land of ,canaan4 ,they paused first at ,shechem1 and afterward at ,bethel1 at each place building an altar2 but after a time removed further southward1 impelled by the dearth of food in the land4 #c4 ,the ,visit to ,egypt4 7,gen4 #ab3aj-bj47 ,the famine caused a removal of the entire clan to ,egypt1 where the beauty of ,sarah was the occasion of ,abraham's deception1 of ,pharaoh's wrong1 and of ,abraham's expulsion from the land4 ,he returned to his former abode at ,bethel4 7,gen4 #ac3c1 #d47 #d4 ,the ,removal to ,hebron4 7,gen4 #ac3e-ah47 ,this was occasioned by the scarcity of pasture for the immense flocks and herds of ,abraham and ,lot4 ,the two chieftains made a division of the land1 ,lot choosing the ,jordan ,valley1 north of the ,dead ,sea1 near the city of ,sodom1 and ,abraham the highlands around ,hebron1 anciently ,kirjath-arba1 now known by ,abraham's title1 el ,khalil1 ,the ,friend1 i4 e41 of ,god4 #e4 ,pursuit of the ,elamites4 7,gen4 #ad47 ,at that period the early ,babylonian empire1 under ,amraphel or ,hammurabi 7see p4 #ia71 was at the height of its power4 ,its king governed ,elam1 ,chaldea1 ,assyria1 ,mesopotamia1 and most of ,palestine4 ,chedorlaomer1 the head of the united peoples1 led his armies against the aboriginal races east of the ,jordan4 7,see ,map of ,palestine ,before the ,conquest1 and description1 on page #cg47 ,after subduing them he passed around south of the ,dead ,sea1 smote the ,amorites in the mountains near ,hazezon-tamar1 afterward ,en-gedi1 and poured his host down upon the ,jordan ,valley4 ,the cities on the north of the ,dead ,sea1 ,sodom and ,gomorrah1 with their dependent villages1 being unable to stay his progress1 were ravaged1 and their inhabitants 7including ,abraham's nephew ,lot7 carried away captive1 up the valley4 ,news of the invasion came to ,abraham1 and he instantly gathered his servants and allies1 and pursued the marauders4 ,he overtook them near ,laish1 afterward ,dan1 now ,tell el ,kady1 attacked them by night1 pursued them as far as ,hobah1 near ,damascus1 and brought back the booty and the prisoners4 ,on the return took place the remarkable interview with ,melchizedek1 a priest-king over the city of ,salem1 perhaps the place afterward ,jerusalem4 ,after the return to ,hebron the following events occurred3 #a4 ,the covenant of ,god with ,abraham4 7,gen4 #ae47 #b4 ,the birth of ,ishmael4 7,gen4 #af47 #c4 ,the destruction of ,sodom and ,gomorrah4 7,gen4 #ah1 #ai47 ,these cities were probably located on the plain of ,jordan1 north of the ,dead ,sea1 and not on the south1 as formerly supposed2 but all traces of them have entirely disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,,empire ,,of ,,amraphel ,,or ,,hammurabi4 #f4 ,the ,settlement at ,beersheba4 7,gen4 #bj-be47 ,after the destruction of the cities of the plain1 ,abraham moved southward1 and made his home at ,beersheba1 on the desert border1 now ,bir es ,seba4 ,here he spent most of his later years1 as after various journeys we find him each time encamped at ,beersheba4 #g4 ,the ,offering of ,isaac4 7,gen4 #bb47 ,from ,beersheba ,abraham took his son ,isaac1 at ,god's command1 to offer him as a burnt offering in the land of ,moriah4 ,some authorities accept the ,samaritan tradition1 that this place was ,mount ,gerizim2 but we see no sufficient reason to dissent from the general view1 that it was ,mount ,moriah1 at ,jerusalem1 ten centuries afterward the site of the ,temple4 ,after this sublime token of his faith in ,god1 the patriarch returned to his tent at ,beersheba4 #h4 ,the ,burial of ,sarah4 7,gen4 #bc47 ,we find ,abraham again at ,hebron1 in his old age4 ,here ,sarah died and was buried in the cave of ,machpelah4 ,this is undoubtedly covered by the ,mohammedan mosque so sacredly guarded against the intrusion of travelers4 ,the after events of ,abraham's history may have taken place at ,hebron or at ,beersheba1 as neither place is named as his residence at the time of ,isaac's marriage or his own death4 ,he was buried in the family sepulchre at ,hebron1 beside the body of ,sarah4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,isaac4 ,the life of ,isaac1 though longer than the lives of ,abraham and ,jacob1 was spent in a comparatively small range of territory1 and with comparatively few events4 ,we have not noted upon the map the lines of his journeyings2 but the localities may be seen1 as far as they are identified1 upon the map of ,palestine1 on page #eh4 ,the homes of ,isaac were as follows3 #a4 ,beer-lahai-roi1 ,well of the ,life of ,vision1 i4 e41 where life remained after seeing ,god2 an unknown locality in the south of ,canaan1 between ,bered and ,kadesh4 ,it was so named by ,hagar1 after meeting an angel1 before the birth of ,ishmael4 7,gen4 #af3ac47 #b4 ,gerar4 7,gen4 #bf3a47 ,this was the chief city of the ,philistines in that age2 and is now called ,kirbet el ,gerar4 ,the wells dug by ,isaac1 and seized by the ,philistines1 were probably in the region near this city4 #c4 ,rehoboth 7,gen4 #bf3bb7 is probably at the ,wady 7,valley7 er ,ruhaibeh1 south of ,beersheba4 #d4 ,beersheba4 7,gen4 #bf3bc-ce47 ,here he made a treaty of peace with the ,philistine king1 and remained for many years4 ,it was his home during the strife of ,jacob and ,esau1 and from this place ,jacob departed on his long visit to ,haran4 7,gen4 #bh3aj47 #e4 ,hebron4 7,gen4 #ce3bg47 ,here1 beside the tomb of his parents1 ,isaac at last met his son ,jacob1 and here he died and was buried1 at the age of #ahj years4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,age ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,,before ,,and ,,after ,,the ,,deluge4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,jacob4 ,the life of ,jacob is related with more of detail than that of any other person in ,old ,testament history2 yet there is great uncertainty concerning the division of its periods4 ,his first sixty years were passed near ,beersheba2 then twenty years in ,haran1 and fifty years in ,canaan 7though some of the best chronologers allow forty years in ,haran1 and thirty years in ,canaan72 and seventeen years in ,egypt4 ,the principal places named in ,jacob's journeys are3 #a4 ,beersheba1 now ,bir es ,seba1 a well-known place in the south of ,palestine4 #b4 ,bethel1 now ,beitin1 #aj miles north of ,jerusalem4 #c4 ,haran1 now bearing the same name4 7,see under ,abraham's life1 ,journey ,no4 #a47 #d4 ,mizpah1 called also ,jegar-sahadutha1 the heap of witness1 perhaps the important place afterward known as ,ramoth-gilead1 now es ,salt1 #ac miles south of the ,jabbok4 ,but this seems too far south to represent the event1 and we are inclined to place it at some unknown mountain between the ,jabbok and the ,hieromax4 #e4 ,mahanaim1 probably at ,mahneh1 #aj miles north of the ,jabbok4 #f4 ,peniel1 afterward ,penuel1 unknown1 but somewhere on the brook ,jabbok4 #g4 ,succoth1 booths1 recently identified as ,tell ,darala1 a mile north of the ,jabbok1 in the ,jordan ,valley4 #h4 ,shalem1 peace4 ,if this refers to a place1 it is ,salim1 #c miles east of ,shechem4 ,but some read the sentence1 ,jacob came in peace i4 e41 in safety to ,shechem4 7,gen4 #cc3ah47 #i4 ,ephrath1 the place of ,rachel's death and burial1 near ,bethlehem4 ,the ,journeys of ,jacob may be arranged as follows3 #a4 ,the ,flight to ,haran4 7,gen4 #bh3aj-bi3ad47 ,fearing the vengeance of ,esau after the stolen blessing1 ,jacob hastily left his home at ,beersheba1 and journeyed northward to ,haran4 ,at ,bethel he saw the vision of the heavenly ladder1 and arrived safely at ,haran1 distant #dej miles from ,beersheba4 ,here he remained either #bj or #dj years1 according to different views1 and married his two wives4 #b4 ,the ,return to ,canaan4 7,gen4 #ca-cc47 ,at ,mizpah he made a treaty with ,laban2 at ,mahanaim was comforted by a vision of angels2 at ,peniel wrestled with the angel of ,god1 and was reconciled to his brother ,esau2 and at ,salim 7if that be the name of a place71 near ,shechem1 he rested in the ,land of ,promise4 #c4 ,the ,residence in ,canaan4 7,gen4 #cd-de47 ,the slaughter of the ,shechemites by ,simeon and ,levi1 caused ,jacob to move his increasing clan further south4 ,at ,bethel he renewed the covenant with ,god4 7,gen4 #ce3a-ae47 ,near ,ephrath1 or ,bethlehem1 his beloved wife ,rachel died and was buried4 7,gen4 #ce3aj-bj47 ,at ,hebron he met once more his aged father1 and remained during most of his after-life in the land4 7,gen4 #ce3bg47 ,while ,jacob was living at ,hebron1 ,joseph was sold a slave to the ,midianites1 at ,dothan1 on the southern slopes of ,mount ,gilboa1 and by them taken down to ,egypt4 7,gen4 #cg47 #d4 ,the ,descent into ,egypt4 7,gen4 #de-ej47 ,at the invitation of ,joseph1 then prince in ,egypt1 ,jacob left ,hebron to go down into ,egypt4 ,at ,beersheba he offered sacrifices1 and received divine guidance4 ,his home was fixed in the ,land of ,goshen1 a small but fertile district between the eastern channel of the ,nile and the desert1 the modern province of es ,shurkiyeh1 including the ,wady ,tumilat4 ,here the family of ,jacob remained until they became a great nation1 a period variously estimated at from #bjj to #djj years1 or even longer4 #e4 ,the ,burial ,procession4 7,gen4 #ej47 ,after the death of ,jacob1 his embalmed body was borne from ,egypt to ,hebron4 ,the direct route was not taken1 probably on account of the hostility of the ,philistine and ,amorite tribes2 but the procession passed around the south of the ,dead ,sea1 through the land of ,moab1 and crossed the ,jordan at ,abel-mizraim1 near ,jericho1 a place afterward known as ,beth-hoglah2 and thence to ,hebron1 where the last of the three fathers of the chosen people was laid to rest in the ancestral sepulchre4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,journeys of ,abraham4 #a4 ,ur to ,haran4 #b4 ,haran to ,canaan4 7,shechem1 ,bethel47 #c4 ,visit to ,egypt4 7,return to ,bethel47 #d4 ,removal to ,hebron4 #e4 ,pursuit of ,elamites4 7,dan1 ,hobah1 ,salem47 #f4 ,settlement at ,beersheba4 #g4 ,offering of ,isaac4 7,moriah47 #h4 ,burial of ,sarah4 7,hebron47 ,,ii4 ,journeys of ,isaac4 #a4 ,beer-lahai-roi4 #b4 ,gerar4 #c4 ,rehoboth4 #d4 ,beersheba4 #e4 ,hebron4 ,,iii4 ,journeys of ,jacob4 #a4 ,flight to ,haran4 7,beersheba1 ,bethel1 ,haran47 #b4 ,return to ,canaan4 7,mizpah1 ,mahanaim1 ,peniel1 ,shechem47 #c4 ,residence in ,canaan4 7,bethel1 ,bethlehem1 ,hebron1 ,dothan47 #d4 ,descent into ,egypt4 7,beersheba1 ,goshen47 #e4 ,burial ,procession4 7,abel-mizraim1 ,hebron47 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,before ,,the ,,conquest4 ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,,palestine ,,before ,,the ,,conquest4 ,,the knowledge which we possess of the inhabitants of ,palestine before the #acth century ,b4,c4 is quite scanty4 ,the names of tribes1 more or less settled1 are given2 but we know very little of their language1 customs or origin4 ,the description of ,palestine during the first eight hundred years after the ,deluge may be arranged as follows3 #a4 ,the ,earliest ,inhabitants4 #b4 ,the ,tribes of the ,patriarchal ,era4 #c4 ,the ,nations at the ,time of the ,conquest4 #d4 ,the ,surrounding ,nations4 ,i4 ,,the ,,earliest ,,inhabitants4 ,illustration3 ,,jericho ,,and ,,the ,,jordan4 ,in most lands the earliest people have been of an unknown race1 as the mound builders of ,america and the cave dwellers of ,europe4 ,very early in the history of the race a people entered ,palestine1 and settled upon both sides of the ,jordan1 generally among the mountains4 ,they were remembered by different names in various parts of the country1 but the names show the dread inspired by them among the later tribes4 ,they were doubtless of one race1 but whether of ,hamitic or ,semitic stock is uncertain2 and their history is as unknown as their origin4 ,they were already in their decline in the times of ,abraham1 when the ,canaanite races1 the second series of inhabitants1 were in possession of the land4 ,they belonged to six tribes or divisions1 each having a different name and location1 but all bearing the same characteristics1 and all regarded as giants by those who came after them4 ,our principal authorities concerning these archaic peoples are ,gen4 #ad3e-g1 and ,deut4 #b3aj-bc4 #a4 ,the ,rephaim1 lofty men1 are frequently named in the ,old ,testament1 the word being generally translated giants4 ,in the age of ,abraham they were living in the highlands of ,bashan1 where their capital1 ,ashteroth ,karnaim1 the two-horned ,ashtaroth1 was taken by the ,elamite king1 ,chedorlaomer1 the earliest conqueror in ,bible history4 ,by degrees they lost their nationality and were merged with the ,amorites1 over whom one of their race1 the gigantic ,og1 king of ,bashan1 ruled at the time of the conquest4 ,they may have settled also west of the ,jordan1 near what was afterward ,jerusalem1 since a locality in that vicinity 7see map on page #hb7 was long afterward known as the ,valley of the ,rephaim4 7#b ,sam4 #e3ah47 #b4 ,the ,zuzim1 tall ones1 are supposed to be the same people with those who in ,deut4 #b3bj are called ,zamzummim4 ,they occupied the eastern table-land1 south of ,bashan and ,gilead4 ,their capital was ,ham1 a city not yet identified1 unless it was 7as some suppose7 the place afterward known as ,rabbath ,ammon4 ,these people were also giants1 like the ,rephaim 7,deut4 #b3ba71 were also overswept in the raid of ,chedorlaomer 7,gen4 #ad3e71 and during the time of the ,israelites' sojourn in ,egypt1 were dispossessed by the ,ammonites1 who occupied their country afterward1 until in turn driven out by the ,amorites4 #c4 ,the ,emim1 terrible ones1 were south of the ,zuzim1 and therefore directly east of the ,dead ,sea4 ,they were overcome by ,chedorlaomer at ,shaveh ,kiriathaim1 the dale of the two cities1 and their land was afterward occupied by the ,moabites4 #d4 ,the ,horim1 cave dwellers1 or ,horites1 occupied ,mount ,seir1 south of the ,dead ,sea4 ,their genealogy is given in ,gen4 #cf3bj-cj1 and #a ,chron4 #a3ch-db4 ,they lived in caves1 which are still found in great numbers through that region4 ,they were beaten by ,chedorlaomer1 and subsequently dispossessed by the descendants of ,esau1 the ,edomites4 #e4 ,the ,avim1 ruins1 or dwellers in ruins1 lived in the ,shefelah1 or foot-hills1 between the ,philistine plain and the mountains of ,judah4 7,deut4 #b3bc2 ,josh4 #ac3b1 #c47 ,they were early conquered by the ,caphtorim1 a ,philistine race1 and were in a depressed condition at the time of the entrance of the ,israelites4 ,the word ,hazerim 7,deut4 #b3bc7 means villages1 or nomad encampments1 showing that they were not a settled1 but a wandering people4 #f4 ,the ,anakim1 long-necked ones4 ,the name may refer either to their size1 or their strength 7which in ,hebrew comes from a word similar to neck74 ,they were descendants of ,arba1 and divided into three clans1 named ,sheshai1 ,ahiman and ,talmai4 7,josh4 #ad3ae2 #ae3ad47 ,their principal home was at ,hebron1 called by them ,kirjath-arba2 but they also occupied a city near it1 called ,kirjath-sepher1 or book-town1 a name which is suggestive of a national literature4 ,unlike the other races1 they seem to have maintained a foothold in the presence of the incoming ,canaanite races1 and their gigantic appearance struck terror to the ,israelite spies during the wandering4 7,num4 #ac47 ,but they were conquered by ,caleb 7,josh4 #ad71 and their remnant1 driven from the mountains1 mingled with the ,philistines of the sea-coast plain4 ,one family of this race remained as late as the days of ,david1 that of ,goliath and his brothers4 7#a ,sam4 #ag3d2 #b ,sam4 #ba3ae-bb47 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,tribes ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchal ,,era4 ,the chosen family came to ,palestine about #aiba ,b4,c41 according to the common chronology1 but probably from two to four hundred years earlier4 ,at this time these earliest races were already superseded in nearly all the land by later tribes1 of ,hamitic origin1 with which the patriarchs were often brought into contact4 ,those tribes were often called ,canaanites1 because the nation of that name was both the original stock and in possession of the richest and best portion of the land4 ,we notice these tribes1 as far as practicable1 in the order of their location in the four great natural divisions of the country3 the tribes of the maritime plain1 those of the mountain region1 those of the ,jordan ,valley1 and those of the eastern table-land4 #a4 ,beginning at the north1 on the narrow plain by the ,mediterranean ,sea1 we find the ,zidonians1 with their two great cities1 ,zidon the earlier1 and ,tyre the later4 ,perhaps the latter city was not yet founded in the patriarchal age4 ,these people were early famous as the traders of the ,mediterranean world1 having commercial relations as far as ,spain4 ,they occupied a narrow strip of territory between ,mount ,lebanon and the sea1 north of ,mount ,carmel4 ,their country was never possessed by the ,israelites1 and most of the time the relations between the two races were peaceful4 #b4 ,next in order of location we come to the ,canaanites proper1 or that branch of the descendants of ,canaan which retained the family name4 ,while all the tribes of ,palestine are often called ,canaanites1 as descended from one stock1 the name strictly belongs only to people who lived in two sections of the country4 ,the word means lowlanders1 and was applied particularly to those dwelling on the maritime plain1 on both sides of ,mount ,carmel1 the plain of ,esdraelon and that of ,sharon2 and to those in the ,jordan ,valley4 ,these together constituted the ,canaanites on the east and on the west4 7,josh4 #aa3c47 ,they occupied the richest and most valuable portions of the land4 ,the only city on the coast belonging to the ,canaanites existing during the patriarchal age was ,joppa1 still standing4 ,the ,canaanite cities in the ,jordan ,valley were the five cities of the plain1 ,sodom1 ,gomorrah1 ,admah1 ,zeboim and ,zoar1 of which all except the last were destroyed by the visitation of ,god4 7,gen4 #ai47 ,their location was in the plain on the north of the ,dead ,sea1 and there is no reason to suppose that they are covered by its waters4 ,in the time immediately before the conquest we find ,jericho has arisen in the place of the destroyed cities1 and not far from their site1 as the most important city of the ,jordan ,valley4 #c4 ,south of the ,canaanites1 on the maritime plain1 were the ,philistines4 ,emigrants is the meaning of the word1 supporting the view that they came from ,caphtor1 or ,crete1 which is but little more than a surmise4 ,they were related to the ,egyptians1 and hence were of ,hamitic stock4 ,they came to the land before the time of ,abraham1 drove out and subdued the earlier ,avim 7,deut4 #b3bc71 or ,avites1 and had frequent dealings with ,abraham and ,isaac4 ,in the patriarchal age their principal cities were ,gaza and ,gerar2 but before the conquest they had moved northward1 and were a powerful confederacy of five cities3 ,gaza1 ,ashkelon1 ,ashdod1 ,gath and ,ekron4 7,josh4 #ac3c47 ,their territory1 if taken at all during the campaigns of ,joshua1 was soon reconquered1 and the ,philistines were the most dangerous enemies of ,israel during all the period of the ,judges4 ,in ,david's time they were subjected2 but not until the ,maccabean age were they fully conquered1 and their land made a part of ,israel4 #d4 ,we turn now to the tribes of the mountain region1 beginning1 as before1 at the north4 ,as these northern regions are not alluded to in patriarchal history1 and only very briefly named in the annals of the conquest1 it is not easy to determine which of the tribes occupied them4 ,but1 from allusions in ,josh4 #a3d and #aa3c1 and from frequent mention on the monuments of ,egypt1 we incline to the opinion that the ,hittites were the possessors of this country4 ,they have left their name in ,hattin1 the ,caphar ,hittai of the ,talmud1 near the ,sea of ,galilee4 ,another branch1 more frequently mentioned1 were in the south1 at and around ,hebron 7,gen4 #bc71 perhaps extending as far south as ,beersheba4 7,gen4 #bg3df47 ,with these people the relations of the patriarchs were ever peaceful1 and of them ,abraham purchased his family sepulchre4 ,illustration3 ,,hebron4 #e4 ,the position of the ,girgashites is uncertain1 from the infrequent mention of them4 ,but the slight indications point to the region west of the ,sea of ,galilee1 where we locate them conjecturally4 ,they may have been absorbed by the surrounding tribes4 #f4 ,south of ,mount ,carmel1 and extending to what was afterward the border of ,benjamin1 we find the ,hivites1 having ,shechem as their principal city in the time of ,jacob4 7,gen4 #cd3b47 ,afterward1 they occupied several towns immediately north of ,jerusalem1 four of which formed the ,gibeonite league1 and made a treaty of peace with ,joshua4 7,josh4 #i3c-ae47 ,they were a quiet people1 averse to war1 and submitting readily to foreign domination4 #g4 ,the ,perizzites1 villagers are always named in connection with the ,canaanites4 ,from the allusions in ,gen4 #cd3cj1 ,josh4 #ag3ae1 and other places1 we locate them between the ,hivites and the western ,canaanites1 in the northern portion of the ,shefelah1 or foot-hills1 where villages would more readily cluster than among the mountains4 ,they remained in the land as late as the time of the restoration from ,babylonian captivity4 7,ezra #i3a47 #h4 ,the ,jebusites lived in the mountains around their city ,jebus1 afterward ,jerusalem4 ,they were of ,canaanitish origin1 a small but warlike tribe4 ,their king was slain by ,joshua2 but the city1 though burned by the ,israelites 7,judges #a3h71 was still held by its own people1 and remained in their possession1 a foreign fortress in the midst of the land1 until finally taken by ,david1 and made his capital4 7#b ,sam4 #e47 ,south of the ,jebusites were the southern branch of the ,hittites1 already referred to4 #i4 ,one more nation of the ,canaanite stock remains1 perhaps the most powerful of all1 the ,amorites1 or mountaineers4 ,they occupied1 originally1 the wilderness between ,hebron and the ,dead ,sea1 having ,hazezon-tamar 7afterward ,en-gedi7 as their capital2 were smitten by ,chedorlaomer1 but aided ,abraham in his pursuit and battle4 7,gen4 #ad47 ,afterward they pushed northward1 crossed the ,jordan1 and possessed all the eastern table-land north of the ,dead ,sea1 dispossessing the ,ammonites of its southern portion1 and the ,rephaim of its northern4 ,this great country was the land of the ,amorites at the time of the conquest1 ruled by two kings1 ,sihon and ,og4 ,it is probable1 that1 during the patriarchal era1 while ,abraham and his family lived as wanderers in their ,land of ,promise1 the lands east of the ,jordan were occupied by their primeval inhabitants1 the ,rephaim in the north1 the ,zuzim between the ,jabbok and the ,arnon1 and the ,emim in the south4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,nations ,,at ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,the ,,conquest4 ,what changes may have taken place among the tribes of ,western ,palestine during the four centuries while the ,israelites were in ,egypt1 is not known2 but1 as the land became more thickly settled1 the strifes of the ,canaanite tribes and their roving traits would result in many alterations of boundary lines4 ,but east of the ,jordan the changes may be more distinctly marked4 #a4 ,the ,amorites1 already named1 probably conquered the eastern table-land1 north of the ,jabbok1 during the period of the sojourn 7i4 e41 the stay of the ,israelites in ,egypt71 and dispossessed its early inhabitants4 ,many of these1 however1 remained among the conquerors1 and one of this race1 ,og1 the ,king of ,bashan1 ruled over the northern ,amorites when the ,israelites entered the land1 and was slain by them4 #b4 ,two new tribes1 closely related1 made their appearance during this epoch1 the ,moabites and ,ammonites4 ,they were descended from ,lot1 the nephew of ,abraham1 and their origin is related in ,gen4 #ai4 ,they arose during the period of the sojourn1 and conquered the primitive ,emim and ,zuzim 7,deut4 #b3ai-bc71 probably as far north as the ,jabbok4 ,but the ,amorites on the north wrested their conquests from them and drove them back south of the ,arnon1 which was thenceforward their northern boundary4 ,the ,moabites were the settled portion of the tribe1 dwelling in cities2 while the ,ammonites were the predatory1 wandering element1 living mostly in the east1 and without permanent dwelling places4 ,during the period of the ,judges they were among the oppressors of ,israel 7,judges #c and #aj71 were defeated by ,saul1 7#a ,sam4 #aa71 and conquered by ,david4 7#b ,sam4 #h3b47 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,surrounding ,,nations4 ,the principal nations bordering upon the land of ,canaan before the conquest were the following3 #a4 ,on the north were the ,hivites1 that dwelt in ,mount ,lebanon1 from ,mount ,baal-hermon unto the entering in of ,hamath4 7,judges #c3c47 ,this is supposed to have been the original home of the race1 from which they journeyed to their seat in ,central ,palestine4 ,still further north were the ,arkites1 the ,sinites1 the ,arvadites and the ,hamathites4 #b4 ,on the northeast lay the desert1 and on the southeast roamed the ,ammonites1 already mentioned4 #c4 ,on the south were several tribes1 not all of which can be located with certainty4 ,in the west1 south of the ,philistine country1 were the ,amalekites1 a people of unknown origin and predatory habits4 ,south of ,judah were the ,kenites2 and southeast of the ,dead ,sea1 were1 in early times1 the ,horim 7already mentioned71 succeeded during the time of the sojourn by the ,edomites1 a race descended from ,esau1 who will be described hereafter4 7,see explanations to map on page #dd47 ,with regard to these early inhabitants of ,palestine1 the following facts may be noteworthy3 #a4 ,in respect to race1 most of them belonged to the ,hamitic stock2 though the origin of the six earliest peoples remains unknown1 and the two latest1 the ,moabites and ,ammonites1 were ,semites1 and closely related to ,israel4 #b4 ,as to language1 they probably spoke the ,hebrew tongue1 or one closely allied to it4 ,in ,isa4 #ai3ah1 the ,hebrew is evidently the language of ,canaan1 i4 e41 of the ,canaanites4 ,whether this language was the one originally spoken by ,abraham's ancestors or not1 we have no means of knowing2 but it is possible that it was gained1 during the period of the journeyings1 from the ,canaanites4 #c4 ,in government1 each village or tribe had its own ruler1 who was called a king2 but his authority was limited by the elders1 a body having influence partly from birth1 and partly by force of character of its members4 #d4 ,their religion was widely different from that of the ,hebrews1 who1 from the age of ,abraham1 worshiped one invisible1 self-existent1 spiritual ,god4 ,the ,canaanites deified nature under various forms1 especially as ,baal1 the giver of life1 and ,ashtoreth 7,greek1 ,astarte71 the corresponding female divinity4 ,their rites of worship were abominable1 cruel and licentious4 ,they sacrificed not only captured enemies1 but their own children1 to their idols1 and performed acts of the grossest wickedness at their idolatrous service4 #e4 ,their history is unwritten1 save in its tragical close1 the conquest of their land by the ,israelites under ,joshua1 and the annihilation of many of their races4 ,still1 many lived as a separate people through all ,jewish history2 and some of the best scholars are of opinion that the native population of ,palestine at the present time mainly belongs to this old ,canaanite stock4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,earliest ,inhabitants4 ,rephaim1 ,zuzim1 ,emim1 ,horim1 ,avim1 ,anakim4 ,,ii4 ,tribes of the ,patriarchal ,era4 #a4 ,maritime ,plain3 ,zidonians1 ,canaanites1 ,philistines4 #b4 ,mountain ,region3 ,hittites 7north71 ,girgashites1 ,hivites1 ,perizzites1 ,jebusites1 ,hittites 7south71 ,amorites4 #c4 ,jordan ,valley3 ,canaanites4 #d4 ,eastern ,table-,land3 ,rephaim1 ,zuzim1 ,emim4 ,,iii4 ,nations at the ,time of the ,conquest4 ,east of ,jordan3 ,amorites1 ,moabites1 ,ammonites4 ,,iv4 ,surrounding ,nations4 #a4 ,north3 ,hivites1 ,arkites1 ,sinites1 ,arvadites1 ,hamathites4 #b4 ,southeast3 ,ammonites4 #c4 ,south3 ,amalekites1 ,kenites1 ,edomites4 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,sojourn ,,and ,,wandering4 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,egypt4 ,i4 ,names4 ,the present name1 ,egypt1 was given by the ,greeks1 and was never used by the inhabitants in ancient times4 ,on the monuments it is generally called ,,kem4 ,in the ,old ,testament the most frequent name is ,mizraim1 in plural form4 ,the poetical books of the ,bible contain the name ,rahab1 the proud1 or insolent1 and ,land of ,ham4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,egyptian ,,temple4 ,,ii4 ,boundaries and ,dimensions4 ,on the north1 ,egypt is bounded by the ,mediterranean ,sea2 on the east1 by ,palestine1 the ,arabian ,desert1 and the ,red ,sea2 on the south1 by ,nubia2 and on the west1 by the great ,african ,desert4 ,its limits have been the same in nearly all ages4 ,in a geographical sense1 it embraces #aae1jjj square miles2 but of this more than nine-tenths consists of uninhabitable deserts4 ,the true ,egypt1 the home of its people1 is simply the ,valley of the ,nile and the space between its mouths1 an area of #i1fjj square miles1 a little larger than the ,state of ,new ,hampshire4 ,deducting from this the area covered by the ,nile and its branches1 the land of ,egypt which may be occupied or cultivated includes about #e1fjj square miles1 or less than the united area of ,connecticut and ,rhode ,island4 ,,iii4 ,divisions4 ,there have always been two ,egypts1 ,northern and ,southern4 ,northern or ,lower ,egypt comprises the ,delta of the ,nile1 triangular in shape1 a plain between the eastern or ,pelusiac branch of the ,nile and its western or ,canopic branch4 ,this is a vast garden1 with soil the richest in the ,old ,world1 and the grain field of the ,roman empire4 ,southeast of the ,pelusiac branch lay the ,land of ,goshen 7now ,esh ,shurkiyeh71 the home of the ,israelites during the ,sojourn4 ,southern or ,upper ,egypt is a narrow valley1 winding with the course of the ,nile1 varying in width from two to ten miles2 a strip of fertile soil between two barren hills1 beyond which the desert lies on either side4 ,the two sections were always regarded as separate1 and each was represented in the double crown worn by the kings4 ,there was another division1 made in very early times1 into nomes1 or provinces1 each having its own ruler1 and its own object of worship4 ,of these nomes there were from #cf to #ej at different times4 ,,iv4 ,the ,nile4 ,this has been in every age the most important feature in the topography of the country1 and the cause of its surpassing fertility4 ,its sources1 long unknown1 are in the great lakes of ,central ,africa1 whence it flows in a northerly direction4 ,the main stream1 called the ,white ,nile1 receives in ,nubia its principal tributary1 the ,blue ,nile1 which rises in ,abyssinia4 ,during the last #a1ejj miles of its course it is not increased by any other stream1 and flows through a torrid desert4 ,yet1 as it enters the ,mediterranean1 its current is still that of a mighty river4 ,its mouths are at present three in number1 though formerly seven2 and1 from their resemblance on the map to the ,greek letter ,greek3 ,d1 that portion of ,egypt is called the ,delta4 ,its annual overflow begins1 in ,lower ,egypt1 about the #beth of ,june1 attains its height in three months1 and remains stationary twelve days1 at a height of about #cf feet above its ordinary level at ,thebes1 #be feet at ,cairo1 and #d feet at its mouth4 ,this overflow is due to the rains in ,central ,africa1 and as it brings down new soil1 keeps the land always fertile4 ,but for the ,nile1 ,egypt would only be a part of the ,great ,desert4 ,v4 ,the ,people of ,egypt were of the ,hamitic stock1 a race of high capacity1 forming the earliest civilization known in history4 ,they were religious1 but worshiping animals1 and even the lowest forms of life2 contemplative and studious1 attaining to considerable knowledge1 though on narrow lines of research2 patriotic1 but not fond of war1 and therefore rarely conquerors of other nations4 ,their language was agglutinative monosyllabic1 with mingled ,nigritic and ,semitic characteristics4 ,their government was most thoroughly organized1 and took cognizance of even the minute matters of life4 ,their art was massive and sombre1 imposing from its vastness1 but not varied1 and therefore giving but little play to genius4 ,the ,egyptians were slender of frame1 but strong4 ,their faces were oval and olive-colored2 their hair long1 crisp and jet-black4 ,they are supposed to be represented at the present time by the ,copts4 ,illustration3 ,,area ,,of ,,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,egypt ,,at ,,its ,,greatest ,,extent ,,under ,,rameses ,,ii4 ,,vi4 ,the ,history of ,egypt begins at a time undated1 but long after the flood4 ,it is divided into three periods1 those of the ,old1 ,middle1 and ,new ,empires4 ,the ,old ,empire was founded by ,menes1 and had its capital at ,memphis4 ,during the fourth dynasty of this period the ,pyramids were built4 ,the ,middle ,empire arose at ,thebes1 and lasted until #aegj ,b4,c4 ,the ,twelfth dynasty was most powerful during this epoch1 conquering ,ethiopia and ,arabia4 ,about #bjjj ,b4,c4 the land was conquered by foreign princes1 who ruled #djj years1 and were known as the ,hyksos1 or ,shepherd ,kings4 ,the ,new ,empire arose in #aegj ,b4,c41 after the expulsion of the ,hyksos1 and lasted for a thousand years4 ,its greatest monarch was ,rameses ,,ii41 who has been supposed to be the ,pharaoh of the ,oppression 7not of the ,exodus71 and ruled as far east as ,chaldea and ,assyria4 ,the above dates are all uncertain4 ,concerning the chronology1 see page #ac4 ,the land was conquered by the ,persians1 ,b4,c4 #ebg1 and annexed to the ,persian empire4 ,,vii4 ,the principal ,places were1 in ,lower ,egypt1 ,memphis1 the ancient capital2 ,heliopolis1 called in the ,bible ,on1 near the eastern branch of the ,delta2 ,rameses1 in the ,land of ,goshen2 ,pelusium1 at the eastern mouth of the ,nile2 and ,alexandria1 in later history the metropolis of ,egypt1 near the ,canopic mouth of the ,nile4 ,in ,upper ,egypt1 ,thebes was the most important place1 and long the capital4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 #a4 ,names4 ,egypt1 ,kem1 ,mizraim1 ,rahab1 ,land of ,ham4 #b4 ,boundaries and ,dimensions4 ,north 7,mediterranean ,sea72 ,east 7,palestine1 ,arabia1 ,red ,sea72 ,south 7,nubia72 ,west 7,african ,desert74 ,area1 #aae1jjj square miles4 ,inhabitable1 #i1fjj square miles4 ,land1 #e1fjj square miles4 #c4 ,divisions4 ,lower 7,delta72 ,upper 7,valley74 #d4 ,nile4 ,white ,nile1 ,blue ,nile2 ,sources2 ,delta2 ,overflow4 #e4 ,people4 ,hamitic ,origin2 ,civilization2 ,language2 ,art2 ,physical ,traits4 #f4 ,history4 ,old ,empire 7,memphis1 ,pyramids72 ,middle ,empire 7,thebes1 ,dynasty ,,xii41 ,hyksos72 ,new ,empire 7,rameses ,,ii41 ,persians74 ,,the ,,wilderness ,,of ,,the ,,wandering4 ,i4 ,situation4 ,this region lies between ,egypt and ,edom1 a great triangle1 having for its three points the border of ,lake ,menzaleh1 the southern extremity of the ,dead ,sea1 and ,ras ,mohammed1 the southern end of the peninsula4 ,its northern boundary is the ,mediterranean ,sea1 the land of the ,philistines1 and the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country4 ,its southeastern line is the depression of the ,arabah1 and the ,gulf of ,akaba1 or lanitic ,gulf4 ,its southwestern line is the ,isthmus of ,suez and the ,gulf of ,suez4 ,from ,egypt1 in a line due east1 to the ,dead ,sea1 is about #bjj miles2 from the ,mediterranean1 at the ,wady el ,arish 7the ,river of ,egypt71 to ,ras ,mohammed1 a line a little east of south1 is about #bbe miles1 thus making the entire area of the triangle about #bb1ejj square miles1 or less than the aggregate area of ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont and ,massachusetts1 though larger than any two of those ,states4 ,illustration3 ,r,s ,,es ,,sufsafeh 7,,mount ,,sinai74 ,,ii4 ,natural ,features4 ,this region has two general divisions1 and three others closely connected with them4 #a4 ,the ,table-,land4 #b4 ,the ,sinaitic ,mountains4 #c4 ,the narrow plain by the western arm of the ,red ,sea4 #d4 ,the ,arabah1 or valley between the lanitic ,gulf and the ,dead ,sea4 #e4 ,the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country4 #a4 ,the northern and central portion of the triangle is a sterile table-land of limestone1 from #b1jjj to #b1ejj feet high1 and consisting of rolling plains with a gravelly surface2 with few springs1 and these mostly of impure water2 and watered only by the streams of the ,wady el ,arish 7the ,river of ,egypt71 a torrent which is dry during most of the year4 ,this was the ,wilderness of ,paran1 the great and terrible wilderness 7,deut4 #a3ai7 in which the ,israelites wandered for #ch years4 ,it is now called et ,tih1 the wandering1 and is traversed from east to west by two caravan routes1 marked by the bleached bones of camels that have perished by the way4 ,on the north it slopes away to a plain of white sand reaching to the ,mediterranean1 which was generally called the ,wilderness of ,shur4 ,on the other three sides it is bounded by a chain of mountains1 #d1jjj feet high1 called ,jebel et ,tih4 ,it was in this wilderness country that the children of ,israel were doomed to wander until all the generation that came out of ,egypt died1 except ,caleb and ,joshua4 ,even ,moses was not permitted to more than see the ,promised ,land from the top of ,pisgah4 #b4 ,beyond the desert1 and separated from it by the chain of mountains above named1 and also by a narrow strip of sand south of the mountains1 is the group of the ,sinaitic ,mountains4 ,this group is triangular in form1 and consists of ranges radiating from a centre4 ,the names ,horeb and ,sinai seem to have been used interchangeably1 though some consider the former the name of the group1 and ,sinai a single peak4 ,there has been much discussion as to which is the ,mountain of the ,law1 from which the ,ten ,commandments were given4 ,three peaks have been most prominently presented by different explorers4 ,jebel ,musa1 the ,mountain of ,moses1 which is supported by local tradition1 and by the authority of ,ritter1 ,kurtz1 ,keil and ,kalisch2 ,jebel ,serbal1 claimed by ,lepsius2 and ,rs es ,sufsafeh1 supported by ,robinson1 ,dean ,stanley1 and the most of recent travelers4 ,this is a granite cliff standing above the plain so boldly that one may walk up and lay a hand upon its wall1 which rises #a1ejj feet above the plain1 and #f1ejj feet above the sea4 ,the plain in front of it is called er ,rahah1 and is #b1cjj yards long and #ijj yards wide1 sufficiently large for the presence of all the ,israelites before the mount1 without including another plain on the northeast1 branching from er ,rahah1 and called ,wady esh ,sheikh4 ,it is situated in a vast and dreary desert1 occupied for the most part by hordes of ,arabs1 who subsist by plunder1 and render the journey to ,sinai impossible except to large and well defended caravans4 #c4 ,between the mountains and the western arm of the ,red ,sea lies a narrow plain1 following the line of the coast4 ,on the northwestern section it was called the ,wilderness of ,etham2 opposite the ,sinaitic group of mountains1 the ,wilderness of ,sin4 ,this lower portion is now called el ,kaa4 ,illustration3 ,,lands ,,of ,,the ,,sojourn ,,and ,,wandering4 ,,vicinity ,,of ,,mount ,,sinai4 #d4 ,from the head of the ,gulf of ,akaba 7lanitic ,gulf7 a gorge extends nearly northward to the ,dead ,sea1 an extension of the ,jordan ,valley1 the ,arabah1 called in the history the ,wilderness of ,zin4 ,it lies between the mountain chain on the east of the ,wilderness of ,paran 7et ,tih7 and ,mount ,seir1 the home of the ,edomites4 ,the opinion held by many early writers1 that the ,jordan once flowed through this depression into the ,red ,sea1 may be correct as regards a past geologic period1 but not as an historical fact2 for it is evident that no great change has taken place in this region within the limit of historical time4 ,opposite the traditional ,mount ,hor the bed of the valley is about #ejj feet above the sea-level2 and from this point it slopes northward to the ,dead ,sea1 #a1cjj feet below the sea-level1 and southward to the ,gulf of ,akaba4 #e4 ,the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country1 has already been described4 7,see p4 #cb47 ,the southern section of this region belongs to the ,wilderness of the ,wandering1 from ,mount ,halak northward4 ,,iii4 ,inhabitants4 ,the only inhabitants of this region at the time of the ,israelite ,wandering were the ,amalekites1 who roamed throughout the desert of ,paran4 ,their origin is uncertain2 and they may have belonged to the same stock with the earliest inhabitants of ,canaan1 as they were a distinct tribe in the times of ,abraham4 7,gen4 #ad47 ,they were the bitter enemies of ,israel during all the period of the ,wandering1 attacking their rear1 and destroying detached companies of them on their march4 7,deut4 #be3ah47 ,the only pitched battle with them took place at ,rephidim1 near ,mount ,sinai1 when they were defeated by ,israel2 but they attacked the ,israelites again at ,hormah1 and inflicted serious injury4 ,long afterward their power was broken by ,saul 7#a ,sam4 #ae71 and their destruction was completed by ,david4 7#a ,sam4 #bg and #cj47 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,situation4 ,triangle 7,menzaleh1 ,dead ,sea1 ,ras ,mohammed74 ,boundaries4 ,north 7,mediterranean ,sea1 ,philistines1 ,negeb72 ,southeast 7,arabah1 ,akaba72 ,southwest 7,isthmus and ,gulf of ,suez74 #bjj miles east and west2 #bbe north and south4 ,,ii4 ,natural ,features4 ,table-,land 7,paran1 ,shur72 ,sinaitic ,mountains 7,horeb and ,sinai72 ,plain 7,etham1 ,sin72 ,arabah 7,zin72 ,negeb 7,mount ,halak74 ,,iii4 ,inhabitants4 ,amalekites 7,rephidim1 ,hormah74 ,,the ,,land ,,of ,,edom4 ,i4 ,boundaries4 ,the country of ,edom1 or of the ,edomites1 lay south of that of the ,moabites1 the boundary between them being the brook ,zered 7,wady el ,ahsy71 which flows into the southern lagoon of the ,dead ,sea4 ,on the east it extended to the great ,arabian desert1 in that section supposed to be the land of the ,temanites4 ,on the south its border was the country of the ,midianites1 and the head of the ,gulf of ,akaba4 ,the western boundary was the ,arabah1 or sunken ravine running northward between the ,red ,sea and the ,dead ,sea4 ,there is1 however1 an opinion gaining ground1 that the field of ,edom extended somewhat to the west of the ,arabah1 and south of ,palestine4 ,,ii4 ,names4 ,the earliest name of this country1 and one often used throughout ,bible history1 was ,mount ,seir1 the rugged1 from its rough1 mountainous nature4 ,this was the name of its earliest inhabitants1 the sons of ,seir the ,horite4 7,gen4 #cf3bj47 ,afterward it was possessed by the descendants of ,esau1 and called ,edom1 red1 from the red pottage for which ,esau sold his birthright4 ,probably the red color of its sandstone mountains also aided to fix the name4 ,in the ,new ,testament time the word received a ,greek form1 and became ,idumea4 ,josephus called it ,geballene1 mountainous4 ,at present it is divided into two sections1 each having a different name2 north of ,petra being called ,jebal1 and south1 esh ,sherah4 ,,iii4 ,natural ,features4 ,edom is emphatically a land of mountains4 ,on the west1 along the side of the ,arabah1 is a line of low limestone hills4 ,back of these rise higher1 igneous rocks1 surmounted by variegated sandstone1 of peculiar color1 #b1jjj feet high4 ,the eastern side of the mountains slopes gently away into the ,arabian desert4 ,but1 though rough1 the land is rich1 and the terraced hill-sides have in all ages been bright with vegetation1 and its people have been prosperous4 ,so the blessing of ,esau 7,gen4 #bg3ci1 #dj7 has been fulfilled in a land of the fatness of the earth1 and of the dew of heaven4 ,its capital during the ,old ,testament period was ,bozrah 7now ,busireh71 near its northern border4 ,afterward1 ,sela1 the ,petra of remarkable rock-hewn buildings1 arose to prominence4 ,ezion-geber1 at the head of the ,gulf of ,akaba1 was its seaport4 ,,iv4 ,history4 ,mount ,seir was first settled by the ,horites1 or ,horim1 like the inhabitants of ,palestine a people of unknown origin4 ,during the later patriarchal age it was conquered and possessed by ,esau1 the brother of ,jacob1 and ever after occupied by his descendants1 the ,edomites4 ,the refusal of this people to allow the ,israelites to journey through their territory compelled them to make a long detour around ,edom on the south and east1 and enter ,palestine by the land of the ,moabites4 ,during the period of the ,judges the ,edomites are not mentioned2 but they were beaten by ,saul1 and thoroughly conquered by ,david1 after a severe struggle4 ,at the division of the kingdom1 ,b4,c4 #ice1 ,edom was held by ,judah4 ,its people rebelled in the time of ,jehoram1 the son of ,jehoshaphat1 and1 although defeated by ,judah1 were able to maintain their independence4 ,they joined the ,chaldeans under ,nebuchadnezzar in the destruction of ,jerusalem1 for which the later prophecies and psalms gave them bitter denunciations4 ,about the time of the captivity1 ,b4,c4 #ehg-ecf1 the ,edomites gained possession of most of the country south of ,judah1 extending even to the confines of ,egypt4 ,but they lost their own land1 ,mount ,seir1 which became the possession of the ,nabatheans4 ,these were a race1 perhaps allied to the ,arabians1 who laid aside their nomad habits1 and founded a kingdom1 whose people grew rich by the caravan trade4 ,the ,edomites1 or ,idumeans1 south of ,palestine1 were conquered by the ,maccabean princes and incorporated with the ,jews1 ,b4,c4 #acj1 and the ,nabathean kingdom was annexed to the ,roman empire1 ,a4,d4 #aje4 ,v4 ,peculiarities4 ,the ,edomites1 though descended from the stock of ,abraham1 adopted the idolatry of the ,canaanites1 with whom they had intermarried4 ,but their most remarkable feature1 as a nation1 was that of dwelling in caves4 ,the mountains of ,idumea are of soft sandstone1 easily wrought1 and are penetrated with caves and grottoes1 which were used1 not like those of other nations1 for burial places1 but for residence4 ,the rock-hewn temples1 palaces and homes of ,petra1 so well known to travelers1 are magnificent in appearance4 ,the custom probably arose from the fear of robbers1 and from the ease with which the caves could be excavated in the sandstone rock4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 #a4 ,boundaries4 ,moab2 ,desert3 ,midianites2 ,arabah4 #b4 ,names4 ,seir1 ,edom1 ,idumea1 ,geballene1 ,jebal and esh ,sherah4 #c4 ,natural ,features4 ,mountains2 ,soil2 ,capitals 7,bozrah1 ,petra74 #d4 ,history4 ,horites2 ,esau2 ,edomites2 ,israelite ,supremacy2 ,chaldeans2 ,nabatheans2 ,maccabeans2 ,romans4 #e4 ,peculiarities4 ,religion2 ,rock ,houses4 ,,the ,,wandering ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness4 ,there are great difficulties in fixing the location of the places and the order of events in the history of the forty years which intervened between the exodus1 or going out1 from ,egypt1 and the entrance into the ,promised ,land 7,b4,c4 #abej-abaj74 ,these difficulties arise from various causes3 the antiquity of the events1 the fragmentary character of the history1 the extent of the country1 our scanty knowledge of the region1 and especially the changes which have taken place in the sea-coast during the #c1jjj years past4 ,while the general course of the journey can be easily defined1 the particular localities are1 in many instances1 exceedingly uncertain4 ,for the convenience of the student1 we divide the entire journey from ,egypt to ,canaan into sections4 ,i4 ,from ,rameses to the ,red ,sea4 7,exod4 #ab-ad2 ,num4 #cc3e-h47 ,the sojourn of the ,israelites was passed in the ,land of ,goshen1 between the ,nile and the ,isthmus of ,suez4 ,the court of the reigning ,pharaoh during the time while ,moses was negotiating for the departure of the ,israelites1 was at ,zoan1 or ,tanis 7,psa4 #gh3ab71 the royal city of the ,delta4 ,rameses1 the place of meeting for the ,israelites1 was probably a district rather than a city 7,gen4 #dg3h71 but may have been at ,abu ,kesheib4 ,pithom 7,exod4 #a3aa7 has been discovered at ,tell ,maskutor1 ten miles west of ,lake ,timsah4 ,succoth1 booths or tents1 was probably not a city but a camp1 and its location is unknown4 ,etham1 wall 7,exod4 #ac3bj71 may indicate a place near the great wall which extended across the isthmus4 ,pi-hahiroth may be at ,agrud1 near ,suez4 ,baal-zephon may be the mountain ,jebel ,alaka4 ,the ,israelites crossed the sea at the narrow ,strait of ,suez1 where the distance from shore to shore is about two-thirds of a mile4 ,at that time the gulf probably extended several miles north of its present position4 ,the northeast wind drove out the waters1 leaving a path across the gulf1 with pools on either side1 as a wall or defense to the crossing ,israelites4 ,,ii4 ,from the ,red ,sea to ,mount ,sinai4 7,exod4 #ae-ai2 ,num4 #cc3h-ae47 ,the general direction can be traced with certainty1 but the precise places of encampment are only conjectural4 ,it is probable that so vast a body of people1 about two millions1 must have occupied a large extent of territory1 and the stations were the various headquarters of the camp4 ,this section of the journey was mostly spent in the two narrow plains along the coast1 the ,wilderness 7or desert7 of ,etham1 and that of ,sin4 ,at ,marah 7,ain ,hawrah7 the bitter waters were healed2 at ,elim 7,wady ,ghurundel7 they were refreshed by the twelve wells and three-score and ten palm trees4 ,at the next station1 ,no4 #i1 the encampment at the ,red ,sea1 they saw for the last time the waters of the western gulf1 and the land of ,egypt beyond them4 ,here they turned eastward1 and1 passing the mountain barrier1 entered the ,wilderness of ,sin4 7,this is to be distinguished from the ,wilderness of ,zin1 or the ,arabah1 on the eastern side of the peninsula47 ,in this wild and barren country1 food failed them1 and the manna began to be supplied 7,exod4 #af71 to last for forty years4 ,their general course was now eastward1 through the wadies1 or dry beds of winter torrents4 ,at ,rephidim 7station #ac7 two