,transcriber's notes ,this text is derived from http3_/_/www4archive4org_/details_/catho licworld#jcpauluoft ,although square brackets usually designate footnotes or transcriber's notes1 they do appear in the original text4 ,this text includes ,volume ,,iii2 ,number #a--;,april #ahff ,number #b--,may #ahff ,number #c--;,june #ahff ,number #d--;,july #ahff ,number #e--;,august #ahff ,number #f--,september #ahff ,end ,transcriber's notes ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,monthly ,magazine of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,april ,,to ,,september1 #ahff4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,lawrence ,,kehoe1 ,,publisher1 #ade ,nassau ,street4 #ahff4 ,,contents4 ,all-,hallow ,eve2 or ,the ,test of ,futurity1 #ig1 #bda4 ,abbey1 ,glastonbury1 #aej4 ,animal ,life1 ,curiosities of1 #bcb4 ,alexandria1 ,christian ,schools of1 #ced1 #dhd4 ,abbeville1 a ,day at1 #eij4 ,asses1 ,dogs1 ,cats1 etc41 #fhh4 ,a ,celtic ,legend1 #haj4 ,benedictines1 ,rise of1 #aej4 ,buried ,alive1 #hje4 ,curiosities of ,animal ,life1 #bcb4 ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,the1 #bgh4 ,christian ,schools of ,alexandria1 ,the1 #ced1 #dhd4 ,cuckoo and ,nightingale1 ,the1 #edc4 ,cardinal ,tosti1 #hea4 ,dr4 ,spring1 ,reminiscences of1 #abi4 ,dreamers and ,workers1 #dah4 ,de ,gurin1 ,eugnie1 ,letters from ,paris1 #dgd4 ,eirenicon1 ,reply to1 by ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newman1 #df4 ,eirenicon1 ,pamphlets on the1 #bag4 ,eve de la ,tour d',adam1 #cff4 ,ecce ,homo1 #fah4 ,episcopal ,church1 ,doctrine on ,ordination1 #gba4 ,france1 ,two ,pictures of ,life in1 #daa4 ,franciscan ,missions on the ,nile1 #gfh4 ,glastonbury ,abbey1 #aej4 ,gerbet1 l',abbe1 #cjh4 ,god ,bless ,you1 #eic4 ,gipsies1 ,the1 #gjb4 ,haven't ,time1 #ib4 ,hrter1 ,frederick1 #aae4 ,heaven1 ,nearest ,place to1 #dcc4 ,ireland and the ,informers of #agih1 #abb4 ,irish ,folk ,books of the ,last ,century1 #fgi4 ,jenifer's ,prayer1 #ag1 #ahc1 #cah4 ,kilkenny1 a ,month in1 #cja4 ,legend1 a ,celtic1 #haj4 ,miscellany1 #acg1 #dba1 #egj1 #hec4 ,madeira1 ,tinted ,sketches in1 #bfe4 ,newman1 ,very ,rev4 ,dr41 ,saints of the ,desert1 #af1 #agj1 #ccd4 ,newman1 ,very ,rev4 ,dr41 ,reply to ,dr4 ,pusey's ,eirenicon1 #df4 ,new ,york2 ,religion in1 #cha4 ,necklace1 the ,pearl1 #fic4 ,nile1 ,franciscan ,missions on the1 #gfh4 ,nile1 ,solution of the ,problem of the1 #hbh4 ,old ,thorneley's ,heirs1 #djd1 #ddc1 #eii1 #gch4 ,our ,ancestors1 ,industrial ,arts of1 #edi1 #ghj4 ,patriarchate of ,constantinople1 ,present ,state of1 #a4 ,prayer1 ,jenifer's1 #ag1 #ahc1 #cah4 ,problems of the ,age1 #ade1 #bhi1 #eah1 #egg1 #geh4 ,perico the ,sad1 #dig1 #ffj1 #ghg4 ,perreyve1 ,henri1 #hde4 ,reminiscences of ,dr4 ,spring1 #abi4 ,religion ,in ,new ,york1 #cha4 ,reading1 ,use and ,abuse of1 #dfc4 ,rome the ,civilizer of ,nations1 #fch4 ,saints of the ,desert1 ,the1 #af1 #agj1 #ccd ,steam-,engine1 ,proposed ,substitutes for1 #bi4 ,st4 ,paul1 ,youth of1 #eca4 ,sealskins and ,copperskins1 #eeg4 ,the ,age1 ,problems of1 #ade1 #bhi1 #eah1 #egg1 #geh4 ,turkestan1 ,a ,pretended ,dervish in1 #aih1 #cgj4 ,two ,pictures of ,life ,in ,france before #ahdh1 #daa4 ,three ,women of our ,time1 #hcd4 ,tosti1 ,cardinal1 #hea4 ,unconvicted1 #djd1 #ddc1 #eii1 #gch4 ,use and ,abuse of ,reading1 #dfc4 ,virtue1 ,statistics of1 #gca4 ,weddings1 ,east ,indian1 #fce4 -------- ,,poetry4 ,bury the ,dead1 #cgi4 ,banned and ,blessed1 #cjf4 ,christine1 #cb1 #aga1 #cce4 ,claims1 #eef4 ,carols from ,cancionero1 #fib4 ,christian ,crown1 ,the1 #gcf4 ,dy-,dreams1 #dhc4 ,hymn1 #edh4 ,holy ,saturday1 #fcd4 ,lockharts1 ,legend of the1 #abg4 ,lost for ,gold1 #hbf4 ,mater ,divinae ,gratiae1 #baf ,may ,breeze1 #ddb4 ,our ,neighbor1 #cag4 ,our ,mother's ,call1 #dfb4 ,poor and ,rich1 #bdj4 ,peace1 #daj4 ,requiem ,a,eternam1 #bfc4 ,shell1 ,song of the1 #if4 ,sapphics1 #eag4 ,sacrilege1 the ,curse of1 #fef4 ,sonnet1 #hej4 ,the ,king and the ,bishop1 #ebh4 ,therein1 #eig4 ,the ,martyr1 #fag4 ,thy ,will be ,done1 #ggh4 ,words of ,wisdom1 #aba ------ iv ,,new ,,publications4 ,archbishop ,hughes1 ,life of1 #adj4 ,apostleship of ,prayer1 #dbh4 ,agnes1 #dca4 ,appleton's ,annual ,cyclopaedia1 #gai4 ,army of the ,potomac1 ,medical ,recollections of1 #hed4 ,biology1 ,spencer's ,principles of1 #dbe4 ,blessed ,virgin1 ,devotion to in ,north ,america1 #egd4 ,biographical ,dictionary1 #egd ,books for ,young ,people1 #gbj4 ,criterion1 ,tuckerman's1 #adc4 ,christ the ,light of the ,world1 #add4 ,christus ,judex1 #bhh4 ,christian ,examiner1 #dbg4 ,christine1#gag4 ,cosas de ,espana1 #heh4 ,dictionary1 ,webster's1 #adc4 ,draper's ,text ,books of ,chemistry1 etc1 #egf4 ,darras' ,church ,history1 #gai4 ,eirenicon1 ,dr4 ,pusey's1 #bhc4 ,eugnie de ,gurin1 ,letters of1 #hei4 ,english ,language1 ,practical ,grammar of1 #hfj4 ,faber's ,new ,book1 #bhg4 ,froude's ,history of ,england1 #gah4 ,grahams1 ,the1 #bhh4 ,grant1 ,headley's ,life of1 #ege4 ,hughes1 ,archbishop1 ,life of1 #adj4 ,holy ,childhood1 ,report of1 #egc4 ,headley's ,life of ,grant1 #ege4 ,homes without ,hands1 #hfj4 ,kennett1 ,story of1 #dca4 ,keating's ,ireland1 #dcb4 ,mount ,hope ,trial1 #dcj4 ,marshall's ,missions1 #dcj4 ,may ,carols1 ,de ,vere's1 #dcb4 ,marcy's ,army ,life1 #gaf4 ,new-,englander1 ,the1 #hee4 ,prayer1 ,apostleship of1 #dbh4 ,priest and ,people1 ,good ,thoughts for1 #dca4 ,poetry of the ,civil ,war1 #egf4 ,queen's ,english1 ,a ,plea for the1 #heg4 as ,spencer's ,principles of ,biology1 #dbe4 ,spalding's ,miscellanea1 #ega4 ,shakespeare on ,insanity1 #hfj4 ,wyoming1 ,valley of1 #hei4 ------ #a ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,iii41 ,,no4 #a4--;,,april1 #ahff4 ,,original4 ,,the ,,present ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchate ,,of ,,constantinople4 ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,l',eglise ,orientale1 par ,jaques ,g4 ,pitzipios1 ,fondateur de la ,socit ,chrtienne ,orientale4 ,rome3 ,imprimerie de la ,propagande1 #ahee4 ,in the year #ahda1 the bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal dioceses of ,massachusetts1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 ,connecticut1 ,missouri1 ,maryland1 and ,pennsylvania1 professing to speak in the name of their church in the ,united ,states1 addressed the following language to the schismatical ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 whom they style the venerable and right reverend father in ,god the ,patriarch of the ,greek ,church1resident at ,constantinople3 ,the church in the ,united ,states of ,america1 therefore1 looking to the triune ,god for his blessings upon its efforts for unity in the body of ,christ1 turn with hope to the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 the spiritual head of the ancient and venerable ,oriental ,church4 ,footnote #b ,footnote #b3 ,quoted in the ,memoir of ,rev4 ,f4,a4 ,baker1 p4 #dg4 ,this is by no means the only instance of overtures of this kind1 looking toward a union between ,protestant ,episcopalians and ,eastern schismatics1 with the view of concentrating the opposition to the ,roman ,see under a rival ,oriental primacy4 ,the ,non-jurors1 who were ejected from their sees at the overthrow of the ,stuarts1 proposed to the ,synod of ,bethlehem to establish the primacy in the patriarchate of ,jerusalem2 but their proposal was met by a decidedly freezing refusal4 ,the ,american bishops who signed the letter from which the foregoing extract is taken show a remarkable desire to bow down before some ecclesiastical power more ancient and venerable than themselves2 and in their extreme eagerness to propitiate the ,eastern prelates1 they acknowledge without scruple the most arrogant titles usurped by the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 although from their want of familiarity with the ecclesiastical language1 they do it in a very unusual and peculiar style4 ,whatever may be at present the particular views of those who are seeking to bring about a union between the ,protestant ,episcopal churches and the ,easterns1 in regard to the order of hierarchical organization1 they are evidently disposed to pay court to the successor of ,photius and ,michael ,cerularius1 and to espouse #b warmly his quarrel against ,rome4 ,his figure is the foremost one in the dispute1 and there is every disposition to take advantage as far as possible of the rank which the ,see of ,constantinople has held since the fifth century1 first by usurpation and afterward by the concession of ,rome1 as second to the ,apostolic ,see of ,st4 ,peter4 ,we do not accuse all those who are concerned in the union movement of being animated by a spirit of enmity against ,rome4 ,some of them1 we believe1 are seeking for the healing of the schisms of ,christendom in a truly ,catholic spirit1 although not fully enlightened concerning the necessary means for doing so4 ,we may cherish the same hope concerning some of the ,oriental prelates and clergy also1 especially those who have manifested a determination not to compromise a single point of ,catholic dogma for the sake of union with ,protestants4 ,we are quite sure1 however1 that the loudest advocates of union in the ,protestant ranks1 and their most earnest and hearty sympathizers in the ,east1 are thoroughly heretical and schismatical in their spirit and intentions1 and are aiming at the overthrow of the ,roman ,church1 and a revolution in the orthodox ,eastern communion1 as their dearest object4 ,while1 therefore1 we disclaim any hostile attitude toward men like ,dr4 ,pusey and other unionists of his spirit1 and would never use any language toward them which is not kind and respectful1 we are compelled to brand the use which other ecclesiastics in high position have sought to make of this ,greek question as entirely unprincipled4 ,their cringing and bowing before the miserable1 effete form of ,christianity at ,constantinople1 dictated as it is chiefly by hatred against ,rome1 is something unworthy of honest ,christians and intelligent ,englishmen and ,americans4 ,many very sincere and well-disposed persons are no doubt misled by their artful misrepresentations4 ,on that account it is very necessary to bring out as clearly as possible the true state of the case1 as regards ,oriental ,christendom1 that it may be seen how little support ,anglicanism or any kind of ,protestantism can draw from that quarter2 and how strongly the entire system of ,catholic dogma is sustained by the history and traditions of the ,eastern ,church4 ,we may possibly hereafter discuss more at large some of these important subjects relating to the ,eastern ,church and the schism which has desolated its fairest portions for so many centuries4 ,on this occasion we intend merely to throw a little light on the present actual condition of the patriarchate of ,constantinople1 in order to dissipate any illusion that may have been created by high-sounding words1 and to show how little reason there is to turn with hope to the spiritual head of the ,oriental ,church for any enlightening or sanctifying influences upon the souls which are astray from the fold of ,st4 ,peter4 ,we waive1 for the time1 all consideration of past events1 anterior to the period of ,turkish domination1 and all discussion of the remote circumstances which have brought the ,see of ,constantinople into its present state of degradation1 and of obstinate secession from the unity of the ,church4 ,we take it as we find it1 under the ,mohammedan dominion1 and will endeavor to show how it stands in relation to other churches of the ,east1 and what are its claims on the respect and honor of ,western ,christians4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople is not the ,patriarch of the ,greek ,church4 ,there is no designation of this kind known in the ,east4 ,the style there used is1 the ,holy ,eastern ,church4 ,the ,greek rite1 or form of celebrating mass and administering the sacraments in the ,greek language1 is only one of the rites sanctioned by the ,catholic ,church which are in use among those ,christians who are not under the ,latin rite4 ,what is usually called in the ,west the ,greek ,church has several independent organizations4 #c ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 who very early subjugated the patriarchs of ,alexandria1 ,antioch1 and ,jerusalem to his dominion1 now rules over the same patriarchates1 which have dwindled to very insignificant dimensions1 and over all the separated orthodox ,christians of the ,turkish empire4 ,the ,russian ,church1 which was erected into a distinct patriarchate by ,ivan ,,iii41 is under the supreme jurisdiction of the imperial governing synod4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople is treated with respect and honor1 and referred to for advice and counsel1 by the ,russian authorities2 but he has no more jurisdiction in ,russia than the ,archbishop of ,baltimore has in the province of ,new ,york4 ,the ,church of ,greece not only threw off all dependence on the ,see of ,constantinople after the revolution1 but renounced all communication with it1 for reasons to be mentioned hereafter4 ,the separated ,greek ,christians of the ,austrian empire are governed by the ,patriarch of ,carlovitz1 and there is at least one other separate jurisdiction in the ,montenegrine provinces4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople possesses1 therefore1 an actual jurisdiction over a fraction only of the ,eastern ,church4 ,within the proper limits of his own patriarchate this jurisdiction is absolute1 both in ecclesiastical and civil matters1 subject only to the supreme authority of the sultan4 ,immediately after the capture of ,constantinople by the ,turks1 the ,sultan ,mahomet ,,ii4 conferred upon the ,patriarch ,grennadius the character of ,milet-bachi1 or chief of a nationality1 giving him investiture by the pastoral staff and mantle with his own hands4 ,the reason of his doing so was1 that the ,mohammedan law recognizes only ,mohammedans as members of a ,mohammedan nationality4 ,in more recent times1 the sultans1 disgusted by the venal and tyrannical conduct of the patriarchs1 have refused to confer this investiture in person1 and it is now done by the grand vizier4 ,eight metropolitans1 namely1 those of ,chalcdon1 ,ephesus1 ,derendah1 ,heracla1 ,cyzicus1 ,nicomedia1 ,caesara1 and ,adrianople1 form the supreme council of the patriarchate1 and1 with the patriarch1 administer the ecclesiastical and civil government of the ,christians of their communion throughout the ,ottoman empire4 ,they have the control of the common chest or treasury of the ,oriental rite in ,turkey1 and of that of the provinces2 two great funds established originally for helping poor ,christians to pay the exactions levied on them by the ,mussulmans1 but at present diverted to quite other uses by their faithless and rapacious guardians4 ,they are also exclusively privileged to act as ephori or financial agents and bankers for the other one hundred and thirty-four bishops of the ,turkish provinces1 each one of them having as many of these episcopal clients as he can get4 ,possessed of such an amount of ecclesiastical and civil power as the patriarchate of ,constantinople has been within the ,ottoman empire for several centuries1 it is plain that it might have become the centre of an incalculable influence for the spiritual1 moral1 and social good of its subjects4 ,everything would seem to have combined to throw into the hands of the patriarch and his subordinate bishops the power of being truly the protectors and fathers of their people1 and to furnish them with the most powerful motives for being faithful to their trust4 ,the oppressed1 despised1 and impoverished condition of their poor1 miserable people1 slaves of a fanatical1 barbarous1 anti-,christian despotism1 was enough to have awakened every noble and disinterested emotion in their bosoms1 had they been men2 and to have aroused the most devoted1 self-sacrificing charity and zeal in their hearts1 had they been ,christians worthy of the name or true ,christian pastors4 ,moreover1 if they had been true patriots1 and really devoted to the interests of ,christianity and the church1 there was every inducement to avail themselves of their position #d and to watch the opportunity of cultivating unity and harmony with the ,catholic ,church and the powerful ,christian nations of the ,west1 in order to secure their eventual deliverance from the detestable ,moslem usurpation1 and the restoration of religion among them to its ancient glory4 ,all causes of misunderstanding and dissension had been done away at the ,council of ,florence4 ,the perfect dogmatic agreement between the ,east and the ,west had been fully established4 ,the ,greek and other ,oriental rites1 and the local laws and customs1 had been sanctioned4 ,the patriarchs and hierarchy had been confirmed in their privileges4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople was even tacitly permitted to retain his high-sounding but unmeaning title of ecumenical patriarch without rebuke1 and allowed to exercise all the jurisdiction which other patriarchs or metropolitans were willing to concede to him1 subject to the universal supremacy of ,rome4 ,the remembrance of the gallant warfare of the ,latin ,christians against their common ,moslem enemy1 and especially of the heroic devotion of the cardinal legate and his three hundred followers1 who had buried themselves under the walls of ,constantinople at its capture1 ought to have effaced the memory of former wrongs ,footnote #c and subdued the stupid1 fanatical1 unchristian sentiment of national antipathy against ,christians of another race4 ,everything concurred to invite them to play a noble and glorious part toward their own ,christian countrymen and toward ,christendom in general4 ,we are compelled1 however1 to say1 with shame and pain1 that they have proved so recreant to every one of these trusts and opportunities1 their career has been one of such unparalleled infamy and perfidy1 as to cover the ,christian name with ignominy1 and to merit for themselves the character of apostates from ,christianity--seducers1 corruptors1 oppressors1 and robbers of their own people4 ,footnote #c3 ,the ,crusaders undoubtedly committed some great outrages1 in revenge far the treachery of the ,byzantines1 and some ,latin missionaries imprudently attacked the ,oriental rites and customs1 but these acts were always disapproved and condemned by the ,popes4 ,we will first give a sketch of the line of conduct they have pursued in relation to ecclesiastical matters1 and afterward of their administration of their civil authority4 ,it is notorious that the schismatical bishops and clergy of ,turkey neglect almost entirely the duty of preaching the word of ,god and giving good ,christian instruction to their people4 ,the sacraments are administered in the most careless and perfunctory manner1 and real practical ,christian piety and morality are in a very low state both among clergy and laity4 ,the clergy themselves are grossly ignorant and unfit for the exercise of their office1 taken from the lowest class of the people1 without instruction or preparation for orders1 and treated by their superiors as menial servants4 ,the bishops and higher clergy do not trouble themselves to remedy this gross incapacity of their inferiors1 or to supply it by their own efforts4 ,consequently1 the common ,christian people of their charge have fallen into a state of moral degradation below that of the ,turks themselves1 by whom they are despised as the outcasts of society4 ,the striking contrast between the schismatical clergy1 monasteries1 and people1 and the ,catholic1 is proverbial among the ,turks1 and an object of remark even by ,protestant travellers4 ,it is probable that there have been many exceptions to the general rule of incompetence and supine neglect2 but1 viewing the case as a whole1 it must be said that the patriarchs of ,constantinople and their subordinate prelates have completely failed to do their duty as pastors of their people and their instructors and guides in religion and virtue4 ,their unfortunate position furnishes no adequate excuse1 as will be seen when we examine a little further into the enterprises they have actually been engaged in1 and see how well #e they have succeeded in accomplishing what they have really desired and undertaken1 which is nothing else than their own selfish aggrandizement4 ,look at the contrast between their conduct and that of the ,catholic hierarchies of ,russia1 ,poland1 and ,ireland under similar circumstances of oppression1 and every shadow of excuse will vanish4 ,no doubt there were many causes making it difficult to elevate the character of the ordinary clergy and the people1 and tending to keep them down to a low level of intelligence and knowledge4 ,this would furnish an excuse for a great deal1 if there had been an evident struggle of the hierarchy to do their best in remedying the evil4 ,instead of doing this1 they are the principal causes of the perpetuation and aggravation of this degraded state4 ,since the decay of the ,ottoman power commenced1 the clergy have had it in their power to bid defiance in great measure to the ,turkish government4 ,they have been able to control immense sums of money and to wield a great commercial and financial influence4 ,they might have employed the intervention of ,christian powers1 and especially of ,russia1 if they had been governed by enlightened and ,christian motives1 in order to gain just rights and the means of improvement for their people4 ,the ,ottoman government1 itself1 has come to a more just and liberal policy1 in which it would have welcomed the aid of the ,christian hierarchy1 had there been one worthy of the name4 ,their complete apathy at all times to everything which concerns the spiritual and moral welfare of their subjects will warrant no other conclusion than that they have practically apostatized from the faith and church of ,christ1 and are mere intruders into the fold which they lay waste and ravage4 ,in their attitude toward the ,catholic ,church and the ,holy ,see1 the hierarchy of the patriaichate are ignorantly1 violently1 and obstinately schismatical1 and even heretical4 ,the public and official teaching of the ,eastern ,church is orthodox1 and therefore no one is adjudged to be a heretic simply because he adheres to that communion4 ,one who intelligently and obstinately adheres to a schism as a state of permanent separation from the ,see of ,st4 ,peter1 is1 however1 at least a constructive heretic1 and is very likely to be a formal heretic1 on several doctrines which have been defined by the ,catholic ,church4 ,the nature of the opposition of the clergy of ,constantinople to the ,roman ,church1 the grounds on which they defend their contumacious rebellion1 and the dogmatic arguments which they employ in the controversy1 are such as to place them in the position of the most unreasonable and contumacious schismatics1 and as it appears to our judgment1 in submission to that of more learned theologians1 of heretics also4 ,so far as their influence extends1 and it is very great1 they are chiefly accountable for the isolated condition of the entire non-united ,eastern ,church4 ,as the ambition of the ,patriarch of ,constantinople was the original cause of the schism1 so now the ignorant and violent obstinacy of the clergy of the patriarchate1 and their supreme devotion to their own selfish and narrow personal and party interests1 is1 in connection with a similar though less odious spirit in the chief ,muscovite clergy1 and the worldly policy of the ,russian czar1 the chief cause of its perpetuation4 ,the clergy of ,constantinople have not hesitated to resort to forgery in order to do away with the legal and binding force of the act of their own predecessors in subscribing and promulgating throughout their entire jurisdiction the act of union established at the ,council of ,florence4 ,gennadius1 the first patriarch elected after the ,turkish conquest1 was one of the prelates who signed the decree of the ,council of ,florence1 a learned and virtuous man1 and is believed to have lived and died in the #f communion of the ,holy ,see4 ,actual communication between ,constantinople and ,rome was1 however1 rendered absolutely impossible by the deadly hostility of the conquerors to their principal and most dangerous foe4 ,the slightest attempt at any intercourse with the ,latin ,christians would have caused the extermination of all the ,christian subjects of the ,ottoman empire4 ,it is difficult to discover1 therefore1 when and how it was that the supremacy of the ,roman ,church1 whose actual exercise was thus at first impeded by the necessity of the case1 was again formally repudiated by the patriarchs4 ,there is a letter extant1 written in the year #aehd by the ,patriarch ,jeremiah to ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii41 in which he says that it belonged to him1 as the head of the ,catholic ,church1 to indicate the measures to be employed against the ,protestants1 and requests him in virtue of this office to point out what measures can be taken to arrest the advance of ,protestantism4 ,this is the last official act of the kind of which there is any record4 ,the patriarchs and their associates have relapsed into an attitude toward the ,holy ,see which is equally schismatical and arrogant1 though through their degraded condition far more ridiculous than that which was assumed by their predecessors before the ,council of ,florence4 ,in order to nullify1 as far as possible1 the legal force of the act of union promulgated by that council1 they have resorted to a forgery1 and have published the acts of a pretended council under a patriarch who never existed and whom they call ,athanasius4 ,there is no precise date attached to these forged acts1 but they are so arranged as to appear to have been promulgated soon after the return of the emperor and prelates from ,italy1 and before the ,turkish conquest2 and in them1 some of the principal prelates what signed the decrees of the ,council of ,florence are represented as abjuring and begging pardon for what they had done4 ,they are said to have been moved to this by the indignation of their people and a sedition in ,constantinople in which the rejection of the act of union was demanded4 ,the forgery is too transparent to be worthy of refutation1 and could never have been executed and palmed off as genuine in any other place than in ,constantinople4 ,they have also put out a book called the ,pedalium1 in which they revive all the frivolous pretexts on account of which the infamous ,michael ,cerularius and his ignorant ecclesiastical clique of the ,bas ,empire pretended to prove the apostacy of the ,bishop of ,rome and all ,western ,christendom from the faith and communion of the ,catholic ,church1 and the consequent succession of the ,bishop of ,constantinople to the universal primacy4 ,the clergy of the patriarchate have taken the position that the ,catholic ,church at present is confined to the limits of what we call the ,greek ,church4 ,they claim for themselves1 therefore1 that place which they acknowledge formerly belonged to the ,see of ,rome1 and thus seek to justify and carry out the usurpation of supreme and universal authority indicated by the title of ecumenical patriarch4 ,the absurdity of this is evident1 from the very grounds on which the title was originally assumed1 and the traditional maxims which directed the policy of the ambitions ,byzantine prelates throughout the entire period of the ,greek empire4 ,the original and only claim of the bishops of ,constantinople1 who were merely suffragans of the ,metropolitan of ,heracla before their city was made the capital of the empire1 to the patriarchal dignity1 was the political importance of the city4 ,because ,constantinople was new ,rome1 therefore the ,bishop of ,constantinople ought to be second to the ,bishop of ancient ,rome2 and not only this1 but he ought to rule over the whole ,east with a supremacy like that which the ,bishop of ,rome had always exercised over the whole #g world4 ,this false and schismatical principle is contrary to the fundamental principle of ,catholic church organization1 viz41 that the subordination of episcopal sees springs from the divine institution of the primacy in the ,see of ,st4 ,peter1 and is regulated by ecclesiastical canons on spiritual grounds1 which are superior to all considerations of a temporal nature4 ,the ,patriarch of ,constantinople has long ago lost all claim to precedence or authority based on the civil dignity of the city as the seat of an empire4 ,according to the principles of his predecessors1 the primacy ought to have been transferred to the ,patriarch of ,moscow1 when the ,russian patriarchate was established by ,ivan ,,iii4 ,nevertheless1 he still continues to style himself ecumenical patriarch1 and the eight metropolitans who form his permanent synod continue to keep the precedence over all other bishops of the patriarchate1 although their sees have dwindled into insignificance1 and other episcopal towns far exceed them in civil importance4 ,in point of fact1 the baselessness of his claim to universal jurisdiction has been recognized by the ,eastern ,church4 ,his real authority is confined to the ,turkish empire1 where it is sustained by the civil power4 ,russia has long been independent of him4 ,the ,church of ,greece has completely severed her connection with him4 ,the schismatical ,greeks of the ,austrian empire1 and those of the neighboring provinces1 are severally independent4 ,the false principle that produced the ,eastern schism in the first place thus continues to work out its legitimate effect of disintegration in the ,eastern communion itself1 by separating the national churches from the principal church of ,constantinople1 which would itself crumble to pieces if the support of the ,ottoman power were removed4 ,the privileges of the ,see of ,constantinople have now no valid claim to respect1 except that derived from ecclesiastical canons ratified by time1 general consent1 and the sanction of the ,roman ,church4 ,the instinct of self-preservation ought to compel its rulers to fall back on ,catholic principles1 and submit themselves to the legitimate authority of the ,roman ,pontiff as the head of the ,catholic ,church throughout the world4 ,they are following1 however1 the contrary impulse of self-destruction1 to which they are abandoned by a just ,god as a punishment for their treason to ,jesus ,christ and his ,vicar1 and in every way seeking to strengthen and extend the barrier which separates them from the ,roman ,church4 ,this policy has led them to do all in their power to establish a dogmatic difference between the ,oriental ,church and the ,church of ,rome4 ,not only do they represent the difference in regard to the procession of the ,holy ,spirit from the ,son1 as expressed by the ,filioque of the ,creed1 which was fully proved at the ,council of ,florence to be a mere verbal difference1 as a difference in regard to an essential dogma1 but they have brought in others to swell their list of ,latin heresies4 ,the principal dogmatic differences on which they insist are three3 the doctrine of purgatory1 the quality of the bread used in the holy eucharist1 and the mode of administering baptism4 ,only the most deplorable ignorance and factiousness could base a pretence of dogmatic difference on such a foundation4 ,in regard to purgatory1 the ,roman ,church has defined or required nothing beyond that which is taught by the doctrinal standards of the ,eastern ,church4 ,the difference in regard to the use of leavened or unleavened bread1 and the mode of baptism1 is a mere difference of rite4 ,in regard to the last-mentioned rite1 however1 the clergy of ,constantinople have even surpassed their usual amount of ignorance and effrontery4 ,they pretend that no baptism except that by trine immersion is valid1 and consequently that the vast majority of ,western ,christians are unbaptized4 ,this position of theirs1 which will no doubt be #h very satisfactory to our ,baptist brethren1 makes sweeping work1 not only with the ,latin ,church1 but with ,protestant ,christendom4 ,where there is no baptism1 there is no ordination1 no sacrament whatever1 no church4 ,what will our ,anglican friends say to this8 ,the clergy of ,constantinople rebaptize unconditionally every one who applies to be received into their communion1 whether he be ,catholic or ,protestant1 clergyman or layman4 ,it would be folly to argue against this sacrilegious absurdity on ,catholic grounds4 ,it is enough to show their inconsistency with themselves1 by mentioning the fact that the ,russian ,church allows the validity of baptism by aspersion1 and that even their own book of canons permits it in case of necessity4 ,but why look for any manifestation of the learning1 wisdom1 or ,christian principle which ought to characterize prelates from men who have bought their places for gold1 and who sell every episcopal see to the highest bidder8 ,the simony and bribery which have been openly and unblushingly practised by the ruling clerical faction of the ,turkish empire since the time when the monk ,simeon bought the patriarchal dignity from the sultan1 make this page of ecclesiastical history one of the blackest and most infamous in character4 ,as we might expect under such a system1 virtuous and worthy men are put aside1 and the episcopate and priesthood filled up from the creatures and servile followers of the ruling clique4 ,such men naturally disgrace their holy character by their immoral lives1 and bring opprobrium on the ,christian name4 ,the history of the patriarchate of ,constantinople1 therefore1 since the period of ,gennadius and the first few successors who followed his worthy example1 has been stained with blood and crime1 and darkened by scenes of tragic infamy and horror4 ,we will relate one of the most recent of these1 as a sufficient proof and illustration of the heavy indictment we have made against the patriarchal clergy4 ,at the time of the ,greek revolution1 the patriarch and principal clergy of ,constantinople received orders from the sultan to use their power in suppressing all co-operation on the part of the ,christians in ,turkey with their brethren in ,greece1 and to denounce to the ,ottoman government all who were suspected of conniving at the insurrection4 ,their political position no doubt required of them to remain passive in the matter1 to refrain from positively aiding the revolutionists1 and also to suppress all overt acts of the ,christians under their jurisdiction against the government4 ,nevertheless1 as a people unjustly enslaved by a barbarous1 anti-,christian despotism1 they owed nothing more to their masters than this exterior obedience to the letter of the law4 ,they could not be expected to enter with a hearty and zealous sympathy into the measures of the government for suppressing the revolution2 and1 indeed1 every genuine and noble sentiment of ,christianity and patriotism forbade their doing so1 and exacted of them a deep1 interior sympathy with their cruelly oppressed brethren who were so nobly struggling to free their country from the hated yoke of the ,moslem conqueror4 ,the really high-minded ,greeks of the empire did thus sympathize with their brethren4 ,the ruling clergy1 however1 manifested a zeal for the interests of the ,ottoman court so outr and so scandalous that it not only outraged the feelings of their own subjects1 but1 as we shall see1 aroused the suspicions of the tyrants before whom they so basely cringed1 and brought destruction on their own heads4 ,they accused a great number of ,christians of complicity in the insurrection1 seizing the opportunity of denouncing every one who had incurred their hatred for any reason whatever1 so that the prisons were soon crowded with their unfortunate victims1 all of whom suffered the penalty of death4 ,the patriarch pronounced a sentence of major excommunication against ,prince ,ypsilanti1 and all the ,greeks who #i took part in the revolt4 ,a few days afterward1 on the first ,sunday of ,lent1 during the solemnities of the pontifical mass1 the patriarch1 his eight chief metropolitans1 and fifteen other bishops1 pronounced the same sentence of excommunication1 together with the sentence of deposition and degradation1 against seven bishops of ,greece1 partisans of ,prince ,ypsilanti1 and all their adherents1 signing the decree on the altar of the cathedral church4 ,such a storm of indignation was raised by this nefarious act1 that the prelates were obliged to pacify their people by pretending that they had acted under the compulsion of the government4 ,a few days after1 the patriarch and the majority of the bishops who had signed the decree were condemned to death and executed1 on the charge of participating in the revolution4 ,even after the great powers of ,europe had acknowledged the independence of ,greece1 the ruling clergy of ,constantinople endeavored to curry favor at court by sending a commission1 under the presidency of the metropolitan of ,chalcdon1 to recommend to the ,greeks a return to the ,turkish dominion6 ,it is needless to say that this invitation was declined1 although we cannot but admire the self-control of the ,greek princes and prelates when we are told that it was declined1 and the ambassadors dismissed1 in the most polite manner4 ,one more intrigue1 the last one they have been left the opportunity of trying1 closes the history of their relations with the ,church of ,greece4 ,the clergy and people of the new kingdom were equally determined to throw off completely and for ever the ecclesiastical tyranny of ,constantinople4 ,at the same time they were disposed to act with diplomatic formality and ecclesiastical courtesy1 as well as in conformity with the laws and principle of the orthodox church of the ,east4 ,the second article of the constitutional chart of the kingdom defines in a precise and dignified manner the position of the national church4 ,the orthodox ,church of ,greece1 acknowledging our ,lord ,jesus ,christ as its head1 is perpetually united in dogma with the great ,church of ,constantinople and every other church holding the same dogmas1 preserving1 as they do1 immutably the holy canons of the apostles and councils1 and the sacred traditions4 ,nevertheless1 it is autocephalous1 exercising independently of every other church its rights of jurisdiction1 and is administered by a sacred college of bishops4 ,this article was established in #ahdd4 ,in #ahej1 the clergy obtained from the government the appointment of a commission1 composed of one clergyman1 the archimandrite ,michael ,apostolides1 professor of theology in the ,university of ,athens1 and one layman1 ,peter ,deligianni1 charg d'affaires at ,constantinople1 to establish concordats with the patriarchate and the governing synod of ,russia1 on the basis of the above cited article of the ,greek constitution4 ,in lieu of this proposed concordat1 the ,greek commissioners were duped by the patriarchal synod into signing a synodal act1 in which the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 qualifying his see as the vine of which other churches are the branches1 and styling himself and his associates ,greek text--,watchful shepherds and scrupulous guardians of the canons of the church--pretends by his own authority to grant independent jurisdiction to the ,church of ,greece as a privilege4 ,at the same time he designates the ,archbishop of ,athens as the perpetual president of the synod1 ordains that the holy chrism shall always be brought from ,constantinople1 and imposes other obligations intended to serve as signs of dependence on the ,patriarchal ,church4 ,the ,greek parliament1 however1 annulled this concordat1 and the synod of ,greek bishops at ,athens determined that henceforth there should be no relation between the ,church of ,greece and that of ,constantinople1 subsequently even forbidding priests ordained out of #aj the kingdom to officiate in the priesthood4 ,although the ,greek clergy had shown themselves so forbearing and patient1 it seems that the arrogance and perfidy of the clergy of ,constantinople had at last roused their just indignation4 ,the learned archimandrite ,pharmacides published a book against the synodal act and the policy of the ,constantinopolitan clergy1 entitled ,antitomos2 or1 ,concerning the ,truth1 in which he ridicules the pompous pretensions which they make to pastoral vigilance and fidelity in these words3 ,since you obtained the sacerdotal dignity by purchase1 if you had really the intention in becoming bishops to watch and to fatigue yourselves by guarding the ,church1 no one of you would be a bishop2 for you would not have spent your money in buying vigils and labors4 ,such being the nature of the solicitude of these watchful pastors and scrupulous guardians of the canons for the welfare of those over whom they claim a patriarchal authority1 we need not be surprised at any amount of reckless contempt which they may show for the general interests of ,christendom1 and the admonitions they from time to time receive from the veritable pastor of the flock of ,christ4 ,nevertheless1 we cannot but wonder that the respectable portion of the ,oriental episcopate should permit themselves to be compromised by an act which seems to cap the climax of even ,byzantine stupidity and effrontery4 ,we refer to the reply to the noble and paternal encyclical of ,pius ,,ix4 to the ,oriental bishops1 put forth by ,anthimus1 the late patriarch4 ,anthimus himself was notorious throughout the city for his habits of drunkenness1 which were so gross as to incapacitate him from all business and expose him to the most ignominious insults even from his own subordinates4 ,the letter which he and several of his bishops subscribed and sent to the ,holy ,father was written by the monk ,constantine ,o,economus1 and1 in answer to the earnest and affectionate appeals of the ,holy ,father to return to the unity of the ,catholic ,church1 makes the following astounding statement3 ,the three other patriarchs1 in difficult questions1 demand the fraternal counsels of the one of ,constantinople1 because that city is the imperial residence1 and this patriarch has the synodal primacy4 ,if the question can be settled by his fraternal co-operation1 very well4 ,but if not1 the matter is referred to the government 7i4e41 ,ottoman71 according to the established laws4 ,we think that the reason of the grave charge of schism1 heresy1 and apostacy from the fundamental1 constitutive principles of the ,catholic ,church1 which we have made against the higher clergy of ,constantinople1 will now be apparent to every candid reader4 ,the history of their action in relation to the ,church of ,greece proves that their principles and policy tend to disintegrate within itself still more that portion of ,christendom which they have alienated from the communion of ,rome and the ,west1 and thus to increase the force of the movement of decentralization1 and to augment the number of separate1 local1 mutually independent1 and hostile communions4 ,that the natural tendency of this principle is to produce dogmatic dissensions1 and to efface the idea of ,catholic unity1 is too evident from past history to need proof4 ,it is only neutralized in the ,east by the stagnation of thought1 and the consequent immobility of the ,oriental mind from its old1 long established traditions4 ,the essentially schismatical virus of the principle is in the subordination of organic1 hierarchical unity to the temporal power and the civil constitution of states1 or the church-and-state principle in its most odious form1 which was never more grossly expressed than in the letter above cited of ,anthimus4 ,this principle not only tends to increase disintegration in the church1 but to bar the way to a reintegration in unity1 and to destroy all desire of a return to unity1 as is also amply proved by the acts of the clergy of ,constantinople4 ,a schismatical principle held #aa and acted on in such a way as to make schism a perpetual condition1 and thus not merely to interrupt communion for a time but to destroy the idea of ,catholic unity1 becomes heretical4 ,moreover1 when doctrinal forms of expressing dogmas of faith1 or particular forms of administering the rites of religion1 are without authority set forth as essential conditions of orthodoxy1 and made the basis of a judgment of heresy against other churches1 those who make this false dogmatic standard are guilty of heresy4 ,this is the case with the clergy of ,constantinople1 who make the difference respecting the use of ,filioque in the ,creed the pretext for accusing the ,latin ,church of heresy1 and who deal similarly with the doctrine of purgatory1 and the questions respecting unleavened bread in the eucharist and immersion in baptism4 ,they have constantly persisted in their effort to establish an essential dogmatic difference between the ,latin and ,greek ,churches and to make the peculiarities of the ,greek rite essential terms of ,catholic communion1 in order to widen and perpetuate the breach between the ,east and ,west1 and to maintain their own usurped principality4 ,they have been the authors of the schism1 its obstinate promoters1 the principal cause of thrusting it upon the other parts of the ,eastern ,church1 and the chief instrument of thwarting the charitable efforts of the ,holy ,see for the spiritual good of the ,oriental ,christians4 ,they have done it in spite of the best and most ample opportunities of knowing the utter falsehood of all the grounds on which their schism is based1 in the face of the example and the writings of the best and most learned of their own predecessors1 and with a recklessness of consequences1 and a disregard of the interests of their own people and of religion itself1 which merits for them the name not only of heretics1 but of apostates from all but the name and outward profession of ,christianity4 ,this last portion of the case against them we must now prosecute a little further1 by showing what has been their conduct in the exercise of their temporal power over their fellow-,christians in ,turkey4 ,the reasons and extent of the civil authority conferred upon the ,patriarch ,gennadius by ,mahomet ,,ii4 have already been exposed4 ,it is obvious that although this authority would have enabled the governing clergy to succor and console their unhappy people in their condition of miserable slavery1 if they had been possessed of truly apostolic virtue1 it opened the way to the most frightful tyranny and oppression1 by presenting to the worst and most ambitious men a strong motive to aspire to the highest offices in the church4 ,no form of government can be worse than that of privileged slaves of a despot over their fellow-slaves4 ,accordingly1 but a short time elapsed before the unhappy ,christians of ,turkey began to suffer from the effects of this terrible system4 ,simoniacal bishops who bought their own dignity by bribing the sultans and their favorites1 and sold all the inferior offices in their gift to the highest bidder2 who were careless and faithless in the discharge of their spiritual duties2 and who had apostatized from the communion of the ,catholic ,church1 would1 of course1 exercise their civil functions in the same spirit and according to the same policy4 ,they associated themselves intimately with the ,janissaries1 on whom they relied for the maintenance of their power2 gave their system of policy the name of the ,system of ,cara-,casan1 that is1 ,ecclesiastical ,janissary ,system2 enrolled themselves as members of the ,ortas or ,janissary companies1 and bore their distinguishing marks tattooed on their arms4 ,this redoubtable body found its most powerful ally in the clergy up to the time of its destruction by ,mahmoud ,,ii4 ,the author of the work whose title is placed at the head of this article1 ,james ,g4 ,pitzipios1 is a native ,christian subject of the ,sultan of ,turkey1 and was the secretary of an imperial commission appointed to examine into the #ab civil and financial administration of the ,christian communities1 as well as to hear their complaints against their rulers4 ,his position and circumstances1 therefore1 have enabled him to investigate the matter thoroughly4 ,his estimate of the civil administration of the clergy of the patriarchate from the time of ,mahomet ,,ii4 to that of ,mahmoud ,,ii4-- that is1 from the ,turkish conquest to the projected reformation in the ,ottoman government--is expressed in these words3 ,we have seen why it was that the ,sultan ,mahomet ,,ii4 delegated the entire temporal power over his ,christian subjects to the ,patriarch ,gennadius and his successors2 gave to the religious head of the ,christians of his empire the title of ,milet-bachi1 and rendered him the absolute master of the lot of all his co-religionists1 as well as responsible for their conduct and for their fulfilment of all duties and obligations toward the government4 ,such an arrangement was calculated to produce in its commencement some alleviations and even some advantages to these unfortunate ,christians1 as in point of fact it actually happened4 ,but it was sure to degenerate sooner or later into a frightful tyranny1 such as is naturally that of privileged slaves placed over those of their own race4 ,accordingly1 as we have stated in several places already1 the clergy of ,constantinople made use of all the means of oppression1 of vexation1 and of pillage of which the cunning1 the depraved conscience1 and the rapacity of slaves in authority are capable4 ,the clergy of ,constantinople having become in this way the absolute arbiters of the goods1 the conscience1 the social rights1 and indirectly even of the lives of all their ,eastern co-religionists1 continued to abuse this temporal power not only during the period of the old regime1 but even after the destruction of the ,janissaries1 and1 again1 after the reform in ,turkey1 and up to the present moment ,footnote #d 7#ahee74 ,footnote #d3 ,l',eglise ,orientale1 p4 iv41 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,the allusion to the reform in the lost clause of this extract requires a fuller explanation1 and this explanation will furnish the most conclusive evidence of the degradation of the patriarchate1 by showing that not only have its clergy submitted to be the tools of the ,ottoman government when it was disposed to oppress the ,christians in the worst manner1 but that they have even resisted and thwarted the efforts of that government itself1 when it was disposed to emancipate the ,christians from a part of their bondage4 ,the ,sultan ,mahmoud ,i ,i41 a man of superior genius and enlightened views1 devoted all the energies of his great mind to the effort of restoring his empire1 rapidly verging toward dissolution1 to prosperity and splendor4 ,he devised for this end a gigantic scheme of political reformation1 one part of which was the abolition of all civil distinction between his subjects of different religions4 ,he was unable to do more1 during his lifetime1 than barely to commence the execution of his grand project4 ,his son and successor1 ,abdul-,medjid1 continued to prosecute the same work1 and1 at the beginning of his reign1 published a decree called the ,tinzimat1 enjoining certain reformations in the manner of administering law and justice in the provinces4 ,the ,christian inhabitants of ,turkey were the ones who ought to have profited most by this decree4 ,on the contrary1 the very privileges which it accorded them1 by withdrawing them in great measure from the authority of the local ,mussulman tribunals1 deprived them of their only resource against the oppressions and exactions of their own clergy1 and rendered their condition worse4 ,the bishops succeeded in getting a more exclusive control than ever over all cases of jurisdiction relating to ,christians1 and made use of their power to fleece their people more unmercifully than they had ever done before4 ,encouraged by the publication of die ,tinzimat1 these unhappy ,christian communities ventured to send remonstrances to the ,ottoman #ac government against their cruel and mercenary pastors4 ,in consequence of these remonstrances1 the ,porte addressed the following official note1 dated ,feb4 #d1 #ahej1 to the ,patriarch of ,constantinople3 ,since1 according to the ,christian religion1 the bishops are the pastors of the people1 they ought to guide them in the right way1 protect them1 and console them1 but never oppress them4 ,as1 however1 many metropolitans and bishops commit actions in the provinces which even the most despicable of men would not dare to perpetrate1 the ,christian populations1 crushed under this oppression1 address themselves continually to the government1 supplicating it to grant them its assistance and protection4 ,consequently1 as the government cannot refuse to take into consideration these just complaints of its own subjects1 it wills absolutely that these disorders cease4 ,it invites1 therefore1 the patriarch to convoke an assembly of bishops and of the principal laymen of his religion1 and1 in concert with them1 to consider fraternally of the means of doing away with these oppressions and the just complaints in regard to them1 by regulating their ecclesiastical and communal administration in conformity with the precepts of their own religion and with the instructions the ,tinzimat4 ,footnote #e ,footnote #e3 ,ibid41 p4 iii41 p4 #add4 ,a very edifying sermon this1 from a ,mohammedan minister of state to the spiritual head of the ancient and venerable ,oriental ,church6 ,like many other sermons1 however1 it did not produce a result corresponding to its excellence4 ,the good advice it contained was followed up by levying a new tax4 ,the patriarch sent immediately to all the bishops a circular in which he prescribed to them to admonish the people1 that since the government had imposed upon the church the obligation of conforming to the demands of certain dioceses1 and applying everywhere the system of giving fixed salaries to the bishops1 the most holy patriarch is obliged to conform himself to the orders of the government and to put them in execution as soon as possible4 ,but since both the general commune of ,constantinople and the particular ones of the several dioceses are burdened with debts which amount to about #g1jjj1jjj of piastres1 it is just that the people should previously pay off these debts2 the bishops are1 therefore1 ordered to proceed immediately to an exact enumeration of all the ,christian inhabitants of the cities1 towns1 and villages1 without excepting either widows or unmarried persons4 ,in this way the patriarchate1 taking the census as its guide1 can assign to each ,christian the sum which he is bound to pay for the pre-extinction of the communal debts1 and afterward apply the system of fixed episcopal revenues4 ,footnote #f ,footnote #f3 ,ibid41 p4 #add41 p4 #ade4 ,the poor people1 terrified by this enormous tax1 and by the persecution which overtook the prime movers in the remonstrance1 as the secretary of the commission on the ,tinzimat informs us1 swallowed painfully their grievances and no longer dared to continue their just reclamations to the government4 ,the ,ottoman government1 intimidated by the threats of the ecclesiastical ,janissaries of the ,cara-,casan1 was obliged to yield to the force of circumstances1 as they were used to do in the time of their terrible confrres1 and abandoned the question completely4 ,the ,greek revolution has also in one way aggravated the lot of the ,christians of ,turkey1 by causing the compulsory or voluntary removal from the capital of the principal merchants and other ,christians of superior station and influence1 who formed the greatest check upon the unworthy clerical rulers4 ,under the name of primates of the nation1 they had a share in the management of ecclesiastical finances and other temporal affairs1 and as their compatriot1 ,mr4 ,pitzipios1 affirms1 these good citizens1 inspired by their charitable #ad sentiments1 and encouraged by the influence which they had with the ,ottoman government1 repressed greatly the abuses of the clergy1 and moderated1 as far as they were able1 the vexations of the people4 ,footnote #g ,the men of this class who remained in ,constantinople were removed by the government1 as foreigners1 from all share in the administration of ,christian' affairs1 and their places filled with the creatures of the patriarchal clique1 men of the lowest rank and character1 who were ready tools for every nefarious work4 ,footnote #g3 ,ibid41 p4 #adg4 ,as a natural consequence of the faithless abuse of the sacred religious and civil trust committed to the higher clergy1 they and their inferior clergy are detested and despised by their people1 who are held in subjection to them only by physical coercion4 ,mr4 ,pitzipios assures us that there is among them a very strong predisposition to ,protestantism4 ,a form of deism1 introduced by ,theophilus ,cairy1 a ,greek priest1 who died in prison in the year #ahea1 made great progress before it was suppressed by the civil power1 and is now secretly working with great activity in ,greece and ,turkey4 ,we cannot but think that the last and most degraded phase of the ,byzantine ,bas ,empire1 impersonated in the schismatical patriarchate of ,constantinople1 is destined soon to pass away4 ,we hope and expect soon to see the end of the ,ottoman power1 which alone sustains this odious ecclesiastico-political tyranny4 ,the signs of the political horizon appear to indicate that ,russia is destined to gain possession of the ancient seat of the ,greek empire4 ,however this may be1 if the ,church of ,constantinople1 and the other far more ancient churches within her sphere of jurisdiction1 are ever to be restored to a healthy ,christian vitality1 and made to reflourish as of old1 it must be by a thorough ecclesiastical reformation1 which shall sweep away the present dominant clique in the clergy and the whole policy which they have established4 ,the beginning of this reformation has already been inaugurated in the kingdom of ,greece4 ,the bishops of that kingdom1 in recovering freedom from the odious yoke of ,constantinople1 have recovered the character of ,christian prelates and pastors4 ,the severe remarks which we have made respecting the ,oriental hierarchy must be understood as applicable only to that particular clique who have heretofore made themselves dominant through intrigue and violence4 ,there no doubt have been1 and are1 among the higher clergy of the ,turkish empire1 some exceptions to the general rule of incompetence and moral unworthiness4 ,the ,greek bishops themselves who were established in their sees under the old regime1 manifested by their open or tacit concurrence in the revolution that virtue had not completely died out under the pressure of a long slavery4 ,since the establishment of ,grecian independence1 the measures they have taken1 in concert with the other members of the higher secular and monastic clergy and the government1 for the amelioration of religion1 are such as to reflect honor on themselves1 and to give great promise for the future4 ,they live in a simple and frugal manner1 and some of them1 instead of leaving millions of piastres to their relatives1 like their ,turkish brethren1 have not left behind them enough money to defray their own funeral expenses4 ,they endeavor to select the best subjects for ordination to the priesthood and to give them a good theological and religious training4 ,professorships of theological science are established in the ,university of ,athens4 ,the catechism is carefully taught to the young people and children1 and every year ten of the most competent among the clergy are sent at the public expense to preach throughout all the towns and villages of the kingdom4 ,such is the happy result of the successful effort of these noble ,greeks1 so endeared to every lover of learning1 valor1 and #ae religion for the memories of their glorious antiquity1 to shake off the yoke of the sultans and the patriarchs of ,constantinople4 ,it is this miserable amalgam of ,moslem despotism1 and usurped or abused spiritual power in the hands of a degenerate clergy at ,constantinople1 which is the great obstacle in the way of the regeneration of the ,east4 ,we have already seen that the ecclesiastical tyranny of the patriarchate is now confined to the one hundred and forty-two small bishoprics1 and the few millions of people included in them1 which are situated in ,turkey4 ,nevertheless1 the political views of the ,russian emperors1 and the traditional reverence of the ,russian clergy1 still maintain the patriarch and his synod in a modified spiritual supremacy over the ,russian ,church1 to which two-thirds of the ,oriental rite belong4 ,if ,constantinople should fall into the hands of any of the great powers of ,western ,christendom1 of course the ,cara-,casan1 or system of mixed ecclesiastical and civil despotism1 will be overturned1 the patriarch will become a mere primate among the other metropolitans of the nation1 and the patriarchate be reduced to a simply honorary dignity like that of the ,western patriarchs of ,venice and ,lisbon4 ,if the ,czar becomes the master of ,european ,turkey1 the same result will take place1 with this only exception1 that the ,see of ,constantinople will become the primatial see of the ,russian empire1 and the ,russian hierarchy will take the place of the effete ,byzantine clergy1 which they are far more worthy1 from their learning and strict morality1 to occupy4 ,what is to be the political and ecclesiastical destiny of the ,east1 and ,russia1 its gigantic infant1 who can foretell1 without prophetic gifts8 ,if the ,russian emperors prove that they are destined and are worthy to begin anew and to fulfil the grand design of ,constantine1 ,theodosius1 ,justinian1 ,pulcheria1 and ,irene1 by creating a thoroughly ,christian empire of the ,east1 we shall rejoice to see them enthroned in ,constantinople4 ,if they are destined to restore the cross to the dome of ,st4 ,sophia1 and to renovate the ancient glory of that temple1 desecrated by ,christian infamy more than by the ,moslem crescent1 we shall exult in their achievement4 ,if new ,chrysostoms and ,gregories shall rise up to efface the dishonor of their predecessors1 we will forget the past1 and give them the homage due to true and worthy successors of the saints4 ,we have no desire to see the ,church of ,constantinople degraded1 or the ,eastern ,church humiliated4 ,the ,oriental ,church is orthodox and catholic in its faith1 and its several great rites are fully sanctioned and protected by the ,holy ,see4 ,the heresies which are found among a portion of its clergy are personal heresies1 and have never been established by any great synod1 or incorporated into their received doctrinal standards4 ,we do not condemn the great body of its people of even formal schism1 but rather compassionate them as suffering from a state of schism which has been forced on them by a designing and unworthy faction1 and is perpetuated in great part through misunderstanding1 prejudice1 and national antipathies4 ,the causes and grounds of this unnatural state must necessarily come up among them very soon for a more thorough investigation4 ,study1 thought1 discussion1 and contact with ,western ,catholicism1 as well as ,western ,protestantism and rationalism1 will compel them to place themselves face to face with their own hereditary and traditional dogmas2 and either to be consistent with themselves1 and submit to the supremacy of the ,roman ,see1 or to give up their orthodoxy and open the doors to a religious revolution4 ,we cannot deny that the latter alternative is possible1 although we are sure that ,dr4 ,pusey1 and men like-minded with him1 would deplore it as a great calamity4 ,we trust it will be otherwise4 ,the ,easter morning of resurrection1 which #af we are now celebrating1 dawned for us in the ,east4 ,it is the land1 of ,christ and his apostles1 the birth-place of our religion4 ,we hope the day of resurrection for its decayed and languishing churches may not be far distant4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,abbot ,antony pointed out to a brother a stone1 and said to him1 ,revile that stone1 and beat it soundly4 ,when he had done so1 ,antony said1 ,did the stone say anything8 ,he answered1 ,no4 ,then said ,antony3 ,unto this perfection shalt thou one day come4 #b4 ,when ,abbot ,arsenius was ill1 they laid him on a mat1 and put a pillow under his head1 and a brother was scandalized4 ,then said his attendant to the brother3 ,what were you before you were a monk8 ,he answered1 ,a shepherd4 ,then he asked again1 ,and do you live a harder or an easier life now than then8 ,he replied1 ,i have more comforts now4 ,then said the other1 ,seest thou this abbot8 ,when he was in the world he was the father of emperors4 ,a thousand slaves with golden girdles and tippets of velvet waited on him1 and rich carpets were spread under him4 ,thou hast gained by the change which has made thee a monk2 it is thou who art now encompassed with comforts1 but he is afflicted4 #c4 ,when ,abbot ,agatho was near his end1 he remained for three days with his eyes open and steadily fixed4 ,his brethren shook him1 sayings ,abbot1 where are you8 ,he replied1 ,i stand before the judgment seat4 ,they said1 ,what1 father6 do you you too fear8 think of your works4 ,he made answer3 ,i have no confidence till ,i shall have met my ,god4 #d4 ,abbot ,pastor was asked1 ,is it good to cloak a brother's fault8 ,he answered3 ,as often as we hide a brother's sin1 ,god hides one of ours1 but he tells ours in that hour in which we tell our brother's4 #e4 ,the ,abbot ,alonius said3 ,unless a man says in his heart1 ,i and my ,god are the only two in the world1 he will not have rest4 #f4 ,abbot ,pambo1 being summoned by ,st4 ,athanasius to ,alexandria1 met an actress1 and forthwith began to weep4 ,i weep1 he said1 because ,i do not strive to please my ,god as she strives to please the impure4 #g4 ,an old monk fell sick and for many days could not eat1 and his novice made him some pudding4 ,there was a vessel of honey1 and there was another vessel of linseed oil for the lamp1 good for nothing else1 for it was rancid4 ,the novice mistook1 and mixed up the oil in the pudding4 ,the old man said not a word1 but ate it4 ,the novice pressed him1 and helped him a second time1 and the old man ate again4 ,when he offered it the third time1 the old man said1 ,i have had enough2 but the novice cried1 ,indeed1 it is very good4 ,i will eat some with you4 ,when he had tasted it1 he fell on his face and said3 ,father1 ,i shall be the death of you6 ,why didn't you speak8 ,the old man answered3 ,had it been ,god's will that ,i should eat honey1 honey thou wouldst have given me4 #ag ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,,jenifer',s ,,prayer4 ,,by ,,oliver ,,crane4 ,,in ,,three ,,parts4 ,i4 ,he and she stood in a room in an inn in the town of ,hull--and how she wept6 ,crying as a child cries1 with a woman's feelings joining exquisite pain to those tears2 which tears1 in a way wonderful and peculiar to beautiful women1 scarcely disordered her face1 or gave anything worse to her countenance than an indescribably pathetic tenderness4 ,he was older than she was by full ten years4 ,he only watched her4 ,and if the most acute of my readers had watched him1 they would have been no wiser for their scrutiny4 ,at last she left the room2 he had opened the door and offered his hand to her4 ,it was night2 and she changed her chamber-candle from her right hand to her left1 and gave that right hand to him4 ,he held it1 while he said3 ,i spoke because ,i dread the influence of the house we are going to1 and of those whom you will meet there4 ,thank you4 ,good night ,and so she got to a great dark bed-room1 and knelt down1 like a good girl as she was1 and cried no more1 but was in bed and asleep before he had left the place he had taken by the side of the sitting-room fire1 leaning thoughtfully against the mantel-shelf1 when her absence had made the room lonely4 ,then he ran down stairs and rushed out into the streets of the kingly ,hull--,kingston of the day of ,edward ,i4 ,the man we speak of was no antiquary1 and he troubled himself neither with the ,kingston of the royal ,edward nor the ,vaccaria of the abbot from whom the place was bought2 he walked at a quick pace through streets dim and streets lighted1 toward the ships1 or among the houses2 to where he could see the great headland of ,holderness1 or behold nothing at all but the brick wall that prevented his going further1 and told him by strong facts that he had lost his way4 ,so he wandered1 walking fast often--again1 walking slowly2 his head bowed down1 his features working1 and his eyes flashing--clenched hands1 or hands clasped on his breast1 as if to keep down the surging waves of memory1 which carried on their crests many things which now he could only gnash his teeth at in withering vexation4 ,he and she had come from ,scotland4 ,i have said that she was beautiful--she was ,english1 too2 but he was ,scotch born and bred1 and not dark and stem1 or really wild or poetic1 as a ,scotchman in a story ought to be4 ,he was simply a strong1 well-formed man1 of dark1 ruddy complexion1 and fine1 thick1 waving brown hair4 ,he might have been a nobleman1 or a royal descendant of ,hull's own king4 ,he looked it all1 without being downright handsome4 ,but he was1 in fact1 only one of the many men who have come into a thousand a year too soon for the preservation of prudence4 ,between sixteen1 when he succeeded to it1 and twenty-one1 when he could spend it1 he had committed many follies1 and found friends who turned out worse than declared enemies--since twenty-one he had fallen #ah in love more than once4 ,he had been praised1 blamed1 accused1 acquitted4 ,but whether or not this man was good or bad1 no living soul could tell4 ,he was well off1 well looking1 well read1 and in good company4 ,he re-entered the inn at ,hull that ,april night1 stood by the fire smoking1 asked for a cup of strong coffee1 went to bed4 ,the next morning the two met at breakfast ,they were going south4 ,no matter where4 ,whether to the dreamy vales of ,devonshire1 to verdant ,somersetshire1 or the gardens of ,hampshire--no matter4 ,they were going to what the north ,britons call the south4 ,and it did not mean ,algeria4 ,railways were not everywhere then as railways are now4 ,they had to travel nearly all day1 then to coach it to a great town1 in whose history coaches have now long been of the past4 ,then to get on a second day by the old fast four-horse1 and to arrive about five o'clock at a little quiet country town1 where a carriage would take them to the friends and the house whose influence he dreaded4 ,in fact1 that night1 in the inn sitting-room1 he had offered marriage to the girl whom he had in charge for safe guardianship on so long a journey to her far-off home where he was to be a guest4 ,she had felt that he had abused his trust and taken an unfair advantage of her2 also1 she was in that peculiarly feminine state of mind which is neither expressed by no nor by yes4 ,she had upbraided him4 ,he1 pleading guilty in his soul1 was in a horror at the thought of losing her2 losing her in that way too1 because he had done wrong4 ,being miserable1 he had shown his misery as a strong man may4 ,he spoke1 and self-reproachfully2 but1 as he pleaded1 he betrayed all he felt4 ,the girl saw his clasped hands1 his bent form1 as he leaned down from the chair on which he sat in the straggling attitude which expressed a disordered mind4 ,he spoke1 looking at the carpet1 not loud nor long1 but with a terrible earnestness that frightened the girl1 and then she cried all the more1 and seemed to shrink away as if in alarm1 and yet almost angrily4 ,why would he speak so fiercely--why had he taken this advantage of her8 ,then he had risen up quickly1 and said1 ,well1 you know all now4 ,we will talk of something else4 ,but she only shook her head and moved away1 and1 as we have seen1 went to bed4 ,the next morning they met calmly enough4 ,on his side it was done with an effort2 on hers without effort1 yet with a little trembling fear1 which went when she saw his calm1 and she poured out tea1 and he drank it1 and only a rather extraordinary silence told of too much having being said the night before4 ,now1 why was all this8 ,why were this man and this young ,english girl travelling thus to the sweet south coast1 and to expecting friends8 ,while they are travelling on their way1 we1 you and ,i1 dear reader1 will not only get on before them1 but also turn back the pages of life's story1 and read its secrets4 ,they were going to a great house in a fine park1 where fern waved its tall1 mounted feathers of green1 and hid the dappled deer from sight-- where great ancestral oaks spread protecting branches2 where hawthorn trees1 that it had taken three generations of men to make1 stood1 large1 thick1 knotted1 twisted--strange1 dark1 stunted looking trees they looked1 till spring came1 and no green was like their green1 and the glory of their flower-wreaths people made pilgrimages to see4 ,the place was called ,beremouth4 ,a mile and a half off was a town2 one of those odd little old places which tell of days and fashions past away4 ,a very respectable place4 ,there had lived in ,marston the dowager ladies of old country families1 in houses which had no pretensions to grandeur as you passed them in the extremely quiet street1 but which on the other side broke out into bay windows1 garden fronts1 charming conservatories1 and a #ai good many other things which help to make life pleasant4 ,so the inhabitants of ,marston were not all mere country-town's people4 ,they knew themselves to be somebodies and they never forgot it4 ,now1 in this town dwelt a certain widow lady2 poor she was1 but she had a pedigree and two beautiful daughters4 ,mary and ,lucia ,morier were not two commonly1 or even uncommonly1 pretty girls2 they were wonderfully beautiful1 people said1 and nothing less4 ,so lovers came a courting4 ,one married a ,scotchman1 a ,mr4 ,erskine4 ,they liked each other quite well enough1 ,lucia thought1 when she made her promises1 and received his2 and so they did4 ,they lived happily2 did good2 wished for children but never had any1 and so adopted ,mr4 ,erskine's orphan nephew--namely1 the very man who behaved with such strange imprudence in the inn at ,hull4 ,mr4 ,erskine the uncle was twenty years older than ,mrs4 ,erskine the aunt4 ,mr4 ,erskine the younger was but a child when they adopted him4 ,but he was their heir1 as well as the inheritor of his father's' fortune1 and they loved and cared for him4 ,mary ,morier did differently4 ,she married at twenty1 her younger sister having married the month before at eighteen4 ,mary did differently1 for she did imprudently4 ,they had had a brother who was an agent for certain mines thirty miles off2 and there he lived2 but he came home often enough1 and made the house in the old town gay4 ,a year before the sister married1 in fact while that sister was away on a visit to friends in ,scotland1 the brother came home ill4 ,he was ill for six months4 ,it is wonderful how much expense is incurred by a mother in six months for a son who is sick4 ,it made life very difficult4 ,the money to pay for ,lucia's journey home had to be thought of4 ,to be sure1 she was not there to eat and drink1 but then her extra finery had cost something4 ,george had only earned one hundred a year4 ,it had not been more than enough to keep him4 ,he came home ill with ten pounds in his pocket1 beside his half-year's rent1 which would be due the next month--certainly money at this time was wanted1 for our friends were sadly pinched4 ,but the one most exemplary friend and servant ,jenifer was paid her wages1 and tea and sugar money to the day2 and the doctor got so many guineas that he grew desperate and suddenly refused to come--then repented1 and made a ,christian-like bargain1 that he would go on coming on condition that he never saw another piece of any kind of money4 ,mary and her mother looked each other in the face one day1 and that look told all4 ,there was some plate1 and they had watches1 and a little fine old-fashioned jewelry--yes1 they must go4 ,they were reduced to poverty at last--this was more than limited means--hard penury had them with a desperate grasp4 ,fortune comes in many shapes1 and not often openly1 and with a flourish of trumpets--neither did she come in that way now2 but shamefacedly1 sneakingly1 and ringing the door-bell with a meek1 not to say tremulous pull2 and her shape was that of a broad-built1 short1 wide-jawed1 lanky-haired1 pig-eyed1 elderly man1 with a curious quantity of waistcoat showing1 yet1 generally1 well dressed4 ,your mistress at home8 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,mr4 ,george better8 ,no4 ,never will be1 sir4 ,bless me6 ,i beg your pardon6 ,granted before 'tis asked1 sir4 ,ah6 yes2 ,i have a little business to transact with your mistress4 ,can ,i see her alone8 ,mr4 ,brewer was shown by ,jenifer into the little right-hand parlor4 ,he gravely took out a huge pocket-book1 and then a small parchment-covered account-book appeared4 ,i believe he had persuaded himself that he was really going to transact business1 and not to perform the neatest piece of deception that a #bj respectable gentleman ever attempted4 ,a lady entered the room4 ,madam1 jour son has been my agent for mines three years--my mine and land agent since ,christmas4 ,he takes the additional work at seventy-five pounds a year extra4 ,the half of that is now due to him4 ,i pay that myself4 ,i have brought it ,and thirty-seven pounds ten shillings ,mr4 ,brewer put on the table1 saying1 ,i will take your receipt1 madam4 ,don't trouble ,georges's head about business2 for when you do speak of that you will have1 ,i am sorry to say1 to inform him that in both his places ,i have had to put another man4 ,i have to give ,george three months' payment at the rate of one hundred and seventy pounds a year1 as ,i gave him no quarter's warning4 ,that is business1 do you understand8 asked ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,it is for my son to discharge himself1 sir--since he cannot--the mother's voice faltered4 ,ah--only he didn't1 and ,i did1 said ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,your receipt8 ,when your son recovers1 let him apply to me4 ,i am sorry to end our connexion so abruptly4 ,but it is business4 ,business1 you know--and there ,mr4 ,brewer stopped1 for ,mary ,morier was in the room1 and her beauty filled it1 or seemed to do so4 ,and ,mr4 ,brewer departed muttering1 as he had muttered before often1 the most beautiful girl in the world4 ,still1 he had an uncomfortable sensation1 for he felt he was an underhand sneak1 and that ,mary had found him out2 and so she had4 ,she knew that her brother had been discharged only to afford a pretext for giving the quarter's money2 and she was sure that his being land agent1 at an additional seventy-five pounds a year1 was a pure unadulterated fiction4 ,mr4 ,brewer was an extraordinary man4 ,he had a turn for the supernatural4 ,he would have liked above all things to have worked miracles4 ,he did do odd things1 such as we have seen1 which he made1 by means of the poetic quality that characterized him1 a purely natural act4 ,he was praising ,george for a saving1 prudent1 industrious young man1 who had never drawn the whole of his last year's salary1 before an hour was over4 ,and his story looked so like truth that he believed it himself4 ,mr4 ,brewer was what people call a risen man4 ,but then his father had been rising--and1 for the matter of that1 his grandfather too4 ,all their fortunes had flowed into the life of the man who has got into this story2 and he1 having had a tide of prosperity exceeding all others1 in height1 and strength1 and riches1 had found himself stranded on the great shore of society1 at forty years of age1 with more thousands a year than he liked to be generally known4 ,could he have transformed himself into a benignant fairy he would have been very happy1 and acts of mercy would have abounded on the earth4 ,but no--,mr4 ,brewer was ,mr4 ,brewer1 and anything less poetic to look at--more impossible as to wands1 and wings1 and good fairy appendages1 it is difficult to imagine4 ,mr4 ,brewer was a middle-aged man1 with hands in his pockets2 plain truth is always respectable4 ,there it is4 ,but there was a ,mrs4 ,brewer4 ,now ,mrs4 ,brewer was an excellent woman1 but not excellent after the manner of her husband4 ,she was three years older4 ,they had not been in love4 ,they had married at an epoch in ,mr4 ,brewer's life when public affairs occupied his time so entirely as to make it desirable to have what people call a missus2 we are afraid that ,mr4 ,brewer himself so called the article1 a missus1 at home4 ,mrs4 ,brewer had been a widow lady--young--of a sociable and domestic disposition who desired to be housekeeper--to be treated confidentially1 and as one of the family--to a widower--with or without children4 ,on inquiry1 it was found that young ,mrs4 ,smith had not irrevocably determined that the owner of the house that she was to keep should have been the husband of one wife1 undoubtedly #ba dead2 the widower was an expression only1 a sort of modest way of putting the plain fact of a single man1 or a man capable of matrimony--the expression meant all that2 and when ,mrs4 ,smith entered on the housekeeping1 she acted up to the meaning of the advertisement1 and married ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,neither had ever repented4 ,let that be understood4 ,only1 ,mr4 ,brewer1 when he knew he could live in a great house1 dine off silver1 keep a four-in-hand1 or a pack of hounds1 or enter on any other legitimate mode of spending money1 did none of them2 but eased his mind and his pocket by such contrivances as we have seen resorted to in the presence of the beautiful ,mary ,morier4 ,he tried curious experiments of what a man would do with ten pounds4 ,he had dangerous notions as to people addicted to certain villanies being cured of their moral diseases by the administration of a hundred a year4 ,in some round-about ways he had put the idea to the proof1 and not always with satisfactory results4 ,he held as an article of faith--nobody could guess where he found it--that there were people in the world who could go straighter in prosperity than in adversity4 ,he never would believe that adversity was a thing to be suffered4 ,he had replied to a ,protestant divine on that subject1 illustrated in the case of a starving family1 that that might be1 only it was no concern of his1 and he would not act upon the theory4 ,and the result was a thriving1 thankful family in ,australia1 to whom ,mr4 ,brewer was always1 ever after1 sending valuable commodities1 and receiving flower-seeds and skins of gaudy feathered birds in return4 ,mr4 ,brewer had a daughter1 ,claudia was her name4 ,a ,bible name1 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 and bowed his head1 and felt he had done his duty by the girl4 ,what more could he do8 ,she went to school1 and was at school when he was paying money in ,mrs4 ,morier's parlor4 ,she was then ten years old2 and being a clever child1 she had1 in the holidays just over1 chosen to talk ,french1 and nothing else1 to a friend whom she had been allowed to bring with her4 ,a thing that had caused great perturbation in the soul of her honest father1 who prayed in a wordless1 but real anxiety1 that the ,bible name might not be thrown away on the glib-tongued little gipsy4 ,it will be perceived that ,claudia was a difficulty4 ,now1 when ,mr4 ,brewer was gone out of ,mrs4 ,morier's house1 the mother took up the money1 wiped her eyes1 and said1 ,what a good boy ,george was4 ,and ,mary said ,yes2 and knew in her heart that if there had been any chance of ,george living1 ,mr4 ,brewer would never have done that4 ,george died4 ,there was money1 just enough for all wants4 ,lucia came home engaged to the married to ,mr4 ,erskine4 ,and when she was gone there went with her a certain seven hundred pounds1 her fortune1 settled--what a silly mockery ,mr4 ,erskine thought it--on her children4 ,the loss made the two who were left very poor4 ,lucia sent her mother gifts1 but the regular and to be reckoned on eight-and-twenty pounds a year were gone4 ,she who had eaten1 drank1 and dressed was gone too--but still it was a loss2 and ,mary and her mother were poor4 ,also1 ,mary had long been engaged to be married to the son of a younger branch of a great county family house1 ,lansdowne ,lorimer by name4 ,he was in an attorney's office in ,marston4 ,in that old-world place1 the attorney1 himself of a county family1 was a great man4 ,it was hard to see ,lucia marry a man of money and land1 young ,lorimer thought1 so he advised ,mary to assert their independence of all earthly considerations1 and marry too4 ,and they did so4 ,the young man had no father or mother4 ,he had angry uncles and insolent aunts1 and family friends1 all to be respected1 and prophets of evil1 every one of them4 ,he had1 also1 a place in the office1 a clear head1 a determined will1 a handsome #bb person1 a good pedigree1 and a beautiful wife4 ,she1 also1 had her eight-and-twenty pounds a year4 ,but they gave it back regularly to ,mrs4 ,morier2 for1 you know1 they1 the young people1 were young1 and they could work4 ,mrs4 ,morier never spent this money4 ,she and ,jenifer1 the prime minister of that court of loyal love1 put it by1 against the evil day1 and they had just enough for themselves and the cat to live upon without it4 ,the county families asked their imprudent kinsman to visit them with his bride4 ,how they flouted her4 ,how they advised her4 ,how they congratulated her that she had always been poor4 ,how they assured her that she would be poor for ever4 ,how1 too1 they feared that ,lansdowne would never bear hard work1 nor anxiety1 nor any other of those troubles which were so very sure to happen4 ,how surprised they were at the three pretty silk dresses1 the one plain white muslin1 and the smart best white net4 ,how they scorned when they heard that she and ,jenifer1 and her mother1 and a girl at eightpence a day1 had made them all4 ,and1 then1 how they sunned themselves in her wonderful beauty1 and accepted the world's praises of it1 and kept the triumph themselves1 and handed over to her the gravest warnings of its being a dangerous gift4 ,dangerous1 indeed6 it was the pride of ,lorimer's life4 ,and ,mary was accomplished1 far more really accomplished than the lazy1 half-taught creatures who had never said to themselves that they might have to play and sing1 and speak ,french and ,italian1 for their or their children's bread4 ,mary had said it to herself many a time since her heart had been given to the man who was her husband4 ,a true1 brave1 loving heart it was1 and that which her common sense had whispered to it that heart was strong to do1 and would be found doing if the day of necessity ever came4 ,so1 at that ,castle ,dangerous where the bride and bridegroom were staying1 ,mary outshone others1 and was not the better loved for that2 and one old ,lady ,caroline crowned the triumph by ordering a piano-forte for the new home at ,marston1 with a savage ,keep up what you know1 child2 you may be glad of it one day4 ,old ,lady ,caroline was generally considered as a high-bred privileged savage4 ,but that was the only savage thing she ever said to ,mary4 ,she told ,lorimer that he was a selfish1 unprincipled brute for marrying anybody so perfect and so pretty4 ,and ,lorimer bore her misrepresentations with remarkable patience1 only making her a ceremonious bow1 and saying in a low voice1 ,you know better4 ,i know you will starve1 and she walked off without an answer4 ,they did not starve4 ,in fact1 they prospered1 till one sad day when ,lorimer caught cold--and again and again caught cold--cough1 pain1 symptoms of consumption--a short1 sad story2 and then the great end1 death4 ,mary was a widow three years after her wedding day1 with a child of two years of age at her side1 and an income from a life insurance made by her husband of one hundred a year4 ,we have seen the child--grown to a beautiful girl of seventeen--we have seen her in the room with ,mr4 ,erskine1 at the inn at ,hull4 ,mrs4 ,lorimer went back to live with her mother1 ,jenifer1 and the great white cat4 ,the year after this great change1 ,mrs4 ,brewer died1 and ,claudia at thirteen was a greater difficulty than ever4 ,the first holidays after the departure of the good mother1 the puzzled father had written to the two ,miss ,gainsboroughs to bring the child to ,marston and stay at his house during the holidays4 ,he entertained them for a week1 and then went off on a tour through ,holland4 ,the next holidays he proposed that they should take a house at ,brighton1 and that he should pay all expenses4 ,this1 too1 was done1 and ,mr4 ,brewer went to a hotel and there made friends with his precocious daughter in a way that surprised and pleased #bc him4 ,he visited the young lady1 and she entertained him4 ,he hired horses1 and they rode together4 ,he took boxes at the theatre1 and they made parties and went together4 ,he gave the girl jewelry and fine clothes1 and they really got to know each other1 and to enjoy life together as could never have been the case had they not been thus left to their own way4 ,the child no longer felt herself of a different world from that of her parents--the father had a companion in the child who could grace his position1 and keep her own4 ,they parted with love and anxious lookings forward to the summer meeting4 ,they were both in possession of a new happiness4 ,when ,mr4 ,brewer got back to ,marston1 he led a dull1 dreamy life--a year and a half of widowhood passed--then he went to ,mrs4 ,morier's1 saw ,mary1 and asked her to be his wife4 ,it is not easy to declare why ,mary ,lorimer said--after some weeks of wondering-mindedness--why she said ,yes4 ,she knew all ,mr4 ,brewer's goodness4 ,she preferred1 no doubt1 not to wound a heart that had so often sympathized with the wounded4 ,she never1 in her life1 could have borne to see him vexed without great vexation herself4 ,she liked that he should be rewarded4 ,she was interested in ,claudia4 ,she liked the thought of two hundred a year settled on her mother4 ,she liked to feel that her own little ,mary might be brought up as grandly as any of those little saucy county family damsels1 her cousins1 who already looked down on her1 and scorned her pink spotted calico frock4 ,mary and ,mr4 ,brewer walked quietly to church2 ,mrs4 ,morier still in astonishment1 and ,jenifer dazed2 bat all the working people loved ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,and they walked back1 man and wife1 to her mother's house1 and had a quiet substantial breakfast before they started for ,london4 ,and when there ,mr4 ,brewer told her that they were not to return to the respectable stone-fronted house facing the market-place in ,marston1 but that he had bought ,lord ,byland's property--and that ,beremouth was theirs4 ,beremouth1 with its spreading park1 and river1 and lake1 its miles of old pasture-land1 its waving ferns1 and dappled deer2 ,beremouth1 with its forest and gardens1 royal oaks and twisted hawthorn trees2 ,beremouth1 the finest place in the county4 ,and all that ,mary felt was1 that he who had kept this secret1 had had a true hero's delicacy1 and had never thought to bribe her1 or to get her by purchase into his home4 ,i think she almost loved him then4 ,in due time1 after perhaps six months of wandering1 and of preparation1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,brewer arrived at their new home1 made glorious by all that taste and art could do1 with ,london energy working with the power of gold4 ,with them came ,claudia4 ,the child loved her new mother with an abandonment of heart and a perfect approval4 ,she was still too young to argue1 but she was not too young to feel4 ,the mother she had now got1 though not much more than ten years older than herself1 was the mother to love1 admire1 delight in--is the mother who could understand her4 ,then ,beremouth just suited this young lady's idea of what was worth having in this world2 and without any evil thought of the homely mother who had gone1 there was a thought that ,mother-,mary1 as ,mrs4 ,brewer was called by her step-daughter1 looked right at ,beremouth1 and that another class of person would have looked wrong there--so wrong that her father under such circumstances would never have put himself in the position of trying the experiment4 ,minnie ,lorimer was very happy in her great play-ground2 for all the world1 and all life1 was play to little ,minnie4 ,she loved her new sister2 and the new sister patronized and petted her1 so all seemed right4 ,it was1 indeed1 a great happiness for ,claudia that her father had chosen ,mary ,lorimer4 ,claudia was a vixenish1 little handsome gipsy2 very clever1 very #bd high-spirited1 full of life1 health1 and fun--a girl who could have yielded to very few1 and who brought the homage of heart and mind to ,mother-,mary1 and rejoiced in doing it4 ,these two grew to be great friends1 and when after three years ,claudia came home and came out1 all parties were happy4 ,in the meantime ,mr4 ,brewer's way in the world had been straight1 plain1 and rapidly travelled4 ,the county was at his feet4 ,mary was no longer congratulated on having been brought up to poverty4 ,behind her back there were plenty of people to say that ,mr4 ,brewer was happy in having for his wife a well connected gentlewoman4 ,her pedigree was told1 her poverty forgotten4 ,her singing and playing1 dancing and drawing1 were none the worse for unknown thousands a year4 ,and people wondered less openly at the splendor of velvets and diamonds than they had at the new muslin gown4 ,to ,mary herself life was very different in every way4 ,daily1 more and more1 she admired her husband1 and approved of him4 ,it was the awakening into life of a new set of feelings4 ,she knew none of the love and devotion she had felt for her first husband4 ,mr4 ,brewer never expected any of it4 ,but he intended that she should1 in some other indescribable manner1 fall in love with him1 and she was doing it every day--which thing her husband saw1 and welcomed life with great satisfaction in consequence4 ,it was when ,claudia came out that the man we have seen1 ,horace ,erskine1 first came to them4 ,he was just of age4 ,mary did not like him4 ,she could give no reason for it4 ,her sister had always praised him--but ,mary could not like him4 ,he came to them for a series of gay doings1 and ,mr4 ,brewer admired him1 and ,claudia--poor little ,claudia6 ,she gave him that strong heart of hers2 that spirit that could break sooner than bend was quite enslaved--she loved him1 and he had asked for her love1 and vowed a hundred times that he could never be happy without it4 ,he asked her of her father1 and ,mr4 ,brewer consented4 ,it was not for ,mary to say no2 but her heart went cold in its fear1 and she was very sorry4 ,the ,erskines in ,scotland were delighted--all deemed doing well4 ,but when ,horace ,erskine talked to ,mr4 ,brewer about money1 he was told that ,claudia would have on her marriage five thousand pounds2 and ten thousand more if she survived him would be forthcoming on his death-- that was all4 ,enough for a woman1 said ,mr4 ,brewer2 and ,erskine was silent4 ,it went on for a few weeks1 ,horace1 being flighty and odd1 ,claudia1 for the first time in her life1 humble and endearing4 ,then he told her that to him money was necessary2 then he asked her to appeal to her father for more2 then she treated the request lightly1 and1 at last1 positively refused4 ,if she had not enough1 he could leave her4 ,if he left her1 would she take the blame on herself8 ,it would injure him in his future hopes and prospects to have it supposed to be his doing if they parted8 ,yes1 she said4 ,it was the easiest thing in the world4 ,who cared8--not he of course--and1 certainly1 not ,claudia ,brewer4 ,it broke her heart to find him vile4 ,but she was too discerning not to see the truth2 her great thought now was to hide it4 ,to hide too from every one1 even from ,mother-,mary1 that her heart felt death-struck--that the whole place was poisoned to her--that life at ,beremouth was loathsome4 ,she took a strange way of hiding it4 ,a county election was going on4 ,the man whom ,mr4 ,brewer hoped to see elected was a guest at ,beremouth4 ,an old1 grey-haired1 worldly1 statesmanlike man4 ,a man who petted ,claudia1 and admired her2 and who suddenly woke up one day to a thought--a question--a species of amusing suggestion1 which grew into a #be profound wonder1 and then even warmed into a hope--surely that pretty bright young heiress liked him1 had a fancy to be the second ,lady ,greystock4 ,it was a droll thought at first1 and he played with it2 a flattering fancy1 and he encouraged it4 ,he was an honest man4 ,he knew that he was great1 clever1 learned4 ,was there anything so wonderful in a woman loving him8 ,he settled the question by asking ,claudia4 ,and she promised to be his wife with a real and undisguised gladness4 ,her spirit and her determination were treading the life out of her heart4 ,she was sincere in her gladness4 ,she thought she could welcome any duties that took her away from life at ,beremouth1 and gave her place and position elsewhere4 ,mary suspected much1 and feared everything4 ,but ,claudia felt and knew too much to speak one word of the world of hope and joy and love that had gone away from her4 ,she declared that she liked her old love1 and gloried in his grey hairs1 and in the great heart that had stooped to ask for hers4 ,now what are we to say of ,horace ,erskine8 ,was he wholly bad8 ,first1 he had never loved ,claudia with a real devotion4 ,he had admired her2 she had loved him4 ,he had gambled--green turf and green cloth--gambled and recklessly indulged himself till he had got upon the way to ruin1 and had begun the downward path1 and was glad to be stopped in that slippery descent by a marriage with an heiress4 ,there was a sparkle1 an originality1 about ,claudia4 ,it was impossible not to be taken with her4 ,but ,claudia with only that fortune was of no use to him4 ,he knew she was brave and true-hearted2 so he boldly asked her to guard his name--in fact1 to give him up1 and not injure his next chance with a better heiress by telling the truth4 ,he told her the truth2 that he wanted money1 and money he must have4 ,she would not tell him that the worst part of her trial was the loss of her idol4 ,it was despising him that broke her heart4 ,but because he had been her idol she would never injure him--never tell4 ,so the day came1 and at ,marston church she married ,sir ,geoffrey ,greystock1 ,mother-,mary wondering2 ,mr4 ,brewer believing1 in the innocence of his heart1 that the fancy for ,horace ,erskine had been a bit of the old wilfulness4 ,the last bit--the last1 he said1 as he spoke of it to her that very day1 making her chilled heart knock against her side as he spoke1 and kissed her1 and sent her with blessings from the ,beremouth that she had married to get away from4 ,to get away--it had more to do with her marrying than any other thought4 ,to get away from the house1 the spreading pastures1 the bright garden1 and above all from the old deer pond in the park--the most beautiful of all the many lovely spots that nature and art1 and time and taste1 had joined to create and adorn ,beremouth4 ,the old deer pond in the park6 ,sheltered by ancient oak2 backed by interlacing boughs of old hawthorn trees2 shadowed by tall1 shining1 dark dense holly1 that glowed through the winter with its red berries1 and contrasted with the long fair wreaths of hawthorn flowers in the sweet smiling spring4 ,there1 in this now dreaded place1 ,horace ,erskine had first spoken of love2 and there how often had he promised her the happiness that had gone out of her life--for ever4 ,in the terrible nights1 when her broken-hearted pains were strongest1 this deer pond in the park had been before her closed eyes like a vision4 ,in its waters she saw in her sleep her face and his1 so happy1 so loving1 so trusting1 so true4 ,then the picture in that water changed1 and she watched it in her feverish dreams with horror1 but yet was obliged to gaze1 and the truth went out of his face1 and the terror came into hers4 ,and1 worse and worse1 he grew threatening--he was cold--he had never loved--he was killing her2 and she fell1 fell from her height of happiness2 no protecting #bf arm stayed her1 and the dark waters opened1 and she heard the rushing sound of their deadly waves closing over her1 as she sunk--sunk--again and again1 night after night ,oh1 to get away1 to get away6 ,and she blessed ,sir ,geoffrey1 and when he said he was too old to wait for a wife she was glad1 for she had no wish to wait4 ,change1 absence1 another home1 another life1 another world--these things she wanted1 and they had come4 ,is it any wonder that she took them as the man who is dying of thirst takes the longed-for draught1 and drains the cup of mercy to the dregs8 ,it was a happy day to marry4 ,mr4 ,brewer had not only an excuse1 but a positively undeniable reason for being bountiful and kind4 ,for once he could openly1 and as a matter of duty1 make the sad hearts in ,marston--and elsewhere--sing for joy4 ,his blessings flowed so liberally that he had to apologize4 ,it was only for once--he begged everybody's pardon1 but it could never happen again2 he had but this one child1 and she was a bride1 and so if they would forgive everything this once6 ,and many a new life of gladness was begun that day2 many a burden then lost its weight2 many a record went up to the ,eternal memory to meet that man at the inevitable hour4 ,little ,mary was the loveliest bridesmaid the world ever saw2 standing alone like an angel by her dark sister's side4 ,she was the only thing that ,claudia grieved to leave4 ,she was glad to flee away from ,mother-,mary4 ,she dreaded lest those sweet wistful eyes should read her heart one day2 and she could not help rejoicing to get away from that honest1 open-hearted father's sight4 ,her poor1 wrecked1 shrunken heart--her withered life1 could not bear the contrast with his free1 kind1 bounteous spirit that gave such measure of love1 pressed down and running over1 to all who wanted it4 ,her old husband1 ,sir ,geoffrey1 resembled that great good heart in whose love she had learnt to think all men true1 more than did her young lover ,horace ,erskine--she could be humble and thankful to ,sir ,geoffrey2 a well-placed approval was a better thing than an ill-placed love4 ,so with that little vision of beauty1 ,minnie ,lorimer1 by her side1 ,claudia became ,sir ,geoffrey's wife4 ,four months past1 the bride and bridegroom were entertaining a grand party at their fine ancestral home1 and ,mr4 ,brewer was the father of a son and heir4 ,horace ,erskine read both announcements in the paper one morning1 and ground his teeth with vexation4 ,he went to his desk and took out three letters1 a long lock of silky hair1 a small miniature--these things he had begged to keep4 ,laughing1 he had argued that he was almost a relation4 ,his uncle had married ,mother-,mary's sister4 ,she had had no strength to debate with him4 ,she had chosen to wear the mask of indifference1 too1 to him4 ,he now made these things into a parcel and sent them to ,sir ,geoffrey ,greystock without one word of explanation4 ,when they were gone he wrote to his uncle1 begged for some money1 got it1 and started for ,vienna4 ,the money met him in ,london1 and he crossed to ,france the same day4 ,in the midst of great happiness the strong heart of good ,sir ,geoffrey stood still4 ,his wife sought him4 ,she found him in his chair in a fit4 ,on a little table by his side was the parcel just received4 ,claudia knew all4 ,she took the parcel into the room close by1 called her dressing room1 rung for help1 but in an hour ,sir ,geoffrey was dead2 and ,claudia had burnt the letters and the lock of silky hair4 ,the business of parliament1 the excitement attendant on his marriage with that beautiful girl1 the entertainment of that great house full of company--these reasons the world reckoned up1 and found sufficient to answer the questions and the wonderings on ,sir ,geoffrey's death4 ,but when those solemn walls no longer knew their master1 ,claudia1 into whose new life the new things held but an #bg unsteady place1 grew ill4 ,first of all1 sleepless nights3 how could she sleep with the sound of those waters by the deer pond in her ears8 ,how could she help gazing perpetually at the picture on the pond's still surface3 ,horace and ,sir ,geoffrey1 and herself not able to turn aside the death-stroke1 but standing1 fettered by she knew not what1 in powerless misery1 only obliged to see the changing face of her husband till the dead seemed to be again before her1 and ,horace melted out of sight1 and she woke1 dreading fever and praying against delirium8 ,she was overcome at last4 ,terrible hours came1 and ,mother-,mary's sweet face mingling with some strong1 subduing1 life-endangering dream1 was the first thing that seemed to bring her back to better things1 and to restore her to herself4 ,in fact1 ,claudia had had brain fever1 and whether or not she was ever to know real health again was a problem to be worked out by time4 ,would she come back to her father's house8 ,no6 ,the very name of ,beremouth was to be avoided4 ,would she go abroad8 ,oh1 no2 there was a dread of separation upon her4 ,somewhere where you can easily hear of me1 and ,i of you2 where you can come and see me1 for ,i shall never see ,beremouth again4 ,it was her own thought1 and so1 about five miles from ,beremouth1 in the house of a ,doctor ,rankin1 who took ladies out of health into his family1 ,claudia determined to go4 ,it was every way the best thing that could be done1 for every day showed more strongly than the last that ,claudia would never be what is emphatically called herself again4 ,so people said4 ,dr4 ,rankin was kind1 learned1 and wise2 ,mrs4 ,rankin warm-hearted and friendly4 ,other patients beside ,lady ,greystock were there4 ,it was not a private asylum1 and ,claudia was not mad2 it was really what it called itself1 a home which the sick might share1 with medical attendance1 cheerful company1 and out-door recreations in a well-kept garden and extensive grounds of considerable beauty4 ,claudia had known ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,rankin1 and had called with her father at ,blagden1 where they lived4 ,and there her father and ,mother-,mary took her three months after her husband's death1 looking really aged1 feeble1 and strangely sad4 ,after a time--it was a long time--,claudia was said to be well4 ,perfectly recovered1 said ,dr4 ,rankin1 and in really satisfactory health4 ,so she was when ,minnie ,lorimer stood in the room at the inn in ,hull1 talking to that very ,horace ,erskine1 who was bringing her home from her aunt's in ,scotland to her mother at ,beremouth4 ,sweet seventeen6 ,very sweet and beautiful1 pleasing the eye1 gratifying the mind1 filling the heart with hope1 and setting imagination at play--,minnie ,lorimer was beautiful1 and with all that peculiar beauty about her that belongs to a spoilt child who has not been spoilt after all4 ,claudia--how old she looked6 ,claudia1 with that one only shadow on her once bright face1 was still living with ,dr4 and ,mrs4 ,rankin4 ,it was ,lady ,greystock's pleasure to live with them4 ,she said she had grown out of the position of a patient1 and into their hearts as a friend4 ,was it not so8 she asked4 ,it was impossible to deny that which really brought happiness to everybody4 ,well1 then1 ,i shall build on a few rooms to the house1 and ,i shall call them mine1 and ,i shall add to the coach-house1 and hire a cottage for my groom and his wife--,i shall live here4 ,why not8 ,you will take care of me1 and feed me1 and scold me1 and find me a good guidable creature4 ,you know ,i shall be ill if you refuse4 ,it all happened as she chose4 ,hers was the prettiest carriage in the county1 the best horses1 the most perfectly appointed little household--for she had her own servants4 ,among her most devoted friends were the good doctor and his wife4 ,lady ,greystock was as positive and as much given to #bh govern as the clever little ,claudia in school-girl days4 ,but the arrangement was a success1 and ,mother-,mary1 who saw her constantly1 was very glad4 ,only one trouble survived2 ,claudia would never go and stay at ,beremouth4 ,she would drive her ponies merrily to the door1 and even spend an hour or two within the house1 but never would she stay there--never6 ,she used to say to herself that she dared not trust herself with the things that had witnessed her love1 her sorrow1 her marriage--with the things that told her of him who had ruined everything like a murderer--as he was4 ,and so1 to save appearances1 she used to say that she never stayed away from ,blagden for a single night1 and she never left off black4 ,it was not that she wore a widow's dress1 or covered up the glories of her beautiful hair4 ,she was but twenty-nine at the moment recorded in the first page of this story4 ,she was very thin and pale1 but she was a strong woman1 and one who required no more care than any other person2 but she had determined never again to see ,horace ,erskine4 ,what he had done had become known to her1 as we have seen4 ,she only bargained with life1 as it were1 in this way1 that that man should be out of it for ever4 ,and for this it was that she made her resolution and kept it4 ,horace ,erskine had been abroad for some years2 but though she had felt safe in that fact1 she had looked into the future and kept her resolution4 ,and so she lived on at ,blagden1 doing good1 blessing the poor1 comforting the afflicted1 visiting the sick1 and beautifying all things1 and adorning all places that came within her reach4 ,certain things she was young enough to enjoy greatly2 the chief of these was the contemplation of ,frederick ,brewer1 her half-brother1 a fine boy of nine years old1 for nine years of widowhood had been passed1 and through all that time this boy1 her dear father's son1 had been ,lady ,greystock's delight4 ,she loved ,mother-,mary all the better for having given him to her father1 and she felt a strong1 unutterable thanksgiving that1 his birth having been expected1 the test of whether or not ,horace ,erskine loved her for herself had been applied before she had become chained to so terrible a destiny as that of being wife to a thankless1 disappointed man4 ,terrible as her great trial had been1 she might have suffered that which1 to one of her temper1 would have been far worse4 ,so ,fred ,brewer would ride over to see his sister4 ,day after day the boy's bright face would be laid beside her own1 and to him1 and only to him1 would she talk of ,sir ,geoffrey4 ,then they would ride together down to ,marston to see ,mrs4 ,morier and ,jenifer1 who was a true friend1 and lived on those terms with the lady who loved her well2 then to the market-place where the old home stood1 now turned into an almshouse of an eccentric sort1 with all rules included under one head1 that the dear old souls were to have just whatever they wanted4 ,did ,martha ,gannet keep three parrots1 and did they eat as much as a young heifer8 and scream1 too8 ah1 that was their nature--never go against a dumb creature's nature1 ,mr4 ,brewer said there was always cruelty in that--and did they smell1 and give trouble1 and would they be mischievous1 and tear ,mrs4 ,betty's cap8 ,indeed4 ,mr4 ,brewer was delighted4 ,an excellent excuse for giving new caps to all the inmates1 and to look up all troubles1 and mend everybody's griefs--such an excellent thing it was that the fact of three parrots should lead to the discovery of so many disgraceful neglects that ,mr4 ,brewer begged leave to apologize very heartily and sincerely while he diligently repaired them4 ,it was a very odd school to bring up young ,freddy in4 ,but we are obliged to say that he was not at all the worse for it4 ,and here we must say what we have not said before4 ,mr4 ,brewer was a ,catholic4 ,he and ,jenifer were #bi ,catholics2 ,mrs4 ,brewer had not been a ,catholic2 and ,claudia had been left to her mother's teaching4 ,when ,freddy was born1 ,mr4 ,brewer considered his ways4 ,and what he saw in his life we may see shortly4 ,he had been born of a ,catholic mother who had died1 and made his ,protestant father promise to send him to a ,catholic school4 ,he had stood alone in the world1 he had always stood alone in the world4 ,he seemed to see nothing else4 ,three miles from ,marston was a little dirty sea-port1 also a sort of fishing place4 ,a place that bore a bad character in a good many ways4 ,some people would have finished that character by saying that there were ,papists there4 ,to that place every ,sunday ,mr4 ,brewer went to mass4 ,many and many a lift he had given to ,jenifer on those days4 ,how much ,jenifer's talk assisted his choice of ,mary for his wife1 we may guess4 ,when ,freddy was born ,jenifer said her first words on the subject of religion to ,mr4 ,brewer3 ,you will have him properly baptized3 ,of course4 ,order me the pony cart1 and ,i'll go to ,father ,daniels4 ,i must tell ,mrs4 ,brewer4 ,leave that to me--just send for the cart4 ,it was left to ,jenifer4 ,by night the priest had come and gone4 ,it had not been his first visit4 ,he had been there many times1 and had known that he was welcome4 ,the ,clayton mission had felt the blessing of ,mr4 ,brewer's gold4 ,he had seldom been at the house in the market-place in ,marston1 but at ,beremouth ,mary had plucked her finest flowers1 and sent them back in the old gentleman's gig1 and he had been always made welcome in her husband's house with a pretty grace and many pleasant attentions4 ,now1 when ,freddy was baptized1 ,mr4 ,brewer went to his wife and bent over her1 and said solemnly1 ,mary--my dear wife2 ,mary--,i thank thee1 darling4 ,i thank thee1 my love4 ,and the single tear that fell on her cheek she never forgot4 ,then ,mr4 ,brewer met ,jenifer at his wife's door4 ,it's like a new life1 ,jenifer4 ,and the steady-mannered woman looked in his bright eyes and saw how true his words were4 ,it's a steady life of doing good to everybody that you have ever led1 sir4 ,it was a lonely life once1 no doubt4 ,i was dazed when she married you4 ,but1 eh1 master2 ,i have that to think about1 and that to pray for1 that a'most makes me believe in anything happening to you for good1 when so much is asked for1 day and night1 in my own prayer4 ,put us into it2 let me and mine be in ,jenifer's prayer1 he said1 and passed on4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,proposed ,,substitutes ,,for ,,the ,,steam-,,engine4 ,the present year has been remarkable for the large number of machines invented for the purpose of superseding steam1 in at least some of its lighter tasks4 ,many of these are due to ,french engineers2 being further proofs1 if any were required1 of the great activity now displayed in ,france in all matters of mechanical invention4 ,two of these new engines are especially interesting as illustrating that all-important law in modern physics1 the correlation or convertibility of forces4 ,by this is meant that the forces of inanimate nature1 such as light1 heat1 electricity--nay1 even the muscular and nerve forces of living beings--have such a mutual dependence and connection that each one is only produced or called into action by another1 and only ceases to be manifest when it has given birth to a fresh force in its turn4 ,thus motion 7in the #cj shape of friction7 produces heat1 electricity1 or light2 heat produces light or electricity2 electricity1 magnetism2 and so on in an endless chain1 which links together all the phenomena of this visible universe4 ,as a metaphysical principle1 this is as old as ,aristotle1 and may be found dimly foreshadowed in the forcible lines of ,lucretius3 --,pereunt imbres1 ubi eos pater aether ,in gremium matris terrai praecipitavit2 ,at nitidae surgunt fruges1 ramique virescunt1 ,arboribus crescunt ipsae1 fetuque gravautur1 ,hinc alitar porro nostrum genus atque ferarum4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,haud igitur penitus pereunt quaecumque videntur1 ,quando aliud ex alio reflcit natura1 nec ullam ,rem gigni patitur1 nisi morte adjuta aliena4 ,footnote #h ,footnote #h3 ,lucret4 lib4 i4 #bej-fe4 ,but the rediscovery of this law1 as a result of experiment1 is due to ,english physicists of our own day2 and it is so invariably true1 and the produced force is always so perfectly proportioned to the force producing it1 that some ,footnote #i have gone so far as to revive a very old hypothesis in philosophy1 supposing that all the forces of nature are but differently expressed forms of the ,divine ,will4 ,footnote #i3 ,dr4 ,carpenter1 ,philos4 ,trans4 #ahdj1 vol4 ii4 ,as a corollary to this law1 it follows that many a force of nature1 hitherto neglected because of its position or intractability1 may be turned to practical account by using it to produce some new power1 which may be either stored up or transmitted to a distance1 and so can be employed wherever and whenever it is required4 ,thus1 in the first machine we propose to notice1 a ,m4 ,cazal has just hit upon a plan by which to use the power of falling water at a considerable distance4 ,he employs a water-wheel to turn a magneto-electric machine 7of the kind used for medical purposes1 on a very large scale71 and the electric force so obtained may be conveyed to any distance1 and employed there as a motive power4 ,in this way a mountain stream in the ,alps or ,pyrenees may turn a lathe1 or set a loom in motion1 in a workshop in ,paris or ,lyons2 or even 7as has been remarked71 if a wire were laid across the ,atlantic1 the whole force of ,niagara would be at our disposal4 ,the idea is at present quite in its infancy2 but we are told that the few experiments hitherto made show that such an engine is not only very ingenious but perfectly feasible1 and 7most important of all7 economical4 ,the second engine gave promise of considerable success when first brought out in ,paris about eight months ago4 ,it was invented by a ,m4 ,tellier1 and proceeds on the principle of storing up force1 to be used when wanted4 ,it has long been well known to chemists that a certain number of gases 7as chlorine1 carbonic acid1 ammonia1 and sulphuretted hydrogen7 can be condensed into liquids by cold or pressure1 or both combined4 ,of all these gases1 ammonia is the most easily liquefied1 requiring for this purpose1 at ordinary temperatures1 a pressure only six and a half times greater than that of the atmosphere4 ,a supply of liquid ammonia obtained in this manner is kept by ,m4 ,tellier in a closed vessel1 and surrounded with a freezing mixture1 so that it has but little tendency to return to the gaseous state4 ,a small quantity is allowed to escape from this reservoir under the piston of the engine1 and1 the temperature there being higher than in the reservoir1 the ammonia becomes at once converted into gas1 increasing thereby to more than twelve hundred times its previous bulk1 and so driving the piston with great force to the top of the cylinder4 ,a little water is now admitted1 which entirely dissolves the ammonia1 a vacuum being thus created1 and the piston driven down again by the pressure of the air without4 ,m4 ,tellier employs three such cylinders1 which work in succession2 and the only apparent limit to the power to be obtained from this machine is the amount of liquid ammonia which would have to be used1 about three gallons 7or twenty-two pounds7 being required for each horse-power per hour4 ,there is no waste of material2 for the water which has dissolved #ca the gas is saved1 and the ammonia recovered from it by evaporation1 and afterwards condensed into a liquid4 ,m4 ,tellier proposed to use his engine for propelling omnibuses and other vehicles2 but it would appear that it is too expensive and too cumbrous to be practically useful2 there can1 however1 be very little doubt that the principle will be used with success in some new form4 ,a patent has quite recently been taken out for such an engine in ,england4 ,it will be perceived at once how the ammonia engine illustrates the law of storing up force4 ,it originates no power of its own1 but simply gives out by degrees the mechanical force which had been previously employed to change the ammonia from a gas to a liquid4 ,lenoir's gas-engine has been more successful2 for1 although but a few months old1 it has been already largely adopted in ,parisian hotels1 schools1 and other large establishments1 for raising lifts1 making ices1 and even--for what is not done now-a-days by machinery8--cleaning boots4 ,in ,london1 it was lately exhibited in ,cranbourne ,street1 and is now used for turning lathes and for other light work4 ,this engine1 like the ammonia-engine1 is provided with an ordinary cylinder1 into which coal-gas and air are admitted1 under the piston1 in the proportions of eleven parts of the latter to one of the former4 ,the mixture is then exploded by the electric spark1 and the remaining air1 being greatly expanded1 drives up the piston4 ,when the top is reached the gas and air are again admitted1 but this time above the piston1 and the explosion is repeated1 so that the piston is driven down again4 ,the most ingenious part of the whole thing is the mechanism by which the electric spark is directed alternately to the upper and lower ends of the cylinder4 ,this cannot be satisfactorily explained without a diagram1 but is brought about 7roughly speaking7 by connecting either end of the cylinder with a semicircle of brass1 which is touched by the rotary crank in the course of its revolution4 ,the crank is already charged with electricity1 and so communicates the electric spark to each of the semicircles in turn4 ,the cylinder is kept plunged in water1 so that there is no fear of its overheating by the constant explosions4 ,this engine has cheapness for its main recommendation4 ,a half-horsepower gas-engine 7the commonest power made7 costs1 when complete1 #fe1 and consumes twopence worth of gas per hour2 while the cost of keeping the battery active is about fourpence per week4 ,an engineer of ,lyons1 ,m4 ,millon1 has since proposed to use1 instead of coal-gas1 the gases produced by passing steam over red-hot coke4 ,these gases are found to explode rather more quickly than coal-gas1 when mixed with common air1 and fired by the electric spark4 ,they will probably be found cheaper and more efficient when they can be obtained2 but in many cases coal-gas will be the only material available4 ,a ,m4 ,jules ,gros has recently invented an engine in which gun-cotton is exploded in a strong reservoir and air compressed in another1 the compressed air being afterward employed to move the pistons of the machine4 ,this sounds more dangerous than it perhaps really is1 since gun-cotton is now known to be more tractable than gunpowder1 when properly used2 but we very much doubt whether the machine can be regular or economical enough to be more than a curiosity4 ,to close the list of ,french inventions of this kind1 we may state that ,count de ,molin has lately patented an electro-magnetic machine1 which1 he states1 will be more powerful than any previously made4 ,it is too complicated for a mere verbal description to be of any use2 but is apparently not free from the fault of all electro-magnetic engines1 of costing too much to be of practical value4 #cb ,,original ,,christine4 ,a ,,troubadour',s ,,song1 ,,in ,,five ,,cantos1 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,miles4 ,footnote #aj ,footnote #aj3 ,copyright secured4 ,,prelude4 ,the ,queen hath built her a fairy ,bower ,in the shadow of the ,accursed ,tower1 ,for the ,moslem hath left his blood-stained lair1 ,and the banner of ,england waveth there4 ,thither she lureth the ,lion ,king ,to hear a wandering ,trovre sing2 ,for well she knew the ,joyous ,art ,was surest path to ,richard's heart4 ,but the ,monarch's glance was on the sea-- ,sooth1 he was scarce in minstrel mood1 ,for ,philip's triremes homeward stood ,with all the ,gallic chivalry4 ,and as he watched the filmy sail ,upon the furthest billow fail1 ,he muttered1 ,richard ill can spare ,thee and thy ,templars1 false and fair2 ,yet ,god hath willed it--home to thee1 ,death or ,jerusalem for me6 ,then pressing with a knightly kiss ,the peerless hand that slept in his1 ,ah1 would our own ,blondel were here ,to try a measure ,i wove last e'en4 ,what songster hast thou caught1 my ,queen1 ,whose harp may soothe a ,monarch's ear8 ,she beckoned1 and the ,trovre bowed ,to many a ,lord and ,ladye fair ,that gathered round the royal pair2 ,but most his simple song was vowed ,to a sweet shape with dark brown hair1 ,half hidden in the gentle crowd2 ,pale as a spirit1 sharply slender4 ,in maiden beauty's crescent splendor4 ,and never yet bent ,minstrel knee ,to ,mistress lovelier than she4 #cc ,,the ,,first ,,song4 ,i4 ,ye have heard of the ,castle of ,miolan ,and how it hath stood since time began1 ,midway to yon mountain's brow1 ,guarding the beautiful valley below3 ,its crest the clouds1 its ancient feet ,where the ,arc and the ,isre murmuring meet ,earth hath few lovelier scenes to show ,than ,miolan with its hundred halls1 ,its massive towers and bannered walls1 ,looming out through the vines and walnut woods ,that gladden its stately solitudes4 ,and there might ye hear but yestermorn ,the loud halloo and the hunter's horn1 ,the laugh of maild men at play4 ,the drinking bout and the roundelay4 ,but now all is sternest silence there4 ,save the bell that calls to vesper prayer2 ,save the ceaseless surge of a father's wail1 ,and1 hark6 ye may hear the ,baron's ,tale4 ,,ii4 ,come hither4 ,hermit6--,yestermorn ,i had an only son1 ,a gallant fair as e'er was born1 ,a knight whose spurs were won ,in the red tide by ,godfrey's side ,at ,ascalon4 #cd ,but yestermorn he came to me ,for blessing on his lance1 ,and death and danger seemed to flee ,the joyaunce of his glance1 ,for he would ride to win his ,bride1 ,christine of ,france4 ,all sparkling in the sun he stood ,in mail of ,milan dressed1 ,a scarf1 the gift of her he wooed1 ,lay lightly o'er his breast4 ,as1 with a clang1 to horse he sprang ,with nodding crest ,gaily he grasped the stirrup cup ,afoam with spicy ale1 ,but as he took the goblet up ,methought his cheek grew pale4 ,and a shudder ran through the iron man ,and through his mail4 ,oft had ,i seen him breast the shock ,of squire or crownd king1 ,his front was firm as rooted rock ,when spears were shivering3 ,i knew no blow could shake him so ,from living thing4 ',twas something near akin to death ,that blanched and froze his cheek1 ,yet 'twas not death1 for he had breath1 ,and when ,i bade him speak1 ,unto his breast his hand he pressed ,with one wild shriek4 ,the hand thus clasped upon his heart ,so sharply curbed the rein1 ,grey ,caliph1 rearing with a start1 ,went bounding o'er the plain ,away1 away with echoing neigh ,and streaming mane4 ,after him sped the menial throng2 ,i stirred not in my fear2 ,perchance ,i swooned1 for it seemed not long ,ere the race did reappear1 ,and my son still led on his desert-bred4 ,grasping his spear4 #ce ,unchanged in look or limb1 he came4 ,he and his barb so fleet1 ,his hand still on his heart1 the same ,stem bearing in his seat1 ,and wheeling round with sudden bound ,stopped at my feet4 ,and soon as ceased that wildering tramp ',what ails thee1 boy8' ,i cried-- ,taking his hand all chill and damp-- ',what means this fearful ride8 ,alight1 alight1 for lips so white ,would scare a ,bride6' ,but sternly to his steed clove he1 ,and answer made he none1 ,i clasped him by his barbd knee ,and there ,i made my moan2 ,while icily he stared at me1 ,at me alone4 ,a strange1 unmeaning stare was that1 ,and a page beside me said1 ',if ever corse in saddle sat1 ,our lord is certes sped6' ,but ,i smote the lad1 for it drove me mad ,to think him dead4 ,what6 dead so young1 what6 lost so soon1 ,my beautiful1 my brave6 ,sooner the sun should find at noon ,in central heaven a grave6 ,sweet ,jesu1 no1 it is not so ,when ,thou canst save6 ,for was he dead and was he sped1 ,when he could ride so well1 ,so bravely bear his plumd head8 ,or1 was't some spirit fell ,in causeless wrath had crossed his path ,with fiendish spell8 ,oh4 ,hermit1 'twas a cruel sight4 ,and ,he1 who loves to bless1 ,ne'er sent on son such bitter blight4 ,on sire such sore distress1 ,such piteous pass1 and ,i1 alas1 ,so powerless6 #cf ,they would have ta'en him from his horse ,the while ,i wept and prayed1 ,they would have lain him like a corse ,upon a litter made ,of traversed spear and martial gear4 ,but ,i forbade4 ,i gazed into his face again1 ,i chafed his hand once more1 ,i summoned him to speak1 in vain-- ,he sat there as before1 ,while the gallant ,grey in dumb dismay ,his rider bore4 ,full well1 full well ,grey ,caliph then ,the horror seemed to know4 ,e'en deeper than my maild men ,methought he felt our woe2 ,for the barbed head of the desert-bred ,was drooping low4 ,amazed1 aghast1 he gazed at me1 ,that mourner true and good4 ,then backward at my boy looted he4 ,as if a word he sued4 ,and like sculptured pile in abbey aisle ,the train there stood4 ,i took the rein3 the frozen one ,still fast in saddle sate4 ,as tremblingly ,i led him on ,toward the great castle gate4 ,o walls mine own1 why have ye grown ,so desolate8-- ,i led them to the castle gate ,and paused before the shrine ,where throned in state from earliest date1 ,protectress of our line4 ,madonna pressed close to her breast ,the ,babe ,divine4 ,and kneeling lowly at her feet1 ,i begged the ,mother mild ,that she would sue her ,jesu sweet ,to aid my stricken child2 ,and the meek stone face flashed full of grace ,as if she smiled4 #cg ,and methought the eyes of the ,full of ,grace ,upon my darling shone1 ,till living seemed that marble face ,and the living man seemed stone1 ,while a halo played round the ,mother ,maid ,and round her ,son4 ,and there was radiance everywhere ,surpassing light of day1 ,on man and horse1 on shield and spear ,burned the bright1 blinding ray2 ,but most it shone on my only one ,and his gallant ,grey4 ,a sudden clang of armor rang1 ,my boy lay on the sward4 ,up high in air ,grey ,caliph sprang1 ,an instant fiercely pawed4 ,then trembling stood aghast and viewed ,his fallen lord4 ,then with the flash of fire away ,like sunbeam o'er the plain1 ,away1 away with echoing neigh ,and wildly waving mane4 ,away he sped1 loose from his head ,the flying rein4 ,i watched the steed from pass to pass ,unto the welkin's rim1 ,i feared to turn my eyes1 alas1 ,to trust a look at him2 ,and when ,i turned1 my temples burned ,and all grew dim4 ,sweet if such swoon could endless be1 ,yet speedily ,i woke ,and missed my boy3 they showed him me ,full length on bed of oak4 ,clad as 'twas meet in mail complete ,and sable cloak4 ,all of our race upon that bier ,had rested one by one1 ,i had seen my father lying there1 ,and now there lay my son6 ,ah6 my sick soul bled the while it said-- ',thy will be done6' #ch ,bright glanced the crest1 bright gleamed the spur1 ,that well had played their part1 ,his lance still clasped1 nor could they stir ,his left hand from his heart2 ,there fast it clove1 nor would it move ,with all their art ,i found no voice1 ,i shed no tear4 ,they thought me well resigned4 ,all else who stood around the bier ,with weeping much were blind2 ,and a mourning voice went through the house ,like a low wind4 ,and there was sob of aged man ,and woman's wailing cry1 ,all cheeks were wan1 all eyes o'erran1 ,yon fair-haired maidens sigh4 ,and one apart with breaking heart ,weeps bitterly4 ,but sharper than spear-thrust1 ,i trow1 ,their wailing through me went2 ,stem silence suited best my woe1 ,and1 howe'er well the intent4 ,their menial din seemed half akin ,to merriment ,for oh1 such grief was mock to mine ,whose days were all undone4 ,the last of all this ancient line ,to share whose grief was none6 ,straight from the hall ,i barred them all ,and stood alone4 ',receive me now1 thou bed of oak6' ,i fell upon the bier4 ,and1 ,hermit1 when this morning broke ,it found me clinging there4 ,o maddening morn6 ,that day dare dawn ,on such a pair6 ,i sent for thee1 thou man of ,god1 ,to watch with me to-night2 ,my boy still liveth1 by the rood1 ,nor shall be funeral rite6-- ,but1 ,hermit1 come3 this is the room3 ,there lies the ,knight6 #ci ,,iii4 ,but she apart ,with breaking heart8-- ,that very yestermorn she stood ,in the deepest shade of the walnut wood1 ,as a ,knight rode by on his raven steed1 ,crying1 ,daughter mine1 hast thou done the deed8 ,i gave thee the venom1 ,i gave thee the spell1 ,a jealous heart might use them well4 ,but she waved her white arms and only said1 ,on oaken bier is ,miolan laid6 ,dead6 laughed the ,knight4 ,then round ,pilate's ,peak ,let the red light burn and the eagle shriek4 ,when ,miolan8 heir lies on the bier1 ,low is the only lance ,i fear3 ,i ride1 ,i ride to win my ,bride1 ,ho1 ,eblis1 to thy servant's side4 ,thou hast sworn no foe ,shall lay me low ,till the dead in arms against me ride6 ------ ,,the ,,second ,,song4 ,i4 ,they passed into an ancient hall ,with oaken arches spanned4 ,full many a shield hung on the wall1 ,full many a broken brand4 ,and barbd spear and scimetar ,from ,holy ,land4 ,and scarfs of dames of high degree ,with gold and jewels rich1 ,and many a mouldered effigy ,in many a mouldering niche1 ,like grey sea shells whose crumbling cells ,bestrew the beach4 #dj ,the sacred dead possessed the place1 ,the silent cobweb wreathed ,the tombs where slept that warrior race1 ,with swords for ever sheathed3 ,you seemed to share the very air ,which they had breathed4 ,oh1 darksome was that funeral room1 ,those oaken arches dim1 ,the torchlight1 struggling through the gloom1 ,fell faint on effige grim1 ,on dragon dread and carvd head ,of ,cherubim4 ,of ,cherubim fast by a shrine ,whereon the last sad rite ,was wont for all that ancient line1 ,for dame and belted knight-- ,a shrine of ,moan which death alone ,did ever light4 ,but light not now that altar stone ,while hope of life remain1 ,though darksome be that altar lone1 ,unlit that funeral fane1 ,save by the rays cast by the blaze ,of torches twain4 ,of torches twain at head and heel ,of him who seemeth dead1 ,who sleepeth so well in his coat of steel4 ,his cloak around him spread-- ,the young ,knight fair1 who lieth there ,on oaken bed4 ,one hand still fastened to his heart4 ,the other on his lance1 ,while through his eyelids1 half apart4 ,life seemeth half to glance4 ,sweet youth awake1 for ,jesu's sake1 ,from this strange trance6 ,but heed or answer there is none4 ,then knelt that ,hermit old2 ,to ,mother ,mary and her ,son ,full many a prayer he told1 ,whose wondrous words the ,church records ,in lettered gold3 #da ,and many a precious litany ,and many a pious vow1 ,then rising said1 ,if fiend it be1 ,that fiend shall leave thee now6 ,and traced the sign of the ,cross divine ,on lips and brow4 ,as well expect yon cherub's wings ,to wave at matin bell6 ,not all the relics of the kings ,could break that iron spell4 ,pray for the dead1 let mass be said1 ,toll forth the knell6 ,not yet6 the ,baron gasped and sank ,as if beneath a blow1 ,with lips all writhing as they drank ,the dregs of deepest woe2 ,with eyes aglare1 and scattered hair ,tossed to and fro4 ,so swings the leaf that lingers last ,when wintry tempests sweep1 ,so reels when storms have stripped the mast ,the galley on the deep1 ,so nods the snow on ,eigher's brow ,before the leap4 ,uncertain 'mid his tangled hair ,his palsied fingers stray1 ,he smileth in his dumb despair ,like a sick child at play4 ,though wet1 ,i trow1 with tears eno' ,that beard so grey4 ,oh1 ,hermit1 lift him to your breast1 ,there best his heart may bleed2 ,since none but heaven can give him rest1 ,heaven's priest must meet his need3 ,dry that white beard1 now wet and weird ,as pale sea-weed4 ,uprising slowly from the ground1 ,with short and frequent breath4 ,in aimless circles1 round and round1 ,the ,baron tottereth ,with trailing feet1 a mourner meet ,for house of death4 #db ,till1 pausing by the shrine of ,moan1 ,he said1 the while he wept1 ,here1 ,hermit1 here mine only one1 ,when all the castle slept1 ,as maiden knight1 o'er armor bright1 ,his first watch kept4 ,this is the casque that first he wore1 ,and this his virgin shield4 ,this lance to his first tilt he bore1 ,with this first took the field-- ,how light1 how lche to that huge ash ,he now doth wield6 ,this blade hath levelled at a blow ,the she-wolf in her den4 ,with this red falchion he laid low ,the slippery ,saracen4 ,god6 will that hand1 so near his brand1 ,ne'er strike again8 ,frown not on him1 ye men of old4 ,whose glorious race is run2 ,frown not on him1 my fathers bold4 ,though many the field ye won3 ,his name and los may mate with yours ,though but begun6 ,receive him1 ye departed brave1 ,unlock the gates of light4 ,and range yourselves about his grave ,to hail a brother knight4 ,who never erred in deed or word ,against the right6 ,but is he dead and is he sped ,withouten scathe or scar8 ,why1 ,hermit1 he hath often bled ,from sword and scimetar-- ,i've seen him ride1 wounds gaping wide1 ,from war to war4 ,and hath a silent1 viewless thing ,laid danger's darling low1 ,when youth and hope were on the wing ,and life in morning glow8 ,not yonder worm in winter's storm ,perisheth so6 #dc ,oh1 ,hermit1 thou hast heard1 ,i ween1 ,of trances long and deep1 ,but1 ,hermit1 hast thou ever seen ,that grim and stony sleep4 ,and canst thou tell how long a spell ,such slumbers keep8 ,oh1 be there naught to break the charm1 ,to thaw this icy chain2 ,has ,mother ,church no word to warm ,these freezing lips again2 ,be holy prayer and balsams rare ,alike in vain8 4 4 4 4 ,a curse on thy ill-omened head2 ,man1 bid me not despair2 ,churl1 say not that a ,knight is dead ,when he can couch his spear2 ,when he can ride--,monk1 thou hast lied4 ,he lives1 ,i swear6 ,up from that bier6 ,boy1 to thy feet6 ,know'st not thy father's voice8 ,thou ne'er hast disobeyed 4 4 4 is't meet ,a sire should summon thrice8 ,by these grey hairs1 by these salt tears1 ,awake1 arise6 ,ho1 lover1 to thy ladye flee1 ,dig deep the crimson spur2 ,sleep not 'twixt this lean monk and me ,when thou shouldst kneel to her6 ,oh 'tis a sin1 ,christine to win ,and thou not stir6 ,ho1 laggard1 hear yon trumpet's note ,go sounding to the skies1 ,the lists are set1 the banners float4 ,yon loud-mouthed herald cries1 ',ride1 gallant knights1 ,christine invites4 ,herself the prize6' ,ho1 craven1 shun'st thou the mele1 ,when she expects thy brand ,to prove to-day in fair tourney ,a title to her hand8 ,up1 dullard base1 or by the mass ,i'll make thee stand6 4 4 4 4 #dd ,thrice strove he then to wrench apart ,those fingers from the spear4 ,thrice strove to sever from the heart ,the hand that rested there4 ,thrice strove in vain with frantic strain ,that shook the bier4 ,thrice with the dead the living strove1 ,their armor rang a peal1 ,the sleeping knight he would not move ,although the sire did reel3 ,that stately corse defied all force1 ,stubborn as steel4 ,ay1 dead1 dead1 dead6 the ,baron cried2 ,dear ,hermit1 ,i did rave4 ,o were we sleeping side by side6 4 4 ,good monk1 ,i penance crave ,for all ,i said 4444 ,ay1 he is dead1 ,pray heaven to save6 ,betake thee to thy crucifix1 ,and let me while ,i may ,rain kisses on these frozen cheeks ,before they know decay4 ,leave me to weep and watch and keep ,the worm at bay4 ,thou wilt not spare thy prayers1 ,i trust2 ,but name not now the grave-- ,i'll watch him to the very dust6 4444 ,so1 ,hermit1 to thy cave4 ,whilst here ,i cling lest creeping thing ,insult the brave6 ------ ,why starts the ,hermit to his feet1 why springs he to the bier1 ,why calleth he on ,jesu sweet1 ,staying the starting tear4 ,what whispereth he half trustfully ,and half in fear8 #de ,sir ,knight1 thy ring hath razed his flesh-- ',twas in thy frenzy done2 ,lo1 from his wrist how fast and fresh ,the blood-drops trickling run2 ,heaven yet may wake1 for ,mary's sake1 ,thy warrior son4 ,heap ashes on thy head1 ,sir ,knight1 ,in sackcloth gird thee well1 ,the shrine of ,moan must blaze in light1 ,the morning mass must swell2 ,arouse from sleep the castle keep1 ,sound every bell6 ,they come1 pale maid and maild man ,they throng into the hall1 ,the watcher from the barbican1 ,the warder from the wall4 ,and she apart1 with breaking heart1 ,the last of all4 ,introibo6 ,introibo6 ,the morning mass begins2 ,mea culpa6 mea culpa6 ,forgive us all our sins2 ,and the rapt ,hermit chaunts with streaming eyes1 ,that seem to enter ,paradise1 ,gloria6 ,gloria6 ,the shrine of ,moan had never known ,that gladdest of all hymns4 ------ ,,ii4 ,the fair-haired maiden standeth apart ,in the chapel gloom1 with breaking heart4 ,but a smile broke over her face as she said1 ,the draught was well measured1 ,i ween2 ,he liveth1 thank ,allah1 but not to wed ,his beautiful ,christine4 ,no lance hath ,miolan couched to-day3 ,let the bride for the bridegroom watch1 and pray4 ,till the lists shall hear the shriek ,of the ,dauphin's daughter borne away ,by the ,knight of ,pilate's ,peak4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #df ,a ,,letter ,,to ,,the ,,rev4 ,e4 ,b4 ,,pusey1 ,d4,d41 ,,on ,,his ,,recent ,,eirenicon4 ,,by ,,john ,,henry ,,newman1 ,d4,d41 ,,of ,,the ,,oratory4 ,veni1 ,domine1 et noli tardare1 relaxa facinora plebi tuae2 et rovoca dispersos in terram suam4 ,no one who desires the union of ,christendom1 after its many and long-standing divisions1 can have any other feeling than joy1 my dear ,pusey1 at finding from your recent volume that you see your way to make definite proposals to us for effecting that great object1 and are able to lay down the basis and conditions on which you could co-operate in advancing it4 ,it is not necessary that we should concur in the details of your scheme1 or in the principles which it involves1 in order to welcome the important fact that1 with your personal knowledge of the ,anglican body1 and your experience of its composition and tendencies1 you consider the time to be come when you and your friends may1 without imprudence1 turn your minds to the contemplation of such an enterprise4 ,even were you an individual member of that church1 a watchman upon a high tower in a metropolis of religious opinion1 we should naturally listen with interest to what you had to report of the state of the sky and the progress of the night1 what stars were mounting up or what clouds gathering2 what were the prospects of the three great parties which ,anglicanism contains within it1 and what was just now the action upon them respectively of the politics and science of the time4 ,you do not go into these matters2 but the step you have taken is evidently the measure and the issue of the view which you have formed of them all4 ,however1 you are not a mere individual2 from early youth you have devoted yourself to the ,established ,church1 and after between forty and fifty years of unremitting labor in its service1 your roots and your branches stretch out through every portion of its large territory4 ,you1 more than any one else alive1 have been the present and untiring agent by whom a great work has been effected in it2 and1 far more than is usual1 you have received in your lifetime1 as well as merited1 the confidence of your brethren4 ,you cannot speak merely for yourself2 your antecedents1 your existing influence1 are a pledge to us that what you may determine will be the determination of a multitude4 ,numbers1 too1 for whom you cannot properly be said to speak1 will be moved by your authority or your arguments2 and numbers1 again1 who are of a school more recent than your own1 and who are only not your followers because they have outstripped you in their free speeches and demonstrative acts in our behalf1 will1 for the occasion1 accept you as their spokesman4 ,there is no one anywhere--among ourselves1 in your own body1 or1 ,i suppose1 in the ,greek ,church--who can affect so vast a circle of men1 so virtuous1 so able1 so learned1 so zealous1 as come1 more or less1 under your influence2 and ,i cannot pay them all a greater compliment1 than to tell them they ought all to be ,catholics1 nor do them a more affectionate service than to pray that they may one day become such4 ,nor can ,i address myself to an act more pleasing1 as ,i trust1 to the ,divine ,lord of the church1 and more loyal and dutiful to his ,vicar on earth1 than to attempt1 however1 feebly1 to promote so great a consummation4 #dg ,i know the joy it would give those conscientious men of whom ,i am speaking to be one with ourselves4 ,i know how their hearts spring up with a spontaneous transport at the very thought of union2 and what yearning is theirs after that great privilege1 which they have not1 communion with the ,see of ,peter and its present1 past1 and future4 ,i conjecture it by what ,i used to feel myself1 while yet in the ,anglican ,church4 ,i recollect well what an outcast ,i seemed to myself when ,i took down from the shelves of my library the volumes of ,st4 ,athanasius or ,st4 ,basil1 and set myself to study them2 and how1 on the contrary1 when at length ,i was brought into ,catholicism1 ,i kissed them with delight1 with a feeling that in them ,i had more than all that ,i had lost1 and1 as though ,i were directly addressing the glorious saints who bequeathed them to the ,church1 ,i said to the inanimate pages1 ,you are now mine1 and ,i am now yours1 beyond any mistake4 ,such1 ,i conceive1 would be the joy of the persons ,i speak of1 if they could wake up one morning and find themselves possessed by right of ,catholic traditions and hopes1 without violence to their own sense of duty2 and1 certainly1 ,i am the last man to say that such violence is in any case lawful1 that the claims of conscience are not paramount1 or that any one may overleap what he deliberately holds to be ,god's command1 in order to make his path easier for him or his heart lighter4 ,i am the last man to quarrel with this jealous deference to the voice of our conscience1 whatever judgment others may form of us in consequence1 for this reason--because their case1 as it at present stands1 has1 as you know1 been my own4 ,you recollect well what hard things were said against us twenty-five years ago1 which we knew in our hearts we did not deserve4 ,hence1 ,i am now in the position of the fugitive queen in the well-known passage1 who1 haud ignara mali herself1 had learned to sympathize with those who were inheritors of her past wanderings4 ,there were priests1 good men1 whose zeal outstripped their knowledge1 and who in consequence spoke confidently1 when they would have been wiser had they suspended their adverse judgment of those whom they had soon to welcome as brethren in communion4 ,we at that time were in worse plight than your friends are now1 for our opponents put their very hardest thoughts of us into print4 ,one of them wrote thus in a letter addressed to one of the ,catholic bishops3 ,that this ,oxford crisis is a real progress to ,catholicism1 ,i have all along considered a perfect delusion4 444 ,i look upon ,mr4 ,newman1 ,dr4 ,pusey1 and their associates as wily and crafty1 though unskilful1 guides4 4 4 4 ,the embrace of ,mr4 ,newman is the kiss that would betray us4 4 4 4 ,but--what is the most striking feature in the rancorous malignity of these men--their calumnies are often lavished upon us1 when we should be led to think that the subject-matter of their treatises closed every avenue against their vituperation4 ,the three last volumes of the ,tracts have opened my eyes to the craftiness and the cunning1 as well as the malice1 of the members of the ,oxford convention4 4 4 4 ,if the ,puseyites are to be the new apostles of ,great ,britain1 my hopes for my country are lowering and gloomy4 4 4 4 ,i would never have consented to enter the lists against this strange confraternity 444 if ,i did not feel that my own prelate was opposed to the guile and treachery of these men4 4 4 4 4 ,i impeach ,dr4 ,pusey and his friends of a deadly hatred of our religion4 4 4 4 4 ,what1 my lord1 would the ,holy ,see think of the works of these ,puseyites8 4 4 4 ,another priest1 himself a convert1 wrote3 ,as we approach toward ,catholicity our love and respect increases1 and our violence dies away2 but the bulk of these men become more rabid as they become like ,rome1 a plain proof of their designs4 444 ,i do not believe that they are any nearer the portals of the ,catholic ,church than the most prejudiced ,methodist and ,evangelical preacher4 4 4 4 ,such1 rev4 sir1 is an outline of my views on the ,oxford movement4 #dh ,i do not say that such a view of us was unnatural2 and1 for myself1 ,i readily confess that ,i had used about the church such language that ,i had no claim on ,catholics for any mercy4 ,but1 after all1 and in fact1 they were wrong in their anticipations--nor did their brethren agree with them at the time4 ,especially ,dr4 ,wiseman 7as he was then7 took a larger and more generous view of us2 nor did the ,holy ,see interfere1 though the writer of one of these passages invoked its judgment4 ,the event showed that the more cautious line of conduct was the more prudent2 and one of the bishops1 who had taken part against us1 with a supererogation of charity1 sent me on his death-bed an expression of his sorrow for having in past years mistrusted me4 ,a faulty conscience1 faithfully obeyed1 through ,god's mercy1 had in the long run brought me right4 ,fully1 then1 do ,i recognize the rights of conscience in this matter4 ,i find no fault in your stating1 as clearly and completely as you can1 the difficulties which stand in the way of your joining us4 ,i cannot wonder that you begin with stipulating conditions of union1 though ,i do not concur in them myself1 and think that in the event you yourself would be content to let them drop4 ,such representations as yours are necessary to open the subject in debate2 they ascertain how the land lies1 and serve to clear the ground4 ,thus ,i begin2 but1 after allowing as much as this1 ,i am obliged in honesty to say what ,i fear1 my dear ,pusey1 will pain you4 ,yet ,i am confident1 my very dear friend1 that at least you will not be angry with me if ,i say1 what ,i must say1 or say nothing at all1 that there is much both in the matter and in the manner of your volume calculated to wound those who love you well1 but love truth more4 ,so it is2 with the best motives and kindest intentions1 ,caedimur1 et totidem plagis consumimus hostem4 ,we give you a sharp cut1 and you return it4 ,you complain of our being dry1 hard1 and unsympathizing2 and we answer that you are unfair and irritating4 ,but we at least have not professed to be composing an ,irenicon1 when we treated you as foes4 ,there was one of old time who wreathed his sword in myrtle2 excuse me--you discharge your olive-branch as if from a catapult4 ,do not think ,i am not serious2 if ,i spoke seriously1 ,i should seem to speak harshly4 ,who will venture to assert that the hundred pages which you have devoted to the ,blessed ,virgin give other than a one-sided view of our teaching about her1 little suited to win us8 ,it may be a salutary castigation1 if any of us have fairly provoked it1 but it is not making the best of matters2 it is not smoothing the way for an understanding or a compromise4 ,it leads a writer in the most moderate and liberal ,anglican newspaper of the day1 the ,guardian1 to turn away from your representation of us with horror4 ,it is language1 says your reviewer1 which1 after having often heard it1 we still can only hear with horror4 ,we had rather not quote any of it1 or of the comments upon it4 ,what could an ,exeter ,hall orator1 what could a ,scotch commentator on the ,apocalypse1 do more for his own side of the controversy by the picture he drew of us8 ,you may be sure that what creates horror on one side will be answered by indignation on the other1 and these are not the most favorable dispositions for a peace conference4 ,i had been accustomed to think that you1 who in times past were ever less declamatory in controversy than myself1 now that years had gone on1 and circumstances changed1 had come to look on our old warfare against ,rome as cruel and inexpedient4 ,indeed1 ,i know that it was a chief objection urged against me only last year by persons who agreed with you in deprecating an oratory at ,oxford1 which at that time was in prospect1 that such an undertaking would be the signal for the rekindling of that fierce style of polemics which is now out of date4 ,i had fancied you shared in that opinion2 but now1 as if #di to show how imperative you deem its renewal1 you actually bring to life one of my own strong sayings in #ahda1 which had long been in the grave--that the ,roman ,church comes as near to idolatry as can be supposed in a church1 of which it said1 ',the idols he shall utterly abolish1' p4 #aaa4 ,i know1 indeed1 and feel deeply1 that your frequent references in your volume to what ,i have lately or formerly written are caused by your strong desire to be still one with me as far as you can1 and by that true affection which takes pleasure in dwelling on such sayings of mine as you can still accept with the full approbation of your judgment4 ,i trust ,i am not ungrateful or irresponsive to you in this respect2 but other considerations have an imperative claim to be taken into account4 ,pleasant as it is to agree with you1 ,i am bound to explain myself in cases in which ,i have changed my mind1 or have given a wrong impression of my meaning1 or have been wrongly reported2 and1 while ,i trust that ,i have better than such personal motives for addressing you in print1 yet it will serve to introduce my main subject1 and give me an opportunity for remarks which bear upon it indirectly1 if ,i dwell for a page or two on such matters contained in your volume as concern myself4 #a4 ,the mistake which ,i have principally in view is the belief1 which is widely spread1 that ,i have publicly spoken of the ,anglican ,church as the great bulwark against infidelity in this land4 ,in a pamphlet of yours1 a year old1 you spoke of a very earnest body of ,roman ,catholics who rejoice in all the workings of ,god the ,holy ,ghost in the ,church of ,england 7whatever they think of her71 and are saddened by what weakens her who is1 in ,god's hands1 the great bulwark against infidelity in this land4 ,the concluding words you were thought to quote from my ,apologia4 ,in consequence1 ,dr4 ,manning1 now our archbishop1 replied to you1 asserting1 as you say1 the contradictory of that statement4 ,in that counter-assertion he was at the time generally considered 7rightly or wrongly1 as it may be71 though writing to you1 to be really correcting statements in my ,apologia1 without introducing my name4 ,further1 in the volume which you have now published1 you recur to the saying1 and you speak of its author in terms which1 did ,i not know your partial kindness for me1 would hinder me from identifying him with myself4 ,you say1 ,the saying was not mine1 but that of one of the deepest thinkers and observers in the ,roman communion1 p4 #g4 ,a friend has suggested to me that1 perhaps1 you mean ,de ,maistre2 and1 from an anonymous letter which ,i have received from ,dublin1 ,i find it is certain that the very words in question were once used by ,archbishop ,murray2 but you speak of the author of them as if now alive4 ,at length a reviewer of your volume1 in the ,weekly ,register1 distinctly attributes them to me by name1 and gives me the first opportunity ,i have had of disowning them2 and this ,i now do4 ,what1 at some time or other1 ,i may have said in conversation or private letter1 of course1 ,i cannot tell2 but ,i have never1 ,i am sure1 used the word bulwark of the ,anglican ,church deliberately4 ,what ,i said in my ,apologia was this3 ,that that church was a serviceable breakwater against errors more fundamental than its own4 ,a bulwark is an integral part of the thing it defends2 whereas the words serviceable and breakwater imply a kind of protection which is accidental and de facto4 ,again1 in saying that the ,anglican ,church is a defence against errors more fundamental than its own1 ,i imply that it has errors1 and those fundamental4 #b4 ,there is another passage in your volume1 at p4 #ccg1 which it may be right to observe upon4 ,you have made a collection of passages from the fathers1 as witnesses in behalf of your doctrine that the whole ,christian faith is contained in ,scripture1 as if1 in your sense of the words4 ,catholics contradicted you here4 #ej ,and you refer to my notes on ,st4 ,athanasius as contributing passages to your list2 but1 after all1 neither do you1 nor do ,i in my notes1 affirm any doctrine which ,rome denies4 ,those notes also make frequent reference to a traditional teaching1 which 7be the faith ever so certainly contained in ,scripture7 still is necessary as a ,regula ,fidei1 for showing us that it is contained there--vid4 pp4 #bhc1 #cdd--;and this tradition1 ,i know1 you uphold as fully as ,i do in the notes in question4 ,in consequence1 you allow that there is a twofold rule4 ,scripture and tradition2 and this is all that ,catholics say4 ,how1 then1 do ,anglicans differ from ,rome here8 ,i believe the difference is merely one of words2 and ,i shall be doing1 so far1 the work of an ,irenicon1 if ,i make clear what this verbal difference is4 ,catholics and ,anglicans 7,i do not say ,protestants7 attach different meanings to the word proof1 in the controversy whether the whole faith is1 or is not1 contained in ,scripture4 ,we mean that not every article of faith is so contained there1 that it may thence be logically proved1 independently of the teaching and authority of the tradition2 but ,anglicans mean that every article of faith is so contained there1 that it may thence be proved1 provided there be added the illustrations and compensations of the tradition4 ,and it is in this latter sense1 ,i conceive1 the fathers also speak in the passages which you quote from them4 ,i am sure at least that ,st4 ,athanasius frequently adduces passages as proofs of points in controversy which no one would see to be proofs unless apostolical tradition were taken into account1 first as suggesting1 then as authoritatively ruling1 their meaning4 ,thus1 you do not deny that the whole is not in ,scripture in such sense that pure unaided logic can draw it from the sacred text2 nor do we deny that the faith is in ,scripture1 in an improper sense1 in the sense that tradition is able to recognize and determine it there4 ,you do not profess to dispense with tradition2 nor do we forbid the idea of probable1 secondary1 symbolical1 connotative senses of ,scripture1 over and above those which properly belong to the wording and context4 ,i hope you will agree with me in this4 #c4 ,nor is it only in isolated passages that you give me a place in your volume4 ,a considerable portion of it is written with reference to two publications of mine1 one of which you name and defend1 the other you tacitly protest against3 ,tract #ij1 and the ,essay on ,doctrinal ,development1 ,as to ,tract #ij1 you have from the first1 as all the world knows1 boldly stood up for it1 in spite of the obloquy which it brought upon you1 and have done me a great service4 ,you are now republishing it with my cordial concurrence2 but ,i take this opportunity of noticing1 lest there should be any mistake on the part of the public1 that you do so with a different object from that which ,i had when ,i wrote it4 ,its original purpose was simply that of justifying myself and others in subscribing to the ,thirty-nine ,articles while professing many tenets which had popularly been considered distinctive of the ,roman faith4 ,i considered that my interpretation of the ,articles1 as ,i gave it in that ,tract1 would stand1 provided the parties imposing them allowed it1 otherwise ,i thought it could not stand2 and1 when in the event the bishops and public opinion did not allow it1 ,i gave up my living1 as having no right to retain it4 ,my feeling about the interpretation is expressed in a passage in ,loss and ,gain1 which runs thus3 ',is it1' asked ,reding1 'a received view8' ',no view is received1' said the other2 'the ,articles themselves are received1 but there is no authoritative interpretation of them at all4' ',well1' said ,reding1 'is it a tolerated view8' ',it certainly has been strongly opposed1' answered ,bateman2 'but it has never been condemned4' ',that is no answer1' said ,charles4 ',does any one bishop hold it8 ,did any one bishop ever hold it8 ,has it ever been formally admitted as tenable by any one bishop8 ,is it a view got up to meet existing difficulties1 or has it an historical existence8' ,bateman could give only one answer to #ea these questions1 as they were successively put to him4 ',i thought so1' said ,charles2 'the view is specious certainly4 ,i don't we why it might not have done1 had it been tolerably sanctioned2 but you have no sanction to show me4 ,as it stands1 it is a mere theory struck out by individuals4 ,our church might have adopted this mode of interpreting the ,articles2 but1 from what you tell me1 it certainly has not done so4'--,ch4 #ae4 ,however1 the ,tract did not carry its object and conditions on its face1 and necessarily lay open to interpretations very far from the true one4 ,dr4 ,wiseman 7as he then was71 in particular1 with the keen apprehension which was his characteristic1 at once saw in it a basis of accommodation between ,anglicanism and ,rome4 ,he suggested broadly that the decrees of the ,council of ,trent should be made the rule of interpretation for the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 a proceeding of which ,sancta ,clara1 ,i think1 had set the example2 and1 as you have observed1 published a letter to ,lord ,shrewsbury on the subject1 of which the following are extracts3 ,we ,catholics must necessarily deplore ,england's separation as a deep moral evil--as state of schism of which nothing can justify the continuance4 ,many members of the ,anglican ,church view it in the same light as to the first point--its sad evil2 though they excuse their individual position in it as an unavoidable misfortune4 4 4 4 ,we may depend upon a willing1 an able1 and a most zealous co-operation with any effort which we may make toward bringing her into her rightful position1 in ,catholic unity with the ,holy ,see and the churches of its obedience--in other words1 with the church ,catholic4 ,is this a visionary idea8 ,is it merely the expression of strong desire8 ,i know that many will so judge it2 and1 perhaps1 were ,i to consult my own quiet1 ,i would not venture to express it4 ,but ,i will1 in simplicity of heart1 cling to hopefulness1 cheered1 as ,i feel it1 by so many promising appearances4 4 4 4 ,a natural question here presents itself--what facilities appear in the present state of things for bringing about so happy a consummation as the reunion of ,england to the ,catholic ,church1 beyond what have before existed1 and particularly under ,archbishops ,laud or ,wake8 ,it strikes me1 many4 ,first1 etc4 4 4 4 ,a still more promising circumstance ,i think your lordship will with me consider the plan which the eventful ',tract ,no4 #ij' has pursued1 and in which ,mr4 ,ward1 ,mr4 ,oakeley1 and even ,dr4 ,pusey have agreed4 ,i allude to the method of bringing their doctrines into accordance with ours by explanation4 ,a foreign priest has pointed out to us a valuable document for our consideration--',bossuet's ,reply to the ,pope1' when consulted on the best method of reconciling the followers of the ,augsburg ,confession with the ,holy ,see4 ,the learned bishop observes1 that ,providence had allowed so much ,catholic truth to be preserved in that ,confession that full advantage should be taken of the circumstance2 that no retractations should be demanded1 but an explanation of the ,confession in accordance with ,catholic doctrines4 ,now1 for such a method as this1 the way is in part prepared by the demonstration that such interpretation may be given of the most difficult ,articles as will strip them of all contradiction to the decrees of the ,tridentine ,synod4 ,the same method may be pursued on other points2 and much pain may thus be spared to individuals1 and much difficulty to the church4--,pp4 #aa1 #ce1 #ch4 ,this use of my ,tract1 so different from my own1 but sanctioned by the great name of our cardinal1 you are now reviving2 and ,i gather from your doing so1 that your bishops and the opinion of the public are likely now1 or in prospect1 to admit what twenty-five years ago they refused4 ,on this point1 much as it rejoices me to know your anticipation1 of course ,i cannot have an opinion4 #d4 ,so much for ,tract #ij4 ,on the other hand1 as to my ,essay on ,doctrinal ,development1 ,i am sorry to find you do not look upon it with friendly eyes2 though how1 without its aid1 you can maintain the doctrines of the ,holy ,trinity and incarnation1 and others which you hold1 ,i cannot understand4 ,you consider my principle may be the means1 in time to come1 of introducing into our ,creed1 as portions of the necessary ,catholic faith1 the infallibility of the ,pope1 and various opinions1 pious or profane1 as it may be1 about our ,blessed ,lady4 ,i hope to remove your anxiety as to these consequences1 before ,i bring my #eb observations to an end2 at present ,i notice it as my apology for interfering in a controversy which at first sight is no business of mine4 #e4 ,i have another reason for writing2 and that is1 unless it is rude in me to say so1 because you seem to think writing does not become me4 ,i do not like silently to acquiesce in such a judgment ,you say at p4 #ih3 ,nothing can be more unpractical than for an individual to throw himself into the ,roman ,church because he could accept the letter of the ,council of ,trent4 ,those who were born ,roman ,catholics have a liberty which1 in the nature of things1 a person could not have who left another system to embrace that of ,rome4 ,i cannot imagine how any faith could stand the shock of leaving one system1 criticising it1 and cast himself into another system1 criticising it4 ,for myself1 ,i have always felt that had 7which ,god of his mercy avert hereafter also7 the ,english ,church1 by accepting heresy1 driven me out of it1 ,i could have gone in no other way than that of closing my eyes1 and accepting whatever was put before me4 ,but a liberty which individuals could not use1 and explanations which1 so long as they remain individual1 must be unauthoritative1 might be formally made by the ,church of ,rome to the ,church of ,england as the basis of reunion4 ,and again1 p4 #baj3 ,it seems to me to be a psychological impossibility for one who has already exchanged one system for another to make those distinctions4 ,one who1 by his own act1 places himself under authority1 cannot make conditions about his submission4 ,but definite explanations of our ,articles have1 before now1 been at least tentatively offered to us1 on the ,roman and ,greek side1 as sufficient to restore communion2 and the ,roman explanations too were1 in most cases1 mere supplements to our ,articles1 on points upon which our ,church had not spoken4 ,now passages such as these seem almost a challenge to me to speak1 and to keep silence would be to assent to the justice of them4 ,at the cost1 then1 of speaking about myself1 of which ,i feel there has been too much of late1 ,i observe upon them as follows3 ,of course1 as you say1 a convert comes to learn1 and not to pick and choose4 ,he comes in simplicity and confidence1 and it does not occur to him to weigh and measure every proceeding1 every practice which he meets with among those whom he has joined4 ,he comes to ,catholicism as to a living system1 with a living teaching1 and not to a mere collection of decrees and canons1 which by themselves are of course but the framework1 not the body and substance1 of the church4 ,and this is a truth which concerns1 which binds1 those also who never knew any other religion1 not only the convert4 ,by the ,catholic system ,i mean that rule of life and those practices of devotion for which we shall look in vain in the ,creed of ,pope ,pius4 ,the convert comes1 not only to believe the church1 but also to trust and obey her priests1 and to conform himself in charity to her people4 ,it would never do for him to resolve that he never would say a ,hail ,mary1 never avail himself of an indulgence1 never kiss a crucifix1 never accept the ,lent dispensations1 never mention a venial sin in confession4 ,all this would not only be unreal1 but dangerous1 too1 as arguing a wrong state of mind1 which could not look to receive the divine blessing4 ,moreover1 he comes to the ceremonial1 and the moral theology1 and the ecclesiastical regulations which he finds on the spot where his lot is cast4 ,and again1 as regards matters of politics1 of education1 of general expedience1 of taste1 he does not criticise or controvert4 ,and thus surrendering himself to the influences of his new religion1 and not losing what is revealed truth by attempting by his own private rule to discriminate every moment its substance from its accidents1 he is gradually so indoctrinated in ,catholicism as at length to have a right to speak as well as to hear4 ,also1 in course of time1 a new generation rises round him2 and there is no reason why he should not know as much1 and decide questions with as true an instinct1 as those who perhaps number fewer years than he does ,easter communions4 #ec ,he has mastered the fact and the nature of the differences of theologian from theologian1 school from school1 nation from nation1 era from era4 ,he knows that there is much of what may be called fashion in opinions and practices1 according to the circumstances of time and place1 according to current politics1 the character of the ,pope of the day1 or the chief prelates of a particular country1 and that fashions change4 ,his experience tells him1 that sometimes what is denounced in one place as a great offence1 or preached up as a first principle1 has in another nation been immemorially regarded in just a contrary sense1 or has made no sensation at all1 one way or the other1 when brought before public opinion2 and that loud talkers1 in the church as elsewhere1 are apt to carry all before them1 while quiet and conscientious persons commonly have to give way4 ,he perceives that1 in matters which happen to be in debate1 ecclesiastical authority watches the state of opinion and the direction and course of controversy1 and decides accordingly2 so that in certain cases to keep back his own judgment on a point is to be disloyal to his superiors4 ,so far generally2 now in particular as to myself4 ,after twenty years of ,catholic life1 ,i feel no delicacy in giving my opinion on any point when there is a call for me1 and the only reason why ,i have not done so sooner1 or more often than ,i have1 is that there has been no call4 ,i have now reluctantly come to the conclusion that your volume is a call4 ,certainly1 in many instances in which theologian differs from theologian1 and country from country1 ,i have a definite judgment of my own2 ,i can say so without offence to any one1 for the very reason that from the nature of the case it is impossible to agree with all of them4 ,i prefer ,english habits of belief and devotion to foreign1 from the same causes1 and by the same right1 which justify foreigners in preferring their own4 ,in following those of my people1 ,i show less singularity and create less disturbance than if ,i made a flourish with what is novel and exotic4 ,and in this line of conduct ,i am but availing myself of the teaching which ,i fell in with on becoming a ,catholic2 and it is a pleasure to me to think that what ,i hold now1 and would transmit after me if ,i could1 is only what ,i received then4 ,the utmost delicacy was observed on all hands in giving me advice2 only one warning remains on my mind1 and it came from ,dr4 ,griffiths1 the late vicar-apostolic of the ,london district4 ,he warned me against books of devotion of the ,italian school1 which were just at that time coming into ,england2 and when ,i asked him what books he recommended as safe guides1 he bade me get the works of ,bishop ,hay4 ,by this ,i did not understand that he was jealous of all ,italian books1 or made himself responsible for all that ,dr4 ,hay happens to have said2 but ,i took him to caution me against a character and tone of religion1 excellent in its place1 not suited for ,england4 ,when ,i went to ,rome1 though it may seem strange to you to say it1 even there ,i learned nothing inconsistent with this judgment4 ,local influences do not supply an atmosphere for its institutions and colleges1 which are ,catholic in teaching as well as in name4 ,i recollect one saying among others of my confessor1 a ,jesuit father1 one of the holiest1 most prudent men ,i ever knew4 ,he said that we could not love the ,blessed ,virgin too much1 if we loved our ,lord a great deal more4 ,when ,i returned to ,england1 the first expression of theological opinion which came in my way was apropos of the series of translated saints' lives which the late ,dr4 ,faber originated4 ,that expression proceeded from a wise prelate1 who was properly anxious as to the line which might be taken by the ,oxford converts1 then for the first time coming into work4 ,according as ,i recollect his opinion1 he was apprehensive of the effect of ,italian #ed compositions1 as unsuited to this country1 and suggested that the lives should be original works1 drawn up by ourselves and our friends from ,italian sources4 ,if at that time ,i was betrayed into any acts which were of a more extreme character than ,i should approve now1 the responsibility of course is mine2 but the impulse came not from old ,catholics or superiors1 but from men whom ,i loved and trusted who were younger than myself4 ,but to whatever extent ,i might be carried away1 and ,i cannot recollect any tangible instances1 my mind in no long time fell back to what seems to me a safer and more practical course4 ,though ,i am a convert1 then1 ,i think ,i have a right to speak out2 and that the more because other converts have spoken for a long time1 while ,i have not spoken2 and with still more reason may ,i speak without offence in the case of your present criticisms of us1 considering that1 in the charges you bring1 the only two ,english writers you quote in evidence are both of them converts1 younger in age than myself4 ,i put aside the archbishop1 of course1 because of his office4 ,these two authors are worthy of all consideration1 at once from their character and from their ability4 ,in their respective lines they are perhaps without equals at this particular time2 and they deserve the influence they possess4 ,one is still in the vigor of his powers2 the other has departed amid the tears of hundreds4 ,it is pleasant to praise them for their real qualifications2 but why do you rest on them as authorities8 ,because the one was a popular writer2 but is there not sufficient reason for this in the fact of his remarkable gifts1 of his poetical fancy1 his engaging frankness1 his playful wit1 his affectionateness1 his sensitive piety1 without supposing that the wide diffusion of his works arises out of his particular sentiments about the ,blessed ,virgin8 ,and as to our other friend1 do not his energy1 acuteness1 and theological reading1 displayed on the vantage ground of the historic ,dublin ,review1 fully account for the sensation he has produced1 without supposing that any great number of our body go his lengths in their view of the ,pope's infallibility8 ,our silence as regards their writings is very intelligible3 it is not agreeable to protest1 in the sight of the world1 against the writings of men in our own communion whom we love and respect4 ,but the plain fact is this--they came to the ,church1 and have thereby saved their souls2 but they are in no sense spokesmen for ,english ,catholics1 and they must not stand in the place of those who have a real title to such an office4 ,the chief authors of the passing generation1 some of them still alive1 others gone to their reward1 are ,cardinal ,wiseman1 ,dr4 ,ullathorne1 ,dr4 ,lingard1 ,mr4 ,tierney1 ,dr4 ,oliver1 ,dr4 ,rock1 ,dr4 ,waterworth1 ,dr4 ,husenbeth1 and ,mr4 ,flanagan2 which of these ecclesiastics has said anything extreme about the prerogatives of the ,blessed ,virgin or the infallibility of the ,pope8 ,i cannot1 then1 without remonstrance1 allow you to identify the doctrine of our ,oxford friends in question1 on the two subjects ,i have mentioned1 with the present spirit or the prospective creed of ,catholics2 or to assume1 as you do1 that1 because they are thorough-going and relentless in their statements1 therefore they are the harbingers of a new age1 when to show a deference for antiquity will be thought little else than a mistake4 ,for myself1 hopeless as you consider it1 ,i am not ashamed still to take my stand upon the fathers1 and do not mean to budge4 ,the history of their times is not yet an old almanac to me4 ,of course ,i maintain the value and authority of the ,schola1 as one of the loci theologici2 still ,i sympathize with ,petavius in preferring to its contentious and subtle theology that #ee more elegant and fruitful teaching which is moulded after the image of erudite antiquity4 ,the fathers made me a ,catholic1 and ,i am not going to kick down the ladder by which ,i ascended into the church4 ,it is a ladder quite as serviceable for that purpose now as it was twenty years ago4 ,though ,i hold1 as you remark1 a process of development in apostolic truth as time goes on1 such development does not supersede the fathers1 but explains and completes them4 ,and1 in particular1 as regards our teaching concerning the ,blessed ,virgin1 with the fathers ,i am content2 and to the subject of that teaching ,i mean to address myself at once4 ,i do so because you say1 as ,i myself have said in former years1 that that vast system as to the ,blessed ,virgin 4 4 4 4 to all of us has been the special crux of the ,roman system1 p4 #aja4 ,here1 ,i say1 as on other points1 the fathers are enough for me4 ,i do not wish to say more than they1 and will not say less4 ,you1 ,i know1 will profess the same2 and thus we can join issue on a clear and broad principle1 and may hope to come to some intelligible result4 ,we are to have a treatise on the subject of our ,lady soon from the pen of the most reverend prelate2 but that cannot interfere with such a mere argument from the fathers as that to which ,i shall confine myself here4 ,nor indeed1 as regards that argument itself1 do ,i profess to be offering you any new matter1 any facts which have not been used by others--by great divines1 as ,petavius1 by living writers1 nay1 by myself on other occasions2 ,i write afresh nevertheless1 and that for three reasons3 first1 because ,i wish to contribute to the accurate statement and the full exposition of the argument in question2 next1 because ,i may gain a more patient hearing than has sometimes been granted to better men than myself2 lastly1 because there just now seems a call on me1 under my circumstances1 to avow plainly what ,i do and what ,i do not hold about the ,blessed ,virgin1 that others may know1 did they come to stand where ,i stand1 what they would and what they would not be bound to hold concerning her4 ,i begin by making a distinction which will go far to remove good part of the difficulty of my undertaking1 as it presents itself to ordinary inquirers--the distinction between faith and devotion4 ,i fully grant that devotion toward the ,blessed ,virgin has increased among ,catholics with the progress of centuries2 ,i do not allow that the doctrine concerning her has undergone a growth1 for ,i believe that it has been in substance one and the same from the beginning4 ,by faith ,i mean the ,creed and the acceptance of the ,creed2 by devotion ,i mean such religious honors as belong to the objecis of our faith1 and the payment of those honors4 ,faith and devotion are as distinct in fact as they are in idea4 ,we cannot1 indeed1 be devout without faith1 but we may believe without feeling devotion4 ,of this phenomenon every one has experience both in himself and in others2 and we express it as often as we speak of realizing a truth or not realizing it4 ,it may be illustrated1 with more or less exactness1 by matters which come before us in the world4 ,for instance1 a great author1 or public man1 may be acknowledged as such for a course of years2 yet there may be an increase1 an ebb and flow1 and a fashion1 in his popularity4 ,and if he takes a lasting place in the minds of his countrymen1 he may gradually grow into it1 or suddenly be raised to it4 ,the idea of ,shakespeare as a great poet has existed from a very early date in public opinion2 and there were at least individuals then who understood him as well1 and honored him as much1 as the ,english people can honor him now2 yet1 ,i think1 there is a national devotion to him in this day such as never has been before4 ,this has happened because1 as education spreads in the country1 there are more men able to enter into his #ef poetical genius1 and1 among these1 more capacity again for deeply and critically understanding him2 and yet1 from the first1 he has exerted a great insensible influence over the nation1 as is seen in the circumstance that his phrases and sentences1 more than can be numbered1 have become almost proverbs among us4 ,and so again in philosophy1 and in the arts and sciences1 great truths and principles have sometimes been known and acknowledged for a course of years2 but1 whether from feebleness of intellectual power in the recipients1 or external circumstances of an accidental kind1 they have not been turned to account4 ,thus1 the ,chinese are said to have known of the properties of the magnet from time immemorial1 and to have used it for land expeditions1 yet not on the sea4 ,again1 the ancients knew of the principle that water finds its own level1 but seem to have made little application of their knowledge4 ,and ,aristotle was familiar with the principle of induction2 yet it was left for ,bacon to develop it into an experimental philosophy4 ,illustrations such as these1 though not altogether apposite1 serve to convey that distinction between faith and devotion on which ,i am insisting4 ,it is like the distinction between objective and subjective truth4 ,the sun in the springtime will have to shine many days before he is able to melt the frost1 open the soil1 and bring out the leaves2 yet he shines out from the first1 notwithstanding1 though he makes his power felt but gradually4 ,it is one and the same sun1 though his influence day by day becomes greater2 and so in the ,catholic ,church1 it is the one ,virgin ,mother1 one and the same from first to last1 and ,catholics may acknowledge her2 and yet1 in spite of that acknowledgment1 their devotion to her may be scanty in one time and place and overflowing in another4 ,this distinction is forcibly brought home to a convert1 as a peculiarity of the ,catholic religion1 on his first introduction to its worship4 ,the faith is everywhere one and the same2 but a large liberty is accorded to private judgment and inclination in matters of devotion4 ,any large church1 with its collections and groups of people1 will illustrate this4 ,the fabric itself is dedicated to ,almighty ,god1 and that under the invocation of the ,blessed ,virgin1 or some particular saint2 or again1 of some mystery belonging to the ,divine name1 or to the incarnation1 or of some mystery associated with the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,perhaps there are seven altars or more in it1 and these again have their several saints4 ,then there is the feast proper to the particular day2 and1 during the celebration of mass1 of all the worshippers who crowd around the priest each has his own particular devotions1 with which he follows the rite4 ,no one interferes with his neighbor2 agreeing1 as it were1 to differ1 they pursue independently a common end1 and by paths1 distinct but converging1 present themselves before ,god4 ,then there are confraternities attached to the church3 of the sacred heart1 or the precious blood2 associations of prayer for a good death1 or the repose of departed souls1 or the conversion of the heathen3 devotions connected with the brown1 blue1 or red scapular2 not to speak of the great ordinary ritual through the four seasons1 the constant presence of the blessed sacrament1 its ever recurring rite of benediction1 and its extraordinary forty hours' exposition4 ,or1 again1 look through some such manual of prayers as the ,raccolta1 and you at once will see both the number and the variety of devotions which are open to individual ,catholics to