events are recorded as occurring4 ,the want of water led to a miraculous supply from the smitten rock 7,exod4 #ag3b-g72 and the ,israelites fought the first battle in their history1 with the wandering ,amalekites1 who attacked the rear of the scattered host4 ,under ,joshua1 who here appears for the first time1 they were defeated1 and devoted to complete destruction4 7,exod4 #ag3h-af2 ,deut4 #be3ah47 ,the next station was ,mount ,sinai1 in front of which they encamped1 probably on the plain er ,rahah4 ,their journey thus far had occupied two months and a half1 and here they remained for a year4 ,the principal events at ,mount ,sinai were3 #a4 ,the giving of the law4 7,exod4 #ai-ca47 #b4 ,the worship of the golden calf1 and its punishment4 7,exod4 #cb47 #c4 ,the building and consecration of the ,tabernacle4 7,exod4 #ce-dj47 #d4 ,the numbering and organization of the people4 7,num4 #a-b47 ,,iii4 ,from ,mount ,sinai to ,kadesh-barnea4 ,after a year spent at and around ,mount ,sinai1 the camp was taken up1 and the host1 led by the ,ark of the ,covenant1 entered once more upon its march4 ,the direction of the journey was northeast1 and the route was probably through the ,wady ,saal4 ,at ,taberah 7station #ae71 the fire of the ,lord consumed some on the verge of the camp who murmured against ,god's commands4 7,num4 #aa3a-c47 ,at ,kibroth-hattaavah 7station #af71 7perhaps the same place with the preceding71 a dislike of the manna and a lust for flesh-meat seized the crowd of people1 and for a month they fed upon quails1 but were punished by a plague1 which destroyed multitudes1 and gave a name to the place1 the graves of lust4 7,num4 #aa3d-ce47 ,at ,hazeroth 7probably ,ain ,hudherah71 ,miriam instigated ,aaron to a rebellion against ,moses1 but was smitten with leprosy1 though healed at the prayer of ,moses4 7,num4 #ab3a-af47 ,the ,israelites followed the mountain chain by the ,red ,sea1 keeping upon the western side of the hills1 and1 passing through the edge of the ,wilderness of ,paran and along the ,arabah1 followed up the line of the ,mount of the ,amorites 7which appears to have been a general name for the mountains in the southern portion of the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country71 until they came to ,kadesh-barnea4 ,the location of this place is the great difficulty in the geography of the period4 ,the name appears to be used with reference to a region1 and more definitely referring to a place4 ,three localities have been claimed1 all on the border of the ,mount of the ,amorites1 or the ,south ,country4 ,the most southerly location is that now known as ,ain esh ,shehabeh1 on the ,wady ,jerafeh2 the most westerly1 at ,ain ,gadis1 or ,quadis1 directly south of the land of ,judah2 the one farthest to the north and east1 at ,ain el ,weibeh1 in the edge of the ,arabah1 south of the ,dead ,sea4 ,the latter has been regarded by most explorers since ,dr4 ,robinson1 as the correct site1 and as it appears on the older maps4 ,but the ,rev4 ,j4 ,rowlands1 on a journey through the entire region1 identified ,ain ,quadis as the true ,kadesh-barnea1 and his conclusion was confirmed by ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,trumbull after a thorough investigation of all the three places4 ,it is now accepted by most writers4 ,we have therefore regarded ,ain ,quadis as ,kadesh-barnea1 and have made it the center of ,israelite journeying during the thirty-eight years of the wandering4 ,the change in the location of ,kadesh-barnea may necessitate a change in the location of ,mount ,hor1 which ,trumbull places at ,jebel ,maderah1 but we have retained the old locality on the edge of ,edom4 ,twice the ,israelites were encamped at ,kadesh1 which marked the beginning and end of the thirty-eight years' wandering in the ,wilderness of ,paran4 ,from ,kadesh the twelve spies were sent northward into the ,land of ,canaan1 and the adverse report of ten of them caused such terror and rebellion in the host1 that ,god declared that they should not enter the ,promised ,land until all that generation should have passed away4 7,num4 #ac1 #ad47 ,they were ordered to turn back into the wilderness1 but disobeyed1 and1 against their leaders' advice1 undertook to force a passage to ,canaan1 probably up the pass es ,sufa4 ,but the inhabitants of the mountains 7,amorites1 ,canaanites1 and ,amalekites in alliance7 attacked them to their utter defeat at ,hormah1 and effectually barred their entrance to the land through the ,south ,country1 as the warlike ,philistines had closed it against them by the way of the plain by the sea4 7,exod4 #ac3ag47 ,discouraged and despairing1 the host of ,israel again turned their faces once more toward the terrible ,wilderness of ,paran4 ,,iv41 ,v41 ,,vi4 ,from ,kadesh-barnea to ,mount ,hor1 ,ezion-geber1 and ,return4 ,the period of the next thirty-eight years remains in shadow4 ,scarcely an event is named which certainly belongs to this division1 the longest by far in the journey4 ,in the history at ,num4 #ad3de1 there is a break in the record1 and other topics are referred to until we find the people at ,kadesh once more1 at the end of the #ch years1 in chapter #bj2 and the list of stations in ,num4 #cc3ah-cf1 is only a barren catalogue of #ah places1 in which not one is clearly recognized1 and only two or three can be even guessed at4 ,some have thought that the entire period was spent in the ,arabah1 wandering up and down1 as two of the stations plainly belong there4 ,but it is more probable that the people wandered over the borders between the ,negeb 7,south ,country7 and the ,wilderness of ,paran4 ,for convenience we may subdivide this period of wandering into its three journeys4 ,from ,kadesh1 through #ab unknown stations1 to ,moseroth1 which is afterward named in the account of ,aaron's death 7,deut4 #aj3f71 showing that it was near ,mount ,hor4 ,this is indicated on the ,map as ,journey ,,iv4 ,journey ,v4 was from ,mount ,hor down the ,arabah southward to ,ezion-geber1 at the head of the lanitic ,gulf4 ,journey ,,vi4 was once more through the ,arabah1 northward to ,kadesh-barnea1 completing the period of the punishment for the rebellion of #ch years before4 ,here three events took place4 #a4 ,the rock was smitten by ,moses1 when ,god had bidden him speak to it1 in order to bring forth water2 and1 as a penalty1 he was not permitted to enter ,canaan4 7,num4 #bj3a-ac47 #b4 ,the ,israelites asked of the ,edomites 7on whose western border they were encamped at ,kadesh71 the privilege of crossing their territory on their journey to ,canaan1 but their request was denied4 #c4 ,soon after this1 the king of the ,canaanite city of ,arad1 in the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country1 #bj miles south of ,hebron1 hearing of ,israel's approach by the same route as that of the spies1 #ch years before1 went out to meet the invading host4 ,he was repulsed near the same place where ,israel had suffered a defeat before1 and which was thenceforth called ,hormah1 destruction4 7,num4 #ba3a-c47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,north4 ,,west4 --------------------------------- ,,east4 ,,dan1 ,,asher1 ,,naphtali1 ----------- #fb1gjj4 #da1ejj4 #ec1djj4 ----------- ,,benjamin1 --------------------------------- ,,judah1 #ce1djj4 ,,camp ,,of ,,dan4 #gd1fjj4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- --- ,,tribe ,,of ,,levi4 ----------- ,g -------------- --------- ----------- ,,manasseh1 ,e ,,merarites ,,issachar1 #cb1bjj4 ,r -------------- #ed1djj4 ----------- ,s -------------- ,,aaron ----------- ,h ,,tabernacle ----------- ,o -------------- ,,moses ----------- ,,ephraim1 ,n -------------- ,,zebulon1 #dj1ejj4 ,i ,,kohathites ,priests #eg1djj4 ----------- ,t -------------- ----------- ,e ,,tribe ,,of ,,levi4 ,,camp ,,of ,s --------- ,,camp ,,of --- ,,ephraim4 --------------------------------------- ,,judah4 ,,camp ,,of ,,reuben4 --------------------------------- ,,gad1 ,,simeon1 ,,reuben1 #de1fej4 #ei1cjj4 #df1ejj4 --------------------------------- ,,south4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,illustration3 ,,camp ,,of ,,israel4 ,,vii41 ,,viii4 ,from ,kadesh-barnea to ,elath and ,jordan4 ,the ,israelites were now ready to enter their ,land of ,promise4 ,but1 as the entrance by the south was found impracticable1 and the ,edomites would not permit them to cross their mountains1 a long detour became necessary2 so for a third time they took their journey through the ,arabah4 ,this we have indicated on the map as ,no4 ,,vii4 ,they paused before ,mount ,hor1 while ,aaron left them1 to ascend the mountain and to die4 ,the peak still bears his name1 ,jebel ,haroun4 ,so according to most travelers2 but ,trumbull locates ,mount ,hor in the ,negeb4 ,at ,ezion-geber and ,elath 7stations #dc and #dd71 they saw once more the ,red ,sea1 at its eastern arm4 ,on this journey1 too1 but whether before or after passing the ,red ,sea1 is uncertain1 they were plagued by serpents1 and the brazen serpent was lifted up by ,moses4 7,num4 #ba3d-i47 ,at last the southern point of ,mount ,seir was reached and passed1 and now for the last time 7,journey ,,viii47 the ,israelites turned their faces northward4 ,they traveled through the land of ,teman1 between ,edom and the ,arabian desert4 ,at the brook ,zered 7,wady el ,ahsy71 station #di1 they entered the land of ,moab1 which they crossed in safety 7,num4 #ba3aa72 and at the brook ,arnon they came into the country of ,sihon1 the king of the ,amorites1 who came against them1 and was defeated and slain at ,jahaz4 7,num4 #ba3ab-ca47 ,the ,amorites of ,bashan on the north were ruled by the giant ,og1 a descendant of the ancient ,rephaim4 7,see page #cg47 ,his land was conquered and himself slain in a decisive battle at ,edrei4 ,from the heights of ,abarim 7station #eg7 they descended to the ,jordan ,valley1 and encamped at their last station 7,no4 #eh7 before entering the ,land of ,promise1 on the eastern bank of the ,jordan1 opposite ,jericho4 ,here occurred3 #a4 ,the episode of ,balaam's prophecy4 7,num4 #bb-bd47 #b4 ,the iniquity of ,israel with the women of ,moab1 and the plague on the people as a result4 7,num4 #be3a-ah47 #c4 ,the numbering of ,israel4 7,num4 #bf47 #d4 ,the campaigns against the ,moabites and ,midianites4 7,num4 #ca47 #e4 ,the allotment to the tribes of ,reuben and ,gad1 and half the tribe of ,manasseh4 7,num4 #cb47 #f4 ,the repetition of the law and the recapitulation of the journeys1 in the book of ,deuteronomy4 #g4 ,last of all1 the ascent of ,moses up the height of ,nebo1 his prophetic view of the ,promised ,land1 and his lonely death4 7,deut4 #cd47 ,illustration3 ,,kadesh-,,barnea ,,and ,,vicinity4 7,according to ,,dr4 ,,trumbull47 ,,stations ,,of ,,the ,,israelites ,,during ,,their ,,journey ,,from ,,egypt ,,to ,,canaan4 ,i4 ,,from ,,rameses ,,to ,,the ,,red ,,sea4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,exod4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4 ,rameses ,abu ,kesheib #ab3cg #cc3 #c #b4 ,succoth ,unknown #ab3cg #cc3 #e #c4 ,etham ,unknown #ac3bj #cc3 #f #d4 ,pi-hahiroth ,bir ,suweis #ad3 #b #cc3 #g #e4 ,red ,sea #ad3bb #cc3 #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,ii4 ,,from ,,the ,,red ,,sea ,,to ,,mount ,,sinai4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,exod4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #f4 ,desert of ,shur1 ,shore of ,red ,sea #ae3bb #cc3 #h or of ,etham #g4 ,marah ,ain ,hawrah #ae3bc #cc3 #h #h4 ,elim ,wady ,ghurundel #ae3bg #cc3 #i #i4 ,red ,sea ,wady ,taiyibeh #cc3aj #aj4 ,desert of ,sin ,el ,murkyeh787 #af3 #a #cc3aa #aa4 ,dophkah ,ain ,markh787 #cc3ab #ab4 ,alush ,uncertain #cc3ac #ac4 ,rephidim ,wady ,feiran #ag3 #a #cc3ad #ad4 ,sinai ,plain er ,rhah #ai3 #a #cc3ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,iii4 ,,from ,,mount ,,sinai ,,to ,,kadesh-,,barnea4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,num4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #ae4 ,taberah ,wady ,sal787 #aa3 #c #i3bb #af4 ,kibroth-hattaavah ,erweis el ,ebeirig#aa3cd #cc3af #ag4 ,hazeroth ,ain ,hudherah #aa3ce #cc3ag #ah4 ,mount of the ,amorites ,jebel ,magrah787 #a3ai #ai4 ,kadesh-barnea ,ain el ,weibeh787 #ac3bf #a3ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,iv4 ,,from ,,kadesh-,,barnea ,,to ,,mount ,,hor4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,num4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bj4 ,rithmah ,uncertain #cc3ah #ba4 ,rimmon-parez ,uncertain #cc3ai #bb4 ,libnah ,uncertain #cc3bj #bc4 ,rissah ,uncertain #cc3ba #bd4 ,kehelathah ,uncertain #cc3bb #be4 ,mount ,shapher ,jebel ,araif787 #cc3bc #bf4 ,haradah ,uncertain #cc3bd #bg4 ,makheloth ,uncertain #cc3be #bh4 ,tahath ,uncertain #cc3bf #bi4 ,tarah ,uncertain #cc3bg #cj4 ,mithcah ,uncertain #cc3bh #ca4 ,hashmonah ,uncertain #cc3bi #cb4 ,moseroth ,mount ,hor #cc3cj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,v4 ,,from ,,mount ,,hor ,,to ,,ezion-,,geber4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,num4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #cc4 ,bene-jaakan ,arabah #cc3ca #cd4 ,hor-hagidgad ,wady ,ghudhaghidh #cc3cb #ce4 ,jotbathah ,emshsh787 #cc3cc #cf4 ,ebronah ,uncertain #cc3cd #cg4 ,ezion-geber ,gulf of ,akabah #cc3ce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,vi4 ,,from ,,ezion-,,geber ,,to ,,kadesh-,,barnea4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,num4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ch4 ,kadesh-barnea ,ain ,quadis #bj3 #a #cc3cf ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,vii4 ,,from ,,kadesh-,,barnea ,,to ,,elath4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,num4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #ci4 ,bene-jaakan ,arabah #aj3 #f #dj4 ,mosera ,mount ,hor #bj3bb #cc3cg #aj3 #f #da4 ,gudgodah ,wady ,ghudhaghidh #aj3 #g #db4 ,jotbath ,uncertain #aj3 #g #dc4 ,ezion-geber ,gulf of ,akaba #ba3 #d #b3 #h #dd4 ,elath ,akabah #b3 #h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,viii4 ,,from ,,elath ,,to ,,jordan4 ,,station4 ,,identification4 ,,num4 ,,num4 ,,deut4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #de4 ,zalmonah ,wady ,amran787 #cc3da #df4 ,punon ,uncertain #cc3db #dg4 ,oboth ,uncertain #ba3aj #cc3dc #dh4 ,ije-abarim ,uncertain #ba3aa #cc3dd #di4 ,zered ,wady el ,ahsy #ba3ab #aj3ac #ej4 ,arnon ,wady ,mjeb #ba3ac #aj3bd #ea4 ,dibon-gad ,dhibn #cc3de #eb4 ,almon-diblathaim ,uncertain #cc3df #ec4 ,beer ,uncertain #ba3af #ed4 ,mattanah ,uncertain #ba3ah #ee4 ,nahaliel ,uncertain #ba3ai #ef4 ,bamoth ,uncertain #ba3ai #eg4 ,abarim1 ,nebo1 or ,pisgah ,jebel ,neba #ba3bj #cc3dg #eh4 ,plains of ,moab1 or ,jordan,ghr en ,nimrn #bb3 #a #cc3dh ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,of ,,gethsemane4 ,illustration3 ,beth-horon and ,vicinity4 ,,conquest ,,of ,,canaan4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,canaan4 ,,after the forty years of the ,wandering came the seven years of the ,conquest4 ,yet it is true1 that in the complete sense the conquest began before the ,israelites crossed the ,jordan under ,joshua1 and was not finished until long after the period of the ,judges4 ,as ,dean ,stanley says3 ,the conquest began from the passage of the brook ,zered1 under ,moses2 it was not finally closed till the capture of ,jerusalem by ,david4 ,but in a more limited sense it may be confined to the period during which the territory1 afterward known by the name of ,palestine1 was definitively occupied as their own by the ,israelites4 ,the map on page #cf shows us the territorial divisions of the land before the conquest2 the one which we are now studying presents the campaigns by which it was won4 ,these may be divided into three sections4 #a4 ,the conquest of the territory on the east of the ,jordan1 in three campaigns1 during the rule of ,moses4 #b4 ,the conquest of that on the west of the ,jordan1 under the leadership of ,joshua1 in three campaigns4 #c4 ,a series of supplementary conquests completing the work of subjugation4 ,illustration3 ,,shechem4 ,i4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,eastern ,,palestine4 ,this region was occupied1 at the time of the arrival of the ,israelites1 by the ,moabites between the brooks ,zered and ,arnon1 and by the ,amorites north of the ,arnon4 ,the latter people were divided into two kingdoms4 ,the land of ,gilead was ruled by ,king ,sihon1 whose capital was at ,heshbon2 and the table-land of ,bashan by ,og1 a remnant of the old race of the ,rephaim4 ,tributary to ,sihon1 and on the border of the ,arabian desert1 were the ,midianites 7,josh4 #ac3ba72 and near the ,moabites were their nomadic kinsmen1 the ,ammonites4 #a4 ,the ,conquest of ,gilead4 7,num4 #ba3ba-ca47 ,the ,amorites1 under ,sihon1 had wrested from the ,moabites the land between the ,arnon and the ,jabbok1 a short time before the coming of ,israel4 ,moses sent messengers1 requesting the privilege of journeying through their land2 but they refused to permit the passage of such a vast host1 and came out to meet the ,israelites in battle at ,jahaz1 near their border1 at the brook ,arnon4 ,they were defeated1 and their whole land was conquered1 including their own territory north of the ,jabbok1 as well as their ,moabite possessions south of it4 ,thus the ,israelites obtained1 as their first foothold1 the rich region of the eastern table-land1 from the ,arnon to the ,hieromax4 #b4 ,the ,conquest of ,bashan4 7,num4 #ba3cb-ce47 ,the success of the war with one nation of the ,amorites encouraged the ,israelites to cross the ,hieromax and undertake the conquest of the rich pasture fields of ,bashan1 the kingdom of ,og1 whose capital was at the ancient city of his race1 ,ashteroth ,karnaim4 ,there is some evidence to indicate that the leader in this campaign was ,nobah1 of the tribe of ,manasseh4 7,num4 #cb3db47 ,a decisive battle was fought at ,edrei1 at the entrance to the ,ledja1 or mountainous district2 and ,og was slain1 and his kingdom possessed by ,israel4 ,its western portion1 including ,kenath and its vicinity1 was given to ,nobah1 who named the region after himself4 7,num4 #cb3db2 ,judges #h3aa47 #c4 ,the ,conquest of ,midian4 7,num4 #be and #ca47 ,while the ,israelites were encamped on the plain of ,jordan1 opposite ,jericho1 their last station1 called ,shittim 7,num4 #be3a71 a league was formed by the ,moabites and ,midianites to resist their advance4 ,balaam1 the ,mesopotamian seer1 was summoned to aid them by his curses against ,israel2 but his words were turned to blessing4 7,num4 #bb-bd47 ,fearing the result of open war1 the allied nations now undertook to corrupt ,israel by their friendship and the seductions of their women2 and they succeeded to such an extent that multitudes of the people perished by a plague which fell upon the nation as a penalty4 ,the ,moabites were punished by exclusion for ten generations from the privileges of ,israel 7,deut4 #bc3c1 #d71 and by the loss of that portion of their territory already taken from the ,amorites4 ,the ,midianites1 evidently the guiltier nation1 were doomed to utter destruction4 ,the campaign against them was regarded as a sacred war1 and ,phinehas the priest took command of the army4 ,the entire people were laid under the ban1 and the portion of them east of the ,jordan were thoroughly annihilated4 ,this was1 however1 only a small section of the great tribe of ,midian1 whose principal home was on the eastern shore of the ,red ,sea1 south of the ,edomites2 and their former home near ,moab was again repopulated1 and1 some centuries afterward1 gave new trouble to ,israel4 ,the entire country east of the ,jordan and north of the brook ,arnon was thus conquered by the ,israelites before the death of ,moses4 ,it was assigned to the tribes of ,reuben and ,gad1 and half the tribe of ,manasseh1 as their home1 upon condition that their warriors should accompany the rest of the tribes in the conquest of ,western ,palestine4 7,num4 #cb47 ,their boundaries will be noticed in connection with the map of ,israel1 as divided among the ,twelve ,tribes4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,western ,,palestine4 ,this was undertaken by ,joshua after the death of ,moses1 and1 as far as can be ascertained from the record1 was accomplished in three campaigns4 ,the war began with the passage of the ,jordan1 ,b4,c4 #abaj1 and1 so far as active hostilities were concerned1 was finished in seven years4 ,but the great mass of the native population remained upon the soil1 to plague the ,chosen ,people by the influence of their wickedness1 so that the conquest was never thoroughly completed4 ,indeed1 some writers think that the inhabitants of ,palestine at the present time belong mainly to the old ,canaanite stock1 which has perpetuated itself under all the changes of government4 #a4 ,the ,conquest of ,central ,palestine4 7,josh4 #c-h47 ,according to the account in the book of ,joshua1 this was a brief campaign2 but the ,samaritan records relate a series of supplementary sieges and battles1 which would indicate that the war may have been longer than appears4 ,still1 there are evidences that the ,hivites and ,perizzites1 who occupied most of this district1 were peaceful peoples1 readily yielding to the conquerors1 so that the resistance was less stubborn than in other sections4 ,the war began with the passage of the ,jordan1 an event ever kept in mind as the entrance of the people upon their own land4 ,they pitched their camp at ,gilgal1 in the ,jordan ,valley1 and fortified the place as a permanent headquarters during the entire period of conquest4 7,josh4 #e47 ,jericho was first taken1 by supernatural aid1 and devoted to ,god as the first fruits of conquest4 7,josh4 #f47 ,an act of trespass against ,god by ,achan1 caused a defeat at ,ai 7near ,bethel71 the next place attacked2 but the sin was punished1 and1 by a stratagem and ambush1 ,ai was taken4 ,they then marched northward to ,shechem1 an ancient ,hivite city1 of which the last previous account is its destruction by the sons of ,jacob4 7,gen4 #cd47 ,it may not have been rebuilt1 as we find at this time the ,hivites occupying a number of towns at a distance from it 7,gibeon and others1 ,josh4 #i72 or it may have submitted to the overwhelming power of ,israel4 ,in the ,vale of ,shechem1 between the mountains ,ebal and ,gerizim1 all the ,israelites were assembled1 the law was read in their hearing1 and memorial stones were erected4 ,after this1 the ,hivites of four villages1 of which ,gibeon was the most important1 by means of a deception made a treaty of peace with the ,israelites1 and obtained a pledge of protection2 being the only nation in all the land formally spared from destruction4 ,their deceit was soon discovered2 but the word of ,israel was kept1 though the people of the four villages were reduced to the condition of servants of the sanctuary1 i4 e41 employed in the menial duties of the ,tabernacle4 ,the central portion of the land was now possessed by ,israel1 from ,jericho and ,gibeon northward to the ,carmel range of mountains1 and the army returned to the fortified camp at ,gilgal4 7,josh4 #i47 #b4 ,the ,conquest of ,southern ,palestine4 7,josh4 #aj47 ,the conquest had thus far been easy2 mainly because there was no union among the native tribes1 but each city and village was ruled by its own king1 or sheikh1 and all were jealous of one another1 so that they were readily conquered in detail4 ,warned by the fate of ,jericho and ,ai1 and alarmed at the defection of ,gibeon1 the kings of five cities formed a league to resist the invading host4 ,the head of the confederation was ,adoni-zedek1 the king of ,jerusalem1 and associated with him were the rulers of ,hebron1 ,jarmuth1 ,lachish and ,eglon1 and perhaps other subordinate chiefs4 ,they began by an attack on the city of ,gibeon1 as a tributary of ,israel4 ,joshua at once called forth his warriors1 left the camp at ,gilgal1 made a swift night march through the mountain passes1 and came suddenly upon the enemy near ,beth-horon4 ,here was fought perhaps the most important battle in all human history1 and one at which the sun and moon might well stand still1 since the religious destiny of all the world was at stake in its result4 ,in this one battle the conquest of ,canaan was made certain1 though it was not fully accomplished until long afterward4 ,the flying host were pursued to ,makkedah1 on the border of the plain1 where the five kings were captured and slain4 ,then in succession1 the strongholds of ,libnah1 ,lachish1 ,eglon1 ,hebron1 and1 last of all1 ,debir1 were taken by storm4 ,from the list of the kings captured 7,josh4 #ab3i-bd71 it would appear that ,joshua carried his conquests through the ,south ,country1 as far as ,arad and ,hormah1 places where the ,israelites had suffered defeat during the period of the wandering 7,num4 #ba3a-c72 though these kings may have been captured at ,hebron or ,debir4 ,but1 though all may not have been ravaged by the ,israelites1 all was certainly conquered1 from ,jerusalem to the great desert on the south4 ,the conquest was afterward made complete by the aged ,caleb1 who with his nephew ,othniel took possession of the very cities of which the name had filled the ,israelites with terror a generation before4 7,num4 #ac47 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,as ,,promised ,,and ,,possessed4 #c4 ,the ,conquest of ,northern ,palestine4 7,josh4 #aa47 ,this region was also occupied by a number of independent chiefs1 of whom the most powerful was ,jabin1 the king of ,hazor1 a title which afterward reappears in the history4 7,judges #d1 #b47 ,they ruled over small tribes of various races1 from ,mount ,hermon to ,mount ,carmel1 especially on the ,plain of ,esdraelon4 ,the king of ,hazor called together the associated tribes1 and their camp was pitched near ,lake ,merom4 ,joshua made one of his characteristic swift marches1 up the ,jordan ,valley1 attacked them suddenly1 and utterly defeated and scattered them4 ,he burned the many war chariots1 and so cut the sinews of their horses as to make them useless2 since these animals were never used by the ,israelites4 ,after the battle he marched through the northern regions1 capturing the cities and slaying their rulers1 a number of whom are mentioned in the catalogue of ,josh4 #ab3i-bd4 ,this campaign closed the active operations1 so that the land rested from war 7,josh4 #aa3bc72 but for many years the strife was feebly continued1 and it was not entirely finished until the reign of ,david4 ,,iii4 ,,supplementary ,,conquests4 ,although the struggle of the conquest was over1 yet in most of the land the task of expulsion or destruction was yet to be accomplished1 and in many places was never entirely wrought4 ,the entire section of the maritime plain remained in the hands of the ,philistines2 in almost every tribe were fortresses1 which long resisted the ,israelites1 and formed centres of rebellion1 and sometimes of oppression4 ,and many of the cities taken by ,joshua were soon reoccupied by their original inhabitants1 and once more fortified4 ,the book of the ,judges relates briefly three campaigns after the conquest4 #a4 ,the ,campaign of the ,judaites and ,simeonites4 7,judges #a3a-h47 ,this was undertaken against ,adoni-bezek1 the king of ,bezek1 a place in or near the tribe of ,judah1 not positively identified4 ,adoni-bezek was a petty chieftain1 who had cruelly mutilated no less than #gj local chiefs whom he had taken in battle4 ,he was surprised by the allied forces of ,judah and ,simeon1 and ten thousand of his warriors were slain4 ,he was taken prisoner1 and treated as he had treated other captive kings2 his thumbs and great toes being cut off1 thus making him helpless4 ,after this1 the allied tribes marched down upon the maritime plain1 and took the ,philistine cities of ,gaza1 ,ashkelon and ,ekron4 ,but their conquests were not permanent2 they withdrew to the mountains1 and the ,philistines were soon in possession of their cities1 which long stood as a menace to ,israel4 ,another campaign was directed against the cities of the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country1 and resulted in the destruction of ,zephath and ,hormah1 both south of ,hebron4 #b4 ,the ,campaign of ,caleb and ,othniel4 ,caleb was the oldest man in ,israel1 having accompanied ,joshua and the other spies1 thirty-eight years before the entrance of ,israel into the ,promised ,land4 7,num4 #ac-ad47 ,for his faithfulness when so many were overcome with terror1 he received a promise of inheritance in the land4 ,at least #de years afterward1 ,hebron1 in the south of ,judah1 was allotted to him4 ,it had been taken by ,joshua 7,josh4 #aj3cf1 #cg71 but afterward reoccupied by the ,anakim 7see page #ch71 and the ,amorites1 its original possessors4 ,caleb led an army against it1 once more won the city1 and made it his own4 ,he promised his daughter1 ,achsah1 to the warrior who should take ,debir1 or ,kirjath-sepher1 south of ,hebron1 which had also been reoccupied by the enemy4 ,his younger brother 7perhaps nephew7 ,othniel1 won the city and his bride4 7,josh4 #ad3a-ae2 #ae3ac-ai2 ,judges #a3aj-ae47 ,this campaign was probably about the same time with the one narrated above1 and may have been in connection with it4 #c4 ,the ,danite ,campaign4 7,judges #ah47 ,the tribe of ,dan found themselves unable to overcome their ,philistine neighbors1 and were straitened for room in their narrow possessions4 ,they sent out a body of men to search for a new home4 ,these spies traversed the country as far to the north as ,laish1 or ,leshem1 a ,phoenician city1 near one of the sources of the ,jordan4 ,the ,danite spies returned to their people at ,zorah and ,eshtaol1 and made their report4 ,a part of the tribe agreed to migrate to this northern region4 ,their first encampment on the journey1 near ,kirjath-jearim1 in ,judah1 long bore the name of the camp of ,dan4 ,at a village in ,mount ,ephraim they plundered ,micah of his idols and carried away their priest1 who was a degenerate grandson of ,moses the prophet4 ,at ,laish they fell suddenly upon the defenseless ,phoenicians1 destroyed their city1 and built in its place one which they called ,dan4 ,it was the northern landmark of the land1 as ,beersheba was its southern1 giving rise to the term from ,dan to ,beersheba4 ,dan remained an idol sanctuary1 and a place of corrupting influence during all the after history of ,israel4 ,upon the map are noted3 #a4 ,the six campaigns of the conquest1 three on each side of the ,jordan4 ,the precise route of travel cannot be identified1 but the general direction is shown by a red line4 ,the supplementary conquests are not indicated1 in order to avoid confusion1 but can be easily traced4 #b4 ,the important battle-fields are indicated by flags4 ,these were at 7#a7 ,jahaz1 7#b7 ,edrei1 7#c7 the land of ,midian1 7#d7 ,jericho1 7#e7 ,ai1 7#f7 ,beth-horon1 7#g7 ,hazor4 ,besides these were many cities captured by ,joshua during his campaign in ,southern ,canaan4 #c4 ,the royal cities captured by ,moses and ,joshua are each indicated on the map by a crown4 ,these were1 on the east of ,jordan3 ,heshbon1 the capital of ,sihon's kingdom1 and ,ashtaroth1 the capital of ,og's kingdom2 and on the west of ,jordan1 #ca cities1 whose kings were taken and slain by ,joshua4 7,josh4 #ab3i-bd47 ,the places identified are the only ones marked upon the map4 #d4 ,the four cities of the ,hivite league1 which alone made a treaty with ,israel1 are shown by clasped hands1 the token of peace4 #e4 ,at the close of the conquest a large part of the country was left in the possession of the native races4 ,this region is indicated by the yellow color4 #f4 ,many towns remained in the hands of the ,canaanite and ,philistine races4 ,some were taken by ,israel1 but afterward reoccupied by their original inhabitants2 others held out against the ,israelites1 and were a constant source of danger1 both by their opposition1 and still more by their friendship4 ,the ceasing of the war before the native races were either utterly exterminated or driven away1 was a mistaken mercy1 which cost ,israel centuries of strife1 the infection from their idolatry1 and the corrupt influence of their morals4 ,the sparing of the ,canaanites imperiled and well nigh thwarted the destiny of ,israel as the depositary of religious truth for all the world4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,conquest of ,eastern ,palestine4 #a4 ,gilead4 7,amorites1 ,sihon1 ,jahaz47 #b4 ,bashan4 7,amorites1 ,og1 ,edrei2 ,nobah1 ,kenath47 #c4 ,midian4 7,phinehas47 ,,ii4 ,conquest of ,western ,palestine4 #a4 ,central4 7,gilgal1 ,jericho1 ,ai1 ,shechem1 ,gibeon47 #b4 ,southern4 7,beth-horon1 ,makkedah1 ,libnah1 ,lachish1 ,eglon1 ,hebron1 ,debir47 #c4 ,northern4 7,hazor47 ,,iii4 ,supplementary ,conquests4 #a4 ,judah and ,simeon4 7,adoni-bezek1 ,bezek2 ,gaza1 ,ashkelon1 ,ekron2 ,zephath1 ,hormah47 #b4 ,caleb and ,othniel4 7,hebron1 ,debir47 #c4 ,dan4 7,laish47 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,of ,,the ,,ascension4 ,,palestine ,,among ,,the ,,twelve ,,tribes4 ,,the division of the land among the ,twelve ,tribes took place in three stages4 #a4 ,after the conquest of ,eastern ,palestine1 during the lifetime of ,moses1 the two tribes of ,reuben and ,gad and half the tribe of ,manasseh received their portion1 on condition that their warriors should aid their kinsmen in the war for the rest of the land4 7,num4 #cb47 #b4 ,after the campaigns in ,western ,palestine 7see last map and explanations71 the two leading tribes of ,judah and ,ephraim and the remaining half of ,manasseh received their inheritance1 and took possession of it1 as far as conquered3 ,judah in the south1 ,ephraim a small but choice portion in the centre1 and ,manasseh immediately north of it4 7,josh4 #ae-ag47 #c4 ,the remaining seven tribes delayed long in obtaining their portions in the land1 but at last1 after a rebuke from the aged ,joshua for their slowness1 made the division by lot1 and entered upon their inheritance4 7,josh4 #ah1 #ai47 ,the cities of refuge1 and those for the priests and ,levites1 were last of all appointed1 late in the life of ,joshua1 and then the land had rest from war1 and ,israel entered upon its history in its own land4 ,it is not easy to fix the tribal boundary lines1 since some tribes possessed cities within the domain of other tribes1 and the boundaries1 if not entirely indeterminate1 varied greatly in different ages4 ,geographers are agreed upon the general position1 but not upon the precise boundary lines4 ,we follow the map of ,dr4 ,james ,strong1 in ,mc,clintock and ,strong's ,cyclopedia4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,in ,,the ,,eastern ,,table-,,land--,,bashan4 ,i4 ,the ,tribe of ,reuben 7,num4 #cb3a-ch2 ,josh4 #ac3ae-bc7 had the river ,arnon for its southern border1 this river separating it from ,moab4 ,it was bounded on the east by the ,syrian desert1 and on the west by the ,dead ,sea and the lower end of the ,jordan4 ,its northern line began at ,beth-jeshimoth1 and extended northeasterly to near ,rabbath ,ammon4 ,its territory consisted of a low region by the sea and the river1 a precipitous mountain range1 and a rolling plateau eastward1 well adapted for pasture4 ,among its prominent localities were3 ,heshbon1 the capital of the ,amorite king1 ,sihon2 ,dibon1 where recently the ,moabite stone was discovered2 ,mount ,nebo1 where ,moses died2 ,bezer1 a city of refuge2 ,aroer1 ,ataroth1 ,medeba1 ,kiriathaim1 and ,kedemoth4 ,,ii4 ,the ,tribe of ,gad 7,num4 #cb3cd-cf2 ,josh4 #ac3bd-bh7 was located north of ,reuben4 ,its boundary on the west was the river ,jordan1 from the ,sea of ,chinnereth 7,galilee7 almost to its mouth4 ,its eastern border was the desert1 from ,rabbath ,ammon to ,mahanaim1 from which point its line ran northwest to the ,sea of ,chinnereth4 ,like the land of ,reuben1 its territory embraced portions of the ,jordan ,valley2 the eastern mountains1 divided by the torrent ,jabbok2 and the table-land1 a rich and well-watered district4 ,the part in the ,jordan ,valley was1 however1 never possessed by the ,israelites1 but remained in the hands of the native ,canaanites4 ,in the valley1 its cities were ,beth-nimrah and ,succoth4 ,among the mountains the places were3 ,jazer1 near the border of ,reuben2 ,ramoth-gilead1 a famous fortress1 often the scene of war2 ,penuel1 the place of ,jacob's wrestling with the angel 7,gen4 #cb3bd-cb72 ,jabesh-gilead1 whose warriors rescued the bodies of ,saul and ,jonathan 7#a ,sam4 #ca3aa-ac72 ,mahanaim1 a place of refuge both for the son of ,saul1 and afterward for ,david 7#b ,sam4 #b3h2 #b ,sam4 #ag3bd72 and ,gadara1 a foreign city1 on the northern frontier4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,manasseh1 7,east7 #b1eij ,sq4 ,m4 7,partly ,desert7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,judah1 #a1djj ,sq4 ,m4 7,exclusive of ,philistia and ,desert by ,dead ,sea7 ------------------------------- ,gad1 #a1cjj ,sq4 ,miles4 ---------------------------- ,simeon1 #a1jjj ,sq4 ,m4 7,partly ,desert7 -------------------- ,manasseh1 7,west7 #hjj ,sq4 ,m4 ----------------- ,naphtali1 #hjj ,sq4 ,m4 ----------------- ,reuben1 #gjj ,sq4 ,m4 -------------- ,ephraim1 #fjj ,sq4 ,m4 ,,comparative ,,size ------------ ,dan1 #ejj ,sq4 ,m4 ,,of ---------- ,issachar1 #djj ,sq4 ,m4 ,,territory ,,of ,,the ,,tribes4 ------ ,zebulon1 #cjj ,sq4 ,m4 --- ,asher1 #cjj ,sq4 ,m4 --- ,benjamin1 #cjj ,sq4 ,m4 --- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,iii4 ,the ,half ,tribe of ,manasseh1 ,east 7,num4 #cb3ci-db2 ,josh4 #ac3bi-ca71 occupied the northern portion of ,eastern ,palestine1 generally known in the ,old ,testament as ,bashan1 larger than the portion assigned to any one tribe4 ,it extended from ,mahanaim northward to ,mount ,hermon1 and from the river ,jordan and its two northern lakes eastward to the desert4 ,though some of this land is a desert1 yet most of it is fertile1 and even now it is called the granary of ,palestine4 ,it consists of undulating plains between two masses of mountains2 the one on the east1 now known as el ,ledja1 and the other on the side of the ,jordan ,valley4 ,on its western hills were ,aphek1 and ,golan1 a city of refuge2 near its centre were ,ashtaroth1 the former capital of ,og1 who reigned over ,bashan before the conquest1 and ,edrei4 ,kenath1 taken by ,nobah1 was at the foot of el ,ledja1 east of the line of the map4 ,its people never conquered the ,geshurites on the east1 and were separated from their brethren by the ,canaanites in the ,jordan ,valley 7see map on page #ej71 so that they were not closely identified with the history of ,israel1 and were the first to be carried away captive4 7#b ,kings #aj3cb1 #cc47 ,,iv4 ,the ,tribe of ,simeon 7,josh4 #ai3a-i7 received a portion of the land previously given to ,judah4 ,its location was on the extreme south1 and its boundaries were indeterminate1 being indicated only by the list of eighteen towns belonging to it4 ,it was the strip of grazing land between the mountains and the desert of the wandering1 where ,abraham and ,isaac spent most of their lives4 ,its most important place was the historic ,beersheba2 but it included also ,gerar1 on the ,philistine border2 ,arad1 whose king twice resisted the ,israelites' progress during the wandering2 ,hormah1 in the ,south ,country2 and ,ziklag1 at one time the home of ,david4 ,nothing is known of this tribe's history4 ,from its frontier position it probably lost its individuality1 a part of its people becoming merged with the wandering races of the desert1 and a part with its more powerful neighbor1 ,judah4 ,most of its cities were held by the ,philistines until the reign of ,david4 ,v4 ,the ,tribe of ,judah 7,josh4 #ae3a-fc7 occupied the most valuable portion of the land1 and for three centuries was the rival of ,ephraim in the leadership of the nation4 ,its boundary line on the north is described with great minuteness1 but was changed after the building of the ,temple to include a part of the city of ,jerusalem4 ,it ran from the northern end of the ,dead ,sea1 south of ,jerusalem1 in a direction generally east1 though with many turnings1 from the ,jordan to the ,mediterranean4 ,the region embraced five sections4 #a4 ,the ,philistine plain1 by the sea1 never conquered4 #b4 ,the ,shefelah1 or low hills1 a boundary disputed with the ,philistines4 #c4 ,the hill country1 the home of the tribe4 #d4 ,the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country1 extending from ,hebron southward4 #e4 ,the wild1 uninhabitable ,jeshimon1 called in later history the wilderness of ,juda1 on the western shore of the ,dead ,sea4 ,omitting the ,philistine cities by the ,mediterranean1 its most important cities were3 ,hebron1 the inheritance of ,caleb2 ,debir1 the conquest of ,othniel2 ,bethlehem1 the birthplace of ,david1 and1 in after ages1 of his greater ,son2 ,maon1 ,carmel2 ,en-gedi1 a haunt of ,david during his exile2 ,lachish and ,libnah1 on the ,shefelah2 and ,kirjath-jearim1 at one time the abode of the ark4 ,,vi4 ,the ,tribe of ,benjamin 7,josh4 #ah3aa-bh7 was located between ,judah and ,ephraim1 having the ,jordan on the east1 and ,dan on the west4 ,it was a small country1 #be miles long by #ab wide1 yet rich in natural advantages2 and many events of ,bible history took place within its borders4 ,it included #bf cities1 of which the most important were3 ,gilgal1 the military capital during the conquest2 ,jericho1 the first town taken on the west of the ,jordan2 ,jerusalem1 long held by the ,jebusites1 but from the time of ,david the capital of the country2 ,bethel1 connected with many events2 ,ramah1 the home of ,samuel2 ,gibeah1 the residence of ,king ,saul2 ,michmash1 ,gibeon and ,mizpeh1 the places of famous battles4 ,no portion of the land contains more of ,jewish history than ,benjamin1 the smallest of all the tribes of ,israel4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,population ,,of ,,the ,,twelve ,,tribes ,,at ,,the ,,entrance ,,into ,,canaan4 ,judah1 #cjf1jjj4 ,dan1 #beg1fjj4 ,issachar1 #beg1bjj4 ,zebulon1 #bdb1jjj4 ,asher1 #bac1fjj4 ,manasseh1 #baj1hjj4 ,benjamin1 #ahb1djj4 ,naphtali1 #aha1fjj4 ,reuben1 #agd1ibj4 ,gad1 #afb1jjj4 ,ephraim1 #acj1jjj4 ,simeon1 #hh1hjj4 ,levi1 #df1jjj4 ,,vii4 ,the ,tribe of ,dan 7,josh4 #ai3dj-dh2 ,judges #ah7 was situated between ,benjamin and the sea1 and1 though apparently large1 was in reality very small1 since nearly all its territory was held by the original inhabitants1 the ,canaanites4 ,its southernmost town was ,timnath1 a small village not on the map1 but two miles west of ,beth-shemesh2 its northern limit was a brook just north of ,joppa4 ,the original inhabitants proved too strong for the ,danites1 who were compelled to maintain a sort of fortified camp in and between the villages of ,zorah and ,eshtaol1 called the camp of ,dan4 7,judges #ac3be47 ,a part of the tribe migrated northward1 as related in the interesting account in ,judges #ag1 #ah2 and1 by a surprise1 seized the ,phoenician village of ,laish1 or ,leshem1 in the far north of ,palestine1 changed its name to ,dan1 and made it a new rallying centre for the tribe4 ,this place1 with ,beersheba on the south1 was named1 in the expression from ,dan to ,beersheba1 as one of the limits of the land4 ,it remained for centuries the place of an idolatrous worship1 perpetuated under all the changes of government1 down to the final captivity of the land4 ,,viii4 ,the ,tribe of ,ephraim 7,josh4 #af7 was located on the north of ,benjamin and ,dan1 and extended from the ,jordan to the ,mediterranean1 in the centre of the country4 ,but inasmuch as the ,canaanites were able to resist the power of the ,ephraimites on both sides of the mountain1 toward the river ,jordan and toward the sea1 the haughty tribe deemed its possession too small for its needs1 and asked a larger space of ,joshua4 ,they were answered in a half-jesting1 half-rebuking manner by the leader1 and urged to drive out the enemy and make for themselves more room1 a counsel which they followed only in part4 7,josh4 #ag3ad-ah2 ,judges #a3bb-bf47 ,the principal places in ,mount ,ephraim 7as the district of this tribe was generally called7 were3 ,shechem1 between the twin mountains of ,ebal and ,gerizim2 ,shiloh1 the place of the ark1 and the religious centre of the land2 ,beth-horon1 the field where the decisive victory of the conquest was won2 ,timnath1 the burial place of ,joshua2 and ,samaria1 built during the kingdom as the capital of the ,ten ,tribes4 ,,ix4 ,the ,half ,tribe of ,manasseh1 ,west 7,josh4 #ag71 was located north of ,ephraim1 and extended from the ,jordan to the ,mediterranean4 ,its boundary followed the northern slope of ,mount ,carmel1 except by the sea1 where the mountain was given to ,asher4 ,the lowlands on the ,jordan1 the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 and the ,mediterranean1 were held by the ,canaanites1 in the cities of ,dor1 ,megiddo1 ,taanach and ,beth-shean1 a chain of fortresses which gave control of the larger portion of the province1 so that the ,manassites were restricted to the mountains1 where they occupied ,geba1 ,dothan and ,jarmuth4 ,x4 ,the ,tribe of ,issachar 7,josh4 #ai3ag-bc7 was allotted the ,plain of ,esdraelon 7which it was never able to possess71 and the mountains of ,tabor and ,little ,hermon 7,hill of ,moreh71 extending to the ,jordan south of the ,sea of ,chinnereth 7,galilee74 ,both the plain and the ,jordan ,valley were held by the ,canaanites1 but the tribe occupied the mountains4 ,its cities were ,en-gannim1 ,shunem1 ,haphraim1 ,daberath1 and ,beth-shemesh4 ,the towns of ,cana1 ,nain and ,nazareth1 in ,new ,testament history1 were located in this tribe4 ,,xi4 ,the ,tribe of ,asher 7,josh4 #ai3bd-ca7 lay along the sea-coast1 and extended from ,mount ,carmel to ,zidon4 ,nearly all its cities were controlled by the ,canaanites and ,phoenicians1 and the people soon entered into friendly relations with them1 and lost their power4 ,a part of the tribe1 however1 occupied the mountain range1 and retained their relationship with the rest of the ,israelites4 ,,xii4 ,the ,tribe of ,zebulon 7,josh4 #ai3aj-af7 occupied a triangle between ,mount ,carmel1 the ,sea of ,chinnereth 7afterward the ,sea of ,galilee71 and the village of ,aijalon2 having as its base the mountain border north of the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 and its western line the mountain chain following the ,mediterranean4 ,as this belonged to the mountain region1 it was controlled mainly by the ,israelites1 though the ,canaanites held two towns1 ,kitron and ,nahalol4 7,judges #a3cj47 ,its principal places were3 ,gath-hepher1 the home of the prophet ,jonah2 ,bethlehem 7to be distinguished from the town of the same name in ,judah72 and1 in later times1 most of the cities of ,galilee visited by our ,lord4 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,among ,,the ,,tribes4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,tribe of ,naphtali 7,josh4 #ai3cb-ci7 was the farthest to the north in all ,israel4 ,it occupied a section running north and south1 between the ,jordan and the ,sea of ,chinnereth on one side1 and the ,phoenician border on the other4 ,its central city was ,kedesh1 a city of refuge4 ,other towns were ,hazor1 ,abel-beth-maachah1 ,beth-rehob 7the extreme point visited by the spies1 ,num4 #ac3ba7 and ,beth-shemesh4 ,dan 7see on ,tribe of ,dan7 was also in the limits of this tribe4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,tribe of ,levi was the priestly caste1 and received no separate province in the land1 but was allotted certain cities throughout the tribes4 ,these cities were given up to the ,levites1 either wholly or in part2 though it is evident that they were not the only places occupied by the priests1 and that others besides the ,levites dwelt in them4 ,these ,levitical cities were divided into two classes3 those for the priests proper1 or descendants of ,aaron1 thirteen in number1 and all in the tribes of ,judah1 ,simeon and ,benjamin 7a remarkable arrangement1 since the altar and the ,tabernacle were in the tribe of ,ephraim72 and those for the ,levites1 or subordinate priests1 thirty-five in number1 divided among the other tribes4 ,thus there were in all forty-eight ,levitical cities4 ,these were so arranged that in each tribe four cities were assigned to the priests1 except in ,judah 7which had more71 and ,simeon and ,naphtali1 the frontier tribes1 which had less4 ,as far as they have been identified and located1 they are indicated upon the map3 the priests' cities by the tiara1 or head-dress1 worn by the priests2 the ,levites' cities by a trumpet1 as they formed the choral bands in the worship of the ,temple4 ,six of these cities were assigned as cities of refuge for the innocent man-slayer4 7,josh4 #bj47 ,three cities were chosen on each side of the ,jordan2 in the south1 the centre and the north of the land4 ,these were3 ,bezer1 in ,reuben2 ,ramoth-gilead1 in ,gad2 ,golan1 in ,manasseh1 ,east2 ,hebron1 in ,judah2 ,shechem1 in ,ephraim2 and ,kedesh1 in ,naphtali4 ,each of these is indicated on the map by a tower4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,teaching4 ,draw a rough map of ,palestine1 omitting mountains and all other lines except the river and the seas4 ,do not attempt to make it accurate4 ,in presence of the class1 draw the boundary lines of the tribes1 not attempting an accurate copy1 but roughly indicating them4 ,with each tribe indicate the most important places by their initial letters4 ,review all the places before beginning another tribe1 and occasionally go back to the beginning and review all the work done4 ,let the class1 on slate or paper1 also draw the map1 and locate the places4 ,at the close1 call upon the scholars to give the location and name the places of the tribes4 ,,review4 ,i4 ,reuben4 ,heshbon1 ,dibon1 ,mount ,nebo1 ,bezer1 ,aroer1 ,ataroth1 ,medeba1 ,kiriathaim1 ,kedemoth4 ,,ii4 ,gad4 ,beth-nimrah1 ,succoth1 ,jazer1 ,ramoth-gilead1 ,penuel1 ,jabesh-gilead1 ,mahanaim1 ,gadara4 ,,iii4 ,manasseh1 ,east4 ,aphek1 ,golan1 ,ashtaroth1 ,edrei1 ,kenath4 ,,iv4 ,simeon4 ,beersheba1 ,gerar1 ,arad1 ,hormah1 ,ziklag4 ,v4 ,judah 7#e sections74 ,hebron1 ,debir1 ,bethlehem1 ,maon1 ,carmel1 ,en-gedi1 ,lachish1 ,libnah1 ,kirjath-jearim4 ,,vi4 ,benjamin4 ,gilgal1 ,jericho1 ,jerusalem1 ,bethel1 ,ramah1 ,gibeah1 ,michmash1 ,gibeon1 ,mizpeh4 ,,vii4 ,dan4 ,zorah1 ,eshtaol1 ,dan4 ,,viii4 ,ephraim4 ,shechem1 ,shiloh1 ,beth-horon1 ,timnath1 ,samaria4 ,,ix4 ,manasseh1 ,west4 ,dor1 ,megiddo1 ,taanach1 ,beth-shean1 ,geba1 ,dothan1 ,jarmuth4 ,x4 ,issachar4 ,en-gannim1 ,shunem1 ,haphraim1 ,daberath1 ,beth-shemesh1 ,cana1 ,nain1 ,nazareth 7in ,new ,testament ,history74 ,,xi4 ,asher4 ,,xii4 ,zebulon4 ,gath-hepher1 ,bethlehem4 ,,xiii4 ,naphtali4 ,kedesh1 ,hazor1 ,abel-beth-maachah1 ,beth-rehob1 ,beth-shemesh4 ,,xiv4 ,levi4 ,forty-eight ,levitical cities