choose from1 according to their religious taste and prospect of personal edification4 ,now these diversified modes of honoring ,god did not come to us in a day1 or only from the apostles2 they are the accumulations of centuries2 and1 as in the course of years some of them spring up1 so others decline and die ,some are local1 in memory of some particular saint who happens to be the evangelist1 or patron1 or pride of the #eg nation1 or who is entombed in the church1 or in the city where it stands2 and these1 necessarily1 cannot have an earlier date than the saint's day of death or interment there4 ,the first of such sacred observances1 long before these national memories1 were the devotions paid to the apostles1 then those which were paid to the martyrs2 yet there were saints nearer to our ,lord than either martyrs or apostles2 but1 as if these had been lost in the effulgence of his glory1 and because they were not manifested in external works separate from him1 it happened that for a long while they were less thought of4 ,however1 in process of time the apostles1 and then the martyrs1 exerted less influence than before over the popular mind1 and the local saints1 new creations of ,god's power1 took their place1 or again1 the saints of some religious order here or there established4 ,then1 as comparatively quiet times succeeded1 the religious meditations of holy men and their secret intercourse with heaven gradually exerted an influence out of doors1 and permeated the ,christian populace1 by the instrumentality of preaching and by the ceremonial of the church4 ,then those luminous stars rose in the ecclesiastical heavens which were of more august dignity than any which had preceded them1 and were late in rising for the very reason that they were so specially glorious4 ,those names1 ,i say1 which at first sight might have been expected to enter soon into the devotions of the faithful1 with better reason might have been looked for at a later date1 and actually were late in their coming4 ,st4 ,joseph furnishes the most striking instance of this remark2 here is the clearest of instances of the distinction between doctrine and devotion4 ,who1 from his prerogatives and the testimony on which they come to us1 had a greater claim to receive an early recognition among the faithful8 ,a saint of ,scripture1 the foster-father of our ,lord1 was an object of the universal and absolute faith of the ,christian world from the first1 yet the devotion to him is comparatively of late date4 ,when once it began1 men seemed surprised that it had not been thought of before2 and now they hold him next to the ,blessed ,virgin in their religious affection and veneration4 ,as regards the ,blessed ,virgin1 ,i shall postpone the question of devotion for a while1 and inquire first into the doctrine of the undivided church 7to use your controversial phrase7 on the subject of her prerogatives4 ,what is the great rudimental teaching of antiquity from its earliest date concerning her8 ,by rudimental teaching ,i mean the prim facie view of her person and office1 the broad outline laid down of her1 the aspect under which she comes to us in the writings of the fathers4 ,she is the second ,eve4 ,footnote #aa ,now let us consider what this implies4 ,eve had a definite1 essential position in the first covenant4 ,the fate of the human race lay with ,adam2 he it was who represented us4 ,it was in ,adam that we fell2 though ,eve had fallen1 still1 if ,adam had stood1 we should not have lost those supernatural privileges which were bestowed upon him as our first father4 ,yet though ,eve was not the head of the race1 still1 even as regards the race1 she had a place of her own2 for ,adam1 to whom was divinely committed the naming of all things1 entitled her the mother of all the living2 a name surely expressive not of a fact only but of a dignity2 but further1 as she thus had her own general relation to the human race1 so again had she her own special place1 as regards its trial and its fall in ,adam4 ,in those primeval events1 ,eve had an integral share4 ,the woman1 being seduced1 was in the transgression4 ,she listened to the evil angel2 she offered the fruit to her husband1 and he ate of it4 ,she co-operated not as an irresponsible instrument1 but intimately and personally in the sin2 she brought it about4 ,as the history stands1 she was a sine qua non1 a positive1 active cause of it4 #eh ,and she had her share in its punishment2 in the sentence pronounced on her1 she was recognized as a real agent in the temptation and its issue1 and she suffered accordingly4 ,in that awful transaction there were three parties concerned--the serpent1 the woman1 and the man2 and at the time of their sentence an event was announced for the future1 in which the three same parties were to meet again1 the serpent1 the woman1 and the man2 but it was to be a second ,adam and a second ,eve1 and the new ,eve was to be the mother of the new ,adam4 ,i will put enmity between thee and the woman1 and between thy seed and her seed4 ,the seed of the woman is the word incarnate1 and the woman whose seed or son he is is his mother ,mary4 ,this interpretation and the parallelism it involves seem to me undeniable2 but1 at all events 7and this is my point71 the parallelism is the doctrine of the fathers1 from the earliest times2 and1 this being established1 by the position and office of ,eve in our fall1 we are able to determine the position and office of ,mary in our restoration4 ,footnote #aa3 ,vid4 ,essay on ,development of ,doctrine1 #ahde1 p4 #chd1 etc4 ,i shall adduce passages from their writings1 with their respective countries and dates2 and the dates shall extend from their births or conversions to their deaths1 since what they propound is at once the doctrine which they had received from the generation before them1 and the doctrine which was accepted and recognized as true by the generation to whom they transmitted it4 ,first1 then1 ,st4 ,justin ,martyr 7,a4,d4 #abj-afe71 ,st4 ,irenaeus 7#abj-bjj71 and ,tertullian 7#afj-bdj74 ,of these ,tertullian represents ,africa and ,rome1 ,st4 ,justin represents ,palestine1 and ,st4 ,irenaeus ,asia ,minor and ,gaul--or rather he represents ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 for he had been taught by the martyr ,st4 ,polycarp1 who was the intimate associate1 as of ,st4 ,john1 #fj of the other apostles4 #a4 ,st4 ,justin3 ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,i have attempted to translate literally without caring to write ,english4 ,we know that he1 before all creatures proceeded from the ,father by his power and will1 4 4 4 and by means of the ,virgin became man1 that by what way the disobedience arising from the serpent had its beginning1 by that way also it might have an undoing4 ,for ,eve1 being a virgin and undefiled1 conceiving the word that was from the serpent1 brought forth disobedience and death2 but the ,virgin ,mary1 taking faith and joy1 when the angel told her the good tidings1 that the ,spirit of the ,lord should come upon her and the power of the highest overshadow her1 and therefore the holy one that was born of her was ,son of ,god1 answered4 ,be it to me according to thy word4--,tryph4 #ajj4 #b4 ,tertullian3 ,god recovered his image and likeness1 which the devil had seized1 by a rival operation4 ,for into ,eve1 as yet a virgin1 had crept the word which was the framer of death4 ,equally into a virgin was to be introduced the ,word of ,god which was the builder-up of life2 that1 what by that sex had gone into perdition1 by the same sex might be brought back to salvation4 ,eve had believed the serpent2 ,mary believed ,gabriel2 the fault which the one committed by believing1 the other by believing has blotted out4--,de ,carn4 ,christ1 #ag4 #c4 ,st ,irenaeus3 ,with a fitness1 ,mary the ,virgin is found obedient1 saying1 ',behold thy handmaid1 ,o ,lord2 be it to me according to thy word4' ,but ,eve was disobedient2 for she obeyed not1 while she was yet a virgin4 ,as she1 having indeed ,adam for a husband1 but as yet being a virgin1 4 4 4 becoming disobedient1 became the cause of death both to herself and to the whole human race1 so also ,mary1 having the predestined man1 and being yet a virgin1 being obedient1 became both to herself and to the whole human race the cause of salvation4 4 4 4 ,and on account of this the ,lord said1 that the first would be last and the last first4 ,and the prophet signifies the same1 saying1 ',instead of fathers you have children4' ,for1 whereas the ,lord1 when born1 was the first begotten of the dead1 and received into his bosom the primitive fathers1 he regenerated them into the life of ,god1 he himself becoming the beginning of the living1 since ,adam became the beginning of the dying4 ,therefore also ,luke1 commencing the lines of generations from the ,lord1 referred it back to ,adam1 signifying that he regenerated the old fathers1 not they him1 into the gospel of life4 ,and so the knot #ei of ,eve's disobedience received its unloosing through the obedience of ,mary2 for what ,eve1 a virgin1 bound by incredulity1 that ,mary1 a virgin1 unloosed by faith4-- ,adv4 ,haer1 iii4 #bb4 #cd4 ,and again3 ,as ,eve by the speech of an angel was seduced1 so as to flee ,god1 transgressing his word1 so also ,mary received the good tidings by means of the angel's speech1 so as to bear ,god within her1 being obedient to his word4 ,and1 though the one had disobeyed ,god1 yet the other was drawn to obey ,god2 that of the virgin ,eve the virgin ,mary might become the advocate4 ,and1 as by a virgin the human race had been bound to death1 by a virgin it is saved1 the balance being preserved1 a virgin's disobedience by a virgin's obedience4 --,ibid4 v4 #ai4 ,now1 what is especially noticeable in these three writers is1 that they do not speak of the ,blessed ,virgin as the physical instrument of our ,lord's taking flesh1 but as an intelligent1 responsible cause of it2 her faith and obedience being accessories to the incarnation1 and gaining it as her reward4 ,as ,eve failed in these virtues1 and thereby brought on the fall of the race in ,adam1 so ,mary by means of them had a part in its restoration4 ,you imply1 pp4 #bee1 #bef1 that the ,blessed ,virgin was only a physical instrument in our redemption2 what has been said of her by the fathers as the chosen vessel of the incarnation1 was applied personally to her 7that is1 by ,catholics71 p4 #aea2 and again1 ,the fathers speak of the ,blessed ,virgin as the instrument of our salvation1 in that she gave birth to the ,redeemer1 pp4 #aee1 #aef2 whereas ,st4 ,augustine1 in well-known passages1 speaks of her as more exalted by her sanctity than by her relationship to our ,lord4 ,footnote #ac ,however1 not to go beyond the doctrine of the three fathers1 they unanimously declare that she was not a mere instrument in the incarnation1 such as ,david1 or ,judah1 may be considered2 they declare she co-operated in our salvation1 not merely by the descent of the ,holy ,ghost upon her body1 but by specific holy acts1 the effect of the ,holy ,ghost upon her soul2 that1 as ,eve forfeited privileges by sin1 so ,mary earned privileges by the fruits of grace2 that1 as ,eve was disobedient and unbelieving1 so ,mary was obedient and believing2 that1 as ,eve was a cause of ruin to all1 ,mary was a cause of salvation to all2 that1 as ,eve made room for ,adam's fall1 so ,mary made room for our ,lord's reparation of it2 and thus1 whereas the free gift was not as the offence1 but much greater1 it follows that1 as ,eve co-operated in effecting a great evil1 ,mary co-operated in effecting a much greater good4 ,footnote #ac3 ,opp41 t4 #h1 p4 #b1 col4 #cfi1 t4 #f1 col4 #cdb4 ,and1 beside the run of the argument1 which reminds the reader of ,st4 ,paul's antithetical sentences in tracing the analogy between ,adam's work and our ,lord's work1 it is well to observe the particular words under which the ,blessed ,virgin's office is described4 ,tertullian says that ,mary blotted out ,eve's fault1 and brought back the female sex1 or the human race1 to salvation2 and ,st4 ,irenaeus says that by obedience she was the cause or occasion 7whatever was the original ,greek word7 of salvation to herself and the whole human race2 that by her the human race is saved2 that by her ,eve's complication is disentangled2 and that she is ,eve's advocate1 or friend in need4 ,it is supposed by critics1 ,protestant as well as ,catholic1 that the ,greek word for advocate in the original was paraclete2 it should be borne in mind1 then1 when we are accused of giving our ,lady the titles and offices of her ,son1 that ,st4 ,irenaeus bestows on her the special name and office proper to the ,holy ,ghost4 ,so much as to the nature of this triple testimony2 now as to the worth of it4 ,for a moment put aside ,st4 ,irenaeus1 and put together ,st4 ,justin in the ,east with ,tertullian in the ,west4 ,i think ,i may assume that the doctrine of these two fathers about the ,blessed ,virgin was the received doctrine of their own #fj respective times and places2 for writers after all are but witnesses of facts and beliefs1 and as such they are treated by all parties in controversial discussion4 ,moreover1 the coincidence of doctrine which they exhibit1 and1 again1 the antithetical completeness of it1 show that they themselves did not originate it4 ,the next question is1 ,who did8 ,for from one definite organ or source1 place or person1 it must have come4 ,then we must inquire1 what length of time would it take for such a doctrine to have extended1 and to be received1 in the second century over so wide an area2 that is1 to be received before the year #bjj in ,palestine1 ,africa1 and ,rome8 ,can we refer the common source of these local traditions to a date later than that of the apostles1 ,st4 ,john dying within thirty or forty years of ,st4 ,justin's conversion and ,tertullian's birth8 ,make what allowance you will for whatever possible exceptions can be taken to this representation2 and then1 after doing so1 add to the concordant testimony of these two fathers the evidence of ,st4 ,irenaeus1 which is so close upon the school of ,st4 ,john himself in ,asia ,minor4 ,a three-fold cord1 as the wise man says1 is not quickly broken4 ,only suppose there were so early and so broad a testimony to the effect that our ,lord was a mere man1 the son of ,joseph2 should we be able to insist upon the faith of the ,holy ,trinity as necessary to salvation8 ,or supposing three such witnesses could be brought to the fact that a consistory of elders governed the local churches1 or that each local congregation was an independent church1 or that the ,christian community was without priests1 could ,anglicans maintain their doctrine that the rule of episcopal succession is necessary to constitute a church8 ,and recollect that the ,anglican ,church especially appeals to the ante-,nicene centuries1 and taunts us with having superseded their testimony4 ,having then adduced these three fathers of the second century1 ,i have at least got so far as this1 viz41 no one1 who acknowledges the force of early testimony in determining ,christian truth1 can wonder1 no one can complain1 can object1 that we ,catholics should hold a very high doctrine concerning the ,blessed ,virgin1 unless indeed stronger statements can be brought for a contrary conception of her1 either of as early1 or at least of a later date4 ,but1 as far as ,i know1 no statements can be brought from the ante-,nicene literature to invalidate the testimony of the three fathers concerning her2 and little can be brought against it from the fourth century1 while in that fourth century the current of testimony in her behalf is as strong as in the second2 and1 as to the fifth1 it is far stronger than in any former time1 both in its fulness and its authority4 ,this will to some extent be seen as ,i proceed4 #d4 ,st ,cyril1 of ,jerusalem 7#cae-chf71 speaks for ,palestine3 ,since through ,eve1 a virgin1 came death1 it behoved that through a virgin1 or rather from a virgin1 should life appear2 that1 as the serpent had deceived the one1 so to the other ,gabriel might bring good tidings4--,cat4 xii4 #ae4 #e4 ,st4 ,ephrem ,syrus 7lie died #cgh7 is a witness for the ,syrians proper and the neighboring ,orientals1 in contrast to the ,graeco-,syrians4 ,a native of ,nisibis1 on the farther side of the ,euphrates1 he knew no language but ,syriac3 ,through ,eve the beautiful and desirable glory of men was extinguished2 but it has revived through ,mary4--,opp4 ,syr41 ii4 p4 #cah4 ,again3 ,in the beginning1 by the sin of our first parents1 death passed upon all men2 to-day1 through ,mary1 we are translated from death unto life4 ,in the beginning1 the serpent filled the ears of ,eve1 and the poison spread thence over the whole body2 to-day1 ,mary from her ears received the #fa champion of eternal happiness2 what1 therefore1 was an instrument of death1 was an instrument of life also4--iii4 p4 #fjg4 ,i have already referred to ,st4 ,paul's contrast between ,adam and our ,lord in his ,epistle to the ,romans1 as also in his first ,epistle to the ,corinthians4 ,some writers attempt to say that there is no doctrinal truth1 but a mere rhetorical display1 in those passages4 ,it is quite as easy to say so as to attempt so to dispose of this received comparison1 in the writings of the fathers1 between ,eve and ,mary4 #f4 ,st4 ,epiphanius 7#cbj-djj7 speaks for ,egypt1 ,palestine1 and ,cyprus3 ,she it is who is signified by ,eve1 enigmatically receiving the appellation of the mother of the living4 4 4 4 ,it was a wonder that after the fall she had this great epithet4 ,and1 according to what is material1 from that ,eve all the race of men on earth is generated4 ,but thus in truth from ,mary the ,life itself was born in the world1 that ,mary might bear living things and become the mother of living things4 ,therefore1 enigmatically1 ,mary is called the mother of living things4 4 4 ,also1 there is another thing to consider as to these women1 and wonderful--as to ,eve and ,mary4 ,eve became a cause of death to man 4 4 4 and ,mary a cause of life2 4 4 4 that life might be instead of death1 life excluding death which came from the woman1 viz41 he who through the woman has become our life4 --,haer4 #gh4 #ah4 #g4 ,by the time of ,st4 ,jerome 7#cca-dbj71 the contrast between ,eve and ,mary had almost passed into a proverb4 ,he says 7,ep4 xxii4 #ba1 ad ,eustoch471 ,death by ,eve1 life by ,mary4 ,nor let it be supposed that he1 any more than the preceding fathers1 considered the ,blessed ,virgin a mere physical instrument of giving birth to our ,lord1 who is the life4 ,so far from it1 in the epistle from which ,i have quoted1 he is only adding another virtue to that crown which gained for ,mary her divine maternity4 ,they have spoken of faith1 joy1 and obedience2 ,st4 ,jerome adds1 what they had only suggested1 virginity4 ,after the manner of the fathers in his own day1 he is setting forth the ,blessed ,mary to the high-born ,roman lady whom he is addressing as the model of the virginal life2 and his argument in its behalf is1 that it is higher than the marriage state1 not in itself1 viewed in any mere natural respect1 but as being the free act of self-consecration to ,god1 and from the personal religious purpose which it involves3 ,higher wage1 he says1 is due to that which is not a compulsion1 but an offering2 for1 were virginity commanded1 marriage would seem to be put out of the question2 and it would be most cruel to force men against nature1 and to extort from them an angel's life4--#bj4 ,i do not know whose testimony is more important than ,st4 ,jerome's1 the friend of ,pope ,damasus at ,rome1 the pupil of ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen at ,constantinople1 and of ,didymus in ,alexandria1 a native of ,dalmatia1 yet an inhabitant1 at different times of his life1 of ,gaul1 ,syria1 and ,palestine4 #h4 ,st4 ,jerome speaks for the whole world1 except ,africa2 and for ,africa in the fourth century1 if we must limit so world-wide an authority to place1 witnesses ,st4 ,augustine 7#ced-dcj74 ,he repeats the words as if a proverb2 ,by a woman death1 by a woman life 7,opp4 t4 v4 ,serm4 #bcc72 elsewhere he enlarges on the idea conveyed in it4 ,in one place he quotes ,st4 ,irenaeus's words as cited above 7adv4 ,julian i4 #d74 ,in another he speaks as follows3 ,it is a great sacrament that1 whereas through woman death became our portion1 so life was born to us by woman2 that1 in the case of both sexes1 male and female1 the baffled devil should be tormented1 when on the overthrow of both sexes he was rejoicing2 whose punishment had been small1 if both sexes had been liberated in us1 without our being liberated through both4--,opp4 t4 vi4 ,de ,agon1 ,christ1 c4 #bd4 #fb #i4 ,st4 ,peter ,chrysologus 7#djj-dej71 ,bishop of ,ravenna1 and one of the chief authorities in the fourth ,general ,council3 ,blessed art thou among women2 for among women1 on whose womb ,eve1 who was cursed1 brought punishment1 ,mary1 being blest1 rejoices1 is honored1 and is looked up to4 ,and woman now is truly made through grace the mother of the living1 who had been by nature the mother of the dying4 4 4 4 ,heaven feels awe of ,god1 angels tremble at him1 the creature sustains him not1 nature sufficeth not1 and yet one maiden so takes1 receives1 entertains him1 as a guest within her breast1 that1 for the very hire of her home1 and as the price of her womb1 she asks1 she obtains1 peace for the earth1 glory for the heavens1 salvation for the lost1 life for the dead1 a heavenly parentage for the earthly1 the union of ,god himself with human flesh4--,serm4 #adj4 ,it is difficult to express more explicitly1 though in oratorical language1 that the ,blessed ,virgin had a real1 meritorious co-operation1 a share which had a hire and a price in the reversal of the fall4 #aj4 ,st4 ,fulgentius1 ,bishop of ,ruspe in ,africa 7#dfh-ecc74 ,the homily which contains the following passage is placed by ,ceillier 7t4 xvi4 p4 #abg7 among his genuine works3 ,in the wife of the first man1 the wickedness of the devil depraved her seduced mind2 in the mother of the second ,man1 the grace of ,god preserved both her mind inviolate and her flesh4 ,on her mind he conferred the most firm faith2 from her flesh he took away lust altogether4 ,since then man was in a miserable way condemned for sin1 therefore without sin was in a marvellous way born the ,god man4--,serm4 #b1 p4 #abd1 ,de ,dupl4 ,nativ4 ,accordingly1 in the sermon which follows 7if it is his71 he continues1 illustrating her office of universal mother1 as ascribed to her by ,st4 ,epiphanius3 ,come ye virgins to a virgin1 come ye who conceive to her who conceived1 ye who bear to one who bore1 mothers to a mother1 ye that suckle to one who suckled1 young girls to the young girl4 ,it is for this reason that the ,virgin ,mary has taken on her in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ all these divisions of nature1 that to all women who have recourse to her she may be a succor1 and so restore the whole race of women who come to her1 being the new ,eve1 by keeping virginity1 as the new ,adam1 the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 recovers the whole race of men4 ,such is the rudimental view1 as ,i have called it1 which the fathers have given us of ,mary1 as the second ,eve1 the mother of the living4 ,i have cited ten authors4 ,i could cite more were it necessary4 ,except the two last1 they write gravely and without any rhetoric4 ,i allow that the two last write in a different style1 since the extracts ,i have made are from their sermons2 but ,i do not see that the coloring conceals the outline4 ,and1 after all1 men use oratory on great subjects1 not on small2 nor would they1 and other fathers whom ,i might quote1 have lavished their high language upon the ,blessed ,virgin1 such as they gave to no one else1 unless they knew well that no one else had such claims as she had on their love and veneration4 ,and now ,i proceed to dwell for a while upon two inferences1 which it is obvious to draw from the rudimental doctrine itself2 the first relates to the sanctity of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the second to her greatness4 #a4 ,her sanctity4 ,she holds1 as the fathers teach us1 that office in our restoration which ,eve held in our fall4 ,now1 in the first place1 what were ,eve's endowments to enable her to enter upon her trial8 ,she could not have stood against the wiles of the devil1 though she was innocent and sinless1 without the grant of a large grace4 ,and this she had--a heavenly gift1 which was over and above and additional to that nature of hers1 which she received from ,adam1 as ,adam before her had also received the same gift1 at the very time 7as it is commonly held7 of his original creation4 ,this is ,anglican doctrine as well as ,catholic2 it is the doctrine of ,bishop ,bull4 ,he has written a dissertation on the point4 ,he speaks of the doctrine which many of the schoolmen affirm1 that ,adam was created #fc in grace--that is1 received a principle of grace and divine life from his very creation1 or in the moment of the infusion of his soul2 of which1 he says1 for my own part ,i have little doubt4 ,again1 he says3 ,it is abundantly manifest1 from the many testimonies alleged1 that the ancient doctors of the church did1 with a general consent1 acknowledge that our first parents1 in the state of integrity1 had in them something more than nature--that is1 were endowed with the divine principle of the ,spirit1 in order to a supernatural felicity4 ,now1 taking this for granted1 because ,i know that you and those who agree with you maintain it as well as we do1 ,i ask1 ,was not ,mary as fully endowed as ,eve8 is it any violent inference that she1 who was to co-operate in the redemption of the world1 at least was not less endowed with power from on high1 than she who1 given as a helpmate to her husband1 did in the event but co-operate with him for its ruin8 ,if ,eve was raised above human nature by that indwelling moral gift which we call grace1 is it rash to say that ,mary had a greater grace8 ,and this consideration gives significance to the angel's salutation of her as full of grace--an interpretation of the original word which is undoubtedly the right one1 as soon as we resist the common ,protestant assumption that grace is a mere external approbation or acceptance1 answering to the word favor2 whereas it is1 as the fathers teach1 a real inward condition or superadded quality of soul4 ,and if ,eve had this supernatural inward gift given her from the moment of her personal existence1 is it possible to deny that ,mary too had this gift from the very first moment of her personal existence8 ,i do not know how to resist this inference--well1 this is simply and literally the doctrine of the immaculate conception4 ,i say the doctrine of the immaculate conception is in its substance this1 and nothing more or less than this 7putting aside the question of degrees of grace72 and it really does seem to me bound up in that doctrine of the fathers1 that ,mary is the second ,eve4 ,it is to me a most strange phenomenon that so many learned and devout men stumble at this doctrine1 and ,i can only account for it by supposing that1 in matter of fact1 they do not know what we mean by the immaculate conception2 and your volume 7may ,i say it87 bears out my suspicion4 ,it is a great consolation to have reason for thinking so--for believing that in some sort the persons in question are in the position of those great saints in former times who are said to have hesitated about it1 when they would not have hesitated at all if the word conception had been clearly explained in that sense in which now it is universally received4 ,i do not see how any one who holds with ,bull the ,catholic doctrine of the supernatural endowments of our first parents1 has fair reason for doubting our doctrine about the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,it has no reference whatever to her parents1 but simply to her own person2 it does but affirm that1 together with the nature which she inherited from her parents1 that is1 her own nature1 she had a superadded fulness of grace1 and that from the first moment of her existence4 ,suppose ,eve had stood the trial1 and not lost her first grace1 and suppose she had eventually had children1 those children from the first moment of their existence would1 through divine bounty1 have received the same privilege that she had ever had2 that is1 as she was taken from ,adam's side1 in a garment1 so to say1 of grace1 so they in turn would have received what may be called an immaculate conception4 ,they would have been conceived in grace1 as in fact they are conceived in sin4 ,what is there difficult in this doctrine8 ,what is there unnatural8 ,mary may be called a daughter of ,eve unfallen4 ,you believe with us that ,st4 ,john ,baptist had grace given to him three months before his birth1 at the time #fd that the ,blessed ,virgin visited his mother4 ,he accordingly was not immaculately conceived1 because he was alive before grace came to him2 but our ,lady's case only differs from his in this respect1 that to her grace came not three months merely before her birth1 but from the first moment of her being1 as it had been given to ,eve4 ,but it may be said1 ,how does this enable us to say that she was conceived without original sin8 ,if ,anglicans knew what we mean by original sin1 they would not ask the question4 ,our doctrine of original sin is not the same as the ,protestant doctrine4 ,original sin1 with us1 cannot be called sin in the ordinary sense of the word sin2 it is a term denoting the imputation of ,adam's sin1 or the state to which ,adam's sin reduces his children2 but by ,protestants it is understood to be sin in the same sense as actual sin4 ,we1 with the fathers1 think of it as something negative2 ,protestants as something positive4 ,protestants hold that it is a disease1 a change of nature1 a poison internally corrupting the soul1 and propagated from father to son1 after the manner of a bad constitution2 and they fancy that we ascribe a different nature from ours to the ,blessed ,virgin1 different from that of her parents1 and from that of fallen ,adam4 ,we hold nothing of the kind2 we consider that in ,adam she died1 as others2 that she was included1 together with the whole race1 in ,adam's sentence2 that she incurred his debt1 as we do2 but that1 for the sake of him who was to redeem her and us upon the cross1 to her the debt was remitted by anticipation2 on her the sentence was not carried out1 except indeed as regards her natural death1 for she died when her time came1 as others4 ,all this we teach1 but we deny that she had original sin2 for by original sin we mean1 as ,i have already said1 something negative1 viz41 this only1 the deprivation of that supernatural unmerited grace which ,adam and ,eve had on their creation--deprivation and the consequences of deprivation4 ,mary could not merit1 any more than they1 the restoration of that grace2 but it was restored to her by ,god's free bounty from the very first moment of her existence1 and thereby1 in fact1 she never came under the original curse1 which consisted in the loss of it4 ,and she had this special privilege in order to fit her to become the mother of her and our ,redeemer1 to fit her mentally1 spiritually1 for it2 so that1 by the aid of the first grace1 she might so grow in grace that when the angel came1 and her ,lord was at hand1 she might be full of grace1 prepared1 as far as a creature could be prepared1 to receive him into her bosom4 ,i have drawn the doctrine of the immaculate conception1 as an immediate inference1 from the primitive doctrine that ,mary is the second ,eve4 ,the argument seems to me conclusive2 and1 if it has not been universally taken as such1 this has come to pass because there has not been a clear understanding among ,catholics what exactly was meant by the immaculate conception4 ,to many it seemed to imply that the ,blessed ,virgin did not die in ,adam1 that she did not come under the penalty of the fall1 that she was not redeemed2 that she was conceived in some way inconsistent with the verse in the ,miserere psalm4 ,if controversy had in earlier days so cleared the subject as to make it plain to all that the doctrine meant nothing else than that1 in fact1 in her case the general sentence on mankind was not carried out1 and that by means of the indwelling in her of divine grace from the first moment of her being 7and this is all the decree of #ahed has declared71 ,i cannot believe that the doctrine would have ever been opposed2 for an instinctive sentiment has led ,christians jealously to put the ,blessed ,mary aside when sin comes into discussion4 ,this is expressed in the well-known words of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,all have sinned except the holy ,virgin ,mary1 #fe concerning whom1 for the honor of the ,lord1 ,i wish no question to be raised at all1 when we are treating of sins 7de ,nat4 et ,grat4 #db72 words which1 whatever ,st4 ,augustine's actual occasion of using them 7to which you refer1 p4 #agf71 certainly1 in the spirit which they breathe1 are well adapted to convey the notion that1 apart from her relation to her parents1 she had not personally any part in sin whatever4 ,it is true that several great fathers of the fourth century do imply or assert that on one or two occasions she did sin venially or showed infirmity4 ,this is the only real objection which ,i know of2 and1 as ,i do not wish to pass it over lightly1 ,i propose to consider it at the end of this letter4 #b4 ,now1 secondly1 her greatness4 ,here let us suppose that our first parents had overcome in their trial1 and had gained for their descendants for ever the full possession1 as if by right1 of the privileges which were promised to their obedience--grace here and glory hereafter4 ,is it possible that those descendants1 pious and happy from age to age in their temporal homes1 would have forgotten their benefactors8 ,would they not have followed them in thought into the heavens1 and gratefully commemorated them on earth8 ,the history of the temptation1 the craft of the serpent1 their steadfastness in obedience--the loyal vigilance1 the sensitive purity of ,eve--the great issue1 salvation wrought out for all generations--would have been never from their minds1 ever welcome to their ears4 ,this would have taken place from the necessity of our nature4 ,every nation has its mythical hymns and epics about its first fathers and its heroes4 ,the great deeds of ,charlemagne1 ,alfred1 ,coeur de ,lion1 ,wallace1 ,louis the ,ninth1 do not die2 and though their persons are gone from us1 we make much of their names4 ,milton's ,adam1 after his fall1 understands the force of this law1 and shrinks from the prospect of its operation3 ,who of all ages to succeed but1 feeling ,the evil on him brought by me1 will curse ,my head8 ,ill fare our ancestor impure2 ,for this we may thank ,adam4 ,if this anticipation has not been fulfilled in the event1 it is owing to the needs of our penal life1 our state of perpetual change1 and the ignorance and unbelief incurred by the fall2 also because1 fallen as we are1 from the hopefulness of our nature we feel more pride in our national great men than dejection at our national misfortunes4 ,much more then in the great kingdom and people of ,god--the saints are ever in our sight1 and not as mere ineffectual ghosts1 but as if present bodily in their past selves4 ,it is said of them1 ,their works do follow them2 what they were here1 such are they in heaven and in the church4 ,as we call them by their earthly names1 so we contemplate them in their earthly characters and histories4 ,their acts1 callings1 and relations below are types and anticipations of their mission above4 ,even in the case of our ,lord himself1 whose native home is the eternal heavens1 it is said of him in his state of glory1 that he is a priest for ever2 and when he comes again he will be recognized1 by those who pierced him1 as being the very same that he was on earth4 ,the only question is1 whether the ,blessed ,virgin had a part1 a real part1 in the economy of grace1 whether1 when she was on earth1 she secured by her deeds any claim on our memories2 for1 if she did1 it is impossible we should put her away from us1 merely because she is gone hence1 and not look at her still1 according to the measure of her earthly history1 with gratitude and expectation4 ,if1 as ,st4 ,irenaeus says1 she did the part of an advocate1 a friend in need1 even in her mortal life1 if1 as ,st4 ,jerome and ,st4 ,ambrose say1 she was on earth the great pattern of virgins1 if she had a meritorious share in bringing about our redemption1 if her maternity was earned by her faith and obedience1 if her divine ,son was subject to her1 and if she stood by the #ff cross with a mother's heart and drank in to the full those sufferings which it was her portion to gaze upon1 it is impossible that we should not associate these characteristics of her life on earth with her present state of blessedness2 and this surely she anticipated1 when she said in her hymn that all generations shall call her blessed4 ,i am aware that1 in thus speaking1 ,i am following a line of thought which is rather a meditation than an argument in controversy1 and ,i shall not carry it further2 but still1 in turning to other topics1 it is to the point to inquire whether the popular astonishment1 excited by our belief in the ,blessed ,virgin's present dignity1 does not arise from the circumstance that the bulk of men1 engaged in matters of the world1 have never calmly considered her historical position in the gospels so as rightly to realize 7if ,i may use the word a second time7 what that position imports4 ,i do not claim for the generality of ,catholics any greater powers of reflection upon the objects of their faith than ,protestants commonly have1 but there is a sufficient number of religious men among ,catholics who1 instead of expending their devotional energies 7as so many serious ,protestants do7 on abstract doctrines1 such as justification by faith only1 or the sufficiency of holy ,scripture1 employ themselves in the contemplation of ,scripture facts1 and bring out in a tangible form the doctrines involved in them1 and give such a substance and color to the sacred history as to influence their brethren1 who1 though superficial themselves1 are drawn by their ,catholic instinct to accept conclusions which they could not indeed themselves have elicited1 but which1 when elicited1 they feel to be true4 ,however1 it would be out of place to pursue this course of reasoning here2 and instead of doing so1 ,i shall take what perhaps you may think a very bold step--,i shall find the doctrine of our ,lady's present exaltation in ,scripture4 ,i mean to find it in the vision of the woman and child in the twelfth chapter of the ,apocalypse4 ,footnote #ad ,now here two objections will be made to me at once3 first1 that such an interpretation is but poorly supported by the fathers2 and secondly1 that in ascribing such a picture of the ,madonna 7as it may be called7 to the apostolic age1 ,i am committing an anachronism4 ,footnote #ad3 ,vid4 ,essay on ,doctr4 ,development1 p4 #chd1 and ,bishop ,ullathorne's work on the ,immaculate ,conception1 p4 #gg4 ,as to the former of these objections1 ,i answer as follows3 ,christians have never gone to ,scripture for proofs of their doctrines till there was actual need from the pressure of controversy4 ,if in those times the ,blessed ,virgin's dignity were unchallenged on all hands as a matter of doctrine1 ,scripture1 as far as its argumentative matter was concerned1 was likely to remain a sealed book to them4 ,thus1 to take an instance in point1 the ,catholic party in the ,english ,church 7say the ,non-jurors71 unable by their theory of religion simply to take their stand on tradition1 and distressed for proof of their doctrines1 had their eyes sharpened to scrutinize and to understand the letter of holy ,scripture1 which to others brought no instruction4 ,and the peculiarity of their interpretations is this--that they have in themselves great logical cogency1 yet are but faintly supported by patristical commentators4 ,such is the use of the word ,greek text or facere in our ,lord's institution of the holy eucharist1 which1 by a reference to the old ,testament1 is found to be a word of sacrifice4 ,such again is ,greek text in the passage in the ,acts1 ,as they ministered to the ,lord and fasted1 which again is a sacerdotal term4 ,and such the passage in ,rom4 xv4 #af1 in which several terms are used which have an allusion to the sacrificial eucharistic rite4 ,such1 too1 is ,st4 ,paul's repeated message to the household of ,onesiphorus1 with no mention of ,onesiphorus himself1 but in one place1 with the addition of a prayer that he might find mercy of the ,lord in the day of #fg judgment1 which1 taking into account its wording and the known usage of the first centuries1 we can hardly deny is a prayer for his soul4 ,other texts there are which ought to find a place in ancient controversies1 and the omission of which by the fathers affords matter for more surprise2 those1 for instance1 which1 according to ,middleton's rule1 are real proofs of our ,lord's divinity1 and yet are passed over by ,catholic disputants2 for these bear upon a then existing controversy of the first moment and of the most urgent exigency4 ,as to the second objection which ,i have supposed1 so far from allowing it1 ,i consider that it is built upon a mere imaginary fact1 and that the truth of the matter lies in the very contrary direction4 ,the ,virgin and ,child is not a mere modern idea2 on the contrary1 it is represented again and again1 as every visitor to ,rome is aware1 in the paintings of the ,catacombs4 ,mary is there drawn with the ,divine ,infant in her lap1 she with hands extended in prayer1 he with his hand in the attitude of blessing4 ,no representation can more forcibly convey the doctrine of the high dignity of the mother1 and1 ,i will add1 of her power over her ,son4 ,why should the memory of his time of subjection be so dear to ,christians1 and so carefully preserved8 ,the only question to be determined1 is the precise date of these remarkable monuments of the first age of ,christianity4 ,that they belong to the centuries of what ,anglicans call the undivided church is certain2 but lately investigations have been pursued which place some of them at an earlier date than any one anticipated as possible4 ,i am not in a position to quote largely from the works of the ,cavaliere de ,rossi1 who has thrown so much light upon the subject2 but ,i have his ,imagini ,scelte1 published in #ahfc1 and they are sufficient for my purpose4 ,in this work he has given us from the ,catacombs various representations of the ,virgin and ,child2 the latest of these belong to the early part of the fourth century1 but the earliest he believes to be referable to the very age of the apostles4 ,he comes to this conclusion from the style and the skill of the composition1 and from the history1 locality1 and existing inscriptions of the subterranean in which it is found4 ,however1 he does not go so far as to insist upon so early a date2 yet the utmost liberty he grants is to refer the painting to the era of the first ,antonines--that is1 to a date within half a century of the death of ,st4 ,john4 ,i consider then that1 as you fairly use1 in controversy with ,protestants1 the traditional doctrine of the church in early times1 as an explanation of the ,scripture text1 or at least as a suggestion1 or as a defence1 of the sense which you may wish to put on it1 quite apart from the question whether your interpretation itself is traditional1 so it is lawful for me1 though ,i have not the positive words of the fathers on my side1 to shelter my own interpretation of the apostle's vision under the fact of the extant pictures of ,mother and ,child in the ,roman ,catacombs4 ,there is another principle of ,scripture interpretation which we should hold with you--when we speak of a doctrine being contained in ,scripture1 we do not necessarily mean that it is contained there in direct categorical terms1 but that there is no other satisfactory way of accounting for the language and expressions of the sacred writers1 concerning the subject-matter in question1 than to suppose that they held upon it the opinions which we hold2 that they would not have spoken as they have spoken unless they held it4 ,for myself ,i have ever felt the truth of this principle1 as regards the ,scripture proof of the ,holy ,trinity2 ,i should not have found out that doctrine in the sacred text without previous traditional teaching2 but when once it is suggested from without1 it commends itself as the one true interpretation1 from its appositeness1 because no other view of doctrine1 which can be ascribed to the inspired writers1 so happily #fh solves the obscurities and seeming inconsistencies of their teaching4 ,and now to apply what ,i have said to the passage in the ,apocalypse4 ,if there is an apostle on whom1 priori1 our eyes would be fixed1 as likely to teach us about the ,blessed ,virgin1 it is ,st4 ,john1 to whom she was committed by our ,lord on the cross--with whom1 as tradition goes1 she lived at ,ephesus till she was taken away4 ,this anticipation is confirmed posteriori2 for1 as ,i have said above1 one of the earliest and fullest of our informants concerning her dignity1 as being the second ,eve1 is ,irenaeus1 who came to ,lyons from ,asia ,minor1 and had been taught by the immediate disciples of ,st4 ,john4 ,the apostle's vision is as follows3 ,a great sign appeared in heaven2 a woman clothed with the sun1 and the moon under her feet2 and on her head a crown of twelve stars4 ,and being with child1 she cried travailing in birth1 and was in pain to be delivered4 ,and there was seen another sign in heaven2 and behold a great red dragon 4 4 4 ,and the dragon stood before the woman who was ready to be delivered1 that1 when she should be delivered1 he might devour her son4 ,and she brought forth a man-child1 who was to rule all nations with an iron rod2 and her son was taken up to ,god and to his throne4 ,and the woman fled into the wilderness4 ,now ,i do not deny1 of course1 that1 under the image of the woman1 the church is signified2 but what ,i would maintain is this1 that the holy apostle would not have spoken of the church under this particular image unless there had existed a ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 who was exalted on high1 and the object of veneration to all the faithful4 ,no one doubts that the man-child spoken of is an allusion to our ,lord2 why1 then1 is not the woman an allusion to his mother8 ,this surely is the obvious sense of the words2 of course it has a further sense also1 which is the scope of the image2 doubtless the child represents the children of the church1 and doubtless the woman represents the church2 this1 ,i grant1 is the real or direct sense1 but what is the sense of the symbol8 who are the woman and the child8 ,i answer1 ,they are not personifications but persons4 ,this is true of the child1 therefore it is true of the woman4 ,but again3 not only mother and child1 but a serpent1 is introduced into the vision4 ,such a meeting of man1 woman1 and serpent has not been found in ,scripture1 since the beginning of ,scripture1 and now it is found in its end4 ,moreover1 in the passage in the ,apocalypse1 as if to supply1 before ,scripture came to an end1 what was wanting in its beginning1 we are told1 and for the first time1 that the serpent in ,paradise was the evil spirit4 ,if the dragon of ,st4 ,john is the same as the serpent of ,moses1 and the man-child is the seed of the woman1 why is not the woman herself she whose seed the man-child is8 ,and1 if the first woman is not an allegory1 why is the second8 if the first woman is ,eve1 why is not the second ,mary8 ,but this is not all4 ,the image of the woman1 according to ,scripture usage1 is too bold and prominent for a mere personification4 ,scripture is not fond of allegories4 ,we have indeed frequent figures there1 as when the sacred writers speak of the arm or sword of the ,lord2 and so too when they speak of ,jerusalem or ,samaria in the feminine2 or of the mountains leaping for joy1 or of the church as a bride or as a vine2 but they are not much given to dressing up abstract ideas or generalizations in personal attributes4 ,this is the classical rather than the ,scripture style4 ,xenophon places ,hercules between ,virtue and ,vice1 represented as women2 ,a,eschylus introduces into his drama ,force and ,violence2 ,virgil gives personality to public rumor or ,fame1 and ,plautus to ,poverty4 ,so on monuments done in the classical style1 we #fi see virtues1 vices1 rivers1 renown1 death1 and the like1 turned into human figures of men and women4 ,i do not say there are no instances at all of this method in ,scripture1 but ,i say that such poetical compositions are strikingly unlike its usual method4 ,thus we at once feel its difference from ,scripture1 when we betake ourselves to the ,pastor of ,hermes1 and find the church a woman1 to ,st4 ,methodius1 and find ,virtue a woman1 and to ,st4 ,gregory's poem1 and find ,virginity again a woman4 ,scripture deals with types rather than personifications4 ,israel stands for the chosen people1 ,david for ,christ1 ,jerusalem for heaven4 ,consider the remarkable representations1 dramatic ,i may call them1 in ,jeremiah1 ,ezechiel1 and ,hosea2 predictions1 threatenings1 and promises are acted out by those prophets4 ,ezechiel is commanded to shave his head1 and to divide and scatter his hair2 and ,ahias tears his garment1 and gives ten out of twelve parts of it to ,jeroboam4 ,so1 too1 the structure of the imagery in the ,apocalypse is not a mere allegorical creation1 but is founded on the ,jewish ritual4 ,in like manner our ,lord's bodily cures are visible types of the power of his grace upon the soul2 and his prophecy of the last day is conveyed under that of the fall of ,jerusalem4 ,even his parables are not simply ideal1 but relations of occurrences which did or might take place1 under which was conveyed a spiritual meaning4 ,the description of ,wisdom in the ,proverbs1 and other sacred books1 has brought out the instinct of commentators in this respect4 ,they felt that ,wisdom could not be a mere personification1 and they determined that it was our ,lord2 and the later of these books1 by their own more definite language1 warranted that interpretation4 ,then1 when it was found that the ,arians used it in derogation of our ,lord's divinity1 still1 unable to tolerate the notion of a mere allegory1 commentators applied the description to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,coming back then to the ,apocalyptic vision1 ,i ask1 ,if the woman must be some real person1 who can it be whom the apostle saw1 and intends1 and delineates1 but that same great mother to whom the chapters in the ,proverbs are accommodated8 ,and let it be observed1 moreover1 that in this passage1 from the allusion in it to the history of the fall1 she may be said still to be represented under the character of the second ,eve4 ,i make a further remark2 it is sometimes asked1 ,why do not the sacred writers mention our ,lady's greatness8 ,i answer1 she was1 or may have been1 alive when the apostles and evangelists wrote2 there was just one book of ,scripture certainly written after her death1 and that book does 7if ,i may so speak7 canonize her4 ,but if all this be so1 if it is really the ,blessed ,virgin whom ,scripture represents as clothed with the sun1 crowned with the stars of heaven1 and with the moon as her footstool1 what height of glory may we not attribute to her8 and what are we to say of those who1 through ignorance1 run counter to the voice of ,scripture1 to the testimony of the fathers1 to the traditions of ,east and ,west1 and speak and act contemptuously toward her whom her ,lord delighteth to honor8 ,now ,i have said all ,i mean to say on what ,i have called the rudimental teaching of antiquity about the ,blessed ,virgin2 but1 after all1 ,i have not insisted on the highest view of her prerogatives which the fathers have taught us4 ,you1 my dear friend1 who know so well the ancient controversies and councils1 may have been surprised why ,i should not have yet spoken of her as the ,theotocos2 but ,i wished to show on how broad a basis her greatness rests1 independent of that wonderful title2 and again1 ,i have been loth to enlarge upon the force of a word1 which is rather matter for devotional thought than for polemical dispute4 ,however1 ,i might as well not #gj write on my subject at all as altogether be silent upon it4 ,it is1 then1 an integral portion of the faith fixed by ecumenical council1 a portion of it which you hold as well as ,i1 that the ,blessed ,virgin is ,theotocos1 ,deipara1 or ,mother of ,god2 and this word1 when thus used1 carries with it no admixture of rhetoric1 no taint of extravagant affection2 it has nothing else but a well-weighed1 grave1 dogmatic sense1 which corresponds and is adequate to its sound4 ,it intends to express that ,god is her ,son1 as truly as any one of us is the son of his own mother4 ,if this be so1 what can be said of any creature whatever which may not be said of her8 what can be said too much1 so that it does not compromise the attributes of the ,creator8 ,he1 indeed1 might have created a being more perfect1 more admirable1 than she is2 he might have endued that being1 so created1 with a richer grant of grace1 of power1 of blessedness2 but in one respect she surpasses all even possible creations1 viz41 that she is ,mother of her ,creator4 ,it is this awful title1 which both illustrates and connects together the two prerogatives of ,mary1 on which ,i have been lately enlarging1 her sanctity and her greatness4 ,it is the issue of her sanctity2 it is the source of her greatness4 ,what dignity can be too great to attribute to her who is as closely bound up1 as intimately one1 with the ,eternal ,word1 as a mother is with a son8 ,what outfit of sanctity1 what fulness and redundance of grace1 what exuberance of merits must have been hers1 on the supposition1 which the fathers justify1 that her ,maker regarded them at all1 and took them into account1 when he condescended not to abhor the ,virgin's womb8 ,is it surprising1 then1 that on the one hand she should be immaculate in her conception8 or on the other that she should be exalted as a queen1 with a crown of twelve stars8 ,men sometimes wonder that we call her mother of life1 of mercy1 of salvation2 what are all these titles compared to that one name1 ,mother of ,god8 ,i shall say no more about this title here4 ,it is scarcely possible to write of it without diverging into a style of composition unsuited to a letter2 so ,i proceed to the history of its use4 ,the title of ,theotocos ,footnote #ae begins with ecclesiastical writers of a date hardly later than that at which we read of her as the second ,eve4 ,it first occurs in the works of ,origen 7#ahe-bed72 but he1 witnessing for ,egypt and ,palestine1 witnesses also that it was in use before his time2 for1 as ,socrates informs us1 he interpreted how it was to be used1 and discussed the question at length 7,hist4 vii4 #cb74 ,within two centuries 7#dca71 in the general council held against ,nestorius1 it was made part of the formal dogmatic teaching of the church4 ,at that time ,theodoret1 who from his party connections might have been supposed disinclined to its solemn recognition1 owned that the ancient and more than ancient heralds of the orthodox faith taught the use of the term according to the apostolic tradition4 ,at the same date ,john of ,antioch1 who for a while sheltered ,nestorius1 whose heresy lay in the rejection of the term1 said1 ,this title no ecclesiastical teacher has put aside4 ,those who have used it are many and eminent1 and those who have not used it have not attacked those who did4 ,alexander again1 one of the fiercest partisans of ,nestorius1 allows the use of the word1 though he considers it dangerous4 ,that in festive solemnities1 he says1 or in preaching or teaching1 theotocos should be unguardedly said by the orthodox without explanation is no blame1 because such statements were not dogmatic1 nor said with evil meaning4 ,if we look for those1 in the interval between ,origen and the council1 to whom ,alexander refers1 we find it used again and again by the fathers in such of their works as are extant3 by #ga ,archelans of ,mesopotamia1 ,eusebius of ,palestine1 ,alexander of ,egypt1 in the third century2 in the fourth1 by ,athanasius many times with emphasis1 by ,cyril of ,palestine1 ,gregory ,nyssen of ,cappadocia1 ,gregory ,nazianzen of ,cappadocia1 ,antiochus of ,syria1 and ,ammonius of ,thrace2 not to speak of the ,emperor ,julian1 who1 having no local or ecclesiastical domicile1 speaks for the whole of ,christendom4 ,another and earlier emperor1 ,constantine1 in his speech before the assembled bishops at ,nicaea1 uses the still more explicit title of the ,virgin ,mother of ,god2 which is also used by ,ambrose of ,milan1 and by ,vincent and ,cassian in the south of ,france1 and then by ,st4 ,leo4 ,footnote #ae3 ,vid4 translation of ,st4 ,athanasius1 pp4 #dbj1 #ddj1 #ddg4 ,so much for the term2 it would be tedious to produce the passages of authors who1 using or not using the term1 convey the idea4 ,our ,god was carried in the womb of ,mary1 says ,ignatius1 who was martyred ,a4,d4 #ajf4 ,the word of ,god1 says ,hippolytus1 was carried in that virgin frame4 ,the ,maker of all1 says ,amphilochius1 is born of a virgin4 ,she did compass without circumscribing the ,sun of justice--the ,everlasting is born1 says ,chrysostom4 ,god dwelt in the womb1 says ,proclus4 ,when thou hearest that ,god speaks from the bush1 asks ,theodotus1 in the bush seest thou not the ,virgin8 ,cassian says1 ,mary bore her ,author4 ,the one ,god only-begotten1 says ,hilary1 is introduced into the womb of a virgin4 ,the ,everlasting1 says ,ambrose1 came into the ,virgin him4 ,the closed gate1 says ,jerome1 by which alone the ,lord ,god of ,israel enters1 is the ,virgin ,mary4 ,that man from heaven1 says ,capriolus1 is ,god conceived in the womb4 ,he is made in thee1 says ,augustine1 who made thee4 ,this being the faith of the fathers about the ,blessed ,virgin1 we need not wonder that it should in no long time be transmuted into devotion4 ,no wonder if their language should be unmeasured1 when so great a term as ,mother of ,god had been formally set down as the safe limit of it4 ,no wonder if it became stronger and stronger as time went on1 since only in a long period could the fulness of its import be exhausted4 ,and in matter of fact1 and as might be anticipated 7with the few exceptions which ,i have noted above1 and which ,i am to treat of below71 the current of thought in those early ages did uniformly tend to make much of the ,blessed ,virgin and to increase her honors1 not to circumscribe them4 ,little jealousy was shown of her in those times2 but1 when any such niggardness of devotion occurred1 then one father or other fell upon the offender1 with zeal1 not to say with fierceness4 ,thus ,st4 ,jerome inveighs against ,helvidius2 thus ,st4 ,epiphanius denounces ,apollinaris1 ,st4 ,cyril ,nestorius1 and ,st4 ,ambrose ,bonosus2 on the other hand1 each successive insult offered to her by individual adversaries did but bring out more fully the intimate sacred affection with which ,christendom regarded her4 ,she was alone1 and wrought the world's salvation and conceived the redemption of all1 says ,ambrose2 ,footnote #af she had so great grace1 as not only to preserve virginity herself1 but to confer it upon those whom she visited4 ,the rod out of the stem of ,jesse1 says ,jerome1 and the eastern gate through which the high priest alone goes in and out1 yet is ever shut ,the wise woman1 says ,nilus1 who hath clad believers1 from the fleece of the ,lamb born of her1 with the clothing of incorruption1 and delivered them from their spiritual nakedness4 ,the mother of life1 of beauty1 of majesty1 the morning star1 according to ,antiochus4 ,the mystical new heavens1 the heavens carrying the ,divinity1 the fruitful vine1 by whom we are translated from death to life1 according to ,st4 ,ephrem4 ,the manna which is delicate1 bright1 sweet1 and virgin1 #gb which1 as though coming from heaven1 has poured down on all the people of the churches a food pleasanter than honey1 according to ,st4 ,maximus4 ,footnote #af3 ,essay on ,doctr4 ,dev41 p4 #djh ,proclus calls her the unsullied shell which contains the pearl of price1 the church's diadem1 the expression of orthodoxy4 ,run through all creation in your thought1 he says1 and see if there be one equal or superior to the ,holy ,virgin1 ,mother of ,god4 ,hail1 mother1 clad in light1 of the light which sets not1 says ,theodotus1 or some one else at ,ephesus--hail1 all-undefiled mother of holiness2 hail1 most pellucid fountain of the life-giving stream4 ,and ,st4 ,cyril too at ,ephesus1 ,hail1 ,mary1 ,mother of ,god1 majestic common-treasure of the whole world1 the lamp unquenchable1 the crown of virginity1 the staff of orthodoxy1 the indissoluble temple1 the dwelling of the illimitable1 mother and virgin1 through whom he in the holy gospels is called blessed who cometh in the name of the ,lord1 4444 through whom the ,holy ,trinity is sanctified1 through whom angels and archangels rejoice1 devils are put to flight1 4444 and the fallen creature is received up into the heavens1 etc1 etc4 ,footnote #ag ,such is but a portion of the panegyrical language which ,st4 ,cyril used in the third ecumenical council4 ,footnote #ag3 ,opp41 t4 #f1 p4 #cee4 ,i must not close my review of the ,catholic doctrine concerning the ,blessed ,virgin without directly speaking of her intercessory power1 though ,i have incidentally made mention of it already4 ,it is the immediate result of two truths1 neither of which you dispute3 first1 that it is good and useful1 as the ,council of ,trent says1 suppliantly to invoke the saints and to have recourse to their prayers2 and secondly1 that the ,blessed ,mary is singularly dear to her ,son and singularly exalted in sanctity and glory4 ,however1 at the risk of becoming didactic1 ,i will state somewhat more fully the grounds on which it rests4 ,to a candid pagan it must have been one of the most remarkable points of ,christianity1 on its first appearance1 that the observance of prayer formed so vital a part of its organization2 and that1 though its members were scattered all over the world1 and its rulers and subjects had so little opportunity of correlative action1 yet they1 one and all1 found the solace of a spiritual intercourse1 and a real bond of union1 in the practice of mutual intercession4 ,prayer1 indeed1 is the very essence of religion2 but in the heathen religions it was either public or personal2 it was a state ordinance1 or a selfish expedient1 for the attainment of certain tangible1 temporal goods4 ,very different from this was its exercise among ,christians1 who were thereby knit together in one body1 different as they were in races1 ranks1 and habits1 distant from each other in country1 and helpless amid hostile populations4 ,yet it proved sufficient for its purpose4 ,christians could not correspond2 they could not combine2 but they could pray one for another4 ,even their public prayers partook of this character of intercession2 for to pray for the welfare of the whole church was really a prayer for all classes of men1 and all the individuals of which it was composed4 ,it was in prayer that the church was founded4 ,for ten days all the apostles persevered with one mind in prayer and supplication1 with the women1 and ,mary the ,mother of ,jesus1 and with his brethren4 ,then again at ,pentecost they were all with one mind in one place2 and the converts then made are said to have persevered in prayer4 ,and when1 after a while1 ,st4 ,peter was seized and put in prison with a view to his being put to death1 prayer was made without ceasing by the church of ,god for him2 and1 when the angel released him1 he took refuge in a house where many were gathered together in prayer4 #gc ,we are so accustomed to these passages as hardly to be able to do justice to their singular significance2 and they are followed up by various passages of the apostolic epistles4 ,st4 ,paul enjoins his brethren to 'pray with all prayer and supplication at all times in the ,spirit1 with all instance and supplication for all saints1 to pray in every place1 to make supplication1 prayers1 intercessions1 giving of thanks for all men4 ,and in his own person he ceases not to give thanks for them1 commemorating them in his prayers1 and always in all his prayers making supplication for them all with joy4 ,now1 was this spiritual bond to cease with life8 or had ,christians similar duties to their brethren departed8 ,from the witness of the early ages of the church1 it appears that they had2 and you1 and those who agree with you1 would be the last to deny that they were then in the practice of praying1 as for the living1 so for those also who had passed into the intermediate state between earth and heaven4 ,did the sacred communion extend further still1 on to the inhabitants of heaven itself8 ,here too you agree with us1 for you have adopted in your volume the words of the ,council of ,trent which ,i have quoted above4 ,but now we are brought to a higher order of thoughts4 ,it would be preposterous to pray for those who are already in glory2 but at least they can pray for us1 and we can ask their prayers1 and in the ,apocalypse at least angels are introduced both sending us their blessing and presenting our prayers before the divine ,presence4 ,we read there of an angel who came and stood before the altar1 having a golden censer2 and there was given to him much incense1 that he should offer of the prayers of all saints upon the golden altar which is before the throne of ,god4 ,on this occasion1 surely1 the angel ,michael1 as the prayer in mass considers him1 performed the part of a great intercessor or mediator above for the children of the church militant below4 ,again1 in the beginning of the same book1 the sacred writer goes so far as to speak of grace and peace being sent us1 not only from the ,almighty1 but from the seven spirits that are before his throne1 thus associating the ,eternal with the ministers of his mercies2 and this carries us on to the remarkable passage of ,st4 ,justin1 one of the earliest fathers1 who1 in his ,apology1 says1 ,to him 7,god71 and his ,son who came from him1 and taught us these things1 and the host of the other good angels who follow and resemble them1 and the prophetic ,spirit1 we pay veneration and homage4 ,further1 in the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 ,st4 ,paul introduces1 not only angels1 but the spirits of the just into the sacred communion3 ,ye have come to ,mount ,sion1 to the heavenly ,jerusalem1 to myriads of angels1 to ,god1 the ,judge of all1 to the spirits of the just made perfect1 and to ,jesus1 the ,mediator of the ,new ,testament4 ,what can be meant by having come to the spirits of the just1 unless in some way or other they do us good1 whether by blessing or by aiding us8 that is1 in a word1 to speak correctly1 by praying for us2 for it is by prayer alone that the creature above can bless or aid the creature below4 ,intercession thus being the first principle of the church's life1 next it is certain again that the vital principle of that intercession1 as an availing power1 is1 according to the will of ,god1 sanctity4 ,this seems to be suggested by a passage of ,st4 ,paul1 in which the supreme intercessor is said to be the ,spirit3 ,the ,spirit himself maketh intercession for us2 he maketh intercession for the saints according to ,god4 ,however1 the truth thus implied is expressly brought out in other parts of ,scripture1 in the form both of doctrine and of example4 ,the words of the man born blind speak the common sense of nature3 ,if any man be a worshipper of ,god1 him he heareth4 #gd ,and apostles confirm them3 ,the prayer of a just man availeth much1 and whatever we ask we receive1 because we keep his commandments4 ,then1 as for examples1 we read of ,abraham and ,moses as having the divine purpose of judgment revealed to them beforehand1 in order that they might deprecate its execution4 ,to the friends of ,job it was said1 ,my servant ,job shall pray for you2 his face ,i will accept4 ,elias by his prayer shut and opened the heavens4 ,elsewhere we read of ,jeremias1 ,moses1 and ,samuel1 and of ,noe1 ,daniel1 and ,job1 as being great mediators between ,god and his people4 ,one instance is given us1 which testifies the continuance of so high an office beyond this life4 ,lazarus1 in the parable1 is seen in ,abraham's bosom4 ,it is usual to pass over this striking passage with the remark that it is a ,jewish expression2 whereas1 ,jewish belief or not1 it is recognized and sanctioned by our ,lord himself4 ,what do we teach about the ,blessed ,virgin more wonderful than this8 ,let us suppose that1 at the hour of death1 the faithful are committed to her arms2 but if ,abraham1 not yet ascended on high1 had charge of ,lazarus1 what offence is it to affirm the like of her1 who was not merely the friend1 but the very ,mother of ,god8 ,it may be added that1 though it availed nothing for influence with our ,lord to be one of his company if sanctity was wanting1 still1 as the gospel shows1 he on various occasions allowed those who were near him to be the means by which supplicants were brought to him1 or miracles gained from him1 as in the instance of the miracle of the loaves2 and if on one occasion he seems to repel his mother when she told him that wine was wanting for the guests at the marriage feast1 it is obvious to remark on it that1 by saying that she was then separated from him because his hour was not yet come1 he implied that1 when that hour was come1 such separation would be at an end4 ,moreover1 in fact1 he did1 at her intercession1 work the miracle which she desired4 ,i consider it impossible1 then1 for those who believe the church to be one vast body in heaven and on earth1 in which every holy creature of ,god has his place1 and of which prayer is the life1 when once they recognize the sanctity and greatness of the ,blessed ,virgin1 not to perceive immediately that her office above is one of perpetual intercession for the faithful militant1 and that our very relation to her must be that of clients to a patron1 and that1 in the eternal enmity which exists between the woman and the serpent1 while the serpent's strength is that of being the tempter1 the weapon of the second ,eve and ,mother of ,god is prayer4 ,as then these ideas of her sanctity and greatness gradually penetrated the mind of ,christendom1 so did her intercessory power follow close upon and with them4 ,from the earliest times that mediation is symbolized in those representations of her with uplifted hands1 which1 whether in plaster or in glass1 are still extant in ,rome--that church1 as ,st4 ,irenaeus says1 with which every church1 that is1 the faithful from every side1 must agree1 because of its more powerful principality2 into which1 as ,tertullian adds1 the apostles poured out1 together with their blood1 their whole doctrines4 ,as far1 indeed1 as existing documents are concerned1 ,i know of no instance to my purpose earlier than ,a4,d4 #bcd1 but it is a very remarkable one2 and1 though it has been often quoted in the controversy1 an argument is not the weaker for frequent use4 ,st4 ,gregory ,nyssen1 ,footnote #ah a native of ,cappadocia in the fourth century1 relates that his namesake1 ,bishop of ,neo-,caesarea1 surnamed ,thaumaturgus1 in the century preceding1 shortly before he was called to the priesthood1 received in a vision a creed1 which is still extant1 from the ,blessed ,mary at the hands of ,st4 ,john4 ,footnote #ah3 ,vid4 ,essay on ,doctr4 ,dev4 p4 #chf4 #ge ,the account runs thus3 ,he was deeply pondering theological doctrine1 which the heretics of the day depraved4 ,in such thoughts1 says his namesake of ,nyssa1 he was passing the night1 when one appeared1 as if in human form1 aged in appearance1 saintly in the fashion of his garments1 and very venerable both in grace of countenance and general mien4 ,amazed at the sight1 he started from his bed1 and asked who it was1 and why he came2 but1 on the other calming the perturbation of his mind with his gentle voice1 and saying he had appeared to him by divine command on account of his doubts1 in order that the truth of the orthodox faith might be revealed to him1 he took courage at the word1 and regarded him with a mixture of joy and fright4 ,then1 on his stretching his hand straight forward and pointing with his fingers at something on one side1 he followed with his eyes the extended hand1 and saw another appearance opposite to the former1 in the shape of a woman1 but more than human4 4 4 4 ,when his eyes could not1 bear the apparition1 he heard them conversing together on the subject of his doubts2 and thereby not only gained a true knowledge of the faith1 but learned their names1 as they addressed each other by their respective appellations4 ,and thus he is said to have heard the person in woman's shape bid ',john the ,evangelist' disclose to the young man the mystery of godliness2 and he answered that he was ready to comply in this matter with the wish of 'the ,mother of the ,lord1' and enunciated a formulary1 well turned and complete1 and so vanished4 ,he1 on the other hand1 immediately committed to writing that divine teaching of his mystagogue1 and henceforth preached in the church according to that form1 and bequeathed to posterity1 as an inheritance1 that heavenly teaching1 by means of which his people are instructed down to this day1 being preserved from all heretical evil4 ,he proceeds to rehearse the creed thus given1 ,there is one ,god1 father of a living ,word1 etc4 ,bull1 after quoting it in his work upon the ,nicene faith1 alludes to this history of its origin1 and adds1 ,no one should think it incredible that such a providence should befal a man whose whole life was conspicuous for revelations and miracles1 as all ecclesiastical writers who have mentioned him 7and who has not87 witness with one voice4 ,here she is represented as rescuing a holy soul from intellectual error4 ,this leads me to a further reflection4 ,you seem1 in one place in your volume1 to object to the antiphon1 in which it is said of her1 ,all heresies thou hast destroyed alone4 ,surely the truth of it is verified in this age1 as in former times1 and especially by the doctrine concerning her on which ,i have been dwelling4 ,she is the great exemplar of prayer in a generation which emphatically denies the power of prayer in toto1 which determines that fatal laws govern the universe1 that there cannot be any direct communication between earth and heaven1 that ,god cannot visit his earth1 and that man cannot influence his providence4 ,i cannot help hoping that your own reading of the fathers will on the whole bear me out in the above account of their teaching concerning the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,anglicans seem to me to overlook the strength of the argument adducible from their works in our favor1 and they open the attack upon our mediaeval and modern writers1 careless of leaving a host of primitive opponents in their rear4 ,i do not include you among such ,anglicans2 you know what the fathers assert2 but1 if so1 have you not1 my dear friend1 been unjust to yourself in your recent volume1 and made far too much of the differences which exist between ,anglicans and us on this particular point8 ,it is the office of an ,irenicon to smooth difficulties2 ,i shall be pleased if ,i succeed in removing some of yours4 ,let the public judge between us here4 ,had you #gf happened in your volume to introduce your notice of our teaching about the ,blessed ,virgin with a notice of the teaching of the fathers concerning her1 ordinary men would have considered that there was not much to choose between you and us4 ,though you appealed ever so much to the authority of the undivided church1 they certainly would have said that you1 who had such high notions of the ,blessed ,mary1 were one of the last men who had a right to accuse us of quasi-idolatry4 ,when they found you calling her by the titles of ,mother of ,god1 ,second ,eve1 and ,mother of all ,living1 the ,mother of life1 the ,morning ,star1 the ,stay of ,believers1 the ,expression of ,orthodoxy1 the ,all-undefiled ,mother of ,holiness1 and the like1 they would have deemed it a poor compensation for such language that you protested against her being called a co-redemptress or a priestess4 ,and1 if they were violent ,protestants1 they would not have read you with that relish and gratitude with which1 as it is1 they have perhaps accepted your testimony against us4 ,not that they would have been altogether right in their view of you2--on the contrary1 ,i think there is a real difference between what you protest against and what with the fathers you hold2 but unread men and men of the world form a broad practical judgment of the things which come before them1 and they would have felt in this case that they had the same right to be shocked at you as you have to be shocked at us2--and further1 which is the point to which ,i am coming1 they would have said that1 granting some of our modern writers go beyond the fathers in this matter1 still the line cannot be logically drawn between the teaching of the fathers concerning the ,blessed ,virgin and our own4 ,this view of the matter seems to me true and important2 ,i do not think the line can be satisfactorily drawn1 and to this point ,i shall now direct my attention4 ,it is impossible1 ,i say1 in a doctrine like this1 to draw the line cleanly between truth and error1 right and wrong4 ,this is ever the case in concrete matters1 which have life4 ,life in this world is motion1 and involves a continual process of change4 ,living things grow into their perfection1 into their decline1 into their death4 ,no rule of art will suffice to stop the operation of this natural law1 whether in the material world or in the human mind4 ,we can indeed encounter disorders1 when they occur1 by external antagonisms and remedies2 but we cannot eradicate the process itself out of which they arise4 ,life has the same right to decay as it has to wax strong4 ,this is specially the case with great ideas4 ,you may stifle them2 or you may refuse them elbow-room2 or you may torment them with your continual meddling2 or you may let them have free course and range1 and be content1 instead of anticipating their excesses1 to expose and restrain those excesses after they have occurred4 ,but you have only this alternative2 and for myself1 ,i prefer much1 wherever it is possible1 to be first generous and then just2 to grant full liberty of thought1 and to call it to account when abused4 ,if what ,i have been saying be true of energetic ideas generally1 much more is it the case in matters of religion4 ,religion acts on the affections2 who is to hinder these1 when once roused1 from gathering in their strength and running wild8 ,they are not gifted with any connatural principle within them which renders them self-governing and self-adjusting4 ,they hurry right on to their object1 and often in their case it is1 more haste and worse speed4 ,their object engrosses them1 and they see nothing else4 ,and of all passions love is the most unmanageable2 nay1 more1 ,i would not give much for that love which is never extravagant1 which always observes the proprieties1 and can move about in perfect good taste1 under all emergencies4 ,what mother1 what husband or wife1 what youth or maiden in love1 #gg but says a thousand foolish things1 in the way of endearment1 which the speaker would be sorry for strangers to hear2 yet they were not on that account unwelcome to the parties to whom they are addressed4 ,sometimes by bad luck they are written down1 sometimes they get into the newspapers2 and what might be even graceful1 when it was fresh from the heart1 and interpreted by the voice and the countenance1 presents but a melancholy exhibition when served up cold for the public eye4 ,so it is with devotional feelings4 ,burning thoughts and words are as open to criticism as they are beyond it4 ,what is abstractedly extravagant1 may in religions persons be becoming and beautiful1 and only fall under blame when it is found in others who imitate them4 ,when it is formalized into meditations or exercises1 it is as repulsive as love-letters in a police report4 ,moreover1 even holy minds readily adopt and become familiar with language which they would never have originated themselves1 when it proceeds from a writer who has the same objects of devotion as they have2 and1 if they find a stranger ridicule or reprobate supplication or praise which has come to them so recommended1 they feel as keenly as if a direct insult were offered to those to whom that homage is addressed4 ,in the next place1 what has power to stir holy and refined souls is potent also with the multitude2 and the religion of the multitude is ever vulgar and abnormal2 it ever will be tinctured with fanaticism and superstition while men are what they are4 ,a people's religion is ever a corrupt religion4 ,if you are to have a ,catholic ,church1 you must put up with fish of every kind1 guests good and bad1 vessels of gold1 vessels of earth4 ,you may beat religion out of men1 if you will1 and then their excesses will take a different direction2 but if you make use of religion to improve them1 they will make use of religion to corrupt it4 ,and then you will have effected that compromise of which our countrymen report so unfavorably from abroad3--a high grand faith and worship which compel their admiration1 and puerile absurdities among the people which excite their contempt4 ,nor is it any safeguard against these excesses in a religious system that the religion is based upon reason1 and develops into a theology4 ,theology both uses logic and baffles it2 and thus logic acts both as a protection and as the perversion of religion4 ,theology is occupied with supernatural matters1 and is ever running into mysteries which reason can neither explain nor adjust4 ,its lines of thought come to an abrupt termination1 and to pursue them or to complete them is to plunge down the abyss4 ,but logic blunders on1 forcing its way1 as it can1 through thick darkness and ethereal mediums4 ,the ,arians went ahead with logic for their directing principle1 and so lost the truth2 on the other hand1 ,st4 ,augustine1 in his treatise on the ,holy ,trinity1 seems to show that1 if we attempt to find and tie together the ends of lines which run into infinity1 we shall only succeed in contradicting ourselves2 that for instance it is difficult to find the logical reason for not speaking of three ,gods as well as of one1 and of one person in the ,godhead as well as of three4 ,i do not mean to say that logic cannot be used to set right its own error1 or that in the hands of an able disputant the balance of truth may not be restored4 ,this was done at the ,councils of ,antioch and ,nicaea1 in the instances of ,paulus and ,arius4 ,but such a process is circuitous and elaborate2 and is conducted by means of minute subtleties which will give it the appearance of a game of skill in the case of matters too grave and practical to deserve a mere scholastic treatment4 ,accordingly1 ,st4 ,augustine simply lays it down that the statements in question are heretical1 for the former is trltheism and the latter ,sabellianism4 ,that is1 good sense and a large #gh view of truth are the correctives of his logic4 ,and thus we have arrived at the final resolution of the whole matter2 for good sense and a large view of truth are rare gifts2 whereas all men are bound to be devout1 and most men think they can argue and conclude4 ,now let me apply what ,i have been saying to the teaching of the church on the subject of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,i have to recur to a subject of so sacred a nature1 that1 writing as ,i am for publication1 ,i need the apology of my object for venturing to pursue it4 ,i say then1 when once we have mastered the idea that ,mary bore1 suckled1 and handled the ,eternal in the form of a child1 what limit is conceivable to the rush and flood of thoughts which such a doctrine involves8 ,what awe and surprise must attend upon the knowledge that a creature has been brought so close to the ,divine ,essence8 ,it was the creation of a new idea and a new sympathy1 a new faith and worship1 when the holy apostles announced that ,god bad become incarnate2 and a supreme love and devotion to him became possible which seemed hopeless before that revelation4 ,but beside this1 a second range of thoughts was opened on mankind1 unknown before1 and unlike any other1 as soon as it was understood that that incarnate ,god had a mother4 ,the second idea is perfectly distinct from the former1 the one does not interfere with the other4 ,he is ,god made low1 she is a woman made high4 ,i scarcely like to use a familiar illustration on such a subject1 but it will serve to explain what ,i mean when ,i ask you to consider the difference of feeling with which we read the respective histories of ,maria ,theresa and the ,maid of ,orleans2 or with which the middle and lower classes of a nation regard a first minister of the day who has come of an aristocratic house and one who has risen from the ranks4 ,may ,god's mercy keep me from the shadow of a thought dimming the light or blunting the keenness of that love of him which is our sole happiness and our sole salvation6 ,but surely1 when he became man he brought home to us his incommunicable attributes with a distinctiveness which precludes the possibility of our lowering him by exalting a creature4 ,he alone has an entrance into our soul1 reads our secret thoughts1 speaks to our heart1 applies to us spiritual pardon and strength4 ,on him we solely depend4 ,he alone is our inward life2 he not only regenerates us1 but 7to allude to a higher mystery7 semper gignit2 he is ever renewing our new birth and our heavenly sonship4 ,in this sense he may be called1 as in nature1 so in grace1 our real father4 ,mary is only our adopted mother1 given us from the cross2 her presence is above1 not on earth2 her office is external1 not within us4 ,her name is not heard in the administration of the sacraments4 ,her work is not one of ministration toward us2 her power is indirect4 ,it is her prayers that avail1 and they are effectual by the fiat of him who is our all in all4 ,nor does she hear us by any innate power1 or any personal gift2 but by his manifestation to her of the prayers which we make her4 ,when ,moses was on the ,mount1 the ,almighty told him of the idolatry of his people at the foot of it1 in order that he might intercede for them2 and thus it is the ,divine presence which is the intermediating power by which we reach her and she reaches us4 ,woe is me1 if even by a breath ,i sully these ineffable truths6 but still1 without prejudice to them1 there is1 ,i say1 another range of thought quite distinct from them1 incommensurate with them1 of which the ,blessed ,virgin is the centre4 ,if we placed our ,lord in that centre1 we should only be degrading him from his throne1 and making him an ,arian kind of a ,god2 that is1 no ,god at all4 ,he who charges us with marking ,mary a divinity1 is thereby denying the divinity of ,jesus4 ,such a man does not know what divinity is4 ,our ,lord cannot #gi pray for us1 as a creature1 as ,mary prays2 he cannot inspire those feelings which a creature inspires4 ,to her belongs1 as being a creature1 a natural claim on our sympathy and familiarity1 in that she is nothing else than our fellow4 ,she is our pride1--in the poet's words1 ,our tainted nature's solitary boast4 ,we look to her without any fear1 any remorse1 any consciousness that she is able to read us1 judge us1 punish us4 ,our heart yearns toward that pure virgin1 that gentle mother1 and our congratulations follow her1 as she rises from ,nazareth and ,ephesus1 through the choirs of angels1 to her throne on high4 ,so weak1 yet so strong2 so delicate1 yet so glory-laden2 so modest1 yet so mighty4 ,she has sketched for us her own portrait in the magnificat4 ,he hath regarded the low estate of his handmaid2 for behold1 from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed4 ,he hath put down the mighty from their seat2 and hath exalted the humble4 ,he hath filled the hungry with good things1 and the rich he hath sent empty away4 ,i recollect the strange emotion which took by surprise men and women1 young and old1 when1 at the coronation of our present queen1 they gazed on the figure of one so like a child1 so small1 so tender1 so shrinking1 who had been exalted to so great an inheritance and so vast a rule1 who was such a contrast in her own person to the solemn pageant which centred in her4 ,could it be otherwise with the spectators1 if they had human affection8 ,and did not the ,all-wise know the human heart when he took to himself a mother8 did he not anticipate our emotion at the sight of such an exaltation8 ,if he had not meant her to exert that wonderful influence in his church which she has in the event exerted1 ,i will use a bold word1 he it is who has perverted us4 ,if she is not to attract our homage1 why did he make her solitary in her greatness amid his vast creation8 ,if it be idolatry in us to let our affections respond to our faith1 he would not have made her what she is1 or he would not have told us that he had so made her2 but1 far from this1 he has sent his prophet to announce to us1 ,a virgin shall conceive and bear a son1 and they shall call his name ,emmanuel1 and we have the same warrant for hailing her as ,god's ,mother1 as we have for adoring him as ,god4 ,christianity is eminently an objective religion4 ,for the most part it tells us of persons and facts in simple words1 and leaves the announcement to produce its effect on such hearts as are prepared to receive it4 ,this at least is its general character2 and ,butler recognizes it as such in his ,analogy when speaking of the ,second and ,third ,persons of the ,holy ,trinity3 ,the internal worship1 he says1 to the ,son and ,holy ,ghost is no further matter of pure revealed command than as the relations they stand in to us are matters of pure revelation2 for the relations being known1 the obligations to such internal worship are obligations of reason arising out of those relations themselves4 ,footnote #ai ,footnote #ai3 ,vid4 ,essay on ,doctr4 ,dev41 p4 #ej4 ,it is in this way that the revealed doctrine of the incarnation exerted a stronger and a broader influence on ,christians1 as they more and more apprehended and mastered its meaning and its bearings4 ,it is contained in the brief and simple declaration of ,st ,john1 ,the ,word was made flesh2 but it required century after century to spread it out in its fulness and to imprint it energetically on the worship and practice of the ,catholic people as well as on their faith4 ,athanasius was the first and the great teacher of it4 ,he collected together the inspired notices scattered through ,david1 ,isaias1 ,st4 ,paul1 and ,st4 ,john1 and he engraved indelibly upon the imaginations of the faithful1 as had never been before1 that man is ,god1 and ,god is man1 that in ,mary they meet1 and that in this sense ,mary #hj is the centre of all things4 ,he added nothing to what was known before1 nothing to the popular and zealous faith that her ,son was ,god2 he has left behind him in his works no such definite passages about her as those of ,st4 ,irenaeus or ,st4 ,epiphanius2 but he brought the circumstances of the incarnation home to men's minds by the manifold evolutions of his analysis1 and secured it for ever from perversion4 ,still1 however1 there was much to be done2 we have no proof that ,athanasius himself had any special devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin2 but he laid the foundations on which that devotion was to rest1 and thus noiselessly and without strife1 as the first temple in the holy city1 she grew up into her inheritance1 and was established in ,sion and her power was in ,jerusalem4 ,such was the origin of that august cultus which has been paid to the ,blessed ,mary for so many centuries in the ,east and in the ,west4 ,that in times and places it has fallen into abuse1 that it has even become a superstition1 ,i do not care to deny2 for1 as ,i have said above1 the same process which brings to maturity carries on to decay1 and things that do not admit of abuse have very little life in them4 ,this of course does not excuse such excesses1 or justify us in making light of them1 when they occur4 ,i have no intention of doing so as regards the particular instances which you bring against us1 though but a few words will suffice for what ,i need say about them3--before doing so1 however1 ,i am obliged to make three or four introductory remarks4 #a4 ,i have almost anticipated my first remark already4 ,it is this3 that the height of our offending in our devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin would not look so great in your volume as it does1 had you not placed yourself on lower ground than your own feelings toward her would have spontaneously prompted you to take4 ,i have no doubt you had some good reason for adopting this course1 but ,i do not know it4 ,what ,i do know is that1 for the fathers' sake1 who so exalt her1 you really do love and venerate her1 though you do not evidence it in your book4 ,i am glad1 then1 in this place1 to insist on a fact which will lead those among us who know you not to love you from their love of her1 in spite of what you refuse to give her2 and ,anglicans1 on the other hand1 who do know you1 to think better of us1 who refuse her nothing1 when they reflect that you do not actually go against us1 but merely come short of us in your devotion to her4 #b4 ,as you revere the fathers1 so you revere the ,greek ,church2 and here again we have a witness on our behalf of which you must be aware as fully as we are1 and of which you must really mean to give us the benefit4 ,in proportion as this remarkable fact is understood1 it will take off the edge of the surprise of ,anglicans at the sight of our devotions to our ,lady4 ,it must weigh with them when they discover that we can enlist on our side in this controversy those seventy millions 7,i think they so consider them7 of ,orientals who are separated from our communion4 ,is it not a very pregnant fact that the ,eastern churches1 so independent of us1 so long separated from the ,west1 so jealous of antiquity1 should even surpass us in their exaltation of the ,blessed ,virgin8 ,that they go further than we do is sometimes denied1 on the ground that the ,western devotion toward her is brought out into system1 and the ,eastern is not2 yet this only means really that the ,latins have more mental activity1 more strength of intellect1 less of routine1 less of mechanical worship among them1 than the ,greeks4 ,we are able1 better than they1 to give an account of what we do2 and we seem to be more extreme merely because we are more definite4 ,but1 after all1 what have the ,latins done so bold as that substitution of the name of ,mary for the name of ,jesus at the end of the collects and petitions in the breviary1 nay1 in the ritual and liturgy8 ,not #ha merely in local or popular1 and in semi-authorized devotions1 which are the kind of sources that supplies you with your matter of accusation against us1 but in the formal prayers of the ,greek eucharistic service1 petitions are offered1 not in the name of ,jesus ,christ1 but of the ,theotocos4 ,such a phenomenon1 in such a quarter1 ,i think1 ought to make ,anglicans merciful toward those writers among ourselves who have been excessive in singing the praises of the ,deipara4 ,to make a rule of substituting ,mary with all saints for ,jesus in the public service1 has more ,mariolatry in it than to alter the ,te ,deum to her honor in private devotion4 #c4 ,and thus ,i am brought to a third remark supplemental to your accusation of us4 ,two large views1 as ,i have said above1 are opened upon our devotional thoughts in ,christianity2 the one centring in the ,son of ,mary1 the other in the ,mother of ,jesus4 ,neither need obscure the other2 and in the ,catholic ,church1 as a matter of fact1 neither does4 ,i wish you had either frankly allowed this in your volume1 or proved the contrary4 ,i wish1 when you report that a certain proportion1 it has been ascertained by those who have inquired1 do stop short in her1 p4 #ajg1 that you had added your belief1 that the case was far otherwise with the great bulk of ,catholics4 ,might ,i not have expected it8 ,may ,i not1 without sensitiveness1 be somewhat pained at the omission8 ,from mere ,protestants1 indeed1 ,i expect nothing better4 ,they content themselves with saying that our devotions to our ,lady must necessarily throw our ,lord into the shade1 and thereby they relieve themselves of a great deal of trouble4 ,then they catch at any stray fact which countenances or seems to countenance their prejudice4 ,now ,i say plainly ,i never will defend or screen any one from your just rebuke who1 through false devotion to ,mary1 forgets ,jesus4 ,but ,i should like the fact to be proved first2 ,i cannot hastily admit it4 ,there is this broad fact the other way3 that if we look through ,europe we shall find1 on the whole1 that just those nations and countries have lost their faith in the divinity of ,christ who have given up devotion to his ,mother1 and that those1 on the other hand1 who have been foremost in her honor1 have retained their orthodoxy4 ,contrast1 for instance1 the ,calvinists with the ,greeks1 or ,france with the north of ,germany1 or the ,protestant and ,catholic communions in ,ireland4 ,as to ,england1 it is scarcely doubtful what would be the state of its ,established ,church if the ,liturgy and ,articles were not an integral part of its establishment2 and when men bring so grave a charge against us as is implied in your volume1 they cannot be surprised if we in turn say hard things of ,anglicanism4 ,footnote #bj ,in the ,catholic ,church ,mary has shown herself1 not the rival1 but the minister of her ,son4 ,she has protected him1 as in his infancy1 so in the whole history of the religion4 ,there is1 then1 a plain historical truth in ,dr4 ,fisher's words which you quote to condemn3 ,jesus is obscured1 because ,mary is kept in the background4 ,footnote #bj3 ,i have spoken more more on this subject in my ,essay on ,development1 p4 #dch4 ,nor does it avail to object1 that1 in this contrast of devotional exercises1 the human is sure to supplant the divine1 from the infirmity of out nature2 for1 ,i repeat1 the question is one of fact1 whether it has done so4 ,and next1 it must be asked1 whether the character of ,protestant devotion toward our ,lord has been that of worship at all3 and not rather such as we pay to an excellent human being8 4 4 4 ,carnal minds will ever create a carnal worship for themselves2 and to forbid them the service of the saints will have no tendency to teach them the worship of ,god4 ,moreover4 4 4 4 great and constant as is the devotion which the ,catholic pays to ,st4 ,mary1 it has a special province1 and has far more connection with the public services and the festive aspect of ,christianity1 and with certain extraordinary offices which she holds1 than with what is strictly personal and primary in religion4 ,our late cardinal1 on my reception1 singled out to me this last sentence for the expression of his especial approbation4 ,this truth1 exemplified in history1 might also be abundantly illustrated1 did my space admit1 from the lives and writings of holy men in modern times4 ,two of them1 ,st4 ,alfonso ,liguori and the ,blessed ,paul of the ,cross1 for all their notorious devotion #hb to the ,mother1 have shown their supreme love of her divine ,son in the names which a have given to their respective congregations1 viz1 of the ,redeemer1 and of the ,cross and ,passion4 ,however1 ,i will do no more than refer to an apposite passage in the ,italian translation of the work of a ,french ,jesuit1 ,fr4 ,nepveu1 ,christian ,thoughts for every ,day in the ,year1 which was recommended to the friend who went with me to ,rome by the same ,jesuit father there with whom1 as ,i have already said1 ,i stood myself in such intimate relations2 ,i believe it is a fair specimen of the teaching of our spiritual books3 ,the love of ,jesus ,christ is the most sure pledge of our future happiness1 and the most infallible token of our predestination4 ,mercy toward the poor1 devotion to the ,holy ,virgin1 are very sensible tokens of predestination2 nevertheless they are not absolutely infallible2 but one cannot have a sincere and constant love of ,jesus ,christ without being predestinated4 4 4 4 ,the destroying angel which bereaved the houses of the ,egyptians of their first-born1 had respect to all the houses which were marked with the blood of the ,lamb4 ,and it is also exemplified1 as ,i verily believe1 not only in formal and distinctive confessions1 not only in books intended for the educated class1 but also in the personal religion of the ,catholic populations4 ,when strangers are so unfavorably impressed with us1 because they see images of our ,lady in our churches1 and crowds flocking about her1 they forget that there is a ,presence within the sacred walls1 infinitely more awful1 which claims and obtains from us a worship transcendently different from any devotion we pay to her4 ,that devotion might indeed tend to idolatry if it were encouraged in ,protestant churches1 where there is nothing higher than it to attract the worshipper2 but all the images that a ,catholic church ever contained1 all the crucifixes at its altars brought together1 do not so affect its frequenters as the lamp which betokens the presence or absence there of the blessed sacrament4 ,is not this so certain1 so notorious1 that on some occasions it has been even brought as a charge against us1 that we are irreverent in church1 when what seemed to the objector to be irreverence was but the necessary change of feeling which came over those who were there on their knowing that their ,lord was away8 ,the mass again conveys to us the same lesson of the sovereignty of the incarnate ,son2 it is a return to ,calvary1 and ,mary is scarcely named in it4 ,hostile visitors enter our churches on ,sunday at mid-day1 the time of the ,anglican service4 ,they are surprised to see the high mass perhaps poorly attended1 and a body of worshippers leaving the music and the mixed multitude who may be lazily fulfilling their obligation1 for the silent or the informal devotions which are offered at an image of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,they may be tempted1 with one of your informants1 to call such a temple not a ,jesus ,church1 but a ,mary ,church4 ,but1 if they understood our ways1 they would know that we begin the day with our ,lord and then go on to his mother4 ,it is early in the morning that religious persons go to mass and communion4 ,the high mass1 on the other hand1 is the festive celebration of the day1 not the special devotional service2 nor is there any reason why those who have been at a low mass already1 should not at that hour proceed to ask the intercession of the ,blessed ,virgin for themselves and all that is dear to them4 ,communion1 again1 which is given in the morning1 is a solemn1 unequivocal act of faith in the incarnate ,god1 if any can be such2 and the most gracious of admonitions1 did we need one1 of his sovereign and sole right to possess us4 ,i knew a lady who on her death-bed was visited by an excellent ,protestant friend4 ,she1 with great tenderness for her soul's welfare1 asked her whether her prayers to the #hc ,blessed ,virgin did not1 at that awful hour1 lead to forgetfulness of her ,saviour4 ,forget him6 she replied with surprise2 why1 he has just been here4 ,she had been receiving him in communion4 ,when1 then1 my dear ,pusey1 you read anything extravagant in praise of our ,lady1 is it not charitable to ask1 even while you condemn it in itself1 did the author write nothing else8 ,did he write on the blessed sacrament8 ,had he given up all for ,jesus8 ,i recollect some lines1 the happiest1 ,i think1 which that author wrote1 which bring out strikingly the reciprocity1 which ,i am dwelling on1 of the respective devotions to ,mother and ,son3 ,but scornful men have coldly said ,thy love was leading me from ,god2 ,and yet in this ,i did but tread ,the very path my ,savior trod4 ,they know but little of thy worth ,who speak these heartless words to me2 ,for what did ,jesus love on earth ,one half so tenderly as thee8 ,get me the grace to love thee more2 ,jesus will give1 if thou wilt plead2 ,and1 ,mother1 when life's cares are o'er1 ,oh1 ,i shall love thee then indeed4 ,jesus1 when his three hours were run1 ,bequeathed thee from the cross to me2 ,and oh ,i how can ,i love thy ,son1 ,sweet ,mother1 if ,i love not thee8 #d4 ,thus we are brought from the consideration of the sentiments themselves1 of which you complain1 to the persons who wrote1 and the places where they wrote them4 ,i wish you had been led1 in this part of your work1 to that sort of careful labor which you have employed in so masterly a way in your investigation of the circumstances of the definition of the immaculate conception4 ,in the latter case you have catalogued the bishops who wrote to the ,holy ,see1 and analyzed their answers4 ,had you in like manner discriminated and located the ,marian writers1 as you call them1 and observed the times1 places1 and circumstances of their works1 ,i think they would not1 when brought together1 have had their present startling effect on the reader4 ,as it is1 they inflict a vague alarm upon the mind1 as when one hears a noise1 and does not know whence it comes and what it means4 ,some of your authors1 ,i know1 are saints2 all1 ,i suppose1 are spiritual writers and holy men2 but the majority are of no great celebrity1 even if they have any kind of weight4 ,suarez has no business among them at all1 for1 when he says that no one is saved without the ,blessed ,virgin1 he is speaking not of devotion to her1 but of her intercession4 ,the greatest name is ,st4 ,alfonso ,liguori2 but it never surprises me to read anything unusual in the devotions of a saint4 ,such men are on a level very different from our own1 and we cannot understand them4 ,i hold this to be an important canon in the lives of the saints1 according to the words of the apostle1 ,the spiritual man judges all things1 and he himself is judged of no one4 ,but we may refrain from judging1 without proceeding to imitate4 ,i hope it is not disrespectful to so great a servant of ,god to say1 that ,i never read his ,glories of ,mary2 but here ,i am speaking generally of all saints1 whether ,i know them or not2 and ,i say that they are beyond us1 and that we must use them as patterns1 not as copies4 ,as to his practical directions1 ,st4 ,alfonso wrote them for ,neapolitans1 whom he knew1 and we do not know4 ,other writers whom you quote1 as ,de ,salazar1 are too ruthlessly logical to be safe or pleasant guides in the delicate matters of devotion4 ,as to ,de ,montford and ,oswald1 ,i never even met with their names1 till ,i saw them in your book2 the bulk of our laity1 not to say of our clergy1 perhaps know them little better than ,i do4 ,nor did ,i know till ,i learnt it from your volume that there were two ,bernardines4 ,st4 ,bernardine1 of ,sienna1 ,i knew of course1 and knew too that he had a burning love for our ,lord4 ,but about the other1 ,bernardine de ,bustis1 ,i was quite at fault4 ,i find from the ,protestant ,cave that he1 as well as his name-sake1 made himself conspicuous also for his zeal for the holy name1 #hd which is much to the point here4 ,with such devotion was he carried away1 says ,cave1 for the bare name of ,jesus 7which1 by a new device of ,bernardine1 of ,sienna1 had lately began to receive divine honors71 that he was urgent with ,innocent ,,viii4 to assign it a day and rite in the calendar4 ,one thing1 however1 is clear about all these writers2 that not one of them is an ,englishman4 ,i have gone through your book1 and do not find one ,english name among the various authors to whom you refer1 except1 of course1 the name of that author whose lines ,i have been quoting1 and who1 great as are his merits1 cannot1 for the reasons ,i have given in the opening of my letter1 be considered a representative of ,english ,catholic devotion4 ,whatever these writers may have said or not said1 whatever they may have said harshly1 and whatever capable of fair explanation1 still they are foreigners2 we are not answerable for their particular devotions2 and as to themselves1 ,i am glad to be able to quote the beautiful words which you use about them in your letter to the ,weekly ,register of ,november #beth last4 ,i do not presume1 you say1 to prescribe to ,italians or ,spaniards what they shall hold1 or how they shall express their pious opinions2 and least of all did ,i think of imputing to any of the writers whom ,i quoted that they took from our ,lord any of the love which they gave to his ,mother4 ,in these last words1 too1 you have supplied one of the omissions in your volume which ,i noticed above4 #e4 ,now1 then1 we come to ,england itself1 which after all1 in the matter of devotion1 alone concerns you and me2 for though doctrine is one and the same everywhere1 devotions1 as ,i have already said1 are matters of the particular time and the particular country4 ,i suppose we owe it to the national good sense that ,english ,catholics have been protected from the extravagances which are elsewhere to be found4 ,and we owe it1 also1 to the wisdom and moderation of the ,holy ,see1 which in giving us the pattern for our devotion1 as well as the rule of our faith1 has never indulged in those curiosities of thought which are both so attractive to undisciplined imaginations and so dangerous to grovelling hearts4 ,in the case of our own common people ,i think such a forced style of devotion would be simply unintelligible2 as to the educated1 ,i doubt whether it can have more than an occasional or temporary influence4 ,if the ,catholic faith spreads in ,england1 these peculiarities will not spread with it4 ,there is a healthy devotion to the ,blessed ,mary1 and there is an artificial2 it is possible to love her as a ,mother1 to honor her as a ,virgin1 to seek her as a ,patron1 and to exalt her as a ,queen1 without any injury to solid piety and ,christian good sense3 ,i cannot help calling this the ,english style4 ,i wonder whether you find anything to displease you in the ,garden of the ,soul1 the ,key of ,heaven1 the ,vade ,mecum1 the ,golden ,manual1 or the ,crown of ,jesus8 ,these are the books to which ,anglicans ought to appeal who would be fair to us in this matter4 ,i do not observe anything in them which goes beyond the teaching of the fathers1 except so far as devotion goes beyond doctrine4 ,there is one collection of devotions1 beside1 of the highest authority1 which has been introduced from abroad of late years4 ,it consists of prayers of various kinds which have been indulgenced by the popes2 and it commonly goes by the name of the ,raccolta4 ,as that word suggests1 the language of many of the prayers is ,italian1 while others are in ,latin4 ,this circumstance is unfavorable to a translation1 which1 however skilful1 must ever savor of the words and idioms of the original2 but1 passing over this necessary disadvantage1 ,i consider there is hardly a clause in the good-sized volume in question which even the sensitiveness of ,english ,catholicism would wish changed4 ,its anxious observance of doctrinal exactness is almost a fault4 #he ,it seems afraid of using the words give me1 make me1 in its addresses to the ,blessed ,virgin1 which are as natural to adopt as in addressing a parent or friend4 ,surely we do not disparage divine ,providence when we say that we are indebted to our parents for our life1 or when we ask their blessing2 we do not show any atheistical leanings because we say that a man's recovery must be left to nature1 or that nature supplies brute animals with instincts4 ,in like manner it seems to me a simple purism to insist upon minute accuracy of expression in devotional and popular writings4 ,however1 the ,raccolta1 as coming from responsible authority1 for the most part observes it4 ,it commonly uses the phrases1 gain for us by thy prayers1 obtain for us1 pray to ,jesus for me1 speak for me1 ,mary1 carry thou our prayers1 ask for us grace1 intercede for the people of ,god1 and the like1 marking thereby with great emphasis that she is nothing more than an advocate1 and not a source of mercy4 ,nor do ,i recollect in this book more than one or two ideas to which you would be likely to raise an objection4 ,the strongest of these is found in the novena before her nativity1 in which1 apropos of her birth1 we pray that she would come down again and be re-born spiritually in our souls2 but it will occur to you that ,st4 ,paul speaks of his wish to impart to his converts1 'not only the gospel1 but his own soul2 and writing to the ,corinthians1 he says he has begotten them by the gospel1 and to ,philemon1 that he had begotten ,onesimus in his bonds2 whereas ,st4 ,james1 with greater accuracy of expression1 says of his own will hath ,god begotten us with the word of truth4 ,again we find the petitioner saying to the ,blessed ,mary1 ,in thee ,i place all my hope2 but this is explained in another passage1 ,thou art my best hope after ,jesus4 ,again1 we read elsewhere1 ,i would ,i had a greater love for thee1 since to love thee is a great mark of predestination2 but the prayer goes on1 ,thy ,son deserves of us an immeasurable love2 pray that ,i may have this grace --a great love for ,jesus2 and further on1 ,i covet no good of the earth1 but to love my ,god alone4 ,then1 again1 as to the lessons which our ,catholics receive1 whether by catechizing or instruction1 you would find nothing in our received manuals to which you would not assent1 ,i am quite sure4 ,again1 as to preaching1 a standard book was drawn up three centuries ago1 to supply matter for the purpose to the parochial clergy4 ,you incidentally mention1 p4 #aec1 that the comment of ,cornelius ,lapide on ,scripture is a repertorium for sermons2 but ,i never heard of this work being used1 nor indeed can it1 because of its size4 ,the work provided for the purpose by the church is the ,catechism of the ,council of ,trent1 and nothing extreme about our ,blessed ,lady is propounded there4 ,on the whole1 ,i am sanguine that you will come to the conclusion that ,anglicans may safely trust themselves to us ,english ,catholics as regards any devotions to the ,blessed ,virgin which might be required of them1 over and above the rule of the ,council of ,trent4 #f4 ,and1 now at length coming to the statements1 not ,english1 but foreign1 which offend you in works written in her honor1 ,i will frankly say that ,i read some of those which you quote with grief and almost anger2 for they seemed to me to ascribe to the ,blessed ,virgin a power of searching the reins and hearts which is the attribute of ,god alone2 and ,i said to myself1 how can we any more prove our ,lord's divinity from ,scripture1 if those cardinal passages which invest him with divine prerogatives after all invest him with nothing beyond what his ,mother shares with him8 ,and how1 again1 is there anything of incommunicable greatness in his death and passion1 if he who was alone in the garden1 alone upon the cross1 alone in the resurrection1 after #hf all is not alone1 but shared his solitary work with his ,blessed ,mother--with her to whom1 when he entered on his ministry1 he said for our instruction1 not as grudging her her proper glory1 ,woman1 what have ,i to do with thee8 ,and then again1 if ,i hate those perverse sayings so much1 how much more must she1 in proportion to her love of him8 ,and how do we show our love for her1 by wounding her in the very apple of her eye8 ,this ,i said and say2 but then1 on the other hand1 ,i have to observe that these strange words after all are but few in number1 out of the many passages you cite2 that most of them exemplify what ,i said above about the difficulty of determining the exact point where truth passes into error1 and that they are allowable in one sense or connection1 and false in another4 ,thus to say that prayer 7and the ,blessed ,virgin's prayer7 is omnipotent1 is a harsh expression in everyday prose2 but1 if it is explained to mean that there is nothing which prayer may not obtain from ,god1 it is nothing else than the very promise made us in ,scripture4 ,again1 to say that ,mary is the centre of all being1 sounds inflated and profane2 yet after all it is only one way1 and a natural way1 of saying that the ,creator and the creature met together1 and became one in her womb2 and as such1 ,i have used the expression above4 ,again1 it is at first sight a paradox to say that ,jesus is obscured1 because ,mary is kept in the background2 yet there is a sense1 as ,i have shown above1 in which it is a simple truth4 ,and so again certain statements may be true1 under circumstances and in a particular time and place1 which are abstractedly false2 and hence it may be very unfair in a controversialist to interpret by an ,english or a modern rule whatever may have been asserted by a foreign or mediaeval author4 ,to say1 for instance1 dogmatically1 that no one can be saved without personal devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 would be an untenable proposition3 yet it might be true of this man or that1 or of this or that country at this or that date2 and if the very statement has ever been made by any writer of consideration 7and this has to be ascertained71 then perhaps it was made precisely under these exceptional circumstances4 ,if an ,italian preacher made it1 ,i should feel no disposition to doubt him1 at least as regards ,italian youths and ,italian maidens4 ,then ,i think you have not always made your quotations with that consideration and kindness which is your rule4 ,at p4 #ajf you say1 ,it is commonly said1 that if any ,roman ,catholic acknowledges that 'it is good and useful to pray to the saints1' he is not bound himself to do so4 ,were the above teaching true1 it would be cruelty to say so2 because1 according to it1 he would be forfeiting what is morally necessary to his salvation4 ,but now1 as to the fact1 where is it said that to pray to our ,lady and the saints is necessary to salvation8 ,the proposition of ,st4 ,alfonso is1 that ,god gives no grace except through ,mary2 that is1 through her intercession4 ,but intercession is one thing1 devotion is another4 ,and ,suarez says1 ,it is the universal sentiment that the intercession of ,mary is not only useful1 but also in a certain manner necessary2 but still it is the question of her intercession1 not of our invocation of her1 not of devotion to her4 ,if it were so1 no ,protestant could be saved2 if it were so1 there would be grave reasons for doubting of the salvation of ,st4 ,chrysostom or ,st4 ,athanasius1 or of the primitive martyrs2 nay1 ,i should like to know whether ,st4 ,augustine1 in all his voluminous writings1 invokes her once4 ,our ,lord died for those heathens who did not know him2 and his mother intercedes for those ,christians who do not know her2 and she intercedes according to his will1 and1 when he wills to save a particular soul1 she at once prays for it4 #hg ,i say1 he wills indeed according to her prayer1 but then she prays according1 to his will4 ,though then it is natural and prudent for those to have recourse to her who1 from the church's teaching1 know her power1 yet it cannot be said that devotion to her is a sine qu non of salvation4 ,some indeed of the authors whom you quote go further2 they do speak of devotion2 but even then they do not enunciate the general proposition which ,i have been disallowing4 ,for instance1 they say1 ,it is morally impossible for those to be saved who neglect the devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin2 but a simple omission is one thing1 and neglect another4 ,it is impossible for any to be saved who turns away from her2 yes2 but to turn away is to offer some positive disrespect or insult toward her1 and that with sufficient knowledge2 and ,i certainly think it would be a very grave act if1 in a ,catholic country 7and of such the writers were speaking1 for they knew of no other71 with ave-marias sounding in the air1 and images of the ,madonna at every street and road1 a ,catholic broke off or gave up a practice that was universal1 and in which he was brought up1 and deliberately put her name out of his thoughts4 #g4 ,though1 then1 common sense may determine for us that the line of prudence and propriety has been certainly passed in the instance of certain statements about the ,blessed ,virgin1 it is often not easy to prove the point logically2 and in such cases authority1 if it attempt to act1 would be in the position which so often happens in our courts of law1 when the commission of an offence is morally certain1 but the government prosecutor cannot find legal evidence sufficient to insure conviction4 ,i am not denying the right of sacred congregations1 at their will1 to act peremptorily1 and without assigning reasons for the judgment they pass upon writers2 but1 when they have found it inexpedient to take this severe course1 perhaps it may happen from the circumstances of the case that there is no other that they can take1 even if they would4 ,it is wiser then for the most part to leave these excesses to the gradual operation of public opinion--that is1 to the opinion of educated and sober ,catholics2 and this seems to me the healthiest way of putting them down4 ,yet in matter of fact ,i believe the ,holy ,see has interfered from time to time1 when devotion seemed running into superstition2 and not so long ago4 ,i recollect hearing in ,gregory the ,,xvi4's time of books about the ,blessed ,virgin which had been suppressed by authority2 and in particular of a representation of the immaculate conception which he had forbidden1 and of measures taken against the shocking notion that the ,blessed ,mary is present in the holy eucharist in the sense in which our ,lord is present2 but ,i have no means of verifying the information ,i received4 ,nor have ,i time1 any more than you have had1 to ascertain how far great theologians have made protests against those various extravagances of which you so rightly complain4 ,passages1 however1 from three well-known ,jesuit fathers have opportunely come in my way1 and in one of them is introduced1 in confirmation1 the name of the great ,gerson4 ,they are ,canisius1 ,petavius1 and ,raynaudus2 and as they speak very appositely1 and you do not seem to know them1 ,i will here make some extracts from them3 7#a47 ,canisius3 ,we confess that in the cultus of ,mary it has been and is possible for corruptions to creep in2 and we have a more than ordinary desire that the pastors of the ,church should be carefully vigilant here1 and give no place to ,satan1 whose characteristic office it has ever been1 while men sleep1 to sow the cockle amid the ,lord's wheat4 4 4 4 ,for this purpose it is his wont gladly to avail himself of the aid of heretics1 fanatics1 and false ,catholics1 as may be seen in the instance of this ,marianus cultus4 ,this cultus1 heretics1 suborned by ,satan1 attack with hostility ,thus1 too1 certain mad heads are so #hh demented by ,satan1 as to embrace superstitions and idolatries instead of the true cultus and neglect altogether the due measures whether in respect to ,god or to ,mary4 ,such indeed were the ,collyridians of old4 4 4 4 ,such that ,german herdsman a hundred years ago1 who gave out publicly that he was a new prophet and had had a vision of the ,deipara1 and told the people in her name to pay no more tributes and taxes to princes4 4444 ,moreover1 how many ,catholics does one see who1 by great and shocking negligence1 have neither care nor regard for her cultus1 but1 given to profane and secular objects1 scarce once a year raise their earthly minds to sing her praises or to venerate her6--,de ,mari ,deipar1 p4 #eah4 7#b47 ,father ,petau says1 when discussing the teaching of the fathers about the ,blessed ,virgin 7de ,incarn4 xiv4 #h73 ,i will venture to give this advice to all who would be devout and panegyrical toward the ,holy ,virgin1 viz41 not to exceed in their piety and devotion to her1 but to be content with true and solid praises1 and to cast aside what is otherwise4 ,the latter kind of idolatry1 lurking1 as ,st4 ,augustine says1 nay implanted1 in human hearts1 is greatly abhorrent from theology1 that is from the gravity of heavenly wisdom1 which never thinks or asserts anything but what is measured by certain and accurate rules4 ,what that rule should be1 and what caution is to be used in our present subject1 ,i will not determine of myself1 but according to the mind of a most weighty and most learned theologian1 ,john ,gerson1 who in one of his epistles proposes certain canons1 which he calls truths1 by means of which are to be measured the assertions of theologians concerning the incarnation4 4 4 ,by these truly golden precepts ,gerson brings within bounds the immoderate license of praising the ,blessed ,virgin1 and restrains it within the measure of sober and healthy piety4 ,and from these it is evident that that sort of reasoning is frivolous and nugatory in which so many indulge1 in order to assign any sort of grace they please1 however unusual1 to the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,for they argue thus3 ',whatever the ,son of ,god could bestow for the glory of his mother1 that it became him in fact to furnish2' or again1 ',whatever honors or ornaments he has poured out on other saints1 those all together hath he heaped upon his mother2' whence they draw their chain of reasoning to their desired conclusion2 a mode of argumentation which ,gerson treats with contempt as captious and sophistical4 ,he adds1 what of course we all should say1 that1 in thus speaking1 he has no intention to curtail the liberty of pious persons in such meditations and conjectures1 on the mysteries of faith1 sacred histories1 and the ,scripture text1 as are of the nature of comments1 supplements1 and the like4 7#c47 ,raynaud is an author full of devotion1 if any one is so1 to the ,blessed ,virgin2 yet1 in the work which he has composed in her honor 7,diptycha ,mariana71 he says more than ,i can quote here to the same purpose as ,petau4 ,i abridge some portions of his text3 ,let this be taken for granted1 that no praises of ours can come up to the praises due to the ,virgin ,mother4 ,but we must not make up for our inability to reach her true praise by a supply of lying embellishment and false honors4 ,for there are some whose affection for religious objects is so imprudent and lawless1 that they transgress the due limits even toward the saints4 ,this ,origen has excellently observed upon in the case of the ,baptist1 for very many1 instead of observing the measure of charity1 consider whether he might not be the ,christ--p4 #i4 4 4 4 ,st4 ,anselm1 the first1 or one of the first1 champions of the public celebration of the ,blessed ,virgin's immaculate conception1 says 7de ,excell4 ,virg47 that the church considers it indecent1 that anything that admits of doubt should be said in her praise1 when the things which are certainly true of her supply such large materials for laudation4 ,it is right so to interpret ,st4 ,epiphanius also1 when he says that human tongues should not pronounce anything lightly of the ,deipara2 and who is more justly to be charged with speaking lightly of the most holy ,mother of ,god1 than he who1 as if what is certain and evident did not suffice for her full investiture1 is wiser than the aged1 and obtrudes on us the toadstools of his own mind1 and devotions unheard of by those holy fathers who loved her best8 ,plainly as ,st4 ,anselm says that she is the ,mother of ,god1 this by itself exceeds every elevation which can be named or imagined1 short of ,god4 ,about so sublime a majesty we should not speak hastily from prurience of wit1 or flimsy pretext of promoting piety2 but with great maturity of thought2 and1 whenever the maxims of the church and the oracles of #hi faith do not suffice1 then not without the suffrages of the doctors4 4 4 4 ,those who are subject to this prurience of innovation1 do not perceive how broad is the difference between subjects of human science and heavenly things4 ,all novelty concerning the objects of our faith is to be put far away2 except so far as by diligent investigation of ,god's word1 written and unwritten1 and a well founded inference from what is thence to be elicited1 something is brought to light which1 though already indeed there1 had not hitherto been recognized4 ,the innovations which we condemn are those which rest neither on the written nor unwritten word1 nor on conclusions from it1 nor on the judgment of ancient sages1 nor sufficient basis of reason1 but on the sole color and pretext of doing more honor to the ,deipara4--p4 #aj4 ,in another portion of the same work1 he speaks in particular of one of those imaginations to which you especially refer1 and for which1 without strict necessity 7as it seems to me71 you allege the authority of ,lapide3 ,nor is that honor of the ,deipara to be offered1 viz41 that the elements of the body of ,christ1 which the ,blessed ,virgin supplied to it1 remain perpetually unaltered in ,christ1 and thereby are found also in the eucharist4 4 4 4 ,this solicitude for the ,virgin's glory must1 ,i consider1 be discarded2 since1 if rightly considered1 it involves an injury toward ,christ1 and such honors the ,virgin loveth not4 ,and first1 dismissing philosophical bagatelles about the animation of blood1 milk1 etc41 who can endure the proposition that a good portion of the substance of ,christ in the eucharist should be worshipped with a cultus less than latria8 viz41 by the inferior cultus of hyperdulia8 ,the preferable class of theologians contend that not even the humanity of ,christ is to be materially abstracted from the ,word of ,god1 and worshipped by itself2 how then shall we introduce a cultus of the ,deipara in ,christ1 which is inferior to the cultus proper to him8 ,how is this other than casting down of the substance of ,christ from his royal throne1 and a degradation of it to some inferior sitting-place8 ,is is nothing to the purpose to refer to such fathers as say that the flesh of ,christ is the flesh of ,mary1 for they speak of its origin4 ,what will hinder1 if this doctrine be admitted1 our also admitting that there is something in ,christ which is detestable8 for1 as the first elements of a body which were communicated by the ,virgin to ,christ have 7as these authors say7 remained perpetually in ,christ1 so the same materia1 at least in part1 which belonged originally to the ancestors of ,christ1 came down to the ,virgin from her father1 unchanged1 and taken from her grandfather1 and so on4 ,and thus1 since it is not unlikely that some of these ancestors were reprobate1 there would now be something actually in ,christ which had belonged to a reprobate and worthy of detestation4--p4 #bcg4 #h4 ,after such explanations1 and with such authorities1 to clear my path1 ,i put away from me1 as you would wish1 without any hesitation1 as matters in which my heart and reason have no part 7when taken in their literal and absolute sense1 as any ,protestant would naturally take them1 and as the writers doubtless did not use them71 such sentences1 and phrases1 as these3 that the mercy of ,mary is infinite2 that ,god has resigned into her hands his omnipotence2 that 7unconditionally7 it is safer to seek her than her ,son2 that the ,blessed ,virgin is superior to ,god2 that he is 7simply7 subject to her command2 that our ,lord is now of the same disposition as his ,father toward sinners1 viz41 a disposition to reject them1 while ,mary takes his place as an advocate with ,father and ,son2 that the saints are more ready to intercede with ,jesus than ,jesus with the ,father2 that ,mary is the only refuge of those with whom ,god is angry2 that ,mary alone can obtain a ,protestant's conversion2 that it would have sufficed for the salvation of men if our ,lord had died not to obey his ,father1 but to defer to the decree of his mother2 that she rivals our ,lord in being ,god's daughter1 not by adoption1 but by a kind of nature2 that ,christ fulfilled the office of ,saviour by imitating her virtues2 that1 as the incarnate ,god bore the image of his ,father1 so he bore the image of his mother2 that redemption derived from ,christ indeed its sufficiency1 but from ,mary its beauty and loveliness2 that us we are clothed with the merits of ,christ1 so we are clothed with #ij the merits of ,mary2 that1 as he is priest1 in like manner is she priestess2 that his body and blood in the eucharist are truly hers and appertain to her2 that as he is present and received therein1 so is she present and received therein2 that priests are ministers1 as of ,christ1 so of ,mary2 that elect souls are born of ,god and ,mary2 that the ,holy ,ghost brings into fruitfulness his action by her1 producing in her and by her ,jesus ,christ in his members2 that the kingdom of ,god in our souls1 as our ,lord speaks1 is really the kingdom of ,mary in the soul--and she and the ,holy ,ghost produce in the soul extraordinary things--and when the ,holy ,ghost finds ,mary in a soul he flies there4 ,sentiments such as these ,i never knew of till ,i read your book1 nor1 as ,i think1 do the vast minority of ,english ,catholics know them4 ,they seem to me like a bad dream4 ,i could not have conceived them to be said4 ,i know not to what authority to go for them1 to ,scripture1 or to the fathers1 or to the decrees of councils1 or to the consent of schools1 or to the tradition of the faithful1 or to the ,holy ,see1 or to reason4 ,they defy all the loci theologici4 ,there is nothing of them in the ,missal1 in the ,roman ,catechism1 in the ,roman ',raccolta1 in the ,imitation of ,christ1 in ,gother1 ,challoner1 ,milner1 or ,wiseman1 as far as ,i am aware4 ,they do but scare and confuse me4 ,i should not be holier1 more spiritual1 more sure of perseverance1 if ,i twisted my moral being into the reception of them2 ,i should but be guilty of fulsome1 frigid flattery toward the most upright and noble of ,god's creatures if ,i professed them1 and of stupid flattery too2 for it would be like the compliment of painting up a young and beautiful princess with the brow of a ,plato and the muscle of an ,achilles4 ,and ,i should expect her to tell one of her people in waiting to turn me off her service without warning4 ,whether thus to feel be the scandalum parvulorum in my case1 or the scandalum ,pharisaeorum1 ,i leave others to decide2 but ,i will say plainly that ,i had rather believe 7which is impossible7 that there is no ,god at all1 than that ,mary is greater than ,god4 ,i will have nothing to do with statements which can only be explained by being explained away4 ,i do not1 however1 speak of these statements as they are found in their authors1 for ,i know nothing of the originals1 and cannot believe that they have meant what you say2 but ,i take them as they lie in your pages4 ,were any of them the sayings of saints in ecstasy1 ,i should know they had a good meaning2 still1 ,i should not repeat them myself2 but ,i am looking at them not as spoken by the tongues of angels1 but according to that literal sense which they bear in the mouths of ,english men and ,english women4 ,and1 as spoken by man to man1 in ,england1 in the nineteenth century1 ,i consider them calculated to prejudice inquirers1 to frighten the unlearned1 to unsettle consciences1 to provoke blasphemy1 and to work the loss of souls4 #i4 ,and now1 after having said so much as this1 bear with me1 my dear friend1 if ,i end with an expostulation4 ,have you not been touching us on a very tender point in a very rude way8 ,is not the effect of what you have said to expose her to scorn and obloquy who is dearer to us than any other creature8 ,have you even hinted that our love for her is anything else than an abuse8 ,have you thrown her one kind word yourself all through your book8 ,i trust so1 but ,i have not lighted upon one4 ,and yet ,i know you love her well4 ,can you wonder1 then--can ,i complain much1 much as ,i grieve--that men should utterly misconceive of you1 and are blind to the fact that you have put the whole argument between you and us on a new footing2 and that1 whereas it was said twenty-five years ago in the ,british ,critic1 ,till ,rome ceases to be what practically she is1 union is impossible between her and ,england1 you declare1 on the contrary1 ,it is possible as soon as ,italy and ,england1 #ia haying the same faith and the same centre of unity1 are allowed to hold severally their own theological opinions8 ,they have not done you justice here because1 in truth1 the honor of our ,lady is dearer to them than the conversion of ,england4 ,take a parallel case1 and consider how you would decide it yourself4 ,supposing an opponent of a doctrine for which you so earnestly contend1 the eternity of punishment1 instead of meeting you with direct arguments against it1 heaped together a number of extravagant descriptions of the place1 mode1 and circumstances of its infliction1 quoted ,tertullian as a witness for the primitive fathers1 and the ,covenanters and ,ranters for these last centuries2 brought passages from the ,inferno of ,dante1 and from the sermons of ,whitfield2 nay1 supposing he confined himself to the chapters on the subject in ,jeremy ,taylor's work on ,the ,state of ,man1 would you think this a fair and becoming method of reasoning8 and if he avowed that he should ever consider the ,anglican ,church committed to all these accessories of the doctrine till its authorities formally denounced ,taylor and ,whitfield1 and a hundred others1 would you think this an equitable determination1 or the procedure of a theologian8 ,so far concerning the ,blessed ,virgin1 the chief but not the only subject of your volume4 ,and now1 when ,i could wish to proceed1 she seems to stop me1 for the ,feast of her ,immaculate ,conception is upon us2 and close upon its octave1 which is kept with special solemnities in the churches of this town1 come the great antiphons1 the heralds of ,christmas4 ,that joyful season1 joyful for all of us1 while it centres in him who then came on earth1 also brings before us in peculiar prominence that ,virgin ,mother who bore and nursed him4 ,here she is not in the background1 as at ,eastertide1 but she brings him to us in her arms4 ,two great festivals1 dedicated to her honor1 to-morrow's and the ,purification1 mark out and keep the ground1 and1 like the towers of ,david1 open the way to and fro for the high holiday season of the ,prince of ,peace4 ,and all along it her image is upon it1 such as we see it in the typical representation of the ,catacombs4 ,may the sacred influences of this time bring us all together in unity6 ,may it destroy all bitterness on your side and ours6 ,may it quench all jealous1 sour1 proud1 fierce antagonism on our side2 and dissipate all captious1 carping1 fastidious refinements of reasoning on yours6 ,may that bright and gentle lady1 the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 overcome you with her sweetness1 and revenge herself on her foes by interceding effectually for their conversion6 ,i am1 yours1 most affectionately1 ,john ,h4 ,newman4 ,,the ,,oratory1 ,,birmingham1 ,in fest4 ,s4 ,ambrosii1 #ahfe4 #ib ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,haven',t ,,time ,a ,,chapter ,,for ,,parents4 ,that boy needs more attention1 said ,mr4 ,green1 referring to his eldest son1 a lad whose wayward temper and inclination to vice demanded a steady1 consistent1 wise1 and ever-present exercise of parental watchfulness and authority4 ,you may well say that1 returned the mother of the boy1 for to her the remark had been made4 ,he is getting entirely beyond me4 ,if ,i only had the time to look after him8 ,mr4 ,green sighed as he uttered these words4 ,i think you ought to take more time for a purpose like this1 said ,mrs4 ,green4 ,more time6 ,mr4 ,green spoke with marked impatience4 ,what time have ,i to attend to him1 ,margaret8 ,am ,i not entirely absorbed in business8 ,even now ,i should be at the counting-house1 and am only kept away by your late breakfast4 ,just then the breakfast bell rang1 and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,green1 accompanied by their children1 repaired to the dining-room4 ,john1 the boy about whom the parents had been talking1 was among the number4 ,as they took their places at the table he exhibited certain disorderly movements1 and a disposition to annoy his younger brothers and sisters4 ,but these were checked1 instantly1 by his father1 of whom ,john stood in some fear4 ,before the children had finished eating1 ,mr4 ,green laid his knife and fork side by side on his plate1 pushed his chair back1 and was in the act of rising1 when his wife said3 ,don't go yet4 ,just wait until ,john is through with his breakfast4 ,he acts dreadfully the moment your back is turned4 ,mr4 ,green turned a quick1 lowering glance upon the boy1 whose eyes shrank beneath his angry glance1 saying as ho did so3 ,i haven't time to stay a moment longer2 ,i ought to have been at my business an hour ago1 ,but see here1 my lad1 addressing himself to ,john1 there has been enough of this work4 ,not a day passes that ,i am not worried with complaints about you4 ,now1 mark me6 ,i shall inquire particularly as to your conduct when ,i come home at dinner-time2 and1 if you have given your mother any trouble1 or acted in any way improperly1 ,i will take you severely to account4 ,it's outrageous that the whole family should be kept in constant trouble by you4 ,now1 be on your guard6 ,a moment or two ,mr4 ,green stood frowning upon the boy1 and then retired4 ,scarcely had the sound of the closing street-door1 which marked the fact of ,mr4 ,green's departure1 ceased to echo through the house1 ere ,john began to act as was his custom when his father was out of the way4 ,his mother's remonstrances were of no avail2 and1 when she finally compelled him to leave the table1 he obeyed with a most provoking and insolent manner4 ,all this would have been prevented if ,mr4 ,green had taken from business just ten minutes1 and conscientiously devoted that time to #ic the government of his wayward boy and the protection of the family from his annoyances4 ,on arriving at his counting-house1 ,mr4 ,green found two or three persons waiting1 and but a single clerk in attendance4 ,he had felt some doubts as to the correctness of his conduct in leaving home so abruptly1 under the circumstances2 but the presence of the customers satisfied him that he had done right4 ,business1 in his mind1 was paramount to everything else2 and his highest duty to his family he felt to be discharged when he was devoting himself most assiduously to the work of procuring for them the means of external comfort1 ease1 and luxury4 ,worldly well-doing was a cardinal virtue in his eyes4 ,mr4 ,green was the gainer1 perhaps1 of two shillings in the way of profit on sales1 by being at his counting-house ten minutes earlier than would have been the case had he remained with his family until the completion of their morning meal4 ,what was lost to his boy by the opportunity thus afforded for an indulgence in a perverse and disobedient temper it is hard to say4 ,something was1 undoubtedly1 lost--something1 the valuation of which1 in money1 it would be difficult to make4 ,mrs4 ,green did not complain of ,john's conduct to his father at dinner-time4 ,she was so often forced to complain that she avoided the task whenever she felt justified in doing so2 and that was1 perhaps1 far too often4 ,mr4 ,green asked no questions2 for he knew1 by experience1 to what results such questions would lead1 and he was in no mood for unpleasant intelligence4 ,so ,john escaped1 as he had escaped hundreds of times before1 and felt encouraged to indulge his bad propensities at will1 to his own injury and the annoyance of all around him4 ,if ,mr4 ,green had no time in the morning or through the day to attend to his children1 the evening1 one might think1 would afford opportunity for conference with them1 supervision of their studies1 and an earnest inquiry into their conduct and moral and intellectual progress4 ,but such was not the case4 ,mr4 ,green was too much wearied with the occupation of the day to bear the annoyance of the children2 or his thoughts were too busy with business matters1 or schemes of profit1 to attend to the thousand and one questions they were ready to pour in upon him from all sides2 or he had a political club to attend1 an engagement with some merchant for the discussion of a matter connected with trade1 or felt obliged to be present at the meeting of some society of which he was a member4 ,so he either left home immediately after tea1 or the children were sent to bed in order that he might have a quiet evening for rest1 business reflection1 or the enjoyment of a new book4 ,mr4 ,green had so much to do and so much to think about that he had no time to attend to his children2 and this neglect was daily leaving upon them ineffaceable impressions that would inevitably mar the happiness of their after lives4 ,this was particularly the case with ,john4 ,better off in the world was ,mr4 ,green becoming every day--better off as it regarded money2 but poorer in another sense--poorer in respect to home affections and home treasures4 ,his children were not growing up to love him intensely1 to confide in him implicitly1 and to respect him as their father and friend4 ,he had no time to attend to them1 and rather pushed them away than drew them toward him with the strong cords of affection4 ,to his wife he left their government1 and she was not equal to the task4 ,i don't believe1 said ,mrs4 ,green1 one day1 that ,john is learning much at the school where he goes4 ,i think you ought to see after him a little4 ,he never studies a lesson at home4 ,mr4 ,elden has the reputation of being one of our best teachers4 ,his school stands high1 replied ,mr4 ,green4 #id ,that may happen1 said ,mrs4 ,green4 ,still1 ,i really think you ought to know1 for yourself1 how ,john is getting along4 ,of one thing ,i am certain1 he does not improve in good manners nor good temper in the least4 ,and he is never in the house between school-hours1 except to get his meals4 ,i wish you would require him to be at your counting-house during the afternoons4 ,school is dismissed at four o'clock1 and he ranges the streets with other boys1 and goes where he pleases from that time until night4 ,that's very bad1--,mr4 ,green spoke in a concerned voice1--very bad4 ,and it must be broken up4 ,but as to having him with me1 that is out of the question4 ,he would be into everything1 and keep me in hot water all the while4 ,he'd like to come well enough1 ,i do not doubt2 but ,i can't have him there4 ,couldn't you set him to do something8 ,i might4 ,but ,i haven't time to attend to him1 ,margaret4 ,business is business1 and cannot be interrupted4 ,mrs4 ,green sighed1 and then remarked3 ,i wish you would call on ,mr4 ,elden and have a talk with him about ,john4 ,i will1 if you think it best4 ,do so1 by all means4 ,and beside1 ,i would give more time to ,john in the evenings4 ,if1 for instance1 you devoted an evening to him once a week1 it would enable you to understand how he is progressing1 and give you a control over him not now possessed4 ,you are right in this1 no doubt1 ,margaret4 ,but reform went not beyond this acknowledgment4 ,mr4 ,green could never find time to see ,john's teacher1 nor feel himself sufficiently at leisure1 or in the right mood of mind1 to devote to the boy even a single evening4 ,and thus it went on from day to day1 from month to month1 and from year to year1 until1 finally1 ,john was sent home from school by ,mr4 ,elden with a note to his father1 in which idleness1 disorderly conduct1 and vicious habits were charged upon him in the broadest terms4 ,the unhappy ,mr4 ,green called immediately upon the teacher1 who gave him a more particular account of his son's bad conduct1 and concluded by saying that he was unwilling to receive him back into his school4 ,strange as it may seem1 it was four months before ,mr4 ,green found time to see about another school1 and to get ,john entered therein2 during which long period the boy had full liberty to go pretty much where he pleased1 and to associate with whom he liked4 ,it is hardly to be supposed that he grew any better for this4 ,by the time ,john was seventeen years of age1 ,mr4 ,green's business had become greatly enlarged1 and his mind more absorbed therein4 ,with him gain was the primary thing2 and1 as a consequence1 his family held a secondary place in his thoughts4 ,if money were needed1 he was ever ready to supply the demand2 that done1 he felt that his duty to them was1 mainly1 discharged4 ,to the mother of his children he left the work of their wise direction in the paths of life--their government and education2 but she was inadequate to the task imposed4 ,from the second school at which ,john was entered he was dismissed within three months1 for bad conduct4 ,he was then sent to school in a distant city1 where1 removed from all parental restraint and admonition1 he made viler associates than any he had hitherto known1 and took thus a lower step in vice4 ,he was just seventeen1 when a letter from the principal of this school conveyed to ,mr4 ,green such unhappy intelligence of his son that he immediately resolved1 as a last resort1 to send him to sea1 before the mast--and this was done1 spite of all the mother's tearful remonstrances1 and the boy's threats that he would #ie escape from the vessel on the very first opportunity4 ,and yet1 for all this sad result of parental neglect1 ,mr4 ,green devoted no more time nor care to his children4 ,business absorbed the whole man4 ,he was a merchant1 both body and soul4 ,his responsibilities were not felt as extending beyond his counting-house1 further than to provide for the worldly well-being of his family4 ,is it any cause of wonder that1 with his views and practice1 it should not turn out well with his children2 or1 at least1 with some of them8 ,at the end of a year ,john came home from sea1 a rough1 cigar-smoking1 dram-drinking1 overgrown boy of eighteen1 with all his sensual desires and animal passions more active than when he went away1 while his intellectual faculties and moral feelings were in a worse condition than at his separation from home4 ,grief at the change oppressed the hearts of his parents2 but their grief was unavailing4 ,various efforts were made to get him into some business1 but he remained only a short time in any of the places where his father had him introduced4 ,finally1 he was sent to sea again4 ,but he never returned to his friends4 ,in a drunken street-brawl1 that occurred while on shore at ,valparaiso1 he was stabbed by a ,spaniard1 and died shortly afterward4 ,on the very day this tragic event took place1 ,mr4 ,green was rejoicing over a successful speculation1 from which he had come out the gainer by two thousand pounds4 ,in the pleasure this circumstance occasioned1 all thoughts of the absent one1 ruined by his neglect1 were swallowed up4 ,several months elapsed4 ,mr4 ,green had returned home1 well satisfied with his day's business4 ,in his pocket was the afternoon paper1 which1 after the younger children were in bed1 and the older ones out of his way1 he sat down to read4 ,his eyes turned to the foreign intelligence1 and almost the first sentence he read was the intelligence of his son's death4 ,the paper dropped from his hands1 while he uttered an expression of surprise and grief that caused the cheeks of his wife1 who was in the room1 to turn deadly pale4 ,she had not power to ask the cause of her husband's sudden exclamation2 but her heart1 that ever yearned toward her absent boy1 instinctively divined the truth4 ,john is dead6 said ,mr4 ,green1 at length1 speaking in a tremulous tone of voice4 ,there was from the mother no wild burst of anguish4 ,the boy had been dying to her daily for years1 and she had suffered for him worse than the pangs of death4 ,burying her face in her hands1 she wept silently1 yet hopelessly4 ,if we were only blameless of the poor child's death6 said ,mrs4 ,green1 lifting her tearful eyes1 after the lapse of nearly ten minutes1 and speaking in a sad1 self-rebuking tone of voice4 ,when those with whom we are in close relationship die1 how quickly is that page in memory's book turned on which lies the record of unkindness or neglect6 ,already had this page been turned for ,mr4 ,green1 and conscience was sweeping therefrom the dust that well-nigh obscured the handwriting4 ,he inwardly trembled as he read the condemning sentences that charged him with his son's ruin4 ,if we were only blameless of the poor child's death6 ,how these words of the grieving mother smote upon his heart4 ,he did not respond to them4 ,how could he do so at that moment8 ,where is ,edward8 he inquired1 at length4 ,i don't know1 sobbed the mother4 ,he is out somewhere almost every evening4 ,oh6 ,i wish you would look to him a little more closely4 ,he is past my control4 ,i must do so1 returned ,mr4 ,green1 speaking from a strong conviction of the necessity of doing as his wife suggested2 if ,i only had a little more time---- #if ,he checked himself4 ,it was the old excuse--the rock upon which all his best hopes for his first-born had been fearfully wrecked4 ,his lips closed1 his head was bowed1 and1 in the bitterness of unavailing sorrow1 he mused on the past1 while every moment the conviction of wrong toward his child1 now irreparable1 grew stronger and stronger4 ,after that1 ,mr4 ,green made an effort to exercise more control over his children2 but he had left the reins loose so long that his tighter grasp produced restiveness and rebellion4 ,he persevered1 however2 and1 though ,edward followed too closely the footsteps of ,john1 yet the younger children were brought under salutary restraints4 ,the old excuse--want of time--was frequently used by ,mr4 ,green to justify neglect of parental duties2 but a recurrence of his thoughts to the sad ruin of his eldest boy had1 in most cases1 the right effect2 and in the end he ceased to give utterance to the words--,i haven't time4 ,however1 frequently he fell into neglect1 from believing that business demanded his undivided attention4 ------ ,,original4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,shell4 ,,written ,,on ,,the ,,field ,,of ,,battle4 ,there's a music aloft in the air ,as if devils were singing a song2 ,there's a shriek like the shriek of despair4 ,and a crash which the echoes prolong4 ,there's a voice like the voice of the gale1 ,when it strikes a tall ship on the sea2 ,there's a rift like the rent of her sail4 ,as she helplessly drifts to the lee4 ,there's a rush like the rushing of fiends4 ,compelled by an horrible spell2 ,there's a flame like the flaming of brands1 ,snatched in rage from the furnace of hell4 ,there's a wreath like the foam on the wave1 ,there's a silence unbroke by a breath2 ,there's a thud like the clod in a grave1 ,there are writhings1 and moanings1 and death6 ------ #ig ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,the chief was well aware of the reputation which the priest had obtained through the parish for medical skill1 and was himself convinced of how well he deserved it4 ,indeed1 had the alternative rested in any case between ,father ,farrell and the dispensary doctor1 there was not a parishioner who would not have preferred his pastor's medical as well as spiritual aid4 ,the chief1 instead of ordering off the dispensary doctor to see young ,lennon upon a rumor that he was worse1 went quietly to ,father ,farrell1 who must know the truth1 and be able to give good advice as to what steps1 if any1 were necessary to adopt4 ,the matter turned out to be another black-crow story4 ,father ,farrell had also heard it in its exaggerated form1 and had not lost a moment in proceeding to the spot4 ,young ,lennon had gone out to assist his father in planting some potatoes--so far the rumor was correct4 ,but he had been premature in his own opinion of his convalescence4 ,the very first stoop he made he felt quite giddy2 and although he did not fall forward on his face1 he was obliged to lean upon his father for support for a few moments4 ,this little experiment served to keep him quiet for a while longer2 but ,father ,farrell assured the chief that matters were no worse than they had been--he might make his mind easy2 there was no injury beyond the flesh1 which1 of course1 had become much sorer1 and must do so for a few days still4 ,the chief1 however1 suggested the prudence1 if not the necessity1 of having a medical man to see him4 ,not1 said he1 but that ,i have as much1 if not more1 confidence in your own skill and experience than in any which is available in this wild district4 ,that is rather an equivocal compliment2 but perhaps it is fully as much as ,i deserve1 said the priest4 ,well1 ,i don't mean it as such1 ,father ,farrell2 but you know a great responsibility would rest upon me1 should anything unfortunate occur4 ,i see4 ,it would not do in a court of justice to put a priest upon the table in a medical position4 ,i certainly could not produce a diploma4 ,you are quite right1 my dear sir2 you would be held responsible4 ,however1 ,i can go the length to assure you that at present there is not the slightest necessity for medical aid1 particularly--between you and me--under existing circumstances1 which ,i understand very well4 ,the matter was a mere accident ,i am fully persuaded4 ,bat1 supposing for a moment that it was not1 ,i know young ,lennon since he was a child running to school in his bare feet1 with 'his turf and his read-a-ma-daisy2' and ,i am convinced that no power on earth would induce him to prosecute ,tom ,murdock4 ,why8 are they such friends8 ,no2 quite the reverse1 and that is the very reason4 ,but ask me no more about it4 ,another objection ,i see to calling in the dispensary doctor is this--that ,i am aware of an ill-feeling existing between him and ,tom #ih ,murdock about a prize at a coursing-match1 which the doctor thinks was unfairly given to ,tom ,murdock through his influence with the judge2 and the doctor was heard to say in reference to it1 'that it was a long lane that had no turning4' ,now here would be an open for the doctor to put a turn on the lane1 however straight it might be in fact4 ,he would not certify that ,lennon's life was out of danger--you would have to arrest ,tom ,murdock2 young ,lennon would go distracted1 and the two parishes would be in an uproar4 ,ill-will would be engendered between all the young men of opposite sides1 and all for nothing2 for young ,lennon will be as well as ever he was in ten days4 ,these are my views of the case4 ,but if your official responsibility obliges you to differ with me1 ,i am ready to hear you further4 ,this was a great oration of ,father ,farrell's1 but it was both sensible and true from beginning to end1 and it convinced the chief of the propriety of resting on his oars for a few days longer at all events4 ,the result proved at least that there was more luck in leisure than danger in delay4 ,emon-a-knock grew better2 but it was by degrees4 ,he could not yet venture to attend to his usual daily labor1 by which he so materially contributed to the support of the family4 ,the weather was fine1 and the spring business was going forward rapidly in all directions4 ,poor ,emon fretted that he was not able to add his accustomed portion to the weekly earnings2 but ,father ,farrell watched him too closely4 ,once or twice he stole out to do some of their own work1 and let his father earn some of the high wages which was just then to be had2 but his own good sense told him that he was still unable for the effort4 ,at the end of an hour's work the old idea haunted him that an attempt had been made to murder him1 and if he had been made a merchant-prince for it1 he could not recollect how it had happened4 ,the only thing he did recollect distinctly about it was1 that ,shanvilla won the day1 and that he had been sent home in ,winny ,cavana's cart and jennet--that1 if he were in a raging fever1 he could never forget4 ,but it was a sad loss to the family1 ,emon's incapacity to work4 ,he had been now three weeks ill2 and although the wound in his head was in a fair way of being healed1 there was still a confused idea in his mind about the whole affair which he could not get rid of4 ,at times1 as he endeavored to review the matter as it had actually occurred1 he could not persuade himself but that it was really an accident2 and while under this impression he felt quite well1 and able for his ordinary labor4 ,but there were moments when a sudden thought would cross his mind that it had been a secret and premeditated attempt upon his life2 and then it was that the confusion ensued which rendered him unable to recollect4 ,what if it were really this attempt--supposing that positive proof could be adduced of the fact--what then8 ,would he prosecute ,tom ,murdock8 ,oh1 no4 ,father ,farrell was right2 but he had not formed his opinion upon the true foundation4 ,emon-a-knock would not prosecute1 even if he could do so to conviction4 ,he would deal with ,tom ,murdock himself if ever a fair opportunity should arise2 and if not1 he might yet be in a position more thoroughly to despise him4 ,in the meantime ,lennon's family had not been improving in circumstances4 ,emon was losing all the high wages of the spring's work4 ,upon one or two occasions1 when he stealthily endeavored to do a little on his own land1 while his father was catching the ready penny abroad1 he found1 before he was two hours at work1 the haunting idea press upon his brain2 and he returned to the house and threw himself upon the bed confused and sad4 ,in spite of this1 however1 the wound in his head was now progressing more favorably1 and #ii returning strength renewed a more cheerful spirit within him4 ,he fought hard against the idea which at times forced itself upon him4 ,the priest1 who was a constant visitor1 saw that all was not yet right4 ,he took ,emon kindly by the hand and said3 ,my dear young friend1 do you not feel as well as your outward condition would indicate that you ought to be8 ,yes1 ,father ,farrell1 ,i thank ,god ,i feel my strength almost perfectly restored4 ,i shall be able1 ,i hope1 to give my poor father the usual help in a few days4 ,the worst of it is that the throng of the spring work is over1 and wages are now down a third from what they were a month or three weeks ago4 ,if that be all that is fretting you1 ,emon1 cheer up1 for there is plenty of work still to be had2 and if the wages are not quite so high as they were a while back1 you shall have constant work for some time1 which will be better than high wages for a start4 ,i can myself afford to make up for some of the loss this unfortunate blow has caused you4 ,you must accept of this4 ,and he pulled a pound-note from his breeches pocket4 ,if occasionally there were moments when ,emon's ideas were somewhat confused1 they were never clearer or sharper than as ,father ,farrell said this4 ,it so happened that he was thinking of ,winny ,cavana at the moment2 indeed1 it would be hard to hit upon the moment when he was not4 ,shanvilla was proverbially a poor parish2 and ,father ,farrell's continual and expressed regret was1 that he was not able personally to do more for the poor of his flock4 ,emon was sharp enough1 and stout enough1 to speak his mind even to his priest1 when he found it necessary4 ,he looked inquiringly into ,father ,farrell's face4 ,no1 ,father ,farrell1 you cannot afford it1 he said4 ,it is your kindness leads you to say so2 and if you could afford it there are--and no man knows it better than you do--many still poorer families than ours in the parish requiring your aid4 ,but under no circumstances shall ,i touch that pound4 ,the priest was found out1 and became disconcerted2 but the matter was coming to a point1 and he might as well have it out4 ,why do you lay such an emphasis upon the word that8 said he4 ,it is a very good one1 he added1 laughing4 ,well1 ,father ,farrell1 ,i am always ready and willing to answer you any questions you may choose to ask me1 for you are always discreet and considerate4 ,of course ,i must always answer any questions you have a right to ask2 but you have no right to probe me now4 ,certainly not1 ,emon1 but you know a counsel's no command4 ,your counsel1 ,father ,farrell1 is always good1 and almost amounts to a command4 ,i beg your pardon1 if ,i have spoken hastily4 ,emon1 my good young friend1 and ,i will add1 my dear young friend1 ,i do not wish to probe you upon any subject you are not bound to give me your confidence upon2 but why did you lay such an emphasis just now on the word that8 ,if you do not wish to answer me1 you need not do so4 ,but you must take this pound-note4 ,you see ,i can lay an emphasis as well as you when ,i think it is required4 ,no1 ,father ,farrell4 ,if the note was your own1 ,i might take the loan of it1 and work it in with you1 or pay you when ,i earned it4 ,but ,i do not think it is3 there is the truth for you1 ,father ,farrell4 ,i see how it is1 ,emon1 and you are very proud4 ,however1 the truth is1 the pound was sent to me anonymously for you from a friend4 ,she might as well have signed her name in full1 said ,emon1 sadly1 for any loss that ,i can be at upon the subject--or perhaps you yourself1 ,father ,farrell4 ,well1 ,i was at no loss1 ,i confess4 ,but you were to know nothing about it1 ,emon2 only you were so sharp4 #ajj ,there is no fear that your intellects have been injured by the blow1 at all events4 ,it was meant kindly1 ,emon1 and ,i think you ought to take it--here4 ,you think so1 ,father ,farrell8 ,i do2 indeed ,i do1 ,emon4 ,give it me1 then1 he said1 taking it2 and before ,father ,farrell's face he pressed it to his lips4 ,he then got a pen and ink1 and wrote something upon it4 ,it was nothing but the date2 he wanted no memorandum of anything else respecting it4 ,but he would hardly have written even that1 had he intended to make use of it4 ,the priest stood up to leave4 ,he knew more than he chose to tell ,emon-a-knock4 ,but there was an amicable smile upon his lips as he held out his hand to bid him goodby4 ,oh1 the suspicion of a heart that loves6 ,father ,farrell1 he said1 still holding the priest's hand1 is this the note1 the very note1 the identical note1 she sent me8 ,yes1 ,emon2 ,i would not deceive you about it4 ,it is the very note2 which1 ,i fear1 he added1 is not likely to be of much use to you4 ,why do you say that1 ,father ,farrell8 ,you shall one day see the contrary4 ,because you seem to me rather inclined to 'huxter it up1' as we say1 than to make use of it4 ,believe me1 that was not the intention it was sent with2 oh1 no1 ,emon2 it was sent with the hope that it might be of some use1 and not to be hoarded up through any morbid sentimentality4 ,give me one instead of it4 ,father ,farrell1 and keep this one until ,i can redeem it4 ,i have not got another1 ,emon2 pounds are not so plenty with me4 ,and yet you would have persuaded me just now that it was your own and that you could afford to bestow it upon me6 ,pardon me1 ,emon1 ,i would not have persuaded you2 ,i was merely silent upon the subject until your suspicions made you cross-examine me4 ,i was then plain enough with you4 ,i used no deceit2 and ,i now tell you plainly that if you take this pound-note1 you ought to use it2 otherwise you will give her who sent it very just cause for annoyance4 ,then it shall be as she wishes and as you advise1 ,father ,farrell4 ,i cannot err under your guidance4 ,i shall use it freely and with gratitude2 but you need not tell her that ,i know who sent it4 ,do you think that ,i am an aumadhawn1 ,emon8 ,the very thing she was anxious to avoid herself4 ,i shall never speak to her1 perhaps1 upon the subject4 ,the priest then left him with a genuine and hearty blessing1 which could not fail of a beneficial influence4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,the priest had been a true prophet and a good doctor1 and perhaps it was well for all parties concerned that the dispensary ,m4,d4 had been dispensed with4 ,emon now recovered his strength every day more and more4 ,the wound in his head had completely healed4 ,there was scarcely a mark left of where it had been1 unless you blew his beautiful soft hair aside1 when a slight hard ridge was just perceptible4 ,father ,farrell had procured him a permanent job of some weeks1 at rather an increase of wages from what was going at the time1 for the spring business was now over and work was slack4 ,but a gentleman who had recently purchased a small property in that part of the country1 and intended to reside1 had commenced alterations in the laying-out of the grounds about his mansion2 and meeting ,father ,farrell one day1 asked him if he could recommend a smart1 handy man for a tolerably long job4 ,there would be a good deal of skinning and cutting of sods1 #aja levelling hillocks1 and filling up hollows1 and wheeling of clay4 ,for the latter portion of the work1 the man should have help4 ,what he wanted was a tasty1 handy fellow1 who would understand quickly what was required as it was explained to him4 ,father ,farrell1 as the gentleman said all this1 thought that he must have actually had ,emon-a-knock in his mind's eye4 ,he was the very man on every account1 and the priest at once recommended him4 ,this job would soon make up for all the time poor ,emon had lost with his broken head4 ,and for his intelligence and taste ,father ,farrell had gone bail4 ,thus it was that ,emon after all had not broken the pound-note1 but1 in spite of the priest1 had hoarded it as a trophy of ,winny's love4 ,emon would have had a rather long walk every morning to his work1 and the same in the evening after it was over4 ,but ,mr4 ,d---- on the very first interview with young ,lennon1 was sharp enough to find out his value as a rural engineer1 and1 for his own sake as well as ,lennon's1 he made arrangements that he should stop at a tenant's house1 not far from the scene of his landscape-gardening1 which was likely to last for some time4 ,mr4 ,d---- was not a man who measured a day's work by its external extent4 ,he looked rather to the manner of its accomplishment1 and would not allow the thing to be run over4 ,he did not care for the expense2 what he wanted was to have the thing well done2 and he gave ,father ,farrell great credit for his choice in a workman4 ,if he liked the job when it was finished1 he did not say but that he would give ,lennon a permanent situation1 as overseer1 at a fixed salary4 ,but up to this time he had not seen1 nor even heard of1 ,winny ,cavana1 except what had been implied to his heart by the priest's pound-note4 ,he was further now from ,rathcash chapel than ever2 nevertheless he would show himself there1 ,god willing1 next ,sunday4 ,what was ,tom ,murdock's surprise and chagrin on the following ,sunday to observe that confounded whelp on the road before him1 as he went to prayers--looking1 too1 better dressed1 and as well and handsome as ever6 ,he thought he had put a spoke in his wheel for the whole summer at the least2 and before that was over1 he had determined to have matters irrevocably clinched if not settled with ,miss ,winifred ,cavana4 ,after what manner this was to be accomplished was only known to himself and three others1 associates in his villany4 ,the matter had been already discussed in all its bearings4 ,all the arguments in favor of1 and opposed to1 its success had been exhausted1 and the final result was1 that the thing should be done1 and was only waiting a favorable opportunity to be put in practice4 ,some matters of detail1 however1 had to be arranged1 which would take some time2 but as the business was kept dark there was no hurry4 ,tom ,murdock's secret was safe in the keeping of his coadjutors1 whose oath of brotherhood bound them not only to inviolable silence1 but to their assistance in carrying out his nefarious designs4 ,the sight of young ,lennon once more upon the scene gave a spur to ,tom's plans and determination4 ,he had hoped that that accidental tip which he had given him would at least have had the effect of reducing him in circumstances and appearance1 and have kept him in his own parish4 ,he knew that ,lennon was depending upon his day's wages for even the sustenance of life2 that there was a family of at least four beside himself to support2 and he gloated himself over the idea that a month or six weeks' sick idleness1 recovering at best when there was no work to be had1 would have left that whelp in a condition almost unpresentable even at his own parish chapel4 ,what was his mortification1 therefore1 when he now beheld young ,lennon before him on the road6 #ajb ,by the table of war1 he said in his heart1 this must hasten my plans6 ,i cannot permit an intimacy to be renewed in that quarter4 ,i must see my friends at once4 ,winny ,cavana1 although she had not seen ,emon-a-knock since the accident1 had taken care to learn through her peculiar resources how the poor fellow was getting on4 ,her friend ,kate ,mulvey was one of these resources4 ,although it has not yet oozed out in this story1 it is necessary that it should now do so3 ,phil ,m',dermott1 then1 was a great admirer of ,kate ,mulvey4 ,he was one of those who advocated an interchange of parishioners in the courting line4 ,he did not think it fair that exclusive dealing should be observed in such cases4 ,now1 useless as it was1 and forlorn as had been hitherto the hope1 ,phil ,m',dermott1 like all true lovers1 could not keep away from his cold-hearted ,kate4 ,it was a satisfaction to him at all events to be looking at her2 and somehow since ,emon's accident she seemed more friendly and condescending in her manner to poor ,phil4 ,it will be remembered that ,phil ,m',dermott was a great friend of ,emon-a-knock's1 and it may now be said that he was a near neighbor4 ,it was natural1 then1 that ,kate ,mulvey should find out all about ,emon from him1 and have word for ,winny when they met4 ,this was one resource1 and ,father ,farrell1 as he sometimes passed ,kate's door1 was another4 ,father ,farrell could guess very well1 notwithstanding ,kate's careless manner of asking1 that his information would not rest in her own breast1 and gave it as fully and satisfactorily as he could4 ,kate ,mulvey1 however1 would not for the world say a word to either ,phil ,m',dermott or ,father ,farrell which could be construed as coming from ,winny ,cavana to ,emon-a-knock2 she had ,winny's strict orders to that effect4 ,but ,kate felt quite at liberty to make any remarks she chose1 as coming from herself4 ,poor ,emon1 upon this his first occasion of1 it may be said1 appearing in public after his accident1 was greeted1 after prayers were over1 with a genuine cordiality by the ,rathcash boys1 and several times interfered with in his object of getting speech of ,winny ,cavana1 who was some distance in advance1 in consequence of these delays4 ,but ,winny was not the girl to be frustrated by any unnecessary prudery on such an occasion4 ,father1 she said1 there's ,emon at our chapel to-day for the first time since he was hurt4 ,let us not be behindhand with the neighbors to congratulate him on his recovery4 ,i see all the ,rathcash people are glad to see him4 ,and so they ought1 ,winny2 ,i'm glad you told me he was here1 for ,i did not happen to see him4 ,stand where you are until he comes up4 ,and the old man stood patiently for some minutes while ,emon's friends were expressing their pleasure at his reappearance4 ,winny had kept as clear as possible of ,tom ,murdock since the accident at the hurling match2 so much so that he could not but know it was intentional4 ,tom had remarked during prayers that ,winny's countenance had brightened up wonderfully when young ,lennon came into the chapel1 and took a quiet place not far inside the door2 for he had been kept outside by the kind inquiries of his friends until the congregation had become pretty throng4 ,he had observed too1 for he was on the watch1 that ,winny's eyes had often wandered in the direction of the door up to the time when that whelp had entered2 but from that moment1 when he had observed the bright smile light up her face1 she had never turned them from the officiating priest and the altar4 ,tom had not ventured to walk home with ,winny from the chapel for some ,sundays past1 nor would he to-day4 ,what puzzled him not a little was what his line of conduct ought to be with respect to ,lennon1 whom he had not seen since the accident4 ,his course #ajc was1 however1 taken after a few moments' reflection4 ,he did not forget that on the occasion of the blow he had exhibited much sympathy with the sufferer1 and had declared it to have been purely accidental4 ,he should keep up that character of the affair now1 or make a liar of himself1 both as to the past and his feelings4 ,beside1 thought he1 ,i may so delay him that ,miss ,winifred cannot have the face to delay for him so long4 ,just then1 as ,emon had emancipated himself from the cordiality of three or four young men1 and was about to step out quickly to where he saw ,winny and her father standing on the road1 ,tom came up4 ,ah1 ,lennon6 he said1 stretching out his hand1 ,i am glad to see you in this part of the country again4 ,i hope you are quite recovered4 ,quite1 thank ,god1 said ,emon1 pushing by without taking his hand4 ,but ,i see ,winny and her father waiting on the road1 and ,i cannot stop to talk to you2 and he strode on4 ,emon left out the ,cavana in the above sentence on purpose1 because he knew the familiarity its omission created would vex ,tom ,murdock4 ,bad luck to your impudence1 you conceited cub1 you6 was ,murdock's mental ejaculation as he watched the cordial greeting between him and ,winny ,cavana1 to say nothing of her father1 who appeared equally glad to see him4 ,phil ,m',dermott had come for company that day with ,emon1 and had managed to join ,kate ,mulvey as they came out of chapel4 ,she had her eyes about her1 and saw very well how matters had gone so far4 ,for the first time in her life she noticed the scowl on ,tom ,murdock's brow as she came toward him4 ,god between us and harm1 but he looks wicked this morning6 thought she2 and she was almost not sorry when he turned suddenly round and walked off without waiting for her so much as to bid him the time of day4 ,that's more of it1 said ,tom to himself4 ,there is that one now taking up with that tinker4 ,he felt something like the little boy who said1 ,what6 will nobody come and play with me8 ,but ,tom did not1 like him1 become a good boy after that4 ,he watched the ,cavanas and ,lennon1 who had not left the spot where ,lennon came up with them until they were joined by ,kate ,and ,phil ,m',dermott1 when they all walked on together1 chatting and laughing as if nobody in the world was wicked or unhappy4 ,he dodged them at some distance1 and was not a little surprised to see the whole party-the whelp1 the tinker1 and all--turn up the lane and go into ,cavana's house4 ,that will do1 said he2 ,i must see my friends this very night1 and before this day fortnight we'll see who will win the trick4 ,emon-a-knock and ,phil ,m',dermott actually paid a visit to old ,ned ,cavana's that ,sunday4 ,tom ,murdock had seen them going in1 and he minuted them by his silver hunting-watch--for he had one4 ,his eye wandered from the door to his watch1 and from his watch to the door1 as if he were feeling the pulse of their visit4 ,he thought he had never seen ,kate ,mulvey looking so handsome1 or ,phil ,m',dermott so clean or so well-dressed4 ,but it mattered not4 ,if ,kate was a ,venus1 ,tom will carry out his plans with respect to ,winny1 and let ,phil ,m',dermott work his own point in that other quarter4 ,not that he cared much for ,winny herself1 but he wanted her farm1 and he hated that whelp ,lennon4 ,they remained just twenty-five minutes in old ,cavana's2 this for ,kate ,mulvey was nothing very wonderful1 but for two young men--neither of whom had ever darkened his doors before--,tom thought it rather a long visit4 #ajd ,there they were now1 going down the lane together1 laughing and chatting1 all three seemingly in good humor4 ,cranky and out of temper as he was1 ,tom's observation was correct in more matters than one1 ,phil ,m',dermott was particularly well-dressed on this occasion1 his first visit to ,rathcash chapel4 ,perhaps after to-day he may be oftener there than at his own4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,perhaps there was nothing extraordinary1 after the encouragement which ,emon had met with upon his first appearance at ,rathcash chapel after the accident1 if he found it pleasanter to overtake mass there than to come in quietly at ,shanvilla4 ,the walk did him good4 ,be this as it may1 he was now a regular attendant at a chapel which was a mile and a half further from his home than his own4 ,two ,sundays had now come round since ,tom ,murdock had seen the reception which that whelp had met with from the ,cavanas1 not only as he came out of the chapel1 but in asking him up to the house1 and1 he supposed1 giving him luncheon2 for the visits had been repeated each successive ,sunday4 ,then that fellow ,m',dermott had also come to their chapel1 and he and ,kate ,mulvey had also gone up with the ,cavanas4 ,this was now the third ,sunday on which this had taken place2 and not only ,winny herself1 but her father seemed to acquiesce in bringing it about4 ,tom's fortnight had passed by1 and he had not won the trick1 as he had threatened to do4 ,well1 thought he1 it cannot be done in a minute4 ,i have been dealing the cards1 and1 contrary to custom1 the dealer shall lead beside2 and that soon4 ,winny's happy smile was now so continuous and so gratifying to her father's heart1 that if he had not become altogether reconciled to an increased intimacy with ,edward ,lennon1 he had at all events become a convert to her dislike to ,tom ,murdock1 and no mistake4 ,in spite of all his caution1 one or two matters had crept out as to his doings1 and had come to old ,ned's ears in such a way that no doubt could remain on his mind of their veracity4 ,he began to give ,winny credit for more sharpness than he had been inclined to do2 and it crossed his mind once that1 if ,winny was not mistaken about ,tom ,murdock's villany1 she might not be mistaken either about anybody else's worth4 ,the thought had not individualized itself as yet4 ,in the meantime young ,lennon's quiet and natural manner1 his unvarying attention and respect for the old man himself1 and his apparent carelessness for ,winny's private company1 grew upon old ,ned insensibly2 and it was now almost as a fixed rule that he paid a ,sunday visit after mass at ,rathcash1 the old man putting his hand upon his shoulder1 and facing him toward the house at the end of the lane1 saying1 ,come1 ,edward ,lennon1 the murphys will be teemed by the time we get up1 and no one can fault our bacon or our butter4 ,my butter1 ,emon1 said ,winny on one occasion1 at a venture4 ,her father looked at her4 ,but there was never another word about it4 ,all this was anything but pleasing to ,tom ,murdock1 who always sulkily dogged them at some distance behind4 ,now we shall not believe that ,emon-a-knock was such a muff1 or ,winny ,cavana such a prude1 as to suppose that no little opportunity was seized upon for a kind soft word between them unknownt4 ,nor shall we suppose that ,kate ,mulvey1 who was always of the party1 was such a marplot as to obstruct such a happy casualty1 should it occur1 particularly if ,phil was to the fore4 ,emon's careless1 loud laugh along the road1 as he escorted ,kate to her own door1 gave evidence that his heart was light and that 7as ,kate thought1 though she did not question him7 #aje matters were on the right road for him4 ,winny1 too1 when they met1 was so happy1 and so different from what for a while she had been1 that ,kate1 although she did not question her either1 guessed that all was right with her too4 ,matters1 as they now seemed to progress1 and he watched them close1 were daggers to ,tom ,murdock's heart4 ,he had seen ,winny ,cavana1 on more than one evening1 leave the house and take the turn toward ,kate ,mulvey's4 ,on these occasions he had the meanness and want of spirit to watch her movements2 and although he could not satisfy himself that young ,lennon came to meet her1 he was not quite satisfied that he did not4 ,winny invariably turned into ,kate ,mulvey's1 and remained for a long visit4 ,might not that hound be