in all4 ,six of these were cities of refuge1 as follows3 ,bezer1 ,ramoth-gilead1 ,golan1 ,hebron1 ,shechem1 ,kedesh4 ,illustration3 ,,round ,,about ,,jerusalem4 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,under ,,the ,,judges4 ,,the ,,plain ,,of ,,esdraelon4 ,,palestine ,,under ,,the ,,judges4 ,,the map on page #fj is intended to illustrate the history of ,palestine from the division of the land 7about #aagj ,b4,c47 to the accession of ,david 7,b4,c4 #ajaj47 ,this period may be noticed under three topics4 #a4 ,the movements among the tribes supplementary to the conquest4 #b4 ,the oppressions and the ,judges4 #c4 ,the reign of the first king1 ,saul4 7,see ,the ,kingdom of ,saul1 page #fd47 ,i4 ,,supplementary ,,to ,,the ,,conquest4 #a4 ,the ,conquests of ,judah and ,simeon4 7,judges #a47 ,these were made by the two southern tribes in alliance1 and were accompanied by decisive victories at ,bezek1 ,hebron1 ,debir1 and ,zephath 7afterward known as ,hormah1 destruction74 ,these places are marked with flags upon the map4 ,jerusalem1 ,gaza1 ,ashkelon1 and ,ekron were also attacked and taken2 but the conquest was not permanent1 since these places were soon reoccupied by the native races4 #b4 ,the ,danite ,migration1 related in ,judges #ag1 #ah1 took place about the same time4 ,the tribe of ,dan was crowded by the ,philistines into two towns1 ,zorah and ,eshtaol4 ,a part of the warriors went upon an expedition northward1 and finding ,laish1 at one of the sources of the ,jordan1 undefended1 slew its ,zidonian inhabitants1 and made it their home and a sanctuary of idols1 under a new name1 ,dan4 ,this formed the northern outpost of the land of ,israel4 #c4 ,the ,civil ,war4 7,judges #ai-ba47 ,this was caused by a crime among the people of one city1 ,gibeah1 whose part was taken by the entire tribe1 according to the ,oriental view of honor among members of a clan4 ,it led to a war between ,benjamin and the rest of the tribes1 at the end of which1 by the battle of ,gibeah1 the one tribe was almost annihilated4 ,illustration3 ,,mount ,,tabor4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,oppressions ,,and ,,the ,,judges4 ,from the times of ,joshua to those of ,saul1 the ,israelites were ruled by men raised up to meet the needs of the hour1 not by succession or appointment1 but by personal character and influence4 ,most of them ruled over a limited region1 and more than one doubtless was in authority at the same time1 in different parts of the land4 ,they were called forth by a series of oppressions1 which were sometimes invasions by foreign tribes1 and sometimes the uprising of the native peoples against their ,israelite conquerors1 reversing the relation for a time4 ,the judges were1 in most instances1 men who led the ,israelites in throwing off the yoke of these foreign races4 ,the oppressions are generally reckoned as seven1 though the third was rather an invasion than an oppression2 and the judges1 as fifteen in number1 though several were not judges1 in the strict sense of the word4 #a4 ,the ,mesopotamian ,oppression 7,judges #c3a-aa7 was the first1 occurring soon after the death of ,joshua4 ,it resulted from the conquests of a king named ,chushan-rishathaim1 who reigned in ,mesopotamia4 ,from the two facts1 that at this period the kings of ,edom had ,aramean names 7,gen4 #cf71 and that the deliverer of ,israel was ,othniel1 of the tribe of ,judah1 the first judge1 it has been concluded that the region of this oppression was the territory of that tribe1 in the southern portion of ,palestine4 #b4 ,the ,moabite ,oppression4 7,judges #c3ab-cj47 ,the ,moabites lived south of the torrent ,arnon1 on the east of the ,dead ,sea4 ,in alliance with the wandering ,ammonites1 further eastward1 and the ,amalekites of the desert1 under their king1 ,eglon1 they took possession of ,jericho 7which stood as an unwalled town71 and made it the centre of rule over the central portion of the land1 chiefly ,benjamin and ,judah4 ,ehud1 the second judge1 assassinated ,eglon1 and then called upon his countrymen to assemble at ,mount ,ephraim4 ,a decisive battle was fought at the ,fords of ,moab 7where the ,israelites had crossed the ,jordan on their first entrance to the land71 resulting in the defeat of the ,moabites and the freedom of ,israel4 #c4 ,the ,early ,philistine ,oppression 7,judges #c3ca7 was perhaps no more than a raid of these people upon the mountain region of ,judah4 ,it was repelled by ,shamgar1 the third judge1 whose army of farmers1 hastily gathered1 had no other weapons than their formidable ox-goads4 ,the precise place of the victory is unknown1 but it was on the frontier between ,judah and ,philistia4 #d4 ,the ,canaanite ,oppression 7,judges #d1 #e7 was an uprising of the native people against the ,israelite conquerors4 ,they changed the relations of the two races1 by becoming the dominant people in all the region north of the ,carmel range of mountains4 ,their capital was at ,hazor1 and their chief military post at ,harosheth1 near the ,plain of ,esdraelon4 ,a woman1 ,deborah1 living between ,ramah and ,bethel1 was then recognized as the fourth judge4 ,she called upon ,barak1 of ,naphtali1 who aided her in gathering a little army1 chiefly from the tribes of ,issachar1 ,zebulon and ,naphtali4 ,they met at ,mount ,tabor1 from which they poured down upon the ,canaanites1 who were encamped upon the plain4 ,in the rout that followed1 the ,israelites were aided by a sudden storm1 and a rise in the torrent ,kishon1 which swept away many of their enemies4 ,the power of the ,canaanites was broken1 and thenceforward the race made no attempt to regain its independence4 #e4 ,the ,midianite ,oppression 7,judges #f-h7 was the most severe1 thus far1 in the history of the judges4 ,the ,midianites1 a migratory tribe on the east of ,palestine1 joined with the ,amalekite ,bedouins in an invasion which overran all the central portion of the land1 plundering the inhabitants1 and destroying the fruits of the field4 ,so low were the ,israelites reduced1 that they were compelled to hide their crops1 and themselves also1 in the caves of the mountains4 ,the deliverer of ,israel at this period was ,gideon1 the fifth judge4 ,at ,god's call he summoned his countrymen1 and gathered an army on ,mount ,gilboa1 while their enemies were encamped at the foot of the ,hill ,moreh 7,little ,hermon71 an innumerable host4 ,with three hundred chosen men ,gideon made a night attack upon the ,midianite host4 ,they were defeated1 and fled down the ravine to the ,jordan ,valley1 past ,beth-shean1 ,abel-meholah and ,tabbath4 ,beth-barah1 where they were intercepted by the men of ,ephraim1 was not the same with the ,bethabara of the ,new ,testament1 but probably in the ,jordan ,valley1 north of the ,jabbok4 ,at ,succoth1 near the junction of the ,jabbok and the ,jordan1 and at ,penuel1 in the valley of the ,jabbok1 the pursuing ,israelites under ,gideon were inhospitably treated by the inhabitants1 but avenged themselves on their return4 ,the remains of the routed ,midianite army were found by ,gideon at ,karkor1 a place not precisely known4 ,he made a circuit1 attacked them on the east1 and utterly destroyed them4 ,after this victory ,gideon bore rule over ,israel from his home in ,ophrah1 until his death4 ,after the death of ,gideon arose his son ,abimelech1 the sixth judge1 the bramble king1 who reigned over a small district around ,shechem4 7,judges #i47 ,he was not one of the divinely chosen deliverers1 and strictly should not be reckoned in the list of judges4 ,he was slain ignobly at ,thebez1 north of ,shechem4 ,the seventh judge was ,tola1 who ruled from ,shamir1 in ,mount ,ephraim4 7,judges #aj3a1 #b47 ,the eighth was ,jair1 whose home was at ,camon1 in ,mount ,gilead1 east of the ,jordan4 7,judges #aj3c-e47 #f4 ,the ,ammonite ,oppression 7,judges #aj3f-ah2 #aa3a-dj7 was perhaps contemporaneous with the early part of the one named after it1 the ,philistine4 ,it embraced the land of the tribes on the east of the ,jordan1 and lasted eighteen years4 ,the ,israelites rallied at ,mizpeh of ,gilead 7the place where ,jacob and ,laban made their covenant1 ,gen4 #ca3di71 and called to the command ,jephthah1 the ninth judge1 who was living as a freebooter in the land of ,tob1 north of ,gilead4 ,he marched against the ,ammonites1 and fought them at ,aroer1 on the border of the torrent ,arnon4 ,he drove them in flight northward1 and wasted their territory as far as ,minnith1 near ,heshbon4 ,on his return took place the fulfillment of his vow upon his daughter 7,judges #aa3dj72 and a civil strife with the haughty tribe of ,ephraim 7,judges #ab3a-f71 which attacked ,gilead1 but was beaten and put to flight4 ,at the fords of ,jordan many thousand ,ephraimites were slain in attempting to cross4 ,probably this was the same place referred to already as ,beth-barah4 7,judges #g3bd47 ,after ,jephthah1 the tenth judge was ,ibzan of ,bethlehem1 north of ,mount ,carmel2 the eleventh1 ,elon of ,aijalon1 in the tribe of ,zebulon2 the twelfth1 ,abdon of ,pirathon1 in ,ephraim4 7,judges #ab3h-ae47 #g4 ,the ,philistine ,oppression 7,judges #ac-af7 began about the same time with the ,ammonite1 but lasted far longer4 ,during all the judgeships of ,eli1 the thirteenth judge1 of ,samson the fourteenth1 of ,samuel the fifteenth and last1 and the forty years of ,saul's reign1 ,israel remained more or less under ,philistine domination4 ,in the reign of ,saul we read of ,philistine garrisons throughout the land1 as at ,bethel 7#a ,sam4 #aj3c-e7 and at ,geba 7#a ,sam4 #ac3c71 and not until all ,israel was consolidated under the strong sceptre of ,david1 was the ,philistine yoke entirely thrown off4 ,eli1 the thirteenth judge1 was also high-priest1 and ruled from ,shiloh1 the place of the ark4 ,the history relates only the events at the close of his judgeship1 when1 by the loss of the ark at ,ebenezer1 and the death of ,eli1 on the same day1 the ,israelites were reduced to the lowest condition of trouble4 ,the exploits of ,samson were all personal1 and in a narrow district4 ,he led no army1 but wrought brave deeds singlehanded1 in the camp of ,dan and the country of the ,philistines4 ,had he added the administrative powers of a ,samuel to his courage and strength1 the triumphs of ,david would have been anticipated by a century4 ,he was born at ,zorah1 in the tribe of ,dan 7,judges #ac3b71 and won victories at ,timnath 7,judges #ae3a-h72 at ,lehi 7the jaw1 from the weapon used71 a place whose precise location is uncertain 7,judges #ae3i-bj72 and in his death1 at ,gaza4 7,judges #af47 ,samuel1 the fifteenth judge1 was born at ,ramah 7also called ,ramathaim-zophim7 7#a ,sam4 #a3a71 and ruled from the same place during his period of government1 from the loss of the ark to the ,anointing of ,saul4 ,the great event of his rule was the victory at ,ebenezer 7#a ,sam4 #g71 which gave a name to the place of the former defeat4 ,other places connected with this period are ,kirjath-jearim1 where the ark was long kept2 ,mizpeh1 the place where the active rule of ,samuel both began and ended2 ,bethel and ,gilgal1 where also he exercised the functions of judge2 and ,beersheba1 in the south of ,judah1 where his sons ruled for a time as deputies in his name4 ,upon the map the names of the towns which remained during this period under the control of the native races1 are printed in red4 ,some of these were ,philistine1 others ,canaanite4 ,those on the maritime plain1 west of ,judah and ,benjamin1 were mainly ,philistine1 as ,gaza1 ,ashkelon1 ,ashdod1 ,ekron and ,gath4 ,those in the interior1 as ,aijalon and ,jebus2 around the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 as ,harosheth1 ,megiddo1 ,taanach and ,hadad-rimmon2 and in the ,jordan ,valley1 as ,beth-shean and ,jericho1 were under the control of the ,canaanite races4 ,we give the names of the fifteen judges1 and their various centers of authority1 as indicated in the books of ,judges and ,first ,samuel4 ,some of the locations are uncertain2 but the places cannot be far from those assigned upon the map4 ,the names and locations are3 #a4 ,othniel1 tribe of ,judah4 #b4 ,ehud1 tribe of ,benjamin4 #c4 ,shamgar1 tribe of ,judah4 #d4 ,deborah1 between ,ramah and ,bethel1 in ,ephraim4 #e4 ,gideon1 ,ophrah1 in ,manasseh1 ,west4 #f4 ,abimelech1 the bramble king1 at ,shechem1 in ,ephraim4 #g4 ,tola1 in ,shamir1 of ,manasseh1 ,east4 #h4 ,jair1 in ,manasseh1 ,east4 #i4 ,jephthah1 in the tribe of ,gad4 #aj4 ,ibzan1 in ,bethlehem1 north of ,mount ,carmel4 #aa4 ,elon1 at ,aijalon1 of ,zebulon4 #ab4 ,abdon1 at ,pirathon1 in ,ephraim4 #ac4 ,eli1 at ,shiloh1 in ,ephraim4 #ad4 ,samson1 at ,zorah1 in ,dan4 #ae4 ,samuel1 at ,ramah1 in ,benjamin4 ,the battles of this period are indicated upon the map by flags1 and are as follows3 #a4 ,bezek4 #b4 ,hebron4 #c4 ,debir4 #d4 ,zephath4 ,all these in the campaign of ,judah and ,simeon4 7,judges #a47 #e4 ,laish 7,dan71 in the north1 the ,danite conquest4 7,judges #ah47 #f4 ,gibeah1 the extermination of ,benjamin4 7,judges #bj47 #g4 ,fords of ,moab1 ,ehud's victory over the ,moabites4 7,judges #c47 #h4 ,mount ,tabor1 ,deborah's victory over the ,canaanites4 7,judges #d47 #i4 ,the ,hill ,moreh 7,little ,hermon71 ,gideon's victory over the ,midianites4 7,judges #g47 #aj4 ,karkor1 the capture of the chiefs of ,midian4 7,judges #h47 #aa4 ,shechem1 ,abimelech's conquest4 7,judges #i47 #ab4 ,thebez1 ,abimelech's death4 7,judges #i47 #ac4 ,aroer1 ,jephthah's victory over the ,ammonites4 7,judges #aa47 #ad4 ,beth-barah1 ,jephthah's victory over ,ephraim4 7,judges #ab47 #ae4 ,timnath4 #af4 ,lehi4 #ag4 ,gaza1 ,samson's three slaughters of the ,philistines4 7,judges #ad-af47 #ah4 ,ebenezer1 the loss of the ark4 7#a ,sam4 #d47 #ai4 ,ebenezer1 the victory of ,samuel4 7#a ,sam4 #g47 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,,supplementary ,,to ,,conquest4 #a4 ,judah and ,simeon4 ,bezek1 ,hebron1 ,debir1 ,zephath4 #b4 ,danite ,migration4 ,zorah1 ,eshtaol2 ,laish 7,dan74 #c4 ,civil ,war4 ,benjamin1 ,gibeah4 ,,ii4 ,,oppressions ,,and ,,judges4 #a4 ,mesopotamian4 7,south47 ,othniel1 #ast ,judge4 #b4 ,moabite4 7,central47 ,jericho4 ,ehud1 #b;d ,judge2 ,fords of ,moab4 #c4 ,early ,philistine4 7,south47 ,shamgar1 #c;d ,judge4 #d4 ,canaanite4 7,north47 ,hazor1 ,harosheth4 ,mount ,tabor2 ,deborah1 #dth ,judge1 ,ramah4 #e4 ,midianite4 7,central and ,north47 ,hill ,moreh1 ,karkor2 ,gideon1 #eth ,judge1 ,ophrah4 ,abimelech1 #fth ,judge2 ,shechem1 ,thebez4 ,tola1 #gth ,judge1 ,shamir4 ,jair1 #hth ,judge1 ,camon4 #f4 ,ammonite4 7,east47 ,aroer2 ,jephthah1 #ith ,judge2 ,fords of ,jordan4 ,ibzan1 #ajth ,judge1 ,bethlehem4 ,elon1 #aath ,judge1 ,aijalon4 ,abdon1 #abth ,judge1 ,pirathon4 #g4 ,philistine4 7,south and ,central47 ,eli1 #acth ,judge1 ,shiloh2 ,ebenezer4 ,samson1 #adth ,judge2 ,timnath1 ,lehi1 ,gaza4 ,samuel1 #aeth ,judge1 ,ramah2 ,ebenezer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,battles of the ,period4 #a4 ,bezek4 #b4 ,hebron4 #c4 ,debir4 #d4 ,zephath4 #e4 ,laish 7,dan74 #f4 ,gibeah4 #g4 ,fords of ,moab4 #h4 ,mount ,tabor4 #i4 ,hill ,moreh4 #aj4 ,karkor4 #aa4 ,shechem4 #ab4 ,thebez4 #ac4 ,aroer4 #ad4 ,fords of ,jordan 7,beth-barah874 #ae4 ,timnath4 #af4 ,lehi4 #ag4 ,gaza4 #ah1 #ai4 ,ebenezer4 ,illustration3 ,,kingdom ,,of ,,saul4 ,saul's ,last ,battle4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,saul4 ,,during the last century of the ,judges1 there was a growing tendency toward a more settled form of government2 and the wise rule of ,samuel inspired a still stronger desire for a better organization of the state4 ,the rival tribes of ,ephraim and ,judah were conciliated by the choice of a king from the weak tribe of ,benjamin1 equally dependent upon both2 and ,saul1 an obscure farmer of ,gibeah1 was called to the throne4 ,the events of his reign are here related only so far as is necessary to present the localities referred to1 which may be grouped under the following heads3 #a4 ,his ,appointment4 #b4 ,his ,wars4 #c4 ,his ,pursuit of ,david4 #d4 ,his ,death4 ,i4 ,saul's ,appointment as ,king4 7#a ,sam4 #i-ab47 ,this is connected with four places4 ,ramah1 the residence of ,samuel 7probably ,neby ,samwil1 #c-a_/b miles nearly north of ,jerusalem71 where ,saul was privately crowned2 ,mizpeh1 an unknown place1 near by1 and also north of ,jerusalem1 where he was introduced to the people as king2 ,gibeah 7,tuleil el ,ful1 #d miles north of ,jerusalem71 his home and capital2 and ,gilgal1 in the ,jordan ,valley1 where he was formally recognized as king1 after his victory at ,jabesh-gilead4 ,the places named in the account of ,saul's search for his father's stray asses1 which led him to ,samuel1 are not known with certainty2 but ,shalisha may be ,sirisia1 #ac miles north of ,lydda1 and ,zuph may be another name for ,zophim1 or ,ramah1 of which the name in full was ,ramathaim-zophim4 ,,ii4 ,the ,wars of ,saul4 7#a ,sam4 #aa-ah47 ,these were as follows3 #a4 ,the ,ammonite ,war4 7#a ,sam4 #aa47 ,the ,ammonites were a roving1 predatory1 cruel people1 ancient enemies of ,israel1 living east of the ,moabites4 ,under their king1 ,nahash1 they invaded the territory east of the ,jordan1 and besieged ,jabesh-gilead 7ed ,deir74 ,word came to ,saul1 who instantly summoned the warriors of ,israel4 ,they met at ,bezek 7not the same with the ,bezek of ,judges #a3d1 but probably the ruin ,ibzik1 a little north of ,tirzah71 marched against the ,ammonites1 and1 under ,saul's vigorous leadership1 utterly discomfited them4 ,the relief of ,jabesh-gilead1 ,saul's first victory1 greatly strengthened his authority as king1 over the tribes4 #b4 ,the ,first ,philistine ,war4 7#a ,sam4 #ac1 #ad47 ,at the time of ,saul's accession1 the ,philistine outposts held ,geba1 ,bethel1 and other places in the mountain region4 ,saul undertook to free the land1 and summoned the ,israelites1 who came tremblingly1 being thoroughly cowed under their oppressors4 ,saul's son ,jonathan struck the first blow1 by attacking the ,philistines at ,geba 7,jeba71 near ,gibeah1 ,saul's capital2 and soon followed it up by a great victory at ,michmash1 across the valley from ,geba4 ,the ,israelites now gained courage1 and pursued the ,philistines1 even to their own borders4 ,nevertheless1 the ,philistines continued to hold their fortresses in ,israel through all the reign of ,saul1 and wars were constant between the two races4 ,three other wars of ,saul are named in a single verse 7#a ,sam4 #ad3dg71 without mention of particular events4 ,these are as follows3 #c4 ,the ,moabite ,war4 ,these people lived south of the brook ,arnon1 and east of the ,dead ,sea4 ,the war with them may have taken place in connection with the ,ammonite campaign1 already referred to4 ,no battle-fields are named1 so that the places of the war cannot be given4 ,it resulted in the defeat of the ,moabites1 but not in their subjection to ,israel4 #d4 ,the ,edomite ,war perhaps occurred at the same time1 and may have been caused by an alliance of ,edom1 ,moab and ,ammon against ,israel1 as all these tribes lived near each other1 the ,edomites south of the ,dead ,sea4 ,probably after the victory at ,jabesh-gilead1 ,saul pursued the flying ,ammonites1 ravaged their territory1 and then entered the lands of ,moab and of ,edom4 #e4 ,the ,syrian ,war4 ,this was against the kings of ,zobah4 7#a ,sam4 #ad3dg47 ,zobah was situated near ,damascus1 northeast of ,palestine1 and was the head of a kingdom until subjected in the reign of ,david4 ,it is likely that ,saul's campaign was a defensive one1 protecting his border against a ,syrian inroad1 but no places or particulars are named4 #f4 ,the ,amalekite ,war4 7#a ,sam4 #ad3dh2 #ae3a-ce47 ,this marked the turning point in ,saul's career2 for1 though a signal victory1 it was the occasion of his alienation from ,samuel1 the priests and the prophetic order1 and the beginning of his decline4 ,the ,amalekites were wild ,bedouins of the desert1 whose presence made the southern border unsafe1 and against whom an ancient ban had been pronounced4 ,they were to be utterly destroyed1 not merely conquered or despoiled4 ,saul assembled his army at ,telaim1 on the southern border 7probably el ,kuseir1 between ,beersheba and the ,dead ,sea71 and marched into the land of the ,amalekites1 destroyed their principal city1 laid waste their country1 and brought away their king a prisoner4 ,but the command had been1 not to plunder1 but to destroy2 as the safety of ,israel 7and1 we may add1 the salvation of the world through ,israel7 was endangered by these nomad hordes2 and ,saul1 after leading his host with their plunder over the mountains of ,judah1 met ,samuel at ,gilgal1 and received a rebuke for his disobedience1 and the warning of his own rejection as the theocratic king4 #g4 ,the ,second ,philistine ,war4 7#a ,sam4 #ag1 #ah47 ,war was the normal condition between the ,israelites and the ,philistines1 and there were doubtless many battles and campaigns of which no mention is made4 ,but this was notable for the first appearance of ,,david1 the destined king1 who had been privately anointed by ,samuel at ,bethlehem4 ,the ,philistines were encamped at a place called ,ephes-dammim1 or ,shochoh1 and the ,israelites across the ,valley of ,elah1 where between the two hosts ,david met the gigantic ,goliath of ,gath1 and killed him1 in a deed of mingled skill and courage4 ,as a result the ,philistines fled1 and were pursued by ,israel even to the gates of ,ekron and ,gath4 ,david was now brought prominently into notice1 and became one of ,saul's household at ,gibeah1 though soon an object of suspicion by the jealous king4 ,,iii4 ,saul's ,pursuit of ,david 7#a ,sam4 #ai-bh7 is the principal subject of the history during the close of his reign4 ,we have indicated upon the map1 by a red line1 the wanderings of ,david during this period1 as nearly as the localities have been identified1 and have marked each place by a number4 #a4 ,at ,gibeah1 the capital1 ,david was more than once threatened with death1 until at last he fled from ,saul's wrath to ,ramah4 #b4 ,at ,ramah1 ,david was with ,samuel and the sons of the prophets1 in a neighborhood called ,naioth1 pastures1 or dwellings4 ,here ,saul came to slay him1 but was overcome by the ardent worship of the prophetic band1 and1 forgetting his errand1 joined in their devotions1 while ,david escaped once more to ,gibeah4 7#a ,sam4 #ai3ah-bd47 #c4 ,at ,gibeah1 ,david found a place of hiding for a few days1 and then met his friend ,jonathan1 in the farewell interview1 when the arrows were shot as tokens4 7#a ,sam4 #bj47 #d4 ,david's first stopping place1 in his permanent exile1 was at ,nob1 where stood the ,tabernacle4 ,here he received food1 and took the sword of ,goliath1 which he carried as his weapon during his wanderings4 ,this act of hospitality afterward cost the high-priest and many of his order their lives1 at the hand of ,saul4 7#a ,sam4 #ba3a-i2 #bb3f-bc47 ,nob was probably about two miles north of ,jerusalem4 #e4 ,from ,nob1 ,david made his way down the mountains to ,gath1 at that time the head of the ,philistine league4 ,here he was suspected by the ,philistines1 and compelled to escape by a stratagem4 7#a ,sam4 #ba3aj-ae47 #f4 ,he found a hiding place in the ,cave of ,adullam4 ,this was in the ,shefelah1 or low country1 perhaps at ,beit-jibrin1 where immense caverns are found4 ,here a force of men gathered around him1 and his aged parents and brothers joined him1 probably from a well-grounded fear1 that ,saul1 who about this time slaughtered the priests for an act of kindness to ,david1 would not scruple to kill the members of his family4 7#a ,sam4 #bb3a1 #b47 #g4 ,to find a safe refuge for his parents1 ,david left ,judah1 and went into the land of ,moab4 ,here he placed his parents in the care of the king of ,moab1 while ,david and his men took up their abode at ,mizpeh of ,moab1 in a place called the hold4 ,this may have been at ,kerak4 7#a ,sam4 #bb3c-e47 #h4 ,by the advice of the prophet ,gad1 who probably had been one of his companions at ,samuel's school of the prophets1 in ,ramah1 ,david led his little army back to the land of ,judah1 and made his headquarters in the ,forest of ,hareth 7perhaps ,kharas1 in the mountains near ,hebron74 ,here he received news of the massacre of the priests1 and was joined by ,abiathar1 bearing the ephod of the high-priest4 7#a ,sam4 #bb3e1 #bj-bc47 #i4 ,next1 he led his men to ,keilah 7,kilah1 in the mountains northwest of ,hebron71 to repel an attack of the ,philistines4 ,but1 learning that the ungrateful people were about to betray him to ,saul1 he removed in haste to the wilderness between ,hebron and the ,dead ,sea1 called ,jeshimon1 waste4 7#a ,sam4 #bc3a-ac47 #aj4 ,in this wilderness ,david remained for a time1 at ,ziph 7,tell ,zif1 south of ,hebron74 ,here he met his friend ,jonathan for the last time4 ,his followers scattered1 and ,david was alone1 except for the presence of a few faithful companions4 ,the ,ziphites were willing to betray him to ,saul1 and he was again compelled to flee4 7#a ,sam4 #bc3ad-bd47 #aa4 ,his next hiding place was a mountain in the wilderness of ,maon1 #g miles south of ,hebron4 ,here he was again in great danger from ,saul1 but was saved by an opportune foray of the ,philistines1 which called the king and his troops away4 7#a ,sam4 #be3bd-bh47 #ab4 ,from ,ziph he took refuge in the almost inaccessible mountains of ,en-gedi 7,ain-jedy71 overlooking the ,dead ,sea4 ,here ,david showed his generosity in sparing ,saul1 when it was in his power to slay him4 7#a ,sam4 #bd47 #ac4 ,about the time of ,samuel's death1 ,david returned into the south of ,judah1 to the neighborhood of ,maon1 #g miles south of ,hebron4 7,see above1 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa4 ,the likeness of the account in the two visits1 has suggested that but one event may be related in both47 ,here the narrow-minded ,nabal was saved from ,david's wrath by the wisdom and generosity of his wife1 ,abigail1 who1 after ,nabal's death1 became ,david's wife4 7#a ,sam4 #be47 ,about this time1 and while ,david was in or near this locality1 occurred ,david's act of mercy in sparing ,saul's life a second time1 when by moonlight he penetrated to the very centre of ,saul's camp4 7#a ,sam4 #bf47 #ad4 ,despairing of safety in ,saul's realm during his reign1 ,david finally took refuge in ,gath 7,tell es ,safieh71 on the ,shefelah1 the capital of the ,philistines4 ,here he was more kindly received than before 7see ,no4 #e71 as his relations with ,saul were better understood1 and he was able to obtain from ,achish1 the king of ,gath1 the grant of a city as his home4 7#a ,sam4 #bg3a-d47 #ae4 ,the place allotted to ,david1 was ,ziklag1 on the south of ,judah1 which was at that time recognized as a possession of the ,philistines4 ,its location is unknown1 but we have followed ,conder in placing it at ,zuheilikah1 #aa miles south of east from ,gaza4 ,here ,david remained during the closing years of ,saul's reign4 ,he accompanied the ,philistines as far as ,aphek1 in ,mount ,ephraim1 but was sent back1 from a fear lest he might desert to the ,israelites4 ,returning1 he found his home plundered by a roving band of ,amalekites1 pursued them1 rescued his family and possessions1 and also took a great quantity of booty1 which he judiciously used in making presents to the leading people of various places in ,judah1 after the death of ,saul4 7#a ,sam4 #bg1 #bi1 #cj47 ,these places are located upon the map as far as they are known4 #af4 ,from ,ziklag ,david went up into the mountain region at ,hebron1 soon after the death of ,saul4 ,here he was made king1 first of the tribe of ,judah1 and afterward of all ,israel4 7#b ,sam4 #b3a-c47 ,,iv4 ,saul's ,death4 ,this took place ,b4,c4 #ajaj1 when ,saul had reigned #dj years4 ,we have noticed two wars with the ,philistines as prominent in the history of ,saul's reign4 ,we call the last campaign of ,saul the third ,philistine war1 as no others are related1 though their existence may be inferred4 ,this marked the flood tide of ,philistine power2 for it left them at ,saul's death in command not only of the ,plain of ,esdraelon and the ,jordan ,valley1 but of all the centre of the country4 ,their armies met at ,aphek1 in the tribe of ,benjamin 7their old rallying place1 #a ,sam4 #d3a71 and thence marched northward to the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 at the foot of ,mount ,gilboa1 on which the ,israelites were encamped4 ,saul1 full of fear1 went around the ,philistine camp to the village of ,endor1 where he sought the counsel of a woman having a familiar spirit1 and met the spirit of ,samuel1 which gave him warning that on the morrow he should die4 ,the battle was fought on the next day4 ,saul and three of his sons1 including the princely ,jonathan1 were slain2 and ,israel experienced the heaviest defeat thus far in its history4 ,all the middle section of the land of ,palestine was conquered by the ,philistines1 cutting the tribes in sunder in each direction1 from north to south and from east to west4 ,at such a low ebb were the fortunes of the ,chosen ,people1 when ,david ascended the throne4 ,saul's body was fastened up on the wall of the ,canaanite city of ,beth-shean1 but was rescued by the warriors of ,jabesh-gilead1 in grateful remembrance of ,saul's brave deed in behalf of their city1 early in his reign4 7#a ,sam4 #ca47 ,upon the map the following are indicated3 #a4 ,the portions of the land under ,philistine and ,canaanite control are given in yellow1 while the territory governed by ,saul is shown in pink4 ,the mountain region was held by ,israel1 and the lowlands1 both by the sea and the ,jordan1 by the ,philistines4 #b4 ,the names of ,philistine cities are printed in red4 ,some of these were their own hereditary possessions2 others 7as ,aphek1 ,geba and ,bethel7 were fortresses in the mountain region1 garrisoned to hold ,israel in subjection4 #c4 ,the battle-fields and wars of ,saul are indicated by flags1 and numbered4 7#a47 ,jabesh-gilead1 over the ,ammonites4 7#a ,sam4 #aa47 7#b47 ,michmash1 over the ,philistines4 7#a ,sam4 #ad47 7#c47 ,in ,moab1 at some unknown place4 7#a ,sam4 #ad3dg47 7#d47 ,in ,edom1 at a place also unknown4 7#a ,sam4 #ad3dg47 7#e47 ,over the ,syrians of ,zobah4 7#a ,sam4 #ad3dg47 ,this we have indicated as taking place in the half tribe of ,manasseh1 ,east2 but its precise location is unknown4 7#f47 ,a city of ,amalek1 place unknown4 7#a ,sam4 #ae3e47 7#g47 ,valley of ,elah1 over the ,philistines4 7#a ,sam4 #ag3b47 7#h47 ,mount ,gilboa4 7#a ,sam4 #ca47 #d4 ,the various places named in ,saul's pursuit of ,david are shown upon the map1 with their most probable identifications4 ,these places are3 7#a47 ,gibeah4 7#b47 ,ramah4 7#c47 ,gibeah4 7#d47 ,nob4 7#e47 ,gath4 7#f47 ,adullam4 7#g47 ,mizpeh of ,moab4 7#h47 ,hareth4 7#i47 ,keilah4 7#aj47 ,ziph4 7#aa47 ,maon4 7#ab47 ,en-gedi4 7#ac47 ,maon4 7#ad47 ,gath4 7#ae47 ,ziklag4 7#af47 ,hebron4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,saul's ,appointment4 ,ramah1 ,gibeah1 ,gilgal1 ,shalisha1 ,zuph4 ,,ii4 ,wars of ,saul4 #a4 ,ammonite4 7,jabesh-gilead1 ,bezek47 #b4 ,first ,philistine4 7,geba1 ,michmash47 #c4 ,moabite4 #d4 ,edomite4 #e4 ,syrian4 #f4 ,amalekite4 7,telaim1 ,gilgal47 #g4 ,second ,philistine4 7,valley of ,elah47 ,,iii4 ,pursuit of ,david4 #a4 ,gibeah4 #b4 ,ramah4 #c4 ,gibeah4 #d4 ,nob4 #e4 ,gath4 #f4 ,adullam4 #g4 ,mizpeh of ,moab4 #h4 ,hareth4 #i4 ,keilah4 #aj4 ,ziph4 #aa4 ,maon4 #ab4 ,en-gedi4 #ac4 ,maon4 #ad4 ,gath4 #ae4 ,ziklag4 #af4 ,hebron4 ,,iv4 ,saul's ,death4 ,aphek1 ,gilboa1 ,beth-shean1 ,jabesh-gilead4 ,illustration3 ,,jericho4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,solomon4 ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,solomon4 ,illustration3 ,,tower ,,of ,,david4 ,,the greatness of ,david may be shown by a comparison of our last map with the present one1 keeping in mind the difference of scale between them4 ,david succeeded to the throne of ,israel when it represented about #f1jjj square miles of territory1 more or less1 under control2 he left to his successor1 ,solomon1 an empire embracing an area of #fj1jjj square miles4 ,see the comparative diagram on page #gj4 ,the map now before us being upon a scale greatly reduced from that of ,saul's kingdom1 it will be impossible to represent upon it all the localities mentioned in the history of ,david and ,solomon4 ,those in the neighborhood of ,jerusalem will be found on the map of the ,environs of ,jerusalem1 page #hc1 and those of minor importance in the land of ,israel may be found on the map of ,palestine ,among the ,tribes1 page #eh4 ,we present the events and localities under the following outline3 #a4 ,david's ,reign over ,judah4 #b4 ,the ,union of ,palestine4 #c4 ,david's ,foreign ,conquests4 #d4 ,david's ,calamities4 #e4 ,the ,closing ,events4 #f4 ,the ,reign of ,solomon4 ,i4 ,david's ,reign over ,judah4 7#b ,sam4 #a-d47 ,after the death of ,saul1 ,david went from ,ziklag to ,hebron1 and was there accepted as king over the tribe of ,judah4 ,his reign lasted for seven years1 from #ajaj to #ajjc ,b4,c4 ,during a part of this time1 ,ishbosheth1 the only remaining son of ,saul1 was also nominally reigning over a large part of the land1 the real power being held by ,abner1 ,saul's general1 and the ablest man of his time4 ,war naturally arose1 and many battles were doubtless fought1 of which but one1 at ,gibeon1 is related4 ,at last1 ,abner and ,ishbosheth were both murdered1 though not by ,david's desire nor with his approbation2 and1 with one consent1 ,david was accepted as king over all the ,twelve ,tribes4 ,,ii4 ,the ,union of ,palestine4 7#b ,sam4 #e-g47 ,david was now ruler over the mountain region only1 as ,saul had been before him1 and in various places were garrisons of the ,philistines1 and cities held by the ,canaanite races4 ,he began by a siege of ,jebus1 or ,jebusi1 a fortress of the ,jebusites1 on the border of ,judah and ,benjamin4 ,though deemed impregnable by the natives1 it was taken by storm1 and1 under its new name1 ,,jerusalem1 became the capital of the kingdom4 ,the ,philistines had been friendly with ,david in the past1 and were perhaps recognized as the lords paramount during his reign over ,judah2 but now they were jealous of his growing power1 and1 as of old1 entered the mountain region with their armies4 ,but in ,david they met an enemy of a different character from either ,samson or ,saul4 ,two battles were fought1 both near ,jerusalem1 at a place called the ,valley or plain of the ,rephaim2 and in each the ,philistines were utterly routed4 ,david followed up his advantage1 after the second victory1 by marching down upon the ,shefelah and the plain4 ,he took ,gath 7called ,methegammah1 the bridle of the metropolis1 in #b ,sam4 #h3a71 and subjugated the entire ,philistine confederacy so completely that thenceforward they ceased to trouble ,israel for centuries4 ,the land was now united1 and ,david turned his attention to the religious reformation of the people1 brought the ark from ,baale1 or ,kirjath-jearim1 to ,jerusalem1 planned for the ,temple to be built by his successor1 and organized the worship on a magnificent scale4 7#b ,sam4 #f1 #g47 ,,iii4 ,david's ,foreign ,conquests4 ,these were not altogether inspired by ambition1 but were necessary for the safety of ,israel1 and to keep its people from the contamination of the idolatry of the surrounding nations4 ,these conquests are indicated by flags on the map1 though the precise locations of the battles are not known in all cases4 ,the lands conquered by ,david were as follows3 #a4 ,moab4 7#b ,sam4 #h3b47 ,it is stated by ,josephus1 that the cruel treatment of the ,moabites 7though fully in accord with the customs of ,oriental war in that day7 was in revenge for the slaughter of ,david's parents by the king of ,moab1 an event not mentioned in the ,bible4 #b4 ,zobah 7#b ,sam4 #h3c1 #d71 at that time the principal state between ,damascus and the ,euphrates4 #c4 ,damascus 7#b ,sam4 #h3e-ab71 in alliance with ,zobah1 and the largest city in ,syria4 #d4 ,edom 7#b ,sam4 #h3ac1 #ad71 south of the ,dead ,sea4 ,the word ,syrians1 in verse #ac1 should undoubtedly be ,edomites4 ,the battle was fought at the valley of salt1 an unknown place1 but probably near ,sela1 or ,petra1 the capital of ,edom4 #e4 ,ammon4 7#b ,sam4 #aj-ac47 ,this was the longest of ,david's wars1 and was waged not against the ,ammonites only1 but against the allied forces of several small ,syrian kingdoms1 as ,zobah 7already conquered1 but not subjugated71 ,maachah1 ,rehob and ,tob1 districts on the north and east of ,israel4 ,three great battles were fought2 the first near ,medeba2 the second at ,helam1 an uncertain locality 7if it be the name of a place1 which is questioned1 as the word means host1 or army72 and the third1 the siege and capture of ,rabbah1 the capital of the ,ammonites1 which ended the war4 ,during this war occurred the crime of ,david with ,bathsheba1 and the murder of ,uriah4 7#b ,sam4 #aa47 ,this completed the series of conquests1 and made the throne of ,david supreme from the ,red ,sea to the ,euphrates4 ,one fact which made these conquests possible was that the tribes around ,israel were not united into strong nations1 as afterward in the cases of ,syria and ,assyria1 but were independent principalities1 easily overcome in turn by the trained warriors of ,david4 ,as a result of these wars the kingdom of ,david1 which he transmitted to his son ,solomon1 was the largest in the ,oriental world at that time4 ,the ,assyrian empire had not arisen1 the great kings of ,egypt had passed away1 and the ,east was broken up into small principalities1 among which ,israel easily rose to power4 ,,comparative ,,area ,,of ,,palestine ,,at ,,different ,,periods4 ------------------ ,solomon1 ------- ------- ------- ,b4,c4 #ajjj1 -------,judah ,macca- ,herod ,joshua1------ ,ten ,b4,c4 bees1 the ,b4,c4 ,saul1 #fj1jjj ,sq4 ,m4 ,tribes1 #ige1 ,b4,c4 ,great1 #addc1 ,b4,c4 ,b4,c4 ------ #ajj1 ,b4,c4 #f1 #ajie1 #ige1 #aa1jjj #f1jjj #i1djj #c1djj #aa1jjj #ab1jjj ,sq4 ,m4 ,sq4 ,m4 ,sq4 ,m4 ,sq4 ,m4,sq4 ,m4 ,sq4 ,m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,illustration3 ,,the ,,oriental ,,world ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,david4 ,,iv4 ,the ,calamities of ,david's ,reign4 7#b ,sam4 #ab-bj1 #bd47 ,three great troubles befell ,david and his kingdom as the result of his sins4 #a4 ,the first and greatest was the ,rebellion of ,absalom4 ,we can only mention the places referred to in the history1 not relate its events4 ,geshur1 where ,absalom was in exile1 was a small kingdom under the rule of ,absalom's maternal grandfather4 ,tekoa1 whence came the wise woman1 was near ,bethlehem4 ,the places near ,jerusalem named in ,david's flight1 may be seen on the map of the ,environs of ,jerusalem1 page #hc4 ,david's resting place was at ,mahanaim1 east of the ,jordan1 and south of the ,hieromax4 ,absalom was defeated and killed at the wood of ,ephraim1 a locality not in the tribe of that name1 but east of the ,jordan1 perhaps where the ,ephraimites sustained a great defeat from ,jephthah4 7,judges #ab47 #b4 ,the second calamity was the ,rebellion of ,sheba1 following soon after ,absalom's1 and arising from the same disaffection4 ,it was ended at ,abel-beth-maachah1 in the extreme north1 by the death of ,sheba4 7#b ,sam4 #bj47 #c4 ,the third calamity was the ,pestilence1 after the numbering of the people1 an enumeration with a view either to heavy levies of assessment1 or to foreign conquest2 either of which was contrary to the spirit of the ,hebrew constitution4 7#b ,sam4 #bd47 ,the places named will be found upon the map1 except the inexplicable ,tahtim-hodshi1 which may mean the land newly inhabited1 but whose location is unknown4 ,the sacrifice of ,david at ,araunah's threshing-floor gave the location to the great altar of the ,temple1 probably the rude rock which now rises from the floor of the ,mosque of ,omar1 in ,jerusalem4 ,v4 ,the ,close of ,david's ,reign 7#a ,kings #a1 #b2 #a ,chron4 #bb-bi7 was occupied in the organization of his empire1 and in preparation for the building of the ,temple4 ,there are but few localities named with this period1 and they may be easily found upon the maps1 those near ,jerusalem being upon the map of its ,environs4 ,,vi4 ,the ,reign of ,solomon was a period of peace1 with few incidents to mark its even tenor4 ,its principal event was the building of the ,temple4 ,we insert here a plan of ,solomon's ,temple1 largely conjectural1 as neither of the descriptions is sufficiently exact for a complete knowledge4 ,the ,temple1 as it afterward stood in the time of ,christ1 may be found described on page #aci4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,solomon',s ,,temple4 ,upon the map are noted most of the battle-fields1 which may be enumerated as follows3 #a4 ,at ,gibeon1 the victory over ,abner and the adherents of ,ishbosheth4 #b4 ,at ,jerusalem1 its capture from the ,jebusites4 #c1 #d4 ,near ,jerusalem1 not indicated upon the map2 two decisive victories over the ,philistines4 #e4 ,gath1 the capture of the ,philistine capital4 #f4 ,the victory over the ,moabites1 probably near ,ar4 #g4 ,the conquest of ,zobah1 north of ,damascus4 #h4 ,the conquest of ,damascus and its dependent places4 #i4 ,the conquest of ,edom1 near ,sela4 #aj4 ,the victory at ,medeba1 over the ,ammonites4 #aa4 ,the victory at ,helam1 near the ,euphrates1 over the ,syrian allies of the ,ammonites4 #ab4 ,the siege and capture of ,rabbah4 #ac4 ,the defeat of ,absalom's army in the wood of ,ephraim1 east of the ,jordan4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,i4 ,draw a rough map of the country from the ,red ,sea to the ,euphrates1 as in the map of the kingdom of ,david and ,solomon1 and locate upon it the land of ,israel proper1 showing the dominion of ,saul4 ,,ii4 ,draw the boundary line to show the kingdom of ,david at ,hebron1 and that of ,ishbosheth at ,mahanaim2 mention and locate the battle of ,gibeon4 ,,iii4 ,show in order the conquests of ,david1 writing upon the board the names of the lands conquered in order1 and indicating the battles by flags4 ,,iv4 ,show the dimensions of ,david's kingdom1 by another map of the ,oriental ,world in the time of ,david4 ,locate and drill upon the leading lands and capitals4 ,v4 ,give an account of the calamities in ,david's reign1 show the flight of ,david1 and locate the battle with ,absalom4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,of ,,nativity1 ,,bethlehem4 ,illustration3 ,,ancient ,,jerusalem1 ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,testament ,,period4 ,,ancient ,,jerusalem4 ,i4 ,names4 ,the city of ,jerusalem has been known by a different name during each of the most important periods of its varied history4 #a4 ,in the patriarchal age it was the seat of ,melchizedek's priestly kingdom1 and was known as ,,salem1 properly pronounced ,shalem4 7,gen4 #ad3ah2 ,psa4 #gf3b47 #b4 ,during the ,jebusite period it was known as ,,jebus4 7,judges #ai3aj47 ,probably at this time the full name was ,jebus-shalem4 #c4 ,after the capture by ,david it received the name ,,jerusalem1 properly ,jeru-shalaim4 ,the earliest instance of this name is in ,judges #a3g1 #h1 where it may have been used by anticipation2 or there may have been a change1 for euphony1 from ,jebus-shalem to ,jeru-shalem4 ,the word means possession of peace4 ,the ,greek form of this word is ,hierosolyma4 #d4 ,it is called by the prophets by the poetical name of ,,ariel1 the lion of ,god4 7,isa4 #bi3a47 #e4 ,more than once in the ,bible it is called the holy city4 7,matt4 #d3e2 #bg3ec47 #f4 ,after its destruction by ,titus1 it was rebuilt by the emperor lius ,hadrianus1 ,a4,d4 #ace1 and named ,,lia1 or1 in full1 ,,lia ,,capitolina1 a name that it held until the year #ecf ,a4,d41 when the ancient name ,jerusalem again became prevalent4 #g4 ,it is now known to the ,arabs as ,,el ,,khuds1 the holy4 ,illustration3 ,,david',s ,,tomb4 ,,ii4 ,location4 ,the city of ,jerusalem stands in latitude #ca #df #de north1 and longitude #ce #ac #be east of ,greenwich1 the observations being taken from the dome of the ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,this may have been outside the ancient wall1 but was certainly near it4 ,the city is #cb miles from the ,mediterranean1 #ah from the ,dead ,sea1 #bj from ,hebron1 and #cf from ,samaria2 and its general elevation is about #b1ejj feet above the level of the ocean4 ,,iii4 ,geologic ,formation4 ,the vicinity of ,jerusalem consists of strata of the ,eocene and chalk formations1 having a general dip down the watershed of about #aj east-southeast4 ,the action of denudation has left patches of the various strata2 but1 generally speaking1 the oldest are on the west4 ,the upper part of the ,olivet chain consists of a soft white limestone1 with fossils and flint bands belonging to the ,upper ,chalk2 beneath this are1 first1 a hard silicious chalk1 with flint bands2 second1 a soft white limestone1 much used in the ancient buildings of the city2 third1 a hard chalk1 often pink and white in color1 and then known as ,santa ,croce marble4 ,the underlying beds belonging to the period of the ,greensand are not visible1 the lowest strata in the ,kedron precipices belonging to the ,lower ,chalk epoch4 7,encyclo4 ,britan47 ,,iv4 ,valleys4 ,the peculiar natural features of ,jerusalem1 and much of its history1 are due to the arrangement of its three valleys4 ,these unite near the southeastern corner of the city4 #a4 ,the ,valley of the ,kedron1 called also the ,valley of ,jehoshaphat 7perhaps referred to in ,joel #c3b1 #ab72 and the king's dale 7,gen4 #ad3ag2 #b ,sam4 #ah3ah74 ,this lies on the east of the city1 between ,mount ,moriah and the ,mount of ,olives4 ,during the summer it is dry2 but in the rainy season it is the bed of a brook1 from which it receives its name4 #b4 ,the ,valley of the ,tyropoeon 7a word supposed to mean cheesemongers1 though the meaning and derivation are questioned7 branches from the ,kedron ,valley at the southern end of ,mount ,moriah1 and extends in a northwesterly direction4 ,the principal ravine curves in crescent form around ,mount ,zion1 but a shallower and less noticeable branch extends further to the north4 ,this valley is now almost obliterated by the accumulation of debris1 but its ancient course has been established by recent soundings4 #c4 ,the ,valley of ,hinnom1 called also1 the valley of the son of ,hinnom 7,josh4 #ae3h71 forms the western and southern border of the city1 and unites with the ,kedron ,valley near its junction with the ,tyropoeon4 ,its lower portion1 near the ,kedron1 was called ,tophet1 or place of fire 7,jer4 #g3ca71 and ,gehenna 7,ge-,hinnom74 ,it was at one time the seat of idolatrous worship to ,molech1 and afterward became a cesspool1 and place where the offal of the city was burned4 ,gihon 7#a ,kings #a3cc7 is located by most in the upper portion of this valley2 but1 by ,conder and a few others1 in the lower portion of the ,kedron ,valley1 at the spring en ,rogel4 ,v4 ,mountains4 ,jerusalem is and has ever been emphatically a place of mountains2 as it stood anciently upon four distinct hills1 with others around its walls on every side4 ,the names of these hills are well known1 but the identification of them is neither easy nor unanimous among investigators4 ,we name the locations as given by the largest number of leading scholars4 #a4 ,mount ,zion is the largest and highest of the four hills within the city4 ,it lies on the southwestern section1 between the ,valleys of the ,tyropoeon on the east and north1 and ,hinnom on the south and west4 ,its crown is #b1edj feet high4 ,upon it1 probably1 stood the ,jebusite fortress which so long defied the ,israelites1 but was finally taken by ,david4 #b4 ,acra is a little east of north from ,zion1 and is an irregularly shaped eminence1 now #b1dij feet high1 but anciently higher1 as its crest was cut down by the ,maccabean princes1 in order to bring it nearer to the level of the ,temple-hill4 ,it is surrounded upon the south1 east and north by the two arms of the ,tyropoeon ,valley4 ,on this may have stood the castle1 or ,millo4 7#b ,sam4 #e3i47 #c4 ,on the eastern side of the city is ,mount ,moriah1 the place once occupied by the ,temple1 and now by the ,dome of the ,rock1 mistakenly called the ,mosque of ,omar4 ,it lies between the two valleys of the ,kedron on the east and the ,tyropoeon on the west1 and is #b1dcb feet high4 ,its southern end is a steep declivity1 called ,ophel 7in ,josephus1 ,ophlas71 running southward to the junction of the valleys4 #d4 ,bezetha is a little west of north from ,mount ,moriah1 and separated from it by a slight depression4 ,it lies between the ,kedron ,valley and the northern branch of the ,tyropoeon4 ,only in the later age of ,new ,testament history was it within the walls of the city4 ,its height is a little over #b1ejj feet4 ,these four mountains are all that are named as within the ancient walls4 ,calvary was not a mountain1 but merely a place outside the city where the crucifixion of ,jesus took place2 so that it is not to be counted in the list4 ,but we must notice1 in addition1 the most important of the mountains round about ,jerusalem4 #e4 ,the ,mount of ,olives lies east of the ,kedron ,valley1 and is a range of hills having several summits1 which are a little under #c1jjj feet in height4 7#a47 ,the northern peak1 called ,scopus1 lies northeast of the wall1 and is supposed to be the point from which ,titus obtained his first view of the doomed city4 7#b47 ,the second is called ,viri ,galili1 men of ,galilee1 from a tradition that the angels1 at the time of ,christ's ascension1 appeared upon it4 7,acts #a3aa47 7#c47 ,the central summit is the ,mount of ,ascension1 #b1ffe feet high1 and directly east of the ,temple4 ,it is probable that the true place of the ascension is to be found on the eastern slope of this hill1 near ,bethany1 and not in sight of ,jerusalem4 7#d47 ,the next peak southward is called ,the ,prophets1 from a tradition that some of the prophets were buried upon its side near the ,kedron4 7#e47 ,the southern peak is called the ,mount of ,offense1 from the idol worship which ,solomon established upon it4 7#a ,kings #aa3g47 #f4 ,south of the ,valley of ,hinnom1 and directly opposite to ,mount ,zion1 is an eminence known as the ,hill of ,evil ,counsel1 where ,judas is said to have bargained for the betrayal of his ,lord4 ,upon the slope of this hill is the traditional ,aceldama1 the field of blood4 7,matt4 #bg3g1 #h47 ,,vi4 ,walls4 ,of these1 three are named by the early historians and mentioned in the ,bible4 #a4 ,the first wall was built by ,david and ,solomon1 and surrounded what was known as the city of ,david4 ,it included ,zion1 ,moriah1 ,ophel1 and the southern portion of the ,tyropoeon ,valley4 ,the lines of this wall may still be traced and the ancient foundations shown