there8--,tom sometimes varied his epithets--might it not be a place of assignation8 ,this was but the suspicion of a low1 mean mind like ,tom ,murdock's4 ,the fact is1 since ,tom's threat about winning the trick he had been rather idle4 ,his game was not one which could be played out by correspondence--he was too cunning for that--and the means which he would be obliged to adopt were not exactly ready at his hand4 ,he saw that matters were not pressing in another quarter yet1 if ever they should press1 and he would ride a waiting race1 and win unexpectedly4 ,thus the simile of ,tom's thoughts still took their tone from the race-course1 and he would hold hard for another bit4 ,circumstances1 however1 soon occurred which made him push forward toward the front if he had any hope to come in first4 ,edward ,lennon having finished his landscape gardening at ,mr4 ,d----s1 and the overseership being held over for the present1 had got another rather long job1 on the far part of ,ned ,cavana's farm1 in laying out and cutting drains1 where the land required reclaiming4 ,he had shown so much taste and intelligence1 in both planning and performing1 that old ,ned was quite delighted with him1 and began to regret that he had not known his value as an agricultural laborer long before4 ,there was one other at least--if not two--who sympathized in that regret4 ,at all events1 there he was now every day up to his hips in dirty red clay1 scooping it up from the bottom of little drains more than three feet deep1 in a long iron scoop with a crooked handle4 ,this job was at the far end of ,ned's farm1 and1 in coming to his work1 ,lennon need hardly come within sight of the house1 for the work lay in the direction of ,shanvilla4 ,emon did not quit work until it was late2 he was then in anything but visiting trim1 if such a thing were even possible4 ,he1 therefore1 saw no more of ,winny on account of the job than if he had been at work on the ,giant's ,causeway4 ,but a grand object had been attained1 nevertheless--he was working for ,ned ,cavana1 and had given him more than satisfaction in the performance of the job1 and on one occasion old ,ned had called him ,emon-a-wochal1 a term of great familiarity4 ,this was a great change for the better4 ,if young ,lennon had been as well acquainted with racing phraseology as ,tom ,murdock1 he also would have thought that he would make a waiting race of it4 ,but the expression of his thoughts was that he would bide his time4 ,the ,sundays1 however1 were still available1 and ,emon did not lose the chance4 ,he now because so regular an attendant at ,rathcash chapel1 and went up so regularly with old ,ned and his daughter after prayers1 that it was no wonder if people began to talk4 ,i donna what ,tom ,murdock says to all this1 ,bill1 said ,tim ,fahy to a neighbor1 on the road from the chapel4 ,the sorra wan of me knows1 ,tim1 but ,i hear he isn't over-well plaised4 ,arrah1 what id he be plaised at8 ,is it to see a ,shanvilla boy1 without a cross1 intherlopin' betune him an' his bachelor8 ,well1 they say he needn't be a bit afeared1 ,lennon is a very good workman1 #ajf and undherstan's dhrainin'1 an' ould ,ned's cute enough to get a job well done2 but he'd no more give his daughter with her fine fortin' to that chap1 than he'd throw her an' it into the say--b'lieve you me4 ,there's some very heavy cloud upon ,tom this while back1 any way2 and though he keeps it very close1 there's people thinks it's what she refused him4 ,the sorra fear iv her1 ,tim2 she has more sinse nor that4 ,well1 riddle me this1 ,bill4 ,what brings that chap here ,sunda' afther ,sunda'1 and what takes him up to ould ,ned ,cavana's every ,sunda' afther mass8 ,he is a very good-lookin' young fellow1 an' knows a sheep's head from a sow's ear1 or ,tim ,fahy's a fool4 ,och badhershin1 doesn't he go up to walk home wid ,kate ,mulvey1 for she's always iv the party8 ,and badhershin yourself1 ,bill1 isn't ,phil ,m',dermott always to the fore for ,kate8--another intherloper from ,shanvilla4 ,i donna what the sorra the ,rathcash boys are about4 ,other confabs of a similar nature were carried on by different sets as they returned from prayers1 and saw the ,cavanas with their company turn up the lane toward the house4 ,the young girls of the district1 too1 had their chats upon the subject2 but they were so voluble1 and some of them so ill-natured1 that ,i forbear to give the reader any specimen of their remarks4 ,one or two intimate associates of ,tom ventured to quiz him upon the state of affairs4 ,now none but an intimate friend1 indeed1 of ,tom's should have ventured1 under the circumstances1 to have touched upon so sore a subject1 and those who did1 intimate as they were1 did not venture to repeat the joke4 ,no1 it was no joke2 and that they soon found out4 ,to one friend who had quizzed him privately he said1 ,suspend your judgment1 ,denis2 and if ,i don't prove myself more than a match for that half-bred kiout1 then condemn me4 ,but to another1 who had quizzed him before some bystanders in rather a ridiculous point of view1 he turned like a bull-terrier1 while his face assumed a scowl of a peculiarly unpleasant character4 ,it is no business of yours1 he said1 and ,i advise you to mind your own affairs1 or perhaps ,i'll make you4 ,the man drew in his horns1 and sneaked off1 of course2 and from that moment they all guessed that the business had gone against ,tom1 and they left off quizzing4 ,tom felt that he had been wrong1 and had only helped to betray himself4 ,his game now was to prevent1 if possible1 any talk about the matter1 one way or the other1 until his plans should be matured1 when he doubted not that success would gain him the approbation of every one1 no matter what the means4 ,the preface to his plans was1 to spread a report that he had gone back to ,armagh to get married to a girl with an immense fortune1 and he endorsed the report by the fact of his leaving home2 but whether to ,armagh or not1 was never clearly known4 ,young ,lennon went on with his job1 at which old ,ned told him to take his time1 an' do it well4 ,it was not1 he said1 like digging a plot1 which had to be dug every year1 or maybe twice4 ,when it was wance finished and covered up1 there it was2 worse nor the first day1 if it was not done right2 so don't hurry it over1 ,emon-a-wochal4 ,i don't mind the expense2 ground can't be dhrained for nothin'1 an' it id be a bad job if we were obliged to be openin' any of the dhrains a second time1 an' maybe not know where the stoppage lay2 so take your time1 and don't blame me if you botch it4 ,you need not fear1 sir1 said ,lennon4 7,he always said sir as yet47 ,you need not fear2 if every drain of them does not run like the stream from ,tubbernaltha1 never give me a day's work again4 #ajg ,as far as you have gone1 ,emon1 ,i think they are complate2 we'll have forty carts of stones in afore ,saturda' night4 ,i hope you have help enough1 boy4 ,plenty1 sir1 until we begin to cover in4 ,wouldn't you be able for that yourself8 or couldn't you bring your father with you8 ,i'd wish to put whatever ,i could in your way4 ,thank you1 sir1 very much4 ,i will do so if ,i want more help2 but for the lucre of keeping up his wages and mine1 ,i would not recommend you to lose this fine weather in covering in the drains4 ,you are an honest boy1 ,emon1 and ,i like your way of talkin'1 as well as workin'2 plaise ,god we won't see you or your father idle4 ,up to this it will be seen that ,emon was not idle in any sense of the word4 ,he was ingratiating himself1 but honestly1 into the good graces of old ,ned2 if he was not fishing1 he was mending his nets2 and the above conversation will show that he was not a dance at that same4 ,it happened1 upon one or two occasions1 that old ,ned was with ,emon at leaving off work in the evening1 and he asked him to cum' up to the house and have a dhrink of beer1 or whiskey-and-wather1 his choice4 ,but ,emon excused himself1 saying he was no fit figure to go into any decent man's parlor in that trim1 and indeed his appearance did not belie his words2 for he was spotted and striped with yellow clay1 from his head and face to his feet1 and the clothes he brought to the work were worth nothing4 ,well1 you'll not be always so1 ,emon1 when you're done wid the scoopin'1 said old ,ned2 and he added1 laughing1 ,the divil a wan o' me'd know you to be the same boy ,i seen cumin' out o' mass a ,sunda'4 ,emon had heard1 as everybody else had heard1 that ,tom ,murdock had left home1 and he felt as if an incubus had been lifted off his heart4 ,not that he feared ,tom in any one way2 but he knew that his absence would be a relief to ,winny1 and1 as such1 a relief to himself4 ,emon was now as happy as his position and his hopes permitted him to be2 and there can be little doubt but this happiness arose from an understanding between himself and ,winny2 but how1 when1 or where that understanding had been confirmed1 it would be hard to say4 ,old ,ned's remarks to his daughter respecting young ,lennon were nuts and apples to her4 ,she knew the day would come1 and perhaps at no far distant time1 when she must openly avow1 not only a preference for ,emon1 but declare an absolute determination to cast her lot with his1 and ask her father's blessing upon them4 ,she was aware that this could not1 that it ought not to1 be hurried4 ,she hoped--oh1 how fervently she hoped6--that the report of ,tom ,murdock's marriage might be true3 that of his absence from home she knew to be so4 ,in the meantime it kept the happy smile for ever on her lips to know that ,emon was daily creeping into the good opinion of her father4 ,oh6 how could ,emon1 her own ,emon1 fail1 not only to creep but to rush into the good opinion1 the very heart1 of all who knew him8 ,poor enthusiastic ,winny6 ,but she was right4 ,with the solitary exception of ,tom ,murdock1 there was not a human being who knew him who did not love ,edward ,lennon4 ,but where is the man with ,tom ,murdock's heart1 and in ,tom ,murdock's place1 who would not have hated him as he did8 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,tom ,murdock1 seeing that his hopes by fair means were completely at an end1 and that matters were likely to progress in another quarter at a rate which made it advisable not to let the leading horse get too far ahead1 #ajh determined to make a rush to the front1 no matter whether he went the wrong side of a post or not--let that be settled after4 ,he had left home1 and left a report behind him1 which he took care to have industriously circulated1 that he had gone to ,armagh1 and was about to be married to a young lady with a large fortune1 and that he would visit the metropolis1 ,fermanagh1 and perhaps ,sligo1 before he returned4 ,but he did not go further than an obscure public-house in a small village in the lower part of the county of ,cavan4 ,there he met the materials for carrying out his plan4 ,the object of it was shortly this--to carry away ,winny ,cavana by force1 and bring her to a friend's house in the mountains behind the village adverted to4 ,here he was to have an old buckle-beggar at hand to marry them the moment ,winny's spirit was broken to consent4 ,this man1 a degraded clergyman1 as the report went1 wandered about the country in green spectacles and a short1 black cloak1 always ready and willing to perform such a job2 doubly willing and ready for this particular one from the reward which ,tom had promised him4 ,if even the marriage ceremony should fail1 either through ,winny's obstinacy or the clergyman's want of spirit to go through with it in the face of opposition1 still he would keep her for ten days or a fortnight at this friend's house1 stopping there himself too2 and at the end of that time1 should he fail in obtaining her consent1 he would quit the country for a while1 and allow her to return home so blasted in character that even that whelp would disown her4 ,there was a pretty specimen of a lover--a husband6 ,it was now the end of ,june4 ,the weather had been dry for some time1 and the nights were clear and mild2 the stars shone brightly1 and the early dawn would soon present a heavy dew hanging on the bushes and the grass4 ,the moon was on the wane2 but at a late hour of the night it was conspicuous in the heavens1 adding a stronger light to that given by the clearness of the sky and the brilliancy of the stars4 ,rathcash and ,rathcashmore were sunk in still repose2 and if silence could be echoed1 it was echoed by the stillness of the mountains behind ,shanvilla and beyond them4 ,the inhabitants of the whole district had long since retired to rest1 and now lay buried in sleep1 some of them in confused dreams of pleasure and delight4 ,the angel of the dawn was scarcely yet awake1 or he might have heard the sound of muffled horses' feet and muffled wheels creeping along the road toward the lane turning up to ,rathcash house1 about two hours before day2 and he must have seen a man with a dark mask mounted on another muffled horse at a little distance from the cart4 ,presently ,tom ,murdock--there is no use in simulating mystery where none exists--took charge of the horse and cart to prevent them from moving1 while three men stole up toward the house4 ,ay1 there is ,bully-dhu's deep bark1 and they are already at the door4 ,that dog6 he'll betray us1 boys1 said one of the men4 ,i'd blow his brains out if this pistol was loaded1 said another2 and ,i wanted ,tom to give me a cartridge4 ,he wouldn't let any one load but himself1 and he was right2 a shot would be twiste as bad as the dog2 beside1 he's in the back yard1 and cannot get out4 ,never heed him1 but to work as fast as possible4 ,old ,ned ,cavana and ,winny heard not only the dog1 but the voices4 ,winny's heart foretold the whole thing in a moment1 and she braced her nerves for the scene4 ,the door was now smashed in1 and the three men entered4 ,by this time old ,ned had drawn on his trousers2 and as he was throwing his coat over his head to got his arms into the sleeves he was seized1 and ere you could count ten he was pinioned1 with his arms behind him and his legs tied #aji at the ankles1 and a handkerchief tied across his mouth4 ,thus rendered perfectly powerless1 he was thrown back upon the bed1 and the room-door locked4 ,jamesy ,doyle1 who slept in the barn1 had heard the crash of the door1 and dressed himself in less than no time1 let ,bully-dhu out of the yard1 and brought him to the front door1 in at which he rushed like a tiger4 ,but ,jamesy ,doyle did not go in4 ,that was not his game2 but he peeped in at the window4 ,no light had been struck1 so he could make nothing of the state of affairs inside1 except from the voices2 and from what he heard he could make no mistake as to the object of this attack4 ,he could not tell whether ,tom ,murdock was in the house or not1 but he did not hear his voice4 ,one man said1 ,come1 now1 be quick1 ,larry2 the sooner we're off with her the better4 ,jamesy waited for no more2 he turned to the lane as the shortest way1 but at a glance he saw the horse and cart and the man on horseback on the road outside2 and turning again he darted off across the fields as fast as his legs could carry him4 ,bully-dhu1 having gained access to the house1 showed no disposition to compromise the matter4 ,no quarter6 was his cry1 as he flew at the nearest man to him1 and seizing him by the throat1 brought him to the ground with a sough1 where in spite of his struggles1 he held him fast with a silent1 deadly grip4 ,he had learned this much1 at least1 by his encounter with the mastiff on ,new ,year's day4 ,careless of their companion's strait1 who they thought ought to be able to defend himself1 the other two fellows--and powerful fellows they were--proceeded to the bed-room to their left2 they had locked the door to their right1 leaving poor old ,ned tied and insensible on the bed4 ,winny was now dressed and met them at the door4 ,are you come to commit murder8 she cried1 as they stopped her in the doorway2 or have you done it already8 ,let me to my father's room4 ,the sorra harm on him1 miss1 nor the sorra take the hair of his head well hurt no more nor your own4 ,come1 put on your bonnet an' cloak1 an' come along wid us2 them's our ordhers4 ,you have a master1 then4 ,where is he8 where is ,tom ,murdock8--,i knew ,tom ,murder should have been his name4 ,where is he1 ,i say8 ,come1 come1 no talk2 but on wid your bonnet and cloak at wanst4 ,never2 nor shall ,i ever leave this house except torn from it by the most brutal force4 ,where is your master1 ,i say8 ,is he afraid of the rope himself which he would thus put round your necks8 ,come1 come1 on wid your bonnet an' cloak1 or1 be the powers1 we'll take you away as you are4 ,never2 where is your master1 ,i say8 ,come1 ,larry1 we won't put up wid any more of her pillaver2 out wid the worsted4 ,here ,biddy ,murtagh rushed in to her mistress's aid2 but she was soon overpowered and tied neck and heels1 as they called it1 and thrown upon ,winny's bed4 ,they had the precaution to gag her also with a handkerchief1 that she might not give the alarm1 and they locked the door like that at the other end of the house4 ,larry1 whoever he was1 then pulled a couple of skeins of coarse worsted from his pocket1 while his companion seized ,winny round the waist1 outside her arms2 and the other fellow1 who seemed expert1 soon tied her feet together1 and then her hands4 ,a thick handkerchief was then tied across her mouth4 ,take care to lave plenty of braithin' room out iv her nose1 ,larry1 said the other ruffian2 and1 thus rendered unable to move or scream1 they carried her to the road and laid her on the car4 ,the horseman in the mask asked them where the third man was1 and they replied that he must have #aaj made off from the dog1 for that they neither saw nor heard him after the dog flew at him4 ,this was likely enough4 ,he was the only man of the party in whom ,tom ,murdock could not place the most unbounded confidence4 ,the cowardly rascal1 he said4 ,we must do without him4 ,but he had not made off from the dog4 ,the cart was well provided--to do ,tom ,murdock justice--with a feather-bed over plenty of straw1 and plenty of good covering to keep out the night air4 ,they started at a brisk trot1 still keeping the horses' feet and the wheels muffled2 and they passed down the road where the reader was once caught at a dog-fight4 ,but to return1 for a few minutes1 to ,rathcash house4 ,bully-dhu was worth a score of old ,ned ,cavana1 even supposing him to have been at liberty1 and free of the cords by which he was bound4 ,the poor old man had worked the handkerchief by which he had been gagged off his mouth1 by rubbing it against the bed-post4 ,he had then rolled himself to the door2 but further than that he was powerless1 except to ascertain1 by placing his chin to the thumb-latch1 for he had got upon his feet1 that it was fastened outside4 ,he then set up a lamentable demand for help--upon ,winny1 upon ,biddy ,murtagh1 and upon ,bully-dhu4 ,the dog was the only one who answered him1 with a smothered growl1 for he still held fast by the grip he had taken of the man's throat4 ,poor ,bully6 you need not have been so pertinacious of that grip--the man has been dead for the last ten minutes6 ,finding that it was indeed so1 from the perfect stillness of the man1 ,bully-dhu released his hold1 and lay licking his paws and keeping up an angry growl1 in answer to the old man's cries4 ,we must leave them and follow ,jamesy ,doyle across the fields1 and see if it was cowardice that made him run so fast from the scene of danger4 ,ah1 no6 ,jamesy was not that sort of a chap at all4 ,he was plucky as well as true to the heart's core4 ,nor was his intelligence and judgment at fault for a moment as to the best course for him to adopt4 ,seeing the fearful odds of three stout men against him1 he knew that he could do better than to remain there1 to be tied neck and crop like the poor old man and ,biddy4 ,so1 having brought ,bully-dhu round and given him 'his cue1 he started off1 and never drew breath until he found himself outside ,emon-a-knock's window at ,shanvilla1 on his way to the nearest police station4 ,are you there1 ,emon8 said he1 tapping at it4 ,yes1 ,emon replied from his bed2 who are you1 or what do you want8 ,jamesy ,doyle from ,rathcash house4 ,get up at wanst6 ,they have taken away ,miss ,winny4 ,great heaven ,i do you say so8 ,here1 father1 get up in a jiffy and dress yourself4 ,they have taken away ,winny ,cavana1 and we must be off to the rescue like a shot4 ,come in1 ,jamesy1 my boy4 ,and while they were drawing on their clothes1 they questioned him as to the particulars4 ,but ,jamesy had few such to give them1 as the reader knows2 for1 like a sensible boy1 he was off for help without waiting for particulars4 ,the principal point1 however1 was to know what road they had taken4 ,upon this ,jamesy was able to answer with some certainty1 for ere he had started finally off1 he had watched them1 and he had seen the cart move on under the smothered cries of ,winny2 and he heard the horseman say1 ,now1 boys1 through the pass between 'the sisters4' ,they took the road to the left from the end of the lane1 that's all ,i know2 so let you cut across the country as fast as you can1 an' you'll be at ,boher before them4 ,don't delay me now1 for ,i must go on to the police station an' hurry out the sargent #aaa and his men2 if you can clog them at the bridge till ,i cam' up with the police1 all will be rights an' we'll have her back wid us4 ,i know very well if ,i had a word wid ,miss ,winny unknown to the men1 she would have sent me for the police2 but ,i took you in my way--it wasn't twenty perch of a round4 ,thank you1 ,jamesy1 a thousand times6 ,there1 be off to the sergeant as fast as you can2 tell him you called here1 and that ,i have calculated everything in my mind1 and for him and his men to make for ,boher-na-,milthiogue bridge as fast as possible4 ,there1 be off1 ,jamesy1 and ,i'll give you a pound-note if the police are at the bridge before ,tom ,murdock comes through the pass with the cart4 ,you may keep your pound1 man6 ,i'd do more nor that for ,miss ,winny4 ,and he was out of sight in a moment4 ,the father and son were now dressed1 and1 arming themselves with two stout sticks1 they did not let the grass grow under their feet4 ,they hurried on until they came to the road turning down to where we have indicated that our readers were once caught at a dog-fight4 ,here ,emon examined the road as well as he could by the dim light which prevailed1 and found the fresh marks of wheels4 ,he could scarcely understand them4 ,they were not like the tracks of any wheels he had ever seen before1 and there were no tracks of horses' feet at all1 although ,jamesy had said there was a horseman beside the horse and cart4 ,emon soon put down these unusual appearances--and he could not well define them for want of light--to some cunning device of ,tom ,murdock2 and how right he was6 ,come on1 father1 said he4 ,i am quite certain they have gone down here4 ,i know ,tom ,murdock has plenty of associates in the county ,cavan1 and the pass between 'the sisters' is the shortest way he can take4 ,beside1 ,jamesy heard him say the words4 ,our plan must be to cut across the country and get to ,milthiogue bridge before they get through the pass and so escape us4 ,what say you1 father--are you able and willing to push on1 and to stand by me8 ,recollect the odds that are against us1 and count the cost4 ,emon1 ,i'll count nothing2 but ,i'll-- ,here1 father1 in here at this gap1 and across by the point of ,mullagh hill beyond2 we must get to ,boher before them4 ,i'll count no cost1 ,emon1 ,i was going to tell you4 ,i'm both able and willing1 thank ,god1 to stand by you4 ,you deserve it well of me1 and so do the ,cavanas4 ,god forbid ,i should renuage my duty to you and them6 ,aren't ye all as wan as the same thing to me now8 ,emon now knew that his father knew all about ,winny and him4 ,father1 said he1 that is a desperate man1 and he'll stop at nothing4 ,is it sthrivin' to cow me you are1 ,emon8 ,no1 father2 but you saw the state my mother was in as we left4 ,yes1 ,i did1 and why wouldn't she8 ,but shure that should not stop us when we have right on our side2 an' ,god knows what hoult1 or distress1 that poor girl is in1 or what that villain may do to her2 an' what state would your mother be in if you were left a desolate madman all your life through that man's wickedness8 ,these were stout words of his father1 and almost assured ,emon that all would be well4 ,father1 he continued1 if we get to the bridge before them1 and can hold it for half an hour1 or less1 the police will be up with ,jamesy ,doyle1 and we shall be all right4 ,the conversation was now so frequently interrupted in getting over ditches and through hedges1 and they had said so much of what they had to say1 that they were nearly quite silent for the rest of the way1 except where ,emon pointed out to his father the easiest place to get over a ditch1 or through a hedge1 or up the face of a #aab hill4 ,both their hearts were evidently in their journey4 ,no less the father's than the son's3 the will made the way4 ,the dappled specks of red had still an hour to slumber ere the dawn awoke1 and they had reached the spot2 there was the bridge1 the ,boher-na-,milthiogue of our first chapter1 within a stone's throw of them4 ,they crept to the battlement and peered into the pass4 ,as yet no sound of horse or cart1 or whispered word1 reached their ears4 ,they must be some distance off yet1 father1 said ,emon2 thank ,god6 ,the police will have the more time to be up4 ,should we not hide1 ,emon8 ,certainly2 and if the police come up before they do1 they should hide also4 ,that villain is mounted2 and if a strong defence of the pass was shown too soon1 he would turn and put spurs to his horse4 ,as he spoke a distant noise was heard of horses' feet and unmuffled wheels4 ,the muffling had all been taken off as soon as they had reached the far end of the pass between the mountains1 and they were now hastening their speed4 ,the odds will be fearfully against us1 father1 said ,emon1 who now felt more than ever the dangerous position he had placed his father in1 and the fearful desolation his loss would cause in his mother's heart and in his home4 ,he felt no fear for himself4 ,you had better leave ,tom himself to me1 father4 ,i know he will be the man on horseback4 ,let you lay hold of the horse's head under the cart1 and knock one of the men1 or both1 down like lightning1 if you can4 ,you have your knife ready to cut the cords that tie her8 ,i have1 ,emon2 and don't you fear me2 one of them shall tumble at all events1 almost before they know that we are on them4 ,i hope ,i may kill him out an' out2 we might then be able for the other two4 ,do you think ,tom is armed8 he added1 turning pale4 ,but it was so dark ,emon did not see it4 ,i am not sure1 but ,i think not ,he cannot have expected any opposition4 ,god grant it1 ,emon6 ,i don't want to hould you back1 but don't be 'fool-hardy1' dear boy4 ,do you want to cow me1 father1 as you said yourself1 just now8 ,no1 ,emon4 ,but stoop1 stoop1 here they are4 ,crouching behind the battlements of the bridge1 these two resolute men waited the approach of the cavalcade4 ,as they came to the mouth of the pass the elder ,lennon sprang to the head of the horse under the cart1 and1 seizing him with his left hand1 struck the man who drove such a blow as felled him from the shaft upon which he sat4 ,emon had already seized the bridle of the horseman who still wore the mask1 and pushing the horse backward on his haunches1 he made a fierce blow at the rider's head with his stick4 ,but he had darted his heels--spurs he had none--into his horse's sides1 which made him plunge forward1 rolling ,emon on the ground4 ,forward to the cart the rider then rushed1 crying out1 ,on1 on with the cart6 ,but ,lennon's father was still fastened on the horse's head with his left hand1 while with his right he was alternately defending himself against the two men1 for the first had somewhat recovered1 who were in charge of it4 ,tom ,murdock would have ridden him down also1 and turned the battle in favor of a passage through2 but ,emon had regained his feet1 and was again fastened in the horse's bridle1 pushing him back on his haunches1 hoping to get at the rider's head1 for hitherto his blows had only fallen upon his arms and chest4 ,here ,tom ,murdock felt the want of the spurs1 for his horse did not spring forward with life and force enough upon his assailant4 ,a fearful struggle now ensued between them4 ,the men at the cart had not yet cleared their way from the #aac desperate opposition given them by old ,lennon1 who defendant himself ably1 and at the same time attacked them furiously4 ,he had not time1 however1 to cut the cords by which ,winny was bound4 ,a single pause in the use of his stick for that purpose would have been fatal4 ,neither had he been successful in getting beyond his first position at the horse's head4 ,during the whole of this confused attack and defence1 poor ,winny ,cavana1 who had managed to shove herself up into a sitting posture in the cart1 continued to cry out1 ,oh1 ,tom ,murdock1 ,tom ,murdock6 even now give me up to these friends and be gone1 and ,i swear there shall never be a word more about it4 ,but ,tom ,murdock was not the man either to yield to entreaties1 or to be baffled in his purpose4 ,he had waled ,edward ,lennon with the butt end of his whip about the head and shoulders as well as he could across his horse's head1 which ,lennon had judiciously kept between them1 at times making a jump up and striking at ,tom with his stick4 ,matters had now been interrupted too long to please ,tom ,murdock1 and darting his heels once more into his horse's sides1 he sprang forward1 rolling young ,lennon on the road again4 ,all right now1 lads6 he cried2 on1 on with the cart6 and he rode at old ,lennon1 who still held his ground against both his antagonists manfully4 ,but all was not right4 ,a cry of ,the police1 the police6 issued from one of the men at the cart1 and ,jamesy ,doyle with four policemen were seen hurrying up the boreen from the lower road4 ,perhaps it would be unjust to accuse ,tom ,murdock of cowardice even then--it was not one of his faults--if upon seeing an accession of four armed policemen he turned to fly1 leaving his companions in for it4 ,one of them fled too2 but ,pat ,lennon held the other fast4 ,as ,tom turned to traverse the mountain pass back again at full speed1 ,lennon1 who had recovered himself1 sprang like a tiger once more at the horse's head4 ,now or never he must stay his progress4 ,tom ,murdock tore the mask from his face1 and1 pulling a loaded pistol from his breast1 he said3 ,lennon1 it was not my intention to injure you when ,i saw you first spring up from the bridge to-night2 nor will ,i do so now1 if your own obstinacy and foolhardy madness does not bring your doom upon yourself4 ,let go my horse1 or by hell ,i'll blow your brains out6 this shall be no mere tip of the hurl1 mind you4 ,and he levelled the pistol at his head1 not more than a foot from his face4 ,never1 with life6 cried ,lennon2 and he aimed a blow at ,tom's pistol-arm4 ,ah1 fatal and unhappy chance6 ,his stick had been raised to strike ,tom ,murdock down1 and he had not time to alter its direction4 ,had he struck the pistol-arm upward1 it might have been otherwise2 but the blow of necessity descended4 ,tom ,murdock fired at the same moment1 and the only difference it made was1 that instead of his brains having been blown out1 the ball entered a little to one side of his left breast4 ,lennon jumped three feet from the ground1 with a short1 sudden shout1 and rolled convulsively upon the road1 where soon a pool of bloody mud attested the murderous work which had been done4 ,the angel of the dawn now awoke1 as he heard the report of the pistol echoing and reverberating through every recess in the many hearts of ,slieve-dhu and ,slieve-bawn4 ,tom ,murdock fled at full gallop2 and the hearts of the policemen fell as they heard the clattering of his horse's feet dying away in quadruple regularity through the mountain pass4 ,jamesy ,doyle1 who was light of foot and without shoe or stocking1 rushed forward1 saying1 ,sergeant1 ,i'll follow him to the end of the pass1 #aad an' see what road he'll take4 ,and he sped onward like a deer4 ,come1 ,maher1 said the sergeant1 we'll pursue1 however hopeless4 ,cotter1 let you stop with the prisoner we have and the ,young woman2 and let ,donovan stop with the wounded man1 and stop the blood if he can4 ,sergeant ,driscol and ,maher then started at the top of their speed1 in the track of ,jamesy ,doyle1 in full pursuit4 ,there were many turns and twists in the pass between the mountains4 ,it was like a dozen large letter ,s's strung together4 ,driscol stopped for a moment to listen4 ,jamesy was beyond their ken1 round one or two of the turns1 and they could not hear the horse galloping now4 ,all's lost1 said the sergeant2 he's clean gone4 ,let us hasten on until we meet the boy2 perhaps he knows which road he took4 ,jamesy had been stooping now and then1 and peering into the coming lights to keep well in view the man whom he pursued4 ,ay1 there he was1 sure enough2 he saw him1 almost plainly1 galloping at the top of his speed4 ,suddenly he' heard a crash1 and horse and rider rolled upon the ground4 ,he's down1 thank ,god6 cried ,jamesy1 still rushing forward with some hope1 and peering into the distance4 ,presently he saw the horse trot on with his head and tail in the air1 without his rider1 while a dark mass lay in the centre of the road4 ,you couldn't have betther luck1 you bloodthirsty ruffian1 you6 said ,jamesy1 who thought that it was heaven's lightning that1 in justice1 had struck down ,tom ,murdock2 and he maintained the same opinion ever afterward4 ,at present1 however1 he had not time to philosophize upon the thought1 but rushed on4 ,soon he came to the dark mass upon the road4 ,it was ,tom ,murdock who lay there stunned and insensible1 but not seriously hurt by the fall4 ,there was nothing of heaven's lightning in the matter at all4 ,it was the common come-down of a stumbling horse upon a bad mountain road2 but the result was the same4 ,jamesy was proceeding to thank ,god again1 and to tie his legs1 when ,tom came to4 ,jamesy was sorry the man's thrance did not last a little longer1 that he might have tied him1 legs and arms4 ,with his own handkerchief and suspenders4 ,but he was late now1 and not quite sure that ,tom ,murdock would not murder him also1 and make off afoot4 ,here ,jamesy thought he heard the hurried step of the police coming round the last turn toward him1 and as ,tom was struggling to his feet1 a bright thought struck him4 ,he whipt out a penknife he had in his pocket1 and1 before ,tom had sufficiently recovered to know what he was about1 he had cut his suspenders1 and given the waist-band of his trousers a slip of the knife1 opening it more than a foot down the back4 ,tom had now sufficiently recovered to understand what had happened1 and to know the strait he was in4 ,he had a short time before seen a man named ,wolff play ,richard ,,iii4 in a barn in ,c4,o4,s42 and if he did not roar lustily1 ,a horse1 a horse6 my kingdom for a horse6 he thought it4 ,but his horse was nearly half a mile away1 where a green spot upon the roadside tempted him to delay a little his journey home4 ,tom was not yet aware of the approach of the police4 ,he made a desperate swipe of his whip1 which he still held in his hand1 at the boy1 and sprung to his feet4 ,but ,jamesy avoided the blow by a side jump1 and kept roaring1 ,police1 police6 at the top of his voice4 ,tom now found that he had been outwitted by this young boy4 ,he was so hampered by his loose trousers about his heels that he could make no run for it1 and soon became the prisoner of ,sergeant ,driscol and his companion4 ,well done1 ,jamesy6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 #aae ,translated from ,le ,monde ,catholique4 ,,frederick ,,hurter4 ,frederick ,hurter1 the illustrious historian of ,pope ,innocent ,,iii41 died on the #bgth of ,august1 #ahfe1 in ,gratz1 ,austria1 in the sevens-eighth year of his age4 ,of all the great ,catholic characters which we have lost during the past year1 there were undoubtedly very few who have shed a greater brilliancy on our era1 and still our loss has1 comparatively1 passed unnoticed4 ,germany has certainly paid some homage to the memory of that great ,christian2 but outside that country almost general silence has enshrouded his tomb4 ,in ,france1 for example1 not more than three or four religious newspapers have devoted to him even a few lines1 and these all derived from a common source1 and we should not be surprised if many of our own readers should now learn for the first time1 from this notice1 the death of a man so justly celebrated4 ,to what1 then1 have we to ascribe this forgetfulness or indifference8 ,perhaps a simple comparison of dates will account for it4 ,hurter died1 as we have stated1 in the latter part of ,august1 and ,la ,moricire in the early part of the following month4 ,it is therefore natural to conjecture that the memory of the great historian was almost forgotten1 or for the time absorbed1 in the midst of the extraordinary manifestations and triumphal funeral ceremonies which have honored the remains of the immortal vanquished of ,castelfidardo4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that such was not just2 it would have been better to allow to each his legitimate share of respect1 and1 without derogating from the glory of ,la ,moricire1 render also to ,hurter the honor to which he was so justly entitled4 ,beside1 their names were destined to be associated1 for both have fought under the same flag1 although in a different manner4 ,both have been the champions of the ,papal ,see1 one with his brave sword and the other with his not less brave pen2 and both have left magnificent footprints in the religious annals of the nineteenth century4 ,another explanation of this apparent neglect1 more natural and perhaps more truthful1 might be found in the character of ,frederick ,hurter itself1 and in that of his last writings4 ,a long time previous to his death he had achieved the zenith of his fame2 the latter part of his long life being devoted to learned studies of undoubted merit and immense advantage1 but which have not had the same general attraction as his earlier productions1 particularly with the ,french people4 ,we freely acknowledge that this fact does but little credit to the ,catholic mind of ,france1 but it is nevertheless undeniable4 ,a kind of comparative obscurity has covered with us the latter portion of ,hurter's life1 and this1 in our opinion1 is the principal reason that the news of his death has not created a deeper sensation in this country4 ,in order to repair1 as far as it lies in our power1 this injustice which the ,catholics of ,germany might well consider unfair or ungrateful1 we would like to render1 in these few pages1 at least a feeble homage to the illustrious dead4 ,we desire to gather together a few of the glorious remembrances which are associated with his name1 and1 above all1 to point out that insatiable love of truth and justice which #aaf was the distinguishing feature of his character and which seems to have pervaded his whole being under all circumstances and at all times4 ,frederick ,emmanuel ,hurter was born of ,protestant parents on the #aith of ,may1 #aghg1 in ,schaffhausen1 ,switzerland4 ,his father was prefect of ,lugano2 his mother remarkable for her intellect as well as for her decision of character1 having sprung from the noble family of the ,zieglers4 ,when scarcely six years old1 the child was deeply moved at hearing an account of the execution of ,louis the ,sixteenth1 and before he had attained the age of twelve years he had conceived such a distaste for the excesses of the revolutionary spirit then prevailing that it seems never to have forsaken him4 ,at this early age he was an eager student of the ,history of the ,seven ,years' ,war1 and declared himself in favor of ,maria ,theresa and against the ,king of ,prussia4 ,two years afterward a discussion having arisen between himself1 his school-fellows1 and his teacher1 on the relative merits of ,pompey and ,caesar1 he promptly and energetically took the part of the former1 believing that in the character of the latter was to be seen the personification of the revolutionary spirit4 ,these were the first germs of that admirable sense of right which distinguished him on all occasions4 ,there could even then be foreseen in that child the future man destined at some day to be the defender of the most august power in the world4 ,from his youth upward1 and doubtless from the same feeling of being right1 he applied himself with marked attention to ascertain the true history of that most misrepresented epoch1 the middle ages1 its monastic institutions1 and its great pontiffs4 ,of the latter ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 seemed to have most attracted him1 and his youthful mind seems to have delighted in comparing him with the great men of ancient ,rome4 ,having finished his preliminary studies in his native town1 ,hurter studied in the different classes of theology at the ,university of ,gttingen1 whence he obtained his diploma1 and1 having been first appointed pastor of an obscure village1 was soon removed to ,schaffhausen4 ,in #ahbd he was appointed chancellor of the consistory2 but neither his theological studies nor the duties of his office as pastor1 a calling he had embraced through deference for his father rather than from personal inclination1 diverted him from the object of his early predilections4 ,thus1 while at ,gttingen he found leisure to write a ,history of ,theodoric1 ,king of the ,ostrogoths4 ,it was his first essay as historian1 being at the time only twenty years old4 ,later he wrote a book on the following subject1 proposed by the ,national ,institute of ,france3 ,the ,civil ,state during the ,government of the ,goths1 and the ,fundamental ,principles of the ,legislation of ,theodoric and his ,successors4 ,but this work remained among his manuscripts unpublished4 ,it was at ,schaffhausen that he resumed his favorite studies on the middle ages1 and completed them4 ,his great attraction was not1 as might be expected1 ,gregory ,,vii41 but ,innocent ,,iii41 probably on account of a collection of letters written by that great pontiff1 published by ,baluze1 and which he had formerly bought at public sale at ,gttingen4 ,he certainly had not then the remotest idea that that book would at some future day form the foundation of his fame1 and the means of a radical change in his ,christian and social life4 ,he commenced his book on ,innocent ,,iii4 in #ahah1 but it was not until #ahcc that the first volume appeared4 ,the second was published the year following4 ,in #ahce he became president of the consistory1 an office which placed him at the head of the clergy of his district1 and which he resigned after fulfilling its duties for six years4 ,he published the third volume of his ,history of ,pope ,innocent in the meantime1 and in #aag #ahdb the fourth and last volume was given to the press4 ,this ,history was not only a great literary success1 it was more4 ,it produced a decided revolution in historical science4 ,the effect of it in ,switzerland1 ,germany1 and in fact the whole of ,europe1 was immense4 ,the extraordinary part enacted by that great ,pope was seen for the first time in its proper light4 ,by the irresistible logic of facts1 ,hurler demonstrated how the august institutions of the papacy accomplished its mission with a success which1 up to his time1 had never been conjectured4 ,every one became convinced that it was the papacy alone that had mastered and tempered the overwhelming forces of the half-civilized nations of ,europe1 in order to more eternal and spiritual ends4 ,since then1 says ,hurter himself1 in his preface to the third ,german edition of his first volume1 page #ba1 a great number of inveterate errors were corrected1 many traditional prejudices dissipated1 many doubts removed2 certain minds drew light therefrom1 others found a guide in it1 and others attained conviction from its pages4 ,comparing the present with the past1 people became more circumspect in their judgments and less inconsistent in their conclusions1 and at last an answer was found to the famous question of the ,roman governor1 ,what is truth8 7,quid est veritas87 ,truth is what is based on the indisputable proofs of history and agrees with the nature of all things4 ,sebastian ,brunner1 a distinguished ,german writer1 after reading the ,history of ,innocent ,,iii41 gave the following opinion of its author3 ,i hold ,mr4 ,hurter to be the greatest of historians2 no one previous to him embraces a whole century in so admirable a picture4 ,hurter is the apostolic historian of the nineteenth century4 ,this apostleship of ,frederick ,hurter was the more efficient1 being exercised by a ,protestant1 and1 what was more1 by the president of a consistory4 ,and beside1 who would not yield to the testimony of a man whose loyalty and integrity were above all suspicion1 and who had made it the rule of his life to observe the most rigid impartiality in all his own views2 to seek nothing but the truth1 and to honor virtue and merit wherever met1 without excepting those who differed from him1 so as to neglect nothing in the accomplishment of his task in the most perfect possible manner8 ,his indeed were admirable qualities1 particularly when we consider how history was written in those times by writers looked upon as models and masters4 ,but let us not enlarge on this topic2 the ,history of ,innocent is found in every library2 let us rather show how that book earned for its author a reward far greater than mere worldly reputation4 ,his literary success1 and1 what was more1 the undeniable services he had rendered to the ,catholic cause1 could not but excite the jealousy and dislike of his fellow ,protestants4 ,his ,excursion to ,vienna and ,presburg1 which was published soon after he visited ,austria1 in #ahci1 excited their anger to the highest degree4 ,blinded by their passions1 they resolved to put him on trial1 so as to find him guilty and so depose him4 ,in his ,expos of the ,motives of his ,conversion he states that they put him the unfair question1 ,are you a ,protestant at heart8 ,this question1 he continues1 had no relation whatever with the alleged facts bearing on my public office1 but only with my ',history of ,innocent ,,iii4' and with a visit to ,vienna4 ,i refused to answer1 because they wanted rather to discover what ,i disbelieved than what ,i believed4 ,this refusal excited a violent storm of indignation against him4 ,after trying many times to avert it1 and after suffering the most unworthy attacks with patience and fortitude1 he seized his pen and fulminated his defense under the following title1 ,president ,hurter and his ,pretended ,colleagues4 ,more painful trials still awaited him4 ,two of his daughters1 one immediately after the other1 became afflicted with #aah a malady which was soon to deprive him of them1 and1 while prayers for their recovery were being offered up in all the ,catholic convents of ,switzerland1 his puritanical opponents exhibited the most uncharitable joy1 thrusting the dagger of grief still further into a parent's heart4 ,a less energetic character would doubtless have succumbed to such cruel wounds1 but ,hurter remained true to the maxim of the poet3 ,justum et tenacem propositi virum ,non civium ardor1 prava jubentium1 ,non vultus instantis tyranni ,mente quatit solida4 4 4 ,the race of those tyrants is not yet extinct1 he somewhere says4 ,i find still men who desire every one to bow before them1 and that everything they do against those who dare discard such a miserable servitude should be commended4 ,footnote #ba ,hurter did better than to imitate the ancient philosopher2 he accepted his trials with truly ,christian resignation1 perceiving in them the call of ,god to newer and higher duties4 ,i discovered in them1 he writes1 the means of my salvation and my sanctification4 ,i look upon the storm which has burst over me as a signal on the road ,i have to follow4 ,at the same time ,i received the deep conviction that no peace was to be expected with such people4 ,my choice was therefore made4 ,i threw off titles1 offices1 and incomes1 and went back to private life because ,i was disgusted with a sect which1 through rationalism1 upset all ,christian dogmas1 and1 through pietism1 tramples morals under foot4 ,footnote #bb ,what hearty frankness1 what ,noble feelings1 and what a true sense of justice6 ,footnote #ba3 ,third ed41 #ast vol4 7,pref4 ,p4 ,v47 ,footnote #bb3 ,life of ,fr4 ,hurter1 by ,a4 de ,saint ,cheron1 p4 #abj4 ,some of the details of this article are extracted from this work1 as well as from an article published in ,le ,catholique of ,mayence1 of ,september1 #ahfe4 ,justice he demanded as well for others as for himself2 therefore he did not fear to defend the ,catholic cause in his books4 ,in his work on the ,convents of ,argovia and their ,accusers 7#ahda71 and on the ,persecutions of the ,catholic ,church in ,switzerland 7#ahdc71 he denounces the tyranny of his ,protestant compatriots in unmeasured terms4 ,for this reason1 also1 he went to ,paris in #ahdc to plead1 although in vain1 the cause of the ,catholics in ,switzerland4 ,having1 as we have seen1 resigned his position1 he had ample leisure to devote himself to the more profound study of the ,catholic doctrine1 the dogmas of which he had already inwardly admitted4 ,the ,symbolism of ,moehler he found of great utility1 and the ,exposition of the ,holy ,mass1 by ,innocent ,,iii41 served greatly to strengthen his religious convictions4 ,hurter1 however1 was not precipitate4 ,he desired that in taking so important a step conviction should be preceded by mature deliberation4 ,about this time he writes3 ,he would certainly be mistaken who should think that ,i entered the interior of the ,catholic ,church because ,i was solely led away by its external forms4 ,i was neither a wanderer nor hair-brained4 ,undoubtedly the exterior impressed me2 but ,i was not1 however1 therefore relieved from examining its fundamental principles with due care1 or from studying the interior with proper caution4 ,i entered it first through curiosity1 a mere visitor1 as it were1 and ,i examined everything that ,i saw like one who1 wanting to purchase a house1 first looks closely at every part of it before closing the bargain4 ,in that way ,i think ,i acquired1 on many points1 truer and more complete ideas than the frequenters of the house1 and those who have spent their lives in it4 ,i have too long postponed my free decision not to have earned the right to be able to decide whether the house suits me or not1 or if any changes be required4 ,it is interesting to see1 in his ,exposition of ,motives1 the narration of all the doubts under which he labored previous to making a final decision2 how his mind gradually approached to a knowledge of the truth as he progressed in his investigation2 how a thousand external circumstances1 designed by ,providence1 powerfully #aai contributed to shake his will1 and finally how his conversion was less his own work than the effect of that divine favor solicited by ,catholic charity1 of which he speaks so feelingly in his ,geburt und ,wiedergebart4 ,the struggle was at last over4 ,on the #afth of ,june1 the feast of ,st4 ,francis ,regis1 he formally made his abjuration before ,cardinal ,ostini1 formerly nuncio in ,switzerland1 at the ,roman college1 and five days afterward1 on the feast of ,st4 ,louis de ,gonzaga1 he received the blessed sacrament in the presence of an immense congregation of the faithful4 ,the prophetic words of ,gregory ,,xvi4 were then confirmed3 ,spero che lei sera mio figlio 7,i hope that one day you will be my son74 ,the church and her head numbered one child more4 ,god had thus rewarded by his grace the perfect sincerity which the humble penitent had ever made the rule of his life4 ,we may also be allowed to believe that the sweet protection of the ,mother of ,god had efficaciously operated in his favor1 for even while a ,protestant he had many times pleaded her cause with his brethren4 ,the news of his conversion created quite different feelings4 ,if the great ,catholic family rejoiced1 and with unanimous voice thanked ,god for having favorably heard their prayers1 ,protestantism felt wounded to the very heart4 ,the reason is easily understood4 ,the edifying example of humility exhibited by a man like ,hurter was necessary to win over a great number of souls until then irresolute and wavering1 as some planets attract their satellites in space4 ,as to him1 full of gratitude toward ,god1 his soul replete with light and peace1 his head high and serene1 he went back to his native town to resume his literary labors in retirement1 as well as to undergo a series of new persecutions1 the last consecration of the ,christian4 ,i am not so narrow-minded1 he wrote some time afterward1 that ,i did not expect wicked judgments1 base calumnies1 and every kind of insult4 ,facts have1 however1 far exceeded my anticipations1 and ,i must confess that ,i did not think those men capable of going so far in their wickedness4 ,finally it became impossible for ,hurter to remain longer at ,schaffhausen1 and1 beside1 a new and better career was soon opened for him4 ,he received from ,vienna an invitation to become the historiographer of the empire4 ,he accepted the appointment and entered upon the fulfilment of its duties4 ,safe from the interruptions caused by the troubles of #ahdh1 he soon after accepted the position1 of privy councillor and the patent of nobility which were tendered him4 ,the last portion of his life was devoted to the practice of ,christian virtues and to the completion of his great work on ,ferdinand ,,ii4 ,to this book he devoted twenty years' arduous labor1 and was fortunate enough to complete it one year previous to his death4 ,in commencing this work ,hurter collected all his powerful faculties1 intending to display in its composition all that remarkable mental energy with which he had been gifted by nature4 ,with incredible patience he examined one after another thousands of documents of all kinds long buried in the archives of the empire1 and most of which were utterly unknown even to the learned4 ,he could not understand to be history that which was not supported by undeniable documents4 ,quod non est in actis1 non est in mundo1 was his maxim--a maxim1 alas6 which is too often neglected by the generality of our modern historians4 ,nothing excelled his perseverance1 ,i might almost say his rapture1 when he desired to throw light on an obscure fact1 to fill a hiatus1 or to discover any historical truth4 ,never1 perhaps1 were scruples of accuracy1 and at the same time independence of thought and courage in expression1 carried to greater limits4 ,let us add1 that when composing the ,history of ,ferdinand ,,ii4 he was filled with a strong sympathy for his subject1 and #abj in his admiration for that great man he could1 like ,tacitus1 console himself with the sight of like grievances1 and say with the ,roman historian3 ,ego hoc quoque laboris praemium petam1 ut me a conspectu malorum1 quae nostra tot per annos vidit aetas1 tantisper1 aum prisca illa tota mente repeto1 avertam1 omnis expers curae quae scribentis animum1 etsi non flectere a vero1 sollicitum tamen efficere possit4 ,this work of ,hurter's consists of eleven volumes4 ,the first seven comprise the history of events from the reign of ,archduke ,charles1 father of ,ferdinand ,,ii41 to the coronation of the latter prince2 the remaining four being exclusively devoted to the reign of ,ferdinand4 ,in this comprehensive review of the events of that epoch the illustrious author has shown1 by the light of true history1 the great emperor and all the principal personages by whom he was surrounded1 or in any way connected2 particularly portraying the ,archduke ,charles1 the ,archduchess ,maria1 that splendid model of a ,christian mother1 ,gustavus ,adolphus of ,sweden1 ,tilly1 and ,wallenstein4 ,hurter studied the character of the latter with particular zeal1 first in his sketch of the ,material to be used for the ,history of ,wallenstein 7#ahee71 and then in the more elaborate monography1 ,the last ,four ,years of ,wallenstein 7#ahfb71 and finally in the ,history of ,ferdinand itself4 ,he arrives at the conclusion that the ,duke of ,friedland had really been guilty of treason1 and that his tragic end is in no way to be attributed to ,ferdinand4 ,at the same time he does full justice to the great qualities of ,wallenstein1 acknowledging in him great capacity for organization1 wonderful activity1 and almost regal liberality2 nor does he hesitate to class him among not only the greatest men of his age1 but of all time4 ,but1 as may be well understood1 his great central figure was ,ferdinand1 whom he considers a most admirable and accomplished type of all the virtues surrounding royalty1 notwithstanding his memory has been burthened with such foul calumnies by ,protestant historians and their copyists4 ,to relieve his name from these unjust aspersions was a task worthy of the genius of the historian of ,innocent ,,iii4 ,having shown in the life of that pontiff the true embodiment of the ,christian principles of the supreme priesthood1 should he not also point out a temporal prince as the personification of genuine ,catholic royalty8 ,we would desire to reproduce here the incomparable portrait of ,ferdinand as it has been drawn by ,hurter in his last volume1 but1 unfortunately1 the limits of this article do not permit it4 ,what compensates us1 in some measure1 for being able to give only so feeble an idea of that great work is1 that we hope soon to see the studies undertaken to speak of it more fully4 ,we hope also that a competent translator will be soon found to give to ,france that work which1 with the ,history of ,innocent ,,iii41 will immortalize the name of ,hurter4 ,yes1 the great historian shall live in his writings1 in which he has shown a soul so strong1 so firm1 so just1 so humble1 and yet so proud2 so earnestly devoted to truth and so deeply adverse to falsehood1 meanness1 and hypocrisy4 ,he will live in those countless works of charity of which he was the ever efficient author4 ,he will live in the remembrance of so many hearts he has edified by his pious example1 strengthened by his advice1 and brought back to the true path by his admonitions4 ,he will live1 also1 in the perpetual and grateful regard of a company1 always so dear to him1 to which he has given one of his sons1 and whose motto he was proud to quote on the frontispiece of his great work4 ,ad majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,we will end this sketch by repeating the words which an apostolic missionary1 now a cardinal1 once applied to the great historian2 they cannot be #aba better or more happily chosen to sum up his whole life4 ,twenty years ago1 after being a witness to his conversion1 the ,abb de ,bonnechose1 writing from ,rome1 says of him3 ,justum deduxit ,dominus per vias rectas et ostendit illi regnum ,dei1 et dedit illi scientiam sanctorum2 honestavit illum in laboribus et complevit labores illius 7,sap4 x47 ,yes1 ,hurter's mind was right1 and ,god led him by the hand4 ,he has shown him his kingdom on earth1 the church of ,christ1 and the chair of ,peter1 where his authority sits enthroned1 where he speaks and governs in the person of his vicar4 ,it was he who endowed him with a knowledge of the science and philosophy of his doctrine and of the divine mysteries of the faith1 and inspired in him those noble ideas the end and aim of which ought always to be the worship and exaltation of the true church1 and the defence of the pontificate when calumniated4 ,he has blessed the labors which have been conducted with such success1 filling them with spirit and energy1 to the end that they may bear the fruits of immortality6 ,honestavit illum in laboribus et complevit labores illius4 ,j4 ,,martinof4 ------ ,,words ,,of ,,wisdom4 ,,translated ,,from ,,the ,,chinese ,,by ,,dr4 ,,bowring4 ,to seek relief from doubt in doubt1 ,from woe in woe1 from sin in sin-- ,is but to drive a tiger out1 ,and let a hungry wolf come in4 ,who helps a knave in knavery4 ,but aids an ape to climb a tree6 ,on an ape's head a crown you fling2 ,say--,will that make the ape a king8 ,know you why the lark's sweet lay ,man's divinest nature reaches8 ,he is up at break of day ,learning all that nature teaches4 ,the record of past history brings ,wisdom of sages1 saints1 and kings2 ,the more we read those reverend pages ,the more we honor bygone ages6 ,whate'er befit--whate'er befal4 ,one general law commandeth all3 ,there's no confusion in the springs ,that move all sublunary things4 ,all harmony is heaven's vast plan-- ,all discord is the work of man6 #abb ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,ireland ,,and ,,the ,,informers ,,of #agih4 ,there has lately issued from the press a work under the title which heads our article1 and which is amusing and instructive in the highest degree4 ,were it not written by a man whose ability and character are pledges for his veracity1 we should rank it with ,harrison ,ainsworth's efforts1 and designate it as an almost impossible romance4 ,it has1 as we think1 appeared at a very opportune and timely juncture1 and1 in our opinion1 ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick is entitled to great praise for the talent1 industry1 and research evidenced in his volume4 ,francis ,higgins1 the hero of ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick's remarkable biographical sketch1 and familiarly known by the title of ,the ,sham ,squire1 was born nobody exactly knows where1 and reared nobody knows how4 ,he commenced his career1 however1 in stirring times1 and when great events were in their parturition1 during which the history of ,ireland presents a series of panoramic images--a mixture of light and shadow--instances of devoted fidelity and abounding rascality-- groupings of mistaken enthusiasm1 selfish venality1 and the most abhorrent domestic treason--such as we in vain look for in the annals of any other country or any other age4 ,it is supposed that ,higgins was born in a ,dublin cellar1 and while yet of tender years became successively errand-boy1 shoeblack1 and waiter in a public-house--improving trades for one of so ripe a spirit1 but which he soon left1 directed by a vaulting ambition1 in order to become a writing-clerk in an attorney's office4 ,while in this position1 he commenced practice on his own account1 by rejecting popery as unfashionable and impolitic1 and by forging a series of legal documents purporting to show to all inquiring friends that he was a man of property and a government official4 ,he had an object in this1 as he was by this time to appear in a new character1 as the lover of ,miss ,mary ,anne ,archer1 who possessed a tolerable fortune and a foolish old father4 ,miss ,archer happened to be a ,roman ,catholic1 and was strong in her faith2 but this was only a trifle to ,higgins1 who again forsook the new creed for the old1 and proved thereby1 like ,richard1 a thriving wooer4 ,they were married1 and the ,archer pre did at last what he ought to have done at first1 ferreted out the real antecedents of his precious son-in-law1 and discovered that he had a very clever fellow to deal with2 while his daughter1 finding1 after a short time1 that her husband was by no means a desirable one1 fled back to her bamboozled parent1 who straightway indicted the pretender4 ,higgins was found guilty and imprisoned for a year1 and it was during ,judge ,robinson's charge to the jury that he fastened the name of the ,sham ,squire on the prisoner1 a sobriquet which stuck to him persistently during the remainder of his life1 and proved a greater infliction to his vanity than an apparently heavier penalty would have been4 ,this was in #agfg4 ,poor ,mary ,anne died of a broken heart1 and her parents survived her for only a short lime2 while the widower1 in order to make his prison life endurable1 paid his addresses to the daughter of the gaoler and eventually married her1 as her father was pretty well to do in the world1 the situation being a #abc money-making one1 as the order of that day was1 as proved before the ,irish ,house of ,commons1 that persons were unlawfully kept in prison and loaded with irons1 although not duly committed by a magistrate1 until they had complied with the most exorbitant demands4 ,when the ,sham's term of a year's imprisonment ended1 he had life to begin anew1 and for some years we find him exercising many vocations1 such as setter for excise officers1 billiard-marker1 hosier1 etc4 ,for an assault as a setter1 he was again tried and again convicted2 but nothing daunted1 as his old webs were broken1 he proceeded in the construction of new4 ,in #agge1 we not only find him a hosier1 but president of the ,guild of ,hosiers2 and in #aghj his services were engaged by ,mr4 ,david ,gibbal1 conductor of the ,freeman's ,journal1 then1 as now1 one of the most popular and well-conducted papers in ,ireland4 ,but from the period of the ,sham ,squire's connection with it1 it seems to have degenerated1 as in ,april1 #aghd1 the journals of the ,irish ,house of ,commons show an order that ,francis ,higgins1 one of the conductors of the ',freeman's ,journal1' do attend this house to-morrow morning4 ,he did so1 and escaped with a reproof4 ,having gained some knowledge of law in the solicitor's office1 we now find him anxious to become an attorney1 which end he accomplished by the aid and influence of his friend and patron ,john ,scott1 afterward chief-justice1 and elevated to the peerage as ,lord ,clonmel1 rather for his political talents than his professional ones4 ,from #aghd to #aghg ,higgins also acted as deputy coroner for ,dublin4 ,by a series of manoeuvres he became the sole proprietor of the ,freeman's ,journal1 and became at once what is called in ,ireland a castle hack4 ,both as attorney and editor1 the ,sham ,squire was now a man of importance1 and many called in on him4 ,shrewd1 sharp1 and clever1 with a glib tongue and a facile pen1 no business was either too difficult or too dirty for him4 ,he was made a justice of the peace by ,lord ,carhampton1 who1 as ,colonel ,luttrell1 was designated by ,grattan as a clever bravo1 ready to give an insult1 and perhaps capable of bearing one2 in fact1 the last allusion was deserved1 as ,luttrell had been called vile and infamous by ,scott without resenting it4 ,lord ,carhampton became commander-in-chief in ,ireland1 and during the outbreak of '#ih was a merciless foe to the rebels who fell into his hands4 ,higgins1 by this time1 had become a great man1 and lived in ,st4 ,stephen's ,green1 in magnificent style1 keeping his coach and entertaining the nobility4 ,he was a loyalist of the rosiest hue1 and thought no mission too derogatory by which he might show his zeal4 ,he attended divine service regularly1 and that over1 proceeded to ,crane ,lane1 in order to count over and receive his share of the gains in a gambling house of which he was principal proprietor1 and which his influence with the police magistrates prevented the suppression of--then to his editorial duties1 which were to uphold the measures of government and its officials1 and to lampoon1 cajole1 or threaten all who dared to oppose them4 ,it was in the disastrous period of '#ih1 however1 that the ,sham ,squire's most sterling qualities came into active requisition1 as evidenced by the following extract of a letter written by the ,secretary ,cooke to ,lord ,cornwallis1 then lord lieutenant of ,ireland4 ,francis ,higgins1 he writes1 proprietor of the ',freeman's ,journal1' was the person who procured for me all the intelligence respecting ,lord ,edward ,fitzgerald1 and got--to set him1 and has given me otherwise much information--#cjj2 meaning thereby that his excellency should sanction that annual amount for secret service1 out of a sum of #ae1jjj1 specially laid aside for that purpose4 ,beside this1 however1 a lump sum of #ajjj was given to ,higgins on the #bjth of ,june1 #agih1 for the betrayal of his friend2 and1 independent of this1 a confederate of his named ,francis ,magan1 a barrister1 #abd and a close ally of ,lord ,edward1 and who positively set the unfortunate nobleman at ,higgins's instigation1 received #fjj and a pension of #bjj per annum for the worthy deed4 ,probably the most startling of all these revelations of domestic treachery was the conduct of ,leonard ,mc,nally1 barrister at law1 and selected for his ability1 truth1 zeal1 and sterling honesty1 as ,curran's assistant in defending the prisoners implicated in the rebellion4 ,this fellow seems to have outsoared even ,higgins and ,magan in his duplicity1 since not alone did he keep government duly informed of the movements of the suspected1 but when on their trial he exhibited the greatest activity in suggesting points for their defence1 seconding his celebrated leader in his unwearied endeavors to save them1 although he had previously made known to the law officers what course the accused men's counsel meant to take for the day1 so that ,curran and his legal friends were puzzled and surprised at having their best-concocted measures anticipated and baffled1 although not a man of them ever thought of looking to honest ,mac as the cause4 ,for this and other services ,mc,nally received some thousands1 and was gratified1 in addition1 with a pension of #cjj per annum4 ,singularly enough1 the terrible secrets of ,magan and ,mc,nally were well kept until long after their deaths1 and until the publication of the ,cornwallis ,papers enabled inquirers to strike on the true vein4 ,both these men are said to have been corrupted by the ,sham ,squire1 who seems to have been the ,mephistopheles of his time2 but a still more notorious informer1 because an open one1 was ,reynolds--,tom ,reynolds--who was promised a pension of #bjjj a year and a seat in parliament for his services1 but did not receive quite so much4 ,in #agih1 however1 he received #ejjj and a pension of #ajjj a year2 and as his demands were always importunate1 it is known that during the remainder of his life he extracted #de1gdj from his employers4 ,reynolds went abroad and died there1 as ,ireland would hardly have been for him either a safe or a pleasant residence2 but ,magan and ,mc,nally lived at home for many a goodly year1 and were looked upon as honest men and sterling patriots to the last4 ,higgins did not long survive his victims2 he died suddenly1 in #ahjb1 worth #bj1jjj1 a greater part of which1 strange to say1 he left for charitable purposes6 ,in reviewing thus the history of this ,irish ,jonathan ,wild and his detestable comrogues1 our object must1 we hope1 be evident4 ,their lives and actions are instructive in many ways1 and never promised to be more so than now4 ,what happened then may happen again2 treason will be dogged by traitors to the end4 ,fear and avarice are omnipotent counsellors1 and1 when coupled with talent and ingenuity1 marvellous indeed are the misery they can cause and the wide-spread devastation that travels in their track4 ,that a needy and unscrupulous vagabond like ,higgins should hunt his dearest friends to the scaffold is not to be wondered at2 but that men of position and education like ,reynolds1 ,mc,nally1 and ,magan should join in the chase1 and for years after look honest men in the face1 evinces a hardihood of disposition and a callosity of conscience which1 as a lesson1 is instructive1 and1 as an utter disregard of remorseful feeling1 appears all but impossible4 ,no doubt such miscreants excuse their crimes on a plea of loyalty1 and the plea would be all-sufficient had they not stipulated for the price1 and had they not exulted in receiving it4 ,there is something especially abhorrent to our natures in those wretches who voluntarily plunge into the ranks of anarchy and disaffection at one time1 and then1 when cowardice or cupidity overcomes them1 overleap all the boundaries of honor and faith1 and trade on the blood or suffering of the unfortunate men who placed their liberties or lives in their safe-keeping4 #abe ,in the notes which ,mr4 ,fitzpatrick has appended to his biography of the ,sham ,squire as addenda we have some well-authenticated and racy revelations of many of the singular ,irish characters who flourished during the last thirty or forty years of the last century1 and in the first few years of the beginning of this4 ,ireland appears to have been the paradise of adventurers in that day1 as the times appear to have been out of joint1 and the habits and general morale of the upper and middle ranks were to the last degree loose and irregular4 ,as the manners and modes of action of a people are in a considerable degree fashioned and influenced by the example set them by those who are placed in authority over them1 it is not too much to assert that a great deal of the lax morality1 unscrupulous spirit1 and general demoralization were produced by some of the occupants of the vice-regal throne1 and their courts1 the character and course of life of whom are painted by our author in anything but a seductive way4 ,brilliancy1 show1 pleasure1 wit1 and extravagance were the order of the day2 lords-lieutenant were either dissipated rous1 or incompetent imbeciles1 and in either case they were sure to be coerced or cajoled by a mercenary tribe of political adventurers1 who directed their actions and influenced their minds4 ,we at once see by the wholesale corruption practised to bring about the ,union1 how utterly depraved must have been the men who openly or covertly prostituted themselves1 when it was in contemplation2 and never was political profligacy more open and more daring in its violation of honor1 probity1 and principle than in the abject submission of the ,irish parliament1 and its unhesitating anxiety to sell themselves1 souls and bodies1 to those who tempted them1 and who had studied them far too accurately not to be sure of their prey4 ,amongst those who consented to accept the remuneration thus profusely offered them the lawyers bore a very prominent part2 in fact1 government could hardly have succeeded without their aid2 of these1 ,fitzgibbon1 afterward ,lord ,clare and chancellor1 was the most forward and efficient4 ,there was never a man better adapted for the work he had to do4 ,bold1 active1 astute1 and unscrupulous1 he could be all things to all men2 those whom he could not cajole1 he frightened2 equally ready with the pen1 the pistol1 and the tongue1 he was neither to be daunted nor silenced2 terrible in his vengeance1 no windings of his victims could escape him2 and extravagant in his generosity 7when the public purse had to bear the blunt71 his jackals and partisans felt that their reward was sure1 and therefore never hesitated to comply with his most exact demands4 ,few men had a larger number of followers1 therefore1 and no man ever made a more unscrupulous use of them4 ,he had nothing of the recusant about him1 however1 and first and last he was consistent to his party and to the ,protestant creed which he had adopted in early life1 for he had been born and partly reared in the ,roman ,catholic faith4 ,in his personal demeanor he was a lion-hearted man2 when hissed in the streets by the populace he calmly produced his pistols2 and once1 on hearing that a political meeting against the ,union was being held1 he rushed into the middle of the assembled mass1 commanded the high-sheriff to quit the chair1 and so closed the meeting4 ,on the bench he was equally fearless1 and when recommended to beware of treachery1 his answer was1 ,they dare not2 ,i have made them as tame as cats4 ,if ,i live1 he said1 to see the ,union completed1 to my latest hour ,i shall feel an honorable pride in reflecting on the share ,i had in contributing to effect it4 ,he did live to see it1 and to take his seat in the ,british parliament2 but matters were altogether altered there4 ,in his maiden effort he was rebuked by ,lord ,suffolk1 called to order by the lord chancellor1 while the ,duke of ,bedford indignantly snubbed him by #abf exclaiming1 ,we would not bear such insults from our equals1 and shall we1 my lords1 tolerate them at the hands of mushroom nobility8 while1 to cap the climax1 ,pitt1 after hearing him1 turned to ,wilberforce1 and said loud enough to be heard by ,lord ,clare1 ,good ,g--d6 did you ever1 in all your life1 listen to so thorough-paced a scoundrel as that6 ,disappointed and despairing1 he returned to ,ireland1 and died of a broken heart1 while almost the last words he uttered to a friend were1 ,only to think of it6 ,i that had all ,ireland at my disposal cannot now procure the nomination of a single gauger6 ,john ,scott1 afterward ,lord ,chief-,justice ,clonmel1 was another prominent actor in those busy times4 ,his birth was lowly1 but his talents were considerable2 he was light and flippant rather than profound1 and he felt to the last a terrible mortification that his claims had been postponed to those of ,lord ,clare4 ,he had neither the grasp of mind1 nor the unhesitating manner of the chancellor1 however2 he was apt to surround himself with companions1 like the ,sham ,squire1 for instance1 who might be pleasant but were by no means reputable4 ,beside1 his character for probity was distrusted2 his first uprise in life was his wholesale appropriation of the property of a ,catholic friend which he held in trust1 as ,catholics1 at that time1 could not retain property in their hands1 and which he refused to disgorge4 ,he was both venal and vindictive1 and but too often prostituted his authority in pursuit of his passions4 ,on one occasion1 however1 he was signally discomfited4 ,a man of the name of ,magee1 who owned and edited the ,evening ,post1 had frequently come under the lash1 and was treated with no mercy4 ,magee's vengeance took a curious form4 ,lord ,clonmel was an ardent lover of horticulture1 and had spent many thousand pounds in making his suburban villa a model4 ,magee knew this1 and as the chief demesne was skirted by an open common from which a thick hedge alone separated it1 the journalist proclaimed a rural fte1 on an enormous scale1 to be held on the vacant ground1 and to which the whole ,dublin population1 gentle and simple1 were invited4 ,meats and liquors were given to an unlimited extent1 and1 in the evening1 when the roughs were primed with whiskey1 several pigs 7shaved and with their tails well soaped7 were let out as part of the amusement of the day4 ,by preconcert1 the affrighted animals were driven against ,lord ,clonmel's inclosure1 which they speedily over-leaped1 followed by the mob4 ,trees1 shrubs1 flowers1 vases1 and statues were in a wonderfully short time demolished in the fun1 while1 to make the matter still more deplorable1 the owner of the property thus wantonly devoted to revenge stood on the steps of his own hall-door1 and with alternate fits of imprecation and entreaty besought the spoilers to desist1 but in vain4 ,toward the close of his life1 ,lord ,clonmel became a hypochondriac1 and1 supposing himself to be a tea-pot1 hardly ventured to stir abroad lest he should be broken4 ,on one occasion1 his great forensic antagonist1 ,curran1 was told that ,clonmel was going to die at last1 and was asked if he believed it4 ,i believe1 was the reply1 that he is scoundrel enough to live or die just as it meets his convenience4 ,shortly before his death he said to ,lord ,cloncurry1 ,my dear ,val1 ,i have been a fortunate man1 or what the world calls so2 ,i am chief-justice and an earl2 but were ,i to begin life again1 ,i would rather be a chimney-sweeper1 than consent to be connected with the ,irish government4 ,another celebrity was ,john ,taler1 bully1 butcher1 and buffoon1 who was afterward a peer and a judge4 ,he was a bravo in the house and a despot on the bench4 ,he jested with the wretched he condemned1 and seemed never so happy as when #abg the scaffold was before his eyes4 ,he was ignorant but ferocious1 and when he could not conquer an opponent he would browbeat him4 ,give me a long day1 my lord1 said a culprit1 whom he had just doomed4 ,i am sorry to say ,i can't oblige you1 my friend1 replied ,lord ,norbury1 smiling2 but ,i promise you a strong rope1 which ,i suppose will answer your purpose as well4 ,when he died1 and was about to be lowered into the grave himself1 the tackle was rather short4 ,tare-an-agers1 boys1 don't spare the rope on his lordship2 don't you know he was always fond of it8 said one of the standers-by4 ,i never saw a human face that so closely resembles that of a bull-dog6 remarked one barrister to another in court4 ,let him get a grip of your throat1 and you will find the resemblance still closer1 was the reply4 ,these and a hundred others1 their equals1 instruments1 and subordinates1 may be supposed to represent the ,irish turnspit element2 it must be acknowledged1 however1 that in contradistinction to them1 there were sounding examples of men of a different and far superior class1 such as the ,leinsters1 ,charlemonts1 ,plunketts1 ,currans1 ,ponsonbys1 and so forth1 who would have adorned any country1 and who certainly contributed to relieve their own from the almost intolerable odium which the wholesale venal profligacy of a large number had brought upon it4 ------ ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,the ,,legend ,,of ,,the ,,lockharts4 ,i4 ,king ,robert on his death-bed lay1 wasted in every limb1 ,the priests had left1 ,black ,douglas now alone was watching him2 ,the earl had wept to hear those words1 ,when ,i am gone to doom1 ,take thou my heart and bear it straight unto the ,holy ,tomb4 ,,ii4 ,douglas shed bitter tears of grief--he loved the buried man4 ,he bade farewell to home and wife1 to brother and to clan2 ,and soon the ,bruce's heart embalm'd1 in silver casket lock'd1 ,within a galley1 white with sails1 upon the blue waves rock'd4 ,,iii4 ,in ,spain they rested1 there the king besought the ,scottish earl ,to drive the ,saracens from ,spain1 his galley sails to furl2 ,it was the brave knight's eagerness to quell the ,paynim brood4 ,that made him then forget the oath he'd sworn upon the rood4 ,,iv4 ,that was his sin2 good angels frown'd upon him as he went ,with vizor down and spear in rest1 lips closed1 and black brow bent3 ,upon the turbans1 fierce he spurr'd1 the charger he bestrode ,was splash'd with blood1 the robes and flags he trampled on the road4 #abh ,v4 ,the ,moors came fast with cymbal clash and tossing javelin1 ,ten thousand horsemen1 at the least1 on ,castille closing in2 ,quick as the deer's foot snaps the ice1 the ,douglas thundered through1 ,and struck with sword and smote with axe among the heathen crew4 ,,vi4 ,the horse-tail banners beaten down1 the mounted archers fled-- ,there came full many an ,arab curse from faces smear'd with red1 ,the vizor fell1 a ,scottish spear had struck him on the breast2 ,many a ,moslem's frighten'd horse was bleeding head and chest4 ,,vii4 ,but suddenly the caitiffs turn'd and gathered like a net1 ,in closed the tossing sabres fast1 and they were crimson wet1 ,steel jarr'd on steel--the hammers smote on helmet and on sword1 ,but ,douglas never ceased to charge upon that heathen horde4 ,,viii4 ,till all at once his eager eye discerned amid the fight ,st4 ,clair of ,roslyn1 ,bruce's friend1 a brave and trusty knight4 ,beset with ,moors who hew'd at him with sabres dripping blood-- ,twas in a rice-field where he stood close to an orange wood4 ,,ix4 ,then to the rescue of ,st4 ,clair ,black ,douglas spurred amain1 ,the ,moslems circled him around1 and shouting charged again2 ,then took he from his neck the heart1 and as the case he threw1 ,pass first in fight1 he cried aloud1 as thou wert wont to do4 ,x4 ,they found him ere the sun had set upon that fatal day1 ,his body was above the case1 that closely guarded lay4 ,his swarthy face was grim in death1 his sable hair was stain'd ,with the life-blood of a felon ,moor1 whom he had struck and brain99d4 ,,xi4 ,sir ,simon ,lockhart1 knight of ,lee1 bore home the silver case4 ,to shrine it in a stately grave and in a holy place1 ,the ,douglas deep in ,spanish ground they left in royal tomb4 ,to wait in hope and patient trust the trumpet of the doom4 #abi ,,original4 ,,reminiscences ,,of ,,dr4 ,,spring4 ,footnote #bc ,footnote #bc3 ,personal ,reminiscences of the ,life and ,times of ,gardiner ,spring1 ,pastor of the ,brick ,presbyterian ,church in the ,city of ,new ,york4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,company4 ,few persons who have lived much in ,new ,york during the last quarter of a century are not familiar with the dignified1 resolute1 yet kindly countenance of the pastor of the ,brick ,presbyterian church4 ,fewer still are ignorant of his reputation as a leading and representative man in his denomination2 a keen polemic2 a great promoter of missionary1 tract1 and ,bible societies2 and1 we may add1 a very determined enemy of the ,pope of ,rome and all his aiders and abettors4 ,for more than fifty-five years he has preached to the same congregation which gave him a call when he was first licensed as a minister4 ,during his career thirteen ,presidents of the ,united ,states1 from ,washington to ,lincoln1 have died2 three ,kings of ,england have been laid in their graves2 the horrors of the ,reign of ,terror1 the execution of ,louis ,,xvi41 the rise and fall of the first ,napoleon1 the shifting scenes of the ,restoration1 the ,orleans rule1 the second ,republic and the second ,empire1 have hurried each other across the stage of ,french history4 ,he has long passed the scriptural term of the life of man2 and now1 at the almost patriarchal age of eighty-one1 he gives us a collection of reminiscences of what he has seen and done during this protracted and eventful career4 ,it would be natural to suppose that such a book by such a man must be full of interest4 ,as one of the recognized leaders of a rich and influential religious denomination1 and one of the oldest and most respectable citizens of the first city of ,america1 how many historical characters must he have met6 to how many important events must he have been a witness6 ,but any one who takes up these volumes in the hope of obtaining through them a clearer view of persons and times gone by1 will be disappointed4 ,they are interesting1 it is true1 but not1 we will venture to say1 in the way their author meant them to be4 ,they cause us to wonder that the doctor should have seen so much and remembered so little4 ,yet as a picture of the life of a representative ,presbyterian preacher and a complete exposure of the utter emptiness of the ,presbyterian religion1 these garrulous and random ,reminiscences are the most entertaining pages we have read for many a month4 ,we propose to cull for our readers a few of the most interesting passages4 ,dr4 ,spring was born in ,newburyport1 ,massachusetts1 ,feb4 #bd1 #aghe4 ,his father was a minister1 of whom the son says that he would not shave his face on the ,lord's day1 nor allow his wife to sew a button on her son's vest2 and on one occasion1 when his nephew1 the late ,adolphus ,spring1 ,esq41 arrived in haste on a ,saturday evening with the message that his father was on his bed of death1 he would not mount his horse for the journey of seventy miles until the ,sabbath sun had gone down4 ,though young ,gardiner used to wonder1 when a boy1 why he was not allowed to participate in the customary sports of children1 he seems to have preserved a warm affection for both his parents1 of whom he speaks in a loving and reverential tone which we cannot too carefully respect4 ,the thought that most affected him on their death was #acj that he had lost their prayers4 ,gardiner was sent to ,yale ,college at the age of fifteen1 and during a remarkable outpouring of the ,spirit upon that rather unregenerate institution1 in the year #ahjc1 he became1 for a season1 hopefully pious4 ,he had been uneasy for some time about the state of his soul1 and one afternoon he resolved to pray1 several hours1 if necessary1 until his sins were forgiven4 ,there1 he says1 in the south entry of the old college1 back side1 middle room1 third story1 ,i wrestled with ,god as ,i had never wrestled before4 ,the result of this spiritual struggle we do not profess to understand4 ,he says that he rose from his knees without any hope that he had found mercy1 yet feeling considerably relieved4 ,for several weeks he went about1 peaceful and happy1 when1 unluckily1 the ,fourth of ,july came1 with its speeches and fireworks1 and his religious hopes and impressions all vanished as a morning cloud1 and as the early dew4 ,it was five or six years before they came back again4 ,when he graduated his father came to hear him speak1 and at the close of the exercises gave him his blessing and told him to shift for himself4 ,so1 there he was1 twenty years old1 with four dollars in his pocket and a profession yet to be acquired4 ,he borrowed two hundred and fifty dollars from a generous friend1 obtained a situation as precentor in a church1 opened a singing school1 and applied himself zealously to the study of law4 ,before long he married a young lady as poor as himself1 and went with her in #ahjf to ,bermuda1 where he taught school for some time very successfully2 but rumors of war between this country and ,great ,britain drove him back to the ,united ,states1 and in his twenty-fourth year he entered upon the practice of the law at ,new ,haven4 ,in the meanwhile those uneasy feelings of the soul1 which he seems unable to analyze 7though we warrant a good confessor would quickly have solved his perplexities7 had not left him at peace4 ,he writes to his father from ,bermuda upon the state of his interior man3 ,i should wish to go to heaven1 because ,i should be pleased1 with its employment4 ,were all my sins mortified and ,i rendered perfectly holy1 ,i think ,i should the happy4 4 4 4 4 ,sometimes ,i can say1 ,lord1 ,i believe2 help thou mine unbelief4 4444 ,i am avaricious2 and in the present state of my family1 make money my god4 ,i strain honesty as far as ,i can to gain a little4 ,this was certainly not a satisfactory condition of things4 ,the lust for mammon seems strong enough1 but the aspirations for heaven might well have been rather more ardent4 ,he goes to church and sings and weeps1 and the minister and elders crowd around him to see what is the matter4 ,he goes to prayer-meeting at last in ,new ,haven1 and there the conversion--such as it is--is effected3 ,as the exercises closed and the crowded worshippers rose to sing the doxology1 ,i felt that ,i could 'praise ,god from whom all blessings flow4' ,praise6 praise6 ,it was delightful to praise him6 ,on the #bdth of ,april following1 ,i united with the visible church under ,mr4 ,stuart's pastorate1 and began to be an active ,christian4 ,we must say that this seems to be a very simple and easy process of getting out of the power of the devil4 ,conversion1 according to ,dr4 ,spring's idea1 is simply an emotion of the mind1 a spasm of sentiment4 ,it includes neither satisfaction for the past1 nor the performance of any definite religious duty in the present or the future4 ,any one who can excite himself into the belief that he is regenerate1 or tickle his mind into the pleasant state indicated by the man who1 when asked1 ,how it felt to get religion8 replied that it was just like having warm water poured down your back--any such one1 we say1 may rest assured of his eternal safety4 ,dr4 ,spring is no more exacting with other candidates for conversion than he was with himself4 ,to a sick man who inquires what he shall do8 he answers3 ,believe on the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and thou shalt be saved4 #aca ,but will you not tell me how ,i shall go to him8 ,yes1 ,i can tell you2 you must not go in your own strength2 for your strength is weakness4 ,you must not go in your own righteousness1 for you have none4 ,you must feel your need of ,christ1 and see that he is just the ,saviour adapted to your wants4 ,you must adore1 and love1 and trust him4 4 4 4 4 ,commit to him your entire salvation1 and in all holy 'obedience live devoted to his service4' ,now in all this there is just one practical suggestion1 namely1 to live devoted to ,god's service--and that the man could not follow because he was dying4 ,let our readers contrast ,dr4 ,spring's death-bed ministrations with what a ,catholic priest would have said and done in similar circumstances4 ,the priest would have given definite instruction and divine sacraments2 the preacher has nothing better to offer than a few commonplace generalities from his last ,sunday's sermon4 ,but we must return to the reverend doctor's biography4 ,close upon the heels of his conversion came the resolution to be a minister4 ,the pecuniary difficulties in the way of this change of profession were soon obviated by the generosity of a rich widow of ,salem4 ,there was another obstacle1 however1 of a more serious nature4 ,this was ,mrs4 ,spring4 ,she was not a professed ,christian4 ,she was a worldly woman4 ,she sought the honors of the world4 ,she did not want to be a minister's wife4 ,the doctor had a great respect for her4 ,he was afraid to tell her of his resolution4 ,we must let him describe in his own words how he got out of the difficulty3 ,i then began a course of conduct which ,i have ever since pursued1 and that was1 in all cases where my own duty was plain1 and my resolution formed1 quietly to carry my resolution into effect1 and meet the storm afterward4 ,i did so in the present instance1 though there was no other storm than a plentiful shower of tears4 ,i said nothing to my wife2 nothing to any one except ,mr4 ,evarts4 ,i sent my wife on a visit to my only sister1 the wife of the ,hon4 ,bezaleel ,taft1 at ,uxbridge1 the native place of my father1 where ,i engaged in a few weeks to meet her1 and make a further visit to ,newburyport4 ,she had no suspicion of my views1 and left me with the confident expectation that she would return to ,new ,haven4 ,in the meantime1 after she left me1 ,i was busily employed in arranging my affairs for my removal to ,andover4 ,i announced my purpose to the church at the next prayer-meeting1 and received a fresh impulse from their prayers and benedictions4 ,mr4 ,evarts took my office and my business1 and closed up my unsettled accounts with his accustomed accuracy1 and my ledger now records them4 ,mr4 ,smith1 my old teacher1 laughed at me2 ,judge ,daggett was silent4 ,judge ,rossiter said to me1 ',mr4 ,spring1 the pulpit is your place2 you were formed for the pulpit rather than the bar4' ,my business in ,new ,haven was closed2 my debts paid2 my household furniture1 small as it was1 was carefully stowed away2 my law library1 worth about four hundred dollars1 was disposed of1 and ,i was on my way to ,uxbridge1 ,newburyport1 ,salem1 and ,andover4 ,when ,i reached ,uxbridge1 and was once more in the bosom of my little family1 ,i felt that the trial had come4 ,i could not at once disclose my plans to my wife1 and was saved that painful interview by the suspicions of ,mr4 ,taft1 who told her that he believed ,i was going to be a clergyman6 ,she laughed at him2 but she saw a change in my deportment1 and began to suspect it herself4 ,i told her all4 ,she went to her chamber and wept for a long time4 ,but she came down1 subdued indeed1 but placid as a lamb1 and simply said1 ',it is all over now2 ,i am ready4' ,oh1 how kindly has ,god watched over me6 ,it seems as though the promise was fulfilled1 ',return unto thy country and to thy kindred1 and ,i will deal well with thee4' ,some day or two before we left ,uxbridge1 ,mr4 ,taft said to me1 ',brother ,spring1 ,i have a case before ,justice ,adams this morning2 you are still a lawyer1 and ,i want you to go and argue it with me4' ,the thought struck me pleasantly1 and ,i resolved to go2 but instead of assisting him1 without his knowledge ,i engaged myself to what ,i thought the weaker party2 and my last effort at the bar was in battling with my sister's husband1 and in the place of my father's nativity4 #acb ,after eight months devoted to the study of theology at the ,andover seminary1 ,mr4 ,spring was licensed to preach and received a call from the ,brick church in ,new ,york4 ,as a preliminary to his ordination1 it was necessary for him to preach a trial sermon before the presbytery1 and to submit to an examination as to his orthodoxy4 ,in this latter test he did not give unqualified satisfaction1 nevertheless they passed him1 and he was duly ordained to the pastorship4 ,as a salve1 we suppose1 for their consciences1 the presbytery deputed the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,milledollar1 one of their number1 to talk with the young minister1 and try to reason him out of certain heterodox opinions which he entertained upon the subject of human ability4 ,the result of the interview was that1 in ,dr4 ,milledollar's judgment1 the best way of curing a man of such views was to dip his head in cold water4 ,it was but a dismal religion of which he now became the minister4 ,tears1 gloom1 discomfort1 and brokenness of heart were the characteristics of the spiritual life1 and peace of mind was an alarming symptom of the dominion of the devil4 ,newark is again highly favored1 writes the minister to his parents3 there are not less than five hundred persons very solemn4 ,my people appear solemn2 they were so at the lecture on ,thursday evening4 ,i preached on ,monday to a very solemn audience at my own house4 ,the state of things in the congregation1 notwithstanding the war1 is looking up4 ,our public meetings and our social gatherings are more full and more solemn4 ,he visits ,paris1 and there passes an evening with a small party of his countrymen3 ,we could not refrain from weeping during the whole time we were together4 ,the quantity of tears shed in the course of the book is positively appalling4 ,of course there is nothing that remotely resembles the gift of tears with which ,almighty ,god sometimes rewards and consoles his saints4 ,it is merely a perpetual gush of mawkish sentimentality1 and we defy anybody to read these ,reminiscences without having before him an image of the whole ,brick church with chronic redness of the eyes4 ,a member of the congregation went to the doctor once with a request that he would baptize a child4 ,he was not one of the weepers1 or1 as ,dr4 ,spring expresses it1 not a religious man4 ,the opportunity was too good to be lost4 ,the doctor labored with him1 preached at him1 probably wept at him1 tried to impress him with the solemnity and privilege of the transaction1 did not baptize his child1 but finally prayed with him and urged him to come again4 ,the result of the exhortation is a good commentary upon the whole system of sentimental spasmodic religion3 ,he went away1 says ,dr4 ,spring1 and being requested by his wife to have another interview with me1 replied1 ',no2 you will not catch me there again4' ,we suppose that the child was not baptized2 but that1 according to ,dr4 ,spring1 and in spite of the ,bible1 makes very little difference4 ,it was his rule to baptize only those children1 one of whose parents was a professed ,christian--that is to say1 a member of the church2 and except in one instance he has never varied from this strict practice4 ,that1 he says1 was in the case of a sick and dying grandchild1 whose father was a man of prayer1 but not a communicant1 and ,i myself professed to stand in loco parentis1 ,i now look upon the whole transaction as wrong4 ,dr4 ,spring has done a great deal of theological fighting in his day2 but his foes have been chiefly those of his own household4 ,now and then he has carried the war into foreign countries1 as at the time of the famous ,school ,question in ,new ,york1 when he had a tilt with ,bishop ,hughes before the ,common ,council1 and got decidedly the worst of it2 but for the most part he has devoted himself to intestine feuds4 ,the controversy between ,hopkinsians #acc and ,calvinists in the ,presbyterian denomination2 the disputes in the ,american ,bible ,society2 the schism in the ,young ,men's ,missionary ,society of ,new ,york2 the effort to create a division in the ,american ,home ,missionary ,society2 the controversies about the ,new ,haven school of theology and the exscinding acts of the ,general ,assembly2--these and many other religious quarrels took up a great deal of the doctor's time1 and he still writes about them with no little acrimony and personal feeling4 ,we subjoin a few extracts3 ,the wrath of the ,philadelphia ,synod is praising the ,lord4 ,we shall have a battle in the spring1 and lay a heavy hand upon that report4 ,i shall not hesitate to take my life in my hand if ,providence allows me to go to the ,assembly4--vol4 i41 p4#gj4 ,the ,rev4 ,ezra ,stiles ,ely had published his celebrated work1 entitled ',the ,contrast1' the object of which is to show the points of difference between the views of ,hopkinsian and ,calvinistic theology4 ,it was addressed to prejudice and ignorance1 and was aimed at the youthful pastor of the ,brick church4--,vol4 i41 p4 #abi4 ,i find my heart strangely suspicious4 ,sometimes ,i am resolved to withdraw from the ,missionary and ,education cause1 because ,i foresee they will be scenes of contention4 ,but then1 again1 ,i know they are exposed to evils1 and the church is exposed to evils1 through the mismanagement of these excellent institutions1 which perhaps ,i may prevent4--,vol ii41 p4 #gh4 ,we doubt whether ,dr4 ,spring's clerical brethren like the following passage2 but anyhow1 there is a great deal of truth in it3 ,there have been spurious revivals in my day1 and the means of promoting them are the index of their character4 ,in such seasons of excitement1 great dependence is placed on the way and means of getting them up1 and little of the impression sic that not a soul will be converted unless it be accomplished by the power of ,god4 ,whatever the words of the leaders may profess1 their conduct proclaims1 ',mine own arm hath done this6' ,there is a familiarity1 a boldness1 an irreverence in their prayers1 which ill becomes worms of the dust in approaching him before whom angels veil their faces4 ,a pious and poor woman1 in coming out from a religious service thus conducted1 once said1 ',i cannot think what it is that makes our ministers swear so in their prayers4' ,they count their converts1 and when they survey their work1 there is a triumph1 a self-reliant exultation over it1 which looks like the triumph of the pagan monarch1 when he exclaimed1 ',is not this great ,babylon which ,i have built6' ,and hence it is that so many of the subjects of such a work1 after the excitement is over1 find that their own hearts have deceived them1 that they are no longer affected by solemn preaching and solemn prayers1 that their past emotions were nothing more than the operations of nature1 and that when these natural causes have exhausted their power there is no religion left4--,vol4 i41 p4 #bai4 ,dr4 ,spring gives a curious illustration of the length to which excitement sometimes carries the poor victims of the revivalists1 in the case of a ,mrs4 ,pierson1 around whose lifeless body her husband assembled a company of believers1 with the assurance that if they prayed in faith1 she would be restored to life4 ,their feelings were greatly excited1 their impressions of their success peculiar and strong4 ,they prayed and prayed again1 and prayed in faith1 but they were disappointed1 vol4 i41 p4 #bbi4 ,he is rather free sometimes in his criticisms upon his brother ministers4 ,he listens to a sermon from the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,finney1 a noted revivalist1 and says that there was nothing exceptionable in it except a vulgarity that indicated a want of culture1 and a coarseness unbecoming the ,christian pulpit4 ,he hears a ,mr4 ,broadway preach at sea1 and thus records his impressions3 ,i must say he is a ,john ,bull of a preacher4 ,what a pity that men who need to be taught what are the first principles of the oracles of ,god1 should undertake to teach others6 ,we dare say ,dr4 ,spring's judgment of both these gentlemen was sound2 but we see no propriety in printing it4 ,he made several voyages to ,europe1 and travelled through ,france1 ,germany1 and ,great ,britain4 ,respecting the state of ,protestantism in ,france1 he makes some significant admissions3 ,protestantism in ,france is not what ,i have been in the habit of considering it4 #acd ,i knew it was in a measure corrupt1 but not to the extent in which ,i actually find it4 ,i do not think that the ,romanists1 as a body1 have much confidence in the ,roman religion4 ,but the mischief is that when thinking men throw off the bonds of ,romanism1 they relapse into infidelity4 4 4 4 4 ,true religion in ,france finds its most bitter and unwearied enemies in ,protestants themselves4 ,the ,protestants of this country are high ,arians1 if not absolute ,socinians4 ,there are now #ahce three hundred and fifty-eight ,protestant pastors in ,france1 beside their few vacant churches4 ,but there are comparatively few among them all who love and obey the truth4--,vol1 ii41 pp4 #bfj1 #cfa4 ,the pages devoted to his ,european tours are remarkable exemplifications of the truth of the old adage1 that coelum1 non animum1 mutant qui trans mare currunt4 ,wherever he goes1 his breadth of vision seems bounded by his own pulpit4 ,the venerable cathedrals of ,europe1 rich with the noblest memories1 and the great historic places haunted by the grandest associations of the past1 fill him with no thoughts more elevated than those awakened by the ,brick church4 ,he sees everything distorted through the medium of his own inveterate prejudices4 ,if he visits a religious shrine1 he can think of nothing but the abominations of the scarlet woman of ,babylon4 ,if he sees a convent1 he tells us a cock-and-bull story about subterranean passages paved with the bones of infants4 ,if he witnesses some grand and imposing ceremonial1 he throws up his eyes1 rushes out of the church1 and1 while he shakes the dust off his feet1 groans over the wickedness of the ,romish priests and their blasphemous mummeries1 farcical shows1 and hypocritical disguises4 ,one ,sunday1 while at ,paris1 he went with the well-known missionary4 ,dr4 ,jonas ,king1 and some other ,american friends1 to visit a hill called ,mont ,calvaire1 near the city1 to which numbers of pilgrims were then resorting4 ,they filled their pockets with tracts1 which they distributed1 right and left1 among the thousands that were going up and down the mountain4 ,they even interrupted kneeling worshippers at their prayers to give them tracts4 ,these valuable gifts were received with avidity1 for1 as the narrator elsewhere explains1 our respectable parsons were mistaken for ,catholic missionaries4 ,a few days afterward they made another excursion of the same sort to ,mont ,calvaire4 ,we give the conclusion of the adventure in the words of ,dr4 ,king1 from whose journal ,dr4 ,spring copies it3 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,wilder1 and ,miss ,bertau1 and ,mr4 ,storrow's children1 had gone to ,mount ,calvary to distribute tracts and ,testaments4 ,dr4 ,spring and myself1 having filled our pockets1 and hats1 and hands1 with tracts and ,testaments1 set off with the hope to find them4 ,just as we began to ascend the mountain1 we met them coming at a distance4 ,on meeting them1 they informed us that they had been stopped by the ,commissary of the ,police1 and that a gendarme1 by order of the missionaries 7,rom4 ,c4 ,m471 had taken away their tracts and ,testaments1 and prohibited them in the name of the law to distribute any more on ,mount ,calvary4 ,mr4 ,w4 advised us not to proceed with the intention of distributing those which we had4 ,we however1 went1 giving to every one we met1 till we came in sight of the gendarmes1 when we ceased giving1 but occasionally let some fall from our pockets1 which the wind1 which was very high1 scattered in all directions1 and were gathered up by the crowd4 ,at length we arrived at the top of the mountain1 took our stand on the highest elevation near the cross1 and there1 in our own language1 offered up1 each of us1 a prayer to the ,god of heaven for direction1 and to have mercy on those tens of thousands that we saw around us1 bowing before graven images4 ,i then felt in some degree strengthened to go on1 and1 taking a tract from my pocket1 presented it to a lady who stood near me1 and who appeared to be a lady of some distinction4 ,she received it with thanks1 and ,i was not noticed by the gendarmes4 ,dr4 ,s4 let some fall from his pocket1 and we made our way down to one of the stations4 ,there he laid some on the charity-box1 while ,i stood before him1 to hide what he did4 ,we then went to another station1 and ,i gave ten or twelve to a lady1 whom ,i charged to distribute them4 ,the heroism of these ,presbyterian missionaries1 who go up and down hill1 dropping divine truth from their coat-tails1 reminds us of a crazy old lady #aceso in ,new ,york1 whose will was lately contested before our courts4 ,she had peculiar ideas of her own on the subject of politics and the war1 and used to inscribe her thoughts on great paper kites1 and give them to little boys to fly in the ,central ,park1 in the belief that the words would somehow or another be disseminated through the city4 ,imagine ,st4 ,francis ,xavier setting sail for the ,indies with his hat1 and pockets1 and hands full of tracts1 scattering them broad-cast along the inhospitable shores1 or trusting them to the breezes1 like those charitable ,buddhists ,father ,huc tells of1 who go up a high mountain on windy days1 and throw into the air little paper horses1 which being blown away are1 as they believe1 miraculously changed into real horses for the benefit of belated travellers4 ,suppose ,father ,matthew1 instead of preaching a crusade against drunkenness1 had contented himself with sneaking into shibeens and taverns1 and1 behind the friendly shelter of a companion's back1 had deposited little bundles of temperance tracts on the top of every barrel of whiskey1 as if he expected them to explode like a torpedo1 and fill the air with virtue4 ,or what would ,dr4 ,spring think if some ,sunday1 in the midst of his prayer1 two or three ,catholic priests should march into the ,brick church and distribute ,challoner's ,catechisms up and down the aisles1 making the solemn ,presbyterians get up from their knees to receive them8 ,it would not be a bit more outrageous than the doctor's behavior during the mission on ,mont ,calvaire4 ,american travellers in ,europe1 especially of the fanatical sort1 are but too apt to disgrace themselves and their country by their conduct in sacred places4 ,here is another extract from ,dr4 ,spring's book which no respectable ,american can read without blushing4 ,the incident occurred in the famous cathedral of ,rouen1 built by ,william the ,conqueror1 and reckoned the finest specimen of ,gothic architecture in ,france3 ,a little circumstance occurred here that was somewhat amusing4 6 ,mr4 ,van ,rensallear1 in order to procure some little relic of the place1 instead of gathering some flowers1 broke off the nose of one of the marble saints6 ,he hoped to escape the detection of the guide1 but unfortunately1 on leaving the cathedral1 we had to pass the mutilated statue1 and were charged with the sacrilege4 ,it was a lady saint whose sanctity our gallantry had thus violated1 and we had to meet the most terrific volleys of abuse4 ,a few glittering coins1 however1 obtained absolution for us1 but neither entreaty nor cash could obtain the nose4 ,that must have been a funny scene one ,sunday in crossing the ocean1 when the doctor and his wife1 and the rest of the passengers1 held service under difficulties3 ,we assembled for praise and prayer4 ,susan was quite sea-sick1 yet she came on deck4 ,the day was cold1 and she sat with a hot potato in each hand to keep her warm4 ,this is certainly the oddest preparation for approaching the throne of grace that we ever heard of4 ,mrs4 ,spring is a prominent figure all through the book1 giving her reverend husband advice and comfort1 and helping him in the work of the ministry1 especially with regard to the women of the flock4 ,he laments in his introductory chapter that the death of his beloved ,mrs4 ,spring must leave a vacuum in these pages which nothing can fill4 ,in the second volume he gives a long and detailed account of her sufferings in child-bed when she became the mother of a lovely daughter4 ,when she died in #ahfj1 he wrote in his diary as follows3 ,i have been her husband and she my wife for four-and-fifty years2 our attachment has been mutual1 and strong and sweet to the end4 ,i had no friend on earth in whom ,i had such reliance2 no counsellor so wise2 no comforter so precious4 ,for the last thirty years we have rarely differed in opinion2 when we did1 ,i generally found she was right and ,i was was wrong2 and when ,i persevered in my #acf judgment she knew how to yield her wishes to mine1 and would sometimes say with a smile1 ',god has set the man above the woman4 ,you are king1 my husband2 but ,i am the queen6' ,in all my ministry1 in sickness and in health1 at home and abroad1 by night and by day1 ,i never knew her own convenience1 comfort1 or pleasure take the place of my duty to the people of my charge4 4 4 4 4 ,i bless ,god that ,i had such a wife--that ,i had her at all1 and that ,i had her so long4 4 4 4 ,my darling wife1 ,i give you joy3 but what shall ,i do without you8 ,this last question is soon answered in an unexpected manner4 ,only eight pages further on1 ,dr4 ,spring1 aged eighty1 records the following passage3 ,april #acth1 #ahfe4--,my sweet wife was too valuable a woman ever to be forgotten4 ,the preceding sketch furnishes but the outline of her excellences1 which ,i have presented more at large at the close of the sermon commemorative of one who was my first love4 ,i never thought ,i could love another4 ,but ,i was advanced beyond my threescore years and ten1 partially blind1 and needed a helper fitted to my age and condition2 no one needs such a helper more than a man in my advanced years4 ,i sought1 and ,god gave me another wife4 ,a few days only more than a year after the death of ,mrs4 ,spring1 on the #adth of ,august1 #ahfa1 ,i was married to ,abba ,grosvenor ,williams1 the only surviving child of the late ,elisha ,williams1 ,esq41 a distinguished member of the bar4 ,she is the heiress of a large ,property1 and retains it in her own hands4 ,she is intent on her duty as a wife1 watchful of my wants1 takes good care of me1 is an excellent housekeeper1 and instead of adding to the expenses of my household1 shares them with her husband4--,vol4 ii41 pp4 #ia1 #ib4 ,with this extract1 ,dr4 ,spring may be left to the charity of our readers4 ,we have said nothing of the vanity which allows him freely to quote the commendations of his friends on his efforts in the pulpit and his publications through the press2 because1 inconsistent as it may be with a very elevated piety1 it is a weakness that might be pardoned in such an old man4 ,but we cannot help remarking how on every page he gives evidence of the utter baselessness of the thing he calls religion2 the unsubstantial1 unsatisfying character of those human emotions which he perpetually mistakes for the operations of the ,holy ,ghost2 and the strangely unreal1 unsanctified nature of the fit of mental perturbation which he denotes conversion and labors so hard to produce4 ,the conclusion to which every unprejudiced person must come1 on closing the volumes1 is that ,dr4 ,spring has lived in vain4 ------ #acg ,,miscellany4 ,arabian ,laughing ,plant4--,in ,palgrave's ,central and ,eastern ,arabia some particulars are given in regard to a carious narcotic plant4 ,its seeds1 in which the active principal seems chiefly to reside1 when pounded and administered in a small dose1 produce effects much like those ascribed to ,sir ,humphrey ,davy's laughing gas2 the patient dances1 sings1 and performs a thousand extravagances1 till after an hour of great excitement to himself and amusement to the bystanders1 he falls asleep1 and on awaking has lost all memory of what he did or said while under the influence of the drug4 ,to put a pinch of this powder into the coffee of some unexpecting individual is not an uncommon joke1 nor is it said that it was ever followed by serious consequences1 though an over quantity might perhaps be dangerous4 ,the author tried it on two individuals1 but in proportions if not absolutely homoeopathic1 still sufficiently minute to keep on the safe side1 and witnessed its operation1 laughable enough but very harmless4 ,the plant that hears these berries hardly attains in ,kaseem the height of six inches above the ground1 but in ,oman were seen bushes of it three or four feet in growth1 and wide-spreading4 ,the stems are woody1 and of a yellow tinge when barked2 the leaf of a dark green color1 and pinnated with about twenty leaflets on either side2 the stalks smooth and shining2 the flowers are yellow1 and grow in tufts1 the anthers numerous1 the fruit is a capsule1 stuffed with greenish padding1 in which lie imbedded two or three black seeds1 in size and shape much like ,french beans2 their taste sweetish1 but with a peculiar opiate flavor2 the smell heavy and almost sickly4 ,the ,congelation of ,animals4--,it is generally supposed that certain animals cannot be frozen without the production of fatal results1 and that others can tolerate any degree of congelation4 ,both these views have been shown to be incorrect in a paper read before the ,french ,academy1 by ,m4 ,pouchet4 ,the writer arrives at the following conclusions3 7#a47 ,the first effect produced by the application of cold is contraction of the capillary blood-vessels4 ,this may be observed with the microscope4 ,the vessels become so reduced in calibre that the blood-globules are unable to enter them4 7#b47 ,the second effect is the alteration in form and structure of the blood-globules themselves4 ,these alterations are of three kinds3 7a7 the nucleus bursts from the surrounding envelope2 7b7 the nucleus undergoes alteration of form2 7c7 the borders of the globule become crenated1 and assume a deeper color than usual4 7#c47 ,when an animal is completely frozen1 and when1 consequently1 its blood-globules have become disorganized1 it is dead--nothing can then re-animate it4 7#d47 ,when the congelation is partial1 those organs which have been completely frozen become gangrenous and are destroyed4 7#e47 ,if the partial congelation takes place to a very slight extent1 there are not many altered globules sent into the general circulation2 and hence life is not compromised4 7#f47 ,if1 on the contrary1 it is extensive1 the quantity of altered globules is so great that the animal perishes4 7#g47 ,on this account an animal which is partially frozen may live a long time if the congelation is maintained1 the altered globules not entering into the general circulation2 but1 on the contrary1 it dies if heat be suddenly applied1 owing to the blood becoming charged with altered globules4 7#h47 ,in all cases of fatal congelation the animal dies from decomposition or alteration of the blood-globules1 and not from stupefaction of the nervous system4 ,ordnance and ,targets4--,the ,admiralty having erected a new target1 representing a portion of the side of the ,hercules1 experiments were made at ,shoeburyness which proved that a thickness of armor casing had been attained which afforded perfect security against even the largest guns recently constructed4 ,the target has a facing of #ach #i-;inch armor-plates1 and contains altogether eleven inches thickness of iron4 ,against this three #ab-ton shunt guns were fired1 at a distance of only #bjj yards1 with charges varying from #de lbs4 to #fj lbs4 of powder4 ,one steel shot1 of #cjj lbs4 weight1 #aj-a_/b inches in diameter1 fired with #fj lbs4 of powder1 at a velocity of #a1dej feet per second1 barely broke through the armor1 without injuring the backing4 ,sir ,william ,armstrong has expressed his conviction1 in the ,times1 that the #fjj-pounder gun will be unable to penetrate this target1 and that it will1 in fact1 require a gun carrying #abj lbs4 of powder and steel shot to pierce this massive shield4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,unwin has pointed out1 in a letter to the ,engineer1 that for similar guns with shot of similar form1 and charges in a constant ratio to the weight of the shot1 the velocity is nearly constant4 ,then1 assuming the resistance of the plates to be as the squares of their thicknesses1 it follows that when the diameter of the shot increases1 as well as the thickness of the armor1 the maximum thickness perforated will 7by theory7 vary as the cube root of the weight of the shot1 or1 in other words1 as the calibre of the gun2 and the weight of the shot necessary to penetrate different thicknesses of armor will be as the cubes of those thicknesses4 ,the ratio deduced from the ,shoeburyness experiments is somewhat less than this1 being as the #b4e power and the #e4b power respectively4 ,practical formula deduced from experiments are given1 which agree with ,sir ,william ,armstrong's conclusion1 and prove that a gun which can effectively burn a charge of at least #ajj lbs4 of powder will be required to effectually penetrate the side of the ,hercules4 ,the ,moa's ,egg4--,since our last issue a splendid specimen of the egg of the ,dinornis has been exhibited in this country1 put up to auction1 and bought in by the proprietors for #abe4 ,some interesting details concerning the history of gigantic birds' eggs have been supplied by a contemporary1 and we quote them for our readers3 ,in #ahed1 ,m4 ,geoffroy de ,st4 ,hilaire exhibited to the ,french ,academy some eggs of the ,epyornis1 a bird which formerly lived in ,madagascar4 ,the larger of these was #ab4a inches long1 and #aa4h inches wide2 the smaller one was slightly less than this4 ,the ,museum d',histoire ,naturelle at ,paris also contains two eggs1 both of which are larger than the one recently put up for sale1 the longer axis of which measures #aj inches1 and the shorter #g inches4 ,in the discussion which followed the reading of ,m4 de ,st4 ,hilaire's paper1 ,m4 ,valenciennes stated it was quite impossible to judge of the size of a bird by the size of its egg1 and gave several instances in point4 ,mr4 ,strickland1 in some ,notices of the ,dodo and its ,kindred1 published in the ,annals of ,natural ,history for ,november1 #ahdi1 says that in the previous year a ,mr4 ,dumarele1 a highly respectable ,french merchant at ,bourbon1 saw at ,port ,leven1 ,madagascar1 an enormous egg1 which held thirteen wine quart bottles of fluid4 ,the natives stated that the egg was found in the jungle1 and observed that such eggs were very1 very rarely met with4 ,mr4 ,strickland appears to doubt this1 but there seems no reason to do so4 ,allowing a pint and a half to each of the so-called quarts1 the egg would hold #ai-a_/b pints4 ,now1 the larger egg exhibited by ,st4 ,hilaire held #ag-a_/b pints1 as he himself proved4 ,the difference is not so very great4 ,a word or two about the nests of such gigantic birds4 ,captain ,cook found1 on an island near the north-east coast of ,new ,holland1 a nest of a most enormous size4 ,it was built with sticks upon the ground1 and was no less than six-and-twenty feet in circumference1 and two feet eight inches high4 7,kerr's ,collection of ,voyages and ,travels1 xiii4 #cah47 ,captain ,flinders found two similar nests on the south coasts of ,new ,holland1 in ,king ,george's ,bay4 ,in his ,voyage1 etc41 ,london1 #ahah1 he says3 ,they were built upon the ground1 from which they rose above two feet1 and were of vast circumference and great interior capacity2 the branches of trees and other matter of which each nest was composed being enough to fill a cart4--,the ,reader4 ,the ,birds of ,siberia4--,in an important treatise1 published under the patronage of the ,imperial ,geographical ,society of ,st4 ,petersburg1 and which is the second of a series intended to be issued on ,siberian zoology1 the author1 ,herr ,radde1 not only records the species1 but gives an account of the period of the migration of ,siberian birds4 ,he #aci gives a list of #cfh species1 which he refers to the following orders3 ,rapaces1 #cf2 ,scansores1 #ai2 ,oscines1 #adj2 ,gallinaceae1 #ah2 ,grallatores1 #gd2 and ,natatores1 #ha4 ,concerning the migration of birds1 ,herr ,radde confirms the result arrived at by ,von ,middendorf in his learned memoir1 ,die ,isepiptesen ,russlands2 the most important of them being1 7#a7 that the high table-land of ,asia and the bordering ranges of the ,altai1 ,sajan1 and ,dauria retard the arrival of the migratory birds2 7#b7 eastward of the upper ,lena1 toward the east coast of ,siberia1 a considerable retardation of migrants is again noticeable2 and 7#h7 the times of arrival at the northern edge of the ,mongolian high steppes are altogether earlier than those of the same species on the ,amoor4 ,plants within ,plants4--,in one of the recent numbers of the ,comptes ,rendus1 ,n4 ,trcul gives an account of some curious observations1 showing that plants sometimes are formed within the cells of existing ones4 ,he considers that the organic matter of certain vegetable cells can1 when undergoing putrefaction1 transform itself into new species1 which differ entirely from the species in which they are produced4 ,in the bark of the elder1 and in plants of the potato and stone-crop order1 he found vesicles full of small tetrahedral bodies containing starchy matter1 and he has seen them gradually transformed into minute plants by the elongation of one of their angles4 ,the ,extract of ,meat4--,baron ,liebig1 who has favored us with some admirable samples of this excellent preparation1 has also forwarded to us a letter in which he very clearly explains what is the exact nutritive value of the extractum carnis3 ,the meat1 says the baron1 as it comes from the butcher1 contains two different series of compounds4 ,the first consists of the so-called albuminous principles 7albumen1 fibrin7 and of glue-forming membrane4 ,of these1 fibrin and albumen have a high nutritive power1 although not if taken by themselves4 ,the second series consists of crystallizable substances1 viz41 creatin1 creatinin1 sarcin1 which are exclusively to be found in meat2 further1 of non-crystallizable organic principles and salts 7phosphate and chloride of potassium71 which are not to be found elsewhere4 ,all of these together are called the extractives of meat4 ,to the second series of substances beef-tea owes its flavor and efficacy1 the same being the case with the extractum carnis1 which is1 in fact1 nothing but solid beef-tea--that is1 beef-tea from which the water has been evaporated4 ,beside the substances already mentioned1 meat contains1 as a non-essential constituent1 a varying amount of fat4 ,now neither fibrin nor albumen is to be found in the extractum carnis which bears my name1 and gelatine 7glue7 and fat are purposely excluded from it4 ,in the preparation of the extract the albuminous principles are left in the residue4 ,this residue1 by the separation of all soluble principles1 which are taken up in the extract1 loses its nutritive power1 and cannot be made an article of trade in any palatable form4 ,were it possible to furnish the market at a reasonable price with a preparation of meat containing both the albuminous and extractive principles1 such a preparation would have to be preferred to the extractum carnis1 for it would contain all the nutritive constituents of the meat4 ,but there is1 ,i think1 no prospect of this being realized4 ,these remarks show very clearly the actual value of the extract4 ,it is1 in fact1 concentrated beef-tea2 but it is neither the equivalent of flesh on the one hand1 nor an imperfectly nutritive substance on the other4 ,it is1 nevertheless1 a most valuable preparation1 and now commands an extensive sale in these countries and abroad2 and it is1 furthermore1 the only valuable form in which the carcases of ,south ,american cattle 7heretofore thrown away as valueless7 can be utilized4--,popular ,science ,review4 ------ #adj ,,new ,,publications4 ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,reverend ,,john ,,hughes1 ,d4,d41 ,first ,archbishop of ,new ,york4 ,with ,extracts from his ,private ,correspondence4 ,by ,john ,r4 ,g4 ,hassard4 ,pp4 #eai4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,hassard is one of our most promising writers4 ,he contributed several excellent articles to ,appleton's ,cyclopaedia1 edited ,the ,catholic ,world with judgment and good taste for several months at its first establishment1 and since that time has occupied the position of editor of the ,chicago ,republican4 ,this is his first literary essay of serious magnitude1 and a more delicate or difficult task could not well have been confided to his hands4 ,he has fulfilled it with care1 thoroughness1 and impartiality4 ,the style in which it is written is remarkably correct and scholarly1 and exhibits a thorough acquaintance with the ,english language as well as a pure and discriminating taste in the choice of words4 ,it is a kind of style which attracts no attention to itself or to the author1 but is simply a medium through which the subject-matter of the work is presented to the reader's mind2 and this1 in our view1 is no small merit4 ,the subject-matter itself is prepared and arranged in a methodical1 accurate1 and complete manner1 which leaves nothing in that regard to be desired4 ,the work belongs to that class of historical compositions which chronicle particular events and incidents1 relate facts and occurrences as they happened1 and leave them1 for the most part1 to make their own impression4 ,the author has endeavored to take photographs of his illustrious subject1 and of the scenes of his private and public life1 but not to paint a picture or his character and his times4 ,those who are already familiar with the scenes1 the persons1 and the circumstances brought into view in connection with the personal history of the archbishop1 and who were personally acquainted with himself1 could ask for no more than is furnished in this biography4 ,we have thought1 however1 in reading it1 that other readers would miss that filling up and those illuminating touches from the author's pen which would make the history as vivid and real to their minds as it is made to our own by memory4 ,a graphic and complete view of the history of the ,catholic ,church1 so far as ,archbishop ,hughes was a principal actor in it1 and of the results of his labors in the priesthood and episcopate1 is necessary to a just estimate of his ecclesiastical career1 is still a desideratum4 ,in saying this1 we do not intend to find fault with ,mr4 ,hassard for not supplying it4 ,he has accomplished the task which he undertook in a competent manner1 and produced a work of sterling merit and lasting value4 ,we could wish that the biographies of several other distinguished prelates1 of the same period1 might be written with the same minuteness and fidelity1 and1 above all others1 those of ,bishop ,england and ,archbishop ,kenrick4 ,very few men could endure the ordeal of passing through the hands of a biographer so coldly impartial as ,mr4 ,hassard4 ,but those who are able to pass through it1 and who still appear to be great men1 and to have lived a life of great public service1 may be certain that their genuine1 intrinsic worth will be recognized after their death1 and not be thought to be the coinage of an interested advocate1 or the furbished counterfeit whose glitter disappears in the crucible4 ,moreover1 the reader of history will be satisfied that he gets at the reality of things1 and the writer of history that he has authentic data and materials on which to base his judgments of men and events4 ,no doubt this species of history would disclose many defects and weaknesses1 many human infirmities and errors1 in the individuals who figure in it1 and lay bare much that is unsightly and repulsive in the state of things as described4 ,this is true of all ecclesiastical history4 ,truth dissipates many romantic and poetic illusions of the imagination1 which loves to picture to itself an ideal state of perfection and ideal heroes far different from the real world and real men4 ,nevertheless1 it manifests more clearly the heroic and divine element really existing and working in the world and in men1 and manifesting itself especially in the ,catholic ,church4 #ada ,we believe1 therefore1 that the divinity of the ,catholic religion would only be more clearly exhibited1 the more thoroughly its history in the ,united ,states was brought to light4 ,we believe1 also1 that the character and works of its valiant and loyal champions will be the more fully vindicated the more dispassionately and impartially they are tried and judged4 ,a calm consideration of the condition of ,catholicity1 thirty-five or forty years ago in this country1 in contrast with its present state1 will enable us to judge of the work accomplished by the men who have been the principal agents in bringing about the change4 ,let us reflect for a moment what a difference it would have made in the history of the ,catholic religion here1 if some eight or ten of the principal ,catholic champions had not lived2 and we may then estimate the power and influence they have exerted4 ,leaving aside the numerical and material extension of the ,catholic ,church under the administration of its prelates and the clergy of the second order1 we look at the change in public sentiment alone1 and the vindication of the ,catholic cause by argument at the bar of common reason1 where it has gained a signal argumentative triumph over ,protestantism and prejudice1 through the ability and courage of its advocates and the soundness of their cause4 ,the principal men among the first champions of the ,catholic faith who began this warfare were1 in the ,atlantic states1 ,dr4 ,cheverus1 ,dr4 ,england1 ,dr4 ,hughes1 and ,dr4 ,power4 ,we speak from an intimate and perfect knowledge of the common ,protestant sentiment on this matter1 and with a distinct remembrance of the dread which these last three names1 and the veneration which the first of them1 inspired4 ,every one who knows what the almost universal sentiment of the ,protestant community respecting the ,catholic religion and its hierarchy was1 is well aware that it was a sentiment of intense abhorrence mingled with fear4 ,it was looked upon as a system of preternatural wickedness and might1 and yet1 by a strange inconsistency1 as a system of utter folly and absurdity1 which no reasonable and conscientious man could intelligently and honestly embrace4 ,the priesthood were regarded as a species of human demons1 and those among them who possessed extraordinary ability1 were believe to have a diabolical power to make the worse appear the better reason and the devil an angel of light4 ,those whose sanctity was so evident that it broke down all prejudice1 as ,bishop ,cheverus1 were supposed not to be initiated into the mysteries of the ,catholic religion1 but to be at heart really ,protestants1 blinded to the errors of their system by education1 and duped by their more cunning associates1 like ,father ,clement in the well-known tale of that name4 ,the ,catholic clergy were shunned and ostracised1 looked on as outlaws and public enemies1 worthy of no courtesy and no mercy4 ,their religion was regarded as unworthy of a hearing1 a thing to be scouted and denounced1 trampled upon like a noxious serpent and crushed1 if possible4 ,contempt would be the proper word to express the common estimation of it1 if there had not been too much fear and hatred to make contempt possible4 ,its antagonists wished and tried to despise it and its advocates1 but could not4 ,every sort of calumny and vituperation was showered upon them by the preachers1 the lecturers1 and the writers for the press who made ,catholicity their theme4 ,some1 perhaps many1 honorable exceptions1 which were always multiplying with time1 must be understood1 particularly in ,boston1 ,baltimore1 and ,charleston4 ,john ,hughes1 the poor ,irish lad1 who had knelt behind the hay-rick on his father's farm to pray to ,god and the ,blessed ,virgin to make him a priest1 who had come to this country with no implement to clear his way to greatness but the pick and shovel which he manfully grasped1 was one of those who were chosen to lead the van in the assault against this rampart of prejudice4 ,that he vanquished his proud and scornful antagonists is an undoubted fact4 ,beginning his studies1 as a favor reluctantly conceded to him on account of his importunity1 at a later period than usual1 with a grammar in one hand and a spade in the other1 he was first a priest1 faithful to his duty among many faithless1 courageous and enterprising among many who were timid1 strong among many weak1 staunch and unflinching in a time of schism1 scandal1 and disaster1 and bold enough not only to lay new foundations for the church of ,philadelphia1 which others have since built upon1 while the old ones were half crumbled1 and to repress mutiny and disorder in the ranks of his own people1 but to #adb attack1 single-handed1 the enemies who were exulting over the discord and feebleness which they thought foreboded the disruption of the ,catholic body4 ,this1 too1 almost without encouragement1 and with no hearty support from those who were older and more thoroughly trained and equipped in the service than himself4 ,he became the coadjutor and successor of the very man who had refused his first application to be allowed to purchase the privilege of studying under him1 by his daily labor4 ,he died the metropolitan of a province embracing all ,new ,york1 ,new ,jersey1 and ,new ,england1 and including eight suffragan bishoprics with more than a million of ,catholics2 confessedly the most conspicuous man among his fellow-bishops in the view of ,catholics and ,protestants alike1 one of the most trusted and honored of his compeers at the ,see of ,rome1 well known throughout ,catholic ,christendom1 a confidential adviser and a powerful supporter of the ,united ,states government1 a recognized illustrious citizen of the ,american republic as well as one of the ornaments of his native country1 with all the signs and tributes of universal honor and respect at his funeral obsequies which are accorded to distinguished personal character or official station4 ,let the most severe and impartial critic apply his mind to separate1 in this distinguished and useful career1 the personal and individual force impelling the man through it1 from the concurrence of ,divine ,providence1 the aid of favorable circumstances and high position1 the supernatural power of the character with which he was marked1 and of the system which he administered1 and the strength and volume of the current of events on which he was borne1 and1 if we mistake not1 he will find something strong enough to stand all his tests4 ,an ordinary man might have worked his way into the priesthood1 fulfilled its duties with zeal and success1 attained the episcopal and metropolitan dignity1 won respect by his administration1 and left a flourishing diocese to his successor4 ,but an ordinary man could never have gained the power and influence possessed by ,archbishop ,hughes4 ,our early and original impressions of his remarkable power of intellect and will have been strengthened and fixed by reading his biography1 and the greatness of the influence which he exerted in behalf of the ,catholic religion is1 to our mind1 established beyond a doubt4 ,his chivalrous and valiant combat with ,john ,breckinridge1 at ,philadelphia1 was a victory not only decisive but full of results4 ,we know1 from a distinct remembrance of the opinions expressed at the time1 that ,mr4 ,breckinridge was generally thought1 by ,protestants1 to have been discomfited4 ,we have heard him speak himself of the affair with the tone of one who had exposed himself to a dangerous encounter with an enemy superior to himself1 for the public good1 and barely escaped with his life4 ,we remember taking up the book containing the controversy1 from a sentiment of curiosity to know what plausible argument could possibly be offered for the ,catholic religion1 and undergoing1 in the perusal1 a revolution of opinion1 which rendered a return to the old state of mind inherited from a ,puritan education impossible4 ,this we believe is but an instance exemplifying the general effect of the controversy upon candid and thinking minds1 not hopelessly enslaved to prejudice4 ,we remember hearing him preach in the full vigor of his intellectual and physical manhood1 in the cathedral of ,new ,york1 soon after his consecration1 and the impression of his whole attitude1 countenance1 manner of delivery1 and cast of thought is still vivid and unique4 ,those who have seen the archbishop only during the last fifteen years1 have seen a breaking-down1 enfeebled1 almost worn-out man1 incapable of steady1 vigorous exertion1 and oppressed by a weight of care and responsibility which was too great for him4 ,to judge of his ability fairly it is necessary to have seen and heard him in his prime1 before ill-health had sapped his vigor4 ,and to appreciate the best and most genial qualities and dispositions of the man1 it is necessary to have met him in familiar1 unrestrained intercourse1 apart from any official relation and away from his diocese--or1 at least1 in those times when all official anxieties and cares of government were put aside and his mind relaxed in purely friendly conversation4 ,that he was a great man1 a true ,christian prelate1 and accomplished a great work in the service of the church1 of his native countrymen1 and of the country of his adoption1 is1 we believe1 the just verdict of the most competent judges and of the public at large upon the facts of his life4 ,he will not be forgotten1 for his life and acts are too closely #adc interwoven with public history and his influence has been too marked to make that possible4 ,we trust that those who enjoy the blessings of a securely and peacefully established ,catholic ,church will not be disposed to forget the men who1 in more troubled times1 have won by their valor the heritage upon which we have entered4 ,the record of their lives and labors is of great value1 and this one1 in particular1 is worthy of the perusal of every ,catholic and every ,american1 and has in it a kind of romantic charm and dramatic grouping which does not belong to the life of one who has been more confined to the seclusion of study or the ordinary pastoral routine4 ,we regret the mention made of ,dr4 ,forbes's defection1 and the publicity which is again given to painful matters which had become buried in oblivion4 ,it appears to us that1 as ,dr4 ,forbes has not publicly assailed either the church or the late archbishop1 it was unnecessary to allude to him in any way1 and it would have been more generous to have suppressed the remarks made in the archbishop's private correspondence4 ,the mechanical execution of the work is in good style1 and we recommend it to our readers as necessary to every ,catholic library4 ,,an ,,american ,,dictionary ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,language4 ,by ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d4 ,thoroughly ,revised and ,greatly ,enlarged and ,improved1 by ,chauncey ,a4 ,goodrich1 ,d4,d41 ,late ,professor of ,rhetoric and ,oratory1 and also ,professor of the ,pastoral ,charge in ,yale ,college1 and ,noah ,porter1 ,d4,d41 ,clark ,professor of ,moral ,philosophy and ,metaphysics in ,yale ,college4 ,royal quarto1 pp4 #ahdj4 ,springfield1 ,mass43 ,g4 ,c4 ,meiriam4 #ahff4 ,there have been published1 within the last twenty-five years1 several editions of ,webster's ,dictionary1 but the present one1 the title of which is given above1 seems to be the crowning effort of dictionary making4 ,it surpasses all other editions of the same work both in its typography1 its illustrations--some #c1jjj in number--and its philological completeness4 ,webster's ,dictionary has always been of high authority in this country1 and is now held in great repute in ,england1 where it is accepted by several writers as the best authority in defining the ,english language4 ,the present edition is a most beautiful one1 and contains all the modern words which custom has engrafted upon our language4 ,it also contains1 in its pronouncing table of ,scripture proper names1 a supplementary list of the names found in the ,douay ,bible1 but not in ,king ,james's version4 ,in fact1 care has been taken to make this edition as free as possible from partisan and theological differences in regard to the definitions of certain words which heretofore got a peculiarly ,protestant twitch when being defined4 ,the publishers deserve great praise for the manner in which they have done their portion of the work2 it is a credit and an honor to the ,american press4 ,,the ,,criterion2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,talk ,,about ,,familiar ,,things3 ,a ,series of ,essays4 ,by ,henry ,t4 ,tuckerman4 #abmo41 pp4 #cgg4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,tuckerman is a man of letters1 and we thought he would not be likely to put his name to anything discreditable to an enlightened author2 but1 to judge from many things in the above production1 we think he has missed his vocation1 and would find more appropriate employment as a contributor to the publications of the ,american ,tract ,society1 or the magazine put forth1 monthly1 by the ,foreign and ,christian ,union4 ,else1 why is every pope shrewd1 every priest an incarnation of fiery zeal8 why the lonely existence and the subtle eye of the ,catholic8 why the medical ,jesuit1 who1 like his religious prototype1 operates through the female branches1 and thus controls the heads of families1 regulating their domestic arrangements1 etc48 why ,bloody ,mary and ,romish8 why is superstition the usual trait of ,romanists8 and this3 ,one may pace the chaste aisles of the ,madeleine1 and feel his devotion stirred1 perhaps1 by the dark catafalque awaiting the dead in the centre of the spacious floor2 and then what to him is the doctrine of transubstantiation8 767 ,we are truly sorry to see these indications of a spirit with which we think the author will find very little sympathy outside the clique of benighted readers of the publications above quoted4 #add ,,christ ,,the ,,light ,,of ,,the ,,world4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,vaughan1 ,d4,d41 ,vicar of ,doncaster4 #ahmo41 pp4 #bfi4 ,alexander ,strahan1 ,london and ,new ,york4 #ahfe4 ,this beautiful little volume contains twelve sermons1 or rather religious essays1 written in a pleasing style1 but altogether too lengthy and too exhaustive in character4 ,we have no doubt but that the author is a good preacher1 and if these essays were ever preached by him as sermons1 they were listened to with pleasure4 ,but in their present shape1 enlarged1 systematized1 and--shall we say--almost too carefully prepared for the press1 they are a little tiresome4 ,one feels in reading them how much the naturalness1 as well as the elegance of diction1 is marred by the vague evangelical phraseology1 coming to ,christ1 laying hold on ,christ1 etc41 which occurs so constantly in these pages4 ,the author1 being a ,low ,evangelical ,churchman1 gives us1 of course1 justification by faith and the ,calvinistic view of the ,fall4 ,yet1 in the latter half of the volume he seems to speak more like one who imagines that man has something to do for his own justification1 and takes a higher and nobler view of humanity4 ,we give the following passage from the last sermon1 entitled ,cast out and found1 as a good specimen of what we should call practical preaching4 ,when ,jesus found him1 he said unto him4 ,dost thou believe on the ,son of ,god8 ',thou6' ,the word is emphatic in the original1 ',thou--believest thou8' ,we are glad to escape into the crowd1 and shelter ourselves behind a church's confession4 ,but a day is coming1 in which nothing but an individual faith will carry with it either strength or comfort4 ,it will be idle to say in a moment of keen personal distress1 such as probably lies before us in life and certainly in death and in judgment1 ',every one believes--all around us believe--the world itself believes in the ,son of ,god3' there is no strength and no help there3 the very object of ,christ's finding thee and speaking to thee is to bring the question home1 ',dost thou believe8' ,a trying1 a fearful moment1 when ,christ1 face to face with man's soul1 proposes that question6 ,perhaps that moment has not yet come to you4 ,you have been fighting it off4 ,you do not wish to come to these close quarters with it4 ,the world does not press you with it4 ,the world is willing enough that you should answer it in the general2 and even if you ever say1 ',i believe in ,jesus ,christ his only ,son our ,lord1' it shall be in a chorus of voices1 almost robbing the individual of personality1 and making ',i' sound like 'we4' ,but if ever your religion is to be a real thing1 if ever it is to enable you to do battle with a sin1 or to face a mortal risk1 if ever it is to be a religion for the hour of death1 or for the day of judgment1 you must have had that question put to you by yourself1 and you must have answered it from the heart in one way4 ,then you will be a real ,christian1 not before6 ,the book is elegantly got up in the style and care for which the publisher is noted4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,p4 ,o',shea1 #bg ,barclay street4 ,new ,york3 ,nos4 #ah1 #ai1 and #bj of ,darras' ,history of the ,church4 ,from ,p4 ,donahoe1 ,boston3 ,the ,peep o' ,day2 or1 ,john ,doe1 and the ,last ,baron of ,crana4 ,by the ,o',hara ,family4 #abmo41 pp4 #bjd and #bdc4 ,from ,hon4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,seward4 ,secretary of ,state1 ,washington1 his speech on the ,restoration of the ,union1 delivered in ,new ,york1 ,feb4 #bb1 #ahff4 ,from ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia3 ,the ,life of ,blessed ,john ,berchmans1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,with an ,appendix1 giving an account of the ,miracles after ,death which have been approved by the ,holy ,see4 ,from the ,italian of ,father ,boreo1 ,s4,j4 #a vol4 #abmo41 pp4 #ceh4 ,from ,john ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore3 ,the ,apostleship of ,prayer4 ,a ,holy ,league of ,christian ,hearts united with the ,heart of ,jesus1 to obtain the ,triumph of the ,church and the ,salvation of ,souls4 ,preceded by a ,brief of the ,sovereign ,pontiff ,plus ,,ix41 the approbation of several ,archbishops and ,bishops and ,superiors of ,religious ,congregations4 ,by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,ramiero1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,translated from the latest ,french ,edition1 and ,revised by a ,father of the ,society4 ,with the approbation of the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,spalding4 #abmo41 pp4 #cic4 ,from ,kelly ,piet1 ,baltimore3 ,life in the ,cloister2 or1 ,faithful and ,true4 ,by the author of ,the ,world and ,cloister4 #abmo41 pp4 #bbd4 ------ #ade ,,the ,,catholic ,,world ,,vol4 ,,iii41 ,,no4 #ad--,,may1 #ahff4 ,,original4 ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,,introduction4 ,we wish to state distinctly and openly1 at the outset of this work1 that the solution given of the problems therein discussed is a solution derived from the ,catholic faith4 ,its sole object will be to make an exposition of the doctrines of the ,catholic faith bearing on these problems4 ,by an exposition1 is not meant a mere expansion or paraphrase of the articles of the ,creed1 but such a statement as shall include an exhibition of their positive1 objective truth1 or conformity to the real order of being and existence2 and of their reasonableness or analogy to the special part of that universal order lying within the reach of rational knowledge4 ,in doing this we choose what appears to us the best and simplest method4 ,it differs1 however1 in certain respects1 from the one most in vogue1 and therefore requires a few preliminary words of explanation4 ,the usual method is1 to proceed as far as possible in the analysis of the religious truths provable by reason1 to introduce afterward the evidences of revealed religion1 and finally to proceed to an exposition of revealed doctrines4 ,we have no wish to decry the many valuable works constructed on this plan1 but simply to vindicate the propriety of following another1 which is better suited to our special purpose4 ,we conceive it not to be necessary to follow the first method in explaining the faith of a ,christian mind1 because the ,christian mind itself does not actually attain to faith by this method4 ,we do not proceed by a course of reasoning through natural theology and evidences of revelation to our ,christian belief4 ,we begin by submitting to instruction1 and receiving all it imparts at once1 without preliminaries4 ,the ,christian child begins by saying ,credo in ,unum ,deum4 ,this is the first article of his faith4 ,it is proposed to him1 by an authority which he reveres as divine1 as the first and principal #adf article of a series of revealed truths4 ,if that act is right and rational1 it can be justified on rational grounds4 ,it can be shown to be in conformity to the real order4 ,if it is in conformity to the real order1 it is in conformity also to the logical order4 ,the exposition of the real order of things is the exposition of truth1 and is1 therefore1 sound philosophy4 ,a child who has attained the full use of his reason and received competent instruction1 either has1 or has not1 a faith2 not merely objectively certain1 but subjectively also1 as certain and as capable of being rationally accounted for1 though not by his own reflection1 as that of a theologian4 ,if he has this subjective certitude1 a simple explication of the creditive act in his mind will show the nature and ground of it in the clearest manner4 ,if he has not1 children and simple persons who are children in science1 i4e41 the majority of mankind1 are incapable of faith--a conclusion which oversets theology4 ,we have now indirectly made known what our own method will be2 namely1 to present the credible object in contact or relation with the creditive subject1 as it really is when the child makes the first complete act of faith4 ,instead of inviting the reader to begin at the viewing point of a sceptic or atheist1 and reason gradually up from certain postulates of natural reason1 through natural theology1 to the ,catholic faith1 we invite him to begin at once at the viewing point of a ,catholic believer1 and endeavor to get the view which one brought up in the church takes of divine truth4 ,we do not mean to ask him to take anything for granted4 ,we will endeavor to show the internal coherence of ,catholic doctrine1 and its correspondence with the primitive judgments of reason4 ,we cannot pretend to exhibit systematically the evidence sustaining each portion of this vast system4 ,it would only be doing over again a work already admirably done4 ,we must suppose it to be known or within the reach of the knowledge of our readers1 and in varying degrees admitted by different classes of them1 contenting ourselves with indicating rather than completing the line of argument on special topics4 ,the ,catholic reader will see in this exposition of the ,catholic idea only that which he already believes1 stated perhaps in such a way as to aid his intellectual conception of it4 ,the ,protestant reader1 accordingly as he believes less or more of the ,catholic ,creed1 will see in it less or more to accept without argument1 together with much which he does not accept1 but which is proposed to his consideration as necessary to complete the ,christian idea4 ,the unbeliever will find an affirmation of the necessary truths of pure reason1 together with an attempt to show the legitimate union between the primitive ideal formula and the revealed or ,christian formula1 binding them into one synthesis1 philosophically coherent and complete4 ,,ii4 ,,relation ,,of ,,the ,,credible ,,object ,,and ,,the ,,creditive ,,subject4 ,let us begin with a child1 or a simple1 uneducated adult1 who is in a state of perpetual childhood as regards scientific knowledge4 ,let us take him as a creditive subject or ,christian believer1 with the credible object or ,catholic faith in contact with his reason from its earliest dawn4 ,before proceeding formally to analyze his creditive act1 we will illustrate it by a supposed case4 ,let us suppose that1 when our ,lord ,jesus ,christ was upon earth1 he went to visit a pagan in order to instruct him in the truths of religion4 ,we will suppose him to be intelligent1 upright1 and sincere1 with as much knowledge of religious truth as was ordinarily attainable through the heathen tradition4 ,let us suppose him to receive the instructions of ,christ with faith1 to be baptized1 and to remain ever after a firm and undoubting #adg believer in the ,christian doctrine4 ,now by what process does he attain a rational certitude of the truth of the revelation made by the lips of ,christ8 ,in the first place1 the human wisdom and virtue of our ,lord are intelligible to him by the human nature common to both1 and in proportion to his own personal wisdom and goodness4 ,having in himself1 by virtue of his human nature1 the essential type of human goodness1 he is able to recognize the excellence of one in whom it is carried to its highest possible perfection4 ,the human perfection visible in ,jesus ,christ predisposes him to believe his testimony4 ,the testimony that ,jesus ,christ bears of himself is that he is the ,son of ,god4 ,this declaration includes two propositions4 ,the chief term of the first proposition is ,god4 ,the chief term of the second proposition is ,jesus ,christ4 ,the first term includes all that can be understood by the light of reason concerning the ,creator and his creative act4 ,the second term includes all that can be apprehended by the light of faith concerning the interior relations of ,god1 the incarnation of the ,son1 or ,word1 the entire supernatural order included in it1 and the entire doctrine revealed by ,christ4 ,the idea expressed by the first term is already in the mind of the pagan1 as the first and constitutive principle of his reason4 ,his reflective consciousness of this idea and his ability to make a correct and complete explication of its contents are very imperfect4 ,but when the distinct affirmation and explication of the idea of ,god are made to him by one who possesses a perfect knowledge of ,god1 he has an immediate and certain perception of the truth of the conception thus acquired by his intelligence4 ,god has already affirmed himself to his reason1 and ,christ1 in affirming ,god to his intellect1 has only repeated and manifested by sensible images1 and in distinct1 unerring language1 this original affirmation4 ,it is otherwise with the affirmation which ,christ makes respecting the second term4 ,god does not affirm to his reason by the creative act the internal relations of ,father and ,son1 completed by the third1 or ,holy ,spirit1 and therefore1 although it is a necessary truth1 and in itself intelligible as such1 it is not intelligible as a necessary truth to his intellect4 ,the incarnation1 redemption1 and other mysteries affirmed to him by ,christ1 are not in themselves necessary truths1 but only necessary on the supposition that they have been decreed by ,god4 ,the certitude of belief in all this second order of truths rests1 therefore1 entirely on the veracity of ,god1 authenticating the affirmation of his own divine mission made by ,jesus ,christ4 ,we must1 therefore1 suppose that this affirmation is made to the mind of the pagan with such clear and unmistakable evidence of the fact that the veracity of ,god is pledged to its truth1 that it would be irrational to doubt it4 ,catholic doctrine also requires us to suppose that ,christ imparts to him a supernatural grace1 as the principle of a divine faith and a divine life based upon it4 ,the nature and effect of this grace must be left for future consideration4 ,these truths received on the faith of the testimony of the ,son of ,god by the pagan are not1 however1 entirely unintelligible to his natural reason4 ,we can suppose our ,lord removing his difficulties and misapprehensions1 showing him that these truths do not contradict reason1 but harmonize with it as far as it goes1 and pointing out to him certain analogies in the natural order which render them partially apprehensible by his intellect4 ,thus1 while his mind cannot penetrate into the substance of these mysteries1 or grasp the intrinsic reason of them after the mode of natural knowledge1 it can nevertheless see them indirectly1 as reflected in the natural order1 and by resemblance1 and rests its undoubting belief of them on the revelation made by ,jesus ,christ1 attested by the veracity of ,god4 #adh ,in this supposed case1 the pagan has the ,son of ,god actually before his eyes1 and with his own ears can hear his words4 ,this is the credible object4 ,he is made inwardly certain that he is the ,son of ,god by convincing evidence and the illustration of divine grace4 ,this is the creditive subject1 in contact with the credible object4 ,it exemplifies the process by which ,god has instructed the human race from the beginning1 a process carried on in the most perfect and successful manner in the instance we are about to examine of a child brought up in the ,catholic ,church4 ,the mind of the child has no prejudices and no imperfect conceptions derived from a perverted and defective instruction to be rectified4 ,its soul is in the normal and natural condition4 ,the grace of faith is imparted to it in baptism1 so that the rational faculties unfold under its elevating and strengthening influence with a full capacity to elicit the creditive act as soon as they are brought in contact with the credible object4 ,this credible object1 in the case of the child1 as in that of the pagan1 is ,christ revealing himself and the ,father4 ,he reveals himself1 however1 not by his visible form to the eye1 or his audible word to the ear1 but by his mystical body the church1 which is a continuation and amplification of his incarnation4 ,the church is visible and audible to the child as soon as his faculties begin to open4 ,at first this is only in an imperfect way1 as ,jesus ,christ was at first only known in an imperfect way to the pagan above described4 ,as he merely knew ,christ at first as a man1 and in a purely human way1 so the child receives the instruction of his parents1 teachers1 and pastors1 in whom the church is represented1 in regard to the truths of faith1 just as he does in regard to common matters4 ,he begins with a human faith1 founded in the trusting instincts of nature1 which incline the young to believe and obey their superiors4 ,as soon as his reason is capable of understanding the instruction given him1 he is able to discover the strong probability of its truth4 ,he sees this dimly at first1 but more and more clearly as his mind unfolds1 and the conception of the ,catholic ,church comes before it more distinctly4 ,some will admit that even a probability furnishes a sufficient motive for eliciting an act of perfect faith4 ,this is the doctrine of ,cardinal de ,lugo1 and it has been more recently propounded by that extremely acute and brilliant writer1 ,dr4 ,john ,henry ,newman4 ,footnote #bd ,footnote #bd3 ,since the above was written the author has seen reason to suspect that he misunderstood ,dr4 ,newman4 ,the point will be more fully discussed hereafter4 ,according to their theory1 the undoubting firmness of the act of faith is caused by an imperate act of the will determining the intellect to adhere firmly to the doctrine proposed1 as revealed by ,god4 ,there are many1 however1 who will not be satisfied with this1 and we acknowledge that we are of the number4 ,it appears to us that the mind must have indubitable certitude that ,god has revealed the truth in order to a perfect act of faith4 ,therefore we believe that the mind of the child proceeds from the first apprehension of the probability that ,god has revealed the doctrines of faith to a certitude of the fact1 and that1 until it reaches that point1 its faith is a human faith1 or an inchoate faith1 merely4 ,the ground and nature of that certitude will be discussed hereafter4 ,in the meantime1 it is sufficient to remark that the child or other ignorant person apprehends the very same ground of certitude in faith with the mature and educated adult1 only more implicitly and obscurely1 and with less power to reflect on his own acts4 ,just as the child has the same certainty of facts in the natural order with an adult1 so it has the same certainty of facts in the supernatural order4 ,when we have once established the proper ground of human faith in testimony in general1 and of the certitude of our rational judgments1 we have no need of a particular application to the case of #adi children4 ,it is plain enough that1 so soon as their rational powers are sufficiently developed1 they must act according to this universal law4 ,so in regard to faith4 ,when we have established in general its constitutive principles1 it is plain that the mind of the child1 just as soon as it is capable of eliciting an act of faith1 must do it according to these principles4 ,the length of lime1 and the number of preparatory acts requisite1 before the mind of a child is fully capable of eliciting a perfect act of faith1 cannot be accurately determined1 and may vary indefinitely4 ,it may require years1 months1 or only a few weeks1 days1 or hours4 ,whenever it does elicit this perfect act1 the intelligible basis of the creditive act may be expressed by the formula1 ,christus creat ecclesiam1 ,footnote #be ,in the church1 which is the work of ,christ and his medium or instrument for manifesting himself1 the person and the doctrine of ,christ are disclosed4 ,in the first term of the formula1 ,christus1 is included another proposition1 viz41 ,christus est ,filius ,dei4 ,footnote #bf ,finally1 in the last term of the second proposition is included a third1 ,deus est creator mundi4 ,footnote #bg ,the whole may be combined into one formula1 which is only the first one explicated1 ,christus1 ,filius ,dei1 qui est creator mundi1 creat ecclesiam4,footnote #bh ,footnote #be3 ,christ creates the ,church4 ,footnote #bf3 ,christ ,is the ,son of ,god4 ,footnote #bg3 ,god is the creator of the world4 ,footnote #bh3 ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 who is the creator of the world1 creates the ,church4 ,in this formula we have the synthesis of reason and faith1 of philosophy and theology1 of nature and grace4 ,it is the formula of the natural and supernatural worlds1 or rather of the natural universe1 elevated into a supernatural order and directed to a supernatural end4 ,in the order of instruction1 ,ecclesia comes first1 as the medium of teaching correct conceptions concerning ,god1 ,christ1 and the relations in which they stand toward the human race4 ,these conceptions may be communicated in positive instruction in any order that is convenient4 ,when they are arranged in their proper logical relation1 the first in order is ,deus creat mundum1 including all our rational knowledge concerning ,god4 ,the second is ,christus est ,filius ,dei1 which discloses ,god in a relation above our natural cognition1 revealing himself in his ,son1 as the supernatural author and the term of final beatitude4 ,lastly comes ,christus creat ecclesiam1 in which the church1 at first simply a medium for communicating the conceptions of ,god and ,christ1 is reflexively considered and explained1 embracing all the means and institutions ordained by ,christ for the instruction and sanctification of the human race1 in order to the attainment of its final end4 ,in the conception of ,god the ,creator1 we have the natural or intelligible order and the rational basis of revelation4 ,in the conception of the ,son1 or ,word1 we have the super-intelligible order in its connection with the intelligible1 in which alone we can apprehend it4 ,god reveals himself and his purposes by his ,word1 and we believe on the sole ground of his veracity4 ,the remaining conceptions are but the complement of the second4 ,all this is expressed in the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,in the first place1 by its very nature1 it is a symbol of instruction1 presupposing a teacher4 ,the same is expressed in the first word1 ,credo1 explicitly declaring the credence given to a message sent from ,god4 ,the first article is a confession of ,god the ,father1 followed by the confession of the ,son and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,after this comes ,sanctam ,ecclesiam ,catholicam1 with the other articles depending on it1 and lastly the ultimate term of all the relations of ,god to man1 expressed in the words ,vitam aeternam4 ,having described the actual attitude of the mind toward the ,creed at the time when its reasoning faculty is developed1 and the method by which #aej instruction in religious doctrines is communicated to it1 we will go over these doctrines in detail1 in order to explain and verify them singly and as a whole4 ,the doctrine first in order is that which relates to ,god1 and this will accordingly be first treated of1 in the ensuing number4 ------ ,from ,the ,dublin ,university ,magazine ,,glastonbury ,,abbey1 ,,past ,,and ,,present1 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,the ,,benedictines4 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bi3 ,authorities4--,acta ,sanctoram3 ,butler's ,lives of the ,saints2 ,gregory's ,dialogues2 ,mabillon ,acta ,sanct42 ,ord2 ,benedicti2 ,zeigelbauer's ,hist4 ,rei ,liter42 ,fosbrooke and ,dugdale4 ,as ,glastonbury ,abbey was one of the chief ornaments of the ,benedictine ,order2 as that order was one of the greatest influences1 next to ,christianity itself1 ever brought to bear upon humanity2 as the founder of that order and sole compiler of the rule upon which it was based must have been a legislator1 a leader1 a great1 wise1 and good man1 such as the world seldom sees1 one who1 unaided1 without example or precedent1 compiled a code which has ruled millions of beings and made them a motive-power in the history of humanity2 as the work done by that order has left traces in every country in ,europe--lives and acts now in the literature1 arts1 sciences1 and social life of nearly every civilized community--it becomes imperatively necessary that we should at this point investigate these three matters--the man1 the rule1 and the work3--the man1 ,st4 ,benedict1 from whose brain issued the idea of monastic organization2 the rule by which it was worked1 which contains a system of legislation as comprehensive as the gradually compiled laws of centuries of growth2 and the work done by those who were subject to its power1 followed out its spirit1 lived under its influence1 and carried it into every country where the gospel was preached4 ,far away in olden times1 at the close of the fifth century1 when the gorgeous splendor of the ,roman day was waning and the shades of that long1 dark night of the middle ages were closing in upon the earth2 just at that period when1 as if impelled by some instinct or led by some mysterious hand1 there came pouring down from the wilds of ,scandinavia hordes of ferocious barbarians who threatened1 as they rolled on like a dark flood1 to obliterate all traces of civilization in ,europe--when the martial spirit of the ,roman was rapidly degenerating into the venal valor of the mercenary--when the western empire had fallen1 after being the tragic theatre of scenes to which there is no parallel in the history of mankind--when men1 aghast at human crime and writhing under the persecutions of those whom history has branded as the ,scourge of ,god1 sought in vain for some shelter against their kind--when human nature1 after that struggle between refined corruption and barbarian ruthlessness1 lay awaiting the night of troubles which was to fall upon it as a long penance for human crime--just at this critical period in the world's history appeared the man who was destined to rescue from the general destruction of ,roman life the elements of a future civilization2 to provide an asylum to which art might flee with her choicest treasures1 where science might labor in safety1 where #aea learning might perpetuate and multiplied its stores1 where the oracles of religion might rest secure1 and where man might retire from the woe and wickedness of a world given up to destruction1 live out his life in quiet1 and make his peace with his ,god4 ,that man was ,st4 ,benedict1 who was born of noble parents about the year #dhj1 at ,norcia1 a town in the ,duchy of ,spoleto2 his father's name was ,eutropius1 his grandfather's ,justinian4 ,although the glory of ,rome was on the decline1 her schools were still crowded with young disciples of all nations1 and to ,rome the future saint was sent to study literature and science4 ,the poets of this declining age have left behind them a graphic picture of the profligacy and dissipation of ,roman life---the nobles had given themselves up to voluptuous and enervating pleasures1 the martial spirit which had once found vent in deeds with whose fame the world has ever since rung1 had degenerated into the softer bravery which dares the milder dangers of a love intrigue1 or into the tipsy valor loudest in the midnight brawl4 ,the sons of those heroes who in their youth had gone out into the world1 subdued kingdoms1 and had been drawn by captive monarchs through the streets of ,rome in triumph1 now squandered the wealth and disgraced the name of their fathers over the dice-box and the drinking cup4 ,roman society was corrupt to its core1 the leaders were sinking into the imbecility of licentiousness1 the people were following their steps with that impetuosity so characteristic of a demoralized populace1 whilst far up in the rude1 bleak ,north the barbarian1 with the keen instinct of the wild beast1 sat watching from his lonely wilds the tottering towers of ,roman glory--the decaying energies of the emasculated giant--until the moment came when he sallied forth and with one hardy blow shattered the mighty fabric and laid the victors of the world in abject slavery at his feet4 ,into this society came the youthful ,benedict1 with all the fresh innocence of rustic purity1 and a soul already yearning after the great mysteries of religion2 admitted into the wild revelry of student life1 that prototype of modern ,bohemianism1 he was at once disgusted with the general profligacy around him4 ,the instincts of his youthful purity sickened at the fetid life of ,rome1 but in his case time1 instead of reconciling him to the ways of his fellows1 and transforming1 as it so often does1 the trembling horror of natural innocence into the wild intrepidity of reckless license1 only strengthened his disgust for what he saw1 and the timid1 thoughtful1 pensive student shrank from the noisy revelry1 and sought shelter among his books4 ,about this time1 too1 the idea of penitential seclusion was prevalent in the ,west1 stimulated by the writings and opinions of ,st4 ,augustine and ,st4 ,jerome4 ,it has been suggested that the doctrine of asceticism was founded upon the words of ,christ1 ,if any man will come after me1 let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me4 ,footnote #cj ,st4 ,gregory himself dwells with peculiar emphasis upon this passage1 which he expounds thus1 ,let us listen to what he said in this passage--let him who will follow me deny himself2 in another place it is said that we should forego our possessions2 here it is said that we should deny ourselves1 and perhaps it is not laborious to a man to relinquish his possessions1 but it is very laborious to relinquish himself4 ,for it is a light thing to abandon what one has1 but a much greater thing to abandon what one is4 ,footnote #ca ,fired by the notion of self-mortification imparted to these words of ,christ by their own material interpretation1 these men forsook the world and retired to caves1 rocks1 forests1 anywhere out of sight of #aeb their fellow-mortals--lived on bitter herbs and putrid water1 exposed themselves to the inclemency of the winter and the burning heats of summer4 ,footnote #cj3 ,matt4 xvi4 #bd4 ,footnote #ca3 ,st4 ,greg4 ,hom1 #cb in ,evangel4 ,such was the rise and working of asceticism1 which brought out so many anchorites and hermits4 ,few things in the history of human suffering can parallel the lives of these men4 ,as regards conventual life1 that is1 the assemblage of those who ministered in the church under one roof1 sharing all things in common1 that may be traced back to the apostles and their disciples1 who were constrained to live in this way1 and1 therefore1 we find that wherever they established a church1 there they also established a sort of college1 or common residence1 for the priests of that church4 ,this is evident from the epistles of ,ignatius1 nearly all1 of which conclude with a salutation addressed to this congregation of disciples1 dwelling together1 and styled a collegium4 ,his epistle to the ,church at ,antioch concludes thus1 ,i salute the sacred ,college of ,presbyters 7,saluto ,sanctum ,presbyterorum ,collegium74 ,the ,epistle ad ,philippenses1 ,saluto ,s4 ,episcopum et sacrum ,presbyterorum ,collegium--so also the epistles to the ,philadelphians1 the ,church at ,smyrna1 to the ,ephesians1 and to the ,trallians4 ,but when ,st4 ,benedict was sent as a lad to ,rome1 the inclination toward the severer form of ascetic life1 that of anchorites and hermits1 had received an impulse by the works of the great fathers of the church1 already alluded to2 and the pensive student1 buried in these more congenial studies1 became imbued with their spirit1 and was soon fired with a romantic longing for a hermit life4 ,at the tender age of fifteen1 unable to endure any longer the dissonance between his desires and his surroundings1 he flood from ,rome1 and took refuge in a wild1 cavernous spot in the neighboring country4 ,as he left the city he was followed by a faithful nurse1 ,cyrilla by name1 who had brought him up from childhood1 had tended him in his sojourn at ,rome1 and now1 though lamenting his mental derangement1 as she regarded it1 resolved not to leave her youthful charge to himself1 but to watch over him and wait upon him in his chosen seclusion4 ,for some time this life went on1 ,st4 ,benedict becoming more and more attached to his hermitage1 and the nurse1 despairing of any change1 begged his food from day to day1 prepared it for him1 and watched over him with a mother's tenderness4 ,a change then came over the young enthusiast1 and he began to feel uneasy under her loving care4 ,it was not the true hermit life1 not the realization of that grand idea of solitude with which his soul was filled2 and under the impulse of this new emotion he secretly fled from the protection of his foster-mother1 and1 without leaving behind him the slightest clue to his pursuit1 hid himself among the rocks of ,subiaco1 or1 as it was then called1 ,sublaqueum1 about forty miles distant from ,rome4 ,at this spot1 which was a range of bleak1 rocky mountains with a river and lake below in the valley1 he fell in with one ,romanus1 a monk1 who gave him a monastic dress1 with a hair shirt1 led him to a part on the mountains where there was a deep1 narrow cavern1 into which the sun never penetrated1 and here the young anchorite took up his abode1 subsisting upon bread and water1 or the scanty provisions which ,romanus could spare him from his own frugal repasts2 these provisions the monk used to let down to him by a rope1 ringing a bell first to call his attention4 ,for three years he pursued this life1 unknown to his friends1 and cut off from all communication with the world2 but neither the darkness of his cavern nor the scantiness of his fare could preserve him from troubles4 ,he was assailed by many sore temptations4 ,one day that solitude was disturbed by the appearance of a man in the #aec garb of a priest1 who approached his cave and began to address him2 but ,benedict would hold no conversation with the stranger until they had prayed together1 after which they discoursed for a long time upon sacred subjects1 when the priest told him of the cause of his coming4 ,the day happened to be ,easter ,sunday1 and as the priest was preparing his dinner1 he heard a voice saying1 ,you are preparing a banquet for yourself1 whilst my servant ,benedict is starving2 that he thereupon set out upon his journey1 found the anchorite's cave1 and then producing the dinner1 begged ,st4 ,benedict to share it with him1 after which they parted4 ,a number of shepherds1 too1 saw him near his cave1 and as he was dressed in goat-skins1 took him at first for some strange animal2 but when they found he was a hermit1 they paid their respects to him humbly1 brought him food1 and implored his blessing in return4 ,the fame of the recluse of ,subiaco spread itself abroad from that time through the neighboring country2 many left the world and followed his example2 the peasantry brought their sick to him to be healed1 emulated each other in their contributions to his personal necessities1 and undertook long journeys simply to gaze upon his countenance and receive his benediction4 ,not far from his cave were gathered together in a sort of association a number of hermits1 and when the fame of this youthful saint reached them they sent a deputation to ask him to come among them and take up his position as their superior4 ,it appears that this brotherhood had become rather lax in discipline1 and1 knowing this1 ,st4 ,benedict at first refused1 but subsequently1 either from some presentiment of his future destiny1 or actuated simply by the hope of reforming them1 he consented1 left his lonely cell1 and took up his abode with them as their head4 ,in a very short time1 however1 the hermits began to tire of his discipline and to envy him for his superior godliness4 ,an event then occurred which forms the second cognizance by which the figure of ,st4 ,benedict may be recognized in the fine arts4 ,endeavors had been made to induce him to relax his discipline1 but to no purpose2 therefore they resolved upon getting rid of him1 and on a certain day1 when the saint called out for some wine to refresh himself after a long journey1 one of the brethren offered him a poisoned goblet4 ,st4 ,benedict took the wine1 and1 as was his custom before eating or drinking anything1 blessed it1 when the glass suddenly fell from his hands and broke in pieces4 ,this incident is immortalized in stained-glass windows1 in paintings1 and frescoes1 where the saint is either made to carry a broken goblet1 or it is to be seen lying at his feet4 ,disgusted with their obstinacy he left them1 voluntarily returned to his cavern at ,subiaco1 and dwelt there alone4 ,but the fates conspired against his solitude1 and a change came gradually over the scene4 ,numbers were drawn toward the spot by the fame of his sanctity1 and by-and-bye huts sprang up around him2 the desert was no longer a desert1 but a colony waiting only to be organized to form a strong community4 ,yielding at length to repeated entreaties1 he divided this scattered settlement into twelve establishments1 with twelve monks and a superior in each1 and the monasteries were soon after recognized1 talked about1 and proved a sufficient attraction to draw men from all quarters1 even from the riotous gaieties of declining ,rome4 ,we will mention one or two incidents related of ,st4 ,benedict1 which claim attention1 more especially as being the key to the artistic mysteries of ,benedictine pictures4 ,it was one of the customs in this early ,benedictine community for the brethren not to leave the church immediately after the divine office was concluded1 but to remain for some time in silent mental prayer4 ,one of the brethren1 however1 took no delight in this holy #aed exercise1 and to the scandal of the whole community used to walk coolly out of the church as soon as the psalmody was over4 ,the superior remonstrated1 threatened1 but to no purpose2 the unruly brother persisted in his conduct4 ,st4 ,benedict was appealed to1 and when he heard the circumstances of the case1 said he would see the brother himself4 ,accordingly1 he attended the church1 and at the conclusion of the divine office1 not only saw the brother walk out1 but saw also what was invisible to every one else--a black boy leading him by the hand4 ,the saint then struck at the phantom with his staff1 and from that time the monk was no longer troubled1 but remained after the service with