in various places4 #b4 ,the second wall1 including ,acra1 extended in a curved line from the tower ,antonia1 north of the ,temple1 to a point not yet marked with certainty1 on the northern border of ,mount ,zion4 ,the location of ,calvary and the place of the ,saviour's burial depend upon the question1 whether this wall ran outside or inside of the place where now stands the ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre4 ,for1 as these were outside the gate1 if the wall include the traditional localities1 they are wrongly located1 and the true places must be sought elsewhere1 perhaps near the so-called ,grotto of ,jeremiah1 north of the city4 ,we indicate both localities1 but regard the northern as preferable4 #c4 ,the third wall was not built until after the time of ,christ1 but was begun by ,herod ,agrippa1 and was completed not long before the ,roman siege4 ,this section was called the new city1 and included ,mount ,bezetha1 and the region north and northwest of ,mount ,zion4 ,only a small portion of the wall can be located with certainty4 ,,vii4 ,history of ,jerusalem4 ,this may be briefly noticed under seven periods4 #a4 ,the ,patriarchal ,period 7,b4,c4 #bjjj-acjj74 ,the earliest mention of ,jerusalem is that in ,gen4 #ad3ah1 which1 taken with ,psa4 #gf3b1 seems to indicate the place1 though the identity is questioned by some scholars4 ,in the time of ,abraham1 ,b4,c4 #aiah1 according to the common chronology1 ,jerusalem was the seat of a kingdom under the priest ,melchizedek1 who received homage and tithes1 as ,god's representative1 from the patriarch4 ,at that time it was a centre1 not only of political power1 but of a religious worship which was recognized by ,abraham as divine and spiritual4 #b4 ,the ,jebusite ,period 7,b4,c4 #acjj-ajjc74 ,the next reference to ,jerusalem 7and the earliest certain account7 is at the time of the conquest1 ,b4,c4 #abaj4 ,at that period it was held by the ,jebusites1 a race of ,canaanite origin1 small in numbers1 but of indomitable courage and resolution1 since they were able to hold their city for four centuries against all the power of ,israel4 ,their king1 ,adoni-zedek 7,josh4 #aj3a71 may have been a descendant of the pious ,melchi-zedek1 as the names are similar2 but the ancient purity of the people's worship had been lost in the idolatry of the surrounding races4 ,the little city of ,jebus1 as it was then called1 formed a confederation with the other clans of the south to resist ,joshua's invading host4 ,but in the decisive battle of ,beth-horon the ,canaanites were routed1 their five kings were slain 7among them the king of ,jerusalem71 and the alliance was broken up4 ,for the present1 ,jerusalem was not attacked1 but its territory was assigned to the tribe of ,benjamin4 7,josh4 #ah3bh47 ,soon after the death of ,joshua1 however1 it was besieged by the united tribes of ,judah and ,simeon1 as dangerous to the northern frontier of the former4 ,from ,judges #a3h1 and the history of ,josephus1 we learn that the lower city 7perhaps on ,acra7 was taken and burned2 but the fortress was found impregnable by reason of its walls and also of the nature of the place4 7,josephus47 ,the city was soon rebuilt 7,judges #ai3aa71 and remained in ,jebusite hands through all the age of the ,judges and the reign of ,saul4 #c4 ,the ,royal ,period 7,b4,c4 #ajjc-ehg74 ,with the accession of ,david a new era began in ,israel1 and every part of the kingdom soon felt the strong hand of its new master4 ,he was not one to brook a foreign fortress in the centre of his realm1 and in the first year of his reign over united ,israel he marched against it1 and demanded its surrender4 ,trusting to their strong situation1 the ,jebusites refused1 and1 as an insult1 placed the blind and the lame on its walls in mockery of his attempt4 ,but1 under the valiant ,joab1 the height was scaled1 the fortress was taken1 and ,jerusalem was thenceforth the city of ,david4 7#b ,sam4 #e47 ,david made it his capital1 brought thither the ark of the covenant1 and surrounded it with a new wall4 ,solomon enriched it with treasures1 and with its greatest glory1 the ,temple on ,mount ,moriah4 ,after the division it remained the capital of ,judah1 though close to the border of the ,ten ,tribes4 ,it was taken without resistance from ,rehoboam1 by ,shishak1 the king of ,egypt1 and robbed of its wealth1 #icj ,b4,c4 ,in the reign of ,jehoshaphat it was restored to something like its former prosperity2 but under his son ,jehoram1 ,b4,c4 #hdj1 it was taken by a sudden attack of the ,philistines and ,arabians1 and again plundered4 ,under ,athaliah it became a shrine of abominable ,baal worship1 but was reformed by ,jehoiada in the earlier days of the reign of ,joash4 ,joash1 however1 in his later years allowed the people to relapse into idolatry1 with the usual result2 for1 about ,b4,c4 #hjj1 the powerful ,hazael1 king of ,syria1 overran the ,shefelah1 defeated the ,judaites1 and was only kept from entering the city by a gift of its treasures4 ,amaziah1 the next king1 elated by a victory1 offered battle at ,beth-shemesh to ,joash1 king of ,israel1 then the most powerful state between ,egypt and ,assyria4 ,he was defeated2 and1 as a result1 ,jerusalem was entered by the ,israelites1 its wall was thrown down1 and it was again plundered4 ,the city suffered during the wicked reign of ,ahaz1 but was restored and divinely protected from its ,assyrian besiegers in the good reign of ,hezekiah4 ,after the death of ,josiah it was entered by the ,egyptians under ,necho2 but its final destruction was wrought by ,nebuchadnezzar1 of the ,babylonian empire4 ,twice he visited it with a heavy hand1 setting up one king after another2 and1 when his vassal ,zedekiah again rebelled1 he besieged it for more than a year1 with some intermissions1 and at last1 in ,b4,c4 #ehg1 made a breach in its walls and took it by storm4 ,then1 for the first time1 the city was absolutely destroyed1 and made a heap of ruins1 while its people were carried into captivity4 ,illustration3 ,,natural ,,features ,,of ,,jerusalem4 #d4 ,the ,period of ,restoration 7,b4,c4 #ehg-gj ,a4,d474 ,after lying desolate for #ej years1 the city was again occupied under ,zerubbabel1 by the decree of ,cyrus1 ,b4,c4 #ecf4 ,for nearly a century it remained unwalled and was thinly inhabited1 until its wall was rebuilt by ,nehemiah1 ,b4,c4 #dde4 ,thenceforward it grew rapidly1 and soon became again the metropolis as well as the capital of the ,jewish state4 ,alexander the ,great visited it1 ,b4,c4 #ccb1 and gave the ,jews certain privileges in his empire4 ,the city was taken by ,ptolemy ,soter1 king of ,egypt1 ,b4,c4 #cbj1 because the ,jews would not fight on the ,sabbath4 ,in ,b4,c4 #bjc it was taken by ,antiochus1 the king of ,syria1 and1 after a revolt1 again by his son1 ,antiochus ,epiphanes1 in ,b4,c4 #agj and ,b4,c4 #afh4 ,the latter capture was followed by a bitter persecution of the ,jewish religion1 in which thousands of lives were sacrificed4 ,but a deliverer arose1 in the family of the priest ,mattathias1 whose son1 ,judas ,maccabeus1 rescued the city and restored the worship in the ,temple4 ,under the ,maccabean princes ,jerusalem was generally prosperous1 though with occasional reverses4 ,the ,romans first besieged and took the city under ,pompey1 ,b4,c4 #fe4 ,herod the ,great beautified the city1 erected many buildings1 and rebuilt the ,temple throughout4 ,but the most terrible of all scenes in ,jerusalem's annals1 were those which took place in the revolt of the ,jews against the ,roman empire1 and the destruction of the city by ,titus1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,for years it was the arena of riot1 of the bloody strife of factions1 and of massacre1 which scarcely ceased during the final siege4 ,at last the city and ,temple were taken by ,titus1 demolished and burned1 and for a second time ,jerusalem was left an utter desolation4 #e4 ,the ,roman ,period 7,a4,d4 #gj-fcg74 ,for fifty years after its destruction ,jerusalem is not mentioned1 and probably remained uninhabited4 ,but1 after the attempt of the false ,messiah ,bar-cocheba to rebuild the city and ,temple1 and restore the independence of the ,jews1--an attempt which was only quelled by calling forth all the power of the empire1--the emperor ,hadrian resolved to establish a heathen city upon its site4 ,he named it lia ,capitolina1 built on ,moriah a temple to ,jupiter1 and allowed no ,jews to enter the walls1 a prohibition which remained until the empire became ,christian4 ,constantine1 the first ,christian emperor1 restored the ancient name2 and his mother1 ,helena1 made a pilgrimage to the city1 ,a4,d4 #cbf1 which now began to be regarded as a sacred place by ,christians4 ,at this time the first ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre was built1 over the place where ,helena discovered the tomb of ,jesus4 ,the emperor ,julian1 ,a4,d4 #cfb1 out of hatred to the ,christians1 undertook to rebuild the ,temple1 and make it once more a ,jewish centre2 but was defeated in his plans by earthquakes and the leaping forth of subterranean fires1 as is related by ,ammianus ,marcellinus1 himself a heathen1 the friend and companion in arms of the emperor4 ,he states3 ,horrible balls of fire1 breaking out near the foundations1 with frequent and reiterated attacks1 rendered the place from time to time inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen2 and1 the victorious element continuing in this1 obstinately and resolutely bent1 as it were1 to drive them to a distance1 the undertaking was abandoned4 ,in #ebi ,a4,d4 the emperor ,justinian founded a church upon the site where now is the ,mosque el ,aksa1 and a tide of pilgrims1 increasing with each generation1 began to pour upon the holy places4 ,in #fad ,a4,d4 the city was taken by the ,persian king1 ,chosroes ,,ii41 the churches were destroyed1 and multitudes of priests and monks were slain2 but #ad years afterward it was retaken by the emperor ,heraclius1 and held1 though but for a short time1 by the ,christians4 #f4 ,the ,medival ,period 7,a4,d4 #fcg-aeag74 ,in #fcg ,palestine and ,jerusalem passed under the dominion of the ,moslems1 then ruled by the ,caliph ,omar2 but the holy places were respected1 and the ,christians were allowed to retain their churches4 ,under the ,fatimite caliphs of ,cairo the ,christians were persecuted1 and the ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre was several times destroyed and rebuilt4 ,the pilgrims from ,europe brought trade and tribute1 so that the city flourished1 in spite of frequent pillagings and captures by various ,arab and ,turkish hordes4 ,on ,july #ae1 #ajii1 it was taken by the ,crusaders1 after a terrible assault1 and for #hh years was the seat of a ,christian kingdom4 ,saladin reconquered it in #aahg2 and various changes in its government and several sieges followed1 until #aeag1 when it finally passed under the rule of the ,turks1 who have since been its masters4 #g4 ,the ,modern ,period1 from ,a4,d4 #aeag until the present1 has witnessed comparatively few changes in the city's condition4 ,the present wall was built by the sultan ,suleiman in #aedb4 ,in #ahcb it was seized by ,mohammed ,ali1 ,pasha of ,egypt1 but was again restored to the sultan1 through the interference of the ,european powers4 ,it is now a city of a population variously estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,have two blackboards 7or a large one71 and use one for the outline of the lesson1 the other for the map4 ,i4 ,teach the ,names4 ,salem1 ,jebus1 ,jerusalem1 ,ariel1 lia ,capitolina1 ,el ,khuds4 ,,ii4 ,location4 #a4 ,latitude4 #b4 ,longitude4 #c4 ,distances4 #d4 ,elevation4 ,,iii4 ,geologic ,formation4 ,,iv4 ,valleys4 ,draw a rough map showing the valleys1 and name them1 indicating them by initial letters on the map4 #a4 ,kedron4 #b4 ,tyropoeon4 #c4 ,hinnom4 ,v4 ,mountains4 ,describe each1 and indicate by initial letter4 #a4 ,zion4 #b4 ,acra4 #c4 ,moriah4 #d4 ,bezetha4 #e4 ,olives4 ,peaks3 7#a47 ,scopus4 7#b47 ,viri ,galili4 7#c47 ,ascension4 7#d47 ,prophets4 7#e47 ,offense4 7#f47 ,evil ,counsel4 ,,vi4 ,walls4 ,draw them on the board1 describe and name4 ,first4 7,david47 ,second4 ,third4 7,agrippa47 ,,vii4 ,history4 #a4 ,patriarchal4 7,melchizedek47 #b4 ,jebusite4 7,adoni-zedek47 #c4 ,royal4 7,david1 ,jehoshaphat1 etc47 #d4 ,restoration4 7,zerubbabel1 ,alexander1 ,ptolemy1 ,antiochus1 ,judas ,maccabeus1 ,pompey1 ,herod1 ,titus47 #e4 ,roman4 7,bar-cocheba1 ,hadrian1 ,constantine1 ,julian1 ,justinian1 ,chosroes47 #f4 ,medival4 7,omar1 ,crusaders1 ,saladin47 #g4 ,modern4 7,suleiman1 ,mohammed ,ali1 etc47 ,illustration3 ,,panorama ,,of ,,jerusalem1 ,,from ,,the ,,mount ,,of ,,olives4 ,rosel ,minaret ,a #dd ,el ,kala'a 7,citadel7 ,a #de ,hippicus 7,tower of ,david7 ,a #df ,greek ,monastery ,a #eg ,russian ,colony ,a #ge-hg ,hospital ,a #gg ,church ,a #ha-hb ,talitha ,kumi ,a #he ,german ,hospital for ,children ,a #ib ,watchtower on the ,road to ,yafa ,a #ig ,wely ,rimr ,monument ,a #ih ,mosque and ,tombs of ,david ,b #bc ,buildings and ,gardens of the ,armenian ,monastery ,b #bg-cf ,armenian ,seminary ,b #bh ,st4 ,james ,church of the ,armenians ,b #ce ,english ,protestant ,church ,b #db ,girl's ,school of the ,english ,mission ,b #dc ,muristan ,b #dg ,mar ,hanna 7,greek ,church7 ,b #dg ,yafa ,gate ,b #dh ,latin ,patriarchate ,b #ef ,church of the ,sepulchre ,b #eg ,kaukab ,minaret ,b #fj ,latin ,monastery of ,st4 ,salvador ,b #fe-ff ,hospice of ,st4 ,john1 and ,german ,school ,b #fb ,mulawieh ,minaret ,b #gh ,russian ,consulate ,b #ha ,pilgrims' ,houses ,b #hd ,arabian ,protestant ,church ,b #ia ,jebel ,abu ,tr 7,hill of ,evil ,counsel7 ,c #g-i ,tree of ,judas ,c #h ,road to ,bethlehem ,c #ac ,mount ,zion ,c #ai-bi ,suburb of ,neby ,daud ,c #bj-bd ,gate of ,zion ,c #be ,synagogues of the ,ashkenasim ,c #bh and ,b #cb ,hamra ,minaret ,c #gb ,damascus ,gate ,c #gi ,hill of the ,grotto of ,jeremiah ,c #ie ,place where ,peter ,wept ,d #ag ,dwellings for ,pilgrims of the ,ashkenasim ,d #ba ,gate of ,herod ,d #hi ,mosque el ,aksa ,e #af-bb ,dung ,gate ,e #ai ,moghreb ,minaret ,e #bj ,rothschilds' ,hospital ,e #bb ,kubbet es ,sakhra 7,dome of the ,rock7 ,e #ca-cf ,new ,convent of the ,roman ,catholic ,sisters of ,zion ,e #fb-fc ,barracks 7,castle of ,antonia7 ,f #ee-ef ,haram esh ,sherif 7,site of the ,temple7 ,g #ae-ci ,former ,serai ,g #eb ,valley of ,hinnom 7,wady er ,rababi7 ,i #a-;,e #ad ,golden ,gate ,i #cj-ca ,gate of ,st4 ,stephen 7,bab ,sitti ,mariam7 ,i #ef ,moslem ,tombs ,j #bg and ,j #gj ,road to ,gethsemane ,j #ee to ,n #ec ,road from the ,valley of ,kedron to the ,gate of ,zion ,k #b to ,n #d ,slope toward the ,wady ,sitti ,mariam 7,valley of ,kedron or ,jehoshaphat7 ,foreground ,,description ,,of ,,modern ,,jerusalem4 ,i4 ,location4 ,the modern city of ,jerusalem stands upon the ruins of the ancient1 but does not include much of ,mount ,zion1 which was the most important part in ,bible history4 ,it occupies the northern part of ,zion1 the hills ,acra1 ,moriah1 and part of ,bezetha1 embracing within its walls an area of about #baj acres4 ,its population has been variously estimated1 but is supposed to number about #bb1jjj1 of which #ab1jjj are ,jews1 #e1jjj ,moslems1 and #e1jjj ,christians4 ,the view represents it from the eastern side1 having in the foreground the ,valley of the ,kedron1 or of ,jehoshaphat1 called by ,mohammedans ,wady ,sitti ,mariam1 ,the ,valley of our ,lady ,mary4 ,on the south1 or left of the picture1 is the ,valley of ,hinnom 7,wady er ,rababi71 and beyond it the ,hill of ,evil ,counsel 7,jebel ,abu ,tr71 the traditional place where ,judas made the agreement to betray his ,lord4 ,on the northwest1 outside the wall1 is the extensive ,russian establishment for pilgrims of the ,greek ,church1 containing the consulate1 houses1 and a large church4 ,near it is a ,protestant mission church4 ,north of the wall1 on the right of the picture1 is a cave called the ,grotto of ,jeremiah1 supposed by some to represent the place of the crucifixion and burial of ,jesus4 ,the roads running out of the city1 and the places adjoining them1 will be described in connection with the map of the ,environs of ,jerusalem1 page #hb4 ,,ii4 ,walls4 ,the present walls were built by the ,sultan ,suleiman1 in #aedb1 on the site of a medival wall4 ,though imposing in appearance1 affording a fine view of the city1 and sufficiently strong to protect it from marauders of the desert1 they would be of little avail against modern methods of warfare4 ,they are in most places #ch feet high1 and contain #cd towers4 ,they form an irregular quadrangle1 which may be roughly described as #c1icj feet long on the north1 #b1ged feet on the east 7the front of the engraving71 #c1bde feet on the south1 and #b1jhf feet on the west1 making the entire wall #ab1jae feet1 or #b4bib miles long4 ,,iii4 ,gates4 ,of these there are seven1 two of which are closed4 #a4 ,the ,jaffa or ,yafa ,gate1 called by ,moslems1 ,bab el ,khalil1 ,hebron ,gate1 is in the western wall1 near the ,citadel of ,david4 ,through this gate most travelers enter the city4 #b4 ,the ,damascus ,gate 7,bab el ,amud1 ,gate of the ,column17 is in the middle of the northern wall 7right of the picture71 and leads to the northward road1 over ,scopus1 past the 7so-called7 ,tombs of the ,kings1 to ,samaria and ,damascus4 #c4 ,the ,gate of ,herod 7,bab es ,zahireh7 is in the northern wall 7right of the picture71 but is kept closed during most of the year4 #d4 ,the ,gate of ,st4 ,stephen 7,bab es ,sitti ,mariam1 ,gate of our ,lady ,mary17 is in the eastern wall 7foreground of the picture71 and is supposed by some to be the place of ,stephen's martyrdom4 ,the road leads from it past the ,garden of ,gethsemane1 over ,mount ,olivet1 and through ,bethany4 #e4 ,the ,golden ,gate1 walled up1 is in the eastern wall1 and is shown in the picture in front of the ,dome of the ,rock4 ,its ,moslem names are ,bab el ,taubeh1 ,gate of ,repentance1 and ,bab ed ,dahariyeh1 ,eternal ,gate4 #f4 ,the ,dung ,gate1 called also the ,moorish ,gate 7,bab ed ,mugharibeh71 is a small portal in the southern wall1 leading to the village of ,siloam1 but usually closed4 ,it is shown on the left of the picture4 #g4 ,the ,zion ,gate 7,bab en ,neby ,daud1 ,gate of the ,prophet ,david17 is in the southern wall1 opening on ,mount ,zion1 indicated on the picture in the background on the left4 ,,iv4 ,quarters4 ,these are four in number1 given to the different religions2 but to them may be added the ,temple ,enclosure1 which forms a separate section of the city4 ,their boundaries cannot be traced upon the picture1 but may be seen on the map of ,modern ,jerusalem1 page #ha4 ,two important streets1 crossing each other nearly at right angles1 divide the city into the four unequal sections called quarters4 ,the streets are ,david ,street1 running eastward from the ,jaffa 7,yafa7 ,gate1 and ,damascus ,street1 southward from the ,damascus ,gate2 though both have different names in some places4 #a4 ,the ,mohammedan ,quarter occupies the northeastern half of the city1 and is the foreground of our view4 ,its principal objects of interest are1 the ,church of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalene1 the ,church of ,st4 ,anne1 two convents1 two mosques1 a building known as ,pilate's ,hall1 and the narrow and crooked street known as the ,via ,dolorosa1 ,the ,sorrowful ,way1 through which ,christ is 7traditionally7 said to have carried his cross2 a street crowded with places commemorating different events in the passion of our ,lord4 #b4 ,the ,temple ,enclosure1 called by ,moslems ,haram esh ,sherif1 ,the ,noble ,sanctuary1 is in the southeastern part of the ,mohammedan ,quarter 7on the left foreground of the picture74 ,it occupies the site of the ,temple1 and probably a part also of the ,tower of ,antonia4 7,see map and description of ,ancient ,jerusalem1 page #gb47 ,it is now a quadrangle of #a1jdb feet on the north1 #a1ecj east 7along the front wall in the picture71 #ibb south1 and #a1fja west1 embracing about #ce acres4 ,its most prominent building is the ,kubbet es ,sakhra1 ,the ,dome of the ,rock1 often called1 but incorrectly1 the ,mosque of ,omar4 ,this is an octagonal building1 each of its sides being #fg feet long1 #agj in height1 and surmounted by a dome4 ,directly under the dome rises a rough native rock1 standing at present nearly #e feet above the pavement4 ,some regard this as the place where the ,ark of the ,covenant rested in ,solomon's ,temple2 but most authorities consider it the site of the ,altar of ,burnt ,offering1 and of ,araunah's threshing-floor4 7#b ,sam4 #bd3ah47 ,in the southeast corner of the ,enclosure stands the ,mosque el ,aksa 7left of the picture71 adjoining the southern wall4 #c4 ,the ,jewish ,quarter is west of the ,temple ,enclosure4 ,in the picture1 beyond the trees in the ,enclosure1 may be seen the steep side of the ,tyropoeon ,valley4 ,the ,jews' ,wailing ,place1 adjoining the ,temple ,enclosure1 is hidden in the picture by the ,mosque el ,aksa1 but may be located upon the map4 ,here the wall contains large blocks of stone1 which may have belonged to the foundations of the court of the ancient ,temple2 and at this place a ,jewish service of lamentation is held every week1 over the destruction of the ,temple and the city4 ,two domed buildings may be noticed on the hill beyond the ,tyropoeon ,valley1 the two synagogues of the ,ashkenasim ,jews4 ,this quarter1 once filthy and mean1 has been greatly improved by the liberality of ,sir ,moses ,montefiore4 #d4 ,the ,armenian ,quarter is west of the ,jewish1 in the southwestern corner of the city4 ,its most prominent building is the ,citadel of ,david 7el ,kabaa71 an irregular1 castellated edifice1 containing a lofty tower4 ,this may occupy the site of the castle built by ,david1 where a ,jebusite fortress had stood before1 but the identification is not certain4 ,two other buildings in this quarter are named upon the panoramic view1 the ,church of ,st4 ,james1 and a seminary4 #e4 ,the ,christian ,quarter is in the northwestern part of the city1 between the ,jaffa and ,damascus ,gates1 in the picture4 ,its most important locality is the ,church of the ,holy ,sepulchre1 where tradition has fixed the scenes of the crucifixion and resurrection4 ,the church is a group of buildings1 crowned with a dome1 and erected at various periods4 ,the ,holy ,sepulchre itself is a marble shrine within the cathedral1 #bf feet long1 by #ah broad1 and #bj feet high4 ,if the ancient wall can be certainly shown not to have been outside of this place1 then the identity of the holy places may be deemed measurably sure1 since the cross and the sepulchre were undoubtedly near the wall1 but without it4 ,another place of interest is the ,muristan1 a ruined castle1 which was the headquarters of the ,knights ,hospitallers during the ,crusades4 ,v4 ,fountains and ,pools4 ,most of these are without the walls1 and only one is shown in the picture4 ,the identification of the ancient pools is not easy1 and explorers are not agreed with regard to their position and modern name4 #a4 ,the ,birket ,mamilla1 supposed by many to represent the ,upper ,pool of ,gihon 7#b ,kings #ah3ag2 ,isa4 #g3c71 lies #b1jjj feet west of the ,jaffa ,gate1 and is now #bdj feet long by #add wide1 but anciently much larger4 #b4 ,the ,birket es ,sultan1 supposed to be the ,lower ,pool of ,gihon1 where ,solomon was crowned 7#a ,kings #a3ch71 lies just outside the southwestern corner of the wall1 in the ,valley of ,hinnom4 ,it is narrow1 but #ejj feet long4 #c4 ,the ,birket es ,silwan1 or ,pool of ,siloam 7,john #i3g71 is in the ,tyropoeon ,valley1 near its junction with the ,kedron ,valley1 just outside the limit of the picture1 on the left4 ,it is #eb feet long1 and #ah wide4 #d4 ,the ,birket el ,hamra 7red pond7 lies south of the ,pool of ,siloam1 still further outside of the picture1 and is larger1 but now nearly filled up1 and without water4 ,some think that this is the pool dug by ,hezekiah4 7#b ,chron4 #cb3cj47 #e4 ,the spring ,en-rogel1 called by ,christians the ,fountain of the ,virgin1 and by ,moslems ',ain ,umm ed ,deraj 7the spring the mother of steps1 from the #bh steps leading down to it71 is the only natural fountain near the city4 ,it lies in the narrowest part of the ,kedron ,valley1 opposite the stone ,zoheleth4 7#a ,kings #a3i47 ,its action is intermittent1 rising and falling suddenly1 sometimes oftener than once a day4 ,from this fact1 some have thought it to be the ,pool of ,bethesda4 7,john #e3b-i47 #f4 ,but most of the explorers regard the ,pool of ,bethesda as identical with the ,birket ,israel1 which may be found on the picture just within the eastern 7foreground7 wall1 between the gate of ,st4 ,stephen and the northern wall of the ,temple ,enclosure1 just behind the little domed building by the wall1 to the left of ,st4 ,stephen's ,gate4 ,this is #cfj feet long1 by #abj feet wide1 and #hj feet deep1 but half filled with rubbish4 #g4 ,the ,birket ,hamman 7,pool of the ,bath71 generally known as the ,pool of ,hezekiah1 is within the wall1 adjoining the ,muristan on the west1 and hidden by it in the picture4 ,it is supplied with water by an underground conduit1 from the ,birket ,mamilla4 #h4 ,to this list we might add the vast covered reservoirs under the ,temple1 on ,mount ,moriah4 ,these aggregated in their capacity five million gallons1 and furnished an abundant supply of water for the ,temple services4 ,,vi4 ,outside the ,walls4 ,some of the important places without the wall have been already noticed4 ,the ,tomb of ,david 7traditional7 is on ,mount ,zion1 near the ,gate of ,zion2 and just a little to the left of it1 where several small domes are seen1 is the ,coenaculum1 or traditional place where the ,last ,supper was held4 ,mount ,zion is now1 fulfilling prophecy1 a plowed field1 and has but few buildings4 ,on nearly all sides of the city1 outside the wall1 are ,moslem graves4 ,northwest of the city1 toward the ,russian ,colony1 is the place where the ,assyrian messengers encamped in the time of ,hezekiah4 7#b ,kings #ah47 ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,jerusalem4 ,illustration3 ,,environs ,,of ,,jerusalem4 ,,the ,,environs ,,of ,,jerusalem4 ,,the city of ,jerusalem occupies a prominent place1 not only in the history but also in the topography of the ,holy ,land4 ,it is one of the most elevated sites in a land whose important places were among the mountains4 ,there are many peaks higher than ,mount ,zion1 on which the city stands2 but few cities in ,palestine are built upon a site so lofty4 ,this fact explains many of the allusions in the ,psalms4 ,beautiful for situation1 ,i will look unto the hills1 etc4 ,there are six roads leading to ,jerusalem from different parts of the land4 ,starting from the city by each one of these roads1 let us notice the important places upon either side of it4 ,illustration3 ,,defile ,,between ,,jerusalem ,,and ,,jericho4 ,i4 ,the ,northern ,road4 ,this starts from the ,damascus ,gate and leads almost due north through the centre of the mountain region1 toward ,shechem and ,damascus1 passing more of the historic localities than any other4 ,explorers1 however1 are not agreed upon the identification of all the places2 and our space permits us only to give conclusions without naming reasons or authorities for the opinion in all cases4 #a4 ,about a mile north of ,jerusalem1 on the west of the path1 we find ,scopus1 the eminence from which ,titus1 the ,roman conqueror1 obtained his first view of the doomed city4 ,according to some authorities this was also the location of ,mizpeh1 the place of assembly for ,israel during the time of the ,judges4 ,but later investigators place ,mizpeh at ,neby ,samwil1 on the northwestern road1 and we have accepted their conclusions4 7,see next page47 ,both the location of ,mizpeh and that of ,ramah are uncertain4 ,one word means watch-tower1 the other height1 so they may be identical1 though the references seem to point to different localities4 #b4 ,a mile further1 and on the west of the path1 is ,nob 7el ,isawiyeh71 named as a city of the priests4 ,at this place the ,tabernacle was kept during the reign of ,saul2 ,david visited the high-priest and received the sword of ,goliath2 and the priest and #gj of his associates were slain by command of ,saul4 7#a ,sam4 #ba3a-i2 #bb3i-ai47 #c4 ,gibeah 7,tuleil el ,ful71 hill of beans1 lies on the east of the road1 #b-a_/b miles from the city4 ,the place is first mentioned in the painful story of the ,levite 7,judges #ai72 but its principal interest is in the fact that it was the home and court of ,king ,saul4 ,it is now dreary and desolate1 with scarce any ruins save a confused mass of stones1 which form a sort of cairn on the top4--,tristram4 #d4 ,anathoth 7,anata71 the birthplace of the prophet ,jeremiah1 and a priestly city1 is #c miles northeast of ,jerusalem1 upon a path branching out of the main road4 ,it is now a village of about #bj houses4 #e4 ,some locate ,ramah1 the home of ,samuel1 at ,er ,ram1 on the east of the road2 but others favor the place at ,neby ,samwil1 to be noticed below4 #f4 ,michmash1 the scene of ,jonathan's daring exploit1 lies on a hill adjoining a ravine1 #g miles northeast of the city2 and a mile away1 in plain sight1 lies ,geba1 the camping place of ,saul's army at the time of the battle4 7#a ,sam4 #ac47 ,it is now called ,mukmas4 #g4 ,ai--the place where ,joshua's army was repulsed by the ,canaanites1 on account of the crime of ,achan 7,josh4 #g71 and which1 after his punishment1 was taken and destroyed by the ,israelites--is #i miles from the city2 a desolate heap1 known as el ,tell4 #h4 ,beeroth 7wells71 now el ,bireh1 #aj miles north1 was one of the ,gibeonite cities which made peace with ,israel4 7,josh4 #i3ag47 ,according to tradition1 this is the place where ,joseph and ,mary1 returning from ,jerusalem1 first missed the boy ,jesus 7,luke #b3dd72 and it is now the halting place of caravans going north4 #i4 ,bethel1 the house of ,god 7now ,beitin71 #aj miles north1 is a place of many ,scriptural associations4 ,here ,abraham pitched his tent and built his altar1 on his entrance upon the ,land of ,promise 7,gen #ab3h72 here ,jacob lay down to rest and saw the glorious vision of the heavenly ladder 7,gen4 #bh3aa-bb71 and on his return from ,syria again consecrated the place to ,god's service4 7,gen4 #ce3f-ae47 ,during the period of the ,ten ,tribes it was a sanctuary of idols1 but also the seat of a prophetic school4 7#a ,kings #ab3bi-cc2 #b ,kings #b3b1 #c47 ,it is now an uninhabited ruin4 #aj4 ,east of ,bethel1 and #aa miles north of ,jerusalem1 is the rock ,rimmon 7now ,rummon71 where the remnant of the tribe of ,benjamin found a refuge after the civil war4 7,judges #bj1 #ba47 #aa4 ,two miles north of ,rimmon is the site of ,ophrah1 in the ,new ,testament ,ephraim1 the retreat of ,jesus after the raising of ,lazarus4 7,john #aa3ed47 ,it is in a wilderness1 on the edge of the ,jordan ,valley1 and outside the line of travel2 now called et ,taiyibeh4 ,illustration3 ,,solomon',s ,,pools4 ,,ii4 ,the ,eastern ,road from ,jerusalem leads through a barren region of crags and ravines1 almost without inhabitants1 except the robbers who have haunted it since the days when a certain man went down from ,jerusalem to ,jericho1 and fell among thieves4 7,luke #aj3cj47 ,the road is a continual descent from a height of #b1gjj feet above the sea to #a1cjj feet below it1 in #bj miles4 ,the only place passed on the route is ,bethany 7now el ,azariyeh71 the home of ,mary and ,martha1 the place where ,lazarus was raised from death1 and near which ,jesus ascended4 7,luke #bd3ej47 ,it is on the eastern slope of the ,mount of ,olives1 and about a mile and a quarter from ,jerusalem4 ,beyond this place the road grows more steep1 descending toward the ,jordan ,valley4 ,,iii4 ,the ,southern ,road1 leading along the crest of the hill country toward ,hebron1 also passes few places of historical interest4 #a4 ,just south of the city is the ,plain of the ,rephaim1 where1 after the capture of ,jerusalem1 ,david twice met and vanquished the ,philistines4 7#b ,sam4 #e3ah-be47 ,the name may be a reminiscence of the most ancient people who inhabited the mountain region of ,palestine1 before the ,amorites were in the land4 #b4 ,four miles from the city the traveler passes ,rachel's ,tomb4 ,this may represent the place where ,jacob1 while journeying southward1 lost his beloved wife ,rachel1 the mother of ,joseph and ,benjamin4 7,gen4 #ce3af-bj47 ,the monument now standing is of comparatively recent date2 but it may occupy the site of one more ancient4 #c4 ,six miles southeast of the city we come to ,bethlehem1 a small town1 yet having the deepest interest as the birthplace of ,david1 and of ,david's greatest descendant1 the ,saviour of the world4 ,it lies upon the side and summit of a steep hill1 and contains now about #b1jjj inhabitants4 ,many places connected with the birth of ,jesus are shown2 but there is no authority for their precise location except tradition4 ,in a cave near this village ,jerome wrote most of his translation of the ,bible1 the ,vulgate version1 recognized as the standard ,bible by the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 #d4 ,a little beyond ,bethlehem is the head of the ,valley of ,elah1 in which1 but at a distance to the west1 ,david fought with ,goliath1 and gained his earliest honors before ,israel4 7#a ,sam4 #ag47 #e4 ,there are no more places of interest to the ,bible reader until we reach ,hebron1 #ah miles from ,jerusalem4 ,this is one of the most ancient towns in the world1 occupied before the time of ,abraham2 the burial place of the ,patriarchs1 the capital of ,david's kingdom of ,judah1 and the place where ,absalom's rebellion was begun4 ,it is still a large town1 inhabited by intolerant ,mohammedans1 who closely guard the sanctity of the ,mosque which covers the graves of ,abraham1 ,isaac and ,jacob4 ,it is now called el ,khalil1 the ,friend1 i4 e41 ,abraham1 the friend of ,god4 #f4 ,the region between ,hebron and the ,dead ,sea is wild and desolate1 with but few inhabitants4 ,it was called ,jeshimon1 the waste1 and is the place generally recognized as the wilderness of ,juda1 where ,david wandered during his exile when he was persecuted by ,saul1 and in constant danger of his life1 and where ,christ was tempted after his long fast of forty days4 ,,iv4 ,the ,southwestern ,road is that that goeth down from ,jerusalem unto ,gaza1 which is desert4 7,acts #h3bf47 ,it passes through ravines and among mountains1 descending through successive plateaus1 from the mountain region to the ,shefelah1 or low hills1 and thence to the plain by the ,mediterranean4 ,it is desert1 in the sense that no towns lie along the route4 ,the fountain where ,philip baptized the ,ethiopian treasurer is shown at ,ain ,haniyeh1 #d miles southwest of ,jerusalem2 but it has only tradition in support of its claim4 ,v4 ,the ,western ,road leads to ,joppa1 descending from the mountains to the sea4 #a4 ,four miles from ,jerusalem it passes ,emmaus 7,kuloniyeh71 the place to which the two disciples were walking when they were joined by the risen ,christ4 7,luke #bd3ac47 ,the place1 however1 is disputed4 ,dr4 ,thomson locates it at ,kuriet el ,enab1 further from ,jerusalem2 and others at el ,kubeibeh1 #g miles northwest of the city4 #b4 ,kirjath-jearim1 or ,baalah1 is #g miles from ,jerusalem1 at ,kuriet el ,enab1 named above4 ,here the ,ark of the ,covenant was brought from ,beth-shemesh1 after its return from the ,philistines1 and remained until it was removed by ,david to ,jerusalem4 7#a ,sam4 #f3ba2 #b ,sam4 #f3b47 ,it is now a small village1 with ruins and a church4 ,,vi4 ,the ,northwestern ,road branches from the ,northern ,road just beyond ,gibeah1 and winds down the mountains to the sea-shore at ,joppa4 ,among its places of interest are the following3 #a4 ,mizpeh1 watch-tower1 is probably the hill known as ,neby ,samwil1 #d miles northwest of ,jerusalem4 ,here ,samuel gathered the people for reformation1 and won his great victory over the ,philistines4 ,this may also have been ,ramah1 the birthplace and burial-place of ,samuel4 #b4 ,gibeon is at el ,jib1 a hill #f miles from ,jerusalem4 ,this was the head of the ,hivite league of cities which made peace with ,israel and were spared by ,joshua at the time of the conquest 7,josh4 #i3ag72 which led to the battle of ,beth-horon1 the decisive event of the war4 ,here a skirmish took place between the soldiers of ,david and of ,abner 7while ,david was reigning over ,judah71 and ,asahel1 the brother of ,joab1 was killed4 7#b ,sam4 #b3ab-bd47 ,at this place the ,tabernacle was standing during ,david's reign1 while the ark was at ,zion2 here was the great high place where ,solomon offered sacrifice at the opening of his reign2 and here ,solomon had a vision1 and made his choice of wisdom4 7#a ,kings #c3d-ad47 #c4 ,five miles beyond ,gibeon is ,beth-horon1 celebrated as the place where was fought the great battle of the conquest1 which1 measured by its results1 was the most important battle in the history of the world1 since upon it was staked the world's religion4 ,if ever the sun might stand still1 it was then1 when earth's destiny was in the balance4 7,josh4 #aj3i-ad47 ,the upper ,beth-horon is at ,beit ur el ,foka1 and the lower at ,beit ur et ,tahta1 two miles beyond it4 ,in this brief view we have compassed the most important places upon the map within #ae miles around the city of ,jerusalem4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,teaching4 #a4 ,locate upon the blackboard ,jerusalem as a centre1 and in presence of the class draw the general direction of the roads leading from it4 ,it is scarcely necessary to draw the valleys and mountains1 as they are but rarely referred to by name4 ,the teacher may mark the line of the road in ,french chalk or common slate-pencil upon the blackboard1 in advance of the lesson1 making a faint line1 which can be followed with the crayon afterward4 #b4 ,then take each road in order1 going out from ,jerusalem1 and indicate the places near it1 stating the events of ,bible ,history in connection with each place4 #c4 ,it would be a good plan to write on slips of paper the references to texts1 distribute them among the class1 and have each text read by a student as its event is named4 ,,review4 ,i4 ,northern ,road4 #a4 ,scopus4 7,titus47 #b4 ,nob4 7,slaughter of priests47 #c4 ,gibeah4 7,saul's court47 #d4 ,anathoth4 7,jeremiah47 #e4 ,ramah4787 7,samuel47 #f4 ,michmash4 7,jonathan's exploit47 #g4 ,ai4 7,achan47 #h4 ,beeroth4 7,gibeonites2 ,jesus lost in ,temple47 #i4 ,bethel4 7,jacob's ladder47 #aj4 ,rimmon4 7,benjamin47 #aa4 ,ephraim4 7,christ's retirement47 ,,ii4 ,eastern ,road4 #a4 ,bethany4 7,lazarus47 #b4 ,steep descent4 #c4 ,jericho4 ,,iii4 ,southern ,road4 #a4 ,plain of ,rephaim4 7,david's victory47 #b4 ,rachel's ,tomb4 #c4 ,bethlehem4 7,david1 ,jesus47 #d4 ,valley of ,elah4 7,david and ,goliath47 #e4 ,hebron4 7,abraham's sepulchre47 #f4 ,jeshimon 7,wilderness74 ,,iv4 ,southwestern ,road4 ,jerusalem to ,gaza4 7,philip47 ,v4 ,western ,road4 #a4 ,emmaus4 7,risen ,christ47 #b4 ,kirjath-jearim4 7,removal of ark47 ,,vi4 ,northwestern ,road4 #a4 ,mizpeh4 7,samuel47 #b4 ,gibeon4 7,solomon's choice47 #c4 ,beth-horon4 7,joshua's victory47 ,illustration3 ,,gethsemane4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,solomon',s ,,empire4 ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,solomon',s ,,empire4 ,,on the death of ,solomon1 ,b4,c4 #ice1 the empire which had been won by the sword and consolidated by the statesmanship of ,david1 fell asunder1 and five kingdoms took the place of one4 ,these were3 #a4 ,the portion of ,solomon's empire north of ,mount ,hermon and extending to the ,euphrates revolted1 and formed the ,kingdom of ,syria1 having ,damascus for its capital4 ,this kingdom1 at first small1 soon rose to power1 and at its height1 under ,hazael1 was the leading nation in ,asia1 west of the ,euphrates4 ,it fell1 about ,b4,c4 #gej1 under the power of ,assyria4 ,illustration3 ,,chronological ,,chart ,,of ,,kings ,,of ,,israel ,,and ,,judah4 #b4 ,south of ,syria was the ,kingdom of ,israel1 or the ,ten ,tribes1 founded by ,jeroboam1 ,b4,c4 #ice1 soon after the death of ,solomon4 ,this included by far the larger portion of ,palestine ,proper1 having #i1djj square miles1 while the rival kingdom of ,judah had but #c1djj4 ,it received the allegiance of all the tribes on the east of the ,jordan4 ,the boundary line between the two kingdoms ran south of ,jericho1 ,bethel and ,joppa4 ,this line was1 however1 very variable1 being moved northward or southward1 according to the relative power of the kingdoms4 ,over this kingdom reigned nineteen kings1 representing several dynasties1 with intervals of anarchy and frequent change4 ,its capital was at first ,shechem1 then ,tirzah1 until ,omri1 the founder of the third dynasty1 chose a permanent location at ,,samaria1 which soon became to ,israel all that ,jerusalem was to ,judah1 and in time gave its name to the entire province4 ,its two religious sanctuaries were at ,dan on the north1 and at ,bethel on the south1 where the national worship to ,jehovah1 was maintained under the form of a calf or young ox4 #c4 ,the ,kingdom of ,judah included the tribe of that name1 a portion of ,benjamin1 and perhaps of ,simeon also1 though the southern boundary was always uncertain4 ,the ,shefelah1 or low hills1 and the sea-coast1 were probably controlled by the ,philistines1 though nominally belonging to ,judah4 ,this kingdom remained loyal to the house of ,david during all its history1 and was ruled by twenty-one kings1 all of one family4 ,it was destroyed by ,nebuchadnezzar1 ,b4,c4 #ehg4 #d4 ,moab lay east of the ,dead ,sea1 between the brooks ,arnon and ,zered4 ,it was nominally subject to ,israel 7the northern kingdom72 but1 from the indications of the history and of the ,moabite ,stone 7a monument of ,mesha1 the king of ,moab1 erected in the time of ,elisha the prophet71 it may be inferred that it had its own government1 and only occasionally paid tribute to the ,ten ,tribes4 ,strong kings1 like ,omri1 ,ahab and ,jeroboam ,,ii41 may have held power over it2 but during most of the time it was practically independent4 #e4 ,edom1 south of the ,dead ,sea1 had been conquered by ,david1 and remained subject during the reign of ,solomon4 ,after the disruption it held to ,judah about the same relation that ,moab held to ,israel1 dependent and tributary1 but not annexed as a part of the realm4 ,there was a king of ,edom during the reign of ,jehoshaphat 7#b ,kings #c3i71 but evidently subject to ,judah4 ,the ,edomites finally gained their independence during the reign of ,jehoram1 the son of ,jehoshaphat 7#b ,kings #h3af-bb71 despite a defeat which they suffered at ,zair 7probably ,seir1 or ,sela74 ,like all the kingdoms around it1 this kingdom fell under the rule of ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,these five provinces or kingdoms are represented upon the map according to their general boundaries during most of the time from the age of ,solomon to that of ,nebuchadnezzar1 when all the ,east was united under one mighty sceptre4 ,historically1 the epoch requires the consideration of several periods1 as follows3 #a4 ,the ,period of ,division 7,b4,c4 #ice-hdb71 during which three kingdoms--,syria1 ,israel and ,judah--strove for supremacy4 ,this extends from the reign of ,jeroboam to that of ,jehu in the north2 and from ,rehoboam to ,joash in ,judah4 ,during the first half-century of this period1 wars were constant between ,israel and ,judah4 ,during the latter half-century the growing power of ,syria compelled an alliance between the rival kingdoms1 and nearly all the battles were between ,israel and ,syria4 ,the leading events of this period were3 7#a47 ,the accession of ,rehoboam1 followed by the disruption of the kingdom1 and the breaking up of ,solomon's empire4 7#b47 ,the invasion of ,judah by ,shishak1 king of ,egypt1 and the loss of all the treasures of ,david and ,solomon 7#b ,chron4 #ab71 which permanently crippled the kingdom4 7#c47 ,the wars of ,jeroboam with ,judah1 culminating in the battle of ,zemaraim1 near ,bethel1 a signal defeat for ,israel4 7#b ,chron4 #ac47 7#d47 ,the invasion of ,judah by the ,ethiopians under ,zerah1 and the victory of ,asa at ,mareshah4 7#b ,chron4 #ad47 7#e47 ,the introduction of the worship of ,baal into ,israel1 by ,ahab1 and with it the appearance of the prophet ,elijah4 7#a ,kings #af-ai47 7#f47 ,the wars with ,syria1 with the victory of ,israel at ,aphek1 and the defeat at ,ramoth-gilead4 7#a ,kings #bj-bb47 7#g47 ,the invasion of ,judah1 in the reign of ,jehoshaphat1 by the allied forces of ,ammon1 ,moab and ,edom1 and their slaughter at ,berachah4 7#b ,chron4 #bj47 7#h47 ,the allied war of ,israel and ,judah with ,moab1 and the battle of ,kir-haraseth1 commemorated by the ,moabite ,stone1 recently discovered4 7#b ,kings #c47 7#i47 ,the revolt of ,edom from ,judah1 in the reign of ,jehoram4 ,jehoram gained a victory at ,zair 7probably ,sela1 or ,petra71 but could not retain supremacy over the ,edomites4 ,illustration3 ,,moabite ,,stone4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,syrian ,,period1 ,b4,c4 #hhd-hdj4 #b4 ,the ,syrian ,period1 ,b4,c4 #hdb-gii1 began with revolutions in the same year in ,damascus1 ,samaria1 and ,jerusalem2 by which ,hazael mounted the throne of ,syria1 ,jehu of ,israel1 and ,athaliah1 the queen-mother1 usurped the throne of ,judah4 ,hazael established a powerful kingdom4 7#b ,kings #h3g-ae47 ,he conquered all of ,israel east of the ,jordan 7#b ,kings #aj3cb1 #cc71 reduced ,israel under ,jehoahaz to a condition of vassalage 7#b ,kings #ac3a-h71 took ,gath from ,judah1 and was only withheld from besieging ,jerusalem by the payment of a heavy tribute4 7#b ,kings #ab3ag1 #ah2 #b ,chron4 #bd3bc1 #bd47 ,we insert an outline map of his kingdom and conquests4 ,the principal events of this period were as follows3 7#a47 ,the accession of ,hazael in ,syria1 ,jehu in ,israel1 and ,athaliah in ,judah1 ,b4,c4 #hdb4 7#b47 ,the destruction of ,baal worship in ,israel4 7#b ,kings #aj47 7#c47 ,the conquests of ,hazael on the east of ,jordan4 7#b ,kings #aj3cb1 #cc47 7#d47 ,the slaughter of ,athaliah1 and accession of ,jehoash in ,judah4 7#b ,kings #aa47 7#e47 ,the repairs of the ,temple by ,jehoiada4 7#b ,kings #ab47 7#f47 ,the prophecies of ,jonah and ,joel4 7#g47 ,the subjection of ,israel under ,hazael4 7#h47 ,hazael's campaign against ,judah1 and capture of ,gath4 7#i47 ,the death of ,hazael4 #c4 ,the ,restoration of ,israel1 ,b4,c4 #ggi-gdb4 ,the ,syrian conqueror1 ,hazael1 left as his successor a weak prince1 ,ben-hadad ,,iii41 who was unable to hold his dominions against the ability of the third king of the house of ,jehu in ,israel1 ,jehoash1 or ,joash1 and his greater son1 ,jeroboam ,,ii4 ,under these two able rulers the kingdom of the ,ten ,tribes arose to its culmination1 the territory lost was regained1 nearly all ,syria was conquered1 ,judah was made tributary1 and ,samaria gave laws to a large part of ,solomon's empire4 ,this period was marked as the era of two great prophets1 ,jonah and ,joel2 and1 from its brilliant but brief prosperity1 has been called the ,indian ,summer of ,israel4 ,at the opening of this epoch1 ,amaziah reigned in ,judah4 ,he won a victory in ,edom1 but1 venturing to attack ,israel1 was routed at ,beth-shemesh2 and1 for the only time in ,judah's history1 the army of the ,ten ,tribes entered ,jerusalem as victors4 7#b ,kings #ad47 ,uzziah1 his successor1 was more successful1 and held his kingdom in security both against ,israel and the enemies on the south4 ,the outline map represents the kingdoms during the reign of ,jeroboam ,,ii41 about ,b4,c4 #hjj4 #d4 ,the ,fall of ,israel1 ,b4,c4 #gdb-gba4 ,the decline of ,israel after the reign of ,jeroboam ,,ii4 was rapid4 ,a succession of usurpers seized the throne1 the foreign conquests melted away1 and anarchy prevailed4 ,the cause of these sudden changes was the growth of the ,assyrian power under a succession of warlike kings1 who made ,nineveh the capital of the ,eastern world4 ,syria fell before their arms1 and ,israel soon followed4 ,in the reign of ,menahem1 ,israel became tributary to ,assyria2 and in that of ,pekah1 ,b4,c4 #gce1 the portion of ,israel on the north1 including the tribe of ,naphtali1 was carried into captivity by ,tiglath-pileser4 7#b ,kings #ae3bi47 ,in the reign of ,hoshea1 ,samaria itself was taken 7,b4,c4 #gba7 by ,sargon 7having been besieged by ,shalmaneser72 and the ,ten ,tribes were finally carried into captivity to ,halah and ,habor4 7#b ,kings #ag47 ,this period belongs to the map of the ,assyrian ,empire4 #e4 ,the ,fall of ,judah1 ,b4,c4 #gba-ehg4 ,the kingdom of ,judah lasted more than a hundred years after that of ,israel1 though most of the time as a subject-nation to the great king of ,assyria1 to whom ,ahaz and most of the kings of ,judah after him paid tribute4 ,the most important events of this period were3 7#a47 ,the reforms of ,king ,hezekiah1 and the deliverance of ,jerusalem from the ,assyrians under ,sennacherib4 7#b ,chron4 #cj-cb47 7#b47 ,the captivity of ,king ,manasseh among the ,assyrians1 and his return4 7#b ,chron4 #cc47 7#c47 ,the attempt at reformation by ,king ,josiah1 and his death at the battle of ,megiddo4 7#b ,chron4 #cd1 #ce47 7#d47 ,the rise of the power of ,babylon1 and ,nebuchadnezzar's first invasion of ,judah1 in the reign of ,jehoiakim1 ,b4,c4 #fjf4 ,from this date ,judah was subject to ,babylon1 and the seventy years' captivity began4 7#e47 ,the rebellion of ,zedekiah1 the last king1 against ,nebuchadnezzar1 the siege of ,jerusalem1 the destruction of the kingdom1 and the final carrying of ,judah into captivity to ,babylon1 ,b4,c4 #ehg4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,restoration ,,of ,,israel1 ,b4,c4 #hjj4 ,we notice the most important wars1 sieges and battles of this period1 indicated upon the map of the ,division of ,solomon's ,empire1 by flags4 #a4 ,the battle of ,zemaraim1 near ,bethel1 fought between ,jeroboam and ,abijah1 the second king of ,judah1 ,b4,c4 #iag1 and resulting in the defeat of ,israel1 and the ruin of ,jeroboam's plans of ambition4 7#b ,chron4 #ac47 #b4 ,the battle of ,mareshah1 in ,judah1 on the border of the mountain region1 in which ,king ,asa defeated ,zerah1 the ,ethiopian king of ,egypt1 and an immense host1 ,b4,c4 #ijj4 7#b ,chron4 #ad47 #c4 ,the siege of ,samaria1 by ,ben-hadad1 king of ,syria1 in the reign of ,ahab1 who was able to repel the invaders4 7#a ,kings #bj47 ,we notice1 that from this time1 for a century1 the principal wars of ,israel are with ,syria4 #d4 ,the victory at ,aphek1 won by ,ahab over ,ben-hadad and the ,syrians4 ,ahab1 however1 allowed the fruits of the victory to be lost1 when he