the rest4 ,st4 ,gregory also relates an incident to the effect that one day as a ,gothic monk was engaged on the border of the lake cutting down thistles1 he let the iron part of his sickle1 which was loose1 fall into the water4 ,st4 ,maur1 one of ,benedict's disciples--of whom we shall presently speak--happened to be standing by1 and1 taking the wooden handle from the man1 he held it to the water1 when the iron swam to it in miraculous obedience4 ,as we have said1 the monasteries grew daily in number of members and reputation2 people came from far and near1 some belonging to the highest classes1 and left their children at the monastery to be trained up under ,st4 ,benedict's protection4 ,amongst this number1 in the year #ebb1 came two wealthy ,roman senators1 ,equitius and ,tertullus1 bringing with them their sons1 ,maurus1 then twelve years of age1 and ,placidus1 only five4 ,they begged earnestly that ,st4 ,benedict would take charge of them1 which he did1 treated them as if they had been his own sons1 and ultimately they became monks under his rule1 lived with him all his life1 and after his death became the first missionaries of his order in foreign countries1 where ,placidus won the crown of martyrdom4 ,again1 ,st4 ,benedict nearly fell a victim to jealousy4 ,a priest named ,florentius1 envying his fame1 endeavored to poison him with a loaf of bread1 but failed4 ,benedict once more left his charge in disgust2 but ,florentius1 being killed by the sudden fall of a gallery1 ,maurus sent a messenger after him to beg him to return1 which he did1 and not only wept over the fate of his fallen enemy1 but imposed a severe penance upon ,maurus for testifying joy at the judgment which had befallen him4 ,the incident of the poisoned loaf is the third artistic badge by which ,st4 ,benedict is to be known in art1 being generally painted as a loaf with a serpent coiled round it4 ,these artistic attributes form a very important feature in monastic painting1 and in some instances become the only guide to the recognition him the subject4 ,st4 ,benedict is sometimes represented with all these accompaniments--the broken goblet1 the loaf with the serpent1 and in the background the figure rolling in the briers4 ,st4 ,bernard1 who wrote much and powerfully against heresy1 is represented with the accompanying incident in the background of demons chained to a rock1 or being led away captive1 to indicate his triumphs over heretics for the faith4 ,demons placed at the feet indicate ,satan and the world overcome4 ,great preachers generally carry the crucifix1 or1 if a renowned missionary1 the standard and cross4 ,martyrs carry the palm4 ,a king who has resigned his dignity and entered a monastery has a crown lying at his feet4 ,a book held in the hand represents the gospel1 unless it be accompanied by pen and ink-horn1 when it implies that the subject was an author1 as in the case of ,anselm1 who is represented as holding in his hands his work on the incarnation1 with the title inscribed1 ,cur ,deus ,homo1 or it may relate to an incident in the life1 as the blood-stained book1 which ,st4 ,boniface holds1 entitled ,de ,bono ,mortis1 a work he was devotedly fond of1 always #aee carried about with him1 and which was found after his murder in the folds of his dress stained with his blood4 ,but the highest honor was the stigmata or wounds of ,christ impressed upon the hands1 feet1 and side4 ,this artistic pre-eminence is accorded to ,st4 ,francis1 the founder of the order which bears his name1 and to ,st4 ,catharine1 of ,siena4 ,a whole world of history lies wrapped up in these artistic symbols1 as they appear in the marvellous paintings illustrative of the hagiology of the monastic orders which are cherished in half the picture galleries and sacred edifices of ,europe1 and form as it were a living testimony and a splendid confirmation of the written history and traditions of the church4 ,although1 at the period when we left ,st4 ,benedict reinstalled in his office as superior1 ,christianity was rapidly being established in the country1 yet there were still lurking about in remote districts of ,italy the remains of her ancient paganism4 ,near the spot now called ,monte ,cassino was a consecrated grove in which stood a temple dedicated to ,apollo4 ,st4 ,benedict resolved upon clearing away this relic of heathendom1 and1 fired with holy seal1 went amongst the people1 preached the gospel of ,christ to them1 persuaded them at length to break the statue of the god and pull down the altar2 he then burned the grove and built two chapels there--the one dedicated to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist and the other to ,st4 ,martin4 ,higher up upon the mountain he laid the foundation of his celebrated monastery1 which still bears his name1 and here he not only gathered together a powerful brotherhood1 but elaborated that system which infused new vigor into the monastic life1 cleared it of its impurities1 established it upon a firm and healthy basis1 and elevated it1 as regards his own order1 into a mighty power1 which was to exert an influence over the destinies of humanity inferior only to that of ,christianity itself4 ,st4 ,benedict1 with the keen perception of genius1 saw in the monasticism of his time1 crude as it was1 the elements of a great system4 ,for five centuries it had existed and vainly endeavored to develop itself into something like an institution1 but the grand idea had never yet been struck out--that idea which was to give it permanence and strength4 ,hitherto the monk had retired from the world to work out his own salvation1 caring little about anything else1 subsisting on what the devotion of the wealthy offered him from motives of charity2 then1 as time advanced1 they acquired possessions and wealth1 which tended only to make them more idle and selfish4 ,st4 ,benedict detected in all this the signs of decay1 and resolved on revivifying its languishing existence by starting a new system1 based upon a rule of life more in accordance with the dictates of reason4 ,he was one of those who held as a belief that to live in this world a man must do something--that life which consumes1 but produces not1 is a morbid life1 in fact1 an impossible life1 a life that must decay1 and therefore1 imbued with the importance of this fact1 he made labor1 continuous and daily labor1 the great foundation of his rule4 ,his vows were like those of other institutions--poverty1 chastity1 and obedience--but he added labor1 and in that addition1 as we shall endeavor presently to show1 lay the whole secret of the wondrous success of the ,benedictine ,order4 ,to every applicant for admission1 these conditions were read1 and the following words added1 which were subsequently adopted as a formula3 ,this is the law under which thou art to live and to strive for salvation2 if thou canst observe it1 enter2 if not1 go in peace1 thou art free4 ,no sooner was his monastery established than it was filled by men who1 attracted by his fame and the charm of the new mode of life1 came and eagerly implored permission to submit themselves to his rule4 ,maurus and ,placidus1 his favorite disciples1 still #aef remained with him1 and the tenor of his life flowed on evenly4 ,after ,belisarius1 the emperor's general1 had been recalled1 a number of men totally incapacitated for their duties were sent in his place4 ,totila1 who had recently ascended the ,gothic throne1 at once invaded and plundered ,italy2 and in the year #edb1 when on his triumphant march1 after defeating the ,byzantine army1 he was seized with a strong desire to pay a visit to the renowned ,abbot ,benedict1 who was known amongst them as a great prophet4 ,he therefore sent word to ,monte ,cassino to announce his intended visit1 to which ,st4 ,benedict replied that he would be happy to receive him4 ,on receiving the answer he resolved to employ a stratagem to test the real prophetic powers of the abbot1 and accordingly1 instead of going himself1 he caused the captain of the guard to dress himself in the imperial robes1 and1 accompanied by three lords of the court and a numerous retinue1 to present himself to the abbot as the kingly visitor4 ,however1 as soon as they entered into his presence1 the abbot detected the fraud1 and1 addressing the counterfeit king1 bid him put off a dress which did not belong to him4 ,in the utmost alarm they all fled back to ,totila and related the result of their interview2 the unbelieving ,goth1 now thoroughly convinced1 went in proper person to ,monte ,cassino1 and1 on perceiving the abbot seated waiting to receive him1 he was overcome with terror1 could go no further1 and prostrated himself to the ground4 ,footnote #cb ,st4 ,benedict bid him rise1 but as he seemed unable1 assisted him himself4 ,a long conversation ensued1 during which ,st4 ,benedict reproved him for his many acts of violence1 and concluded with this prophetic declaration3 ,you have done much evil1 and continue to do so2 you will enter ,rome2 you will cross the sea2 you will reign nine years longer1 but death will overtake you on the tenth1 when you will be arraigned before a just ,god to give an account of your deeds4 ,totila trembled at this sentence1 besought the prayers of the abbot1 and took his leave4 ,the prediction was marvellously fulfilled2 in any case the interview wrought a change in the manner of this ,gothic warrior little short of miraculous1 for from that time he treated those whom he had conquered with gentleness4 ,when he took ,rome1 as ,st4 ,benedict had predicted he should1 he forbade all carnage1 and insisted on protecting women from insult2 stranger still1 in the year #eeb1 only a little beyond the time allotted him by the prediction1 he fell in a battle which he fought against ,narses1 the eunuch general of the ,greco-,roman army4 ,st4 ,benedict's sister1 ,scholastica1 who had become a nun1 discovered the whereabouts of her lost brother1 came to ,monte ,cassino1 took up her residence near him1 and founded a convent upon the principles of his rule4 ,she was1 therefore1 the first ,benedictine nun1 and is often represented in paintings1 prominent in that well-known group composed of herself1 ,st4 ,benedict1 and the two disciples1 ,maurus and ,placidus4 ,footnote #cb3 ,quem cum a longe sedentem cerneret1 non ausus accedero sese in terram dedit4--,st4 ,greg4 ,dial41 lib4 ii41 c4 #ad4 ,it appears that her brother was in the habit of paying her a visit every year1 and upon one occasion stayed until late in the evening1 so late that ,scholastica pressed him not to leave2 but he persisting1 she offered a prayer that heaven might interpose and prevent his going1 when suddenly a tempest came on so fierce and furious that he was compelled to remain until it was over1 when he returned to his monastery4 ,two days after this occurrence1 as he was praying in his cell1 he beheld the soul of his beloved sister ascending to heaven in the form of a dove1 and the same day intelligence was brought him of her death4 ,this vision forms the subject of many of the pictures in ,benedictine nunneries4 ,one short month after the decease of this affectionate sister1 ,st4 #aeg ,benedict1 through visiting and attending to the sick and poor in his neighborhood1 contracted a fever which prostrated him2 he immediately foretold his death1 and ordered the tomb in which his sister lay in the church to be opened4 ,on the sixth day of his illness he asked to be carried to it1 where he remained for some time in silent1 prayerful contemplation2 he then begged to be removed to the steps of the high alter1 where1 having received the holy viaticum1 he suddenly stretched out his arms to heaven and fell back dead4 ,this event took place on ,saturday1 the #bast ,march1 #edc1 in the #fc;d year of his age4 ,he was buried by the side of his sister ,scholastica1 on the very spot1 it is said1 where he threw down the altar of ,apollo4 ,in the seventh century1 however1 some of his remains were dug up1 brought to ,france1 and placed in the ,abbey of ,fleury1 from which circumstance it took the name of ,st4 ,benoit1 on the ,loire4 ,after his death his disciples spread themselves abroad over the continent and founded monasteries of his name and rule4 ,placidus became a martyr1 and was canonized2 ,maurus founded a monastery in ,france1 was also introduced to ,england1 and from his canonized name1 ,st4 ,maurus1 springs one of the oldest ,english names--,st4 ,maur1 ,seymaur1 or ,seymour4 ,divesting this narrative of its legendary accompaniments1 and judging of ,st4 ,benedict1 the man1 by the subsequent success of his work1 and the influence of his genius upon the whole mechanism of ,european monasticism1 and even upon the destinies of a later civilization1 we are compelled to admit that he must have been a man whose intellect and character were far in advance of his age4 ,by instituting the vow of labor1 that peculiarity in his rule which we shall presently examine more fully1 he struck at the root of the evils attending the monasticism of his times1 an evil which would have ruined it as an institution in the fifth century had he not interposed1 and an evil which in the sixteenth century alone caused its downfall in ,england4 ,before proceeding to examine the rule upon which all the greatness of the ,benedictine order was based1 it will be necessary to mention the two1 earliest mission efforts of the order4 ,the first was conducted under the immediate direction of ,st4 ,benedict himself1 who in the year #ecd sent ,placidus1 with two others1 ,gordian and ,donatus1 into ,sicily1 to erect a monastery upon land which ,tertullus1 the father of ,placidus1 had given to ,st4 ,benedict4 ,shortly after the death of the saint1 ,innocent1 bishop of ,mans1 in ,france1 sent ,flodegarde1 his archdeacon1 and ,hardegarde1 his steward1 to ask for the assistance of some monks of ,st4 ,benedict's monastery1 for the purpose of introducing the order into ,france4 ,st4 ,maurus was selected for the mission1 and1 accompanied by ,simplicius1 ,constantinian1 ,antony1 and ,faustus1 he set out from ,monte ,cassino1 and arrived in ,france the latter end of the year #edc2 but to their great consternation1 upon reaching ,orleans1 they were told that the ,bishop of ,mans was dead1 and another hostile to their intentions had succeeded him4 ,they then bent their steps toward ,anjou1 where they founded the monastery of ,glanfeuil1 from whose cloisters issued the founders of nearly all the ,benedictine institutions in ,france4 ,from these two centres radiated that mighty influence which we shall now proceed to examine4 ,as we have in a former paper sketched the internal structure of the monastery1 we will before going further fill each compartment with its proper officers1 people the whole monastery with its subjects1 and then examine the law which kept them together4 ,the abbot was1 of course1 the head and ruler of the little kingdom1 and when that officer died the interval between his death and the installation #aeh of his successor was beautifully called the widowhood of the monastery4 ,the appointment was considered to rest with the king1 though the ,benedictine rule enjoined a previous election by the monks and then the royal sanction4 ,this election was conducted in the chapter-house3 the prior who acted as abbot daring the time the mitre was vacant summoned the monks at a certain hour1 the license to elect was then read1 the hymn of the ,holy ,ghost sung1 all who were present and had no vote were ordered to leave1 the license was repeated--three scrutators took the votes separately1 and the chanter declared the result--the monks then lifted up the elect on their shoulders1 and1 chanting the ,te ,deum1 carried him to the high altar in the church1 where he lay whilst certain prayers were said over him2 they then carried him to the vacant apartments of the late abbot1 which were thrown open1 and where he remained in strict seclusion until the formal and magnificent ceremony of installation was gone through4 ,in the meantime the aspect of the monastery was changed1 the signs of mourning were laid aside1 the bells which had been silent were once more heard1 the poor were again admitted and received relief1 and preparations were at once commenced for the installation4 ,outside also there was a commotion1 for the peasantry1 and in fact all the neighborhood1 joined in the rejoicings4 ,the immense resources of the refectory were taxed to their utmost1 for the installation of the lord abbot was a feast1 and to it were invited all the nobility and gentry in the neighborhood4 ,on the day of the ceremony the gate of the great church was thrown open to admit all who were to witness the solemn ceremony1 and1 as soon as the bells had ceased1 the procession began to move from the cloisters1 headed by the prior1 who was immediately followed by the priest of the divine office1 clad in their gorgeous ceremonial robes2 then followed the monks1 in scapulary and cowled tunic1 and last of all the lay brethren and servants2 the newly elect and two others who were to officiate in his installation remained behind1 as they were not to appear until later4 ,the prior then proceeded to say mass1 and just before the gospel was read there was a pause1 during which the organ broke out into strains of triumphant music1 and the newly chosen abbot with his companions were seen to enter the church1 and walk slowly up the aisle toward the altar4 ,as they approached they were met by the prior 7or the bishop1 if the abbey were in the jurisdiction of one71 who then read the solemn profession1 to which the future abbot responded2 the prior and the elect then prostrated themselves before the high altar1 in which position they remained whilst litanies and prayers were chanted2 after the litany the prior arose1 stood on the highest step of the altar1 and whilst all were kneeling in silence pronounced the words of the benediction2 then all arose1 and the abbot received from the hands of the prior the rule of the order and the pastoral staff1 a hymn was sung1 and1 after the gospel1 the abbot communicated1 and retired with his two attendants1 to appear again in the formal ceremony of introduction4 ,during his absence the procession was re-formed by the chanter1 and1 at a given signal1 proceeded down the choir to meet the new abbot1 who reappeared at the opposite end bare-footed1 in token of humility1 and clad no longer in the simple habit of a monk1 but with the abbot's rich dalmatic1 the ring on his finger1 and a glittering mitre of silver1 ornamented with gold1 on his brow4 ,as soon as he had entered he knelt for a few moments in prayer upon a carpet1 spread on the upper step of the choir2 when he arose he was formally introduced as the lord high abbot1 led to his stall1 and seated there with the pastoral staff in his hand4 ,the monks then advanced1 according to #aei seniority1 and1 kneeling before him1 gave him the kiss of peace1 first upon the hand1 and afterward1 when rising1 upon the month4 ,when this ceremony was over1 amid the strains of the organ and the uplifted voices of the choir1 the newly proclaimed arose1 marched through the choir in full robes1 and1 carrying the pastoral staff1 entered the vestiary1 and then proceeded to divest himself of the emblems of his office4 ,the service was concluded1 the abbot returned to his apartments1 the monks to the cloisters1 the guests to prepare for the feast1 and the widowhood of the abbey was over4 ,the sway of the abbot was unlimited--they were all sworn to obey him implicitly1 and he had it in his power to punish delinquents with penances1 excommunication1 imprisonment1 and in extreme cases with corporal punishment--he ranked as a peer1 was styled ,my ,lord ,abbot1 and in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries kept an equal state and lived as well as the king on the throne3 some of them had the power of conferring the honor of knighthood1 and the monarch himself could not enter the monastery without permission4 ,the next man in office to the abbot was the prior1 ,footnote #cc who1 in the absence of his superior1 was invested with full powers2 but on other occasions his jurisdiction was limited--in some monasteries he was assisted by sub-priors1 in proportion to the size of the institution and number of its inmates4 ,footnote #cc3 ,heads of priories were priors also1 but they were equally subject to their respective abbeys4 ,after the prior in rank came the precentor or chanter1 an office only given to a monk who had been brought up in the monastery from a child4 ,he had the supervision of the choral service1 the writing out the tables of divine service for the monks1 the correction of mistakes in chanting1 which he led off from his place in the centre of the choir2 he distributed the robes at festivals1 and arranged processions4 ,the cellarer was intrusted with the food1 drink1 etc41 of the monastery1 also with the mazers or drinking cups of the monks1 and all other vessels used in the cellar1 kitchen1 and refectory2 he had to attend at the refectory table1 and collect the spoons after dinner4 ,the treasurer had charge of the documents1 deeds1 and moneys belonging to the monastery2 he received the rents1 paid all the wages and expenses1 and kept the accounts4 ,the sacristan's duties were connected with the church2 he had to attend to the altar1 to carry a lantern before the priest1 as he went from the altar to the lecturn1 to cause the bell to be rung2 he took charge of all the sacred vessels in use1 prepared the host1 the wine1 and the altar bread4 ,the almoner's duty was to provide the monks with mats or hassocks for their feet in the church1 also matting in the chapter-house1 cloisters1 and dormitory stairs2 he was to attend to the poor1 and distribute alms amongst them1 and in the winter warm clothes and shoes4 ,after the monks had retired from the refectory1 it was his duty to go round and collect any drink left in the mazers to be given away to the poor4 ,the kitchener was filled by a different monk every week in turn1 and he had to arrange what food was to be cooked1 go round to the infirmary1 visit the sick and provide for them1 and superintend the labors of his assistants4 ,the infirmarer had care of the sick2 it was his office to administer to their wants1 to give them their meals1 to sprinkle holy water on their beds every night after the service of complin4 ,a person was generally appointed to this duty who1 in case of emergency1 was competent to receive the confession of a sick man4 ,the porter was generally a grave monk of mature age2 he had an assistant to keep the gate when he delivered messages1 or was compelled to leave his post4 ,the chamberlain's business was to look after the beds1 bedding1 and shaving room1 to attend to the dormitory windows1 and to have the chambers swept1 and the straw of the beds changed once every year1 and under his #afj supervision was the tailory1 where clothes1 etc41 were made and repaired4 ,there were other offices connected with the monastery1 but these were the principal1 and next to these came the monks who formed the convent with the lay brethren and novices4 ,if a child were dedicated to ,god by being sent to a monastery1 his parents were required to swear that he would receive no portion of fortune1 directly or indirectly2 if a mature man presented himself1 he was required to abandon all his possessions1 either to his family or to the monastery itself1 and then to enter as a novitiate4 ,in order to make this as trying as possible1 the ,benedictine rule enjoined that no attention should be at first paid to an applicant1 that the door should not be even opened to him for four or five days1 to test his perseverance4 ,if he continued to knock1 then he was to be admitted to the guests' house1 and after more delay to the novitiate1 where he was submitted to instruction and examination4 ,two months were allowed for this test1 and if satisfactory1 the applicant had the rule read to him1 which reading was concluded with the words used by ,st4 ,benedict himself1 and already quoted3 ,this is the law under which thou art to live1 and to strive for salvation4 ,if thou canst observe it1 enter2 if not1 go in peace1 thou art free4 ,the novitiate lasted one year1 and during this time the rule was read and the question put thrice4 ,if at the end of that time the novice remained firm1 he was introduced to the community in the church1 made a declaration of his vows in writing1 placed it on the altar1 threw himself at the feet of the brethren1 and from that moment was a monk4 ,the rule which swayed this mass of life1 wherever it existed1 in a ,benedictine monastery1 and indirectly the monasteries of other orders1 which are only modifications of the ,benedictine system1 was sketched out by that solitary hermit of ,subiaco4 ,it consists of seventy-three chapters1 which contain a code of laws regulating the duties between the abbot and his monks1 the mode conducting the divine services1 the administration of penalties and discipline1 the duties of monks to each other1 and the internal economy of the monastery1 the duties of the institution toward the world outside1 the distribution of charity1 the kindly reception of strangers1 the laws to regulate the actions of those who were compelled to be absent or to travel2 in fine1 everything which could pertain to the administration of an institution composed of an infinite variety of characters subjected to one absolute ruler4 ,it has elicited the admiration of the learned and good of all subsequent ages4 ,it begins with the simple sentence3 ,listen1 ,o son1 to the precepts of the master6 ,do not fear to receive the counsel of a good father1 and to fulfil it fully1 that thy laborious obedience may lead thee back to him from whom disobedience and weakness have alienated thee4 ,to thee1 whoever thou art1 who renouncest thine own will to fight under the true ,king1 the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and takest in hand the valiant and glorious weapons of obedience1 are my words at this moment addressed4 ,the first words1 ,ausculta1 ,o fili6 are often to be seen inscribed on a book placed in the hands of ,st4 ,benedict1 in paintings and stained glass4 ,the preamble contains the injunction of the two leading principles of the rule2 all the rest is detail1 marvellously thorough and comprehensive4 ,these two grand principles were obedience and labor--the former became absorbed in the latter1 for he speaks of that also as a species of labor--,obedientiae laborem2 but the latter was the genius1 the master-spirit of the whole code4 ,there was to be labor1 not only of contemplation1 in the shape of prayer1 worship1 and self-discipline1 to nurture the soul1 but labor of action1 vigorous1 healthy1 bodily labor1 with the pen in the scriptorium1 with the spade in the fields1 with the hatchet in the forest1 or with the trowel on the walls4 ,labor of some sort there must be daily1 but no idleness3 that was branded as the #afa enemy of the soul--,otiositas inimica est animiae4 ,it was enjoined with all the earnestness of one thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the great ,master1 who said1 ,work whilst it is yet day1 for the night cometh1 when no man shall work2 who would not allow the man he had restored to come and remain with him--that is1 to lead the life of religious contemplation1 but told him to go home to thy friends1 and tell them how great things the ,lord hath done for thee1 and hath had compassion on thee6 ,that is the life of religious activity4 ,the error of the early monasticism was the making it solely a life of contemplation4 ,religious contemplation and religious activity must go together4 ,in the contemplation the ,christian acquires strength1 in the activity he uses that strength for others2 in the activity he is made to feel his weakness and driven to seek for aid in contemplation and prayer4 ,but1 beside being based upon divine authority and example1 this injunction of labor was formed upon a clear insight into and full appreciation of one of the most subtle elements of our constitution4 ,it is this1 that without labor no man can live2 exist he may1 but not live4 ,this is one of the great mysteries of life--its greatest mystery2 and its most emphatic lesson1 which1 if men would only learn1 it would be one great step toward happiness1 or at least toward that highest measure of happiness attainable below4 ,if we can only realize this fact in the profundity of its truth1 we shall have at once the key to half the miseries and anomalies which beset humanity4 ,passed upon man1 in the first instance1 by the ,almighty as a curse1 yet it carried in it the germ of a blessing2 pronounced upon him as a sentence of punishment1 yet there lurked in the chastisement the ,father's love4 ,turn where we may1 to the pages of bygone history or to the unwritten page of everyday life1 from the gilded saloons of the noble to the hut of the peasant1 we shall find this mysterious law working out its results with the unerring precision of a fundamental principle of nature4 ,where men obey that injunction of labor1 no matter what their station1 there is in the act the element of happiness1 and wherever men avoid that injunction there is always the shadow of the unfulfilled curse darkening their path4 ,this is the great clue to the balance of compensation between the rich and the poor4 ,the rich man has no urgent need to labor2 his wealth provides him with the means of escape from the injunction1 and there is to be found in that man's life1 unless he1 in some way1 with his head or with his hands1 works out his measure of the universal task1 a dissonance and a discord1 a something which1 in spite of all his wealth and all his luxury1 corrupts and poisons his whole existence4 ,it is a truth which cannot be ignored--no man who has studied life closely has failed to notice it1 and no merely rich man lives who has not felt it and would not confess to its truth1 if the question were pressed upon him4 ,but in the case of the man who works1 there is in his daily life the element of happiness1 cares flee before him1 and all the little caprices and longings of the imagination--those gad-flies which torment the idle--are to him unknown4 ,he fulfils the measure of life2 and whatever his condition1 even if destitute in worldly wealth1 we may be assured that the poor man has great compensations1 and if he sat down with the rich man to count up grievances would check off a less number than his wealthier brother4 ,whatever his position1 man should labor diligently2 if poor he should labor and he may become rich1 and if rich he should labor still1 that all the evils attendant upon riches may disappear4 ,pure health steals over the body1 the mind becomes dear1 and the little miseries of life1 the petty grievances1 the fantastic wants1 the morbid jealousies1 the wasting weariness1 and the terrible sense of vacuity which haunt #afb the life of one-half of the rich in the world1 all flee before the talisman of active labor2 nor should we be discouraged by failure1 for it is better to fail in action than to do nothing4 ,after all1 what is commonly called failure we shall find to be not altogether such if we examine more closely4 ,we set out upon some action or engagement1 and after infinite toil we miss the object of that action or engagement1 and they say we have failed2 but there is consolation in this incontrovertible fact1 that although we may have missed the particular object toward which our efforts have been directed1 yet we have not altogether failed4 ,there are many collateral advantages attendant upon exertion which may even be of greater importance than the attainment of the immediate object of that exertion1 so that it is quite possible to fail wholly in achieving a certain object and yet make a glorious success4 ,half the achievements of life are built up on failures1 and the greater the achievement1 the greater evidence it is of persistent combat with failure4 ,the student devotes his days and nights to some intellectual investigation1 and though he may utterly fail in attaining to the actual object of that search1 yet he may be drawn into some narrow diverging path in the wilderness of thought which may lead him gradually away from his beaten track on to the broad open light of discovery4 ,the navigator goes out on the broad ocean in search of unknown tracts of land1 and though he may return1 after long and fruitless wanderings1 yet in the voyages he has made he has acquired experience1 and may1 perchance1 have learned some fact or thing which will prove the means of saving him in the hour of danger4 ,those great luminaries of the intellectual firmament--men who devoted their whole lives to investigate1 search1 study1 and think for the elevation and good of their fellows--have only succeeded after a long discipline of failure1 but by that discipline their powers have been developed1 their capacity of thought expanded1 and the experience gradually acquired which at length brought success4 ,there is1 then1 no total failure to honest exertion1 for he who diligently labors must in some way reap4 ,it is a lesson often reiterated in apostolic teaching that whom the ,lord loveth he chasteneth2 and the truth of that lesson may be more fully appreciated by a closer contemplation of life1 more especially this phenomenon of life in which we see the ,father's love following close upon the heels of his chastisement4 ,the man who works lives1 but he who works not lives but a dying and a hopeless life4 ,that vow of labor infused new vitality into the monks1 and instead of living as they had hitherto done upon the charity of the public1 they soon began not only to support themselves1 but to take the poor of their neighborhood under their own especial protection4 ,whenever the ,benedictines resolved on building a monastery1 they chose the most barren1 deserted spot they could find1 often a piece of land long regarded as useless1 and therefore frequently given without a price1 then they set to work1 cleared a space for their buildings1 laid their foundations deep in the earth1 and by gradual but unceasing toil1 often with their own hands1 alternating their labor with their prayers1 they reared up those stately abbeys which still defy the ravages of age4 ,in process of time the desert spot upon which they had settled underwent a complete transformation--a little world populous with busy life sprang up in its midst1 and far and near in its vicinity the briers were cleared away--the hard soil broken up--gardens and fields laid out1 and soon the land1 cast aside by its owners as useless1 bore upon its fertile bosom flowers1 fruit1 corn1 in all the rich exuberance of heaven's blessing upon man's toil--plenty and peace smiled upon the whole scene--its halls were vocal with the voice of praise and the incense of charity arose #afc to heaven from its altars4 ,they came upon the scene poor and friendless--they made themselves rich enough to become the guardians of the poor and friendless2 and the whole secret of their success1 the magic by which they worked these miracles1 was none other than that golden rule of labor instituted by the penetrating intellect of their great founder2 simple and only secret of all success in this world1 now and ever--work--absolute necessity to real life1 and1 united with faith1 one of the elements of salvation4 ,before we advance to the consideration of the achievements of the ,benedictine order1 we wish to call attention to a circumstance which has seldom1 if ever1 been dwelt upon by historians1 and which will assist us in estimating the influence of monachism upon the embryo civilization of ,europe4 ,it is a remarkable fact that two great and renowned phases of life existed in the world parallel to each other1 and went out by natural decay just at the same period3 chivalry and monasticism4 ,the latter was of elder birth1 but as in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,england saw the last of monasticism1 so amid some laughter1 mingled with a little forced seriousness1 did she see the man who was overturning that old system vainly endeavoring to revive the worn-out paraphernalia of chivalry4 ,the jousts and tournaments of ,henry's time were the sudden flashing up of that once brilliant life1 before its utter extinction4 ,both had been great things in the world--both had done great things1 and both have left traces of their influence upon modern society and modern refinement which have not yet been obliterated1 and perhaps never will be4 ,it may then be interesting and instructive if we were to endeavor to compare the value of each by the work it did in the world4 ,the origin of monasticism we have already traced2 that of chivalry requires a few comments4 ,those who go to novels and romances for their history1 have a notion that chivalry existed only in the thirteenth1 fourteenth1 and fifteenth centuries1 the periods chosen for the incidents of those very highly colored romances which belong to that order of writing4 ,there is also a notion that it sprang out of the ,crusades1 which1 instead of being its origin1 were rather the result of the system itself4 ,the real origin of chivalry may be fairly traced to that period when the great empire of the ,west was broken up and subdivided by the barbarians of the ,north4 ,upon the ruins of that empire chivalry arose naturally4 ,the feudal system was introduced1 each petty state had a certain number of vassals1 commanded by different chiefs1 on whose estates they lived1 and to whom they swore fealty in return for their subsistence2 these again looked up to the king as head4 ,by-and-bye1 as the new form of life fell into working order1 it became evident that these chiefs1 with their vassals1 were a power in themselves1 and by combination might interfere with1 if not overthrow1 the authority of the king himself4 ,their continued quarrels amongst themselves were the only protection the king had against them1 but gradually that ceased1 and a time came when there was no occupation for the superfluous valor of the country2 retainers lay about castleyards in all the mischief of idleness1 drunken and clamorous2 the kings not yet firmly seated on their thrones looked about for some current into which they might divert this dangerous spirit4 ,the condition of things in the states themselves was bad enough2 the laws were feebly administered2 it was vain for injured innocence to appeal against the violence of power2 the sword was the only lawgiver1 and strength the only opinion4 ,women were violated with impunity1 houses burned1 herds stolen1 and even blood shed without any possibility of redress for the injured4 ,this state of things was the foundation of chivalry4 #afd ,instinctively led1 or insidiously directed to it1 strong men began to take upon themselves the honor of redressing grievances1 the injured woman found an armed liberator springing up in her defence1 captives were rescued by superior force1 injuries avenged1 and the whole system--by the encouragement of the petty kings who saw in this rising feeling a vent for the idle valor they so much dreaded--soon consolidated itself1 was embellished and made attractive by the charm of gallantry1 and the rewards accorded to the successful by the fair ladies who graced the courts4 ,things went on well1 and that dangerous spirit which threatened to overturn royalty now became its greatest ornament4 ,in process of time it again outgrew its work1 and with all the advantages of organization and flatteries of success1 it once more became the tenor of the crowned heads of ,europe4 ,at this crisis1 however1 an event occurred which1 in all probability1 though it drained ,europe of half her manhood1 saved her from centuries of bloodshed and anarchy2 that event was the banishment of the ,christians and the taking of ,jerusalem by the ,saracens4 ,here was a grand field for the display of chivalry4 ,priestly influence was brought to bear upon the impetuous spirits of these chevaliers1 religious fervor was aroused1 and the element of religious enthusiasm infused into the whole organization2 fair ladies bound the cross upon the breasts of their champions1 and bid them go and fight under the banners of the ,mother of ,god4 ,the whole continent fired up under the preaching of ,peter the ,hermit2 all the rampant floating chivalry of ,europe was aroused1 flocked to the standards of the church1 and banded themselves together in favor of this ,holy ,war2 whilst the ,goth1 the ,vandal1 and the ,lombard1 sitting on their tottering thrones1 encouraged by every means in their power this diversion of the prowess they had so much dreaded1 and began to see in the troubles of ,eastern ,christianity a fitting point upon which to concentrate the fighting material of ,europe out of their way until their own position was more thoroughly consolidated4 ,the ,crusades1 however1 came to an end in time1 and ,europe was once more deluged with bands of warriors who came trooping home from ,eastern climes changed with new ideas1 new traditions1 and filled with martial ardor4 ,but now the ,goth1 the ,vandal1 and the ,lombard had made their position secure1 and the knights and chieftains fell back naturally upon their old pursuit of chivalry1 took up arms once more in defence of the weak and injured against the strong and oppressive4 ,that valor which had fought foot to foot with the swarthy ,saracen1 had braved the pestilence of ,eastern climes and the horrors of ,eastern dungeons1 soon enlisted itself in the more peaceable lists of the joust and tournament1 and went forth under the inspiration of a mistress's love-knot to do that work which we material moderns consign to the office of a magistrate and the arena of a quarter sessions4 ,it was in this later age of chivalry1 when the religious element had blended with it1 and it was dignified with the traditions of religious championship1 that the deeds were supposed to be done which form the subject of those wonderful romances2--that was more properly the perfection of the institution2 its origin lay1 as we have seen1 much further back4 ,as regards the difference between the work and influence of chivalry and monasticism1 it is the same which always must exist between the physical and the moral--the one was a material and the other was a spiritual force4 ,the orders of chivalry included all the physical strength of the country1 its active material2 but the monastery included all its spiritual power and thinking material4 ,chivalry was the instrument by which mighty deeds were done1 but the intellect which guided1 directed1 and in #afe fact used that instrument was developed and matured in the seclusion of the cloister4 ,by the adoption of a stringent code of honor as regards the plighted word1 and a gallant consideration toward the vanquished and weak1 chivalry did much toward the refinement of social intercommunication and assuaging the atrocities of warfare4 ,by the adoption1 also1 of a gentle bearing and respectful demeanor toward the opposite sex1 it elevated woman from the obscurity in which she lay1 and placed her in a position where she could exercise her softening influence upon the rude customs of a half-formed society2 but we must not forget that the gallantry of chivalry was1 after all1 but a glossing over with the splendors of heroism the excrescences of a gross licentiousness--a licentiousness which mounted to its crisis in the polished gallantry of the court of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,monasticism did more for woman than chivalry4 ,it was all very well for preux chevaliers to go out and fight for the honor of a woman's name whom they had never seen2 but we find that when they were brought into contact with woman they behaved with like ruthless violence to her whatever her station may have been--no matter whether she was the pretty daughter of the herdsman1 or the wife of some neighboring baron1 she was seized by violence1 carried off to some remote fortress1 violated and abandoned4 ,monasticism did something better1 it provided her when she was no longer safe1 either in the house of her father or her husband1 with an impregnable shelter against the licentious pursuit of these preux chevaliers2 it gave her a position in the church equal to their own2 she might become the prioress or the lady abbess of her convent2 she was no longer the sport and victim of chivalrous licentiousness1 but a pure and spotless handmaiden of the ,most ,high--a fellow-servant in the church1 where she was honored with equal position and rewarded with equal dignities--a far better thing this than chivalry1 which broke skulls in honor of her name1 whilst it openly violated the sanctity of her person4 ,it may be summed up in a sentence4 ,monasticism worked long and silently at the foundation and superstructure of society1 whilst chivalry labored at its decoration4 ,when we mention the fact that the history of the mere literary achievements of the ,benedictine order fills four large quarto volumes1 printed in double columns1 it will be readily understood how impossible it is to give anything like an idea of its general work in the world in the space of a short summary4 ,that book1 written by ,zeigelbauer1 and called ,historia ,rei ,literariae ,ordinis ,sancti ,benedicti1 contains a short biography of every monk belonging to that order who had distinguished himself in the realms of literature1 science1 and art4 ,then comes ,don ,johannes ,mabillon with his ponderous work1 ,acta ,sanctorum ,ordinis ,sancti ,benedicti4 ,these two authorities gave a minute history of that marvellous institution1 of whose glories we can only offer a faint outline4 ,the ,benedictines1 after the death of their founder1 steadily prospered1 and as they prospered1 sent out missionaries to preach the truth amongst the nations then plunged in the depths of paganism4 ,it has been estimated that they were the means of converting upwards of thirty countries and provinces to the ,christian faith4 ,they were the first to overturn the altars of the heathen deities in the north of ,europe2 they carried the cross into ,gaul1 into ,saxony and ,belgium2 they placed that cross between the abject misery of serfdom and the cruelty of feudal violation2 between the beasts of burden and the beasts of prey--they proclaimed the common kinship of humanity in ,christ the ,elder ,brother4 ,strange to say1 some of its most distinguished missionaries were natives of our own country4 ,it was a #aff ,scottish monk1 ,st4 ,ribanus1 who first preached the gospel in ,franconia--it was an ,english monk1 ,st4 ,wilfred1 who did the same in ,friesland and ,holland in the year #fhc1 but with little success--it was an ,englishman1 ,st4 ,swibert1 who carried the cross to ,saxony1 and it was from the lips of another ,englishman1 ,st4 ,ulfred1 that ,sweden first heard the gospel--it was an ,englishman and a ,devonshire man1 ,st4 ,boniface1 who laid aside his mitre1 put on his monk's dress1 converted ,germany to the truth1 and then fell a victim to the fury of the heathen ,frieslanders1 who slaughtered him in cold blood4 ,four ,benedictine monks carried the light of truth into ,denmark1 ,sweden1 and ,gothland1 sent there in the ninth century by the ,emperor ,ludovicus ,pius4 ,gascony1 ,hungary1 ,lithuania1 ,russia1 ,pomerania1 are all emblazoned on their banners as victories won by them in the fight of faith2 and it was to the devotion of five martyr monks1 who fell in the work1 that ,poland traces the foundation of her church4 ,it is a remarkable fact in the history of ,christianity1 that in its earliest stage--the first phase of its existence--its tendency was to elevate peasants to the dignity of apostles1 but in its second stage it reversed its operations and brought kings from their thrones to the seclusion of the cloister--humbled the great ones of the earth to the dust of penitential humility4 ,up to the fourth century ,christianity was a terrible struggle against principalities and powers3 then a time came when principalities and powers humbled themselves at the foot of that cross whose followers they had so cruelly persecuted4 ,the innumerable martyrdoms of the first four centuries of its career were followed by a long succession of' royal humiliations1 for1 during the sixth1 seventh1 eighth1 and ninth centuries1 in addition to what took place as regards other orders1 no less than ten emperors and twenty kings resigned their crowns and became monks of the ,benedictine order alone4 ,amongst this band of great ones the most conspicuous are the ,emperors ,anastasius1 ,theodosius1 ,michael1 ,theophilus1 and ,ludovicus ,pius4 ,amongst the kings are ,sigismund of ,burgundy1 ,cassimir of ,poland1 ,bamba of ,spain1 ,childeric and ,theodoric of ,france1 ,sigisbert of ,northumberland1 ,ina of the ,west ,saxons1 ,veremunde of ,castille1 ,pepin of ,italy1 and ,pipin of ,acquitaine4 ,adding to these their subsequent acquisitions1 the ,benedictines claim up to the #adth4 century the honor of enrolling amongst their number twenty emperors and forty-seven kings3 twenty sons of emperors and forty-eight sons of kings--amongst whom were ,drogus1 ,pipin1 and ,hugh1 sons of ,charlemagne2 ,lothair and ,carlomen1 sons of ,charles2 and ,fredericq1 son of ,louis ,,iii4 of ,france4 ,as nuns of their order they have had no less than ten empresses and fifty queens1 including the ,empresses ,zoa ,euphrosyne1 ,st4 ,cunegunda1 ,agnes1 ,augusta1 and ,constantina2 the ,queens ,batilda of ,france1 ,elfreda of ,northumberland1 ,sexburga of ,kent1 ,ethelberga of the ,west ,saxons1 ,ethelreda of ,mercia1 ,ferasia of ,toledo1 ,maud of ,england4 ,in the year #abij the ,empress ,elizabeth took the veil with her daughters ,agnes1 queen of ,hungary1 and the ,countess ,cueba2 also ,anne1 queen of ,poland1 and ,cecily1 her daughter4 ,in the wake of these crowned heads follow more than one hundred princesses1 daughters of kings and emperors4 ,five ,benedictine nuns have attained literary distinction--,rosinda1 ,st4 ,elizabeth1 ,st4 ,hildegardis1 whose works were approved of by the ,council of ,treves1 ,st4 ,hiltrudis1 and ,st4 ,metilda4 ,for the space of #bci years #a month and #bf days the ,benedictines governed the church in the shape of #dh popes chosen from their order1 most prominent among whom was ,gregory the ,great1 through whose means the rule was introduced into ,england4 ,four of these pontiffs came from the original #afg monastery of ,monte ,cassino1 and three of them quitted the throne and resumed the monastic life--,constantine ,,ii41 ,christopher ,i41 and ,gregory ,,xii4 ,two hundred cardinals had been monks in their cloisters--they produced #g1jjj archbishops1 #ae1jjj bishops1 fifteen of whom took off their mitres1 resumed their monks' frock1 and died in seclusion2 #ae1jjj abbots2 #d1jjj saints4 ,they established in different countries altogether #hg1jjj monasteries1 which sent out into the world upwards of #ae1gjj monks1 all of whom attained distinction as authors of books or scientific inventors4 ,rabanus established the first school in ,germany4 ,alcuin founded the ,university of ,paris1 where #cj1jjj students were educated at one time1 and whence issued1 to the honor of ,england1 ,st4 ,thomas ,becket1 ,robert of ,melun1 ,robert ,white1 made cardinal by ,celestine ,,ii41 ,nicholas ,broakspear1 the only ,englishman ever made ,pope1 who filled the chair under the title of ,adrian ,,iv41 and ,john of ,salisbury1 whose writings give us the best description of the learning both of the university and the times4 ,theodore and ,adrian1 two ,benedictine monks1 revived the ,university of ,oxford1 which ,bede1 another of the order1 considerably advanced4 ,it was in the obscurity of a ,benedictine monastery that the musical scale or gamut--the very alphabet of the greatest refinement of modern life--was invented1 and ,guido d',arezzo1 who wrested this secret from the realms of sound1 was the first to found a school of music4 ,sylvester invented the organ1 and ,dionysius ,exiguus perfected the ecclesiastical computation4 ,england in the early periods of her history contributed upwards of a hundred sons to this band of immortals1 the most distinguished of whom we will just enumerate--,st4 ,cuthbert1 bishop of ,lindisfarne1 whose life ,bede has written1 and whose ,ordinationes and ,de ,vita ,monastica have reached to our times4 ,st4 ,benedict ,biscop1 the founder of the monasteries of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 at ,wearmouth and ,jarrow1 a nobleman by birth1 and a man of extraordinary learning and ability1 to whom ,england owes the training of the father of her ecclesiastical history1 the ,venerable ,bede4 ,st4 ,aldhelm1 nephew of ,king ,ina1 ,st4 ,wilfrid1 ,st ,brithwald1 a monk of ,glastonbury1 elevated to the dignity of ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 which he held over thirty-seven years4 ,his works which have come down to us are a ,life of ,st4 ,egwin1 bishop of ,worcester1 and the ,origin of the ,monastery of ,evesham4 ,tatwin1 who succeeded him in the archbishopric4 ,bede the ,venerable1 who was skilled in all the learning of the times1 and2 in addition to ,latin and ,greek1 was versed in ,hebrew2 he wrote an immense number of works1 many of which are lost1 but the best known are the greater portion of the ,saxon ,chronicle1 which was continued after his death as a national record2 and his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 which gives to ,england a more compendious and valuable account of her early church than has fallen to the lot of any other nation4 ,he was also one of the earliest translators of the ,scriptures1 and oven on his death-bed dictated to a scribe almost up to the final moment2 when the last struggle came upon him he had reached as far as the words1 ,but what are they among so many1 in the sixth chapter of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 and the ninth verse4 ,st4 ,boniface1 already alluded to as the apostle of ,germany1 was a native of ,devonshire4 ,he was made ,archbishop of ,mentz1 but being possessed with an earnest longing to convert the heathen ,frieslanders1 he retired from his archbishopric1 and putting on his monk's dress took with him no other treasure than a book he was very fond of reading1 called ,de ,bono ,mortis1 went amongst these people1 who cruelly beat him to death in the year #gee2 and the book stained with his blood #afh was cherished as a sacred relic long after4 ,alcuin1 whom we have already mentioned as the founder of the ,university of ,paris1 was a ,yorkshireman1 and was educated under ,bede4 ,he lived to become the friend of ,charlemagne1 and next to his venerable master was the greatest scholar and divine in ,europe2 he died about the year #gij4 ,john ,asser1 a native of ,pembrokeshire1 is another of these worthies4 ,it is supposed that ,alfred endowed ,oxford with professors1 and settled stipends upon them1 under his influence1 he being invited to the court of that monarch for his great learning4 ,he wrote a ,commentary upon ,boethius de ,consolatione ,philosophiae1 the ,life of ,king ,alfred1 and the ,annals of ,great ,britain4 ,st4 ,dunstan1 a monk of ,glastonbury1 the best known of all these great ,englishmen1 died ,archbishop of ,canterbury2 but as we shall have much to say of him hereafter we pass on to ,st4 ,ethelwold1 his pupil1 also a monk at ,glastonbury1 distinguished for his learning and piety1 for which he was made abbot of the ,monastery of ,abingdon1 where he died in the year #ihd4 ,ingulphus1 a native of ,london1 was made ,abbot of ,croyland1 in ,lincolnshire1 in the year #ajge4 ,a history of the abbey over which he presided has been attributed to him1 but its authenticity has been gravely disputed4 ,alfric1 a noted grammarian4 ,florence1 of ,worcester1 was another great annalist1 who in his ,chronicon ex ,chronici brings the history down to the year #aaai1 that in which he died2 his book is chiefly valuable as a key to the ,saxon ,chronicle4 ,william1 the renowned monk of ,malmesbury1 the most elegant of all the monastic ,latinists1 was born about the time of the ,norman ,conquest4 ,his history consists of two parts1 the ,gesta ,regum ,anglorum1 in five books1 including the period between the arrival of the ,saxons and the year #aabj4 ,the ,historia ,novella1 in three books1 brings it down to the year #aadb4 ,he ranks next to ,bede as an historic writer1 most of the others being mere compilers and selectors from extant chronicles4 ,he also wrote a work on the history of the ,english bishops1 called ,de ,gestis ,pontificum ,anglorum1 in which he speaks out fearlessly and without sparing3 also a treatise on the antiquity of ,glastonbury ,abbey1 ,de ,antiquitate ,glastoniensis ,ecclesiae2 his style is most interesting1 and he is supposed to have written impartially1 separating the improbable from the real1 and gives us what can readily be appreciated as a fair and real picture of the state of things1 more especially of the influence and policy of the ,norman court1 and the opening of the struggle between the two races4 ,eadmer was another contemporaneous celebrity with ,william of ,malmesbury2 he was the author of a history of his own times1 called ,historia ,novorum sive ,sui ,secula1 which is spoken of very highly by ,william of ,malmesbury2 it contains the reigns of ,william the ,conqueror and ,rufus1 and a portion of that of ,henry ,i41 embracing a period extending from #ajff to #aabb4 ,matthew ,paris1 another historian who lived about the year #abei1 closes our selection from the long list of ,british worthies who were members of the ,benedictine order4 ,when we reflect that all the other monastic systems1 not only of the past1 but even of the present day1 are but modifications of this same rule1 and that it emanated from the brain1 and is the embodiment of the genius of the solitary hermit of ,monte ,cassino1 we are lost in astonishment at the magnitude of the results which have sprung from so simple an origin4 ,that ,st4 ,benedict had any presentiment of the future glory of his order1 there is no sign in his rule or his life4 ,he was a great and good man1 and he produced that comprehensive rule simply for the guidance of his own immediate followers1 without a thought beyond4 ,but it was blessed1 #afi and grew and prospered mightily in the world4 ,he has been called the ,moses of a favored people2 and the comparison is not inapt1 for he lead his order on up to the very borders of the promised country1 and after his death1 which1 like that of ,moses1 took place within sight of their goal1 they fought their way through the hostile wilds of barbarism1 until those men who had conquered the ancient civilizations of ,europe lay at their feet1 bound in the fetters of spiritual subjection to the cross of ,christ4 ,the wild races of ,scandinavia came pouring down upon southern ,europe in one vast march of extermination1 slaying and destroying as they advanced1 sending before them the terror of that doom which might be seen in the desolation which lay behind them2 but they fell1 vanquished by the power of the army of ,god1 who sallied forth in turn to reconquer the world1 and fighting not with the weapons of fire and sword1 but1 like ,christian soldiers1 girt about with truth1 and having on the breastplate of righteousness1 they subdued these wild races1 who had crushed the conquerors of the earth1 and rested not until they had stormed the stronghold1 and planted the cross triumphantly upon the citadel of an ancient paganism4 ,time rolled on1 and the gloom of a long age of darkness fell upon a world whose glory lay buried under ,roman ruins4 ,science had gone1 literature had vanished1 art had flown1 and men groped about in vain in that dense darkness for one ray of hope to cheer them in their sorrow4 ,the castle of the powerful baron rose gloomily above them1 and with spacious moat1 dense walls1 and battlemented towers1 frowned ominously upon the world which lay abject at its feet4 ,in slavery men were born1 and in slavery they lived4 ,they pandered to the licentiousness and violence of him who held their lives in his hands1 and fed them only to fight and fail at his bidding4 ,but far away from the castle there arose another building1 massive1 solid1 and strong1 not frowning with battlemented towers1 nor isolated by broad moats2 but with open gates1 and a hearty welcome to all comers1 stood the monastery1 where lay the hope of humanity1 as in a safe asylum4 ,behind its walls was the church1 and clustered around it the dwelling-places of those who had left the world1 and devoted their lives to the service of that church1 and the salvation of their souls4 ,far and near in its vicinity the land bore witness to assiduous culture and diligent care1 bearing on its fertile bosom the harvest hope of those who had labored1 which the heavens watered1 the sun smiled upon1 and the winds played over1 until the heart of man rejoiced1 and all nature was big with the promise of increase4 ,this was the refuge to which religion and art had fled4 ,in the quiet seclusion of its cloisters science labored at its problems and perpetuated its results1 uncheered by applause and stimulated only by the pure love of the pursuit4 ,art toiled in the church1 and whole generations of busy fingers worked patiently at the decoration of the temple of the ,most ,high4 ,the pale1 thoughtful monk1 upon whose brow genius had set her mark1 wandered into the calm retirement of the library1 threw back his cowl1 buried himself in the study of philosophy1 history1 or divinity1 and transferred his thoughts to vellum1 which was to moulder and waste in darkness and obscurity1 like himself in his lonely monk's grave1 and be read only when the spot where he labored should be a heap of ruins1 and his very name a controversy amongst scholars4 ,we should never lose sight of this truth1 that in this building1 when the world was given up to violence and darkness1 was garnered up the hope of humanity2 and these men who dwelt there in contemplation and obscurity were its faithful guardians--and this was more particularly the case with that great order whose foundation we #agj have been examining4 ,the ,benedictines were the depositaries of learning and the arts2 they gathered books together1 and reproduced them in the silence of their cells1 and they preserved in this way not only the volumes of sacred writ1 but many of the works of classic lore4 ,they started ,gothic architecture--that matchless union of nature with art--they alone had the secrets of chemistry and medical science2 they invented many colors2 they were the first architects1 artists1 glass-stainers1 carvers1 and mosaic workers in mediaeval times4 ,they were the original illuminators of manuscripts1 and the first transcribers of books2 in fine1 they were the writers1 thinkers1 and workers of a dark age1 who wrote for no applause1 thought with no encouragement1 and worked for no reward4 ,their power1 too1 waxed mighty2 kings trembled before their denunciations of tyranny1 and in the hour of danger fled to their altars for safety2 and it was an ,english king who made a pilgrimage to their shrines1 and prostrate at the feet of five ,benedictine monks1 bared his back1 and submitted himself to be scourged as a penance to his crimes4 ,nearly fourteen hundred years have rolled by since the great man who founded this noble order died2 and he who in after years compiled the ,saxon ,chronicle has recorded it in a simple sentence1 which1 amongst the many records of that document1 we may at least believe1 and with which we will conclude the chapter--,this year ,st4 ,benedict the ,abbot1 father of all monks1 went to heaven4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert1 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,some old men came to ,abbot ,antony1 who1 to try their spirits1 proposed to them a difficult passage of ,scripture4 ,as each in turn did his best to explain it1 ,antony said3 ,you have not hit it4 ,till ,abbot ,joseph said3 ,i give it up4 ,then cried ,antony3 ,he has hit it2 for he owns he does not know it4 #b4 ,when the ,abbot ,arsenius was at the point of death1 his brethren noted that he wept4 ,they said then3 ,is it so8 art thou too afraid1 ,o father8 ,he answered3 ,it is so2 and the fear that is now upon me has been with me ever since ,i became a monk4 ,and so he went to sleep4 #c4 ,abbot ,pastor said3 ,we cannot keep out bad thoughts1 as we cannot stop the wind rushing through the door2 but we can resist them when they come4 #d4 ,abbot ,besarion said1 when he was dying3 ,a monk ought to be all eye1 as the cherubim and seraphim4 #e4 ,they asked ,abbot ,macarius how they ought to pray4 ,the old man made answer3 ,no need to be voluble in prayer2 but stretch forth thy hands frequently1 and say1 ',lord1 as thou wilt1 and as thou knowest1 have mercy on me4' ,and if war is coming on1 say1 ',help6' ,and he who himself knoweth what is expedient for thee1 will show thee mercy4 #f4 ,on a festival1 when the monks were at table1 one cried out to the servers1 ,i eat nothing dressed1 so bring me some salt4 ,blessed ,theodore made reply3 ,my brother1 better were it to have even secretly eaten flesh in thy cell than thus loudly to have refused it4 #g4 ,an old man said3 ,a monk's cell is that golden ,babylonian furnace in which the ,three ,children found the ,son of ,god4 ------ #aga ,,original ,,christine3 ,a ,,troubadour',s ,,song1 ,,in ,,five ,,cantos4 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,miles4 ,footnote #cd ,footnote #cd3 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahhf1 by ,lawrence ,kehoe1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states for the ,southern ,district of ,new ,york4 7,continued7 ,,the ,,third ,,song4 ,i4 ,fronting the vine-clad ,hermitage1-- ,its hoary turrets mossed with age1 ,its walls with flowers and grass o'ergrown1-- ,a ruined ,castle1 throned so high ,its battlements invade the sky1 ,looks down upon the rushing ,rhone4 ,from its tall summits you may see ,the sunward slopes of ,cte ,rotie ,with its red harvest's revelry2 ,while eastward1 midway to the ,alpine snows1 ,soar the sad cloisters of the ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,and here1 'tis said1 to hide his shame1 ,the thrice accursed ,pilate came2 ,and here the very rock is shown4 ,where1 racked and riven with remorse1 ,mad with the memory of the ,cross1 ,he sprang and perished in the ,rhone4 ',tis said that certain of his race ,made this tall peak their dwelling place4 ,and built them there this castle keep ,to mark the spot of ,pilate's leap4 #agb ,full many the tale of terror told ,at eve1 with changing cheek1 ,by maiden fair and stripling bold1 ,of these dark keepers of the height ,and1 most of all1 of the ,wizard ,knight1 ,the ,knight of ,pilate's ,peak4 ,his was a name of terror known ,and feared through all ,provence2 ,men breathed it in an undertone4 ,with quailing eye askance1 ,till the good ,dauphin of ,vienne1 ,and ,miolan's ancient ,lord1 ,one midnight stormed the robber den ,and gave them to the sword2 ,all save the ,wizard ,knight1 who rose ,in a flame-wreath from his dazzled foes2 ,all save a child1 with golden hair4 ,whom the ,lord of ,miolan deigned to spare ,in ruth to womanhood1 ,and she1 alas1 is the maiden fair ,who wept in the walnut wood4 ,but who is he1 with step of fate1 ,goes gloomily through the castle gate ,in me morning's virgin prime8 ,why scattereth he with frenzied hand ,the fierce flame of that burning brand1 ,chaunting an ancient rhyme8 ,the eagle1 scared from her blazing nest1 ,whirls with a scream round his sable crest4 ,what muttereth he with demon smile4 ,shaking his mailed hand the while ,toward the ,chateau of ,la ,sne1 ,where champing steed and bannered tent ,gave token of goodly tournament1 ,and the ,golden ,dolphin shone8 ,woe to the last of the ,dauphin's line1 ,when the eagle shrieks and the red lights shine ,bound the towers of ,pilate's ,peak6 ,burn1 beacon1 burn6--and as he spoke ,from the ruined towers curled the pillared smoke1 ,as the light flame leapt from the ancient oak ,and answered the eagle's shriek4 ,man and horse down the hillside sprang ,and a voice through the startled forest rang-- ,i ride1 ,i ride to win my bride4 ,ho1 ,eblis6 to thy servants side2 ,thou hast sworn no foe ,shall lay me low ,till the dead in arms against me ride4 #agc ,,ii4 ,deliciously1 deliciously ,cometh the dancing dawn1 ,christine1 ,christine comes with it1 ,leading in the morn4 ,beautiful pair6 ,so cometh the fawn ,before the deer4 ,christine is in her bower ,beside the swift ,isre ,weaving a white flower ,with her dark brown hair4 ,never1 ,o never1 ,wandering river4 ,though flowing for ever1 ,e'er shalt thou mirror ,maiden so fair6 ,hail to thee1 hail to thee1 ,beautiful one2 ,maiden to match thee1 ,on earth there is none4 ,and there is none to tell ,how beautiful thou art3 ,though oft the first ,rudel ,has made the ,princes start1 ,when he has strung his harp and sung ,the ,lily of ,provence1 ,till the high halls have rung ,with clash of lifted lance ,vowed to the young ,christine of ,france4 ,ah1 true that he might paint ,the blooming of thy cheek4 ,the blue vein's tender streak ,on marble temple faint2 ,lips in whose repose ,ruby weddeth rose4 ,lips that parted show ,ambushed pearl below3 ,or he may catch the subtle glow ,of smiles as rare as sweet1 ,may whisper of the drifted snow ,where throat and bosom meet4 ,and of the dark brown braids that flow ,so grandly to thy feet4 ,ah1 true that he may sing ,thy wondrous mien4 #agd ,stately as befits a queen1 ,yet light and lithe and all awing ,as becometh ,queen of air ,who glideth unstepping everywhere4 ,and he might number e'en ,the charms that haunt the drapery-- ,charms that1 ever changing1 cluster ,round thy milk-white mantle's lustre1-- ,maiden mantle that is part of thee4 ,maiden mantle that doth circle thee ,with the snows of virgin grace2 ,halo-like around thee wreathing1 ,spirit-like about thee breathing ,the glory of thy face4 ,but these dark eyes1 ,christine8 ,peace1 poet1 peace1 ,cease1 minstrel1 cease6 ,but these dear eyes1 ,christine8 ,mute1 ,o mute ,be voice and lute6 ,o dear dark eyes that seem to dwell ,with holiest things invisible1 ,who may read your oracle8 ,earnest eyes that seem to rove ,empyrean heights above1 ,yet aglow with human love4 ,who may speak your spell8 ,dear dark eyes that beam and bless1 ,in whose luminous caress ,nature weareth bridal dress1-- ,eyes of voiceless ,prophetess1 ,your meanings who may tell6 ,o there is none6 ,peace1 poet1 peace4 ,cease1 minstrel1 cease1 ,for there is none6 ,o eyes of fire without desire1 ,o stars that lead the sun6 ,but minstrel cease1 ,peace1 poet1 peace4 ,tame ,troubadour be still2 ,voice and lute ,alike be mute1 ,it passeth all your skill6 ,sooth thou art fair1 ,o ladye dear4 ,yet one may see ,the shadow of the east in thee2 #age ,tinting to a riper flush ,the faint vermilion of thy blush2 ,deepening in thy dark brown hair ,till sunshine sleeps in starlight there4 ,for she had scarce seen summers ten1 ,when erst the ,hermit's call ,sent all true ,knights from bower and hall ,against the ,saracen4 ,young1 motherless1 and passing fair1 ,the ,dauphin durst not leave her there1 ,within his castle lone1 ,to kinsman's cold or casual care1 ,not such as were his own3 ,and so the sweet ,provenal maid ,shared with her sire the first ,crusade4 ,and you may hear her oft1 ,in accents strangely soft4 ,still singing of the rose's bloom ,in ,sharon1--of the long sunset ,that gilds lamenting ,olivet1 ,of eglantines that grace the gloom ,of sad ,gethsemane2 ,and of a young ,knight ever seen ,in evening walks along the green ,that fringes feeble ,silo4 ,young1 beautiful1 and passing fair-- ,the ancient ,dauphin's only heir1 ,the fairest flower of ,france1-- ,knights by sea and ,knights by land ,came to claim the fair white hand1 ,with sigh and suppliant lance2 ,and many a shield ,displayed afield ,the ,lily of ,provence4 ,ladye love of prince and bard ,yet to one young ,savoyard ,swerveless faith she gave-- ,to the young knight ever seen ,when moonlight wandered o'er the green ,that gleams o'er ,silo's wave4 ,and he1 blest boy1 where lingers he8 ,for the ,dauphin hath given slow consent ,that1 after a joyous tournament1 ,the stately spousals shall be4 ,christine is in her bower ,that blooms by the swift ,isre1 ,twining a white flower ,with her dark brown hair4 #agf ,the skies of ,provence ,are bright with her glance1 ,and nature's matin organ floods ,the world with music from the myriad throats ,of the winged ,troubadours1 whose joyous notes ,brighten the rolling requiem of the woods4 ,with melody1 flowers1 and light ,hath the maiden come to play1 ,as fragile1 fair1 and bright ,and lovelier than they8 ,o no1 she has come to her bower ,that blooms by the dark ,isre ,for the bridegroom who named the first hour ,of day-dawn to meet her there3 ,but the bridal morn on the hills is born ,and the bridegroom is not here4 ,hie thee hither1 ,savoyard1 ,on such an errand youth rides hard4 ,never knight so dutiful ,maiden failed so beautiful3 ,and she in such sweet need1 ,and he so bold and true6-- ,she will watch by the long green avenue ,till it quakes to the tramp of his steed2 ,till it echoes the neigh of the gallant ,grey ,spurred to the top of his speed4 ,in the dark1 green1 lonely avenue ,the ,ladye her love-watch keepeth1 ,listening so close that she can hear ,the very dripping of the dew ,stirred by the worm as it creepeth2 ,straining her ear ,for her lover's coming ,till his steed seems near ,in the bee's far humming4 ,she stands in the silent avenue1 ,her back to a cypress tree2 ,o ,savoyard once bold and true1 ,late bridegroom1 where canst thou be8 ,hark6 o'er the bridge that spans the river ,there cometh a clattering tread1 ,never was shaft from mortal quiver ,ever so swiftly sped4 ,onward the sound1 ,bound after1 bound1 ,leapeth along the tremulous ground4 #agg ,from the nodding forest darting4 ,leaves1 like water1 round them parting4 ,up the long green avenue1 ,horse and horseman buret in view4 ,marry1 what ails the bridegroom gay ,that he strideth a coal black steed1 ,why cometh he not on the gallant ,grey ,that never yet failed him at need8 ,gone is the white plume1 that clouded his crest1 ,and the love-scarf that lightly lay over his breast2 ,dark is his shield as the raven's wing ,to the funeral banquet hurrying4 ,came ever knight in such sad array ,on the merry morn of his bridal day8 ,the ,ladye trembles1 and well she may2 ,saints1 you would think him a fiend astray4 ,a plunge1 a pause1 and1 fast beside her4 ,stand the sable horse and rider4 ,alas1 ,christine1 this shape of wrath ,in ,palestine once crossed thy path2 ,his arm around thy waist1 ,i trow1 ,to bear thee to his saddle-bow4 ,but thy ,savoyard was there4 ,in time to save1 tho' not to smite1 ,for the demon fled into the night ,from ,miolan's matchless heir4 ,alas1 ,christine1 that lance lies low-- ,lies low on oaken bier6 ,low bent the ,wizard1 till his plume ,o'ershadowed her like falling doom3 ,she feels the cold casque touch her ear1 ,she hears the whisper1 hollow1 clear1-- ,from ,acre's strand1 from ,holy ,land1 ,o'er mountain crag1 through desert sand1 ,by land1 by sea1 ,i come for thee4 ,and mine ere sunset shalt thou be6 ,dost know me1 girl8 ,the visor raises-- ,god1 'tis the ,knight of ,pilate's ,peak6 ,as if in wildered dream she gazes1 ,gazing as one who strives to shriek4 ,she cannot fly1 or speak1 or stir1 ,for that face of horror glares1 at her ,like a phantom fresh from hell4 ,she gave no answer1 she made no moan2 ,mute as a statue overthrown4 ,her fair face cold as carved stone1 ,swooning the maiden fell4 #agh ,the sun has climbed the golden hills ,and danceth down with the mountain rills4 ,over the meadow the swift beams run ,lifting the flowers1 one by one1 ,sipping their chalices dry as they pass1 ,and kissing the beads from the bending grass4 ,the ,dauphin's chateau1 grand and grey1 ,glows merrily in the risen day2 ,his castle that seemeth ancient as earth1 ,lights up like an old man in his mirth4 ,through the forest old1 the sunbeams bold ,their glittering revel keep1 ,till1 in arrowy gold1 on the chequered wold ,in glancing lines they sleep4 ,and one sweet beam hath found its way ,to the violet bank where the ,ladye lay4 ,o radiant touch6 perchance so shone ,the hand that woke the widow's son4 ,she sighs1 she stirs2 the death-swoon breaks2 ,life slowly fires those pallid lips2 ,and feebly1 painfully1 she wakes1 ,struggling through that dark eclipse4 ,breathing fresh of ,alpine snows1 ,breathing sweets of summer rose4 ,murmuring songs of soft repose1 ,the south wind on her bosom blows3 ,but she heeds it not1 she hears it not2 ,fast she sits with steady stare4 ,the dew-drops heavy on her hair1 ,her fingers clasped in dumb despair1 ,frozen to the spot3 ,while o'er her fierce and fixed as fate1 ,the fiend on his spectral war-horse sate4 ,a horrible smile through the visor broke1 ,and1 quoth he1 ,i but watched till my ,ladye woke4 ,get thee a flagon of ,shiraz wine1 ,for the lips must be red that answer mine6 ,cleaving the woods1 like the wind he went4 ,his face o'er his shoulder backward bent1 ,crying thrice--,we shall meet at the ,tournament6 ,clasping the cypress overhead1 ,christine rose from her fragrant bed4 ,and a prayer to ,mother ,mary sped4 ,hold not those gleaming skies for her ,the same unfailing ,comforter8 ,and those two white winged cherubim1 ,she once had seen1 when ,christmas hymn ,chimed with the midnight mass1 ,scattering light through the chapel dim1 ,alive in me stained glass-- #agi ,what fiend could harm a hair of her4 ,while those arching-wings took care of her8 ,and our ,ladye1 ,maid divine1 ,mother round whose marble shrine ,she wreathed the rose of ,palestine ,so many sinless years1 ,will not heaven's maiden-mother ,queen ,regard her daughter's tears6 ,yes6--through the forest stepping slow1 ,tranquil mistress of her woe1 ,goeth the calm ,christine2 ,and but for yonder spot of snow ,upon each temple1 none may know ,how stem a storm hath been4 ,for never dawned a brighter day1 ,and the ,ladye smileth on her way1 ,greeting the blue-eyed morn at play ,with earth in her spangled green4 ,a single cloud ,stole like a shroud ,forth from the fading mists that hid ,the crest of each ,alpine pyramid2 ,unmovingly it lingers over ,the mountain castle of her lover2 ,while over ,pilate's ,peak ,hangs the grey pall of the sullen smoke1 ,leaps the lithe flame of the ancient oak ,and the eagle soars with a shriek4 ,full well she knew the curse was near4 ,but that heart of hers had done with fear4 ,by ,st4 ,antoine1 not steadier stands ,mont ,blanc's white head in winter's whirl ,than that calm1 fearless1 smiling girl ,with her bare brow upturned and firmly folded hands4 ,back to her bower so fair ,christine her way1 is wending2 ,over the dark ,isre ,silently she's bending1 ,thus communing with the stream4 ,as one who whispers in a dream3 ,waters that at sunset ran ,round the ,mount of ,miolan2 ,stream1 that binds my love to me1 ,whisper where that lover be2 ,wavelets mine1 what evil things ,mingle with your murmurings2 ,tell me1 ere ye glide away4 ,wherefore doth the bridegroom stay8 ,hath the fiend of ,pilate's ,peak ,met him1 stayed him1 slain him--speak6 #ahj ,speak the worst a ,bride may know1 ,god hath armed my soul for woe2 ,touching heaven1 the virgin snow ,is firmer than the rock below4 ,lies my love upon his bier1 ,answer1 answer1 dark ,isre6 ,hark1 to the low voice of the river ,singing ',thy love is lost for ever6' ,weep with all thy icy fountains1 ,weep1 ye cold1 uncaring mountains1 ,i have not a tea6 ,stream1 that parts my love from me1 ,bear this bridal rose with thee2 ,bear it to the happy hearted1 ,christine and all the flowers have parted6 ,they are coming from the castle1 ,a bevy of bright-eyed girls1 ,some with their long locks braided1 ,some with loose golden curls4 ,merrily 'mid the meadows ,they win their wilful way2 ,winding through sun and shadow1 ,rivulets at play4 ,brows with white rosebuds blowing1 ,necks with white pearl entwined4 ,gowns whose white folds imprison ,wafts of the wandering wind4 ,the boughs of the charmd woodland ,sing to the vision sweet4 ,the daisies that crouch in the clover ,nod to their twinkling feet4 ,they see ,christine by the river1 ,and1 deeming the bridegroom near1 ,they wave her a dewy rose-wreath ,fresh plucked for her dark brown hair4 ,hand in hand tripping to meet her1 ,birdlike they carol their joy4 ,wedding soft ,provenal numbers ,to a dulcet old strain of ,savoy4 #aha ,,the ,,greeting4 ,sister1 standing at ,love's golden gate4 ,life's second door-- ,fleet the maidentime is flying4 ,friendship fast in love is dying1 ,bridal fate doth separate ,friends evermore4 ,pilgrim seeking with thy sandalled feet ,the land of bliss2 ,sire and sister tearless leaving1 ,to thy beckoning palmer cleaving-- ,truant sweet1 once more repeat ,our parting kiss4 ,wanderer filling for enchanted isle ,thy dimpling sail2 ,whither drifted1 all uncaring4 ,so with faithful helmsman faring1 ,stay and smile with us1 awhile1 ,before the gale4 ,playmate1 hark6 for all that once was ours ,soon rings the knell3 ,glade and thicket1 glen and heather1 ,whisper sacredly together2 ,queen of ours1 the very flowers ,sigh forth farewell4 ,christine looked up1 and smiling stood ,among the choral sisterhood3 ,but some who sprang to greet her1 stayed ,tiptoe1 with the speech unsaid2 ,and1 each the other1 none knew why4 ,questioned with quick1 wondering eye4 ,one by one1 their smiles have flown4 ,no lip is laughing but her own2 ,and hers1 the frozen smile that wears ,the glittering of unshed tears4 ,ye nave sung for me1 ,i will sing for ye1 ,my sisters fond and fair4 ,and she bent her head till the chaplet fell ,adown in the deep ,isre4 ,,the ,,reply4 ,bring me no rose-wreath now3 ,but come when sunset's first tears fall4 ,when night-birds from the mountain call-- ,then bind my brow1 ,roses and lilies white-- ,but tarry till the glow-worms trail ,their gold-work o'er the spangled veil ,of falling night #ahb ,twine not your garland fair ,till ,i have fallen fast asleep2 ,then to my silent pillow creep ,and leave it there-- ,there in the chapel yard6-- ,come with twilight's earliest hush1 ,just as day's last purple flush ,forsakes the sward4 ,stop where the white cross stands4 ,you'll find me in my wedding suit1 ,lying motionless and mute1 ,with folded hands4 ,tenderly to my side3 ,the bridegroom's form you may not see ,in the dim eve1 but he will be ,fast by his bride4 ,soft with your chaplet move4 ,and lightly lay it on my head3 ,be sure you wake not with rude tread ,my jealous love4 ,kiss me1 then quick away2 ,and leave us1 in unwatched repose1 ,with the lily and the rose ,waiting for day6 ,but hark6 the cry of the clamorous horn ,breaks the bright stillness of the morn4 ,from moated wall1 from festal hall ,the banners beckon1 the bugles call1 ,already flames1 in the lists unrolled ,o'er the ,dauphin's tent1 the ,dolphin gold4 ,a hundred knights in armor glancing4 ,hurry afield with pennons dancing1 ,each with a vow to splinter a lance ,for ,christine1 the ,lily of ,provence4 ,haste6 cried ,christine2 ,sisters1 we tarry late4 ,let not the tourney wait ,for its ,queen6 ,and1 toward the castle gate1 ,they take their silent way along the green4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued ------ #ahc ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,,jenifer',s ,,prayer4 ,,by ,,oliver ,,crane4 ,,in ,,three ,,parts4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,mary ,lorimer returned in safety to ,beremouth under ,horace ,erskine's care1 welcomed as may be supposed by the adopted father and her mother4 ,not that ,mother ,mary1 as ,lady ,greystock in the old ,claudia ,brewer days used to call her1 could ever welcome ,horace4 ,she had never liked him2 she had always felt that there was some unknown wrong about his seeking and his leaving ,claudia2 she had been glad that a long absence abroad had kept him from them while her darling ,mary had been growing up2 and it was with a spasm of fear that she heard of his spending that autumn at her sister's4 ,and yet she had consented to his bringing ,mary home4 ,yes1 she had consented1 for ,mr4 ,brewer in his overflowing hospitality had asked him to come to them--had regretted that they had seen so little of him of late years--and had himself suggested that he should come when ,mary returned4 ,nine years does a great deal2 it may even pay people's debts sometimes4 ,but it had not paid ,horace ,erskine's debts3 on the contrary1 it had added to them with all the bewildering peculiarities that belong to calculations of interests and compound interests4 ,he had got to waiting for another man's death4 ,how many have had to become in heart death-dealers in this way6 ,it was known that he would be his uncle's heir1 and his uncle added to what he supposed ,horace possessed a good sum yearly2 making the man rich as he thought1 and causing occasionally a slight passing regret that ,horace was so saving4 ,he might do so much more if he liked on his good income1 the elder ,mr4 ,erskine would say4 ,but he did not know of the many sums for ever paying to keep things quiet till death1 the great paymaster1 should walk in and demand stern rights of himself1 the elder1 and pass on the gold that we all must leave behind to the nephew1 the younger one4 ,but in the nine years that had passed since the coward took his revenge on a brave woman by doing that which killed her husband1 great things had happened to pretty ,minnie ,lorimer4 ,the county people had been after her--those same old families who had flouted her mother1 and prophesied eternal poverty to her poor pet baby--fatherless1 too6 a fact that finished the story of their faults with a note of peculiar infamy4 ,that a man of good family should marry without money1 become the father of a lovely child1 and die--that the mother should go back to that old poverty-stricken home where that stiff-looking maid-servant looked so steadily into the faces of all who stood and asked admittance--that they should pretend to be happy6--altogether1 it was really too bad4 ,why did not ,mrs4 ,lorimer1 widow1 go out as a governess8 ,who was to bring up that unfortunate child on a paltry one hundred a year8 ,of course #ahd she begged for help4 ,of course they were supported by ,mr4 ,erskines's charity4 ,a pretty humiliation of ,lorimer's friends and relations6 ,altogether1 the whole of the great ,lansdowne ,lorimer connection had pronounced that to have that young widow and her daughter belonging to them was a trial very hard to bear4 ,they had not done talking when ,mary made that quiet walk to church--no one but her mother and ,jenifer being in the secret--and reappeared in the county after a few months' absence as mistress of ,beremouth4 ,mr4 ,brewer had counted his money1 and had told the world what it amounted to4 ,and this time he never apologized1 he only confessed himself a person scarcely deserving of respect1 because he had done so little good with the mammon of unrighteousness4 ,but ,mary now would tell him how to manage4 ,he did perhaps take a little to the humble line4 ,he hoped the world would forget and forgive his former shortcomings2 such conduct would assuredly not now be persevered in2 and that resolution was fulfilled without any doubt4 ,the splendors of ,beremouth were something to talk about1 and the range of duties involved in a large hospitality were admirably performed4 ,old ,lady ,caroline1 whose pianoforte survived in ,mrs4 ,morier's house at ,marston1 considered the matter without using quite as many words as her neighbors4 ,that man will be giving money to ,lorimer's child4 ,she was quite right4 ,he had already invested five thousand pounds for ,minnie4 ,lady ,caroline 7what an odd pride hers was67 went to ,beremouth1 and got upon business matter with ,mother ,mary4 ,she would give that child five thousand pounds in her will if ,mr4 ,brewer would not give her anything4 ,alas6 it was already given4 ,mr4 ,brewer used to count among his faults that1 with him1 it was too much a word and a blow1 especially when a good action was in question1 and this curious unusual fault he had decidedly committed in the case of ,minnie ,lorimer4 ,the money was hers safe enough1 invested in the hands of trustees4 ,safe enough1 said ,mr4 ,brewer exultingly2 and then1 looking with a saddened air on ,lady ,caroline1 he added1 gravely1 that it couldn't be helped6 ,the man's a saint or a fool1 ,i can't tell which1 was ,lady ,caroline's very cute remark4 ,the most unselfish idiot that ever lived4 ,does ,mary like him1 or laugh at him1 ,i wonder8 ,but ,lady ,caroline cultivated ,mr4 ,brewer's acquaintance4 ,not in an evil way1 but because she had been brought up to use the world1 and to slave all mankind who would consent to such persecution4 ,not wickedly1 ,i repeat1 but with a fixed intention she cultivated ,mr4 ,brewer1 and she got money out of him4 ,mr4 ,brewer still made experiments with ten pounds4 ,he helped ,lady ,caroline in her many charities1 as long as her charities were confined to food and clothing1 so much a week to the poor1 and getting good nursing for the sick4 ,but once ,lady ,caroline used that charity purse for purposes of souping--it has become an ,english word1 so ,i do not stop to explain it--and then ,mr4 ,brewer scolded her4 ,nobody had ever disputed any point with ,lady ,caroline4 ,but ,mr4 ,brewer explained1 with a most unexpected lucidity1 how it would be right for him to make her a ,catholic1 and yet wrong for her to try her notions of conversion on him4 ,lady ,caroline kept up the quarrel for two years4 ,she upbraided him for his neglect1 on his own principles1 of ,claudia4 ,she abused him for the different conduct pursued about his son4 ,mr4 ,brewer confessed his faults and stood by his rights at the same time4 ,two whole years ,lady ,caroline quarrelled1 and ,mr4 ,brewer never left the field4 ,and afterward1 some time after1 when ,lady ,caroline was in her last illness1 she said3 ,i believe that man ,brewer may be right after all4 ,when she was dead young ,mary ,lorimer had double the sum that had #ahe been originally offered1 and ,freddy her largest diamond ring4 ,but another thing had to come out of all this4 ,mrs4 ,brewer became a ,catholic2 and that fact had made her recall her daughter to her side--that fact had made ,horace ,erskine say1 at the inn at ,hull1 that he dreaded for the girl he1 spoke to the influence of the home and the people she was going to--that fact had brought that passion of tears to ,mary ,lorimer's eyes1 and had made her feel so angrily that he had taken an advantage of her4 ,here1 then1 we are back again to the time at which we began the story4 ,mary got home and was welcomed4 ,the day after their arrival1 if we leave ,beremouth and its people1 and go into ,marston to ,mrs4 ,morier1 old ,mrs4 ,morier they called her now1 we shall see ,jenifer walk into the pleasant upstairs drawing-room1 where the china glittered on comer-shelves1 and large jars stood under the long inlaid table1 and say to her mistress3 ,eleanor is come1 if you please1 ma'am4 ,mrs4 ,morier looked up from her knitting4 ,she had been sitting by the window1 and the beautiful old lady looked like a picture1 as ,jenifer often declared1 as she turned the face shadowed by fine lace toward her servant with a sweet1 gentle air1 and smiling said1 ,and so you want to go to ,clayton--and ,eleanor is to stay till you come back8 ,yes1 ma'am--it's the anniversary4 ,go1 then1 said the gentle lady4 ,and you must not leave me out of your prayers1 my good ,jenifer2 for you may be sure that ,i respect and value them4 ,i'll be back in good time1 said ,jenifer2 and the door closed1 and ,mrs4 ,morier continued her knitting4 ,soon she saw from the window that incomparable ,jenifer4 ,her brown light stuff gown1 the black velvet trimming looking what ,jenifer called rich upon the same4 ,buttons as big as pennies all the way down the front--the good black shawl with the handsome border that had been ,mr4 ,brewer's own present to her on the occasion of his wedding2 the fine straw bonnet and spotless white ribbon--the crowning glory of the black lace veil--oh1 ,jenifer was somebody1 ,i can tell you1 at ,marston2 and ,jenifer looked it4 ,it was with nothing short of a loving smile that ,mrs4 ,morier watched her servant4 ,servant indeed1 but true1 tried1 and trusty friend also2 and when the woman was out of sight1 and ,mrs4 ,morier turned her thoughts to ,jenifer's prayer1 and what little she knew of it1 she sighed--the sigh came from deep down1 and the sigh was lengthened1 and her whole thoughts seemed to rest upon it--it was breathed out1 at last1 and when it died away ,mrs4 ,morier sat doing nothing in peaceful contemplation till the door opened1 and she whom we have heard called ,eleanor came in with inquiries as to the proper time for tea4 ,i think that this ,eleanor was perhaps about eight-and-twenty years of age4 ,she was strikingly beautiful4 ,perhaps few people have ever seen anything more faultlessly handsome than this young woman's form and face4 ,she looked younger than she was4 ,the perfectly smooth brow and the extraordinary fair complexion made her look young4 ,no one would have thought1 when looking at ,eleanor1 that she had ever worked4 ,if the finest and loveliest gentlewoman in the world had chosen to put on a lilac cotton gown1 and a white checked muslin apron1 and bring up ,mrs4 ,morier's early tea1 she would perhaps have looked a little like ,eleanor2 provided her new employment had not endowed her with a momentary awkwardness4 ,but admiration1 when looking at this woman1 was a little checked by a sort of atmosphere of pain--or perhaps it was only patience--that surrounded the beautiful face1 and showed in every gesture and movement1 and rested on the whole being1 as it were4 #ahf ,eleanor suffered4 ,and it was the pain of the mind and heart1 not of the body--no one who had sufficient sensibility to see what ,i have described could ever doubt that the inner woman1 not the outer fleshly form of beauty1 suffered2 and that the woe1 whatever it was1 had written patience on that too placid brow4 ,and are they all well at ,dr4 ,rankin's8 ,very well1 ma'am1 ,i believe4 ,i saw ,lady ,greystock in her own rooms an hour before ,i came away4 ,i said that ,i was coming here1 and she said--,eleanor smiled--,lady ,greystock said1 ma'am1 ',my duty to grandmamma ,morier--mind you give the message right4' ,ah1 said ,mrs4 ,morier1 ,lady ,greystock is wonderfully well4 ,there is nothing the matter with her1 ma'am4 ,except that she never goes to ,beremouth4 ,what made the faint carnation mount to ,eleanor's face8--what made the woman pause to collect herself before she spoke8--,oh1 ma'am1 she is right not to try herself4 ,she'll go there one day4 ,i suppose you like being at ,dr4 ,rankin's8 ,very much4 ,my place of wardrobe-woman is not hard1 but it is responsible4 ,it suits me well4 ,and ,mrs4 ,rankin is very good to me4 ,and ,i am near ,lady ,greystock4 ,how fond you are of her6 ,there is not anything ,i would not do for her1 said the woman with animation4 ,i hope1 indeed ,dr4 ,rankin tells me to believe1 that ,i have had a great deal to do with ,lady ,greystock's cure4 ,she has treated me like a sister2 and ,i can never feel for any one what ,i feel for her4 ,lady ,greystock always speaks of you in a truly affectionate way4 ,she says you have known better days4 ,different days2 ,i don't say better4 ,i have nothing to wish for4 ,ever since the time that ,lady ,greystock determined on staying at ,blagden1 ,i have been quite happy4 ,you came just as she came4 ,only two months after4 ,and did you like her from the first8 ,oh1 ,mrs4 ,morier1 you know she was very ill when she came4 ,i never thought of love1 but of every care and every attention that one woman could show to another4 ,had it been life for life1 ,i am sure she might have had my life--that was all that ,i then thought4 ,but when she recovered and loved me for what ,i had done for her1 then it was love for love4 ,lady ,greystock gave me a new life1 and ,i will serve her as long as ,i may for gratitude1 and as a thanksgiving4 ,when ,eleanor was gone1 her pleasant manner1 her beauty1 the music of her voice1 and the indescribable grace that belonged to her remained with ,mrs4 ,morier as a pleasant memory1 and dwelling on it1 she lingered over her early tea1 and ate of hashed mutton1 making meditation on how ,eleanor had got to be ,jenifer's great friend2 and whether their both being ,catholics was enough to account for it4 ,this while ,jenifer walked on toward ,clayton4 ,she stood at last on the top of a wide table-land1 and looked from the short grass where the wild thyme grew like green velvet1 and the chamomile gave forth fragrance as you trod it under foot1 down a rugged precipice into the little seaport that sheltered in the cove below4 ,the roofs of the strange1 dirty1 tumble-down houses were packed thickly below her4 ,the nature of the precipitous cliff was to lie in terraces1 and here and there goats and donkeys among the branching fern gave a picturesque variety to the scene1 and made the practical ,jenifer say to herself that ,clayton ,cove was not that altogether abominable when seen to the best advantage on the afternoon of a rich autumn day4 ,a zigzag path1 rather difficult to get upon on account of the steepness of the broken edge and the rolling stones1 led from ,jenifer's feet down to the terraces2 short cuts of steps and sliding stones led from terrace to terrace1 and these paths ended1 as it appeared to the eye1 in a chimney-top that sent up a volume of white smoke1 and a #ahg pleasant scent of wood and burning turf4 ,by the side of the house that owned the chimney1 which was whitewashed carefully1 and had white blinds inside the green painted wood-work of small sash windows1 appeared another roof1 long1 high1 narrow1 with a cross on the eastern gable1 and that was the ,catholic chapel--the house ,father ,daniels lived in2 and after a moment's pause down the path went ,jenifer with all the speed that a proper respect for her personal safety permitted4 ,when the woman got to the last terrace1 she opened a wicket gate1 and was in a sunny garden1 still among slopes and terraces1 and loaded with flowers4 ,common flowers no doubt1 but who ever saw ,father ,daniels's ,canterbury bells and forgot them8 ,there1 safe in the bottom walk1 wide1 and paved with pebbles from the beach1 ,jenifer turned not to the right where the trellised back-door invited1 but to the left1 where the west door of the chapel stood open--and she walked in4 ,there was no one there4 ,she knelt down4 ,after a while she rose1 and kneeling before the image of our ,lady1 said softly3 ,mother1 she had no mother6 ,eleven years this day since that marriage by ,god's priest1 and at his holy altar--eleven years this day since that marriage which the laws of the men of this country deny and deride4 ,mother1 she had no mother6 ,oh1 mighty ,mother6 forget neither of them4 ,remember her for her trouble1 and him for his sin4 ,not for vengeance but for salvation1 she might have added2 but ,jenifer had never been accustomed to explain her prayers4 ,then she knelt before the adorable ,presence on the altar1 and her prayer was very brief--,my life1 and all that is in it6--was it a vain repetition that she said it again and again8 ,again and again1 as she looked back and thought of what it had been2 as she thought of that which it was2 and knew of the future that1 blessed by our ,lady's prayers1 she should take it1 whatever it might be1 as the will of ,god4 ,and so she said it2 by so doing offering herself4 ,one great thing had colored all her life2 had1 to her1 been life-- her life2 she1 with that great shadow on the past1 with the weight of the cross on the present1 with the fear of unknown ill on the future1 gathered together all prayer1 all hope1 all fear1 and gave it to ,god in those words of offering that were1 on her lips1 an earnest prayer2 the prayer of submission1 of offering1 of faith--,my life1 and all that is in it4 ,jenifer could tell out her wishes to the ,mother of ,god1 and had told them1 in the words she had used1 but it was this woman's way to have no wishes when she knelt before ,god himself4 ,my life1 and all that is in it2 that was ,jenifer's prayer4 ,after a time she left the chapel1 putting pieces of money1 many1 into the church box1 and went into the house4 ,she knew ,mrs4 ,moore1 the priest's housekeeper1 very well4 ,she was shown into ,father ,daniels's sitting-room4 ,he was a venerable man of full seventy years of age1 and as she entered he put down the tools with which he was carving the ornaments of a wooden altar1 and said1 ,you are later than your note promised4 ,i have therefore been working by daylight1 which ,i don't often do4 ,she looked at the work4 ,it seemed to her to be very beautiful4 ,it is fine and teak-wood1 said ,father ,daniels2 part of a wreck4 ,they brought it to me for the church4 ,we hope to get up a little mariner's chapel on the south side of the church before long1 and ,i am getting ready the altar as far as ,i can with my own hands4 ',mary1 star of the sea'--that will be our dedication4 ,the faith spreads here4 ,mistress ,jenifer2 and ,i hope we are a little better than we used to be4 ,and ,father ,daniels crossed himself and thanked ,god for his grace that had blessed that wild little spot1 and made many ,christians there4 #ahh ,jenifer smiled1 as the holy man spoke in a playful tone1 and she said1 ,it is the anniversary1 father4 ,of ,eleanor's marriage4 ,yes4 ,i remembered her at mass4 ,has she heard anything of him8 ,yes1 father2 she has heard his real name1 she thinks4 ,she has always suspected1 from the time that she first began to suspect evil1 that she had never known him by his real name--she never believed his name to be ,henry ,evelyn1 as he said when he married her4 ,and what is his real name8 ,horace ,erskine1 said ,jenifer4 ,what6 exclaimed ,father ,daniels1 with an unusual tone of alarm in his voice4 ,the man who was talked of for ,lady ,greystock before she married--the nephew of ,mrs4 ,brewer's sister's husband6 ,yes1 sir4 ,is she sure8 ,no4 ,she has not seen him4 ,but she has traced him1 she thinks4 ,corny ,nugent1 who is her second cousin1 and knew them both when the marriage took place1 went as a servant to the elder ,mr4 ,erskine1 and knew ,henry ,evelyn1 as they called him in ,ireland1 when he came back from abroad4 ,he thought he knew him4 ,then ,horace ,erskine1 finding he was an ,irishman1 would joke him about his religion1 and how he was the only ,catholic in the house1 and how he was obliged to walk five miles to mass4 ,time was when ,mr4 ,erskine1 the uncle1 would not have kept a ,catholic servant4 ,but since ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,brewer married1 he has been less bigoted4 ,he took ,corny ,nugent in ,london4 ,it was just a one season's engagement4 ,but when they were to return to ,scotland they proposed to keep him on1 and he stayed4 ,after a little ,horace ,erskine asked him about ,ireland2 and even if he knew such and such places2 and then he came by degrees to the very place--the very people--to his own knowledge of them4 ,corny gave crafty answers4 ,but he disliked the sight of the man1 and the positions he put him into4 ,so he left4 ,he left three months ago4 ,and he found out ,eleanor's direction1 and told her that surely--surely and certainly--her husband1 ,henry ,evelyn1 was no other than his late master's nephew1 who had been trying to marry more than one1 only always some unlooked-for and unaccountable thing had happened to prevent it4 ,our ,lady be praised1 for her prayers have kept off that last woe--,i make no doubt--thank ,god6 ,how many years is it since they married8 ,eleven1 to-day4 ,i keep the anniversary4 ,he is older than he looks4 ,he is thirty-two1 this year1 if he did not lie about his age1 as well as everything else4 ,he told ,father ,power he was of age4 ,he said1 too--,god forgive him--that he was a ,catholic4 ,but when ,i followed ,father ,power at ,rathcoyle1 said the priest1 there was no register of the marriage4 ,i was sent for on the afternoon of the marriage day4 ,i found ,father ,power in a dying state4 ,he was an old man1 and had long been infirm4 ,the marriage was not entered4 ,it was known to have taken place4 ,your niece and her husband were gone4 ,i walked out that evening to your brother's farm4 ,he knew nothing of the marriage4 ,he had received a note to say that ,eleanor was gone with her husband1 and that they would hear from them when they got to ,england4 ,why ,father ,power1 who was a saintly man1 married them1 ,i do not know4 ,it was unlawful for him to marry a ,catholic and a ,protestant4 ,if your sister went through no other marriage1 she has no claim on her ,protestant husband4 ,if she could prove that he passed himself off as a ,catholic1 she might have some ground against him--but1 can she8 ,no1 sir2 on the contrary1 she knew that she was marrying a ,protestant2 she had hopes of converting him2 she learnt from #ahi himself1 afterward1 that he had deceived the priest4 ,she had said to him that she would many him if ,father ,power consented4 ,he came back and said that the consent had been given4 ,he promised to marry her in ,dublin conformably to the license he had got there--or there he had lived the proper time for getting one1 so he declared4 ,but ,i have ceased to believe anything he said4 ,then my brother wrote the girl a dreadful letter to the direction in ,liverpool that she had sent to him4 ,then1 after some months1 she wrote to me at ,marston4 ,she was deserted1 and left in the ,isle of ,man4 ,she supported herself there for more than a year4 ,i told ,mr4 ,brewer that ,i knew a sad story of the daughter of a friend1 and one of her letters1 saying her last gold was changed into silvery and that she was too ill and worn oat to win more1 was so dreadful1 that ,i feared for her mind4 ,so ,mr4 ,brewer went to ,dr4 ,rankin1 and got her taken in as a patient1 at first1 and when she got well she was kept on as wardrobe-woman4 ,she had got a tender heart2 when she heard of ,lady ,greystock's trial1 she took to her4 ,dr4 ,rankin says he could never have cured ,lady ,greystock so perfectly nor so quickly1 but for ,eleanor4 ,that is curious1 said ,father ,daniels1 musingly4 ,have you been in ,ireland since the girl left it with her husband8 ,i never was there in my life4 ,my mother was ,irish1 and she lived as a servant in ,england4 ,she married an ,englishman1 and she had two daughters1 my sister--,eleanor's mother--and myself4 ,my mother went back to ,ireland a year after her husband's death1 on a visit1 and she left my sister and me with my father's family4 ,she married in ,ireland almost directly1 and married well1 a man with a good property1 a farmer4 ,she died1 and left one son4 ,my sister and ,i were four and five years older than this half-brother of ours4 ,then time wore on and my sister ,ellen went to ,ireland1 and she married there1 and the fever came to the place where they lived1 and carried them both off1 and she left me a legacy--my niece ,eleanor--oh1 sir ,i with such a holy letter of recommendation from her death-bed4 ,poor sister6 ,poor1 holy soul6 ,our half-brother asked to have ,eleanor to stay with him when she knew enough to be useful on the farm4 ,he was a good ,christian1 and ,i let him take the girl4 ,she was very pretty1 people said1 and ,i wished her to marry soon4 ,then there came--sent1 he said1 by a great rich ,english nobleman--a man who called himself a gardener1 or something of that sort4 ,he lodged close by2 he made friends with my brother4 ,he was often off after rare bog-plants1 and seemed to lead a busy if an easy life4 ,he would go to mass with them4 ,but they knew he was a ,protestant4 ,eleanor knew that her uncle would not consent to her marrying a ,protestant4 ,but1 poor child1 she gave her heart away to the gentleman in disguise4 ,he had had friends there--a fishing party4 ,sir1 he never intended honorably2 but they were married by the priest1 and he got over the holy man1 whom everybody loved and honored1 with his falseness1 as he had got over the true-hearted and trusting woman whom he had planned to desert4 ,well1 said ,father ,daniels1 you know ,i succeeded this priest for a short time at ,rathcoyle4 ,he died on that wedding day4 ,i never understood how it all happened4 ,i left a record to save ,eleanor's honor2 but she has no legal claim on her husband--it ought not to have been done4 ,jenifer shrank beneath the plainness of that truth--,my life1 and all that is in it1 her heart said1 sinking1 as it were1 at the sorrow that had come on the girl whom her sister had left to her with her dying breath4 ,she ought not to have trusted a man who was a ,protestant1 and not willing to marry her in the only way that is legal by the ,irish marriage-law4 ,my life1 and all that is in it4 #aij ,so hopelessly fell on her heart every word that the priest spoke1 that1 but for that offering of all things to ,god1 poor ,jenifer could scarcely have borne her trial4 ,and if this ,henry ,evelyn should turn out to be ,horace ,erskine1 why1 he will marry some unhappy woman some time1 of course1 and the law of the land will give him one wife1 and by the law of ,god another woman will claim him4 ,oh1 if people would but obey holy church1 and not try to live under laws of their own inventing4 ,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,again1 only that could have made ,jenifer bear the trials that were presented to her4 ,and if gossip spoke truth he was very near marrying ,lady ,greystock once--,mr4 ,brewer1 himself1 thought it was going to be4 ,one more great act of submission--,my life1 and all that is in it6--came forth from ,jenifer's heart4 ,she loved ,mr4 ,brewer1 with a faithful sort of worship--if such a trial as that had come on him through her trouble6--that was over2 that had been turned aside2 but the thought gave rise to a question1 even as she thanked ,god for the averted woe4 ',is it ,eleanor's duty to find out if ,henry ,evelyn and ,horace ,erskine are one8 ,yes1 said the priest ,yes2 it is4 ,it is everybody's duty to prevent mischief4 ,it is her duty1 as far as lies in her power1 to prevent sin4 ,and if it proves true--that which ,corny ,nugent says1 what then8 ,be content for the present4 ,it is a very difficult case to act in4 ,poor ,jenifer felt the priest to be sadly wanting in sympathy--she turned again to him who knows all and feels all1 and she offered up the disappointment that would grow up in her heart--,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,she turned to go2 and then ,father ,daniels spoke so kindly1 so solemnly1 with such a depth of sympathy in the tone of his voice--,god bless you1 my child2 and the sign of the cross seemed to bless her sensibly4 ,thank you1 father6 ,and1 without lifting her eyes1 she left the room and the house2 and still saying that prayer that had grown to be her strength and her help1 she went up the steep rugged path to the spreading down2 and then she turned round and looked on the great sea heaving1 lazily under the sunset rays1 that painted it in the far distance with gold and red1 and a silvery light1 till it touched the ruby-colored sky1 and received each separate ray of glory on its breast just where earth and heaven seemed to meet--just where you could fancy another world looking into the depths of the great sea that flowed up into its gates4 ,it seemed to do ,jenifer good4 ,the whole scene was so glorious1 and the glory was so far-spreading--all the world seemed to rest around her bathed in warm light and basking in the smile of heaven4 ,she stood still and said again1 in a sweet soft voice3 ,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,her great dread that day when ,mr4 ,brewer had told her to put him and his into her prayer1 had been lest the punishment of sin should come on the man who had deserted her dear girl1 and lest that sin's effect in a heart-broken disease should fall on the girl herself4 ,when ,mr4 ,brewer said1 ,put me and mine into that prayer1 ,jenifer1 the thought had risen that she would tell him of ,eleanor4 ,she had told him1 and he had helped her4 ,but she had never thought that1 by acting on the impulse1 the two women whose hearts ,horace ,erskine had crushed1 as a wilful child breaks his playthings when he has got tired or out of temper1 had been brought together under one roof1 and made to love each other4 ,yet so it had been4 ,the woman who could do nothing but pray had prayed2 and a thing had been done which no human contrivance could have effected4 ,and as ,jenifer stood gazing on the heavens that grew brighter and brighter1 and on the water that reflected every glory1 and seemed to bask with a living motion in the great magnificence that was poured upon it1 she recollected how great a pain had been #aia spared her2 she thought how terrible it would have been if ,claudia ,brewer had married ,horace ,erskine--,horace ,erskine1 the husband of the deserted ,eleanor2 and she gave thanks to ,god4 ,now she drew her shawl tighter round her1 and walked briskly on4 ,she got across the down1 and over a stone stile in the fence that was its boundary from the road4 ,she turned toward ,marston1 and walked fast--it was almost getting cold after that glorious sunset1 and she increased her pace and went on rapidly4 ,she soon saw a carriage in the road before her1 driving slowly1 and meeting her4 ,when it came near enough to recognize her1 the lady who drove let her ponies go1 and then pulled up at ,jenifer's side4 ,now1 ,mistress ,jenifer1 said ,lady ,greystock1 looking bright and beautiful in the black hat1 and long streaming black feather1 that people wore in those days1 here am ,i to drive you home4 ,i knew where you were going4 ,eleanor tells me her secrets4 ,do you know that8 ,this is an anniversary2 and you give gifts and say prayers4 ,are you comfortable8 ,i am going to drive fast to please the ponies2 they like it1 you know4 ,and very true did ,lady ,greystock's words seem2 for the little creatures given their heads went off at a pace that had in it every evidence of perfect good will4 ,i came to drive you back1 and to pick up ,eleanor1 and drive her to ,blagden after ,i had delivered you up safely to grandmamma ,morier4 ,mother ,mary came to see me this afternoon4 ,you had better go and see ,minnie soon4 ,jenifer--,jenifer looked up surprised at a strange tone in ,lady ,greystock's voice---,jenifer1 speaking very low1 if you can pray for my father and his wife1 and all he loves1 pray now4 ,it would be hard for a man to be trapped by the greatness of his own good heart4 ,is there anything wrong1 my dear8 ,jenifer spoke softly1 and just as she had been used to speak to the ,claudia ,brewer of old days4 ,i can't say more1 ,lady ,greystock replied2 here we are at ,marston4 ,then she talked of common things2 and told ,james1 the man-servant1 to drive the horses up and down the street while she bade ,mrs4 ,morier ,good night4 ,and they went into the house1 and half an hour after ,lady ,greystock and ,eleanor had got into the pony carriage1 and were driving away4 ,the quiet street was empty once more4 ,the little excitement made by ,lady ,greystock and her ponies subsided4 ,good-byes were spoken1 and the quiet of night settled down on the streets and houses of ,marston4 ,jenifer had wondered over ,lady ,greystock's words2 and comforted herself1 and stilled her fears1 and set her guesses all at rest by those few long-used powerful words--,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,she offered life1 and gave up its work and its trials to ,god2 and ,jenifer1 too1 was at rest then4 ,but at ,clayton things were not quite in the same peaceful state as in that little old-fashioned inland town4 ,clayton was very busy2 and among the busy ones1 though busy in his own way1 was ,father ,daniels4 ,that morning a messenger had brought him a packet from ,mrs4 ,brewer2 for ,mother ,mary since becoming a ,catholic had wanted advice1 and wanted strength1 and she had sought and found what she wanted1 and now she had sent to the same source for further help4 ,as soon as ,jenifer was gone1 ,father ,daniels put away his teak-wood and his carving tools1 and packed up his drawings and his pencils4 ,he was a man of great neatness1 and his accuracy in all business1 and his fruitful recollection of every living soul's wants1 as far as they had ever been made known to him1 were charming points of his character-- points1 that is1 natural gifts1 that the great charity which belonged to his priesthood adorned and made meritorious4 #aib ,while he tidied away his things1 as his housekeeper ,mrs4 ,moore used to say1 bethought and he prayed--his mind foresaw great possible woe2 he knew1 with the knowledge that is made up of faith and experience united1 that some things seem plainly to know no other master than prayer4 ,people are prayed out of troubles that no other power can touch4 ,every now and then this fact seems to be imprinted in legible characters on some particular woe1 actual or threatened2 and though ,father ,daniels1 like a holy priest1 prayed always and habitually1 he yet felt1 as we have said1 with respect to the peculiar entanglements that the letter from ,mrs4 ,brewer in the morning and the revelation made by ,jenifer in the afternoon seemed to threaten4 ,so1 when he again sat down1 it was with ,mrs4 ,brewer's letter before him on the table1 and a lamp lighted1 and the magnifiers1 to quote ,mrs4 ,moore again1 put on to make the deciphering of ,mrs4 ,erskine's handwriting as easy as possible4 ,mrs4 ,brewer's was larger1 blacker1 plainer--and her note was short4 ,it only said3 ,read my sister's letter1 which ,i have just received4 ,it seems so hard to give up the child2 it would be much harder to see her less happy than she has always been at home4 ,i don't like ,horace ,erskine4 ,it is as if ,i was kept from liking him4 ,i really have no reason for my prejudice against him4 ,come and see me if you can1 and send or bring back the letter4 ,having put this aside4 ,father ,daniels opened ,mrs4 ,erskine's letter4 ,it must be given just as it was written to the reader3 ,,dearest ,,mary3 ,you must guess how dreadful your becoming a ,catholic is to us4 ,i cannot conceive why1 when you had been happy so long--these thirteen years--you should do this unaccountable thing now4 ,there must have been some strange influence exercised over you by ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,i feared how it might be when1 nine years ago1 your boy was born1 and you gave him up so weakly4 ,however1 ,i think you will see plainly that you have quite forfeited a mother's rights over ,mary4 ,she is seventeen1 and will not have a happy home with you now4 ,poor child1 she would turn ,catholic to please you1 and for peace sake1 perhaps4 ,but you cannot wish such a misery for her4 ,she will1 ,i suppose1 soon be the only ,protestant in your house4 ,i can't help blaming old ,lady ,caroline1 even after her death2 for she certainly brought the spirit of controversy into ,beremouth1 and stirred up ,mr4 ,brewer to think of his rights4 ,now1 ,i write to propose what is simply an act of justice on your part1 though really1 ,i must say1 an act of great grace on the part of my husband4 ,horace is in love with ,mary4 ,as to the fancy he was supposed to have for ,claudia1 ,i know that that was only a fancy4 ,he was taken with her wilful1 spoilt-child ways--you certainly did not train her properly--and he wanted her money4 ,of course as you had been married four years without children1 he did not suspect anything about ,freddy4 ,it was an entanglement well got rid of2 and ,claudia wanted no comforting1 that was plain enough4 ,but it is different now4 ,horace is in love now4 ,and if ,mary is not made a ,catholic by ,mr4 ,brewer and you and old ,jenifer1 she will say1 ',yes1' like a good child4 ,we are extremely fond of her4 ,and ,mr4 ,erskine generously offers to make a very handsome settlement on her4 ,i consider a marriage1 and a very speedy one1 with ,horace the best thing2 now that you have1 by your own act1 made her home so homeless to her4 ,i am sure you ought to be very thankful for so obviously good an arrangement of difficulties4 ,let me hear from you as soon as ,horace arrives4 ,he is going to speak to you directly4 ,your affectionate sister1 ,lucia ,erskine4 ,p4,s4--,as ,mr4 ,brewer has always said that1 ,mary being his adopted child1 he should pay her on her marriage the full interest of the money which will be hers at twenty-one1 #aic of course ,horace expects that1 as we do4 ,lady ,caroline's ten thousand1 ,mr4 ,brewer's five thousand1 and the hundred a year for which her father insured his life1 and which ,i find that you give to her1 will1 with ,horace's means1 make a good income2 and to this ,mr4 ,erskine will1 as ,mary is my niece1 add very liberally4 ,i cannot suppose that you can think of objecting4 ,l4 ,e4 ,father ,daniels read this letter over very carefully4 ,then he placed it1 with ,mrs4 ,brewer's note1 in his pocket-book1 and immediately putting on his hat1 and taking his stick1 he walked into the kitchen4 ,where's your husband8 to ,mrs4 ,moore4 ,mark is only just outside1 sir4 ,i shall be back soon4 ,tell him to saddle the cob4 ,one of ,mr4 ,brewer's experiments had been to give ,father ,daniels a horse1 and to endow the horse with fifty pounds a year1 for tax1 keep1 house-rent1 physic1 saddles1 shoes1 clothing1 and general attendance4 ,it was1 we ,may say as we pass on1 an experiment which answered to perfection4 ,the cob's turnpikes alone remained as a grievance in ,mr4 ,brewer's mind4 ,he rather cherished the grievance4 ,somehow it did him good4 ,it certainly deprived him of all feeling of merit4 ,all thought of his own generosity was extinguished beneath the weight of a truth that could not be denied--that cob is a never-ending expense to ,father ,daniels6 ,however1 this time1 without a thought of the never-ending turnpike's tax1 the cob was ordered2 being late1 much to ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,moore's surprise2 and ,father ,daniels walked briskly out of the garden1 down the village seaport1 past the coal-wharves1 where everything looked black and dismal1 and so pursued his way on the top of the low edge of the cliff1 to a few tidy-looking houses half a mile from ,clayton1 which were railed in from the turfy cliff-side1 and had painted on their ends1 ,good bathing here4 ,the houses were in a row4 ,he knocked at the centre one1 and it was opened by a man of generally a seafaring cast4 ,mr4 ,dawson in8 ,yes1 your reverence4 ,his reverence1 ,father ,dawson1 is in the parlor2 and into the parlor walked ,father ,daniels4 ,it was a short visit made to ascertain if his invalid friend could say mass for him the next morning at a later hour than usual--the hour for the parish mass1 in fact2 and to tell him why4 ,they were dear friends and mutual advisers4 ,they now talked over ,mrs4 ,erskine's letter4 ,there can be no reason in the world why ,miss ,lorimer should not marry ,horace ,erskine if she likes him1 provided he is not ,henry ,evelyn4 ,he stands charged with being ,henry ,evelyn1 and of being the doer of ,henry ,evelyn's deeds4 ,you must tell ,mrs4 ,brewer4 ,it is better never to tell suspicions1 if you can1 instead1 tell facts4 ,in so serious a matter you may be obliged to tell suspicions1 just to keep mischief away at the beginning4 ,eleanor must see the man4 ,as to claiming him1 that's useless4 ,she acted the unwise woman's part1 and she most bear the unwise woman's recompense4 ,he'll find somebody to marry him1 no doubt2 but no woman ought to do it2 no marriage of his can be right in ,god's sight4 ,so the course in the present instance is plain enough4 ,yes1 it was plain enough2 so ,father ,daniels walked back to ,clayton and mounted the cob1 and rode away through the soft sweet night air1 and got to ,beremouth just after ten o'clock4 ,i am come to say mass for you to-morrow1 he said to ,mr4 ,brewer1 who met him in the hall4 ,no1 ,i won't go into the drawing-room4 ,i won't see any one to-night4 ,i am going straight to the chapel4 #aid ,ring for night prayers then in five minutes1 will you8 said ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,and ,father ,daniels1 saying ,yes1 walked on through the hall1 and up the great stair-case to his own room and the chapel1 which1 were side by side4 ,in five minutes the chapel bell was rung by the priest4 ,mrs4 ,brewer looked toward her daughter4 ,mary must do as she likes2 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 in his open honest way driving his wife before him out of the room4 ,there stood ,horace ,erskine4 ,it was as if all in a moment the time for the great choice had come4 ,they were at the door--the girl stood still4 ,they were gone1 they were crossing the hall2 she could hear ,mr4 ,brewer's shoes on the carpet--not too late for her to follow4 ,her light step will catch theirs--they may go a little further still before the very last moment comes4 ,her mother or ,horace8 ,how dearly she loved her mother1 how her child's heart went after her1 all trust and love--and ,horace1 did she love him8--love him well enough to stay there--there and then1 at a moment that would weigh so very heavily in the scale of good and evil1 right or wrong8 ,if he had not been there she might have stayed1 if she stayed now that he was there1 should she not stay with him--more1 leave her mother and stay with him8 ,thought is quick4 ,she stood by the table2 she looked toward the door1 she listened--,horace held out his hand--,with me1 ,mary--with me6 ,and she was gone4 ,gone even while he spoke1 across the hall1 up the stairs and at that chapel door just as this last of the servants1 without knowing1 closed it on her4 ,then ,mary went to her own room just at the head of the great stair-case1 and opened the doors softly1 and knelt down1 keeping it open1 letting the stair-case lamp stray into the darkness just enough to show her where she was4 ,there she knelt till the night prayers were over1 and when ,mr4 ,brewer passed her door1 she came out1 a little glad to show them that she had not been staying down stairs with ,horace4 ,he smiled1 and put his hand inside her arm and stopped her from going down4 ,my dear child1 he said1 ,i have had the great blessing of my life given to me in the conversion of your mother4 ,if ,god's great grace1 for the sake of his own blessed mother1 should fall on you1 you will not quench it1 my darling4 ,meanwhile1 ,i shall never have a better time than this time to say1 that ,i feel more than ever a father to you4 ,that if you will go on treating me with the childlike candor and trust that ,i have loved to see in you1 you will make me happier than you can ever guess at1 dear child4 ,and then he kissed her1 and ,minnie eased her heart by a few sobs and tears1 and her head rested on his shoulder1 and she thanked him for his love4 ,then ,father ,daniels came out of the chapel1 and advanced to where they stood4 ,mary had long known the holy man4 ,he saw how it was in an instant4 ,welcome home1 ,mary2 you see ,i come soon4 ,and now--when ,i am saying mass to-morrow1 stay quietly in your own room1 and pray to be taught to love ,god4 ,give yourself to him4 ,don't trouble about questions4 ,his you are4 ,rest on the thought--and we will wait on what may come of it4 ,i shall remember you at mass to-morrow4 ,good-night4 ,god bless you4 ,i can't come down again4 ,my eyes are red1 said ,mary1 to ,mr4 ,brewer1 when they were again alone4 ,and he laughed at her4 ,i'll send mamma up1 he said4 ,and ,mary went into her room4 ,but she had taken no part against her mother2 so her heart said1 and congratulated itself4 ,she had not left her1 and stayed with ,horace4 ,she had had those few words with her step-father4 ,that was over1 and very happily too4 ,she had seen ,father ,daniels again4 ,it was getting speedily like the old things1 and the old times1 before the long visit to ,scotland1 where ,horace ,erskine was the sun of her #aie new world4 ,somehow she felt that he was losing power every moment--also she felt1 a little resentfully1 that there had been things said or thought1 or insinuated1 about the dear home she was loving so well1 which were unjust1 untrue1 unkind2 nay1 more1 cruel1 shameful6--and so wrong to unite her to such ideas2 to make her a party to such thoughts4 ,in the midst of her resentment1 her mother came in4 ,nobody ever was so charming looking1 was the first thought4 ,how young she looks--how much younger and handsomer than ,aunt ,erskine4 ,what a warm loving atmosphere this house always had1 and has4 ,the last word with the emphasis of a perfect conviction4 ,and so you have made your eyes red on papa's coat--and ,i had to wipe the tears off with my pocket-handkerchief4 ,oh1 you darling1 ,i am sure ,horace ,erskine thought we had beaten you6 ,then kisses1 and laughter2 not quite without a tear or two on both1 sides1 however4 ,now1 my darling1 ,horace has told us his love story--and so he is very fond of you8 ,mamma1 mamma1 ,i love you better than all the earth4 ,kisses1 laughter1 and just one or two tears1 all over again4 ,my darling child1 you have been some months away from us--do you think you can quite tell your own mind on a question which is life-long in its results8 ,i mean1 that the thing that is pleasant in one place may not be so altogether delightful in another4 ,i should like you to decide so great a question while in the full enjoyment of your own rights here4 ,this is your home4 ,this is what you will have to exchange for something else when you marry4 ,you are very young to marry--not eighteen1 remember4 ,whenever you decide that question1 ,i should like you to decide it on your own ground1 and by your own mother's side4 ,i wonder whether you know how wise you are8 was the question that came in answer4 ,do you know1 mother1 that ,i cried like a baby at ,hull1 because ,i felt all you have said1 and even a little more1 and thought he was unkind to press me4 ,you know ,aunt ,erskine had told me2 and ,horace1 too1 in a way--and he said at ,hull he dreaded the influence of this place1 and--and-- ,but there is nothing for you to dread4 ,this home is yours2 and its influence is good2 and all the love you command here is your safety4 ,mrs4 ,brewer spoke boldly1 and quite with the spirit of heroism4 ,she was standing up for her rights4 ,but ,mr4 ,brewer stood at the door4 ,the lover wants to smoke in the park in the moonlight4 ,some information just to direct his thoughts1 you little witch1 for his step-child had tried to stop his mouth with a kiss-- ,papa1 ,i am so happy4 ,i won't1 because ,i can't1 plan to leave everything ,i love best in the world just as ,i come back to it4 ,but you must give ,erskine some kind of an answer4 ,the poor fellow is really very much in earnest4 ,come and see him4 ,no1 ,i won't1 said ,mary1 very much as the wilful ,claudia might have uttered the words4 ,but ,mary was thinking that there was a great contrast between the genial benevolence she had come to1 and the indescribable something which was not benevolence in which she had lived ever since her mother had become a ,catholic4 ,mr4 ,brewer almost started4 ,i mean1 papa1 that ,i must live here unmolested at least one month before ,i can find out whether ,i am not always going to love you best of all mankind4 ,don't you think you could send ,horace off to ,scotland again immediately8 ,bless the child6 ,think of the letters that have passed--you read them1 or knew of them8 ,knew of them1 said ,mary1 nodding her head confidentially1 and looking extremely naughty4 ,well2 and ,i asked him here6 ,yes2 ,i know that4 ,and you now tell me to send him away6 #aif ,my dear6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,brewer1 looking appealingly at his wife4 ,dearest1 you must tell ,mr4 ,erskine that ,mary really would like to be left quiet for awhile4 ,say so now2 and to-morrow you can suggest his going soon1 and returning in a few weeks4 ,and to-morrow ,i can have a cold and lie in bed4 ,can't ,i8 said ,mary4 ,but now they ceased talking1 and heard ,horace ,erskine go out of the door to the portico4 ,there6 he's gone4 ,and ,i am sure ,i can smell a cigar--and ,i could hate smoking1 couldn't ,i8 ,mother and father now scolded the saucy child1 and condemned her to solitude and sleep4 ,and when they were gone the girl put her head out of the open window1 and gazed across the spreading park1 so peaceful in its far-stretching flat1 just roughened in places by the fern that had begun to get brown under the hot sun2 and then she listened to the sound of the wind that came up in earnest whispers from the woody corners1 and the far-off forests of oak4 ,the sound rose and fell like waves1 and the silence between those low outpourings of mysterious sound was loaded with solemnity4 ,do the whispering woods praise him2 and are their prayers in the tall trees8 ,she was full of fancies that night4 ,but the words ,father ,daniels had said to her seemed to her to come again on the night-breeze1 and then she was quiet and still4 ,and yet--and yet--though she tried to forget1 and tried to keep her mind at peace1 the spirit within would rise from its rest1 and say that she had left an atmosphere of evil speaking and uncharitableness2 that malice and harsh judgment had been hard at work1 and all to poison home1 and to win her from it4 ,and while she was trying to still these troublings of the mind1 ,mr4 ,brewer1 by her mother's side1 was reading for the first time ,mrs4 ,erskine's letter1 which ,father ,daniels had returned4 ,my dear1 my dear1 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 a very improper letter4 ,i think ,mary is a very extraordinary girl not to have been prejudiced against me4 ,i shall always feel grateful to her4 ,and as to this letter1 which ,i call a very painful letter1 don't you think we had better burn it8 ,and so1 by the assistance of a lighted taper1 ,mr4 ,brewer cleared that evil thing out of his path for ever4 ,eleanor1 said ,lady ,greystock1 how lovely this evening is4 ,the moon is full1 and how glorious6 ,shall we drive by a roundabout way to ,blagden8 ,james1 speaking to the man who occupied the seat behind1 how far is it out of our way if we go through the drive in ,beremouth ,park1 and come out by the ,west ,lodge into the ,blagden turnpike road8 ,it will be two miles further1 my lady4 ,but the road is very good1 and the carriage will run very light over the gravelled road in the park4 ,then we'll go4 ,so on getting to the bottom of the street in which ,mrs4 ,morier lived1 ,lady ,greystock took the road to ,beremouth2 and the ponies seemed to enjoy the change1 and the whole world1 except those three who were passing so pleasantly through a portion of it1 seemed to sleep beneath the face of that great moon1 wearing1 as all full moons do1 a sweet grave look of watching on its face4 ,isn't it glorious8 ,isn't it grand1 this great expanse and this perfect calm8 ,ah1 there goes a bat2 and a droning beetle on the wing just makes one know what silence we are passing through4 ,how pure the air feels4 ,oh1 what blessings we have in life--how many more than we know of4 ,i think of that in the still evenings often4 ,do you1 ,eleanor8 ,yes1 ,lady ,greystock4 ,but ,eleanor spoke in a very calm1 business-like1 convinced sort of manner2 not the least infected by the tears of tenderness and the poetical feeling that ,lady ,greystock had betrayed4 #aig ,yes1 ,lady ,greystock ,and when in great moments--,great moments6 ,i like that1 said ,claudia--when ,i have those thoughts ,i think of you4 ,of me8 ,yes4 ,and ,i am profoundly struck by the goodness of ,god1 who endowed the great interest of my life with so powerful an attraction for me4 ,i must have either liked or disliked you4 ,i am so glad to love you4 ,eleanor1 ,i wish you would tell me the story of your life4 ,they had passed through the lodge gates now1 and were driving through ,beremouth ,park4 ,you were not always what you are now4 ,you will know it one day1 said ,eleanor1 softly4 ,oh1 see how the moon comes out from behind that great fleecy cloud2 just in time to light us as we pass through the shadows which these grand oaks cast4 ,what lines of silver light lie on the road before us4 ,it is a treat to be out in such a place on such a night as this4 ,stay1 stay1 ,lady ,greystock4 ,what is that8 ,lady ,greystock pulled up suddenly1 and standing full in the moonlight1 on the turf at the side of the carriage1 was a tall1 strong-built man4 ,he took off his cap with a respectful air1 and said1 ,i beg pardon4 ,i did not intend to stop you4 ,but if you will allow me ,i will ask your servant a question4 ,he addressed ,lady ,greystock1 and did not seem to look at ,eleanor1 though she was nearest to him4 ,eleanor had suddenly pulled a veil over her face2 but ,lady ,greystock had taken hers from her hat1 and her uncovered face was turned toward the man with the moonlight full upon it4 ,he said to the servant1 ,can you tell me where a person called ,eleanor ,evelyn is to be found8 ,mrs4 ,evelyn she is probably called4 ,i want to know where she is4 ,before ,james1 who had long known the person by his mistress's side as ,mrs4 ,evelyn1 could speak1 or recover from his very natural surprise1 ,eleanor herself spoke4 ,yes1 she said1 ,mrs4 ,evelyn lives not far from ,marston4 ,i should advise you to call on ,mrs4 ,jenifer ,stanton1 who lives at ,marston with ,mrs4 ,morier4 ,she will tell you about her4 ,she who lives with ,madam ,morier1 of course8 said the man4 ,yes2 the same4 ,goodnight4 ,good night1 said ,lady ,greystock in answer1 and obeying ,eleanor's whispered ,drive on1 she let the ponies1 longing for their stable1 break into their own rapid pace1 and1 soon out of the shadows1 they were in the light--the broad1 calm1 silent light--once more4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued ------ #aih ,translated from ,le ,correspondant ,a ,,pretended ,,dervish ,,in ,,turkestan4 ,footnote #ce ,,by ,,mile ,,jonveaux ,footnote #ce3 ,herman ,vambry's ,travels ,in ,central ,asia4 ,original ,german edition4 ,leipzic3 ,brockhaus1#ahfe4 ,paris3 ,xavier4 ,french translation by ,m4 ,forgues4 ,paris3 ,hachette4 ,a brilliant imagination1 a sparkling and ready wit1 an indomitable energy1 the happy gift of seeing and painting man and things in a lively manner1 such are the qualities which we remark at first in the new explorer of central ,asia4 ,but he is not only a bold traveller1 a delightful story-teller1 full of spirit and originality1 we must recognize also in him a learned orientalist1 an eminent ethnologist and linguist4 ,born in #ahcb1 in a small ,hungarian town1 he began at an early age to study with passion the different dialects of ,europe and ,asia1 endeavoring to discover the relations between the idioms of the ,east and ,west4 ,observing the strong affinity which exists between the ,hungarian and the ,turco-,tartaric dialects1 and resolved to return to the cradle of the ,altaic tongues1 he went to ,constantinople and frequented the schools and libraries with an assiduity which in a few years made of him a true effendi4 ,but the nearer he approached the desired end1 the greater was his thirst for knowledge4 ,turkey began to appear to his eyes only the vestibule of the ,orient2 he resolved to go on1 and to seek even in the depths of ,asia the original roots of the idioms and races of ,europe4 ,footnote #cf ,in vain his friends represented to him the fatigues and perils of such a tour4 ,infirm as he was 7a wound had made him lame71 could he endure a long march over those plains of sand where he would be obliged to fight against the terror of tempest1 the tortures of thirst--where1 in fine1 he might encounter death under a thousand forms8 and then1 how was he to force his way among those savage and fanatic tribes1 who are afraid of travellers2 and who a few years before had destroyed ,moorcraft1 ,conolly1 and ,stoddart8 ,nothing could shake the resolution of ,vambry2 he felt strong enough to brave suffering1 and as to the dangers which threatened him from man1 his bold and inventive spirit would furnish him the means to avert them in calling to his assistance their very superstitions4 ,was he not as well versed in the knowledge of the ,koran and the customs of ,islam as the most devout disciple of the ,prophet8 ,he would disguise himself in the costume of a pilgrim dervish1 and so would go through ,asia1 distributing everywhere benedictions1 but making secretly his scientific studies and remarks4 ,his foreign physiognomy might1 it is true1 raise against him some obstacles4 ,but he counted on his happy star1 and1 above all1 on his presence of mind1 to succeed at last4 ,these difficulties were renewed often in the course of his adventurous tour2 more than once the suspicious look of some powerful tyrant was fixed upon him as if to say3 ,your features betray you2 you are a ,european6 ,the extraordinary coolness1 the ingenious expedients to which ,vambry had recourse in these emergencies1 give to the story of his travels an interest which novelists and dramatists might envy4 ,to this powerful charm1 the work of which we give a rapid sketch unites the merit of containing #aii the most valuable notes on the social and political relations1 the manners and character1 of the races which inhabit ,central ,asia4 ,footnote #cf3 ,the linguistic and ethnographical studies form a separate volume1 which the author proposes to publish very soon4 ,i4 ,it was early in ,july1 #ahfb1 that ,vambry1 leaving ,tabriz1 began his long and perilous journey4 ,persia1 at this period of the year1 does not offer the enchanting spectacle which the enthusiastic descriptions of poets lead us to imagine4 ,this boasted country displays only to the eye a heaven of fire1 burning and desert plains1 through the midst of which sometimes advances slowly a caravan covered with dust1 exhausted by fatigue and heat4 ,after a monotonous and painful march of fifteen days1 our traveller sees at last rising from the horizon the outlines of a number of domes1 half lost in a bluish fog4 ,this is ,teheran1 the celestial city1 the seat of sovereignty1 as the natives pompously call it4 ,it was not easy to penetrate into this noble city2 a compact crowd filled the streets1 asses1 camels1 mules laden with straw1 barley1 and other marketable articles jostled each other in the strangest confusion4 ,take care6 ,take care6 vociferated the passers-by2 each one pressed1 pushed1 and blows of sticks and even of sabres were distributed with surprising liberality4 ,vambry succeeded in getting safe and sound out of this tumult2 he repaired to the summer residence of the ,turkish ambassador1 where all the effendis were assembled under a magnificent silken tent4 ,haydar ,effendi1 who represented the sultan at the court of the ,shah1 had known the ,hungarian traveller in ,constantinople2 he received him most cordially1 and very soon the guests1 gathered round a splendid banquet1 began to call up souvenirs of ,stamboul1 of the ,bosphorus1 and their delightful landscapes1 so different from the arid plains of ,persia4 ,the contrast of character is not less noticeable between the two nations who divide the supremacy of the ,mohammedan world4 ,the ,ottoman1 in consequence of his close relations with the ,west1 is more and more penetrated by ,european manners and civilization1 and gains by this contact an incontestable superiority4 ,the ,persian preserves more the primitive type of the ,orientals1 his mind is more poetic1 his intelligence more prompt1 his courtesy more refined2 but proud of an antiquity which loses itself in the night of time1 he is deeply hostile to our sciences and arts1 of which he does not comprehend the importance4 ,some choice spirits1 indeed1 have endeavored to rejuvenate the worm-eaten institutions of ,persia1 and to lead their country in the way of progress4 ,the pressing solicitations of the minister ,ferrukh ,khan engaged1 some years ago1 several nations of ,europe1 ,belgium1 ,prussia1 ,italy1 to send ambassadors in the hope of forming political and commercial relations with ,iran2 but their efforts were checked1 ,persia not being ripe for this regeneration4 ,thanks to the generous hospitality of ,haydar ,effendi1 ,vambry was rested from his fatigues4 ,impatient to continue his journey1 he wished to take immediately the road to ,herat2 his friends dissuaded him from it1 because the hostilities just declared between the sultan of this province and the sovereign of the ,afghans rendered communications impossible4 ,the northern route was quite as impracticable2 it would have been necessary to cross during the winter months the vast deserts of central ,asia4 ,the traveller was forced to await a more favorable season4 ,to remove gradually the obstacles which prevented the realization of his plan1 he began immediately to draw around him the dervishes who every year pass through ,teheran on their way to ,turkey4 ,these pilgrims or hadjis never fail to address themselves to the ,ottoman embassy1 for they are all ,sunnites and #bjj recognize the emperor of ,constantinople as their spiritual head2 ,persia1 on the contrary1 belongs to the sect of the ,shiites1 who may be called the ,protestants of ,islam1 with so profound a horror have they inspired the faithful believers of ,khiva1 ,bokhara1 ,samarcande1 etc4 ,vambry1 who proposed to visit all these fanatic states1 had then adopted the character of a pious and zealous ,sunnite4 ,very soon it was noised abroad among the pilgrims that ,reschid ,effendi 7nom de guerre of our traveller7 treated the dervishes as brothers1 and that he was no doubt himself a dervish in disguise4 ,in the morning of the #bjth of ,march1 #ahfb1 four hadjis presented themselves before him whom they regarded as the devoted protector of their sect4 ,they came to complain of ,persian officials who1 on their return from ,mecca1 had imposed upon them an abusive tax long since abolished4 ,we do not demand the money of his excellency the ambassador1 said he who appeared to be the chief2 the only object of our prayers is1 that in future the ,sunnites may be able to visit the holy places without being forced to endure the exactions of the infidel ,shiites4 ,surprised at the disinterestedness of this language1 ,vambry considered more attentively the austere countenances of his guests4 ,in spite of their miserable clothing1 a native nobility discovered itself in them2 their words were frank1 their looks intelligent4 ,the little caravan of which they made a part1 composed in all of twenty-four persons1 was returning to ,bokhara4 ,the resolution of the ,european was immediately taken2 he said to the pilgrims that for a long time he had had an extreme desire to visit ,turkestan1 this hearth of ,islamite piety1 this holy land which contained the tombs of so many saints4 ,obedient to this sentiment1 said he1 ,i have quitted ,turkey2 for many months ,i have awaited in ,persia a favorable opportunity1 and ,i thank ,god that have at last found companions with whom ,i may be able to continue my journey and accomplish my purpose4 ,the ,tartars were at first much astonished4 ,how could an effendi1 accustomed to a life of luxury1 resolve to encounter so many dangers1 to endure so many trials8 ,the ardent faith of the pretended ,sunnite was hardly efficient to explain this prodigy1 so the dervishes felt themselves bound to enlighten him on the sad consequences to which this excess of zeal might expose him4 ,we shall travel1 they said1 for whole weeks without encountering a single dwelling1 without finding the least rivulet where we can quench our thirst4 ,more than that1 we shall run the risk of perishing by the robbers who infest the desert1 or of being swallowed up alive by tempests of sand4 ,reflect again1 seigneur effendi1 we would not be the cause of your death4 ,these words were not without their effect1 but1 after coming so far1 ,vambry was not easily discouraged4 ,i know1 said he to the pilgrims1 that this world is an inn where we sojourn for some days1 and from which we soon depart to give place to new travellers4 ,i pity those restless spirits who1 not content with having thought of the present1 embrace in their solicitude a long future4 ,take me with you1 my friends2 ,i am weary of this kingdom of error1 and ,i long to leave it4 ,perceiving in him so firm a resolve1 the chiefs of the caravan received the pretended ,reschid as a travelling companion4 ,a fraternal embrace ratified this engagement1 and the ,european felt not without some repugnance the contact of these ragged garments which long use had impregnated with a thousand offensive odors4 ,following the advice of one of the dervishes1 ,hadji ,bilal1 who entertained a particular friendship for him1 the traveller cut his hair1 adopted the ,bokhariot costume1 and the better to play the part of a pilgrim1 an enemy of all worldly superfluity1 he left behind his bedding1 his linen1 everything1 in #bja short1 which in the eyes of the ,tartars had the least appearance of refinement or luxury4 ,some days after1 he rejoined his companions in the caravansery where the hadjis had promised to meet him4 ,there ,vambry ascertained1 to his great surprise1 that the miserable garments which had disgusted him so much were the state robes of the dervishes2 their travelling dress was composed of numerous rags1 arranged in the most picturesque manner and fastened at the waist by a fragment of rope4 ,hadji ,bilal1 raising his arms in the air1 pronounced the prayer of departure1 to which all the assistants responded by the sacramental amen1 placing the hand upon the beard4 ,vambry quitted ,teheran not without sadness and misgiving4 ,in this city1 placed on the frontiers of civilization1 he had found devoted friends2 now1 in the company of strangers1 he was about to face at once the perils of the desert and those1 more to be feared1 which threatened him from the cruelty of the inhabitants of the cities4 ,he was roused from these reflections by joyous ballads sung by many of the pilgrims1 others related the adventures of their wandering life or boasted of the charms of their native country1 the fertile gardens of ,mergolan and ,khokand4 ,sometimes their patriotic and religious enthusiasm led them to intone verses from the ,koran1 in which ,vambry never failed to join with a zeal which did honor to the strength of his lungs4 ,he had then the satisfaction of observing the dervishes look at one another and say1 in an undertone1 that ,hadji ,rescind was a true believer1 who1 without doubt1 thanks to the good examples before his eyes1 would soon walk in the steps of the saints4 ,at the end of five days the pilgrims reached the mountain of ,mazendran1 the western slope of which extends its base to the ,caspian sea4 ,here the sterility of the country yields to the freshest1 the richest vegetation2 splendid forests1 prairies covered with thick grass1 extend themselves everywhere before the charmed eye of the traveller1 and from time to time the murmur of a waterfall delights his ear4 ,the sight of this smiling country drove away all the sad presentiments which had possessed the soul of ,vambry2 mounted upon a gently-treading mule1 he arrives full of confidence at ,karatpe1 where he is to embark upon the ,caspian sea4 ,there an ,afghan of high birth1 whom the pretended ,reschid had met upon his journey1 and who knew the consideration which he enjoyed at the ,ottoman embassy1 offered him the hospitality of his house4 ,the news of the arrival of pilgrims had collected a great number of visitors2 squatted along the walls of the houses1 they fixed upon ,vambry looks of mingled distrust and curiosity4 ,he is not a dervish1 said some1 you can see that by his features and complexion4 ,the hadjis1 replied others1 pretend that he is a near relation of the ,turkish ambassador4 ,all then1 shaking their heads with a mysterious air1 said in an undertone1 ,only ,allah can know what this foreigner is after4 ,during this time1 ,vambry pretended to be plunged in a profound meditation2 in which as a ,protestant1 he committed a grave imprudence1 for the ,orientals1 liars and hypocrites themselves1 cannot believe in frankness1 and always infer the contrary of whatever is told them4 ,these suspicions1 moreover1 had nearly frustrated at the outset the bold designs of the ,european4 ,the captain of the ,afghan ship1 employed in provisioning the ,russian garrison1 had consented for a small sum to take all the hadjis in his ship across the arm of the sea which divides ,karatpe from ,ashourada4 ,but learning the reports which were in circulation regarding our traveller1 he refused to permit him to embark2 his attachment for the ,russians not allowing him1 he said1 to facilitate the secret designs of an emissary of ,turkey4 ,in vain ,hadji ,bilal1 ,hadji ,salih1 and others of the caravan endeavored to change his #bjb resolution4 ,all was useless1 and ,vambry was doubting whether he should not be forced to retrace his steps1 when his companions generously declared that they would not proceed without him4 ,toward evening1 the dervishes learned that a ,turcoman named ,yakaub proposed from a religious motive1 and without desiring any recompense1 to take them in his boat4 ,the motive of this unexpected kindness was very soon discovered4 ,yakaub1 having drawn ,vambry apart1 confessed to him in an embarrassed tone1 which contrasted singularly with his wild and energetic physiognomy1 that he nourished a profound and hopeless passion for a young girl of his tribe2 a ,jew1 a renowned magician who resided at ,karatpe1 had promised to prepare an infallible talisman if the unhappy lover were able to procure for him thirty drops of essence of rose direct from ,mecca4 ,you hadjis1 added the ,tartar1 casting down his eyes1 never quit the holy places without bringing away some perfume2 and as you are the youngest of the caravan1 ,i hope that you will comprehend my vexation better than the others1 and that you will help me4 ,the companions of ,vambry had in fact several bottles of the essence1 of which they gave a part to the ,turkoman1 and this precious gift threw the son of the desert into a genuine ecstasy4 ,the voyagers passed two days on a kseboy a boat provided with a mast and two unequal sails1 which the ,tartars use for the transport of cargoes4 ,it was almost night when ,yakaub cast anchor before ,ashourada1 the most southerly of the ,russian possessions in ,asia4 ,the czar maintains constantly on this coast steamers charged with repressing the depredations of the ,turkomen1 which formerly inspired terror throughout the province4 ,all natives before approaching the port of ,ashourada must be provided with a regular passport1 and must submit to the inspection of the ,russian functionaries4 ,this visit caused ,vambry some alarm2 would not the sight of his features1 a little too ,european1 provoke from the ,russian agent an indiscreet exclamation of surprise8 and would not his incognito be betrayed8 ,happily1 on the day of their arrival ,easter was celebrated in the ,greek ,church1 and1 on account of this solemnity1 the examination was a mere formality4 ,the pilgrims continued their voyage1 and landed the next day at ,gomushtpe1 a distance of only three leagues from ,ashourada4 ,,ii4 ,the hadjis were received by a chief named ,khandjan1 to whom they had letters of recommendation4 ,the noble ,turkoman was a man of about forty years2 his fine figure1 his dress of an austere simplicity1 the long beard which fell upon his breast1 gave him a dignified and imposing air4 ,he advanced toward his guests1 embraced them several times1 and led the way to his tent4 ,the news of the arrival of dervishes had already spread among the inhabitants2 men1 women1 and children threw themselves before the pilgrims1 disputing with one another the honor of touching their garments1 believing that they thus obtained a share in the merits of these saintly personages4 ,these first scenes of ,asiatic life1 says ,vambry1 astonished me so much that ,i was constantly doubting whether ,i should first examine the singular construction of their tents of felt1 or admire the beauty of the women1 enveloped in their long silken tunics1 or yield to the desire manifested by the arms and hands extended toward me4 ,strange spectacle6 ,young and old1 without distinction of sex or rank1 pressed eagerly round these hadjis covered yet with the holy dust of ,mecca4 ,fancy my amazement when ,i saw women of great beauty1 and even young girls1 rush through the crowd to embrace me4 ,these demonstrations of sympathy and respect1 however1 became fatiguing when we #bjc arrived at the tent of the chief ishan 7priest71 where our little caravan assembled4 ,then began a singular contest4 ,each one solicited as a precious boon the right of receiving under his tent the poor strangers4 ,i had heard of the boasted hospitality of the nomad tribes of ,asia1 but ,i never could have imagined the extent of it4 ,khandjan put an end to the dispute by himself distributing among the inhabitants his coveted guests4 ,he reserved only ,hadji ,bilal and myself1 who were considered the chiefs of the caravan1 and we followed him to his ooa 7tent74 ,a comfortable supper1 of boiled fish and curdled milk1 awaited the two pilgrims4 ,the touching kindness with which he had been received1 the comfort by which he was surrounded1 filled ,vambry with a joy which accorded ill with the gravity of his assumed character of dervish4 ,his friend ,hadji ,bilal felt bound to advise him upon this subject4 ,you have remarked already1 said he1 that my companions and ,i distribute fatiha 7blessings7 to every one4 ,you must follow our example4 ,i know it is not the custom in ,roum 7,turkey71 but the ,turkomen expect it and desire it4 ,you will excite great surprise if1 giving yourself out for a dervish1 you do not take completely the character of one4 ,you know the formula of this blessing2 you must1 then1 put on a serious face and bestow your benedictions4 ,you can add to them nefes 7holy breathings7 when you are called to the sick2 but do not forget to extend at the same time your hand1 for every one knows that the dervishes subsist by the piety of the faithful1 and they never leave a tent without receiving some little present4 ,the ,hungarian traveller profited so well by the advice of ,hadji ,bilal that1 five days after his arrival at ,gomushtpe1 a crowd of believers and sick people besieged him from the moment that he rose1 soliciting1 one his blessing1 another his sacred breathing1 a third the talisman that was to cure him4 ,thanks to the complaisance and marvellous tact which characterized him1 ,vambry henceforth identified himself completely with the venerable personage of ,hadji ,reschid1 and never during a period of two years escaped him the smallest gesture or word which could possibly betray him4 ,his reputation for sanctity increased every day1 and procured for him numerous offerings1 which he received with a truly ,mussulman gravity4 ,this increasing confidence permitted the ,european to form with the ,turkomen frequent intimacies1 of which he profited to study the social relations of these tribes1 to discover the innumerable ramifications of which they are composed1 and to form an exact idea of the bonds which unite elements in appearance so heterogeneous and confused4 ,but he was obliged to exercise great prudence2 a dervish1 wholly preoccupied with heavenly things1 never ought to ask the smallest question in regard to affairs purely worldly4 ,fortunately1 the ,tartars1 so terrible and so impetuous1 when they have completed their forays1 pass the remainder of their time in absolute idleness1 and then they amuse themselves with interminable political and moral discussions4 ,vambry1 dropping his beads with an exterior of pious revery1 lent an attentive ear to all these conversations1 of which he never lost the slightest detail4 ,one thing which surprised him among the ,turkomen was to see that if all are too proud to obey1 no one seems ambitious to command4 ,we are a people without a head1 they say2 and we wish no head4 ,every one is king in our country1 ,yet1 notwithstanding the absence of all restraint1 of all authority1 these savage robbers1 the terror of their neighbors1 live together amicably1 and we find among them fewer robberies and murders1 and more morality than among the majority of the ,asiatic people4 #bjd ,this is explained by the action of an all-powerful law1 which exercises over the inhabitants of the desert more empire than religion itself2 we speak of the ,deb1 that is to say1 the custom1 the traditions4 ,an invisible sovereign1 obeyed everywhere1 it sanctions robbery and slavery1 and all the prescriptions of ,islam fall to the ground before it4 ,how1 asked ,vambry one day of a ,tartar famous for his robberies and his great piety1 how can you sell your ,sunnite brother1 when the ,prophet has said expressly3 ,every ,mussulman is free8 ,bah6 he replied1 the ,koran1 this book of ,god1 is more precious than a man1 and yet you buy and sell it2 ,joseph1 the son of ,jacob1 was a prophet1 and yet they sold him1 and was he ever the worse for it8 ,the influence of ,deb extends throughout central ,asia2 in converting themselves to the worship of ,mohammed1 the nomad tribes have taken only the exterior form2 they adored formerly the sun1 the fire1 and other natural phenomena--they personify them to-day under the name of ,allah4 ,many ancient and singular customs are found everywhere in central ,asia2 marriage is accompanied by characteristic rites4 ,the young girl1 in her rich bridal costume1 bravely bestrides a furious courser1 whom she urges to his utmost speed2 with one hand she holds the rein1 with the other she presses to her bosom a lamb just killed1 which the bridegroom1 mounted also on a fast horse1 endeavors to take from her4 ,all the young people of the tribe take a part in the eager pursuit1 and the sandy desert then becomes the theatre of this fantastic contest4 ,the ceremonies prescribed for funerals are not less singular4 ,when a member of a ,turkoman family dies1 the mourners come every day for an entire year1 at the hour when the deceased expired1 to utter sobs and cries1 in which the relations are bound to join4 ,this custom seems to prove that the ,tartars1 superior in this respect to civilized people1 consecrate to their dead a remembrance more profound and more durable2 but1 in fact1 one must abate a little of this praise2 the tears and prolonged mourning are only a matter of form1 and ,vambry often could hardly suppress a smile when he saw the head of the family tranquilly smoking his pipe or enjoying his repast1 interrupting himself now and then to join the noisy lamentations of the choir4 ,it is the same with the ladies2 they cry1 they weep in the most lugubrious fashion1 without ceasing to turn the wheel or rock the cradle4 ,but what then8 is not human nature the same everywhere1 and do the ,turkoman ladies differ so much from our inconsolable widows1 to whom1 as ,la ,fontaine says with good-natured malice1 mourning very soon becomes an ornament4 ,vambry1 venerated as one of the elect of the prophet1 often passed his evenings among these ,tartar families4 ,then1 surrounded by a large audience1 the troubadour1 accompanying himself upon the guitar1 chanted the poetry of ,koroghi1 of ,aman ,mollah1 or more frequency of ,makhdumkuli1 the ,ossian of the desert1 whom his compatriots regard as a demigod4 ,this holy personage1 who had never studied in the colleges of ,bokhara1 received the gift of all science by a divine inspiration4 ,he was one day transported in a dream to ,mecca1 in presence of the ,prophet and of the first caliphs4 ,seized with respect and fear at the sight of this august assembly1 he prostrated himself1 and1 throwing around him a timid look1 perceived ,omar1 the patron of the ,turkomen1 who1 with a benevolent air1 signed him to approach4 ,he received then the benediction of the ,prophet1 a light blow on the forehead1 which awakened him4 ,from this moment a celestial poesy flowed from his lips2 he composed heroic hymns which the ,tartars regard to-day as the most beautiful productions of the human mind4 #bje ,about this time1 a mollah having undertaken a trip to ,atabeg and the ,gklen1 our traveller seized the occasion to examine the ,greek ruins which perpetuate among these savage people the remembrance of the conquests of ,alexander4 ,he recognized the wall built by the ,macedonian hero to oppose a barrier to the menacing stream of the desert tribes4 ,the legend of the ,turkomen shows how the oriental imagination clothes the events of history with poetic and religious fiction4 ,alexander1 they say1 was a profoundly religious ,mussulman2 and as the saints exercise all power over the invisible world1 he commanded the spirits of darkness1 and it was by his order that the genii built the sacred wall4 ,notwithstanding the generous hospitality of ,khandjan1 ,vambry began to get tired of his residence at ,gomushtpe4 ,the continual raids of the ,turkomen peopled their tents with a crowd of ,persian slaves1 whose tortures revolted any one who had a spark of humanity4 ,these unhappy beings1 surprised for the most part in a nocturnal attack1 were dragged from their families1 and loaded with heavy chains which betrayed the slightest movement and hindered every attempt at flight4 ,khandjan himself possessed two young ,iranians of eighteen and twenty years1 and1 singularly enough1 this man1 so good and so hospitable1 overwhelmed these young men with injuries and insults on the slightest pretext4 ,our traveller could not1 without betraying himself1 manifest the least compassion for these poor slaves4 ,notwithstanding1 the pity which they sometimes surprised in his looks induced them to address him4 ,they begged him to write to their relatives1 imploring them to sell cattle1 gardens1 and dwellings in order to release them from this frightful captivity2 for the ,turkomen often maltreat their prisoners merely in the hope of obtaining a great ransom for them4 ,vambry then learned with joy that the khan of ,khiva1 for whom the physicians had prescribed the use of buffalo's milk1 had sent his chief of caravans to ,gomushtpe to buy two pair of these animals1 in order to have them acclimated in his own country4 ,to join an officer who knew the invisible paths of the desert better than the most experienced guides1 was an unexpected good fortune for the pilgrims1 and ,vambry urged ,hadji ,bilal to improve so good an opportunity2 but ,hadji ,bilal was surprised at the impatience of his friend1 and remarked that it was extremely childish4 ,it is of no use to be in a hurry1 said he2 you will remain on the banks of the ,gorghen until destiny shall decree that you quench your thirst at another river1 and it is impossible to tell when the will of ,allah will be manifested4 ,this answer was not particularly satisfactory to ,vambry2 but he could not attempt the desert alone2 he was forced then to submit to the oriental slowness of his companions4 ,the little caravan was to return to ,etrek1 the capital of a tribe of warriors1 to wait until the chief of caravans should join it4 ,one of the most renowned chiefs of this tribe came just at this time to ,gomushtpe4 ,his name was ,kulkhan-le-,pir 7chief74 ,his sombre and wild physiognomy1 little calculated to inspire confidence1 never brightened at the sight of the pious pilgrims2 nevertheless1 out of regard for ,khandjan1 he consented to take the hadjis under his protection1 recommending to them to be ready to start with him in two days1 for he awaited in order to return to his tent at ,etrek only the arrival of his son1 who had gone on a raid4 ,kulkhan spoke of this expedition with the paternal pride which makes the heart of a ,european beat in learning that his son has covered himself with glory on the field of battle4 ,some hours later1 the young man1 followed by seven ,turkomen1 appeared on the banks of the ,gorghen4 ,a great crowd had gathered1 and admiration was painted upon every face when the proud cavaliers threw themselves with their #bjf prey1 ten magnificent horses1 into the midst of the river1 which they crossed swimming4 ,they landed immediately1 and even ,vambry1 in spite of the contempt with which these acts of pillage inspired him1 could not take his eyes from these bold warriors1 who1 in their short riding-habit1 the chest covered with their abundant curling hair1 gaily laid down their arms4 ,about noon the next day the traveller quitted ,gomushtpe1 and was escorted for a considerable distance by ,khandjan1 who wished to fulfil punctually all the duties of hospitality4 ,it was not without heartfelt regret that he parted from this devoted host1 from whom he had received so many marks of interest4 ,the pilgrims travelled toward the north-east2 their road1 which led them from the coast1 was bordered by many mounds raised by the ,turkomen in memory of their illustrious dead4 ,when a warrior dies1 every man of his tribe is bound to throw at least seven shovelsful of earth upon his grave4 ,so these mausoleums often appear like little hills4 ,this custom must be very ancient among the ,asiatics2 the ,huns brought it into ,europe1 and we find traces of it to-day in ,hungary4 ,half a league from ,gomushtpe the little caravan reached magnificent prairies1 the herbage of which1 knee-high1 exhaled a delicious fragrance4 ,but these blessings of nature are thrown away upon the ,turkomen1 who1 wholly occupied in robbery and pillage1 never dream of enriching themselves by peaceful1 pastoral occupations4 ,alas6 thought our ,european1 what charming villages might shelter themselves in this fertile and beautiful country4 ,when will the busy hum of life replace the silence of death which broods over these regions8 ,approaching ,etrek1 the landscape suddenly changes4 ,this lonely verdure is exchanged for the salt lands of the desert1 whose rank odor and repulsive appearance seem to warn the traveller of the sufferings which await him in these immense solitudes4 ,little by little ,vambry felt the ground become soft under foot2 his camel slipped1 buried himself at each step1 and gave such evident signs of intending to throw him in the mud1 that he thought it prudent to dismount without waiting for a more pressing invitation4 ,after tramping an hour and a half in the mire the pilgrims reached ,kara ,sengher 7black wall71 where rose the tent of their host1 ,kulkhan-le-,pir4 ,the district of ,etrek is1 to the populations of ,mazendran and ,taberistan1 a by-word of terror and malediction4 ,may you be carried to ,etrek1 is the most terrible imprecation which fury can extort from a ,persian4 ,one cannot pass before the tents of the ,turkomen of ,etrek without seeing the unhappy ,iranian slaves1 wasted by fatigue and privations1 and bent under the weight of their chains4 ,but the nomad tribes of ,tartary offer a singular mixture of vice and virtue1 of justice and lawlessness1 of benevolence and cruelty4 ,vambry1 in his character of dervish1 made frequent visits among the ,tartars4 ,he always returned loaded with presents and penetrated with gratitude for their charitable hospitality4 ,to this sentiment succeeded a profound horror at the barbarous treatment inflicted upon their slaves4 ,at ,gomushtpe such a spectacle had already revolted him2 and yet this city1 compared to ,etrek1 might be considered the ,ultima ,thule of humanity and civilization4 ,one day1 returning to his dwelling1 ,vambry met one of the slaves of ,kulkhan1 who1 in a piteous tone1 begged him to give him to drink4 ,this unfortunate being had labored ever since morning in a field of melons1 exposed to the heat of a burning sun1 without any other food than salt fish1 and without a drop of water to quench his thirst4 ,the sight of this poor sufferer1 and of the cheers which ran down over his thick black beard1 made ,vambry forget the danger #bjg to which an imprudent compassion might expose himself4 ,he gave his bottle to the slave1 who drank eagerly and fled1 not without having passionately thanked his benefactor4 ,another time the ,european and ,hadji ,bilal called on a rich ,tartar1 who1 learning that ,vambry was a disciple of the ,grand ,turk1 cried1 with great glee1 ,i will show you a spectacle which will delight you2 we know how well the ,russians and the ,turks agree1 and ,i will show you one o your enemies in chains4 ,he then called a poor ,muscovite slave1 whose pallid features and expression of profound sadness touched ,vambry to the heart4 ,go and kiss the feet of this effendi1 said the ,turkoman to the prisoner4 ,the poor fellow was about to obey1 but our traveller stopped him by a gesture1 saying that he had that morning begun a great purification and that he did not wish to be defiled by the touch of an infidel4 ,at last a messenger came to inform the pilgrims that the chief of caravans was about to leave1 and that he would meet them at noon the next day on the shore opposite ,etrek4 ,the hadjis therefore began their journey1 escorted by ,kulkhan-le-,pir1 who1 thanks to the introduction of ,kulkhan1 neglected nothing for the security of his guests4 ,now1 as these districts are infested by brigands and very dangerous for caravans1 the protection of this graybeard was very useful to the travellers4 ,kulkhan was1 in fact1 the spiritual guide and grand high-priest of these fierce robbers2 he united to a character naturally ferocious a consummate hypocrisy which made him a curious type of the desert chiefs4 ,one ought to have heard this renowned bandit1 who had ruined so many families1 explaining to his assembled disciples the rites prescribed for purifications1 and telling them how a good ,mussulman ought to cut his moustache1 etc4 ,a sort of pious ecstasy1 a perfect serenity1 the fruit of a good conscience1 was visible meanwhile upon the countenances of these men1 as if they already enjoyed a foretaste of the delight of ,mohammed's paradise4 ,the chief of caravans now joined the pilgrims4 ,vambry desired very much to win the good graces of so important a man1 and was1 therefore1 much alarmed when he saw that this dignitary1 who had received the other pilgrims with marks of great respect1 treated him with great coldness4 ,hadji ,bilal eagerly undertook the defence of his friend4 ,all this1 he cried angrily1 is no doubt the work of that miserable ,mehemmed1 who1 even while we were in ,etrek1 tried to make us believe that our ,hadji ,reschid1 so holy and so learned in the ,koran1 was a ,european in disguise6 ,the ,lord1 pardon my sins6 ,this was the favorite exclamation of the good dervish in his moments of greatest agitation4 ,be patient1 he added1 addressing his companion1 once arrived at ,khiva1 ,i will set this opium-eater right4 ,mehemmed was an ,afghan merchant1 born at ,kandahar1 who had frequently met ,europeans4 ,he thought he discovered in ,vambry a secret agent travelling1 no doubt1 with great treasure1 and he hoped1 by frightening him1 to extort from him considerable sums2 but the ,european was too cunning to be taken in this trap1 and he found a secure protection in his reputation for sanctity and in the generous friendship of ,hadji ,bilal4 ,this incident had no immediate consequences4 ,the chief of caravans1 who was now chief of the united caravans1 ordered each pilgrim carefully to fill his bottle1 for they would travel now many days without meeting any spring4 ,vambry followed the example of his companions1 but with a negligent air which ,hadji ,salih thought himself bound to reprove4 ,you do not know yet1 said he1 that in the desert each drop of water becomes a drop of life4 ,the thirsty traveller watches over his bottle as a miser over his treasure2 it is as precious to him as his eye-sight4 ,they travelled the whole day over a sandy soil1 at times slightly undulating1 but where it was impossible to discover the least trace of a path4 ,the sun alone indicated their course1 and during the night the kervanbashi 7chief of caravans7 guided himself by the polar star1 called by the ,turkomen the iron pin1 because it is motionless4 ,gradually the sand gave place to a hard and flinty soil1 on which through the silent night resounded the foot-fall of the camels4 ,at day-break the caravan stopped to take some hours of rest1 and presently ,vambry perceived the kervanbashi engaged eagerly in conversation with ,hadji ,bilal and ,hadji ,salih1 the subject of which their looks1 constantly directed toward him1 sufficiently indicated4 ,he pretended not to observe it1 and occupied himself with renewed earnestness in turning over the pages of the ,koran4 ,some moments after his friends came to him1 and said his foreign features excited the distrust of the kervanbashi1 for this man had already incurred the anger of the king because he had some years before conducted to ,khiva a ,european1 whom this single journey had enabled to put down on paper with diabolical art all the peculiarities of the country1 and he never should be able to save his head if he committed another such blunder4 ,it is with great difficulty1 added the dervishes1 that we have persuaded him to take you with us1 and he has made it a condition1 first1 that you shall consent to be searched1 and secondly1 that you will swear1 by the tomb of the ,prophet1 that you will not carry about you secretly a wooden pen as these detestable ,europeans always do4 ,these words1 we may imagine1 were not very agreeable to ,vambry1 but he had too much self-control to permit his agitation to be seen4 ,pretending to be very angry1 he turned toward ,hadji ,salih1 and1 loud enough to be heard by the chief of caravans1 replied1 ,hadji1 you have seen me in ,teheran1 and you know who ,i am2 say to the kervanbashi that an honest man ought not to listen to the gossip of an infidel4 ,this pretended indignation produced the desired effect2 no one afterward expressed a doubt in regard to the pilgrim4 ,vambry could not resolve to keep his promise1 and1 whatever it might have cost him to deceive his friends1 he continued to make in secret some rapid notes4 ,let one imagine1 says he1 to excuse himself1 the latter disappointment of a traveller who arriving at last1 after long efforts and great peril1 before a spring for which he has eagerly sighed1 finds himself forbidden to moisten his parched lips4 ,the caravan advanced slowly through the desert2 in compassion for the camels1 who suffered much from the sand1 upon which they could hardly walk1 the pilgrims dismounted when the road became very bad4 ,these forced marches were a severe trial to ,vambry on account of his lameness2 but he endeavored to forget1 his fatigue and to take a part in the noisy conversations of his companions4 ,the nephew of the kervanbashi1 a ,turkoman of ,khiva1 entertained a particular affection for him2 full of respect for his character as dervish1 and won by the benevolence of his looks1 he took great pleasure in talking to him of his tent1 the only manner in which the prescriptions of the ,prophet permitted him to speak of the young wife whom he had left at home4 ,separated for a whole year from the object of his tenderness1 ,khali ,mallah appealed to the science of the pretended hadji to pierce the veil which absence had placed between himself and his family4 ,vambry gravely took the ,koran1 pronounced some cabalistic words1 closed his eyes1 and opened the book precisely at a passage in which women are spoken of4 ,he interpreted the sacred text so as to draw from it an oracle sufficiently vague1 at which the young ,tartar was transported with joy4 ,on the #bgth of ,may the travellers reached the table-lands of ,korentaghi1 a chain of mountains surrounded by vast valleys1 to the west of which extend ruins probably of ,greek origin4 #bji ,the nomads who inhabit this district came in crowds to visit the caravan1 and for some hours the encampment had the appearance of a bazaar4 ,the merchants and drovers who accompanied the kervanbashi concluded important bargains with the natives1 mostly on credit2 but ,vambry was surprised to see the debtor1 instead of giving the note as a guarantee to the creditor1 tranquilly put it in his own pocket4 ,our ,european could not refrain from speaking of this1 and he received from one of the merchants this answer of a patriarchal simplicity3 ,what should ,i do with the paper8 it would not do me any good2 but the debtor requires it in order to remind him of the amount of the debt and of the time when it is to be paid4 ,two days after a dark blue cloud appeared in the horizon toward the north2 this was ,petit-,balkan1 the elevation1 the picturesque landscapes1 and the rich mineral resources of which are celebrated in all ,turkoman poetry4 ,the travellers passed along the chain of mountains1 perceiving here and there green and fertile prairies1 and yet the profound solitude of these beautiful valleys filled the soul with a vague sadness4 ,beyond commences the ,great ,desert1 where the traveller marches for many weeks without finding a drop of water to quench his thirst1 or a tree to shelter him from the rays of the sun4 ,in winter the cold is intense1 in summer the heat2 but the two seasons present an equal danger1 and frequent tempests swallow up whole caravans under drifts of snow or whirlwinds of sand4 ,in proportion1 says ,vambry1 as the outlines of ,balkan disappear from the horizon1 the limitless desert shows itself1 terrible and majestic4 ,i had often thought that imagination and enthusiasm enter largely into the profound impression produced by the sight of these immense solitudes4 ,i deceived myself4 ,in my own beloved country ,i have often seen vast plains of sand2 in ,persia ,i have crossed the salt desert2 but how different were my feelings to-day6 ,it is not imagination1 it is nature herself who lights the sacred torch of inspiration4 ,the interminable hills of sand1 the utter absence of life1 the frightful calm of death1 the purple tints of the sun at his rising and setting1 all warn us that we are in the ,great ,desert1 all fill our souls with an inexpressible emotion4 ,after travelling many days1 the provision of water beginning to be exhausted1 ,vambry knew for the first time the horrible tortures of thirst4 ,alas6 he thought1 saving and blessed water1 the most precious of all the elements1 how little have ,i known your value6 what would ,i not give at this moment for a few drops of your divine substance6 ,the unfortunate traveller had lost his appetite1 he experienced an excessive prostration1 a devouring fire consumed his veins1 he sank upon the ground in a state of complete exhaustion4 ,suddenly he heard resound the magic words1 ,water6 water6 ,he looked up and saw the kervanbashi distribute to each of his companions two glasses of the precious liquid4 ,the good ,turkoman had the habit whenever he crossed the desert of hiding a certain quantity of water1 which he distributed to the members of his caravan when their sufferings became intolerable4 ,this unexpected succor revived the strength of ,vambry1 and he acknowledged the justice of the ,tartar proverb3 ,the drop of water given in the desert to the traveller dying of thirst1 effaces a hundred1 years of sin4 ,the next day numerous tracks of gazelles and wild asses announced to the travellers that springs were to be found in the neighborhood2 thither they hastened to fill their bottles1 and1 relieved now from all anxiety lest water should fail them before their arrival at ,khiva1 they gave themselves up to transports of joyful enthusiasm4 ,toward evening they reached the table-land of ,kaflankir1 an island #baj of verdure in the midst of a sea of sand4 ,its fertile soil1 covered with luxuriant vegetation1 gives asylum to a great number of animals2 two deep trenches surround this oasis1 which the ,turkomen say are ancient branches of the ,oxus4 ,the caravan1 instead of going directly to ,khiva1 made a circuit to avoid a tribe of marauders2 the first of ,june it arrived within sight of the great ,tartar city1 which1 with its domes1 its minarets1 its smiling gardens1 the luxuriant vegetation which surrounds it1 appeared to the travellers1 worn by the monotony of the desert1 an epitome of the delights of nature and of civilization4 ,,iii4 ,on entering the city their admiration was somewhat lessened4 ,khiva is composed of three or four thousand houses1 constructed of earth1 scattered about in all directions and surrounded by a wall1 also of clay1 ten feet high4 ,but at every step the pious ,khivites offered them bread and dried fruits1 begging their blessing4 ,for a long time ,khiva had not received within its walls so great a number of hadjis2 every face expressed astonishment and admiration1 and on all sides resounded acclamations of welcome4 ,entering into the bazaar1 ,hadji ,bilal intoned a sacred canticle1 in which his companions joined2 the voice of ,vambry predominated2 and his emotion was very great when he saw the surrounding crowd rush toward him1 to kiss his hands1 his feet covered with dust1 and even the rags which composed his dress4 ,according to the usage of the country1 the travellers returned immediately to the caravan which served as custom-house4 ,the principal mehrum 7royal chamberlain7 fulfilled the functions of director2 hardly had he addressed the usual questions to the kervanbashi when the miserable ,afghan before spoken of1 furious at having been thwarted in his avaricious designs1 advancing1 cried in a tone of raillery3 ,we have brought