might have made it decisive in its results4 7#a ,kings #bj3bf-dc47 #e4 ,the battle of ,ramoth-gilead1 in which the ,syrians1 under ,ben-hadad1 were victorious over allied ,israel and ,judah1 and ,ahab was slain4 7#a ,kings #bb47 #f4 ,the slaughter of the allied ,moabites1 ,ammonites and ,edomites1 at ,berachah1 the valley of blessing1 in the reign of ,jehoshaphat1 king of ,judah4 7#b ,chron4 #bj47 #g4 ,the war of ,israel1 ,judah and ,edom1 against the ,moabites1 in which a great battle took place at ,kir-haraseth1 in the land of ,moab1 when the king of ,moab offered his own son as a sacrifice in presence of the contending armies4 7#b ,kings #c47 ,this was during the reign of ,jehoshaphat in ,judah1 and of ,jehoram in ,israel4 #h4 ,a second siege of ,samaria1 by the ,syrians1 under ,ben-hadad1 in the reign of ,jehoram2 and a miraculous deliverance4 7#b ,kings #f1 #g47 #i4 ,a battle at ,zair 7probably ,sela1 or ,petra71 in ,edom1 in which ,jehoram was surrounded by the revolting ,edomites1 and won a victory1 yet could not prevent the ,edomites from gaining their liberty4 7#b ,kings #h3ba1 #bb47 #aj4 ,the capture of ,gath1 by the ,syrians1 under ,hazael1 in the reign of ,jehoash1 king of ,judah4 7#b ,kings #ab3ag47 #aa4 ,the victory of ,king ,jehoash1 of ,israel1 over the ,syrians1 at ,aphek1 foretold by ,elisha4 7#b ,kings #ac3ag-be47 #ab4 ,the battle of ,beth-shemesh1 a victory of ,israel over ,judah1 resulting in an ,israelite army entering ,jerusalem1 in the reign of ,amaziah4 7#b ,kings #ad47 #ac4 ,the final capture of ,samaria by the ,assyrians1 and the extinction of the kingdom of the ,ten ,tribes4 7#b ,kings #ag3a-f47 #ad4 ,the battle of ,megiddo1 in which ,king ,josiah1 of ,judah1 lost his life while resisting the invasion of ,pharaoh-necho1 the king of ,egypt4 7#b ,kings #bc3bi47 #ae4 ,two battles at ,carchemish1 near the ,euphrates1 in the first of which1 ,pharaoh-necho1 of ,egypt1 was victorious 7,b4,c4 #fjh7 over the ,assyrians1 and in the second 7,b4,c4 #fjf7 was thoroughly defeated by ,nebuchadnezzar1 and compelled to relinquish all his conquests in ,asia4 7#b ,chron4 #ce3bj47 #af4 ,the destruction of ,jerusalem by ,nebuchadnezzar1 and the extinction of the kingdom of ,judah4 7#b ,kings #be47 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching4 #a4 ,draw on the blackboard the map of ,solomon's ,empire1 as already given1 showing its boundaries1 and placing on it the city of ,jerusalem1 the river ,jordan1 etc4 #b4 ,divide the map into the five kingdoms of ,syria1 ,israel1 ,judah1 ,moab and ,edom1 and show their capitals and political relations4 #c4 ,drill the class upon the leading events of the five historical periods named in the above description1 placing upon the map the localities named in the history4 #d4 ,name the battles of the periods1 and state the circumstances of each battle1 placing them upon the map in their historical order4 #e4 ,through all the work let the class draw their own maps1 following that upon the board1 and at the close carefully review all the work4 ,this subject might require several lessons in a normal class4 ,illustration3 ,,mosque ,,el ,,aksa4 ,,the ,,great ,,oriental ,,empires4 ,,the history of the ,bible is so interwoven with that of the ,east1 that a view of its great empires is necessary4 ,all the lands between the ,persian ,gulf and the ,mediterranean were united at different periods under one government1 and formed an empire which was constantly changing according to the power or weakness of its dominant state2 for in the ,oriental world there never has existed anything like a confederation of states on an equality4 ,at different periods ,ur1 ,babylon or ,nineveh conquered all the surrounding lands2 or at other periods a single race1 as the ,medes and ,persians1 obtained supremacy4 ,the empire thus arose and fell1 to be succeeded by a similar empire with another centre4 ,during the ,old ,testament history1 between the days of ,abraham and of ,ezra1 more than #a1ejj years1 four successive empires appeared in the ,east4 ,these were3 ,i4 ,the ,early ,babylonian ,empire4 ,b4,c4 #bbhj-aabj4 ,,ii4 ,the ,assyrian ,empire4 ,b4,c4 #aabj-fbf4 ,,iii4 ,the ,babylonian ,empire4 ,b4,c4 #fjf-ech4 ,,iv4 ,the ,persian ,empire4 ,b4,c4 #ech-ccj4 ,i4 ,the ,early ,babylonian ,empire began about #cjjj ,b4,c41 with several states1 each having a city as its capital4 ,among these were ,ur 7,mugheir71 ,lagesh 7,shirpurta71 and ,isin4 ,these separate kingdoms were united in an empire1 of which ,babylon was the capital1 in the reign of ,hammurabi 7the ,amraphel of ,gen4 #ad3a71 about #bbhj ,b4,c4 ,it lasted1 with varying fortunes1 for #a1jjj years4 ,a map of this empire1 in the time of ,abraham1 is given on page #cd4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,assyrian ,,palace4 ,,ii4 ,the ,assyrian ,empire arose from the small country ,asshur1 about #be square miles in extent1 lying east of the ,tigris and north of the lower ,zab4 ,its capital was the city ,asshur1 now called ,kileh ,sherghat1 #fj miles south of ,nineveh4 ,the city rose to power in the #adth century ,b4,c41 when1 under ,tukulti-ninib1 ,babylon was captured and the ,babylonian empire became the ,assyrian4 ,afterward ,nimrud1 #bj miles south of ,nineveh1 became the capital4 ,not until #gjb was ,,nineveh made by ,sennacherib the royal residence4 ,it soon surpassed the earlier capitals in size and magnificence1 and became one of the largest cities of the ,east4 ,it then included four cities1 surrounded by one wall1 and forming a parallelogram1 as shown on the plan on page #if4 ,the greatest kings of this empire were3 ,shalmaneser1 who made war on ,samaria1 and erected the ,black ,obelisk1 which now stands in the ,british ,museum1 and by its inscriptions furnishes the best record of the kingdom down to its own age2 ,sargon1 who completed the conquest of ,samaria1 and otherwise added to the empire2 ,sennacherib1 who enlarged and beautified ,nineveh1 warred from ,babylon to ,egypt1 and extorted tribute from ,hezekiah1 king of ,judah2 and ,esar-haddon1 son of the preceding1 who saw the empire at its height1 embracing1 besides ,assyria1 ,armenia1 ,media1 ,babylonia1 ,elam1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,israel1 ,judah1 and the northern portion of ,egypt4 ,these lands1 however1 for the most part retained their own rulers1 customs and government1 but recognized themselves as vassals to the ,great ,king1 as he is styled in the inscriptions4 ,esar-haddon took ,manasseh1 king of ,judah1 captive to ,babylon1 and repopulated ,samaria with colonists from other lands4 ,his son1 ,asshur-bani-pal1 witnessed his kingdom declining1 and was the last of the great kings1 though he built a vast palace at ,nineveh4 ,there was no coherence or unity in the empire1 whose provinces were held together only by the strong arm of the king2 and1 on the death of ,asshur-bani-pal1 a general revolt took place among the subject nations1 his son perished1 and ,nineveh was utterly destroyed1 never again to appear in history4 ,the boundaries of the ,assyrian empire are given upon the map according to the best authorities4 ,on the north they were the ,armenian ,mountains1 the river ,cyrus 7now called the ,kur71 north of the ,araxes1 and the northern range of ,mount ,taurus2 on the east1 the ,caspian ,sea and the great salt desert2 on the south1 the ,persian ,gulf1 the ,arabian desert and ,upper ,egypt2 on the west1 the ,mediterranean and the river ,halys4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,assyrian ,,empire4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,babylonian ,,empire ,,and ,,its ,,surroundings4 ,,iii4 ,the ,babylonian ,empire1 ,b4,c4 #fjf-ech4 ,this period has been more correctly termed that of the four kingdoms1 since the ,east was not then1 as during the ,assyrian period1 under one government4 ,the destruction of ,nineveh had been wrought by the union of the ,medes and ,babylonians1 under their kings1 ,cyaxares and ,nabopolassar1 and these peoples succeeded to most1 but not all1 of the conquests of ,assyria4 #a4 ,media won its own independence1 and obtained possession of ,armenia1 ,assyria ,proper 7north of the ,tigris71 and ,elam4 ,persia had already been conquered1 so that the largest1 though less important1 portion of the ,assyrian empire now belonged to ,media4 #b4 ,babylonia obtained ,chaldea1 ,mesopotamia1 ,syria and ,palestine4 ,most of these countries had claimed their independence on the fall of ,assyria2 and their conquest occupied the reign of ,nabopolassar1 and his greater son1 ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,thus the important parts of the ,bible world were nearly all under the rule of ,babylon4 #c4 ,a new kingdom arose in ,asia ,minor1 that of ,lydia1 embracing all the lands between the gean ,sea and the river ,halys2 destined1 however1 to a short history1 for it formed one of the earliest conquests of ,cyrus the ,great4 #d4 ,cilicia also appears for the first time upon the map1 being situated between the ,euphrates and ,lydia1 north of ,syria1 and south of the ,halys river1 and retained its independence until the close of the ,babylonian period1 when it was annexed to ,persia1 though even then it retained its own kings4 #e4 ,to these might be added ,egypt1 though outside of the ,asiatic world4 ,it soon shook off the yoke of ,assyria1 and resumed its independence2 but1 endeavoring to contest with ,babylon the empire of the ,east1 was defeated at ,carchemish by ,nebuchadnezzar1 and compelled to retire from ,asia4 ,some suppose that it was conquered by ,babylon2 and it is possible that for a few years ,egypt may have recognized the supremacy of ,nebuchadnezzar by paying tribute1 but it was never a part of his empire4 ,illustration3 ,,black ,,obelisk4 ,the map of the ,oriental world1 as thus reconstructed1 lasted about a century1 though with varying boundary lines2 as1 for instance1 ,elam1 or ,susiana1 sometimes formed a part of ,babylonia1 and at other times of ,media4 ,during this period ,,babylon was the metropolis of the ,east4 ,it was raised to greatness by ,nebuchadnezzar1 who finished the ,tower of ,belus1 raised the ,hanging ,gardens1 and built great palaces4 ,two-thirds of the bricks unearthed in the ruins of ,babylon bear his name4 ,the city formed a square1 on both sides of the ,euphrates1 covering an area of #acj miles1 about that of the city and county of ,philadelphia4 ,it was surrounded with double walls1 one of which is said to have been #cjj feet high1 and so wide that six chariots could be driven abreast along its summit4 ,the greatness of the city was short-lived4 ,it was taken by the ,medes and ,persians1 ,b4,c4 #ecf1 and soon began to decline1 though it remained1 in a decaying condition1 for nearly #a1jjj years afterward4 ,illustration3 ,,babylon4 ,illustration3 ,,comparative ,,areas ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,empires--,,assyrian1 ,,babylonian1 ,,persian4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,persian ,,empire4 ,illustration3 ,,division ,,of ,,alexander',s ,,empire4 ,,iv4 ,the ,persian ,empire1 ,b4,c4 #ech-ccj4 ,as the ,babylonian power arose with ,nebuchadnezzar1 the ,persian began with ,cyrus the ,great4 ,he was the hereditary king of the ,persians1 and headed a revolt against the ,medes1 which resulted in reversing the relations of the two races1 so that the ,persians became dominant4 ,he then led his united people westward1 and conquered ,croesus1 the king of ,lydia1 thus extending his dominion from the ,persian ,gulf to the gean ,sea4 ,the power of ,babylon began to fall on the death of ,nebuchadnezzar1 whose successors were weaklings1 and in ,b4,c4 #ech ,cyrus took the city of ,babylon4 ,his dominions were now larger than those of the old ,assyrian empire2 and under his successors the conquests of ,persia were pushed both eastward and westward1 until1 under ,darius the ,great1 they embraced all the lands from the ,indus to the ,nile4 ,the map represents the empire of ,persia at this period1 with the twenty satrapies1 or provinces1 into which it was divided by ,darius4 ,this empire lasted for #bjj years1 until its conquest by ,alexander the ,great1 ,b4,c4 #ccj1 when the sceptre of the ,east passed into ,european hands1 and ,greece gave law to ,asia4 ,in the extent of its territory1 in the strength of its dominion1 and in the consolidation of its conquests1 ,persia was far greater than either ,assyria or ,babylon4 ,it will be observed that the scale of all the maps of the ,assyrian1 ,babylonian and ,persian ,empires1 is the same1 so that their relative proportions may be seen4 ,the map of the ,persian ,empire represents the political state of the ,oriental world at the conclusion of the ,old ,testament period4 ,when ,ezra and ,nehemiah were at ,jerusalem1 and ,haggai and ,malachi were the prophets of ,judah1 all the lands were under the dominion of ,persia1 and were governed from ,shushan the palace1 or ,susa4 ,illustration3 ,,babylon4 ,,period ,,of ,,restoration #ecf ,b4,c4-#gj ,a4,d4 ,the closing portion of ,old ,testament history1 from the edict of ,cyrus the ,great1 ,b4,c4 #ecf1 permitting the captive ,jews to return to ,palestine1 is known as the ,period of ,restoration4 ,from that time until the end of the ,jewish history1 the land was under foreign rule4 ,the ,period of ,restoration1 from the return from captivity to the birth of ,christ1 may be divided as follows3 #a4 ,the ,persian ,supremacy1 ,b4,c4 #ech-ccj4 ,during the #bjj years of the ,persian empire1 the ,jews were kindly treated by their sovereigns1 and permitted to regulate their own affairs4 ,under ,darius the ,great1 who reigned ,b4,c4 #eba-dhf1 the second ,temple was completed4 ,under ,xerxes1 the next monarch1 called in the ,bible1 ,ahasuerus1 occurred the romantic events of ,esther's deliverance1 and the downfall of ,haman4 ,under his successor1 ,artaxerxes ,longimanus1 ,b4,c4 #dfe-dbe1 the ,jewish state was reformed by ,ezra1 and the walls of ,jerusalem were built by ,nehemiah4 ,soon after this occurred the separation of the ,samaritans1 and a rival temple was built on ,mount ,gerizim4 #b4 ,the ,macedonian ,supremacy1 ,b4,c4 #ccj-cba1 though brief1 brought to pass vast results4 ,alexander the ,great1 in a brilliant series of battles1 subjugated the entire ,persian empire1 and became the master of the ,oriental world4 ,he dealt kindly with the ,jews1 notwithstanding their loyalty to the ,persian throne1 and permitted them to enjoy freedom of worship and of government4 ,we do not give a map of ,alexander's empire1 as its boundaries in ,asia varied but little from those of ,persia1 and it has no direct relation to ,bible history4 ,soon after ,alexander's death1 his generals formed a compact for the government of his empire2 but it was soon broken1 and out of his conquests four kingdoms arose1 of which the most important were those of ,seleucus in ,asia1 and of ,ptolemy in ,africa4 ,in the first division1 ,b4,c4 #cbc1 ,palestine became a part of ,syria4 #c4 ,the ,egyptian ,supremacy1 ,b4,c4 #cba-aih4 ,palestine was taken from ,syria by ,ptolemy ,soter1 the ruler of ,egypt2 and his successors1 the ,greek kings of ,egypt1 all named ,ptolemy1 held the ,holy ,land for #abj years4 ,during this time the ,jews were governed1 under the king of ,egypt1 by their high-priests4 ,the most important event of this epoch was the ,septuagint translation of the ,old ,testament1 made at ,alexandria about #bhe ,b4,c4 ,the map of the ,division of ,alexander's ,empire represents the ,oriental world at this period1 after the lands had settled down into something like order under stable governments4 ,omitting the minor states and free cities1 the kingdoms of that epoch were as follows3 #a4 ,the kingdom of the ,seleucid1 sometimes known as ,syria1 was founded by ,seleucus1 ,b4,c4 #cab4 ,it included the largest portion of ,alexander's conquests1 embracing most of ,asia ,minor1 and those provinces of the ,bible world known as ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 ,babylonia1 ,persia ,proper1 ,southern ,media1 and far beyond them eastward to the ,indus4 ,throughout its history of #bej years1 it remained a ,greek government1 though in ,asia1 and introduced the ,greek language and literature to all the lands of the ,orient4 #b4 ,the kingdom of the ,ptolemies included ,egypt1 ,libya1 ,palestine1 ,phoenicia1 and the southern provinces of ,asia ,minor4 ,it was ruled by a succession of ,greek monarchs1 descended from ,ptolemy ,soter1 and1 with changing boundaries1 endured until the death of its last queen1 the famous ,cleopatra1 when it became a part of the ,roman empire4 #c4 ,there were other kingdoms in ,asia at this time1 appearing upon the map4 ,pontus and ,cappadocia intervened between the two sections of the empire of the ,seleucid4 ,southwest of the ,caspian1 and near the sea1 ,media ,atropatene had gained its independence1 and on the southeast ,parthia was rising to power2 while beyond1 on the east1 was ,bactriana4 ,other lands of less importance might also be named2 but these are all that are necessary to the reader of the history4 ,during this epoch of #abe years1 ,palestine remained under the control of ,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,,nineveh ,,and ,,vicinity4 #d4 ,the ,syrian ,supremacy1 ,b4,c4 #aih-aff4 ,by the battle of ,mount ,panium1 ,antiochus of the ,seleucid line wrested ,palestine from ,egypt4 ,the ,syrian domination1 though short1 brought to the ,jews greater trials than any previous period in their history4 ,jerusalem was twice taken and sacked1 the ,temple was desecrated and closed1 the ,jewish religion was forbidden1 and those who remained steadfast to it were subjected to a cruel persecution4 ,the trials named in ,heb4 #aa3ce-hg1 belonged to this period1 when every attempt was made by ,antiochus ,epiphanes to destroy the worship of ,jehovah1 and introduce ,greek customs and religion among the ,jewish people4 ,but the very violence of the tyranny reacted1 and led to a complete deliverance and a more thorough devotion4 #e4 ,the ,maccabean ,independence1 ,b4,c4 #aff-dj4 ,a priest named ,mattathias raised the banner of revolt2 and1 after his death1 his five sons in succession led the efforts of the ,jews for freedom4 ,the greatest of them1 though all were heroes1 was ,judas1 called ,maccabeus1 the hammer4 ,in ,b4,c4 #afe he took possession of ,jerusalem2 and1 after his death1 his brother ,simon won the recognition of the freedom of ,palestine4 ,other ,maccabean princes extended the boundaries of the land over ,edom1 ,samaria and ,galilee4 ,under a succession of these rulers1 also called ,asmonean kings1 ,palestine was virtually independent1 though nominally subordinate to either ,syria or ,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,under ,,the ,,maccabees4 ,b4,c4 #ajj4 #f4 ,the ,roman ,supremacy1 ,b4,c4 #dj-;,a4,d4 #gj4 ,perhaps this period should begin with ,b4,c4 #fc1 when the ,roman general ,pompey entered ,jerusalem1 and the ,romans began to exercise a controlling influence4 ,but the representatives of the ,maccabean line were allowed to reign until ,b4,c4 #dj1 when they were set aside1 and ,herod the ,great1 an ,idumean 7,edomite71 was made king by the ,romans4 ,it was in the closing portion of his reign that ,,jesus ,,christ was born4 ,the last #gj years of the ,roman period belong to ,new ,testament history1 and will be considered in connection with the maps of that period4 ,,the ,,roman ,,empire4 ,,the last of the ,old ,world empires was that having its capital on the seven hills of ,,rome4 ,like most of the others1 it was the dominion of a single city2 but1 unlike others1 it represented the conquests1 not of a single conquering king1 as ,nebuchadnezzar or ,cyrus1 but of a self-governing and conquering people2 and1 unlike its predecessors1 it was not a loose aggregation of states1 ready to fall apart as soon as the hand that fettered them was removed1 but an empire1 carefully welded together1 building up in every land its own civilization1 and developing a national unity which held its possessions together for a thousand years4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,colosseum ,,at ,,rome4 ,at the close of the ,old ,testament period1 the ,persian empire stood in all its power4 ,four hundred years later1 at the opening of the ,new ,testament epoch1 the ,persian empire had given place to that of ,alexander2 that had broken up into many fragments2 and most of these in turn had been united under the eagles of ,rome4 ,the world's capital had moved westward1 and the ,mediterranean was now a ,roman lake4 ,the principal provinces of this empire1 omitting minor subdivisions1 were3 ,i4 ,european ,provinces4 #a4 ,italy4 #b4 ,hispania1 now known as ,spain1 subdivided into three provinces4 #c4 ,gallia1 now ,france1 including also parts of ,germany and the ,netherlands1 embracing five provinces4 #d4 ,the ,danubian provinces of ,rhtia1 ,noricum1 ,pannonia1 and ,moesia1 to which ,dacia was afterward added by the emperor ,trajan4 #e4 ,the ,grecian provinces of ,thracia1 ,macedonia1 ,achaia1 and ,illyricum4 ,,ii4 ,the ,insular ,provinces were3 #a4 ,britannia4 #b4 ,sicilia4 #c4 ,sardinia and ,corsica1 united4 #d4 ,cyprus4 ,the other islands were attached1 either to these1 or to governments upon the mainland4 ,,iii4 ,the ,asiatic ,provinces were3 #a4 ,asia1 a term referring only to the western end of ,asia ,minor4 #b4 ,pontus and ,bithynia1 united4 #c4 ,galatia4 #d4 ,pamphylia and ,lycia4 #e4 ,cilicia4 #f4 ,syria1 of which ,palestine was a part4 ,to these were added1 after the ,new ,testament period1 ,armenia1 ,mesopotamia1 and ,arabia ,petra2 but they were soon lost to the empire4 ,,iv4 ,the ,african ,provinces were3 #a4 gyptus1 or ,egypt4 #b4 ,cyrenaica1 called1 in ,acts #b3aj1 parts of ,libya about ,cyrene4 #c4 ,africa1 the district around ,carthage4 #d4 ,mauritania1 now ,morocco4 ,this empire was the most thoroughly organized and the longest in duration of any in ancient history4 ,it lasted until ,rome fell under the attacks of barbarians from the ,north1 ,a4,d4 #dgf4 ,even after this1 the eastern division of the empire remained with almost unbroken power for centuries1 and was not finally extinguished until #adec1 the close of the ,middle ,ages4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,roman ,,empire ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,testament ,,period4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,empires4 ,it is desirable to let the class see the comparative area and location of the ,four ,oriental ,empires2 hence they should be presented upon the same map4 ,each of these may form a separate lesson4 ,i4 ,the ,early ,chaldean ,empire4 #a4 ,draw in the centre of the blackboard the outlines of the map of ,chedorlaomer's ,empire1 on page #cd1 reserving space enough around it to embrace all the lands of the maps on page #ib4 #b4 ,draw the four important rivers3 the ,tigris1 ,euphrates1 ,jordan and ,nile4 #c4 ,show the boundaries of ,chedorlaomer's empire1 and its principal places3 ,babylon1 ,ur1 ,nineveh1 ,haran1 ,damascus1 ,hebron4 #d4 ,state briefly the history of the empire4 #e4 ,review the lesson1 and let the class state all the information given4 ,n4 ,b4 ,the outlines may be drawn in advance with slate pencil or soapstone1 and then traced with chalk in the presence of the class4 ,also1 the initial letters only of places or rivers should be written1 as a hint to the memory2 afterward the initial letters should be erased1 and the class be called upon to name the places as located by the pointer4 ,,ii4 ,the ,assyrian ,empire4 #a4 ,after erasing the boundaries of the first empire1 leaving the general outline of sea-coast and lands the same1 show the location of the conquering province1 ,assyria1 and its capital1 ,nineveh4 #b4 ,draw the boundaries of the ,assyrian empire1 explain them to the class1 and have them repeated in concert4 #c4 ,locate and name the subject provinces3 ,armenia1 ,media1 ,mesopotamia1 ,susiana1 ,babylonia1 ,syria1 ,palestine4 #d4 ,name its most important kings3 ,tiglath-adar1 ,shalmaneser1 ,sargon1 ,sennacherib1 ,esar-haddon1 ,asshur-bani-pal4 ,with each king should be named the events associated with his reign4 #e4 ,review the outline as before4 ,,iii4 ,the ,babylonian ,empire4 ,this may be given upon the same map as the two preceding4 #a4 ,show the location and relations of the four kingdoms3 ,babylonia1 ,media1 ,lydia1 ,cilicia4 #b4 ,give an account of ,babylon1 and its fall4 ,,iv4 ,the ,persian ,empire4 ,leaving the coast-line of the former maps on the board1 add to it the lines in all points of the compass requisite to show the boundaries of ,persia4 ,the provinces1 or satrapies1 need not be specified 7unless detailed knowledge is desired71 for they do not relate to ,bible history4 ,name the leading monarchs1 ,cyrus1 ,darius1 ,xerxes1 ,artaxerxes ,longimanus1 and give an account of the fall of the empire4 ,v4 ,the ,empire of ,alexander4 #a4 ,this may be shown in outline2 and its history be given4 #b4 ,the division of the empire and its leading kingdoms should be mentioned4 ,,vi4 ,the ,roman ,empire4 ,this will require a new map4 ,draw in outline the lands around the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and enumerate the provinces3 ,european1 ,asiatic1 ,african4 ,illustration3 ,,grotto ,,of ,,jeremiah 7,,under ,,mount ,,calvary74 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,herod ,,the ,,great4 ,,new ,,testament ,,palestine4 ,,the political geography of ,palestine1 during the seventy years of ,new ,testament history1 is somewhat complicated1 from the two facts1 that new provinces are named in the annals1 and also that the government was changed from regal to provincial1 and from provincial to regal1 oftener than once in a generation4 ,i4 ,,the ,,provinces ,,of ,,palestine4 ,these were1 on the west of the ,jordan1 ,juda1 ,samaria and ,galilee2 and on the east1 ,pera1 and a group of minor principalities1 popularly1 but not accurately1 called ,decapolis4 ,they are indicated upon the map of the ,kingdom of ,herod the ,great4 #a4 ,juda was the largest province in ,palestine4 ,it embraced the territory anciently belonging to the four tribes1 ,judah1 ,benjamin1 ,dan1 and ,simeon4 ,on the east its boundary was the ,dead ,sea2 on the south1 the desert2 on the west1 the ,mediterranean4 ,the northern line1 separating it from ,samaria1 is less definitely known2 but we have adopted the boundary as given by ,conder in ,a ,handbook to the ,bible1 where the evidences in its favor are shown4 ,the southern portion was properly ,idumaea1 or western ,edom4 ,the ,philistine plain1 and the ,negeb1 or ,south ,country1 were both known as ,daroma4 #b4 ,samaria was the central province1 between ,juda and the ,carmel range of mountains4 ,its share of the plain by the sea was known as ,sarona 7,sharon71 and was occupied almost entirely by ,gentiles2 while its mountain region was held by the ,samaritans1 a people of mingled origin1 partly descended from the remnant of the ,ten ,tribes after the captivity1 and partly from heathen peoples deported to the territory1 of which an account is contained in #b ,kings #ag4 ,they separated from 7or rather1 were disfellowshiped by7 the ,jews in the times of ,nehemiah1 and built a temple on ,mount ,gerizim1 ,b4,c4 #djj4 ,a small remnant still remain in the ancient city of ,shechem1 and maintain their ancient worship4 #c4 ,galilee was the northern province1 extending from ,mount ,carmel to ,lebanon1 and from the ,sea of ,tiberias to the ,mediterranean and ,phoenicia4 ,its people were ,jews1 and profoundly attached to the law1 but less superstitious than those of ,jerusalem4 ,in this province most of the ministry of ,jesus ,christ was accomplished4 ,illustration3 ,,tiberias4 #d4 ,pera extended from the ,jordan and the ,dead ,sea on the west to the ,syrian desert on the east1 and from the river ,arnon on the south to the town of ,pella on the north2 nearly corresponding to the location of the tribes of ,reuben and ,gad4 ,the word means beyond2 and the country was sometimes called 7,mark #aj3a7 ,juda by the farther side of ,jordan4 ,it was inhabited during the ,new ,testament period by ,jews1 among whom were established many villages of ,gentiles4 #e4 ,the remaining province has no correct geographical name4 ,it is sometimes called ,decapolis2 but the term is not precise1 and strictly refers to ten cities1 not all of which were in the province4 ,it embraced no less than five sections1 as may be seen upon the map4 7#a47 ,gaulanitis1 the ancient ,golan1 now ,jaulan1 east of the ,jordan1 ,tiberias1 and ,lake ,merom1 which was then called ,samachonitis4 7#b47 ,auranitis1 now ,hauran1 the flat country of ,bashan4 7#c47 ,trachonitis1 rugged1 the mountainous district of ,bashan1 now known as el ,ledja4 7#d47 ,iturea1 now called ,jedur1 between ,mount ,hermon and the ,ledja1 on the north4 7#e47 ,batanea1 an ,aramaic form of the ,hebrew word ,bashan1 south of the ,hieromax4 ,decapolis was the land of the ten cities4 ,these were ten confederated ,gentile cities standing in ,palestine2 and1 though surrounded by a ,jewish population1 preserving their heathen character1 and protected by the ,roman government4 ,their names1 as given by different historians1 do not entirely agree2 but the best list is3 7#a47 ,scythopolis 7,beth-shean74 7#b47 ,gadara4 7#c47 ,gerasa4 7#d47 ,canatha4 7#e47 ,abila4 7#f47 ,raphana4 7#g47 ,hippos4 7#h47 ,dion4 7#i47 ,pella4 7#aj47 ,capitolias4 ,to these may be added3 7#aa47 ,philadelphia 7,rabbath ,ammon74 7#ab47 ,damascus4 ,as far as identified1 they are named upon the map in red letters4 ,many of these cities were destroyed1 and their inhabitants massacred1 by the ,jews1 in the beginning of the final war before the destruction of ,jerusalem by ,titus4 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,during ,,the ,,ministry of ,,jesus4 ,a4,d4 #bf4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,political ,,history ,,of ,,palestine1 ,b4,c4 #d-;,a4,d4 #gj4 #a4 ,the ,kingdom of ,herod the ,great included all the provinces indicated upon the map1 and described above4 ,this organization came to an end ,b4,c4 #d1 when ,herod died4 #b4 ,the ,tetrarchy1 ,b4,c4 #d-;,a4,d4 #da4 ,the word means a government of four1 and points to the division of the kingdom after ,herod's death1 when ,archelaus was made tetrarch of ,juda and ,samaria2 ,antipas 7called in the ,new ,testament ,herod the tetrarch71 of ,galilee and ,pera2 and ,philip1 of the fifth province1 east of the ,sea of ,tiberias4 ,the fourth tetrarch was ,lysanias1 who ruled over the small district of ,abilene1 between ,mount ,hermon and ,damascus1 a separate dominion from that of ,herod4 ,in ,a4,d4 #f ,archelaus was deposed1 and ,juda and ,samaria were annexed directly to the empire1 and governed by a series of procurators1 of whom ,pontius ,pilate was the sixth4 ,this was the political arrangement of ,palestine during the ministry of ,jesus1 of which a map is given4 #c4 ,the ,kingdom of ,herod ,agrippa1 ,a4,d4 #da-dd4 ,herod ,agrippa was a grandson of ,herod the ,great1 and an intimate friend of the emperor ,caligula1 from whom he received the title of king1 and all the dominions of ,herod the ,great1 with ,abilene added2 so that he reigned over more territory than any ,jewish king after ,solomon4 ,he was the ,herod the king who slew the apostle ,james1 imprisoned ,peter1 and died by the judgment of ,god at ,csarea4 7,acts #ab47 #d4 ,the ,two ,provinces1 ,a4,d4 #dd-gj4 ,on the death of ,herod ,agrippa1 his son1 ,herod ,agrippa ,,ii41 was a youth of #ag4 ,the emperor ,claudius gave him only the tetrarchies formerly held by ,philip and ,lysanias1 the fifth province of ,palestine1 and ,abilene4 ,over these he reigned until the final extinction of the ,jewish state by ,titus1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 when he retired to a private station at ,rome4 ,this was the ,king ,agrippa before whom the apostle ,paul bore testimony4 7,acts #be1 #bf47 ,during his reign1 ,juda1 ,samaria1 ,galilee and ,pera formed the province of ,juda1 under ,roman procurators1 having their headquarters at ,csarea4 ,when the last rebellion of the ,jews had been quelled by the destruction of ,jerusalem1 the entire country was annexed to the province of ,syria1 and the history of ,juda ended4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,two ,,provinces4 ,a4,d4 #dd-gj4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ4 ,,as ,,the life of ,jesus ,christ on earth is the most important not only in all ,bible history1 but in all human history as well1 it is desirable that the ,bible student1 and especially the ,bible teacher1 should obtain a clear understanding of its leading events1 associate them with the places where they occurred1 and arrange them in chronological order4 ,of the #aej principal events1 about #ajj are fixed as to their chronological order by the common consent of the leading harmonists2 about #be are agreed upon by the majority2 while the remaining #be are altogether uncertain4 ,in the outline here given1 the authorities most relied upon are ,andrews1 ,robinson1 ,geikie1 and ,strong1 yet no one of them is exclusively followed4 ,we divide the earthly life of ,jesus into nine periods1 to each of which is given a separate map1 so that the student may not be confused among the various lines of the ,saviour's journeying4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,pool ,,of ,,siloam4 ,the periods are as follows3 ,i4 ,period of ,preparation1 #cj years1 from the ,birth to the ,baptism of ,jesus4 ,,ii4 ,period of ,inauguration1 #ae months1 from the ,baptism to the ,rejection at ,nazareth4 ,,iii4 ,period of ,early ,galilean ,ministry1 #d months1 from the ,rejection at ,nazareth to the ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,,iv4 ,period of ,later ,galilean ,ministry1 #aj months1 from the ,sermon on the ,mount to the ,feeding of the ,five ,thousand4 ,v4 ,period of ,retirement1 #f months1 from the ,feeding of the ,five ,thousand to the ,feast of ,tabernacles4 ,,vi4 ,period of ,judan ,ministry1 #c months1 from the ,feast of ,tabernacles to the ,feast of ,dedication4 ,,vii4 ,period of ,peran ,ministry1 #d months1 from the ,feast of ,dedication to the ,anointing at ,bethany4 ,,viii4 ,period of the ,passion1 #h days1 from the ,anointing at ,bethany to the ,resurrection4 ,,ix4 ,period of the ,resurrection1 #dj days1 from the ,resurrection to the ,ascension4 ,i4 ,,period ,,of ,,preparation4 ,this includes the events of #cj years1 from the ,birth of ,jesus to his ,baptism1 and though the longest1 contains the fewest recorded incidents of any4 ,upon the map are indicated by red lines four journeys of ,jesus4 #a4 ,the ,presentation in the ,temple4 7,from ,bethlehem to ,jerusalem and return47 ,from ,bethlehem1 his birthplace1 the infant ,jesus1 at the age of #dj days1 was taken to ,jerusalem1 to be presented before the ,lord in the ,temple4 ,here he was recognized as the ,messiah of ,israel1 by ,simeon and ,anna1 and then was taken back to ,bethlehem4 7,luke #b3bb-ch47 #b4 ,the ,flight into ,egypt4 7,from ,bethlehem to ,egypt47 ,after the visit of the ,wise ,men1 the ,saviour1 still an infant1 was taken down to ,egypt1 in order to escape the jealousy of ,herod the ,great4 7,matt4 #b3a-ah47 #c4 ,the ,settlement at ,nazareth4 7,from ,egypt to ,nazareth47 ,after the death of ,herod1 ,jesus was taken from ,egypt to ,galilee1 to the village of ,nazareth1 the early home of ,joseph and ,mary4 ,here he spent his youth4 7,matt4 #b3ai-bc47 #d4 ,the ,visit to the ,temple4 7,from ,nazareth to ,jerusalem and return47 ,the only recorded event of the ,saviour's youth1 is his journey to ,jerusalem1 at the age of #ab years1 to attend the ,passover4 ,on the return journey1 he was lost by his parents1 and after three days1 found in the ,temple 7probably in the ,court of the ,women71 conversing with the doctors of the law4 ,he returned with ,joseph and ,mary to ,nazareth 7,luke #b3dj-eb71 and thenceforth no events in his life for #ah years are related4 ,the places in this period are3 7#a47 ,bethlehem1 a village six miles southwest of ,jerusalem1 now ,beit-lahm4 7#b47 ,the ,temple in ,jerusalem4 7,see plan on page #ach47 7#c47 ,nazareth1 a village on the border of the ,plain of ,esdraelon1 in ,galilee1 now en ,nasireh1 a place of #f1jjj population4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #a4 ,,period ,,of ,,preparation1 ,,from ,,the ,,birth ,,to ,,the ,,baptism4 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,first ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,preparation4 #a4 ,presentation in the ,temple4 7,bethlehem to ,jerusalem and return47 ,recognized by ,simeon and ,anna4 #b4 ,flight into ,egypt4 7,bethlehem to ,egypt47 ,escape from ,herod4 #c4 ,settlement at ,nazareth4 7,egypt to ,nazareth47 ,childhood and youth4 #d4 ,visit to the ,temple4 7,nazareth to ,jerusalem and return47 ,found among the doctors4 ,,ii4 ,,period ,,of ,,inauguration4 ,this embraces #ae months1 from the ,baptism of ,jesus to the ,rejection at ,nazareth1 and contains the record of five journeys4 ,its places are as follows3 #a4 ,nazareth1 already located4 #b4 ,bethabara was formerly supposed to be the ancient ,beth-,nimrah1 now ,nimrin1 on a small stream east of the ,jordan1 not far from the ,dead ,sea4 ,but ,conder locates it at ,abarah1 a ford of the ,jordan above ,beth-shean1 and near the ,sea of ,galilee4 #c4 ,the ,wilderness is probably the uninhabited region of ,juda near the ,dead ,sea1 though it may have been the desert far to the south4 #d4 ,cana is located at ,kefr ,kenna1 northeast of ,nazareth1 though ,dr4 ,robinson places it at ,kana el ,jelil1 #i miles north of ,nazareth4 #e4 ,capernaum was probably at ,khan ,minyeh1 on the west of the ,sea of ,galilee1 though long located at ,tell ,hum1 on the north4 #f4 ,jerusalem4 #g4 ,sychar1 the ancient ,shechem1 now ,nablus1 beside ,mount ,gerizim4 ,the journeys of this period are named1 each from its leading event4 #a4 ,the ,baptism4 7,from ,nazareth to ,bethabara47 ,near the close of ,john the ,baptist's ministry1 ,jesus left his carpenter shop at ,nazareth1 and journeyed down the ,jordan ,valley to ,bethabara4 ,there he was baptized by ,john1 and received from heaven the testimony of his sonship4 7,matt4 #c3ac-ag47 #b4 ,the ,temptation4 7,from ,bethabara to the ,wilderness and return47 7#a47 ,immediately after his baptism1 ,jesus was led by the ,spirit into the ,wilderness1 where he fasted #dj days1 and overcame the temptations of ,satan4 7,matt4 #d3a-aa47 7#b47 ,returning to ,bethabara1 he received the testimony of ,john the ,baptist1 and met his earliest followers1 ,andrew and ,peter1 ,john1 ,philip1 and ,nathanael4 7,john #a3cg-ej47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #b4 ,,period ,,of ,,inauguration1 ,,from ,,the ,,baptism ,,to ,,the ,,rejection ,,at ,,nazareth4 #c4 ,the ,marriage at ,cana4 7,bethabara to ,cana and ,capernaum47 7#a47 ,jesus left ,bethabara1 journeyed up the ,jordan ,valley to ,galilee1 and over the mountains to ,cana1 near ,nazareth4 ,here he was present at a wedding1 and wrought his first miracle1 turning the water into wine4 7#b47 ,thence1 with his mother and brothers1 he went down to ,capernaum1 by the ,sea of ,galilee1 and remained a few days4 7,john #b3a-ab47 #d4 ,the ,first ,passover4 7,capernaum to ,jerusalem47 7#a47 ,soon after the wedding feast ,jesus went up to ,jerusalem1 probably by way of the ,jordan ,valley1 to attend the first ,passover of his ministry4 7,john #b3ac47 7#b47 ,at ,jerusalem he asserted his authority by cleansing the ,temple from the traders4 7,john #b3ad-bb47 7#c47 ,he held the conversation with ,nicodemus concerning the new birth1 and remained for a time in ,juda1 gathering a few disciples1 yet not making his ministry prominent1 while his forerunner was still preaching4 7,john #c3a-cf47 #e4 ,the ,return to ,galilee4 7,jerusalem to ,sychar and ,cana47 7#a47 ,as soon as the teaching of ,john the ,baptist was ended by his imprisonment1 ,jesus left ,juda to open his own public ministry4 7#b47 ,he went through ,samaria1 and paused at ,jacob's well for the conversation with the ,samaritan woman1 and then remained at ,sychar1 the ancient ,shechem1 two days4 7#c47 ,at ,cana1 the place of his earlier miracle1 he spoke the word of healing for a nobleman's son1 who was sick at ,capernaum4 7,john #d3a-ed47 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,second ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,inauguration4 #a4 ,baptism4 7,nazareth to ,bethabara47 #b4 ,temptation4 7,bethabara to ,wilderness and return47 7#a47 ,the temptation4 7#b47 ,the first followers4 #c4 ,marriage at ,cana4 7,bethabara to ,cana and ,capernaum47 7#a47 ,the first miracle4 7#b47 ,the visit to ,capernaum4 #d4 ,first ,passover4 7,capernaum to ,jerusalem47 7#a47 ,the ,passover4 7#b47 ,cleansing the ,temple4 7#c47 ,discourse with ,nicodemus4 #e4 ,return to ,galilee4 7,jerusalem to ,sychar and ,cana47 7#a47 ,the departure4 7#b47 ,the woman of ,samaria4 7#c47 ,the nobleman's son4 ,illustration3 ,,bethlehem4 ,,iii4 ,,period ,,of ,,early ,,galilean ,,ministry4 ,this is a period of about four months1 from the ,rejection at ,nazareth to the ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,it brings to notice six places1 most of which have been already noticed4 #a4 ,cana4 #b4 ,nazareth4 #c4 ,capernaum4 #d4 ,eastern ,galilee1 the region on the shore of the ,sea of ,galilee4 #e4 ,jerusalem4 #f4 ,the mountain of the sermon4 ,this was probably ,kurn ,hattin1 the horns of ,hattin1 a mountain with a double peak1 a few miles from the ,sea of ,galilee4 ,the journeys of this period are four in number4 #a4 ,the ,opening of the ,ministry4 7,from ,cana to ,nazareth and ,capernaum47 7#a47 ,he came 7perhaps from ,cana7 to ,nazareth1 with the intention of commencing his ministry in his own home4 ,but his towns-people rejected his message1 and would have slain him if he had not escaped from their hands4 7,luke #d3af-ca47 7#b47 ,rejected in his own city1 he removed to ,capernaum1 which thenceforward was the centre of his ministry for more than a year4 7,luke #d3ca47 7#c47 ,here he called from their work at the seaside his four earliest disciples1 ,simon and ,andrew1 ,james and ,john4 ,they had known him before1 but now left all to follow him4 7,luke #e3a-aa47 7#d47 ,in the synagogue1 on the sabbath1 he cast out an evil spirit 7,luke #d3cc-cf71 and healed the mother of ,peter's wife4 7,luke #d3ch-dj47 #b4 ,the ,tour in ,eastern ,galilee4 7,from ,capernaum through ,eastern ,galilee and return47 7#a47 ,this journey was probably near the ,sea of ,galilee1 and may not have occupied more than a few weeks4 7#b47 ,during its progress he healed a leper1 whose testimony led such multitudes to come seeking miracles that ,jesus was compelled to go into retirement4 7#c47 ,on his return to ,capernaum he healed a paralytic let down through the roof1 and 7#d47 called the publican ,matthew to be one of his disciples4 7,luke #e3ag-bh47 #c4 ,the ,second ,passover4 7,from ,capernaum to ,jerusalem and return47 7#a47 ,in the spring of the second year of his ministry he went up to the feast at the capital1 and while there healed a cripple at the ,pool of ,bethesda4 7,john #e3a-dg47 7#b47 ,on his return1 while walking through the wheat fields1 he asserted his authority as ,lord of the sabbath4 7,luke #f3a-e47 7#c47 ,on a sabbath soon after1 he healed in the synagogue a man with a withered hand4 7,luke #f3f-aa47 #d4 ,the ,sermon on the ,mount4 7,from ,capernaum to the mountain47 7#a47 ,the opposition of the ,pharisees caused ,jesus to leave ,capernaum and instruct the people by the sea-shore4 7,mark #c3g-ab47 7#b47 ,he ascended a mountain1 probably ,kurn ,hattin1 and1 after a night in prayer1 appointed the ,twelve ,apostles4 7,luke #f3ab-af47 7#c47 ,to the disciples and the multitude he preached the ,sermon on the ,mount4 7,matt4 #e-g47 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,third ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,early ,,galilean ,,ministry4 #a4 ,opening of the ,ministry4 7,cana to ,nazareth and ,capernaum47 7#a47 ,rejection at ,nazareth4 7#b47 ,settlement at ,capernaum4 7#c47 ,calling of ,simon and ,andrew1 ,james and ,john4 7#d47 ,demoniac healed1 and ,peter's wife's mother healed4 #b4 ,tour in ,eastern ,galilee4 7,capernaum to ,eastern ,galilee and return47 7#a47 ,preaching in ,galilee4 7#b47 ,leper healed4 7#c47 ,paralytic healed4 7#d47 ,matthew called4 #c4 ,second ,passover4 7,capernaum to ,jerusalem and return47 7#a47 ,the cripple at ,bethesda4 7#b47 ,through the wheat fields4 7#c47 ,withered hand healed4 #d4 ,sermon on the ,mount4 7,capernaum to the mountain47 7#a47 ,by the sea4 7#b47 ,calling the ,twelve4 7#c47 ,the sermon4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #c4 ,,early ,,galilean ,,ministry ,,from ,,the ,,rejection ,,at ,,nazareth ,,to ,,the ,,sermon ,,on ,,the ,,mount4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,later ,,galilean ,,ministry4 ,this period of ten months1 from the ,sermon on the ,mount to the ,feeding of the ,five ,thousand1 was a time of opposition on the part of the ruling classes1 but continued popularity among the people4 ,the places which ,jesus visited at this time were3 #a4 ,capernaum1 already noticed1 and still the headquarters of his ministry4 #b4 ,nain1 now called ,nein1 on the northwestern edge of ,little ,hermon1 six miles southeast of ,nazareth1 in full view of ,mount ,tabor4 #c4 ,the country of the ,gadarenes 7,mark #e3a72 called by ,matthew 7#h3bh7 the country of the ,gergesenes4 ,gadara was the largest city of the region1 situated south of the ,sea of ,galilee1 and giving its name to the district2 ,gergesa1 the little village east of the ,sea of ,galilee1 now called ,khersa4 #d4 ,nazareth1 already noticed under ,period ,i4 #e4 ,bethsaida1 a city at the head of the ,sea of ,galilee1 supposed by some to have been on both sides of the ,jordan1 by others on the east side4 #f4 ,the plain of ,gennesaret1 near to ,capernaum4 ,we arrange the events of this period under four journeys4 #a4 ,the ,tour in ,southern ,galilee4 7,from ,capernaum to ,nain and return47 ,the following events belong to this tour3 7#a47 ,at ,capernaum1 before starting1 ,jesus healed the slave of a believing centurion4 7,luke #g3a-aj47 7#b47 ,on the next day he led his disciples southward to ,nain1 where he raised to life the widow's son1 about to be buried4 7,luke #g3aa-ag47 7#c47 ,perhaps at the same time and place he received the messengers and answered the questions of ,john the ,baptist4 7,luke #g3ah-ce47 7#d47 ,during the journey he was entertained by a ,pharisee1 at whose house a woman who was a sinner washed his feet4 7,luke #g3cf-ej47 7#e47 ,on his return the healing of a dumb demoniac occasioned the ,pharisees to assume an open opposition1 and to declare that his miracles were wrought by the power of the evil spirit4 7,luke #aa3ad-bf47 7#f47 ,at the same time occurred the interference of his mother and brethren1 desiring to restrain him4 7,luke #h3ai-ba47 #b4 ,the ,gadarene ,voyage4 7,capernaum to ,gergesa and return47 ,with this journey are associated four events4 7#a47 ,the opposition of the enemies caused ,jesus to leave the city1 and to teach in parables by the sea4 7,matt4 #ac3a-ec47 7#b47 ,from the shore1 near ,capernaum1 he set sail for the country of the ,gadarenes1 east of the ,sea of ,galilee1 and on the voyage stilled a sudden tempest4 7,mark #d3ce-da47 7#c47 ,at the eastern shore1 near the village of ,gergesa1 he restored two demoniacs1 permitted the demons to enter a herd of swine1 and as a result was besought by the people to leave their coasts4 7#d47 ,returning across the sea to ,capernaum1 he raised to life the daughter of ,jairus the ruler4 7,luke #h3da-ef47 #c4 ,the ,tour in ,central ,galilee4 7,from ,capernaum to ,nazareth and return47 7#a47 ,starting from ,capernaum with his disciples1 he visited ,nazareth a second time1 but was again rejected by its people4 7,mark #f3a-f47 7#b47 ,he then gave the ,twelve a charge1 and sent them out to preach4 7,matt4 #aj3e-db47 7#c47 ,while they were absent upon their mission1 ,jesus himself also journeyed preaching through ,central ,galilee4 7,mark #f3f47 ,this was his third tour in ,galilee4 7#d47 ,on his return to ,capernaum1 he received the report of the ,twelve1 and the news of ,john the ,baptist's murder by ,herod ,antipas4 7,mark #f3ad-cj47 #d4 ,the ,retirement to ,bethsaida4 7#a47 ,the multitudes following him led ,jesus to leave ,capernaum by sea for a retired place near ,bethsaida4 7,mark #f3ca1 #cb47 7#b47 ,the people hastened after ,jesus1 and met him as he landed1 so that he was compelled to teach them all day1 and wrought in the afternoon the miracle of the ,five ,loaves4 7,mark #f3cb-dd47 7#c47 ,after the miracle he sent the disciples out upon the sea1 and at midnight walked to them upon the water4 7,mark #f3de-ea47 7#d47 ,in the morning they landed at the plain of ,gennesaret1 near ,capernaum1 where ,jesus wrought many miracles 7,mark #f3eb-ef71 and then returned to ,capernaum4 7#e47 ,here he completed his ,galilean ministry by a discourse in the synagogue on the ,bread of ,life4 7,john #f3be-ei47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #d4 ,,later ,,galilean ,,ministry ,a4,d4 #bh-bi4 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,fourth ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,later ,,galilean ,,ministry4 #a4 ,tour in ,southern ,galilee4 7,capernaum to ,nain and return47 7#a47 ,centurion's servant healed4 7#b47 ,widow's son at ,nain raised4 7#c47 ,messengers from ,john4 7#d47 ,washing the ,saviour's feet4 7#e47 ,dumb demoniac1 and opposition of ,pharisees4 7#f47 ,interference of relatives4 #b4 ,gadarene ,voyage4 7,capernaum to ,gergesa and return47 7#a47 ,parables by the sea4 7#b47 ,stilling the tempest4 7#c47 ,gadarene demoniacs4 7#d47 ,jairus' daughter raised4 #c4 ,tour in ,central ,galilee4 7,capernaum to ,nazareth and return47 7#a47 ,second rejection at ,nazareth4 7#b47 ,mission of the ,twelve4 7#c47 ,third tour in ,galilee4 7#d47 ,report of the ,twelve1 and death of ,john the ,baptist4 #d4 ,retirement to ,bethsaida4 7,capernaum to ,bethsaida and return47 7#a47 ,seeking retirement4 7#b47 ,feeding the five thousand4 7#c47 ,walking on the sea4 7#d47 ,miracles at ,gennesaret4 7#e47 ,discourse on the ,bread of ,life4 ,v4 ,,period ,,of ,,retirement4 ,during most of the six months1 from the ,feeding of the ,five ,thousand to the ,feast of ,tabernacles1 in the fall before ,christ's crucifixion1 he remained in retirement1 engaged in instructing his disciples in the deeper truths of the gospel4 ,the places visited at this time were3 #a4 ,phoenicia1 the coasts of ,tyre and ,sidon1 probably only the borders near ,galilee1 not the cities themselves4 #b4 ,decapolis1 the region of the ten cities1 southeast of the ,sea of ,galilee2 a country mainly inhabited by a heathen population4 #c4 ,dalmanutha1 a village on the western shore of the ,sea of ,galilee1 not certainly identified1 but perhaps at ,ain el ,barideh1 two miles from ,tiberias4 #d4 ,bethsaida1 already noticed under ,period ,,iv4 #e4 ,csarea ,philippi1 at the foot of ,mount ,hermon1 now ,banias4 #f4 ,capernaum1 already noticed under ,period ,,ii4 #a4 ,the ,journey to ,phoenicia4 7,from ,capernaum to the borders of ,tyre and ,sidon47 7#a47 ,the discourse in the synagogue1 showing the spiritual nature of ,christ's kingdom1 led to the defection of the multitude1 and the retirement of ,jesus and the ,twelve4 7,john #f3fj-ga47 7#b47 ,at the coasts1 or frontiers1 of ,tyre and ,sidon1 he restored the demoniac daughter of a ,syrophoenician woman4 7,mark #g3bd-cj47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #e4 ,,period ,,of ,,retirement1 ,a4,d4 #bi4 #b4 ,the ,journey to ,decapolis4 7,from the borders of ,tyre and ,sidon to ,decapolis47 7#a47 ,the crowds gathering around ,jesus in ,phoenicia1 he crossed ,galilee1 and sought seclusion in ,decapolis1 southeast of the ,sea of ,galilee4 7,mark #g3ca47 7#b47 ,here he wrought two miracles1 healing a deaf stammerer1 and feeding the four thousand4 7,mark #g3ca-cg2 #h3a-i47 #c4 ,the ,journey to ,csarea ,philippi4 7,from ,decapolis to ,dalmanutha1 ,bethsaida and ,csarea ,philippi47 7#a47 ,he sailed across the lake to ,dalmanutha1 but was met by the ,pharisees with unbelieving demands for a sign1 so took ship again4 7,mark #h3aj-ac47 7#b47 ,he sailed northward to ,bethsaida1 where he healed a blind man1 who saw men as trees walking4 7,mark #h3bb-bf47 7#c47 ,pursuing his way up the ,jordan1 he came to ,csarea ,philippi1 at the foot of ,mount ,hermon1 where he remained several days4 7#d47 ,here occurred ,peter's confession1 ,thou art the ,christ1 the transfiguration1 and the restoration of the demoniac boy4 7,luke #i3ah-de47 #d4 ,the ,last ,return to ,capernaum4 7,from ,csarea ,philippi to ,capernaum47 ,he probably went down the ,jordan to ,bethsaida1 and thence by the shore of the sea to ,capernaum4 ,here he kept in seclusion1 and gave his disciples a lesson in humility1 from the child in the midst4 7,mark #i3cj-ej47 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,fifth ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,retirement4 #a4 ,to ,phoenicia4 7,capernaum to coasts of ,tyre and ,sidon47 7#a47 ,defection of the multitude4 7#b47 ,syrophoenician woman4 #b4 ,to ,decapolis4 7,phoenicia to ,decapolis47 7#a47 ,journey to ,decapolis4 7#b47 ,healing the stammerer1 and feeding the four thousand4 #c4 ,to ,csarea ,philippi4 7,decapolis to ,dalmanutha1 ,bethsaida and ,csarea ,philippi47 7#a47 ,dalmanutha3 a sign demanded4 7#b47 ,bethsaida3 blind man healed4 7#c47 ,csarea ,philippi4 7#d47 ,transfiguration4 #d4 ,to ,capernaum4 7,csarea ,philippi to ,capernaum47 ,the child in the midst4 ,,vi4 ,,period ,,of ,,jud,,an ,,ministry4 ,this includes the events of about three months1 from the ,feast of ,tabernacles to the ,feast of ,dedication4 ,the following places are referred to during this period3 #a4 ,capernaum1 noticed under ,period ,,ii4 #b4 ,the village of the ,samaritans where ,jesus was inhospitably treated1 has been traditionally located at ,en-gannim1 on the border of ,galilee and ,samaria4 #c4 ,bethany1 a small village on the ,mount of ,olives1 east of ,jerusalem1 the home of ,mary and ,martha1 now el ,nasiriyeh4 #d4 ,jerusalem4 7,see description on page #gc47 #e4 ,bethabara1 on the east of ,jordan1 referred to as the place of the baptism1 in ,period ,,ii4 ,this period embraces but two journeys1 at its beginning and ending2 the one before the ,feast of ,tabernacles1 the other after the ,feast of ,dedication4 #a4 ,from ,galilee to ,jerusalem4 7#a47 ,bidding farewell to ,galilee1 ,jesus left ,capernaum for the last time1 and journeyed through ,galilee toward ,jerusalem4 ,while starting he conversed with the three aspirants 7,luke #i3eg-fb71 and showed the duty of full devotion to his work4 7#b47 ,on the border of ,samaria1 perhaps at the village of ,en-gannim1 he was rejected by the ,samaritans1 but refused to allow his disciples to call down fire from heaven1 as ,elias did4 7,luke #i3eb-ef47 7#c47 ,while in ,samaria he healed the ten lepers1 of whom but one turned back to give him thanks4 7,luke #ag3aa-ai74 7#d47 ,he found a home at ,bethany1 with ,lazarus and his two sisters1 and reminded ,martha of her needless care1 while ,mary was seeking the good part4 7,luke #aj3ch-db47 7#e47 ,he came to ,jerusalem during the ,feast of ,tabernacles1 and gave the teachings embodied in ,john #g-aj4 7#f47 ,while here he healed the blind man at the ,pool of ,siloam4 7,john #i3a-da47 #b4 ,from ,jerusalem to ,bethabara4 7#a47 ,at the ,feast of ,dedication the teachings of ,christ created such an opposition that he left the city4 7#b47 ,he went to ,bethabara beyond ,jordan1 the place of the baptism1 and there prepared for his tour in ,pera4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #f4 ,,period ,,of ,,jud,,an ,,ministry1 ,a4,d4 #bi4 ,,to ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,tabernacles ,,from ,,the ,,feast ,,of ,,dedication4 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,sixth ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,jud,,an ,,ministry4 #a4 ,from ,galilee to ,jerusalem4 7#a47 ,three aspirants4 7#b47 ,rejected by ,samaritans4 7#c47 ,ten lepers4 7#d47 ,mary and ,martha4 7#e47 ,feast of ,tabernacles4 7#f47 ,blind man at ,pool of ,siloam4 #b4 ,from ,jerusalem to ,bethabara4 7#a47 ,departure from ,jerusalem4 7#b47 ,at ,bethabara4 ,,vii4 ,,period ,,of ,,per,,an ,,ministry4 ,this extends through four months1 from the events immediately succeeding the ,feast of ,dedication1 to the ,anointing at ,bethany1 six days before the crucifixion4 ,its places are as follows3 #a4 ,bethabara1 already noticed in ,period ,,ii4 #b4 ,bethany4 7,see ,period ,,vi47 #c4 ,ephraim4 ,this was probably the village in a wild region northeast of ,bethel1 in the ,old ,testament called ,ophrah1 now et ,taiyibeh4 #d4 ,pera was the province on the east of ,jordan1 and south of the ,hieromax river4 ,it was governed by ,herod ,antipas1 the slayer of ,john the ,baptist1 and was inhabited by a mixed population4 ,no towns are named as visited by the ,saviour2 but we have conjectured a route through most of the province1 as shown on the map4 #e4 ,jericho1 at that time the largest city in the ,jordan ,valley1 and recently beautified by ,herod4 ,it is now a miserable village1 called er ,riha4 ,this period includes four journeys4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ ,,map #g4 ,,period ,,of ,,per,,an ,,ministry1 ,a4,d4 #cj4 ,,from ,,feast ,,of ,,dedication ,,to ,,anointing ,,at ,,bethany4 #a4 ,from ,bethabara to ,bethany4 7#a47 ,while at ,bethabara ,jesus sent out the ,seventy1 to proclaim his coming in the ,peran villages4 7,luke #aj3a-af47 7#b47 ,hearing of the sickness of ,lazarus1 after some delay1 he went to ,bethany1 and raised him from the dead1 a miracle which caused the ,jewish leaders to formally resolve upon putting ,jesus to death4 7,john #aa47 #b4 ,the ,retirement to ,ephraim4 ,the hour had not yet come for ,jesus to die1 and he therefore secluded himself from the rulers1 in the village of ,ephraim1 in a wilderness north of ,jerusalem1 on the mountains overlooking the ,jordan ,valley4 ,here he remained several weeks1 probably instructing the ,twelve4 #c4 ,the ,journey in ,pera4 ,descending the mountains1 ,jesus crossed the ,jordan ,valley1 and entered the province of ,pera4 ,his ministry1 during this journey1 was of teaching rather than miracle1 and is mainly related by ,luke4 ,its events were3 7#a47 ,the miracles of healing the woman bent together by an infirmity1 and the man with the dropsy4 7,luke #ac3aj-ag1 and #ad3a-f47 7#b47 ,the seven great parables1 among them that of the ,prodigal ,son4 7,luke #ad-af47 7#c47 ,blessing the little children4 7,luke #ah3ae-ag47 7#d47 ,the rich young ruler's question1 and ,jesus' answer1 ,sell all that thou hast1 etc4 7,luke #ah3ah-cj47 7#e47 ,the ambitious request of ,james and ,john1 for the first places in the kingdom of ,christ4 7,matt4 #bj3bj-bh47 #d4 ,from ,jericho to ,bethany4 ,jesus had now reached ,jericho1 on his last journey to ,jerusalem1 and from this point we notice the following events3 7#a47 ,the healing of ,bartimeus at the gate of ,jericho4 7,luke #ah3ce-dc47 7#b47 ,the visit of ,jesus at the house of ,zaccheus the publican4 7,luke #ai3a-aj47 7#c47 ,at the end of his journey1 the anointing by ,mary at ,bethany1 on the ,saturday evening before the ,passover4 7,john #ab3a-h47 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,seventh ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,per,,an ,,ministry4 #a4 ,bethabara to ,bethany4 7#a47 ,sending the ,seventy4 7#b47 ,raising of ,lazarus4 #b4 ,retirement to ,ephraim4 #c4 ,journey in ,pera4 7#a47 ,two miracles 7infirm woman1 and dropsy74 7#b47 ,seven parables4 7#c47 ,blessing little children4 7#d47 ,rich young ruler4 7#e47 ,request of ,james and ,john4 #d4 ,jericho to ,bethany4 7#a47 ,bartimeus4 7#b47 ,zaccheus4 7#c47 ,anointing by ,mary4 ,illustration3 ,,map #h4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,christ4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,passion1 ,,from ,,the ,,anointing ,,to ,,the ,,resurrection4 ,,viii4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,passion4 ,although this period embraces only the week from the ,anointing by ,mary to the ,death of ,jesus on the cross1 its events are so minutely related by the ,evangelists as to occupy one-third of the ,gospels4 ,if the entire life of ,jesus were as fully written out1 it would fill nearly #hj volumes as large as the ,bible4 ,the events of the ,passion-,week took place in and near ,jerusalem4 ,the locations on the map are those of tradition only1 and are largely conjectural1 while the lines of the journeyings are entirely unknown4 ,the map is intended merely as a guide to the student in presenting the order of events1 and must not be regarded as fixing the places with any authority4 ,we arrange the events under nine short journeys4 ,illustration3 ,,nazareth4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,from ,bethany to the ,temple and ,return4 ,these three journeys took place on successive days1 and were marked by distinctive events4 7#a47 ,the ,first ,journey1 on ,sunday1 was the triumphal entry into the city and the ,temple1 after which ,jesus returned for the night to ,bethany4 7,matt4 #ba3a-aa47 7#b47 ,the ,second ,journey1 on ,monday1 was marked by the cleansing of the ,temple1 when for the second time the ,saviour drove out of the ,court of the ,gentiles those who made it a place of trade4 7#c47 ,the ,third ,journey1 on ,tuesday1 was made memorable by the last teachings of ,jesus1 to the people and rulers in the ,temple1 and to the ,twelve on the ,mount of ,olives1 looking down upon the city4 7,matt4 #ba-be47 ,at the close of each of these three days ,jesus returned to ,bethany1 where he remained in seclusion on ,wednesday1 no event of that day being left on record4 #d4 ,from ,bethany to the ,supper4 ,the traditional place of the ,coenaculum1 or supper-room1 is on ,mount ,zion1 where ,jesus came with his disciples on ,thursday evening4 ,here took place the ,last ,supper1 and the farewell conversation of ,jesus with his disciples4 7,john #ac-ag47 #e4 ,from the ,supper to ,gethsemane4 ,near midnight of ,thursday1 ,jesus and his disciples 7,judas being absent7 left the supper-room1 and walked up the ,valley of ,jehoshaphat to the ,garden of ,gethsemane4 ,here ,jesus endured the agony1 and here he was arrested by the officers of the ,jews1 led by ,judas4 7,matt4 #bf3cf-ef47 #f4 ,from ,gethsemane to the ,house of ,caiaphas4 ,the fettered ,jesus was dragged by the crowd1 first to the house of ,annas 7,john #ah3ac-ae71 for a brief examination1 thence to the house of ,caiaphas for the formal trial before the ,sanhedrim4 ,this place is traditionally located on ,mount ,zion1 near the house of the ,last ,supper4 ,here he was condemned by the rulers1 and mocked by their servants4 7,john #ah3af-bh47 #g4 ,from ,caiaphas to ,pilate4 ,jesus was brought before the ,roman procurator at his prtorium1 or place of judgment4 ,we are inclined to think that this was the castle built by ,herod the ,great on ,mount ,zion2 but we give on the map the traditional location at the ,tower ,antonia1 north of the ,temple4 ,here ,jesus was examined by ,pilate1 who vainly sought to deliver him1 being convinced of his innocence4 7,john #ah3bh-ch47 #h4 ,from ,pilate to ,herod and ,return4 ,wishing to avoid the responsibility of condemning ,jesus1 ,pilate sent him to ,herod ,antipas1 who was then in the city1 probably in the palace of the ,asmonean 7,maccabean7 kings4 ,but ,herod only mocked ,jesus1 and returned him to ,pilate4 7,luke #bc3h-ab47 #i4 ,from ,pilate to ,calvary4 ,at last ,pilate gave orders for the crucifixion of ,jesus4 ,he was now led forth1 bearing his cross1 perhaps by the street called ,via ,dolorosa1 the ,sorrowful ,way1 to the place ,golgotha1 or ,,calvary1 outside the wall1 where three crosses were erected1 and the ,saviour of the world was crucified4 ,as two locations of ,calvary are now given1 both are indicated1 and a journey from ,pilate's castle to each4 ,the route to the northern locality is indicated by dotted lines4 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,journeys--,,eighth ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,passion4 #a4 ,bethany to ,temple and ,return4 ,triumphal entry4 #b4 ,bethany to ,temple and ,return4 ,cleansing the ,temple4 #c4 ,bethany to ,temple and ,return4 ,last discourses4 #d4 ,bethany to ,supper4 ,last ,supper4 #e4 ,supper to ,gethsemane4 7#a47 ,agony4 7#b47 ,arrest4 #f4 ,gethsemane to ,caiaphas4 7#a47 ,to ,annas4 7#b47 ,to ,caiaphas4 #g4 ,caiaphas to ,pilate4 #h4 ,pilate to ,herod and ,return4 #i4 ,pilate to ,calvary4 7#a47 ,crucifixion4 7#b47 ,death4 7#c47 ,burial4 ,,ix4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,resurrection4 ,the events of the forty days between the ,resurrection and the ,ascension of ,jesus cannot be arranged as journeys1 since his resurrection body moved from place to place by the will of his spirit4 ,the student may therefore consult the ,map of ,palestine during the ministry of ,jesus for the places referred to in the account of this period4 ,of the ten recorded appearances1 five were on the day of the resurrection1 the first ,easter ,sunday4 #a4 ,at ,jerusalem1 on ,easter morning1 to ,mary ,magdalene1 after the other women had received from the angels the news that he was alive4 7,john #bj3a-ah47 #b4 ,at ,jerusalem1 soon afterward1 to the other women1 when ,jesus greeted them with the words ,all hail6 7,matt4 #bh3a-aj47 #c4 ,near ,emmaus1 on ,easter afternoon1 to two disciples1 not apostles1 to whom he unfolded the ,scriptures concerning himself4 7,luke #bd3ac-cc47 ,various locations have been proposed for ,emmaus1 of which we prefer ,kulonieyeh1 four miles west of ,jerusalem4 #d4 ,at ,jerusalem1 on the afternoon of the same day1 to ,simon ,peter4 7,luke #bd3cd47 ,no account of this appearance1 more than the mention of the fact1 has been preserved4 #e4 ,at ,jerusalem1 on ,easter evening1 to the ten disciples1 ,thomas being absent4 7,john #bj3ai-be47 #f4 ,at ,jerusalem1 a week after the resurrection1 to the eleven apostles1 when ,thomas received a tender rebuke for the slowness of his faith4 7,john #bj3bf-bi47 ,perhaps these last two appearances were at the place of the ,supper1 on ,mount ,zion4 #g4 ,near the ,sea of ,galilee1 to seven apostles1 when ,peter received a new commission4 7,john #ba3a-bc47 #h4 ,on a ,mountain in ,galilee1 perhaps ,kurn ,hattin1 the place of the ,sermon on the ,mount4 ,here were gathered #ejj disciples1 and the final commands of ,christ were given4 7,matt4 #bh3af-bj2 #a ,cor4 #ae3f47 #i4 ,at ,jerusalem 7874 ,to ,james1 the ,lord's brother4 ,only a mention of this appearance is left on record4 7#a ,cor4 #ae3g47 #aj4 ,near ,bethany4 ,forty days after the resurrection1 ,jesus appeared to the eleven apostles1 gave them his last charges1 and ascended to heaven1 from whence he has promised to come once more to earth4 7,acts #a3i-ab47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,via ,,dolorosa4 ,,outline ,,review ,,of ,,ninth ,,period4 ,,period ,,of ,,the ,,resurrection4 ,the ,ten ,appearances of the ,risen ,christ3 #a4 ,jerusalem4 ,mary ,magdalene4 #b4 ,jerusalem4 ,other women4 #c4 ,emmaus4 ,two disciples4 #d4 ,jerusalem4 ,peter4 #e4 ,jerusalem4 ,ten apostles4 #f4 ,jerusalem4 ,eleven apostles4 #g4 ,sea of ,galilee4 ,seven apostles4 #h4 ,mountain in ,galilee4 ,five hundred disciples4 #i4 ,jerusalem7874 ,james4 #aj4 ,bethany4 ,apostles4 ,ascension4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 #a4 ,let each period be given as a separate lesson4 #b4 ,draw the map for the period on the blackboard1 and show each place named in the period4 #c4 ,let each scholar also draw the map1 and locate the places upon it4 #d4 ,draw the lines of the journeys in the period in colored chalk1 naming the places and events of the journeys1 and writing only initials or catch-syllables4 #e4 ,review carefully and thoroughly each period1 each journey under it1 and each event of the journey4 #f4 ,erase the map1 and call upon the scholars to draw its different parts in turn2 one the outlines1 another the places1 a third the journeys1 a fourth the events1 etc4 #g4 ,review with each lesson the leading points in all the previous lessons1 until the whole series is thoroughly understood and remembered4 ,illustration3 ,,early ,,apostolic ,,history4 ,,philip',s ,,journey4 ,,peter',s ,,journey4 ,,early ,,apostolic ,,history4 ,,during the seven years following the ascension of the ,saviour1 the ,christian church was entirely ,jewish in its membership1 and1 so far as we can learn1 limited to the city of ,jerusalem and the surrounding villages4 ,there was at that time no thought of the gospel for the ,gentiles1 and the conception of the apostles was that the only door into the church lay through the profession of ,judaism and the rite of circumcision4 ,probably the first to attain to wider views of the gospel was ,stephen1 and the persecution in which he became the first martyr arose from the tendency of his teachings toward extending among the ,gentiles the privileges of the new kingdom4 ,this state of affairs was suddenly ended by the death of ,stephen1 and the scattering of the church at ,jerusalem4 ,the more liberally inclined of its members1 when driven abroad1 were led to preach the gospel1 first to ,samaritans2 then to believers in the ,jewish faith who had not yet submitted to circumcision1 and hence were called ,proselytes of the ,gate2 and at last to the general ,gentile world4 ,the period from the death of ,stephen1 ,a4,d4 #cg1 to the first missionary journey of the ,apostle ,paul1 ,a4,d4 #de1 may1 therefore1 be regarded as an age of transition from ,jewish to ,gentile ,christianity4 ,this period requires us to notice two provinces1 ,palestine and ,syria4 ,palestine appears at this time under several forms of government in frequent succession4 ,during the public life of ,christ1 ,juda and ,samaria were under the direct rule of ,rome1 governed by a procurator1 while ,galilee and ,pera belonged to ,herod ,antipas1 and the region north and east of the ,sea of ,galilee1 anciently called ,bashan1 was held by ,herod ,philip1 both of these having the title of tetrarch1 ruler of a fourth part4 ,in ,a4,d4 #cg ,herod ,agrippa received ,philip's tetrarchy1 and in #da he was made king of all ,palestine4 7,herod the king1 ,acts #ab47 ,in ,a4,d4 #dd he died1 and his dominions were divided4 ,juda1 ,samaria1 ,galilee and ,pera again became a procuratorship1 under a succession of ,roman rulers1 until the final destruction of the ,jewish state1 ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,the principality of ,bashan was given to ,herod ,agrippa ,,ii4 in ,a4,d4 #ec1 and held by him until ,a4,d4 #gj4 ,syria1 the great region north of ,palestine1 extending from ,damascus to ,antioch1 was1 during this time1 a province of the ,roman empire1 governed by a prefect4 ,illustration3 ,,damascus4 ,the events of this period gather around seven cities4 #a4 ,jerusalem4 ,this place has been already described4 7,see page #gc47 #b4 ,samaria 7,acts #h3e-be71 the field of ,philip's early ministry1 was the ancient capital of the ,ten ,tribes 7see page #hg71 located #cj miles north of ,jerusalem1 and #f miles northwest of ,shechem4 ,it had been rebuilt by ,herod the ,great1 and named ,sebaste1 in honor of ,augustus4 ,it is now a village called ,sebastiyeh4 #c4 ,csarea 7,acts #aj3a71 the place where the ,gentile ,cornelius became a disciple1 was the ,roman capital of ,palestine1 and the residence of the procurators4 ,it was called ,csarea ,stratonis1 to distinguish it from ,csarea ,philippi1 under ,mount ,hermon2 and was located on the sea-coast1 #dg miles northwest of ,jerusalem2 and is now a desolate1 uninhabited ruin1 called ,kaisarieyeh4 #d4 ,joppa1 where ,dorcas was raised to life1 and ,peter received a vision 7,acts #i3cf-dc2 #aj3aa71 is one of the most ancient towns in the world1 in all ages the principal seaport of ,palestine4 ,it lies #cj miles south of ,csarea1 and #ce miles northwest of ,jerusalem2 and is now a flourishing city called ,yafa1 or ,jaffa4 #e4 ,damascus1 the place where ,saul was converted 7,acts #i3a-be71 is an ancient and famous city of ,syria1 #acc miles northeast of ,jerusalem1 beautifully situated in a plain at the foot of the ,anti-,lebanon mountains4 ,recently it had a population of #aej1jjj1 but is rapidly decaying from the diversion of the ,eastern trade through the ,suez ,canal4 ,its modern name is el ,shams4 #f4 ,antioch1 seat of the first missionary church 7,acts #aa3ai-cj71 was the metropolis of northern ,syria1 situated on the river ,orontes1 #af-a_/b miles from the ,mediterranean1 and #cjj miles north of ,jerusalem1 in a deep pass between the ,taurus and ,lebanon ranges of mountains4 ,it is now a mean village of #f1jjj people1 called ,antakia4 #g4 ,tarsus1 the home of the apostle ,paul1 was the capital of ,cilicia1 in ,asia ,minor1 and one of the leading cities of the ,roman world4 ,it was #ab miles from the ,mediterranean1 the same distance from ,mount ,taurus1 and about #hj miles northwest of ,antioch1 across an arm of the sea4 ,it is now a place of #cj1jjj inhabitants1 called ,tersous4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,ancient ,,antioch4 ,the most important events of this period may be arranged under five journeys1 which are indicated upon the map4 ,i4 ,philip's ,journey4 7,acts #h3e-dj47 ,philip1 one of the seven 7,acts #f3c-e71 was compelled to leave ,jerusalem in the persecution that arose on account of ,stephen4 ,he went first to ,samaria1 the city known by the ,greeks as ,sebaste1 now ,sebastiyeh1 #f miles northwest of ,shechem1 or ,sychar1 and there began to preach the gospel4 ,this was a step outside of narrow ,judaism1 as the ,samaritans were considered at least semi-,gentile by the ,jews4 ,after planting a church here1 he was sent by the ,spirit southward unto the way that goeth down from ,jerusalem unto ,gaza1 which is desert 7,acts #h3bf72 that is1 by the less frequented road4 ,there he met a nobleman from ,ethiopia 7the kingdom of ,mero1 in ,nubia71 whom he instructed in the gospel1 and baptized as a believer4 ,suddenly caught away by the ,spirit1 ,philip next appeared at ,azotus1 the ancient ,ashdod1 now ,asdud4 ,he followed the line of the coast northward1 preaching in the cities of the maritime plain4 ,these cities were mostly inhabited by heathen1 though in all of them there were many ,jews4 ,we find in the after-history the results of his preaching1 in churches at ,joppa1 at ,lydda1 and at ,csarea1 where he made his home for #bj years1 and was met by the apostle ,paul1 who1 long before1 as ,saul the persecutor1 had driven him from ,jerusalem4 ,philip's journey is indicated by a line of red color on the small map4 ,,ii4 ,saul's ,journey4 7,acts #i3a-cj47 ,the destroyer of the ,jerusalem church now began a journey for persecution1 which was ended in his own flight1 as a ,christian1 from persecutors4 #a4 ,he went to ,damascus1 expecting to bind others1 but was himself bound by the cords of the gospel1 and preached the truth he had sought to destroy4 #b4 ,from ,damascus1 as a disciple1 he went into ,arabia1 a name which may refer to almost any region from the ,euphrates to the ,indian ,ocean1 but probably here indicating the desert lands on the border of ,syria1 and not necessarily distant from ,damascus1 to which he returned after a stay of from one to three years4 7,gal4 #a3ag47 #c4 ,escaping from ,damascus by being let down over the wall in a basket1 he returned to ,jerusalem1 where he was introduced to the church by ,barnabas1 and received by the apostles ,peter and ,james4 #d4 ,after a fortnight's visit at ,jerusalem1 he left the city by divine direction in a vision 7,acts #bb3ag-ba71 and1 aided by the disciples1 descended to the seaport of ,csarea1 where in after years he was destined to spend two years in imprisonment4 #e4 ,from ,csarea he sailed to his birthplace1 ,tarsus1 in ,cilicia1 where he spent several years in retirement1 preparing for the great work which was to open before him4 ,this journey is shown by a red line on the large map4 ,illustration3 ,,damascus ,,and ,,vicinity4 ,,iii4 ,peter's ,journey4 7,acts #i3cb-aa3ah47 ,this was the journey in which the door of faith was finally opened to the ,gentiles4 ,during the rest which the churches enjoyed after ,saul's conversion1 and while the ,jewish leaders were too busy with the alarming state of their relations with ,rome to disturb the disciples1 ,peter went forth to visit the churches4 #a4 ,he came down to ,lydda1 now ,ludd1 on the border of the ,shefelah1 and restored to health neas1 a paralytic4 7,acts #i3cb1 #cc47 #b4 ,from ,lydda he was summoned to ,joppa1 the principal seaport of ,palestine1 where ,tabitha1 or ,dorcas1 the gazelle1 had died4 ,she was restored to the weeping church1 and ,peter remained in ,joppa many days4 7,acts #i3dc47 #c4 ,he was called to ,csarea by the ,roman centurion1 ,cornelius1 who1 under ,peter's ministry1 accepted ,christ1 received the endowment of the ,holy ,spirit1 and was baptized into the church by the apostle1 without reference to ,jewish requirements 7,acts #aj72 thus marking an era in the history of the church4 #d4 ,peter returned to ,jerusalem1 and there met the complaints of the ,judaistic element in the church1 by showing that ,god's hand had led in the conversion of ,cornelius and the reception of ,gentiles into the church4 7,acts #aa3a-ah47 ,this journey is indicated by a red line on the small map1 lower right-hand corner4 ,,iv4 ,barnabas' ,journey4 7,acts #aa3ai-cj47 ,after the death of ,stephen1 certain disciples1 driven from ,jerusalem1 traveled along the coast past ,tyre and ,sidon1 as far as ,antioch1 and at the latter place began preaching the gospel1 at first to the ,jews only1 but after a while to the ,gentiles also4 ,as a result1 a church arose at ,antioch 7on the ,orontes1 near its mouth1 now ,antakia71 the first where ,jews and ,gentiles became one1 the first to receive the name ,christian1 and the first to send out missionaries to the heathen world4 ,when the news of this work came to ,jerusalem1 there was some alarm lest it might cause a division in the church4 ,barnabas was dispatched by the apostles to visit ,antioch4 ,he came1 gave the work his hearty indorsement1 and remained to direct it4 ,soon feeling the need of a co-worker1 he went to ,tarsus1 a short voyage across the northeastern corner of the ,mediterranean4 ,here he found ,saul1 and thenceforward the two were united in labors for many years1 until parted forever by an unhappy difference4 ,this journey of ,barnabas is shown on the map by a broken red line4 ,v4 ,barnabas and ,saul's ,journey4 7,acts #aa3bf-cj2 #ab3be47 #a4 ,starting from ,tarsus the two gospel workers sailed across the narrow sea to ,seleucia1 the seaport1 and thence journeyed up the river ,orontes to ,antioch4 ,here they labored together for a year1 and aided in establishing a church1 which became one of the most important in the early age of ,christianity4 #b4 ,learning by revelation of coming famine1 the church at ,antioch prepared a contribution for the poorer disciples in ,juda1 and sent it by the hands of ,barnabas and ,saul4 #c4 ,about the time of the death of ,herod ,agrippa1 the two evangelists returned1 from their charitable errand1 to ,antioch1 where they remained until the next great event1 the first missionary journey4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,let the teacher draw on the blackboard the outline of the map1 including the borders of the ,mediterranean ,sea1 and the two provinces of ,palestine and ,syria4 ,then locate the seven important places4 #a4 ,jerusalem4 #b4 ,samaria4 #c4 ,csarea4 #d4 ,joppa4 #e4 ,damascus4 #f4 ,antioch4 #g4 ,tarsus4 ,next draw the five lines representing the journeys1 relating the events connected with them4 ,if the journeys can be given in chalk of different colors1 it will make them more distinct4 ,i4 ,philip's ,journey4 ,jerusalem1 ,samaria1 ,azotus1 ,lydda1 ,joppa1 ,csarea4 ,,ii4 ,saul's ,journey4 ,jerusalem1 ,damascus1 ,arabia1 ,damascus1 ,jerusalem1 ,csarea1 ,tarsus4 ,,iii4 ,peter's ,journey4 ,jerusalem1 ,lydda1 ,joppa1 ,csarea1 ,jerusalem4 ,,iv4 ,barnabas' ,journey4 ,jerusalem1 ,antioch1 ,tarsus4 ,v4 ,barnabas and ,saul's ,journey4 ,tarsus1 ,antioch1 ,jerusalem1 ,antioch4 ,illustration3 ,,mount ,,zion4 ,illustration3 ,,paul',s ,,first ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,apostle ,,paul4 ,,during the twenty years between ,a4,d4 #de and #fe1 of which the events of church history are recorded in ,acts #ac-bh1 the most important personage is the apostle ,paul4 ,while the work of the original ,twelve is scarcely referred to1 the journeys of the last apostle are related with considerable detail4 ,the probable reason for this is1 that ,paul was the leader in the great movement by which the church of ,christ was broadened from an inconsiderable ,jewish sect1 scarcely known out of ,jerusalem1 to a religion for all the world4 ,this distinction from the other apostles is considered of so much importance that he is called1 almost universally1 by the descriptive title he gave himself--the ,apostle of the ,gentiles4 ,the localities and events of this period are represented upon four maps1 three of ,paul's ,missionary ,journeys1 and the last of his ,voyage to ,rome4 ,,the ,,provinces ,,of ,,asia ,,minor4 ,as the first missionary journey was mainly in ,asia ,minor1 a brief description of that peninsula is necessary4 ,it embraces about #aef1jjj square miles1 or about two-thirds the size of ,texas1 and was located between the ,black1 gean1 and ,mediterranean ,seas on the north1 west and south1 and bounded on the east by the provinces of ,armenia1 ,mesopotamia and ,syria4 ,the provinces which it contained at the ,new ,testament epoch may be variously stated1 since in their political1 racial and geographical relations they were different4 ,the map of the ,roman ,empire1 on page #ih1 gives them according to their political arrangement1 which united two or more under one government1 and gave to some new names4 ,thus there were four districts united under the name ,,asia1 which in the ,new ,testament never denotes the whole continent1 nor yet the whole peninsula1 but the seaboard provinces of ,caria1 ,lydia1 ,mysia1 and the interior land of ,phrygia4 ,so1 too1 ,bithynia and ,pontus formed one government1 ,lycaonia was included in ,galatia1 and ,lycia and ,pisidia in ,pamphylia4 ,we can best arrange these provinces of ,asia ,minor1 according to territorial relations1 in four groups4 #a4 ,the three northern provinces1 on the ,black ,sea3 ,pontus1 ,paphlagonia1 ,bithynia4 #b4 ,the three western provinces1 on the gean ,sea3 ,mysia1 ,lydia1 ,caria4 #c4 ,the three southern provinces1 on the ,mediterranean ,sea3 ,lycia1 ,pamphylia1 ,cilicia4 #d4 ,the five interior provinces3 on the north1 ,galatia2 on the east1 ,cappadocia2 on the south1 ,lycaonia and ,pisidia2 and on the west1 ,phrygia4 ,all of these fourteen provinces1 except four1 are named in the ,new ,testament4 #a4 ,the ,provinces on the ,black ,sea4 7#a47 ,pontus 7,acts #b3i2 #ah3b2 #a ,pet4 #a3a7 was the northeastern province1 between ,paphlagonia and ,armenia1 and having ,cappadocia on the south2 now represented by ,trebizond in the ,turkish empire4 ,some of its ,jewish inhabitants were present in ,jerusalem on the ,day of ,pentecost2 ,aquila1 a helper of ,paul1 was a native of this region2 and its ,christian ,jews were among those addressed in ,peter's first ,epistle4 7#b47 ,paphlagonia1 not mentioned in the ,new ,testament1 lay between ,pontus and ,bithynia1 and north of ,galatia4 7#c47 ,bithynia 7,acts #af3g2 #a ,pet4 #a3a7 was the northwestern province1 having the ,propontis 7now called the ,sea of ,marmora7 on the west1 and ,mysia and ,phrygia on the south1 from which it was separated by ,mount ,olympus4 ,though the region is only incidentally named in the ,new ,testament1 two of its cities1 ,nica and ,nicomedia1 were prominent in the history of the ,greek church4 ,illustration3 ,,antioch ,,in ,,syria4 #b4 ,the ,provinces on the gean ,sea4 ,these are all included under the name ,asia1 by which the western portion of the peninsula was known to the ,romans4 7#a47 ,mysia 7,acts #af3g1 #h7 was separated from ,europe by the ,hellespont and the ,propontis1 and had ,bithynia on the north1 ,phrygia on the east1 and ,mysia on the west4 ,it contained ,troas1 on the ruins of ancient ,troy1 whence ,paul could dimly see the hills of ,europe on the west1 and where the vision of the man of ,macedonia led to the voyage for the evangelization of ,europe4 7#b47 ,lydia1 once the centre of the great empire of ,croesus1 extended along the gean ,sea from ,mysia to ,caria1 and eastward to ,phrygia4 ,its principal city was ,ephesus1 the metropolis of ,asia ,minor1 and one of ,paul's most important fields of labor2 and ,sardis1 ,thyatira and ,philadelphia were also large places and seats of churches addressed in the ,apocalypse4 7#c47 ,caria was the southwestern province1 not named in the ,new ,testament1 though its cities1 ,cnidus and ,miletus1 are referred to2 the latter as the place where ,paul parted from the ,ephesian elders4 7,acts #bj3ae47 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,giving ,,comparative ,,size ,,of ,,asia ,,minor ,,and ,,texas1 ,u4 ,s4 #c4 ,the ,provinces on the ,mediterranean4 7#a47 ,lycia 7,acts #bg3e7 lay south of ,mount ,taurus1 and opposite to the island of ,rhodes4 ,two of its cities1 ,patara and ,myra1 were visited by the apostle ,paul4 7,acts #ba3a2 #bg3e47 7#b47 ,pamphylia 7,acts #ac3ac7 was a small province between ,lycia and ,cilicia1 and also between ,mount ,taurus and the sea4 ,its capital1 ,perga1 was the first city in ,asia ,minor visited by ,paul on his first missionary journey4 ,on his return1 he preached in its seaport1 ,attalia4 7,acts #ac3ac2 #ad3bd1 #be47 7#c47 ,cilicia 7,acts #f3i7 is a long and narrow province1 also lying between ,mount ,taurus and the sea1 and separated from ,syria by the ,syrian ,gates1 a pass in the mountains4 ,its capital1 ,tarsus1 was one of the leading cities of the ,roman empire1 and the birthplace of ,paul4 #d4 ,the ,provinces in the ,interior4 7#a47 ,on the north was ,galatia1 a land of uncertain and varying boundaries1 but located between ,bithynia1 ,cappadocia1 ,lycaonia and ,phrygia4 ,it received its name from a race of ,gauls1 who conquered it about #cjj ,b4,c41 was twice visited by ,paul1 and its ,christian population was addressed in the ,epistle to the ,galatians4 7,acts #af3f2 #ah3bc2 ,gal4 #a3b47 7#b47 ,cappadocia lay on the southeast of ,galatia1 and south of ,pontus4 ,it was the largest province in ,asia ,minor4 ,some of its people were in ,jerusalem at the ,feast of ,pentecost 7,acts #b3i72 and its churches were among those addressed in #a ,peter4 7#c47 ,lycaonia 7,acts #ad3a-bc7 was not a political division1 but a district in southern ,galatia4 ,it was west of ,cappadocia and east of ,phrygia1 and separated by the ,taurus range from ,cilicia4 ,its principal places were ,iconium1 ,derbe and ,lystra1 in all of which ,paul preached the gospel and suffered persecution4 7#d47 ,pisidia was politically connected with ,pamphylia1 but lay north of the ,taurus1 between ,lycaonia and ,phrygia4 ,its principal city was ,antioch 7to be distinguished from ,antioch in ,syria71 twice1 at least1 visited by the apostle ,paul4 7,acts #ac3ad2 #ad3ba47 7#e47 ,phrygia varied greatly at different periods1 and in ,paul's time had no separate existence as a province4 ,in the earlier days1 when ,galatia was a part of it1 it was said to touch in some way every other land in ,asia ,minor4 ,in its southern section lay the three cities of ,laodicea1 ,hierapolis and ,colosse1 all named in ,paul's letters4 ,,the ,,first ,,missionary ,,journey4 #a4 ,paul and ,barnabas1 with ,john ,mark as their assistant1 set forth upon the first missionary journey from ,antioch1 the metropolis of ,syria 7,acts #ac3a71 already described on page #ajg4 #b4 ,they descended the mountains to ,seleucia 7,acts #ac3d71 the seaport of ,antioch1 #af miles from the city1 named from its founder1 ,seleucus ,nicator1 ,b4,c4 #bhj4 ,it is now a small village known as el ,kalusi1 having among its ruins an ancient gateway1 still standing1 through which ,paul and ,barnabas may have passed4 #c4 ,setting sail1 they crossed over the arm of the ,mediterranean to the island of ,cyprus 7,acts #ac3d-ac71 the early home of ,barnabas1 #fj miles west of ,syria1 and #dj miles south of ,asia ,minor2 of irregular shape1 #adj miles long and #ej wide2 then thickly inhabited1 and governed by a ,roman proconsul1 now under the rule of ,great ,britain4 #d4 ,their first stopping place was at ,salamis 7,acts #ac3e71 on its eastern shore1 on the river ,pedisus1 where they found a ,jewish synagogue4 ,the city is now desolate1 and its unoccupied site is known as ,old ,famagousta4 #e4 ,they crossed the island from east to west1 preaching on their way1 and came to ,paphos 7,acts #ac3f71 the capital1 and residence of the proconsul4 ,this city contained a famous shrine of ,venus1 to whose worship1 with all its immoralities1 its people were devoted4 ,there was an old and a new city1 of which the former was the one visited by ,paul and ,barnabas4 ,it is now called ,baffa4 #f4 ,sailing in a northwesterly direction a distance of #agj miles1 they reached ,asia ,minor1 in the province of ,pamphylia4 ,passing by ,attalia for the present1 they ascended the river ,cestrus1 and landed at ,perga 7,acts #ac3ac71 #g-a_/b miles from the sea4 ,this was a ,greek city1 devoted to the worship of ,diana3 now in ruins1 and called ,eski ,kalessi4 ,here their young assistant1 ,mark1 left the two missionaries to prosecute the hardest part of the journey without his help4 #g4 ,their next field of labor was ,antioch in ,pisidia1 a city east of ,ephesus1 and northwest of ,tarsus1 now known as ,yalobatch4 ,here ,paul preached in the synagogue a discourse reported more at length than any other in his ministry1 and here a church was founded4 7,acts #ac3ad-eb47 #h4 ,driven out of ,antioch by the persecution of the ,jews1 they went on #fj miles eastward to ,iconium1 a large city1 still in existence as ,konieh1 and in the ,middle ,ages the capital of a powerful ,mohammedan kingdom4 ,this region1 in the apostle's time1 was independent of the ,roman empire4 7,acts #ad3a-e47 #i4 ,again compelled to endure persecution1 they traveled to ,lystra1 a heathen city in the district of ,lycaonia1 where a miracle wrought by ,paul led the superstitious people to offer worship to the two apostles as the gods ,jupiter and ,mercury 7in ,greek1 ,zeus and ,hermes74 ,there is reason to suppose that ,lystra was at the place now known as ,bin bir ,kilisseh1 the thousand and one churches1 a mass of ruins in the ,kara ,dagh1 or ,black ,mountain4 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,island ,,of ,,cyprus4 #aj4 ,paul having been stoned at ,lystra1 the apostles went on to ,derbe1 #bj miles distant1 but in the same province1 where they were suffered to labor in peace4 ,it is supposed to be represented by the modern village of ,divle4 ,this marked the furthest place reached by the evangelists4 ,they were now quite near the pass in ,mount ,taurus1 known as the ,cilician ,gates1 and could easily have reached ,tarsus1 and thence taken a short voyage home4 ,illustration3 ,,review ,,chart ,,of ,,paul',s ,,first ,,journey4 #aa4 ,but they preferred to return by the same route1 perilous as the journey was from the enmities excited by their preaching2 and revisited ,lystra1 ,iconium and ,antioch1 confirming the churches which they had planted1 and establishing new ones in other neighboring places in ,pisidia and ,pamphylia1 as in ,attalia1 a seaport on the river ,katarrhaktes1 #af miles from ,perga1 now known as ,adalia1 where they took ship once more1 and thence sailed over the ,cilician section of the ,mediterranean1 north of ,cyprus1 to ,antioch in ,syria1 where they were gladly received by the church which had sent them forth4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 #a4 ,draw on the blackboard the subjoined ,review ,chart of ,asia ,minor1 and let the class also draw the same on slates or paper1 in a rough sketch4 ,then insert the provinces1 and drill the class upon their names1 reviewing from the beginning after each group is given4 ,black ,sea4 ,pontus1 ,paphlagonia1 ,bithynia4 gean ,sea4 ,mysia1 ,lydia1 ,caria4 ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,lycia1 ,pamphylia1 ,cilicia4 ,interior4 ,galatia1 ,cappadocia1 ,lycaonia1 ,pisidia1 ,phrygia4 #b4 ,draw in colored chalk the line representing ,paul's travel1 calling attention to the places and events2 and frequently review the list1 as a new name is presented4 7#a47 ,antioch in ,syria4 7#b47 ,seleucia4 7#c47 ,island of ,cyprus4 7#d47 ,salamis4 7#e47 ,paphos4 7#f47 ,perga4 7#g47 ,antioch in ,pisidia4 7#h47 ,iconium4 7#i47 ,lystra4 7#aj47 ,derbe4 7#aa47 ,return1 and ,attalia4 ,,the ,,second ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,the map presents the field of the apostle ,paul's labor during four of the most active years of his life1 according to ,alford's chronology1 from ,a4,d4 #ej to #ed4 ,to this period belong two journeys3 a journey from ,antioch to ,jerusalem and return1 and the second missionary journey1 through ,asia ,minor1 ,macedonia and ,greece4 ,illustration3 ,,paul',s ,,second ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,the journey to ,jerusalem1 not indicated upon the map1 was ,paul's third visit to that city after his conversion4 ,his first visit was in ,a4,d4 #dj1 when ,barnabas introduced him to ,peter and ,james 7,acts #i3bf-cj72 his second was in ,a4,d4 #de1 when with ,barnabas he brought the gifts of the church at ,antioch 7,acts #aa3cj72 his third was in ,a4,d4 #ej1 when1 again accompanied by ,barnabas1 he attended the council in ,jerusalem1 called to establish the principle upon which ,gentiles were to be received into the ,christian church4 7,acts #ae3a-cj47 ,the second missionary journey began with an unfortunate disagreement between ,paul and ,barnabas1 which resulted in their separation1 ,barnabas going to the island of ,cyprus1 and ,paul to the mainland4 7,acts #ae3cf-dj47 ,the apostle chose as his companion ,silas1 or ,silvanus1 and was afterward joined by ,timothy1 and ,luke1 the author of the third ,gospel and the ,acts4 ,we may subdivide this journey into three sections1 as follows3 ,i4 ,the ,stations in ,asia1 seven in number4 ,,ii4 ,the ,stations in ,europe1 eight in number4 ,,iii4 ,the ,stations of the ,return1 four in number4 ,i4 ,the ,asiatic ,stations4 ,these are mostly the names of provinces in ,asia ,minor already described in connection with a previous map4 #a4 ,starting from ,antioch1 ,paul first traveled through ,syria1 visiting the churches4 7,acts #ae3da47 ,this tour was probably through northern ,syria only1 in the region around ,antioch2 and the general direction was toward ,asia ,minor1 which he probably entered through the ,syrian ,gates1 now the ,beilan ,pass in ,mount ,amanus4 ,no cities are named in this region as visited by the apostle2 but the principal places were ,issus and ,alexandria1 both of which lay along the route of his journey4 #b4 ,the next province visited was ,cilicia 7,acts #ae3da71 the land of ,paul's birth4 ,as everywhere he made the chief cities his stations of labor1 we may suppose that he passed through ,mopsuestia and ,adana1 on his way to ,tarsus1 the metropolis of the province4 ,from ,tarsus he journeyed westward toward ,mount ,taurus1 the northern boundary of the province1 and crossed the range through the ,cilician ,gates1 from which he emerged upon the great ,lycaonian plain4 #c4 ,we read of a station at ,derbe1 where he had planted a church on the first journey1 and which was now strengthened by his second visit4 7,acts #af3a47 #d4 ,next1 at ,lystra1 where in other days he had been first worshiped and then stoned4 ,here he found a church1 the result of his early labors1 and was joined by his life-long companion1 ,timothy4 7,acts #af3a-d47 #e4 ,we read of ,paul and ,silas as having next gone throughout ,phrygia4 ,probably this refers to a tour among the churches at ,iconium and ,antioch in ,pisidia1 the fields of former labors4 ,there is no indication in the ,acts or ,epistles that he preached in any new places in this district4 #f4 ,from ,antioch he turned northward and entered for the first time the province of ,galatia4 7,acts #af3f47 ,but ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay has shown that ,lycaonia itself was only a district in the political province of ,galatia1 and that the ,galatian journey 7and also the ,galatian epistle7 may refer to the region of ,derbe1 ,lystra1 and ,iconium1 not to the entire province4 ,in that case the dotted red line on the map may indicate ,paul's journey1 and the line through ,pessinus1 ,ancyra1 and ,tavium should be omitted4 ,these conclusions are not1 as yet1 generally accepted4 #g4 ,paul's desire was to preach the word throughout the ,roman proconsular province of ,asia1 which comprised ,phrygia1 and the maritime districts of ,mysia1 ,lydia and ,caria4 ,but divine influences closed up his path1 both in this direction and northward toward ,bithynia2 so he journeyed westward across ,phrygia and ,mysia1 and at last reached the shore of the gean ,sea at ,troas4 7,acts #af3f-h47 ,this was the site of ancient ,troy1 the scene of ,homer's ,iliad1 and has been the place of great discoveries in modern times4 ,there was a city near the ancient site in ,paul's time2 and it is probable that in it he founded a church1 for there he was joined by ,luke1 the historian of the ,acts and author of the third ,gospel1 and in a later journey met the disciples of the place4 7,acts #bj3g47 ,here the vision of the man of ,macedonia summoned ,paul from ,asia to ,europe 7,acts #af3i1 #aj71 and opened a new chapter in the history of ,christianity4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,acropolis ,,at ,,athens4 7,,areopagus ,,on ,,the ,,left47 ,,ii4 ,the ,european ,stations4 ,all the places named as visited by the apostle in this journey were included in the two provinces of ,macedonia and ,greece1 of which the ,roman name was ,achaia4 ,macedonia was the province north of ,greece1 and famous in history from its conquering kings1 ,philip1 and his greater son1 ,alexander4 ,its boundaries were3 on the north1 the ,hmus or ,balkan ,mountains2 on the east1 ,thrace and the gean ,sea2 on the south1 ,achaia 7,greece72 on the west1 the ,pindus ,mountains1 separating it from ,epirus and ,illyricum4 ,it consists of two great plains1 watered respectively by the ,axius1 near ,thessalonica1 and the ,strymon1 near ,apollonia4 ,between these two rivers projects a peninsula1 having three points1 like a hand of three fingers1 across the palm of which1 in ,paul's time1 ran the great ,roman road known as the ,ignatian ,way4 ,it was divided by the ,romans into four districts1 of which the capitals were ,amphipolis1 ,thessalonica 7the residence of the provincial proconsul71 ,pella 7the birthplace of ,alexander the ,great71 and ,pelagonia4 ,of these1 ,amphipolis had become less important than the rival city of ,philippi1 in the same district4 ,achaia was the ,roman name of the little land of ,greece1 whose fame has filled all history4 ,in the later period of its independence1 its ruling state had been ,achaia1 which gave its name to the entire province when annexed to the ,roman empire4 ,in the apostolic age1 ,corinth was its metropolis and political capital1 though ,athens still retained its fame as a centre of art and literature4 ,the apostle ,paul and his companions sailed across the gean ,sea from ,troas1 in a northwesterly direction1 passing the storied isles of ,tenedos and ,imbros2 anchored for the first night off ,samothracia1 the ,thracian ,samos1 a rocky island near the coast of ,thrace2 and the next day passed northward of ,thasos1 and anchored in the harbor of ,neapolis1 on the border of ,thrace4 ,they did not remain at the seaport1 but pressed inland to the larger city1 which was to be memorable as the first foothold of the gospel in ,europe4 ,in the ,european part of the second missionary journey we notice eight places visited by the apostle4 #a4 ,philippi 7,acts #af3ab-dj74 ,this was an ancient town1 enlarged and renamed by ,philip1 the father of ,alexander the ,great4 ,near it was fought the great battle between ,augustus and ,antony on one side1 and ,brutus and ,cassius on the other1 in which the hope of a ,roman republic perished1 and the empire was ushered in4 ,it had been made a colony2 that is1 a branch of ,rome itself1 and enjoyed certain privileges of self-government1 so that its magistrates bore ,roman titles1 as noticed by ,luke4 ,here ,lydia1 the first convert in ,europe1 was baptized1 and a church was planted2 ,paul and ,silas were scourged and imprisoned1 and set free by divine power2 the jailer was brought to ,christ2 and the officials of the city were made to tremble at having inflicted violence upon citizens of ,rome4 #b4 ,amphipolis was #cc miles southwest of ,philippi1 and #c miles from the gean ,sea4 ,it was a town of ancient fame2 but1 in ,paul's time1 decayed in population2 and1 having no synagogue or ,jewish population1 was not yet made a field of his labors4 ,after a delay of only a day1 he journeyed on still further westward4 7,acts #ag3a47 #c4 ,apollonia was #cj miles from ,amphipolis1 and an important city2 but for some reason ,paul did not choose to labor in its vicinity1 and remained there but a day4 7,acts #ag3a47 #d4 ,thessalonica 7,acts #ag3a-i7 