to ,khiva three interesting quadrupeds1 and a biped who is not less so4 ,the first part of the expression1 of course1 alluded to the buffaloes which had been brought from ,gomushtpe2 the second was pointed at ,vambry4 ,instantly all eyes were fixed upon him1 and he could distinguish among the murmurs of the crowd the words3 ,spy1 ,european1 ,russian4 ,imagine his agitation6 ,the khan of ,khiva1 a cruel fanatic1 had the reputation of reducing to slavery or destroying by horrible tortures all suspected strangers4 ,in this emergency ,vambry was not intimidated2 often he had considered the possible consequences of his bold enterprise1 and looked death in the face4 ,the mehrum1 lifting his brows1 considered the foreign countenance of the unknown1 and rudely ordered him to approach4 ,vambry was about to reply when ,hadji ,bilal1 who did not know what was going on1 eagerly entered to introduce his friend to the ,khivite officer2 the exterior of the ,turkoman dervish inspired so much confidence that suspicions were instantly changed into respectful excuses4 ,this peril avoided1 ,vambry could not deny that his ,european features raised in his way every moment new difficulties2 he must have a powerful protector always ready to defend him4 ,he presently remembered that an important man1 named ,shukrullah ,bay1 who had been for ten years ambassador to the sultan from the khan of ,khiva1 must know ,constantinople and every official of that city4 ,vambry thought he should find in this dignitary the support which he desired1 and he repaired the same day to the medusse 7college7 of ,mohammed ,emin ,khan1 where he resided4 ,informed that an effendi1 recently arrived from ,stamboul1 wished to see him1 the ex-minister immediately appeared4 ,his surprise1 already very great1 was not diminished when he saw enter a mendicant covered with #baa rags and frightfully disfigured2 but after exchanging a few words with his strange visitor1 his distrust vanished2 he addressed him question after question regarding his friends whom he had left at ,constantinople1 and1 from the mere pleasure of hearing him speak of them1 he forgot to raise a doubt regarding the supposed quality of the traveller4 ,in the name of ,god1 my dear effendi1 said he at last1 how could you quit such a paradise as ,stamboul to come into our frightful country8 ,the pretended ,reschid sighed deeply4 ,ah1 pir6 he replied1 putting a hand upon his eyes in sign of obedience4 ,shukrullah was too good a ,mussulman not to understand these words2 he was persuaded that his guest belonged to some order of dervishes1 and had been charged by his pir 7spiritual chief7 with some mission which a disciple was bound to accomplish even at the peril of his life4 ,without asking any farther explanations1 he merely inquired the name of the order to which ,vambry was attached4 ,vambry mentioned the ,nakish bendi1 ,footnote #cg implying that ,bokhara was the end of his pilgrimage1 and he retired1 leaving the ,khivite minister marvelling at his learning1 his wit1 his sanctity1 and his extensive acquaintance4 ,footnote #cg3 ,a celebrated order which originated in ,bokhara1 where its principal establishment still exists4 ,the khan1 hearing of the arrival of a ,turk1 the first who had ever come from ,constantinople to ,khiva1 sent in all haste a yasoul 7officer of the court7 to give the ,european a small present and inform him that the hazret 7sovereign7 would give him audience the same evening1 for he greatly desired to receive the blessing of a dervish born in the holy land4 ,our voyager1 therefore1 accompanied by ,shukrullah ,bay1 who made it a point to present him1 repaired to the palace of the formidable monarch4 ,we will leave ,vambry to relate himself this curious interview3 ,it was the hour of public audience1 and the principal entrance and halls of the palace were filled with petitioners of every rank1 sex1 and age4 ,the crowd respectfully made way at our approach1 and my ear was agreeably tickled when ,i heard the women say to each other3 ',see the holy dervish from ,constantinople2 he comes to bless our khan1 and may ,allah hear his prayer6' ,shukrullah ,bay had taken care to make it known that ,i was very intimate with the highest dignitaries in ,stamboul1 and that nothing should be omitted to render my reception most solemn4 ,after waiting a few moments1 two yasouls came to take me by the arm1 and1 with the most profound demonstrations of respect1 conducted me in the presence of ,seid ,mehemmed ,khan4 ,the prince was seated upon a sort of platform1 his left arm resting upon a velvet cushion1 his right hand holding a golden sceptre4 ,according to the prescribed ceremonial1 ,i raised my two hands1 a gesture which was immediately imitated by the khan and others present2 then ,i recited a verse from the ,koran1 followed by a prayer much used beginning with the words3 ',allahuma ,rabbina4' ,i concluded with an amen1 which ,i pronounced with a resounding voice1 holding my beard with both hands4 ',kaboul bolgay6' 7may thy prayer be heard71 responded in unison all the assistants4 ,then ,i approached the sovereign and exchanged with him the mousafeha1 ,footnote #ch after which ,i retired a few steps4 ,the khan addressed me several questions regarding the object of my journey1 and my impressions in crossing the ,great ,desert4 ,footnote #ch3 ,salute prescribed by the ,koran1 during which the right and left hand of each party are placed flatly one upon the other4 ',my sufferings have been great1' ,i replied1 'but my reward is greater yet1 since ,i am permitted to behold the splendor of your glorious majesty4 ,i return thanks to ,allah for this favor1 and ,i see in it a good omen for the rest of my pilgrimage4' #bab ,the king1 evidently flattered1 asked how long ,i proposed to remain at ,khiva1 and if ,i were provided with the necessary funds for pursuing my journey4 ',my intention1' ,i replied1 'is to visit before my departure the tombs of the saints who repose in the vicinity of ,khiva4 ,as to the means of pursuing my journey1 ,i give myself no anxiety4 ,we dervishes occupy ourselves very little with such trifles4 ,the sacred breathing which ,i have received from the chief of my order suffices1 moreover1 to sustain me four or five days without any other nourishment2 therefore the only prayer which ,i address to heaven is that your majesty may live a hundred and twenty years4' ,my words had gained the good graces of the khan2 he offered me twenty ducats1 and promised to make me a present of an ass4 ,i declined the first of these presents1 because poverty is the necessary attribute of a dervish2 but ,i accepted the animal with gratitude1 not without piously remarking that the precept of the ,prophet requires that a white ass should be used for pilgrimages4 ,the king assured me that ,i should have one of this color1 and he put an end to the interview1 begging me to accept at least during my short residence in his capital two tenghe 7#a franc #ej centimes7 a day for my maintenance4 ,i retired joyfully1 receiving at every step the respectful homage of the crowd1 and regained my own dwelling4 ,once alone1 ,i uttered a sigh of satisfaction1 thinking of the danger which ,i had incurred1 and the happy manner in which ,i had escaped it4 ,this dissolute khan1 savage and brutal tyrant1 had treated me with unexampled kindness2 ,i was now free from all fear1 and at liberty to go where ,i liked4 ,during the entire evening1 the audience of the khan was present to my mind2 ,i saw again the ,asiatic despot1 with his pallid countenance1 his eyes deeply sunk in the orbits1 his beard sprinkled with white1 his white lips and trembling voice4 ,so1 ,i thought1 ,providence has permitted that fanaticism itself should serve as a bit to this suspicious and cruel tyrant4 ,it was soon understood in ,khiva that the dervish of ,constantinople was in great favor with the khan1 therefore the notables of the city delayed not to overwhelm him with visits and invitations2 the oulemas especially1 anxious to enlighten themselves with his light1 asked him a thousand questions regarding various religious observances4 ,vambry1 repressing his impatience1 was obliged to spend whole hours instructing these fervent disciples on the manner of washing the feet1 the hands1 the face2 explaining to them how1 not to violate any precept1 the true believers ought to sit down1 to rise1 to walk1 sleep1 etc4 ,the pretended pilgrim1 who was supposed to be a native of ,stamboul1 venerated seat of religion1 passed for an infallible oracle1 for the sultan of ,constantinople and the grandees of his court are regarded at ,khiva as the most accomplished observers of the law4 ,they there represent the ,turkish emperor as coiff in a turban at least fifty or sixty yards long1 wrapped in a long trailing robe1 and wearing a beard which falls to the girdle4 ,to inform the ,khivites that this prince dresses like a ,european1 and has his clothes cut by ,dusautoy1 would only excite their pious indignation2 any one who would attempt to disabuse them on these points would pass for an impostor1 and would only risk his own life4 ,vambry was obliged to answer the most ridiculous questions3 one wished to know if in the whole world there was any city to be compared to ,khiva2 another1 if the meals of the grand sultan were sent to him every day from ,mecca1 and if it only took one minute for them to come from the ,kaaba to the palace at ,constantinople4 ,what would these pious enthusiasts say if they could know with what honor ,chateau-,lafitte and ,chateau-,margeaux figure upon the table of the actual successor of the ,prophet8 #bac ,the convent which gave asylum to the pilgrims served also as a public square2 it contained a mosque1 the court of which1 ornamented with a piece of water surrounded with beautiful trees1 was the favorite lounge of all the idle people in town4 ,the women came there to fill the heavy jugs which they afterward carried to their dwellings4 ,more than one of these recalled to the ,european the daughters of his dear ,hungary2 he took great pleasure in watching them1 and never refused them his blessing1 his powder of life1 or even his sacred breathing1 which had the power of curing all infirmities4 ,on these occasions1 the sick person squatted upon the threshold of the door1 the pretended dervish1 moving his lips as if in prayer1 extended a hand over the patient1 then he breathed three times upon her and uttered a profound sigh4 ,very often the innocent creatures fancied that they had experienced immediate relief1 so great is the power of the imagination6 ,during the time that ,vambry was at ,khiva1 a fair had assembled there from twenty leagues round all the rich natives4 ,most of these came to the markets not so much to buy and sell as to gratify that love of display so inveterate among the ,orientals2 their purchases were often limited to a few needles or similar trifles2 but it was an excellent occasion to parade their beautiful horses1 to display their richest clothes and their finest weapons4 ,khiva1 moreover1 is the centre of an active commerce2 beside the fruits1 which enjoy great renown1 and are exported to ,persia1 ,turkey1 ,russia1 and ,china1 the stalls of the fair contain excellent manufactured articles4 ,beside the urgendi tchapani1 a kind of dressing robe made of woollen or silken stuffs of two colors1 are displayed the linens of ,tash-hauz1 the bronzes of ,khiva1 muslins1 calicoes1 cloth1 sugar1 iron sent by ,russia to be exchanged for cotton1 silk1 and furs1 which the caravans deliver in the spring at the markets of ,orenbourg1 and in the autumn at those of ,astrakan4 ,the transactions with ,bokhara are equally important3 they export thither robes and linens1 and receive in exchange tea1 spices1 paper1 and fancy articles4 ,vambry1 divided between the friendship of ,hadji ,bilal and his daily increasing intimacy with ,shukrullah ,bay1 led a very agreeable life at ,khiva4 ,unhappily this calm was troubled by the secret intrigues of the mehter 7minister of the interior71 who was a personal enemy of the ,khivite ambassador4 ,he persuaded the khan that our traveller was a secret agent of the sultan of ,bokhara1 and ,seid ,mehemmed resolved to have a second interview with the would-be dervish1 and submit him to a strict examination4 ,vambry1 exhausted by the extreme heat1 was taking a siesta in his cell when he was warned by a messenger to report himself to the sovereign4 ,surprised at this unexpected order1 he departed with some anxiety4 ,in order to reach the palace he was obliged to cross the grand square1 where were assembled all the prisoners taken in a recent war against the neighboring tribe of the ,tchandors1 and the sight of these unfortunate beings impressed him most painfully4 ,the khan in company with the mehter awaited his arrival2 he overwhelmed him with artful questions1 and said that1 knowing how thoroughly versed he was in the worldly sciences1 he should like very much to see him write some lines after the manner of ,stamboul4 ,the necessary materials having been brought1 ,vambry wrote the following epistle1 when1 under pompous flowers of rhetoric1 he slipped in a bit of raillery pointed at the mehter1 who was extremely vain of his own beautiful writing3 #bad ,most majestic1 powerful1 terrible1 and formidable monarch and sovereign3 ,inundated with the royal favor1 the poorest and most humble of your servants has1 until this day1 consecrated little time to the study of penmanship1 for he remembers the ,arab proverb3 ',those who have a beautiful handwriting have ordinarily very little wit4' ,but he knows also the ,persian adage3 ',every defect which pleases a king becomes a virtue4' ,this is why he ventures respectfully to present these lines4 ,the khan1 charmed with the pompous eloquence of our traveller1 made him sit beside him1 offered him tea and bread1 and had with him a long political conversation1 the subject of which had been agreed upon beforehand4 ,in his quality of dervish1 the adroit ,european maintained an austere silence4 ,seid ,mehemmed drew from him with great difficulty some sententious phrases1 which offered not the slightest pretext to the malicious designs of the mehter4 ,on leaving the royal audience1 a yasoul conducted ,vambry to the treasurer to receive his daily allowance4 ,he was obliged to cross a vast court1 where a horrible spectacle awaited him4 ,three hundred ,tchandors1 covered with rags and wasted by hunger till they looked like living skeletons1 were expecting the sentence which was to decide their fate4 ,the younger ones1 chained one to another by iron collars1 were to be sold as slaves or given as presents to the favorites of the king4 ,more cruel punishments were reserved for those whose age caused them to be considered as chiefs4 ,while some of them were conducted to the block upon which already many heads had fallen1 eight of these unhappy old men were thrown upon the ground while the executioner tore out their eyes4 ,it is impossible to enter upon the frightful details of these barbarous punishments4 ,arriving at the office of the treasurer1 ,vambry found him singularly occupied in sorting silken vestments of dazzling colors1 covered with large golden embroidery4 ,these were the khilat1 or robes of honor1 which were to be sent to the camp to recompense the services of the warriors2 they were designated as robes of four1 twelve1 twenty1 or forty heads4 ,this singular mode of distinguishing them1 which the designs upon the tissue in no way explained1 having excited the curiosity of ,vambry1 he inquired the reason4 ,what6 was the reply1 have you never seen similar ones in ,turkey8 ,in that case1 come to-morrow to assist at the distribution of these glorious emblems4 ,the most beautiful of these vestments are intended for those soldiers who have brought forty enemies' heads1 the most simple for those who have furnished only four4 ,in spite of the horror which this custom inspired1 the ,european could not without exciting suspicion refuse the invitation thus extended to him4 ,accordingly1 the next morning he saw arrive in the principal square of ,khiva a hundred cavaliers covered with dust2 each one of them led at least one prisoner fastened to the pommel of the saddle1 or to the tail of his horse2 women and children bound in the same manner making a part of the booty4 ,beside1 all the soldiers carried behind them large bags filled with heads cut off from the vanquished4 ,they delivered the captives to the officer in charge1 and then emptied their bags1 rolling out the contents upon the ground with as much indifference as if they had been potatoes4 ,these noble warriors received in exchange an attestation of their great exploits1 and this billet would give them a right after a few days to a pecuniary recompense4 ,these barbarous customs are not peculiar to ,khiva2 they are found in all central ,asia4 ,tradition1 law1 and religion agree in sanctioning them4 ,during the first years of his reign1 the khan of ,khiva1 wishing to display his zeal for the ,mussulman faith1 proceeded with the utmost rigor not only against the heretic ,tchandors1 but also against his own subjects who were found guilty of the least infraction of the commandments of the ,prophet4 ,the oulemas endeavored to moderate the too ardent piety of the king2 but1 notwithstanding their intervention1 not a day passes without #bae some person admitted to audience of the khan being dragged from the palace1 after hearing the words1 equivalent to his death-warrant3 ,alib barin6 7take him away74 ,notwithstanding the cruelties by which ,khiva is disgraced1 it was in this city that ,vambry passed1 under the costume of a dervish1 the most agreeable days of his journey4 ,whenever he appeared in public places he was surrounded by a crowd of the faithful1 who heaped presents upon him4 ,thus1 though he never accepted considerable sums1 and though he shared the offerings of the pious believers with his brethren the hadjis1 his situation was much improved2 he was provided with a well-lined purse1 and a vigorous ass2 in short1 he was perfectly equipped for his journey4 ,his companions were very anxious to arrive at ,bokhara1 fearing that the heat might render it impracticable to cross the desert1 and they urged ,vambry to terminate his preparations for departure4 ,before quitting ,khiva our ,european wished to bid adieu to the excellent protector to whose hospitable reception he owed so much4 ,i was deeply moved1 he says1 to hear the arguments which the good ,shukrullah ,bay employed to dissuade me from my enterprise4 ,he painted ,bokhara under the most gloomy colors1 the distrustful and hypocritical emir1 hostile to all strangers1 and who had even treacherously put to death a ,turk sent to him by ,reschid ,pacha4 ,the anxiety of this worthy old man1 so convinced at first of the reality of my sacred character1 surprised me extremely4 ,i began to think that he had penetrated the secret of my disguise1 and perhaps divined who ,i was4 ,accustomed to ,european ideas1 ,shukrullah ,bay understood our ardor for scientific researches1 for in his youth he had passed many years in ,st4 ,petersburg1 and often also1 during his residence in ,constantinople1 he had formed affectionate intimacies with ,europeans4 ,was it on this account that he had manifested so warm a friendship for me8 ,in parting from him ,i saw a tear glisten in his eye2 who can tell what sentiment caused it to flow8 ,vambry gave the khan a last benediction4 ,the prince recommended to him on his return from ,samarcande to pass through his capital1 for he wished to send with the pilgrim a representative1 charged to receive at ,constantinople the investiture which the masters of ,khiva wish to obtain from every new sultan4 ,this was by no means the plan of our traveller4 ,kismet1 he replied1 with his habitual presence of mind2 a word altogether in the spirit of his character1 and which signifies that one commits a grave sin when one counts upon the future4 ------ #baf ,from ,aubrey ,de ,vere's ,may ,carols4 ,,mater ,,divinae ,,gratiae4 ,the gifts a mother showers each day ,upon her softly-clamorous brood3 ,the gifts they value but for play1-- ,the graver gifts of clothes and food1-- ,whence come they but from him who sows ,with harder hand1 and reaps1 the soil2 ,the merit of his laboring brows1 ,the guerdon of his manly toil8 ,from him the grace3 through her it stands ,adjusted1 meted1 and applied2 ,and ever1 passing through her hands1 ,enriched it seems1 and beautified4 ,love's mirror doubles love's caress3 ,love's echo to love's voice is true3-- ,their sire the children love not less ,because they clasp a mother too4 ------ ,as children when1 with heavy tread1 ,men sad of face1 unseen before1 ,have borne away their mother dead-- ,so stand the nations thine no more4 ,from room to room those children roam1 ,heart-stricken by the unwonted black3 ,their house no longer seems their home3 ,they search2 yet know not what they lack4 ,years pass3 self-will and passion strike ,their roots more deeply day by day2 ,old servants weep2 and how unlike ,is all the tender neighbors say4 ,and yet at moments1 like a dream1 ,a mother's image o'er them flits3 ,like hers their eyes a moment beam2 ,the voice grows soft2 the brow unknits4 ,such1 ,mary1 are the realms once thine1 ,that know no more thy golden reign4 ,bold forth from heaven thy ,babe divine6 ,o make thine orphans thine again6 ------ #bag ,from ,the ,month ,,pamphlets ,,on ,,the ,,eirenicon4 ,the appearance of a work such as the ,eirenicon1 from the pen of one in so conspicuous a position as ,dr4 ,pusey1 was sure to attract general attention1 and to call forth a great number of comments and answers more or less favorable to it or severe upon it4 ,it gives an occasion for1 and indeed invites1 the frankest discussion of a very wide range of most important questions2 and in doing so it has rendered a great service to the cause of truth4 ,many of these questions are of that kind which those whom the ,eirenicon itself may be supposed more particularly to represent have been in the habit of avoiding1 at all events in public1 although their own ecclesiastical position depended entirely upon them4 ,it is a very great gain that these should now be opened for discussion1 at the invitation of one who has long passed as a leader among ,anglicans4 ,moreover1 a book which handles so many subjects and contains so many assertions has naturally raised questions as to itself which require consideration4 ,it is a comparatively easy matter to look on it as a simple overture for peace1 or to speculate on the possibility of that union by means of explanations which ,dr4 ,pusey tells us is his dearest wish4 ,even here we are directly met by the necessity of further investigations4 ,dr4 ,pusey puts a certain face on the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 and on ,catholic doctrines and statements with regard to the questions to which those ,articles refer4 ,is he right in his representation either of the definitions of his own communion or of the support which those definitions may receive from authorities external to it8 ,is it true that the ,catholic interpretation is the legitimate sense of the ,articles8 ,is it true that that interpretation is supported by ,roman and ,greek authorities8 ,is there no statement1 for instance1 in the ,council of ,trent about justification to which any in the ,anglican communion can object8 ,it must be quite obvious that a great number of sanguine assertions such as these require examination in detail2 and surely no one can complain if they are not admitted on ,dr4 ,pusey's word4 ,then again1 unfortunately1 he was not content with painting his own communion in his own colors2 he must needs give a description of the ,catholic system also4 ,he has told us--and we are both willing and bound to believe him--that he has not drawn this sketch in a hostile spirit2 perhaps he will some day acknowledge--which is much more to the point--that he has drawn it in great and lamentable ignorance1 the consciousness of which ought to have deterred him from attempting it4 ,surely there are some enterprises which are usually undertaken by none but the dullest or the most presumptuous of men4 ,such an enterprise is that of giving an account of a practical system which influences and forms the hearts and minds of thousands of our fellow-creatures1 when we have ourselves lived all our days as entire strangers to it4 ,if it be something simply in the natural order1 such as the polity or the customs of a foreign nation1 we do not feel so much surprise at the blunders made by the #bah writer who undertakes to describe them1 as at his temerity in making the attempt4 ,this is1 of coarse1 enhanced greatly in proportion as we ascend into the higher spheres of the spiritual and supernatural life4 ,it is strange enough to see any sensible man writing as if he could fairly characterize the devotional sentiments and religious thoughts of men of a different belief2 but it becomes something more than strange when this venturesome critic proceeds not only to characterize1 but to condemn and to denounce in the strongest language that which he might in all reason and modesty have supposed himself1 at least1 not quite able fully to comprehend2 and this at the very time that he is proposing peace4 ,we are not1 however1 here concerned with this more painful view of the subject4 ,we are only pointing out that the elaborate chapter of accusation against the ,catholic ,church which ,dr4 ,pusey has drawn up could not fail to be received with great indignation on the part of ,catholics1 and that the overtures which accompany it cannot be fairly dealt with until it has been thoroughly sifted by criticism as well as by controversy4 ,how can we explain a system which we deny to exist8 ,of course1 no ,catholic will acknowledge ,dr4 ,pusey's representation as anything but a monstrous caricature4 ,of course1 also1 the chief heads of accusation can be easily dealt with one by one1 and positive statements given as to what is really taught1 thought1 and felt by ,catholics with regard to them4 ,but this leaves the book untouched4 ,how came these charges to be made8 ,what grounds has ,dr4 ,pusey for asserting that to be true which we all know to be so false8 ,does he quote rightly8 ,has he understood the books he cites1 where he has read them8 ,and has he read them through8 ,are the authors whom he gives as fair specimens of ,catholic teaching acknowledged as writers of credit1 or are some of them even on the ,index8 ,has he ever understood the ,catholic doctrines on which he is severe1 such as the immaculate conception and the papal infallibility1 or the meaning of the ,catholic authorities whom he seems to set in some sort of opposition to others1 such as ,bossuet and the bishops1 whose answers he quotes from the ,pareri8 ,it is true that questions like this are to some extent personal2 but ,dr4 ,pusey makes it necessary to ask them1 and he is the one person in the world who ought to wish that they should be thoroughly handled4 ,we cannot believe that he approves of the tactics of some ,anglican critics1 who speak as if the ark of their sanctuary were rudely touched when it is said that he can be mistaken or ignorant about anything4 ,he has never shown any lack of controversial courage4 ,up to the present time we are not aware of a single publication of any note from the ,catholic side of the question which has not exposed some one or two distinct and important errors of fact1 quotation1 historical statement1 or some grave misconception of doctrine on his part2 and this1 it is to be observed1 has hitherto only been done incidentally by writers who have not addressed themselves to the systematic examination of the ,eirenicon as a work of learning4 ,lastly1 this miscellaneous work has occasioned a call which1 also1 we are glad to feel sure1 will be adequately answered2 a call for calm and learned statements from ,catholic theologians on some of the chief controversial questions touched on by ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,what is the real unity of the church8 ,what is the true doctrine of her infallibility and of that of the ,roman ,pontiff8 and how are the commonly alleged 7though so often refuted7 objections--as1 for instance1 that about what ,dr4 ,pusey calls formal heresy of ,liberius--to the met8 ,what is really meant by the immaculate conception1 and what was in truth the history of the late definition8 #bai ,these1 and a few more important matters--such as the doctrine of transubstantiation1 and the historical truth as to the cases of ,meletius and the ,african churches--will be treated at length in the forthcoming volume of essays announced under the title of ,peace through the ,truth4 ,the case of the ,anglican ordinations has been incidentally raised by ,dr4 ,pusey2 but it will be natural for ,catholic critics to wait for a volume on the subject which has been announced by ,mr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,lee4 ,as far as the alleged sanction of those ordinations by ,cardinal ,pole is concerned1 ,dr4 ,pusey does not seem inclined to raise the question again4 ,we have thus a tolerably large promise of work for theological writers and readers2 and it cannot but be looked on as a good sign that so strong an impulse to controversial activity should have been given by one who has not hitherto been fond of inviting attention to the difficulties of his own position4 ,it is but natural that the more solid and erudite works called forth by the ,eirenicon should be the last to appear2 and any one who has read but a few pages of that work will understand the difficulty which its writer has imposed on any conscientious critic by a frequently loose way of quoting1 and an occasional habit of giving no authority at all for statements that certainly require more proof than a bare assertion4 ,but we have already the beginning of a most valuable collection of publications by men of the highest position1 dealing either with detached portions of ,dr4 ,pusey's work or in a summary way with its general plan2 and some service has been done by letters in the papers1 such as those of ,canon ,estcourt and ,mr4 ,rhodes4 ,father ,gallwey's ,sermon has been widely circulated2 ,canon ,oakeley has given us an interesting pamphlet on the ,leading ,topics of the ,eirenicon2 ,dr4 ,newman has written a letter to its author1 and is understood to be preparing a second2 and his grace the ,archbishop of ,westminster has dealt with several of ,dr4 ,pusey's assertions in his ,pastoral ,letter on the ,reunion of ,christendom4 ,we propose now to deal shortly with some of these publications1 which1 though they belong to the earlier and more incidental stage of the controversy1 are of the highest value in themselves and on account of the position of their authors4 ,footnote #ci ,footnote #ci3 ,we have found it impossible to deal with so important and authoritative a as his ,grace's ,letter in our present paper4 ,we must first1 however1 speak of a work put forth by ,dr4 ,pusey as a sequel or a companion to the ,eirenicon4 ,this is a republication 7with leave of the author7 of the celebrated ,tract #ij1 preceded by an historical preface from ,dr ,pusey's own pen1 and followed by a letter of ,mr4 ,keble on ,catholic ,subscription to the ,articles1 which was widely circulated1 though not published1 in #ahfa4 ,of the tract itself we need not1 of course1 speak4 ,dr4 ,pusey's preface1 however1 is open to one or two obvious remarks4 ,it is remarkable for the manner in which he identifies himself with the ,mr4 ,newman of the day1 though it appears that the proof of the tract in question was submitted to ,mr4 ,keble1 and its publication urged by him1 while ,dr4 ,pusey himself was only made aware of its existence by the clamor with which it was received4 ,then1 again1 the remarkable difference of view between ,dr4 ,pusey and ,mr4 ,newman as to the ,catholic interpretation of the ,articles forces itself again upon our notice4 ,from the tract itself all through1 and its explanations by its author at the time and since1 it is perfectly clear that nothing more was meant by it than to claim such latitude of interpretation of the ,thirty-nine ,articles as would admit the ,catholic sense on equal terms1 as it were1 with the anti-,catholic2 and the same view is urged by ,mr4 ,keble in his letter4 ,the writer of the tract supposes that the ,anglican formularies were drawn #bbj up with designed ambiguity1 in order to catch ,catholic subscriptions4 ,he compares the tactics adopted by the framers of the ,articles to those which were followed by ,m4 ,thiers3 ,a ,french minister1 desirous of war1 nevertheless1 as a matter of policy1 draws up his state papers in such moderate language that his successor1 who is for peace1 can act up to them without compromising his own principles4 4 4 4 ,the ,protestant confession was drawn up with the purpose of including ,catholics2 and ,catholics now will not be excluded4 ,what was an economy in the reformers is a protection to us 7,tract #ij1 conclusion74 ,this is a plain common-sense view of the matter1 and is abundantly supported by history4 ,but it obviously leaves a stain on the ,anglican establishment1 which will appear of vital or of trifling importance according to the different views under which that community is regarded4 ,if it is looked upon as a political and national organization1 it was no doubt a stroke of prudence so to frame the formularies as to include both sides4 ,if it is considered as a church of ,christ1 it can hardly be anything but discreditable that it should thus compromise divine truth4 ,but ,dr4 ,pusey's view of the ,catholic interpretation1 as expressed both in his present preface and in the ,eirenicon1 claims for it the exclusive title of the natural and legitimate sense4 ,it may seem almost incredible that any one should maintain this2 but so it is4 ,dr4 ,pusey thus speaks of the ,protestant interpretations3 ,we had all been educated in a traditional system1 which had practically imported into the ,articles a good many principles which were not contained in them nor suggested by them2 yet which were habitually identified with them4 4 4 4 4 ,we proposed no system to ourselves1 but laid aside piece by piece the system of ultra-,protestant interpretation1 which had incrusted round the ,articles4 ,this doubtless appeared in our writings from time to time2 but the expositions to which we were accustomed1 and which were to our minds the genuine expositions of the ,articles1 had never before been brought into one focus1 as they were in ,tract #ij4 4 4 4 ,newman explained that it was written solely against this system of interpretation1 which brought meanings into the ,articles1 not out of them1 and also why he wrote it at all 7,pref41 v4-vii47 ,yet the words of ,mr4 ,newman's explanation1 which are quoted immediately after this last passage1 distinctly contradict the interpretation of the tract put forward by ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,mr4 ,newman says that the ,anglican ,church1 as well as the ,roman1 in his opinion1 has a traditionary system beyond and beside the letter of its formularies4 4 4 4 4 ,and this traditionary system not only inculcates what ,i cannot conceive 7receive871 but would exclude any difference of belief from itself4 ,to this exclusive modern system ,i desire to oppose myself2 and it is as doing this1 doubtless1 that ,i am incurring the censure of the four gentlemen who have come before the public4 ,i want certain points to be left open which they would close44 4 4 ,in thus maintaining that we have open questions1 or1 as ,i have expressed it in the tract1 'ambiguous formularies1' ,i observe1 first1 that ,i am introducing no novelty4 ,he then gives an instance which shows that the principle is admitted4 ,again1 he says3 ,the tract is grounded on the belief that the ,articles need not be so closed as the received methods of teaching closes them1 and ought not to be for the sake of many persons 7,letter to ,dr4 ,jelf1 quoted by ,dr4 ,pusey1 p4 vii47 ,it is obvious that the interpretations contained in the tract1 however admissible on the hypothesis of their author1 become little less than extravagant when they are considered in the light in which ,dr4 ,pusey now puts them forward2 and it is but fair to ,dr4 ,newman and others to point out the change4 ,moreover1 it is not #bba impossible that this republication of the tract1 together with the avowals made in the ,eirenicon as to the interpretation of the ,articles1 may be considered as a kind of challenge thrown out on the part of ,dr4 ,pusey and his followers to the authorities of the establishment and the parties within it that are most opposed to ,catholic opinions4 ,it may be considered fairly enough that if this claim to hold all ,roman doctrine--as far as those well-used words apply to it--is allowed to pass unnoticed1 the position of the ,anglo-,catholic clergy in the establishment will be made as secure as silent toleration on the part of authorities can make it4 ,footnote #dj ,be it so by all means2 but let it be understood that the claim now made is quite different from that made by ,mr4 ,newman in #ahda2 and that if it enjoys immunity from censure1 on account of the far greater latitude now allowed in the establishment to extreme opinions of every color except one1 it has still to free itself from the charge of being one of the most grotesque contortions of language that has ever been seriously advocated as permissible by reasonable men4 ,one of the ,articles1 for instance--to take the case adduced by ,canon ,oakeley--says that transubstantiation 7or the change of the substance of the bread and wine7 in the ,supper of the ,lord cannot be proved by ,holy ,writ2 but is repugnant to the plain words of ,scripture1 overthroweth the nature of a sacrament1 and hath given occasion to many superstitions4 ,on the other hand1 let us place the ,tridentine ,canon3 ,if any one saith that in the sacred and holy sacrament of the eucharist the substance of the bread and wine remains conjointly with the body and blood of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and denieth that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the body1 and of the whole substance of the wine into the blood--the species only of the bread and wine remaining--which conversion the ,catholic ,church most aptly calls transubstantiation1 let him be anathema4 7,sess4 xiii47 ,not only does ,dr4 ,pusey assert that there is a sense in which the two statements are compatible1 but he maintains that such an interpretation is the one single obvious grammatical and legitimate interpretation of the words of the ,anglican ,article4 ,we can only imagine one process of reasoning by which this conclusion can be maintained2 and we have little doubt that if ,dr4 ,pusey's argument were drawn out it would come to this4 ,the ,articles must mean ,catholic doctrine1 whether they seem to do so or not1 because the ,anglican ,church is a true and orthodox portion of the ,catholic ,church4 ,and a part of the proof that she is such a portion consists in the fact that her formularies signify ,catholic doctrine6 ,footnote #dj3 ,canon ,oakeley1 in the pamphlet of which we shall presently speak1 says of ,dr4 ,pusey's interpretation3 ,dr4 ,pusey's avowal1 moreover1 not merely involves the acceptance of that interpretation of the ,thirty-nine ,articles for which ,mr4 ,newman was censured by nearly every bishop of the establishment1 but goes beyond that interpretation in a ,catholic direction1 inasmuch as it comprehends the doctrine of transubstantiation1 which ,mr4 ,newman1 ,i believe1 never thought to be included within the terms of the ,articles4 ,it also goes beyond ,mr4 ,newman's argument in his tract1 in that it supports the ,catholic sense of the ,articles to be their obvious and only true sense4 ,instead of being merely one of the senses which are compatible with honest subscription4 ,and here ,i must say1 in passing1 that ,i think ,dr4 ,pusey somewhat unfair on ,mr4 ,ward in attributing to him the unpopularity of ,tract #ij1 since1 in extending the interpretation of the tract to our doctrine of the blessed eucharist4 ,dr4 ,pusey is in fact adopting ,mr4 ,ward's ,construction of the ,articles1 and not ,mr4 ,newman's 7p1 #f74 ,the other noticeable feature in ,dr4 ,pusey's preface is an attempt to throw the blame of the undoubted unpopularity of ,tract #ij upon ,mr4 ,ward rather than on the tract itself4 ,mr4 ,ward was probably at one time the best-abused person of all the followers of the tractarian movement2 and if powerful reasoning1 keen logic1 unflinching openness1 and courageous honesty are enough to make a person merit wholesale abuse1 ,mr4 ,ward certainly deserved it4 ,but to attribute the unpopularity of ,no4 #ij to him is simply to forget dates and distort facts4 #bbb ,in #ahda1 when the clamor against ,no4 #ij was at its height1 ,mr4 ,ward1 though well known in ,oxford for his decided opinions and thorough honesty in avowing them1 and though highly influential 7as he could not fail to be7 over those who came within his reach1 was hardly known in the country at large4 ,dr4 ,pusey's mistake has been pointed out by ,canon ,oakeley in the appendix to his pamphlet1 of which we shall speak presently4 ,he observes that the word non-natural--of which he gives a very plain and simple explanation1 which quite vindicates it from the interpretation commonly put upon it--was not used till the appearance of ,the ,ideal of a ,christian ,church in #ahdd4 ,canon ,oakeley's pamphlet1 like everything that he writes1 is graceful and courteous1 lucid and cogent2 and it ought to have all the greater weight with ,dr4 ,pusey from the evident disinclination of the author to think or speak with severity4 ,in fact1 ,dr4 ,pusey has already ,footnote #da had occasion to correct an over-sanguine conclusion as to his own position which had been formed by ,canon ,oakeley in consequence of certain explanations which he addressed to a ,catholic paper4 ,footnote #da3 ,in his second letter to the ,weekly ,register4 ,we think that the fullest credit should be given to ,dr4 ,pusey for these explanations2 but they must not be allowed to counterbalance assertions which he has never withdrawn1 and seems never to have meant to withdraw4 ,he has only negatively declared something about the intention he had in making them4 ,he says they were not meant to hurt ,catholics2 he does not say that they were not meant to frighten ,anglicans4 ,we refer1 of course1 to the large number of pages which he has devoted to attacks on what he chooses to consider as the practical system of ,catholicism1 chiefly with regard to the cultus of our ,blessed ,lady1 and which no ,catholic can read without intense indignation4 ,he has heaped up a number of extracts from books of very little authority1 and put forward as characteristics of the ,catholic system the pious contemplations of individuals1 as well as tenets which have been actually condemned4 ,the charge is urged with all the recklessness of an advocate1 with eager rhetoric rather than calm argument1 with all the looseness of insinuation and inaccuracy of quotation which mark the productions of a heated partizan4 ,footnote #db ,footnote #db3 ,a writer in the current number of ,macmillan's ,magazine 7,feb41 #ahff7 observes3 ,we could scarcely transcribe all that is here set forth without offending the religious taste of our readers1 and appearing to gloat over the degradation of a church which1 amidst all its aberrations and after all ita crimes1 is a part of ,christendom4 ,we may reasonably hope1 also1 that there is something to be said upon the other side3 for1 without casting any suspicion upon ,dr4 ,pusey's honesty1 we must remember that he is personally under a strong temptation to scare the wavering members of his party from defection to the ,church of ,rome 7p4 #bgg74 ,this is the opinion of an intensely anti-,catholic writer2 and it would be easy to quote scores of similar criticisms4 ,a letter from ,oxford1 in the ,london ,review of ,february #c1 says3 ,it seems a gentle irony1 certainly1 to call a book an ',eirenicon' which most mercilessly exposes the errors1 perversions1 and tendencies of those whom it proposes to conciliate4 ,a great portion of the book might have been written by the most distinguished ,papophobe--we will not say ,dr4 ,cumming1 for the style does not remind us of his publications4 ,the writer in ,macmillan adds an observation on another point which is well worthy of ,dr4 ,pusey's consideration3 ,dr4 ,pusey's argument1 both against ,mariolatry and ,papal infallibility1 appeals to principles essentially rationalistic1 which are capable1 as we conceive1 of being turned with fatal effect against himself 7p4 #bcj74 ,no part of his book shows more earnestness than this4 ,such being the case1 it seems to us very strange that any one should expect ,catholics to be satisfied with a simple assurance from ,dr4 ,pusey that nothing was further from my wish than to write anything which should be painful to those in your communion4 ,footnote #dc ,footnote #dc3 ,dr4 ,pusey to the ,weekly ,register1 ,nov4 #be1 #ahfe4 ,we suppose that if some one were to write a pamphlet of a hundred pages full of the hardest and most vulgar insinuations against something that ,dr4 ,pusey holds dear and sacred1 his opinion of it would hardly be changed by the assurance1 unaccompanied by a single retraction1 ,i never meant to hurt your feelings4 ,he would naturally ask in what sort of atmosphere such a person had lived1 to be able to think that such things could be said without being painful4 ,he disclaims #bbc all desire to prescribe to ,italians and ,spaniards what they shall hold1 or how they shall express their pious opinions4 ,but he is not speaking of ,spaniards or ,italians only in many of the most offensive passages of his work4 ,he says1 for instance1 that it is a practical question1 affecting our whole eternity3 ,what shall ,i do to be saved8 ,the practical answer to the ,roman ,catholic seems to me to be1 ,go to ,mary1 and you will be saved2 in our dear ,lord's own words it is1 ,come unto me2 in our own belief it is1 ,go to ,jesus1 and you will be saved 7p4 #ahb74 ,can anything be more shocking than the contrast insinuated here8 ,or1 again1 when he says in another place1 ,one sees not where there shall be any pause or bound1 short of that bold conception1 'that every prayer1 both of individuals and of the church1 should be addressed to ,st4 ,mary8' ,dr4 ,pusey must be perfectly aware of the effect of words like these from him upon the mass of his readers4 ,it is certainly no sufficient withdrawal of them to write a letter to a ,catholic newspaper1 of limited circulation1 saying that he never thought of imputing to any of the writers whom he quoted that they took from our ,lord any of the love which they gave to his mother4 ,whatever he may think about the writers themselves1 he certainly asserts in the face of the world that they teach others to do this4 ,he asserts that there is a system in the ,catholic ,church1 of which this is the effect4 ,if he had no thought of criticising holy men who held it1 he still will not take ,catholic explanations of their words1 which show that they did not hold it2 and his own words imply1 or at all events admit of1 a reservation1 that such is the tendency of the system1 from which certain individuals escape in consequence of their holiness4 ,now1 it is this assertion about the system of the church which offends ,catholics4 ,they care little about their own feelings2 they resent false charges against the church all the more when they proceed from one who professes to be nearer to them than others1 and to be a lover of peace1 and who might easily have satisfied himself that his accusations were groundless4 ,people have not complained of ,dr4 ,pusey's intention in saying these things1 but of his having said them4 ,they willingly accept his statement as to his intention2 but misrepresentations retain their mischievous character till they have been formally withdrawn1 whatever may have been the temper in which they have been put forward4 ,it is1 moreover1 obvious that this1 which to ordinary eyes is the prominent feature in ,dr4 ,pusey's volume1 must be taken into account in all conclusions concerning the present state of mind among ,anglicans that are founded upon the reception which the ,eirenicon has met with among them4 ,we think that there are but few among them1 as there are certainly very few among ,catholics1 who attach much practical importance to the vague and dreamy ideas about corporate union by means of mutual explanations which are put forward in other parts of the work4 ,it is perfectly clear that ,dr4 ,pusey's account of the ,articles would be repudiated at once by all the ,anglican authorities2 and equally clear that the points to which he still objects1 such as the papal infallibility and the dogma of the immaculate conception1 are among those which can never be conceded on the side of the church4 ,the proposals for union are not1 therefore1 generally looked upon as matters for practical consideration2 though1 as ,dr4 ,newman has remarked1 they may hereafter lead to results of the highest importance4 ,what has struck the ,anglican public in the book is its attack on ,catholicism1 which has1 no doubt1 surprised ,protestants as much as ,catholics by its violence4 ,we say1 therefore1 that to consider ,dr4 ,pusey's unrebuked declaration about the possibility of union as a great sign of progress among ,anglicans1 without #bbd taking into consideration the other features of the work which he has put forth1 is to ignore the most essential circumstances of the case4 ,canon ,oakeley compares the outcry with which similar declarations were once received on ,mr4 ,ward's part and his own with the indifference and absence of opposition now evinced toward ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,it is true that the cases are in some respects parallel2 but there is this vital difference1 that neither ,mr4 ,ward nor ,canon ,oakeley accompanied their declarations as to ,roman doctrine with virulent abuse of ,roman practice2 and we may feel pretty certain that the ,ideal of a ,christian ,church would never have been made the ground of an academical condemnation of its author if it had contained the hundred pages on the cultus of the ,blessed ,virgin on which ,dr4 ,pusey has expended so much care1 and which he has adorned with so much apparent erudition4 ,englishmen judge roughly1 and in the main fairly2 and they will look on the proposals for union as an amiable eccentricity in a writer who has pandered so lovingly to their favorite prejudices4 ,canon ,oakeley has drawn out very clearly another very important qualification1 which must modify our feelings of joy at the apparent progress of ,anglicans in general toward greater tolerance of ,catholic opinions among themselves4 ,he has shown that this seemingly good sign is in reality only an indication of increasing indifference to doctrine of every kind4 ,it is the reflection on the broad mirror of public opinion of the uniformly latitudinarian tendency of the authorities of the establishment1 as evinced in the succession of judicial decisions of which we have all heard so much4 ,it is not wonderful that ,puseyism should share in this universal indulgence4 ,we have also to thank ,canon ,oakeley for a calm and forcible vindication of the ,catholic devotion to our ,blessed ,lady1 which has been made the subject of so violent an attack by ,dr4 ,pusey--perhaps more in the form of an apology than was necessary--and for some very sensible remarks on the dream of corporate union4 ,there is one writer in ,england whose words on this subject will be listened to with almost equal interest by ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,the conflict passes into a new phase with the appearance of ,dr4 ,newman upon the scene4 ,it is the great ,achilles moving to the war4 ,the gleam of well-worn armor flashes on the eye1 and the attention of both armies is riveted on him as he lifts his spear4 ,he cannot mutter his favorite motto3 ,greek text for it is but lately that he struck down and kicked off the field a swaggering bully from the opposite ranks hardly worthy of his steel4 ,it is different now4 ,he will begin in ,homeric fashion with a complimentary harangue to the champion on the other side2 but then will come the time for blows--blows of immense force1 dealt out with a gentle affectionateness which enhances their effect tenfold4 ,dr4 ,newman begins by a generous tribute to ,dr4 ,pusey himself1 and to those whom he may be supposed to influence4 ,no one can speak more strongly on the paramount rights of conscience1 which is not to be stifled for the sake of making a path easy or removing a wearisome difficulty4 ,dr4 ,pusey is allowed to have every right to mention the conditions on which he proposes union1 though ,dr4 ,newman does not agree with them1 and thinks that he would himself not hold to them2 he has also the right to state what it is that he objects to1 as requiring explanation1 in the ,catholic system4 ,but then the tone changes1 and business begins4 ,dr4 ,newman tells his old friend in the plainest way that there is much both in the matter and manner of his volume calculated to wound those who love him well1 but truth more2 and he points out the #bbe glaring inconsistency of professing to be composing an ,irenicon while treating ,catholics as foes2 and characterizes1 in his happy way1 the proceeding of ,dr4 ,pusey as discharging an olive branch as from a catapult4 ,the hundred pages on the subject of the ,blessed ,virgin which are contained in the ,eirenicon are so palpably one-sided that no one can venture to deny it4 ,few have characterized them in stronger terms than ,dr4 ,newman4 ,what could an ,exeter ,hall orator1 what could a ,scotch commentator on the ,apocalypse1 do more for his own side of the controversy by the picture he drew of us8 ,further on he pointedly reminds ,dr4 ,pusey that he all the time knew better4 ,after a proof from the fathers as to the doctrine in question1 he says1 ,you know what the fathers assert2 but if so1 have you not1 my dear friend1 been unjust to yourself in your recent volume1 and made far too much of the differences which exist between ,anglicans and us on this particular point8 ,it is the office of an ,irenicon to smooth difficulties 7p4 #hc72 and again1 ,as you revere the fathers1 so you revere the ,greek ,church2 and here again we have a witness in our behalf1 of which you must be aware as fully as we are1 and of which you must really mean to give us the benefit 7p4 #ie72 and again1 ,then ,i think you have not always made your quotations with that consideration and kindness which is your rule 7p4 #aaa74 ,the calm gentleness of the language will certainly not conceal from ,dr4 ,pusey the gravity and severity of the rebuke thus administered4 ,moreover1 ,dr4 ,newman has complaints of his own to urge4 ,with the most questionable taste ,dr4 ,pusey has actually brought to life one of ,dr4 ,newman's own strong sayings1 in #ahda1 about idolatry2 he has at least been understood to father upon him the well-known saying1 that the establishment is the great bulwark against infidelity in this land2 he has used some words from ,dr4 ,newman's notes to ,st4 ,athanasius in a collection of passages from the fathers1 the apparent purpose of which is to defend some ,anglican doctrine about the sufficiency of ,holy ,scripture against a supposed ,catholic contradiction4 ,dr4 ,newman also most clearly distinguishes his own intention in publishing ,tract #ij from that of ,dr4 ,pusey in its recent republication4 ,the introduction to the letter before us concludes with a passage of singular interest1 in which ,dr4 ,newman vindicates the right of a convert to speak freely about the system of the church to which he has submitted4 ,we must confess that we hardly understood the passages in ,dr4 ,pusey's work1 to which reference is here made1 as denying the right of free comment to a convert1 in the sense in which ,dr4 ,newman affirms it4 ,dr4 ,pusey has a standard and measure of his own 7external to the ,anglican establishment71 by which he criticises1 approves1 or condemns this or that feature in it2 and he distinctly contemplates at least the possibility of his being driven to quit it by its formal adoption of heresy4 ,certainly1 to submit to the ,catholic ,church1 and yet retain the right of measuring her in such a way by an external standard1 would be a contradiction in terms4 ,but this does not touch the right of a convert either to choose freely1 according to his own tastes and leanings1 among those varieties of devotion and practice which the church expressly leaves to his choice1 or to express his opinion on such subjects 7so that it be done with charity71 or on any other matters which fall within the wide and recognized range of open questions4 ,if ,dr4 ,pusey meant to deny this right1 he will be convinced by the frank use made of it by ,dr4 ,newman in the passage before us4 ,no one1 certainly1 will assail him as unorthodox2 yet he takes his stand openly on one particular side with regard to some of the moot questions of the day1 as to which certainly a large #bbf number of ,english ,catholics will be as ready to say that they do not altogether agree with him as to acknowledge that he has a perfect right to the opinions which he expresses4 ,perhaps we should rather say that they will profess their admiration for the authors whom he so far at least disavows as to question their right to be treated in controversy as the legitimate and exclusive representatives of ,english ,catholicism2 for we need not understand ,dr4 ,newman's words about the late ,father ,faber and the editor of the ,dublin ,review as meaning more than this2 and his point1 as against ,dr4 ,pusey1 is fully secured by the indisputable fact that those distinguished men have never considered themselves1 or let others consider them1 as such representatives4 ,the greater part1 however1 of ,dr4 ,newman's present letter is given to an exquisite defence of ,catholic doctrine and devotion as regards our ,blessed ,lady4 ,its power and beauty are so great as to fill us with inexpressible sadness at the thought that ,dr4 ,newman has written comparatively so little on similar subjects since he has been a ,catholic4 ,this short and very condensed sketch on one particular point has given him an opportunity of exercising1 on however limited a scale1 those powers as to which he is simply unrivalled4 ,there is the keen penetration of the sense of ,scripture1 and of the relation between different and distinct parts of the ,holy ,volume4 ,after putting forward the patristic view of our ,blessed ,lady as the second ,eve1 ,dr4 ,newman has occasion to defend that interpretation of the vision of the woman in the ,apocalypse which understands it of her4 ,this has given him occasion to explain how it is that this interpretation may be the true one1 although there is no great amount of positive testimony for it in the fathers1 and to refute from the general principles of scriptural language that which looks upon the image as simply a personification of the church4 ,this passage is a real and great gain in scriptural interpretation4 ,then1 again1 here is the masterly and discriminating erudition1 not dealing with the fathers as an ill-arranged and incoherent mass of authorities1 but giving to each witness his due place and weight1 pointing out what parts of the church and what apostolical tradition he represents1 and blending the different sufferages into one harmonious statement4 ,history is brought in to trace the gradual development of devotion on points as to which doctrine1 on the other hand1 was always uniform2 and to give a natural and simple explanation of the chronological order in which the heart1 as it were1 of the church seems to have mastered the different portions of the wonderful deposit which the apostles sowed in her mind4 ,the effect of ,dr4 ,newman's explanation of the comparatively later growth of certain devotions1 which in themselves might have been expected to precede others1 is not only to remove the apparent difficulty1 but to make every other view appear more difficult than that which he gives4 ,equally beautiful and convincing is his explanation in the appendix of the historical account which may be given of the strange sayings of certain fathers as to our ,blessed ,lady having possibly fallen into faults of infirmity4 ,some most accurate and delicate tests for the discernment of a real tradition are here given1 as well as reasons for the apparent absence of such a tradition in a special case4 ,dr4 ,newman is one of the few writers who show us1 first1 that they thoroughly understand a difficulty or an objection2 then1 that they can make it even stronger2 and then1 that they can not only say something against it1 or crush it1 but even unravel it1 and show that it was to be expected4 ,in every one of these respects ,dr4 ,pusey is his exact contrary4 ,then again1 ,dr4 ,newman brings together a series of passages from the fathers of the undivided church--to use the now term invented1 we believe1 by ,mr4 ,keble--of which1 of course1 #bbg ,dr4 ,pusey was aware1 but of which he has said nothing in his ,eirenicon4 ,these testify amply not only to the doctrine but to the devotion of the fourth and fifth centuries as to our ,blessed ,lady4 ,he is1 of course1 sparing of quotations in a work like the present2 but he crowns his argument from authority by a number of passages not from popular books of devotion among the ,greeks1 but from their liturgies and authoritative formularies--on which ,dr4 ,pusey would have founded a strong argument to the effect that our ,lady is elevated to the place of our ,lord1 if he had been able to find them in circulation among ,catholics4 ,in fact1 a number of formal ,greek devotions end with the words1 through the ,theotocos1 instead of per ,dominum nostrum ,jesum ,christum4 ,the contrast between the cogency and appositeness of every word of ,dr4 ,newman's few quotations 7almost universally given at length71 and the utter illusiveness and bewildering misapplication of the clouds upon clouds of citations paraded in ,dr4 ,pusey's volume1 is wonderfully striking4 ,nor1 again1 is the difference less great between the two when a personal remark has to be made4 ,dr4 ,newman has no hard words for any one4 ,he does not shrink from pointing out faults1 as we have already said4 ,he tells ,dr4 ,pusey plainly enough that he does not think that he even understands what the immaculate conception means2 and when he speaks of ,anglicans being ignorant of the ,catholic doctrine of original sin1 he seems carefully to omit exempting ,dr4 ,pusey from the general statement4 ,he says again pointedly1 ,he who charges us with making ,mary a divinity is thereby denying the divinity of ,jesus4 ,such a man does not know what divinity is4 ,he complains of the unfairness--of which1 we are sorry to say1 ,dr4 ,pusey seems habitually guilty--of taking a strong and apparently objectionable passage from an author who1 either in the immediate context or elsewhere1 has qualified it by other statements1 which any one but a partizan writer would feel bound to take into consideration and to place by its side1 without giving the reader any intimation that such qualifications exist4 ,when1 then1 my dear ,pusey1 you read anything extravagant in praise of our ,lady1 is it not charitable to ask1 even while you condemn it in itself1 ,did the author write nothing else8 7p4 #aja74 ,he refuses to receive ,dr4 ,pusey's collection of strong passages as a fair representation of the minds of the authors from whom they are quoted4 ,he speaks of their literal and absolute sense1 as any ,protestant would naturally take them1 and as the writers doubtless did not use them 7p4 #aah74 ,and again3 ,i know nothing of the originals1 and cannot believe that they have meant what you say 7p4 #abj74 ,but with all this strong and decisive language1 which we may be sure is the very gentlest that he can use1 and implies an estimate of the ,eirenicon by no means in accordance with that of its admirers1 he is so uniformly calm and affectionate in manner that we cannot but hope that ,dr4 ,pusey and others who think with him will be won over to think more seriously of the extreme gravity of their step in casting forth upon the world of ,english readers so extremely intemperate an accusation against the ,catholic ,church as that which they have put in circulation4 ,nor can we abandon the hope that they will listen to ,dr4 ,newman's clear and unanswerable statement of the doctrine of the fathers as to our ,blessed ,lady1 and see how truly he has pointed to the flaws and defects in their own thoughts with regard to her4 ,they will certainly be hardly able to deny that they have misunderstood not only the immaculate conception1 against which they have talked so loudly1 but even1 it may be1 original sin itself2 nor do we think that it can be questioned that he has put his finger upon the fundamental error--not to say heresy---to which all their low conceptions as to the ,blessed ,mother of ,god #bbh are to be assigned as their ultimate cause4 ,dr4 ,pusey1 as ,dr4 ,newman remarks1 seems to have no idea that our ,blessed ,lady had any other part or position in the incarnation than as its physical instrument--much the same part1 as it were1 that ,juda or ,david may have had4 ,the fathers1 on the contrary1 from the very first1 speak of her as an intelligent1 responsible cause of our ,lord's taking flesh2 her faith and obedience being accessories to the incarnation1 and gaining it as her reward 7p4 #ch74 ,dr4 ,newman insists on this vital and all-important difference more than once1 and seems to consider it the explanation of the strange blindness of these students of antiquity4 ,if they can once gain a new and more ,catholic idea as to that which is the foundation alike of our ,blessed ,lady's greatness and the devotion of the church to her--and certainly they must be very blind or very obstinate not to see the reasons for such an idea in ,dr4 ,newman's pages--then the ,eirenicon will have produced incidentally a far greater blessing to themselves and others than if its strange interpretation of the ,anglican ,articles had been allowed as legitimate in ,england1 and there had been half a score of ,du ,pins in ,france ready to enter into negotiations with the ,archbishop of ,canterbury on the basis of its propositions4 ,these good men have in fact been living and teaching and studying the fathers with one of the great seminal facts1 so to speak1 of ,christianity absent from their minds or entirely undeveloped in them4 ,it was the creation of a new idea and a new sympathy1 a new faith and worship1 when the holy apostles announced that ,god had become incarnate2 we a supreme love and devotion to him became possible1 which seemed hopeless before that revelation4 ,but beside this1 a second range of thoughts was opened on mankind1 unknown before1 and unlike any other1 as soon as it was understood that that incarnate ,god had a mother4 ,the second idea is perfectly distinct from the former--the one does not interfere with the other4 ,we conceive that these words will fall strangely on the ears of ,dr4 ,pusey1 though they might not perhaps do so on those of the author of the ,christian ,year and the ,lyra ,innocentium2 and if they do so1 after the incontestable proof which ,dr4 ,newman has adduced from the early fathers of their view of the position of our ,blessed ,lady in the economy of the incarnation1 it will only remain for ,dr4 ,pusey either to confute that proof or to acknowledge that he has been reasoning on that great mystery without the guidance of the church1 deaf to the teaching of the fathers1 and that he has incurred the usual fate of men who so reason4 ,may the prayers of the ,blessed ,mother1 against whose honor he has raised his voice so harshly1 save him from closing his eyes still more firmly6 ,it appears to be one of the characteristics of ,dr4 ,newman to look at particular questions and phases of opinion with regard to a wider and more comprehensive range of thought than other men4 ,possibly his retired position favors this habit of mind2 but it is1 of course1 far more naturally to be attributed to a loftier intellectual stature and a wider knowledge of history than others possess4 ,such a man is eminently fitted for a controversy like the present1 in which the word peace has been blurted forth in so uncouth a manner1 while yet it is not the less the expression of the real and powerful longings of a thousand hearts4 ,it is a most unpromising overture1 but it is an overture nevertheless4 ,dr4 ,newman is not only fitted to deal with it on account of his tender and large sympathies1 and of the affectionate solicitude with which he has always treated his former friends2 he is able also not indeed to go to the very verge of ,catholic doctrine for their sakes1 or to encourage delusive hopes of a compromise which would patch up rather than unite1 but to speak with calm #bbi accuracy1 looking on his own times as a philosophical historian of the church may look at them by-and-bye1 and point out what may be accidental1 transient1 local1 in the features of the religion of the present day4 ,no one can be less inclined to exaggerate1 for instance1 the differences between ,english and ,italian devotion2 and we have seldom felt ourselves in a more ,italian atmosphere1 out of ,italy1 than in the oratory at ,edgbaston4 ,but he is not afraid of giving full weight to national differences of character1 nor of avowing himself a hearty ,englishman4 ,in the same way1 without going into the question of fact as to alleged extravagances--which1 after all1 is of no real cogency in the argument--he is ready to admit that there may be such1 and puts forward a simple common-sense argument to show that such may be expected in the living working of energetic ideas generally1 and especially of such ideas in matters of religion1 which acts on the affections4 ,this is the true philosophical answer2 and it by no means excludes other answers that might be given to particular charges1 which might be proved to be false in fact1 or to apply to matters so grave as that the church would never be allowed to permit the alleged corruption4 ,dr4 ,newman never shrinks from allowing the full force of any principle that he has laid down4 ,thus1 he has distinguished between faith as to our ,blessed ,lady's position in the kingdom of her ,son and the devotion to her founded upon that faith4 ,the faith may have been from the beginning1 and actually was so1 as he proves from the early fathers2 but the full devotion may not all at once have been developed2 or again1 it may have been checked in particular countries at a particular time1 and so make no show in the writings of some fathers of that age1 in consequence of the baneful influence of a prevalent heresy which cut at the faith itself4 ,this1 which is really almost self-evident1 enables him not only to explain the passages in ,st4 ,chrysostom and ,st4 ,basil which are sometimes objected to1 but to grant that there are no certain traces of devotion1 strictly so called1 to our ,blessed ,lady in the writings of others beside these4 ,there need not be1 according to his principles4 ,it must be remembered that all these statements admit of great development and explanation2 they are germs of thought1 and are only put forward most concisely in ,dr4 ,newman's present letter4 ,it is more to our present purpose to observe how ready he is to look through the cloud of charges1 great and small1 which ,dr4 ,pusey has blown in the face of ,catholics1 and to discern in the book of his old friend a new and important turning-point in the ,anglican controversy4 ,he thinks that the indignation of ,catholics has led them in consequence to misconceive ,dr4 ,pusey1 so as not1 it would seem1 to give him credit for really pacific intentions4 ,we think that no one has denied--what1 indeed1 it does not become a critic to question--the reality of a purpose distinctly avowed2 but at the same time we must repeat that it has never been denied by ,dr4 ,pusey1 nor do we think it ever can be denied1 that the book was written with a clear and distinct intention so to represent ,catholicism as to deter people from submitting to it except on certain terms pointed out by the author4 ,possibly ,dr4 ,newman only means that ,catholics have been more alienated by ,dr4 ,pusey's most unhandsome attack than attracted by his professions of friendship2 and certainly never was a friendly expostulation1 never was an earnest request for explanation on certain points which appear to be difficulties in the way of a much-desired union1 proposed in a way less calculated to conciliate4 ,dr4 ,newman1 therefore1 neither wonders nor complains at the strong feeling with which the ,eirenicon has been received2 but he looks beyond the present moment1 and1 recalling the former phases of opinion as to #bcj ,catholicism which have prevailed among ,anglicans1 he sees in ,dr4 ,pusey's proceeding nothing less than the putting the whole argument between you and us on a new footing--a footing which may really and profitably be used by those who desire peace4 ,no ,english ,catholic but will most heartily rejoice in this statement of ,dr4 ,newman2 and surely one of our first feelings must be that of thankfulness that he is among us at a time like this1 and that circumstances will give him a more patient hearing and a more ready acceptance1 on the part of those whose souls may be staked on the issue of this controversy1 than he might otherwise meet with4 ,from him1 at least1 ,anglicans will hear no extreme or novel doctrine2 him1 at least1 they will never accuse of not loving everything that is ,english4 ,he1 if any one1 may convince them that no true child of the undivided church would be found at the present day outside the communion of the ,holy ,see2 that the church is the same now as she ever was1 and as she ever will be2 that she can never compromise with her enemies1 though she yearns with unutterable love to take back every wanderer to her heart4 ,experience has happily shown that the great ,shepherd of souls leads men on in a way they neither discern nor desire1 when they have once set themselves to wish and pray for greater light2 and that prophecies of ill and suspicions of sinister purposes1 which have not lacked ample foundation1 have yet been often defeated in the indulgent dispensations of grace4 ,nor1 indeed1 at the present time1 are all the signs of the sky evil4 ,in its most disagreeable and inexcusable features the ,eirenicon is not1 we are convinced1 a fair representation of the mind of a great number who might commonly be supposed to sympathize with its author4 ,he has put himself for the moment at their head2 and they are1 of course1 slow to repudiate his assistance2 but we do not believe that the earnest men who publish so many ,catholic devotions1 and who1 however mistakenly1 attempt to reproduce in their own churches the external honors paid by ,catholics to him whom they also think that they have with them1 would willingly make themselves responsible for the hundred pages with which ,dr4 ,newman's present pamphlet is engaged4 ,the advance toward ,catholicism among the ,anglicans has1 in fact1 left ,dr4 ,pusey some way behind other and younger men4 ,even as to himself1 he is hardly further away than others have been who are now within the church4 ,only it must not be forgotten that the largest and most charitable thoughts as to the meaning and intentions of individuals1 and the most hopeful anticipations as to the ultimate result of their movements1 do not exhaust the duties imposed upon ,catholic writers at the present moment4 ,let us see ever so much of good in demonstrations such as this1 and believe that there is a still greater amount of good which we do not see4 ,we may forbear to press men harshly1 to point out baldly the inconsistencies of their position2 we may put up with the rudeness of the language in which they propose peace4 ,they may be haughty and ungenerous now2 but this is not much to bear for the sake of that unity which those who know it love better than those who are strangers to it4 ,let us be ready1 as far as persons are concerned1 to be tender in exposing faults even wanton1 and misconceptions which1 as we think1 common industry and fairness might have obviated4 ,for ,dr4 ,pusey himself we can wish no severer punishment than that he should be able some day to look upon his own work with the eyes of a ,catholic4 ,he has himself shown us1 by the use which he has made of old expressions of ,dr4 ,newman and others1 who have long since repudiated them1 that the retraction of charges against the ,catholic ,church by their authors does not prevent #bca others from repeating them4 ,we are sorry to say--what we still believe will be acknowledged as true by all who have been at the pains--pains not taken by some who have written on this subject--of not merely considering the animus and motives of ,dr4 ,pusey1 but of examining his book in detail1 and taking its measure as a work of erudition and controversy--that1 unattractive in style1 rambling1 incoherent1 vague1 and intentionally loose as it is1 it has one great quality1 however unintentional--that of being a perfect storehouse of misrepresentation4 ,we speak simply as critics1 and we disclaim all attempts to account for the phenomenon4 ,it contains an almost unparalleled number of misstatements of every kind and degree4 ,its author's reputation will give weight and currency to these4 ,though never perhaps likely to be a popular book1 it will still take its place in ,protestant libraries1 and will be much used in future controversies4 ,no one can tell how often we shall have certain extraordinary statements about the sanctification of the ,blessed ,virgin1 her active and passive conception1 the protest of the ,greek ,church against the doctrine1 ,bellarmine's assertion about general councils1 transubstantiation1 extreme unction1 and the like1 brought up against us2 and the erroneous conclusions founded upon them cannot be neglected by the defenders of ,catholic truth4 ,it is1 therefore1 essential not that ,dr4 ,pusey should be attacked in an unkindly spirit1 but that his book should be handled critically1 and1 as far as may be1 whatever it contains of misstatement1 misquotation1 unfair insinuation and conclusion catalogued and exposed4 ,it must be remembered that there is a great demand for the materials of anti-,catholic controversy4 ,dr4 ,pusey does not subscribe to the societies which mostly hold their meetings in ,exeter ,hall in the month of ,may2 but he might well be made a life-governor of all of them in consideration of this book4 ,it will be used by the zealots who try to win the poor peasants of ,connaught to apostasy by means of food and clothing1 and by the more decorous ,anglo-,continentals1 who are just now rubbing their hands at the prospects of infidelity in ,italy4 ,alas6 it not only teems with snares for the learned and conscientious1 but it is full of small insinuations for the ignobler herd of paid agents and lecturers--what the poorer people believe in ,rome1 what ,catholic churches are called in south ,india1 what ,cardinal ,wiseman is reported to have said of ,archbishop ,affr1 who died in recovering his people at the barricades4 ,these things may be passed by as simply faults of taste2 but the pretensions of the book to learning1 and its historical and doctrinal statements1 cannot be admitted without sifting4 ,dr4 ,pusey has imposed an unwelcome task on ,catholic critics4 ,at the very time that they would be conciliating his followers1 they are forced to attack him4 ,it has seemed to us indeed that ordinary care in examining authorities1 an attention to the common-sense rule that strangers cannot understand a system from without1 the use of the many means at his disposal of ascertaining the ,catholic meaning of ,catholic language1 more self-restraint in assertion1 in urging arguments that appeared telling and conclusions that were welcome to himself1 and somewhat less of confidence in his own attainments as a theologian1 would have spared those who wish him well this painful undertaking at a time when they would gladly say no word that may sound harsh to his ears4 ,but1 after all1 truth is more precious than peace1 and peace can only be had through the truth2 and we can cordially return to ,dr4 ,pusey the assurance which he himself has proffered to ,catholics1 that those engaged in the ungrateful task of subjecting his volume to the analysis of criticism have no intention whatever of wounding his feelings4 ------ #bcb ,,original4 ,,curiosities ,,of ,,animal ,,life4 ,there is an old aphorism which says that all life comes from an egg--omne vivum ex ovo2 but this1 like a good many other old aphorisms1 is only a convenient and attractive way of stating a falsehood4 ,it is very true that almost all animals1 from man down to the mollusk1 pass through the egg stage at an early period of their existence2 but we purpose to show our readers in this article that there are others which appear to be sometimes exempted from the common lot of their kind1 and which indeed come into the world in such curious fashions that we may almost say of them1 in the words of ,topsey1 that they never were born2 'spect they growed4 ,to begin with1 what is an egg8 ,according to the popular idea1 it is an oval-shaped body1 consisting of a hard1 thin shell inclosing a whitish substance called the albumen1 within which is a yellowish matter called the yolk2 it is the embryo form of the young of birds and some other animals1 which finally emerge from the shell after the egg has been acted upon for some time by the heat of the parent's body4 ,now this definition may do well enough as a loose description of the more familiar varieties of eggs1 but it will not do for all4 ,it will perhaps surprise the unscientific reader to be told that every animal whatever produces eggs4 ,a mare's nest is the popular expression of a myth1 an absurdity2 but mare's eggs are no myths2 they are just as real as hen's eggs2 only we never see them1 because they are hatched in the parent's body before the young colt is brought forth4 ,the same is true of the eggs of all the other quadrupeds and of viviparous animals in general4 ,an egg1 therefore1 like the seed of a plant1 is the germ from which the embryo is developed4 ,it may have a shell1 or it may not2 it may be comparatively large1 like birds' eggs1 or it may be so small as to be with difficulty discerned by the naked eye4 ,when it is first formed it is simply an aggregation of fluid matter1 very minute in size1 and exceedingly simple in structure4 ,by degrees this fluid is transformed into the small particles or granules which form the yolk2 the yolk shapes itself into a multitude of cells--little microscopic bodies consisting of an external membrane1 or cell-wall1 and of an inner nucleus1 which may be either solid or fluid2 and in due process of time a number of cells combine and form a living being4 ,the albumen1 or white1 is1 like the shell1 an accessory4 ,it performs important functions in the development of the young from the germ1 but we will not stop to explain them here2 the true egg is the yolk4 ,in the lowest forms of animal life the egg is a mere cell1 with a light spot in one part of it1 and the creature which is developed from it is almost as simple in structure as the egg itself4 ,the ordinary mode of reproduction1 as we have already said1 is by the formation of an egg in the body of the parent1 from which the young may be hatched either before or after they are brought into the world4 ,but there are certain of the lower orders of animals which sometimes multiply and #bcc perpetuate their kind in other ways also4 ,professor ,henry ,james ,clark1 of ,harvard ,university1 has lately published an interesting treatise ,footnote #dd on animal development1 in which he gives some curious instances of the phenomena to which we refer4 ,we have drawn a good deal of what we have just said about the structure of eggs from his valuable work1 and we purpose now to follow him in his remarks upon the processes of reproduction by what is called budding and division4 ,footnote #dd3 ,mind in ,nature2 or1 ,the ,origin of ,life and the ,mode of ,development of ,animals4 #hvo4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,let us look first at that exceedingly beautiful and wonderful animal commonly called the sea anemone1 on account of the delicate fringed flower so much loved by poets4 ,you may often find it on our coasts contracted into a lump of gelatinous substance looking like whitish-brown jelly2 ,footnote #de watch it for a while1 and you will see the body rise slightly1 while a delicate crown of tentacles1 or feelers1 steals out at the top4 ,the jelly-like mass continues to increase in height1 and the wreath of tentacles gradually expands4 ,soon you will perceive that this graceful fringe surrounds a wide opening2 this is the animal's mouth4 ,when expanded to its full size the anemone is about three or four inches in height4 ,the body consists of a cylindrical gelatinous bag1 the bottom of which is flat and slightly spreading at the margin4 ,the upper edge of this bag is turned in1 so as to form a sack within a sack2 this is the stomach4 ,the whole summit of the body is crowned by the soft plumy fringes which give it such a remarkable resemblance to a flower4 ,at the base it has a set of powerful muscles1 by which it attaches itself to rocks and shells so firmly that it can hardly be removed without injury4 ,another set of muscles enables it to contract itself almost instantaneously into a shapeless lump4 ,it is extremely sensitive1 not only shrinking from the slightest touch1 but even drawing in its tentacles if so much as a dark cloud passes over it4 ,anemones may be found1 say the authors of ,sea-side ,studies1 in any small pools about the rocks which are flooded by the tide at high water4 ,their favorite haunts1 however1 where they occur in greatest quantity1 are more difficult to reach2 but the curious in such matters will be well rewarded1 even at the risk of wet feet and a slippery scramble over rocks covered with damp sea-weed1 by a glimpse into their more crowded abodes4 ,such a grotto is to be found on the rocks of ,east ,point at ,nahant4 ,it can only be reached at low tide1 and then one is obliged to creep on hands and knees to its entrance in order to see through its entire length2 but its whole interior is studded with these animals1 and as they are of various hues1 pink1 brown1 orange1 purple1 or pure white1 the effect is like that of brightly-colored mosaics set in the roof and walls4 ,when the sun strikes through from the opposite extremity of this grotto1 which is open at both ends1 lighting up its living mosaic-work1 and showing the play of the soft fringes whenever the animals are open1 it would be difficult to find any artificial grotto to compare with it in beauty4 ,there is another of the same kind on ,saunders's ledge1 formed by a large boulder resting on two rocky ledges1 leaving a little cave beneath1 lined in the same way with variously-colored sea anemones1 so closely studded over its walls that the surface of the rock is completely hidden4 ,they are1 however1 to be found in larger or smaller clusters1 or scattered singly1 in any rocky fissures overhung by sea-weed and accessible to the tide at high water4 ,footnote #de3 ,sea-side ,studies in ,natural ,history4 ,by ,elizabeth ,alexander ,agassiz4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 #ahfe4 ,mr4 ,gosse1 in his ,history of ,british ,sea ,anemones and ,corals1 mentions the existence of a singular connection between a certain variety of these animals and a species of hermit crab that lives in the deserted #bcd shell of a mollusk4 ,an anemone is always found attached to the shell which the crab inhabits1 and is so placed that its fringed month comes just below the mouth of the crab4 ,whatever food comes within reach of either animal can1 therefore1 be shared in common4 ,the crab is so far from objecting to this community of goods that he seems unhappy without his companion4 ,though he is a hermit1 he is not exempt from the common lot of housekeepers2 he submits every now and then to the trouble of moving-day4 ,mr4 ,gosse observed one in the act of changing houses4 ,no sooner had he taken possession of the new shell than he began removing the anemone from the old one1 running his claw under it to separate it from the shell1 and then bringing it to the new house1 where1 having placed it in its customary position1 he held it down until it had attached itself1 and now and then pressed it closer1 or gave it a pat to hasten the process4 ,in another instance1 observed by ,mr4 ,holdsworth1 the crab1 after vainly trying for more than an hour to remove his companion anemone1 deserted his new quarters and went back to the old1 rather than submit to a separation4 ,the anemone1 for all that it is so delicate and graceful in appearance1 is a gluttonous little beast1 eats raw meat in the aquarium1 and when upon its native coast sucks mussels and cockles out of their shells4 ,queer compound of plant and animal in appearance1 its natural kingdom seems still more doubtful than ever if we watch it while it is undergoing certain processes of reproduction4 ,it does indeed generally produce its young by maternal gestation2 eggs are formed in the cavity that surrounds its stomach1 and at the proper time the young swim out of the parent's mouth4 ,but it has other modes of propagation1 one of which is almost exactly like the process of raising plants from suckers4 ,very often you may see1 growing out of the lower part of the body of the anemone1 and as a general thing near the edge of the basal disc by which it attaches itself to the shell or rock1 little rounded protuberances1 like buds2 well1 they are buds--the buds of young anemones4 ,in a short time six small tentacles make their appearance on the top of each bud4 ,a minute oblong aperture opens in the midst of them4 ,a digestive cavity is formed4 ,the curious internal structure of the animal 7which we have not space here to describe7 is gradually developed4 ,the bud becomes elongated and enlarged every way4 ,the tentacles multiply2 the small aperture grows into a mouth2 and finally the young anemone drops off from its parent and floats away to shift for itself4 ,professor ,clark has seen as many as twenty thus detach themselves in the course of a single month4 ,this is the process of generation by budding or gemmation1 of which we spoke on a previous page4 ,but we have not yet exhausted the list of wonders displayed by this extraordinary plant-animal4 ,we have seen that it has at least two ways of being born2 what will our readers say when we assure them that it has not only two but four8 ,the remaining two both come under the head of what is called voluntary self-division4 ,one of them is strikingly like the propagation of plants by cuttings4 ,little pieces break off from the anemone at the base and float away4 ,for a long time they give no sign of life2 but when they have recovered1 so to speak1 from the shock of separation1 they begin to shoot out their tentacles and grow up into perfect individuals4 ,the fourth method of generation is still more wonderful4 ,now and then you find an anemone whose upper disc is contracted in a peculiar manner at opposite sides4 ,the contraction increases until the disc loses its circular form and presents the shape of the figure #h4 ,the two halves of the #h next separate1 and you #bce have an anemone with two mouths1 each surrounded by its own set of tentacles4 ,then the processes of constriction and separation continue all down the body of the animal from summit to base1 and the result is two perfect anemones1 each complete in its organization4 ,it is well that the lower orders of creatures have none of the laws of inheritance and primo-geniture that bother mankind1 or such irregular methods of coming into the world might breed a great deal of trouble among them4 ,here1 for instance1 you have two anemones1 which we will call ,a and ,b1 formed by the splitting asunder of a single individual2 what relation are they to each other8 ,are they brother and sister or parent and child8 ,and if the latter1 how is any one to decide which is the parent8 ,then suppose ,a raises offspring in the usual way from eggs1 what relation are these young to ,b8 ,are they sisters1 or nieces1 or grandchildren8 ,let us now look at another animal1 the stentor1 or trumpet-animalcule4 ,this is a minute infusorian1 very common in ponds and ditches1 where it forms colonies on the stems of water-weeds or submerged sticks and stones4 ,some of the varieties have a deep blue color1 and a settlement of them looks very much like a patch of blue mould4 ,the stentor is shaped like a little tube1 about one-sixteenth of an inch in length1 spread out at the upper end like a trumpet1 and tapering at the lower almost to a point4 ,when it has fixed upon a place of abode1 it constructs a domicile1 consisting of a gelatinous sheath1 perhaps half as high as itself4 ,it lives inside this sheath1 with its smaller extremity attached to the bottom of it1 and its wide1 funnel-shaped end projecting above the top4 ,when disturbed it retreats into the house and shrinks into a globular mass4 ,the disc of the trumpet end is not perfectly regular2 on one side the edge turns inward so as to form a notch1 and curls upon itself in a spiral form4 ,within this spiral is the mouth1 and a long funnel-shaped throat reaches from it to the digestive cavity4 ,opposite the mouth there is a globular cavity1 from which a tube extends to the lower extremity of the body4 ,the cavity seems to perform the functions of a heart1 and the tube takes the place of veins and arteries4 ,once in three-quarters of a minute this heart-like organ contracts and forces the fluid which it contains into the tube2 the latter in its turn1 after expanding very sensibly to receive the flow1 contracts and returns it to the heart4 ,the stentor propagates by budding1 like the anemone4 ,the first change that takes place is a division of this contractile vesicle into two distinct organs at about mid-height of the body1 the lower portion developing a globular cavity like the upper one4 ,soon after this a shallow pit opens in the side of the stentor1 in a line with the new vesicle4 ,this pit is the future mouth4 ,a throat or oesophagus is next fashioned2 and all being ready for the accommodation of the new animal the process of division begins1 and goes on so rapidly that it is all done in about two hours4 ,a still more curious animal1 in some respects1 than either of those we have just mentioned is the hydra1 one of the simplest of the zoophytes4 ,to all intents and purposes it is nothing but a narrow sack1 about half an inch in length1 open at one end1 where the mouth is situated1 and attaching itself by the other to pond-lilies1 duck-weeds1 or stones on the margins of lakes4 ,around the mouth it has from five to eight slender tentacles1 which are used as feelers and for the purpose of seizing the food4 ,what it does with its food after it has swallowed it is1 strange as the statement may sound1 a question to which naturalists have not yet found a satisfactory answer2 for the hydra has no digestive organs1 and its stomach is merely a pouch formed by the folding in of the outer skin4 ,it has no glands1 no mucous membrane1 no appliances of any sort for the performance of the chemical process #bcf which we call digestion4 ,you may turn a hydra inside out and it will get along just as well as it did before1 and swallow its prey with just as good an appetite4 ,the ,french naturalist ,trembley was the first to notice this remarkable fact4 ,with the blunt end of a small needle he pushed the bottom of the sack through the body and out at the mouth1 just as you would invert a stocking4 ,he found that the animal righted itself as soon as it was left alone2 so he repeated the operation1 and this time made use of persuasion1 in the form of a bristle run crosswise through the body1 to induce the victim to remain inside out4 ,in the course of a few days its interior and exterior departments were thoroughly reorganized1 and it ate as if nothing had happened4 ,trembley next undertook to engraft one individual upon another6 ,for this purpose he crammed the tail of one deep down into the cavity of another1 and1 in order to hold them in their position1 stuck a bristle through both4 ,what was his surprise to find them1 some hours afterward1 still spitted upon the bristle1 but hanging side by side instead of one within the other6 ,how they had got into such a position he could not imagine4 ,he arranged another pair1 and on watching them the mystery was solved4 ,the inner one first drew up its tail and pushed it out through the hole in the outer one's side where the bristle entered4 ,then it pulled its head out after the tail1 and sliding along the spit completely freed itself from its companion4 ,this it repeated as often as the experiment was tried in that way4 ,it then occurred to ,m4 ,trembley that if the inner hydra were turned inside out1 so as to bring the stomachs of the two animals in contact1 union would take place more readily2 and so it proved4 ,the little creatures seemed much pleased with the arrangement1 and made no attempt to escape4 ,in a short time they were united as one body1 and enjoyed their food in common4 ,it was perhaps only natural to expect that animals which care so little about their individuality that two specimens can be turned into one1 would be equally ready to multiply themselves by the simple process of being cut to pieces4 ,in other words1 you may make one hydra out of two1 or two out of one1 just as you please4 ,m4 ,trembley divided them in every conceivable manner4 ,he cut them in two1 and1 instead of dying1 one half shot out a new head and the other developed a new tail4 ,he sliced them into thin rings1 and each slice swam away1 got itself a set of tentacles1 and grew into a perfectly formed individual4 ,he split them into thin longitudinal strips1 and each strip reproduced what was wanting to give it a complete body4 ,some he split only part way down from the mouth1 and the result was a hydra1 like the fabled monster1 with many heads4 ,the famous cat with nine lives is nothing to these little zoophytes4 ,they seem sublimely indifferent not only to the most fearful wounds1 but even to disease and1 we are tempted to add1 decomposition itself4 ,a part of the body decays1 and the hydra simply drops it off1 like a worn-out garment1 and lives on as if it had lost nothing4 ,if it can do all this1 we need not wonder that it can reproduce its kind by budding4 ,indeed1 after we have seen a living creature split itself up into a dozen distinct individuals any other process of generation must seem tame by comparison4 ,at certain seasons of the year very few hydras can be found which have not one1 two1 or three young ones growing out of their bodies4 ,the budding begins in the form of a simple bulging from the side of the parent1 something like a wart4 ,this is gradually elongated1 and after a time tentacles sprout from the free end1 and a mouth is formed4 ,the young is now in a condition to seek its own prey4 ,its independence is finally accomplished by a constriction of the base of the new body at the point where it is attached to the old stock1 until finally it cuts itself off4 ,before #bcg this separation takes place1 however1 it has often begun to reproduce its own young1 and so we sometimes see a large colony of hydras all connected together1 like minute branching waterweed4 ,after all1 you may say1 it is not so very wonderful that a simple animal like the hydra1 which has no intestines1 and scarcely any special organs whatever1 should be able to reproduce its lost parts1 or to multiply itself by the simple processes of growth and subsequent division4 ,well1 then1 let us take a more complex creature1 and we have a remarkable example at hand in a certain marine worm called myrianida fasciata4 ,it is an inch or two in length1 tapering off gradually from the head4 ,the body is marked with numerous rings or joints1 attached to which are oar-like appendages1 serving not only as instruments of propulsion but also as gills1 or breathing organs4 ,an intestine extends from the head in a direct course to the posterior4 ,blood-vessels are arranged about it like a net-work1 and connect with similar vessels in the gills4 ,it has an organ which serves the purpose of a heart1 a nervous cord swollen at every joint into knots or ganglions1 and1 in the head1 one principal ganglion1 which may be considered as the brain4 ,its reproductive organs are situated only in the posterior rings1 and are located there in reference to the peculiar mode of generation which we are about to describe4 ,the young worm begins to grow immediately in front of the parent's tail1 that is to say1 between the last joint or ring and the next before the last1 and is formed by the successive growth of new rings4 ,before it is old enough to be cast off another appears between its anterior end and the next joint of the old stock2 and so on until we have six worms at once1 all strung together behind the parent1 and hanging1 so to speak1 from one another's tails4 ,they drop off separately1 in the order of their age4 ,now in this case1 you will observe1 there must be a division of several organs--the intestine1 the blood-vessels1 and the nervous cord2 and each of the six young must develop a heart1 a brain1 and a pair of eyes4 ,an odd result of their method of growth 7the first one being formed1 you will remember1 not behind the parent but between her last two rings7 is that the eldest offspring appropriates the tail of his mother1 while his five brothers and sisters have to find tails of their own4 ,we are here tempted to indulge in a curious speculation3 this first born produces its young in the same way itself was produced1 and passes on its inherited tail to the next generation4 ,the eldest born of that generation bequeaths it to the next1 and so on4 ,what becomes of that ancestral tail in the course of years8 ,does it at last wear out and drop off8 ,does the worm that bears it die after a time without leaving any children8 ,or is it possible that the process of entail has been going on without interruption ever since the year one of the world1 and that there may be a myrianida fasciata now living with a tail as old as creation8 ,not very probable1 certainly2 but if any solution has been offered of the great tail problem1 we do not happen to have heard of it4 ,professor ,clark also tried various experiments upon the common flat worm1 or planaria1 which may be found so readily in our ponds1 creeping over stones and aquatic plants1 and is so easily recognized by its opaque white color1 and the liver-colored ramifications of its intestine4 ,he cut the creature in two1 and immediately after the operation the halves crawled away as if nothing had happened2 the anterior part preceding an ideal tail1 and the posterior one following an equally imaginary head and brain4 ,he watched the pieces from day to day1 and found that each reproduced its missing half by a slow process of budding and growth4 ,this planaria may be cut into several pieces1 and each will reproduce what is requisite to complete the mangled organism4 ,if the tail of a lizard be broken off1 a #bch new one will grow2 and crabs1 lobsters1 spiders1 etc41 are known to replace their amputated limbs4 ,the instances we now and then meet with of what are called monsters--two-headed dogs1 calves with six legs1 and1 more rarely1 even double-headed human beings1 are examples of the phenomenon of budding--which is very common1 by the way1 among fishes2 and there is an animalcule called the amoeba which shows a more remarkable tenacity of life than any of the other creatures we have mentioned1 since you may divide and subdivide it until it is physically impossible to reduce it to particles any smaller1 and yet each piece will live4 ,the discovery that animals may originate in so many ways independent of maternal gestation naturally suggests the inquiry whether further researches may not develop still other methods of reproduction1 in which the new-born creature shall have no connection whatever with any previously existing individual4 ,thus we are brought back to the question which was thought to have been settled long ago1 whether generation ever takes place spontaneously1 as ,aristotle and the old physicists supposed it did4 ,later naturalists1 following the ,italian1 ,redi1 utterly rejected the supposition2 but within the present century it has found many reputable supporters1 and ,professor ,clark is one of them4 ,when organic matter decays1 numbers of infusoria1 or microscopic plants and animals1 arise in it4 ,where do they come from8 ,do the disorganized particles1 set free by the process of decomposition1 combine into new forms1 which are then endowed with life by the direct action of ,almighty power2 or is the decaying substance merely the nest in which minute eggs or seeds1 borne thither upon the air1 or dropped by insects1 find conditions suitable for their development in the ordinary natural way8 ,the question is not easily answered4 ,many of these germs are so excessively minute as to defy detection4 ,some of the infusoria are no larger than the twenty-four-thousandth of an inch in diameter1 and it is estimated that a drop of water might contain five hundred millions of them4 ,it is obvious that the germs of such little creatures must be invisible even with the best microscope4 ,the problem can only be solved by placing a portion of the decomposing matter under such conditions that any germs it may contain shall infallibly be killed and that none can possibly reach it2 then1 if infusoria appear1 we shall know that they have been generated spontaneously4 ,the great difficulty is in securing these conditions4 ,for the development of the living forms we require both water and air4 ,how are we to be certain that there are no living germs in the organic matter before we begin the experiment8 that there are none in the water8 that none are brought by the air8 ,the action of heat has been relied upon for the destruction of germs in the organic matter and the water1 and it has been sought to purify the air from them by passing it through sulphuric add2 but experience has shown that sulphuric add does not kill the germs2 so of course experiments performed in that way prove nothing4 ,professor ,clark quotes a series of very delicate experiments tried by ,professor ,jeffries ,wyman1 of ,harvard ,university1 which seem to us to come nearer to proving spontaneous generation than any others with which we are acquainted4 ,he proceeded in three different methods1 as follows3 #a4 ,the organic matter1 consisting of a solution of beef or mutton juice 7or1 in a few instances1 vegetable matter71 was placed in a flask fitted with a cork through which passed a glass tube4 ,the cork was pushed deeply into the mouth of the flask1 and the space above it was filled with an adhesive cement1 composed of resin1 wax1 and varnish4 ,the tube was drawn to a narrow neck a little way above the cork1 and bent at right angles1 and #bci the end of it inserted in an iron tube1 where it was secured by a cement of plaster of ,paris4 ,the rest of the iron tube was filled with wires1 leaving only very narrow passages between them4 ,the solution in the flask was then boiled--in some cases as long as two hours--in order to kill any germs which might be enclosed1 and to expel the air4 ,the iron tube and wires at the same time were heated to redness4 ,when the boiling had continued long enough the heat was withdrawn from beneath the flask1 and the steam was allowed slowly to condense4 ,as it did so1 air flowed in between the red-hot wires1 which had been kept at a temperature high enough1 it was supposed1 to destroy any germs in the air that passed through them4 ,the flask was then hermetically sealed by fusing the glass tube with the blow-pipe4 ,when opened1 several days afterward1 it was found to contain animal life4 #b4 ,a similar solution was placed in a flask the neck of which1 instead of being supplied with a cork and tube1 was drawn out and bent at right angles1 and then fitted to the iron tube containing wires4 ,the experiment was performed as by method ,no4 #a1 and with the same result4 #c4 ,that there might be no suspicion of imperfectly sealed joints1 a solution was put into a flask with a narrow neck1 and the neck itself was then closed by fusing the glass4 ,the whole flask was then immersed in boiling water4 ,at the expiration of a few days living infusoria were found in two instances out of four4 ,now these experiments undoubtedly prove that generation sometimes occurs spontaneously1 provided it be true1 as ,professor ,clark assumes1 that there was no imperfection in the closing of the flasks 7which we see no reason to doubt71 and that the infusorial germs are destroyed by boiling4 ,we confess that it is hard to believe they could have survived such a heat as was applied to them in these cases2 but is it certain that they could not8 ,a writer in an ,english review a few years ago1 whom we believe to have been ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes1 announced that he had boiled certain germs an hour and three-quarters1 and yet they remained perfectly unaltered4 ,at most1 therefore1 we can regard spontaneous generation as a probable phenomenon4 ,whether spontaneous generation1 if it occurs at all1 occurs by the formation of an egg from which the animalcule is hatched1 or by the immediate formation of the adult1 ,professor ,clark does not attempt to say2 but the ,french naturalist ,m4 ,pouchet1 who is one of the foremost advocates of the theory1 holds that an egg is produced first4 ,if this is true we shall have a striking correlative to the proposition with which we began this paper3 not only can living creatures be developed where no egg has been deposited1 but eggs can be produced where there is no animal to lay them4 ,omne ovum e vivo will be no more true than ,omne vivum ex ovo4 ------ #bdj ,from ,chambers's ,journal ,,poor ,,and ,,rich4 ,in a shattered old garret scarce roofed from the sky1 ,near a window that shakes as the wind hurries by1 ,without curtain to hinder the golden sun's shine1 ,which reminds me of riches that never were mine-- ,i recline on a chair that is broken and old4 ,and enwrap my chilled limbs--now so aged and cold-- ',neath a shabby old coat1 with the buttons all torn4 ,while ,i think of my youth that ,time's footprints have worn4 ,and remember the comrades who've one and all fled1 ,and the dreams and the hopes that are dead with the dead4 ,but the cracked plastered walls are emblazoned and bright ,with the dear blessed beams of the day's welcome light4 ,my old coat's a king's robe1 my old chair is a throne1 ,and my thoughts are my courtiers that no king could own2 ,for the truths that they tell1 as they whisper to me1 ,are the echoes of pleasures that once used to be1 ,the glad throbbings of hearts that have now ceased to feel1 ,and the treasures of passions which ,time cannot steal2 ,so1 although ,i know well that my life is near spent1 ,though ,i'll die without sorrow1 ,i live with content4 ,though my children's soft voices no music now lend2 ,without wife's sweet embraces1 or glance of a friend2 ,yet my soul sees them still1 as it peoples the air ,with the spirits who crowd round my broken old chair4 ,if no wealth ,i have hoarded to trouble mine ease1 ,i admit that ,i doted on gems rich as these2 ,and when death snatched the casket that held each fair prize1 ,it flew to my heart where it happily lies2 ,so1 'tis there that the utt'rings of love now are said ,by those dear ones1 whom all but myself fancy dead4 ,so1 though fetid the air of my poor room may be4 ,it still has all the odors of ,eden for me4 ,for my ,eve wanders here1 and my cherubs here sing1 ,as though tempting my spirit like theirs to take wing4 ,though my pillow be hard1 where so well could ,i rest ,as on that on which ,amy's fair head has been pressed8 ,so let riches and honor feed ,mammon's vain heart1 ,from my shattered old lodging ,i'll not wish to part2 ,and no coat shall ,i need save the one ,i've long worn4 ,till the last thread be snapped1 and the last rent be torn4 ------ #bda ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,conclusion4 ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,while the above exploits were being performed by ,jamesy ,doyle and the police1 a sad scene indeed was being enacted at the bridge4 ,winny ,cavana1 whose bonds had been loosed1 had rushed to where ,emon lay with his head in his father's lap1 while the two policemen1 ,cotter and ,donovan1 moved up with their prisoner4 ,they not only handcuffed him1 but had tied his legs together1 and threw him on the side of the road1 to wait their convenience1 while they rendered any assistance they could to the wounded man4 ,the father had succeeded in stanching the blood1 which at first had poured freely from the wound4 ,with the assistance of one of the police1 while the other was tying the prisoner1 he had drawn his son up into a sitting posture and leaned him against the bank at the side of the road1 and got his arm round him to sustain him4 ,he was not shot dead2 but was evidently very badly wounded4 ,he was now1 however1 recovering strength and consciousness1 as the blood ceased to flow4 ,open your eyes1 ,emon dear1 if you are not dead1 and look at your own ,winny1 she said2 your mad ,winny ,cavana1 who brought you here to be murdered6 ,open your eyes1 ,emon1 if you are not dead6 ,i don't ask you to speak4 ,emon not only opened his eyes1 but turned his face and looked upon her4 ,oh1 the ghastly smile he tried to hide6 ,don't speak1 ,emon2 but tell me with your eyes that you are not dying4 ,no1 no1 ,emon--,emon-a-knock6 demon as he is1 he could not murder you4 ,heaven would not permit so much wickedness6 ,emon looked at her again4 ,a faint but beautiful smile--beautiful now1 for the color had returned to his cheeks--beamed upon his lips as he shook his head4 ,yes1 yes1 he has murdered him1 sobbed the distracted father2 and ,i pity you1 ,winny ,cavana1 as ,i hope you will pity his poor mother2 to say nothing of myself4 ,no1 no1 do not say so6 ,he will not die1 he shall not die6 ,and she pressed her burning that's to his marble forehead4 ,it was smooth as alabaster1 cold as ice4 ,win--ny ,ca--va-na1 good-by1 he faintly breathed in her ear4 ,my days1 my hours1 my very moments are numbered4 ,i feel death trembling in every vein1 in every nerve4 ,i could--could--have--lived for you--,winny2 but even--to--die for you--is--a blessing1 because--successful4 ,one last request--,winny1 my best beloved1 is --all--,i have--to ask2 spare me--a spot in ,rathcash--chapel-yard1 in the space allotted to--the--,cavanas4 ,i feel some wonderful strength given me just now4 ,it is a special mercy that ,i may speak with you before ,i go4 ,but1 ,winny1 my own precious1 dearest love1 do not deceive yourself4 ,if ,i reach home to receive my mother's blessing before ,i die1 it is the most-- and he leaned his head against his father's breast4 ,no more delay6 cried ,winny energetically1 ,time is too precious to be lost2 bring the cart here1 and let us take him home at once1 and send for #bdb the doctor4 ,oh1 policeman1 one of you is enough to remain with the prisoner here2 do1 like a good man1 leave your gun and belts here1 and run off across the fields as fast as you can1 and bring ,dr4 ,sweeney to ,rathcash house4 ,to ,shanvilla1 faintly murmured the wounded man2 and bring ,father ,farrell4 ,yes1 yes1 to ,shanvilla1 to be sure1 repeated ,winny2 my selfish heart had forgotten his poor mother4 ,emon opened his eyes at the word mother1 and smiled4 ,it was a smile of thanks2 and he closed them again4 ,the policeman had obeyed her request in a moment2 and1 stripped of ail incumbrances1 he was clearing the hedges1 ditches1 and drains toward ,dr4 ,sweeney's4 ,they then placed ,lennon1 as gently as if he were made of wax1 into the cart1 his head lying in ,winny's lap1 and his hand clasped in hers1 while the distracted father led the horse more like an automaton than a human being4 ,they proceeded at a very gentle pace1 for the cart had no springs1 and ,winny knew that a jolt might be fatal if the blood burst forth afresh4 ,the policeman followed with his prisoner at some distance2 and ere long1 for the dawn had become clear1 he saw his comrades coming on behind him1 a long way off4 ,but there was evidently a man beside themselves and ,jamesy ,doyle4 ,he sat down by the side of the road until they came up4 ,how matters stood was then explained to ,sergeant ,driscoll aside4 ,cotter told him he had no hopes that ever ,lennon would reach home alive2 that ,donovan had gone off across the country for the doctor and the priest1 and his carabine and belts were on the cart4 ,we will take that prisoner from you1 ,cotter1 said ,driscoll1 and do you get on to the cart as fast as you can2 you may be of use4 ,i don't like to bring this villain ,murdock in sight of them2 you need not say we have got him at all4 ,we will go on straight to the barrack by the lower road1 and let you go up to ,lennon's with the cart4 ,but see here1 ,cotter--do not speak to the wounded man at all1 and don't let anybody else speak to him either4 ,we don't want a word from him2 sure we all saw it as plain as possible4 ,cotter then hastened on1 and soon overtook the cart4 ,he merely said1 in explanation of being by himself1 that his comrades had come up1 and that he had given his prisoner to them and hastened on to see if he could be of any use4 ,winny soon suggested a use for the kind-hearted man--to help poor ,pat ,lennon into the cart1 and to lead the horse4 ,this was done without stirring hand or foot of the poor sufferer2 and the father lay at ,emon's other side scarcely less like death than he was himself4 ,when they came to the end of the road which turned to ,rathcash and ,shanvilla1 ,winny1 as was natural1 could have wished to go to ,rathcash4 ,she knew not how her poor father had been left1 or what might be his fate4 ,she could not put any confidence in the assurance of such ruffians1 that a hair of his head should not be hurt2 and did not one of the villains remain in the house8 ,yes1 ,winny1 one of them did remain in the house1 but he did no harm to your father4 ,with all her affection and anxiety on her father's account1 ,winny could not choose but to go on to ,shanvilla4 ,the less moving poor ,emon got the better1 and to get from under his head now and settle him afresh would be cruel1 and might be fatal4 ,winny1 therefore1 sat silent as ,cotter turned the horse's head toward ,shanvilla1 where1 ere another half-hour had added to the increasing light1 they had arrived4 ,winny ,cavana1 who knew what a scene must ensue when they came to the door1 had sent on ,cotter to the house2 the father again taking his place at the horse's head4 ,he was to tell ,mrs4 ,lennon that an accident had happened--no1 no1 not that2 but that #bdc ,emon had been hurt2 and that they were bringing him home quietly for fear of exciting him4 ,these precautions were of no use4 ,mrs4 ,lennon had waited but for the word hurt1 which she understood at once as importing something serious4 ,she rushed from the house like a mad woman1 and stood upon the road gazing up and down4 ,fortunately ,winny had the forethought to stop the cart out of sight of the house to give ,cotter time to execute his mission1 and calm ,mrs4 ,lennon as much as possible4 ,it was a lucky thought1 and ,cotter1 who was a very intelligent man1 was equal to the emergency4 ,as ,mrs4 ,lennon looked round her in doubt1 ,cotter cried out1 ,oh1 don't go that road1 ,mrs4 ,lennon1 for ,god's sake6 and he pointed in the direction in which the cart was not4 ,it was enough2 the ruse had succeeded2 and ,mrs4 ,lennon started off at full speed1 clapping her hands and crying out3 ,oh6 ,emon1 ,emon1 have they killed you at last8 have they killed you8 ,oh6 ,emon1 ,emon1 my boy1 my boy6 ,and she clapped her hands1 and ran the faster4 ,she was soon out of sight and hearing4 ,now is your time1 said ,cotter1 running back to the cart2 she is gone off in another direction1 and we'll have him on his bed before she comes back4 ,they then brought the cart to the door1 and in the most gentle and scientific manner lifted poor ,emon into the house and laid him on his bed4 ,god bless you1 ,winny6 he said1 stretching out his hand4 ,don't1 like a good girl1 stop here now4 ,return to your poor father1 who must be distracted about you4 ,i'm better and stronger1 thank ,god1 and will be able to see you again before ,i-- ,whist1 whist1 ,emon mavourneen1 don't talk that way2 you are better1 blessed be ,god6 ,i must1 indeed1 go home1 ,emon1 as you say1 for my heart is torn about my poor father4 ,god bless you1 ,emon1 my own ,emon6 ,and she stooped down and kissed his pale lips4 ,cotter and she then left the house and made all the speed they could toward ,rathcash4 ,they had not gone very far when ,cotter heard ,mrs4 ,lennon coming back along the road1 and they saw her turn in toward her own house4 ,bully-dhu having satisfied himself that nothing further was to be apprehended from the senseless form of a man upon the kitchen floor1 and finding it impossible to burst open the door where his master was confined1 thought the next best thing that he could do was to bemoan the state of affairs outside the house1 in hope of drawing some help to the spot4 ,accordingly he took his post immediately at the house-door1 still determined to be on the safe side1 for fear the man was scheming4 ,here he set up a long dismal and melancholy howl4 ,my father is dead1 said ,winny2 there is the ,banshee4 ,not at all1 ,miss ,winny2 that is a dog4 ,it is all the same2 ,bully-dhu would not cry that way for nothing2 there is somebody dead1 ,i'm sure4 ,it is because he knew you were gone1 ,miss ,winny1 and he did not know where to look for you2 that's all1 you may depend4 ,thank you1 ,cotter2 the dog might indeed do that same4 ,god grant it is nothing worse6 ,by this time they were at the door1 and ,cotter followed ,bully-dhu into the house4 ,winny1 without looking right or left1 rushed to her father's room4 ,she found it locked1 but1 quickly turning the key1 she burst in4 ,it was now broad daylight1 and she saw at a glance her father stretched upon the bed1 still bound hand and foot4 ,she flew to the table1 and taking his razor cut the cords4 ,the poor old man was quite exhausted from suspense1 excitement1 and the fruitless physical efforts he had been making to free himself4 ,thank ,god1 father6 she exclaimed2 ,i hope you are not hurt4 #bdd ,no1 dear4 ,give me a sup of milk1 or ,i will choke4 ,poor ,winny1 in the ignorance of her past habits1 called out to ,biddy to bring her some4 ,biddy answered with a smothered cry from the inner room4 ,cotter flew to the door and unlocked it4 ,in another moment he had set her free from her cords1 and she darted across the kitchen to minister to the old man's wants at ,winny's direction4 ,poor ,bully-dhu then pointed out to ,cotter the share he had taken in the night's work1 and it might almost be said quietly gave himself up4 ,at least he showed no disposition to escape4 ,he lay down at the dead man's head1 sweeping the floor with an odd wag of his bushy tail1 rather proud than frightened at what he had done4 ,that it was his work1 ,cotter could not for a moment doubt4 ,the man's throat had by this time turned almost black1 and there were the marks of the dog's teeth sunk deep at each side of the windpipe1 where the choking grip of death had prevailed4 ,cotter then brought a quilt from the room where he had released ,biddy ,murtagh1 and spread it over the corpse1 and was bringing ,bully-dhu out to the yard1 when he met ,jamesy ,doyle at the door4 ,jamesy took charge of him at once1 and brought him round to the yard1 where for the present he shut him up in his wooden house2 but he did not intend to neglect him4 ,jamesy told ,cotter that ,sergeant ,driscoll and his men had taken their prisoners safe to the barracks1 and desired him to tell ,cotter to join them as soon as soon as possible4 ,i cannot join them yet awhile1 ,jamesy2 we have a corpse in the house4 ,god's mercy6 an' shure it's not the poor ould masther8 said ,jamesy4 ,no2 ,i don't know who he is4 ,he must have been one of the depredators4 ,an' th' ould masther done for him6--,god be praised8 ,more power to his elbow6 ,no1 ,jamesy1 it was not the old master4 ,it was ,bully-dhu that choked him--see here2 and he turned down the quilt4 ,the divil a word of lie you're tellin'1 sir2 dear me1 but he gev' him the tusks in style4 ,begorra1 ,bully1 ,i'll give you my own dinner to-day1 an' tomorrow1 an' next day for that4 ,see1 ,mr4 ,cotter1 how the ,lord overtakes the guilty at wanst1 sometimes4 ,didn't he strike down ,tom ,murdock wid lightning1 an' he batin' me out a horseback8 an ,i'd never have cum up wid him only for that4 ,cotter could not help smiling at ,jamesy's enthusiasm4 ,what are you laughin' at1 ,mr4 ,cotter8 ,maybe it's what you don't give in to me2 but ,i tell you ,i seen the flash of lightning take him down ov the horse1 as plain as the daylight4 ,where's ,miss ,winny8 ,whist1 whist1 boy1 don't be talking that way4 ,never heed ,miss ,winny2 she's with her father4 ,i would not like her to see this dead man here2 don't be talking so loud4 ,is there any place we could draw him into1 until we find out who he is8 ,an' ,i'd like to show him to ,miss ,winny1 for ,bully-dhu's sake4 ,will ,i call her8 ,if you do1 ,i'll stick you with this1 ,jamesy1 said ,cotter1 getting angry1 and tapping his bayonet with his finger4 ,begorra1 an' that's not the way to get me to do anything1 ,i can tell you2 for ,i-- ,well1 there's a good boy1 ,james2 you have proved your cell one tonight2 and now for ,god's sake don't fret poor ,miss ,winny worse than what she is already1 and it would nearly kill her to see this dead man here now--it would make her think of some one else dead1 ,jamesy--thigum thu8 ,thau1 begorra--you're right enough4 #bde ,where can we bring him to8 is there any outhouse or place8 ,to be sure there is2 there's the barn where ,i sleep2 cum out wid him at wanst4 ,i'll take him by the heels1 an' let you dhraw him along the floore by his shoulders4 ,there was a coolness and intrepidity about all ,jamesy's acts and expressions which surprised ,cotter4 ,with all his experience he had never seen the same in so young a boy--except in a hardened villain2 and he had known ,jamesy for the last four years to be the very contrary4 ,cotter1 however1 was not philosopher enough to know that an excess of principle1 and a total want of it1 might produce the same intrepidity of character4 ,cotter took the dead man under the shoulders and drew him along1 while ,jamesy took him by the feet and pushed him4 ,neither ,winny1 nor ,biddy1 nor the old man knew a word about this part of the performance4 ,jamesy saw the propriety of keeping it to himself for the present4 ,cotter locked the barn-door and took away the key with him4 ,he told ,jamesy that he would find out from the other prisoner who the corpse was1 and that he would call again with instructions in the course of the day4 ,he then hastened to the barrack1 and ,jamesy went in to see ,miss ,winny and the ould masther4 ,the message which ,cotter had sent her by ,jamesy was this--,to keep up her heart1 and to hold herself in readiness for a visit from the resident magistrate before the day was over4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,it was still very early4 ,the generality of the inhabitants were not yet up1 and ,winny sighed at the long sad day which was before her4 ,she had first made her father tell her how the ruffians had served him1 and after hearing the particulars she detailed everything which had befallen herself4 ,she described the battle at the bridge1 as well as her sobs would permit her1 from the moment that ,lennon sprang up from behind the battlement to their rescue until the fatal arrival of the police1 as she called it1 upon the approach of whom that demon fired his pistol at my poor ,emon as close as ,i am to you1 father4 ,well1 well2 ,winny1 don't lave the blame upon the police2 he would have fired at ,lennon whether they cum up or not1 for ,emon never would have let go his holt4 ,true enough1 father4 ,i do not lay it upon them at all4 ,emon would have clung to his horse for miles if he had not shot him down4 ,beside1 ,jamesy says the police has him fast enough4 ,isn't that a mercy at all events1 ,winny8 ,it is only the mercy of revenge1 father1 ,god forgive me for the thought4 ,the law will call it justice4 ,and a just revenge is all fair an' right1 ,winny4 ,he had no pity on an innocent boy1 an' why should you have pity on a guilty villain8 ,pity6 ,no1 father1 ,i have no pity for him4 ,but ,i wish ,i did not feel so vengeful4 ,but how did the police hear of it1 ,winny1 or find out which way they went2 an' what brought ,jamesy ,doyle up with them8 ,we must ask ,jamesy himself about that1 father1 she said2 and she desired ,biddy to call him in1 for he was with ,bully-dhu4 ,jamesy was soon in attendance again1 and they made him sit down1 for with all his pluck he looked weary and fatigued4 ,they then asked him to tell everything1 from the moment he first heard the men smashing the door4 ,jamesy ,doyle's description of the whole thing was short and decisive1 told in his own graphic style1 with many begorras1 in spite of ,winny's remonstrances4 ,begorra1 ,miss ,winny1 ,i tould ,bully-dhu what they were up to1 an' ,i let him in at the hall doore1 an' #bdf when ,i seen him tumble the fust man he met1 and stick in his windpipe without so much as a growl1 ,i knew there was one man wouldn't lave that easy1 any way2 an' ,i med off for the polis as fast as my legs and feet could carry me4 ,and how did--how--did--poor ,emon hear of it8 sighed ,winny4 ,arra blur-an-ages1 ,miss ,winny1 didn't ,i cut across by ,shanvilla1 an' tould him every haporth8 ,why1 miss1 he'd murdher me af ,i let him lie there dhramin'1 an' they carrin' you off1 ,miss ,winny4 ,oh1 ,jamesy1 why did you not go straight for the police1 and never mind ,emon-a-knock8 she said4 ,ah6 ,winny dear1 said her father1 remember that there was nearly half-an-hour's battle at the bridge before the police came up2 and had your persecutor that half-hour's law1 where and what would you be now8 ,i did not care4 ,i would have fought my battle alone against twenty ,tom ,murdocks4 ,they might have ill-used me1 and then murdered me1 but what of that8 ,emon-a-knock would live1 perhaps to avenge me2 but now--now--oh1 father1 father6 ,i wish he had murdered me along with ,emon4 ,but1 ,god forgive me1 indeed ,i am very sinful2 ,i forgot you1 father dear4 ,here1 ,biddy1 get the kettle boiling2 we all want a cup of tea2 and she put her handkerchief to her swimming eyes4 ,jamesy had thrown himself in his clothes on some empty sacks in a corner of the kitchen1 saying1 ,miss ,winny1 ,i'm tired enough to sleep anywhere1 an' ,i'll lie down here4 ,hadn't you better go to your own bed in the barn1 ,jamesy1 where you can take off your clothes8 ,i am sure you would be more comfortable4 ,no1 ,miss ,winny1 ,i'm sure ,i would not4 ,beside1 the policeman tuck-- ,jamesy stopped himself4 ,what the mischief have ,i been saying8 thought he4 ,the policeman took what1 ,jamesy8 said ,winny4 ,he tuck the key1 miss4 ,he said no one should g'win there till he cum back4 ,oh1 very well1 ,jamesy2 lie down1 and let me throw this quilt over you4 ,but1 ,god's mercy1 if here is not a pool of blood6 ,i wonder what brought it here8 ,oh1 am ,i doomed to sec nothing but blood--blood8 ,what is this1 ,jamesy1 do you know8 ,i do1 miss4 ,it was ,bully-dhu that cut one of the men when they cum in2 and no cure for him1 ,miss ,winny6 ,why1 he must have cut him severely1 ,james2 the whole floor is covered with blood4 ,cut him1 is it8 ,begorra1 ,miss ,winny1 he kilt him out-an-out4 ,i may as well tell you the thruth at wanst4 ,for heaven's sake1 you do not mean to say that he actually killed him1 ,jamesy8 ,that's just what ,i do mane4 ,miss ,winny1 an' ,i may as well tell you1 for ,mr4 ,cotter will be here by-an-bye with the coroner and a jury to hould an inquest4 ,isn't he lyin' there abroad in the barn as stiff as a crowbar1 an' as ugly as if he was bespoke1 miss8 ,didn't ,i help ,mr4 ,cotter to carry him out1 or rather to dhrag him8 for begorra he was as heavy as if he was made of lead6 ,fie1 fie1 ,james1 you should not talk that way of any poor fellow-being--for shame6 ,an' a bad fellow-bein' he was1 to cum here to carry you away4 ,miss ,winny1 an' maybe to murdher you in the mountain1 or maybe worse4 ,my blessin' on you1 ,bully-dhu6 ,winny was shocked at the cool manner in which ,jamesy spoke of such a frightful occurrence4 ,she was afraid she would never make a ,christian of him4 ,cotter and a comrade soon returned and took charge of the body until the coroner should arrive4 ,they had served summonses upon twelve or fourteen of the most respectable neighbors--good men and true4 ,they had ascertained that the deceased was a man named ,john ,fahy1 from the #bdg county of ,cavan1 a reputed ,ribbonman4 ,the cart had belonged to him1 but of course there was no name upon it4 ,the news of the whole affair had already spread like fire the moment the people began to get about2 and two brothers of ,fahy's arrived to claim the body before the inquest was over4 ,jamesy ,doyle was the principal witness before the fact4 ,his evidence was like himself all over4 ,having been sworn by the coroner1 he did not think that sufficient1 but began his statement with another oath of his own--the reader knows by this time what it was4 ,the coroner checked him1 and reminded him that he was already on his solemn oath1 and that light swearing of that kind was very unseemly1 and could not be permitted4 ,he advised him to be cautions4 ,jamesy had sense enough to take his advice1 although he seldom took ,winny's upon the same subject4 ,when first ,i heerd the rookawn ,i got up1 an' dhrew on my clothes1 an' cum round the corner of the house4 ,i seen three men stannin' at the doore1 an' ,i heerd wan of 'em ordher it to be bruck in4 ,i knew there was but two women an' wan ould man1 the masther1 in the house1 an' ,i knew there was no use in goin' in to be murdhered1 an' that ,i could be of more use a great dale outside4 ,bully-dhu was roarin' like a lion in the back yard1 an' couldn't get out4 ,i knew ,bully was well able for wan of 'em1 any way1 if not for two1 an' ,i let him out an' brought him to the hall-doore4 ,the minit ever ,i let him out iv the yard he was as silent as the grave1 an' ,i knew what that meant4 ,well1 ,i brought him to the doore1 an' pointed to the deceased1 for he was the first man ,i seen in from me4 ,well1 without with your lave or by your lave1 ,bully had him tumbled on the floore1 an' his four big teeth stuck in his windpipe4 ',that'll do1' says ,i1 'as far as wan of ye goes1 any way2' an' ,i med off for the police4 ,i wasn' much out about ,bully1 your worship1 for the man never left that antil ,mr4 ,cotter an' ,i helped him out into the barn4 ,cotter was then examined4 ,his evidence was that he had found the deceased lying dead on the kitchen floor2 that the dog on entering lay down at his head and put his paw upon his breast1 as if pointing out what he had done4 ,that was all he knew about it4 ,the doctor was then examined--surgeon1 perhaps1 we should call him on this occasion--and swore that he had carefully examined the deceased2 that he had been choked2 and that the wounds in the throat indicated that they had been inflicted by the teeth of a large1 powerful dog2 no cat nor other animal known in this country could have done it4 ,this closed the evidence4 ,the coroner made a short charge to the jury1 and the verdict was that the deceased1 ,john ,fahy1 as they believed him to be1 had come by his death by being suffocated and choked by a large black dog called ,bully-dhu1 belonging to one ,edward ,cavana1 of ,rathcash1 in the parish1 etc41 etc42 but that inasmuch as he1 the said deceased1 was in the act of committing a felony at the time1 for which1 if convicted in a court of law1 he would have forfeited his life1 they would not recommend the dog to be destroyed4 ,the coroner said he thought this was a very elaborate verdict upon so simple a case2 and disagreed with the jury upon the latter part of the verdict4 ,the dog could not have known that1 and it was evident he was a ferocious animal1 and he thought he ought to be destroyed4 ,he did know it1 your honor1 vociferated ,jamesy ,doyle4 ,didn't ,i tell him1 and wasn't it ,i pointed out the deceased to him1 and tould him to hould him8 ,if it was th' ould masther or myself kilt him1 you couldn't say a haporth to aidher of us1 let alone the dog4 ,if this was not logic for the coroner1 it was for the jury1 who refused to change their verdict4 ,but the #bdh tack to the verdict1 exonerating poor ,bully-dhu1 was almost unnecessary1 where he had such a friend in court as ,jamesy ,doyle2 for he1 anticipating some such attempt1 had provided for poor ,bully's safety4 ,his first act after ,cotter had left in the morning was to get a chum of his1 who lived not for off1 to take the dog in his collar and strap to an uncle's son1 a first cousin of his1 about seven miles away1 to tell him what had happened1 and to take care of the dog until the thing blew over1 and that ,miss ,winny would never forget it to him4 ,billy ,brennan delivered the dog and the message safely2 he'd do more nor that for ,miss ,winny2 or for that matter for the dog himself1 for they were great play-fellows in the dry grass of a summer's day4 ,now it was a strange fact1 and deserves to be recorded for the curious in such things1 that although ,bully-dhu had never seen ,jamesy's cousin in his life1 and that although he was a surly1 distant dog to strangers1 he took up with young ,barny ,foley the moment he saw him4 ,he never stirred from his side1 and did not appear inclined to leave the place4 ,before the inquest had closed its proceedings the two brothers of the deceased man adverted to had arrived to take away the dead body4 ,it was well for poor ,bully-dhu1 after all1 that ,jamesy had been so thoughtful1 although it was quite another source of danger he had apprehended4 ,the two ,fahys searched high and low for the dog1 one of them armed secretly with a loaded pistol1 but both openly with huge crab-tree sticks to beat his brains out1 in spite of coroner1 magistrate1 police1 or jury4 ,but they searched in vain4 ,they offered ,jamesy1 not knowing the stuff he was made of1 a pound-note to show them where the big black dog was4 ,his answer1 though mute1 was just like him4 ,he put his left thumb to the tip of his nose1 his right thumb to the little finger of the left hand1 and began to play the bagpipes in the air with his fingers4 ,they pressed it upon him and he got vexed4 ,begorra1 said be1 af ye cum here to-night after midnight to take ,miss ,winny away1 ,i'll show him to you1 an' maybe it wouldn't be worth the coroner's while to go home4 ,he may stay where he is1 for that matther1 said one of the brothers4 ,he'll have work enough tomorrow or next day at ,shanvilla2 and they turned away4 ,ay1 and the hangman from the county of ,cavan will have something to do soon afther1 shouted ,jamesy after them1 who was never at a loss for an answer4 ,he had the last word here1 and it was a sore one4 ,as the brothers ,fahy failed in their search for ,bully1 they had nothing further that they dare vent their grief and indignation upon4 ,it was no use in bemoaning the matter there amongst unsympathizing strangers2 so they fetched the cart to the barn-door and laid the corpse into it1 covering it with a white sheet which they had brought for the purpose4 ,will ,i lind you a hand1 boys8 said ,jamesy1 as they were struggling with the weight of the dead man at the barn-door4 ,the scowl he got from one of the brothers would have discomfited a boy less plucky or self-possessed than ,jamesy ,doyle2 but he had not said it in irony4 ,no one there appeared inclined to give any help1 and ,jamesy actually did get under the corpse1 and helped him into the cart1 as he said himself4 ,the unfortunate men then left1 walking one at each side of their dead brother4 ,and who is there1 except perhaps ,jamesy ,doyle1 who would not pity them as they rumbled their melancholy way down the boreen to the road8 #bdi ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,about two hours later in the day the chief arrived to visit the scene1 as he was bound to do before he made his report4 ,he was received courteously and with respect by ,winny ,cavana1 who showed him into the parlor4 ,he considerately began by regretting the unfortunate and melancholy occurrence which had taken place2 but of course added1 the satisfaction it was to him1 indeed that it must be to every one1 that the perpetrators had been secured1 particularly the principal mover in the sad event4 ,winny made no remark1 and the chief then requested her to state in detail what had occurred from the time the men broke into the house until the shot was fired which wounded the man4 ,she seemed at first disinclined to do so2 but upon that gentleman explaining that she would be required to do so on her oath1 when the magistrate called to take her information1 she merely sighed1 and said3 ,i suppose so2 indeed ,i do not see why ,i should not4 ,she then gave him a plain and succinct account as far as their conduct to herself was concerned1 and referred him to her father and the servants for the share they had taken toward them4 ,he then obtained from old ,cavana1 ,biddy ,murtagh1 and ,jamesy ,doyle what they knew of the transaction2 and thus fully primed and loaded for his report1 he left1 telling ,winny ,cavana the stipendiary magistrate had left home the day before1 but that he would be back the next day2 and she might expect an official visit from him1 as he would make arrangements with him that she should not be brought from her home1 when no doubt the prisoners would be remanded for the doctor's report of the wounded man4 ,the morning after the chief had been at ,rathcash house1 ,winny ,cavana1 almost immediately after breakfast1 told ,jamesy ,doyle to get ready and come with her to ,shanvilla4 ,she was anxious to ascertain from personal knowledge how poor ,emon was going on4 ,she was distracted with the contradictory reports which ,biddy ,murtagh brought in from time to time from the passers-by upon the road4 ,winny had little1 if any1 hope at all that ,edward ,lennon would survive4 ,she had been assured by ,father ,farrell1 in whose truth and experience she placed the greatest confidence1 that it was impossible1 although he might linger for a few days4 ,the doctor1 too1 had pronounced the same solemn doom4 ,her thoughts as she hastened toward ,shanvilla were full of awe and determination4 ,she had spent the night1 the entire night1 for she had never closed an eye1 in laying down a broad short map of her future life1 and it was already engraven on her mind4 ,she had been clever in drawing such things at the school where she had him been educated1 and her thoughts now took that form4 ,her poor father while he lived2 herself before and after his death2 the ,lennons one and all2 ,kate ,mulvey1 ,phil ,m',dermott1 ,jamesy ,doyle1 ,biddy ,murtagh1 and ,bully-dhu were the only spots marked upon the map2 but they were conspicuous1 like the capital towns of counties4 ,there was but one river on the map1 and it could be traced by ,winny's tears4 ,it was the great river of the ,past1 and rose in the distant mountains of her memory which hemmed in this map of her fancy4 ,it flowed first round old ,ned and the ,lennons1 who were bounded by ,winny on the north1 south1 east1 and west4 ,it passed by ,kate ,mulvey and ,phil ,m',dermott1 and thence passing by ,jamesy ,doyle1 ,biddy ,murtagh1 and ,bully-dhu1 it emptied itself into the ,irish ocean of ,winny's affectionate heart4 ,winny knew that she would meet ,father ,farrell at ,emon's bedside2 he scarcely ever left it2 and she knew #bej that he would not deceive her as to his real state4 ,she knew1 too1 that he would not refuse her a sincere ,christian advice and counsel upon the sudden resolve which had taken possession of her heart4 ,father ,farrell saw her coming from ,emon's window1 and went to meet her at the door4 ,they stood in the kitchen alone4 ,the poor father and mother had been kept out of ,emon's room by the priest1 and were bewailing their fate in their own room4 ,i am glad you are come1 ,winny1 dear1 said he4 ,the poor fellow has not ceased to speak of you and pray for you from the first1 when he does transgress his orders not to speak at all4 ,how is he1 oh1 how is he1 ,father ,farrell8 ,stronger just now1 but dying1 ,winny ,cavana4 ,let nothing tempt you to deceive yourself4 ,he has been so much stronger for the last hour or so that ,i was just going to send my gig for yon4 ,he said it would soothe his death-bed1 which he knows he is on1 ,winny1 to see you and have your blessing4 ,he shall have my blessing1 and ,i shall claim every right to give it to him4 ,father ,farrell1 she added1 solemnly1 but with a full1 untrembling tone1 will you marry me to ,edward ,lennon8 ,the priest almost staggered back from her for a moment4 ,yes1 ,father ,farrell1 you have heard aright1 and ,i solemnly and sincerely repeat the question4 ,listen3 ,you must know that never on this earth will ,i wed any other4 ,i shall devote myself and the greater portion of any wealth ,i may possess to the church for charitable purposes after ,edward ,lennon1 my future husband--future here and hereafter--is dead4 ,i wish to call him husband by that precious right which death will so soon rob me of4 ,even so1 ,father ,farrell2 give me that right1 short though it be4 ,it will enable me legally to provide for his honest1 stout-hearted father and his broken-hearted mother1 without the lying lips of slander doubting the motive4 ,oh1 ,father ,farrell1 it is the only consolation left me now to hope for1 or in your power to bestow4 ,the priest was struck dumb4 ,her eyes1 her breath1 pleaded almost more than her words4 ,father ,farrell sat down upon a form4 ,winny ,cavana1 he said1 do not press me--that is1 ,i mean1 do not hurry me4 ,the matter admits of serious consideration1 and may not be altogether so unreasonable or extraordinary as it might at first appear4 ,but ,i say that it requires consideration4 ,walk abroad for a few minutes and let me think4 ,no1 father4 ,you may remain here for a few minutes and think4 ,let me go in and see my poor ,emon4 ,yes1 yes1 you shall2 but ,i must go in along with you1 ,winny4 ,i can come out again if ,i find that more consideration is necessary4 ,winny saw that she had gained her point4 ,they then entered the room1 and ,emon cast such a look of gratitude and love upon ,winny as calmed every doubt upon the priest's mind1 for he was afraid that ,emon himself would object1 and that the scene would injure him4 ,winny was soon at ,emon's side1 with his hand clasped in hers4 ,you are come1 ,winny dear1 to bid me a final good-by--in this world1 he murmured4 ,god bless you for your goodness and your love for me6 ,i am come1 ,emon dear1 to fulfil that love in the presence of heaven1 and with ,father ,farrell's sanction--am ,i not1 ,father ,farrell8 ,i never doubted it1 ,winny dear4 ,and you shall not doubt it now4 ,you shall die declaring it4 ,emon-- ,emon1 my own ,emon-a-knock1 ,i am come to claim the promise you gave me to make me your wife4 ,great ,god1 ,winny ,i are you mad8--she not mad4 ,father ,farrell8 #bea ,no1 ,emon dear1 she really is not mad4 ,she will devote herself and her whole future life to charity and the love of a better world than this4 ,she can do that not only as well1 but better1 in some respects1 as your widow than otherwise4 ,i have considered the matter1 and ,i cannot see that there are any just reasons to deny her request4 ,then ,i shall die happy1 though it be this very night4 ,but oh1 ,winny1 ,winny1 think of what you are about2 time will soften your grief1 and you may yet be happy with ano-- ,stop1 ,emon dear--not another word2 for here1 before heaven and ,father ,farrell1 ,i swear never shall ,i marry any one in this world but you4 ,here1 ,father ,farrell1 begin2 here is a ring you gave me yourself1 ,emon1 and although not a wedding-ring it will do very well--we will make one of it4 ,father ,farrell then brought in ,emon's father and mother1 and married ,winny ,cavana to the dying man4 ,she stooped down and kissed his pallid lips4 ,big drops of sweat burst out upon his forehead1 and ,father ,farrell saw that the last moment was at hand4 ,winny held his hand between both hers1 and said1 ,emon1 you are now mine--mine by divine right1 and ,i resign you to the ,lord4 ,and she looked up to heaven through the roof1 while the big tears rolled down her pale cheeks4 ,winny1 said ,emon1 in a solemn but distinct voice1 ,i now die happy4 ,for this ,i have lived1 and for this ,i die4 ,i cannot count on even hours now2 my moments are numbered4 ,i feel death trembling round my heart4 ,but you have calmed its approach1 ,winny dear4 ,your love and devotion at a moment like this is the happiest pang that softens my passage to the grave4 ,i can now claim a right to what you promised me as a favor--my portion of your space in ,rathcash chapel-yard4 ,god bless you1 ,winny dear6--,good-by--my--wife6 ,yes1 ,emon had lived and had died for the love of her who was now his widow4 ,as ,emon had ceased to speak1 a bright smile broke over his whole countenance1 and he rendered his last sigh into the safe-keeping of his guardian angel1 until the last great day4 ,winny knew that he was dead1 though his breath had passed so gently forth that he might have been only falling asleep4 ,she continued to hold his hand1 and to gaze upon his still features1 while ,father ,farrell's lips moved in silent prayer1 more for the living than the dead4 ,come1 ,winny1 he at last said1 you cannot remain here just at present4 ,come along with me1 and ,i will bring you in my gig to your father's house1 where ,i will tell him all myself4 ,oh1 thank you1 thank you1 ,father ,farrell1 she said1 turning resignedly with him4 ,tell poor ,pat ,lennon what has happened2 their pity for me as a companion in their grief may help to soften their own4 ,tell him1 of course1 ,father ,farrell1 that ,i shall take all the arrangements of the funeral upon myself--,god help them and me6 ,as they came from the dead man's room they met ,pat ,lennon in the kitchen1 and ,winny1 throwing her arms round his neck1 caught the big salt tears which were rolling down his face upon her quivering lips4 ,i have a right to call you father now1 she exclaimed4 ,you have lost a son1 but ,i will be your daughter1 and she kissed him again and again4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,on their way to ,rathcash1 ,winny in the first instance told the priest that of course her poor husband should be buried in ,rathcash chapel-yard1 and1 as a matter in which she could not interfere1 by ,father ,roche4 ,here she stopped1 but the kind-hearted priest took her up at once4 #beb ,of course1 my dear child1 he said1 that will be quite right4 ,indeed1 ,winny1 ,i should not wish to be the person so soon to add that sad ceremony to the still sadder one ,i was engaged in to-day4 ,before ,god or man1 ,father ,farrell1 you will never have cause to regret that act4 ,it was my own choosing after deliberate consideration1 and ,i was best judge of my own feelings4 ,i can be happy now4 ,i never could be happy if it were otherwise4 ,god grant it1 my love1 said the priest4 ,but still1 ,father ,farrell1 she continued1 ,i have something more for you to do for me4 ,will you not1 like a good man1 take all the arrangement of the funeral upon yourself8 ,i will pay every penny of the expenses1 and let them not be niggardly4 ,thank ,god1 ,father ,farrell1 ,i can do so now without reproach4 ,the kind1 sympathizing priest engaged to do everything which was requisite in the most approved of manner4 ,the more he reflected upon what he had done1 the less fault he had to find with himself4 ,there was a calm1 resigned tone about all that ,winny now said very different from what he might have anticipated from his knowledge of her temper and disposition1 had the fatal moment taken place when the shot was fired1 or even subsequently before she became ,edward ,lennon's wife4 ,bitter revenge1 he thought1 would have seized her soul toward the man who had deprived her of all hope or source of happiness in this world4 ,now the only time she trusted her tongue to speak of him was an exclamation--,may ,god forgive him6 ,they soon arrived at ,rathcash house1 where ,father ,farrell paid a long visit to old ,ned ,cavana4 ,his kindness quite gained upon the old man1 and1 before he left1 he acquainted him with the facts of his daughter's position and the death of her husband4 ,the old man sat silent for some time after the truth had been made known to him4 ,winny stood hoping for a look of encouragement and forgiveness2 but the old man gave it not4 ,at length1 with that impatience habitual to her disposition1 she rushed into his arms and wept upon his breast4 ,oh1 father6 she exclaimed1 ,i could never be the wife of any man living after poor ,emon's death in defence of my life2 ay1 more than my life1 of my honor4 ,but oh1 ,winny1 ,winny6 to sacrifice yourself for a man so near the grave6 ,there was no hope for him1 ,i heerd4 ,none1 father4 ,i was aware of that4 ,had there been1 ,i should have waited patiently4 ,i told ,father ,farrell here my plans1 and the same thing as swore that ,i would not alter them4 ,he will now tell them to you1 father dear2 and ,i shall lie down for a couple of hours1 for indeed ,i want rest of both body and mind4 ,she then kissed her father again and again1 and blessed him1 or rather she prayed ,god to do so1 and went to her room4 ,father ,farrell then explained all ,winny's views to her distracted father1 observing1 as he had been enjoined to do1 the tenderest love and respect for the old man2 taking nothing for granted2 but at the same time showing the utmost confidence that all matters would still be arranged for his daughter in the same manner he had often explained to her to be his intention4 ,one step she was determined on1 ,father ,farrell said2 and that was to join a religious sisterhood of charity in the north4 ,nothing should ever tempt her to marry4 ,i'll sell this place at wance1 said old ,ned4 ,it's not a month since ,i had a rattlin' bid for it2 but my landlord--and he's member for the county1 you know--tould me with his own lips1 that if ever ,i had a mind to part with it1 he'd give me a hundred pounds more for it than any one else4 ,that was ,winny's wish1 ,ned2 and that you should remove with her to the north1 where she would settle you comfortably1 and where she could #bec see you almost every day in the week4 ,almost1 repeated old ,ned1 sorrowfully4 ,well1 perhaps every day1 ,ned1 for that matter4 ,well1 ,father ,farrell1 ,i would not wish to stay here any longer afther what has happened4 ,i'll sell the place out an' out at wance4 ,i have nothing to do but to write to my landlord4 ,i could not bear to be lookin' across at ,mick ,murdock's afther what tuck place4 ,i think my poor ,winny is right2 an' that it was the ,lord put it all into her head4 ,athen1 ,father ,farrell1 maybe it was yourself laid it down for the little girl8 ,no1 ,ned2 she laid it all down for me4 ,i was going to reason with her at first1 but she put her hand upon my mouth1 and told me to stop2 that nothing should alter her plans4 ,i considered her words1 ,ned1 for a while1 and ,i gave in2 not on account of her determination1 but because ,i thought she was right4 ,and ,i think so still2 even to the marrying of ,emon on his death-bed4 ,indeed1 ,father ,farrell1 you have aised my mind4 ,glory be to ,god that guided her6 ,amen1 said the priest4 ,father ,farrell had now in the kindest manner dealt with old ,ned ,cavana1 according to ,winny's wishes and instructions2 so that it was an easy matter for ,winny herself on that evening1 when she had joined her father after a refreshing sleep1 to explain more in detail her intentions as regarded herself1 and her wishes as regarded her friends--those capitals of counties which were marked on the map of her imagination4 ,old ,ned was like a child in her hands2 and no mother ever handled her first-born babe more fondly than ,winny dealt with her poor old father4 ,ducks an' dhrakes iv it1 ,winny asthore2 ducks an' dhrakes iv it1 ,winny dear6 ,isn't it all your own2 what do ,i want with it1 mavrone1 but to see you happy8 an' haven't you laid out a plan for both yourself an' myself that can't be bet1 ,winny mavoureen8 ,the old man was perfectly satisfied with the map1 and studied it so well that he had it by heart before he went to bed1 and could have told you the boundaries of all ,winny's wishes to the breadth of a hair1 as he kissed her for the last time that night4 ,i will spare the reader a detail of the melancholy cortge of poor ,emon-a-knock's funeral1 which proceeded from ,shanvilla to ,rathcash chapel-yard the day but one after4 ,winny had expressed a wish to attend it1 but had yielded to the joint advice of ,father ,farrell and ,father ,roche to resist the impulse4 ,emon-a-knock had been well and truly loved in life1 and was now sincerely regretted in death4 ,father ,farrell1 at the head of the procession1 was met by ,father ,roche bare-headed at the chapel-gate of ,rathcash1 and the melancholy ceremony was performed amidst the silent grief of the immense crowd around4 ,poor ,emon's last wish was complied with1 and he now occupied his last resting-place with the ,cavanas of ,rathcash4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv4 ,it was still about an hour after noon when ,winny beheld from the parlor window at which she stood a very exciting cavalcade upon the road1 slowly approaching the house4 ,at once she became acquainted with the whole concern4 ,the chief had fore-warned her that she might expect a visit from the magistrate the moment he returned2 and her intelligence at once recognized the addition of the police and prisoners some distance in rear of the car4 ,winny's heart beat quick and high as she saw them draw nigh and turn up the lane4 ,it would be mock heroism to say that it did not4 ,she knew #bed that ,tom ,murdock1 the murderer of her husband1 must be one of the prisoners1 but she did not know why they were bringing him there--for the police had now made the turn4 ,she thought the magistrate might have spared her that fresh excitement--that renewal of her hate4 ,but the magistrate was one of those who had anticipated the law by his sense of justice and his practice4 ,he was one who gave every one of his majesty's subjects fair play1 and it was therefore his habit to have the accused face to face with the accuser when informations were taken and read4 ,poor ,winny was rather fluttered and disturbed when they entered1 notwithstanding the chief had considerately prepared her for the visit4 ,she did not lose her self-possession1 however1 so much as to forget the respect and courtesy due to gentlemen1 beside being officers of the law4 ,she asked them down into the parlor1 and requested of them to be seated4 ,they accepted her civility in silence1 seeing enough in her manner to show them that she was greatly distressed1 and required a little time to compose herself'4 ,she was1 however1 the first to speak4 ,i suppose1 gentlemen1 you are come respecting this sad affair4 ,i told this gentleman here all ,i knew about it yesterday4 ,yes1 but matters are still worse today1 although there was no hope even then that they would be better4 ,of course it will relieve you so far at once to tell you that we are aware of the position in which you now stand toward the deceased4 ,yes1 sir4 ,it was with a wish that the world might know it ,i took the step ,i did4 ,i had ,father ,farrell's approval of it1 and my own parish-priest's as well2 but subsequently-- ,my good girl1 we did not come here to question the propriety or otherwise of either your actions or your motives4 ,nor do ,i for one hesitate to say that ,i believe both to have been unexceptionable4 ,but it will be necessary that you should make an information upon oath as to what took place from the first moment the men came to the door1 until the shot was fired by which ,edward ,lennon came by his death4 ,i suppose1 sir1 you must have much better evidence than mine as to the firing of the shot4 ,i can only swear to the fact of two men having tied me up and carried me away on a cart1 and that there was a third man on horseback with a mask upon his face2 that when we came to ,boher bridge1 the deceased ,edward ,lennon and his father came to our rescue2 that there was a long and distracting struggle at the bridge1 which lasted with very doubtful hopes of success for my deliverance until ,jamesy ,doyle1 our servant-boy1 came up with the police2 that the man on horseback with the mask1 whom ,i verily believe to have been ,thomas ,murdock1 turned to fly2 that the deceased ,edward ,lennon fastened in his horse's bridle to prevent him2 that a deadly struggle ensued between them1 and that the man on horseback fired at the deceased1 who fell1 ,i may say1 dead on the road4 ,the sight left my eyes1 sir1 and except that we brought the dying man home on the cart1 ,i know no more about it of my own knowledge1 sir4 ,a very plain1 straightforward1 honest story as ,i ever heard1 said the magistrate4 ,but it will be necessary for you1 when upon your oath1 to state whether you know1 that is1 whether you recognized1 the man on horseback at time4 ,i could not recognize his features1 sir1 on account of the mask he wore2 but ,i did recognize his voice as that of ,tom ,murdock1 and ,i know his figure and general appearance4 ,that will do now1 ,mrs4 ,lennon4 ,i shall only trouble you to repeat slowly and distinctly what you have already said1 so that ,i can write it down4 ,the magistrate then unlocked his leather writing-case1 took out the necessary forms for informations1 and was #bee not long embodying what ,winny had to say in premier shape4 ,he then went through the same form with old ,ned1 with ,biddy ,murtagh1 and with ,jamesy ,doyle4 ,when the magistrate had all the informations taken and arranged1 he directed ,sergeant ,driscoll to bring in the prisoners1 that he might read them over and swear the several informants in their presence4 ,winny became very nervous and fidgety1 and would have left the room1 but the magistrate assured her that it was absolutely necessary that she should remain1 at least while her own informations were being read4 ,he would read them first1 and she might then retire4 ,he regretted very much that it was necessary1 but he would not detain her more than a couple of minutes at most4 ,tom ,murdock and the other prisoner were then brought in2 and ,winny having identified the other man1 her informations were read in a loud1 distinct voice by the magistrate1 and she acknowledged herself bound1 etc1 etc4 ,you may now retire1 ,mrs4 ,lennon1 said the magistrate2 and she hastened to leave the room4 ,tom ,murdock stood near the door out of which she must pass1 his hands crossed below his breast in consequence of the handcuffs4 ,he knew that there was no chance of escape1 no hope of an alteration or mitigation of his doom in this world4 ,everything was too plain against him4 ,there were several witnesses to his deed of death1 and the damning words by which it was accompanied1 and he knew that the rope must be his end4 ,well1 he had purchased his revenge1 and he was willing to pay for it4 ,he determined1 therefore1 to put on the bravado1 and glut that revenge upon his still surviving victim4 ,emon-a-knock is dead4 ,miss ,cavana1 said he1 as ,winny would have passed him to the door1 her eyes fastened on the ground2 but not buried yet1 he added1 with a sardonic smile4 ,i wish ,i were free of these manacles1 that ,i might follow his remains to ,shanvilla chapel-yard4 ,you would go wrong1 she calmly reply4 ,he is indeed dead1 but not buried yet4 ,but he is my dead husband1 and will lie with the ,cavanas in the chapel-yard of ,rathcash1 and rise again with them2 and ,i would rather be possessed of the inheritance of the six feet of grass upon his grave than be mistress of ,rathcash1 and ,rathcashmore to boot4 ,where will you be buried1 ,tom ,murdock8 ,within the precincts of--the jail8 ,to rise with-but no6 ,i shall not condemn beyond the grave2 may ,god forgive you6 ,i cannot4 ,even ,tom ,murdock's stony heart was moved4 ,winny ,cavana1 do you think ,god can8 he said1 turning toward her2 but she had passed out of the door4 ,the magistrate then read the informations of the other witnesses1 while ,tom ,murdock and the other prisoner1 stood apparently listening1 though they heard not a word4 ,jamesy ,doyle's informations were word for word characteristic of himself4 ,he insisted upon having the flash of lightning inserted therein1 as an undoubted fact1 if ever he saw one knock a man down in his life4 ,the magistrate and the chief had then some conversation with old ,ned and ,winny1 who had returned at their request to the parlor4 ,it was of a general character1 but still respecting the melancholy occurrence1 or indeed occurrences1 the magistrate said1 for he had heard of the death of the man who had been killed by the watch-dog4 ,ere they left they took ,jamesy aside upon this subject1 as the only person who knew anything of this part of the business1 and the magistrate requested him to state distinctly what he knew of the transaction4 ,jamesy was distinct enough1 as the reader will believe1 from the specimens he has already had of his style of communicating facts4 ,tell me1 my good boy1 said the magistrate1 did you set the dog at #bef the deceased8 laying a strong emphasis on the word4 ,beghorra1 your honor1 ,bully-dhu didn't want any settin' at all4 ,the minnit he seen the man inside in the kitchen1 he stuck in his thrapple at wanst4 ,i knew he'd hould him till ,i come back1 an' ,i med off for the police4 ,are you aware1 my young champion1 that if you set the dog at the deceased you would be guilty of manslaughter at least1 if not murder8 ,of murdher1 is id8 ,oh1 tare anages1 what's this for8 ,begorra1 af that be law it isn't justice4 ,didn't they tie th' ould masther neck an' heels8 ,didn't they tie ,miss ,winny and carry her off to murdher her1 or maybe worse8 ,didn't they tie ,biddy ,murtagh8 and wouldn't they ha' tied me af they could get hoult of me8 an' would you want ,bully-dhu to sit on his boss1 lookin' on at all that1 your honor8 ,that may be all true1 ,jamesy1 but ,i do not think the law would exonerate you1 for all that1 if you set the dog at the deceased man4 ,well1 begorra1 ,i pointed at the man1 your honor2 but ,i tell you ,bully-dhu wanted no settin' at him at all2 af he did ,i'd have given it to him2 and ,i think the law would onerate me for that same4 ,see here now1 your honor4 ,af th' ould masther had a double-barrel gun1 an' shot the two men as dead as mutton that was goin' to tie him up1 wouldn't the law be well plaised wid him8 and if ,i had a pistol1 an' shot every man iv 'em1 wouldn't your honor make a chief iv me at least1 instead of sending me to jail8 and why wouldn't ,bully-dhu1 who had on'y a pair of double-barrel tusks1 do his part an' help us8 ,i'm feedin' an' taichin' that dog1 your honor1 since he was a whelp1 an' he never disappointed me yet--there now6 ,there was certainly natural logic in all this1 which the magistrate1 with all his experience of the law1 found it difficult to contradict4 ,a notion had come into his head at one time that if ,jamesy ,doyle had set the dog at ,john ,fahy1 he might be guilty of his death1 notwithstanding the said ,john ,fahy had been committing a felony at the time4 ,but there was no proof that he had set the dog at the man beyond his own admission1 and the question had not been raised4 ,jamesy was willing to avow his responsibility1 as far as it went1 in the most open and candid manner1 and not only that1 but to justify it1 which he had indeed done in a most extraordinary1 clever manner4 ,then what had been his conduct all through8 ,had it not been that of a courageous1 faithful boy1 who had risked his own life in obstructing the escape of the murderer8 and was he not the most material witness they had--the only one who had never lost sight of the man who had shot ,edward ,lennon1 until he himself had secured him for the police8 ,no1 no1 reflected the magistrate2 it would be absurd to hold ,jamesy ,doyle liable for anything1 but the most qualified approbation of his conduct from first to last4 ,well1 ,jamesy1 said he1 out of these thoughts1 we will take your own opinion in favor of yourself for the present4 ,there is no doubt of your being forthcoming at the next assizes8 ,begorra1 your honor1 ,i'll stick to the ould masther and ,miss ,winny1 an' ,i don't think they're likely to lave this4 ,that will do1 ,jamesy4 ,come1 ,mr4----1 ,i think we have taken up almost enough of these poor people's time4 ,we may be going4 ,a word or two about old ,mick ,murdock ere we close this chapter1 as the reader1 not having seen or heard of him for some days1 will no doubt be curious to know what he had been doing1 and how he comported himself during so trying and exciting a scene4 ,during the period which ,tom had spent in the obscure little public-house #beg upon the mountain road in the county ,cavan1 his own report that1 he had gone to the north had done him no service2 for the addition which he had tacked to it1 about going to get married to a rich young lady1 was not believed by a single person for whose deception it had been spread abroad4 ,that sort of thing had been so often repeated without fulfilment that people reversed the cry of the wolf upon the subject4 ,there was nothing now for it with those to whom ,tom was indebted but to go to his father1 in hopes of some arrangement being made to even secure them in their money4 ,several bills of exchange--some overdue1 and some not yet at maturity--with his name across them1 were brought to old ,mick for sums varying from ten to fifteen and twenty pounds4 ,old ,mick quietly pronounced them one and all to be forgeries4 ,tom and he had had some very sharp words before he went away4 ,he had called the poor old man a ----old niggard to his face1 and he heard the words cannot lost very long1 as ,tom slapped the door behind him4 ,old ,mick would have only fretted at all this had his son returned in a reasonable time to his home1 and1 as usual1 made promises of amendment1 or had even written to him4 ,it was the first time that ever a forged acceptance had been presented to him for payment1 and ,tom's prolonged absence without any preconcerted object to account for it weighed heavily upon the old man's heart as to his son's real character4 ,tom was all this time1 as the reader is aware1 planning a bold stroke to secure ,winny ,cavana's fortune to pay off these forgeries4 ,but we have seen with what a miserable result4 ,it was impossible to hide the glaring fact of ,tom ,murdock's apprehension and committal to jail upon the dreadful charge of murder from his father4 ,it rang from one end of the parish to the other4 ,but instead of rushing to meet his son1 clapping his hands1 and exclaiming1 ,oh6 wiristhrue1 wiristhrue6 what's this for8 poor old ,mick was completely prostrated by the news2 and there he lay in his bed1 unable to move hand or foot from the poignancy of his grief and disgrace4 ,if ,tom ,murdock has broken his poor old father's heart1 and he never rises from that bed1 it is only another item in his great account4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv4 ,the reader will recollect that the incidents recorded in the two last chapters took place toward the latter end of ,june4 ,we will1 therefore1 have time1 before the assizes come on1 to let him know how far ,winny's fancy map was perfected4 ,for herself1 then1 first4 ,she had determined to become a member of a convent in the north of ,ireland1 giving up the world with all its vanities--she knew nothing of its pomps--and devoting her time1 her talents1 and whatever money she might finally possess1 to religious and charitable purposes4 ,she had not delayed long after the magistrate and the chief had left1 and she had experienced a refreshing sleep1 in taking her father into her confidence to the fullest extent of her intuitions1 not only as regarded herself1 but with respect to those friends whom she had set down upon the map to be provided for4 ,father1 she said1 continuing a conversation1 there is no use in your moving such a thing to me4 ,it is no matter at what time you project it for me2 my mind is made up beyond even the consideration of the question4 ,i will never marry4 ,do not1 like a dear good father that you have ever been1 move it to me any more4 ,indeed1 ,winny1 ,i could not add a word more than ,i have already sed2 an' if that fails to bring you round1 #beh share ,i'm dumb1 ,winny asthore4 ,god's will be done6 ,i'm dumb4 ,it is his will ,i am seeking1 father4 ,what matter if we are the last of the ,cavanas1 as you say8 ,beside1 my children would not be ,cavanas2 recollect that1 father4 ,i know that1 ,winny jewel2 but they'd be of th' ould stock all the same4 ,their grandfather would be a ,cavana1 if he lived to see them4 ,be thankful for what you have1 father dear4 ,there never was a large clan of a name but some one of them brought grief to it4 ,ay1 ,winny asthore2 but there is always wan that makes up for it by their superior goodness4 ,look at me that never had but the wan1 an' wasn't she1 an' isn't she1 a threasure to me all the days of my life8 ,look at that1 ,winny4 ,and there is your next-door neighbor1 father1 never had but the one1 and instead of a treasure1 has he not been a curse8 ,look you at that1 father4 ,old ,ned was silent for some moments1 and ,winny did not wish to interrupt his thoughts4 ,she hoped he was coming quite round to her way of thinking with respect to her never getting married2 and she was right4 ,well1 ,winny asthore1 he said1 after a pause1 shure you're doin' a good turn for your sowl hereafther at any rate2 an' ,i'll be led an' sed by your own sinse of goodness in the matther4 ,for myself1 ,winny1 wheresomever you go ,i'll go1 where ,i'll see you sometimes--as often as you can1 ,winny4 ,be my time long or short1 ,i know that you will never see me worse1 if not betther nor what ,i always was4 ,but it isn't aisy to lave this place1 ,winny asthore1 where ,i'm livin' since ,i was the hoith of your knee with your grandfather an' your grandmother--,god rest their sowls6 ,there isn't a pebble in the long walk in the garden1 nor a pavin'-stone in the yard1 that ,i couldn't place upon paper forenent you there this minnit1 and tell you the color of them every wan4 ,there's scarcely a blade of grass in the pasthure-fields that ,i couldn't remember where it grows in my dhrames4 ,there isn't a furze-blossom in the big ditch but what ,i'd know it out iv the bud it cum from4 ,there isn't a thrush nor a blackbird about the place but what ,i know themselves an' their whistles as well as ,i know your own song from ,biddy ,murtagh's or ,jamesy ,doyle's4 ,not a robin-redbreast in the garden1 ,winny1 that doesn't know me as well as ,i know you2 an' ,i could tell you the difference between the very chaffinches--,i could1 ,winny1 ,i could4 ,i know all that1 father dear1 and ,i know it will not be easy to break up all them happy thoughts in your mind4 ,but then you know1 father dear1 ,i could not stop here looking across at the house where that man lived4 ,god help me1 father1 ,i do not know what to do6 ,poor old ,ned saw that she was distressed1 and was sorry he had drawn such a picture of his former happiness at ,rathcash4 ,the recollection of these little matters had run upon his tongue1 but it was not with any intention of using them as an argument to change ,winny's plans4 ,winny1 he said1 ,i didn't mane to fret you2 shure ,i know what you say is all thrue4 ,i could not stop here myself no more nor what you could1 ,winny1 afther what has happened4 ,dear me1 ,winny jewel1 how soon you seen through that fellow1 an' how glad ,i am that you didn't give in to me6 ,but now1 ,winny asthore1 let us quit talking of him1 and listen to what ,i have to say to you4 ',tis just this4 ,my landlord1 who you know is member for the county1 tould me any time ,i had a mind to sell my intherest in ,rathcash1 that he'd give me a hundred pounds more for it than any one else4 ,i'll write to him tomorrow1 plaise ,god1 about it4 ,you know ,jerry ,carty8 ,well1 he is afther offerin' me seven hundred #bei pounds into my fist for my good-will of the place4 ,as good luck would have it1 ,i did not put any price upon it when my landlord spoke to me about sellin' it4 ,i can tell him now that ,i have a mind to sell it1 an' ,i won't hide the raison aidher4 ,i can let him know what ,carty is willin' to give me for it1 an' he's sure to give me eight hundred pounds4 ,you know1 ,winny1 that your six hundred pounds is in the bank b'arin' intherest for you1 an' what you don't dhraw is added to it every half year4 ,but that's naidher here nor there1 ,winny1 for it will be all your own the very moment this place is sould1 an'1 as ,i sed before1 you may make ducks and dhrakes iv it4 ,shure ,i know1 ,winny1 that'll you never see me want for a haporth while ,i last1 be it long or short4 ,but1 ,winny dear1 let us live in the wan house2 that's all ,i ax1 mavourneen macree4 ,that will be about fourteen hundred pounds in all1 father4 ,a thrifle more nor that1 ,i think1 ,winny4 ,maybe you did not know how much or how little it was1 when you laid it out the way you tould me4 ,no1 not exactly1 father2 but ,i knew ,i must have been very much within the mark2 ,i took care of that4 ,go over it again for me1 ,winny dear1 af it wouldn't be too much throuble4 ,not in the least1 father4 ,you know ,i took ,kate ,mulvey first1 and determined to settle three hundred pounds upon her for a fortune against 'she meets with some young man1' as the song says4 ,and ,i believe1 father1 ,phil ,m',dermott1 the whitesmith1 will be about the man4 ,he is very fond of ,kate1 but he would not marry any woman until he had saved enough of money to set up a house comfortly and decently upon4 ,three hundred pounds fortune with ,kate will set them up in good style1 and ,i shall see the best friend ,i ever had happy4 ,then1 father1 there are the ,lennons1 my poor dear husband's parents1 whom ,i shall next consider4 ,pat ,lennon1 poor ,emon's father1 risked his life most manfully in my defence4 ,were it not for his resolute attack upon the two men with the cart1 and the obstruction he gave them1 they would have carried me through the pass long before the police and ,jamesy ,doyle came up2 and the probability is that you would never have seen your poor ,winny again4 ,i purpose purchasing the good-will of that little farm and house from which the ,murphys are about to emigrate1 and settle a small gratuity upon them during their lives4 ,annuity1 ,i suppose you mane1 ,winny2 but it's no matther4 ,how much will that take1 ,winny8 ,about two hundred pounds1 father1 including the--what is it you call it1 father8' ,annuity1 ,winny1 annuity2 ,i didn't think you were so-- ,annuity1 she repeated before he had got the other word out1 and he was glad afterward4 ,well1 ,winny1 that's only five hundred out of somethin' over six4 ,then ,i'll give ,biddy ,murtagh a hundred pounds1 and she must live as cook and house-maid with ,kate2 and ,i'll lodge twenty pounds in the savings-bank for ,jamesy ,doyle4 ,perhaps ,i owe him more than the whole of them put together4 ,that will be the first duck1 ,winny4 ,how is that1 father8' ,why1 it's well beyant the six hundred1 ,winny1 which was all you were goin' upon at first2 but you may now begin with whatever we get by the sale of ,rathcash4 ,well1 father1 ,i would only wish to suggest the distribution of that1 for you know ,i have no call to it1 and ,god grant that it may be a long day until ,i have4 ,faix1 an' ,winny1 af that be so1 you've left yourself bare enough4 ,but don't be talkin' nonsense1 child4 ,what would ,i want with it8 ,won't #bfj you take care iv me1 ,winny asthore8 an' won't you want the most iv it where you are agoin8 an' didn't you tell me already that you'd like me to let you give it to the charities of that religious establishment8 ,shure1 there's no use in my askin' you any more not to go into it4 ,none indeed1 father1 for ,i am resolved upon it4 ,but you shall live in the town with me1 and ,i can take care of you the same as if ,i was in the house with you4 ,there shall be nothing that you can want or wish for that you shall not have1 and no day that it is possible that ,i will not see you4 ,what more had ,i here1 ,winny1 except the crops coming round from the seed to the harvest1 an' the cattle1 an' the grass1 an' the birds in the bushes8 ,dear1 oh dear1 yes6 ,hadn't ,i yourself1 ,winny asthore1 forenent me at breakust1 dinner1 an' supper2 an' warn't you for ever talkin' to me of an evenin'1 with your stitchin' or your knittin' across your lap2 an'1 ,winny jewel1 wasn't your light song curling through the yard1 an' the house1 afore ,i was up in the mornin'8 ,but now--now--,winny--oh1 ,winny asthore1 mavourneen macree6 but your poor old father will miss yourself1 no matther how kind your plans may be for his comfort4 ,shure1 the very knowledge that you were asleep in the house with me was a blessin'4 ,father1 she said1 ,god bless you6 ,i will be back with you in a few minutes--do not fret2 and she left him1 and shut herself up in her room4 ,but he did fret2 and he was no sooner alone than the big tears burst uncontrollably forth into a pocket-handkerchief1 which he continued to sop against his face4 ,winny had thrown herself upon her knees at the bedside1 and prayed to ,god to guide her4 ,her thoughts and prayers were too dignified and holy for tears4 ,but they had made a free course to the pinnacle of the mercy-seat1 and she rose with her soul refreshed by the glory which had responded to her cry for guidance4 ,she returned to her father1 a radiant smile of anticipated pleasure playing round her beautiful lips4 ,there was no sign of grief1 or even of emotion1 on her cheeks4 ,father1 she said1 ,i have been seeking guidance from the ,almighty in this matter2 and the old saying that 'charity begins at home'--that is moral charity in this instance--has been suggested to my heart4 ,we shall not part1 father1 even temporarily4 ,where you live1 ,i shall live4 ,i have been told1 father1 just now1 while upon my knees1 that to do all the good ,i have projected need not oblige me to join as an actual member of any charitable or religious society4 ,no1 father1 ,i can carry out all my plans without the necessity of living apart from you2 we will therefore1 father dear1 still live together4 ,but let us remove when this place is sold to ,b----1 where the establishment ,i have spoken of is situated1 and there1 with my knitting or my stitching on my lap before you in the evenings1 ,i can carry on all my plans in connection with the institution without being an actual member1 which might involve the necessity of my living in the house4 ,but1 father dear1 ,i hope you do not disapprove of any of them1 or of the distribution of the money1 so far as ,i have laid it out4 ,it was then quietly and finally arranged between them that as soon as ,rathcash was sold1 and the stock and furniture disposed of1 they would remove to ,b----1 in a northern county4 ,they there intended to take a small house1 either in the town or precincts--the latter old ,ned preferred--where ,winny could join the ,sisters of ,charity1 at least in her acts1 if not as a resident member4 ,the money was to be disposed of as ,winny had laid out1 and legal deeds were to be prepared and perfected2 and poor ,winny1 notwithstanding the sudden cloud which had darkened the blue heaven of her #bfa life1 was to be as happy as the day was long4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi4 ,within a month from the scene between ,winny and her father described above1 ,rathcash bad been purchased and paid for4 ,there had been a great auction of the stock1 crops1 and furniture4 ,the house was shut up1 the door locked1 and the windows bolted4 ,no smoke curled from the brick chimneys through the poplars4 ,no sleek dark-red cows stood swinging their tails and licking their noses1 while a fragrant smell of luscious milk rose through the air4 ,no cock crew1 no duck quacked1 no ,turkey gobbled1 and no goose gabbled4 ,no dog bayed the moon by night4 ,bully-dhu was at the flitting4 ,the corn-stands and haggard were naked and cold1 and the grass was beginning to grow before the door4 ,the whole place seemed solitary and forlorn1 awaiting a new tenant1 or