was the capital of the entire province1 and #dj miles from the preceding station4 ,it was named after a sister of ,alexander the ,great1 and had many historic associations4 ,an arch is still standing1 and was doubtless seen by the apostle1 which commemorated the victory at ,philippi4 ,there was a large ,jewish population1 and a synagogue1 in which ,paul preached for three sabbaths4 ,he succeeded in founding a church1 mostly of ,gentiles1 to which he soon after wrote his two earliest epistles1 ,first and ,second ,thessalonians4 ,but the ,jews excited a riot1 and the apostles were compelled to leave the city by night4 ,thessalonica1 now called ,saloniki1 is still the second city of ,european ,turkey1 and contains #hj1jjj inhabitants4 #e4 ,berea 7,acts #ag3aj-ac7 was a small city1 chosen by the apostle on account of its retired situation4 ,it lay on the eastern side of ,mount ,olympus4 ,its people were generous in hearing the truth1 and candid in examination of its claims2 so that many of them believed1 and the ,bereans have furnished a name for earnest students of the ,bible in all lands4 ,the place is now called ,verria1 and has a population of about #f1jjj4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,athens4 #f4 ,athens 7,acts #ag3ae-cd7 was one of the most famous cities of the world4 ,it was situated #e miles northeast of the ,saronic ,gulf1 between the two little streams ,cephissus and ,ilissus1 and connected by long walls with its two seaports1 the ,pirus and the ,phaleric ,gulf1 where probably ,paul landed4 ,around it stand mountains noted in history1 and within its walls rise four important hills3 the ,acropolis1 surmounted by the ,parthenon1 the most perfect specimen of ,greek architecture2 the ,areopagus1 northwest of the ,acropolis1 where ,paul delivered his memorable discourse2 the ,pnyx1 still further west2 and1 on the south1 the ,museum4 ,in ,paul's time ,athens was no longer the political capital1 but was still the literary centre1 not only of ,greece1 but of the civilized world4 ,paul's discourse before its philosophers was not attended with immediate results1 as no church appears to have been founded2 but1 four centuries afterward1 the ,parthenon became a ,christian church1 and the ,athenians were among the most bitter foes of image worship4 ,after many changes of fortune--at times being without inhabitants--,athens is now the growing capital of the kingdom of modern ,greece1 and the seat of a university4 #g4 ,corinth 7,acts #ah3a-ah71 the next station of the apostle1 was #dj miles west of ,athens1 on the isthmus between ,hellas and ,peloponnesus1 which is here #aj miles wide4 ,in ,paul's time it was the commercial and political metropolis of ,greece1 being the residence of the ,roman proconsul4 ,it was1 however1 a most wicked city1 and a by-word for corruption and licentiousness4 ,paul preached in ,corinth for a year and a half1 working meanwhile at his trade as a tent-maker1 and during his stay wrote the two ,epistles to the ,thessalonians4 ,after leaving1 he wrote to the ,corinthian ,christians two of his longest ,epistles1 ,first and ,second ,corinthians4 ,the site of the city is now desolate1 except for a small and wretched village1 named ,gortho4 ,illustration3 ,,corinth ,,and ,,vicinity4 #h4 ,cenchrea 7,acts #ah3ah71 more accurately ,cenchre1 is named merely as the place from which ,paul set forth on his return journey1 and where he performed the ,levitical service of cutting off his hair in token of a vow4 ,we know1 however1 that he had1 directly or indirectly1 planted a church here1 as its deaconess1 ,phebe1 is named4 7,rom4 #af3a1 #b47 ,this was the eastern harbor of ,corinth1 on the ,saronic ,gulf1 #i miles from the city4 ,it is now called ,kekhries4 ,,iii4 ,the ,return ,stations of the apostle1 in his journey from ,corinth to ,antioch1 are given as four in number1 though the journey was more than a thousand miles in length4 #a4 ,sailing eastward across the gean ,sea1 and passing many celebrated islands1 after a voyage of #bej miles1 he reached ,ephesus4 7,acts #ah3ai-ba47 ,he had been hindered from preaching in this region before1 and now remained but a few weeks1 though urged by the ,jews to remain longer4 ,he left behind him his friends ,aquila and ,priscilla1 by whose labors the brilliant young ,apollos of ,alexandria was led into the church1 and the way was prepared for ,paul's labor on his second visit1 in connection with which ,ephesus will be noticed again4 #b4 ,a voyage around the southwestern border of ,asia ,minor1 thence past the isle of ,rhodes in a southeasterly direction1 leaving ,cyprus on the northeast1 brought the apostle to ,csarea4 7,acts #ah3bb47 ,this was the ,roman capital of ,palestine1 and a harbor4 ,here ,paul debarked from the vessel on which he had sailed #fjj miles1 and entered once more the ,holy ,land4 7,for an account of ,csarea1 see page #aac47 #c4 ,jerusalem4 7,acts #ah3bb47 ,the apostle climbed the mountains1 and for the fourth time since his conversion entered the ,holy ,city4 ,he stayed only to salute the church1 and perhaps leave the gifts of the ,gentile ,christians to the poorer saints of ,juda1 and then left once more4 #d4 ,he traveled1 overland most probably1 to ,antioch1 his home1 if any place might be so named2 for here were his nearest friends1 here he had begun his missionary journey1 and here he doubtless received a glad welcome from the church4 ,he brought with him1 on his return1 not only ,silas1 who had set out as his companion1 but ,timothy1 and perhaps also ,aristarchus1 ,gaius and ,erastus1 whose names we find associated with ,paul's soon after4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,draw the map of ,asia ,minor1 and review the names of its provinces as already given4 ,,ii4 ,notice the ,stations in ,asia1 and the events of the journey associated with them4 #a4 ,syria4 #b4 ,cilicia4 #c4 ,derbe4 #d4 ,lystra4 #e4 ,phrygia4 #f4 ,galatia4 #g4 ,troas4 ,,iii4 ,notice the ,stations in ,europe4 #a4 ,philippi4 #b4 ,amphipolis4 #c4 ,apollonia4 #d4 ,thessalonica4 #e4 ,berea4 #f4 ,athens4 #g4 ,corinth4 #h4 ,cenchrea4 ,,iv4 ,notice the ,stations of the ,return ,journey4 #a4 ,ephesus4 #b4 ,csarea4 #c4 ,jerusalem4 #d4 ,antioch4 ,,the ,,third ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,this journey of the apostle1 beginning at ,antioch1 led him as far west as ,corinth1 and then as far east as ,jerusalem4 ,it probably occupied about four years1 from ,a4,d4 #ed to #eh1 and may be subdivided into two stages4 ,i4 ,the ,outward ,journey1 from ,antioch to ,corinth1 including seven stations4 ,,ii4 ,the ,return ,journey1 from ,corinth to ,jerusalem1 with fifteen stations4 ,more than half of this period was spent at ,ephesus1 where ,paul preached for nearly three years4 ,illustration3 ,,paul',s ,,third ,,missionary ,,journey4 ,i4 ,the ,outward ,journey4 7,acts #ah3bc-bj3c47 #a4 ,we note ,antioch1 the starting point for each of ,paul's three missionary journeys4 ,this place has been already described1 on page #aac1 in connection with the map of the ,early ,apostolic ,history4 #b4 ,his westward course lay through ,galatia 7,acts #ah3bc71 where he visited the churches planted upon his former tour4 ,but as before1 this may refer to the part of ,galatia embraced in ,lycaonia2 and we have thus indicated upon the map by a dotted line4 7,see page #aba47 #c4 ,still journeying westward toward the coast1 ,paul passed through ,phrygia 7,acts #ah3bc71 already described on page #aah4 ,no events of this part of the journey are related4 #d4 ,he came from the highlands of the interior to ,ephesus1 where he had touched on his previous journey1 and was now to remain longer than at any other place during his active ministry4 7,acts #ai3a-bj3a47 ,ephesus was the metropolis of ,proconsular ,asia1 and may be regarded as the third capital of ,christianity1 as ,jerusalem had been its birthplace1 and ,antioch the centre of its foreign missions4 ,it stood a mile from the gean ,sea1 fronting an artificial harbor1 in which met the ships of all lands1 and above which rose the ,temple of ,artemis 7,diana71 celebrated as the most magnificent building in ,asia ,minor1 though the image which it enshrined was only a shapeless block4 ,its population was principally ,greek1 though with a large ,oriental mixture4 ,here a preparation for ,paul's labor had been made by ,apollos1 who had instructed a small company of ,jews up to the twilight of ,john the ,baptist's teachings concerning the ,messiah4 ,from ,paul's friends1 ,aquila and ,priscilla1 he had learned the gospel of ,christ2 and1 just before the apostle's arrival1 had gone to ,corinth4 ,for three months ,paul labored in the synagogue with the ,jews and inquiring ,gentiles2 but1 when the ,jewish opposition endangered the work1 he took the step 7at this time first in the history of ,christianity7 of calling the believers in ,christ out of the synagogue4 ,paul remained at ,ephesus in all more than two years1 working at his trade through the week1 while preaching on the ,jewish ,sabbath4 ,through his endeavors most of the ,seven ,churches1 addressed long afterward by ,john1 were founded at this time4 ,just before ,paul's departure a riot arose1 and a tumultuous mob occupied the theatre1 whose ruins may still be seen4 ,ephesus is now an utter desolation1 haunted by wild beasts4 ,near its ruins is a small ,turkish village1 called ,ayasalouk4 ,near the close of his stay at ,ephesus1 ,paul wrote the ,first ,epistle to the ,corinthians4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,ephesus4 #e4 ,the next stopping place of the apostle was at ,troas4 7#b ,cor4 #b3ab1 #ac47 ,this is mentioned1 not in the ,acts1 but in the ,epistle written soon afterward4 ,here he had expected to meet his companion ,titus1 with news from the church at ,corinth4 ,while waiting1 he found an opportunity for preaching1 and success in winning souls4 ,but1 as the expected tidings did not come1 ,paul again took ship1 and sailed once more 7see the previous journey7 from ,asia to ,europe4 #f4 ,his next station is named as ,macedonia 7,acts #bj3b72 but it may be inferred that he visited ,philippi1 ,thessalonica and ,berea1 the places of former labors1 already described in the account of the second journey4 ,perhaps it was at this time that he journeyed round about unto ,illyricum1 which was a province on the ,adriatic ,sea1 west of ,macedonia4 7,rom4 #ae3ai47 ,while in ,macedonia1 perhaps at ,philippi1 ,paul wrote the ,second ,epistle to the ,corinthians4 #g4 ,the last place in ,paul's outward journey is mentioned as ,greece1 the province elsewhere called ,achaia4 7,acts #bj3b1 #c2 #ah3bg47 ,his principal errand was to ,corinth 7already described on page #abc71 where troubles in the church required his attention4 ,while here he wrote the ,epistle to the ,galatians1 and his great statement of ,christian doctrine1 the ,epistle to the ,romans4 ,,ii4 ,the ,return ,journey4 7,acts #bj3f-ba3f47 ,this was undertaken with the desire of reaching ,jerusalem in time for the ,feast of ,pentecost1 ,a4,d4 #eh4 ,for some reason1 probably on account of a ,jewish plot to murder him1 ,paul did not take the direct route1 but went around the gean ,sea by way of ,philippi and ,troas1 and was accompanied by a number of friends4 #a4 ,from ,corinth1 ,paul and his friends journeyed overland1 through ,greece and ,macedonia1 to ,philippi 7,acts #bj3c-f71 a place now visited for the third time4 ,here ,paul was rejoined by ,luke the ,evangelist1 who henceforth shared his dangers to the end of his life4 #b4 ,most of ,paul's company sailed from ,philippi across the gean ,sea to ,troas1 in advance of the apostle1 but were soon followed by ,paul and ,luke4 7,acts #bj3e-ac47 ,at ,troas they remained for a week with the church2 and here ,eutychus was restored to life by the apostle4 ,illustration3 ,,paul',s ,,voyage ,,to ,,rome4 #c4 ,from ,philippi1 most of the company set sail for ,palestine1 but ,paul went on foot as far as ,assos1 where he was taken on board4 7,acts #bj3ac1 #ad47 ,this place was situated #ai miles from ,troas1 and is now marked by extensive ruins4 #d4 ,mitylene4 ,this was on the island of ,lesbos1 famed as the home of ,sappho1 the ,greek poetess4 ,here they anchored for the night1 as the channel was not easy to follow among the islands4 7,acts #bj3ad47 ,this and the succeeding stations in the gean ,sea may be noticed on the map of the islands and coasts of ,asia ,minor1 on page #acb4 #e4 ,chios4 7,acts #bj3ae47 ,this is an island #cb miles long1 and #e miles from ,asia2 said to have been the birthplace of ,homer2 and now called ,scio4 ,here ,paul's ship anchored only for a night4 #f4 ,samos4 7,acts #bj3ae47 ,this is an island near the mainland1 #db miles southwest of ,smyrna2 and #bg miles long4 ,it was the birthplace of the philosopher ,pythagoras4 ,they barely touched at the island1 and then sailed across to the shore of ,asia ,minor4 #g4 ,trogyllium 7,acts #bj3ae7 is a town and cape on the coast of ,asia ,minor1 at the foot of ,mount ,mycale4 ,the place at which they anchored for the night is still called ,st4 ,paul's ,port4 ,on the next day they sailed past the harbor of ,ephesus without stopping1 for ,paul's stations were controlled by the movements of the ship and its masters4 #h4 ,miletus4 7,acts #bj3af-ch47 ,this was at the mouth of the river ,mander1 #cf miles south of ,ephesus2 and at that time on the shore1 though now ten miles inland1 by the changes in the coast4 ,here1 while the ship was delayed1 ,paul sent for the elders of the church at ,ephesus1 and gave to them a farewell address of deep tenderness4 ,this place is now a small village1 called ,melas4 #i4 ,coos1 or ,cos 7,acts #ba3a71 where they next anchored1 is a small island1 northwest of ,rhodes2 now called ,stanchio4 #aj4 ,rhodes 7,acts #ba3a7 is an island of note in both ancient and modern history1 #ac miles from ,asia ,minor1 #df miles long1 and #ah wide4 ,upon it had stood the ,colossus1 a figure over #ajj feet high1 but overthrown by an earthquake1 ,b4,c4 #bbd1 and prostrate at the time of ,paul's visit4 #aa4 ,patara 7,acts #ba3a7 was a seaport in the province of ,lycia1 in ,asia ,minor1 opposite ,rhodes4 ,here the vessel ended its voyage1 and the apostolic company found another1 which was bound for ,phoenicia4 ,the place is now a ruin1 and buried in the encroaching sand4 #ab4 ,the disciples took another ship at ,patara1 and sailed in a southeasterly direction for ,phoenicia1 passing by ,cyprus without stopping4 ,the vessel paused for a week at ,tyre to unlade its burden1 and here ,paul found a church1 perhaps planted by ,philip the evangelist4 ,tyre had once been the great commercial metropolis of the ,mediterranean1 known as the strong city as early as the time of ,joshua4 ,it was the capital of ,phoenicia1 and in ,old ,testament times held friendly relations with ,israel1 but was idolatrous and abominably wicked4 ,it was besieged by ,nebuchadnezzar for #ac years1 was destroyed by ,alexander the ,great1 rebuilt by the ,seleucid1 and1 in ,paul's time1 was still a large city4 ,it is now a miserable village1 called ,sur1 and1 in the fulfillment of prophecy1 a place for the spreading of nets4 7,ezek4 #bf3ad47 #ac4 ,taking ship once more1 for the last time1 they sailed southward along the coast of ,palestine to ,ptolemais4 7,acts #ba3g47 ,this was the ,old ,testament ,accho1 in the tribe of ,asher1 but never possessed4 ,it was #h miles north of ,mount ,carmel4 ,in medival history it sustained a siege by the ,crusaders1 and was known as ,st4 ,jean d',acre4 ,here ,paul spent a day with the church1 and then journeyed with his friends southward over the ,plain of ,esdraelon and ,mount ,carmel4 #ad4 ,at ,csarea1 the next station1 they were entertained by ,philip1 who1 years before1 had been driven out of ,jerusalem by ,saul of ,tarsus4 7,see ,philip's ,journey1 page #aab47 ,csarea was the ,roman capital of ,palestine1 and was in all respects a heathen city1 though containing many ,jews4 ,here ,paul received a message from the aged prophet ,agabus1 warning him not to go to ,jerusalem2 but he persisted in his purpose4 #ae4 ,for the fifth time in his life as a ,christian1 and for the last time1 ,paul entered the city of ,,jerusalem1 from which he was soon to go forth the prisoner of the ,lord4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,outward ,journey4 #a4 ,antioch4 #b4 ,galatia4 #c4 ,phrygia4 #d4 ,ephesus4 #e4 ,troas4 #f4 ,macedonia4 7,philippi47 #g4 ,greece4 7,corinth47 ,,ii4 ,return ,journey4 #a4 ,philippi4 #b4 ,troas4 #c4 ,assos4 #d4 ,mitylene4 #e4 ,chios4 #f4 ,samos4 #g4 ,trogyllium4 #h4 ,miletus4 #i4 ,coos4 #aj4 ,rhodes4 #aa4 ,patara4 #ab4 ,tyre4 #ac4 ,ptolemais4 #ad4 ,csarea4 #ae4 ,jerusalem4 ,,the ,,voyage ,,to ,,rome4 ,the last of ,paul's recorded journeys was that which he took as a prisoner under ,roman power4 ,he was seized by a ,jewish mob in the ,court of the ,women in the ,temple 7see plan of the ,temple on page #ada71 in or near the room set apart for the ceremonies of a ,nazarite's vow4 ,dragged by the crowd into the ,court of the ,gentiles1 he would have been slain but for the arrival of a company of ,roman soldiers from the ,tower of ,antonia4 ,he made an address to the throng from the stairs leading from the ,court of the ,gentiles to the ,tower1 and was then taken to the prison in the tower4 #a4 ,from ,jerusalem he began his journey1 as a prisoner4 ,the immediate cause of his departure from the city was the information received by the ,roman officer in charge of the ,tower of ,antonia1 that a band of ,jews had formed a plan to slay ,paul4 ,that night he was sent1 under a strong escort1 out of the reach of his enemies4 #b4 ,the guard paused at ,antipatris 7,acts #bc3ca1 #cb71 beyond which the soldiers were not needed1 so they were sent back1 and ,paul journeyed the rest of the way under an escort of cavalry4 ,antipatris was built by ,herod the ,great1 and named for his father1 ,antipater4 ,it was #bf miles southeast of ,csarea1 on the direct road from ,jerusalem1 and #af miles northeast of ,joppa4 ,its location is not identified with certainty1 but is probably to be found at a ruin known as ,ras el' ,ain4 #c4 ,the apostle was taken to ,csarea 7,acts #bc3cc71 where he was remanded to prison4 ,here he remained for more than two years1 was tried by ,felix1 and made his memorable defense before the younger ,herod ,agrippa4 7,acts #bd-bf47 ,having appealed1 as a ,roman citizen1 to the supreme court of the emperor at ,rome1 he was sent on shipboard for the voyage with a company of prisoners1 and a guard commanded by the centurion ,julius4 ,luke and ,aristarchus were with ,paul on the vessel4 7,acts #bg3a1 #b47 #d4 ,the day after starting from ,csarea1 the vessel touched at ,zidon1 and ,paul was permitted to go on shore with the soldier to whom he was chained4 7,acts #bg3c47 ,zidon was one of the most ancient towns in history1 and the mother city of ,tyre1 which was #bj miles south of it4 ,it lay in the limits of the tribe of ,asher1 but was never possessed by ,israel4 ,its commerce was extensive1 but early superseded by that of ,tyre4 ,it was a battle ground more than once during the ,crusades1 and changed masters frequently4 ,its site is now occupied by a small fishing village1 called ,saida4 #e4 ,the wind being unfavorable1 the vessel was carried to the north of ,cyprus1 and sailed over waters traversed by ,paul more than once1 in the northeastern corner of the ,mediterranean1 past his church home at ,antioch1 and his birthplace1 ,tarsus1 to the harbor of ,myra1 a city in the province of ,lycia1 in ,asia ,minor4 7,acts #bg3d-f47 ,this city stood at the entrance to a gorge in ,mount ,taurus1 two miles from the sea4 ,its port1 where ,paul landed to be transferred to another vessel1 was called ,andriadice4 ,it is now in ruins4 #f4 ,the next station was to have been ,cnidus1 #ajj miles from ,myra1 on the coast of ,caria2 but the vessel only reached it with difficulty1 and was unable to enter1 on account of contrary winds3 so the prow was turned southward toward the island of ,crete4 ,this lies at the entrance to the gean ,sea1 and is #adj miles long by #ce wide4 ,they rounded ,cape ,salmone1 at the eastern point of the island1 and anchored for a time at a place then known1 and still known1 as ,fair ,havens1 on the southern coast1 about midway between the two extremes of the island4 ,here they were delayed for some time1 and ,paul urged the centurion to remain during the winter1 and escape impending dangers4 ,but it was resolved to follow along the shore still further westward1 to the more commodious harbor of ,phenice4 ,but in this they were disappointed2 for they were driven out to sea1 and to the final result predicted by the apostle4 7,acts #bg3g-ac47 #g4 ,soon after leaving ,fair ,havens1 the storm set in4 ,it was of the kind then called ,euroclydon 7,revised ,version1 ,euro aquilo1 east-northeaster71 now known as a ,levanter4 ,they were able to run under the lee of the little island of ,clauda1 #bc miles from ,fair ,havens1 where they strengthened the vessel for the gale by frapping1 or winding ropes around the hull4 ,thence for fourteen days and nights they were driven before the wind in a westward direction1 until hope perished in every heart save ,paul's4 ,they were driven #dgf miles1 upon the island of ,melita1 which is #fb miles south of ,sicily1 and is #ag miles long by #h or #i wide4 ,it is of irregular oval shape1 and its coast is indented by many bays4 ,the one in which the apostle was shipwrecked is on the northeastern side of the island1 and is known as ,st4 ,paul's ,bay4 ,a close investigation of the locality1 its surroundings1 and the soundings of the sea approaching it1 show the remarkable accuracy of ,luke's statements4 ,the island is now known as ,malta1 and is under ,british rule4 ,some years ago an ancient inscription was found on the island1 giving to its ruler the same title1 protos1 first or chief man 7,acts #bh3g71 given by ,luke4 ,illustration3 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,bay1 ,,malta1 ,,enlarged4 ,,maltese ,,islands4 #h4 ,after wintering in the island of ,melita1 ,paul and the other prisoners were placed on board an ,alexandrian ship which was bound toward ,rome4 ,the first stopping place in this part of the voyage was at the historic city of ,syracuse1 on the eastern shore of ,sicily4 7,acts #bh3ab47 ,here they paused for three days1 and then continued their voyage4 #i4 ,the next station was at ,rhegium1 where they lay1 awaiting a favorable wind1 for one day4 7,acts #bh3ac47 ,this is at the toe of the ,italian boot1 opposite ,sicily1 from which it is separated by a strait1 only #f miles wide4 ,it is now a flourishing town1 called ,rheggio4 #aj4 ,the vessel ended its voyage1 and ,paul and his fellow-prisoners disembarked1 at ,puteoli1 near ,naples4 ,this was one of the leading ports of ,italy1 being to ,rome what ,liverpool is to ,london4 ,here ,paul found a ,christian church1 and was permitted to remain for a week before going onward to the capital1 #ada miles distant4 ,the city is now called ,pozzuoli4 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,ancient ,,rome4 #aa4 ,at a place called ,appii ,forum1 the forum of ,appius1 a village on the ,appian ,way1 #dc miles from ,rome1 and again at the ,three ,taverns1 #aj miles nearer1 ,paul was met by some ,christians1 who had heard of his coming1 and came to give him a welcome1 which rejoiced his heart4 #ab4 ,at last great ,,rome was reached1 and the apostle was at the end of his long journey4 ,for two years he dwelt as a prisoner at large1 chained to a ,roman soldier1 but in his own hired house4 ,at this point ends all that is positively known of the journeys of the apostle4 ,the city of ,rome stands on the river ,tiber4 ,in the period of its greatness it occupied ten hills1 with the valleys between them1 and a plain near the river4 ,the apostle lived near the ,pretorian ,camp1 on the northeastern border of the city1 and at the opposite end of the city from the ,jewish quarter1 which was on the west of the ,tiber4 ,at the time of ,paul's imprisonment1 ,rome contained about #a1bjj1jjj inhabitants4 ,one-half of the population were slaves1 and two-thirds of the rest were paupers1 supported in idleness by the free distribution of food4 ,during the two years of ,paul's imprisonment he wrote at least four ,epistles--,ephesians1 ,philippians1 ,colossians1 and ,philemon4 ,after about two years of imprisonment1 ,paul was released and spent two or more years at liberty4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 #a4 ,jerusalem4 #b4 ,antipatris4 #c4 ,csarea4 #d4 ,zidon4 #e4 ,myra4 #f4 ,crete4 7,fair ,havens47 #g4 ,melita4 #h4 ,syracuse4 #i4 ,rhegium4 #aj4 ,puteoli4 #aa4 ,appii ,forum and ,three ,taverns4 #ab4 ,rome4 ,,the ,,last ,,journeys ,,of ,,paul4 ,illustration3 ,,paul',s ,,last ,,journeys4 ,the definite history of the apostle ,paul ends with the last verse of the ,acts of the ,apostles2 but1 from the later ,epistles and the dim light of early tradition1 we may gather a few facts1 and perhaps can indicate a few more journeys4 ,from ,philippians and ,philemon1 it is clear that ,paul expected an acquittal and release2 from #a ,timothy and ,titus1 it is evident1 that after his imprisonment there were two years1 perhaps more1 of liberty4 ,combining the allusions in the ,epistles1 we offer a conjectural outline of the apostle's journeys during that year1 following mainly the order of ,canon ,farrar4 #a4 ,near the close of his imprisonment he expressed an expectation of speedily visiting the churches of ,proconsular ,asia1 especially that at ,colosse 7,philem4 #a3bb71 and desired a lodging to be prepared for him at the house of ,philemon4 ,we may take for granted that this purpose was accomplished1 and that ,ephesus1 as well as ,colosse1 was visited at this time4 ,ephesus has been already described4 7,see page #abe47 ,colosse1 called also ,colass1 was a city on the ,lycus1 near ,hierapolis and ,laodicea1 and on the great caravan road from ,ephesus to the ,euphrates4 ,at one time it was a large and flourishing place1 but declined as other cities gained its ,eastern trade4 ,paul had never before visited this city1 and its church had been founded by ,epaphras4 ,yet ,paul was well acquainted with several of its members1 and addressed to it1 during his imprisonment1 the ,epistle to the ,colossians2 and to one of its members the ,epistle to ,philemon4 ,the site of the ancient city is near the modern village of ,chonas4 #b4 ,just before his release1 ,paul dispatched ,timothy to ,philippi1 expecting soon to follow him4 7,phil4 #b3ai-bd47 ,timothy fulfilled his mission1 and came to ,ephesus1 where ,paul left him in charge of the church1 and himself went to ,macedonia4 7#a ,tim4 #a3c47 ,here he doubtless visited the churches which he had planted in ,philippi1 ,thessalonica and ,berea1 and probably journeyed as far south as ,corinth4 #c4 ,we judge that to this time belongs his visit to ,crete4 7,titus #a3e47 ,he had touched at this island during his voyage to ,rome1 and may have gone on shore at ,fair ,havens2 but now he organized the church1 and left it under the care of ,titus1 who had accompanied him to the island4 #d4 ,we find that after this ,paul was at ,nicopolis1 a place not previously mentioned in his history4 7,titus #c3ab47 ,there were no less than ten cities of this name in the ancient world2 but it must have been one of three among them3 ,nicopolis of ,thrace1 of ,cilicia1 or of ,epirus4 ,the latter has been generally accepted as the one where ,paul determined to winter4 ,it was in the ,roman province of ,achaia1 near the ,adriatic ,sea and the ,ionian ,isles2 and was built by ,augustus to commemorate his victory at ,actium4 ,the place is now called ,paleo-prevesa1 old ,prevesa1 and contains extensive ruins1 among which is a building said to have been ,paul's place of prayer4 ,some think that ,paul was arrested here before his final imprisonment2 but there is no certainty concerning it4 #e4 ,troas4 7#b ,tim4 #d3ac47 ,it is evident that ,paul passed through this place1 and stopped with a certain person named ,carpus1 where he left his mantle for winter wear1 and some manuscripts4 ,farrar is of the opinion that he was here arrested1 and in such haste that he could not obtain these articles4 ,he may have come from ,nicopolis by way of ,macedonia1 passing through ,philippi1 and sailing across the gean ,sea4 #f4 ,an allusion in #b ,tim4 #d3bj hints at another place visited by the apostle1 perhaps as a prisoner4 ,if arrested at ,troas1 he would probably be sent to ,ephesus1 the residence of the proconsul1 for trial4 ,and at ,miletus1 near that city1 we find that he left his companion1 ,trophimus1 who had been with him at the time of his former arrest in ,jerusalem4 ,it is a slight confirmation of this view1 that there is among the ruins of ,ephesus a place pointed out as the prison of ,paul4 #g4 ,from ,ephesus he may have set sail once more as a prisoner for ,rome4 ,he was accompanied by several friends1 as ,titus1 who had left ,crete once more to follow him2 ,luke the physician1 his companion to the last2 and ,tychicus4 ,we know nothing concerning the voyage1 and therefore represent it on the map by the most direct route from ,ephesus4 ,at ,rome we know only that his imprisonment was short2 that his friends were few1 for the church had been scattered by the terrible persecution of ,nero2 that ,paul was left alone at his first hearing1 his friends having gone in various directions1 some on errands of duty1 and others in fear of the world2 that he wrote earnestly to ,timothy to come1 bringing ,mark with him 7#b ,tim4 #d3i1 #aa72 and we infer from his own expectations and the tradition of the church1 that his martyrdom was not long delayed4 ,the traditional place of his execution is shown at ,aqu ,salv1 now ,tre ,fontane1 three miles from ,rome1 near the road to ,ostia4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 #a4 ,colosse and ,ephesus4 #b4 ,macedonia4 7,philippi1 ,thessalonica1 ,berea1 ,corinth47 #c4 ,crete4 #d4 ,nicopolis4 #e4 ,troas4 7,arrest87 #f4 ,ephesus4 #g4 ,rome4 7,martyrdom47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,isles ,,of ,,greece ,,and ,,the ,,seven ,,churches4 ,,the ,,isles ,,of ,,greece ,,and ,,the ,,seven ,,churches4 ,i4 ,,as ,,the islands of the gean ,sea are often referred to in the ,acts1 especially in the account of ,paul's voyage to ,phoenicia1 in his third missionary journey1 we present a map representing them upon a larger scale1 with those portions of ,asia and ,europe adjoining them4 ,such of the islands as are mentioned in the history have been already described4 ,one of the smallest is brought to our notice in the book of ,revelation1 ,patmos1 to which the apostle ,john was banished4 ,this lies #bj miles south of the island of ,samos1 #bd miles west of ,asia ,minor1 and about #gj miles southwest of ,ephesus4 ,it is about #bj miles in circumference1 and is rocky and barren4 ,its loneliness and seclusion made it a suitable place for the banishment of criminals2 and to it the apostle ,john was banished by the emperor ,domitian1 near the close of the first ,christian century3 though some scholars give an earlier date1 under the emperor ,nero4 ,a narrow isthmus divides the island into two parts1 north and south4 ,on a hill in the southern part is a monastery named after the apostle ,john1 and near it is the cave where it is said by tradition that he received the vision of the ,apocalypse4 ,in the ,middle ,ages the island was called ,patmosa1 and it is now known as ,patmo4 ,,ii4 ,the term ,asia was used by the ancients in varied extent of meaning4 #a4 ,its earliest use in ,homer refers only to a meadow near ,troy 7,troas71 which was called the ,asian meadow4 #b4 ,the lands of ,mysia1 ,lydia1 ,caria1 and a part of ,phrygia1 were known as ,proconsular ,asia1 as they formed the province of ,asia under the ,roman government4 ,this was originally the dominion of the last king of ,pergamos1 whose title was king of ,asia2 and was by him bequeathed to the ,romans4 #c4 ,asia ,minor1 as a whole1 was sometimes called by the name ,asia1 though not often4 #d4 ,the entire ,asiatic continent was known by this name in ancient times2 but this use of the word is not found in ,scripture4 ,illustration3 ,,laodicea ,,from ,,hierapolis4 ,,iii4 ,the ,seven ,churches of ,asia were all located in ,proconsular ,asia1 in the immediate neighborhood of ,ephesus4 ,there were other churches besides these1 as ,hierapolis and ,colosse1 both near ,laodicea1 and referred to in the ,pauline ,epistles2 but these are named as the most important1 and a group of seven is the arrangement most frequently found in the ,bible1 especially in its symbolical writings4 ,to these ,seven ,churches were sent the messages in the opening chapters of the ,revelation4 #a4 ,ephesus 7,rev4 #b3a7 was the most important city of the district1 its church was the largest1 and it was the first addressed4 7,a description and plan of this city may be found on page #abe47 #b4 ,smyrna 7,rev4 #b3h7 is north of ,ephesus1 about #dj miles in a direct line1 though longer by the route of travel4 ,it is on the gean ,sea1 at the head of the ,herman ,gulf1 at the foot of ,mount ,pagus4 ,the earliest city was built ,b4,c4 #aejj1 by the ,greeks1 and destroyed and rebuilt several times4 ,from the time of ,alexander the ,great1 who was one of its builders1 it became an important city4 ,its earliest mention in ,christian history is in the ,revelation4 ,polycarp1 a pupil of ,john1 was martyred here ,a4,d4 #aee4 ,his grave is still shown on a hill near the city4 ,despite fires1 earthquakes and wars1 it has retained its importance1 and is now the largest city on the ,asiatic side of the gean ,sea1 having a population of nearly #bjj1jjj people4 ,the modern city is about two miles from the ancient site4 #c4 ,pergamos 7,rev4 #b3ab71 more properly ,pergamum1 was #fj miles northeast of ,smyrna1 in the district of ,mysia1 #c miles north of the little river ,caicus1 and #bj miles from the gean ,sea4 ,it was the capital of a small but wealthy kingdom1 which arose in the breaking up of ,alexander's empire4 ,it was celebrated for its large library1 which at one time contained #bjj1jjj manuscripts1 but was by ,mark ,antony presented to ,cleopatra1 and removed to ,alexandria4 ,the city was devoted to the worship of sculapius1 the patron divinity of medicine2 and was1 like most idolatrous places1 corrupt in its morals4 ,it is now a city of #be1jjj inhabitants1 called ,pergama4 ,illustration3 ,,isle of ,,patmos4 #d4 ,thyatira 7,rev4 #b3ah7 was a city in the province of ,lydia1 on the road from ,pergamos to ,sardis4 ,it was founded by ,alexander the ,great1 who planted it with people from ,macedonia1 which may account for the fact that ,lydia of ,thyatira was found by ,paul at ,philippi1 in ,macedonia4 ,it was a prosperous manufacturing town1 but never a great city1 and its scarlet cloth still has a reputation throughout the ,orient4 ,it is now a place with a population of from #ag1jjj to #bj1jjj1 and is called ak ,hissar1 white castle4 #e4 ,sardis 7,rev4 #c3a7 lay #cj miles south of ,thyatira1 between the river ,hermus and ,mount ,tmolus4 ,it was the capital of ,croesus1 the wealthy king of ,lydia1 whose empire was overthrown by ,cyrus the ,great4 ,after the time of ,alexander it belonged to the kingdom of ,pergamos1 until its absorption into the ,roman empire4 ,it was a place of extensive commerce1 which led to prosperity1 and the worldliness of the ,christian church1 rebuked in the message of the ,revelation4 ,it is now a miasmatic region1 with scarcely an inhabitant1 and bears the name ,sert ,kalessi4 #f4 ,philadelphia 7,rev4 #c3g7 was about #be miles southeast of ,sardis1 on the river ,cogamus1 a branch of the ,hermus4 ,it was built and named by ,attalus ,philadelphus1 king of ,pergamos1 and was the centre of a rich farming region1 which has kept it inhabited through all the vicissitudes of the centuries4 ,it was destroyed by an earthquake ,a4,d4 #ag1 but rebuilt4 ,its population is now about #aj1jjj1 and its modern name is ,allah ,shehr1 city of ,god4 #g4 ,laodicea 7,rev4 #c3ad7 was the capital of ,phrygia1 and was #ej or #fj miles from ,philadelphia1 according to route4 ,it was on the bank of the ,lycus1 near ,hierapolis and ,colosse4 ,its ancient name was ,diospolis1 but was changed by the ,syrian king1 ,seleucus ,,ii41 in honor of his wife1 ,laodice4 ,in ,a4,d4 #fb it was destroyed by an earthquake2 but its people were sufficiently rich to decline the aid of the ,romans in rebuilding their city4 ,its worldly prosperity was reflected in its church1 which received the sharpest rebukes of the ,revelator4 ,the ,mohammedans destroyed the city1 which is now a mass of ruins1 surrounding a village called ,eski-hissar4 ,it will be noticed1 that1 in the order of the ,revelation1 the ,seven ,churches are arranged in a circuit1 as one would find them1 starting from ,ephesus1 and traveling north to ,smyrna and ,pergamus1 then southeast to ,thyatira1 ,sardis and ,philadelphia1 until the southern and eastern limit is reached at ,laodicea4 ,,outline ,,for ,,review4 ,i4 ,let the teacher draw the outlines of the coast of both ,europe and ,asia1 and call attention to the lands as already noticed under other maps4 ,then locate and name the principal ,islands1 especially those referred to in ,paul's voyage to ,palestine 7map on page #abb71 and ,patmos4 ,,ii4 ,explain the four meanings of the name ,asia1 as used by the ancients4 ,,iii4 ,locate and name the ,seven ,churches1 as given in ,revelation4 ,ephesus1 ,smyrna1 ,pergamos1 ,thyatira1 ,sardis1 ,philadelphia1 ,laodicea4 ,,the ,,tabernacle4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,tabernacle1 ,,according ,,to ,,fergusson4 ,i4 ,its ,origin4 ,the ,tabernacle was the tent in which the emblems for divine worship were kept from the time of ,moses to that of ,solomon1 #djj years4 ,it represented the idea of ,god dwelling among his people1 in the centre of the camp of ,israel4 ,the earliest institution for worship was the ,altar1 built wherever the patriarchs pitched their tents4 ,next we find a place consecrated and kept for the house of ,god1 as ,jacob's pillar at ,bethel1 to which the patriarch returned as to a sanctuary in after years4 ,the ,tabernacle arose when ,israel was no longer a family1 but a nation1 needing a centralizing power and a system of worship as the uniting element among the tribes4 ,it was erected under the direction of ,moses1 by divine command1 while the ,israelites were encamped at ,mount ,sinai4 ,,ii4 ,its ,history4 ,during all the journeys of the ,israelites through the wilderness1 the ,tabernacle stood in the centre of their camp1 or1 while on the march1 was taken apart and carried by the ,levites4 ,at the time of the conquest1 it remained at ,gilgal1 the fortified camp of ,israel1 near ,jericho4 ,after the war it was established at ,shiloh1 in the tribe of ,ephraim1 where it continued until the great defeat of ,israel at ,ebenezer 7#a ,sam4 #d3a-aa71 when the ark was taken1 and probably ,shiloh was ravaged4 ,the ,tabernacle was removed to ,nob1 in the tribe of ,benjamin1 where it remained until ,saul's slaughter of the priests4 7#a ,sam4 #ba3a-f2 #bb3ah1 #ai47 ,it seems to have been at ,gibeon1 while the ark was in seclusion at ,kirjath-jearim4 7#b ,chron4 #a3d47 ,there is no mention of the ,tabernacle after the building of the ,temple2 but a ,jewish tradition is that its curtains were rolled up and laid away in one of the rooms connected with the ,temple4 ,,iii4 ,the ,departments of the ,tabernacle4 ,this will require us to notice3 #a4 ,the ,court4 #b4 ,the ,altar4 #c4 ,the ,laver4 #d4 ,the ,tent4 #e4 ,the ,holy ,place4 #f4 ,the ,holy of ,holies4 ,the dimensions of these are given in cubits2 and1 as the authorities differ as to the length of the cubit1 we will consider it here as being about a foot and a half1 or #ah inches1 the length generally given4 #a4 ,the ,court was #aej feet long by #ge wide4 ,it was separated from the camp by a curtain of fine linen1 supported by #fj pillars1 of which #bj were on each side1 and #aj on each end4 ,the pillars were probably of wood covered with brass4 7,there is strong reason for believing that the word brass in the ,old ,testament refers to copper47 ,they were fastened together by cords1 and rested upon bases of brass1 which were fastened to the ground1 perhaps by spikes from the bottom4 ,each pillar was #g-a_/b feet 7#e cubits7 high1 and was covered with a silver cap4 ,the curtain was made of linen1 in sections1 extending from pillar to pillar1 a distance of about #h feet1 and was fastened to the pillars by hooks of silver4 ,the entrance was on the end toward the east1 #cj feet wide1 and consisted of an embroidered hanging1 which could be raised or lowered at pleasure4 ,none but the priests and ,levites were allowed within the court2 and the worshipers presented their offerings without at the entrance4 7,review4 #a4 ,dimensions4 #b4 ,pillars4 #c4 ,curtain4 #d4 ,entrance4 #e4 ,priests47 #b4 ,the ,altar stood within the court1 in front of the entrance1 in the most prominent situation of the camp1 and was the largest article of the tabernacle furniture4 ,it was a plain structure1 #g-a_/b feet square and #d-a_/b feet high1 hollow within1 and made of acacia wood1 to avoid excessive weight2 but covered with plates of brass1 as it was exposed to the fire4 ,upon each corner projected a horn from the top1 upon which the blood of the victim was sometimes sprinkled1 and to which suppliants sometimes fled4 ,around the altar1 midway between the top and bottom1 was a compass 7,exod4 #bg3e71 or ledge1 upon which the priest stood while sacrificing4 ,there is mention also of a grate 7,exod4 #bg3d71 which was formerly supposed to have been placed inside the altar1 so that the fire might be built upon it1 and the ashes fall through it2 but this is now by the best scholars considered to have been upright1 and under the compass1 and not a grate1 but a lattice-work of brass1 surrounding the altar4 ,it is believed that at each encampment the altar was filled with earth1 and that upon this the fire was kindled1 according to ,exod4 #bj3bd1 #be4 ,at each corner was a brass ring1 and through the pair of rings on each side a rod was passed1 by which the altar was carried from place to place during the marches of ,israel4 ,the fire upon the altar was kindled miraculously 7,lev4 #i3bd71 and was never suffered to go out1 but was kept alive even on the march by live coals in a vessel4 ,twice each day the high-priest offered the general sacrifice for the people1 besides the individual offerings of worshipers4 ,in officiating1 the priest approached the altar by an ascent of earth1 as steps were forbidden 7,exod4 #bj3bf71 and he stood upon either the north or south side1 as the ashes were thrown out on the east side4 7,lev4 #a3af47 ,the utensils of the altar were five1 all of brass4 #a4 ,pans1 used to convey the ashes outside the camp4 7,lev4 #f3aj1 #aa47 #b4 ,shovels1 for taking off coals of fire to put in the censers4 #c4 ,basins1 for receiving and carrying the blood of offerings4 #d4 ,flesh-hooks1 for placing the sacrifice on the fire4 #e4 ,fire-pans1 for carrying the fire while on the march4 7,note for ,review4 #a4 ,situation4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,horns4 #d4 ,compass4 #e4 ,grate4 #f4 ,earth contents4 #g4 ,rings4 #h4 ,fire4 #i4 ,sacrifices4 #aj4 ,approach4 #aa4 ,utensils47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,table ,,of ,,shew-,,bread4 #c4 ,the ,laver is less minutely described than the altar4 ,it was a large tank for holding water1 an abundance of which was needed in the sacrifices1 and was made out of the metallic looking-glasses of the women who worshiped at the ,tabernacle4 7,exod4 #ch3h47 ,it stood at the door of the ,tabernacle1 and west of the altar4 7,exod4 #cj3ah47 ,with it is mentioned its foot1 which was probably a lower basin1 into which the water ran from above1 made to prevent the earth around from becoming saturated with water4 ,its size and form are not stated in the account4 7,review4 #a4 ,purpose4 #b4 ,material4 #c4 ,place4 #d4 ,foot47 #d4 ,the ,tent4 ,this was the ,tabernacle proper1 to which the court was the adjunct4 ,it stood as the representation of ,god's house1 wherein he dwelt in the midst of his own chosen people4 ,it was #ae feet wide and high1 and #de feet long1 divided into two rooms by a curtain1 or vail4 ,though many details are given1 yet it is not possible to give certain conclusions either concerning its plan of construction1 or even its general appearance4 ,for example3 some authorities conclude that the curtained roof was flat1 or even sagging downward in the middle1 while others are sure that it was pointed1 by means of a ridge-pole1 as represented in our engraving4 ,we consider neither as certain1 but incline to the latter opinion4 ,the walls and rear end of the tent were made of upright boards1 covered with gold1 each #ae feet high1 and #b feet #c inches wide2 of which there were #bj boards on each side1 and #aj in the rear1 while the front was open4 ,upon each board were rings of gold1 so arranged that1 when the walls were erected1 the rings were in three rows1 and through them long poles were passed to hold the structure together4 ,each board was furnished at its lower end with two tenons1 which fitted into mortises in bases of solid silver1 each weighing nearly #ajj pounds4 ,these bases stood side by side1 forming a firm and continuous foundation1 and protecting the lower ends of the boards from decay4 ,the roof of the tent was supported by pillars1 of which there seem to have been five in the front 7,exod4 #cf3ch71 and probably as many in the rear4 ,these were covered with gold1 and rested upon bases of brass4 ,the covering of the ,tabernacle consisted of four curtains1 one over another4 #a4 ,a covering called the tabernacle cloth1 of linen1 woven in various colors1 and embroidered with figures of cherubim4 #b4 ,over this was stretched a covering of cloth made from goat's hair1 larger than the other1 and therefore extending beyond it4 #c4 ,next came a covering of rams' skins dyed red4 #d4 ,over all was spread a covering skin1 called in the ,hebrew1 tachash1 translated badgers' skins1 but supposed by many to mean seal skin1 taken from animals found in the ,red ,sea1 and intended to preserve the roof from the effects of the weather4 ,the front1 on the eastern end1 was protected by a hanging of fine linen1 embroidered in blue1 purple and scarlet1 and resting upon the five pillars named above4 7,review4 #a4 ,purpose4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,form4 #d4 ,walls4 #e4 ,rings4 #f4 ,bases4 #g4 ,pillars4 #h4 ,coverings4 #i4 ,front47 #e4 ,the ,holy ,place4 ,this was the larger of the two rooms1 and was separated from the smaller room within by the ,vail1 which was an embroidered curtain hanging upon four pillars4 ,its dimensions were #ae feet in width and #cj feet in length1 with walls #ae feet high4 ,there is no mention of a floor1 and probably there was none4 ,it contained three articles of furniture4 ,on the right of a person entering1 midway between the two ends of the room1 stood the ,table1 made of shittim wood 7acacia71 covered with gold2 it was #c feet long1 a foot and a half wide1 #b feet #c inches high1 and surrounded with a crown1 or ornamental band1 of gold4 ,on the corners were rings1 through which rods were passed1 to carry it from place to place4 ,on this table were kept #ab loaves of unleavened bread1 which were renewed every ,sabbath4 ,on the left1 opposite to the table1 was the ,lamp-stand1 generally called the ,candlestick1 but incorrectly1 as it contained lamps1 not candles4 ,this was a tree of gold1 probably #dj inches high1 having three branches on each side of the central trunk1 so arranged that the seven summits1 each holding a lamp1 stood in a horizontal line4 ,it is uncertain whether the lamps were kept burning at all times1 or only during the night4 ,directly in front of the vail1 at the western end of the ,holy ,place1 stood the ,altar of ,incense4 ,this was of acacia wood1 overlaid with gold1 whence it was frequently called the golden altar4 ,it was a foot and a half square1 and three feet high4 ,it had horns on its corners1 and rings for carrying1 and an opening in the top1 wherein was placed daily a censer full of incense1 which was lighted by live coals from the altar of burnt offering in the court4 ,the lighting of the incense with common fire was the crime for which the two elder sons of ,aaron died before the ,lord4 7,lev4 #aj3a1 #b47 ,into the ,holy ,place the priests entered daily1 to trim and refill the lamps1 and offer the incense4 7,review4 #a4 ,vail4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,table4 #d4 ,lamp-stand4 #e4 ,altar of ,incense4 #f4 ,daily uses47 #f4 ,the ,holy of ,holies4 ,this was the inner room1 at the western end of the building1 entered only on one day in the year1 the ,day of ,atonement1 and only by the high priest4 ,its dimensions were those of a cube1 #ae feet in breadth1 length and height4 ,it contained the most sacred ,ark of the ,covenant1 which was a chest1 the receptacle for the stone tablets of the ,law1 given by the ,lord to ,moses4 ,it was of shittim or acacia wood1 covered without and within with gold1 #c feet #i inches long1 by #b feet #c inches wide and deep2 furnished on the side with rings1 that it might be carried4 ,the lid was made of gold1 and was called the propitiatory1--in our version1 mercy seat4 ,upon it stood golden figures of the cherubim1 and between them was believed to dwell the cloud which denoted ,god's presence4 7,review4 #a4 ,uses4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,ark47 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,brazen ,,altar4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 #a4 ,draw upon the blackboard a diagram representing the ground-plan of the ,court of the ,tabernacle1 and1 within it1 the ,tabernacle itself4 ,tell the class its origin and history4 #b4 ,locate upon the diagram each of the parts referred to1 and describe them1 following the outline given at the end of each paragraph4 #c4 ,review the facts given1 frequently during the lesson1 and finally at the close4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,brazen ,,altar1 ,,according ,,to ,,meyer4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,temple ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,christ 7,,herod',s74 ,,the ,,temple4 ,,the ,temple was the centre of ,jewish thought1 not only in ,palestine1 but also throughout the world4 ,even when it lay in ruins1 ,daniel1 in the land of captivity1 opened his window toward its site when he prayed2 and the front of every synagogue looked toward it4 ,it stood on ,mount ,moriah1 which was originally outside the wall of the city1 east of ,mount ,zion4 ,in order to give room