whatever plans the proprietor might lay out for its future occupation4 ,winny and her father had torn themselves from the spot hallowed to the old man by years of uninterrupted happiness1 and to the young girl by the memory of a blissful childhood and the first sunshine of the bright hope which is nearest to a woman's heart1 until that fatal night when vengeful crime broke in and snapt both spells asunder4 ,rathcash and ,rathcashmore had been a byword in the mouths of young and old for the nine days limited for the wonder of such things4 ,if the goodness of his only child had broken the heart of one old man from the reflection that her earthly happiness had been hopelessly blighted1 and his fond plans and prospects for her crushed for ever1 the villany and wickedness of another had not been less certain in a similar result4 ,old ,mick ,murdock--ere his son stood before an earthly tribunal to answer for his crimes--had been summoned before the court of heaven4 ,the assizes came round1 the charge was prepared1 the judge was arrayed--a most terrible show4 ,old ,cavana and his daughter were1 as a matter of course1 summoned by the crown for the prosecution1 as were also ,pat ,lennon1 ,jamesy ,doyle1 ,biddy ,murtagh1 and the policemen who had come to the rescue4 ,old ,ned was the first witness1 ,winny the second1 ,jamesy ,doyle the third4 ,then ,biddy ,murtagh and ,pat ,lennon1 and finally1 before the doctor's medical evidence was given1 the policemen who came to the rescue1 particularly he who had seen the shot fired and the man fall4 ,this closed the evidence for the ,crown4 ,there was no case1 there could be no case1 for the prisoner1 beyond the futile cross-examination of the witnesses1 by an able and tormenting counsellor1 old ,bob ,b----y1 whose experience in this instance was worse than useless4 ,the reader need hardly follow on to the result4 ,tom ,murdock was convicted and sentenced to death2 and ere three weeks had elapsed he had paid the penalty of an ungovernable temper and a revengeful disposition upon the scaffold4 ,poor ,winny had pleaded hard with the counsel for the crown1 and even with the attorney-general himself--who prosecuted in person--that ,tom ,murdock might be permitted to plead guilty to the abduction1 and be sentenced to transportation for life4 ,but the attorney-general1 who had all the informations by heart1 said that the animus had been manifest all through1 from even prior to the hurling-match1 which was alluded to by the prisoner himself as he fired the shot1 and that he would most certainly arraign the prisoner for the murder4 ,and so he was found guilty2 and ,winny1 with her heart full of plans of peace and charity1 was obliged to forge the first link in a chain the #bfb succeeding ones of which dragged ,tom ,murdock to an ignominious grave4 ,old ,ned and ,winny1 accompanied by faithful ,bully-dhu1 had returned to ,b----1 where the old man read and loitered about1 watching every figure which approached1 hoping to see his angel girl pass on some mission of holy charity1 dressed in her black hood and cape4 ,accompanied by ,bully-dhu1 he picked up every occurrence in the street1 and compiled them in his memory1 to amuse ,winny in the evenings1 in return for her descriptions of this or that case of distress which she had relieved4 ,thus they told story about1 not very unlike tragedy and farce6 ,a sufficient time had now elapsed1 not only for the deeds to have been perfected1 but for the provisions which they set forth to have been carried out4 ,pat ,lennon had already removed to the comfortable cottage upon the snug little farm which had been purchased for him by ,winny1 and the annuity she had settled upon him was bearing interest in the savings-bank at ,c4 ,o4 ,s4 ,phil ,m',dermott was one of the best to do men in that side of the country1 and his wife 7if you can guess who she was7 was the nicest and the handsomest he 7now that ,winny was gone7 that you'd meet with in the congregation of the three chapels within four miles of where she lived4 ,jamesy ,doyle had been transferred--head1 body1 and bones--to the establishment1 where he excelled himself in everything which was good and useful and--handy4 ,many a figary was got from time to time after him in the forge1 filed up bright and nice1 and if he does not sorely belie his abilities and aptitude1 he will one day become a whitesmith of no mean reputation4 ,biddy ,murtagh was to have gone as cook and thorough servant to ,mrs4 ,m',dermott2 but the hundred pounds which had been lodged to her credit in the bank soon smoothed the way between her and ,denis ,murrican--a ,shanvilla boy1 you will guess--who induced her to become cook1 but not thorough servant1 ,i hope1 to himself2 so ,kate ,m',dermott--how strange it seems not to write ',kate ,mulvey'6--was obliged to get somebody else4 ,poor ,winny1 blighted in her own hopes of this world's happiness1 had turned her thoughts to a surer and more abiding source4 ,she had seen her plans for the happiness of those she loved carried out to a success almost beyond her hopes4 ,her poor old father1 getting whiter and whiter as the years rolled on1 attained a ripe and good old age1 blessed in the fond society of the only being whom he loved on earth4 ,winny herself found too large a field for individual charity and good to think of joining any society1 however estimable1 during her father's lifetime1 and was emphatically the ,sister of ,charity in the singular number4 ,but poor old ,ned has long since passed away from this scene of earthly cares1 and sleeps in peace in his own chapel-yard1 between two tombs4 ,long as the journey was1 ,winny had the courage and self-control to come with her father's bier1 and see his coffin laid beside that of him who had been so rudely snatched away1 and whom she had so devotedly loved4 ,poor ,bully-dhu was at the funeral1 and gazed into the fresh-made grave in silent1 dying grief4 ,when all was over1 and the last green sod slapped down upon the mound1 he could nowhere be found4 ,he had suddenly eluded all observation4 ,but ere a week had passed by1 he was found dead upon his master's grave1 after the whole neighborhood had been terrified by a night of the most dismal howling which was ever heard4 ,winny returned to the sphere of her usefulness and hope1 where for many years she continued to exercise a course of unselfish charity1 which made many a heart sing for joy4 #bfc ,but she1 too1 passed away1 and was brought home to her last resting-place in ,rathcash chapel-yard1 where the three tombs are still to be seen4 ,were she now alive she would yet be a comparatively young woman1 not much past sixty-four or sixty-five years of age4 ,but it pleased ,god1 in his inscrutable ways1 to remove her from the circle of all her bounty and her love4 ,had it not been so1 this tale would not have yet been written4 ------ ,,original4 ,,requiem ,,aeternam4 ,lo6 another pilgrim1 weary ,with his toils1 hath reached the goal4 ,and we lift our ,miserere ,for the dear departed soul2 ,god of pity and of love6 ,may he reign with thee above6 ,by the pleasures he surrendered1 ,by the cross so meekly borne4 ,by the heart so early tendered4 ,by each sharp and secret thorn1 ,and by every holy deed-- ,for our brother's rest we plead6 ',mid the throng who rest contented1 ,earth to him was but a waste4 ,and the sweets this life presented1 ,were but wormwood to his taste4 ,faith had taught him from the first ,for the fount of life to thirst ,faith1 the sun that rose to brighten ,all his pathway from the font3 ,then no phantom e'er could frighten1 ,nor the sword of pain or want3 ,for1 he said1 though pain be strong1 ,time shall vanquish it ere long4 ,when he spoke of things eternal1 ,how the transient seemed to fade6 ,and we saw the goods supernal ,stand revealed without a shade3 ,surely 'twas a spirit spoke1 ,was the thought his language woke4 #bfd ,thought prophetic6 now a spirit ,speaketh from the world unseen3 ,and the faith we1 too1 inherit ,telleth what the tidings mean3 ,friend and stranger6 oh1 prepare-- ,make the wedding garment fair4 ,yet our brother's strength was mortal2 ,bore he naught of earthly taint8 ,did he pass the guarded portal ,in the armor of a saint8 ,lord of holiness6 with dread ,on this awful ground we tread4 ,he was merciful and tender ,to the erring and the weak2 ,therefore will thy pity render ,unto him the grace we seek4 ,whilst we bring to mercy's fount ,pledges uttered on the ,mount4 ,he remembered the departed ,as we now remember him3 ,bright1 and true1 and simple-hearted4 ,till the lamp of life grew dim3 ,friend was he of youth and age-- ,now a child--and now a sage4 ,if those footsteps unreturning ,leave on earth no lasting trace3 ,if no kindred heart be yearning ,tearful in his vacant place3 ,if oblivion be his lot ,here below1 we murmur not2 ,only let his portion be ,evermore1 dear ,lord1 with thee6 ,,marie4 ,beaver1 ,,pa4 ------ #bfe ,from ,the ,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,,tinted ,,sketches ,,in ,,madeira4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,notwithstanding that ,madeira enjoys an imperishable distinction for its matchless scenery1 its sunny skies1 and its healthful climate1 yet the character of its inhabitants seems to have been but little studied1 and still less the singular usages and customs which indicate their nationality4 ,impressed with the idea that to supply some information on these particulars might heighten the interest experienced for the ,madeirans as an isolated little community1 ,i have compiled a few pages descriptive of their social and domestic life1 intending them1 however1 merely as supplementary to the valuable information afforded by others4 ,passing over the novel and amusing circumstance of landing at ,funchal1 which has already been so often described1 ,i find myself in a boi-caro1 or ox-car1 traversing narrow and intricate streets2 the murmur of waters and soft strains of instrumental music saluting my ear1 while a faint perfumed breeze stirs the curtains of my caro4 ,by some travellers the boi-caro has been likened to the body of a calche placed on a sledge1 but to me it neither had then1 nor has it assumed since1 any other appearance than that of a four-post bed1 curtained with oil-cloth1 lined with some bright-colored calico1 and having comfortably cushioned seats4 ,it is made of light1 strong timber1 secured on a frame shod with iron4 ,a pair of fat1 sleek oxen are yoked to this odd-looking carriage1 while from thongs passed through their horns bits of carved ivory or bone hang on their foreheads to protect them from the influence of ,malochio or ,evil-eye4 ,half an hour brought me to my destination1 ,no4--1 ,rua ,san ,francisco4 ,this house in its structure resembles the generality of the better class of houses in the island1 the sleeping-rooms being sacrificed to the magnificence of the reception-rooms1 the vastness of which appears to mock the ordinary wants of daily life4 ,the walls are pure white1 lined with prints1 paintings1 and mirrors2 the floors are either covered with oil-cloth or highly polished2 and the windows are shaded by lace curtains and ,venetian blinds2 the furniture is modern1 and of ,english manufacture4 ,i have been thus minute because the interiors of all the superior dwellings have the same general character4 ,i cannot1 however1 say the same with regard to the tastes and habits of the occupants4 ,the ,british prince-merchant1 with his spirit1 his intelligence1 and his philanthropy1 gives his days to the busy cares of life1 and his evenings to the quiet enjoyments of home2 while the ,madeiran gentleman passes his days in luxurious indolence1 and his evenings in crowded rooms4 ,the ladies present an equally strong contrast1 and yet1 during one short period in each day1 their tastes and purposes seem to assimilate3 when the brief and beautiful twilight1 with its freshness1 its odors1 and its music1 induces even the exclusive ,english-women to appear in the shaded balcony1 and find amusement in the passing scenes4 ,at this hour the peasantry may be seen returning to their homes in little parties of four or five1 each group being accompanied by a musician playing on the national instrument1 the machtes1 or guitarette1 and singing some plaintive air in which1 occasionally1 all join4 ,no sooner has one group passed1 than the sweet1 soft intonations of other songsters are heard #bff approaching4 ,sometimes two or even more parties will enter the street at the same time1 when they at once take up alternate parts1 and that with such perfect taste and harmony that when the notes begin to die away in the distance the listener's car is aching with attention4 ,these songs are usually of their own composition1 and are improvised for the occasion4 ,they have but few national ballads1 and of these the subjects are either the mischief-loving ,malochio1 or ,macham and the unhappy ,lady ,anna1 or the fable of ,madeira's having been cast up by the sea covered with magnificent forests of cedar1 which afterward1 catching fire from a sun-beam1 burned for seven years1 and then from the heated soil produced the luxuriant vegetation with which it is now clothed4 ,it must not be supposed1 however1 that the peasantry are of a melancholy disposition because it is their custom to make choice of plaintive music to time their footsteps when returning at the close of a golden day to their homes by the sea or on the rugged mountain heights4 ,on the contrary1 the character of their minds combines all the variety of the scenes amongst which they were nurtured1 though the leading trait is a desire for the gay and fanciful1 whether in dress or amusement2 ,while they regard neither money nor time in comparison with the gratification of witnessing the numerous ceremonies and pageants which every other day fill the streets with richly-dad trains of ecclesiastics1 flashing cavalcades1 and troops of youths and maidens in festive wreaths and gay attire4 ,the season of ,lent affords them almost daily opportunities for the indulgence of this taste4 ,at an early hour of the ,monday morning in the first week in ,lent the ordinary stillness of the town is interrupted by loud and clamorous sounds1 such as sometimes assail the ear in a ,european town1 at midnight1 when bands of revellers are reeling toward their homes4 ,laughter1 song1 instrumental music1 and the unsteady tramp of a crowd meet the startled ear1 suggesting the idea of the proximity of a disorderly multitude4 ,opening the window cautiously you look down into the street1 and behold bands of men in masks and habited in every variety of strange and ridiculous costume4 ,some few1 however1 display both taste and wealth in the choice of their disguises1 but the generality of the crowd in their tawdry attire and hideous masks appear to have studied only effectual concealment4 ,for some hours party after party continue to pass through the street1 and as they knock loudly at the doors1 and even call on the inhabitants by name1 you discover that a feeling of impatience to have the shops opened and the ordinary routine of business commenced is common to all1 and1 if not gratified1 may manifest itself in some open act of aggression4 ,slowly and with evident reluctance the houses are opened1 while the curious and amused faces of children and servants may be seen peeping from the trellised balconies down on the noisy crowd4 ,after a time a few men in ordinary costume begin to appear in the street1 trying to look unconscious and unsuspicious of any danger1 and hurrying forward with the important pre-occupied air of men of business4 ,but neither their courage nor cunning avails them anything4 ,a shower of stale eggs breaking on the stalwart shoulders of one merchant reminds him that the more grave and ,english-like is his demeanor1 the more is he regarded as the proper subject for mirth2 while a plate of flour thrown over another would send a dusty miller instead of a dandy flying into some open door for shelter1 followed by the derisive laughter of the insolent crowd4 ,amazed at such an exhibition of unchecked violence1 the stranger inquires the meaning of the scene1 and learns that it is merely the customary way of celebrating in ,funchal the day known as ,shrove ,tuesday1 the people having from time immemorial #bfg enjoyed an established license to indulge on that day in such rude practical jokes as are warranted by the usages of all carnival seasons4 ,i may here observe that the ,madeirans reckon their days from noon to noon1 instead of from midnight to midnight1 though their impatience for frolic and mischief frequently leads them1 as on the present occasion1 into the error of beginning the day some hours too soon4 ,when1 however1 celebrating religious festivals1 or on days set apart for fasting and invoking of their patron saints--,nossa ,senhora do ,monte and ,sant ,jago ,minor--they carefully adhere to the established rule4 ,as the day advances the crowd becomes bolder1 and no one1 no matter what his age1 rank1 or nation1 is suffered to pass unmolested4 ,these coarse carnival jests are continued not only through the day but through the night1 and until noon the next day1 when the firing of cannon from the fort announces the cessation of the privilege of outraging society with impunity4 ,although1 however1 practical joking is prohibited from that moment until the next anniversary of the same day1 masquerading is allowed from ,shrove ,tuesday till the week after ,easter1 the ,english being the chief1 if not the only1 objects for raillery and ridicule4 ,in general the most amicable feelings exist between the ,madeirans and all foreigners1 yet the lower classes of the natives appear to derive the utmost satisfaction in being openly permitted to caricature the ,english1 and under favor of their privileged disguise to display ,john's eccentricities and weaknesses in the most ludicrous light1 while the jealousy of the authorities prohibits on his part the most distant approach to retaliation4 ,as the last echo of the warning gun died away amongst the hills1 the sun's position in the heavens indicated the hour of noon1 and instantly the musical peals of numerous bells came floating to the ear from every direction1 while above their sweet harmonious sounds is heard the booming of cannon from the vessels anchored in the roads1 and the loud blasts of trumpets from the fort and the barracks4 ,a stranger might be excused for supposing that the people were about to renew the carnival1 whereas they were only announcing1 in conformity with ecclesiastical law1 the commencement of the season of ,lent4 ,this was the first day1 or ,ash ,wednesday1 though by our manner of computing time it was still the noon of ,tuesday4 ,at one o'clock the roar of artillery from the ,loo ,rock and the shipping was silent1 the martial strains ceased1 but the bells at short intervals continued to ring out their melodious summons1 which was responded to by hundreds of persons in ordinary costume1 all moving in the direction of the s1 or cathedral1 in the ,praca ,constitutionel4 ,mingling with this decorous portion of the crowd were many of the most grotesquely attired masques of the previous day1 whose antics and buffoonery1 jests and laughter1 formed the oddest contrast to the costume and bearing of the others4 ,meanwhile1 by one of those sudden changes so common in tropical climates1 the sky1 which a short time before was so blue and serene1 began to show signs of a gathering storm4 ,there was an ominous stillness in the atmosphere1 the dull leaden color overhead was shedding its gloom everywhere1 and ,i heard voices from the crowd exclaiming1 ,hasten forward there1 the rain is coming--hasten6 ,a few big drops just then fell with a plashing sound1 and in a second or two afterward down1 with a terrific noise1 poured the fierce wild rain1 coming on the streets with the noise of a waterfall1 while on the house-tops it fell with a sharp rattle1 as if every drop was a paving-stone4 ,in a few moments from the commencement of the rain the people had all disappeared1 the streets had assumed the appearance of rushing streams1 while the three fiumeras traversing the town kept up an #bfh unceasing roar1 as the swollen waters rushed plunging toward the sea4 ,formerly these fiumeras were uninclosed1 and consequently after heavy rains the torrents would enlarge their borders1 spreading out on every side and encompassing the town1 until it assumed the appearance of having been built in the midst of waves and currents4 ,now1 however1 walls of strong masonry attest the wisdom and industry of the modern ,madeirans1 and between these the rivers flow in shallow musical streams in summer1 or sweep on in deep1 sullen floods during the rainy seasons in spring and autumn4 ,it sometimes1 however1 happens that1 though the rivers can no longer overleap their boundaries to career round pillared edifices and lay bare their foundations1 or1 sweeping up into their fierce embrace cottages and their inmates1 inclosures and their stalled cattle1 hurry with them into the blue depths of the bay of ,funchal1 they still1 when increased by these mountain torrents1 which on leaving the heights are but whispering streamlets1 gathering depth and strength in their descent1 will send boulders of many tons weight over the high broad walls1 followed by giant trees1 planks of timber1 and jagged branches1 as if from the heaving bosom of the angry waters rocks and withered boughs are flung off with equal ease4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,from the period alluded to in the last chapter1 namely1 the beginning of ,lent1 processions and public ceremonies become of such frequent recurrence that ,i must either pass over a period of some weeks or fill a volume in describing them4 ,believing the former course to be the wisest1 ,i shall pass on to the fourth ,sunday in ,lent4 ,from an early hour in the morning every bell-tower had been awakening the echoes with its musical clamor1 and every hamlet and village had responded to the summons by sending forth crowds of hardy inhabitants in their best attire1 to join the gaily dressed multitudes thronging through the narrow1 angular streets of ,funchal toward the ,praca1 in which1 as ,i have said1 stands the s1 or cathedral4 ,this building is quaint-looking and massive1 proclaiming the liberality1 if not the taste1 of its founders4 ,it is somewhat more than three centuries old1 having been completed in the year #aead1 and is only now beginning to assume that mellow and sombre hue which comports so well with the character of such piles4 ,by the hour of noon the ,praca presented a sea of human faces4 ,the long seats beneath the shade of trees had been resigned to the children1 while the platform in the centre of the square1 occupied on ordinary occasions by the military bands1 now presented a waving parterre of the smiling and observant faces of peasant girls1 who1 notwithstanding their proverbial timidity and gentleness1 had managed to secure that elevated position4 ,meantime the balconies were filling fast with the families of the ,english and ,german residents1 all intent on seeing the remarkable pageant of the day known as the ,passo4 ,having obtained a front seat in the balcony of the ,english reading-room1 ,i had a full view of the animated and picturesque scene beneath1 the latter feature being heightened by the striking contrasts exhibited between the costumes of the peasant women and those of the same grade residing in the town4 ,as one looked at the latter it was not difficult to imagine they had just come from ,europe with the tail of the fashions4 ,bonnets1 feathers1 flowers1 ballooned dresses1 all were foreign importations2 while the women who had come down from those cottages on the heights1 which1 on looking up at1 appear like pensile nests hanging from the crags1 wore dresses of masapuja--a mixture of thread and bright wools manufactured by themselves--small shawls woven #bfi in bright stripes1 and on their heads the graceful looking lenco1 or handkerchief1 in some showy1 becoming color4 ,others from the fishing villages wore complete suits of blue cloth1 of a light texture1 even to the head-dress1 which was the carapuca1 or conical shaped cap1 ending in a drooping horn and a golden tassel2 while a few wore cotton dresses1 and covered their heads with the barrettea1 a knitted cap in shape like an elongated bowl1 and having a woollen tuft at the top glittering with gold beads4 ,the elder women covered their shoulders with large bright shawls1 while the younger wore tightly-fitting bodices1 fastened with gold buttons1 and over these small capes with pointed collars4 ,all1 whether old or young1 wore their dresses full1 and sufficiently short to display to advantage their small and beautifully formed feet4 ,in singular contrast with this simplicity of taste in their apparel1 is their desire for a profusion of ornaments4 ,accordingly1 you will find adorning the persons of the peasant women of ,madeira rings and chains and brooches of intrinsic value and much beauty1 such as in other countries people of wealth assume the exclusive right to wear4 ,an instance of this ruling passion came under my notice a short time since1 which ,i may mention here4 ,through a long life of toil and poverty a peasant woman had regularly laid by1 from her scanty earnings1 a small sum weekly4 ,her neighbors commended her forethought and prudence1 not doubting but that the little hoard so persistently gathered was meant to meet the necessities of the days when the feeble hands would forget their cunning4 ,at length the sum amounted to some hundreds of testatoes1 or silver five-pences1 and then the poor woman's life-secret was discovered4 ,with a step buoyant for her years1 and a smile which for a moment brought back the beauty of her youth1 she entered a jeweller's shop1 and exchanged the contents of her purse for a pair of costly earrings4 ,had she been remonstrated with1 she would have betrayed not only her own but the national feeling on the subject1 by saying--,i lose nothing by the indulgence4 ,at any moment ,i can find a purchaser for real jewelry4 ,an hour passed1 and signs of impatience were becoming visible in the crowd1 when the sounds of distant music caused a sudden and deep silence4 ,a feeling of awe seemed to have fallen at once on the multitude1 and every bronze-colored face was turned with a reverential expression toward the street by which it was known the procession would enter the ,praca4 ,slowly the music drew near1 now reaching us in full strains1 then seeming to die away in soft cadences4 ,meantime the guns from the forts and shipping renewed their firing1 and the bells swung out their grandest peal4 ,curiosity was at its height1 when the foremost row of the procession met our view--four men walking abreast1 wearing violet-colored silk cassocks1 with round capes reaching to the girdles1 and holding in their hands wax candles of an enormous size4 ,a long train1 habited in the same way1 followed these1 and then came four ecclesiastics in black silk gowns and ,jesuits' caps1 bearing aloft a large and gorgeous purple banner1 in the centre of which were four letters in gold1 ,s4,q4,p4,r1 being the initials of a sentence1 the translation of which is1 ,to the ,senate and ,people of ,rome4 ,after this followed another long line of men in violet1 and then again four clothed in black1 carrying a wax image1 large as life1 on a platform1 meant to represent the garden of ,gethsemane4 ,round the edge were artificial trees about a foot and a half in height1 having their foliage and fruit richly gilt4 ,the figure was clothed in a purple robe1 and on the brow was a crown of thorns4 ,it was in a kneeling position1 and the face was bowed so low you could not distinguish the features1 but the attitude #bgj gave you the impression that it was making painful attempts to rise1 which the weight of the huge cross on the shoulders rendered ineffectual4 ,another train of candle-bearers followed this1 and then1 in robes of rich black silk1 and having on their shoulders capes of finest lawn trimmed with costly lace1 came four priests holding up a gorgeous canopy1 having curtains of white silk and silver1 which glittered and flashed as the faint breeze1 sweet with the perfume of flowers and fruit-trees1 dallied amidst the rich folds4 ,from the centre of the canopy was suspended a silver dove1 its extended wings overshadowing the head of the bishop1 who walked beneath1 robed in his most gorgeous sacerdotal habiliments4 ,between his hands he carried the host1 and as he passed along thousands of prostrate forms craved his blessing4 ,following the canopy were more men with tapers1 and dressed in violet silk2 then another purple banner of even greater expansion than the first2 then a lovely train of little girls dressed to represent angels2 then the band playing the ,miserere2 and lastly a regiment of ,portuguese soldiers4 ,as soon as the last of the men in violet had entered the cathedral1 the door was closed2 the soldiers formed in lines on each side2 the band was silent2 and1 at the command of an officer1 all uncovered their heads1 and stood in an attitude expressive of deep humiliation4 ,this scene was meant to represent that sorrowful yet glorious one enacted eighteen centuries ago in the judgment hall of ,pontius ,pilate4 ,the little girls remained outside as well as the soldiery4 ,the dress of these children was tasteful and picturesque4 ,they wore violet-color velvet dresses1 very short and full1 and profusely covered with silver spangles2 white silk stockings and white satin or kid shoes2 rich white and silver wreaths1 and bright1 filmy1 white wings4 ,for an hour the cathedral door was kept closed1 the soldiers remaining all that time with bowed heads1 motionless as statues4 ,at length the door was slowly opened1 and one of the men wearing violet1 having in his hand a long wand1 at the end of which appeared a small bright flame1 passed out1 and proceeded to light up numerous tapers which had been placed on the front of different houses in the ,praca4 ,as soon as this was done1 a command from an officer caused the men to resume their caps and their upright attitude4 ,presently the rich1 expressive music of a full band was again heard playing the ,miserere1 and the procession passed out between the glittering and bristling lines1 its numbers and its images increased4 ,following close after the garden of ,gethsemane1 there was now an image of the ,virgin1 attired in an ample purple robe and a long blue veil1 worked in silver4 ,the exquisite taste and skill of the ,madeiran ladies1 exerted upon the richest materials1 had given to this figure a lifelike appearance far surpassing that which usually distinguishes other draped statues4 ,over the clasped hands the velvet seemed rather to droop than lie in folds1 while the expression of the attitude1 which was that of earnest supplication1 as if craving sympathy for some crushing woe1 was heightened by the artistic arrangement of the heavy plaits of the robe4 ,the men who carried this image1 and those immediately preceding and following it1 wore blue instead of violet cassocks1 while the little angels who had brought up the van of the first procession were now clustered about the bearers of the image of the ,virgin4 ,from the cathedral the pageant passed on through the principal streets into the country1 the faint peal of the trumpets occasionally coming back to the ear1 mingled with the silvery sound of the bells1 and the deep boom of the minute-guns4 ,at the foot of the ,mount church1 however1 various changes were effected4 ,the little girls quietly separated themselves from the crowd1 and1 being watched for by anxious mothers and elder sisters1 #bga were carried home4 ,a deputy bishop took the place of his superior beneath the canopy1 other men relieved the bearers of the banners and images1 and other musicians released those whose attendance had commenced with the dawn4 ,all through the day you could trace their course1 only occasionally losing sight of them1 and all through the night too1 by the light of the cedar-wood torches borne by little boys1 in snowy tunics1 who had joined the procession at the foot of the mount4 ,to understand how beautiful was the effect of this1 you must look with me on the unique and picturesque town of ,funchal1 running round the blue waters of the bay1 and rising up into the vineyards and groves and gardens clothing the encircling hills4 ,a golden light slumbers over the whole scene1 so pure and luminous that we can trace distinctly every feature in the luxuriant landscape4 ,the white houses of the town crowned with terrinhas1 or turrets1 and having hanging balconies glowing with flowers of rare beauty2 the majestic palms expanding their broad and beautiful heads over high garden walls2 the feathery banana waving gracefully on sunny slopes1 where clumps of the bright pomegranates display their crimson pomp2 the shady plane-trees running in rows along the streets2 the snowy quintas or villas on the hills1 becoming fewer and more scattered toward the summit2 the churches and nunneries on higher elevations2 and still further up the white cottages of the peasantry1 with their vine-trellised porches and their gardens of pears1 peaches1 and apricots2 while above and around all these1 forming a sublime amphitheatre as they tower to nearly six thousand feet above the level of the sea1 are the ,pico ,ruivo and ,pico ,grande4 ,a wreath of purple mist lay that day1 as it almost always does1 on their topmost peaks1 giving now and again glimpses of their picturesque outline1 as1 like a soft transparent veil1 it was folded and unfolded by the breeze roaming over the solitudes of scented broom and heather4 ,through such scenes1 in view of all1 moved the long1 glittering pageant just described4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,everywhere the grave declares its victory--in beautiful ,madeira as elsewhere4 ,an old servant1 whose business it was to cut up fire-wood and carry it into the house1 has performed his last earthly duty and finished life's journey4 ,he dwelt with his mother and sister in a cottage at the extremity of the garden2 and ,i was only apprised of the circumstances of his death by hearing loud cries coming up from the shady walks1 and the exclamations3 ,alas1 my son1 my son6 and ,oh1 my brother6 repeated over and over in accents of uncontrollable grief4 ,it is customary1 as soon as a death occurs in the family of one of the peasant class1 for all the survivors to rush forth into the open air1 and1 with cries and lamentations1 to call on the dead by every endearing epithet and implore of them to return once more4 ,the neighbors being thus made acquainted with what has occurred1 gather round the mourners1 and try to steal away the bitterness of their grief by reminding them that all living shall share the same fate1 and that one by one each shall depart in his turn to make his bed in the silent chamber of the grave4 ,by such simple consolations--untaught nature's promptings--they induce the bereaved ones to re-enter the house and prepare the body for interment4 ,the heat of the climate renders hasty burial necessary in ,madeira1 and the authorities are strict in enforcing it4 ,from ten to twelve hours is the longest period allowed by law between death and the grave1 and the very poor seldom permit even so much time to elapse2 they merely wait to ascertain to a certainty that the hand of death has released the imprisoned #bgb soul before they wrap up the body and carry it with hurrying feet to breathless darkness and the narrow house4 ,in such instances coffins are rarely used1 and when they are1 they are hired by the hour4 ,the usual way is to roll the body up tightly in a sere cloth1 then place it in a death hammock 7which resembles an unbleached linen sheet1 tied at the ends to an iron pole72 and hurry with it to an unhonored grave4 ,a few days subsequent to the death of the old servant1 the remains of a little girl were borne past2 the sight was so singular ,i think it worth describing4 ,moving slowly and solemnly along the street were a number of men1 habited in deep blue home-made cloth1 the two foremost of whom carried a light iron bier1 on which lay the body of a little girl1 whose brief period of life numbered not more than five summers4 ,a robe of soft1 clear1 snowy muslin enveloped the motionless form like a cloud2 on the tiny feet1 crossed in rest at last1 were white silk stockings and white shoes2 and her little hands1 which must so lately have found gleeful employment in scattering the fragments of broken toys1 were now meekly folded on her bosom over a bouquet of orange blossoms4 ,a heavy wreath of the same flowers1 mingled with a few leaves of the allegro campo1 encircled her young brow1 which1 as may be supposed1 wore that lovely1 calm expression described by poets as the impress of heaven's signet-ring4 ,in almost every one of the varied scenes of life orange blossoms are made use of in ,madeira1 either as types or emblems4 ,wreaths of them grace the bride's young head1 as being emblematical of the beauty and purity of her character2 as typical of a grief which shall be ever fresh1 chaplets of them crown the pale brows of the dead4 ,on the anniversary of a birth-day they are presented to the aged as an embodiment of the truth that they shall again renew their youth2 while the proud triumphal arch is adorned with their snowy bells1 as an assurance that the occasion for which it was erected shall be held in ever-enduring remembrance4 ,the little child on the rude bier1 who looked as fair in her death-sleep as these fairest of flowers1 was being carried to the cemetery belonging to the resident ,roman ,catholics1 and known as ,laranjeira4 ,there a priest was awaiting its arrival4 ,he was standing by the open grave1 and when the body was laid at his feet he read over it in ,latin a short burial service1 placed some grains of dust on the pulseless bosom1 and departed4 ,being carefully wrapped in a sere doth1 it was then placed in a shallow grave 7according to custom7 and lightly covered with three or four inches of earth4 ,laranjeira is situated on the west of the town4 ,passing up the ,augustias ,hill the stranger sees a large1 handsome gate near the empress's hospital2 this is the entrance to the graveyard4 ,inside is a small flower-garden1 tastefully laid out and neatly kept1 through which you pass to the broad stone steps leading to the fine gravel walk running quite through the cemetery4 ,another walk1 also of considerable width1 leads round it1 while several narrower ones1 shaded by hedges of geraniums1 roses1 and lavender1 are cut through it in different directions4 ,inclosing the whole is a high wall1 studded with monumental tablets1 on some of which praise and grief are charactered in deep1 newly-cut letters1 while from many others time has either obliterated every trace of writing1 or the pains and the heat have washed and bleached them into meaningless1 cloudy white slabs4 ,there are but few monuments or even tombstones of any pretension1 though many of the latter bear ,english inscriptions4 ,rows of cypress trees border the centre walk1 and almost every grave in the inclosure is overshadowed by a weeping willow4 #bgc ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,it was the last week in ,lent1 and1 according to our manner of computing time1 it was eleven o'clock ,a4,m4 of the day known as ,holy ,thursday4 ,reckoning1 however1 as the ,madeirans do1 it was the last hour of that day1 and the next would be the first of ,good ,friday4 ,an unusual silence had reigned in the town since the first streaks of purple light appeared in the east1 as if to render more remarkable the din which at the hour above-named assailed the ears of the inhabitants of ,funchal4 ,strains of military music filled the air1 mingled with the tolling of bells and the firing of guns1 which found a hundred echoes in the adjoining hills4 ,these sounds were the signals to the people of ,madeira that the time was drawing near when the most imposing ceremonial of their religion would be celebrated4 ,with the first trumpet-notes the streets began to fill1 every house sending forth its inmates1 whether rich or poor1 old or young1 either to witness or take part in the spectacles of the day4 ,as on all like occasions1 the peasantry1 in their best attire1 poured in with astonishing rapidity2 while crowding in with them were ladies in hammocks1 clad in robes of rainbow hues1 and partially concealed from curious eyes by silken curtains of pink or blue1 which were matched in color by the vests of the bearers1 and the ribbons with long floating ends adorning their broad-brimmed straw hats2 and gentlemen on horseback1 whom you at once would recognize as natives by their short stature1 their bright vests1 neckties1 and hat-ribbons1 and their profusion of rich1 showy ornaments4 ,quietly making their way on foot through this throng were the ,english merchants1 with their wives and daughters1 distinguished from those by whom they were surrounded by an air of severe reserve and a studied simplicity of dress4 ,a few handsome wheeled carriages also appeared on the scene1 and one or two of the awkward looking boi-cars4 ,all were taking the same direction1 the ,praca da ,constitutionel1 and the common object was to gain admission to the cathedral4 ,at every turn the crowd augmented1 and even masquers joined in considerable numbers--but these latter brought neither jest nor laughter with their presence2 the ceremonies of the day had subdued even them1 causing them to abandon the vacant gaiety appertaining to their attire for a demeanor more fitting the time and occasion4 ,arrived at the cathedral1 each party1 no matter how exalted their rank1 encountered a delay in obtaining an entrance4 ,the throng around the door was great1 and it was in vain that the soldiers endeavored to keep the general crowd at a distance4 ,trained as the ,madeirans are to habits of deference to both military and ecclesiastical authority1 they become1 like other people1 audacious and headstrong when assembled in large multitudes1 and1 in spite of both church and state1 they now sought an entrance by the exertion of physical force1 and some hundreds succeeded4 ,while1 however1 the struggle and contention at the door remained unabated1 the ceremonial which all were so anxious to witness had been enacted within4 ,to describe it is needless4 ,the hour when the ,god-man poured forth his soul even unto death is a sad and awful memory familiar to us all4 ,let us1 therefore1 look at the scene which the cathedral presents at two o'clock on that day4 ,the windows are boarded up on the outside1 and within are covered with curtains of heavy black cloth4 ,the walls all round are hung with fine stuff of the same color1 concealing the paintings and other ornaments1 and the altar is hidden behind drapery of black velvet with ghastly-looking borders of silver4 ,between this gloomy vail and the cancelli1 or railings1 you see a magnificent catafalque1 and on it #bgd a coffin covered and lined with rich black velvet4 ,a pale1 corpse-like figure1 wearing a crown of thorns1 lies within1 blood flowing from the wounded brow 7or appearing to flow7 and from the hands which lie outside the winding-sheet of snowy linen4 ,numerous tapers surround the catafalque1 but from some cause they carry such weak1 glimmering flames1 that a dim1 uncertain light pervades the immediate precincts of the altar1 leaving the rest of the building in deep shadow4 ,habited in close-fitting black silk robes1 and with heads bowed down as in unspeakable sorrow1 several priests stand round the coffin1 while fitful wails and sobs from the multitude show that the scene is not without its effect4 ,an hour passed thus1 and was succeeded by a sudden and dismal silence1 as if the great heart of the multitude had become exhausted with sorrow1 when the melancholy cadences of the ,miserere coming down from the huge organ as if rolling from the clouds1 awoke up anew the grief of the people1 and low cries and half-stifled groans mingled freely with the long-drawn1 plaintive notes4 ,meantime the bishop1 habited in his most simple sacerdotal robes1 came from the sacristy and stood at the foot of the coffin1 while four priests raised it from the catafalque by means of loops of black silk and silver cord4 ,the bishop then moved forward1 the dense crowd opening a lane for him as he passed slowly round the church1 followed by the four priests carrying the coffin1 and by others bearing the dim tapers4 ,as ,he returned toward the altar the people's sorrow seemed to increase1 and every head was stretched forward to catch a last glimpse of the coffin1 when just as the procession got within the cancelli a heavy curtain was let fall1 shutting in altar1 catafalque1 and tapers1 and leaving the cathedral in utter darkness4 ,this scene was meant to represent the burial in the tomb of ,joseph of ,arimathea1 and while the greater portion of the congregation were weeping aloud1 a voice was heard proceeding from the pulpit1 and pronouncing that preliminary sentence to a sermon known as the blessing4 ,in an instant the sounds of grief were hushed1 and the mute audience seemed to suppress their very breathing while they anxiously listened to the words of the preacher4 ,spoken in a tongue with which few visitors to the island are acquainted1 the discourse took to the ears of strangers the shape of a varied murmur1 whose tones and cadences played on the very heart-strings of the auditors1 awakening at will feelings of fear1 agony1 remorse1 and repentance4 ,as he proceeded1 the passion and pathos of his accents increased1 and when he ceased to speak a desolate stillness pervaded the whole multitude4 ,presently two men entered from a side door bearing dim tapers1 and at the same moment the great door leading into the ,praca was opened1 and the congregation poured like a tide into the open air1 while low1 soft sighs and murmurs falling on the ear told of feelings of relief which words were powerless to express4 ,for a moment the throng leaving the church mingled with the multitude without4 ,the solid mass swayed like a troubled sea1 and then quietly broke up and scattered widely4 ,men in trade turned their faces homeward1 the business of life being1 in their judgment1 of more importance than any further participation in the day's proceedings4 ,elderly men and women of the lower classes sought out those houses and temporary sheds1 over the doors of which the four golden letters1 ,p4,v4,a4,b41 served the same purpose as the less mysterious ,british announcement of entertainment for man and horse2 while the young peasants and artisans1 forming an immense concourse1 went shouting toward the ,mount road1 leaving the streets leading to the beach free from all obstacles1 a circumstance of which the more respectable and even aristocratic #bge portion of the multitude eagerly availed themselves4 ,mingling with all parties were ragged-looking vendors of curiosities1 clamorous old beggars1 and younger ones whose brilliant1 laughing black eyes contradicted the earnest appeal of the lips4 ,should our taste or curiosity lead us to follow the mob to the ,mount road we behold one of those singular exhibitions which excite almost to frenzy--a hideous1 straw-stuffed figure1 or effigy1 of ,pontius ,pilate1 tied on the back of a poor1 miserable1 lean donkey4 ,amidst the wildest shouts and fiercest turmoil this creature is dragged forward1 every one taxing his inventive faculties to discover new indignities1 by which to express his feelings of horror and disgust for the original4 ,while the tumultuous throng thus parade through the principal streets of the town1 the bay is seen covered by hundreds of boats1 people of almost every nation in ,europe reclining beneath their awnings as they sweep slowly over the blue waves toward the ,loo ,rock1 or idly glide in front of that well-known point1 beneath which on the sands a gallows had been erected in the morning4 ,some hours passed1 however1 and there was no occurrence either to gratify the taste or arouse the attention of the pleasure seekers4 ,the sun was drawing near the verge of the horizon1 and the sea1 assuming the most intense shades of crimson1 gold1 and purple1 differed only from the magnificent canopy which it mirrored in that it gleamed with a more wondrous splendor1 as if a veil of diamonds floated and trembled over its broad expanse4 ,not alone the sea1 however1 but the whole landscape was bathed in the rich amber and purple floods of light which on that evening streamed down from the ever changing firmament4 ,the sublime mountains of ,pico ,ruivo and ,pico ,grande were crowned with radiance1 the graceful hills1 with their unnumbered giant flowers1 their gardens and vineyards1 their rivulets and waterfalls1 glowed in the lustrous beams1 while the brown sands on the semi-circular beach1 reaching from the picturesque basalts of ,garaja to ,ponta da ,cruz1 glittered as if a shower of diamond sparklets had fallen on them4 ,at length loud and prolonged shouts1 mingling with the music of military bands1 were heard approaching from the town1 and immediately after a riotous and excited crowd1 amongst which appeared hundreds of masquers1 came pressing forward with extravagant gestures1 and driving before them toward the gallows the ill-used donkey and its foul and hideous burthen4 ,a general movement at once took place among the boats1 as the crew of each sought to obtain the most favorable position for witnessing the revolting spectacle of hanging the effigy1 which was accomplished with all the appalling ceremonies which might have been deemed necessary1 or which the law might have demanded1 had the ,governor of the ,jews been there in person4 ,the hatred of the exulting mob being at length satiated1 the figure was cut down and cast into the sea1 calling forth a last volley of execration as it rolled and floundered on the long blue swells1 or momentarily sunk out of sight in the troughs1 while the ebbing tide carried it out to the deep4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,it may appear strange1 perhaps even incredible1 that the lower classes of ,madeirans should have leisure1 from their humble duties and the labors required by their daily necessities1 to attend at so many festas and public ceremonies as we shall have occasion to describe1 and to indulge beside in their extravagant fancy for golden ornaments4 ,but the seeming enigma is easily solved4 ,in the first place1 the men of the peasant class leave home for ,demara every year1 remaining away1 at high wages1 from six to eight months1 and then returning with money sufficient to enable them to indulge #bgf their families daring the remainder of the year in their oriental taste for festas and finery4 ,secondly1 almost all the manual occupations connected with agriculture devolve on the women1 so that the absence of either husbands1 sons1 or brothers neither retards nor diminishes the autumn fruits4 ,added to this1 they employ themselves during the evening hours1 and at other seasons when out-door labor is either impossible or unnecessary1 in those arts to which female faculties are particularly appropriate4 ,nothing can exceed the exquisite beauty of the embroidery on cambric and lace executed by some of the peasant women1 and which comes from their skilful fingers so perfectly white and pure that it is fit for the wear of a princess the moment it is freed from the paper on which the design had been traced1 and over which it had been worked4 ,others1 not possessing such delicate taste as the embroiderers1 exert their ingenuity in knitting shawls1 and veils1 and pin-cushion covers1 in black or white thread1 drawing on their own imaginations for new and curious patterns2 while some few devote their leisure time to netting black silk shawls and scarfs1 for which they also invent the designs4 ,the earnings of the women by the sale of these articles to strangers are considerable1 and so completely at their own disposal that they can independently indulge1 whenever opportunities offer1 in their taste for ornament and emotional spectacles4 ,the wear and tear1 however1 of such a mode of life deprive them at an early period of their native beauty1 leaving them at twenty-five little more than that grace and freedom of attitude which they retain to the close of the longest life4 ,the men also have their handicrafts1 and the emoluments arising from their exercise2 and those of them who are either too old or too young1 or too indolent1 or too sincerely attached to home to seek the toils of labor and their reward in ,demara1 employ themselves in making articles of inlaid wood1 such as writing-desks1 work-boxes1 paper-cutters1 and pen-trays4 ,the designs on many of these give evidence of refined and skilful taste1 while others only indicate a fantastic ingenuity4 ,the most perfect of these manufactures are eagerly secured for the ,portuguese market by agents1 who generally make an honest estimate of their value1 while those of less merit are set aside till some of the visitors to ,madeira proportion their worth by their own abundant wealth4 ,this digression has been so long that1 instead of returning now to the midnight wanderers mentioned at the close of the lost chapter1 ,i shall request my readers to imagine it ten o'clock ,a4,m4 on ,saturday morning1 and1 consequently1 two hours before the commencement of the ,sabbath of the ,madeirans4 ,once more the ,praca da ,constitutionel is filled with an eager and picturesque throng--peasants1 artisans1 aristocrats1 merchants1 masqueraders1 beggars1 and curiosity-venders all mingled together1 and all1 either from motives of piety or inquisitiveness1 once more seeking admission to the cathedral1 whose fine proportions and gorgeous ornaments are still veiled in thick darkness4 ,by some magic influence the wealthier portion of the multitude have all obtained entrance1 and then1 the cathedral being full1 the door is forcibly closed4 ,directly this occurs the crowd disperse1 and while strangers are still trying to unravel the mystery of such unusual self-denial1 troops of little children and young girls are entering the ,praca dressed in white1 wearing silver-tissue wings1 snowy festive wreaths1 and carrying on their arms beautiful baskets of cane-work filled with ranunculuses and lilies4 ,boys in embroidered tunics and carrying silver censers follow these1 and presently numbers of these men who had left that the children might take up their proper positions1 now return1 having in the meantime provided themselves with fire-arms and rockets4 #bgg ,while all these changes take place without1 preachers are succeeding each other every half hour in the pulpit within the cathedral4 ,at length one loud sonorous stroke on a gong1 or some other metallic substance1 is heard from the sacristy1 announcing the hour of noon1 and then in an instant1 as if by magic1 the wooden blinds without and the black curtains within are gone from the windows1 the veil which had concealed the altar disappears1 and a blaze of light fills the edifice1 displaying a scene resplendent with gold and gems1 tapers and flowers2 while simultaneously with the pouring in of the light1 thrilling and enthusiastic voices singing1 ,christ is risen6 ,christ is risen6 join the peal which1 like a roar of triumph1 had burst from the organ4 ,when the multitude have sufficiently recovered the stunning effects of this scene to separate cause and effect1 they perceive that every pillar and column from pedestal to chapiter is enwreathed with gorgeous ranunculuses and snowy lilies1 mingled with the rich green leaves of the allegro campo1 that crowns and garlands of silver leaves and artificial dew-drops are scattered profusely1 yet with artistic taste1 over the high altar and the various side altars2 while pendent from that masterpiece of art--the sculptured ceiling of native juniper--are rich chaplets of gold leaves and gems1 seeming as if ready to fall on and crown the heads of the worshippers4 ,after a short interval1 the bishop1 in dazzling robes1 wearing his jewelled mitre1 and followed by a train of priests in gorgeous vestments1 is seen standing in front of the high altar1 which on this occasion is covered with a white satin cloth1 worked in silver1 while huge candelabras1 inlaid with precious stones1 gleam in front of the recesses known as the diaconicum and the prothesis4 ,in the former are kept the vessels belonging to the altar1 and in the other the bread and wine used at the celebration of the mass4 ,a short mass having been performed by priests and choir1 the great door is opened1 and the people crowding into the ,praca are met by the little children and young girls strewing flowers over the streets1 by the graceful youths swinging silver censers and filling the ambient air with light columns of costly incense2 by bands playing the most inspiriting airs2 by masquers and others in ordinary costume sending off rockets and ,roman candles1 and by hundreds of artisans bearing fire-arms1 the sharp report of which1 mingling with the booming of cannon1 the braying of trumpets1 and the soft chimes of bells1 filled the air with a most indescribable din4 ,in a few moments1 however1 a cloud overshadows the scene--a cloud which comes not silently but with a whirring1 joyful noise1 and with the beat of fleet pinions4 ,every one looks up1 and behold1 there are the doves--doves in hundreds1 sent off by nuns1 and monks1 and other devotees1 to proclaim in their broad-winged flight the welcome news that ,christ is risen6 ,having witnessed all this1 and while the joyful excitement is still unabated1 you enter your home1 imagining that nothing of the peculiar usages or customs of a place in which you are a stranger can follow you there1 save the sounds which float in through your shaded windows2 but an agreeable surprise awaits you4 ,the ,madeirans are too gentle and affectionate in their dispositions to forget in a time of such universal joy even the stranger who may differ from them in religion1 and1 accordingly1 you find awaiting you a little girl1 neatly dressed1 and bearing in her hands a dish covered with a white lace veil4 ,she has been sent by the nuns1 and delivers her present with a suitable message4 ,uncovering the dish you see a wreath of flowers round the edge1 and in the centre a little lamb made of sugar1 lying amidst almond comfits of #bgh every delicate shade of ,magenta1 blue1 and violet4 ,a wreath of sugar-flowers crowns the head of the lamb1 and a similar one graces its neck4 ,with this picturesque gift you may sometimes receive a present of royal and heavenly bacon4 ,these singularly-named dishes are composed of eggs and sugar4 ,the first is passed through a hair sieve1 falling in a heap of rings and curls on the dish2 the other is made into thick slices1 and lies on the dish drowned in sweet syrup4 ------ ,,original4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society4 ,footnote #df ,footnote #df3 ,prospectus of ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,tract ,no4 #a1 ,indifferentism in ,religion and its ,remedy4 ,no4 #b1 ,the ,plea of ,sincerity4 ,no4 #c1 ,the ,forlorn ,hope4 ,no4 #d1 ,prisoner of ,cayonne4 ,nothing in the history of the human mind can be more obvious1 even to a superficial observer1 than the fact that every age has possessed intellectual features peculiar to itself1 growing out of its own particular need4 ,thus we find the mental activity of one period setting in a strong current toward moral and metaphysical speculation and of another toward scientific discovery4 ,when one has obtained predominance1 the other has been measurably neglected4 ,at the present time1 however1 the fact is otherwise4 ,the diligence heretofore manifested in the conquest of special subjects is now diffused over a greater area2 and the energies of the mind1 instead of being concentrated upon the profound and exhaustive knowledge of a few branches of learning1 are directed to the acquisition of a general knowledge of many4 ,hence1 popular instruction today1 to be successful1 must be simplified and condensed1 rendered suitable to popular apprehension and fixed at a point demanding the least amount of mental labor and promising immediate and tangible results4 ,it would need but little argument to show how these conditions of knowledge have been brought about4 ,the vast development and wonderful discoveries of science within the last century1 the increase of commercial and mechanical industry1 the settlement and growth of ,america with its vast resources of wealth1 are sufficient to account for a material change in the intellectual status of ,christendom4 ,science by increasing the means of human enjoyment has increased the extent of human wants2 these1 by the force of habit in one class and the stimulus of ambition in another1 have become in time absolute necessities4 ,thus men engage in eager strife to attain what all unite in esteeming essential to human happiness4 ,now since our nature has moral and intellectual longings--however subdued by the engrossing occupations of active life--which are still absolute and imperative1 up to a certain point1 it would seem that instruction to suit the exigency of the times must be conveyed in such a manner and by such means as the opportunities and inclinations of mankind require4 ,you may easily gain attention to truth by a concise1 simple mode of addressing the intellect1 demanding but little time and not very severe thought1 when you cannot secure it by presenting the subject in a more profound way1 by more elaborate proofs or by more subtle and comprehensive views4 ,if knowledge1 therefore1 cannot be imparted in such a way as to suit both the capacity and convenience of men1 it can rarely be communicated at all4 #bgi ,what is deemed the most important pursuit of a man's life is that to which he will pay the greatest attention4 ,if he cannot attain mental improvement by means he considers easy and agreeable1 the probabilities are that in a great majority of cases he will neglect it4 ,here1 however1 there is but little difficulty4 ,whenever a public necessity is fully recognized1 the means of supplying it will not be long wanting4 ,hence1 we see at the present time every art and science reduced to its elementary principles and presented to the public mind in plain rudimentary lessons1 so that1 while comparatively few are deeply versed in any one subject1 the great mass of thinkers are well informed in the general outlines of many4 ,what has been said with regard to matters more strictly intellectual may be affirmed with almost equal truth of such as are purely moral4 ,you may instruct a hundred men in their duty by means of a tract of ten pages1 setting forth incentives to virtue in a cogent argument or forcible appeal1 where you would scarcely be able to obtain a hearing from one by means of an elaborate essay on ethics1 however able or convincing4 ,now1 it is evident that a duty1 carrying all the weight of deep obligation1 rests upon those who have the higher interests of mankind at heart to provide for them the means of moral and intellectual improvement2 and not only so1 but to furnish it in such a shape as shall be most acceptable and productive of the most hopeful and lasting results4 ,that such an obligation exists1 is apparent from the general establishment of public and common schools and from the numerous efforts constantly made to disseminate knowledge among the masses4 ,the ends here proposed1 however1 are animated by a sentiment of general benevolence or political expediency4 ,if1 then1 we owe to society the moral and intellectual advancement of the people from motives of public interest1 surely our obligations are not diminished by those higher considerations which readily suggest themselves to a religious mind4 ,we are now prepared for the question1 ,are we doing our duty in this matter8 ,but to bring it nearer home and to address the more immediate circle of our readers1 ,are we ,catholic ,christians doing what we know to be required of us in the education of our people with sufficient faithfulness to satisfy an enlightened conscience8 ,engrossed in more selfish pursuits1 have we not rather neglected this business and turned it over to others who are only more responsible than ourselves8 ,we speak to ,catholic laymen when we say it is greatly to be feared that we are not wholly blameless4 ,and here one word as regards the relative positions of clergy and laity in the church and their mutual want of co-operation in such things as may fairly come under the charge of both4 ,every one knows that among all sects of ,protestants the laity perform no inconsiderable amount of labor and share no little responsibility with the pastor4 ,as teachers and superintendents of ,sunday-schools1 leaders of ,bible classes1 heads of missionary societies and the like1 their influence is much felt and their usefulness highly appreciated by their co-religionists4 ,among ,catholics1 where the priests have generally three times the ministerial duty of ,protestants to perform1 the pastor of a church gets little or no aid from the laity4 ,his mission may extend over twenty miles of territory1 and he is expected not only to administer the sacraments to both sick and well1 but to do all that is necessary in the religious training of the children4 ,in fact1 the instruction of the young is generally looked upon as belonging peculiarly to his office4 ,and yet it cannot be denied that well-disposed laymen of moderate intelligence can at times1 acting under his advice and counsel1 very materially assist the overworked priest without trenching in the least upon his #bhj vocation4 ,the benefit of such assistance could not but be sensibly felt in those parishes which receive the services of a priest in common with others4 ,in the more thinly populated districts of our country the want of priests is a crying necessity1 known and felt by every prelate in the land4 ,it is morally impossible after mass said on ,sunday morning1 at two points perhaps fifteen miles apart1 that the priest can preach a sermon and attend to other duties arising from the urgent and imperative wants of his cure4 ,he cannot administer holy baptism1 hear confessions1 visit the sick1 bury the dead1 say mass1 recite his office1 attend to church temporalities 7no small affair in some instances of itself7 and yet find time to give the requisite instruction to his people4 ,we can but be aware that regular pulpit instruction is a most effectual mode of promoting piety and one of which we ought not to be deprived4 ,we require at least all the agencies for this purpose enjoyed by others4 ,the people1 too1 are eager for it4 ,mark the strict attention with which ,catholic congregations follow every word of the preacher1 and mark1 too1 the effect of an earnest and appropriate sermon6 ,it is plainly visible upon the faces of old and young4 ,in addition to this1 the command given in ,holy ,scripture to preach is imperative4 ,are we not1 then1 bound to more than ordinary exertion to comply with it8 ,such1 unfortunately1 is the proneness of men to forget their religious duties that they require precept upon precept1 often renewed and diligently urged upon their minds4 ,surrounded by temptation1 forgetfulness of the great practical truths of religion is not strange in the absence of direct spiritual teaching4 ,the sacraments of the church1 especially the holy sacrifice of the altar1 undoubtedly do much to arrest spiritual decline in the people2 but no one will deny that frequent appeals to the conscience1 and judicious instruction in the principles of ,catholic faith and morality1 however conveyed to the understanding1 are valuable aids even to the worthy reception of the sacraments4 ,it is to supply the deficiencies here aimed at that this enterprise1 with the hearty approbation of several prelates1 has been undertaken1 which1 if it shall receive the cordial support of the ,catholic public1 will produce results the extent of which is not to be easily foreseen4 ,those persons who have attempted the task are actuated with a settled determination that it shall succeed2 and it is not to be believed1 in a matter of so great moment1 that they are to be left without the substantial help of ,catholics throughout the country4 ,a society has been formed1 and its work has already begun1 styled ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 to which the attention of our readers was called in our last number4 ,this society proposes to issue short tracts and pamphlets conveying that species of instruction required by ,catholics in the most entertaining form1 so as to engage the attention1 affect the hearts1 and suit the wants of all classes4 ,to none would such a blessing be more welcome than to the poor1 who are in an especial manner1 from their very defencelessness1 under our protection4 ,these1 though they may not read themselves1 can listen to their children1 taught at school1 who can read for them4 ,thus1 in a simple narrative or dialogue some important practical truths may be impressed upon the mind which shall do good service in a moment of temptation4 ,it is by these means that other denominations are instructing their people and producing an influence on many outside of their own communions4 ,the number of ,catholics in this country1 already large1 is constantly increasing1 and unless we do something of the kind here suggested1 others will attempt it in our stead4 ,religious tracts from ,protestant societies are flying over the country like leaves before the autumn wind1 and it #bha would not be remarkable if our own people were brought within the range of their influence4 ,beside this1 there is another field in which we have not only the right to work1 but which we cannot1 or at least ought not to1 neglect4 ,there are thousands of young men in the land of fair education who1 impelled by necessity or ambition1 flock to the great commercial centres4 ,these1 careless in matters of religion1 having no settled principles of faith1 often called upon to confront great dangers and temptations1 seldom attend any place of worship2 or if so1 only to relieve the ennui of ,sunday4 ,these are souls to be cared for4 ,they need instruction upon cardinal points of the ,christian faith4 ,they may have received something akin to it in early youth1 but it has been forgotten4 ,they are difficult to reach1 and in no way can access to them be gained more readily than by the publications of this society4 ,a few words of earnest advice1 a hint as to the end of a vicious career1 or a warning of the uncertainty of life1 may excite reflection1 and reflection is the first step toward reformation4 ,at a time like the present of vast intellectual activity1 when myriads of books are produced on all subjects embracing every description of teaching1 there must be abroad not only a great mass of error1 but a great number of unstable minds ready to receive it4 ,men imperfectly educated1 striving to master subjects far beyond their comprehension1 trained to no logical modes of thought1 restrained by no respect for authority1 confounding scepticism with freedom of inquiry1 are often led by a dangerous curiosity to examine certain fundamental questions which lie at the root of all knowledge1 and which can only be safely handled by the most learned and profound4 ,such is the class of persons peculiarly to be benefited by ,catholic teaching4 ,a theology positive and satisfying to the soul1 that sets wholesome limits to human knowledge1 and is able to give adequate answers to great social and moral problems1 is best adapted to impress minds of this class4 ,the reading of three pages has before now convinced a man of the error of his whole philosophical system1 and may do it again4 ,the spirit of ,catholic charity takes in all sorts and conditions of men4 ,the mission of the church is well defined1 and may be summed up in one word1 namely1 to convert the world to ,god2 and as every day brings its blessings upon labors that have been already undertaken to secure this object1 we have reason to hope that new efforts and fresh zeal1 well directed1 will produce abundant fruits4 ,we cannot close this notice of the ,catholic ,publication ,society without adverting to one means of usefulness which we think it is especially fitted to promote4 ,such has been the virulence of hostility to the ,catholic religion in days gone by1 such the monstrous credulity and unreasoning prejudice of its foes1 that it is not surprising to find a true knowledge of the ,catholic faith exceedingly rare4 ,within the last twenty years1 however1 a great change has taken place4 ,the general blamelessness of life in those who honor their religion1 fidelity to social and political duties1 and charity toward our enemies1 have not been without precious results4 ,at the present moment religious bigotry can no longer animate the hatred alike of wise and simple4 ,one who comes prepared to censure1 must come prepared also for the conflict of truth4 ,statements1 facts1 and opinions are closely scrutinized4 ,everything is not now taken upon trust4 ,the attitude of controversy begets caution4 ,now1 what advantages may we not hope to reap from this one isolated fact8 ,a fair hearing for the true exposition of ,catholic doctrine2 not doctrine carefully prepared with exterior show of fairness and then imputed to us for the purpose of being more easily #bhb destroyed2 but of the truths of ,christianity as taught by the church for ages4 ,when we can gain the unprejudiced ear of the world1 truly we may begin to hope for the day of ,christian unity4 ,to disarm prejudice is of itself a work worthy of special effort4 ,we can hope to make no great progress in persuading men to listen to the voice of ,christian truth until we can convince them that our teaching rests upon the basis of sound reason4 ,those who have been told that to embrace ,catholic doctrine is to surrender at discretion all the powers of the mind1 and even the evidence of the senses1 must be undeceived before they can be expected to make any progress in the impartial investigation of it4 ,but it is chiefly among ,catholics themselves that we predict the greatest success for this association4 ,of our own people there are very many who need that instruction which hitherto we have not had the adequate means of providing for them4 ,we all feel how important it is that every ,catholic should be thoroughly intelligent upon all that he is required to believe1 and the reasons that exist for requiring it4 ,in every class of society ,catholics are called upon to render an account of the faith that is in them1 to explain the doctrines and ceremonies of their religion1 and when unable to do so1 they both suffer the evil consequences of this ignorance themselves and1 by it1 retard the spread of the knowledge of the truth among those whom the church is equally commissioned to enlighten1 guide1 and save4 ,we have advocated the aims of the ,catholic ,publication ,society at greater length than we at first intended1 but feel that in consideration of their importance we have not said too much4 ,it is impossible to over-estimate the good this society may1 with ,god's blessing1 be made to accomplish4 ,to make it effective1 its organization throughout the ,united ,states should be co-extensive with the church itself4 ,our work in this country is getting ahead of us4 ,the religious needs of our people are rapidly increasing4 ,if we are not up and doing in proper season1 we shall find that during our repose the enemy has been sowing tares among the wheat4 ,the harvest is great1 but the laborers few4 ,let us all1 then1 as ,god gives us grace to know our duty1 take this matter earnestly to heart1 and let us not suffer under the reproach of denying to our fellow-,christians all the spiritual food they are willing to receive4 ,what is here proposed is truly a missionary work4 ,efforts of this kind can only be successful by zealous labor and generous support2 and we sincerely hope1 as the plan by which funds are to be raised becomes generally known1 the ,catholic public will not deny liberal aid to so worthy a cause4 ,almost every one can lend a helping hand4 ,it will be seen by reference to the ,society's ,prospectus that the sum of five dollars constitutes a member for one year4 ,parents could hardly gratify their children more than by subscribing for them4 ,it gives young folks the idea that they amount to something in this world when they find their own names enrolled on the books of a religious society4 ,the sum of thirty dollars constitutes a member for five years and of fifty dollars a life member4 ,patrons of one hundred and five hundred dollars will not be wanting amongst so many generous and appreciative ,catholics as there are in the country4 ,a number of these last have already come forward in the city of ,new ,york1 and subscribed that amount to constitute a fund to enable the society to accomplish its missionary work1 and we are sure that this call will elicit a similar ready response from many in other cities and towns who wait only to know what to do for the advancement of their holy faith in order to do it4 ,your parish priest is willing to spend and be spent in your service4 ,show your gratitude by making him a member of one of the above classes4 ,he will accept it from you as a beautiful testimonial of #bhc your esteem and respect4 ,it has also been suggested by an eminent prelate and patron of the society that it would greatly promote its success if a clergyman should be appointed in each diocese by the ecclesiastical authority1 to take charge of the society's interests1 and to act as its agent4 ,we trust as the enterprise becomes more extensively known that generous hearts will be found to feel a voluntary interest in this work and prompted to aid it without further solicitation4 ,let it not be forgotten that one of the objects of this society is to supply religious reading to the inmates of hospitals1 almshouses1 asylums1 and prisons--a class of persons whose spiritual welfare requires to be specially looked after4 ,benevolence has no more sacred field than among this unfortunate class2 and we hope that those who have so often proved themselves worthy of their faith by relieving the physical wants of their fellow-creatures1 will not be found indifferent to the spiritual4 ,in short1 what we desire of our fellow-,catholics is1 that an interest in this matter should become general throughout the country2 and that each one should assist as he is able1 either alone or in conjunction with his neighbors4 ,several prelates have already become patrons of this society1 and the venerable ,archbishop of ,baltimore has honored it by contributing the first tract4 ,while treating of the practical part of this subject1 we desire to say that priests residing in the remote parts of the country can be furnished with the society's publications on precisely the same terms as those living near at hand4 ,they will be supplied at prices never exceeding cost1 postage prepaid4 ,all ,catholics1 in every section of our land1 have an equal interest in its success4 ,upon the co-operation of the clergy we1 of course1 confidently rely4 ,to aid them in their arduous duties is one of the objects of the society4 ,it will be a most powerful auxiliary to the priesthood in spreading instruction among our own people and the truths of the ,catholic faith among all classes of our community4 ,if they should ask us what we would have them do1 we reply--,reflect upon the immense importance of this enterprise to the souls of men2 and1 when you have comprehended what a vast work of usefulness lies before this society1 your own intelligence and good dispositions will best suggest the manner in which you can most successfully lend your aid4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,england ,a ,,portion ,,of ,,christ',s ,,one ,,holy ,,catholic ,,church1 ,,and ,a ,,means ,,of ,,restoring ,,visible ,,unity4 ,an ,eirenicon1 in a ,letter to the ,author of ,the ,christian ,year4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,pusey1 ,d4,d41 ,regius ,professor of ,hebrew and ,canon of ,christ ,church1 ,oxford4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahff4 7,reprint from the ,english edition47 ,dr4 ,pusey's ,eirenicon has been extensively commented on by the ,catholic press both in ,england and on the ,continent4 ,some of his critics have regarded it with favorable eyes1 as a sign of approach toward the ,catholic ,church1 and others with marked hostility1 as an evidence of determined opposition4 ,we concur with the former class most decidedly4 ,the most remarkable of all the answers it has called forth is that of ,dr4 ,newman1 republished in our ,april number1 and since then issued in a separate form1 with all the notes1 by ,mr4 ,kehoe4 ,dr4 ,newman confines himself to one point1 however--the defence of the #bhd ,catholic doctrine concerning the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the ,dublin ,review has given a very able criticism on the portion which relates to the attitude of the ,church of ,england4 ,an admirable article has also appeared in the learned ,jesuit periodical1 ,etudes ,religieuses1 published at ,paris1 which is especially valuable for its exposition of the doctrinal authority of the ,holy ,see4 ,as a general answer to ,dr4 ,pusey's specific proposals concerning the way of reconciliation with ,rome1 we consider ,p4 ,lockhart's article1 in the ,weekly ,register1 as the most judicious and satisfactory4 ,the following letter1 from ,dr4 ,pusey to the editor1 shows how he himself appreciated this answer3 ,,letter ,,from ,,dr4 ,,pusey ,,on ,,his ,,hopes ,,of ,,reunion4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,weekly ,,register3 ,,christ ,,church1 ,,oxford1 ,,nov4 #bb1 #ahfe4 ,sir3 ,i thank you1 with all my heart1 for your kind-hearted and appreciative review of my ,eirenicon4 ,i am thankful that you have brought out the main drift and objects of it1 what1 in my mind1 underlies the whole1 to show that1 in my conviction1 there is no insurmountable obstacle to the union of 7you will forgive the terms1 though you must reject them7 the ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,anglican communions4 ,i have long been convinced that there is nothing in the ,council of ,trent which could not be explained satisfactorily to us1 if it were explained authoritatively--i4e4 by the ,roman ,church itself1 not by individual theologians only4 ,this involves the conviction1 on my side1 that there is nothing in our ,articles which cannot be explained rightly1 as not contradicting any things held to be de fide in the ,roman ,church4 ,the great body of the faith is held alike by both2 in those subjects referred to in our ,art4 ,,xxii4 ,i believe 7to use the language of a very eminent ,italian nobleman7 your our maximum and our your minimum might be found to harmonize4 ,in regard to details of explanation1 it was not my office1 as being a priest only1 invested with no authority1 to draw them out4 ,but ,i wished to indicate their possibility4 ,you are relatively under the same circumstances4 ,but ,i believe that the hope which you have held out1 that the authorities in the ,roman communion might hold that a reunion on the principles of ,bossuet would be better than a perpetual schism1 will unlock many a pent-up longing--pent-up on the ground of the apparent hopelessness that ,rome would accord to the ,english ,church any terms which it could accept4 ,may ,i add1 that nothing was further from my wish than to write anything which should be painful to those in your communion8 ,a defence1 indeed1 of necessity1 involves some blame2 since1 in a quarrel1 the blame must be wholly on the one side or on the other1 or divided2 and a defence implies that it is not wholly on the side defended4 ,but having smoothed down1 as ,i believe honestly1 every difficulty ,i could1 to my own people1 ,i thought that it would not be right toward them not to state where ,i conceive the real difficulty to lie4 ,nor could your authorities meet our difficulties unless they knew them4 ,you will think it superfluous that ,i desired that none of this system1 which is now matter of pious opinion1 should1 like the doctrine of the immaculate conception be made de fide4 ,but1 in the view of a hoped-for reunion1 everything which you do affects us4 ,let me say1 too1 that ,i did not write as a reformer1 but on the defensive4 ,it is not for us to prescribe to ,italians or ,spaniards what they shall hold1 or how they shall express their pious opinions4 ,all which we wish is to have it made certain by authority that we should not1 in case of reunion1 be obliged to hold them ourselves4 ,least of all did ,i think of imputing to any of the writers whom ,i quoted that they took from our ,lord any of the love which they gave to his mother4 ,i was intent only on describing the system which ,i believe is the great obstacle to reunion4 ,i had not the least thought of criticising holy men who held it4 ,as it is of moment that ,i should not be misunderstood by my own people1 let me add that ,i have not intended to express any opinion about a visible head of the church4 ,we readily acknowledge the primary of the ,bishop of ,rome2 the bearings of that primacy upon other local churches we believe to be a matter of ecclesiastical1 not of divine law2 but neither is there anything in the supremacy in itself to which we should object4 ,our only fear is that it should1 through the appointment of one bishop1 involve the reception of that practical quasi--authoritative system which is1 ,i believe1 alike the cause and 7forgive me7 the justification in our eyes of our remaining apart4 ,but1 although ,i intended to be on the defensive1 ,i thank you most warmly for that tenderness which enabled you to see my aim and objects throughout a long and necessarily miscellaneous work4 ,and ,i believe that the way in which you have treated this our bontell you fide endeavor to find a basis for reunion1 on the principle debated between ,archbishop ,wake and the ,gallican divines two centuries ago1 will1 by rekindling hope1 give a strong #bhe impulse toward that reunion4 ,despair is still4 ,if hope is revived in the ,english mind that ,christendom may again be united1 rekindled hope will ascend in the more fervent prayer to him who maketh men to be of one mind in an house1 and our prayers will not return unheard for want of love4 ,your obedient servant1 ,e4 ,b4 ,,pusey4 ,this letter1 with others which have appeared from time to time1 and the whole course of ,dr4 ,pusey's conduct1 prove1 in our estimation1 that he is acting with sincere good faith and goodwill toward the ,catholic ,church4 ,the long list of objections and charges which his book contains1 and which has irritated some ,catholics so much1 proves only that ,dr4 ,pusey's mind is troubled and bewildered1 but not that his heart is malevolent4 ,the doctor is a very learned man1 and a very deep thinker1 but in the mystic or contemplative order4 ,he is not either rapid or clear in his intellectual conceptions1 nor is he precise and methodical in the arrangement of the subject of which he treats4 ,he represents the best school of ,english evangelical and scriptural divines1 with the addition of extremely high-church doctrines4 ,no one can question his devout and deeply religious spirit1 the extraordinary purity and goodness of his life1 or the zeal and ability with which he has labored for fifty years to propagate several of the most fundamental ,catholic dogmas4 ,his essay on baptismal regeneration is the most thorough and exhaustive one in our language1 and we have never met with anything equal to it in any other4 ,it has had an incalculable influence over the theological mind of the ,episcopalian communion in ,england and ,america1 in laying the foundation of a right belief in sacramental grace1 and thus preparing the way for the reception of the entire ,catholic system4 ,the same may be said1 in part1 respecting the doctrine of the real presence1 the authority of tradition1 and other points4 ,we look on him as a kind of avant courier not only of high-churchmen1 but of orthodox ,protestants generally1 laboring his way with difficulty through thickets and morasses back to the ,catholic ,church1 by dint of study1 meditation1 and prayer4 ,that he has come so near1 bringing with him the sympathy of so large a number1 is a sign that an extraordinary grace of the ,holy ,spirit is drawing the most widely separated members of the ,christian family back to unity and integrity of faith and communion4 ,we request our readers to take note of the fact that ,dr4 ,pusey1 boldly and without censure1 maintains that the articles of his church can and ought to be explained in conformity with the decrees of the ,council of ,trent4 ,he proposes these decrees as the basis of reconciliation4 ,that there should still remain certain difficulties1 prepossessions1 and misconceptions in his mind1 is not strange2 and while these exist as a bar to a complete and cordial reception of the entire ,catholic system1 there is no other way for him to do but to state them as strongly as possible1 so as to bring them under discussion4 ,there are only two of these difficulties which are formidable4 ,one relates to the office of the ,blessed ,virgin as ,mother of the ,incarnate ,word and ,queen of ,saints2 the other1 to that of the ,pope as ,vicar of ,christ and supreme ,bishop of the ,catholic ,church4 ,a critical notice gives no opportunity for discussing such great and grave questions1 which demand an elaborate volume4 ,the prelates and theologians of the church will no doubt give them the full and ample treatment which they deserve4 ,we simply note the fact that the whole ground of discussion is reduced in fact1 by ,dr4 ,pusey1 to the nature and extent of the ,papal supremacy1 on which depends the definition of the body actually constituting the ,ecclesia ,docens or teaching church1 and the dogmatic value of the decisions made by the ,roman ,church with the concurrence of the bishops in her communion4 ,it is evident that the concession of the supremacy claimed by the ,roman ,church involves the admission of all the dogmatic decisions of the councils ratified by the popes as ecumenical1 from the ,eighth ,council to the ,council of ,trent2 together with the dogmatic definition of the immaculate conception1 and the condemnations of heretical propositions which have issued from the ,holy ,see and are universally acknowledged and enforced by all bishops in her communion4 ,there is but one point1 therefore1 really in controversy with the party of ,dr4 ,pusey1 as there is but one with the so-called ,greek ,church1 viz43 the ,papal supremacy4 ,it will be noticed by every attentive reader that ,dr4 ,pusey partially admits #bhf this doctrine already1 and shows himself open to argument on the subject4 ,on the other great question1 respecting the prerogatives of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 he appears to show himself also disposed to listen to explanations tending to remove his misconceptions4 ,in a letter to ,dr4 ,wordsworth1 published in the ,weekly ,register1 of ,jan4 #bg1 ,dr4 ,pusey says3 ,in regard to 'the immaculate conception1' 4 4 4 ,i may1 however1 take this opportunity of saying that ,i understand that ,roman divines hold that all which is defined is1 that the soul of the ,blessed ,virgin was infused pure into her body1 and was preserved from both guilt and taint of original sin for those merits of our ,lord1 by whom she was redeemed1 and that nothing is defined as to 'active conception1' i4e41 that of her body4 ,in this case1 the words1 'in primo instanti conceptionis suae1' must be used in a different sense from that in which ,st4 ,thomas uses it of our ,lord4 ,the immaculateness of the conception would then differ in degree1 not in kind1 from that of ,jeremiah1 who was sanctified in his mother's womb4 ,it must be borne in mind that ,dr4 ,pusey finds no fault with the language of the ,latin or ,greek missals and breviaries respecting the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,let the quotations from the ,greek books in the notes to ,dr4 ,newman's letter be carefully examined1 and it will be seen that they fully sustain the common ,catholic belief and practice4 ,we have been ourselves fully acquainted with the doctrine and practice of the children of ,st4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 who are considered as having carried devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin to the greatest extreme4 ,we can1 therefore1 give our testimony that there is nothing in it which is not identical in principle with the prescribed devotions of the missal and breviary4 ,the notion of there being a substitution of the ,blessed ,virgin for ,christ1 or an overshadowing of the supreme worship and love of ,god1 anywhere in the ,catholic ,church1 is a mere chimaera1 a spectral illusion of an alarmed imagination4 ,we know what ,st4 ,bernard1 ,st4 ,alphonsus1 and other approved writers have said4 ,there is nothing there beyond the language of ,st4 ,ephrem1 the fathers of ,ephesus1 the ,greek liturgies1 the ,salve ,regina1 ,regina ,coeli1 ,ave ,domina1 and litany of ,loretto4 ,the array of quotations which ,dr4 ,pusey has made from ,catholic writers will be found1 on critical examination1 to contain nothing formidable4 ,one of the works from which he quotes1 that of ,oswald1 was placed on the ,index in #ahee1 and retracted by the author4 ,some of the other passages are from works of a highly imaginative character1 and contain figurative or poetic expressions easily susceptible of an erroneous sense when read by persons not intimately acquainted with the ,catholic religion4 ,we think with ,dr4 ,newman1 with the late ,archbishop ,kenrick1 and with many other wise and holy men1 that it is very ill-judged to adopt such phraseology when it is sure to beget bewilderment and misunderstanding4 ,we have more need to teach the solid dogmas of faith than to propagate pious opinions1 and cultivate exotic1 hot-house flowers of piety4 ,dr4 ,newman has done more to establish a solid devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 by his brief theological essay1 than all the fanciful and rhetorical rhapsodies ever penned4 ,we can forgave ,dr4 ,pusey for getting bewildered in perusing such a quantity of poetry1 accustomed as he is to ,hebrew and other dry studies2 but we regret that he has displayed such an assortment of obscure and dark sayings to bewilder others4 ,we acquit him cheerfully of all blame for it1 but we nevertheless cannot help giving our deliberate judgment that he has put forth one of the most mischievous books1 to ordinary and imperfectly informed minds1 that has ever proceeded from the ,english press4 ,we cannot by any means recommend it to general perusal1 but those who do read it will do well to take its statements1 on many points1 with great caution4 ,we will conclude our remarks upon it with noting some of its serious1 albeit unintentional1 misstatements3 #a4 ,the correspondence between ,archbishop ,wake and ,du ,pin was not a bon fide negotiation between that prelate and orthodox ,gallicans1 but with ,jansenists1 in view of a coalition against the ,roman ,church4 #b4 ,there is no proof of any ratification ever having been made by ,rome of any ordinations according to the ,anglican ordinal4 #c4 ,it is a mistake to say that extreme unction is given only to those whose life is despaired of4 ,it may be given #bhg in all cases where a probable danger of death is feared4 #d4 ,it is not admitted by ,catholic writers that ,russia was converted by missionaries separated from the communion of the ,roman ,church4 #e4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that the prelates of the ,united ,states gave no response to the ,holy ,see respecting the definition of the immaculate conception4 ,the question was discussed in a full council1 and the judgment of' the prelates was transmitted to ,rome in favor of the definition4 ,the ,blessed ,virgin1 under the title of the ,immaculate ,conception1 was proclaimed1 by a decree of the prelates1 the patroness of the ,church of the ,united ,states1 and the ,sunday within the octave of the feast has been made one of the principal solemnities of the year4 ,finally1 a complete misconception of the whole question respecting ,papal infallibility and its limits underlies and vitiates all the statements of the book on that subject4 ,there is no dissension or doubt existing in the ,catholic episcopate in regard to any definition of faith1 or any doctrinal decisions whose acceptance is exacted by the ,holy ,see under pain of censure4 ,the ,pope and the bishops1 as the infallible ,ecclesia ,docens1 are a unit4 ,what one teaches and requires to be believed1 all teach alike4 ,the unity of faith in the episcopate was never so palpable a fact as it is at the present moment4 ,so far as relates to disciplinary authority over doctrinal matters1 the ,roman ,church is recognized in universal ,catholic law as the court of ultimate appeal1 and all questions respecting the interpretation of the definitions of the ,council of ,trent1 which are the great standard of orthodoxy1 were expressly reserved to it by the bull of confirmation1 with the assent of the council itself1 and by the decree ,de ,recipiendis1 etc4 ,there is no possibility1 therefore1 of negotiating with the ,catholic ,church1 or any portion of it1 for reconciliation1 except through the head of the church4 ,the conditions of reconciliation are plain and distinct1 and they will never be modified so far as relates to doctrine or essential discipline4 ,explanation1 courtesy1 benignant interpretation1 full liberty in regard to mere theological opinions1 will be cheerfully accorded2 but no more4 ,it is vain to expect any propositions for reconciliation to come from the hierarchy of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of ,england or ,america4 ,we advise those who desire the reunion of ,christendom to consider1 carefully1 the claims of the ,roman ,church1 and if they are convinced of their validity to effect their own personal union with the mother and mistress of churches4 ,if they are not1 we do not wish them to come to us1 either singly or in a body4 ,those who really become ,catholics will desire to become members of the ,catholic ,church as she is1 and not of a reformed body1 conglomerated from the ,catholic1 ,russian1 and ,anglican churches1 and will not thank us to concede an iota of principle4 ,strict1 dogmatic unity1 and unconditional submission to the supreme authority of the ,see of ,peter1 is the only condition of union in ecclesiastical fellowship4 ,the ,greeks themselves have exacted that the question of dogma should be settled first1 before any propositions of intercommunion with ,anglicans can be entertained2 so that the hope of obtaining recognition from them1 with the question of dogma left open1 has been overthrown4 ,our other ,protestant brethren have embroiled themselves worse than ever over their projects for an anti-,catholic union of sects4 ,there is not the faintest chance of any reunion of ,christians except by a return to the centre of unity4 ,we are glad to see that ,dr4 ,pusey has been passing some time with ,catholic bishops in ,france1 and that there is a probability of his going to ,rome to confer with the ,holy ,father4 ,we trust the learned and venerable doctor will do so1 and that he will find his doubts and perplexities settled at the ,seat of ,truth1 the chair of the ,prince of the ,apostles1 whence all unity takes its rise4 ,,notes ,,on ,,doctrinal ,,and ,,spiritual ,,subjects4 ,by the late ,frederick ,william ,faber1 ,d4,d41 etc4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,mysteries and ,festivals4 ,london2 ,richardson ,son1 #ahff4 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe4 ,father ,faber was a man of cultivated mind1 rich imagination1 high poetic gifts1 exuberant sensibility1 and ardent devotion4 ,his life was rich in good works and his death deeply regretted4 ,in a literary point of view we consider his poetry as the best portion #bhh of the products of his fertile mind and pen4 ,his spiritual works1 however1 have attained a great popularity and a wide circulation1 and no doubt have done and will do great good to that large class who love and require instructions deeply imbued with sentiment and emotion4 ,the present volume consists of sketches of instructions never finished1 and is intended as an aid in preparing sermons or conferences on spiritual subjects4 ,we are glad to see that ,f4 ,faber's life is in preparation1 and shall await its publication with interest4 ,if well done1 it cannot fail to be one of the most attractive of biographies4 ,the life and writings of ,f4 ,faber are well suited to please and benefit a large class of ,protestants as well as ,catholics4 ,we have heard not only ,episcopalians and ,unitarians speak in warm terms of the pleasure they take in his books1 but even an aged and venerable ,presbyterian clergyman recite his poetry with enthusiasm4 ,we do not consider his works to be beyond criticism1 and1 for those who are able to bear it1 we regard the more solid and plain food of ,f4 ,augustine ,baker and ,father ,lallemant as more wholesome4 ,but every one has his own proper gift1 and that of ,father ,faber was evidently to make spiritual doctrine sweet and palatable to a vast number of persons who would not receive it except through the avenue of sensibility4 ,his works are a wilderness of flowers and foliage2 nevertheless they contain a doctrine which is substantially sound and useful1 and their general aim and tendency is to establish solid1 practical piety and virtue4 ,the volume before us is replete with thoughts and conceptions redolent with all the peculiar vividness and brilliancy of the author's style1 and exhibiting also extensive and profound knowledge of theology4 ,we con recommend it to clergymen who wish for a treasury of choice materials wherewith to enrich and enliven their discourses1 as a more complete and suggestive manual than any we have in the ,english language1 and one which may be used to great advantage if used judiciously4 ,it would be a very unsafe experiment1 however1 to attempt a close imitation of ,f4 ,faber's style1 especially for young and inexperienced preachers1 who might meet the fate of ,icarus attempting to fly with waxen wings4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 unreservedly recommend this volume as containing the best models for imitation1 but only in a qualified sense as extremely suggestive and quickening to thought and sentiment1 and thus furnishing the materials and ornaments for discourses planned and constructed in a plainer and more sober style4 ,we think it likely to become a great favorite with a large class of clergymen1 especially those who are anxious to make their sermons as attractive as possible1 and well fitted to be of great service to them in the way we have indicated4 ,,the ,,grahames4 ,by ,mrs4 ,trafford ,whitehead4 ,american ,news ,company4 #a volume #abmo1 pp4 #chb4 ,this is a commonplace1 fashionable novel1 written in an inflated style4 ,its sentiment is weak1 its pathos twaddle1 and its tone and morality low and reprehensible4 ,we hope none of our young people will read it2 but if they do that they will not imitate the heroine who finds it her mission to stay in a gentleman's house1 in the capacity of governess to a namby-pamby child1 after she has discovered that the lady is cold as ice1 and the gentleman1 whose eyes she cannot understand1 has accidentally betrayed his penchant for herself4 ,the lady1 as in duty bound1 dies1 and the governess1 of course1 marries the gentleman4 ,,christus ,,judex3 ,a ,traveller's ,tale4 ,by ,edward ,roth4 #abmo1 pp4 #gh4 ,philadelphia3 ,f4 ,leypoldt4 #ahfd4 ,this is a piece of composition full of beauty and marked by the most refined taste4 ,there is a chaste elegance1 too1 about the typography and binding which is highly creditable to the publisher4 ,it is just such a book as one wishes to find to present as a gift to a friend4 ,we heartily recommend it to all our readers4 ,transcriber's note3 ,this section was printed in small type2 many words are merely guesses4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost2 or ,reason and ,revelation1 by ,henry ,edward1 ,archbishop of ,westminster #abmo1 pp4 #bgd4 ,f4 ,w4 ,christ8881 ,new ,york3 ,victor ,hugo's ,les ,travalileurs de las ,mer4 ,edition special pour les ,etats-,unis4 ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new ,york3 ,nos4 #bc1 #bd and #be of ,darras' ,history of the ,church4 ,brophy ,burch1 ,washington1 ,d4,c3 ,argument in the ,supreme ,court of ,united ,states of ,america1 by ,alexander ,j4 ,p4 ,careschi81 in the case of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,cummings1 plaintiff in error1 vs4 the state of ,missouri1 defendant in error4 #bhi ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,iii41 ,,no4 #ae4--;,,june1 #ahff4 ,,original ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,belief ,,in ,,god ,,is ,,the ,,first ,,article ,,of ,a ,,religious ,,creed4 ,the first article of the ,christian ,creed is ,credo in ,deum--,i believe in ,god4 ,the ,christian child receives this originally by instruction before it attains the complete use of reason1 and believes it by a natural faith in the word of those who teach it4 ,afterward it attains to a clearer and more distinct conception of its meaning and truth4 ,this conception1 however1 is still furnished to it by ,christian theology1 and by theology itself is referred back to a revelation whose beginning is coeval with the human race4 ,the fact just stated in regard to the belief of the ,christian child is also true in regard to the belief of mankind universally4 ,wherever the idea of ,god1 as exhibited by pure1 theistic philosophy1 is contained in the common belief of the people1 it is held as a portion of some religious system purporting to be derived from revelation4 ,it is learned from the instruction of religious teachers1 and transmitted by a sacred tradition4 ,we do not attain to the conception of ,god by the spontaneous1 unaided evolution of it in our individual reason4 ,those nations which remain in the state of infancy1 through a lack of the civilizing and instructing power1 do not attain to that conception4 ,the only way in which pure1 theistic conceptions have ever been communicated to any considerable number of persons previously destitute of them1 has been by the instruction of those who already possessed them4 ,this tradition goes back to the original creation of the race4 ,mankind was originally constituted by the ,almighty in a state of civilized and enlightened society1 fully furnished with that sacred treasure which tradition diffuses universally1 and which constitutes #bij the inherited capital on which all the precious gain and increase in science1 civilization1 and every kind of intellectual and moral wealth1 are based4 ,it is in this way that the conception of ,god1 which the founders of the human race received by immediate revelation1 has been preserved and transmitted by universal tradition4 ,in the pure and legitimate line of descent it has come down uncorrupted through the line of patriarchs and prophets to ,jesus ,christ1 who has promulgated it anew in such a manner as to secure its inviolable preservation to the end of time4 ,indirectly1 and subject to various changes and corruptions1 it has descended through human language and law1 through civilization and science1 through ,gentile literature and mythology1 and through philosophy4 ,directly or indirectly1 all the conceptions of mankind respecting ,god1 whether perfect or imperfect1 crude or mature1 have been transmitted by tradition from the original and primitive revelation made to the founders of the race4 ,the universal utterance of mankind is1 and always has been1 ,credo in ,deum4 ,this is a common credence1 possessed by the race from the beginning1 which the individual mind receives and acquiesces in with more or less of intelligent belief and understanding1 but never totally eradicates from among its conceptions4 ,it is a credence perfectly enunciated in that divine revelation which the ,christian church possesses in its integrity1 and communicates in the most complete and explicit manner to all those who receive her instructions4 ,here may easily arise a misunderstanding4 ,some one will say3 ,you appear to resolve all our knowledge of ,god into an act of faith in a revelation handed down from the past4 ,but the very conception of revelation implies the previous conception of ,god1 who makes the revelation4 ,faith in a revealed doctrine is based on the veracity of ,god1 who reveals it4 ,but in order that one may be able to make this act of faith1 he must previously know that ,god is1 and that he is veracious4 ,thus1 we must believe that ,god is veracious because it is revealed1 and believe this revealed doctrine that he is veracious because of his veracity4 ,this is a vicious circle1 and gives no basis whatever for rational belief4 ,this objection has really been anticipated and obviated in the preceding chapter4 ,a full understanding of the answer to it will require a careful reading of the present chapter entire1 and perhaps of the greater part of the succeeding ones4 ,just now1 we simply reply to the objector that we do not1 as he imagines1 resolve the evidence of ,god's existence1 and of other rational truths1 into a tradition or revelation4 ,we hold firmly that these truths are provable by reason4 ,in speaking of revelation or tradition as our instructor in the doctrine of ,god1 what is meant is this3 ,the correct and complete formula1 the divine word1 or infallible speech1 expressing in the sensible signs of human language the explicit conception of that divine idea which is constitutive of the soul's very rational existence1--this formula has been handed down by tradition from the origin of the race4 ,we do not propose this tradition as a mere exterior authority to which the mind must submit blindly1 from which it must derive its rational activity1 or in which it must locate its criterion of rational certitude4 ,we admit the obligation of proving that this tradition is universal and divine4 ,so far as the doctrines it proposes are within the sphere of reason1 we hold that reason receives them because they are self-evident1 or capable of being deduced from that which is self-evident4 ,thus1 for instance1 in proposing the veracity of ,god as the ground of faith in his revelation1 it is proposed as a truth evident by the light of reason4 ,reason1 however1 is indebted to the instruction which comes by tradition for that clear and distinct statement of the being and attributes #bia of ,god1 including his infinite and eternal veracity1 which brings the mind to a reflective consciousness of its own primitive idea4 ,this may be illustrated by a comparison of the exterior word or revelation with that interior word or revelation which creates the soul and gives it the natural light of reason4 ,the word of ,god spoken in the creative act creates the rational soul1 and affirms to it his being and the existence of creatures1 including that of the soul itself4 ,this is a revelation4 ,all natural knowledge is a revelation from ,god4 ,our belief in the reality of the outward world1 and of our own existence1 is resolved into a belief in the reality of the creative act of ,god1 or of that spoken word by which he creates the world4 ,we see no difficulty here1 because we see that the word of ,god1 in this case1 enlightens the soul to see the truth of that which it declares to it4 ,we need not find any more difficulty in the case of the exterior word4 ,when this exterior1 word declares plainly to an ignorant mind the nature and attributes of ,god1 and the obligation of believing and obeying the truth revealed by him1 this word also enlightens that mind to perceive the truth of what it declares4 ,it illuminates the soul to see more distinctly the truths that are within the sphere of reason by direct1 rational perception2 and to see indirectly and indistinctly those truths which are above reason1 in the self-evident truth of ,god's veracity1 and in the analogies and correspondences which exist between these truths and those which are directly apprehended by reason4 ,this is anticipating what is to be treated of expressly hereafter4 ,we trust it is now plain that we do not profess to derive the idea of ,god in the human race1 and in each individual mind1 from a mere outward tradition1 or to prove its reality from a mere authoritative dictum of revelation4 ,what we really intend to do is1 to exhibit the conception of ,god contained in ,christian theology1 for the purpose of showing its objective truth and reality by a rational method4 ,in the first place1 we wish to bring out the conception itself as clearly as possible2 to describe a circle in language vast and perfect enough to include all that is intelligible to human reason respecting ,god and his perfections4 ,in the second place1 to review the different methods of proving to reason the objective reality of this conception4 ,and finally1 to propose what we believe to be the best and most complete method of presenting to the reflective consciousness of the soul the certitude of its positive judgment1 affirming the being of ,god4 ,footnote #dg ,footnote #dg3 ,in the actual treatment of the subject1 this order has been changed for the sake of convenience4 ,a great task1 certainly6 ,some may regard it as on evidence of presumption to undertake it4 ,truly1 if one should propose the conception of the being of the infinite ,god as a mere hypothesis2 criticising and condemning the arguments of great men respecting it as illogical and unsuccessful attempts to prove it2 professing to have discovered or invented some new process of demonstrating the problem1 and thus pretend to make that certain which has hitherto been doubtful or probable1 it would argue the height of arrogance and presumption4 ,we do not1 however1 propose any such thing4 ,the idea of ,god constitutes the very existence and life of the human soul4 ,the conception of ,god1 more or less perfectly explicated1 is the possession of the human race universal1 and in its completely explicated form it is the possession of the church universal of all ages4 ,it is the treasure of universal theology and philosophy1 handed down by an universal and inviolable tradition not of mere dead words and logical forms1 but of the living thought and belief of all the sages and saints of the earth4 ,the truth that #bib ,god is1 and is infinitely perfect in his attributes1 is the infallible and irreversible judgment of the reason of mankind1 whether naturally or supernaturally enlightened4 ,all that an individual can do is to attempt to gain a distinct apprehension and a correct verbal expression of the self-luminous idea which shines in all philosophy1 but especially in ,christian ,catholic philosophy4 ,it is a mistake1 then1 to consider an argument respecting the being of ,god as a mere logical process1 conducting from some known premises to an unknown conclusion2 a process in which any incorrectness in analysis or deduction vitiates the result and leaves the unsolved problem to the efforts of some new candidate for the honor of first discovering the solution4 ,the reflex conceptions of that infallible affirmation of ,god to the soul which constitutes its rational existence must be substantially correct4 ,this is especially the case where revelation furnishes a perfect and infallible outward expression of that inward conception which the reflective reason is laboring to acquire4 ,therefore we consider that there is a real agreement among all theistic and ,christian philosophers4 ,all have true intellectual conceptions of the idea of ,god4 ,yet there may be some of these conceptions which1 though true1 are confused4 ,again1 in the multiplied reflex action of the mind upon itself and its own judgments and conceptions1 there may be some imperfections in the analysis or critical examination of the component parts of the idea1 in the synthesis or construction of these component parts into an ideal formula1 and in the language by which verbal expression is given to the conceptions of the mind4 ,what is to be aimed at is1 to obtain intellectual conceptions which are clear and adequate to the idea1 and a verbal expression which is also clear and adequate to the mental conception4 ,in this direction lies the true path of progress in ,christian philosophy4 ,it is a continual effort to apprehend more clearly and adequately in the intelligence the conceptions given to our reflective reason by revelation1 and to express these conceptions more clearly and intelligibly in language4 ,hence1 so far as the doctrine of ,god is concerned1 philosophy can only strive after formulas which express adequately the conception existing in every mind which has brought the idea of ,god into reflective consciousness4 ,if this be true relatively to the common mind1 it must be so much more relatively to the instructed philosophic mind of the world1 especially the instructed theological mind of the church1 where philosophy and theology are developed in a scientific form4 ,the individual may reflect on that part of theology which his own intelligence has appropriated and assimilated to itself1 and may possibly advance science by his reflections4 ,but he cannot possibly cut himself off from the intellectual tradition and the continuity of intellectual life by which his reason lives and acts1 without perpetrating intellectual suicide4 ,we despise and reject1 therefore1 all philosophy or theology which severs itself from the great vital current and pulsation of traditional wisdom and science4 ,we despise also that which merely repeats what it has learned1 unless it has first made an intelligent judgment that this is1 in regard to whatever matter is under discussion1 the ultimatum that human reason can attain4 ,one may do some good by repeating and explaining to others what are1 for him1 the last and most perfect words of wisdom which he has found in studying the works of the great and wise teachers of men4 ,this gives him no claim to be honored as an original thinker or writer4 ,he diffuses but he does not advance science4 ,it is better to do this than to fall into error and folly1 or at least to waste time and paper1 by vainly striving after originality for its own sake1 or from a silly motive of #bic vain-glory4 ,or one may really advance science by original and valuable thoughts which are an elaboration of the truth that has hitherto remained in a crude form2 by a better analysis or synthesis of common1 universal conceptions2 if nothing more1 at least by a better verbal expression and a more distinct and intelligible method of exposition4 ,for ourselves1 we are satisfied to explain and diffuse that wisdom which we have found in the writings of the greatest and most profound thinkers1 especially those who have created or embellished ,catholic theology4 ,we strike out no new and unknown path4 ,we do not pretend even to push forward into any unexplored region in the old one4 ,all that is in this treatise may probably be found elsewhere1 and by many will be recognized as already familiar to them4 ,although we do not choose to burden our pages with citations and references1 the reader may rely on it that in the main we follow the common current of ,catholic theology4 ,if we sometimes deviate from it1 we are still1 in most instances1 following the steps of some one or more of the giant pioneers who have gone on before1 leaving a broad trail to direct the weaker traveller in the path of science4 ,what has just been said is applicable to every subject treated in these essays4 ,in relation to the special subject now under consideration1 we are very anxious not to seem captious or rash in criticising the common methods of argument employed by theologians4 ,we recognize the substantial solidity of the doctrine of ,god contained in the best philosophers of all ages1 so far as it agrees with revelation2 and the perfect soundness and completeness of the doctrine as taught by ,christian theologians4 ,it is only the form and method that we intend to criticise1 so far as theological doctrine is concerned2 and1 so far as relates to the purely human and rational element of philosophy1 only that which is peculiar to individuals1 schools1 or periods1 and not that which is common and universal4 ,let us remember that we are not reasoning as sceptics1 and1 beginning from a principle of philosophic doubt1 ignoring all knowledge and belief1 and striving to work our way upward to something positive and certain4 ,whether we are positively ,christian in our belief or not1 we are taking the viewing-point of ,christian faith1 and making a survey of the prospect visible to the eye from that point4 ,it presents to us the completely developed idea of ,god as always known and always believed with certitude4 ,what we are to do1 then1 is to find the most adequate expression of that which faith has believed and reason been able to understand during all time respecting ,god4 ,we stand not alone1 in the ignorance of our isolated1 individual minds1 to create by a slow and laborious task the truth and the belief of which our souls feel the need4 ,we stand in union with the human race1 always in possession of at least the elements of truth4 ,we stand in union with that favored portion of the human race which has always clearly and distinctly believed in the absolute truth of the being and infinite perfection of ,god1 and in a distinct revelation from him4 ,we are about to examine this universal belief1 and these intelligent judgments of cultivated universal human reason1 and to compare them with the principles and judgments of our own reason4 ,to ascertain what ,christian ,catholic faith is1 and how it is radicated in an intelligent indubitable certitude of reason--this is what we are about to attempt2 and the first part of our task is to examine the ,christian conception of ,god1 as expressed in theistic philosophy and ,catholic theology4 ,we intend to prove that it is the original1 permits have1 constitutive idea of human reason1 brought1 into distinct1 reflective consciousness2 made intelligible to the understanding1 so far as it is not immediately intelligible in itself1 by analogy2 and correctly expressed by the sensible signs of language4 #bid ,,iv4 ,,different ,,methods ,,of ,,proving ,,the ,,being ,,of ,,god4 ,it is evident that we have no direct intellectual vision or beholding of ,god4 ,the goal is separated from him by an infinite and impassable abyss4 ,we cannot now take into account the person of ,jesus ,christ1 or of any who have been elevated to an intellectual condition different from that which is proper to our present state on earth4 ,apart from such exceptions1 the soul even of the highest contemplative never directly beholds ,god himself4 ,in the words of ,st4 ,augustine2 ,videri autem divinitas humano visu nullo modo potest2 sed eo visu videtur1 quo jam qui vident1 non homines sed ultra homines sunt4 ,the divinity can in no way be seen by human vision3 but it is seen by a vision of such a kind that they who see by it are not men1 but are more than men4 ,footnote #dh ,neither have we the power to comprehend the intrinsic necessity of ,god's being and the intimate reason and nature of his self-existence4 ,if we had a natural power of seeing ,god immediately1 we would be naturally beatified1 and all error or sin would be impossible4 ,moreover1 we have not even a formed and developed conception of ,god innate to our reason1 such as that which the instructed and educated reason can acquire4 ,for1 if we had1 it would be in all minds alike without exception2 everywhere and under all circumstances the same1 without any need of previous reflection or instruction4 ,what1 then1 is the genesis of our rational conception and belief of the divine being and attributes8 ,how is it evident that ,god really is8 ,footnote #dh3 ,de ,trin4 lib4 ii4 c4 ii4 ,the arguments employed by philosophers are usually divided into two classes1 those called priori1 and those called posteriori4 ,an argument priori is one which deduces a truth from another truth of a prior and more universal order4 ,therefore1 to prove the being of ,god priori we must go back to a truth either really and in itself antecedent to his being1 or antecedent in the primitive idea of reason4 ,that is to say1 there must be an ideal world of truth logically antecedent to ,god1 and independent of him2 an eternal nature of things which is in itself necessary1 and intelligible to our reason1 before it has any idea of ,god4 ,or else1 the primitive1 constitutive idea of our reason must be an idea of some abstract being of this nature which is not ,god1 and which in the real order is not antecedent to ,god1 but only antecedent to him in the order of human thought and knowledge4 ,if the first is true1 ,god is not the first cause1 the first principle1 the infinite and eternal truth in himself1 the absolute essence1 and the immediate object of his own intelligence4 ,the very conception of ,god which is sought to be proved is destroyed and rendered unintelligible4 ,this will appear more clearly when we come to develop more fully hereafter the idea of ,god and his attributes4 ,in the order of real being there is and can be nothing before ,god4 ,there is no cause1 no principle1 no truth1 no intelligible idea more universal than ,god1 and prior to him1 from which his being can be deduced as a consequence4 ,in this sense1 then1 an priori argument for the being of ,god is impossible4 ,if the second alternative is true1 that we have a primitive idea of something in our minds which is before the idea of ,god1 the order of ideas1 of reason1 of human thought1 is not in harmony with the real order4 ,we apprehend the unreal and not the real4 ,we see things as they are not1 and not as they are4 ,the reason apprehends the abstract1 ideal universe1 the eternal nature of things1 the world of necessary truth1 as antecedent to ,god and independent of him1 when it is not so4 ,if this were so1 we could never attain to the true idea of ,god as before all things and the principle of all4 ,for reason most develop #bie according to its primary and constitutive idea and its necessary law of thought4 ,if in this constitutive idea there is something before ,god from which1 as a prior principle1 a more universal truth1 the being of ,god is deduced as a consequence and a secondary truth1 we must always look at things in this way1 and can never directly behold the real order of being as it is4 ,thus we can never attain the true idea of ,god while we apprehend any intelligible object of thought as prior to him who is really prior to all1 and must be apprehended as prior or else falsely apprehended4 ,an priori argument in this sense is1 therefore1 as impossible as in the other4 ,let us now examine more particularly some of the so-called priori arguments4 ,one is an argument from the conceptions1 or1 as they are commonly called1 the ideas1 of space and time4 ,it proceeds thus3 ,we have an idea of infinite space1 and of infinite time1 as necessary in the eternal nature of things4 ,do what we will1 we cannot banish these ideas1 or avoid thinking of space and time as necessary and eternal4 ,therefore1 there is an infinite1 eternal being1 of whose existence space and time are the necessary effects4 ,this argument dazzles the mind by a certain splendor and overwhelms it by a certain profundity and vastness of conception1 but yet leaves it confused and overpowered rather than convinced4 ,it will not bear analysis1 as ,leibnitz has successfully proved in his letters to ,adam ,clarke1 who defended it with all the acuteness and ingenuity which his subtle and penetrating intellect could bring to bear on the question4 ,nothing is1 or can be1 which is not either ,god or the creation of ,god4 ,space and time1 therefore1 are either attributes of ,god1 or created entities1 if they have any being or existence in themselves at all4 ,they are either identical with the essence of ,god1 or they are included within the creation and only coeval and co-extensive with it2 that is1 bounded by finite and precise limits of succession and extension4 ,if the former1 in perceiving them we perceive ,god directly4 ,this is not affirmed by the argument1 which asserts that they are effects of ,god's being and external to it4 ,if the second1 they are not infinite2 the idea of their infinity and necessity is an illusion1 and no argument can be derived from it4 ,it is1 beside1 impossible to conceive of space and time as entities1 or existing things1 distinct and separate from other existences1 and having certain defined limits4 ,the language used by those who distinguish them both from ,god and creation1 and call them necessary effects of the being of ,god1 is simply unintelligible4 ,their conception of infinite space and time is1 as ,leibnitz calls it1 a mere idol of the fancy1 a phantasm representing nothing real4 ,there is no intelligible conception of space and time as distinct both from ,god and creation4 ,there is no such thing in the order of reality or of thought as a necessary effect of ,god's being1 or any effect except that produced by his free creative act4 ,into the idea of ,god nothing enters except ,god himself4 ,supposing that ,god exists alone without having created1 when we think of ,god we think of all that can be thought as actual4 ,his being fills up his own intelligence1 of which it is the only and complete object4 ,into a true conception of that being our notions of space and time cannot enter4 ,nevertheless1 in apprehending space and time there must be some real and intelligible idea which is apprehended4 ,this idea is the possibility of creation1 which in ,god is necessary and infinite4 ,by his very essence1 ,god has the power to create1 and this power is unlimited4 ,the idea of a created universe necessarily includes the idea of its existence in space and time4 ,the possibility of space and time are1 therefore1 included in the possibility of creation1 and as no limits can be placed to #bif the one1 so none can be placed to the other4 ,our apprehension of infinite space and time is an apprehension of the infinite possibility of creation in ,god4 ,we apprehend ,god under the intuition of the infinite1 the necessary1 and the eternal4 ,this intuition of the infinite enters into all our thoughts4 ,and therefore1 however much we may extend our conception of actual duration or extension in regard to the created universe1 we must always think the possibility of that duration and extension being increased even to infinity4 ,ideal space and time is that which we apprehend of real space and time1 with the thought of their possible extension to infinity included4 ,real space and time are not entities distinct in themselves1 but relations of succession and co-existence among created things4 ,as in ,god alone1 as distinct from creation1 there is nothing intelligible but the divine being1 so in the creation there is nothing intelligible but that which ,god has created4 ,god and the existences which ,god has made are all that the mind can think4 ,take away ,god and finite1 real things2 nothing remains4 ,think of ,god as not creating1 and ,god is the sole object of thought4 ,add to this the thought of ,god creating1 and you have finite created entities4 ,but you have nothing more2 and if you fancy there is anything more1 such as space and time in the abstract1 you have a phantasm or idol of the imagination1 which is nothing4 ,real space and time must be relations of existing things1 and ideal space and time the possibility of relations among things which might be2 or they are nothing4 ,destroy real entities1 and you destroy all real relations4 ,deny the possibility of real entities1 and you destroy all ideal relations4 ,this answers the puzzling question sometimes asked1 ,can ,god annihilate space8 ,he can annihilate real space by annihilating the real universe from which it is inseparable4 ,he cannot annihilate ideal space1 because it is in himself1 as included in his eternal idea of the possible creation1 or of his own infinite power to create4 ,our apprehensions of space and time are in the intelligible and not in the sensible world4 ,the sensible form which they have results from the universal law that all intelligible conceptions come to us through the sensible1 and represented to us through sensible signs4 ,they must ultimately terminate in the idea of ,god as pure spirit1 without extension or successive duration4 ,when we think of extension in space we imagine a material figure1 or an atmosphere whose circumference we extend further and further in all directions4 ,when we think of duration in time1 we think of a succession of material or intellectual actions1 whose series we extend backward into the past or forward into the future4 ,but1 no matter how far we carry these processes1 a definite and limited extension and duration is all that we reach4 ,it is impossible that the idea of infinite space and duration should be actually realized in the order of finite and created things4 ,the impossibility of placing any limit to them which shall be final must1 therefore1 be referred to an idea beyond all relations of space and time1 and truly infinite1 which we imperfectly apprehend by analogy through these relations4 ,this is the idea of ,god as having an infinite power to create which is inexhaustible by any actual creation1 however vast4 ,only in this way is the idea intelligible1 and we must affirm ,god as real and infinite being before we can correctly apprehend it4 ,it may be said that this is what is really meant by the argument from space and time4 ,we are willing to admit that it is what these eminent writers really had in their minds4 ,but it appears to us that they have expressed it without sufficient clearness and precision1 by reason of the confusion which prevails in modern philosophy1 and that it is not really an priori argument1 since it cannot be made #big intelligible without affirming the idea of ,god as prior to all other ideas in the order of thought as well as in the order of being4 ,another argument is derived from the possibility of conceiving that there is a being absolutely perfect4 ,we can conceive that there is a being possessing all possible perfections4 ,but actual existence is a perfection4 ,therefore if we conceive of a being possessing all perfection1 we must conceive of him as having actual existence4 ,this amounts merely to saying that actual existence enters into our conception of ,god4 ,where is the proof that that conception is not merely in our mind8 ,does the fact that we are able to form a conception of ,god prove that ,god really exists8 ,some will answer4 ,yes4 ,because it is absurd to suppose that the mind can form an idea greater than itself1 and conceive of a possible order of being greater than the real order4 ,it is1 indeed1 absurd2 but the absurdity cannot be shown without at the same time showing the impossibility of finding any principle of reason prior to the idea of ,god4 ,is that which the reason perceives real being8 ,then the idea of the infinite is the affirmation of an infinite being4 ,it is impossible to conceive of a possible being greater than the real being1 because the real being is directly affirmed as infinite in the idea of reason4 ,the very idea we are seeking to prove real presents itself as real to the reason before we can even begin the process of proving it4 ,it is itself prior to every principle we are looking for as the most ultimate and the most universal4 ,there cannot be found anything from which we can reason priori to that which is itself prior to all4 ,we have began by affirming our conclusion as the basis of our proof4 ,at the end of our argument we come back to our starting-point4 ,is that which the reason perceives not real being8 ,what1 then1 is it8 ,it will be said that it is an a idea4 ,if so1 this priori argument proves only that the actual existence of ,god is conceivable1 and that it cannot be proved that there is no ,god4 ,it may even make his real existence appear to be probable1 taken in connection with the other arguments usually employed4 ,at best1 however1 it leaves the idea of ,god always under the form of an hypothesis1 and affords no protection against the corruption of the idea by pantheistic and materialistic notions4 ,where is the passage from the abstract to the concrete1 from the mental conception to the objective reality8 ,if our conceptions of ,god lie in the order of an abstract world1 and it is not the reality which is the ultimate object of reason1 how can we ever obtain certitude that there is a real world corresponding to that abstract world which exists in our own mind8 ,such is the reasoning of modern materialism which is conducting vast numbers as near to absolute atheism as the mind by its own nature is able to go4 ,for the class of men alluded to there are no realities except those of the sensible world4 ,the spiritual world of dogmatic truth1 religious obligation1 and supernatural hopes1 is ignored and neglected as merely abstract1 hypothetical1 and having at best but a dubious claim on our attention2 one which may with safety and prudence be practically set aside for the more obvious claims of the present life4 ,the entire falsity of this whole philosophy of the abstract1 and the nullity of all abstractions considered as self-subsisting objects of thought1 will be more directly shown hereafter4 ,for the present we say no more on this head1 but proceed to consider another form in which the argument from abstract1 priori principles is presented4 ,we have an idea of the good1 the beautiful1 the true1 as being necessary1 universal1 and eternal4 ,therefore there must be a being in whose mind these ideas exist1 or of whom these qualities can be affirmed4 ,this argument has been answered in answering #bih the foregoing one1 with which it nearly coincides4 ,are these ideas abstract1 independent of reality1 antecedent to the idea of real1 concrete being8 ,then they are forms of the mind1 and leave it without a direct perception of the existence of a real1 concrete being1 infinitely good1 beautiful1 and true2 or rather1 the infinite goodness1 beauty1 and truth in himself4 ,are these ideas immediate affirmations of this real being8 ,then we have lost again our a priori principle1 by finding that the conclusion is actually prior to it4 ,either we affirm the intuition of the concrete1 real object1 from which the abstract conception of the good1 the beautiful1 and the true is derived1 or we can prove only the existence of these conceptions in the mind1 and cannot argue from the conceptions to the reality1 or in any way perceive clearly the existence of the reality in an order external to our own mind4 ,let us pass now to the argument called posteriori4 ,this is a method of reasoning exactly the reverse of the former2 in which we proceed from effects to their causes1 and from particulars to the universal4 ,we endeavor to prove the existence of ,god from certain facts which cannot be accounted for unless they are regarded as effects of an absolute first cause4 ,we may consider this argument from two distinct points of view4 ,first1 we may take it as an effort to deduce the existence of ,god from a great number of facts1 as the result of our knowledge of these particular facts2 an effort to prove by experiment and observation an hypothesis which is proposed as a probable solution of the problem of the universe4 ,we suppose that we begin without the idea of ,god4 ,we acquire the knowledge of particular facts through sensation and reflection4 ,by noting a great number of facts1 and reflecting upon them1 we ascend to general and abstract truths1 and as a last result arrive at the conception of the being of ,god as the most universal truth1 and the one which is the sum of all probabilities4 ,in the second place1 we may take this argument as a method of manifesting the way in which the action of the first cause is shown forth in the universe4 ,the idea of ,god is first affirmed1 and the due explication of the facts of the universe is then demonstrated to be only an explication of the idea of ,god as first cause4 ,the universe is shown to be intelligible in its cause1 and apart from it to be unintelligible4 ,taken in this way the argument is identical with that which we are about to propose a little later4 ,taken in the former sense1 it is not a demonstration of the existence of ,god4 ,suppose that we can begin to reason without the idea of cause1 and we can never establish its necessity by induction4 ,eliminate the idea of self-subsisting1 necessary1 eternal being1 and suppose it unknown1 unimagined2 we can never rise above the particular1 isolated sensations and perceptions of which we are conscious4 ,if the facts which are called effects are intelligible in themselves1 they imply no cause1 and none can be proved from them4 ,if they are not intelligible in themselves1 they are from the first intelligible only in their cause1 and the idea of cause is ultimate in the mind1 antecedent to all knowledge of particulars1 the first premised of every conclusion4 ,it cannot then be proved as the conclusion of any syllogism2 for all arguments start from it as the primitive idea and first principle of reason4 ,this method of argument belongs to that sceptical system of philosophy which came in vogue with the theology of ,protestantism1 and has been ever since working out its fatal results4 ,it is the principle of disintegration1 doubt1 and denial1 transferred from the domain of revealed dogma into the order of rational truths4 ,kant1 the great master of this philosophy1 and one of the principal chiefs of modern thought1 carried out this philosophy to the denial of all possibility of science1 and therefore of all #bii ,scientific knowledge of ,god1 immortality1 and moral obligation4 ,having swept all natural and revealed truths out of the domain of pure reason1 he made a feeble attempt to establish their authority in the sphere of practical reason4 ,the individual man and the human race need the belief in ,god to keep them in the order required for their well-being4 ,therefore we may believe that there is a ,god4 ,it is needless to say that these dictates of practical reason are not respected by those who carry out consistently and boldly the sceptical philosophy4 ,the ravages made by the principle of scepticism among those who have cast off all traditional belief in ,christianity are obvious to all eyes4 ,but it is not so generally acknowledged that the same philosophy has had a wide and baneful influence over ,christian theology4 ,some ,christian writers would avowedly sweep away science to give place to faith1 not reflecting that faith tumbles to the ground when its rational basis is removed4 ,others follow the method of a philosophy constructed upon that method1 a method which is altogether unfit to be a medium of the rational explanation of ,christian dogmas4 ,hence1 there is a schism between theology and philosophy1 leaving both these sciences in a mutilated condition4 ,the manifest inadequacy of the common philosophical system brings it into contempt1 and induces the effort to transfer the seat of all certitude and all true science to theology4 ,theology cannot make the first step without a basis of rational certitude for faith and for conclusions drawn from premises which are furnished by faith4 ,consequently her efforts to walk on air result to her discredit1 and theology falls into contempt4 ,this ends in adopting ,kant's practical reason as the basis of religious belief4 ,philosophy and theology1 as sciences of the highest order1 are deserted4 ,religion is defended and explained on the ground of its probability and its utility4 ,we cannot have science or make our belief intelligible4 ,it is safe and prudent to follow on in the way the great majority of the wise and good have walked4 ,let us do so1 and silence the questionings of the intellect4 ,footnote #di ,the language of scepticism6 ,this is the mental disease of our day4 ,scepticism in regard to the doctrines of revelation2 scepticism in regard to the dictates of reason6 ,no doubt1 if faith had full sway1 and no false philosophy prevailed1 theology would be sufficient by itself4 ,for it contains in solution the true philosophy2 and the simple1 unsophisticated ,christian intellect will take it up and absorb it naturally without needing to have it administered in a separate state4 ,but where the mind has been sophisticated by false philosophy1 it cannot take theology until the antidote of true philosophy has been given to it4 ,here is a lack in our ,english-speaking religious world4 ,and this lack is1 perhaps1 the reason why some of the best writers speak so uncertainly of the rational basis of faith in revealed truths1 and even in the truth of ,god's existence4 ,while they affirm the certitude of their own inward belief1 yet they acknowledge that they can only construct an argument which in philosophy is probable4 ,that is to say1 they have not a philosophy in which the ground of their inward certitude is expressed in a distinct formula1 and by which they can make their readers conscious of a similar ground of certitude in themselves4 ,they have no philosophy corresponding to their theology1 and therefore1 when they address the unbelieving or doubting world1 they are at a loss for a bridge to span the chasm lying between it and themselves4 ,footnote #di3 ,these remarks are not levelled against any approved system of ,catholic philosophy1 but only against those which are in vogue in the non-,catholic world1 or among certain ,catholic writers of a modern date4 ,there is at present a laudable and #cjj encouraging desire manifested by the leading thinkers and writers of different churches to bring out the great fundamental truth that ,god is the author of nature and revelation1 in such a way as to stem the tide of scepticism4 ,guizot1 who is among the most eminent1 if not the very first1 of the modern advocates of orthodox ,protestantism1 in the programme of a recent work in defence of revealed religion which he has published1 expresses the opinion that the differences between his own co-religionists and ,catholics are of minor importance compared to the great pending controversy with modern scepticism4 ,this1 with many other indications of a growing cordiality in earnest ,protestants toward ,catholics who are similarly earnest1 makes us hope to receive from them as well as from the members of our own communion a respectful and candid hearing of what we have to say on this weighty subject4 ,and now1 having done with the disagreeable task of criticism1 we entreat of our readers1 if they have found the preliminary treatment of the subject we are on abstruse and wearisome1 to resume their courage and push on a little further up the ascent toward the summit of truth4 ,the traveller1 who struggles through thickets and over rocks toward the top of a mountain is well rewarded by the landscape which lies below and around him1 lighted up by the radiance of the full orb of day4 ,so1 gentle reader1 whether you are believer or sceptic1 there is an eminence before us which we can attain1 from which the fair landscape of natural and supernatural truth is visible as far as the outermost boundaries which fade away into the infinite4 ,we wish to lead you to this eminence1 and to show you this landscape lighted up with the radiance of the primal source of light1 the idea of ,god1 the self-luminous centre of the universe of thought4 ,we wish to show you this idea of ,god in its absolute truth and certitude2 clearly and distinctly visible in that horizon which is within the scope of the naked eye of reason1 but whose boundaries are enlarged and its objects magnified by the aid of that gigantic telescope called faith4 #cja ,from ,once a ,week ,a ,,month ,,in ,,kilkenny4 ,,by ,w4 ,p4 ,,lennox4 ,there is little to attract the attention of the traveller between ,dublin and ,kilkenny1 except the fine range of mountains and the ,curragh of ,kildare4 ,the ,newmarket of ,ireland is a vast1 unbroken1 bleak plain1 consisting of #d1heh statute acres4 ,it belongs to the crown1 and is appropriate to racing and coursing1 the adjacent proprietors having the privilege of grazing sheep thereon4 ,the ranger of the ,curragh is appointed by the government1 and has the entire charge of this celebrated property4 ,of the race-meetings that take place on this spot it is needless to speak1 as they are recorded in the newspapers of the day4 ,suffice it to say that the arrangements are well carried out1 the prizes considerable1 the number of horses that contend for them great1 and the sport first-rate4 ,after changing trains at ,kilkenny1 ,i reached ,parsonstown1 where a carriage awaited me1 to convey me to ,woodstock1 the hospitable seat of my brother-in-law1 the ,right ,hon4 ,william ,tighe1 and my sister1 ,lady ,louisa ,tighe4 ,inistioge1 anciently called ,inis-teoc1 is a charmingly situated small town overlooking the ,nore1 which is crossed by a picturesque bridge of ten arches1 ornamented on one side with ,ionic pilasters4 ,the town is built in the form of a square1 which being planted with lime-trees gives it the appearance of a foreign town4 ,in the centre of the square is a small plain pillar1 based on a pedestal of stone4 ,this was the shaft of an ancient stone cross1 and bears an inscription to the memory of ,david1 ,baron of ,brownsfield1 one of the ,fitzgerald family1 who died in #afba4 ,the emerald green turf1 and the foliage of the trees1 in the square1 give it a fresh appearance1 and form an agreeable contrast to the surrounding stone buildings4 ,inistioge was once a royal borough1 and famed for its religious establishments4 ,it also possessed a large ,augustinian monastery4 ,all that now remains of it consists of two towers3 one of them is incorporated with the parish church2 the other is square at the base and octagonal in the upper stages4 ,of ,woodstock itself1 ,i will merely say that the house contains a valuable library1 some good paintings2 the gardens can find no equal in the ,united ,kingdom2 and the grounds1 laid out with every diversity that wood and water can bestow1 are perfectly beautiful4 ,at the back rises a wooded hill1 to the height of #ijj feet1 the summit crowned with an ornamental tower2 and as the demesne stretches for a considerable distance along the ,nore1 there are some magnificent views of ,the stubborne ,nenvre1 whose waters grey1 ,by fall ,kilkenny and ,rosseponte bend2 which may be described in the words of the poet of the ,thames-- ,though deep1 yet clear2 though gentle1 yet not dull3 ,strong without rage2 without o'erflowing fail4 ,one of our first excursions was to ,kilkenny1 on our way to which city we stopped at ,bennet's ,bridge1 to #cjb witness the humors of a horse-fair4 ,this small town is famed as having been the place where the ,duke of ,ormonde held a review in #agjd1 and which attracted such hosts of visitors that an inn-keeper is said to have made as much by his beds as paid his rent for seven years4 ,i have attended many fairs in ,england1 ,scotland1 ,wales1 ,france1 ,holland1 ,germany1 and ,canada1 but never did ,i witness such an extraordinary sight as the one that presented itself at ,bennet's ,bridge4 ,the hamlet itself1 and its outskirts1 were filled for more than a mile with horses1 ponies1 and vehicles1 attended by a mass of people consisting of dealers1 farmers1 peasants1 tramps1 and beggars4 ,there might be seen some artful dodger trying to palm off to one less experienced than himself a spicy-looking thorough-bred nag1 whose legs showed evident marks of many a hard gallop1 declaring that for speed the animal was unequalled1 and that there was not a stone wall in the whole county that could stop him2 there might be noticed a gallant colonel of hussars1 attended by his vet1 selecting some clever three-year-olds1 with which to recruit the ranks of her majesty's service4 ,bedad1 gineral1 exclaims the vendor1 with such a regiment of horses you'd ride over the whole ,french cavalry1 with ,napoleon at the head of it4 ,a broth of a boy may now be pointed out1 charging a stone wall1 with a raw-boned brute that never attempts to rise at it1 and who1 turning the animal round1 and backing him strongly1 makes an aperture1 at the same moment singing a snatch of an ,irish song1 most appropriate for the occasion--,brave ,oliver ,cromwell1 he did them so pommel1 that he made a breach in her battlements4 ,next1 a ragged urchin1 without shoes and stockings1 with what might be termed the original shocking bad hat and which--on the principle of exchange no robbery--,i was credibly informed he had taken from a field1 set up to scare away the crows4 ,then there was the usual number of idlers and lookers-on1 and an unusual amount of hallooing1 shouting1 screaming1 and bellowing4 ,after devoting an hour to the humors of the fair1 we proceeded to view the remains of the abbey of ,jerpoint1 which was founded in #aahj1 by ,donogh1 ,king of ,ossory1 for ,cistercian monks4 ,the monks1 on the arrival of the ,english1 had interest sufficient with ,king ,john to get a confirmation of all the lands bestowed on them by the ,king of ,ossory2 and ,edward ,,iii41 in the thirty-fourth year of his reign1 at the instance of ,phillip1 then abbot1 granted him a confirmation of former charters4 ,oliver ,grace1 the last abbot1 surrendered this abbey on the #ahth of ,march1 the #ca ,henry ,,viii4 ,it then possessed about #a1ejj acres of arable and pasture land1 three rectories1 the altarages and tithes of thirteen other parishes2 all these were granted in the reign of ,philip and ,mary to ,james1 ,earl of ,ormonde1 and his heirs male1 to hold in capite1 at the yearly rent of #di #cs4 #i;d4 ,it is an interesting ruin1 and well worthy the attention of the antiquarian4 ,from ,jerpoint we proceeded to ,kilkenny ,castle1 the home of the ,ormondes4 ,richard ,strongbow1 by his marriage with ,eva1 daughter of ,dermot1 ,king of ,leinster1 came into possession of a great part of the province of ,leinster4 ,henry ,,ii4 confirmed his right1 with the reservation of the maritime ports4 ,on being appointed ,lord ,justice of ,ireland in #aagc1 he laid the foundation of a castle in ,kilkenny1 but it was scarcely finished when it was demolished by the insurgent ,irish4 ,however1 ,william1 ,earl ,marshal1 descended from ,strongbow1 and also ,lord ,justice1 in #aaie began a noble pile on a more extensive scale1 and on the ancient site4 ,a great part of this fine castle has survived the convulsions of this distracted kingdom1 and continues at this day a conspicuous ornament of #cjc the city of ,kilkenny4 ,a rising ground was chosen1 which on one side has a steep and abrupt descent to the river ,nore1 which effectually protects it on that quarter by its rapid stream2 the other sides were secured by ramparts1 walls1 and towers1 and the entrance is through a lofty gate of marble of the ,corinthian order4 ,hugh ,le ,de,spenser1 who obtained the castle by marriage1 in ,september1 #acia1 conveyed it and its dependencies to ,james1 ,earl of ,ormonde4 ,in later days1 the castle has been much improved2 the tapestry which adorns the walls of the entrance-hall and staircase exhibits the history of ,decius2 it is admirably executed1 and the colors are fresh and lively4 ,the ballroom1 which is of great length1 contains a fine collection of portraits1 landscapes1 and battle-pieces4 ,from the castle we visited the cathedral church of ,st4 ,canice1 which is the largest church in ,ireland1 with the exception of ,st4 ,patrick's and ,christ church1 ,dublin4 ,there are a centre and two lateral aisles4 ,the roof of the nave is supported by five pillars1 and a pilaster of black marble on each side1 upon which are formed five arches4 ,each lateral aisle is lighted by four windows below1 and the central aisle by five above2 they are in the shape of quatrefoils4 ,the origin of this beautiful structure is uncertain1 but it is conjectured that it was begun in #aahj1 when a small church was erected near the round tower4 ,hugh ,rufus laid the foundation of a noble edifice1 say the old writers1 and ,bishop ,mapilton1 in #abcc1 and ,st4 ,leger1 who succeeded him1 completed the fabric4 ,in describing the church of ,st4 ,canice1 ,i cannot refrain from alluding to the extreme politeness of ,father ,kavanagh1 a ,roman ,catholic priest1 who devoted his time to my party and myself in pointing out the beauties of this venerable pile4 ,the ,black ,abbey was founded by ,william1 ,earl ,marshal1 about #abbe1 for ,dominican friars4 ,the founder was interred here in #abca1 and three years after his brother ,richard1 who was slain in a battle with the ,o',mores and ,o',conors on the ,curragh of ,kildare4 ,henry ,,viii4 granted this monastery to the burgesses and commonalty of the city of ,kilkenny4 ,in the time of the elder ,james it served for a shire-house1 and in #afdc it was repaired1 and a chapter of the order held in it4 ,its towers are light and elegant1 and some of the windows are most artistically executed4 ,st4 ,mary's church contains some very interesting monuments1 among them one in memory of ,sir ,richard ,shee1 dated #afjh1 with its ten sculptured figures at the base4 ,there is one also to his brother1 ,elias ,shee1 of whom ,holinshed wrote that he was a pleasant-conceited companion1 full of mirth without gall4 ,on an unpretending tablet of black and white marble appears the following inscription3 ,,frederick ,,george ,,howard1 ,,second ,,son ,,of ,,the ,,earl ,,of ,,carlisle ,,captain ,,of ,,the #ij,,th ,,regiment ,,died ,a4,d4 #ahcc1 ,,aet4 #bh4 ,within this hallowed aisle1 mid grief sincere1 ,friends1 comrades1 brothers late young ,howard's bier2 ,gentle and brave1 his country's arms he bore ,to ,ganges' stream and ,ava's hostile shore3 ,his ,god through war and shipwreck was his shield1 ,but stretched him lifeless on the peaceful field4 ,thine are the times and ways1 all-ruling ,lord6 ,thy will be done1 acknowledged1 and adored6 ,the above lines are from the pen of the late ,earl of ,carlisle1 who never went near ,kilkenny without paying a visit to the tomb of his brother4 ,poor ,howard was killed by leaping out of a curricle1 which was run away with between the barracks at ,kilkenny and ,newtownbarry1 where his regiment was quartered4 ,another monument attracted my attention2 it bore an inscription to the memory of ,major-,general ,sir ,denis ,pack1 recording the military career of this distinguished soldier4 ,i knew the deceased officer well during the ,belgian #cjd campaign1 and a thousand recollections sprang up in my mind when ,i saw the bust1 by ,chantrey1 of as brave a man as ever served in the ,british army4 ,but to return4 ,although the salmon fishing in ,ireland has in many rivers sadly degenerated within a few years1 there is still excellent sport to be had in many of the rivers and lakes4 ,the ,nore1 which flows through the county of ,kilkenny1 would be a first-rate river for salmon and trout were it not for the number of weirs and the illegal destruction of the fish by cross-lines and nets4 ,at ,mount ,juliet1 the romantic seat of ,lord ,carrick1 and ,narlands1 the river is partially preserved2 and here1 as at ,dunmore1 the property of ,lord ,ormonde1 the angling is excellent4 ,the general run of salmon flies suits the ,nore2 they should be tied with dobbing of pig's wool1 and a good deal of peacock in the wing4 ,for trout1 the ordinary run of flies will be found to answer well4 ,among other fishing localities in ,ireland may be mentioned ,lough ,ree1 a fine sheet of water about twenty miles in extent1 studded with numerous islands1 around the shores of which1 and on the shoals1 trout abound4 ,the lake of ,allua1 about ten miles above ,macroom1 in the county of ,cork1 was once famous for trout and salmon1 which have of late years diminished considerably1 in consequence of the introduction of pike1 the tyrant of the waters4 ,the lakes of ,carvagh1 in ,kerry1 of ,inchiquin1 of ,currana 7near ,derrynane71 ,lough ,kittane 7four miles from ,killarney71 ,lough ,brin 7in ,kerry71 ,lough ,atedaun1 ,lough ,gill 7in ,sligo71 and ,lough ,erne1 are well supplied with trout and salmon2 while the far-famed lakes of ,killarney will furnish sport to those who seek pastime1 in addition to the enjoyment of witnessing the most beautiful and romantic scenery that is to be found in the ,emerald ,isle4 ,the rivers1 too1 abound in fish4 ,among the best are the ,liffey1 ,laune1 ,tolka1 ,bann1 ,blackwater 7in ,cork71 ,suir1 ,annar1 ,nire 7a mountain stream rising in the ,waterford mountains71 ,shannon1 ,lee1 and ,killaloe 7remarkable for its eels1 as also for the gastronomic skill of the inhabitants in dressing them74 ,i must now turn from the gentle crafte to otter-hunting1 a sport still carried on with spirit in ,ould ,ireland4 ,the mephitic nature of the otter renders him an easy prey to his pursuers1 and his scent is so strong that a good hound will at once challenge it4 ,the lodging of this subtle plunderer is called his kennel1 or couch1 and his occasional lodgments and passages to and fro are called his halts4 ,so clever is he as an architect that he constructs his couches at different heights1 so that1 let the water rise or fall1 he has a dry tenement4 ,spring is the best season for otter-hunting1 but it is carried on during the summer in the ,emerald ,isle2 and a day with the amphibious tyrant of the finny tribe in the river ,nore1 which ,i enjoyed last ,september1 may not be uninteresting4 ,at about eleven o'clock on a bright sunny day1 with a refreshing breeze blowing on us from the south-east1 we met at ,coolmore1 the seat of ,mr4 ,p4 ,connellan4 ,the harriers--belonging to my host1 and consisting of about six couple of handsome1 well-sized hounds1 about seventeen inches high--met in a field close to the house1 attended by a whipper-in1 admirably mounted4 ,the pack seemed to possess all the qualifications of good harriers--fine heads1 ear-flaps thin1 nostrils open1 chests deep1 embraced by shoulders broad but light1 and wen thrown back2 the fore-legs straight1 clean1 bony1 terminated by round1 ball-like feet1 the hind-legs being angular1 and the thighs powerful4 ,the beauty of the day had attracted a large party of both sexes from the neighborhood1 some of whom1 and one young lady in particular1 managed a cot so ably1 that she drew forth the following complement #cje from one of the bold peasantry3 ,bedad1 miss1 you'd do honor to ,cleopatra's galley4 ,the principal part of the sportsmen and sports-women were on foot1 although a few were mounted1 and among the fair equestrians was a young lady whose seat and hand were perfect1 and who evidently wished to emulate the prowess of the ,thracian huntress4 ,this modern ,harpalyce1 combining courage with feminine deportment1 was prepared to fly like the wind across the country1 had an occasion presented itself by the accidental discovery of a fleet hare4 ,arrived at the river's side1 two ,saxons with loaded guns kept a good lookout for the lurking prey1 while the hounds swam across to a small island1 where an otter had been tracked by his seal ,shortly a hound was heard to challenge1 but on the approach of the pack the goose-footed prowler1 having been hunted before1 left his couch1 and diving under the water made head up the stream4 ,now every eye on shore is intent on watching his ventings2 his muzzle appears above the surface for a second2 again it disappears2 and he can be tracked alone by the bubbles of air he throws out4 ,the sport is now exciting4 ,one of the police1 armed with a primitive spear1 which he had taken from a river poacher1 consisting of a three-pronged fork fixed into the end of a long pole1 is ready to hurl the weapon which has proved so fatal to many a salmon1 should the otter appear in view1 while the staunch hounds are close on the scent4 ,have a care there1 cries a keen sportsman to the preserver of the peace4 ,don't strike too quickly1 or bedad you may transfix a hound instead of the marauding animal4 ,but he is not doomed to die so inglorious a death as that caused by a rusty fork1 for before the crude spear is hurled the hounds have seized him1 and1 after a desperate struggle1 in which many of the gallant pack were bitten1 shake the life out of the captured prey4 ,while enjoying the sport of the morning1 my attention was attracted to a young lady on the opposite bank of the river1 who1 wising to join our party1 entered a small cot1 and gallantly paddled herself across the fast-flowing stream4 ,so admirably did this guardian ,naiad of the strand guide her fragile bark1 that ,i could not fail to congratulate her upon her prowess4 ,my compliments1 however1 fell very short of one uttered by a ragged boatman1 who exclaimed3 ,ay1 and sure1 miss1 you must be one of the queen's company4 ,bedad1 miss1 you are worthy of taking a cot into the ,meditherranean4 ,while upon the clever sayings of the ,irish1 ,i must give an anecdote which was told me by ,sir ,john ,power1 of ,kilfane1 than whom a finer sportsman or more hospitable man never existed4 ,it seems that the complaints made against the vulpine race by owners of poultry are not confined to ,england1 and upon one occasion a genuine ,irishman1 ,pat ,driscoll by name1 claimed compensation for damage done to a turkey and duck4 ,this was awarded to him1 when a week afterward he waited upon the owner of ,kilfane1 and asked him for compensation for a beautiful cow killed by that nasty varmen1 a fox4 ,a fox kill a cow6 said ,sir ,john2 impossible6 ,fait and sure he did1 continued ,pat4 ,i'll tell you how it was4 ,my cow was feeding in the meadow close to my garden1 and was eating a turnip1 when up jumped a baste of a fox1 and frightened her so much that bedad the poor creature choked herself4 ,the good-humored baronet could not fail to be amused at ,driscoll's ready wit1 but declined paying for the loss of the animal1 upon which ,pat1 not at all taken aback1 remarked1 ,well1 ,sir ,john1 it's rather hard upon me2 but in future1 instead of advertising your meets at ,kilfane or ,thomastown1 perhaps you will name ,kilmacoy 7pronounced ,kilmycow7 as more appropriate to case4 #cjf ,chapters could be filled with ,irish sayings1 but space prevents my giving more than one1 which was told to me by a friend in whose veracity ,i have perfect confidence4 ,an ,english gentleman dining in the house of an ,irish lady1 was greatly surprised at hearing the ,butler ask1 please1 ma'am1 will ,i strip8 ,yes1 was the reply2 all the company arrived4 ,turning to a neighbor1 he inquired the meaning of the expression1 when he found it applied to taking the covers off the dishes1 and was quite foreign to the usual acceptation of the word strip4 ------ ,,original4 ,,banned ,,and ,,blessed4 ,and the ,lord ,god formed man of the slime of the earth2 4 4 4 4 ,cursed is the earth in thy work4 ,and the word was made flesh and dwelt among us4 ,bud out1 glad earth1 in beauty1 ,ring out1 glad earth1 in song2 ,the funeral pall is lifted ,that covered thee so long3 ,the heavy curse laid on thee ,for ,eden's primal wrong4 ,long ages gone1 the angels ,hailed thee with pure delight4 ,the blooming of thy day-time4 ,the radiance of thy night2 ,and e'en thy ,maker named thee ,as pleasant in his sight-- ,soon lost that early joyance1 ,brief worn that birth-day crown6 ,the very stars of heaven ,look sorrowfully down ,on fairest flowers withered ,beneath man's sinful frown4 ,blinded1 and banned1 and broken1 ,along thy penance-path4 ,thy vesture streamd over ,with the torrents of man's wrath2 ,thou treadest through the ether ,a thing of shame and scath4 #cjg ,lift up thy head1 poor mourner1 ,shake the ashes from thy brow2 ,lay off thine age-worn sackcloth ,and wear the purple now3 ,amid the starry brethren1 ,who honor hath1 as thou8 ,the dust from off thy bosom ,the ,maker deigns to wear2 ,the word made flesh1 in heaven1 ,hath given thee such share ,no grandeur of thy brethren ,with it can hold compare4 ,blest art thou that his footsteps ,along thy pathways trod2 ,blest art thou that his pillow ,has been thy grassy sod2 ,and blest the burial shelter ,thou gavest to thy ,god4 ,and for that little service1 ,divine the meed shall be3 ,when fervent heat hath melted ,the starry choirs and thee1 ,the moulded dust of ,eden ,shall live eternally4 ,the first-born of all creatures ,doth wear it on his throne1 ,the vesture of humanity ,by which he claims his own4 ,how infinite the pardon ,that doth thy penance crown6 ,,geneviev ,,sales4 ,march #bb1 #ahjf ------ #cjh ,translated from ,french4 ,l',,abb ,,gerbet4 ,footnote #ej ,,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,sainte-,,beuve4 ,footnote #ej3 ,considrations sur le ,dogme ,gnrateur de la ,pit ,cathiolique4 #d;e dition1 chez ,vaton4 #ahei ,for a long time ,i have been reserving this subject for some feast-day1 for ,corpus ,christi or some festival of ,mary1 feeling that holiness belongs to it2 unction1 grace mingled with science1 and a reverential smile4 ,but why1 some of our readers will say1--why does l',abb ,gerbet's name imply all this8 ,i shall try to show them the reason and give some idea of one of the most learned1 distinguished1 and truly amiable men that the church of ,france possesses1 as well as one of our best writers2 and1 without embarking on vexed or doubtful questions1 to delineate for them in soft tints the personality of the man and his talent4 ,but in the first place1 that ,i may connect with its true date this modest name1 which has rather courted oblivion than notoriety1 let me remind my readers that during the ,restoration1 about the year #ahbj1 when that regime1 at first so unsettled1 was beginning to enter into complete possession of its powers1 a movement arose on all sides among the youthful spirits1 ardently impelling them to literary culture and philosophical ideas4 ,in poetry ,lamartine had given the signal of revival1 others gave it in history1 others again in philosophy2 and among the young people there sprang up a universal spirit of emulation1 a unanimous determination to begin anew4 ,it seemed as if1 like a fertile land1 the ,french mind1 after its compulsory rest of so many years1 were eagerly demanding every kind of cultivation4 ,yes1 in religion then1 in theology1 it was the same2 a generation had sprung up full of zeal and animation1 who tried1 not to renew what is in its nature immutable1 but to rejuvenate the forms of teaching and demonstration1 adapt them to the mental condition of the times1 and make the principle of ,catholicity respected even by its opponents4 ,for1 in the words of one of these young ,levites in the beginning of the movement1 to act upon the age1 we must understand it4 ,i could cite the names of several men who1 with shades of difference known in the ecclesiastical world1 had this in common1 that they stood at the head of the studious and intelligent young clergy3 ,m4 ,gousset1 now cardinal archbishop of ,rheims1 and standing in the first rank of theologians2 ,mgr4 ,affr1 who met his death so gloriously as archbishop of ,paris2 ,m4 ,douey1 the present bishop of ,montauban2 and ,m4 de ,salinis1 bishop of ,amiens4 ,but at that time1 between the years #ahbj and #ahbb1 one name alone among the clergy offered itself to men of the world as a candidate for widespread fame4 ,m4 de ,lamennais in his first ,catholic fame had enforced the attention of all by his ,essay on ,indifference1 stirring a thousand thoughts even in the minds of the astonished clergy4 ,and here for the first time we meet l',abb ,gerbet4 ,he was born in #agih #cji at ,poligny1 in the ,jura4 ,after completing his first studies in his native town1 he passed through a course of philosophy in the academy of ,besanon2 and in obedience to an instinctive vocation1 which awoke within him at the age of ten years1 began his theological studies in the same city4 ,during the dangers of invasion1 in #ahad-ahae1 he went into the mountains to visit a curate1 a relation or friend of his family1 and remained there to study4 ,thither came one day a young student of the ,normal ,school1 ,jouffroy1 two years his senior1 who in going home to pass his vacation in the village of ,pontets1 had paused a moment on the way4 ,jouffroy1 though in the first flush of youth and learning1 and wearing the aureole upon his brow1 did not disdain to enter into discussion with the young provincial seminarian4 ,he combated the proofs of revelation1 and especially contested the age of the world1 relying upon the testimony of the famous ,zodiac of ,denderah1 so often invoked in those days1 and so soon destroyed4 ,the young seminarian1 in the presence of this unknown monument1 could only answer3 ,wait4 ,these two young men never met again1 compatriots though they were1 and from that day forth adversaries2 but l',abb ,gerbet and ,jouffroy1 while carrying on a war1 pen in hand1 never failed to do so in the most dignified terms of controversy1 and ,jouffroy1 whose heart was so good despite his dogmatic language1 always spoke of l',abb ,gerbet1 if ,i remember rightly1 with feelings of affectionate esteem4 ,on arriving in ,paris at the close of the year #ahah1 l',abb ,gerbet entered the seminary of ,saint-,sulpice1 but his health1 which was already delicate1 not allowing him to stay there long1 he established himself as a boarder in the ,house of ,foreign ,missions1 where he followed the rules of the seminarians4 ,he was ordained priest in #ahbb at the same time with l',abb do ,salinis1 whose inseparable friend he has always remained4 ,a little later he was appointed assistant professor of the ,holy ,scriptures in the ,theological ,faculty of ,paris1 and went to live in the ,sorbonne4 ,having no lectures to deliver1 he soon began to assist ,m4 de ,salinis1 who had been made almoner in the college of ,henry l,v41 and it was at this time that he first knew ,m4 de ,lamennais4 ,at twenty-four years of age1 l',abb ,gerbet had given evidence of remarkable philosophical and literary talent1 and had sustained a ,latin thesis with rare elegance in the ,sorbonne4 ,by nature he was endowed with all the gifts of oratory1 a sense of rhythmic movement1 measure1 and choice of expression1 and a graphic power which1 in one word1 must become a talent for writing4 ,to these endowments he added an acute and elevated faculty for dialectics1 fertile in distinctions1 which he sometimes took delight in multiplying1 but without ever losing himself among them4 ,in the very beginning of his friendship with ,m4 de ,lamennais1 he felt1 without perhaps acknowledging it to himself1 that that bold and vigorous genius1 who was wont to open new views and perspectives1 as it were by main force1 needed the assistance of an auxiliary pen1 more tempered1 gentler and firm1--a talent that could use evidence judiciously1 fill up spaces1 cover weak points1 and smooth away a look of menace and revolution from what was simply intended as a broader expression and more accessible development of ,christianity4 ,l',abb ,gerbet clothed ,m4 de ,lamennais' system as far as possible with the character of persuasion and conciliation that belonged to it3 to soften and graduate its tendencies was properly the part he filled at this time of his youth4 ,upon this system ,i shall touch in a few words that will suffice to explain what ,i have to say of l',abb ,gerbet's moral and literary gifts4 ,instead of seeking the evidences of ,christianity in such and such texts of ,scripture1 or in a personal argument #caj addressed to individual reason1 ,m4 de ,lamennais maintained that it should1 in the first place1 be sought in the universal tradition and historical testimony of peoples1 for he believed that even before the coming of ,jesus ,christ and the establishment of ,christianity a sort of testimony was to be traced1 confused certainly1 but real and concordant1 running through the traditions of ancient races and discernible even in the presentiments of ancient sages4 ,it seemed to him demonstrable that among all nations there had been ideas1 more or less defined1 of the creation of man1 of the fall and promised reparation1 of the expiation or expected redemption--in short1 of all that should one day constitute the treasures of ,christian doctrine1 and was then only the scattered and persistent vestige of the primitive revelation4 ,from this he argued that the lights of ancient sages might be considered as the dawn of faith1 and that without1 of course1 being classed among the fathers of the primitive church1 ,confucius1 ,zoroaster1 ,pythagoras1 ,heraclitus1 ,socrates1 and ,plato should be considered up to a certain point as preparers for the gospel1 and not be numbered among the accursed4 ,they might almost be called1 in the language of the ancient fathers1 primitive ,christians--at least they were like so many ,magi travelling more or less directly toward the divine cradle4 ,by this single view of an anterior ,christianity disseminated through the world1 by this voyage1 as it were1 in search of ,catholic truths floating about the universe1 the teaching of theology would have been wonderfully widened and enlarged1 for it necessarily comprised the history of philosophical ideas4 ,m4 de ,lamennais' system1 which is especially attractive when developed historically by the pen of l',abb ,gerbet1 has not since then been recognized by the church4 ,it appeared to be at least delusive1 if not false2 but perhaps1 even from the point of view of orthodoxy1 it can only merit the reproach of having claimed to be the sole method1 to the exclusion of all others2 combined with other proofs1 and presented simply1 as a powerful accessory consideration1 ,i believe that it has never been rejected4 ,it may be understood1 however1 even without entering into the heart of the matter1 that in #ahbd1 when l',abb ,gerbet1 in concert with ,m4 de ,salinis1 established a religious monthly magazine1 entitled the ,catholic ,memorial1 and began to develop his ideas therein with modesty and moderation1 but also with that fresh confidence and ardor that youth bestows1 there was1 to speak merely of the external form of the questions1 a something about it that gave the signal for the struggle of a new spirit against the stationary or backward spirit4 ,the old-fashioned theologians1 whether formalist or rationalistic1 who found themselves attacked1 resisted and took scandal at the name of traditions which were not only ,catholic but scholastic and classic4 ,but in l',abb ,gerbet they had to deal with a man thoroughly well read in the writings of the fathers1 and possessed of their true significance4 ,he could bring forward1 in his turn1 texts drawn from the fountain-head in support of this freer and more generous method2 among other quotations1 he liked to cite this fine passage from ,vincent de ,lrius3 ,let posterity1 thanks to your enlightenment1 rejoice in the conception of that to which antiquity gave respectful credence without understanding its full meaning2 but remember to teach the same things that have been transmitted to you1 so that1 while presenting them in a new light1 you do not invent new doctrines4 ,thus1 while maintaining fundamental immutability1 he took pleasure in remarking that1 in spite of slight deviations1 the order of scientific explanation has followed a law of progress in the church1 and has been successively developed2 a fact which he #caa demonstrated by the history of ,christianity4 ,the ,catholic ,memorial1 in its very infancy1 stirred the emulation of youthful writers in the philosophical camp4 ,it was at first printed at ,lachevardire's1 where ,m4 ,pierre ,leroux was proof-reader1 and the latter1 on seeing the success of a magazine devoted to grave subjects1 concluded that a similar organ for the promotion of opinions shared by himself and his friends might be established with even better results4 ,in that same year1 #ahbd1 ,the ,globe began its career1 and the two periodicals often engaged in polemic discussions1 like adversaries who knew and respected each other while they clearly understood the point of controversy4 ,for the benefit of the curious1 ,i note an article of ,m4 ,gerbet's ,footnote #ea 7signed ,x47 which represents many others1 and is entitled ,concerning the ,present ,state of ,doctrines2--the objections are especially addressed to ,,mm4 ,damiron and ,jouffroy4 ,it was the heyday then of this war of ideas4 ,footnote #ea3 #ahbe4 ,vol4 #dth1 p4 #ahh4 ,l',abb ,gerbet's life has been quite simple and uniform1 marked by only one considerable episode--his connection with l',abb de ,lamennais1 to whom he lent or rather gave himself for years with an affectionate devotion which had no term or limit except in the final revolt of that proud and immoderate spirit4 ,after fulfilling all the duties of a religious friendship1 after having waited and forborne and hoped1 ,gerbet withdrew in silence4 ,for a long time he had been all that ,nicole was to ,arnauld--a moderator1 softening asperities and averting shocks as far as possible4 ,he never grew weary until there was no longer room for further effort1 and then he returned completely to himself4 ,these ultra and exclusive methods are unsuited to his nature1 and he hastened to withdraw from them1 and to forget what he would never have allowed to break out and reach such a pass if he had been acting alone4 ,it needs but a word1 but a breath1 from the ,vatican to dissipate all that seems cloudy or obscure in l',abb ,gerbet's doctrines4 ,his gentle clouds inclose no storm1 and1 in dispersing1 they reveal a depth of serene sky1 lightly veiled here and there1 but pure and delicious4 ,i express the feeling that some of his writings leave upon the mind1 and especially the work that has just been reprinted1 of which ,i will say a few words4 ,les ,considrations sur le ,dogme gnrateur de la ,pit ,catholique1 that is to say1 ,thoughts upon ,communion and the ,eucharist1 first appeared in #ahbi4 ,it is1 properly speaking1 neither a dogmatic treatise nor a book of devotion1 but something intermediate4 ,the author begins by an historical research into general ideas1 universally diffused throughout antiquity--ideas of sacrifice and offering1 as well as of the desire and necessity of communication with an ever-present ,god1 which have served as a preparation and approach toward the mystery2 but1 mingled with historical digressions and delicate or profound doctrinal distinctions1 we meet at every step sweet and beautiful words which come from the soul and are the effusion of a loving faith4 ,i will quote a few1 almost at hazard1 without seeking their connection1 for they give us an insight into the soul of l',abb ,gerbet4 ,as1 for instance1 concerning prayer3 ,prayer1 in its fundamental essence1 is but the sincere recognition of this continual need 7of drawing new strength from the source of life7 and an humble desire of constant assistance2 it is the confession of an indigence full of hope4 ,wherever ,god places intelligences capable of serving him1 there we find weakness1 and there too hope4 ,and again3 ,christianity in its fulness is only a bountiful alms bestowed on abject poverty4 #cab ,is there not something divine in every benefit8 ,charity enters not into the heart of man without combat2 for it meets an eternal adversary there--pride1 the first-born of selfishness1 and the father of hatred4 ,the gospel has made1 in the full force of the term1 a revolution in the human soul1 by changing the relative position of the two feelings that divide its sway3 fear has yielded the empire of the heart to love4 ,l',abb ,gerbet's book is full of golden words2 but when we seek to detach and isolate them1 we see how closely they are woven into the tissue4 ,the aim of the author is to prove that1 from a ,christian and ,catholic point of view1 communion1 accepted in its fulness with entire faith1 frequent communion reverently received1 is the most certain1 efficacious1 and vivid means of charity4 ,in speaking of the excellent book entitled ,the ,following of ,christ1 he says3 ,the asceticism of the middle ages has left an inimitable monument1 which ,catholics1 ,protestants1 and philosophers are agreed in admiring with the most beautiful admiration1 that of the heart4 ,it is wonderful1 this little book of mysticism1 upon which the genius of ,leibnitz used to ponder1 and which roused something like enthusiasm even in the frigid ,fontenelle4 ,no one ever read a page of the ',following of ,christ1' especially in time of trouble1 without saying as he laid the book down3 ',that has done me good4' ,setting the ,bible apart1 this work is the sovereign friend of the soul4 ,but whence did the poor solitary who wrote it draw this inexhaustible love8 7for he spoke so effectively only because of his great love47 ,he himself tells us the source in every line of his chapters on the blessed sacrament3 the fourth book explains the other three4 ,i could multiply quotations of this kind1 if they were suited to these pages1 and if it were not better to recommend the book for the solitary meditation of my readers2 ,i would point out to be remembered among the most beautiful and consoling pages belonging to our language and religions literature1 all the latter part of ,chapter ,,viii4 ,nothing is wanting to make this exquisite little book of l',abb ,gerbet's more generally appreciated than it now is but a less frequent combination of dialectics with the expression of affectionate devotion4 ,generally speaking1 the tissue of l',abb ,gerbet's style is too close2 when he has a beautiful thing to say1 he does not give it room enough4 ,his talent is like a sacred wood1 too thickly grown2--the temple1 repository1 and altar in its depths are surrounded on all sides1 and we can reach them only by footpaths4 ,i suppose that this is because he has always lived too near his own thoughts1 never having had the opportunity to develop them in public4 ,feeble health1 and a delicate voice which needs the ear of a friend1 have never allowed this rich talent to unfold itself in teaching or in the pulpit4 ,if at any time he had been induced to speak in public1 he would have been obliged to clear up1 disengage1 and enlarge not his views1 but the avenues that lead to them4 ,in #ahch1 being troubled with an affection of the throat1 he went to ,rome and1 always intending to return home soon1 remained there until #ahdh4 ,it was there that in the leisure moments of a life of devotion and study1 in which1 too1 the most elevated friendship had its share1 he composed the first two volumes of the work entitled ,a ,sketch of ,christian ,rome1 designed to impart to all elevated souls the feeling and idea of the ,eternal ,city4 ,the fundamental thought in this book1 he says1 is to concentrate the visible realities of ,christian ,rome into a conception and1 as it were1 a portrait of its spiritual essence4 ,an excellent interpreter in the way he has chosen for himself1 he goes on to speak of the monuments not with the dry science of a modern antiquary1 #cac or with the naf enthusiasm of a believer of the middle ages1 but with a reflective admiration which unites philosophy to piety4 ,the study of ,rome in ,rome1 he says again1 leads us to the living springs of ,christianity4 ,it refreshes all the good feelings of the heart1 and1 in this age of storms1 sheds a wonderful serenity over the soul4 ,we must not1 of course1 attach too much importance to the charm which we find in certain studies1 for books written with pleasure to one's self run the risk of being written with less charity4 ,but none the less should we thank the ,divine ,goodness when it harmonizes pleasure with duty4 ,in these volumes of l',abb ,gerbet1 introductions and dissertations upon ,christian symbolism and church history lead to observations full of grace or grandeur1 and to beautiful and touching pictures4 ,the ,catacombs1 which were the cradle and the asylum of ,christianity during the first three centuries1 interested him especially1 and inspired in him thoughts of rare elevation4 ,here are some verses 7for l',abb ,gerbet is a poet without pretending to be one7 which give his first impressions of them1 and show the quality of his soul4 ,the piece is called ,the ,song of the ,catacombs1 and is intended to be sung4 ,footnote #eb ,footnote #eb3 ,we translate ,le ,chant des ,catacombes into prose1 that the noble ideas may be given with literal accuracy4 ,the author intended it to be sung to the air of ,le ,fil de ,la ,vierge 7,scudo74 ,we give one verse of the original3 ,hier j'ai visit les grandes ,catacombes ,des temps anciens2 ,j'ai touch de mon front les immortelles tombes ,des vieux ,chrtiens3 ,et ni l'astre du jour1 ni les clestes sphres1 ,lettres du feu1 ,ne m'avaient mieux fait lire en profonds caractres ,lo nom de ,dieu4 ,yesterday ,i visited the great ,catacombs of ancient times4 ,i touched with my brow the immortal tombs of early ,christians1 and never did the star of day1 nor the celestial spheres with their letters of fire1 teach me more clearly to read in profound characters the name of ,god4 ,a black-frocked hermit1 with blanched hair1 walked on in front-- old door-keeper of time1 old porter of life and death2 and we questioned him about these holy relics of the great fight1 as one listens to a veteran's tales of ancient exploits4 ,a rock served as portico to the funeral vault2 and on its fronton some martyr artist1 whose name is known1 no doubt1 to the angels1 had painted the face of ,christ1 with the fair hair1 and the great eyes whence streams a ray of deep gentleness like the heavens4 ,further on1 ,i kissed many a symbol of holy parting upon the tombs4 ,and the palm1 and the lighthouse1 and the bird flying to ,god's bosom2 and ,jonas1 leaving the whale after three days1 with songs1 as we leave this world after three days of trouble called time4 ,here it was that each one1 standing beside his ready-made grave1 like a living spectre1 wrestled the fight out1 or laid his head down in expectation6 ,here1 that they might prepare a strong heart beforehand for the great day of suffering1 they tried their graves1 and tasted the first-fruits of death6 ,i sounded with a glance their sacred dust1 and felt that the soul had left a breath of life lingering in these ashes2 and that in this human sand1 which weighs so lightly in our hands1 lie1 awaiting the great day1 germs of the almost god-like forms of eternity4 ,sacred places1 where love knew how to suffer purely for the soul's good6 ,in questioning you1 ,i felt that its flame could never perish2 for to each being of a day who died to defend the truth1 the ,being eternal and true1 as the price of time1 has given eternity4 ,here at each step we behold1 as it were1 a golden throne1 and while treading on tombs we seem to be on ,mount ,tabor4 ,go down1 go down into the deep ,catacombs1 into their lowest recesses--go down1 and your #cad heart shall rise and1 looking up from these graves1 see heaven6 ,beside these verses1 which are not found in the volumes of ,christian ,rome1 and are only a first utterance1 should be placed1 as an original picture full of meaning1 his words concerning the slow and gradual destruction of the human body in the ,catacombs4 ,we all know ,bossuet's mot 7after ,tertullian7 in speaking of a human corpse3 ,it becomes a something unutterable1 he exclaims1 which has no name in any language4 ,the following admirable page from l',abb ,gerbet's book is1 as it were1 a development and commentary of ,bossuet's words4 ,at this first station of the ,catacombs he confines himself to the study of the nothingness of life3 the work ,i do not say of death1 but of what comes after death2 the idea of awakening and of future life follows later4 ,listen3 ,in your progress you review the various phases of destruction1 as one observes the development of vegetation in a botanic garden from the imperceptible flower to large trees1 rich with sap and crowned with great blossoms4 ,in a number of sepulchral niches that have been opened at different periods one can follow1 in a manner1 step by step1 the successive forms1 further and further removed from life1 through which what is there passes before it approaches as closely as possible to pure nothingness4 ,look1 first1 at this skeleton2 if it be well preserved in spite of centuries1 it is probably because the niche where it lies was hollowed out of damp earth4 ,humidity1 which dissolves all other things1 hardens these bones by covering them with a crust which gives them more consistency than they had when they were members of a living body4 ,but not the less is this consistency a progress of destruction2 these human bones are turning to stone4 ,a little further on is a grave where a struggle is going on between the power that makes the skeleton and the power that makes dust2 the first defends itself1 but the second is gaining ground1 though slowly4 ,the combat between life and death that is taking place in you1 and will be over before this combat between one death and another1 is nearly ended4 ,in the sepulchre near by1 of all that was a human frame nothing is left but a sort of cloth of dust1 a little tumbled and unfolded like a small whitish shroud1 from which a head comes out4 ,look1 lastly1 at this other niche2 there is evidently nothing there but simple dust1 the color of which even is a little doubtful from its slightly reddish tinge4 ,there1 you say1 is the consummation of destruction6 ,not yet4 ,on looking closely1 you discern a human outline3 this little heap1 touching one of the longitudinal extremities of the niche1 is the head2 these two heaps1 smaller and flatter1 placed parallel to each other a little lower down1 are the shoulders2 these two are the knees4 ,the long bones are represented by feeble trails1 broken here and there4 ,this last sketch of man1 this vague1 rubbed-out form1 barely imprinted on an almost impalpable dust1 which is volatile1 nearly transparent1 and of a dull1 uncertain white1 can best give us an idea of what the ancients called a shade4 ,if1 in order to see better1 you put your head into the sepulchre1 take care2 do not move or speak1 hold your breath4 ,that form is frailer than a butterfly's wing1 more swift to vanish than a dewdrop hanging on a blade of grass in the sunshine2 a little air shaken by your hand1 a breath1 a tone1 become here powerful agents that can destroy in a second what seventeen centuries1 perhaps1 of decay have spared4 ,see1 you breathed1 and the form has disappeared4 ,so ends the history of man in this world4 ,this seems to me quite a beautiful view of death1 and one that prompts the ,christian to rise at once to that which is above destruction and escapes the catacomb--the immortal principle of life1 love1 sanctity1 and #cae sacrifice4 ,i can only indicate these noble and interesting considerations to those who are eager to study in material ,rome the higher city and its significance4 ,among l',abb ,gerbet's writings ,i will mention only one other1 which is1 perhaps1 his masterpiece1 and is connected with a touching incident that will be felt most deeply by practically religious persons1 but of which they will not be alone in their appreciation4 ,it was before the year #ahch1 previously to the abb's long residence in ,rome1 that he became intimate with the second son of ,m4 de la ,ferronais1 former minister of foreign affairs4 ,young ,count ,albert de la ,ferronais had married a young ,russian lady1 ,mdlle4 d',alopeus1 a ,lutheran in religion1 whom he eagerly desired to lead to the faith4 ,he was dying of consumption at ,paris in his twenty-fifth year1 and his end seemed to be drawing near1 when the young wife1 on the eve of widowhood1 decided to be of her husband's religion2 and one night at twelve o'clock1 the hour of ,christ's birth1 they celebrated in his room1 beside the bed so soon to be a bed of death1 the first communion of one and the last communion of the other4 7,june #bi1 #ahcf47 ,l',abb ,gerbet was the consecrator and consoler in this scene of deep reality and mournful pathos1 but yet so full of holy joy to ,christians4 ,it was the vivid interest of this incomparable and ideal death-bed which inspired him to write a dialogue between ,plato and ,fnlon1 in which the latter reveals to the disciple of ,socrates all needful knowledge concerning the other world1 and in which he describes1 under a half-lifted veil1 a death according to ,jesus ,christ4 ,o writer of ,phaedon1 and ever admirable painter of an immortal death1 why was it not given to you to be the witness of the things which we see with our eyes1 hear with our ears1 and seize with the inmost perceptions of the soul1 when by a concurrence of circumstances of ,god's making1 by a rare complication of joy and agony1 the ,christian soul1 revealed in a new half-light1 resembles those wondrous evenings whose twilight has strange and nameless tints6 ,what pictures then and what apparitions6 ,shall ,i describe one to you1 ,plato8 ,yes1 in heaven's name1 ,i will speak4 ,i witnessed it a few days ago1 but at the end of a hundred years ,i should still call it a few days4 ,you will not understand the whole of what ,i tell you1 for ,i can only speak of these things in the new tongue which ,christianity has made2 but still you will understand enough4 ,know1 then1 that of two souls that had waited for each other on earth and had met1 etc4 ,then follows the story1 slightly veiled and1 as it were1 transfigured1 but without hiding the circumstances4 ,plato as a ,christian would have spoken thus1 said ,m4 de ,lamartine of this dialogue1 and the eulogium is only just4 ,l',abb ,gerbet could1 no doubt1 have written more than one of these admirable dialogues if he had wished to devote himself to the work1 or if his physical organization had enabled him to labor continuously4 ,he processes all that is needed to make him the man for ,christian ,tusculanes4 ,three times in my life have ,i had the happiness of seeing him in places entirely suited to him1 and which seemed to make a natural frame for him3 at ,juilly1 in #ahca1 in the beautiful shades that ,malebranche used to frequent2 in #ahci1 at ,rome1 beneath the arches of solitary cloisters2 and yesterday1 again1 in the episcopal gardens of ,amiens1 where he lives1 near his friend1 ,m4 de ,salinis4 ,everywhere he is the same4 ,imagine a slightly stooping figure1 pacing with long1 slow steps a peaceful walk1 where two can chat comfortably together on the shady side1 and where he often stops to talk4 ,observe closely the delicate and affectionate smile1 the benign countenance1 in which something reminds us of #caf ,flchier and of ,fnlon2 listen to the sagacious words1 elevated and fertile in ideas1 sometimes interrupted by fatigue of voice1 and by his pausing to take breath2 notice among doctrinal views1 and comprehensive definitions that come to life of themselves and prove their strength upon his lips1 those charming mots and agreeable anecdotes1 that talk strewn with reiniscences and pleasantly adorned with amenity1--and do not ask if it is any one else--it is he4 ,l',abb ,gerbet has one of those natures which when standing alone are not sufficient unto themselves1 and need a friend2 we may say that he possesses his full strength only when thus leaning4 ,for a long time he seemed to have found in ,m4 de ,lamennais such a friend of firmer will and purpose2 but these strong wills often end1 without meaning to do so1 by taking possession of us as a prey1 and then casting us like a slough4 ,true friendship1 as ,la ,fontaine understood it1 demands more equality and more consideration4 ,l',abb ,gerbet has found a tender and equal friend1 quite suited to his beautiful and faithful nature1 in ,m4 de ,salinis2 to praise one is to win the other's gratitude at once4 ,will it be an indiscretion if ,i enter this charming household and describe one day there1 at least1 in its clever and literary attractions8 ,l',abb ,gerbet1 like ,flchier1 whom ,i have named in connection with him1 has a society talent full of charm1 sweetness1 and invention4 ,he himself has forgotten the pretty verses1 little allegorical poems1 and couplets appropriate to festivals or occasional circumstances1 which he has scattered here and there1 in all the places where he has lived and the countries he passed through4 ,he is one of those who can edify without being mournful1 and make hours pass gaily without dissipation4 ,in his long life1 into which an evil thought never glided1 and which escaped all turbulent passions1 he has preserved the first joy of a pure and beautiful soul4 ,in him a discreet spirituality is combined with cheerfulness4 ,i have by me a pretty little scene in verse which he wrote a few days ago for the young pupils of the ,sacred ,heart at ,amiens1 in which there is a faint suggestion of ,esther1 but of ,esther enlivened by the neighborhood of ,gresset4 ,the bishop of ,amiens always receives them on ,sunday evenings1 and they come gladly to his salon1 where there is no strictness1 and where good society is naturally at home4 ,they play a few games1 and have a lottery1 and1 in order that no one may draw a blank1 l',abb ,gerbet makes verses for the loser1 who is called1 ,i think1 le nigaud 7the ninny74 ,these nigauds of l',abb ,gerbet are appropriate and full of wit2 he makes them by obedience1 which saves him1 he says1 from all blame and from all thought of ridicule4 ,it is difficult to detach these trifles from the associations of society that call them forth2 but here is one of the little impromptus made for the use and consolation of the losers2 it is called the ,evening ,game3 ,my children1 to-day is our ,lady's day2 ,now tell me1 ,i pray1 in her dear name1 ,should the hand that this morning a candle clasped1 ,hold cards to-night in a childish game8 ,i would not with critical words condemn ,a pastime the world holds innocent1 ,let me but say that its levity ,may veil a lesson of deep intent ,think at the drawing of each card ,that every day is an idle game4 ,if at its close in the treasures of ,god ,there is no prize answering to your name4 ,this evening game is an hour well passed ,if ,god be the guardian of your sports2 ,and the day1 closing as it dawned1 ,shall rejoin this morning's holy thoughts4 ,i startle you all with my grave discourse2 ,you would laugh and ,i preach with words austere2 ,no worldly place this--'tis the bishop's house2 ,so pardon this sermon1 my children dear4 ,this is the man who wrote the book upon the eucharist and the dialogue between ,plato and ,fnlon1 and who had a plan of writing the last conference of #cag ,st4 ,anselm on the soul2 this is he whom the ,french clergy could oppose with honor to ,jouffroy1 and whom the most sympathetic of ,protestants could combat only while revering him and recognizing him as a brother in heart and intelligence4 ,l',abb ,gerbet unites to these elevated virtues1 which ,i have merely been able to glance at1 a gentle gaiety1 a natural and cultivated charm1 which reminds one even in holiday games of the playfulness of a ,rapin1 a ,bougeant1 a ,bonhours4 ,there has been much dispute lately as to the studies and the degree of literary merit authorized by the clergy2 many officious and clamorous persons have been brought forward1 and it is my desire to notice one who is as distinguished as he is modest4 ,for a long time ,i have said to myself1 ,if we ever have to elect an ecclesiastic to the ,french ,academy1 how well ,i know who will be my choice6 ,and what is more1 ,i am quite sure that philosophy in the person of ,m4 ,cousin1 religion by the organ of ,m4 de ,montalembert1 and poetry by the lips of ,m4 de ,lamartine1 would not oppose me4 ,monday1 ,day after the ,feast of ,assumption1 ,aug4 #af1 #ahcb4 ,since the above article was written1 the ,abb ,gerbet has had conferred on the episcopal dignity4 ,he died about one year ago4--,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ------ ,,original4 ,,our ,,neighbor4 ,set it down gently at the altar rail1 ,the faithful1 aged dust1 with honors meet2 ,long have we seen that pious face so pale ,bowed meekly at her ,saviour's blessed feet4 ,these many years her heart was hidden where ,nor moth nor rust nor craft of man could harm2 ,the blue eyes seldom lifted1 save in prayer1 ,beamed with her wished for heaven's celestial calm4 ,as innocent as childhood's was the face1 ,though sorrow oft had touched that tender heart2 ,each trouble came as winged by special grace ,and resignation saved the wound from smart4 ,on bead and crucifix her fingers kept ,until the last1 their fond1 accustomed hold2 ,my ,jesus1 breathed the lips2 the raised eyes slept4 ,the placid brow1 the gentle hand1 grew cold4 ,the choicely ripening cluster lingering late ,into ,october on its shriveled vine ,wins mellow juices which in patience wait ,upon those long1 long days of deep sunshine4 ,then set it gently at the altar rail1 ,the faithful1 aged dust1 with honors meet2 ,how can we hope if such as she can fail ,before the eternal ,god's high judgment-seat8 ------ #cah ,from ,the ,literary ,workmen ,,jenifer',s ,,prayer4 ,,by ,,oliver ,,crane4 ,,in ,,three ,,parts4 ,,conclusion4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,lady ,greystock drove on briskly4 ,they were out of the shadow of the trees and again on the broad1 white gleaming gravelled road that led to the west lodge1 and the turnpike road to ,blagden4 ,not a word was spoken4 ,on went the ponies1 who knew the dark shadows of the elms that stood at intervals1 in groups1 two or three together1 by the side of the road1 and threw their giant outlines across it1 making the moon-light seem brighter and brighter as it silvered the surface of the broad carriage drive1 and made the crushed granite sparkle--on went the ponies1 shaking their heads with mettlesome impatience when the pulling of the reins offended them1 not frightened at the whirling of the great droning night insects1 which flew out from the oak-trees on the left1 nor shying away from the shadows--on they went through the sweet1 still1 soft1 scented night air1 and the broad1 peaceful light of the silent moon--on they went6 ,not one word mingled with the sound of their ringing hoofs1 not a breath was heard to answer to the sighing of the leaves2 the good night that had been spoken between the stranger and themselves still seemed to live in the hearing of those to whom he had spoken1 and to keep them in a meditative and painful silence4 ,at last the lodge was reached4 ,the servant opened the gates2 the carriage was driven through2 the high road was gained1 and all romantic mystery was over2 the dream that had held those silent ones was gone2 and like one suddenly awoke1 ,lady ,greystock said3 ,eleanor6 how wonderful2 you knew that man6 ,eleanor6 he knew you2 asked about you2 had been seeking you4 ,why was he there in the ,beremouth woods--appearing at this hour1 among the ferns and grass1 like a wild creature risen from its lair8 ,eleanor6 why don't you speak to me8 ,why1 when he spoke of you by your name1 did you not answer for yourself8 ,why did you send him to ,jenifer8 ,oh6 ,eleanor2 ,i feel there is something terrible and strange in all this4 ,i cannot keep it to myself4 ,i must tell my father4 ,it can't be right4 ,it cannot be for any good that we met a man lurking about1 and not owned by you1 though he is here to find you4 ,speak1 ,eleanor6 ,now that ,i am in the great high road ,i feel as if ,i had gone through a terror1 or escaped some strange danger1 or met a mystery face to face4 ,lady ,greystock spoke fast and in a low voice1 and ,eleanor1 bending a little toward her1 heard every word4 ,you have met a mystery face to face1 she said in a whisper1 which1 however1 was sufficiently audible4 ,i did know that man4 ,and ,i am #cai not denying that he sought me1 and that he had a right to seek me4 ,but many things have changed since those old days1 when1 if ,i had obeyed him1 ,i should have done better than ,i did4 ,i know what he wants2 and ,jenifer can give it to him4 ,here we are at ,blagden2 think no more of it1 ,lady ,greystock4 ,no answer was given to ,eleanor's words2 they met ,dr4 ,blagden on the steps at the door4 ,you are later than usual--all right8 ,all quite right1 said ,eleanor4 ,the beauty of the night tempted us to come home through ,beremouth1 said ,lady ,greystock4 ,how lovely it would look on such a sweet1 peaceful night1 said ,mrs4 ,blagden1 who now joined them2 and then ,eleanor took the carriage wraps in her arms up stairs1 and ,lady ,greystock went into the drawing-room1 and soon after the whole household--all but ,eleanor--were in bed4 ,not ,eleanor4 ,she opened a box where she kept her letters1 and many small objects of value to her1 and carefully shutting out the moonlight1 and trimming her lamp into brilliancy1 she took out letter after letter from ,henry ,evelyn calling her his beloved one1 and his wife2 then the letter from ,corny ,nugent1 saying that ,henry ,evelyn and ,horace ,erskine were one2 and the one thing that ,corny ,nugent had sent to her as evidence--it seemed to be proof sufficient4 ,it was a part of a letter from ,horace to his uncle1 ,mr4 ,erskine1 which had been flung into a waste-paper basket1 and which1 having the writer's signature1 ,corny had kept1 and sent to ,eleanor4 ,not1 as he said1 that he knew the man's handwriting1 but that she did2 and that1 therefore1 to her it would have value as proving or disproving his own convictions4 ,eleanor had never brought this evidence to the proof4 ,she had laid by ,corny's letter1 and the inclosure4 ,she had put it all aside with the weight of a great dread on her mind1 and ,not yet1 not yet1 was all she said as she locked away both the assertion and the proof4 ,but her husband was at ,beremouth now4 ,yes2 and on what errand8 ,she knew that too4 ,mrs4 ,brewer had called that morning to see ,lady ,greystock4 ,mrs4 ,brewer had come herself to tell ,claudia that ,mary would arrive1 and that ,horace would bring her4 ,she would not trust any one but herself to give that information4 ,she never let go the idea of ,horace having behaved in some wrong way to ,claudia4 ,she knew ,claudia's disposition1 her bravery1 her determination2 and her guesses were very near the truth4 ,mother ,mary had those womanly instincts which jump at conclusions2 and the truths guessed at through the feelings are truths1 and remain truths for ever1 though reason has never proved them or investigation explained them4 ,then1 too1 there was her sister's letter1 which ,mrs4 ,brewer had sent to ,father ,daniels4 ,there the passing fancy for ,claudia had been spoken of4 ,in that letter the love of money had peeped out1 and supplied the motive2 but ,mrs4 ,brewer knew very well that ,claudia's disposition was not of a sort to have any acquaintance with passing fancies4 ,if she had loved ,horace1 she had loved with her whole heart2 and if she had been deceived in him1 her whole heart had suffered1 and her whole life been overcast4 ,mother ,mary had felt to some purpose2 and now1 only herself should say to ,lady ,greystock that he was coming among them again4 ,she had arrived at ,blagden and she had told ,claudia everything2 what ,horace wished as to ,mary1 and what her sister and ,mr4 ,erskine desired2 and she had not hidden her own unwillingness to lose her child1 or her own wish that ,mary might have married1 when she did marry1 some one more to her mother's mind1 and nearer to her mother's #cbj house4 ,and it was in remembrance of this conversation that ,lady ,greystock1 when she took ,jenifer into the carriage1 had said3 ,if you ever pray for my father1 and all he loves1 pray now8 ,something of all this had been told by ,lady ,greystock to ,eleanor4 ,and in the time that the aunt and niece had been together that day1 ,eleanor had said to ,jenifer1 ,he is down at the park wanting to marry ,miss ,lorimer4 ,jenifer's darling--,jenifer's darling's darling2 how she loved ,mother ,mary1 and ,lansdowne ,lorimer's child1 only her own great and good heart knew4 ,what could she do but go to ,god1 and his priest8 ,what human foresight could have prevented this8 ,what human wisdom could set things right8 ,and after all1 they did not surely know that ,eleanor's husband and ,claudia's lover were met in one man1 and that man winning the heart of lovely1 innocent ,mary ,lorimer1 and pressing marriage on her4 ,but for her prayer1 ,jenifer used to say1 she should have gone out of her mind4 ,oh1 the comfort that grew out of the thought that ,,god ,,knew6 and that her life and all that was in it were given to him4 ,such a shifting of responsibility--such a supporting sense of his never allowing anything to be in that life that was not1 in some way1 for his glory--such practical strength1 such heart-sustaining power1 grew out of ,jenifer's prayer that even ,eleanor's numbed heart rested on it1 and she had learnt to be content to live1 from hour to hour1 a life of submission and waiting4 ,but was the waiting to be over now8--was something coming8 ,if so1 she must be prepared4 ,and so1 diligently1 by the lamp-light1 ,eleanor produced her own letters1 and opened that torn sheet to compare the writing4 ,it was different in some things1 yet the same4 ,as she gazed1 and examined1 and compared terminations1 and matched the capital letters together1 she knew it was the same handwriting4 ,time had done its work4 ,the writing of the present was firmer1 harder1 done with a worse pen1 written at greater speed4 ,but that was all the change4 ,she was convinced2 and she put away her sorrow-laden store1 locked them safe from sight1 said her night prayers1 and went to bed4 ,not a sigh1 nor a tear4 ,no vain regrets1 no heart-easing groans4 ,the time for such consolations had long been passed with ,eleanor4 ,within the last nine years her life had as much changed as if she had died and risen again into another world of intermediate trial4 ,a very great change had been wrought in her by ,lady ,greystock's friendship4 ,eleanor had become educated4 ,the clever1 poetical girl1 who had won ,horace ,erskine's attention by her natural superiority to everything around her--even when those surroundings had been of a comparatively high state of cultivation1 had hardened into the industrious and laborious woman4 ,when it pleased ,lady ,greystock to hear her sing1 in her own sweet1 untaught way1 the songs of her own country1 she had sung them2 and then1 when ,lady ,greystock had offered to cultivate the talent1 she had worked hard at improvement4 ,she had been brought up by ,french nuns1 at a convent school1 and had spoken their language from childhood2 when ,lady ,greystock got ,french books1 it was ,eleanor's delight to read aloud2 and she had made ,mrs4 ,blagden's two little girls almost as familiar with ,french as she was herself4 ,those things had given rise to the idea that ,mrs4 ,evelyn1 as she was always called1 had seen better days2 and no one had ever suspected her relationship to ,jenifer4 ,mr4 ,brewer alone knew of it4 ,as to ,mr4 ,brewer ever telling anything that could be considered1 in the telling1 as a breach of confidence1 that was1 of course1 impossible4 ,that night--that night so important in our story1 ,jenifer1 having done all her duties by her mistress1 which were really not a few1 and having seen that the girl who did the dirty #cba work was safe in the darkness of a safely put out candle1 opened her lattice to look on the night4 ,her little room had a back view4 ,that is1 it looked over the flagged kitchen court1 and the walled-in flower garden1 and beyond toward the village of ,blagden and the majestic woods at the back of the house at ,beremouth4 ,jenifer had gone to bed1 and had risen again1 oppressed by a feeling that something was1 as she expressed it1 going on--something doing somewhere--'something up1' as folks say1 sir4 ,i can't account for it4 ,i fancied ,i heard something--that ,i was wanted4 ,and ,i thought at first that some one was in my room4 ,then ,i went into mistress's room1 without my shoes1 not to wake her4 ,she was all right1 sleeping like a tender babe4 ,then ,i went to ,peggy's room4 ,the girl was asleep4 ,i sniffed up and down the passage1 just to find if anything wrong in the way of smoke or fire was about4 ,no2 all was pure and pleasant2 and then ,i went down stairs to make sure of the doors being locked4 ,everything was right1 sir--such was ,jenifer's account to ,mr4 ,brewer2 who1 when she paused at this point1 asked3 ,what next did you do8 ,did you go upstairs again to bed8 ,i went upstairs1 the woman answered1 but not to bed4 ,i sat at the window1 and looked out over the garden1 and over the meadows beyond the old bridge1 and on to ,beremouth4 ,and the night was the brightest1 fairest1 loveliest night ,i ever beheld4 ,and so1 sir1 ,i said my prayers once more1 and went again to bed2 and slept in bits and snatches1 for still ,i was always thinking that somebody wanted me1 till the clock struck six2 and then ,i got up4 ,you don't usually get up at six1 or before the girl gets up1 do you8 ,no1 sir2 never1 ,i may say4 ,but ,i got up to ease my mind of its burthens4 ,and when ,peggy had got up1 and was down stairs1 ,i started off for the alms-house2 ,i thought ,mr4 ,dawson might be up to say mass there1 for it was ,st4 ,lawrence's ,day4 ,well8 ,but there had been no message about mass1 and no priest was expected4 ,and as ,i got back to our door there was ,mrs4 ,fell1 the milk-woman4 ,she had brought the milk herself4 ,i asked how that should be4 ,she said they had had a cow like to die in the night1 and that their man had been up all night1 and that she was sparing him1 for he had gone to lie down4 ,then ,i said1 ',why1 ,i could never have heard any of you busy about the cattle in the night'--you see they rent the meadows4 ,but she said they were not in the meadows2 the beasts were all in the shed at the farm4 ',but1' she said1 it's odd if you were disturbed1 for a man came to our place just before twelve o'clock1 and asked for you4' ',for me6' ,i cried--'a man at your place in the middle of the night1 asking for me6' ,she said1 ',yes2 and a decent-spoken body1 too4 ,but tired1 and wet through and through4 ,he said he had fallen into the ,beremouth deer pond1 up in the park4 ,that is1 he described the place clear enough1 and we knew it was the deer pond1 for it could not be anywhere else6' ,and did you ask where the man went to8 ,no1 sir4 ,i lifted my eyes1 and ,i saw him4 ,and who was he8 ,oh1 ,mr4 ,brewer1 it must all be suffered as he gives it to me to suffer2 but ,i am not clear about telling his name4 ,mr4 ,brewer took out his watch and looked at it4 ,it is nearly ten o'clock1 he said4 ,where's your mistress8 ,settled to her work1 sir4 ,mr4 ,brewer held this long talk with ,jenifer in that right-hand parlor down stairs where he had paid that money to ,mrs4 ,morier1 when the reader first made his acquaintance4 ,he had great confidence in ,jenifer4 ,he knew her goodness1 and her patience1 and her trust4 ,he knew something1 too1 of her trials1 and also of her prayer2 but he had come there to investigate a very serious matter1 and he was going steadily through with it4 ,listen1 ,jenifer4 ,yes1 sir4 #cbb ,last night1 just after our night prayers1 ,father ,daniels being in the house1 my friend1 ,mr4 ,erskine1 who escorted my step-daughter1 ,mary ,lorimer1 home1 went out into the park1 just1 as was supposed1 to have a cigar before going to bed4 ,mrs4 ,brewer and ,i were in ,mary's room when we heard ,mr4 ,erskine leave the house4 ,he certainly lighted his cigar4 ,mary's window was open1 and we smelt the tobacco4 ,jenifer1 he never returned4 ,they were both standing and looking at each other4 ,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,up went ,jenifer's prayer1 but voicelessly1 to heaven4 ,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,but a strong faith that the one terrible evil that her imagination pictured would not be in it1 was strong within her4 ,he never returned4 ,my man-servant woke me in my first sleep by knocking at the bed-room door1 and saying that ,mr4 ,erskine had not returned4 ,i rose up and dressed myself4 ,i collected the men and went out into the park4 ,we went to the south lodge1 to ask if any one had seen him4 ',no1' they said4 ',but the west lodge-keeper had been there as late as near to ten o'clock1 and he had said that a man had been in their house asking a good many questions about ,beremouth1 and who we had staying there1 and if a ,mr4 ,erskine was there1 or ever had been there1 and inquiring what sort of looking man he was1 whether he wore a beard1 or had any peculiarity8 how he dressed1 and if there had ever been any report of his going to be married8 ,they had answered his questions1 because they suspected nothing worse than a gossiping curiosity2 and they had given him a rest1 and a cup of tea4 ,he said that a friend1 a cousin of his1 had lived as servant with ,mr4 ,erskine2 and he also asked if ,mr4 ,erskine would be likely to pass through that lodge the next day1 for that he had a great curiosity to see him4 ,he said that he had known him well once1 and wanted greatly to see him once more4 ,he1 after all this talking1 asked the nearest way to ,marston4 ,he was directed through the park1 and he left them4 ,our inquiries about ,horace ,erskine having been answered by this history told by one lodge-keeper to the other1 we could not help suspecting that some one had been on the watch for the young man1 and taking ,jones from the lodge1 and his elder boy with us1 we dispersed ourselves over the park to seek for him1 a good deal troubled by what we had heard4 ,we got to the deer pond1 but we had sought many places before we got there2 it did not seem a likely place for a man to go to in the summer night4 ,we looked about--we went back to get lanterns--they were necessary in the darkness made by the thick foliage2 one side was bright enough1 and the pool was like a looking-glass where it was open to the sloping turf1 and the short fern1 which the deer trample down when they get there to drink2 but the side where the thorns1 hollies1 and yew-trees grow was as black as night2 and yet we thought we could see where the wild climbing plants had been pulled away1 and where some sort of struggle might have taken place4 ,as we searched1 when we came back1 we found strong evidence of a desperate encounter2 the branches of the great thorn-tree were hanging split from the stem1 and1 holding the lantern1 we saw the marks of broken ground by the margin of the pond1 as if some one had been struggling at the very edge of it4 ,then1 all at once1 and ,i shall never understand why we did not see it before--the moonbeams grew brighter1 ,i suppose--but there in the pond was the figure of a man2 not altogether in the water1 but having struggled so far out as to get his head against the bank1 hid as it was with the grass and low brush-wood1 the ferns and large-leaved water-weeds2 we laid bold of the poor #cbc fellow--it was ,horace ,erskine1 ,jenifer6 ,my life1 and all that is in it4 ,but the hope1 the faith1 rather1 was still alive1 that that worst grief should not be in it--so she prayed--so she felt--for ,jenifer6 ,master1 she gasped1 not dead--not dead--,mr4 ,brewer4 ,not dead6 he said gravely2 he would have been dead if we had not found him when we did4 ,he was bruised and wounded2 such a sight of ill-treatment as no eyes ever before beheld1 ,i think4 ,he must have been more brutally used than ,i could have believed possible1 if ,i had not seen it4 ,his clothes were torn2 his face so disfigured that he will scarcely ever recover the likeness of a man1 and one arm is broken4 ,but not dead8 ,no2 but he may die2 the doctor is in the house1 and the police are out after the man whom we suspect of this horrible barbarity4 ,now1 ,jenifer1 hearing some talk of a stranger who seemed to know yon1 ,i came here to ask you to tell me1 in your own honest way1 your honest story4 ,but ,jenifer seemed to have no desire to make confidences4 ,who told you of a stranger8 ,have you not told me yourself1 in answer to my first questions1 before giving you my reasons for inquiring8 ,no1 sir2 that won't do4 ,i judge from what you said that you had heard something of this stranger before you came here4 ,i had1 ,jenifer4 ,and ,mr4 ,brewer looked steadily at her4 ,well1 sir8 ,jenifer1 ,i have really come out of tenderness to you1 and to those who may belong to you4 ,no one doubts your tenderness1 sir2 least of any could ,i doubt it4 ,tell me who mentioned a stranger to you1 so as to send you here to me8 ,lady ,greystock's groom1 coming to ,beremouth early1 and finding us in great trouble1 made a declaration as to a stranger who had appeared and stopped his mistress as she was driving through the park last night4 ,he says this man asked if they could tell where ,mrs4 ,evelyn lived1 and ,mrs4 ,evelyn1 immediately answering1 said that she lived somewhere in the neighborhood1 and that he could learn by inquiring for you4 ,the groom says that the man evidently knew ,mrs4 ,morier's name1 as well as year name2 and that after speaking to him1 ,mrs4 ,evelyn asked ,lady ,greystock to drive on1 and that she drove rapidly1 and never spoke till they had almost got back to ,blagden4 ,it is quite true1 said ,jenifer4 ,he told me the same story this day4 ,can you say where this man is8 ,he will be found first or last2 and it is for the sake of justice that you should speak1 ,jenifer4 ,the police are on his track4 ,let me entreat you to give me every information4 ,concealment is the worst thing that can be practised in such a case as this--have you any idea where he is8 ,i do not ask you who he is2 you will have to tell all1 ,i fear1 before a more powerful person than ,i am4 ,i only come as a friend1 that you may not be induced to conceal the evil-doer4 ,the evil-doer1 said ,jenifer2 who says he did it8 ,i say he will be tried for doing it2 and that a trial is good for the innocent in such a case of terrible suspicion as this4 ,may be1 said ,jenifer1 may be6 ,then1 once more1 that prayer1 said1 from her very heart1 though unspoken by her lips2 and then these quiet words--,and as to the man himself4 ,he is my brother4 ,my mother's child by her second husband4 ,your brother--he with whom ,eleanor lived in ,ireland8 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,brewer2 he of whom ,i told you when you saved ,eleanor so #cbd many years ago4 ,and as to where he is--step into the kitchen1 sir1 and you may see him sleeping in a chair by the fire--any way1 ,i left him there1 when ,i came to open the door to you4 ,mr4 ,brewer had really come to ,jenifer in a perfectly friendly way2 exactly as he had said--out of tenderness4 ,he had known enough to send him there1 and to have those within call who would secure this stranger1 whoever he was1 and wherever he was found4 ,now1 known1 he walked straight into the kitchen1 and there stopped to take a full view of a man in a leathern easy chair1 his arm resting on ,jenifer's tea-table1 and sound asleep4 ,a finer man eyes never saw4 ,strong in figure1 and in face of a remarkable beauty4 ,he was sunburnt2 having pulled his neckcloth off1 the skin of his neck showed in fair contrast1 and the chest heaved and fell as the strong breath of the sleeper was drawn regularly and with healthy ease4 ,it was a picture of calm rest2 it seemed like a pity to disturb it4 ,there stood ,mr4 ,brewer safely contemplating one who was evidently in a state of blissful unconsciousness as to danger to others or himself4 ,your brother8 repeated ,mr4 ,brewer to ,jenifer1 who stood stiff and upright by his side4 ,my half-brother1 ,james ,o',keefe4 ,there is some one at the front door2 will you open it8 ,jenifer guessed at the personage to be found there4 ,but she went steadily through the front passage1 and1 opening the door1 let the policeman who had been waiting enter1 and then she came back to the kitchen without uttering a word4 ,as the man entered ,mr4 ,brewer laid his hand on the sleeper's shoulder1 and woke him4 ,he opened his fine grey eyes1 and looked round surprised4 ,on suspicion of having committed an assault on ,mr4 ,horace ,erskine last night1 in the park at ,beremouth1 said the policeman1 and the stranger stood up a prisoner4 ,he began to speak2 but the policeman stopped him4 ,it is a serious case1 he said4 ,it may turn out murder4 ,you are warned that anything you say will be used against you at your trial4 ,are you a magistrate1 sir8 asked ,o',keefe as he turned to ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,yea2 ,i am4 ,i hope you will take the man's advice1 and say nothing4 ,but ,i may say ,i am innocent8 ,every word you say is at your own risk4 ,i ran no risk in saying that ,i am innocent--that ,i never saw this ,horace ,erskine last night--though if ,i had seen him-- ,i entreat you to be silent2 you must have a legal adviser--,i6 ,who do ,i know8' ,you shall be well looked to1 and well advised1 said ,jenifer4 ,there are those in this town1 in the office where ,lansdowne ,lorimer worked1 who will work for me4 ,it was very hard for ,mr4 ,brewer not to promise on the spot that he would pay all possible expenses4 ,but the recollection of the disfigured and perhaps dying guest in his own house rose to his mind1 and he had a painful feeling that he was retained on the other side4 ,however1 he said to ,jenifer that perfect truth and sober justice anybody might labor for in any way4 ,and with this sort of broad hint he left the house1 and ,jenifer saw the stranger taken off in safe custody1 and1 mounting his horse1 rode toward ,blagden4 ,he asked for his daughter2 and he was instantly admitted1 and shown upstairs into her sitting-room--there he found ,claudia1 looking well and happy1 engaged in some busy work1 in which ,eleanor was helping her4 ,oh1 my dear father6 and ,lady ,greystock threw the work aside1 and jumped up1 and into the arms that waited for her4 ,it was always a sort of high holiday when ,mr4 ,brewer come by himself to visit his daughter4 ,when the sound of the brown-topped boots was #cbe heard on the stairs1 like a voice of music to ,claudia's heart1 all human things gave way1 for that gladness that her father's great heart brought and gave away1 all round him1 to everybody1 everywhere--but there1 there1 where his daughter lived--there1 among the friends with whom she had recovered from a great illness and got the better of a threatened1 life-long woe--there ,mr4 ,brewer felt some strong influence making him that1 which people excellently expressed when they said of him--he was more than ever himself that day4 ,now ,mr4 ,brewer's influence was to make those to whom he addressed himself honest1 open1 and good4 ,he was loved and trusted4 ,it did not generally enter into people's minds to deceive ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,candor grew and gained strength in his presence4 ,candor took to herself the teachings of wisdom2 candor listened to the advice of humility2 candor threw aside all vain-glorious garments when ,mr4 ,brewer called for her company1 and candor put on1 forthwith1 the crown of truth4 ,my darling6 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 as he kissed ,claudia2 my darling6 ,oh1 my dear father--my father1 my dear father6 so answered ,claudia4 ,then she pushed forward a chair2 and then ,eleanor made ready to leave the room4 ,yes1 go2 go for half an hour1 ,mrs4 ,evelyn4 ,but don't be out of the way2 ,i have a fancy for a little chat with you1 too1 to-day4 ,a grave smile spread itself over ,eleanor's placid face as she said she should come back when ,lady ,greystock sent for her1 and then she went away4 ,once more1 when she was gone1 ,mr4 ,brewer stood up and taking ,claudia's hand1 kissed her4 ,my darling1 he said1 ,i have something to say1 and ,i can only say it to you--,i have some help to ask for1 and only you can help me4 ,but are you strong enough to help me2 are you loving enough to trust me8 ,i will try to be all you want1 father2 ,i am strong2 ,i can trust--but if you want to know how much ,i love you--why1 you know ,i can't tell you that--it is more than ,i can measure1 ,i am afraid4 ,don't look grave at me4 ,it can't be anything very solemn1 if ,i can help you2 or anything of much importance1 if my help is worth your having4 ,your help is absolutely necessary2 at least necessary to my own comfort--now1 ,claudia4 ,tell your father why you broke off your engagement with ,horace ,erskine4 ,he did it--she trembled4 ,her father took her little hand into the grasp of his strong one1 and held it with an eloquent pressure4 ,he wanted more money1 father4 ,it came as a test4 ,he was in debt4 ,i had loved him1 as if--as if he had been what you must have been in your youth4 ,you were my one idea of man4 ,i had had no heart to study but yours4 ,i learnt that ,horace ,erskine was unworthy4 ,he was a coward4 ,the pressure of his debts had crushed him into meanness4 ,he asked me to bear the trial1 and to save him4 ,i did4 ,i did1 father6 ,yes1 my darling4 ,he never looked at her4 ,only the strong fingers closed with powerful love on the little hand within their grasp4 ,but you were fond of ,sir ,geoffrey8 ,yes2 and glad1 and grateful4 ,i should have been very happy--but-- ,but he died1 said her father1 helping her4 ,but ,horace sent to ,sir ,geoffrey the miniature ,i had given him--letters--and a lock of my poor curling hair-- ,how tight the pressure of the strong hand grew4 ,i found the open packet on the table--she could not say another word4 ,then a grave1 deep voice told the rest for her--,and your honored husband's soul went up to ,god and found the truth--and the head of the poor memory-stricken daughter found a refuge on her father's breast1 and she wept there silently4 ,and that made you ill1 my darling2 my dear darling ,claudia--my own #cbf dear daughter6 ,thank you1 my precious one4 ,and you don't like ,beremouth now8 ,i love ,beremouth1 and everything about it1 cried ,lady ,greystock1 raising her head1 and gathering all her strength together for the effort2 but ,i dare not see this man--and ,i would rather never look again on the deer-pond in the park1 because there he spoke3 there he promised--there ,i thought all life was to be as that still pool1 deep1 and overflowing with the waters of happiness and their never-ceasing music4 ,we used to go there every day4 ,i have not looked on it since--,i could not bear to listen to the rush of the stream where it falls over the stones between the roots of the old trees1 between whose branches the tame deer would watch us1 and where old ,dapple--the dear old beauty whose name ,i have never mentioned in all these years---used to take biscuits from our hands4 ,does old ,dapple live1 father8 ,dapple1 who was called 'old' nine years ago8 ,and ,lady ,greystock looked up1 and took her hand from her father's grasp1 and wiped her eyes1 and wetted her fair forehead from a bowl of water1 and tried by this question to get away from the misery that this sudden return to the long past had brought to mind4 ,dapple lives1 said ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,and then he kissed her again1 and thanked her1 and said they should love each other all the better for the confidence he had asked and she had given4 ,but why did you ask8 ,i want to have my luncheon at your early dinner1 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 not choosing to answer her4 ,you do dine early1 don't you8 ,yes1 and to-day ,eleanor was going to dine with me4 ,quite right4 ,and ,i want to speak to her4 ,claudia1 something has happened4 ,you most know all before long4 ,everybody will know4 ,you had better be in the room while ,i speak to ,eleanor4 ,let us get it over4 ,but you had better take your choice4 ,it is still about ,horace that ,i want to speak--to speak to ,eleanor1 ,i mean4 ,i should wish to be present1 said ,claudia4 ,and she rose and rang the bell4 ,will you ask ,mrs4 ,evelyn to come to us8 she said1 when her servant appeared4 ,in a very few minutes in walked ,eleanor4 ,mrs4 ,evelyn1 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 last night you directed a man to seek ,jenifer at ,mrs4 ,morier's house4 ,that man was ,james ,o',keefe1 ,jenifer's half-brother4 ,you knew him8 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,brewer1 ,i knew him4 ,but he did not know you8 ,no4 ,he asked about you4 ,why did you send him to ,marston8 ,because he could there learn all he wanted to know4 ,i am not going to bring the shadow of my troubles into this kind house4 ,that was your motive8 ,yes4 ,but ,i might have had more motives than one4 ,i think that was uppermost2 and on that motive ,i believe that ,i acted4 ,that man was in the park4 ,at the lodge-gate he had made inquiries after my guest1 ,mr4 ,erskine4 ,that man was at ,mrs4 ,fell's1 the dairy-woman1 at midnight4 ,he was not through2 he had1 he said1 fallen into the water--he described the place1 and they knew it to be the deer-pond4 ,as ,mr4 ,brewer went on in his plain1 straightforward way1 both women listened to him with the most earnest interest2 but as he proceeded ,eleanor ,evelyn fixed her eye on him with an anxiety and a mingled terror that had a visible effect on ,mr4 ,brewer1 who hesitated in his story1 and who seemed to be quite distracted by the manner of one usually so very calm and so unfailingly self-processed4 ,now ,mr4 ,erskine had gone out into the park late4 ,mr4 ,erskine1 my dear friends1--,mr4 ,erskine never came back4 #cbg ,he paused1 and collected his thoughts once more1 in order to go on with his story4 ,we went to seek for him4 ,he was found at last1 at the deer-pond1 surrounded by the evidences of a hard struggle having taken place there1 a struggle in which he had only just escaped with his life4 ,he has been ill-treated in a way that it is horrible to contemplate4 ,he is lying now in danger of death4 ,and this morning ,i have assisted in the capture of ,james ,o',keefe1 whom ,i found by ,mrs4 ,morier's kitchen fire1 for this possible murder4 ,i should tell you that ,mr4 ,erskine is just as likely to die as to live4 ,mr4 ,brewer1 said ,eleanor1 rising up and taking no notice of ,lady ,greystock's deathlike face1--,mr4 ,brewer1 is there any truth in a report that has reached me from a man who was in the elder ,mr4 ,erskine's service in ,scotland--a report to the effect that ,mr4 ,horace ,erskine wished to propose marriage1 or had proposed marriage1 to ,miss ,lorimer8 ,there is truth in that report1 said ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,then ,i must see that man1 said ,mrs4 ,evelyn4 ,before this terrible affair can proceed1 ,i must see ,horace ,erskine4 ,if indeed it be true that he has received this terrible punishment1 ,i can supply a motive for ,james ,o',keefe's conduct that any jury ought to take into consideration4 ,but ,o',keefe denies having ever seen him1 said ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,he does not deny having inquired about him4 ,he even said words before me that would make me suppose that he had come into this neighborhood on purpose to see him1 and to take some vengeance upon him4 ,mr4 ,erskine is found with the marks of the severest ill-usage about him1 and you say you can supply a motive for such a deed4 ,o',keefe1 however1 denies all but the will to work evil2 he confesses to the will to do the deed1 but denies having done it4 ,i must see ,mr4 ,erskine1 was all that ,eleanor answered4 ,i must see ,mr4 ,erskine4 ,whether he sees me or not1 ,i must see him4 ,the young woman was standing up--her face quite changed by the expression of anxious earnestness that animated it4 ,i must see ,mr4 ,erskine4 ,mr4 ,brewer1 you must so manage it that ,i must see ,mr4 ,erskine without delay4 ,but you would do no good1 said ,mr4 ,brewer1 in a very stern tone and with an utter absence of all his natural sympathy4 ,the man is so injured that his own mother could not identify him4 ,then may ,god have mercy on us6 cried ,eleanor1 sinking into a chair4 ,if ,i could only have seen that man before this woe came upon us6 ,and then that woman burst into one of those uncontrollable fits of tears that are the offspring of despair4 ,lady ,greystock looked at her for a moment1 and then rose from her chair4 ,victories half won are neither useful nor honorable1 she said4 ,wait1 ,eleanor1 ,i will show you what that man was4 ,she opened a large metal-bound desk1 curiously inlaid1 and with a look of wondrous workmanship4 ,she said1 looking at her father1 ,i left this at ,beremouth1 never intending to see it again1 ,but it got sent here a few years ago4 ,it has never been opened since ,i locked it before my wedding day4 ,she opened it1 and took out several packets and small parcels4 ,then she opened one--it was a miniature case which matched that one of herself which had been so cruelly sent to good1 kind ,sir ,geoffrey--she opened it ,who is that1 ,eleanor8 ,it was curious to see how the eyes1 blinded by tears1 fastened on it ,my husband--my husband--,henry ,evelyn4 ,my husband1 ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,oh1 ,lady ,greystock1 thank ,god that at any cost he did not run his soul still #cbh farther into sin by bringing on you and on himself the misery of a marriage unrecognized by ,god4 ,and because your unde1 ,james ,o',keefe1 heard the report that got about concerning that man and ,miss ,lorimer1 he ran his own soul into a guilt that may by this time have deepened into the crime of murder4 ,oh1 ,eleanor6 when shall we remember that 'vengeance is mine1 saith the ,lord8' ,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,the words came forth softly1 and ,mr4 ,brewer1 turning round1 saw ,jenifer4 ,he has been before the magistrates at ,marston1 ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,he has denied all knowledge of everything about it4 ,he is remanded on the charge--waiting for more evidence--waiting to see whether ,mr4 ,erskine lives or dies4 ,i hired a gig1 and came off here to you as fast as ,i could be driven4 ,mr4 ,may1 in the old office1 says that if ,mr4 ,erskine dies1 it will be hard to save him4 ,but the doctor's man tells me ,mr4 ,erskine has neither had voice nor sight since he was found--,i saw ,father ,daniels in the street1 and he1 too1 is evidence against the poor creature4 ,he knows of ,corny ,nugent's letter2 and ,corny wrote to ,jem also1 so ,jem told me1 and he came off here to make sure that ,horace ,erskine and ,henry ,evelyn were the same people4 ,and he walked from the ,northend railway station1 and asked his way to ,beremouth1 and got a gossip with the gate-keeper1 and settled to come on to ,marston4 ,and he met ,lady ,greys took in the carriage1 and asked where ,eleanor lived1 and inquired his way4 ,did you know him1 ,eleanor8 ,yes1 ,i knew him directly2 and it was partly because ,i knew him that ,i directed him on to you4 ,then he lost his way1 and took to getting out of the park by walking straight away in the direction he knew ,marston to be lying in4 ,and he got by what we call 'the threshetts1' sir--the water for keeping the fishponds from shallowing--and there he must have fallen in1 for he says he climbed the hedge just after1 and walked straight away through the grass fields and meadows1 and seeing the lights where the ,fells were tending the sick cow last night1 he got in there1 all dripping wet1 as the town-clock struck twelve4 ,he does not deny to the magistrates that if he had found ,horace ,erskine and ,henry ,evelyn to be one and the same man1 that he might have been tempted to evil2 he does not deny that4 ,he says he felt sore tempted to go straight to ,beremouth ,house and have him out from sleep and bed1 if to do so could have been possible1 and to have given him his punishment on the spot4 ,he says he wished as he wandered through the park that something might send the man who had injured us all so sorely out to him1 to meet him in the way1 that they might have come hand to hand1 and face to face4 ,he says he has had more temptations since ,corny ,nugent's letter to him1 and more heart-stirrings in the long silent time before it came1 than he can reckon up2 and that he has felt as if a dark spirit goaded him to go round the world after that man1 and never cease following him till he had made his own false tongue declare to all the earth his own false deeds--but something1 he says1 kept him back4 ,always kept him back till now2 till now1 when ,corny's last letter said that ,erskine was surely gone to ,beremouth to be married4 ,then1 he said1 it was as if something sent him--ah yes2 and sent him here to see the man1 to make sure who he was4 ,to tell you1 as a brother ,catholic1 the whole truth--to keep from the dear convert mother the bitter grief of seeing her child bound to a man whom she could never call that child's husband4 ,so #cbi he came1 ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,he came1 and he was found here--but he knows no more of the punishment of that poor man1 that poor girl's husband--pointing to ,eleanor--than an unborn babe4 ,as ,i hear him speak1 ,i trace the power of the prayer that ,i took up long ago in my helplessness--when ,i could not manage my own troubles1 my own life1 my own responsibilities1 it came into my heart to offer all to him4 ',my life and all that is in it4' ,you and yours have been in it1 ,mr4 ,brewer4 ,your wife has been in it1 her life1 and her child's--you1 too1 my dear1 turning to ,claudia1--you whom ,i have loved like one belonging to me--you have been in it2 and that woman1 my sister's legacy to my poor helplessness4 ,there were so many to care for1 to fear for1 to suffer for1 and to love--how could ,i put things right1 or keep off dangers8 ,i could only give up all to the ,father of us all--',my life1 and all that is in it4' ,and ,i tell you this1 ,mr4 ,brewer--,i tell it to you because my very soul seems to know it1 and my lips must utter it3 ,in that life there will be no red-handed punishment--no evil vengeance--no vile murder1 nor death without repentance4 ,i cannot tell you1 ,i cannot even guess1 how that bad man got into this trouble--,i have no knowledge of whose hands he fell into--but not into the hands of any one who belongs to me1 or to that life which has been so long given into ,god's keeping4 ,jenifer stopped speaking4 ,she had been listened to with a mute attention4 ,her hearers could not help feeling convinced by her earnestness4 ,she had spoken gently1 calmly1 sensibly4 ,the infection of her entire faith in the providence of ,god seized them4 ,they1 too1 believed4 ,lady ,greystock1 the only one not a ,catholic1 said afterward that she felt quite overpowered by the simple trust that ,jenifer showed1 and the calm strength with which it endowed her4 ,and ,lady ,greystock was the first to answer her4 ,it is no time for self-indulgence1 she said4 ,father1 ,eleanor and ,i must both go to ,beremouth4 ,and we must stay there4 ,we must be there on the spot1 to see how these things are accounted for--to know how matters end--to help1 as far as we may1 to bring them right4 ,and so1 before two hours were over1 ,jenifer was back in ,mrs4 ,morier's parlor1 and ,mary ,lorimer was with her2 sent there to stay2 and ,lady ,greystock and ,mrs4 ,evelyn were at ,beremouth4 ,there was silence in the house1 that sort of woful silence that belongs to the anxiety of a dreadful suspense4 ,toward evening there were whispered hopes--,mr4 ,erskine was better1 people thought4 ,but the severest injuries were about the neck and throat1 the chest and shoulders4 ,his hair had been cut off in large patches where the head wounds were--his face was disfigured with the bandages that the treatment made necessary4 ,he lay alive1 and groaning4 ,he was better4 ,when more was known about the injuries done to the throat and chest1 something less doubtful would be said as to his recovery4 ,if he can't swallow1 he'll die1 said one nurse4 ,he can live long enough without swallowing1 said another4 ,and still they waited4 ,at night1 ,eleanor and ,lady ,greystock stood in the room1 with ,mr4 ,brewer1 far off by the door1 looking at him4 ,there was no love in either heart4 ,the poor wife shrank away1 almost wishing that the period of desertion might last for ever4 ,a week passed1 a terribly long week4 ,he could swallow4 ,he could speak4 ,he could see out of one eye4 ,he had his senses4 ,he had said something about his arm4 ,he would be ready in another week to give some account of all he had gone #ccj through4 ,he would be able1 perhaps1 to identify the man4 ,in the meantime1 ,james ,o',keefe was safe in custody4 ,and ,jenifer was saying her prayer--,my life1 and all that is in it2 still quite sure1 with a strong1 simple1 never-failing faith1 that the great evil of a human and remorseless vengeance was not in it4 ,and yet1 as time passed on1 and1 notwithstanding every effort made by the police1 backed by the influence of all that neighborhood1 and by ,mr4 ,brewer himself1 not a mark of suspicion was found against any one else1 it seemed to come home to every one's mind with the force of certainty that ,james ,o',keefe had tried to murder ,horace ,erskine--that ,james ,o',keefe had done this thing1 and no one else4 ,very slowly did ,horace seem to mend--very slowly4 ,when questions were put to him in his speechless state1 he seemed to grow so utterly confused as to alarm his medical attendants4 ,it was made a law at ,beremouth that he was to be kept in perfect quietness4 ,james ,o',keefe was again brought before the magistrates1 and again remanded2 and still this time of trial went on1 and still1 when it was thought possible to speak to ,horace on the subject of his injuries1 he grew so utterly confused that it was impossible to go on with the matter4 ,was there to be no end to this misery8 ,the waiting was almost intolerable4 ,the knowledge that now existed in that house of ,horace ,erskine's life made it very easy to understand his confusion and incoherency when spoken to of his injuries4 ,but the lingering--the weight of hope deferred--the long contemplation of the miserable sufferer--the slowness of the passage of time1 was an inexpressible burthen to the inhabitants of ,beremouth4 ,one sad evening1 ,lady ,greystock and her father1 on the terrace1 talked together4 ,come with me to the deer-pond1 ,claudia4 ,she shrank from the proposal ,nay1 he said1 come6 ,you said at ,blagden that half victories were powerless things4 ,you must not be less than your own words4 ,come to the deer-pond--now4 ,so she took his arm and they walked away4 ,it was the beginning of a sweet1 soft night--the evening breezes played about them1 and they talked together in love and confidence1 as they crossed the open turf1 and were lost in the thickets that gathered round the gnarled oak and stunted yew that marked the way to the pond4 ,it had been many years since ,claudia had seen its peaceful waters2 terrible in dreams once2 and now saddened by a history that would belong to it for ever4 ,they reached the spot1 and stood there talking4 ,suddenly they heard a sound1 they started--a tearing aside of the turning boughs--a sound1 strong1 positive1 angry--then a gentle rustling of the leaves1 a soft movement of the feathery fern--and ,lady ,greystock had let go her father's arm1 and was standing with her hand on the head1 between the antlers1 of a huge old deer--,dapple--,don ,dapple1 as the children had called him--and speaking to him tenderly--,oh1 ,dapple1 do you know me8 ,oh1 ,dapple--alas6 poor beast--did you do it--that awful thing8 ,are you so fierce1 poor beast--were you the terrible avenger8 ,how her tears fell6 ,how her whole frame trembled6 ,how the truth came on her as she looked into the large1 tearful eyes of the once tame buck1 that had grown fanciful and fierce in its age1 and of whom even some of the keepers had declared themselves afraid4 ,mr4 ,brewer took biscuit from his coat-pocket1 chance scraps from lunches1 secreted from days before1 when he had been out on long rounds through the farms4 ,these old ,dapple nibbled1 and made royal gestures of satisfaction and approval--and there1 viewing his stately head in the water1 where his spreading antlers were mirrored1 they left him to walk home1 with one wonder out of their hearts1 and another--wondering awe at the thing that had happened among them--to by their for ever4 #cca ,they came back1 they called the doctors1 they examined the torn clothes4 ,they wondered they had never thought of the truth before4 ,time went on4 ,and at last1 when ,horace could speak1 and they asked him about the old deer at the pond1 he said that it was so--it was as they had thought4 ,it had been an almost deadly struggle between man and beast2 and ,horace was to bear the marks upon the face and form that had been loved so well to his life's end4 ,a broken-featured man1 lame1 with a stiff arm1 and a sightless eye--and the story of his ruined life no longer a secret--known to all4 ,lady ,greystock and ,mrs4 ,evelyn remained at ,beremouth4 ,mary ,lorimer was left at her grandmother's under the care of the trusty ,jenifer4 ,james ,o',keefe had returned to ,ireland1 leaving his niece and her history in good guardianship with ,father ,daniels and ,mr4 ,brewer2 and ,freddy1 being at school1 had been happily kept out of the knowledge of all but the surface facts1 which were no secrets from anybody1 that a man who had been seen in the park and was a stranger in the neighborhood had been suspected of being the perpetrator of the injuries of which the old deer had been guilty4 ,poor old deer--poor aged ,dapple6 ,it was with a firm hand and an unflinching determination that the kindest man living met the beast once more at the deer-pond1 and shot him dead4 ,mr4 ,brewer would trust his death to no hand but his own--and there in the thicket where he loved to hide a grave was dug1 and the monarch of the place was buried in it4 ,lady ,greystock and ,eleanor kept their own rooms1 and lived together much as they had done latterly at ,blagden4 ,when ,horace ,erskine was fit to leave his bed-room1 he used to sit in a room that had been called ,mr4 ,brewer's4 ,it was1 in fact1 a sort of writing-room1 fitted up with a small useful library and opening at the end into a bright conservatory4 ,he had seen ,lady ,greystock4 ,he knew of ,eleanor being in the house4 ,he knew also that his former relations with her were known1 and he never denied1 or sought to deny1 the fact of their ,catholic marriage4 ,no one ever spoke to him on the subject4 ,the subject that was first in all hearts was to see him well and strong1 and able to act for himself4 ,one thing it was impossible to keep from him2 and that was the anger of ,mr4 ,erskine1 his unde1 an anger which ,lucia his wife did not try to modify4 ,mrs4 ,brewer wrote to her sister2 ,mr4 ,brewer pleaded with his brother-in-law4 ,not a thing could they do to pacify them4 ,horace was everything that was evil in their eyes2 his worst crime in the past was his having made a ,catholic marriage with a beautiful ,irish girl1 and their great dread for the future was that he would make this marriage valid by the ,english law4 ,they blamed ,mr4 ,brewer for keeping ,eleanor in the house2 they were thankless to ,mr4 ,brewer for still giving to ,horace care1 kindness1 and a home4 ,finally1 the one great dread that included all other dreads1 and represented the overpowering woe1 was that contained in the thought that ,horace might repent1 and become a ,papist4 ,mr4 ,brewer1 when it came to that1 set his all-conquering kindness aside for the time1 or1 to adopt his wife's words when describing these seeming changes in her husbands's character1 he clothed his kindness in temporary armor1 and went out to fight4 ,he replied to ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,erskine that for such a grace to fall on ,horace would be the answer of mercy to the prayer of a poor woman's faith--that he and all his household joined in that prayer2 that priests at the altar1 and nuns in their holy homes1 were all praying for that great result2 and that for himself he would only say that for such a mercy to fall upon his house would make him glad for ever4 ,there was no disputing with a man who could so openly take his stand on #ccb such a broad ground of hope and prayer in such direct opposition to the wishes of his neighbors4 ,the ,erskines became silent1 and ,mr4 ,brewer had gained all he hoped for2 peace1 peace at least for the time4 ,at last ,horace was well enough to move1 and ,freddy's holidays were approaching1 and there was an unexpressed feeling that ,horace was not to be at ,beremouth when the boy came back4 ,mr4 ,brewer proposed that ,horace should go for change of air to the same house in which ,father ,dawson was lodging1 just beyond ,clayton1 where the sea air might refresh him1 and the changed scene amuse his mind2 and where1 too1 he could have the benefit of all those baths1 and that superior attendance1 described in the great painted advertisement that covered the end of the lodging-houses in so promising a manner4 ,horace accepted the proposal gladly4 ,he grew almost bright under the expectation of the change1 and when the day came he appeared to revive1 even under the fatigue of a drive so much longer than any that he had been before allowed to venture upon4 ,mr4 ,dawson was to be kind1 and to watch over him a little2 and ,father ,daniels was to visit him1 and write letters for him1 and be his1 adviser and his friend4 ,before he left ,beremouth he had asked to see ,lady ,greystock4 ,she went with her father to his room quite with the old ,claudia ,brewer cheerfulness prettily mingling with woman's strength and woman's experience4 ,he rose up1 and said1 ,i wished to ask you to forgive me1 ,lady ,greystock--to forgive me my many sins toward you6 ,she trembled a little1 and said1 ,mr4 ,erskine1 may ,god forgive me my pride1 my anger1 my evil thoughts1 which have made me say so often ,i could never see nor pardon you4 ,it seemed to require all her strength to carry out the resolution with which she had entered that room4 ,of course1 she went on1 the personal trial that you brought upon me1 here1 in my young days1 ,i know now to have been a great blessing in a grief's disguise4 ,though not--not yet--a ,catholic1 ,i know you were then1 as now1 a married man4 ,horace ,erskine never moved2 he was still standing1 holding by the heavy writing-table1 and his eyes were fastened on the carpet4 ,she went on3 ,since then your wife1 a beautiful and even an accomplished woman1 has become my own dear friend4 ,we are living together1 and until she has a home of her own1 we shall probably go on living together4 ,i have nothing1 therefore1 to say more1 except--except-- ,here her voice trembled1 and changed1 and she was only just able to articulate her last words so as to be understood by her hearers1 ,except about my dear husband's death--better death than life under misapprehension4 ,that too was a blessing perhaps4 ,let us leave it to the ,almighty ,judge4 ,i forgive you2 if you wish to hear those words from my poor erring lips1 you may remember that ,i have said them honestly1 submitting to the will of him who loves us1 and from whom ,i seek mercy for myself4 ,she turned round to leave the room4 ,stop1 ,lady ,greystock2 stop6 cried ,horace4 ,in this solemn moment of sincerity1 tell me--do you think ,eleanor loves me now8 ,i would rather not give any opinion4 ,if you have ever formed an opinion1 give it4 ,i entreat you to tell me what is1 as far as you know1 the truth4 ,does ,eleanor love me8 ,must ,i speak1 father8 ,so solemnly entreated1 ,i should say1 yes4 ,does ,eleanor love me8 groaned ,horace4 ,no1 said ,lady ,greystock2 and turning round quickly1 she left her father alone with ,horace1 and went out of the room4 ,five years passed by4 ,freddy was growing into manhood1 enjoying home by his bright sister ,lady #ccc ,greystock's side1 and paying visits to his other sister1 the happy bride1 ,mrs4 ,harrington1 of ,harrington-leigh1 the master of which place1 a recent convert1 as the newspapers said1 had lately married the convert step-daughter of ,mr4 ,brewer1 of ,beremouth4 ,lady ,greystock always lived with her father now1 united to him in faith1 and joining him in such a flood of good works that all criticism1 all wonderment1 all lamentation and argument at such a step6 was simply run down1 overpowered1 deluged1 drowned4 ,the strong flowing stream of charity was irresistible4 ,the solemn music of its deep waters swallowed up all the surrounding cackle of inharmonious talk4 ,nothing was heard at ,beremouth but prayer and praise--evil tongues passed by that great good house to exercise themselves elsewhere4 ,evil people found no fitting habitation for their wandering spirits in that home of holy peace4 ,and all his life ,mr4 ,brewer walked humbly1 looking at ,claudia1 and calling her my crown6 ,she knew why4 ,he had repented with a great sorrow of those early days when he had left her to others' teaching4 ,he had prayed secretly1 with strong resolutions1 to be blessed with forgiveness4 ,and at last the mercy came--crowned at last4 ,all the mercies of my life crowned by the great gift of ,claudia's soul4 ,so the good man went on his way a penitent4 ,always in his own sight a penitent4 ,always recommending himself to ,god in that one character--as a penitent4 ,five years were passed1 and ,lady ,greystock had been at ,mary's wedding1 and was herself at ,beremouth1 still in youth and beauty1 once more the petted daughter of the house--but ,eleanor was there no longer4 ,full three years had passed since ,eleanor had gone to ,london with ,lady ,greystock1 and elected not to return4 ,they heard from her however1 frequently2 and knew where she was4 ,when these letters came ,claudia would drive off to ,marston to see ,grandmamma ,morier1 still enjoying life under ,jenifer's care4 ,the letters would be read aloud upstairs in the pretty drawing-room where the fine old china looked as gay and bright as ever1 and where not a single cup and saucer had changed its place4 ,jenifer would listen4 ,taking careful note of every expression1 and whispering--sometimes in the voice of humble prayer1 sometimes in soft tones of triumphant thanksgiving--,my life1 and all that is in it6 ,but now this five years' close had been marked by a great fact2 the death of ,horace ,erskine's uncle1 and his great estate passing to his nephew1 whom he had never seen since their quarrel with him1 but whom he had so far forgiven as not to alter his will4 ,horace ,erskine was in ,london2 and his ,beremouth friends were going up to town to welcome him home after four years of life on the continent4 ,london was at its fullest and gayest4 ,mr4 ,erskine had been well known there1 making his yearly visits1 taking a great house1 and attracting round him all the talent of the day4 ,a very rich man1 thoroughly well educated1 with a fine place in ,scotland1 and his beautiful wife ,lucia by his side1 he found himself welcome1 and made others in their turn welcome too4 ,now all this was past4 ,for two seasons ,london had missed ,mr4 ,erskine1 and he had been regretted and lamented over1 as a confirmed invalid4 ,now he was dead4 ,and after a little brief wonder and sorrow the attention of the world was fixed upon his heir1 and people of fashion1 pleasure1 and literature got ready their best smiles for his approval4 ,horace had been well enough known once4 ,never exactly sought #ccd after by heads of homes1 for he was too much of a speculation4 ,he was known to be in debt2 and all inquiries as to his uncle's property had been quenched again and again by those telling words1 no entail4 ,but ,horace had had his own world2 and had been only too much of a hero in it4 ,that world1 however1 had lost him2 and as the wheels of fashion's chariot fly fast1 the dust of the light road rises as a cloud and hides the past1 and the people that belonged to ,horace ,erskine had been left behind and forgotten4 ,now1 however1 ,memory was alive1 and brushing up her recollections2 and ,memory had found a tongue1 and was hoping and prophesying to the fullest extent of friend ,gossip's requirements1 when the news came that ,horace ,erskine had arrived4 ,he has taken that charming house looking on to the park4 ,mr4 ,tudor had seen him4 ,nobody would know him4 ,broken nose1 my dear6 ,and he was so handsome4 ,he is lame1 too--or if not lame1 he has a stiff shoulder4 ,i forget which it is4 ,he was nearly killed by some mad animal in the park at ,beremouth4 ,he behaved with the most wonderful courage1 actually fought and conquered6 ,but he was gored and trampled on--nearly trampled to death4 ,i heard all the particulars at the time4 ,his chest was injured1 and he was sent to a warmer climate4 ,and there he turned ,papist4 ,he did1 indeed6 and his uncle never forgave him4 ,but ,i suspect it was a love affair4 ,you know he has brought his wife home4 ,and she is lovely1 everybody who has seen her says4 ,she is so very still--too quiet--too statuesque--that is her only fault in fact4 ,but all the world is talking of her1 and if you have not yet seen her lose no time in getting introduced2 she is the wonder of the day4 ,and so ran the talk--and such was ,eleanor's welcome as ,horace ,erskine's wife4 ,her husband had really repented1 and had sought her1 and won her heart all over again1 and married her once more4 ,to have these great triumphs of joy and justice in her life was granted to ,jenifer's ,prayer4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,very ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,abbot ,cyrus said to a brother3 ,if thou hadst no fight with bad thoughts1 it would be because thou didst bad actions2 for they who do bad actions are thereby rid of bad thoughts4 ,but1 said the other1 ,i have bad memories4 ,the abbot answered3 ,they are but ghosts2 fear not the dead1 but the living4 #b4 ,when ,agatho was dying1 his brethren would have asked him some matter of business4 ,he said to them3 ,do me this charity2 speak no more with me1 for ,i am full of business already4 ,and he died in joy4 #c4 ,an old man visited one of the fathers4 ,the host boiled some pot-herbs1 and said3 ,first let us do the work of ,god1 and then let us eat4 ------ #cce ,,original4 ,,christine3 ,a ,,troubadour',s ,,song1 ,,in ,,five ,,cantos4 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,miles4 ,footnote #ec ,footnote #ec3 ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahff1 by ,lawrence ,kehoe1 in the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district ,court of the ,united ,states for the ,southern ,district of ,new ,york4 7,,concluded47 ,,the ,,fourth ,,song4 ,i4 ,amid the gleam of princely war ,christine sat like the evening star1 ,pale in the sunset's pageant bright1 ,a separate and sadder light4 ,o bitter task ,to rear aloft that shining head1 ,while round thee1 cruel whisperers ask-- ,marry1 what aileth the ,bridegroom gay8 ,the heralds have waited as long as they may4 ,yet never a sign of the gallant ,grey4 ,is ,miolan false or dead8 ,,ii4 ,the ,dauphin eyed ,christine askance3 ,we have tarried too long1 quoth he2 ,doth the ,savoyard fear the thrust of ,france8 ,by the ,bride of ,heaven1 no laggard lance ,shall ever have guard of thee6 #ccf ,you could see the depths of the dark eyes shine ,and a glow on the marble cheek1 ,as she whispered1 ,woe to the ,dauphin's line ,when the eagle shrieks and the red lights shine ,bound the towers of ,pilate's ,peak4 ,she levelled her white hand toward the west1 ,where the omen beacon shone2 ,and he saw the flame on the castle crest4 ,and a livid glare light the mountain's breast ,even down to the rushing ,rhone4 ,never braver lord in all the land ,than that ,dauphin true and tried2 ,but the rein half fell from his palsied hand ,and his fingers worked at the jewelled brand ,that shook in its sheath at his side4 ,for it came with a curse from earliest time1 ,it was carved on his father's halls1 ,it had haunted him ever from clime to clime1 ,and at last the red light of the ancient rhyme ,is burning on ,pilate s walls6 ,yet warrior-like beneath his feet ,trampling the sudden fear1 ,he cried1 ,let thy lover's foot be fleet-- ,if thy ,savoyard would wed thee1 sweet4 ,by ,saint ,mask1 he were better here6 ,for ,i know by yon light there is danger near1 ,and ,i swear by the ,holy ,shrine1 ,be it virgin spear or ,miolan's heir4 ,the victor to-day shall win and wear ,this menaced daughter of mine6 ,the lists are aflame with the gold and steel ,of knights in their proud array1 ,and gong and tymbalon chiming peal ,as forward the glittering squadrons wheel ,to the jubilant courser's neigh4 ,the ,dauphin springs to the maiden's side1 ,and thrice aloud cries he1 ,ride1 gallants all1 for beauty ride1 ,christine herself is the victor's bride4 ,whoever the victor be6 #ccg ,and thrice the heralds cried it aloud1 ,while a wondering whisper ran ,from the central lists to the circling crowd1 ,for all knew the virgin hand was vowed ,to the heir of ,miolan4 ,quick at the ,dauphin's plighted word ,full many an eve flashed fire1 ,full many a knight took a truer sword1 ,tried buckle and girth1 and many a lord ,chose a stouter lance from his squire4 ,back to the barrier's measured bound ,each gallant speedeth away2 ,then1 forward fast to the trumpet's sound1 ,a hundred horsemen shake the ground ,and meet in the mad mele4 ,crimson the spur and crimson the spear1 ,the blood of the brave flows fast2 ,but ,christine is deaf to the dying prayer1 ,blind to the dying eyes that glare ,on her as they look their last4 ,she sees but a ,black ,knight striking so well ,that the bravest shun his path2 ,his name or his nation none may tell1 ,but wherever he struck a victim fell ,at the feet of that shape of wrath4 ',fore ,god1 quoth the ,dauphin1 that unknown sword ,is making a merry day6 ,but where1 oh where is the ,savoyard1 ,for low in the slime of that trampled sward ,lie the flower of the ,dauphine6 ,and the victor stranger rideth alone1 ,wiping his bloody blade2 ,and now that to meet him there is none4 ,now that the warrior work is done1 ,he moveth toward the maid4 ,sternly1 as if he came to kill1 ,toward the damsel he turneth his rein2 ,his trumpet sounding a challenge shrill1 ,while the fatal lists of ,la ,sne are still ,as he paces the purple plain4 #cch ,a hollow voice through the visor cried1 ,mount to the crupper with me4 ,mount1 ,ladye1 mount to thy master's side4 ,for 'tis said and 'tis sworn thou shalt be the ,bride ,of the victor1 whoever he be4 ,at sound of that voice a sudden flame ,shot out from the ,dauphin's eyes1 ,and he said1 ,sir ,knight1 ere we grant thy claim1 ,let us see the face1 let us hear the name1 ,of the gallant who winneth the prize4 ',tis a name you know and a face you fear1 ,the ,wizard ,knight began2 ,or hast thou forgotten that midnight drear1 ,when my sleeping fathers felt the spear ,of ,vienne and ,miolan8 ,ay1 quiver and quail in thy coat of mail1 ,for hark to the eagle's shriek2 ,see the red light burns for the coming bale6 ,and all knew as he lifted his aventayle ,the ,knight of ,pilate's ,peak4 ,from the heart of the mass rose a cry of wrath ,as they sprang at the shape abhorred1 ,but he swept the foremost from his path1 ,and the rest fell back from the fatal swath ,of that darkly dripping sword4 ,but uprose the ,dauphin brave and bold1 ,and strode out upon the green1 ,and quoth he1 ,foul fiend1 if my purpose hold1 ,by my halidome1 tho' ,i be passing old1 ,we'll splinter a lance for ,christine4 ,since her lovers are low or recreant4 ,her champion shall be her sire2 ,so get a fresh lance from yonder tent4 ,for though my vigor be something spent ,i fear neither thee nor thy fire6 ,swift to the stirrup the ,dauphin he sprang1 ,the bravest and best of his race3 ,no bugle blast for the combat rang2 ,save the clattering hoof and the armor clang1 ,all was still as each rode to his place4 #cci ,with the crash of an ,april avalanche ,they meet in that merciless tilt2 ,back went each steed with shivering haunch4 ,back to the croup bent each rider staunch4 ,shivered each spear to the hilt4 ,thrice flies the ,baron's battle-axe round ,the ,wizard's sable crest2 ,but the coal-black steed1 with a sudden bound1 ,hurled the old ,crusader to the ground1 ,and stamped on his mailed breast4 ,thrice by the vengeful war-horse spurned1 ,lowly the ,dauphin lies2 ,while the ,black ,knight laughed as again he turned ,toward the lost ,christine1 and his visor burned ,as he gazed at his beautiful prize4 ,her doom you might read in that gloating stare1 ,but no fear in the maid can you see2 ,nor is it the calm of a dumb despair1 ,for hope sits aglow on her forehead fair4 ,and she murmurs1 ,at last--it is he6 ,proudly the maiden hath sprung from her seat1 ,proudly she glanceth around1 ,one hand on her bosom to stay its beat1 ,for hark6 there's a sound like the flying feet ,of a courser1 bound after bound4 ,clearing the lists with a leopard-like spring1 ,plunging at top of his speed4 ,swift o'er the ground as a bird on the wing4 ,there bursts1 all afoam1 through the wondering ring1 ,a gallant but riderless steed4 ,arrow-like straight to the maiden he sped4 ,with a long1 loud1 tremulous neigh1 ,the rein flying loose round his glorious head4 ,while all whisper again1 ,is the ,savoyard dead8 ,as they gaze at the riderless ,grey4 ,one sharp1 swift pang thro' the virgin heart1 ,one wildering cry of woe4 ,then fleeter than dove to her calling nest1 ,lighter than chamois to ,malaval's crest ,she leaps to the saddle bow4 #cdj ,away6 ,he knew the sweet voice2 away1 ,with never a look behind2 ,away1 away1 with echoing neigh ,and streaming mane1 goes the gallant ,grey1 ,like an eagle before the wind4 ,they have cleared the lists1 they have passed her bower1 ,and still they are thundering on2 ,they are over the bridge--another hour1 ,a league behind them the ,leaning ,tower ,and the spires of ,saint ,antoine4 ,away1 away in their wild career ,past the slopes of ,mont ,surjeu2 ,thrice have they swum the swift ,isre1 ,and firm and clear in the purple air ,soars the ,grand ,som full in view4 ,rough is their path and sternly steep1 ,yet halting never a whit1 ,onward the terrible pace they keep1 ,while the good ,grey1 breathing free and deep1 ,steadily strains at the bit4 ,they have left the lands where the tall hemp springs1 ,where the clover bends to the bee2 ,they have left the hills where the red vine flings ,her clustered curls of a thousand rings ,round the arms of the mulberry tree4 ,they have left the lands where the walnut lines ,the roads1 and the chestnuts blow2 ,beneath them the thread of the cataract shines1 ,around them the plumes of the warrior pines4 ,above them the rock and the snow4 ,thick on his shoulders the foam flakes lay4 ,fast the big drops roll from his chest1 ,yet on1 ever on1 goes the gallant ,grey1 ,bearing the maiden as smoothly as spray ,asleep on the ocean's breast4 ,onward and upward1 bound after bound1 ,by ,bruno's ,bridge he goes2 ,and now they are treading holy ground1 ,for the feet of her flying ,caliph sound ,by the cells of the ,grand ,chartreuse4 #cda ,around them the darkling cloisters frown1 ,the sun in the valley hath sunk2 ,when right in her path1 lo6 the long white gown1 ,the withered face and the shaven crown ,and the shrivelled hand of a monk4 ,a light like a glittering halo played ,round the brow of the holy man2 ,with lifted finger her course he stayed1 ,all is not well1 the pale lips said1 ,with the heir of ,miolan4 ,but in ,chambery hangs a relic rare ,over the altar stone3 ,take it1 and speed to thy ,bridegroom's bier2 ,if the ,sacristan question who sent thee there1 ,say1 ',bruno1 the ,monk of ,cologne4' ,she bent to the mane while the cross he signed ,thrice o'er the suppliant head3 ,away with thee1 child6 and away like the wind ,she went1 with a startled glance behind1 ,for she heard an ominous tread4 ,the moon is up1 'tis a glorious night1 ,they are leaving the rock and the snow1 ,mont ,blanc is before her1 phantom white1 ,while the swift ,isre1 with its line of light1 ,cleaves the heart of the valley below4 ,but hark to the challenge1 ,who rideth alone8-- ,o warder1 bid me not wait6-- ,my lover lies dead and the ,dauphin o'erthrown-- ,a message ,i bear from the ,monk of ,cologne-- ,and she swept thro' ,chambery's gate4 ,the ,sacristan kneeleth in midnight prayer ,by ,chamber's altar stone4 ,what meaneth this haste1 my daughter fair8 ,she stooped and murmured in his ear ,the name of the ,monk of ,cologne4 ,slowly he took from its jewelled case ,a kerchief that sparkled like snow4 ,and the ,minster shone like a lighted vase ,as the deacon unveiled the gleaming face ,of the ,santo ,sudario4 #cdb ,a prayer1 a tear1 and to saddle she springs1 ,clasping the relic bright2 ,away1 away1 for the fell hoof rings ,down the hillside behind her--,god give her wings6 ,the fiend and his horse are in sight4 ,on1 on1 the gorge of the ,doriat's won1 ,she is nearing her ,savoyard's home1 ,by the grand old road where the warrior son ,of ,hanno swept with his legions dun1 ,on his mission of hatred to ,rome4 ,the ancient oaks seem to rock and reel ,as the forest rushes by her1 ,but nearer cometh the clash of steel1 ,and nearer falleth the fatal heel1 ,with its flickering trail of fire4 ,then first the brave young heart grew sick ',neath its load of love and fear1 ,for the ,grey is breathing faint and quick1 ,and his nostrils burn and the drops fall thick ,from the point of each drooping ear4 ,his glorious neck hath lost its pride1 ,his back fails beneath her weight4 ,while steadily gaining1 stride by stride1 ,the ,black ,knight thunders to her side-- ,heaven1 must she meet her fate8 ,she shook the loose rein o'er the trembling head1 ,she laid her soft hand on his mane1 ,she called him her ,caliph1 her desert-bred1 ,she named the sweet springs where the palm trees spread ,their arms o'er the burning plain4 ,but the ,grey looked back and sadly scanned ,the maid with his earnest eyes-- ,a moment more and her cheek is fanned ,by the black steed's breath1 and the demon hand ,stretches out for the virgin prize4 ,but she calls on ,christ1 and the kerchief white ,waves full in the face of her foe3 ,back with an oath reeled the ,wizard ,knight ,as his steed crouched low in the wondrous light ,of the ,santo ,sudario4 #cdc ,blinded they halt while the maiden hies1 ,the murmuring ,arc she can hear1 ,and1 lo6 like a cloud on the shining skies1 ,atop of yon perilous precipice1 ,the castle of ,miolan's ,heir4 ,fail not1 my steed6--,round her ,caliph's head ,the relic shines like the sun3 ,leap after leap up the spiral steep1 ,he speeds to his master's castle keep1 ,and his glorious race is won4 ,ho1 warder6--,at sight of the gallant ,grey ,the drawbridge thundering falls3 ,wide goes the gate at that jubilant neigh1 ,and1 glory to ,god for his mercy to-day1 ,she is safe within ,miolan's walls4 ,,the ,,fifth ,,song4 ,i4 ,in the dim grey dawn by ,miolan's gate ,the fiend on his wizard war-horse sate4 ,the fair-haired maid at his trumpet call ,creeps weeping and wan to the outer wall3 ,my curse on thy venom1 my curse on thy spell1 ,they have slain the master ,i loved too well4 ,thou saidst he should wake when the joust was o'er1 ,but oh1 he never will waken more6 ,she tore her fair hair1 while the demon laughed1 ,saying1 ,sound was the sleep that thy lover quaffed2 ,but bid the warder unbar the gate1 ,that the lost ,christine may meet her fate4 ,,ii4 ,hither1 hither thou maild man ,with those woman's tears in thine eyes1 ,with thy brawny cheek all wet and wan1 ,show me the heir of ,miolan1 ,lead where my ,bridegroom lies4 #cdd ,and he led her on with a sullen tread4 ,that fell like a muffled groan1 ,through halls as silent as the dead1 ',neath long grey arches overhead1 ,till they came to the shrine of ,moan4 ,what greets her there by the torches' glare8 ,in vain hath the mass been said6 ,low bends the sire in mute despair1 ,low kneels the ,hermit in silent prayer4 ,between them the mighty dead4 ,no tear she shed1 no word she spoke1 ,but gliding up to the bier1 ,she took her stand by the bed of oak ,where her ,savoyard lay in his sable cloak1 ,his hand still fast on his spear4 ,she bent her burning cheek to his1 ,and rested it there awhile4 ,then touched his lips with a lingering kiss1 ,and whispered him thrice1 ,my love1 arise1 ,i have come for thee many a mile6 ,the man of ,god and the ancient ,knight ,arose in tremulous awe2 ,she was so beautiful1 so bright1 ,so spirit-like in her bridal white1 ,it seemed in the dim funereal light ,twas an angel that they saw4 ,thro' forest fell1 o'er mount and dell1 ,like the falcon1 hither ,i've flown4 ,for ,i knew that a fiend was loose from hell1 ,and ,i bear a token to break this spell ,from ,bruno1 the ,monk of ,cologne4 ,dost thou know it1 love8 when fire and sword ,flamed round the ,holy ,shrine1 ,it was won by thee from the ,paynim horde1 ,it was brought by thee to ,bruno's guard1 ,a gift from ,palestine4 ,wake1 wake1 my love6 ,in the name of ,grace1 ,that hath known our uttermost woe1 ,lo6 this thorn-bound brow on thine ,i place6 ,and1 once more revealed1 shone the wondrous face ,of the ,santo ,sudario4 #cde ,at once over all that ancient hall ,there went a luminous beam2 ,heaven's deepest radiance seemed to fall1 ,the helmets shine on the shining wall1 ,and the faded banners gleam4 ,and the chime of hidden cymbals rings ,to the song of a cherub choir2 ,each altar angel waves his wings1 ,and the flame of each altar taper springs ,aloft in a luminous spire4 ,and over the face of the youth there broke ,a smile both stern and sweet2 ,slowly he turned on the bed of oak1 ,and proudly folding his sable cloak ,around him1 sprang to his feet4 ,back shrank the sire1 half terrified1 ,both he and the ,hermit1 ,i ween2 ,but she--she is fast to her ,savoyard's side1 ,a poet's dream1 a warrior's bride1 ,his beautiful ,christine4 ,her hair's dark tangles all astray ,adown her back and breast2 ,the print of the rein on her hand still lay4 ,the foam-flakes of the gallant ,grey ,scarce dry on her heaving breast4 ,she told the dark tale and how she spurred ,from the ,knight of ,pilate's ,peak2 ,you scarce would think the ,bridegroom heard4 ,save that the mighty lance-head stirred4 ,save for the flush in his cheek2 ,save that his gauntlet clasped her hair-- ,and oh1 the look that swept ,between them6--all the radiant air ,grew holier--it was like a prayer-- ,and they who saw it wept4 ,e'en the lights on the altar brighter grew ,in the gleam of that heavenly gaze2 ,the cherub music fell soft as dew1 ,the breath of the censer seemed sweeter too4 ,the torches mellowed their requiem hue1 ,and burnt with a bridal blaze4 #cdf ,and the ,baron clasps his son with a cry ,of joy as his sorrows cease2 ,while the ,hermit1 wrapt in his ,rosary1 ,feels that the world beneath the sky ,hath yet its planet of peace4 ,but hark6 by the drawbridge1 shrill and clear1 ,a trumpet's challenge rude3 ,the heart of ,christine grew faint with fear1 ,but the ,savoyard shook his mighty spear1 ,and the blood in his forehead stood4 ,beware1 beware1 'tis the ,fiend6 quoth she3 ,whither now6 asks the ancient ,knight1 ,what meanest thou1 boy8--,leave the knave to me3 ,wizard1 or fiend1 or whatever he be1 ,by the bones of my fathers1 he shall flee ,or ne'er look on morning light4 ,what1 thou just risen from the grave1 ,atilt with an armd man8 ,dost dream that youth alone is brave1 ,dost deem these sinews too old to save ,the honor of ,miolan8 ,but the youth he answered with gentlest tone1 ,i know thee a warrior staunch4 ,but this meeting is meant for me alone4 ,unhand me1 my lord1 have ,i woman grown8 ,wouldst stop the rushing of the ,rhone1 ,or stay the avalanche8 ,he broke from his sire as breaks the flash ,from the soul of the circling storm3 ,you could hear the grasp of his gauntlet crash ,on his quivering lance and the armor clash ,round that tall young warrior form4 ,be this thy shield8 the maiden cried1 ,her hand on the kerchief of snow2 ,if forth to the combat thou wilt ride1 ,face to face be the ,fiend defied ,with the ,santo ,sudario6 ,but the young ,knight laid the relic rare ,on the ancient altar-stone2 ,holy weapons to men of prayer4 ,lance in rest and falchion bare ,must answer for ,miolan's son4 #cdg ,again the challenger's trumpet pealed ,from the barbican1 shrill and clear2 ,and the ,savoyard reared his dinted shield1 ,its motto1 gold on an azure field-- ,,alles ,,zu ,,gott ,,und ,,ihr4 ,to horse6--,from the hills the dawning day ,looks down on the sleeping plain2 ,in the court-yard waiteth the gallant ,grey1 ,and the castle rings with a joyous neigh ,as the ,knight and his steed meet again4 ,and the coal-black charger answers him ,from the space beyond the gate1 ,from the level space1 where dark and dim ,in the morning mists1 like giant grim1 ,the ,fiend on his war-horse sate4 ,oh1 the men at arms how they stared aghast ,when the ,heir of ,miolan leapt ,to saddle-bow sounding his bugle-blast2 ,how the startled warder breathless gasped4 ,how the hoary old seneschal wept6 ,and the fair-haired maid with a sob hath sprung ,to the lifted bridle rein2 ,fast to his knee her white arms clung1 ,while the waving gold of her fair hair hung ,mixed with ,grey ,caliph's mane4 ,o ,miolan's heir1 ,o master mine1 ,o more than heaven adored1 ,live to forget this slave of thine1 ,wed the dark-eyed ,maid of ,palestine1 ,but dare not yon demon sword6 ,but the ,baron thundered1 ,off with the slave6 ,and they tore the white arms away1 ,a woman 's a curse in the path of the brave2 ,level thy lance and upon the knave1 ,for he laughs at this fool delay6 ,but pledge me first in this beaker bright ,of foaming ,cyprian wine2 ,thou hast fasted1 ,god wot1 like an anchorite4 ,thy cheeks and brow are a trifle white1 ,and1 'fore heaven1 thou shall bear thee in this fight ,as beseemeth son of mine6 #cdh ,the youth drank deep of the burning juice ,of the mighty ,martel1 ,then1 waving his hand to his ,ladye thrice1 ,swifter than snow from the precipice1 ,spurred full on the infidel4 ,o ,bridegroom bold1 beware my brand6 ,the ,knight of ,pilate cries1 ,for 'tis written in blood by ,eblis' hand1 ,no mortal might may mine withstand ,till the dead in arms arise4 ,the dead are up1 and in arms arrayed1 ,they have come at the call of fate3 ,two days1 two nights1 as thou know'st1 ,i've laid ,on oaken bier--and again there played ,that halo light round the ,mother ,maid ,in the niche by the castle gate4 ,each warrior reared his shining targe1 ,each plumed helmet bent4 ,each lance thrown forward for the charge1 ,each steed reined back to the very marge ,of the mountain's sheer descent4 ,the rock beneath them seemed to groan ,and shudder as they met2 ,away the splintered lance is thrown1 ,each falchion in the morning shone1 ,one blade uncrimsoned yet ,but the blood must flow and that blade must glow ,e'er their deadly work be done2 ,steel rang to steel1 blow answered blow1 ,from dappled dawn till the ,alpine snow ,grew red in the risen sun4 ,the ,bridegroom's sword left a lurid trail1 ,so fiercely and fleetly it flew2 ,it rang like the rattling of the hail1 ,and wherever it fell the sable mail ,was wet with a ghastly dew4 ,the ,baron1 watching with stern delight1 ,felt the heart in his bosom swell3 ,and quoth he1 ,by the mass1 a gallant sight6 ,these old eyes have gazed on many a fight1 ,but1 boy1 as ,i live1 never saw ,i knight ,who did his devoir so well6 #cdi ,and oh1 the flush o'er his face that broke1 ,the joy of his shining eyes1 ,when1 backward beaten1 stroke by stroke1 ,the wizard reeled1 like a falling oak1 ,toward the edge of the precipice4 ,on the trembling verge of that perilous steep ,the demon stood at bay4 ,calling with challenge stern and deep1 ,that startled the inmost castle keep1 ,daughter of mine1 here's a dainty leap ,we must take together to-day4 ,come1 maiden1 come6 ,swift circling round1 ,like bird in the serpent's gaze1 ,she sprang to his side with a single bound4 ,while the black steed trampled the flinty ground ,to fire1 his nostrils ablaze4 ,farewell6 went the fair-haired maiden's cry1 ,shrilling from hill to hill2 ,farewell1 farewell1 it was ,i1 'twas ,i1 ,who sinned in a jealous agony1 ,but ,i loved thee too well to kill6 ,high reared the steed with the hapless pair1 ,a plunge1 a pause1 a shriek1 ,a black plume loose in the middle air1 ,a foaming plash in the dark ,isre1-- ,thus banished for ever the maiden fair ,and the ,knight of ,pilate's ,peak4 ,a mighty cheer shook the ancient halls1 ,a white hand waved in the sun1 ,the vassals all on the outer wall ,clashed their arms at the brave old ,baron's call1 ,to my arms1 mine only one6 ,but oh1 what aileth the gallant ,grey1 ,why droopeth the barbd head8 ,slowly he turned from that fell tourney ,and proudly breathing a long1 last neigh1 ,at the castle gate fell dead4 ,,iii4 ,lost to all else1 forgotten e'en ,the dark eyes of his dear ,christine1 ,his fleet foot from the stirrup freed1 ,the ,knight knelt by his fallen steed4 #cej ,awhile with tone and touch of love ,to cheer him to his feet he strove3 ,awhile he shook the bridle-rein-- ,that glazing eye6--alas1 in vain4 ,bareheaded on that fatal field4 ,his gauntlet ringing on his shield1 ,his voice a torrent deep and strong1 ,the warrior's soul broke forth in song4 ,,the ,,knight',s ,,song ,and art thou1 art thou dead1-- ,thou with front that might defy ,the gathered thunders of the sky4 ,thou before whose fearless eye ,all death and danger fled6 ,my ,khalif1 hast thou sped ,homeward where the palm-trees' feet ,bathe in hidden fountains sweet1 ,where first we met as lovers meet1 ,my own1 my desert-bred6 ,thy back has been my home2 ,and1 bending o'er thy flying neck1 ,its white mane waving without speck1 ,i seemed to tread the galley's deck4 ,and cleave the ocean's foam4 ,since first ,i felt thy heart ,proudly surging 'neath my knee1 ,as earthquakes heave beneath the sea1 ,brothers in the field were we2 ,and must we1 can we part8 ,to match thee there was none6 ,the wind was laggard to thy speed3 ,o ,god1 there is no deeper need ,than warrior's parted from his steed ,when years have made them one4 ,and shall ,i never more ,answer thy laugh amid the clash ,of battle1 see thee meet the flash ,of spears with the proud1 pauseless dash ,of billows on the shore8 #cea ,and all our victor war1 ,and all the honors men call mine1 ,were thine1 thou voiceless warrior1 thine2 ,my task was but to touch the rein-- ,there needed nothing more4 ,worst danger had no sting ,for thee1 and coward peace no charm2 ,amid red havoc's worst alarm ,thy swoop as firm as through the storm ,the eagle's iron wing4 ,o more than man to me6 ,thy neigh outsoared the trumpet's tone4 ,thy back was better than a throne1 ,there was no human thing save one ,i loved as well as thee6 ,o ,knighthood's truest friend6 ,brave heart by every danger tried1 ,proud crest by conquest glorified4 ,swift saviour of my menaced ,bride1 ,is this1 is this the end8-- ,thrice honored be thy grave6 ,wherever knightly deed is sung4 ,wherever minstrel harp is strung1 ,there too thy praise shall sound among ,the beauteous and the brave4 ,and thou shalt slumber deep ,beneath our chapel's cypress sheen2 ,and there thy lord and his ,christine ,full oft shall watch at morn and e'en ,around their ,khalif's sleep4 ,there shalt thou wait for me ,until the funeral bell shall ring4 ,until the funeral censer swing4 ,for ,i would ride to meet my ,king1 ,my stainless steed1 with thee6 ---- ,the song has ceased1 and not an eye ',mid all those mailed men is dry2 ,the brave old ,baron turns aside ,to crush the tear he cannot hide4 #ceb ,with stately step the ,bridegroom went ,to where1 upon the battlement1 ,christine herself1 all weeping1 leant4 ,well might that crested warrior kneel ,at such a shrine1 well might he feel ,as if the angel in her eyes ,gave all that hallows ,paradise4 ,and when her white hands' tender spell ,upon his trembling shoulder fell4 ,upward one reverent glance he cast1 ,then1 rising1 murmured1 ,mine at last6 ,yes1 thine at last6 ,still stained with blood ,the ,dauphin's self beside them stood4 ,fast as mortal steed could flee1 ,my own ,christine1 ,i followed thee4 ,saint ,george1 but 'twas a gallant sight ,that miscreant hurled from yonder height3 ,brave boy1 that single sword of thine1 ,methinks1 might hold all ,palestine4 ,but see1 from out the shrine of ,moan ,cometh the good ,monk of ,cologne1 ,bearing the relic rare that woke ,our warrior from his bed of oak4 ,see him pass with folded hands ,to where the shaded chapel stands4 ,the ,bridegroom well hath won the prize1 ,there stands the priest1 and there the altar lies4 ,,iv4 ,when the moon rose o'er lordly ,miolan ,that night1 she wondered at those ancient walls3 ,bright tapers flashing from a hundred halls ,lit all the mountain--liveried vassals ran ,trailing from bower to bower the wine-cup1 wreathed ,with festal roses--viewless music breathed ,a minstrel melody1 that fell as falls ,the dew1 less heard than felt2 and maidens laughed4 ,aiming their curls at swarthy men who quaffed ,brimmed beakers to the newly wed3 while some ,old henchmen1 lolling on the court-yard green ,over their squandered ,cyprus1 vowed between ,their cups1 there was no pair in ,christendom ,to match their ,savoyard and his ,christine8 ---- #cec ,the ,trovre ceased1 none praised the lay1 ,each waited to hear what the ,king would say4 ,but the grand blue eye was on the wave1 ,little recked he of the tuneless stave3 ,he was watching a bark just anchored fast ,with ,england's banner at her mast1 ,and quoth he to the ,queen1 ,by my halidome1 ,i wager our ,bard ,blondel hath come6 ,e'en as he spoke1 a joyous cry ,from the beach proclaimed the ,master nigh2 ,but the merry cheer rose merrier yet ,when the ,monarch and his ,minstrel met4 ,the ,prince of ,song and ,plantagenet4 ,a song6 cried the ,king4 ,thou art just in time ,to rid our ears of a vagrant's rhyme3 ,prove how that recreant voice of thine ,hath thriven at ,cyprus1 bard of mine6 ,the ,minstrel played with his golden wrest1 ,and began the ,fytte of the ,bloody ,vest4 ,the vanquished ,trovre stole away ,unmarked by lord or ladye gay3 ,perchance one quick1 kind glance he caught1 ,perchance that glance was all he sought4 ,for when ,blondel would pause to tune ,his harp and supplicate the moon1 ,it seemed as tho' the laughing sea ,caught up the vagrant melody2 ,and far along the listening shore4 ,till every wave the burthen bore1 ,in long1 low echoes might you hear-- ,alles1 ,alles zu ,gott und ,ihr6 ------ #ced ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,the ,,christian ,,schools ,,of ,,alexandria4--,,origen4 ,origenis ,opera ,omnia1 ,ed4 ,de la ,rue1 accurante ,j4 ,p4 ,migne4 ,parisiis4 ,s4 ,gregorii ,thaumaturgi1 ,oratio ,panegyrica in ,origenem 7,opera ,omnia71 accurante ,j4 ,p4 ,migne4 ,parisiis4 ,last ,july we commenced a sketch of the history and labors of ,origen4 ,we resume our notes on those twenty years 7#baa-bhj7 which he spent with little interruption at ,alexandria1 engaged chiefly in the instruction of the catechumens4 ,we have already seen what he did for the ,new ,testament2 let us now study his labors on the ,old4 ,the authorship of that most famous ,greek version of the ,old ,testament1 the ,septuagint1 seems destined to be a mystery in literature4 ,the gorgeous and circumstantial account of the ,jew ,aristeas1 with all its details of embassy and counter-embassy1 of the seventy-two venerable sages1 the cells in the rock1 the reverence of the ,ptolemy1 and the wind-up of banquets1 gifts1 and all good things1 seems1 as ,dom ,montfaucon says1 to savor of the fabulous4 ,there is some little difficulty about dates in the matter of ,demetrius ,phalerius1 the literary minister under whose auspices the event is placed4 ,there is a far more formidable difficulty in the elevation of ,philadelphus1 a cruel1 sensual despot1 into a devout admirer of the law of ,moses1 bowing seven times and weeping for joy in presence of the sacred documents1 and in the sudden conversion of all the cultivated ,greeks who are concerned in the story4 ,the part of ,aristeas's narration which regards the separate cells1 and the wonderful agreement of the translations1 is curtly set down by ,st4 ,jerome as a fiction4 ,it seems probable1 moreover1 that the translator of the ,pentateuch was not the same as the translate of the other parts of the ,old ,testament4 ,in the midst of uncertainties and probabilities1 however1 four things seem to be tolerably clear2 first1 that the version called the ,,lxx4 was made at ,alexandria2 secondly1 that it was the work of different authors2 thirdly1 that it was not inspired2 fourthly1 that it was a holy and correct version1 quoted by the apostles1 always used in the ,greek church1 and the basis of all the ,latin editions before ,st ,jerome's ,vulgate4 ,all the misfortunes that continual transcription1 careless blundering1 and wilful corruption could combine to inflict upon a manuscript had fallen to the lot of the ,septuagint version at the time when it was handed ,origen to be used in the instruction of the faithful and the refutation of ,jew and ,greek4 ,this was only what might have been fully expected from the fact that1 since the ,christian era1 it had become the court of appeal of two rival sets of controversialists--the ,christian and the ,jew4 ,indeed1 from the very beginning it had been defective1 and1 if we may trust ,st4 ,jerome1 designedly defective2 for the ,septuagint translation of the prophetical books had purposely omitted #cee passages of the ,hebrew which its authors considered not proper to be submitted to the sight of profane ,greeks and ,gentiles4 ,up to the ,christian era1 however1 we may suppose great discrepancies of manuscript did not exist1 and that those variations which did appear were not much heeded in the comparatively rare transcription of the text4 ,the ,hellenistic ,jews and the ,jews of ,palestine used the ,,lxx4 in the synagogues instead of the ,hebrew4 ,a few libraries of great cities had copies1 and a few learned ,greeks had some idea of their existence4 ,beyond this there was nothing to make its correctness of more importance than that of a liturgy or psalm-book4 ,but1 soon after the ,christian era1 its character and importance were completely changed4 ,the eunuch was reading the ,septuagint version when ,philip1 by divine inspiration1 came up with him and showed him that the words he was reading were verified in ,jesus4 ,this was prophetic of what was to follow4 ,the ,christians used it to prove the divine mission of ,jesus ,christ2 the ,jews made the most of it to confute the same4 ,thereupon1 somewhat suspiciously1 there arose among the ,jews a disposition to underrate the ,,lxx41 and make much of the ,hebrew original4 ,hebrew was but little known1 whereas all the intellectual commerce of the world was carried on by means of that ,hellenistic ,greek which had been diffused through the ,east by the conquests of ,alexander4 ,if1 therefore1 the ,jews could bar all appeals to the well-known ,greek1 and remove the controversy to the inner courts of their own temple1 the decision1 it might be expected1 would not improbably turn out to be in their own favor4 ,just before ,origen's own time more than one ,jew or ,judaizing heretic had attempted to produce ,greek versions which should supersede the ,septuagint4 ,some ninety years before the period of which we write1 ,aquila1 a ,jewish proselyte of ,sinope1 had issued what professed to be a literal translation from the ,hebrew4 ,it was so uncompromisingly literal that the reader sometimes found the ,hebrew word or phrase imported bodily into the ,greek1 with only the slight alteration of new characters and a fresh ending4 ,its purpose was not disavowed4 ,it was to furnish the ,greek-speaking ,jews with a more exact translation from the ,hebrew1 in order to fortify them in their opposition to ,christianity4 ,some five years later1 ,theodotion1 an ,ebionite of ,ephesus1 made another version of the ,septuagint2 he did not profess to re-translate it1 but only to correct it where it differed from the ,hebrew4 ,a little later1 and yet another ,ebionite tried his hand on the ,alexandrian version2 this was ,symmachus4 ,his translation was more readable than that of ,aquila1 as not being so utterly barbarous in expression2 but it was far from being elegant1 or even correct1 ,greek4 ,of course ,origen could never dream of substituting any of these translations for the ,septuagint1 stamped as it was with the approbation of the whole ,eastern church4 ,but still they might be made very useful2 indeed1 notwithstanding the original sin of motive to which they owed their existence1 we have the authority of ,st4 ,jerome1 and of ,origen himself1 for saying that even the barbarous ,aquila had understood his work and executed it more fairly than might have been expected4 ,what ,origen wanted was to get a pure ,greek version4 ,to do this he must1 of course1 compare it with the ,hebrew2 but the ,hebrew itself might be corrupt1 so he must seek help also elsewhere4 ,now these ,greek versions1 made sixty1 eighty1 ninety years before1 had undoubtedly1 he could see1 been written with the ,septuagint open before their writers4 ,here1 then1 was a valuable means of testing how far the present manuscripts of the ,septuagint had been corrupted during the last century at #cef least4 ,he himself had collected some such manuscripts1 and the duties of his office made him acquainted with many more4 ,from the commencement of his career he had been accustomed to compare and criticise them1 and he had grown skilful1 as may be supposed1 in distinguishing the valuable ones from those that were worthless4 ,we have said sufficient to show how the idea of the ,hexapla arose in his mind4 ,the ,hexapla was nothing less than a complete transcription of the ,septuagint side by side with the ,hebrew text1 the agreement and divergence of the two illustrated by the parallel transcription of the versions of ,aquila1 ,theodotion1 and ,symmachus2 the remaining column containing the ,hebrew text in ,greek letters4 ,the whole of the ,old ,testament was thus transcribed sixfold in parallel columns4 ,these extra illustrations were furnished by the partial use of three other ,greek versions which ,origen found or picked up in his travels1 and which he considered of sufficient importance to be occasionally used in his great work4 ,and ,origen was not content with the mere juxtaposition of the versions4 ,the text of the ,septuagint given in the ,hexapla was his own2 that is to say1 it was an edition of the great authoritative translation completely revised and corrected by the master himself4 ,it was a great and a daring work4 ,of its necessity there can be no doubt2 but nothing except necessity could have justified it2 and it is certainly to the bold and unprecedented character of the enterprise that we owe the shape that he has given it in performance4 ,to correct the ,septuagint to his own satisfaction was not enough2 it must be corrected to the satisfaction of jealous friends and1 at least1 reasonable enemies4 ,side by side1 therefore1 with his amended text he gave the reasons and the proofs of his corrections4 ,he was scrupulously exact in pointing out where he had altered by addition or subtraction4 ,the ,alexandrian critics had invented a number of critical marks of varied shape and value1 which they industriously used on the works about which they exercised their propensity to criticise4 ,origen1 ,aristarchus sacer1 as an admiring author calls him1 did not hesitate to avail himself of these profane notae4 ,there was the asterisk1 or star1 which marked what he himself had thought it proper to insert1 and which1 therefore1 the original authors of the ,septuagint had apparently thought it proper to leave out4 ,then there was the obelus1 or spit1 the sign of slaughter1 as ,st4 ,jerome calls it2 passages so marked were not in the original ,hebrew1 and were thereby set down as doubtful and suspected by sound criticism4 ,moreover1 there was the lemniscus1 or pendent ribbon1 and its supplement1 the hypo-lemniscus2 what these marks signified the learned cannot agree in stating4 ,it seems certain1 however1 that they were not of such a decided import as the first two1 but implied some minor degree of divergence from the ,hebrew1 as for instance in those passages where the translators had given an elegant periphrasis instead of the original word1 or had volunteered an explanation which a critic would have preferred to have had in the margin4 ,the asterisk and obelus still continue to figure in those scraps of ,origen's work that have come down to us2 so1 indeed1 does the lemniscus2 but since the times of ,st4 ,epiphanius and ,st4 ,jerome no ,,ms4 seems to make much distinction between it and the asterisk4 ,of the other marks1 contractions1 signs1 and references which the ,,mss4 of ,hexapla show1 the greater part have been added by transcribers who had various purposes in view4 ,some of these marks are easy to interpret1 others continue to exercise the acumen of the keenest critics4 ,the ,hexapla1 as may be easily supposed1 was a gigantic work4 ,the labor of writing out the whole of the #ceg ,old ,testament six times over1 not to mention those parts which were written seven1 eight1 or nine times1 was prodigious4 ,first came the ,hebrew text twice over1 in ,hebrew characters in the first column1 in ,greek in the second4 ,biblical scholars sigh to think of the utter loss of ,origen's ,hebrew text1 and of what would now be the state of textual criticism of the ,old ,testament did we possess such a ,hebrew version of a date anterior to ,masoretic additions4 ,but among the scattered relics of the ,hexapla the ,hebrew fragments are at once fewest in number and most disputable in character4 ,the two columns of ,hebrew were followed by ,aquila the stiff1 and be by ,symmachus1 so that the ,jews could read their ,hebrew and their two favorite translations side by side4 ,next came the ,septuagint itself1 pointed1 marked1 and noted by the master4 ,theodotion closed the array1 except where portions of the three extra translations before mentioned had to be brought in4 ,beside these formidable columns1 which may be called the text of the ,hexapla1 space had to be found for ,origen's own marginal notes1 consisting of critical observations and explanations of proper names or difficult words1 with perhaps an occasional glance at the ,syriac and ,samaritan4 ,fifty enormous volumina would hardly have contained all this1 when we take into consideration that the characters were in no tiny ,italian hand1 but in great broad uncial penmanship1 such as befitted the text and the occasion4 ,the poverty and unprovidedness of ,origen would never have been able to carry such a work through had not that very poverty brought him the command of money and means4 ,it is always the detached men who accomplish the really great things of the world4 ,origen had converted from some form of heresy1 probably from ,valentinianism1 a rich ,alexandrian named ,ambrose4 ,the convert was one of those zealous and earnest men who1 without possessing great powers themselves1 are always urging on and offering to assist those who have the right and the ability to work1 but perhaps not the means or the inclination4 ,the adamantine ,origen required no one to keep him to his work2 and yet the grateful ,ambrose thought he could make no better return for the gift of the faith than to establish himself as prompter-in-chief to the man that had converted him4 ,he seems to have left his master very little peace4 ,he put all his wealth at his service1 and it would appear that he even forced him to lodge with him4 ,he was continually urging ,origen to explain some passage of ,scripture1 or to rectify some doubtful reading4 ,during supper he had manuscripts on the table1 and the two criticised while they ate2 and the same thing went on in their walks and recreations4 ,he sat beside him far into the night1 prayed with him when he left his books for prayer1 and after prayer went back with him to his books again4 ,when the master looked round in his catechetical lectures1 doubtless the indefatigable ,ambrose was there1 note-book in hand1 and doubtless everything pertaining to the lectures was rigidly discussed when they found themselves together again2 for ,ambrose was a deacon of the church1 and as such had great interest in its external ministration4 ,origen calls him his ,greek text1 or work-presser4 and in another place he says he is one of ,god's work-pressers4 ,there is little doubt that the ,hexapla is in great measure owing to ,ambrose4 ,origen resisted long his friend's solicitations to undertake a revision of the text2 reverence for the sacred words1 and for the tradition of the ancients1 held him back2 but he was at length prevailed upon4 ,ambrose1 indeed1 did a great deal more than advise and exhort2 he put at ,origen's disposal seven short-hand writers1 to take down his dictations1 and seven transcribers to write out fairly what the others had taken down4 ,and so the gigantic work was begun4 ,when it was finished we cannot exactly tell1 but it cannot have been till near the end of #ceh his life1 and it was probably completed at ,tyre1 just before he suffered for the faith4 ,after his death1 the great work1 opus ,ecclesia1 as it was termed1 was placed in the library of ,caesarea of ,palestine4 ,probably no copy of it was ever taken2 the labor was too great4 ,it was seen1 or at least quoted1 by many2 such as ,pamphylus the ,martyr1 ,eusebius1 ,st4 ,athanasius1 ,didymus1 ,st4 ,hilary1 ,st4 ,eusebius of ,vercelli1 ,st4 ,epiphanius1 ,st4 ,basil1 ,st4 ,gregory ,nyssen1 ,st4 ,ambrose1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and especially ,st4 ,jerome and ,theodoret4 ,it perished in the sack of ,caesarea by the ,persians or the ,arabs1 before the end of the seventh century4 ,footnote #ed ,footnote #ed3 ,a new edition of the fragments of the ,hexapla is announced1 at we write1 by ,mr4 ,field1 of ,norwich4 ,the first instalment of this important work1 for which there are now many more materials than ,dom ,montfaucon had at command1 may be expected almost as we go to press4 ,the editor's new sources are chiefly the recently discovered ,sinaitic ,,mss41 and the ,syro-,hexaplar version1 part of which he has lately re-translated into ,greek in a very able manner1 by way of a specimen4 ,we need not say much here about the ,tetrapla4 ,its origin appears to have been as follows3 ,when the ,hexapla was completed1 or nearly completed1 it was evident that it was too bulky to be copied4 ,origen1 therefore1 superintended the production of an abridgment of it4 ,he omitted the two columns of ,hebrew1 the great stumbling-block to copyists1 and suppressed some of his notes4 ,he then transcribed ,aquila1 ,symmachus1 and ,theodotion1 putting his amended version of the ,septuagint1 without the marks and signs1 just before the last4 ,the two first answered the purposes of a ,hebrew text1 the last was a sort of connecting link between it and the freedom of the ,septuagint2 and so1 for all practical purposes1 he had a version that friends might put their trust in1 and that enemies could not dispute4 ,such was the work that ,origen did for the ,bible4 ,it was not all done at once1 in a year1 or in ten years4 ,it was begun almost without a distinct conception of what it would one day grow to4 ,it progressed gradually1 in the midst of many cares and much other labor1 and it was barely completed when its architect's busy life was drawing to a close4 ,every one of those twenty years at ,alexandria1 which we are now dwelling upon1 must have seen the work going on4 ,the seven short-hand writers1 and the seven young maidens who copied out1 were ,origen's daily attendants1 as he seems to say himself4 ,but the catechetical school was in full vigor all this time4 ,indeed1 the critical fixing of the ,bible text1 wonderful as it was1 was only the material part of his work4 ,he had to preach the ,bible1 not merely to write it out4 ,his preaching will take us to a new scene and to new circumstances--to ,caesarea1 where the greater part of his homilies were delivered4 ,but1 before we accompany him thither1 we must take a glance at his school at ,alexandria1 and try to realize how he spoke and taught4 ,we have already described his manner of life1 and the description of his biblical labors will have given some idea of a very important part of his daily work2 what we have now to do is to supplement this by the picture of him as the head of the great catechetical school4 ,one of the most striking characteristics of the career of ,origen is the way in which his work grew upon him4 ,it is1 indeed1 a feature in the lives of all the great geniuses who have served the church and lived in her fold1 that they have achieved greatness by an apparently unconscious following of the path of duty rather than by any brilliant excursion under the guidance of ambition4 ,origen was the very opposite of a proud philosopher or self-appointed dogmatizer4 ,he did not come to his task with the consciousness that he was the man of his age1 and that he was born to set right the times4 ,we have seen his birth and bringing up1 we have seen how he found himself in the important place that he held1 and we have seen how all his success #cei seemed to come to him whilst he was merely bent on carrying through with the utmost industry the affair that had been placed in his hands4 ,we have seen that1 so far was he from trying to fit the gospel to the exigencies of a cramped philosophy1--that he was brought up and passed part of his youth without any special acquaintance with philosophy or philosophers4 ,he found1 however1 on resuming his duties as catechist1 that if he wished to do all the good that offered itself to his hand1 he must make himself more intimate with those great minds who1 erring as he knew them to be1 yet influenced so much of what was good and noble in heathenism4 ,at that very time1 a movement1 perhaps a resurrection1 was taking place in ,gentile philosophy4 ,a teacher1 brilliant as ,plato himself1 and with secrets to develop that ,plato had only dreamt of1 was in possession of the lecture-hall of the ,museum4 ,ammonius ,saccas had landed at ,alexandria as a common porter2 nothing but uncommon energy and extraordinary talents can have given him a position in the university and a place in history1 as the teacher of the philosophic ,trinity and the real founder of ,neo-,platonism4 ,origen1 to whom the ,museum had been strange ground in his early youth1 saw himself compelled to frequent it at the age of thirty4 ,saccas1 to be sure1 was probably a ,christian of some sort4 ,at any rate1 the ,christian teacher went and heard him1 and made himself acquainted with what it was that was charming the ears of his fellow-citizens1 and furnishing ground for half of the objections and difficulties that his catechumens and would-be converts brought to him for solution4 ,that the influence of these studies is seen in his writings is not to be denied4 ,it would be impossible for any mind but the very dullest to touch the spirit of ,plato and not to be impressed and affected4 ,the writings of ,origen at this period include three philosophical works4 ,there is first the ,notes on the ,philosophers1 which is entirely lost4 ,we may suppose it to have been the common-place book wherein was entered what he learnt from his teacher1 and what he thought of the teacher and the doctrine4 ,then there is the ,stromata 7a work of the same nature as the ,stromata of his master1 ,st4 ,clement71 whose leading idea was the great master-idea of ,clement1 that ,plato and ,aristotle and the rest were all partially right1 but had failed to see the whole truth1 which can only be known by revelation4 ,this work1 also1 is lost--all but a fragment or two4 ,thirdly1 there is the celebrated work1 ,greek text1 or1 ,de ,principiis4 ,eusebius tells us expressly that this work was written at ,alexandria4 ,most unfortunately1 we have this treatise not in the original1 but in two rival and contradictory ,latin versions1 one by ,st4 ,jerome1 the other by ,ruffinus4 ,both profess to be faithful renderings of a ,greek original1 and on the decision as to which version is the genuine translation depends in great measure the question of ,origen's orthodoxy or heterodoxy4 ,and yet this treatise1 ,de ,principiis1 much as it has been abused1 from ,marcellus of ,ancyra down to the last ,french author who copied out ,dom ,ceillier1 and waiving the discussion of certain particular opinions that we may have yet to advert to1 seems to us to bear the stamp of ,origen on every page4 ,it is such a work as a man would have written who had come fresh from an exposition of deep heathen philosophy1 and who felt1 with feelings too deep for expression1 that all the beauty and depth of the philosophy he had heard were overmatched a thousand times by the philosophy of ,jesus ,christ4 ,it is the first specimen1 in ,christian literature1 of a regular scientific treatise on the principles of ,christianity4 ,every one knows that a discussion on the principles or sources of the world1 of man1 of life1 was one of the commonest shapes of controversy between the #cfj schools of philosophy2 and at that very time1 the great ,longinus1 who probably sat beside ,origen in the school of ,ammonius ,saccas1 was writing or thinking out a treatise with the very title of that of ,origen4 ,it was a natural idea1 therefore1 to show his scholars that he could give them better principia than the heathens4 ,the treatise takes no notice1 or next to none1 of heathen philosophy and its disputes2 but it travels over well-known ground1 and what is more1 it provokes comparison in a very significant manner4 ,for instance1 the words wherewith it commences are words which ,plato introduces in the ,gorgias1 and to those who knew that elaborate dialogue1 the sudden and unhesitating introduction of the name of ,christ1 and the calm position that he and none else is the truth1 and that in him is the science of the good and happy life1 must have been quite as striking as its author probably intended it to be4 ,the treatise is not in the ,platonic form--the dialogue2 that form1 which was suitable to the days of the ,sophists and the sharp-tongued ,athenians1 had been superseded at ,alexandria by the ornate monologue1 more suitable to an audience of novices and wonderers4 ,origen adopts this form4 ,one ,god made all things1 himself a pure spirit2 there is a ,trinity of divine persons1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit2 of the rational creatures of ,god1 some fell irremediably1 others fell not at all2 others again--that is1 the race of man--fell1 but not irremediably1 having a mediator in ,jesus ,christ1 being assisted by the good angels and persecuted by the bad2 the wonderful fact that the ,word was made flesh2 man's free will1 eternal punishment and eternal reward2 such are the heads of the subjects treated of in the ,de ,principiis4 ,the lame and disjointed condition of the present text is evident on a very cursory examination2 it is perfectly unworthy of the contra ,celsum4 ,but the reader who studies the text carefully1 by the light of contemporary thought1 can hardly help thinking that materials so solid and good must have been put together in a form as satisfactory and as conclusive4 ,a first attempt in any science is always more admired for its genius than criticised for its faults4 ,this of ,origen's was a first attempt toward a scientific theology4 ,we say a theology1 not a philosophy2 for1 though philosophic in form1 and accepted as philosophy by his hearers1 it is wholly theological in matter1 being founded on the continual word of ,holy ,scripture1 and not unfrequently undertaking to refute heresy4 ,christianity1 as we have before observed1 was looked upon by strangers as a philosophy1 and its doctors rightly allowed them to think so1 and even called it so themselves4 ,now the ,de ,principiis was ,origen's philosophy of ,christianity4 ,it did not prove so much as draw out into system4 ,it answered all the questions of the day4 ,what is ,god8 asked the philosophers4 ,he is the creator of all things1 and a pure spirit1 answered the ,christian catechist4 ,is not this ,trinity a wonderful idea8 said the young students to each other1 after hearing ,saccas4 ,christianity1 said ,origen1 teaches a ,trinity far more awful and wonderful1 and far more reasonable1 too--a ,trinity1 not of ideas1 but of persons4 ,the new school talked of the inferior gods that ruled the lower world1 and of the demons1 good and bad1 who executed their behests4 ,the ,christian philosopher explained the great fact of creation1 and laid down the true doctrine of guardian angels and tempting devils4 ,the constitution of man was another puzzle2 the rebellion of the passions1 the nature of sin1 the question of free-will4 ,plotinus1 who listened to ,saccas at the same time as ,origen1 has left us the attempts at the solution of these difficulties that were accepted in the school of his master2 the answers of ,origen may be read in the ,de ,principiis4 ,the earnest among the heathen #cfa philosophers were totally in the dark as to the state of soul and of body after death4 ,some were ashamed of having a body at all1 and few of them could see of what use it was1 or how it could subserve the great end of arriving at union with ,god4 ,origen dwells with marked emphasis1 and with tender lingering1 on the great key of mysteries1 the incarnation1 and its consequences1 the resurrection of the flesh2 and shows how the body is to be kept down in this life by the rational will1 that it too may have its glory in the life to come4 ,the whole effort and striving of ,neo-,platonism was to enable the soul to be united with the ,divinity4 ,origen accepted this2 it was the object of the ,christian philosophy as well2 but he drew into prominence two all-important facts--first1 the necessity of the grace of ,god2 secondly1 the moral and not physical nature of the purification of the soul2 together with the ,christian dogma that it was only after death that perfect union could take place4 ,all this must have been perfectly fitted to the time and the occasion4 ,and yet there are evident signs that it was not delivered or written as a manifesto to the frequenters of the ,museum2 it was evidently meant as an instruction to the upper class of the catechetical school4 ,its author's first idea was that he was a ,christian teacher1 and he spoke to ,christians who believed the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,what his words might do for others he was not directly concerned with1 but there is no doubt that the subjects treated of in the ,de ,principiis must have been discussed over and over again with those students and philosophers from the university who1 as ,eusebius tells us1 flocked to hear him in such numbers1 and also with that large class of ,christians who still retained their love of scientific learning1 though believing most firmly in the faith of ,jesus ,christ4 ,of the matter of his ordinary catechetical instructions we need say little1 because it is evident that it would be mainly the same as it has been under the like circumstances in all ages4 ,those of ,st4 ,cyril of ,jerusalem1 delivered a century later1 may furnish us with a good idea of them1 saving where doctrinal distinctions are discussed which had not arisen in the time of the elder teacher4 ,it is rather extra-ordinary that so little trace has reached us of any formal catechetical discourse of ,origen4 ,we are inclined to think1 however1 that the ,de ,principiis1 in its original form1 must have been the summary or embodiment of his periodical instructions4 ,but we have numerous hints at what he taught in the several works on ,holy ,scripture1 some lost1 some still partly extant1 which he composed during these twenty years at ,alexandria4 ,it appears that he was in the habit of writing three different kinds of commentary on the ,scriptures2 first1 brief comments or notices1 such as he has left in the ,hexapla2 secondly1 scholia1 or explanations of some length2 and thirdly1 regular homilies4 ,but his homilies belong to a later period4 ,at ,alexandria he commented ,st4 ,john's ,gospel 7a labor that occupied him all his life71 ,genesis1 several of the ,psalms1 and the ,canticle of ,canticles1 a celebrated work1 yet extant in a ,latin version1 of which it has been said that whereas in his other commentaries he excelled all other interpreters1 in this he excelled himself4 ,but the whole interesting subject of his creation of ,scripture-commenting must be treated of when we follow him to ,caesarea1 and listen to him preaching4 ,what we desire now1 to complete our idea of his ,alexandrian career1 and of what we may call the inner life of his teaching1 is1 that some one--a contemporary and a scholar1 if possible--should describe his method and manner1 and let us know how he treated his hearers and how they liked him4 ,fortunately1 the very witness and document that we want is ready to our hands4 ,one of the most famous of ,origen's scholars was ,st4 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus1 and the most #cfb interesting of the extant works of that father is undoubtedly the discourse and panegyric which he pronounced upon his master1 on the occasion of bidding farewell to his school4 ,gregory1 or1 as he was then called1 ,theodore1 and his brother ,athenodorus1 were of a noble and wealthy family of ,cappadocia2 that is to say1 probably1 descendants of ,greek colonists of the times of the ,alexandrian conquests1 though1 no doubt1 with much ,syrian blood in their veins4 ,when ,gregory was fourteen they lost their father1 and the two wealthy young orphans were left to the care of their mother4 ,under her guidance they were educated according to their birth and position1 and in a few years began to study for the profession of public speakers4 ,as they would have plenty of money1 it mattered little what they took to2 but the profession of an orator was something like what the bar is now1 and gave a man an education that would be useful if he required it1 and ornamental whether he required it or not4 ,the best judges pronounced that the young men would soon be finished rhetores2 ,st4 ,gregory tells us so1 but will not say whether he thinks their opinion right1 and before proof could be made the two youths had been persuaded by a master they were very fond of to take up the study of ,roman jurisprudence4 ,berytus1 a city of ,phoenicia1 better known to the modern world as ,beyrout1 had just then attained that great eminence as a school for ,roman law which it preserved for nigh three centuries4 ,thither the young ,cappadocians were to go4 ,their master had taught them what he could1 and wished either to accompany them to the law university or to send them thither to be finished and perfected4 ,it does not appear1 however1 that they ever really got there4 ,most biographies of ,st4 ,gregory say that they studied there2 what ,st4 ,gregory himself says is1 that they were on their way thither1 but that1 having to pass through ,caesarea 7of ,palestine71 they met with ,origen1 to whom they took so great an affection that he converted them to ,christianity and kept them by him there and at ,alexandria for five years4 ,the ,oratio ,panegyrica was delivered at ,caesarea1 and after the date of ,origen's twenty years as catechist at ,alexandria2 but it will be readily understood that the whole spirit1 and1 indeed1 the whole details1 of the composition are as applicable to ,alexandria as to ,caesarea2 for his teaching work was precisely of the same nature at the latter city as at the former1 with a trifling difference in his position4 ,the oration of ,st4 ,gregory is a formal and solemn effort of rhetoric1 spoken at some public meeting1 perhaps in the school1 in the presence of learned men and of fellow-students1 and of the master himself4 ,it is written very elegantly and eloquently1 but it is in a style that we should call young1 did we not know that to make parade of apophthegms and weighty sayings1 to moralize rather too much1 to pursue metaphors unnecessarily1 and to beat about a thing with words so as to do everything but say it1 was the characteristic of most orators1 old and young1 from the days of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus till the days when oratory1 as a profession1 expired before anarchy and the barbarians4 ,but its literary merits1 though great1 are the least of its recommendations4 ,its value as a theological monument is shown by the appeals made to it in the controversy against ,arius2 and in more recent times ,bishop ,bull1 for instance1 has made great use of it in his ,defensio ,fidei ,nicaenae4 ,to us1 at present1 its most important service is the light it sheds upon the teaching of ,origen4 ,we need make no apology for making ,st4 ,gregory the type of the ,alexandrian or ,caesarean scholar2 they may not have been all like him1 but one real living specimen will tell us more than much abstract description4 ,first of all1 then1 the scholar was not of an emphatically philosophic cast of mind4 ,the ,greek philosophers were absolutely unknown to him4 ,he was a rich and clever young #cfc man1 bade fair to be a good speaker1 studied the law not because he liked it1 but because his friends and his master wished it2 thought the ,latin language very imperial1 but very difficult2 and had a habit of taking up what opinions he did adopt more after the manner of clothes that he could change as he pleased than as immutable truths4 ,he was of a warm and affectionate disposition1 and had a keen appreciation of physical and moral beauty4 ,he was not without leanings to ,christianity1 but he leaned to it in an easy1 off-hand sort of way1 as he might have leaned to a new school in poetry or a new style of dress4 ,he had no idea that there is such a thing as the absolutely right and the absolutely wrong in ethics any more than in taste4 ,he was confirmed in this state of mind by the philosophic schools of the day1 among whom it was considered disreputable to change one's opinions1 however good the reasons for a change might be2 which was to degrade philosophy from truth to the mere spirit of party1 and to make a philosopher not a lover of wisdom but a volunteer of opinion4 ,so prepared and constituted1 the scholar1 on his way to ,berytus1 fell in with ,origen1 not so much by accident as by the disposition of ,providence and the guidance of his angel guardian2 so at least he thought himself4 ,the first process which he went through at the hands of the master is compared by the scholar to the catching of a beast1 or a bird1 or a fish1 in a net4 ,philosophizing had small charms for the accomplished young man2 to philosophize was precisely what the master had determined he should do4 ,we must remember the meaning of the word ,greek text2 it meant to think1 act1 and live as a man who seeks true wisdom4 ,all the sects acknowledge this theoretically2 what ,clement and ,origen wanted to show1 among other things1 was that only a ,christian was a true philosopher in practice4 ,hence the net he spread for ,theodore1 a net of words1 strong and not to be broken4 ,you are a fine and clever young man1 he seemed to say2 but to what purpose are your accomplishments and your journeys hither and thither8 you cannot answer me the simple question1 ,who are you8 ,you are going to study the laws of ,rome1 but should you not first have some definite notion as to your last end1 as to what is real evil and what is real good8 ,you are looking forward to enjoyment from your wealth and honor from your talents2 why1 so does every poor1 sordid1 creeping mortal on the earth2 so even do the brute beasts4 ,surely the divine gift of reason was given you to help you to live to some higher end than this4 ,the scholar hesitated1 the master insisted4 ,the view was striking in itself1 but the teacher's personal gifts made it strike far more effectually4 ,he was a mixture1 says the scholar1 of geniality1 persuasiveness1 and compulsion4 ,i wanted to go away1 but could not2 his words held me like a cord4 ,the young man1 unsettled as his mind had been1 yet had always at heart believed in some sort of ,divine ,being4 ,origen completed the conquest of his intellect by showing him that without philosophy1 that is1 without correct views on morality1 the worship of ,god1 or piety1 as it used to be called1 is impossible4 ,and yet wisdom and eloquence might have been thrown away here as in so many other cases had not another influence1 imperious and all-powerful1 been all this time rising up in his heart4 ,the scholar began to love the master4 ,it was not an ordinary love1 the love with which ,origen inspired his hearers4 ,it was an intense1 almost a fierce1 love 7we are almost translating the words of the original71 a fitting response to the genuineness and kindly spirit of one who seemed to think no pains or kindness too great to win the young heart to true morality1 and thereby to the worship of the only ,god--to that saving word1 says ,st4 ,gregory1 in his lofty style1 which alone can teach ,god-service1 which to whomsoever it comes home #cfd it makes a conquest of them2 and this gift ,god seems to have given to him1 beyond all men now in the world4 ,to that sacred and lovely word1 therefore1 and to the man who was its interpreter and its friend1 sprang up in the heart of the scholar a deep1 inextinguishable love4 ,for that the abandoned pursuits and studies which he had hitherto considered indispensable2 for that he left the grand laws of ,rome1 and forsook the friends he had left at home1 and the friends that were then at his side4 ,and the soul of ,jonathan was knit to the soul of ,david1 quotes the scholar1 noting that the text speaks emphatically of the union of the soul1 which no earthly accidents can affect1 and finding a parallel to himself in ,jonathan1 to his master in ,david1 the wise1 the holy1 and the strong4 ,and though the hour for parting had come1 the moment when these bonds of the soul should be severed would never come6 ,the scholar was now completely in the hands of his teacher---as a land1 he says1 empty1 unproductive1 and the reverse of fertile1 saline 7like the waste lands near the ,nile71 burnt up1 stony1 drifted with sand2 yet not absolutely barren2 nay1 with qualities which might be worth cultivating1 but which had hitherto been left without tillage or care1 to be overgrown with thorn and thicket4 ,he can hardly make enough of this metaphor of land and cultivation to show the nature of the work that the teacher had with his mind4 ,we have to read on for some time before we find out that all this vigorous grubbing1 ploughing1 harrowing1 and sowing represents the dialectical training which ,origen gave his pupils1 such pupils1 at least1 as those of whom ,gregory ,thaumaturgus was the type4 ,in fact1 the dialectics of the ,platonists and their off-shoots is very inadequately represented by the modern use of the word logic4 ,it seems to have signified1 as nearly as a short definition can express it1 the rectifying the ideas of the mind about itself1 and about those things most intimately connected with it4 ,a modern student takes up his manual of logic1 or sits down in his class-room with his most important ideas1 either correct and settled1 or else incorrect1 beyond the cure of logic4 ,at ,alexandria manuals were scarce1 and the ideas of the converts from heathenism were so utterly and fundamentally confused1 that the first lessons of the ,christian teacher to an educated ,greek or ,syrian necessarily took the shape of a ,socratic discussion1 or a disquisition on principles4 ,and so the scholar1 not without much amazement and ruffling of the feelings1 found the field of his mind unceremoniously cleared out1 broken up1 and freshly planted4 ,but1 the process once complete1 the result was worth the inconvenience4 ,it was about this stage1 also1 that the master insisted on a special training in natural history and mathematics4 ,in his youth ,origen had been educated1 as we have seen1 by his father in the whole circle of the sciences of the day4 ,such an education was possible then1 though impossible now1 and the spirit of ,alexandrian teaching was especially attached to the sciences that regarded numbers1 the figure of the earth1 and nature4 ,the schools of the ,greek philosophers had always tolerated these sciences in their own precincts2 nay1 most of the schools themselves had arisen from attempts made in the direction of those very sciences1 and few of them had attempted to distinguish accurately between physics and metaphysics4 ,moreover1 geography1 astronomy1 and geometry1 were the peculiar property of the ,museum1 for ,eratosthenes1 ,euclid1 ,ilipparchus1 and ,ptolemy himself1 had observed and taught within its walls4 ,origen1 therefore1 would not be likely to undervalue those interesting sciences which he had studied with his father1 and which nine out of ten of his educated catechumens were more or less #cfe acquainted1 and puzzled1 or delighted1 with4 ,happy days when mathematics was little and chemistry in its infancy1 when astronomy lived shut up in a tower1 clad in mystic vesture1 and when geology was yet in the womb of its mother earth6 ,enviable times1 when they all 7such at least as were born7 could be sufficiently attended to and provided for in a casual paragraph of a theological instruction1 or brought into a philosophical discussion to be admired and dismissed6 ,origen1 however1 had1 as usual1 a deeper motive for bringing physics and mathematics into his system4 ,we need not remind the reader that1 if ,plato can be considered to have a weak part1 that part is where he goes into ,pythagorean speculations about bodies1 numbers1 and regular solids4 ,his revivers1 about the time we are speaking of1 had with the usual instinct of revivers found out his weak part1 and made the most of it1 as if it had been the sublimest evolution of his genius4 ,we may guess what was taking place from what afterward did take place1 when even ,porphyry fluctuated all his life between pretensions to philosophy and what ,saint ,augustine calls sacrilegious curiosity1 and when the whimsical triads of poor old ,proclus were powerless to stop the deluge of theurgy1 incantations1 and all superstitions that finally swamped ,neo-,platonism for ever4 ,with this view present to our minds the words of the scholar in this place are very significant ,by these two studies1 geometry and astronomy1 he made us a path toward heaven1 ,the three words that ,saint ,gregory uses in the description of this part of the master's teaching are worth noticing4 ,the first is ,geometry1 which is taken to mean everything that relates to the earth's surface4 ,the second is astronomy1 which treats of the face of the heavens4 ,the third is physiology1 which is the science of nature1 or of all that comes between heaven and earth4 ,so that ,origen's scientific teaching was truly encyclopaedic4 ,he was1 moreover1 an experimental philosopher1 and did not merely retail the theories of others4 ,he analyzed things and resolved them into their elements 7their very first elements1 says the scholar72 he descanted on the multiform changes and conversions of things1 partly from his own discoveries1 and gave his hearers a rational admiration for the sacredness and perfection of nature1 instead of a blind and stupid bewilderment2 he carved on their minds geometry the unquestionable1 so dear to all1 and astronomy that searches the upper air4 ,what were the precise details of his teachings on these subjects it would be unfair to ask1 even if it were possible to answer4 ,we know that he thought diamonds and precious stones were formed from dew1 but this is no proof he was behind his age2 and his acquaintance with the literature of the subject proves he was1 if anything1 before it4 ,with regard to naphtha1 the magnet1 and the looking-glass1 it will be pleasing to know he was substantially right4 ,he was1 perhaps1 the first to make a spiritual use of the accepted notion that the serpent was powerless against the stag2 the reason is1 he says1 that the stag is the type of ,christ warring against ,anti-,christ4 ,that he believed in griffins is unfortunate1 but natural in an ,alexandrian1 who had lived in an atmosphere d stories brought down from the upper ,nile by the ingenious sailors4 ,as to his denying the existence of the ,tragelaphus we must remain ignorant whether it redounds to his credit or otherwise1 until modern researches have exhausted the ,african continent4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ #cff ,translated from the ,revue ,contemporaine4 ,,eve ,,de ,,la ,,tour-,d',,adam4 ,,by ,g4 ,,de ,,la ,,landelle4 ,i hate those pretentious and high-sounding ,christian names which certain upstarts inflict as a label of ridicule on their children2 but1 though ,i should be accused of having two weights and two measures1 ,i should be pleased to see perpetuated in the descendants of a noble race the most fantastic of those chosen by their ancestors4 ,my antipathy gives way before the religion of remembrance1 before heroic or knightly traditions4 ,i love then even their oddity4 ,i can pardon even their triviality4 ,i perceive only the old glory1 the reflection of which is preserved by these consecrated names4 ,among the ,roqueforts1 who claim to have sprung from the ,merovingians1 they have1 even to our days1 the names of ,clodimir1 ,chilprie1 or ,bathilde4 ,since the time of the ,crusades1 the youngest son of the ,du ,maistres is always an ,amaury4 ,the ,canluries of ,gonneville owe their names of ,arosca and ,essomerie to the discoveries of the celebrated navigator1 their ancestor1 who brought from southern lands1 in #aejc1 the ,prince ,essomerie1 son of the ,king ,arosca1 whom he adopted and married later1 in ,normandy1 to one of his relations4 ,there is a family in ,brittany who never part with the names of ,audren1 ,salomon1 ,grallow1 or ,conau4 ,the ,corras1 originally from ,portugal1 pride themselves on seeing on their genealogical tree those of ,caramuru and of ,paraguassus1 which signify the ,man of ,fire and ,great ,river4 ,chivalry1 the ,crusades1 some semi-fabulous legend1 some marvellous chronicle1 the grand adventures of a ,tancred or a ,bohemond1 the exploits of a ,tannegry1 finally1 the great alliances1 explain and justify in certain families the privileged use of first names too rare1 or too commonplace1 fantastic1 romantic1 strange1 or old1 to be suitable except for them4 ,now1 it was thus that1 in virtue of an old custom1 the grand-daughter of the ,marquis de ,la ,tour-d',adam had received that of ,eve at the baptismal fonts of ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,in passing the ,gorge d',enfer1 not far from the famous valley of ,roncevaux1 you have perhaps remarked the ruins1 still majestic1 of a tower which leans above a frightful precipice4 ,the shepherds of the country maintain that it was built by the fathers of the human race2 were ,i the most profound of archaeologists ,i should be very careful not to contradict them4 ,who can prove that the ,pyrenees did not rise on the limits of ,eden8 ,in the fourteenth century was not all ,europe convinced that the terrestrial paradise1 engulfed in the ,atlantic1 rises partly above the water in the form of ,saint ,brandan's ,isle1 the promised land of the saints1 where ,enoch and ,elias await the last day8 ,in the same manner that the erudite ,la ,tour d',auvergne1 as simple as he was brave1 has demonstrated in his ,origines ,gauloises that ,adam and ,eve spoke ,bas-,breton1 in the same manner the ,basque tongue furnishes unexceptionable proofs of the antiquity #cfg of the times of ,adam which the waters of the deluge respected4 ,be this as it may1 antediluvian or not1 ,punic or ,roman1 ,gothic1 ,saracen1 or ,spanish1 the old tower was the cradle of an illustrious family--illustrious on both sides of the ,pyrenees4 ,from time immemorial the first-born was given the name of ,adam or of ,eve4 ,at the beginning of this simple history we have not the leisure to recount how a royal ,moorish prisoner1 who1 it is said1 was called ,adam1 escaped from the tower1 carrying with him the heiress of the castle4 ,nor can we stop from the wars in ,palestine one of the warlike ancestors of our ,parisian heroine1 a proud ,crusader1 who brought to his domains an ,oriental ,eve1 the beloved daughter of we know not what ,saladin4 ,these different traditions1 which were not the only ones1 made the customs of their ancestors very dear to the family of ,la ,tour-d',adam2 but the young and merry companions of the grand-daughter of the last marquis did not care to inquire into the cause of her unusual name4 ,they kept themselves in bounds in finding it tolerably ridiculous that she should be called just like the ancestors of the human species4 ,really1 ,i do not know who could have served as god-mother to our beautiful friend1 said ,clarisse ,dufresnois1 biting her lips4 ,in my days ,i would not consent to give so dangerous a name4 ,when one hears it one seems to have a too decided fancy for forbidden fruit4 ,oh6 ,clarisse1 that is mean1 murmured ,leonore4 ,this charitable and timid observation received no response4 ,albertine1 ,valerie1 ,suzanne1 and several other young girls1 who were chattering together while waiting the opening of the ball1 seemed by their smiles to encourage the mocking spirit of ,clarisse ,dufresnois4 ,they made a charming group4 ,blondes and brunettes1 red and white1 adorned with flowers and ribbons with delicate taste1 they presented to the view an adorable reunion of smiles and graces1 as they said in the last century4 ,youth1 gaiety1 freshness1 beautiful black eyes1 large blue eyes1 lovely figures1 wilful airs1 piquant countenances1 enjoyment1 vivacity1 delicacy--what then did they lack that the gentlemen cavaliers should make them wait8 ,truly1 we cannot say2 but their habitual delay contradicted the olden fame of ,french gallantry4 ,these gentlemen1 without doubt1 were a thousand times culpable for ,clarisse's little sarcasms4 ,with the fortunate name of ,eve1 she continued1 should one not always be the first to show herself8 ,if you would say1 at least the first to arrive1 interrupted ,leonore4 ,but it has a grand air to appear late2 it produces a sensation2 one seats by her entrance all the most elegant dancers2 one would be watched for1 desired1 impatiently waited for4 ,for that matter1 ,i am sure1 said ,leonore quickly1 ,eve thinks little about all that2 she is as simple as she is good4 ,you see1 girls1 replied ,clarisse1 with equal vivacity1 that ,i have said something evil of our dear ,eve6 ,goodness6 ,i love her with all my heart4 ,she is languid1 cool1 and sentimental2 she has her little eccentricities4 ,who of us has not8 ,i said simply that she is always the last to arrive2 but1 however1 ,i do not think she is so much occupied in varying her toilette4 ,she is inevitably crowned with artificial jasmine4 ,nothing becomes her better1 said ,leonore4 ,beside1 ,eve is sufficiently pretty to be charming in anything4 ,doubtless1 replied ,clarisse1 a little piqued2 only ,i ask1 how can you tell what becomes her best when she has never worn anything else for at least four years4 ,four6 cried nearly all the girls4 ,four years6 ,why1 that is an age6 ,four years of jasmine6 said ,valerie2 what constancy6 #cfh ,bouquet1 garland1 crown1 and ,i don't know what else1 continued ,clarisse1 ,eve always has jasmine in some shape4 ,for me1 said ,suzanne1 ,i would not1 for anything on earth1 show myself three times in succession with a branch or wreath of jasmine4 ,the word jasmine1 repeated four or five times1 made a young girl tremble as she entered1 and1 not knowing any of the young ladies1 seat herself at a distance2 but1 as if drawn by the word which affected her so singularly1 ,louise de ,mirefont took her place nearest to ,clarisse4 ,louise was nineteen2 she did not yield in natural grace to ,suzanne nor to ,valerie2 her color was equal in freshness to the charming ,albertine's2 ,lucienne had not such brilliant black hair1 ,leonore an expression of gentleness not more sympathetic4 ,a timidity acquired1 perhaps1 by a sudden trouble veiled the looks of the new rival who now disputed with all the palm of beauty2 a lively carnation spread itself over her features1 which had a faultless purity4 ,with her blushes and her embarrassment was mingled a vague sentiment of sadness2 but what physiognomist would have been sufficiently skilful to explain the impression which affected her8 ,of all the merry young girls collected at the ball1 ,louise was the simplest attired4 ,she was beautiful enough to carry off any costume2 a simple white dress1 a light1 rose-colored ribbon around her waist1 that was all4 ,all her companions had either flowers or pearls in their hair2 she alone had no other coiffure than her waving curls1 which rolled round her white shoulders4 ,each young girl had some rarity in her toilette4 ,clarisse1 for example1 had admirable bracelets and ear-rings1 ,lucienne1 had a valuable cameo1 ,suzanne was distinguished by a spencer of an original pattern1 even ,leonore by knots of ribbons of exquisite taste1 ,albertine by bands of coral interwoven in the tresses of her fair hair4 ,no borrowed ornament could have increased the value of ,louise's charms1 whom if one could not without hesitation discern as the prize of the concourse1 at least as the most faithful lover of the ,greek type the model of which she presented in her classic perfection4 ,at the moment she approached1 ,leonore had said1 indulgently3 ,four years6 four winters6--without doubt ,clarisse exaggerates4 ,no1 ,miss ,leonore1 ,i do not exaggerate2 ,i repeat that for four years ,eve has worn only jasmine4 ,clarisse alone could call up the memories of four years2 she was the oldest of all her friends4 ,some of these had been only a few months out of the convent1 others had made their entrance into society only the winter preceding4 ,she was not even of the same age as ,eve1 who had come out much earlier than any of them4 ,clarisse had just passed the age of twenty-five4 ,having dreamed of six or seven superb marriages1 she had the grief of aspiring to a seventh dream1 and this was why her indulgence1 at all times mediocre enough1 went decreasing in hope as hope deceived1 or in inverse ratio to the square of her age1 to help ourselves for once1 by chance1 by the algebraic style4 ,clarisse could have said1 but she did not1 that she had seen ,eve de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 crowned with roses1 the first time she appeared at the house of the ,comtesse de ,peyrolles4 ,four or five springs1 at most1 made a second crown of roses for the brow of that maiden1 who conducted an old septuagenary whose ideas and decorations recounted the exploits of a generation almost extinct4 ,eve advanced on the arm of the ,marquis de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 who had not been seen for several years4 ,man of the world as he had been in his youth1 and was no longer1 the marquis reserved to himself to introduce her into society4 #cfi ,eve was very young1 but the weight of years was heavy on the old man4 ,the hour was advanced because he wished it so4 ,their entrance made a great sensation2 ,clarisse remembered that it made too much4 ,fair1 delicately pale1 frail and slender as a wasp1 the only and last heiress of the ,lords de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 ,eve1 the child yet unknown1 attracted all eyes4 ,give life to one of those aerial vignettes to which the ,english sculptors deny nothing1 unless it is a soul2 render motion to those images of the saints which the simple and pious workmen sculpture and animate in some sort with their faith1 for the front of our temples2 spread an expression of angelic sweetness and infinite tenderness over the countenance of a virgin purer than the azure of the sky2 around this creation of your least profane thought let there reign an atmosphere of generous sympathies1 that hearts may be touched1 that souls may he captive1 that men and women shall be equally attracted by this undefined sentiment1 commonly called of interest1 that this interest shall extend to every harmonious gesture1 to every movement1 to every word of the fair young girl2 take into account the veneration inspired by the presence of the old gentleman1 her grandfather--and you will understand at once what was ,eve1 and the effect of her first appearance at ,madame de ,peyrolles'4 ,four years had passed since then4 ,eve now had entered her nineteenth year4 ,had she grown old in one day1 had she grown young again1 or some slow suffering1 unknown phenomenon1 some mysterious illness1 was it1 that1 without wasting the young girl1 abruptly arrested her development1 up to that time so precocious8 ,but1 such as she was seen at ,madame de ,peyrolles' four winters before1 as such ,eve reappeared in the same drawing-room2 only ,clarisse ,dufresnois had said enough about it--the crown of roses was replaced by a branch of jasmine entwined in her golden hair4 ,and1 indeed1 a branch of jasmine was placed on the front of the girl's dress1 when dressed for the ball1 and1 accompanied by ,madame du ,castellet1 her governess1 she presented herself to her grandfather1 who awaited her in the west parlor of the mansion of ,la ,tour-d',adam and welcomed her with a tender smile4 ,eve came forward raising to him her sweet blue eyes1 and1 in melodious accents3 ,my father1 she said1 ,i have obeyed you2 you see ,i am ready2 but why will you oblige me to leave you again alone for all one long evening8' ,child1 ,i shall not be alone2 ,i shall think that my ,eve is amusing herself1 ,i shall see her as if ,i were there6 ,youth should have innocent distractions4 ,oh6 thou hast nobly loved me with all thy heart1 but the society of an old man like me does not suffice at thy age4 ,god knows ,i would renounce this ball with happiness1 in order to give you your evening reading4 ,i do not doubt it1 my child2 but you have promised me that you will go2 go then1 amuse yourself with your companions2 dance1 frolic1 receive the homage which is your due4 ,i am not a miser who hides his treasure1 ,i wish that my diamond should shine for all eyes2 your triumphs are mine1 and your gaiety is the joy of my life4 ,my father1 ,i am never gay except by your side4 ,the old man smiled1 not without a little incredulity1 but the young girl's clear eyes were fixed on him with a touching expression of veneration and filial love4 ,eve repeated with affecting candor that the watch by her grandfather's side was to her a thousand times preferable to the noisy pleasures of the world2 she grew animated1 and1 drawing yet nearer1 she said3 #cgj ,when ,i have passed the evening with you1 ,i return joyously to my room1 my heart full of noble thoughts4 ,often you have recounted to us some incidents of your life1 and ,i am proud of being your child2 ,i wish for power to imitate your generous example2 finally1 ,i find an inexpressible charm in your recollections and in your narratives4 ,if you have spoken to me of my father and my mother1 whom ,i have never known1 ,i am still happy2 my melancholy is sweet2 ,i represent to myself as my guardian angels those whom your words make me love more every day4 ,the ,marquis de ,la ,tour-d',adam felt himself touched2 the young girl's governess had seated herself4 ,eve added in a less firm tone3 ,on the contrary1 when ,i return from a ball1 ,i feel an indefinable sentiment of void and weariness2 ,i do not know what it is that ,i want1 ,i am sad1 discontented with myself4 ,childishness6 interrupted the old gentleman4 ,off with us6 ,a little thoughtlessness and folly1 ,i insist upon it6 ,one is discontented with oneself only when one has failed in some duty2 you are good1 submissive1 pious1 charitable4 ,eve blushed slightly1 and while her grandfather was continuing his eulogy she prepared him a cup of tea1 drew the stool near1 arranged the cushion on which he rested his head1 then1 going to the piano1 she played an old battle air of which he was very fond4 ,meanwhile the marquis addressed the governess4 ,my cousin1 he said 7,madame du ,castellet was a distant relative of the ,tour-d',adams71 combat these tendencies1 ,i implore you2 pleasures and distractions1 they are the remedy6 ,i do not understand why this ball should sadden our darling ,eve1 why meeting her friends and her partners should make her melancholy4 ,eve does not know how to be untruthful1 she hides nothing from us2 but she is ignorant herself why she suffers4 ,discover this secret1 ,i implore you1 that she may be happy4 ,eve's happiness is my only desire1 replied the governess4 ,you know that ,i love her as my own daughter4 ,i never contradict her2 indeed1 she never desires anything that is not praiseworthy4 ,she plans to do good with an admirable perseverance and delicacy4 ,the old marquis at this moment recognized the martial air which ,eve was playing for him2 he was deeply affected3 ,she forgets nothing1 he murmured4 ,then noticing the flowers the young girl wore3 ,always jasmine1 he said to the governess4 ,she forgets nothing1 said ,madame du ,castellet1 in her turn4 ,it is then impossible to overcome the pride of those unfortunate ,mirefonts8 replied the marquis4 ,my nephew1 ,gaston1 cannot get anything accepted1 respondent the governess2 but we will save them in spite of themselves4 ,heaven preserve me1 said the marquis immediately1 from blaming their susceptibility2 unfortunately1 the secret means which ,eve has so long employed scarcely suffice2 it is necessary to do more4 ,gaston will aid us1 ,i imagine1 replied the governess in a low voice2 but hush6 my pupil will not pardon me if ,i betray her secrets4 ,eve returned from the piano2 the marquis and the governess exchanged a glance of prudent intelligence4 ,off with us1 young lady1 to the ball1 to the ball1 the carriage is waiting6 said the old gentleman gaily1 kissing the young girl's forehead4 ,madame du ,castellet dragged off ,eve2 the marquis1 left alone1 thought tenderly of his dear grandchild1 the bouquet of jasmine1 the unfortunate ,mirefont family1 of all that ,eve had said or done with her habitual grace1 while the military march she had played still resounded in his heart4 #cga ,the noble child6 he murmured2 they counselled me to be severe2 how could ,i be8 ,i have been indulgent2 ,i have repressed nothing1 spoiled nothing2 her generous nature has freely developed itself2 she has made herself blessed even by those who do not know her4 ,happy1 yes1 happy1 will he be who shall be her husband4 ,the few words exchanged between the marquis and ,eve's governess have shown us that for some time1 at least1 the secret of one of the young girl's good actions had been revealed to her grandfather4 ,the old gentleman would have thought little enough of the coiffures chosen by ,eve1 or of her taste for such or such a flower2 but ,madame du ,castellet had been much surprised one day by her pupil's predilection for bouquets and wreaths of jasmine4 ,questions followed each other2 ,eve evaded them for a long time2 the governess insisted4 ,she blamed the girl's extravagance1 which did not cease to expend considerable sums for the same flowers4 ,i wish to know if this caprice has anything reasonable in it8 she said finally1 with firmness1 even at the risk of displeasing the young heiress4 ,eve blushed2 then in a suppliant tone-- ,be at least discreet1 she said4 ,it is the matter of an honorable family suddenly fallen into extreme poverty1 whose only resource is the sale of jasmine4 ,people do not buy it1 so it is that ,i buy so much4 ,but still1 said ,madame du ,castellet1 without doubt you know the name of the family4 ,no1 cousin4 ,fearing to wound worthy people1 ,i have not asked it4 ,only my artificial-flower seller told me that this jasmine was the work of the only child of a poor knight of ,st4 ,louis1 completely ruined by the last revolution1 and struck with incurable infirmities4 ,his wife can only take care of him and wait on him4 ,i was much affected by the story1 and above all by the courage shown by this young girl1 who obtained a living for her father and mother by her work4 ,i promised often to buy jasmine on condition that my name should never be mentioned2 do not be surprised1 cousin1 that ,i keep my promise4 ,madame du ,castellet embraced ,eve with fervor4 ,but soon going to the source1 she knew that the family suffering from so many misfortunes was that of the ,mirefonts4 ,the marquis was instructed4 ,various offers of assistance were made1 but proudly refused4 ,eve continued to adorn herself with jasmine and to make liberal presents of it to all her friends1 which ,clarisse ,dufresnois pleasantly laughed at4 ,do you love jasmine8 she said1 smiling4 ,apply to ,eve4 ,for a lottery1 a vase or a crown of jasmine2 for a present1 jasmine2 for a head-dress1 jasmine4 ,madeline1 who has penetrated into the delicious boudoir of ,mademoiselle de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 saw only jasmine on every side4 ,has she not given some to you also8 ,eve has given me a charming bunch1 said ,leonore4 ,it was a master-piece of its kind2 a flower was never more perfectly imitated4 ,nobody listened to ,leonore4 ,jasmine is1 then1 ,eve's adoration8 said ,albertine4 ,perhaps1 suggested ,suzanne1 it is the emblem of a deep sentiment1 some memory4 ,in any case1 it is a passion1 a mania4 ,i do not know what to imagine1 said ,leonore2 but ,i would rather believe it a work of charity4 ,you hear ,leonore1 young ladies1 cried ,clarisse2 would it still be wicked to find this abuse of jasmine monotonous8 ,louise de ,mirefont had started several times1 for she was the unknown artist whose filial devotion created the bouquets and wreaths which ,eve had not ceased to buy4 ,for the second time in her life ,louise penetrated into the drawing-room of the ,countess de ,peyrolles1 where she had been presented the #cgb preceding winter by ,mlle4 de ,rouvray1 an old friend of her mother1 and companion to the ,countess4 ,at the reiterated requests of ,mlle4 de ,rouvray1 ,louise's parents consented that their daughter should go among the society in which her birth and education called her to live1 had not her entire want of fortune kept her away4 ,at the time of that single party1 which occupied a large place in the young girl's memory1 she had remarked one of her masterpieces over the brow of ,eve de ,la ,tour-d',adam4 ,she had blushed1 not without an innocent joy4 ,how different was her feeling now6 ,every mocking shaft of ,clarisse wounded her1 the smiles of the other girls put her to torture2 and when ,leonore1 in her indulgent observations1 which had consoled her a little1 innocently pronounced the word charity1 she grew pale and felt humbled4 ,pride brought to her eyes two tears1 which vexation dried on her eyelashes4 ,mlle4 de ,la ,tour-d',adam has done me an act of charity1 she thought with a sort of wrath4 ,we have a disguised alms1 and ,m4 ,gaston du ,castellet has failed in all his promises4 ,such were1 we are obliged to avow it1 ,louise de ,mirefont's first thoughts2 pride rendered her unjust and ungrateful4 ,alas6 as we have been told many times1 first thoughts in our weak nature are not always the best4 ,an angry suspicion1 moreover1 augmented the girl's indignation4 ,the nephew of ,eve's governess1 ,gaston du ,castellet1 introduced into the family of ,mirefont by ,mlle4 de ,rouvray1 had he1 in an excess of zeal1 revealed the secret of a distress courageously concealed for more than four years8 ,gaston was1 himself1 in a position of fortune more than mediocre1 he lived honorably1 but in a very modest office4 ,he had been received with a noble simplicity2 his tact1 his delicacy1 rendered him worthy of such a reception1 and he had also conquered the good graces of ,m4 and ,mme1 de ,mirefont4 ,louise1 during her long is hours of work1 often surprised herself thinking of the amiable qualities1 the distinction1 the benevolence1 of ,gaston du ,castellet4 ,while with a light hand she cut out or adjusted the green leaves or white flowers on their stem1 she could not forbid herself to dream of the prudent attentions which ,gaston showed her4 ,together with her fairy fingers1 her imagination1 or rather her heart1 built a frail edifice of green leaves1 hope1 and white flowers1 like the innocence of her love4 ,a word1 a glance1 a smile of ,gaston's1 some mark of solicitude for her venerable parents1 a generous word pronounced with feeling1 received with eagerness1 plunged her in long and sweet reveries4 ,her floral task was generally finished before her dream4 ,he wished to associate his efforts with mine to comfort my parents' old age6 ,with what eagerness he assisted my mother6 thought ,louise1 trembling with emotion4 ',why can ,i not always replace you thus8' said he4 ',my presence will permit you to continue your pious work4' ,i succeeded in finishing that evening the crown of jasmine for which my employer waited so impatiently4 ,and on ,sunday1 what could be greater than ,gaston's sincere goodness toward my father while my mother and ,i had gone to pray for him8 ,when we returned our prayers seemed to have been heard3 he suffered less1 and attributed the amelioration of his state to ,gaston's cares1 cordial gaiety1 and conversation4 ,heavens6 what were they talking of in our absence8 ,and ,louise's mind lost itself in sweet and charming suppositions4 ,add to this1 that a year before ,gaston had met ,louise at a ball at ,madame de ,peyrolles'2 he had noticed her there2 and a few days afterward was presented to her parents by their old friend ,mlle4 de ,rouvray4 ,gaston was the only young man admitted to their intimacy4 ,six months had not rolled away before he occupied a room in the same house with ,louise4 #cgc ,louise believed herself loved1 and did not fear to speak without disguise of the extreme trouble of her family4 ,the young man had already ventured various offers of assistance1 he returned to the charge2 ,h4 and ,mme4 de ,mirefont constantly with a grateful dignity refused them4 ,louise1 whose delicious work was selling better and better1 positively forbade him to attempt any officious proceeding4 ,gaston promised to make none1 and very sincerely kept his word4 ,but ,gaston was the nephew of ,eve de ,la ,tour-d',adam's governess4 ,as ,clarisse ,dufresnois said1 ,eve bought jasmine with devotion2 according to ,leonore1 it was without doubt from charity she did so4 ,well1 then ,i had ,gaston broken his promise8 his direct offers being refused1 had he employed indirect means8 might he not be1 finally1 ,eve de ,la ,tour-d',adam's agent1 her associate1 her agent in good works8 ,louise loved ,gaston4 ,and you will pardon her injustice1 her ingratitude1 her jealousy2 for her second thought was a burst of repentance2 she reproached herself for her pride1 she was ashamed of herself for doubting ,gaston1 and1 more than all1 for being ungrateful to her benefactress4 ,eve entered2 she entered crowned with jasmine4 ,a tear--but this was a tear of gratitude--bathed ,louise's eyelashes1 and slowly descended down her burning cheeks4 ,her heart was already refreshed4 ,she no longer heard ,clarisse's whispers1 she did not see the mocking smiles of ,valerie1 ,albertine1 and their companions2 she did not even perceive that several young men were coming toward her1 and asking her hand for a contra-dance2 ,eve had entered--she saw only ,eve4 ,oh6 she is an angel6 she murmured rapturously4 ,you say truly1 ,miss ,louise1 she is an angel6 replied ,gaston1 taking her hand4 ,louise raised her head1 dried her eyes1 and permitted herself to be carried off by her attentive cavalier1 who had observed all1 heard all1 and understood all1 from the moment she had taken her place in the circle of girls4 ,eve1 conducted by her partner1 passed near them1 and turning3 ,gaston1 she said in a tone of affectionate familiarity1 will you be our vis--vis8 ,the young girls found themselves in each other's presence1 their looks met2 ,louise's ardent gratitude suddenly aroused ,eva de ,la ,tour-d',adam's sympathy4 ,what a charming young girl6 ,do you know her1 sir8 ,no1 ,miss ,eve1 answered ,eve's partner1 and his reply was not finished without the compliment called forth by a natural term of comparison1 but the triumphant gentleman expended his eloquence for nothing4 ,does she know me8 said ,louise to ,gaston2 how she looks at me6 ,eve does not know who you are2 she will doubtless ask me your name2 well1 in telling it1 ,i shall not relate any of your family secrets4 ,oh6 so much the better6 exclaimed ,louise4 ,just now you were blushing and turning pale1 ,i heard1 ,i noticed-- ,louise lowered her eyes in embarrassment4 ,you were wrong1 continued ,gaston4 ,the only indiscretion committed has been by your employer1 the flower-merchant4 ,eve is interested in you1 she loves you without knowing your name4 ,her sincere solicitude goes back already for four years2 it is only one1 ,louise1 since ,i had the happiness of first seeing you4 ,it was here4 ,the next day ,mlle1 de ,rouvray received a visit from me1 and a few days afterward your parents kindly admitted me to their house4 ,an expression of happiness lighted ,louise's delicate features4 ,then1 just now1 she said after a moment's interruption1 you divined my thoughts8 #cgd ,i heard ,miss ,clarisse ,dufresnois4 ,i suffered as you suffered4 ,i hastened to justify myself to you4 ,oh1 ,gaston1 how much better is your beautiful cousin than ,i6 ,they now passed in the contra-dance2 ,eve's hand was not slow in taking ,louise's2 the two girls shivered at once4 ,eve must have seemed singularly absent to her partner2 she did not cease to watch ,louise and ,gaston1 she was troubled1 and was conscious of a strange uneasiness4 ,why this extreme emotion8 she asked herself2 oh6 how my heart beats6 ,i tremble1 ,i suffer1 my eyes are growing dim6 ,what is the matter with me8 ,who is this young girl1 and what is ,gaston saying to her8 ,they pronounced my name1 ,i believe6 ,gaston was talking enthusiastically to ,louise4 ,eve is not of this earth6 he said4 ,she is a celestial being whom ,i feel myself disposed to invoke on my knees2 the respect with which she inspires me prevents me from seeing even her beauty4 ,i venerate her1 but you1 ,louise1 you ,i love6 ,louise started4 ,oh6 do not be vexed by this avowal2 ,i am permitted to make it4 ,during your absence1 on ,sunday1 ,m4 de ,mirefont yielded to my request4 ,my happiness1 ,louise1 depends on you alone4 ,the young girl did not succeed in dissembling her joy1 her smiles crowned ,gaston's wishes2 he continued in a softened voice3 ,oh6 it was not without trouble that ,i triumphed1 dear ,louise4 ,for a long time your father rejected me on account of his deplorable position2 he would not consent1 he said1 that ,i should bind my future to the sad destinies of his