for all its courts1 the surface of the hill was increased by building out from its sides on successive platforms1 supported by immense substructions of brick and stone1 so that the entire mountain is honeycombed with artificial caves4 ,there were three successive ,temples4 #a4 ,solomon's ,temple dedicated about #iej ,b4,c4 ,the accounts of this building are so meager1 and the text is so uncertain1 that it is impossible to construct its plan with any satisfaction4 ,a conjectural ground plan is given on page #ga4 ,this temple stood until #ehg ,b4,c41 when it was destroyed by ,nebuchadnezzar4 #b4 ,after a period of desolation of #ej years1 ,zerubbabel's ,temple was begun1 #ecf ,b4,c41 and finished #bj years after4 ,still less is known of its architecture2 but it was probably on the same general plan as ,solomon's1 though less magnificent4 ,it passed through many sieges1 was desecrated by enemies1 and reconsecrated by the ,jews1 but stood until #cj years before the birth of ,christ4 #c4 ,herod's ,temple was a restoration1 enlargement1 and improvement upon ,zerubbabel's4 ,it was built by ,herod the ,great1 in sections1 taking down the old and building the new part by part1 so that it occupied many years1 and was not completed until after ,herod's death1 and less than ten years before its final destruction4 ,this was the ,temple standing in the time of ,christ1 and referred to in the allusions of the ,new ,testament4 ,it was destroyed by the ,romans under ,titus1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 and was never rebuilt by the ,jews1 though its restoration was more than once attempted4 ,its site is now occupied by the ,mohammedan ,dome of the ,rock1 often1 but erroneously1 called the ,mosque of ,omar4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,dome ,,of ,,the ,,rock4 ,the ,temple of ,herod is the one usually described in works on the subject4 ,the authorities are3 #a4 ,the ,scriptures1 from which we gather references to this ,temple1 and analogies from the description of the ,tabernacle1 of which the ,temple was an enlarged copy4 #b4 ,the description given by ,josephus1 which was written #bj years after its fall1 and gives general impressions rather than accurate details4 #c4 ,the tract ,middoth measures1 in the ,talmud1 which gives precise measurements1 but not complete information4 #d4 ,the allusions in ancient ,jewish literature1 of more or less value and authority4 #e4 ,the results of recent explorations under the ,temple area1 which are very valuable4 ,different investigators have come to very different conclusions concerning the ,temple and its courts4 ,we present in this description those of ,dr4 ,james ,strong1 in ,mc,clintock ,strong's ,cyclopedia1 from which our diagram is taken1 by permission4 ,from the uncertainty of many dimensions1 and especially the difference of opinion with regard to the length of the ,jewish cubit1 in which all the ancient measurements are given1 most of our figures must be regarded as general estimates1 rather than precise statements4 ,the ,temple consisted of a building called the ,house of ,god1 surrounded by a number of open courts1 the outer ones including the inner4 ,on the north of it was the ,tower of ,antonia2 east1 ,valley of the ,kedron2 south1 ,ophel2 west1 ,valley of the ,tyropoeon2 and beyond1 ,mount ,zion4 ,i4 ,the ,court of the ,gentiles was the largest1 and the first entered by a visitor from without4 ,it was so named because it was the only part of the building in which foreigners were allowed2 hence not regarded as sacred by the ,jews4 ,speaking roughly1 it was an open square1 of about #a1jjj feet on each side2 more precisely1 a quadrangle1 whose inside measurements were #iij feet on the north1 #a1jjj on the east1 #iaj on the south1 #a1jfj on the west4 ,on two sides there was a covered corridor2 ,solomon's ,porch on the east1 ,herod's ,porch on the south4 ,it was entered on the north1 east and south1 by a single gate in each wall3 north1 the ,gate ,tedi1 a staircase leading up to the ,tower ,antonia1 from which ,paul made his speech to the ,jewish mob 7,acts #bb72 east1 the ,gate ,shushan1 directly opposite to the altar1 and leading to the ,valley of the ,kedron2 south1 the ,gate ,huldah1 a subterranean passage through the floor of the court1 which was here much higher than the ground outside the wall2 west1 four gates3 the southern1 near the angle of the wall1 the ,gate ,shalleketh1 or ,kiponos1 opening to a bridge over the ,tyropoeon2 next1 ,gate ,parbar2 then1 the ,south ,gate of ,asuppim2 and near the northern corner of the wall1 the ,north ,gate of ,asuppim4 ,on the floor of this court was a market for the sale of sacrificial meats1 with tables of the money changers2 twice broken up by ,jesus in his ministry4 7,john #b3ad-af2 ,matt4 #ba3ab1 #ac47 ,notice1 in this account3 #a4 ,name4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,porches4 #d4 ,gates4 #e4 ,market4 ,illustration3 ,,section ,,through ,,the ,,middle ,,of ,,the ,,temple ,,from ,,east ,,to ,,west4 ,,ii4 ,the ,sacred ,enclosure was an elevated section in the northwestern part of the ,court of the ,gentiles1 containing the sacred buildings4 ,it was called by the ,jews the ,chel 7pronounced ,kel74 ,it stood #h feet higher than the level of the surrounding court2 and its outside measurement was #fcj feet on the north and south1 by #cjj east and west4 ,its outer wall was a lattice wrought in stone1 called ,soreg1 interwoven1 #d-a_/b feet high1 containing inscriptions in many languages1 warning all foreigners not to enter it1 under penalty of death4 ,a fragment of this wall1 with its inscription1 was recently discovered in ,jerusalem4 ,within this wall was a corridor #bd feet wide1 containing an ascent of steps #h feet high2 and above them the inner wall1 which was like that of a castle1 very thick1 from #dj to #fj feet high1 and more than once used as a fortress by the ,jews4 ,through both the outer lattice and the inner wall were nine gates1 four each on the north and south2 one on the east1 opposite to the altar2 but none on the west4 ,though most of the worshipers came from that side1 the rear of the ,temple stood toward it1 and the front faced the east4 ,the ,chel1 then1 was a terrace of #bd feet1 between two walls1 an outer lattice and an inner castle4 ,paul was arrested under a false report of his having led ,gentiles into this ,sacred ,enclosure4 7,acts #ba3bh1 #bi47 ,illustration3 ,,plan ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,enclosure 7,,herod',s ,,temple74 ,,iii4 ,the ,court of the ,women1 often called ,the ,treasury1 occupied a square in the eastern end of the ,sacred ,enclosure4 ,passing through the thick wall1 the ,jewish visitor 7for none other was allowed to enter7 found himself in an open court1 about #bdj feet square1 surrounded by high walls1 and #c feet higher than the platform of the ,chel4 ,to this led four gates1 or rather doors1 in the middle of the wall on each side2 that on the east1 probably1 being the ,beautiful ,gate 7,acts #c3b71 and that on the west the ,gate of ,nicanor1 because the head of ,nicanor1 a ,syrian enemy of the ,jews1 had once been hung upon it4 ,in each corner of the court was a room1 open overhead1 #fj feet square4 ,that in the southeast was used for the ceremonies of the ,nazarite's vow1 and was the one where ,paul was seized by the ,jews 7,acts #ba3bf72 in the northeast1 for the preparation of wood for the altar2 in the northwest1 for the ceremonies of cleansing for lepers2 in the southwest1 for the storage of sacrificial oil4 ,between these rooms were galleried cloisters1 of which the upper story was set apart for women1 who were not allowed to penetrate further into the ,temple1 but from the gallery over the ,gate of ,nicanor could witness the sacrifices4 ,around the wall were fastened #ac treasure-chests1 for gifts of the worshipers1 from which came the name ,treasury4 7,mark #ab3da1 #db2 ,john #h3bj47 ,under the floor of this court was a subterranean passage from the ,tower of ,antonia1 by which soldiers were sent to quell riots among the ,jews1 the opening being by the ,gate ,beautiful1 over which was a guard-room4 ,through this passage the soldiers came who rescued ,paul from the ,jewish mob4 7,acts #ba3ca1 #cb47 ,under the steps leading up to the ,gate ,nicanor were two rooms in which musical instruments were stored for use at the festivals4 ,review4 #a4 ,names4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,doors4 #d4 ,rooms4 #e4 ,galleries4 #f4 ,treasure-chests4 #g4 ,underground passage4 #h4 ,music-rooms4 #i4 ,scripture allusions4 ,,iv4 ,the ,court of ,israel1 or ,court of the ,men1 occupied the western end of the ,sacred ,enclosure1 and was a narrow corridor surrounding the ,court of the ,priests4 ,it was #aj feet higher than the ,court of the ,women2 #cbj feet east and west1 by #bdj north and south4 ,the width of the corridor on the north and south was #af feet1 and on the east and west #bd feet4 ,it was the place where the men of ,israel stood to view the sacrifices4 ,on the outside of it rose the high inner wall of the ,sacred ,enclosure2 on the inside1 a low balustrade sufficed to separate it from the space set apart for the priests4 ,three gates led up to it on the north2 as many on the south2 and one1 the ,gate of ,nicanor1 on the east4 ,in the wall on the north were chambers used severally for treasuries1 guard1 the storage of salt1 the storage of hides and of earthenware4 ,on the south1 at its eastern corner1 was the session-room of the ,sanhedrim1 called the ,hall ,gazith1 and beyond it rooms in the wall for guard1 storage1 etc4 ,in the ,hall ,gazith1 the elders sat on seats of stone arranged in semicircular form4 ,review4 #a4 ,name4 #b4 ,location4 #c4 ,dimensions4 #d4 ,purpose4 #e4 ,walls4 #f4 ,gates4 #g4 ,rooms4 ,v4 ,the ,court of the ,priests was a raised platform within the ,court of ,israel1 and standing #c feet above it4 ,it was about #bge feet long1 by #bjj feet wide4 ,it was mainly occupied by the ,house of ,god1 in front of which stood the great ,altar of ,burnt ,offering1 built upon the stone which now rises under the ,dome of the ,rock4 ,the altar was a rude structure of rough stone1 whitewashed1 and #ae feet high4 ,from its southwestern corner an underground drain passed beneath all the courts to the brook ,kedron4 ,opposite1 also1 to the southwestern corner1 was the ,laver1 supplying water for the services and washings4 ,around the altar were marble tables for various uses in the sacrifices1 and in the pavement were rings for securing the animals to be slain4 ,review4 #a4 ,name4 #b4 ,dimensions4 #c4 ,altar4 #d4 ,drain4 #e4 ,laver4 #f4 ,tables1 rings1 etc4 ,,vi4 ,the ,house of ,god1 or ,temple ,proper1 occupied more than half the space in the ,court of the ,priests4 ,its floor was #h feet above the level of the surrounding court2 and it had four parts4 #a4 ,the ,porch1 or ,vestibule1 extended across the front3 it was #abj feet high1 and consisted of several stories4 ,its roof was steep1 and covered with golden spikes to keep birds from settling upon and defiling it4 ,it was built of marble1 and richly ornamented4 #b4 ,the ,chambers were on each side of the house1 but separate from it1 and not attached to its wall4 ,they were three stories high1 and entered from the north and south by winding stairs4 ,their use was to furnish homes for the priests during their two weeks of service each year4 #c4 ,the ,holy ,place was #cj feet wide and #fj feet long1 double the dimensions of the same room in the ,tabernacle4 ,it was entered from the vestibule by double doors plated with gold2 and both floor and ceiling were covered with gold4 ,on the right side of one entering was the ,table1 on which #ab loaves of unleavened bread were kept standing2 on the left was the ,lamp-stand1 generally called 7but incorrectly7 the ,golden ,candlestick1 for it held seven lamps1 not candles2 and at its further end was the golden ,altar of ,incense1 lighted each day by coals from the ,altar of ,burnt ,offering4 ,in this room ,zacharias received the promise of the birth of ,john the ,baptist4 7,luke #a47 #d4 ,the ,holy of ,holies was a cube1 each dimension being #cj feet4 ,it was separated from the ,holy ,place by a vail1 said to be #h inches thick 7but probably consisting of two vails #h inches apart71 which was rent from top to bottom at the hour of the ,saviour's death on the cross4 7,mark #ae3ch47 ,in the first ,temple this room contained the ,ark of the ,covenant2 but in the second and third ,temples the place of the lost ark was taken by a marble stone1 upon which the high priest laid the censer on the ,day of ,atonement1 the only day in the year when the ,holy of ,holies was entered4 ,the ,roman conqueror1 ,pompey1 insisted upon entering it1 expecting to see some object of worship1 and perhaps treasure1 but was surprised to find nothing within the vail4 ,review4 #a4 ,porch4 #b4 ,chambers4 #c4 ,holy ,place and contents4 #d4 ,holy of ,holies4 ,,outline ,,for ,,teaching ,,and ,,review4 ,i4 ,let the teacher relate the history of the ,temple1 with its three periods of building1 under ,solomon1 ,zerubbabel and ,herod1 and review the class on the names and events4 ,,ii4 ,draw the elevations of the several courts and buildings1 showing how they successively rose one above another1 and1 as each is indicated1 give its name1 and its elevation above the preceding4 #a4 ,court of ,gentiles4 #b4 ,sacred ,enclosure1 #h feet elevation4 #c4 ,court of ,women1 #c feet higher4 #d4 ,court of ,israel1 #aj feet4 #e4 ,court of the ,priests1 #c feet4 #f4 ,house of ,god1 #h feet4 ,,iii4 ,draw next the ground plan of the six departments as given1 and describe each1 following the order given in the description above4 ,frequently review the class upon the names1 dimensions and facts4 ,,iv4 ,number the ,scripture references given in the description1 write them on slips of paper1 distribute to the class1 and call for them in connection with the parts of the ,temple to which they refer4 ,at the close call upon the class to name the ,scripture incidents connected with each department4 ,,lessons ,,in ,,the ,,geography ,,of ,,palestine4 ,,more than two-thirds of the events of ,bible history are associated with the land of ,palestine1 and a knowledge of that country and its principal places is needed by every ,sunday ,school scholar and ,bible student4 ,any ,superintendent who will take ten minutes of the ,sunday ,school session for the purpose or teaching ,bible ,geography1 can in less than three months give to his school a sufficient knowledge of ,palestine for the general needs of ,bible study4 ,the requisites are3 a blackboard2 some crayons 7of various colors1 if possible to obtain them72 a clear idea on the part of the instructor of what he proposes to teach2 precise statements of the things taught1 in as few words as possible2 giving nothing except the important facts which are to be remembered2 and frequent reviews1 from the beginning1 of all the facts acquired4 ,the lessons here given have been taught many times in ,sunday ,schools and children's classes at ,assemblies1 and are now published in the hope that they may be made generally useful4 ,illustration3 ,,lesson ,i4 ,,lesson ,i4 ,,lines ,,and ,,waters4 ,i4 ,draw in presence of the class1 in white chalk1 the two lines1 one representing the ,coast ,line1 the other1 the ,jordan ,line4 ,notice that the cape on the ,coast ,line is one-third the distance from the top of the map2 that the second of the three lakes is directly opposite to the cape2 and that the distance between the second and third lakes is just six times that between the first and the second4 ,the teacher may draw the lines in advance of the lesson1 with a soapstone slate pencil1 which will make a faint mark1 not distinguishable at a distance1 but seen by the teacher1 and easily traced in presence of the class with white crayon4 ,let the class repeat the names of the two lines4 #a4 ,coast ,line4 #b4 ,jordan ,line4 ,,ii4 ,locate the different ,bodies of ,water1 indicating their names by initial letters4 #a4 ,the ,mediterranean ,sea1 on the west1 called in the ,bible the ,great ,sea4 #b4 ,the river ,jordan1 flowing from north to south4 #c4 ,lake ,merom1 on the north4 #d4 ,the ,sea of ,galilee4 #e4 ,the ,dead ,sea1 into which the ,jordan flows4 ,show the class that this sea lies so low1 that1 if a canal were cut to the ,mediterranean1 the ocean would run in1 instead of the ,dead ,sea running out4 ,drill the class on3 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,bodies of ,water4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,,names ,,and ,,distances4 ,draw the same map as in ,lesson ,i41 but omit the lettering1 and review the ,lines and ,waters4 ,i4 ,state and drill upon the ,names by which the land has been known in different times4 #a4 ,in the earliest ages it was called ,canaan1 because its best-known people were the ,canaanites4 #b4 ,after the ,israelites conquered it1 it was known as the ,land of ,israel4 #c4 ,in the time of ,christ it was generally called ,juda because the ,jews were its inhabitants4 #d4 ,its name is now ,palestine4 ,write an initial or syllable of each name1 and recall it from the class4 ,,ii4 ,give the ,distances4 #a4 ,begin with the country best known1 and state first the distance from ,america to ,palestine1 #g1hjj miles4 ,write on the board ,a4 ,p4 #g1hjj4 #b4 ,the ,coast ,line1 from a point opposite the source of the ,jordan to a point opposite the lower end of the ,dead ,sea1 #ahj miles4 ,write ,c4 ,l4 #ahj4 #c4 ,the ,jordan ,line1 from its source to the lower end of the ,dead ,sea1 #ahj miles4 ,j4 ,l4 #ahj4 #d4 ,from the ,jordan to the ,mediterranean1 on the north1 #cj miles4 ,j4 ,m4 #cj4 #e4 ,from the ,dead ,sea1 at its southern end1 to the ,mediterranean1 #ij miles4 ,d4 ,s4 ,m4 #ij4 #f4 ,the most northern town in ,palestine was ,dan mark ,d4 on the map2 the most southern was ,beersheba mark ,b44 ,hence1 to show the extent of the land1 they said from ,dan to ,beersheba1 which was #aej miles in a straight line4 ,write ,d4 ,b4 #aej4 #g4 ,palestine1 between the ,jordan and the sea1 includes about #f1fjj square miles1 which is a little smaller than ,massachusetts4 ,write ,s4 ,m4 #f1fjj4 ,review the facts already given from the beginning4 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,waters4 #c4 ,distances4 ,illustration3 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,,natural ,,divisions4 ,draw1 as before1 the outline of the map1 and review all the facts already taught4 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,waters4 #c4 ,names4 #d4 ,distances4 ,test the memory of the class on these without giving the initials4 ,there are four ,natural ,divisions to ,palestine2 that is1 four sections in the country1 lying parallel with each other4 ,indicate them on the map in brown chalk1 not making them very prominent4 #a4 ,we find the ,sea-,coast ,plain ,s4 ,c4 ,p4 extending along the ,coast from north to south1 narrow at the north1 and wider at the south4 #b4 ,further inland1 we come to the ,mountain ,region ,m4 ,r41 the backbone of the country1 a section of hills and mountains1 and the home of the ,israelitish people4 #c4 ,passing over the mountains1 we find the ,jordan ,valley1 a deep gorge1 and deeper the further we travel southward1 until1 at the ,dead ,sea1 it is more than #a1cjj feet lower than the ,mediterranean4 #d4 ,still further eastward1 we climb the steep mountains again1 and reach the ,eastern ,table-,land1 a lofty plain sloping gradually to the great desert beyond it4 ,review1 as before4 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,waters4 #c4 ,names4 #d4 ,distances4 #e4 ,natural ,divisions4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,,mountains4 ,illustration3 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,review1 as usual1 from the beginning1 before commencing the advance lesson4 ,the events of the ,bible are often associated with ,mountains1 of which there are many in ,palestine4 ,we select eight of the most important1 group them in pairs1 and state with each the fact which gives it interest4 ,on the north of the country1 near the source of the ,jordan1 we find two mountains1 nearly opposite to each other4 #a4 ,mount ,hermon1 on the east1 the highest mountain in ,palestine1 and the place where the ,saviour was transfigured4 #b4 ,mount ,lebanon1 on the west1 famous for its cedars4 ,next1 we find two mountains nearly in line with the ,sea of ,galilee1 one directly west and the other southwest of it4 #c4 ,mount ,carmel1 by the ,mediterranean1 where ,elijah called down fire from heaven upon the altar4 #d4 ,mount ,gilboa1 where ,king ,saul fell in battle with the ,philistines4 ,in the centre of the country we find two mountains1 where ,joshua read the law to the ,israelites4 #e4 ,on the north1 ,mount ,ebal1 the mount of cursing4 #f4 ,on the south1 ,mount ,gerizim1 the mount of blessing4 ,in the south1 directly in line with the northern end of the ,dead ,sea1 are two mountains4 #g4 ,on the west1 ,mount ,olivet1 or the ,mount of ,olives1 where ,jesus ascended4 #h4 ,on the east1 ,mount ,nebo1 where ,moses died4 ,with each of these mountains the event associated might be briefly related4 ,at the close1 review as before4 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,waters4 #c4 ,names4 #d4 ,distances4 #e4 ,divisions4 #f4 ,mountains4 ,be sure that the class can name the event with each mountain4 ,,lesson ,v4 ,,places4 ,this lesson may well be divided into from two to four sections1 according to the time which can be given to it4 ,draw the map1 as usual1 from the beginning2 and1 as each subject is presented upon it1 review the pupils1 until all their past lessons are clearly fixed in mind4 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,waters4 #c4 ,names4 #d4 ,distances4 #e4 ,natural ,divisions4 #f4 ,mountains4 ,see that with each mountain1 as it is located1 the event connected with it is named4 ,we have now to fix the most important ,places in ,palestine4 ,we locate them by their arrangement in the ,natural ,divisions1 and name an event for which each place is remembered4 ,i4 ,places in the ,sea-,coast ,plain4 ,these may constitute one lesson1 if desired4 #a4 ,gaza1 where ,samson pulled down the idol temple upon the ,philistines and himself4 ,this lies on the ,mediterranean1 directly in line west of the middle point of the ,dead ,sea4 #b4 ,joppa1 the seaport of ,palestine1 from which the prophet ,jonah started on his voyage4 ,this lies nearly half way between ,gaza and ,mount ,carmel4 #c4 ,csarea1 where ,paul made his defense before ,king ,agrippa1 and was a prisoner for two years4 ,this is a little more than half way between ,joppa and ,mount ,carmel4 #d4 ,tyre1 the city which sent ships to all lands2 a little further north of ,mount ,carmel than ,csarea is south of it4 ,as each place is named1 locate it on the board1 and mark it by an initial letter4 ,,ii4 ,another lesson may include the most important ,places in the ,mountain ,region4 #a4 ,beersheba1 the home of ,abraham2 opposite the lower bay of the ,dead ,sea4 #b4 ,hebron1 where the patriarchs were buried2 opposite the middle of the ,dead ,sea1 and in line with ,gaza4 #c4 ,bethlehem1 where ,david and ,jesus were born1 #f miles south of ,jerusalem4 #d4 ,jerusalem1 the capital of ,palestine1 where ,david reigned1 and where ,jesus was crucified2 directly in line with the northern end of the ,dead ,sea4 #e4 ,bethel1 #aj miles north of ,jerusalem1 where ,jacob saw the vision of the heavenly ladder4 #f4 ,shechem1 between the twin mountains of ,ebal and ,gerizim1 where ,jesus talked with the woman of ,samaria4 #g4 ,nazareth1 where ,jesus spent his boyhood2 directly in line with the southern end of the ,sea of ,galilee4 ,illustration3 ,,lesson ,v4 ,,iii4 ,places in the ,jordan ,valley4 ,two of these are near the northern end of the ,dead ,sea4 #a4 ,jericho1 west of the ,jordan1 where the walls fell down before the ,israelites4 #b4 ,bethabara1 east of the ,jordan1 where ,jesus was baptized4 ,two more are near the northern shore of the ,sea of ,galilee4 #c4 ,capernaum1 where ,jesus lived during his ministry1 and wrought many miracles2 on the northwestern shore of the sea4 #d4 ,bethsaida1 where ,jesus fed the five thousand with five loaves2 on the north of the sea4 #e4 ,the last is at the source of the river ,jordan1 ,dan1 the most northerly town in ,palestine4 ,illustration3 ,,lesson ,,vi4 ,,iv4 ,places in the ,eastern ,table-,land4 ,there are not many in this section1 because few events of ,bible history took place there4 #a4 ,machrus1 where ,john the ,baptist was imprisoned and beheaded2 opposite the northern part of the ,dead ,sea4 #b4 ,penuel1 on the brook ,jabbok1 where ,jacob wrestled with the angel4 ,this is about midway between the ,dead ,sea and the ,sea of ,galilee4 #c4 ,mahanaim1 where ,david wept over ,absalom's death4 ,this is about half way between ,penuel and the ,sea of ,galilee4 #d4 ,csarea ,philippi1 at the foot of ,mount ,hermon1 where ,jesus taught his disciples4 ,it may be desirable not to give these places in a single lesson1 but to divide it into two1 or even four sections1 and give one at a session4 ,in that case1 with each lesson all the places already located should be reviewed1 together with the events associated with them4 ,if the places can be marked upon the board in bright red chalk1 they will be prominent4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 ,,provinces4 ,review from the beginning1 as usual4 #a4 ,lines4 #b4 ,waters4 #c4 ,names4 #d4 ,distances4 #e4 ,natural ,divisions4 #f4 ,mountains4 #g4 ,places4 ,in this lesson we are to learn the ,provinces1 or parts of the country1 in the time of ,christ4 ,we do not take the division by tribes2 as that is more difficult to learn1 and not often referred to in history4 ,at the time when ,christ was among men1 ,palestine was divided into five ,provinces1 though two of these were under one ruler4 ,i4 ,draw the boundary line of ,juda1 and write its initial1 ,j4 ,this was the southern province1 and the largest4 ,review the names of the places contained in it4 ,its people were the ,jews1 or men of the tribe of ,judah1 and its principal city was ,jerusalem4 ,,ii4 ,north of ,juda was the province known as ,samaria1 having ,shechem as its principal city4 ,its people were the ,samaritans1 with whom the ,jews had no dealings4 ,in ,christ's day ,juda and ,samaria were under one government4 ,it contained the twin mountains ,ebal and ,gerizim4 ,,iii4 ,north of ,samaria was ,galilee1 where ,jesus lived during most of his life4 ,its people were also ,jews1 but were called ,galileans by the ,jews in ,jerusalem2 and in ,christ's time it was under the rule of ,herod1 who slew ,john the ,baptist4 ,notice the mountains and towns situated in it4 ,mountains3 ,lebanon and ,gilboa2 towns3 ,nazareth1 ,capernaum and ,dan4 ,,iv4 ,on the east of the ,jordan1 and south of the ,sea of ,galilee1 was the province of ,pera1 a word which means beyond2 so named1 because it is beyond ,jordan4 ,here ,jesus taught at one time during his ministry1 and blessed the little children4 ,the places which we have noticed in it are ,machrus1 ,bethabara1 ,penuel and ,mahanaim2 and its mountain1 ,nebo4 ,this province1 in ,christ's day1 was also ruled by ,king ,herod4 ,v4 ,the province north of ,pera and east of the ,sea of ,galilee is not named in the ,new ,testament4 ,we will call it by its ,old ,testament name1 ,bashan1 a word meaning woodland4 ,it was ruled by a brother of ,herod1 named ,philip1 whose title was tetrarch2 hence it is sometimes called ,philip's ,tetrarchy4 ,the mountain we have noticed in it is ,hermon1 and the two places1 ,bethsaida1 and ,csarea ,philippi1 or ,philip's ,csarea1 to distinguish it from the other ,csarea1 by the sea-shore4 ,at the close of the lesson1 review once more from the very beginning of the series2 then erase the map1 and1 pointing to the places on an invisible map1 call for their names from the class4 ,there can scarcely be too much reviewing of these leading facts1 in order to impress them on the scholar's memory4 ,illustration3 ,,arches ,,in ,,the ,,temple ,,area4 ,,the ,,measures ,,of ,,the ,,bible4 ,,the student of the ,bible meets with some difficulty in adapting the names of weights1 measures and coins1 to the standards now in use1 and finds that the authorities are not agreed upon the precise signification of the ,bible terms used in relation to these subjects4 ,these difficulties and discrepancies arise from three facts3 #a4 ,the ,oriental mind has never been accustomed to the exactness of our systems of measurement4 ,among eight cubit measures found on the ,egyptian monuments1 no two were precisely alike4 #b4 ,the models or standards of weights and measures referred to in ,hebrew history were long ago lost1 and it is not easy to reproduce them4 #c4 ,the ,jews adopted the measurements of peoples among whom they were dispersed1 yet often retained the names of such of their own as were nearest to them in amount1 so that at different periods in ,bible history the standard was different4 ,the same word may refer to different measurements at different times4 ,we have adopted in this section the measurements of ,f4 ,r4 and ,c4 ,r4 ,conder in ,the ,hand ,book of the ,bible1 except where other authorities are specified4 ,illustration3 ,,smaller ,,measures ,,of ,,length4 ,i4 ,smaller ,measures of ,length4 #a4 ,the lowest dimension1 as in our own table of linear measure1 was the ,barleycorn4 #b4 ,two barleycorns laid endways made the ,finger-breadth 7,hebrew1 ,atzbah71 two-thirds of an inch4 #c4 ,four finger-breadths made the ,palm 7,heb41 ,tupah71 #b-b_/c inches4 #d4 ,sometimes the ,hand-breadth and ,palm are the same2 elsewhere1 the hand-breadth 7,heb41 ,zereth7 is double the palm1 or #e-a_/c inches4 #e4 ,three palms made the ,span 7,heb41 ,sit71 #h inches1 the width of the outspread hand1 from the end of the thumb to that of the little finger4 #f4 ,four palms made the ,foot 7,heb41 ,regal71 #aj-b_/c inches4 #g4 ,six palms made the ,cubit 7,heb41 ,ameh71 #af inches 7,conder71 or the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger1 when held in a straight line4 ,the cubit1 however1 varied 7just as the pound with us varies in troy and avoirdupois weight71 as indicated in the expressions the cubit of a man 7,deut4 #c3aa71 a great cubit 7,ezek4 #da3h71 etc4 ,in the length of the cubit1 authorities vary from #ae to #ba inches4 ,we have adopted the general opinion1 and place it1 conjecturally1 at a foot and a half1 or #ah inches4 ,,ii4 ,larger ,measures of ,length4 ,the cubit 7reckoned more precisely at #af inches7 is here regarded as the unit of measurement4 #a4 ,the ,fathom was #f or #f-a_/b feet4 #b4 ,the ,reed 7,heb41 ,keneh2 compare our word cane7 was #d cubits1 according to ,conder1 but #f cubits according to other authorities1 thus varying between #e-a_/c feet and #h feet4 #c4 ,the ,furlong 7named only in the ,new ,testament7 was a ,greek measurement 7,stadium71 of #fjf-c_/d feet1 or #ec-a_/d feet less than our furlong4 #d4 ,the ,mile 7,matt4 #e3da7 was #a1fah yards4 ,the ,hebrew mile is not referred to in the ,bible1 but was of two kinds1 the small mile 7,heb41 ,mil71 being about #a1jjj cubits1 or about a quarter of our mile2 and the long mile1 twice as far4 #e4 ,the ,sabbath ,day's ,journey is stated by ,conder at #b1jjj cubits1 or half an ,english mile2 but by most other writers at seven-eighths of our mile4 #f4 ,the ,day's ,journey was variable1 from #aj to #cj miles2 generally about #bj miles4 ,so most authorities decide1 but ,conder gives it at #d-c_/d miles4 ,,iii4 ,dry ,measures of ,capacity4 #a4 ,the ,cab 7#b ,kings #f3be71 #if cubic inches1 or #fge thousandths of a quart4 #b4 ,the ,omer 7,exod4 #af3cf7 contained #agb-h_/aj cubic inches1 or about #b-a_/b quarts4 #c4 ,the ,seah 7in ,greek1 ,modios7 was the ordinary household measure of quantity1 translated1 generally1 measure in our ,bibles1 but in ,matt4 #e3ae bushel4 ,it contained six times as much as the cab1 or a little over a peck2 according to ,conder1 #a4jab pecks2 according to the ,revised ,version 7,matt4 #ac3cc1 marginal note71 a peck and a half4 #d4 ,the ,ephah 7,exod4 #af3cf7 contained #c seahs1 or #aj omers2 about three-quarters of a bushel4 #e4 ,the ,cor contained #aj ephahs1 or #g-a_/b bushels4 ,the cor is also called the homer 7,isa4 #e3aj71 which is to be carefully distinguished from the omer1 which contained one-hundredth of its quantity4 ,the two words are not alike in the ,hebrew4 ,it will be noticed that the omer1 the ephah and the cor 7or homer7 formed a decimal scale of measurement4 ,illustration3 ,,dry ,,measures4 ,,iv4 ,liquid ,measures of ,capacity4 #a4 ,the ,auphauk 7not named in the ,bible7 was the smallest1 containing #f cubic inches1 or #fge thousandths of a gill4 #b4 ,the ,log 7,lev4 #ad3aj71 four times as large as the auphauk1 was six egg-shells full1 #bd cubic inches1 or a little more than half a pint 7#fge thousandths74 #c4 ,the ,hin 7,exod4 #bi3dj7 contained #ab logs1 or a little over a gallon4 #d4 ,the ,seah 7see above1 under ,dry ,measures7 contained twice as much as the hin4 #e4 ,the ,bath1 containing #c seahs or #f hins1 contained #a1gbh cubic inches1 or #f4jcf gallons4 ,besides these1 the ,new ,testament names two ,greek measures1 the ,metretes 7,john #b3f1 firkins71 equivalent to #aj-a_/c gallons2 and the ,choenix 7,rev4 #f3f1 measure71 about a pint and a half4 ,illustration3 ,,liquid ,,measures4 ,v4 ,measures of ,weight4 7,from the ,oxford ,teacher's ,bible47 #a4 ,the ,gerah1 a bean1 weighed a little less than half of a dram avoirdupois 74#dci dram74 #b4 ,the ,bekah1 #aj gerahs1 weighed about a quarter of an ounce 7#d4ci drams74 ,the word means half1 i4 e41 of a shekel4 #c4 ,the ,shekel1 weight1 used as a silver coin1 #b bekahs1 weighed #h4i drams4 #d4 ,the ,maneh 7,greek1 ,mina71 #fj shekels 7,conder says #ej shekels1 which would agree with paragraph ,,vi41 below71 #b lbs4 #a oz4 #e4 ,the ,talent1 circle1 meaning an aggregate sum1 #ej manehs1 weighing #ajb lbs4 #ad ozs4 ,the weights are of lower degree than those in common use at present1 because in the early times money was weighed1 and not counted1 and exact weighing was necessary with gold and silver4 ,,vi4 ,measures of ,value4 ,two systems of money are referred to in the ,bible3 the ,hebrew1 or that in use in ,old ,testament times and lands2 and the ,roman1 which was used during the ,new ,testament period4 ,in the ,hebrew system the weights referred to in paragraph ,v4 were used in silver as measures of value4 #a4 ,the ,gerah 7,exod4 #cj3ac7 was the lowest1 and was worth #b-c_/d cents4 #b4 ,the ,bekah1 #aj gerahs 7,exod4 #ch3bf71 was worth #bg-cg_/ajj cents1 or about #b cents more than our quarter of a dollar4 #c4 ,the ,shekel1 #b bekahs1 was worth #ed-c_/d cents1 or about #e cents more than half a dollar4 #d4 ,the ,maneh1 or ,mina1 #ej shekels 7,luke #ai3ac1 pound71 #bg4cg-a_/b4 #e4 ,the ,talent of ,silver1 #fj manehs1 #a1fdb4ej4 #f4 ,the ,talent of ,gold was nearly twenty times as valuable1 being estimated at #bf1bhj4 #g4 ,so the ,shekel of ,gold was worth1 in the same proportion of weight with the ordinary shekel of silver1 #h4ge4 ,it is to be remembered that a given amount of coin in those times would purchase ten times as much as now4 ,illustration3 ,this is a copper coin1 a quarter-gerah1 worth about half a cent2 was made about the time of ,alexander the ,great1 ,b4,c4 #cbe4 ,illustration3 ,a silver coin1 three-quarters of a shekel1 called a righia1 used especially for paying the temple tax4 ,it was worth about #dj cents4 ,the ,greek and ,roman coins are chiefly referred to in the ,new ,testament4 ,the smallest was the ,lepton 7,mark #ab3db1 mite71 worth a fifth of a cent4 #b4 ,the ,quadrans 7,mark #ab3db1 farthing71 #b mites1 or less than half a cent4 #c4 ,the ,assarion 7,matt1 #aj3bi1 farthing71 four times the quadrans1 or #a-c_/e cents4 ,notice that two coins1 one worth four times as much as the other1 are both translated farthing in our version4 #d4 ,the ,denarius 7,matt1 #bb3ai1 penny71 #aj times the assarion1 or #af cents4 ,it was the latter which in ,christ's time bore the face of the ,roman emperor4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #a ,the smallest copper coin in use among the ,jews1 the lepton1 called in ,hebrew chalcous1 copper money4 ,the widow's mite was of this coin4 ,illustration3 ,no4 #b ,the denarius1 or penny1 bearing the face of the emperor ,tiberius4 ,illustration3 ,,bethany4 ,,index ,,to ,,map ,,of ,,palestine4 7,,surrounding ,,country ,,included47 ,,explanation4--,the letter and number following each name show its location on the map4 ,the name will be found at or near the intersection of a vertical line drawn between the letters top and bottom and a horizontal line between the figures on either side4 ,abama ,r-#aa ,abbin ,m-#bj ,abdon ,g-#ae ,abil ,j-#ac ,abilin ,g-#ag ,abud ,g-#bc ,acco ,ptolemais ,f-#af ,acrabi ,h-#bc ,acre ,f-#af ,acre ,o-#ae ,adlan ,h-#ab ,adonis ,j-#g ,adrha ,r-#aa ,afka ,l-#g ,ahiry ,q-#af ,ai ,h-#bd ,ain ,ata ,n-#f ,ain ,barada ,n-#aj ,ain ,burdai ,o-#h ,ain ,feshkhah ,i-#bf ,ain ,haudh ,e-#ah ,ain ,jiddy ,i-#bh ,ain ,yebrud ,h-#bd ,aithy ,m-#aj ,ajalon ,f-#be ,ajlan ,d-#bg ,ajlun ,l-#ba ,ajiltun ,k-#h ,akir ,d-#be ,akka ,f-#af ,akka1 ,plain of ,g-#af ,akkaba ,i-#ba ,akobar ,p-#aj ,akrabeh ,h-#bc ,akurah ,l-#g ,allan ,l-#bb ,alleikah ,k-#ae ,alma ,j-#ae ,amaad ,k-#ai ,amaleh ,k-#ah ,amateh ,k-#ba ,amathus ,k-#ba ,amkah ,g-#af ,amman ,n-#bd ,ammik ,l-#aj ,ammonites ,m-#be ,amshir ,j-#f ,amwas ,e-#be ,amyan ,l-#e ,anab ,f-#bh ,anat ,j-#aa ,anathoth ,h-#be ,anti-,lebanon ,r-#f ,antipatris ,e-#bb ,anz ,t-#bj ,apollonia ,d-#bb ,ar 7,rabbath ,moab7 ,l-#bi ,araba ,i-#ag ,arad ,g-#bi ,arair ,l-#bh ,arak el ,emir ,m-#bd ,aramun ,j-#i ,arar ,o-#ah ,ararah ,f-#cj ,arbela ,n-#ai ,arbin ,p-#aa ,ard ,asjerah ,k-#af ,ard el ,huleh ,j-#ad ,areiya ,k-#i ,areopolis ,l-#bi ,arnau ,k-#f ,arnon ,l-#bh ,arnun ,i-#ac ,arny ,m-#ac ,aroer ,f-#cj ,aroer ,l-#bh ,arrabeh ,g-#bj ,arrabeh ,i-#ag ,arsuf ,d-#bb ,ary ,r-#ai ,ascalon ,b-#bf ,ashdod ,c-#bf ,asher ,i-#ba ,askulan ,b-#bf ,ashkut ,l-#h ,astifa ,f-#ah ,ataibeh ,r-#aa ,atara ,g-#ba ,ataroth ,k-#bg ,athlit ,e-#ah ,atil ,r-#ag ,atny ,s-#h ,attil ,f-#ba ,attir ,f-#bi ,atuf ,i-#bb ,aulam ,j-#ah ,auranitis ,p-#ah ,aurney ,m-#ac ,ayun ed ,dura ,p-#i ,ayun el ,alak ,s-#e ,azzun ,f-#bb ,baalbek ,o-#g ,baal ,meor ,l-#bf ,babda ,j-#i ,bahret ,bala ,t-#ad ,bahret el ,ateibeh ,t-#ab ,bahret el ,hijaneh ,s-#ac ,bahr ,tubariyeh ,k-#ag ,bakah ,f-#bj ,bala ,q-#aa ,balin ,d-#bf ,banias ,k-#ad ,bar ,elias ,m-#i ,bashan ,o-#ag ,batana ,t-#af ,bathaniyeh ,s-#ag ,bathaniyeh ,t-#af ,batneh ,k-#bc ,batruny ,n-#aj ,bechar ,f-#ba ,beeroth ,g-#bd ,beer ,sheba ,d-#bi ,beer ,sheba1 ,desert of ,d-#cj ,beirut ,i-#h ,beit ,auwa ,e-#bh ,beit ,dejan ,d-#bd ,beit ,dirdis ,b-#bg ,beit er ,ras ,m-#ai ,beit ,far ,e-#be ,beit ,idis ,k-#bj ,beit ,imrim ,h-#ba ,beitin ,g-#bd ,beit ,jala ,g-#bf ,beit ,jenn ,m-#ac ,beit ,jibrin ,e-#bg ,beit ,kurm ,k-#bi ,beit ,lahm ,g-#ah ,beit ,lahm ,g-#bf ,beit ,lid ,f-#bb ,beit ,luna ,i-#aa ,beit ,nebala ,e-#bd ,beit ,ur ,tahta ,g-#be ,beka ,s-#bj ,belat ,i-#aj ,belateh ,n-#be ,belfort ,j-#ac ,bereikut ,g-#bf ,bereitan ,o-#h ,berkha ,o-#f ,berya ,i-#aj ,berytus ,i-#h ,beshara ,i-#ad ,besum ,j-#ah ,bethany ,h-#be ,bethar ,f-#ba ,beth ,dagon ,d-#bd ,bethel ,g-#bd ,beth ,gamul ,p-#ba ,beth ,hogla ,j-#be ,bethhoron ,g-#bd ,beth ,jesimoth ,k-#be ,bethlehem ,g-#bf ,beth ,nimrah ,k-#bd ,bethshean ,j-#bj ,beth ,shemesh ,f-#bf ,beth ,tappuah ,f-#bg ,bethzur ,f-#bg ,bilhas ,l-#g ,bireh ,g-#bd ,bir es ,seba ,d-#bi ,birweh ,g-#af ,bir ,zeit ,g-#bd ,bisri ,j-#aa ,biut ,jebeil ,i-#ae ,blabura ,l-#f ,bludan ,n-#aj ,botal ,meon ,l-#bf ,botrys ,j-#f ,bozrah ,r-#ai ,brummana ,j-#h ,bsherreh ,m-#f ,budeih ,n-#g ,bukfeiya ,k-#h ,bukha ,r-#h ,burak ,q-#ad ,burd ,s-#ai ,burka ,c-#be ,burmeh ,m-#bb ,busrah ,r-#ai ,byblus ,j-#g ,bziza ,l-#e ,cabul ,h-#ag ,csarea ,d-#bj ,csarea ,philippi ,k-#ad ,callirhoe ,j-#bg ,cana ,h-#ah ,capercotia ,h-#bj ,carmel ,g-#bh ,castellum ,peregrinorum ,d-#ah ,chesalloth ,i-#ah ,chorazin ,k-#af ,conna ,q-#e ,convent ,e-#ag ,core ,h-#bc ,daberath ,i-#ah ,dahr el ,ahmar ,l-#aa ,damascus ,p-#aa ,damascus ,r-#i ,damet el ,alyah ,q-#af ,dan ,k-#ac ,dareiya ,o-#ab ,dead ,sea ,j-#bh ,decapolis ,q-#af ,deir ,aly ,p-#ad ,deir el ,ahmar ,n-#g ,deir el ,kamr ,j-#aj ,denna ,j-#ai ,derat ,o-#ah ,dhekir ,r-#ae ,dhiban ,l-#bg ,dibbin ,m-#ba ,dibon ,l-#bh ,dilly ,o-#af ,dimas ,n-#aa ,dinneh ,b-#bg ,dimesk ,p-#ab ,dimonah ,f-#ca ,doroa ,p-#ag ,draa ,j-#cj ,dulbeh ,r-#ab ,duma ,l-#f ,duma ,p-#aa ,dumah ,f-#bh ,dummar ,o-#aa ,dura ,f-#bg ,duris ,n-#h ,eaumia ,i-#bh ,ecdippi ,achzib ,f-#ae ,ed ,dur ,p-#ag ,edhra ,o-#ag ,eglon ,d-#bg ,ehden ,m-#e ,eib ,p-#e ,eidum ,m-#bj ,ejlil ,d-#bb ,ekron ,d-#be ,el al ,l-#be ,el ,batrum ,j-#e ,el ,belka ,k-#bf ,el ,bellan ,n-#ab ,el ,bukaa ,m-#aj ,el ,bukeia ,i-#af ,el ,burj ,e-#bh ,el ,burj ,i-#ac ,el ,daumeh ,f-#bh ,el ,dekwa ,t-#ab ,elealeh ,l-#be ,eleutheropolis ,e-#bg ,el ,fejjeh ,e-#bc ,el ,fuhais ,l-#bd ,el ,fuleh ,h-#ai ,el ,fureidis ,j-#aj ,el ,futian ,n-#bg ,el ,ghor ,j-#bc ,el ,ghor ,j-#ca ,el ,ghuzlaniyeh ,q-#ab ,el ,hadeth ,j-#i ,el ,hadeth ,n-#h ,el ,hather ,l-#ac ,el ,herath ,k-#bb ,el ,hish ,l-#ae ,el ,husm ,m-#ai ,el ,jisr ,k-#g ,el ,kana ,n-#h ,el ,kerak ,m-#h ,el ,khulil ,g-#bg ,el ,kireh ,g-#ai ,el ,kuds ,g-#be ,el ,kusein ,f-#cj ,ellar ,g-#ba ,el ,latron ,e-#be ,el ,lisan ,j-#bi ,el ,mejdel ,c-#bf ,el ,merj ,l-#i ,el ,mezzeh ,o-#aa ,el ,mokhrah ,o-#g ,el ,mukhtarah ,j-#aj ,er-,riha ,l-#bh ,el ,tell ,k-#af ,elusa ,d-#ca ,endor ,i-#ah ,en-gannim ,i-#bj ,en-gedi ,i-#bh ,ephraim1 ,mountains of ,f-#bc ,eriha ,j-#be ,er ,ram ,h-#be ,er ,remtheh ,n-#ai ,esdraelon1 ,plain of ,h-#ai ,esdud ,c-#bf ,eshmiskin ,o-#ag ,es ,salt ,l-#bc ,es ,samieh ,i-#bd ,es ,sawafir ,c-#bf ,es ,semuy ,j-#af ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,palestine ,,and ,,surrounding ,,country4 ,es ,sendiyaneh ,f-#ai ,es ,sgheir ,p-#bj ,es ,sheikh ,f-#ah ,es ,zib ,f-#ae ,et-,tih1 ,desert of ,b-#cj ,et ,tireh ,e-#ah ,et ,tireh ,e-#bd ,et ,tireh ,j-#ai ,eyat ,o-#g ,ez ,zumleh ,o-#ai ,farah ,k-#ba ,fawara ,k-#ai ,ferata ,g-#bb ,fedar ,k-#f ,ferkha ,g-#bc ,fijeh ,n-#aa ,fik ,apheca ,l-#ag ,fikeh ,q-#f ,frank ,h-#bf ,furzul ,l-#h ,fusail ,j-#bc ,gaba ,h-#ba ,gabara ,h-#af ,gabata ,h-#ai ,gadara ,l-#ai ,gadda ,o-#bc ,galilee ,h-#ag ,gamala ,l-#ah ,gath ,d-#bf ,gaulanitis ,l-#ag ,gaza ,b-#bh ,gebal ,j-#g ,gedor ,f-#bf ,gennesaret ,j-#ag ,gerada ,s-#i ,gerar ,b-#bi ,gerasa ,m-#bb ,gergasa ,k-#ag ,gharz ,o-#ai ,ghasuleh ,r-#ab ,ghautha ,r-#ah ,ghazir ,k-#g ,ghederah ,d-#be ,ghusam ,q-#ai ,ghuzzeh ,a-#bh ,gibeah ,g-#be ,gibeah ,g-#bf ,gibeon ,g-#be ,gilboa ,i-#bj ,gilead ,l-#bj ,gilead1 ,mountains of ,l-#bd ,gilgal ,f-#bc ,gilgal ,g-#bc ,gilgal ,i-#be ,gimzo ,e-#bd ,gina ,i-#bj ,giscala ,j-#ae ,gophna ,g-#bd ,hadar ,r-#ae ,hafir ,q-#aj ,haifa ,f-#ag ,halbun ,o-#aj ,halhul ,g-#bg ,halwy ,m-#aa ,hamul ,g-#ae ,harran ,q-#af ,harran ,r-#aa ,hanin ,i-#ae ,haris ,i-#ad ,hasbeiya ,k-#ab ,hauran ,q-#ag ,hawara ,h-#bc ,hazor ,d-#be ,hazor ,h-#bd ,hebras ,m-#ai ,hebron ,g-#bg ,helaweh ,k-#bj ,heldua ,i-#i ,heliopolis ,o-#h ,hepha ,f-#ag ,herodion ,g-#bf ,hesban el ,kusur ,l-#bf ,hesbon ,l-#bf ,hieromax ,l-#ah ,hijaneh ,r-#ab ,hippos ,k-#ah ,hit ,s-#af ,homeis ,m-#e ,hormah ,c-#ca ,huj ,c-#bg ,hukkok ,i-#ag ,huleh ,lake ,k-#ae ,hunin ,j-#ad ,idhna ,f-#bg ,ijon ,j-#ab ,iksim ,e-#ai ,irbid ,j-#ag ,irbid ,n-#ai ,iron ,i-#ae ,itura ,n-#ae ,jaarah ,f-#ai ,jabesh ,k-#ba ,jabneh ,c-#be ,jabbok ,l-#bb ,jacob's ,well ,h-#bb ,jaezer ,m-#bd ,jaffa ,d-#bc ,jaj ,l-#f ,jambruda ,r-#h ,jamnia ,c-#be ,janohah ,i-#bc ,japhia ,h-#ah ,japho ,c-#bc ,jarmuth ,f-#bf ,jasem ,n-#af ,jattir ,f-#bi ,jaulan ,l-#af ,jeba ,h-#ba ,jebaa ,j-#aa ,jebatha ,h-#ah ,jebeil ,j-#f ,jebel ,ajlun ,m-#bj ,jebel ,ameto ,n-#f ,jebel ,bludih ,o-#i ,jebel ,duhy ,i-#ai ,jebel el ,mania ,o-#ac ,jebel esh ,sheikh ,m-#ab ,jebel esh ,sherky ,p-#i ,jebel ,fureidis ,h-#bf ,jebel ,hauran ,t-#ag ,jebel ,jelad ,l-#bc ,jebel ,jermuk ,i-#ae ,jebel ,libna ,l-#i ,jebel ,shihan ,k-#bh ,jebel ,sunnin ,m-#h ,jedal ,q-#af ,jedur ,f-#bf ,jedur ,n-#ae ,jefat ,h-#ag ,jehab ,p-#ae ,jelbon ,i-#bj ,jenin ,h-#bj ,jerash ,m-#bb ,jericho ,i-#be ,jerjua ,i-#ab ,jerud ,s-#i ,jerusalem ,g-#be ,jezreel ,i-#ai ,jezzin ,j-#aa ,jib ,jenin ,l-#aa ,jibin ,l-#ag ,jifna ,g-#bd ,jiljilia ,g-#bc ,jiljuliah ,f-#bb ,jimzu ,e-#bd ,jish ,j-#ae ,jisr ,benat ,yakub ,k-#ae ,jisr ,damieh ,j-#bc ,jiyeh ,c-#bg ,jobar ,p-#aa ,jokneam ,f-#ah ,joppa ,d-#bc ,jordan ,j-#ba ,jotapata ,h-#ag ,jubb ,adin ,q-#i ,judah1 ,desert of ,h-#bh ,judah1 ,mountains of ,f-#bg ,judea ,g-#bg ,julias ,k-#af ,julis ,c-#bf ,juneh ,k-#h ,kab ,elias ,l-#i ,kabul ,h-#ag ,kadisha ,l-#e ,kahn ,jubb ,yusef ,j-#af ,kaisariyeh ,d-#ai ,kakon ,e-#ba ,kallaat ,j-#ac ,kamid el ,loz ,l-#aj ,kana ,h-#ad ,kanah ,d-#bj ,kara ,comochara ,s-#f ,karobin ,m-#f ,katarna ,o-#ab ,kattin ,j-#aa ,kaukab ,o-#ab ,kedes ,j-#ad ,kedron ,h-#bf ,keffin ,k-#g ,kefr ,abil ,k-#bj ,kefr ,birim ,i-#ae ,kefr ,hajla ,j-#be ,kefr ,hata ,l-#e ,kefr ,kannir ,e-#bj ,kefr ,kenna ,h-#ah ,kefr ,kud ,h-#bj ,kefr ,kuk ,m-#aa ,kefr ,malik ,h-#bd ,kefr ,rahta ,l-#ai ,kefr ,saba ,e-#bb ,kefr ,sabt ,i-#ah ,kefr ,zebad ,m-#i ,keftun ,k-#e ,kenath ,s-#ag ,kerak ,j-#ah ,kerak ,l-#cj ,kerak ,q-#ah ,kerazeh ,k-#af ,kereimbeh ,m-#ad ,kereitein ,g-#bi ,kerun ,k-#aa ,kes ,sumrah ,k-#ah ,kesweh ,o-#ac ,ketherabba ,k-#ca ,khan ,j-#ai ,khan ,arus ,s-#h ,khan ,el ,khulda ,i-#i ,khan el ,tujjar ,i-#ah ,khan ,yunas ,a-#bi ,khanzireh ,k-#ca ,khersa ,k-#ag ,khertin ,k-#g ,khisbet es ,suk ,k-#bc ,khirbet ,silim ,i-#ac ,khubab ,p-#ae ,khulasah ,d-#cj ,khuldeh ,m-#bd ,khureb ,q-#bj ,kilkilia ,f-#bb ,kiratah ,p-#af ,kirjath-arba 7see ,el ,khulil7 ,g-#bg ,kirjath-jearim ,f-#be ,kir ,moab ,l-#cj ,kishon ,f-#ag ,kubbet el ,baul ,g-#cj ,kudna ,e-#bf ,kufr ,s-#ah ,kulat ,j-#ag ,kulat el ,husn ,k-#ah ,kulat ,zerka ,o-#bc ,kulmon ,e-#ag ,kunawat ,s-#ag ,kuneitirah ,l-#ad ,kurahta ,p-#ab ,kurawa ,f-#bc ,kureim ,p-#ae ,kureiyat ,k-#bg ,kureiyeh ,r-#ai ,kuriut ,h-#bc ,kuriyet es ,suk ,n-#be ,kurmul ,g-#bh ,kurn ,hattin ,i-#ag ,kurnub ,g-#ca ,kustul ,s-#h ,kuteibeh ,o-#af ,kuteifeh ,r-#i ,kutraneh ,n-#cj ,lachish ,c-#bg ,lahfit ,l-#f ,lala ,l-#aa ,lebweh ,p-#f ,leja ,q-#ae ,lejjun ,g-#ai ,lejum ,n-#bg ,leontes ,i-#ac ,little ,hermon ,i-#ai ,lubban ,f-#bc ,lubick ,j-#ag ,ludd ,e-#bd ,lybo ,p-#f ,lycus ,j-#h ,lydda1 ,diospolis ,e-#bd ,maad ,k-#f ,macatha ,m-#ah ,madeba ,l-#bf ,magdala ,j-#ag ,mahajjeh ,p-#af ,main ,l-#bf ,maksura ,s-#aj ,malatha ,f-#cj ,malia ,h-#ae ,malula ,q-#h ,marabun ,o-#i ,mar ,elias ,g-#be ,maresa ,e-#bg ,mar ,saba ,h-#bf ,masada ,i-#bi ,mashita ,n-#be ,mateh ,burak ,q-#ad ,medaba ,l-#bf ,megiddo ,g-#ai ,meifuk ,k-#f ,meiron ,i-#af ,meis ,j-#ad ,mejdel ,f-#bc ,mejdel ,g-#ag ,mejdel ,i-#ag ,mejdel ,l-#ac ,mejdel ,keram ,h-#af ,mejellun ,i-#aa ,menarah ,j-#ad ,meneh ,o-#ba ,menin ,p-#aj ,menjah ,m-#be ,merjaneh ,q-#ac ,meshghara ,k-#aa ,mezarib ,n-#ah ,mezraah ,p-#i ,mezraatesh ,shuf ,j-#aj ,mirkib ,g-#ca ,misiliya ,h-#ba ,mizpah ,g-#be ,mkaur ,k-#bg ,moab1 ,mountains of ,k-#bf ,moabites ,m-#bi ,moharfer ,i-#be ,mount ,carmel ,f-#ah ,mount ,ebal ,g-#bb ,mount ,gerizim ,g-#bb ,mount ,gilboa ,i-#bj ,mount 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#fe ,zuzim1 #cg 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors repaired4 ,italic text is set apart by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,to prevent them being split over two lines all spaces in ,b4 ,c4 and ,a4 ,d4 were removed4 ,page xi1 ,aske changed to ,aska 7,mosque ,el ,aska7 ,page #ad1 tentativey changed to tentatively 7are given tentatively7 ,page #ad1 ,,xii changed to ,,xvii 7,b4,c41 ,dynasties ,,xvii4 to ,,xxvii7 ,page #ae1 ,shalmameser changed to ,shalmaneser 7#hfj-hbe--,shalmaneser ,,ii7 ,page #bg1 ,review ,chart of the ,nations1 ,aeolians changed to olians 7olians7 ,page #bg1 ,review ,chart of the ,nations1 ,meroe changed to ,mero 7,mero7 ,page #ca1 plain changed to ,plain 7watering the ,plain of ,esdraelon7 ,page #ce1 #g changed to #h 7#h4 ,burial of ,sarah7 ,page #df1 ,hawarah changed to ,hawrah 7,ain ,hawrah7 ,page #ef1 ,comparitive ,size table1 ,ephraim1 ,s4 changed to ,sq4 7#fjj ,sq4 ,m47 ,page #fb1 route changed to rout 7the rout that followed7 ,page #ge1 ,melchizedek was hyphenated as ,melchi-zedek on this page in the original text to show its similarity to ,adoni-zedek4 ,this was retained4 ,page #gh1 ,tor changed to ,tr 7,jebel ,abu ,tr 7,hill of ,evil ,counsel77 ,page #gi1 #a4 added to text4 7#a4 ,the ,birket ,mamilla7 ,page #gi1 rred changed to red 7red pond7 ,page #gi1 bold text changed to italic to match the rest of the pattern 7#e4 ,en-rogel1 called7 ,page #gi1 word the moved to from before most to after of 7most of the explorers7 ,original read 7the most of explorers7 ,page #aae1 ,cesarea changed to ,csarea 7#c4 ,csarea47 ,page #acg1 tables changed to tablets 7for the stone tablets of7 ,page #add1 #afj changed to #ahj 7,dead ,sea1 #ahj miles7 ,page #adh1 the text defines a cab as being #if cubic inches1 or #fge thousandths of a quart4 ,this does not seem possible but the transcriber could not ascertain what was meant4 ,an earlier version of this text uses this same definition4 ,pages #aea-aed1 entries in this index match the map but not always the text4 ,for example1 the text refers to ,beth ,jesimoth which the index and map names as ,beth-jeshimoth4 ,it is ,dhibn in the text but ,dhiban on the map and the map's index4 ,names in the map index were not always in alphabetical order4 ,this was retained4 ,page #aeg1 ,keilah moved to alphabetical placement4 ,originally listed after ,kenites4 ,page #aeg1 ,miletus moved to alphabetical placement4 ,originally listed after ,michmash4 ,page #aeg1 ,misraim changed to ,mizraim 7,mizraim1 #be7 ,this entry was also moved to reflect its corrected spelling4 ,the original table of contents seems to have been taken from an earlier edition without the printers updating the chart section4 ,this only affects the ,chart of ,bible ,history4 ,the rest of the ,table of ,contents is identical4 ,,page ,,chart ,,of ,,bible ,,history #ac-af ,i4 ,,general ,,periods4 ,,ii4 ,,subdivisions4 ,,iii4 ,,persons ,,and ,,rulers4 ,,iv4 ,,events ,,of ,,bible ,,history4 ------------------------------------- ,actual text of book contains these headings3 7,v4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,eygpt7 7,,vi4 ,,the ,,kingdoms ,,of ,,the ,,east7 7,,vii4 ,,the ,,oriental ,,empires7 7,,viii4 ,,the ,,world ,,in ,,general7 ------------------------------------- ,actual text of table of contents has these headings instead3 ,v4 ,,battles ,,of ,,bible ,,history4 ,,vi4 ,,events ,,of ,,religious ,,progress4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,books ,,of ,,the ,,bible4 ,,viii4 ,,great ,,oriental ,,empires4 ,,ix4 ,,events ,,of ,,secular ,,history4 --------------------------------------