family4 ,i spoke of my love1 he replied by reciting his misfortunes4 ,permit1 ,i said to him1 a son to diminish by his zeal your ,louise's task4 ,would you repulse me if fortune favored you8 or do you find me unworthy to share your lot8 ,her filial virtues even more than her charms have captivated me4 ,if she were destined to opulence like ,mlle1 de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 for example1 ,i should be insane to dare to aspire to her hand4 ,but your ,louise is the companion necessary for a poor1 hard-working man like me4 ,she is courageous and devoted4 ,i came to supplicate you to accept my devotion and my courage4 ,finally1 overcome by my insistance1 he held out his hand to me2 ,i bathed it with my tears2 then1 opening his arms3 ',louise shall pronounce1' he said4 ,with what impatience ,i waited for you that evening6 ,your mother by this time should be aware of my application1 and to-morrow1 if you consent1 it shall not be simply as a friend1 but as your fianc that ,i shall enter under your parent's roof4 ,gaston--my fianc1 murmured ,louise4 ,o ,god6 ,i am too happy4 ,eve also was near succumbing under a strange emotion2 but by a supreme effort she succeeded in conquering it2 but she was so pale she might have been taken for an alabaster statue4 ,she was faint when she seated herself at some distance behind ,mme4 du ,castellet and ,mlle4 ,rouvray1 who1 retired to one side apart1 were talking in a low voice but with animation4 ,gaston's aunt and the countesses companion1 drawn together by the similarity of their positions1 made part of that commendable variety of aristocracy which we are permitted to call the poor of the great world4 ,resigned1 free from envy1 devoted1 body and soul1 to the families in which even their office increased the consideration and the regard which they merited1 such persons are always justly respected4 ,their presence honors the houses which welcome them4 ,they lived in the highest sphere with an admirable abnegation2 the firmness of their principles equalled the amiability of their character3 they had espoused the interests which exclusively occupied them1 and were slaves to their duties4 #cge ,eve1 still trembling1 continued to watch ,gaston and ,louise1 at the same time that1 as if her nervous excitement had given her the faculty of hearing the feeblest sounds1 she did not lose a word of the conversation of the two old friends4 ,you cannot believe how much this marriage contents me1 said ,madame du ,castellet1 ,i have always been afraid that my nephew was taken with ,eve4 ,eve is so beautiful1 so tender1 so generous3 one cannot know her without loving her4 ,gaston already loved her like a brother2 they saw each other continually in spite of all my skill4 ,i did well1 the old marquis did not even suspect the danger4 ,it would have been imprudent to have hinted the possibility2 ,i have lived on thorns for three or four years4 ,eve and ,gaston have known each other from childhood2 a formidable friendliness reigned between them2 ,eve was full of sisterly attentions2 ,i trembled for my poor nephew4 ,it is certain that ,mlle4 de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 with her name and her immense fortune1 can only make a grand marriage1 said ,mlle1 de ,rouvray4 ,we can doubly felicitate ourselves on the success of our effort4 ,the old ,chevalier de ,mirefont was ten years younger this evening1 when he announced to me the regular request made by ,gaston4 ,it is scarcely any time since ,i said to the marquis how much ,i relied on my nephew1 but ,i did not know it was so advanced4 ,it is a settled thing1 said ,mlle4 de ,rouvray1 smiling1 for ,gaston and ,louise had been constantly observed by the two old friends4 ,my nephew will soon be advanced1 said ,madame du ,castellet1 he will not lack a future1 and moreover1 he will not refuse the advantages of which our good cousin will assure him by marriage contract4 ,the ,mirefont family will soon find themselves in ease4 ,louise is worthy of this good fortune1 said ,mademoiselle de ,rouvray4 ,when ,i shall be permitted to tell ,eve that her cousin is to marry her interesting protg1 oh6 ,i am sure she will be transported with joy4 ,eve1 at these words1 thoroughly understood4 ,detaching from her headdress a little branch of flowers1 she contemplated it a moment4 ,then she regarded ,louise and ,gaston1 seated by each other1 wrapped in their happiness1 oblivious of the world around them4 ,how happy they are6 she thought ,the ball was very animated1 ,albertine1 ,valerie1 and ,lucienne had abandoned themselves to the gaiety of their age1 but ,clarisse1 who observed with secret envy sometimes ,gaston and ,louise1 sometimes ,eve1 pensive1 refusing ten invitations1--,clarisse cried out all at once3 ,mademoiselle de ,la ,tour-d',adam is ill4 ,the musicians stopped playing4 ,gaston rushed to his cousin4 ,louise was the first to take in hers ,eve's ice-cold hands2 she could not refrain from pressing them to her lips4 ,eve soon opened her eyes1 saw ,louise on her knees1 ,gaston at her side1 smiled on them with angelic sweetness1 and addressing herself to the young girl3 ,you do not know me1 she said1 but ,i wish you to be my friend4 ,you will come to see me1 will you not8 ,the little branch of jasmine which ,eve had taken from her own forehead remained in ,louise's hands4 ,madame du ,castellet1 aided by her nephew1 carried away ,eve de la ,tour-d',adam4 ,a few minutes after ,louise was conducted home4 ,clarisse ,dufresnois did not fail to attribute ,eve's fainting to the desire of appearing interesting2 this was at least the version which she gave to the young ladies ,suzanne1 ,valerie1 ,lucienne1 and ,albertine1 but the supposition which she expressed to the ,vicomte de la ,perlire1 the object of her seventh matrimonial dream1 was less inoffensive4 #cgf ,mademoiselle de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 said she1 was taken ill of jealousy and vexation1 on remarking her cousin's attention to ,mlle1 de ,rouvray's protg4 ,she enlarged on this theme with so much wit1 that the ,vicomte de la ,perlire1 a man of sense who did not lack heart1 forgot at the end of the winter to propose to her4 ,the autumn following he asked and obtained ,leonore's hand1 which did not prevent ,clarisse from being more witty than ever4 ,,ii4 ,eve passed a frightful night1 a prey to the delirium of fever2 the doctors1 forced to reassure the old marquis and the governess1 did not conceal from ,gaston that his cousin's case presented very alarming symptoms4 ,gaston was uneasy1 ,louise shared his fears1 but their betrothal took place notwithstanding2 the promise already made by ,m4 de ,mirefont was confirmed in the family1 but on account of ,eve's illness ,madame du ,castellet's absence was excused4 ,in the ,castle de ,la ,tour-d',adam reigned a profound sadness4 ,eve had recovered her ordinary calm and serenity1 but her weakness and pallor were extreme2 the old marquis was conducted to her room4 ,eve1 my dear child1 when ,i think of all you said to me before going to the ball1 ,i reproach myself bitterly for having forced you to go4 ,do not regret it1 grandfather1 for ,i am delighted to have seen the young girl who is going to marry my cousin ,gaston4 ,i wish her to be my best friend4 ,my child1 said the marquis again1 is anything lacking that you wish8 ,have confidence in me4 ,what can ,i lack8 you refuse me nothing4 ,doubtless1 and for all1 suggested the old man1 with a real timidity1 you fear to unveil for me the state of your heart6 ,i hesitate to say what ,i think1 my dear daughter1 but if you have a secret inclination-- ,eve shuddered1 and lowered her large eyes4 ,know well1 at least1 that ,i shall never be an obstacle to your happiness2 my ,eve would not know how to make an unworthy choice4 ,the young girl bent her head and remained silent4 ,mme4 du ,castellet observed her sadly4 ,eve1 said she1 you answer nothing8 ,what can ,i answer8 murmured the heiress1 ,i ask myself1 she said with feeling4 ,my good father1 she said again1 words are wanting to express to you my gratitude and my tenderness4 ,then from what does she suffer8 the marquis asked himself in despair4 ,as a flower scorched by the sun1 ,eve languished2 the fever disappeared1 but her strength did not return4 ,her only pleasure was to put on1 one after another1 the freshest of her jasmine wreaths4 ,the doctors understood nothing of her illness2 the most skilful of all interrogated the governess4 ,i fear that this young girl is struck by a moral hurt2 love1 when it is opposed1 sometimes presents analogous symptoms4 ,we have been beforehand with your question1 doctor2 ,eve knows that her choice would be approved2 she made no response4 ,has she pronounced any name in her delirium8 ,none2 she spoke only of the good works which constantly occupied her4 ,madame du ,castellet had found that ,eve knew the whole history of ,louise's filial devotion4 ,madame1 replied the physician1 ,i persist in believing that ,mlle1 de ,la ,tour-d',adam conceals her secret from you4 ,a false shame1 without doubt1 restrains her2 send for her confessor1 and have him1 if possible1 oblige her to tell you the truth4 ,when the doctor had gone1 ,madame du ,castellet burst into tears4 ,eve was given up by science1 because they #cgg absolutely would have it that her illness had a mysterious origin4 ,the confessor was called1 although the governess hoped nothing from his intervention4 ,an emotion of profound piety was painted on the features of the man of ,god when he came out of the invalid's chamber1 but ,eve1 calm and with pious recollection1 was praying with her eyes raised to heaven4 ,the young girl made no confidence to ,mme4 du ,castellet1 only several hours later-- ,cousin1 she said1 ,mlle4 ,louise de ,mirefont and ,gaston are slow in coming to see me4 ,it was not the first time that ,eve had expressed the same desire2 the governess ordered the carriage in order to go for ,mlle4 de ,mirefont4 ,louise1 generous ,louise1 murmured ,eve1 ,i would that my soul could be blended with yours6 ,her heart beat violently as she thought of ,gaston's happiness2 ,eve did not account to herself for her poignant emotion1 but she prayed that ,god would permit her to live for her noble grandfather4 ,my loss would be too cruel for him1 she murmured1 weeping4 ,then she interrogated herself with a simple severity3 ,would ,i then be culpable for not speaking of that of which ,i am myself ignorant8 ,her conscience responded by a firm resolution not to carry trouble to the hearts of all those who cherished her4 ,my duty1 ,i feel1 is to rejoice at the happiness of ,gaston and of ,louise4 ,do ,i deceive myself8 ,my ,god6 enlighten me1 guide me6 ,eve was kneeling2 the ,marquis de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 assisted by his valet1 entered1 and in a reproachful tone-- ,why do you fatigue yourself thus8 said he2 ,eve1 ,i implore thee1 be careful of thy strength1 if only out of pity for me4 ,eve arose with difficulty4 ,forgive me1 she said with a sweet smile1 ,i will not kneel again until ,i am cured4 ,then she sat by her grandfather's side4 ,the marquis1 frightened at her mortal pallor1 contemplated her with anguish4 ,i saw her father perish in the flower of his age1 he thought2 her mother a few months after died in giving her life2 she was an orphan from her cradle4 ,all my affections are concentrated in her2 she has never given me occasion for the least pain4 ,alas6 ,i suffer to-day for all the happiness she has given me4 ,do not distress yourself1 my father1 said ,eve1 who surprised a tear in the old man's dry eyes2 ,i have asked of ,god to let me remain to console the rest of your days2 my prayer has been heard1 it will be granted4 ,oh1 for pity1 do not cry more4 ,the marquis took her hand and pressed it against his heart4 ,my father1 said ,eve after several moments of silence1 our cousin has gone for ,gaston and his fiance2 my father1 ,i have a request to make of you4 ,tell it1 tell it1 said the old man ardently4 ,eve bent1 and said in a trembling voice3 ,they are both of them generous and devoted2 both of them have suffered much3 make them rich1 ,i implore you1 lest your wealth should pass into avaricious hands4 ,oh6 my ,god6 you expect1 then1 to die6 ,eve1 my darling daughter1 is this your secret8 ,no6 ,i do not wish to die6 no6 ,i wish to live for you6 ,but ,i am old1 very old6 the marquis replied1 with hesitation1 and--after me-- ,after you whom shall ,i love8 said ,eve in a melodious voice4 ,father1 ,i implore you1 make ,gaston and ,louise's future sure1 and you will have crowned all my wishes4 ,eve had scarcely finished when ,mme4 du ,castellet entered2 ,louise and ,gaston followed her4 ,the two lovers succeeded in wiping away their tears1 but their emotion was #cgh redoubled when they saw themselves between the young girl and her grandfather4 ,come to me1 said ,eve1 come1 ,louise6 ,do you not know that ,i loved you before ,i knew you8 ,see1 all that surrounds me is your work4 ,what would ,i not give to have made1 like you1 one of these bouquets of jasmine6 ,mademoiselle1 murmured ,louise1 ,i have known you and have loved you only for a few days2 but my gratitude and my affection for you are boundless4 ,place them on ,gaston3 he is dear to me as a brother2 and you1 ,louise1 call me henceforth your sister4 ,she held her one hand1 with the other she drew ,gaston forward2 then1 addressing the marquis3 ,father1 she said1 see them before you2 bless them1 ,i pray you4 ,the old gentleman1 weeping1 extended his hands1 then with a voice choked with sobs3 ,eve1 my beloved child6 ,eve1 thou wishest then to die8 ,the young girl blushed slightly1 a ray of sunlight which played through the curtains crowned her with a luminous halo2 she had risen1 her ethereal figure mingled with the white flowers which adorned her room4 ,gaston said in a low voice to ,louise3 ,you see plainly1 my friend1 that she is not of the earth4 ,they bent reverently2 but ,eve extended her arms3 ,louise found herself pressed against her heart4 ,the marquis1 seeing ,eve so radiant1 renewed his hope3 ,she is saved6 he said to ,madame du ,castellet4 ,the presence of these young lovers has done her good4 ,have them come often1 ,i pray you4 ,but ,i should leave them together4 ,adieu1 my children1 adieu6 ,he was carried back to the great hall4 ,however1 the governess trembled2 she saw at last the fatal truth4 ,the heiress's great blue eyes were fixed on hers2 the old lady's trouble increased4 ,eve put her finger on her lips1 and drawing her to one side3 ,why are you still distressed1 my good cousin1 she said to her2 do you not see how happy ,i am in their happiness8 ,gaston's aunt retired heart-broken1 doubtful of her suppositions1 not daring to hope for the young girl's recovery4 ,eve was seated between the two lovers3 ,i demand a part in your joy1 my friends1 and ,i wish that my memory may always live with you4 ,then she recounted with simplicity the history of her four last years4 ,the praises which she gave to ,louise's filial piety penetrated the hearts of the two betrothed1 who wished to prostrate themselves before her1 her words had so much purity1 sweetness1 and unction4 ,louise reproached herself1 as if it were a sacrilege1 for the thought of pride which she had felt at the ball4 ,gaston was under an indefinable impression of tenderness and of gratitude4 ,eve addressed him with noble and tender encouragement4 ,eve1 with a pious ardor1 made wishes for the felicity of their union2 finally1 when they were retiring she divided between them a branch of jasmine4 ,preserve this1 she said1 in memory of me4 ,the sacrifice was accomplished4 ,when they had gone1 ,eve sighed1 prayed1 and felt herself weaker4 ,she had expended in this interview the little strength which remained to her4 ,a despairing cry soon resounded through the house where the young girl's inexhaustible goodness had won all hearts4 ,mademoiselle is dying6 ,mademoiselle is going to die6 ,the ,marquis de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 fulfilling his promise1 went to add a disposition to his will1 in case the heiress should not attain her majority4 ,the pen fell from his hand1 the chill of death ran through his veins3 #cgi ,eve6 ,eve6 who will take me to her8 ,but ,eve entered the room1 for she1 on her side1 had prayed the governess to have her conducted there4 ,the old man saw on her features the certain mark of death1 and death struck him4 ,he murmured for the last time the name of ,eve1 then fell back1 cold1 in his arm-chair4 ,however1 ,eve lived an entire day after her grandfather4 ,her agony was slow and gentle4 ,she asked for jasmine1 her couch was covered with white flowers1 bathed in her tears whose filial love had made them4 ,may ,louise be your daughter1 said ,eve to ,madame du ,castellet ,louise will replace me with you4 ,then1 addressing ,louise3 ,my sister1 make your husband happy4 ,love the poor and pray with them for my parents1 my grandfather1 and myself4 ,god be praised1 she murmured finally1 my father's father has preceded me1 ,i go to join him4 ,adieu1 ,gaston6 my brother1 adieu6 ,her voice failed1 her heart ceased to beat1 heaven counted one angel more4 ,madame du ,castellet1 ,gaston1 and ,louise passed the night in prayers by the two beds of death4 ,finally1 the same hearse conducted to the same tomb ,adam1 ,marquis de ,la ,tour-d',adam1 last of the name1 and his grandchild ,eve1 the last branch of an illustrious stock4 ,a sword which had never been drawn except in a just and holy cause decorated the aged man's coffin1 but that of the child cut down at the threshold of life was covered with the white flowers which she had so piously loved4 ,to-day the mansion of the ,tour-d',adams is inhabited by ,m4 and ,mme4 de ,mirefont1 ,mme4 du ,castellet1 her nephew ,gaston1 and her niece1 ,louise4 ,a room hung with crowns and wreaths of artificial jasmine serves as the family oratory4 ,no one ever penetrates there except with recollection4 ,the servants call it the saints' chamber4 ,it is that whence rose toward heaven1 as an agreeable perfume to ,god1 the soul of a maiden dying in all the purity of first innocence2 dead without knowing there existed a forbidden fruit2 dead because she loved with that celestial love which belongs only to the angels in paradise4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,bury ,,the ,,dead ,give me a grave1 that ,i made bury my dead out of my sight4--,genesis xxiii4 ,enwrapt in fair white shroud4 ,with fragrant flowers strewn4 ,with loving tears and holy prayers1 ,and wailing loud1 ,shut out the light6 ,bury the ,dead1 bury the ,dead1 ,out of my sight6 #chj ,corruption's touch will wrong ,the sacred ,dead too soon2 ,then wreath the brow1 the eyelids kiss2 ,delay not long1 ,behold the blight6 ,bury the ,dead1 bury the ,dead1 ,out of our sight6 ,but there are other ,dead ,that will not buried be1 ,that walk about in glaring day ,with noiseless tread4 ,and stalk at night2 ,unburied ,dead1 unburied ,dead1 ,ever in sight4 ,dear friendships snapt in twain4 ,sweet confidence betrayed1 ,old hopes forsworn1 old loves worn out1 ,vows pledged in vain4 ,there is no flight1 ,ye living1 unrelenting ,dead1 ,out of your sight4 ,oh6 for a grave where ,i ,might hide my ,dead away6 ,that sacred bond1 that holy trust1 ,how could it die8 ,out of my sight6 ,o mocking ,dead1 unburied ,dead1 ,out of my sight6 ,o ever-living ,dead1 ,who cannot buried be2 ,in our heart's core your name is writ4 ,what though it bled8 ,the wound was slight ,to eyes that loved no more1 in death's ,remorseless night ,o still belovd ,dead1 ,no grave is found for you2 ,no friends weep with us o'er your bier4 ,no prayers are said2 ,for out of sight ,we wail our ,dead1 our secret ,dead1 ,alone at night4 ,give me a grave so deep ,that they may rest with me2 ,for they shall lie with my dead heart ,in healing sleep2 ,till out of night ,we shall all pass1 ,o risen ,dead1 ,into ,god's sight6 ------ #cha ,,original4 ,,religion ,,in ,,new ,,york4 ,the city of ,new ,york is supposed to contain about one million of inhabitants4 ,of these1 from #cjj1jjj to #djj1jjj are ,catholics1 probably #fj1jjj ,jews1 and from #eej1jjj to #fej1jjj ,protestants1 or ,nothingarians4 ,we will first speak of the provision made for the religions instruction of the non-,catholic majority of our population4 ,there are #bhj churches of all descriptions1 excluding the ,catholic churches4 ,of these1 there are3 ,episcopalian #fa ,presbyterian #ef ,methodist #dh ,baptist #cj ,jewish #be ,dutch ,reformed #bj ,lutheran #i ,congregational #d ,universalist #d ,unitarian #c ,friends #c ,miscellaneous #ag ,footnote #ee ,footnote #ee3 ,these figures are taken from the last ,directory4 ,the ,walk about ,new ,york gives the number at #cah4 ,the number of communicants in ,protestant churches is estimated as #fd1hjj4 ,if the churches were all of ample size and equally distributed through the city1 they would suffice tolerably well for the accommodation of the people1 should they be generally disposed to attend public worship4 ,a large proportion of them1 however1 are small1 and only #hj churches are situated below ,first street4 ,the lower and more populous portion of the city is therefore very destitute of church accommodation1 while the great majority of the churches1 especially the largest and finest1 are in the upper part of the town1 among the residences of the more well-to-do classes of the community4 ,the ,protestant population as a whole is1 therefore1 very poorly provided with church accommodation4 ,a pamphlet1 entitled ,startling ,facts3 a ,tract for the ,times1 by ,philopsukon3 ,brinkerhoff1 #dh ,fulton street1 #ahfd1 gives a considerable amount of information on this point4 ,the estimates of this gentleman are based on a supposed population of #iej1jjj4 ,for the section of the city below ,canal and ,grand streets1 including the first seven wards1 there are1 according to him1 #ab churches and #h mission chapels1 capable of accommodating about #ae1jjj persons4 ,the population of this district is #ahe1jjj4 ,twenty ,protestant congregations have within the last twenty-five years abandoned their churches in this district1 and removed to new ones up town4 ,one of the old churches 7,st4 ,george's7 is retained as a mission chapel1 and another1 a very fine one1 the ,rutgers street ,presbyterian church1 has been converted into a ,catholic church4 ,these removals have reduced the church accommodation from #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj sittings1 while the population has meanwhile doubled4 ,for the section between ,canal and ,fourteenth streets1 including also seven wards1 there are #hh churches for a population of #bfb1jjj4 ,fourteen churches have been abandoned within ten years4 ,of these #cd abandoned churches1 #c have been turned into livery stables1 and the remainder into public offices or stores and factories4 ,the upper section1 extending to ,sixty-first street1 includes eight wards1 with a population of #dah1jjj1 and has #hb churches4 #chb ,this gentlemen has counted only what he calls ,evangelical churches1 in which he estimates the total sittings throughout the whole city at #abf1fjj1 but the actual attendance at only #hd1djj4 ,a ,condensed ,statement which we have in our bands1 estimates the total ,protestant church accommodation at #bjj1jjj1 and the number of communicants at #fd1hjj4 ,if we allow #aej1jjj for the ordinary or occasional attendants at ,protestant worship1 and #be1jjj for the ,jewish synagogues1 we shall have then from #cge1jjj to #dge1jjj of the non-,catholic population who attend no place of religious worship or instruction at all4 ,footnote #ef ,the author of the ,startling ,facts1 who summarily hands over all except the attendants at ,evangelical churches to the devil1 takes a very gloomy view of the state of things1 and considers that #hfe1fjj out of the #iej1jjj pass to the judgment-seat of ,christ ,,without ,,the ,,means ,,of ,,grace2 to be condemned1 we are left to infer1 because they did not enjoy those means2 while those who did enjoy them and failed to provide for the wants of the remainder are to be rewarded4 ,footnote #ef3 ,the ,great ,metropolis1 a ,condensed ,statement1 gives the ,protestant church accommodation at #bjj1jjj4 ,walks about ,new ,york1 by the ,secretary of the ,city ,mission1 estimates the number of attendants at ,evangelical churches at #cbd1jjj4 ,allowing #aj1jjj more for other ,protestant congregations1 and #be1jjj for the ,jewish synagogues1 this leaves #bdj1jjj as the minimum number of the non-,catholic population who attend no place of public worship4 ,it appears to us that it is a large calculation to allow #a1jjj attendants to each church1 which would give the total of #bhj1jjj church-goers1 leaving a remainder of #cbj1jjj4 ,all the non-,catholic churches together are capable of accommodating less than #bbe1jjj persons at one time1 leaving #cge1jjj who have not sufficient church-room to accommodate them1 if all were disposed to attend regularly4 ,nevertheless1 it does not appear that the majority of the ,protestant churches are over-crowded4 ,the mass of the non-church-goers are quite apathetic on the subject4 ,they do not wish to have churches1 and probably would not frequent them if they were built for them free of expense4 ,it must be allowed1 however1 that he berates them handsomely for their neglect of duty4 ,he says3 ,nor is it intended in these few pages to canvass the question as to the necessity or the expediency1 etc41 of what is called the up-town removal of so many of the churches 7in all #cf71 first from the lower1 and now from the central section of the city4 ,all that can be done is to note the following facts1 and leave others to draw their own inference as to their practical effects4 #a4 ,in every instance of such church removal1 it has originated in the change of residence of a few of the wealthier families of said church3 this1 of course1 was followed by a diminution of the means of support to the said church4 ,hence the plea of necessity for its removal2 and1 making no provision to retain the old church for missionary purposes1 the effect has been to scatter by far the larger portion both of the church members and of the congregation to the four winds4 ,for1 #b4 ,the old church property having been sold1 the new location has been selected with a sole view to the accommodation of these families of wealth1 who left it for an up-town palatial residence1 and a costly church edifice has been erected 7often largely beyond their means7 compatible with their tastes4 ,the result of this has been1 #c4 ,to place the privileges of the church beyond the reach of the mediocre and lower classes4 ,and this has led to an ignoring of that divinely appointed law of ,god1 the rich and the poor meet together1 the ,lord being the maker of them all 7,prov4 xxiii4 #ab74 ,hence the origin of caste in the churches4 ,money has been erected into the standard of personal respectability1 by which every man is measured2 and hence a courting of the favor of the rich1 and a despising of the poor4 ,thus the way is prepared to account for the paucity of attendance at many of these larger and wealthier churches4 ,a consciousness of self-respect operates largely to deter those who might otherwise repair to them4 ,they shrink from an encounter1 whether right or wrong1 from that invidiousness to which the above principle of the measurement of personal respectability subjects them2 and taking human nature as it is1 it cannot be otherwise4 ,hence1 finding themselves thus cut off from the privileges of the churches1 and that by the act of the churches themselves1 #chc they relapse into a state of absolute neglect of the great salvation4 ,footnote #eg ,footnote #eg3 ,how this is possible in the case of those who have received the gift of infallible perseverance1 it is difficult to see1 unless the elect are chiefly found among the lite of society4 ,and when there is taken into the account the neglect of these wealthier churches to make provision for the populations in those sections of the city formerly occupied by them1 there is furnished an explanation of the vast disparity between the number of churches compared with the immense population as a whole1 which remain unprovided for4 ,true1 in order to escape the imputation of neglecting 'the poor of this world' altogether1 some of the wealthier churches have established missionary ,sabbath schools outside of their own congregations4 ,the principal denominations--the ,episcopalians1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 ,reformed ,dutch ,church1 and ,presbyterians1 are also doing something in the way of supporting missionary chapels for the poor2 but none of them are making provisions for them in a manner or to an extent at all commensurate either with their duty or their means4 ,take1 in illustration1 a view of the amount of missionary work being done in this city by the large and wealthy presbytery of ,new ,york4 ,true1 the ,brick church2 the ,fifth avenue church1 corner ,twenty-first street2 the ,fifth avenue church1 between ,eleventh and ,twelfth streets2 the ,presbyterian church in ,university place1 corner ,tenth street1 and perhaps one or two others1 each support1 independently of drawing upon the funds raised for domestic missions1 a mission ,sabbath school and chapel4 ,but out of the moneys contributed annually by the churches connected with the presbytery1 amounting to from #ab1jjj to #ae1jjj1 there are only two regularly organized missionary churches connected with that body4 ,these are the ,german mission church in ,monroe street1 comer of ,montgomery1 and the ,african mission church in the ,seventh avenue1 each supported at an expense of #fjj per annum4 ,nor are the ecclesiastical judicatories of other churches doing much better4 ,is this1 then1 the way to 'continue in ,god's goodness8' ,writing on this subject1 so long ago as #ahdg1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,hodge1 the oldest professor occupying a chair in the ,princeton ,theological ,seminary1 and the learned and able editor of ',the ,princeton ,review1' had used his pen in refuting the statement of those in the ,presbyterian ,church who affirm that 'we have already more preachers than we know what to do with1' etc42 and having disposed of that matter1 he passes to the subject of the difference in the mode of sustaining and extending the gospel in and by the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,in reference to the policy adopted by said church to this end1 he says3 ',our system1 which requires the minister to rely for his support on the people to whom he preaches1 has had the following inevitable results3 #a4 ,in our cities we have no churches to which the poor can freely go and feel themselves at home4 ,no doubt1 in many of our city congregations there are places in the galleries in which the poor may find seats free of charge2 but1 as a general thing1 the churches are private property4 ,they belong to those who build them1 or who purchase or rent the pews after they are built4 ,they are intended and adapted for the cultivated and thriving classes of the community4 ,there may be exceptions to this remark1 but we are speaking of a general fact4 ,the mass of the people in our cities are excluded from our churches4 ,the ,presbyterian ,church is practically1 in such places1 the church for the upper classes 7we do not mean the worldly and the fashionable7 of society4 ,and to this ,dr4 ,hodge adds1 as the result of the working of 'our system1' the following3 #chd ',the ,presbyterian ,church ,,is ,,not ,a ,,church ,,for ,,the ,,poor4 ,she has precluded herself from that high vocation by adopting the principle that the support of the minister must be derived from the people to whom he preaches4 ,if therefore1 the people are too few1 too sparse1 too poor1 to sustain a minister1 or too ignorant or wicked to appreciate the gospel1 ,,they ,,must ,,go ,,without ,,it4' ,thus far the author of the tract and ,dr4 ,hodge4 ,the statements of the latter are indorsed by the ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church4 ,a ,baptist clergyman1 writing in the ,memorial ,papers1 a work which was suppressed after publication1 says3 ,the ,church has no conversions and no hold on the masses4 ,the most successful church building is that which excludes the poor by necessity4 ,footnote #eh ,footnote #eh3 ,a high price will be paid at this office for a copy of ,the ,memorial ,papers4 ,we do not cite these statements in order to make a point against ,protestantism from the admissions of its advocates1 or to exult over these admissions4 ,we respect our anonymous friend1 and the learned and accomplished ,princeton divine1 for their candor1 honesty1 and zeal for the religious instruction of the poor4 ,we have nothing in view except an exposition of the real state of things in ,new ,york1 and are anxious to arrive at facts4 ,allowing for all errors and exaggerations1 and with a perfect willingness to admit everything which can be said to extenuate the evil1 we must admit the palpable1 undeniable fact1 that some hundreds of thousands of our population are either unprovided with the opportunity of attending any form of worship and religious instruction1 or are indifferent to the subject4 ,sunday is to them a mere holiday from work 7to many not even that71 to be spent in recreation and amusement1 if not in something positively bad4 ,it appears especially that the lower section of the city has been almost entirely given up by ,protestants4 ,footnote #ei ,there is one very notable and very honorable exception1 however1 in ,trinity church1 which has always been the best managed ecclesiastical corporation of all the ,protestant religious institutions in our country4 ,footnote #ei3 ,that is1 except as a missionary ground4 ,the educational and eleemosynary institutions of ,new ,york are on a colossal scale4 ,we will not go into extensive details on this subject1 as our topic is properly the religion of the city4 ,it is estimated that there are #add1jjj children in ,new ,york1 of whom #ajdjjj are at school1 ,footnote #fj and #dj1jjj growing up without instruction4 ,the poverty1 wretchedness1 and indifference of parents is more to blame for the condition of that portion not at school1 than the want of accommodation4 ,hospitals1 refuges1 asylums of all kinds1 abound in the city2 as well as dispensaries where medical assistance and medicine can be obtained by the poor gratuitously4 ,there is1 beside1 a gigantic system of domestic relief and outdoor charity under the direction of the municipal authorities4 ,the number of individuals relieved in various ways during the year by these public charities is about #eg1jjj2 #cj1jjj receive gratuitous medical attendance from the dispensaries4 ,for education1 #a1jjj1jjj a year is expended by the city1 and for public charity1 #gjj1jjj4 ,the collections made for local purposes of benevolence are estimated at #ejj1jjj1 and the other collections made in ,protesant churches at #ejj1jjj more4 ,the ecclesiastical expenses of maintaining the various churches are estimated at #a1jjj1jjj4 ,the great ,protestant societies whose headquarters are in ,new ,york1 receive about #b1gjj1jjj annually4 #f1jjj1jjj were distributed among the families of soldiers during the late war4 ,beside these rough estimates of the vast sums expended by great public organizations1 there is no counting the amount of individual contributions1 often on a large scale1 to colleges1 etc41 and the sums expended in benevolent works by private societies or individuals4 ,footnote #fj3 ,this includes also ,catholic schools and colleges4 ,the estimate is too small1 however1 and another gives #bjf1jjj as the number going to school4 #che ,there can be no doubt that the people of ,new ,york1 possessing means1 are a very liberal and philanthropic class4 ,that there is still remaining a great deal of evangelical religious zeal and activity is also manifest4 ,nevertheless1 it cannot be denied that the influence of the old1 orthodox ,protestant tradition has remarkably diminished1 and that the minority of nominal ,protestants have lapsed into a state of indifference to positive ,christianity4 ,we doubt if #be1jjj men can be found in the city who sincerely profess to believe the tenets common to what are called the evangelical churches2 and of these but a small fraction adhere intelligently to the distinctive doctrines of any one sect2 e4g41 the ,protestant ,episcopal1 or ,presbyterian4 ,the remainder have a general belief in the truth of ,protestant ,christianity1 more or less vague1 with a great disposition to consider positive doctrines as matters of indifference4 ,outside the communion list of the different churches1 we believe the general sentiment to be1 among the educated1 that ,christianity is a very useful1 moral institution1 containing substantially all the truth which can be known respecting ultra-mundane things1 but without any final authority over the reason1 and completely subject to the criticism of science4 ,among the uneducated1 we believe that negative unbelief1 and a supine indifference to everything beside material interests1 prevails4 ,we will not attempt to assign causes or reasons for it2 but the fact is evident4 ,a vast mass of the population is completely outside of the influence of any religious body1 or any class of religious teachers professing to expound revealed truths concerning ,god and the future life4 ,moreover1 the traditional belief in revealed truths is much weaker in the young and rising generation1 even of those brought up under positive religious instruction1 than it is in the present adult generation4 ,there appears to be no tangible1 palpable reason for thinking that ,protestant ,christianity1 under any form1 is in a condition to revive its former sway2 to keep what it retains1 or to recover what it has lost4 ,the mere lack of church accommodation will not account for this1 and if at once this lack were remedied1 it would not change it materially4 ,for1 in those places which are furnished with a superabundance of churches1 the same undermining of religious belief is going on4 ,the fact that the most respectable ,protestant publishers make no scruple of republishing the works of such writers as ,renan and ,colenso1 and that these books are read with such avidity1 indicates the way the current is setting4 ,what the result of all this will be1 is a matter for very serious consideration4 ,our political1 civil1 and moral order is founded on ,christianity4 ,the old ,christian tradition has been the principle of the interior life of the nation4 ,take away positive ,christian belief1 and the moral principles which are universally acknowledged are still only a residuum of the old religion4 ,the spirit of ,christianity survives partly in civilization as its vital principle4 ,how long a certain political and social order may continue after faith has died out1 we cannot say4 ,we cannot but think1 however1 that a disintegrating principle begins to work as soon as religious belief begins to die out4 ,there is nothing1 therefore1 more destructive to the temporal well-being of men1 than the spread of sceptical and infidel principles4 ,merely from this point of view1 therefore1 the decay of religious belief and earnestness ought to be deplored as the greatest of evils1 and one for which no advance in physical science or material prosperity can compensate4 ,what the moral fruits already produced by this decay are1 and what the prospects are for the future in this direction1 we leave our readers to gather from the perusal of the secular papers2 and it may be estimated from the cry of alarm which is from time to time forced from them1 as new and startling developments of the progress in vice and criminality are made4 #chf ,we turn our attention now to the ,catholic population of the city1 and the religious institutions under the control of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,catholic population is variously estimated at from #cjj1jjj to #djj1jjj4 ,as no census has been taken1 all estimates must be merely approximate4 ,one way in which an estimate may be made1 is by taking the returns of the census giving the total population of foreign birth1 and getting the proportion of ,catholics to non-,catholics among the various nationalities4 ,some probable estimate of the native-born ,catholics must then be made and added to the number of foreign-born4 ,in #ahfj the number of inhabitants of foreign birth was #chc1gag1 out of a total of #hac1ffi4 ,if we suppose that the foreign-born population has increased to #dfj1jjj1 it seems not improbable that the ,catholic proportion of it1 with the home-born ,catholics added1 will reach the total of #djj1jjj4 ,another basis of calculation is the ratio of baptisms to the whole population4 ,a register is kept with the utmost exactness in each parish1 and the result transmitted once a year to the chancery1 where it is entered in the diocesan record4 ,we are furnished1 therefore1 with an authentic census of births from ,catholic parents each year1 and if the exact multiplier could be ascertained by which to multiply this number1 we should reach a certain result4 ,it can only be conjectured1 however1 with more or less probability1 and varies in different localities remarkably according to the character of the population4 ,the baptisms for one year are #ah1jjj4 ,multiply the number by #cc1 as is usually done in making the estimates of the general census1 and you have #eid1jjj4 ,this number is too large1 however4 ,if we take #bj1 it gives us #cfj1jjj2 #be1 #dej1jjj4 ,we do not profess to come any nearer than this to an estimate of the actual ,catholic population4 ,the two conjectural calculations1 compared with each other1 appear to settle the point that it is1 as we have already stated1 between #cjj1jjj and #djj1jjj4 ,the number of churches is #cb1 or one to from #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj people2 and the number of priests #ic1 or one to about #d1jjj people4 ,in the lower section1 embracing the first seven wards1 there are five churches3 ,st4 ,peter's in the ,third ward1 ,st4 ,james's in the ,fourth1 ,st4 ,andrew's and ,transfiguration in the ,sixth1 and ,st4 ,teresa's in the ,seventh4 ,these churches furnish nearly three times as much accommodation as the ,protestant churches in the same district4 ,it must be remembered that the capacity of a ,catholic church includes standing room as well as sittings1 and must be multiplied by the number of masses4 ,a church which will hold1 when crowded1 #b1jjj persons1 and where four masses are celebrated1 will accommodate #h1jjj on one ,sunday2 and1 considering the causes which keep many from attending church regularly1 #ab1jjj different individuals who attend regularly or occasionally4 ,one of these churches1 ,st4 ,teresa's1 is a very fine building of stone1 which was purchased about four years ago from the ,presbyterians1 and was called in former times the ,rutgers street ,presbyterian church4 ,no ,catholic church in the lower part of the city has ever been closed1 or moved up town1 with the exception of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul's4 ,the middle district has nine churches3 ,st4 ,alphonsus' in the ,eighth ward 7,german and ,english71 ,st4 ,joseph's in the ,ninth1 ,st ,bridget's in the ,eleventh1 ,st4 ,mary's in the ,thirteenth1 ,st4 ,patrick's in the ,fourteenth1 ,st4 ,ann's in the ,fifteenth1 ,holy ,redeemer 7,german71 ,st4 ,nicholas's 7,german71 ,nativity1 in the ,seventeenth4 ,below ,fourteenth street we have1 therefore1 fourteen churches1 most of them very large1 surrounded by a dense ,catholic population1 and crowded with overflowing congregations4 ,a very large proportion of our ,catholic population is in this part of the city4 #chg ,between ,fourteenth and ,eighty-sixth streets we have fifteen churches3 ,st4 ,columba's and ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul's 7,french7 in the ,sixteenth ward1 ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's and the ,immaculate ,conception in the ,eighteenth1 ,st4 ,francis's 7,german71 ,st4 ,john ,baptist's 7,german71 and ,st4 ,michael's in the ,twentieth1 ,st4 ,stephen's and ,st4 ,gabriel's in the ,twenty-first1 ,holy ,cross1 ,assumption 7,german71 and ,st4 ,paul's in the ,twenty-second1 ,st4 ,boniface's1 ,st4 ,john's1 and ,st4 ,lawrence's in the ,nineteenth4 ,above ,eighty-sixth street we have ,st4 ,paul's1 ,harlem1 and the ,annunciation and ,st4 ,joseph's 7,german71 ,manhattanville4 ,footnote #fa ,footnote #fa3 ,of these churches1 ,st4 ,teresa's1 ,immaculate ,conception ,st4 ,michael's1 ,st4 ,gabriel's1 ,st4 ,boniface's1 ,assumption1 ,st4 ,paul's1 and ,st4 ,joseph's 7,german71 are comparatively new2 and a very large cathedral1 capable of containing #aj1jjj persons is building4 ,st4 ,stephen's is also being enlarged to a capacity of #e1jjj1 and a church has been purchased for the ,italians4 ,after the old ,catholic fashion of jamming and crowding1 all these churches might allow somewhere near #bjj1jjj persons1 or two-thirds of the adult ,catholic population1 to hear mass on any one ,sunday1 if they should all attempt to do so on the same day4 ,judging by the way churches are crowded1 we would suppose that more than two-thirds attend occasionally2 and of those who do not1 the majority neglect it through poverty1 discouragement1 indolence1 and a careless habit1 or some other reason which does not imply loss of faith4 ,as to confessions and communions1 they flow in a ceaseless stream throughout the year1 as if the paschal time were perpetual4 ,in cachone of our churches there are from #ajj to #ejj communions every week1 and a much greater number on the principal festivals4 ,probably the usual number of communions in the city1 on any ,sunday taken at random1 is not short of #e1jjj4 ,at least #h1jjj children receive first communion and confirmation every year2 and from #dj1jjj to #ej1jjj are instructed every week in the catechism1 the ,sunday schools varying in their numbers from #ejj to #b1ejj4 ,the ,catholic population is increasing at the rate of at least #bj1jjj a year4 ,new ,york is now about the fourth city in the world in ,catholic population1 and bids fair1 in a few years1 to rank next to ,paris in this respect4 ,the ,catholic institutions for education1 strictly within the city limits1 are3 #a4 ,two colleges1 ,st4 ,francis ,xavier's and ,manhattan colleges1 the first conducted by ,jesuits1 and the second by ,christian ,brothers4 #b4 ,two academies for boys and twelve for girls4 #c4 ,twenty-one parochial schools for boys1 and twenty for girls1 the whole containing about #ad1jjj pupils4 ,there are other very large and fine establishments in the vicinity of ,new ,york1 practically belonging to the city1 but not within its limits4 ,there are #d orphan asylums1 a protectory for the reception of vagrant children in two departments1 male and female1 which is out of town1 another for servant girls out of place1 a very fine industrial school for girls1 #b hospitals1 #d religious communities of men2 and #aa of women4 ,the most numerous of these religious congregations are the ,jesuits and the ,sisters of ,charity2 the former having in the diocese #ci fathers1 beside numerous members of inferior grade1 and the latter #ccc sisters and #ci different establishments4 ,in every sense except as regards municipal government1 ,brooklyn1 which is on the other side of ,east ,river1 is a part of ,new ,york2 and there we have another diocese of immense proportions1 with another great congeries of ,catholic institutions4 ,on the opposite side of the town1 and on the ,jersey shore of the ,hudson1 the churches of ,jersey ,city1 which is remarkably advanced in ,catholic institutions1 are plainly visible4 ,our object in this article has been to give a general idea of the provision made for the religious wants of the mass of the population in the city of ,new ,york4 #chh ,in spite of the uncertainty of the estimates and statistics we have given in regard to exact numbers1 it is plain that this provision is very inadequate2 that a vast mass of our population is unprovided for or totally indifferent2 that the orthodox ,protestant societies have lost to a great extent their influence over the mass of the population1 and that a great body of practically heathen people has been gradually forming and accumulating in the very bosom of our social system4 ,where are we to look for a remedy to this state of things8 ,it is necessary to our political and social well-being that crime and vice should be restrained1 that the mass of the people should be instructed and formed in virtue1 taught sobriety1 chastity1 honesty1 obedience to law1 fidelity to their obligations1 and universal morality4 ,soldiers1 policemen1 prisons1 poor-laws1 and all extrinsic means of this kind are insufficient preventives or remedies for the disorders caused by a prevalence of vice and immorality4 ,they will burst all these bonds1 and disrupt society1 if not checked in their principle4 ,can liberal ,christians1 philanthropists1 philosophers1 political economists1 and our wealthy1 well-informed gentlemen of property1 who have thrown away their ,bibles1 and who sneer at all positive revelation1 indicate to us a remedy8 ,can they apply it8 ,is it in their power1 by scientific lectures1 by elegant moral discourses1 by material improvements1 by societies1 by laws1 by any means whatever1 to tame1 control1 civilize1 reform1 make gentle1 virtuous1 conscientious1 this lawless multitude8 ,can they give us incorruptible legislators1 faithful magistrates1 honest men of business1 a virtuous commonalty8 ,can they create truth1 honor1 and magnanimity1 patriotism1 chastity1 filial obedience1 domestic happiness1 integrity8 ,if not1 then give them their way1 let their doctrines prevail1 throw away faith in a positive revelation1 and they will not be safe in their houses4 ,the rogues will hang the honest men1 and might will be the only right4 ,one of the leaders of the party has not hesitated to avow that the prevalence of his principles would necessarily produce a social and moral chaos of disorder1 before mankind could learn in a rational way that their true happiness lies in intellectual and moral cultivation4 ,what has the sect of the philosophers ever done yet to produce virtue and morality in the mass of mankind8 ,what can they do now8 ,they cannot even reproduce what was good in heathenism1 for that was due to an imperfect and corrupted tradition of the ancient revelation1 and the influence of the sophists tended to destroy even that4 ,our modern sophists act on the same principle1 and are busily at work to destroy the ,christian tradition of faith1 and with it the principle which vitalizes ,christian civilization4 ,can orthodox ,protestantism recover its ancient sway1 and reproduce a state of religions belief and moral virtue equal to that which once prevailed8 ,we would like to have them prove their ability to do so1 and show that they have even made a fair beginning toward recovering their lost ground4 ,we leave them to do what they can1 and to try out their experiment to the end on the non-,catholic majority of our population4 ,if their intelligence1 wealth1 zeal1 and prestige of position were thrown into the defence of the common cause of ,christian revelation by union with the ,catholic ,church1 the victory would be certain4 ,unbelief and indifferentism could never make any stand against a united ,christianity1 in a population so full of religions reminiscences and predilections1 and so susceptible to persuasive logic and genuine eloquence1 as our own4 ,the ,christian cause is weakened by its divisions1 and by the political and social schisms which are bred by the schisms in religion4 ,not only those who are separated from the common trunk of the ,catholic ,church suffer from the separation1 but the trunk itself suffers and is mutilated by the loss4 #chi ,the ,catholic ,church cannot do her work completely where the majority of those who prefer ,christianity are opposed to her1 especially when this majority includes the greater part of the more elevated classes4 ,it is evident1 nevertheless1 that the ,catholic ,church in ,new ,york has done a great work in our population1 and has a great work to do4 ,we have much more than one-third of the whole population1 and the majority of the laboring class1 and of the poor people1 on our hands4 ,the ,catholic clergy alone possess a powerful and extensive religions sway over the masses of the people4 ,the poor are emphatically here1 as they have been always and everywhere1 our inheritance4 ,nearly all that has been done1 and is now doing1 in an efficacious manner and on a large scale1 for the religions welfare of the populace1 is the work of our priesthood and their coadjutors4 ,it is impossible to estimate the benefit to society in a political1 social1 and moral point of view1 accruing from the influence and exertions of the ,catholic clergy4 ,this is persistently denied by a certain class of writers1 who never do justice to the ,catholic ,church except under compulsion4 ,one of them1 writing in one of our principal weeklies1 recently qualified the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 whose growth and progress he could not ignore1 as a mere empty shell without any moral life or power4 ,he accused the ,catholic clergy of not exercising that moral influence in the country at large which they ought to exercise1 and have exercised in other times and places4 ,what a change of base this is6 ,but now1 the ,catholic religion was a kind of embodied spirit of evil1 and her ministers had to vindicate their title to the rank of men and ,christians4 ,religion1 morality1 liberty1 happiness1 would be swept from the country if they were not exterminated6 ,now1 forsooth1 we are gravely asked why we do not exert a greater influence for promoting the general well-being of the country8 ,the truth is1 that the influence of the ,catholic clergy on the people at large has until now been a cipher4 ,they have had no recognized position1 and have been counted for nothing1 except so far as certain individuals have commanded a personal respect4 ,there is1 moreover1 a great amount of sham and trumpet-blowing about the great moral demonstrations of the day4 ,the ,catholic clergy have not chosen to meddle with questions which were none of their business1 or to parade and speechify on platforms or at anniversaries4 ,they have enough to do in looking after the immediate and pressing spiritual and temporal wants of their own people4 ,and in doing this they prevent and reform more vice1 produce more solid morality1 and work more effectually for the well-being of their fellow-men1 than could be done by the best devised philanthropic schemes4 ,one mission in a city congregation1 one paschal-time with its labor in the confessional1 will do more to uproot drunkenness1 dishonesty1 and licentiousness1 or to hinder these upas-trees from striking root in virgin soil1 than our amateur philanthropists could describe if they were all to write and lecture on the subject for a year4 ,the one great1 palpable fact which confronts us on every side is1 that the religious and moral education of nearly one-half our population is in the hands of the ,catholic ,church1 and that the well-being of our commonwealth depends1 therefore1 to a great degree on the thorough fulfilment of this task4 ,it is evident that we have enough to do in making provision for our vast and increasing ,catholic population1 to employ all the energies and resources which can possibly be brought into play1 both by the clergy and the laity4 ------ #cij ,translated from ,le ,correspondant ,a ,,pretended ,,dervish ,,in ,,turkestan4 ,,by ,,mile ,,jonveaux4 ,,iv4 ,the next day the hadjis assembled in the court of the monastery in which they had resided since arriving in ,khiva4 ,the caravan1 thanks to the generosity of the faithful1 presented a very different appearance from that which it offered at its arrival4 ,they were no more those ragged beggars1 covered with sand and dust1 whose pious sufferings the multitude had admired2 every pilgrim had the head enveloped in a thick turban as white as snow1 the haversacks were full1 and even the poorest had a little ass for the journey4 ,it was ,monday1 toward the close of the day1 relates our traveller1 that making an end of our benedictions1 and tearing ourselves with difficulty from the passionate embraces of the crowd1 we left ,khiva by the gate ,urgendi4 ,many devotees in the excess of their seal followed us more than a league2 they shed many tears1 and cried despairingly1 ',when will our city have the happiness again to shelter so many saints8' ,seated upon my donkey1 ,i was overwhelmed with their too lively demonstrations of sympathy1 when happily for me1 the animal1 fatigued by so many embraces1 lost patience and started off at a grand gallop4 ,i did not think it proper at first to moderate his ardor2 only when at a considerable distance from my inconvenient admirers ,i endeavored to slacken somewhat his pace4 ,but my long-eared hippogriff had taken a fancy to the course2 my opposition only vexed him1 and he testified his ill-humor in noisy complaints which displayed the extent and richness of his voice1 but which ,i could have preferred to hear at a distance4 ,the travellers1 after a day's march1 encamped on the bank of the ,oxus1 which they wished to cross at this point4 ,the river1 swollen by the melting of the snows1 becomes so wide in the spring that one can hardly see the opposite bank4 ,the yellow waves1 hurried rapidly along1 contrast with the verdure of the trees and cultivated lands which extend as far as eye can reach4 ,toward the north1 a mountain--,oveis-,karaine--is defined like an immense cloud upon the azure sky4 ,the passage of the ,oxus1 begun in the morning1 lasted till sunset4 ,it would not have required so long a time1 but the current carried the voyagers into the midst of little arms from which it was necessary afterward to ascend or re-descend1 and this accident occurred every few paces4 ,the transportation of the donkeys1 which it was necessary now to put upon land1 and again to gather into the boats1 was1 as one may imagine1 a prodigious labor4 ,we were reduced1 says our traveller1 to carry them in our arms like so many babies1 and ,i laugh yet when ,i think of the singular figure of one of our companions1 named ,hadji ,yakaub4 ,he had taken his monture upon his back1 and while he tenderly pressed the legs to his bosom1 the poor animal1 all trembling1 tried to hide his head upon the shoulder of the pilgrim4 #cia ,the caravan followed the banks of the ,oxus for many days1 or rather during many nights1 for the heat was so great that it was impossible to travel until sunset4 ,the pale light of the moon gave to the landscape something fantastic2 the long file of camels and travellers extended itself in tortuous folds upon the flinty soil1 the waters of the river flowing slowly with a mournful noise1 and beyond extended afar the formidable desert of ,tartary4 ,this district1 which bears the name of ,toyeboyun 7camel's back71 no doubt on account of the curves described by the ,oxus1 is inhabited at certain seasons of the year by the ,kirghiz1 a nomad people among the nomads4 ,a woman to whom ,vambry made some remarks on the subject of this vagabond existence1 replied laughing1 ,oh1 certainly6 one never sees us1 like you other mollahs1 remain days and weeks sitting in the same place2 man is made for movement4 ,see6 the sun1 the moon1 the stars1 the animals1 the fish1 the birds1 everything moves in this world2 only death remains motionless4 ,as she finished these words1 the cry was heard1 ,the wolf6 the wolf6 ,the shepherdess cut short her philosophical dissertation to fly to the assistance of her flock1 and made so good a use of voice and gesture1 that the ferocious beast took flight1 carrying with him only the beautiful fat tail of one of the sheep4 ,the ,kirghiz are very numerous in central ,asia2 they inhabit the immense prairies situated between ,siberia1 ,china1 ,turkestan1 and the ,caspian sea2 but it is difficult to compute their number4 ,ask them a question on this subject1 and they will reply emphatically1 ,count first the sands of the desert1 then you will be able to number the ,kirghiz4 ,their wandering habits have secured them against all authority1 and ,europeans are in an error when they believe them to be subject to the government of ,russia or that of the ,celestial ,empire4 ,none of these nations have ever exercised the least power over the ,kirghiz2 they send1 it is true1 officers charged to left taxes among them1 but the nomads regard these functionaries as the chiefs of a vast foray1 and they only admire how1 instead of despoiling them of everything1 they content themselves with levying upon them only a slight tax4 ,revolutions have often changed the face of the world1 the inhabitants of the desert have remained the same for thousands of years2 singular types of savage virtue and vice1 they offer today a faithful image of the ancient ,turani4 ,the pilgrims were anticipating with delight the end of their journey2 only six or eight stages remained1 when one morning at break of day1 two men almost naked approached the caravan1 crying in suppliant tones3 ,a morsel of bread1 for the love of ,god6 ,every one hastened to assist them1 and when food had somewhat restored their strength1 they informed the dervishes that1 surprised by a band of ,cossacks1 ataman ,tekke1 they had lost baggage1 clothes1 provisions1 and were only too happy not to have lost their lives4 ,the brigands1 one hundred and fifty in number1 were planning a raid upon the troops of ,kirghiz camped upon the banks of the ,oxus3 ,fly1 then1 or hide yourselves1 added the men1 or else you will meet them in a few hours1 and in spite of your sacred character1 these bandits without faith or law will abandon you in the ,khalata1 after robbing you of all you possess4 ,the kervanbashi1 who had already been pillaged twice1 no sooner heard the words ,tekke and ataman than he gave the order to beat a retreat4 ,consequently after having rested the animals a short time and filled their bottles1 the hadjis1 casting a look of inexpressible regret upon the tranquil banks of the ,oxus1 made their way toward those frightful solitudes which had already swallowed up so many caravans4 ,they advanced in perfect silence1 not to arouse their enemies2 the step of the camels upon the dusty soil returned no sound1 and very soon the shades of night enveloped them4 #cib ,toward midnight all the pilgrims were obliged to dismount and walk1 because the animals buried themselves to the knees in the sand4 ,it was a severe trial for ,vambry2 his infirmity doubled the fatigue of a tramp over a moving ground1 in the midst of a continuous chain of little hills1 therefore he hailed with joy the point designated for the morning station4 ,the place1 however1 bore a name little calculated to inspire confidence4 ,adamkyrylgan 7the place where men perish7 justified in appearance its sinister appellation4 ,as far as the eye could reach1 extended only a sea of sand1 which1 on one side raising itself in hills like furious waves1 still bore the visible imprint of the tempest1 and on the other resembled a tranquil lake hardly ruffled by a light breeze4 ,not a bird traversed the air1 not an animal1 not an insect gave an appearance of life to this desolate spot4 ,far and near were seen only the blanched bones of men and camels1 frightful witnesses of the disasters caused by the ,tebbad or fever-wind1 which from time to time poured upon the desert its burning breath4 ,the travellers were not pursued2 the ,tekkes themselves1 bold cavaliers1 hesitated to penetrate the ,khalata4 ,according to the calculation of the kervanbashi1 six days' journey at most separated the caravan from ,bokhara2 the bottles being well filled1 the pilgrims hoped they should not suffer from thirst2 they had not counted upon the burning sun of the dog-days1 which evaporated the precious liquid4 ,in vain1 to escape from this cursed region1 they endeavored to double the hours of march2 many camel died of fatigue1 and the water diminished all the more rapidly4 ,at last two hadjis1 exhausted by privations1 became so ill that it was necessary to bind them upon their donkeys with cords1 for they were unable to hold themselves up4 ,water6 ,water6 they murmured in dying accents4 ,alas1 their best friends refused to sacrifice for them the least swallow of this liquid1 each drop of which represented an hour of life2 so1 on the fourth day1 when the pilgrims reached ,medemin ,bulag1 one of these unhappy men was released by death from the cruel tortures of thirst4 ,his palate had assumed a grayish tint1 his tongue had become black1 the lips like parchment and the open mouth displaying the naked teeth4 ,horrible to relate1 the father hides from the son1 brother from brother1 the provision of water which would relieve his torture6 ,under any other proof1 these men would1 perhaps1 have shown themselves generous and devoted1 but thirst drives from the heart every sentiment of compassion4 ,vambry soon experienced himself its terrible effects4 ,he managed with the parsimony of a miser the contents of his bottle1 until he perceived with fright a black point formed upon the middle of his tongue4 ,then1 blinking to save his life1 he swallowed at once half the water which he had left4 ,the fire which devoured him became more violent toward the morning of the fifth day1 the pains in the head increased1 and he felt his strength failing him4 ,meanwhile1 they approached the mountains of ,khalata1 the sand became less deep1 all eyes eagerly sought the tracks of a flock1 or the hut of a shepherd2 in this instant the kervanbashi called the attention of the pilgrims to a cloud of dust which rose at the horizon1 warning them to lose not a moment in dismounting from their camels4 ,the poor animals1 relates ,vambry1 felt the approach of the ,tebbad4 ,uttering a doleful cry1 they threw themselves upon their knees1 extended their long necks upon the ground1 and endeavored to hide their heads in the sand4 ,we sheltered ourselves near them as behind a wall2 hardly were we upon the ground when the tempest broke over us with a sullen roar1 leaving us the moment after1 covered with a thick coat of dust4 ,when this rain of sand enveloped me1 it seemed to me burning like fire4 ,if we had been attacked by this tempest two days before in the midst of the desert1 we must all have perished4 #cic ,the air had become of an overwhelming weight2 ,i could not have remounted my camel without the aid of my companions2 ,i suffered intolerable pains1 of which no words can give the least idea4 ,in face of other perils1 courage had now left me1 but in this moment ,i felt broken down1 my head ached so that ,i could not think1 and a heavy sleep overcame me4 ,on awaking1 ,i found myself lying in a hut of clay1 surrounded by long-bearded men whom ,i recognized as ,iranians4 ,they were1 in fact1 ,persian slaves sent into the desert to watch the flocks of their master2 these brave fellows made ,vambry swallow a warm drink1 and1 soon after1 a beverage composed of sour milk1 water1 and salt1 which soon restored his strength4 ,before quitting the ,sunnite pilgrims1 in whom they must have recognized the bitterest enemies of their race1 the poor prisoners shared with them their slender provision of water1 an act of meritorious charity which without doubt was regarded with complacency by the ,god of mercy who is the ,father of all4 ,the caravan at last reached ,bokhara1 the most important city of central ,asia1 but which preserves to-day few traces of its ancient grandeur4 ,still1 it possesses fine monasteries and colleges which rival those of ,samarcand4 ,these schools1 founded at a great expense and sustained by great sacrifices1 have given ,europeans a high idea of ,asiatic learning2 but it must be remembered1 they are controlled by a blind fanaticism4 ,the exclusive spirit of the ,bokhariots restricts singularly the circle of studies1 all instruction turning upon the precepts of the ,koran and religious casuistry4 ,we do not find to-day a single disciple who occupies himself with history or poetry2 if any one were tempted to do it1 he would be obliged to conceal it1 for attention given to subjects so frivolous would be considered a proof of weakness of mind4 ,vambry and his companions found asylum in a ,tekki or convent1 a vast square building1 of which the forty cells opened upon a court planted with fine trees4 ,the ,khalfa1 or reverend abbot1 as our ,hungarian traveller calls him1 was a man of agreeable exterior and gentle and published manners4 ,he received ,vambry most graciously1 and the two interlocutors opened a pompous1 subtle conversation1 full of reticence and mental reserves1 which charmed the good ,khalfa and gave him also the highest opinion of his new guest2 so from his arrival in ,bokhara1 our traveller acquired a great reputation for learning and sanctity4 ,the next day1 accompanied by ,hadji ,bilal1 he went out to see the city4 ,the streets and houses of this noble city are chiefly remarkable for their slovenly appearance and ruinous condition4 ,after having crossed the public squares1 where they went up to the ankles in a blackish dust1 the two friends arrived at the bazaar which was filled with a noisy and busy crowd4 ,these establishments by no means equal those of ,persia in extent and magnificence1 but the mingling of races1 of costumes and habits1 forms a bizarre spectacle which captivates the eye of a stranger4 ,persians1 their heads wrapped in their large blue or white turbans1 according to the class to which they belong1 jostle the savage ,tartar1 the ,kirghiz with his slouching gait1 the ,indian with his yellow and repulsive face1 bearing upon the forehead the red brand1 and1 finally1 the ,jew1 who preserves here1 more than anywhere else1 his distinctive type1 his noble features1 his deep-sunk eyes1 where an astute intelligence glitters4 ,here and there we meet also a ,turcoman1 easily recognized by his proud mien and bold glance2 motionless before the shops of the merchants1 they think perhaps of the precious booty which the riches displayed before them will furnish for their forays4 ,the pilgrims received everywhere marks of enthusiastic sympathy2 the foreign appearance of ,vambry excited particular admiration4 ,what #cid faith he must have1 said one1 to come from ,constantinople to ,bokhara1 and endure the fatigue of a journey through the great ,desert1 in order to meditate at the tomb of ,baveddin6 ,footnote #fb ,without doubt1 replied another1 but we also go to ,mecca1 the holy city by eminence1 and in order to accomplish this pilgrimage we leave our business1 and endure1 ,i should think1 quite enough fatigue4 ,these people1 and he pointed his finger at ,vambry1 have no business to occupy them2 their whole life is consecrated to exercises of piety and to visiting the tombs of the saints4--,bravo1 very well imagined6 thought our traveller1 while he cast glances which he tried to render indifferent1 upon the display of ,russian and other ,european goods exposed for sale2 he often had great difficulty in repressing an imprudent emotion when he saw articles of merchandise bearing the stamp of ,manchester or ,birmingham4 ,quickly turning his head for fear of betraying himself1 he fixed his attention upon the products of the soil and of native industry1 examined a fine cotton fabric called ,aladja1 where two colors alternate in narrow stripes1 silken stuffs1 rich and various1 from the elegant handkerchief as thin as the lightest gauze1 to the heavy atres1 which falls in large luxurious folds4 ,leathers play an important part in ,bokharist manufactures1 the shoemakers of the country make of them long boots for both sexes2 but the shops towards which the people pressed most eagerly were those of the clothes-merchant1 where ready-made garments strike the eye by their dazzling colors1 for ,bokhara is the ,paris of central ,asia1 regarded by the ,turcomen as the centre of elegance4 ,footnote #fb3 ,an ascetic celebrated throughout ,islam1 founder of the order of the ,nakishbendi1 to which the ,hungarian traveller pretended to belong4 ,when he had sufficiently contemplated this curious tableau1 ,vambry asked ,hadji ,bilal to take him to a place where he might rest and refresh himself2 and the two friends went together to a place called ,lebi ,hanz ,divanbeghi7quay of the reservoir of ,divanbeghi71 where all the fashionables of the city collect4 ,in the middle of the square is a reservoir one hundred feet deep and eighty wide1 bordered with cubic stones forming a stair of eight steps to the water's edge4 ,all around magnificent elms shade the inevitable tea-shop1 and the colossal samovar1 not less inevitable1 invites every passer-by to take a cup of the boiling liquid4 ,on three sides of the square1 little stalls1 sheltered by bamboo matting1 display to the eye bread1 fruits1 confectionery1 hot and cold meats4 ,the fourth side takes the form of a terrace1 and close by rises the mosque ,mesdjidi ,divanbeghi1 ,before the doors are planted a number of trees1 under which the dervishes and meddah 7popular orators7 recount to the wondering crowd1 the exploits of heroes1 or the holy deeds of the prophets4 ,just as ,vambry arrived1 the ,nakishbendis crossed the square1 making their daily procession4 ,never shall ,i forget1 says our traveller1 the impression which these wild enthusiasts made upon me3 their heads covered with pointed hats1 with flowing hair1 and long staves in their hands1 they danced a round like the orgies of witches1 yelling sacred songs1 of which their chief1 an old man with a gray beard1 intoned alone the first strophe4 ,the secret inquisition established in ,bokhara began very soon to annoy ,vambry in spite of his reputation for sanctity4 ,spies sent by the government came almost every day1 upon one pretext or another1 to open with the stranger conversations which always turned upon ,europeans1 their diabolical artifices1 and the chastisements which had punished the audacity of many of them4 ,they hoped that some imprudent word would drop to justify their suspicions1 but the ,european was too much on his guard to be caught2 he listened at first with patience1 and then affecting an air of contemptuous indifference1 ,i left ,constantinople1 said he1 to get away from these #cie cursed ,europeans1 who1 no doubt1 owe their arts and sciences to the demon4 ,now1 ,allah be praised6 ,i am in ,bokhara1 and ,i don't want to be troubled with thinking about them4 ,the emir was then absent2 the minister who directed the inquest1 seeing that his emissaries were completely foiled1 resolved to make the stranger appear before a tribunal composed of onlemas1 where his orthodoxy would be scrupulously examined4 ,he had1 in fact1 to sustain a running fire of embarrassing questions which would be sure some day to pierce his incognito4 ,fortunately1 he perceived the snare in time1 and changing his character1 took himself the part of questioner4 ,urged by a pious zeal1 he consulted the learned doctors on the most minute cases of conscience1 wished to know the differences1 often imperceptible1 between the ,farz and the ,sunnet1 precepts of obligation1 and the ,tadjib and the ,mustahab1 simple religious counsels4 ,this artifice had complete success2 many an obscure text furnished material for an animated discussion1 in which ,vambry never lost an occasion of making a pompous eulogium of the ,bokharist oulemas1 and loudly proclaiming their superiority4 ,then the judges1 gained to his cause1 told the minister that he had committed a grave mistake4 ,hadji ,reschid was a very distinguished mollah1 well prepared to receive the divine inspiration1 precious heritage of the saints4 ,vambry1 free henceforth from all fear1 could study at leisure the character and aptitudes of the people of ,bokhara4 ,this city1 which is1 according to him1 the ,home of ,islam1 since ,mecca and ,medina represent ,jerusalem1 is not a little proud of its religious supremacy4 ,though it recognizes the spiritual authority of the ,sultan1 it does not1 like ,khiva1 blindly submit to it1 and it hardly pardons the emperor for permitting himself to be corrupted by the detestable influence of ,europeans4 ,our traveller1 in his supposed quality of ,turk1 was frequently obliged to defend ,constantinople from the reproaches addressed to him3 ,why1 demanded1 for example1 the fervent ,bokharists1--why does not the sultan put to death all the ,europeans who live in his states8 why does he not ordain every year a holy war against the unbelievers8 ,or again3 ,why do not the ,turks wear the turban and the long robe which the law prescribes8 ,is not this a frightful sin8 and also1 why have they not the long beard and short moustache which the ,prophet wore8 ,the emir ,mozaffar ed ,din watches carefully over the maintenance of the sacred doctrines4 ,every city has its ,res or guardian of religion1 who1 whip in hand1 runs through the streets and public squares1 interrogating every one he meets upon the precepts of ,islam4 ,woe to the unhappy passenger taken in the flagrant crime of ignorance3 if it were a gray-headed old man he is also1 all business ceasing1 sent for a fortnight to the benches of the school4 ,a discipline equally rigorous1 obliges every one to go to the mosques at the hour of prayer4 ,finally1 the espionage of the ,res does not stop at the threshold of the private dwelling1 and in the privacy of his family a ,bokharist takes care not to omit the least rite1 or even to pronounce the name of the emir without adding the sacramental formula1 ,may ,allah give him a hundred and twenty years of life6 ,it needs not to say that all joy and gaiety are banished from social life1 except the momentary animation of the bazaar4 ,bokhara presents a sad and monotonous aspect4 ,during the day1 every one fears perpetually to find himself in the presence of a spy2 in the evening1 two hours after sunset1 the streets are deserted2 no one ventures to visit a friend1 the sick may perish for want of help1 for ,mozaffar ed ,din forbids any one to go out under the most severe penalties4 ,nevertheless1 this prince is generally beloved by his subjects3 he is strictly faithful to the policy of his predecessors1 but they cannot reproach #cif him with any crime1 or arbitrary or cruel act4 ,a pious and instructed ,mussulman1 he has taken for device the word justice1 and he conforms himself to it scrupulously4 ,this ,bokharist justice might appear a little summary to ,europeans1 and the war against ,khokand1 is not1 as we shall see by-and-bye1 just in the full acceptation of the word1 yet a prince of central ,asia1 educated in the bosom of the most fiery fanaticism1 must be judged with some indulgence4 ,it must be said in his praise1 that if he is sometimes lavish of the blood of his nobles1 he spares at least that of the poorer class1 so that his people have surnamed him the destroyer of elephants1 and the protector of1 mice4 ,a declared enemy of all innovation1 the emir applies himself especially to maintain the austere manners of the ancient ,bokhara4 ,the importation of articles of luxury is forbidden1 very rigorous sumptuary laws regulate not only dress1 but even the structure and furniture of the dwellings4 ,mozaffar ed ,din gives the first example of the contempt of all luxury2 he has reduced by half the number of his servants2 and one vainly seeks in his palace the least appearance of princely pomp4 ,the same simplicity resigns in the harem1 the oversight of which is intrusted to the mother and grandmother of the sovereign2 the wise direction of these two princesses merits for this sanctuary a high reputation for chastity4 ,its doors1 carefully closed to laics1 open only to the mollahs1 whose sacred breathings bring with them only happiness and piety4 ,the sultanas1 four in number1 are accustomed to the exercise of domestic virtues2 their table is frugal1 their dress modest2 they make their own garments and sometimes those of the emir1 who exercises over all expenses a minute control4 ,before quitting ,bokhara1 ,vambry wished to visit the tomb of ,baveddin1 the supposed end of his long pilgrimage4 ,this saint1 the patron of ,turkestan1 is the object of profound veneration throughout all ,asia4 ,they regard him as a second ,mohammed2 and even from the heart of ,china1 the faithful come in crowds to kiss his relics4 ,the sepulchre is in a little garden1 near which they have built a mosque2 troops of blind1 lame or paralytic beggars completely obstruct the approach4 ,in front of the mausoleum is found the famous ,stone of ,desire1 which has been much worn by the contact of the foreheads of pilgrims2 on the tomb are placed rams' horns1 a banner1 and a broom sanctified by a long service in the temple of ,mecca4 ,many times they have tried to cover all with a dome1 but ,baveddin prefers the open air1 and always after three nights the buildings are thrown down4 ,at least such is the legend1 related by the sheiks1 descendants of the saint4 ,v4 ,the two companions of ,vambry1 ,hadji ,salih and ,hadji ,bilal1 were impatient to quit ,bokhara in order to reach before winter the distant province where they lived4 ,our traveller proposed to accompany them to ,samarcand2 he wished to see this celebrated city1 and anticipating an interview with the emir1 he wished to secure for himself the support of the pilgrims4 ,the day of departure the caravan was already much reduced1 being contained entirely in two carts4 ,the ,european1 sheltered from the sun by a hanging of mats1 expected to repose comfortably in his rustic carriage1 but this illusion was soon broken4 ,the violent jolting of the vehicle threw the pilgrims every instant here and there1 now against each other1 now against the heavy wagon-frame2 their heads were beaten about like billiard-balls4 ,for the first few hours1 adds ,vambry1 ,i was literally sea-sick2 ,i suffered much more than when mounted upon the camel1 the swaying of which1 #cig resembling the rolling of a ship1 ,i had dreaded very much4 ,the travellers followed1 at first a monotonous road2 short1 stinted pastures extended everywhere to the horizon1 but nothing justified the marvellous stories of the inhabitants of the charming villages and enchanted gardens which lie between ,bokhara and ,samarcand4 ,the caravan crossed the little desert of ,chol ,melik1 and reached the next day the district of ,kermineh2 there the landscape suddenly changes1 beautiful hamlets1 grouped near each other1 offer to the eye their inns1 before which the gigantic samovar makes the traveller dream of solace and comfort2 their farms1 surrounded by rich harvests1 by prairies where magnificent cattle feed1 and by farm-yards sheltering their feathered population4 ,everything breathed life and abundance1 and ,vambry could not contemplate without emotion this smiling picture1 which recalled his fertile ,germany4 ,after a journey of five days the hadjis arrived within sight of ,samarcand4 ,thanks to the remembrances of the past1 and the distance which separates it from ,europe1 the ancient capital of ,timour excites a lively curiosity4 ,we will permit the ,hungarian traveller to describe1 himself1 this famous city4 ,let the reader1 says he1 take a seat beside me in my modest carriage4 ,he will perceive toward the east a high mountain1 the cupola-like summit of which is crowned by a small edifice2 there reposes ,chobanata1 the venerated patron of shepherds4 ,below extends the city4 ,its circumference nearly equals that of ,teheran1 but it must be much less populous1 for the houses are much more scattered2 on the other hand its ruins and public monuments give it an air more grand and imposing4 ,the eye is first attracted by four lofty dome-like buildings1 which are the midresses or colleges4 ,further on we perceive a small1 guttering dome1 then toward the south another1 larger and more majestic2 the first is the tomb1 the second the mosque of ,timour4 ,just in front of us1 at the extreme southwest of the city1 rises on a hill the citadel 7,ark71 itself surrounded by temples and sepulchres1 which define themselves against the blue sky4 ,if now we imagine all this intermingled with gardens of the most luxuriant vegetation1 we shall have an idea of ,samarcand4 ,a feeble and imperfect idea1 it is true1 for the ,persian proverb justly says ',it is one thing to see and another to hear4' ,alas6 why must we add that in entering this city all this prestige vanishes1 and gives place to a bitter disappointment8 ,we were obliged to cross the cemetery before reaching the inhabited quarters1 and in spite of myself1 this line of a ,persian poet1 which to-day seems tinged with a cruel irony1 came to my mind8 ,samarcand is the sun of the world4 ,the same evening ,vambry and his companions were received in a house very near the tomb of ,timour4 ,our traveller was delighted to learn that his host filled important functions near the ,emir4 ,the return of this prince1 who had just finished a victorious campaign in ,khokand1 being expected very soon1 ,hadji ,salih and ,haji ,bilal consented1 out of regard to their friend1 to prolong their stay in ,samarcand until ,vambry had obtained an audience of ,mozaffar ed ,din1 and found a caravan with which he might return to ,persia4 ,while waiting the pilgrims visited the ancient monuments of the city1 which1 in spite of its miserable appearance1 is the richest city in ,central ,asia in historical remembrances4 ,the plan of this sketch does not permit us to follow the author in the details which he gives of these remarkable buildings4 ,we only cite4 #a4 ,the summer palace of ,timour1 which preserves1 even to-day1 some vestiges of its ancient magnificence4 ,the apartment1 to which we ascend by a marble staircase of forty steps1 #cih contains rich mural paintings1 made with colored bricks1 and the pavement1 entirely of mosaic1 preserves the freshness and brilliancy of the first day4 #b4 ,the citadel1 where we admire in a vast apartment called ,timour's audience-hall1 the celebrated ,kktash 7green stone7 upon which was placed the throne of the famous conqueror4 #c4 ,the tomb of ,timour1 surmounted by a very beautiful stone of deep green1 two spans and a half wide1 ten long1 and of the thickness of six fingers4 ,not far from this a black stone shades the sepulchre of ,mir ,seid ,berke1 the spiritual director of the emir1 near whom the powerful monarch wished to be buried4 ,in the vaults of this mausoleum is preserved a copy of the ,koran written upon gazelle skin1 by the hand of ,osman1 the secretary and successor of ,mohammed4 #d4 ,the ,midusses1 of which many1 entirely abandoned1 are falling into ruin2 others1 yet flourishing1 are maintained with care4 ,the most remarkable is that of ,tillakair1 so called from its golden ornaments4 ,the new city is much smaller than the ancient capital of ,timour2 it has six gates1 and several bazaars where they sell at a very low price manufactured articles1 confessedly of ,european workmanship4 ,vambry1 without thinking1 like the ,tartars1 that ,samarcand resembles ,paradise1 still found it quite superior to other ,turcoman cities1 by the beauty of its situation1 the splendor of its monuments1 and the richness of its vegetation4 ,meanwhile1 days passed and the emir did not arrive1 the caravan which was to take ,vambry back prepared to start1 when the conqueror of ,khokand at last made his triumphant entry4 ,mozaffar ed ,din1 following the unscrupulous policy adopted in the east1 had organized a vast conspiracy against the sovereign of the rival khanat2 then hired assassins1 by his orders1 delivered him from his enemies2 and profiting by the confusion thus caused1 ,mozaffar succeeded in making himself master of the capital4 ,at this news ,samarcand burst into transports of joy1 the people considered ,mozaffar as a new ,timour1 who was about to reduce successively under his dominion1 ,china1 ,persia1 ,afghanistan1 ,india1 and ,europe2 in their warlike ardor the ,turcomen saw already the world divided between their prince and the ,sultan of ,constantinople4 ,nor must we be so much surprised that the taking of ,khokand had so greatly excited them2 this city1 four times as large1 they say1 as ,teheran1 is the capital of a powerful khanat1 which has for a long time remained in a state of perpetual hostility to the ,bokharists4 ,but one foresees that the ,russian government will soon establish peace between these two enemies1 in assuming the part of the judge in the fable4 ,it slowly pursues its end1 sows division1 and already its bayonets have subjected ,tashkend1 the most western city of ,khokand1 and equally important in a commercial and military point of view4 ,at the period when ,vambry visited ,samarcand1 the intoxication of the victory obtained by the emir dispelled all gloom2 the ,europeans and their encroachments were forgotten in the noisy rejoicings4 ,the happy return of ,mozaffar ed ,din was celebrated by a national festival1 in which rice1 mutton1 tallow1 and tea were distributed to the people with royal prodigality2 the next day1 the emir having granted his subjects a public audience1 our traveller seized the occasion to be presented4 ,accompanied by his friends the pilgrims1 he was preparing to enter the palace1 when a ,mehrem stopped him1 saying that his ,majesty desired to see the hadji of ,constantinople alone4 ,we were extremely alarmed1 relates ,vambry2 this distinction seemed to us an ill omen4 ,nevertheless1 ,i followed the officer with a firm step4 ,he introduced me into a spacious hall1 where ,i perceived the emir seated upon an ottoman1 and surrounded with books and manuscripts of all sorts4 ,i did not suffer myself to be intimidated by the cold and severe air of the #cii prince1 and after having recited a short sura1 followed by the habitual prayer for the sovereign1 ,i seated myself without asking permission near the royal person4 ,he did not appear offended1 for my character of dervish authorized this conduct1 but he fixed upon me his great black eyes with a suspicious and interrogatory air1 as if he would read to the bottom of my soul4 ,fortunately1 for a long time ,i have lost the habit of blushing1 therefore ,i sustained this scrutiny with coolness4 ,hadji1 at last the emir said to me1 you have come from ,turkey1 ,i understand1 to visit the tombs of ,baveddin and the saints of ,turkestan8 ',yes1 ,takhsir' 7,your ,majesty71 but ,i wished also to refresh myself with the sight of your divine beauty4' ',it is very strange6 how1 have you no other motive for undertaking so long a journey8' ',no1 ,takhsir2 ,i have always had an ardent desire to behold the noble ,bokhara1 the enchanting ,samarcand1 the sacred soil of which1 according to the remark of the sheikh ,djilal1 ought to be trodden with the head rather than with the feet4 ,i have beside no other business in this world1 and for a long time ,i have wandered about like a pilgrim of the universe4' ,a pilgrim of the universe6 you1 with your lame leg6' ',remember1 ,takhsir1 that your glorious ancestor ,timour1 ,footnote #fc peace be with him1 had the same infirmity1 which did not hinder him from being the conqueror of the universe4' ,footnote #fc3 ,this prince1 from whom the emirs of ,bokhara pretend to descend1 was lame1 from whence came the surname of ,timonr-leuk1 or ,timour the lame1 of which we make ,tamerlan 7,fr471 ,tamerlane 7,eng47 ,these words charmed the emir2 he addressed to me various questions relating to my journey1 asking the impression which ,bokhara and ,samarcand had made upon me4 ,my answers1 all wrapped in ,persian sentences and verses of the ,koran1 gained the confidence of the prince4 ,before dismissing me1 he gave an order to remit to me a complete suit of clothes1 and to count me out thirty tenghes4 ,vambry1 much elated1 hastened to inform his friends of the result of the interview2 they advised him not to count too surely on the royal protection1 and not to defer his departure4 ,it cost him much to quit these good dervishes1 generous and devoted hearts1 the faithful companions of his hours of suffering4 ,the bold explorer1 the witty and sarcastic writer1 full of pungent humor1 here finds words which indicate deep feeling ,i cannot describe1 says he1 the emotion with which we parted4 ,for six months1 we had lived the same life1 shared the same perils2 perils in the midst of the burning sands of the desert1 perils from the savage ,turcomen1 perils from the inclemency of nature and the elements4 ,differences of age1 of position1 of nationality1 had disappeared2 we were members of one family4 ,now we were to separate1 never to meet again2 death could not have parted us more widely1 nor left in our souls a deeper grief4 ,my heart overflowed1 and ,i sobbed aloud1 when ,i thought that even in this supreme hour1 ,i could not confide to these men1 my best1 my dearest friends1 the secret of my disguise4 ,i must deceive those to whom ,i owed my life4 ,this thought caused me a real remorse3 ,i sought1 but in vain1 an occasion for bringing out the dangerous confidence4 ,how1 in fact1 could he tell these pious pilgrims1 zealous believers1 that the friend whose religious learning they had admired1 whose faith and virtue they respected1 was an impostor1 who1 urged by the thirst for secular learning1 had surprised their confidence1 profaned their ministry1 had trifled1 in a word1 with their dearest sentiments8 ,such an avowal might not1 perhaps1 have broken the bonds of affection which united him to the two dervishes1 but what a bitter deception for these fervent and sincere souls t #djj ,and why destroy an illusion so sweet8 ,vambry retained the secret ready to escape him2 his eyes swimming in tears1 he tore himself from the embraces of his friends4 ,i see them always1 he adds1 motionless in the place where ,i had quitted them1 the hands raised toward heaven1 imploring the blessing of ,allah for my journey4 ,many times ,i turned my head to see them again2 at last they disappeared in the fog1 and ,i could distinguish only the domes of ,samarcand1 feebly lighted by the rays of the moon4 ,the journey home was marked by fewer dramatic incidents4 ,vambry had to cross the country of ,bokhara1 but avoiding the capital1 he arrived after three days at ,karshi1 the second city of the khanat in extent and commercial relations4 ,it contains six caravansaries and a well-supplied market1 where are seen very remarkable articles of native cutlery1 which are largely exported into central ,asia1 ,persia1 ,arabia1 and even into ,turkey4 ,these fine blades1 richly damaskeened1 the handles covered with incrustations of gold and silver1 are far superior to the best products of ,sheffield or ,birmingham4 ,vambry's new companions advised him to use such funds as he had left1 in purchasing knives1 needles1 and glass-ware1 the exchange of which would secure a pilgrim the means of existence among the nomad tribes4 ,our traveller thought it best to follow this prudent counsel1 and add1 as he gaily remarks1 the profession of merchant to that of antiquary1 hadji and mollah1 without prejudice to a crowd of not less important functions1 such as bestowing benedictions1 holy breathings1 amulets1 and talismans4 ,the caravan passed through ,bokhara without disturbance2 the rigor with which the emir enforces the police regulations rendering all the roads from across the desert perfectly secure1 not only for caravans1 but even for individual travellers4 ,vambry could hardly contain his joy in crossing the frontier3 at every step he approached the ,west2 he was about to revisit ,persia1 the first stage of civilization1 the object of his ardent desires4 ,other members of the caravan were not less impatient1 these were ,iranian slaves1 returning to their own country4 ,one of them1 an old man1 bent under the weight of years1 had been to ,bokhara to pay the ransom of his son1 the only support of his family1 the price demanded was fifty ducats1 and the poor father had exhausted his resources in the payment4 ,but1 said he1 better to fear the staff of the beggar than to leave my son in chains4 ,another of these unhappy men greatly excited ,vambry's compassion2 his wasted features1 and hair prematurely white1 proved sufficiently his sufferings1 eight years previous1 a ,turcoman raid had carried away his wife1 his sister and his six children2 the unfortunate man pursued them1 vainly sought them in the two ,khanats of ,khiva and ,bokhara2 when at last he discovered the place of their captivity1 his wife1 his sister and two children had perished under the rigors of slavery4 ,of the four who remained he was able to ransom only two2 the others having become men1 their master exacted so heavy a ransom that the unhappy father was unable to raise the sum4 ,these instances give but a faint idea of the scourge which has for centuries depopulated the north of ,persia and neighboring countries4 ,the ,turcomen ,tekkes number to-day more than fifteen thousand mounted plunderers1 whose only occupation consists in organizing a system of vast brigandage1 to decimate families and ravage hamlets4 ,the travellers crossed whole districts desolated by war and exactions of all sorts2 the laws are powerless to repress disorders1 a bribe suffices to exculpate one from the most odious crime2 therefore every one speaks with admiration of ,bokhara1 whose emir is regarded as a model of justice and wisdom4 ,an inhabitant of ,audkuy acknowledged that his compatriots envied the happiness of being #dja subject to the sceptre of ,mozaffar ed ,din1 and added that the ,europeans would be preferable to the present ,mussulman chiefs4 ,meanwhile1 the journey was long1 and ,vambry saw with anxiety his little package of merchandise diminish4 ,he hoped to obtain assistance at ,herat2 but unfortunately1 when they arrived in this city1 the key of central ,asia1 it had just been put to sack by the ,afghans4 ,the fortifications and houses were only a heap of ruins1 the citadel trembled1 half demolished upon its crumbling base1 some few inhabitants here and there showed themselves1 the celebrated bazaar1 which had stood so many sieges1 alone offered some animation1 but the shops were opened timidly1 the remembrance of the foray still terrifying the people4 ,moreover1 the custom-house system1 established by the rapacity of the ,afghans1 promises little prosperity either to commerce or industry1 an article of fur which has been purchased for #h francs1 pays #c francs tax2 they levy one franc upon a hat of the value of two francs1 and so of every thing else4 ,when we add to that1 for articles brought from distant provinces1 the rights already collected in intermediate districts1 we see how much the merchant must raise his price in order to realize anything4 ,in a city so ravaged1 the trade of a dervish is not lucrative2 no one asked ,vambry for his holy breathing1 his cutlery and pearls were exhausted2 his travelling companions1 very different from ,hadji ,bilal1 lent him no help4 ,only one young man named ,ishak1 remained faithful to him4 ,every morning he begged the food for the day1 and prepared the frugal repasts of our traveller1 whom he regarded as his master1 and served with affectionate respect4 ,in order to neglect nothing which might enable him to continue his journey1 ,vambry resolved to apply to the ,viceroy of ,herat1 ,serdar ,mehemmed ,yakoub1 the son of the ,king of ,afghanistan4 ,the halls of the palace were filled with servants and soldiers2 but the large turban of the pretended dervish1 and the hermit-like air which long fatigues had given him1 were letters of recommendation which opened all doors4 ,the prince1 not more than sixteen years old1 sate in a large easy chair1 surrounded by high dignitaries4 ,vambry1 faithful to his character1 went directly to him1 and sat by his side1 pushing aside the vizier to make himself a place4 ,this behavior excited general hilarity4 ,serdar ,mehemmed regarded the stranger attentively1 then rose suddenly1 and cried1 half-laughing1 half-bewildered3 ,you are an ,englishman1 ,i'll take my oath6 ,he approached our traveller1 clapping his hands like a child who has made a happy discovery3 ,say1 say1 added he1 are you not an ,englishman8 ,in the presence of this innocent joy1 ,vambry had half a mind to discover himself1 but remembering that the fanaticism of the ,afghans might yet expose him to great perils1 he resolved not to raise the mask which protected him4 ,taking1 then1 a serious air3 ,that will do1 said he to the prince1 have you then forgotten this proverb--',he who even in joke treats a true believer as an infidel1 makes himself worse than an infidel8' ,give me rather something for my benediction1 that ,i may have the means of pursuing my journey4 ,vambry's look1 and the maxim which he so appropriately recalled1 put the young viceroy out of countenance4 ,he stammered some excuses1 alleging the singular physiognomy of the stranger1 which was not of the ,bokhariot type4 ,vambry hastened to reply that he was a native of ,stamboul2 he showed to ,serdar ,mehemmed and to the vizier his ,turkish passport1 spoke of an ,afghan prince residing in ,constantinople1 and succeeded in completely effacing the impression which he had at first made4 ,the #aeth of ,november1 #ahfh1 the grand caravan which was going to ,meshed1 left ,herat1 taking with it our traveller4 ,it comprised not less than two thousand persons1 at least #djb half of whom were ,afghans1 who1 in spite of the most frightful misery1 had undertaken1 with their families1 a pilgrimage to the tombs of the ,shiite saints4 ,in proportion as ,vambry approached civilization1 he let fall little by little the veil of his incognito1 and let it be understood that in ,meshed he should find powerful protectors1 and financial resources which would enable him to recompense the services of his companions4 ,the doubtful light which surrounded him furnished inexhaustible matter for conjecture1 and gave rise to some lively discussions1 which very much amused ,vambry4 ,at last1 twelve days after leaving ,herat1 the dome of the mosque1 and the tomb of ,iman-,riza1 gilded by the first rays of the sun1 announced the approach to ,meshed4 ,the sight caused the ,european deep emotion1 his dangerous exploring expedition was finished1 and he had no further need of disguise4 ,in passing the gates of the city he forgot the ,turcoman1 the desert1 the ,tebbad1 to think of the happiness of seeing friendly faces1 and of speaking at his ease of ,europe4 ,he passed successively through ,meshed1 ,teheran1 and ,constantinople1 where he bade adieu to ,oriental life2 then through ,pesth1 where he left his ,turcoman companion1 the faithful ,ishak1 who had followed him even to ,europe1 and the #ith of ,june1 #ahfd1 he arrived in ,london4 ,singular force of habit4 ,vambry had so identified himself with the character of a learned effendi1 he was so impregnated with ,asiatic manners and customs1 that this son of ,germany found himself ill at ease in ,england4 ,it cost me1 says he1 incredible difficulty to accustom myself to my new life1 so different from that which ,i had led at ,bokhara some months previous4 ,everything in ,london seemed strange and novel2 one would have said that the remembrances of my youth were a dream2 only my travels had left upon my mind a deep impression4 ,is it astonishing that sometimes in ,regent street or in the saloons of the ,english aristocracy ,i felt myself as embarrassed as a child1 and that often ,i forgot everything around me to dream of the profound solitudes of central ,asia1 of the tents of the ,kirghiz and the ,turcomen8 ,vambry's book paints in vivid colors the real condition of central ,asia2 it contains curious and characteristic details regarding the three khanats of ,turkestan 7,khiva1 ,bokhara1 and ,khokand71 on the particular manners of each people1 the commerce and industry of the cities4 ,we follow there the slow but continuous progress of the ,russian government1 whose ambition is excited by the riches of these fertile provinces4 ,it advances with persevering obstinacy toward the conquest of ,turkestan1 the only country which is wanting to-day to the immense ,asiatic kingdom dreamed of1 four centuries ago1 by ,ivan ,vasilievitch4 ,since that period the czars have never lost an opportunity to extend their influence in the ,orient4 ,russia maintains with the khanats regular and active commercial relations2 her exportations into central ,asia were valued in #ahej at twenty-five millions of francs1 and her importations from thence at not less than thirty-three millions4 ,england1 whose possessions in ,india approach ,turkestan1 has not taken so deep root there1 she understands less the tastes1 and submits less to the exigencies1 of the ,tartar populations4 ,at the same time1 the protection which she gives the ,afghans1 the declared enemies of the ,khivites and ,bokhariots1 gives her a part to play in the events which are preparing1 and which the taking of ,tashkend by ,russian troops will perhaps precipitate4 ,central ,asia is destined to be absorbed by one or other of the rival powers which every day embrace her more closely4 ,will she be ,russian or ,english8 that is the only form the question takes to-day4 #djc ,persia and ,turkey1 tottering themselves1 cannot protect her4 ,the grand contest1 commenced centuries ago1 between the two hostile civilizations1 between the sword of ,mohammed and the cross of ,christ1 to-day touches its term4 ,of the different oriental tribes1 these endeavor to revive themselves by the contact of our arts and sciences1 those intrench themselves behind their mountains and their deserts2 but these powerless barriers cannot hinder ,european activity from reaching them4 ,they are1 moreover1 condemned to inevitable ruin by barbarism1 superstition1 and fatalism1 which form the basis of their character and their creeds1 the populations1 bent under an implacable despotism1 consider even the encroachments of ,europeans as a benefit1 their faith1 moreover1 delivers them without defence to misfortune1 to tyranny1 to the joke of the stranger1 for it persuades them that an inflexible destiny1 against which the will of man is powerless1 rules the lot of individuals and nations4 ,who can prevail agamst the ,nasib8 said to ,vambry an unfortunate man whose wife and children had been carried off4 ,it was written6 replied the ,mussulmans when their most beautiful provinces were snatched from them4 ,the ,european race1 on the contrary1 energetic and indefatigable1 makes all obstacles yield before it2 its science and industry transform nature into a docile instrument2 difficulties stimulate its courage3 ,this sea ,i will cross1 it cries2 ,i will level this mountain2 this people1 reputed invincible1 ,i will subjugate4 ,from antiquity it had raised upon its flag this proud device1 which made the grandeur of the ,roman world3 ,audaces fortuna juvat4 ,afterward1 ,christianity1 in elevating minds1 and pouring upon all hearts sentiments of tenderness and charity heretofore unknown1 brought new elements to this expansive force4 ,it showed ,god respecting1 even in their errors1 the liberty of men2 it showed the sacrifice of ,jesus1 this ,son of the ,most ,high come upon earth to suffer all griefs1 yet voluntarily powerless to save man without his concurrence and his own participation4 ,this noble morality not only regenerated consciences1 it developed individual action1 made known the value of the hidden force which we call the will1 and contributed largely to the social and political progress of the western nations4 ,at the same time1 it is true1 the ,christian dogma preached resignation in sufferings1 but this pious resignation resembles as little the oriental indolence as the calm of death resembles that of strength and health4 ,such are the causes of ,european supremacy4 ,the ,asiatics1 not less gifted by nature1 have stifled1 under the double influence of fatalism and a sensual morality1 the germs of civilization which might have given them a durable life and glory4 ,to-day1 as we learn from the intrepid traveller who has penetrated into the very heart of ,turkestan and returned again safe and sound1 everything among them is in decay2 their cities and institutions1 alike1 offer nothing but ruins4 ------ #djd ,from ,the ,lamp1 ,,unconvicted2 ,,or1 ,,old ,,thorneley',s ,,heirs4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,mr4 ,thorneley presents his compliments to ,mr4 ,john ,kavanagh1 and would feel obliged if he would call in ,wimpole street this evening at seven o'clock4 ,mr4 ,thorneley wishes to have ,mr4 ,kavanagh's professional assistance in a matter of business4 #ajj ,wimpole street1 ,cavendish ,square1 ,oct4 #bc1 #ahe-- ,the above note lay amidst a heap of letters awaiting my return from a pleasant mountaineering tour among alps and glaciers1 perpetual snows1 and ice-bound passes4 ,yes1 it had been in every sense of the word a delightful excursion1 a real holiday to me1--me1 a dusty1 musty1 hard-working lawyer1 living in chambers1 poring over parchments1 and deeds1 and matters dull and dry to all1 save them whom those things concerned1--me1 a middle-aged bachelor1 a solitary man1 with little of kith or kin left to surround my dying bed or follow my old bones to their grave4 ,it was a renewal of youth and early days to climb those mountains1 to face those majestic peaks1 to scale those rugged passes1 and feel the fresh clear air fanning my brow as ,i raised it to ,god's heaven above1 whilst all that was of the world worldly seemed to lie beneath my feet4 ,my two months' holiday and repose from labor1 when ,i packed my modest portmanteau1 locked up my papers1 left my rooms to the care of clerk and laundress1 and took my ticket at ,london ,bridge for ,dover or ,boulogne1 bound for ,chamouni1 ,unterwalden1 or the ,simplon1--these eight weeks of pure enjoyment were the oasis in the desert of my life4 ,but now1 for this year at least1 it was over4 ,i was back to busy life again2 to work and daily duty2 to my calf-bound volumes1 my inky table1 my yellow sheets inscribed with the promises of one said party to another said party--how soon to be broken1 ,god only knew--or the blue folio pages stating how this said man is to bully that said fellow man1 and how there is to be war between two ,christian beings1 not to the knife1 but to the bar1 the judge1 jury1 prison1 and future ruin of one or the other fellow heir to the great inheritance of a hereafter4 ,i had returned to it all--this turmoil of strife and struggle1 out of which quagmire ,i got my daily bread1 like hundreds of others cruising in the same barque on the sea of life2 and my table was heaped with the business correspondence that once more was to induct me into my ordinary avocations4 ,there were communications from old clients about affairs of long standing1 and familiar to me as my morning shave2 and letters from new clients promising fresh labor and new grist to the mill1 but ,i scanned them all with the same feeling of weariness and disgust--casting many a regretful thought to the scenes ,i had left behind me1--inclined to throw business1 law1 and clients wholesale and pell-mell into the ,red ,sea4 ,it was in this frame of mind that ,i opened the above note1 but as ,i read it1 my ennui and lassitude gave place to the keenest interest and curiosity4 ,that old ,thorneley should send for me professionally1 when ,i knew for certain that all his affairs were completely in the hands1 and he entirely under the thumbs1 of my highly-respected brother lawyers ,smith and ,walker1 was enough to rouse one from a mesmeric sleep4 ,old ,thorneley2 who #dje lived like a hermit1 never meddling with anything nor anybody2 whose last intentions were supposed amongst us in ,lincoln's ,inn to be hermetically sealed up in a certain tin box1 lodging at ,messrs4 ,smith and ,walker's2 whose frugal house-keeping and simple taste could involve him in no pecuniary trouble1--what could he want with the professional advice of one who was almost a stranger to him1 whose standing in the law was of much later date and whose clientage much less distinguished than that of the firm above mentioned1 and who had been his legal advisers during his whole lifetime8 ,again ,i referred to the note--,oct4 #bc2--the interview was asked for that very evening ,i looked at my watch--it was half-past six1 the hour named1 seven4 ,tired with travel and hungry as a hunter1 ,i was little inclined to leave my cosy fire1 my tender steak1 my fragrant cup of bohea1 my delicious plate of buttered toast1 and face the raw air and mizzling rain of an autumnal evening at the beck of a man whose hand ,i had never shaken1 at whose table ,i had never sat1 and whose foot had never crossed my threshold4 ,but curiosity and interest prevailed at last1 and these were induced by two motives4 #a4 ,thorneley was a millionaire--a man whose name ,rothschild had not scorned on ',change1 and whose breath had once fluttered the money-markets of ,europe4 #b4 ,and a far more powerful one1--he was the uncle of ,hugh ,atherton4 ,o ,hugh1 best of friends1 thou man of true and noble heart1 if these pages ever meet your eyes1 and you look back through the dim vista of intervening years1 bear witness how mournfully ,i stand by the grave of our buried affection1 opened on this night1 how tenderly ,i touch the fragments of our wrecked friendship6 and from your heart1 ,o lost comrade and brother1 believe that1 whatever of pain lay between us two1 severing our lives1 no thought disloyal to you ever crossed my soul or shook the fealty of my honor and reverence4 ,hastily ,i despatched the meal1 made a few changes in my dress1 threw myself into the first hansom1 and knocked at #ajj ,wimpole street1 at five minutes past seven4 ,i was ushered at once into ,mr4 ,thorneley's study--a comfortably-furnished room1 lined with well-stocked bookcases1 and hung with neatly-framed engravings of first-rate excellence4 ,he was sitting reading beside a cheery fire when ,i entered1 and on a table near him stood fruit1 biscuits1 and wine4 ,i had not seen him for many months2 and as he rose to receive me1 the light of the shaded gas lamp falling upon his head and face revealed to me how aged and broken his appearance had become in that period of time4 ,then ,i remembered him as a hale1 hearty old man1 strong of limb1 straight and square about the shoulders1 carrying himself with the air of an old soldier1 gaunt1 upright1 stern1 unbending and unbent4 ,now1 before me stood a bowed infirm figure1 with trembling hands and tottering feet1 with thin pinched features and sunken eyes4 ,little as ,i knew the man1 and little as ,i liked what ,i knew or had heard of him1 ,i was touched to see what a wreck he looked of his former outward self4 ,involuntarily ,i stretched out my hand to him1 and expressed my regret at seeing him look so ill4 ,he bowed1 and touched my hand with the tips of his fingers1 which were clammy and cold4 ,then he motioned me in silence to a chair on the opposite side of the fire to where he sat1 and resumed his own seat4 ,you are somewhat late1 sir1 he said querulously1 glancing at me from beneath his shaggy brows2 the same keen searching glance ,i remembered of old--the glance of a man who has made money4 ,but five minutes1 ,mr4 ,thorneley1 ,i replied2 and that ,i think you will excuse when ,i tell you ,i have crossed the ,channel to-day1 and only arrived home about an hour ago4 ,have you dined8 ,allow the to order you something4 #djf ,nothing1 thanks4 ,i took my usual meal after a journey--a meat tea2 and1 though despatched in haste1 it sufficed for mine requirements4 ,at least1 he said more courteously1 you will take a glass of wine6 ,with pleasure1 sir1 after we have finished the business in which ,i understand you require my assistance4 ,he saw that ,i wished to come to the point at once2 and drawing his chair near to mine1 he fixed his piercing gray eyes upon my countenance4 ,i returned his gaze steadily enough2 and he then shifted uneasily1 so that his countenance was turned sideways to me4 ,you are aware1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 that my family solicitors have been1 and still are1 ,messrs4 ,smith and ,walker1 and no doubt you are surprised why ,i should now require other professional aid than theirs4 ,your curiosity and speculative faculties1 if you possess such1 must have been on the qui vive since you got my note4 ,eh1 sir8 ,there was a covert sarcasm in the old man's voice which vexed me4 ,every movement of ,mr ,thorneley's must be a matter of general interest1 ,i said1 with equal satire4 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 ,very good--given me back in my own kind1--tit for tat4 ,like you all the better for it1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1--a sharp lawyer is a good thing in its way4 ,well1 you've not repudiated the curiosity1 so ,i'll satisfy it4 ,i sent for you to make my ,will2 and again he turned on me those shrewd glittering eyes1 as if enjoying the amazement ,i could not entirely suppress4 ,but ,i thought-- ,i stammered2 surely1 sir1 your own lawyers are the fittest persons2 it is against etiquette4 ,indeed1 sir1 ,i'd rather not have any thing to do with it4 ,you will be paid sir1 he said rudely4 ,it is not a question of payment1 ,mr4 ,thorneley2 simply1 you place me1 ,i foresee1 in an awkward position with regard to a firm with whom ,i am on the most friendly terms4 ,but of course they are acquainted with your desire of having my services8 ,of course they are nothing of the sort4 ,if you are squeamish in the matter1 ,i can get another man to do my business1 and they'll not be a bit more enlightened on the subject4 ,whomsoever ,i employ must be bound to inviolable secrecy during my lifetime4 ,let us understand each other1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh3 ,i sent for you because ,i knew you to be a discreet man1 on whose prudence after my death ,i could rely4 ,but ,i do not choose that ,smith and ,walker should know any thing of this transaction4 ,you can do as you please in the matter1 but you must make your decision now4 ,i gave a rapid glance at my position with all the care time would allow2 and one consideration outweighed every thing else1--,i take heaven to witness it6--the thought that ,hugh ,atherton's interests1 which ,i felt to be now involved1 would be safer in my hands than in those of any other man2 and ,i replied1 ,so be it1 ,mr4 ,thorneley2 you may command my services4 ,if ,i had known what was coming2 if in mercy one shadowy vision of that miserable future had been vouchsafed to me2 if but a ray of light had illumined my darkened sight1 ,i had shaken the dust off my feet1 and left that doomed house never again to cross its threshold4 ,thorneley rose and pushed a small writing-table towards me1 on which was placed the printed form of a will to be filled in4 ,are you ready8 he asked4 ,i am4 ,he bent forward1 with his hand shading his rugged brow1 his eyes fixed intently on the fire and spoke in low distinct tones4 ,i listened almost breathlessly2 and as ,i listened1 ,i felt the cold sweat breaking out upon my forehead4 ,and then ,i made the will4 ,yes1 ,god help me6 ,i made the will1 for ,i saw it was inevitable4 #djg ,we must have witnesses1 ,i said when it was finished4 ,mr4 ,thorneley rang the bell4 ,tell ,thomas ,i want him here1 and come back yourself4 ,the two men returned in a few moments1--coachman and footman2 and before those two1 with unshaken hand1 with a face of rigid firmness1 ,gilbert ,thorneley wrote his name2 the servants affixed their signatures1 and the deed was done4 ,when we were alone ,i rose to depart1 and bade him good-night4 ,as ,i left the room ,i looked back at the old man4 ,he had sunk in his chair1 and his face was buried in his hands1 bowed and bent beside the fire1 with his thin gray locks straying over his forehead1 as if some bitter blast had swept over him and left him desolate2--thus ,i saw him for the last time on earth4 ,i left that house with a heavy secret locked in my breast1 with a weight on heart and brain1 and heeded not the blinding1 drizzling rain as ,i bent my footsteps rapidly homeward1 longing only to reach my quiet chamber1 where ,i might commune with myself and be still4 ,i am not an inveterate smoker2 but when ,i want to think out a knotty point1 when ,i wish to obtain a clear view of any difficult question1 ,i can quite appreciate the aid which a good cigar affords one4 ,this night ,i was dazed1 bewildered1 and mechanically ,i sought my old friend in my breast-pocket4 ,i stopped beside the window of a large chemist's shop at the comer of ,vere street and ,oxford street to strike a light1 when some one hastily passed out of the shop and ran full against me4 ,kavanagh6 ,atherton6 ,the man of all men in the world to meet that night6 ,what fatality was it that was hedging me in and fencing me round1 without any agency of my own8 ,who would have thought of seeing you here8 he exclaimed as he grasped my hand4 ,i had no idea you had returned even4 ,i came back this very evening4 ,only this evening6 and whither away so soon1 old fellow8 ,i muttered something about business4 ,business6 ,come1 ,i like that4 ,you have changed your nature1 ,john1 if you go after business the first evening of your return from ,switzerland4 ,why1 ,i didn't suppose you would have stirred if my old uncle yonder had sent for you to make his will1 leaving me his sole heir4 ,and he laughed his old hearty joyous laugh1 which had been music to me from the time when ,i fought his first battle for him at ,rugby4 ,now it filled me with an unaccountable dread2 now it fell on my ear as the knell of times which were never more to come back4 ,so near the truth too as he had been1 talking in his own thoughtless1 light-hearted way4 ,what spell was over us all that fatal evening8 ,perhaps--,i think it must have been so--all the dark shadows which were gathering over my soul revealed themselves in my countenance1 for ,i saw him look at me with the kind solicitous look that never became a manly face better than his4 ,i'll tell you what it is1 dear old ,john1 he said1 putting his arm within mine2 you are looking terribly hipped about something or another1 and any thing but the man you ought to look1 after such a jolly outing as you've just had4 ,come1 ,i'll go home with you1 and we'll have a prime ,manilla1 a steaming tumbler1 and a cosy chat together2 and if that doesn't send the blues back to the venerable old party from which they are generally supposed by all good ,christians to come1 why1 as ,mr4 ,peggotty hath it1 ',i'm gormed6' ,and again that fatal influence stepped in1 making me its agent to bring upon us the inevitable ,to be2 and putting his friendly hand from off my arm1 ,i said1 ',no1 ,hugh1 not to-night2 ,i have need to be alone4 ,indeed ,i am too tired to be good company even to you4 ,well1 good-night then1 my friend2 ,i'll betake me to mine uncle1 and see #djh how the old man is getting along this damp weather4 ,lister said he should look in1 so we can tramp home together4 ,but ,i won't be shirked by you to-morrow1 ,master ,jack1--don't think it2 and ,i shall bring somebody to fetch the ,swiss toy ,i know you have got packed away for her somewhere in your knapsack4 ,good-night1 good-night4 ,we shook hands1 and he turned down ,vere street4 ,an impulse1--blind1 unreasoning1--seized me a minute afterwards to call him back and ask him to come home with me2 and ,i followed quickly upon his footsteps4 ,the evening was very dark1 and the rain beat blindingly in one's face1 so that it was difficult1 with my near sight1 to distinguish his figure ahead amidst the numerous other foot-passengers4 ,after a few moments ,i gave up the chase1 half angry with myself for haying been the sport of a sudden fancy4 ,as once more ,i turned round to retrace my steps1 a woman passed me at a hurried pace1 and as she passed she almost stopped and gazed intently at me4 ,a thick veil prevented my seeing her face1 and in no way was her figure familiar to me2 but the gesture with which she stared at me was remarkable1 and for a moment a matter of wonder2 then ,i forgot the circumstance1 and rapidly made my way home1 thinking of the strange revelations ,i had just heard2 thinking of ,hugh ,atherton and our chance meeting2 thinking of the days past and the days to come1--of much and many things which belong to the story ,i am telling1--of the time when ,i was a boy again at school1 senior in my form and umpire in all pitched battles and the petty warfare boys wage with one another1 when that little curly-headed1 blue-eyed fellow1 with his cheeks all aglow and his nostrils big with indignant wrath1 had come to me1 a great burly clumsy lad of sixteen1 and laid his plaint before me3 ,please1 ,kavanagh1 the fellows say ,i'm a coward because ,i won't lick ,tom ,overbury4 ,will you tell them to leave me in peace8--because ,i won't lick him4 ,why not1 spooney8 ,because ,i don't wish to4 ,that won't go down here1 you know1 ,atherton2 you must give your reasons4 ,he's got something the matter with his right arm1 and he can't hit out4 ,he'd have no chance against me4 ,i know all about it1 but the other fellows don't1 and they think he can't fight2 he bade me not tell any one4 ,that's why they are always at him to make him pick quarrels4 ,they set him on at me2 but ,i won't fight him1 not for the whole school1 masters and all4 ,such was ,hugh ,atherton as a boy2 such was he as a man1--ever generous and noble-hearted4 ,i thought of him as then1 ,i thought of him as now1 remembering all our long friendship1 our close intimacy1 with the weight of that dread secret upon me1 and with the indescribable sense of coming evil clinging to me4 ,i wished ,i had yielded to his request1 and allowed him to accompany me home2 ,i wished ,i had persevered in going after him2 in short1 ,i wished anything but what then was4 ,were those desires troubling me a taste of the vain1 futile1 heart-bitter wishes which the morrow was to bring forth8 ,so1 with the cold wind whistling round me1 and scattering the dead leaves across the desolate square1 where stood the house wherein ,i dwelt1 the rain beating against my face1 and the sky above black and lowering1 ,i reached my home1 wet and weary4 ,methodical habits to a man brought up to the law1 who has any pretence of doing well in his profession1 become like second nature2 and when ,i had divested myself of my wet garments1 ,i took out my journal and made an entry as usual of the date1 object1 etc41 of my visit to ,mr4 ,thorneley2 and then ,i wrote out a brief memorandum of the same1 which ,i addressed to ,hugh ,atherton in case of my death1 and carefully locked it up with some #dji very private papers of my own1 about which he already had my instructions4 ,this done1 ,i smoked a cigar1 drank a tumbler of hot brandy-and-water1 and went to bed1 thoroughly tired out4 ,but ,i could not sleep4 ,for hours ,i tossed restlessly from side to side2 now and then catching a few moments' repose1 which was disturbed by the most horrible and distressing dreams4 ,toward morning1 ,i suppose1 ,i must at last have fallen into a deep slumber--so profound that ,i never heard the old laundress's hammering at the door1 nor the arrival of my clerk1 nor the postman's knock4 ,at last ,i awoke1 or rather was awakened4 ,the day had advanced some hours2 all traces of last night's rain seemed to have vanished1 and the sun shown full and bright in at the windows4 ,beside my bed stood ,hardy1 my old clerk4 ,god bless you1 sir1 ,i thought you'd never wake6 ,i wish ,i never had1 for ,i am awfully tired4 ,how are you4 ,hardy8 and how is all going on8 ,quite well1 sir1 thank you2 and ,i hope you're the same4 ,we've wanted you badly enough4 ,there's that ,williams1 he's been here almost every day1 teasing and tormenting about having his mortgage called in2 and ,lady ,ormskirk1 she called twice1 and seemed in some trouble4 ,then there was a queer young chap from the country with a long case about some inheritance2 in short1 sir1 if you had been at home we might have been no end busy--what with the old ones and what with the new2 and ,hardy cast a sigh after the possible tips and fees of which my absence had deprived him4 ,well1 ,i'll see to it all as soon as ,i have dressed and had some breakfast4 ,i suppose they've brought it up1 and also the hot water8 ,some time ago1 sir2 you slept so late that ,i ventured to come in4 ,all right4 ,i shall be ready directly4 ,hardy still lingered1 and ,i knew by his face there was some news coming4 ,there's a fine to-do at ,smith and ,walker's1 sir1 this morning4 ,i just met their head-clerk as ,i was coming here4 ,i sprang up in bed as if ,i had been shot1 the old fancies and dread of the previous night returning with full force4 ,smith and ,walker's6 ,i cried2 what is the matter there8 ,well1 sir1 ,i couldn't quite make out the particulars1 he was in such a hurry2 but old ,mr4 ,thorneley's been found dead in his room this morning1 and they suspect there has been foul play4 ,mr4 ,griffiths--that's the clerk--was going off to ,scotland ,yard4 ,it's a terrible thing1 an't it1 sir1 to be hurried off so quick8 and none of the best of lives too1 if one may believe what folks say4 ,it's shocked you1 sir1 ,i see2 and so it did me1 for ,i thought of ,mr4 ,atherton and what a blow like it would be to him4 ,whiter and whiter ,i felt my face was getting1 and a feeling of dead sickness seized me4 ,the man whom ,i had seen and spoken with but such few short hours since lay dead6 the secret of whose life ,i possessed1 knowing what ,i now knew of him1 and what had been left untold hanging like a black shadow of doubt around me2 he was gone from whence there was no returning1--he was standing face to face with his ,creator and his ,judge6 ,by this time ,hardy had left the room1 and ,i proceeded hastily to dress myself1 feeling that more was coming than ,i wotted of then1 and that the fearful storm which was gathering would quickly burst4 ,scarcely was ,i dressed when ,i heard a loud double-knock at the office-door1 and directly after ,hardy's voice demanding admittance4 ,i opened my door4 ,sir1 there is a police-officer who wishes to see you immediately4 ,i went out into the sitting-room4 ,a detective in plain clothes was there2 ,i had known the man in another business formerly4 ,what do you want with me1 ,jones8 #daj ,you have heard of ,mr4 ,thorneley being found dead1 sir8 ,yes--my clerk has just told me4 ,what did he die of8 ,he was poisoned1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,i felt the man's eyes were fixed on me as if he could read in my soul and see the fearful dread therein4 ,i could have hurled him from the window4 ,who is suspected8 ,i asked as calmly as my parched tongue would let me speak4 ,the man did not answer my question4 ,you were with him last evening1 sir1 were you not8 ,good heavens6 ,i exclaimed1 completely thrown off my guard2 they surely don't suspect me6 ,not that ,i'm aware of1 sir2 but your evidence is necessary1 since you were one of the last persons who saw him alive4 ,but not the last1 ,i said1 still blind to the fact pointed at4 ,mr4 ,atherton1 his nephew1 was with him after ,i left4 ,i met him going there at the comer of ,vere street4 ,there was a peculiar look on the man's countenance--of compassion for me1 ,i had almost said4 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 sir1 ,i had rather have cut off my right hand than that you should have told me that1 for you've both been kind gentlemen to me and mine4 ,mr4 ,atherton is arrested on suspicion of having administered the poison to his uncle4 ,when you remember where you met him1 you can guess what your evidence will be against him4 ,here--,mr4 ,hardy6 ,help6 ,i remember nothing more1 for ,i had fallen back insensible4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,original4 ,peace4 ,not as the world giveth give ,i unto you4--,st4 ,john #adth4 ,break not its sleep1 the faithful grief1 still tender2 ,god gives at length his own beloved rest2 ,how worn and the suffering brow6 ,yet these meek fingers ,still press the cross of patience to her breast4 ,stir not the air with one sweet1 lingering cadence ,from life's fair prime of love and hope and song2 ,serener airs1 from martyr hosts celestial1 ,to that high trance of ,conquered peace belong4 ,hush mortal joy or wail1 hush mortal paeans2 ,ye cannot reach that ,thabor height sublime ,where ,god's eternal joy1 in tranquil vision1 ,seems nearer than the sights and sounds of time4 ------ #daa ,original4 ,,two ,,pictures ,,of ,,life ,,in ,,france ,,before #ahdh4 ,those who are familiar with the ,journal of ,eugnie de ,gurin1 know that in ,languedoc1 near the towns or villages of ,andillac and ,gaillac1 and not far from ,toulouse1 there is an ancient estate called ,le ,cayla2 but they know little more than this of the place where ,maurice and ,eugnie de ,gurin passed their youth in the quaint an beautiful simplicity that stamped their genius with so marked and individuality4 ,the peasantry of that region are wedded to old habits and traditions1 and the ancient families are imbedded like rocks in the land1 says ,lamartine1 7from whose ,entretiens many of these local details are taken71 and are nobles by common consent1 because the chteau is merely the largest ruin in the village1 and every one goes there as to a home to get whatever he needs in the way of advice1 agricultural tools1 medicine or food4 ,let us in the imagination visit the ,chteau of like a lot1 as it was in the year #ahcg1 four we must make our first acquaintance with it when it is graced by the exquisite presence of those two1 whose names are fast becoming household words on both sides of the ,atlantic --,maurice and ,eugnie de ,gurin4 ,it is not like one's dream of an ancient castel1 this spreading1 rectangular house1 built of brick and stone after a fashion of ,henry the ,fourth's time1 and perched on the summit of a sharp declivity4 ,there is little to distinguish it from the great farms of the country round1 but a half ruined portico1 projecting over the flight of stone steps1 a pointed current and the grooves of a drawbridge1 over which the ruthless hand of #agic as effaced the ancient arms of the ,gurins4 ,the great flagstones of the courtyard were loosened and uprooted long ago by the drainage from the stables1 and in the angles of the wall grow holly and elder bushes1 not too aristocratic to take root in such a soil4 ,these gates stand open always1 admitting wayfarers who may wish for a cup of water from the bucket hanging behind the door1 or for a plate of soup to eat1 sitting in the sunshine on the broad steps that lead down into the courtyard from the kitchen1 an important department in this venerable homestead4 ,within doors blazes a goodly fire on the hearth1 a whole tree1 standing on end1 sending its smoke up a great chimney through which daylight is visible1 and ready to give a comfortable greeting to ,jean1 or ,gilles1 or ,romignires1 when they come to talk about corn or sheep with the master1 they sitting on the stone settles1 built into the wall1 he on one of those walnut armchairs standing between the kitchen table and the fireplace4 ,see the great copper boilers standing around the wall1 and those immense soup-tureens1 ornamented with coarse painting1 and the big dishes for the fish that they catch in the mill-pond once in three years4 ,there--we have looked long enough2 pass through this long smoke-dried corridor to the dining-room1 where masters and servants take their meals together1 excepting on state occasions1 the menials standing or sitting at the lower and of the unbleached cloth4 ,now down this little flight of steps to the salon1 which is all white1 with a large sofa1 some straw chairs1 and a table with books on it4 ,yes--here #dab we pause--here are the objects of our search4 ,in a faded tapestry arm-chair sits ,maurice reading and ,eugnie is near here4 ,he looks but shadowy still1 having just recovered from a fever1 but the outline of his face is beautiful as he bends slightly over the book1 the refined mouth1 the expressive1 drooping eyelids1 the noble brow declaring him the worthy descendent of a long line of knights and gentlemen4 ,one of these ancestors1 ,gurin de ,montaigu1 ,grand ,master of the ,knights of ,malta1 looks down upon us from the wall as we stand behind ,maurice's chair1 glancing1 by the way1 over his shoulder at the page he is reading1 one of ,barbey d',aurevilly's brilliant articles4 ,and now he reads aloud a striking passage1 and ,eugnie lifts her eyes and lets the work drop on her lap4 ,what earnest1 dovelike eyes they are6 ,see how softly the hair parts on her forehead1 passing over the pretty ear and falling in little curls at the back of her neck4 ,the dress looks old-fashioned to us now1 with its half-high1 baby waste1 and belt1 and tucker1 and her hair is dressed too high to be becoming2 but there is the air of a refined lady in everything about her1 and her face is like the face of a sweet1 good little child4 ,the reading has stopped and their talk turns upon private matters1 something about ,caroline1 and hopes and fears for the future4 ,we will leave them to their conversation1 and pass out through yonder door1 pausing for an instant to admire that picture of the ,madonna and child1 presented to the family by the ,queen1 and to look through the glass doors and arched window at the terrace1 all green and blossoming with roses and acacias4 ,here we are in an ,m4 de ,gurin's room1 with its table and chairs loaded with books and with dust6 ,that pri-,dieu was embroidered by ,mme4 de ,gurin and whose pensive look face looks out from the pictures1 hanging between the fireplace and the bed4 ,there is the cross presented by ,christine ,rognier1 and the holy water vase1 and the picture of ,calvary before which ,eugnie used to kneel and pour out her childish woes4 ,one day she prayed that some spots might disappear from her frock1 and a disappeared--and again she begged that her doll might have a soul1 but that never came to pass4 ,no doubt it was in this great state bed that ,madame de ,gurin died at midnight on the second of ,april1 #ahai4 ,eugnie had fallen asleep at her mother's feet1 and as the spirit passed away from the long suffering body1 ,m4 de ,gurin waked the little girl4 ,my ,god6 ,i hear the priest1 ,i see the lighted candles and a pale face the in tears1 she wrote sixteen years afterwards4 ,poor little soul6 ,she awoke to the double responsibility of child and parent1 for the little eight-year-old ,maurice was her mother's legacy to her4 ,now a dark spiral staircase in the turret leads to a large hall on the first story1 and then winds on with several landing-places to the upper part of the house where the servants sleep4 ,this hall is the grand reception-room for guests of distinction1 and has more and air of grandeur then the rest of the chteau4 ,this ornamented ceiling and deep wainscoting of carved wood1 these paintings set in the panels1 and that huge chimney-piece supported on stone caryatides1 call up to our fancy the days when stately dames and gentle couriers visited ,le ,cayla for the hunting season4 ,but there is a golden renown in store for this shattered1 time-worn house1 more precious than that shed upon it by any ,gurin of the seventeenth century4 ,suites of small rooms lead from the hall--here is the room that ,eugnie shares with her younger sister ,marie1 and near by is the chambrette where ,maurice sleeps when he is at home4 ,in his absence it is her nest where she reads1 writes1 prays1 or leans on the window-sill to listen to the brook rippling below the terrace1 two doves1 and nightingales and all the lovely #dac out-door sounds2 or to look over the corn-fields1 groves1 chestnut trees1 and vineyards in the valley1 far away to the mountains where the friend1 ,louis de ,bayne1 lives in a white chteau with a linden tree walk1 in a country of ravines and waterfalls2--but we have indulged long enough in this summer dream of ,le ,cayla1 and must turn to a picture full of sober tints and shadows4 ,,la ,,chenaie ,in ,brittany1 within a few hours drive from ,rennes1 was the old family place of the ,lamennais1 where about the year #ahcj ,hughes ,filicit de ,lamennais drew about him several of the most promising intellects of ,france1 ,footnote #fd with the view of establishing a new religious order1 that should meet all the demands of that most grasping of centuries1 the nineteenth4 ,montalembert1 ,gerbert1 ,sainte-,beuve1 ,lacordaire1 ,rohrbacher1 ,combalot1 and many others of more or less distinction1 were inmates or frequent visitors in the old white house with its peaked ,french roof1 surrounded on every side by thick woods that were full of beauty and song in summer1 but in winter pressed about it in dusky--brown monotony1 while overhead on the grey1 heavy ,breton sky4 ,footnote #fd3 ,the precise period at which ,la ,chnaie became the resort of the celebrated men we have been unable to ascertain4 ,the ,lamennais were a commercial family in ,bordeaux1 ennobled during the reign of ,louis ,,xvi4 ,l',abb de ,lamennais1 the second son1 refusing to become a merchant1 retired to ,la ,chnaie1 and prepared himself for the priesthood4 ,here ,lamennais passed through many of the struggles of his giant nature1 slow in its action1 but never pausing until it had reached the extreme result of any course of thought or feeling4 ,here1 at fifteen years of age1 he took refuge with his brother1 ,jean de ,lamennais1 to think out the perplexities that clouded his faith so persistently as to prevent him from receiving his first communion until he was twenty-two years old2 and hither he came to labor over the task he had proposed to himself1 of procuring the banishment of tyranny and suffering from the earth4 ,at the time ,maurice de ,gurin ,footnote #fe joined the little circle at ,la ,chnaie1 ,lamennais had reached the turning point in his career4 ,after preaching in his journal1 with the assurance of a prophet1 the public union of ,catholicity and democracy1 he had suffered the mortification of finding himself obliged to suspend the publication of ,l',avenir4 ,a visit to ,rome1 where he was treated with the greatest personal consideration1 convinced him that there was no prospect of support from the ,holy ,see1 and he returned home oppressed with disappointment1 and though apparently submissive to the decisions of his superiors1 already resolving in his mind1 perhaps unconsciously1 plans to crush the power that had crushed him4 ,those around him feared that he would die of grief4 ,one day he said to his favorite pupil1 ,elie de ,kertauguy1 when they were sitting together under one of the ,scotch pines behind the chapel1 in the great spreading garden3 ,there is the place where ,i wish to rest1 marking out on the grass the form of a grave with his stick3 ,but no tombstone over me--only a mound of earth4 ,oh6 ,i shall be well off there4 ,footnote #fe3 ,vide ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve's ,notice sur ,maurice de ,gurin4 ,if1 says ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve1 he had died then1 or in the following months1 if his heart had snapped in it's hidden struggle1 what a fair1 unblemished memory he would have left1 what fame as a faithful believer 7fidle7 a hero--almost a martyr6 ,what a mysterious subject of meditation and revery to those who love to contemplate great destinies thwarted6 ,and yet even then ,lamennais' sufferings must have proceeded more from wounded pride than from disappointed philanthropy1 for one can hardly imagine a sterner course of tyranny then that of forcing dogmatically upon ,catholic nations a theory of political freedom that would have thrown half the civilized world into a state of revolution4 #dad ,a striking point in ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve's masterly analysis of the character of his former friend is the strange contrast offered by the double nature of ,lamennais1 who always leaned completely to one side or the other1 without any gradation1 sometimes being possessed by what ,buffon calls1 in speaking of beasts of prey1 a soul wrath2 and again filled with a sweetness and tenderness that drew little children to him1 a truly fascinating mood2 and from one humor to the other he would pass in an instant4 ,to ,la ,chnaie and to the influence of this wonderful being1 this compound a pathetic gentleness and combative obstinacy1 of magnetism and repulsion1 ,gurin came one afternoon early in the ,december of #ahcb4 ,m4 ,fli1 as ,lamennais was called in his household1 where ceremony was laid aside1 and the most charming relations existed between old and young1 received him very cordially in his little private parlor1 which was furnished with one chair and a chest of drawers4 ,the master had a way of letting the person he was conversing with say everything that he had to say upon a subject without interruption 7and uncomfortable method1 by the way1 of convincing one of the paucity of one's ideas71 and then he would take up the matter himself1 and speak gravely1 profoundly1 luminously4 ,but on this occasion he gave himself up freely to a chat upon all sorts of subjects calculated to draw out the general intelligence of his new pupil--the weather in ,languedoc1 ,maurice's traveling companions1 his age1 the high tides that ,saint ,malo1 ,calderon1 oyster fishing1 ,catholic poetry1 ,victor ,hugo1 the most remarkable fishes on the coast of ,brittany--all the while hurrying to and fro in the little room1 presenting a singular appearance with his small1 slender figure clad in grey from head to foot1 his oblong head1 pale complexion1 grey eyes1 long nose1 and brow furrowed with wrinkles4 ,the life at ,la ,chnaie suited ,gurin's taste admirably1 excepting perhaps the practice of rising at five o'clock1 against which every well-regulated mind must rebel4 ,one of his great enjoyments was the daily mass in the quiet little chapel below the terrace in the garden4 ,at breakfast1 he wrote to ,eugnie1 we have butter1 and bread which we toast to make it more appetizing 7toast was rather a luxury in those days on the continent71 butter plays an important part in the meals4 ,dinner trs confortable1 with coffee and liqueurs when we have company1 is seasoned with a rolling fire of wit1 generally coming from ,m4 ,fli--whose mots are charming--vivid1 piercing1 sparkling1 and innumerable4 ,his genius escapes in this way when he is not at work1 and from sublime he becomes fascinating4 ,in studies1 ,maurice was thrown into modern languages1 ,catholic philosophy1 and the history of philosophy4 ,each pupil had a room to himself1 but they all studied in a common room sitting round a good fire4 ,their recreations consisted in skating on a pond close by the house1 or taking walks in the woods1 staff in hand1 ,m4 ,fli marching on ahead wearing a battered old straw hat such as great men love to shelter their illustrious heads with4 ,they had supper at eight o'clock and then adjourned to the pleasant1 quaint old parlor1 where chess and backgammon greeted the master's longing eyes1 smoothing his brow and putting him in genial mood4 ,then he would throw himself on the immense sofa that stood under his grandmother's portrait1 and become absorbed into the threadbare crimson velvet1 except the little head ever rolling restlessly from side to side with eyes gleaming like fire-flies4 ,and then he would talk1 ,ye gods6 how he would talk6-- ,what treasures of wit1 humor1 anecdote1 analysis1 and broad generalization poured from that horn of plenty1 #dae his mind stored with the prints of nearly half a century of philosophic research and observation of men and things6 ,his voice varied with his words from grave to gay1 and now and then came long peals of shrill laughter1 more derisive perhaps than mirthful4 ,that is our man6 said ,maurice proudly1 after describing such an evening2 that evening perhaps when his own attractions eclipsed the master's brilliancy in the estimation of one who saw him for the first time--,m4 de ,marzan1 a former pupil of ,lamennais1 who revisited ,la ,chnaie on the #ahth of ,december1 #ahcb4 ,m4 ,fli was in one of his most delightful moods1 recounting the experiences of his late ,italian journey1 and drawing out in his genial way the keen observations of the young men about him--of all excepting poor ,maurice1 who stood silent among the hopeful1 eager talkers1 painfully conscious of himself and distrustful of others1 we must confess1 with all affectionate sympathy for our hero4 ,but in his reserved mien1 in his expressive southern eyes and intellectual face1 there was a magnetism that won completely ,m4 de ,marzan's attention from the delights of conversation1 and as soon as the evening ended1 he obtained an introduction through ,elie de ,kertauguy1 a handsome1 gifted youth from ,lower ,brittany1 passionately devoted to ,lamennais1 and compassionately attentive to ,gurin1 regarding him1 as did most of the inmates of ,la ,chnaie1 as a refined but very inefficient member of their circle4 ,not so ,marzan1 who in twenty-four hours had thawed ,maurice's reserve1 won his confidence1 seen his journal1 heard the circumstances of his unrequited love for ,mlle4 de ,bayne1 and laid the foundation of a friendship that lasted unbroken to the day of ,gurin's death4 ,what days1 and nights too1 of rapture these two young poets used to spend together1 guided by their older and more experienced friend1 ,hippolyte de ,la ,morvonnais 7a frequent visitor at ,la ,chnaie71 who had been to ,grasmere to visit ,wordsworth1 and come home imbued with veneration for ,les ,lakistes4 7,the ,lake ,poets74 ,there came to be a mania among the three friends for describing in homely language the simplest domestic details1 which they considered it a triumph in art to be able to give in a rhythm so dubious that none but the initiated could tell whether it was meant for prose or verse4 ,even at this early period1 ,gurin gave evidence of the peculiar strength and weakness of his style1 the vagueness and looseness of his verse1 the faultless harmony of his prose1 which is as pure as air1 free from the least touch of provincialism or mannerism2 and yet1 in the simple fervor of its revelations of the secrets that nature poured into his attentive ear1 we are reminded of the sweet pipings of the ,ettrick ,shepherd1 as dear old ,christopher ,north interprets them to us4 ,through him we see and hear trees wave and waters flow1 birds sing and winds sigh in the woods1 and without being disturbed by moral inferences and philosophical conclusions4 ,and surely1 when beauty comes to us so pure and fresh and untarnished1 she may be left to teach her own lessons1 which come to us so softly too from her lips4 ,the months that ,maurice spent at ,la ,chnaie were not especially fruitful to him1 except in the sad experiences that tended to develop his moral strength4 ,but for ,morvonnais and ,marzan1 he would have remained quite unappreciated1 for ,lamennais1 who gave the tone to the household1 was too much absorbed in his apocalyptic social visions ,footnote #ff to be conscious of the jewel that glittered before his eyes4 ,lamennais was a logician1 a philosopher1 a passionate and fanatical worker4 ,gurin was a man of #daf exquisite artistic perceptions1 but dreamy1 undecided1 deficient in vigor4 ,odin and ,apollo1--sledge-hammer and chisel1--thunderbolt and sunbeam1 are not more unlike in use and significance4 ,m4 ,fli offered nothing but pitying tenderness1 which ,maurice accepted in dumb veneration4 ,no wonder that1 with the life at ,la ,chnaie1 all intimate intercourse between them ceased4 ,footnote #ff3 ,sainte-,beuve4 ,but it is a matter for surprise that1 with all his powers of fascination1 ,lamennais inflicted 7so far as we can learn the circumstances of the case7 no permanent injury upon the faith of any one of his companions at ,la ,chnaie4 ,lacordaire1 ,gerbet1 ,montalembert1 and ,bohrbacher became renowned champions of the church4 ,combalot1 who had adored ,lamennais1 burst forth into a storm of invectives against him 7as is the wont of disappointed idolaters71 and then exclaimed1 ,alas6 ,i have wounded that heart into which ,i could have poured torrents of love6 ,morvonnais and ,marzan were ardent believers2 ,elie de ,kertauguy and ,gurin died ,catholics4 ,in short1 ,lamennais had devoted the prime of life to the church1 and in those years had uttered words of wisdom never to be unsaid or forgotten4 ,in spite of himself he must always be an eloquent advocate of the faith he deserted1 a powerful enemy of the cause he espoused4 ,the time was already drawing near when the asylum should be closed to ,maurice where he had found1 in spite of disappointment and frequent depression1 a happy1 congenial home4 ,on ,easter ,sunday1 ,lamennais celebrated his last mass and gave communion to all the little circle4 ,who would have said 7we quote from ,sainte-,beuve7 to those who clustered round the master1 that he who had just given them communion1 would never administer it again to anyone2 that he would refuse it forevermore2 and that he would soon adopt for his too true device an oak shattered by the storm1 with the proud motto3 ,i break but bend not6 ,a ,titan's device1 la ,capane6 ,early in the autumn of #ahcc1 the ,bishop of ,rennes ordered the dissolution of ,lamennais' religious community1 and the pupils were removed to ,plormel1 where they continued their studies under the supervision of ,m4 ,jean de ,lamennais4 ,m4 ,fli disbanded his little army with the dignity of a defeated general1 and then threw himself single-handed again into the fight4 ,he changed his patrician name to ,f4 ,lamennais1 and demanded of democracy 7says one of his biographers71 as he had demanded of the church1 a wand-stroke that should free the world at once from suffering and oppression4 ,his success may be judged by the political history of ,france in the last sixteen years4 ,in religion he adopted ,christianisme lgislate1 ,footnote #fg whatever that may be4 ,if1 said he1 men feel so irresistibly impelled to unite themselves to ,god that they return to ,christianity1 let no one suppose that it can be to that ,christianity which presents itself under the name of ,catholicism4 ,footnote #fg3 ,lamartine4 ,in the revolution of '#dh he thought he saw the birth of liberty2 in the ,coup d',etat he received its death-blow in his own person4 ,baffled on every side1 he betook himself to literature1 and translated the ,divina ,commedia2 then feeling within him no life-sustaining thought1 he died in his seventy-third year1 after an illness of a few weeks1 leaving these words in his will3 ,i will be buried among the poor1 and like the poor4 ,i will have nothing over my grave1 not even a stone2 nor will ,i have my body carried into any church4 ,they laid him in ,pre la ,chaise1 and no word of blessing was uttered over his grave4 ,poor ,lamennais6 ,what magnificent possibilities were shattered in his fall6 ,and ,maurice1 what were his emotions when the door of ,la ,chnaie dosed behind him8--the little paradise he called it1 but then1 poor soul1 #dag anything that had escaped him for ever seemed to have been paradise4 ,he suffered all that must be endured by those who have mistaken personal influence for a divine attraction4 ,the novitate on which he had entered at ,la ,chnaie with a certain reluctance1 galled him beyond endurance at ,plormel4 ,i would rather run the chance of a life of adventure than be garrotted by a rule1 he said1 and so he went out into the world again1 feeling like a thing let loose in the universe1 and by the blessing of ,providence was received into the home of his unfailing friend1 ,hippolyte de la ,morvonnais1 who lived most delightfully on the coast of ,brittany1 at a place called ,le ,val de l',arquenon4 ,two months of simple country life1 and of intercourse with ,morvonnais1 and with his wife1 who exercised over ,maurice the noblest and sweetest influence1 gave him renewed strength to battle with life again4 ,in the following extract from his journal1 describing the last walk at ,le ,val1 we see with what tenacity he clung to the past1 and with what sadness he encountered the future3 ,ten o'clock in the evening4 ,last walk1 last visit to the sea1 to the cliffs1 to the whole grand scenery that has enchanted me for two months4 ,winter is smiling upon us with all the grace of spring1 and giving us days that make birds sing and leaves burst forth on the rose-bushes in the garden1 on the eglantine in the woods1 on the honeysuckle climbing over rock and wall4 ,about two o'clock we took the path that winds so gracefully through flowering broom and coarse cliff grass1 skirting along wheat-fields1 bending toward ravines1 twisting in and out between hedge-rows1 and at last boldly ascending the loftiest rocks4 ,the object of our walk was a promontory that commands the ,bay of ,quatre-,vaux4 ,a hundred feet below us shone the sea1 breaking against the rocks with sounds that passed through our souls as they mounted to heaven4 ,toward the horizon the fishing-boats unfurled against the azure sky their dazzling sails1 and as our eyes turned from this little fleet to the more numerous one that sailed singing nearer to us1 an innumerable crowd of sea-birds fishing gaily1 and gladdening our eyes with the sight of their bright plumage and graceful movements over the water--the birds1 the sails1 the lovely day and universal peace gave to the sea a festal beauty that filled my soul with glad enthusiasm in spite of the sad thoughts ,i had brought with me to our promontory2 and then ,i looked with all my soul at headlands1 rocks1 and islands1 trying to imprint them on my memory and carry them away with me4 ,coming home ,i trod religiously1 and with regret at every step1 the path that had so often led me to such beautiful thoughts1 in such sweet company4 ,the path is so charming when it reaches the coppice1 and passes on among high hazel trees1 and a thick1 bushy hedge of boxwood6 ,then the joy that nature had bestowed upon me died away1 and the melancholy of parting took possession of me4 ,tomorrow will make of sea1 and woods1 and coast1 and all the charms ,i have enjoyed1 a dream1 a floating thought to me2 and so1 that ,i might carry away from these dear places as much as possible1 and as if they could give themselves to me1 ,i besought them to engrave their images upon my soul1 to give me something of themselves that could never pass away2 and ,i broke off branches of boxwood1 bushes1 and luxurious thickets1 plunging my head into their depths to breathe in the wild perfumes they exhale1 to penetrate into their very essence1 and speak as it were heart to heart4 ,the evening passed as usual in talking and reading4 ,we recalled the happiness of past days2 ,i traced a faint picture of them in this book1 and we looked at it sadly1 as at some dear1 beautiful1 dead face4 ,one more passage from his journal and we will leave ,maurice de ,gurin in ,paris4 ,two years from the following date he was a fashionable man of the world1 capable of vieing in #dah conversation with those marvels of wit and brilliancy1 the talkers of ,paris2 but we have to do with him only as the banished recluse1 the exile from ,la ,chnaie4 ,paris1 ,feb41 #ahcd4 ,o ,god6 close my eyes1 keep me from seeing all this multitude1 whose presence rouses in me thoughts so bitter and discouraging4 ,as ,i pass through it1 let me be deaf to the sounds1 inaccessible to the impressions that overwhelm me when ,i am in the crowd2 set before my eyes some image1 some vision of the things ,i love1 a field1 a valley1 a moor1 ,le ,cayla1 ,le ,val1 something in nature2 ,i will walk with eyes fastened upon these dear forms1 and pass on without a sense of suffering4 ------ ,from the ,month4 ,,of ,,dreamers ,,and ,,workers4 ,nearly all men are born either dreamers or workers2 not perhaps only the one or only the other1 but one of these two points is the centre of their oscillation4 ,like a pendulum1 they can move only so far toward their opposite1 some more1 some less2 but1 like the pendulum1 they invariably return to their centre4 ,do we not all know some man with abstracted eye1 high1 retreating forehead1 rather refined and often slightly attenuated frame and features1 and placidly resolute in demeanor1 who has held the same position in the opinion of his fellow-men1 or1 it may be1 has occupied the same bench on the ,sunday quietly for twenty years or more8 ,he is a specimen of the extreme type of dreamers--venerative1 mystical1 and benevolent2 but to all appearance practically useless1 helpless1 and inert4 ,viewed physiologically1 these men are chiefly fair-haired and of the nervous lymphatic temperament2 sometimes this is combined with the bilious temperament1 and in such cases 7to some of which we shall have more particularly to allude7 they become remarkable characters4 ,it has been said that the religion natural to dreamers is a mild form of ,buddhism2 but this is probably because most ,buddhists are dreamers and mystics in the highest degree4 ,one thing is certain1 dreamers are in politics either conservative or utopian1 and in religion are little disposed either to reject what they have been taught or to influence others to do so4 ,if they have been educated as ,catholics1 mild and devout ,catholics they live and die2 if as ,protestants1 they are unusually gentle and tolerant1 and oppose alike reforms that would be innovations1 and innovations that would be reforms4 ,a man who lives by faith1 thus resting on the invisible1 has at times an apparent resemblance to a dreamer4 ,it is not our object in this paper to point out the distinction1 wide as it indeed is4 ,dreamers are the subject of wonderful anecdotes about their absence of mind3 it is related of them that they forget their meals1 start on a journey without their hats1 walk with their eyes wide open over precipices1 ride on their walking-sticks1 and are surprised when toll is not demanded of them for their charger4 ,there is no occasion to believe all these preposterous tales1 but no doubt there are many very curious and perfectly well-authenticated cases of abstraction of mind so entire as to cause catastrophes both painful and ludicrous4 ,to these men their real life is their dream1 their working-day is only their interruption and annoyance4 ,they are in heart mystics1 and only need a certain activity of brain and speech to proclaim themselves as such4 ,they possess great store of happiness within themselves1 owing to their peculiarity of caring less than others for those #dai substantial and golden rewards which cause the unrest of the world4 ,they love the unseen and mysterious better than the visible and sensuous1 and would in general barter any amount of distinct and limited reality for indefinite prospects2 so that the single streak of wan and dying light1 which sleeps on the edge of the dark horizon1 is more precious to them1 as suggesting ,infinity1 than any view which could be offered of noble cities or fertile plains4 ,almost all things are to them symbolical4 ,no action is in their thought simply what it seems to be2 but there is about every deed performed1 circumstance encountered1 or season passed1 a secret sense of omen or prescience1 of brightness or of shadow4 ,light becomes a sentiment calling up images of corresponding radiance and beauty1 but especially perhaps that early morning light which seems1 while yet sleeping1 to float in on the world1 as opposed to the fading colors of departing day4 ,darkness1 again1 sometimes lends a sense of peril2 but more often is peopled by spirits--a realm of shadows and shadowy delights1 all called into being1 moved1 governed1 and colored by the dreamer in his dream4 ,the many gradations between brightness and gloom have each their especial fascination for dreamers1 who are in this respect as discriminative and fanciful as the ,jews1 who1 in olden times1 distinguished two kinds of twilight3 the doves' twilight1 or crepusculum of the day1 and ravens' twilight1 or the crepusculum of the night4 ,in truth1 their tendency is to behold all actual things as illusions1 and to consider the spiritual and unseen world as the only true one3 thus1 in the cloudy mantle of constant reverie they hide all the ills and infirmities of humanity1 and slumber in the golden sleep of halcyon quiet apart from the everlasting storms of life4 ,for when a man can sit calmly on an uncomfortable pole1 like the ,indian mystic1 and say ,i am the ,universe1 and the ,universe is me1 he has attained to the greatest conceivable height and perfection of dream-life4 ,from the age of ,plato to our own times dreamers have been born perpetually among the sons of men4 ,st4 ,john is claimed by them as being the most profound and loving mystic ever given to the world4 ,there have been countless others2 we need not add a list of names2 those of ,swedenborg1 ,boehmen1 and ,irving1 will occur to the memory as representing one class of dreamers4 ,these leaders are1 as one might predict1 regarded with the extreme veneration characteristic of the order4 ,indeed1 of some it may be chronicled1 as it was of the ancient deities1 ,buddha1 etc41 ,once a man1 now a ,god6 ,in general1 dreamers have tenanted our madhouses rather than filled our prisons2 if1 however1 they do commit crimes1 they are serious ones4 ,religious and political assassinations have been commonly the fruits of mad dreamers4 ,in the ranks have been numbered many holy men1 and as a rule they have influenced mankind rather by the example of their life and the teaching of their pen than by busy practical action4 ,only certain professions and occupations are suitable for dreamers4 ,in the olden times they were poets1 shepherds1 prophets1 soothsayers1 diviners1 alchemists1 rhabdomantists4 ,footnote #fh ,in these days they are by rights clergymen1 authors1 poets1 philanthropists1 and1 philosophers4 ,if they enter trade they commonly end in the ,gazette2 and placed in positions of authority1 where severity of discipline has to be exercised1 they are uniformly unsuccessful2 in situations of trust1 they are invariably single-hearted and faithful1 but in every place and at all times they are the most frequent victims of fraudulent representations and impudent imposture4 ,a certain number of the priesthood among all nations1 gentle1 speculative1 and saintly men1 #dbj have been of this order2 weaving their work and their dreams together into a fair fabric of many colors1 which if it seems to ordinary eyes shadowy and unsubstantial as the mist1 is yet1 like the air1 elastic1 solid1 and capable of resisting a very heavy pressure4 ,idealists are1 however1 rarely formidable in action unless the bilious is largely transfused in their temperament4 ,they then become missionaries and martyrs2 patriots1 revolutionists1 fanatics2 they head revolutions1 plan massacres1 overthrow monarchies1 and shatter creeds4 ,peter the ,hermit1 ,john of ,leyden1 are examples of this order4 ,footnote #fh3 ,greek text1 a rod2 men who undertook1 and in certain unenlightened regions do still undertake1 to discover wells of water1 veins of minerals1 or hidden treasures of money and jewels1 by means of divining-rods4 ,the workers born into the world are widely different in temperament and disposition1 and antagonistic in principles1 sentiment1 and action4 ,they consist both of those who work with their hands alone1 and of those who work up into a practical form the reveries and speculative schemes of the dreamers4 ,physiologically viewed1 the extreme type of the worker exhibits most frequently the bullet-shaped head1 square jaw1 muscular1 thick neck1 large chest development1 and elemental hand1 commonly also the sanguine1 sanguine-nervous1 or sanguine-bilious temperament1 ,they have an irresistible propensity to do1 to acquire1 to conquer or invade2 they are fertile in resource1 opulent in stratagem1 full of quarrel1 and essentially aggressive4 ,a contest is to them an occasion of inexplicable delight2 and naturally dedicated to action1 they are as unable to conceive of disappointment as the other class are to resist that which is or seems to be their destiny4 ,they become engineers1 manufacturers1 merchants1 inventors1 mighty hunters1 soldiers1 sailors1 pioneers1 emigrants1 rough-riders1 pugilists1 smugglers1 aeronauts1 acrobats1 and celebrated performers in travelling circuses and menageries1 lion-tamers1 snake-charmers1 rat-catchers1 burglars1 thieves1 and highwaymen4 ,they are gamekeepers1 and devote their lives to circumvent and strive in mortal strife with poachers2 or they are poachers1 and spend their days and nights in plotting against and harassing and threatening the gamekeepers4 ,as clergymen they are most hard-working1 zealous and excellent1 but also the most quarrelsome and intolerant4 ,when they come on to the earth as younger members of the aristocracy1 who may neither dig1 trade1 nor fight in the ring1 and have not the wherewithal to keep racehorses and hunters1 they enter the army or navy1 and there in times of peace1 when no legitimate outlet presents itself for the expenditure of these energies1 they form a very insubordinate and turbulent item of the population4 ,the lower classes of the workers who cannot get work1 then crusade against the upper classes1 who are in the same predicament2 and we see the result in the perpetual placarding in some journals and newspapers of deplorable blackguardism in high life4 ,three parts out of five1 or even a larger proportion1 of the ,anglo-,saxon population are composed of workers as opposed to dreamers2 and the seething unquiet mass of humanity known and described by some writers as our dangerous classes is almost entirely recruited from their ranks4 ,many centuries ago they were ,vikings1 pirates1 and border robbers2 they scoured the seas1 made raids1 reived the cattle1 and levied black-mail2 anon they were crusaders1 for though ,peter the ,hermit was a dreamer1 his followers were workers2 subsequently they destroyed monasteries2 and in these days they have made railroads and abolished the corn-laws4 ,but1 nevertheless1 the men who first built churches1 and dwelt in monasteries1 and discovered the mysterious agency by which the engine was to do its work1 were not workers1 but dreamers1 and were reviled in their day as visionaries and enthusiasts4 ,where a dreamer would have been an alchemist1 a modern worker finds his mission to be a gold-digger2 where one is a shepherd1 the other will be a hunter or trapper3--the first works that he may retire to dream4 #dba the second dreams how he shall arise and work4 ,the dreamers among men select as mates the workers among women1 or are 7perhaps more often7 selected by them1 and vice versa4 ,it is the old eternal law of nature--the duality pervading all things1 types1 and classes1 man and woman1 positive and negative1 matter and spirit1 reason and faith2 and1 in spite of the gentle scorn which dreamers cherish for workers1 and the undisguised contempt with which workers regard dreamers1 so they will continue to exist side by side until the day comes when the worker can work no more1 and the dreamer shall have dreamed for the last time4 -------- ,,miscellany4 ,the ,old ,church at ,chelsea1 ,england1--,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,burnell read a paper before the ,british ,archaeological ,society lately1 on the ,old ,church of ,chelsea4 ,the chancel1 with the chauntries north and south of it1 are the only portions of ancient work left4 ,the north chauntry1 called the ,manor ,chauntry1 once contained the monuments of the ,brays1 now in very imperfect condition1 having been destroyed or removed to make space for those of the ,gervoise family4 ,there remains1 however1 an ancient brass in the floor4 ,of the south1 or ,more ,chauntry1 he stated that the monument of ,sir ,thomas ,more was removed from it to the chancel2 and the chauntry had been occupied by the monuments of the ,georges family1 now also removed1 displaced1 and destroyed4 ,mr4 ,blunt showed that1 notwithstanding the current contrary opinion1 founded on ,aubrey's assertion1 the ,more monument is the original one for which ,sir ,thomas ,more himself dictated the epitaph4 ,mr4 ,burnell1 the architect of the improvements effected subsequently to #aheg1 spoke positively as to the non-existence of a crypt which conjecture had placed under the ,more ,chauntry4 ,the foundation of the west end of the church before it was enlarged in #afff1 he found west of ,lord ,dacre's tomb4 ,on the north side of the chancel an aumbrey1 and on the south a piscina was found1 coeval with the chancel 7early fourteenth century74 ,the arch between the ,more ,chauntry and the chancel is a specimen of ,italian workmanship--dated #aebh--;a date confirmed by the objects represented in the carved ornaments1 those objects being connected with the ,roman ,catholic ritual4 ,it is a remarkably early instance of the use of ,italian architecture in this country4 ,in a window of this chapel1 then partly bricked up1 was found in the brickwork in #aheh remains of the stained glass which once filled it4 ,the body of ,sir ,thomas ,more was1 according to ,aubrey1 interred in this chapel1 and his head1 after an exposure of fourteen days1 testifying to the passers-by on ,london ,bridge the remorseless cruelty of ,henry ,,viii4 and his barbarous insensibility1 was consigned to a vault in ,st4 ,dunstan's ,church1 ,canterbury4 ,it was seen and drawn in that vault in #agae4--,reader4 ,new ,artesian ,well in ,paris1--,a third artesian well is now being added to the two which ,paris' has already4 ,already the perforation has reached the depth of eighty-two metres1 being twenty metres below the sea-level4 ,before reaching this point1 considerable difficulties had to be overcome in the shape of intermediate sheets of water1 which form a series of subterranean lakes4 ,the first of these was kept in its bed by means of a strong iron tube driven perpendicularly through it2 that which followed received wooden palings1 and the subsequent stratum being clay1 the masonry was continued without difficulty to about five metres above sea-level4 ,but at this point a layer of agglomerations was reached1 which let a great deal of water escape4 ,it thus became necessary to have again recourse to pumps3 those employed were in the aggregate of #bj horse-power4 ,owing to the bad nature of this stratum1 it was resolved to protect the perforation by a revetment of extraordinary thickness2 and in order that the well might preserve its diameter of two metres notwithstanding1 the upper part has had to be widened in proportion1 so as to #dbb give it the enormous width of four metres at the top4 ,after this labor the work of perforation was continued through a stratum of pyrolithic limestone4 ,at the depth corresponding to the level of the sea1 they reached a layer of tubular chalk1 all pierced with large holes1 forming so many spouts1 as thick as a man's thigh1 through which water poured into the well with incredible velocity4 ,while the pumps were at work to get rid of this water1 a cylindrical revetment of bricks was built on a sort of wheel made of oak1 and laid down flat at the bottom of the perforation by way of a foundation1 and the intermediate space between this cylinder and the chalk stratum was filled with concrete1 #dg1jjj kilos1 of which were expended in this operation4 ,as soon as the concrete might be considered to have set1 or attained sufficient consistency1 the brick cylinder was taken to pieces again1 and the perforation continued to the pressure point1 where a new sheet of water has been reached1 requiring ingenious contrivances4--,artisan4 ,new ,irish ,coal ,fossils4--,through the labors of ,professor ,huxley1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,wright1 and ,mr4 ,brownrig1 some very interesting fossils from the ,castlecomer coal-measures of ,co4 ,kilkenny1 ,ireland1 have been brought under the notice of geologists4 ,the specimens consist of fish1 insects1 and amphibian reptiles4 ,three out of the five forms of these amphibians are undoubtedly new to science1 and1 in all probability1 the remaining two also4 ,the first1 and most remarkable genus1 ,professor ,huxley has named ,ophiderpeton1 having reference to its elongated1 snake-like form1 rudimentary limbs1 peculiar head1 and compressed tail4 ,in outward form ,ophiderpeton somewhat resembles ,siren lacertina and ,amphiuma1 but the ventral surface appears covered with an armature of minute1 spindle-shaped plates1 obliquely adjusted together1 as in ,archaegosaurus and ,pholidogaster4 ,the second new form1 which he names ,lepterpeton1 possesses an eel-like body1 with slender and pointed head1 and singularly constructed hourglass-shaped centra1 as in ,thecodontosaurus4 ,the third genus1 which ,professor ,huxley names ,ichthyerpeton1 has also ventral armor1 composed of delicate rod-like ossicles2 the hind limbs have three short toes1 and the tail was covered with small quadrate scutes1 or apparently horny scales4 ,the fourth new amphibian ,labyrinthodont he appropriately names ,keraterpeton1 a singular salamandroid-looking form1 but minute as compared with the other associated genera4 ,its highly ossified vertebral column1 prolonged epiotic bones1 and armor of overlapping scutes1 determine its character in a remarkable manner4 ,a paper has been read before the ,royal ,irish ,academy upon the subject1 and1 in the course of the discussion which followed1 ,professor ,haughton said he had ,professor ,huxley's authority for stating that the coal-pit at ,castlecomer had within a few months afforded more important discoveries than all the other coal-pits of ,europe4--,geological ,magazine4 ,the ,accommodation-,power of the ,eye4--,the manner in which the human eye alters its focus for the perception of objects at various distances has always been a difficult problem for physiologists and physicists4 ,the literature of medical science is full of dissertations on this subject1 yet very little1 if anything1 is positively known of the exact means by which the alteration is achieved4 ,there appears to be now a tendency among ophthalmologists to believe that the effect required is produced by an alteration of the form of the crystalline lens of the eye1 which becomes less or more convex as occasion demands4 ,this view has just received a rather strong condemnation by the ,rev4 ,professor ,haughton1 of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 in some remarks published in the ,dublin ,quarterly ,journal of ,science4 ,speaking of the alteration of form in the lens1 he says3--,even this must take place on a far greater and more important scale than anatomists have as yet suspected4 ,the change amounts to the addition of a double convex lens of crown glass having a radius of a third of an inch4 ,anatomists have not as yet discovered a mechanism for changing the shape of the lens sufficient to produce these results4 ,the lens should almost be turned into a sphere1 and ,i know of no ciliary muscles capable of effecting so great a change4--,popular ,science ,review4 #dbc ,petroleum as a ,substitute for ,coal4--,some recent experiments with petroleum oil used for heating water1 gave results from which it was estimated that petroleum had more than three times the heating effect of an equal weight of coal4 ,mr4 ,richardson's experiments at ,woolwich1 however1 gave an evaporation of #ac4if to #ah4ff lb4 of water1 by one pound of ,american petroleum2 #i4g lb4 of petroleum being burnt per square foot of grate per hour4 ,with shale oil the evaporation was #aj to #aj4e lb4 of water per pound of fuel4 ,the evaporative power of good coal may be taken1 for comparison1 at #h to #h4e lb4 per pound of fuel4 ,taking into account the saving of freight due to the better quality of the fuel1 and the saving of labor in stoking1 it is possible that at some future time mineral oil may supersede coal in some of our ocean steamers4-- ,frith of ,forth ,bridge4--,parliamentary sanction has been obtained for a bridge over the ,frith of ,forth1 of a magnitude which gives it great scientific interest4 ,it is to form part of a connecting-link between the ,north ,british and ,edinburgh and ,glasgow ,railways4 ,its total length will be #aa1gee feet1 and it will be made up of the following spans1 commencing from the south shore3--,first1 fourteen openings of #ajj feet span1 increasing in height from #fc to #gg ft4 above high-water mark2 then six openings of #aej ft4 span1 varying from #ga ft4 to #gi ft4 above high water level2 and then six openings of #age ft4 span1 of which the height above high-water level varies from #gf to #hc ft4 ,these are succeeded by fifteen openings of #bjj ft4 span1 and height increasing from #hj ft4 to #aje ft4 ,then come the four great openings of #ejj ft4 span1 which are placed at a clear height of #ace ft4 above high-water spring tides4 ,the height of the bridge then decreases1 the large spans being followed by two openings of #bjj ft41 varying in height from #aje to #ajj ft4 above high-water2 then four spans of #age ft41 decreasing from #ajb to #if ft4 in height2 then four openings of #aej ft4 span1 varying in height from #ie to #ia feet2 and lastly seven openings of #ajj ft4 span1 #ig to #ic feet in height4 ,the piers occupy #a1jje feet in aggregate width4 ,the main girders are to be on the lattice principle1 built on shore1 floated to their position1 and raised by hydraulic power4 ,the total cost is estimated at #dgf1edc4--;,engineering1 ,jan4 #e4 ,origin of the ,diamond4--,contrary to the usual opinion that the diamond has been produced by the action of intense heat on carbon1 ,herr ,goeppert asserts that it owes its origin to aqueous agency4 ,his argument is based upon the fact that the diamond becomes black when exposed to a very high temperature4 ,he considers that its ,neptunian origin is proved by the fact that it has often on the surface impressions of grains of sand1 and sometimes of crystals1 showing that it has once been soft4 ,the ,purification of ,coal-,gas4--,an important essay on this subject has been written by ,professor ,a4 ,anderson1 of ,queen's ,college1 ,birmingham4 ,it relates chiefly to the methods discovered by the author for the successful removal of bisulphide of carbon and the sulphuretted hydro-carbons by means of the sulphides of ammonium4 ,by washing the gas with this compound1 a very large proportion 7nearly #ce per cent47 of the sulphur impurities are removed1 and the illuminating power of the gas1 so far from being diminished1 becomes actually increased4 ,professor ,anderson records several carefully conducted experiments1 all of which prove the truth of the conclusions at which he has arrived4 ,his method is now in operation at the ,taunton and other local gas-works1 and is highly spoken of by those who have given it careful consideration4 ,paraffine in the ,preservation of ,frescoes4--,in ,dingler's ,journal et ,bulletin de la ,socit ,chimique it is stated that paraffine may be used with advantage for the above purpose4 ,vohl coats the picture with a saturated solution of paraffine in benzole1 and1 when the solvent has evaporated1 washes the surface with a very soft brush4 ,paraffine has this advantage over other greasy matters--it does not become colored by time4 ,welsh ,gold4--,during the year #ahfd1 we learn from statistics only recently published1 there were five gold-mines working in ,merionethshire4 ,in these #b1hcf tons were crushed1 from which #b1hhg ozs4 of gold1 valued at #i1iia1 were obtained4 ,this is in excess of the quantity obtained in #ahfh1 which was only #eeb ozs42 but it is considerably less than the production of #ahfb1 when #e1bii ozs41 having a value of #bj1cij1 were extracted4 #dbd ,a ,new ,train-,signaling ,apparatus4--,sundry mechanical contrivances and improvements in philosophical apparatus have been exhibited at the scientific gatherings of the present season in ,london1 attracting more or less of attention1 according to their merits and utility4 ,mr4 ,preece's train-signalling apparatus for promoting the safety of railway-travelling1 can hardly fail of being interesting to everybody4 ,it is in use on the ,south-western ,railway1 and if properly used1 accidents from collision ought never to happen2 it has the advantage of being applicable to any number of stations1 which is of importance1 considering how stations are multiplying in and around the metropolis4 ,mr4 ,preece has a very simple and complete method of communication between the signalman and switchman4 ,the latter1 on being informed that trains are waiting to come in1 operates on the lever-handles before him1 there being as many handles as lines of converging railway2 and these handles are so contrived1 that on moving any one to admit a train1 it locks the others2 so that if the switchman should pull at any one of them by mistake1 he cannot move it4 ,he is thus prevented from admitting two trains at the same time upon one line of rails1 and thus one of the most frequent occasions of railway accident is avoided4 ,and besides this1 safety is further promoted by a series of small signal-discs1 which start up before the switchman's eyes at the right moment1 and give him demonstration that he has given the right pull at the right handle4 ,action of ,liquid ,manure on certain ,soils4--,some recent researches on this point1 conducted by ,professor ,voelcker1 were alluded to by ,dr4 ,g4 ,calvert in his ,canton lecture before the ,society of ,arts4 ,in some respects ,dr4 ,voelcker's conclusions differ from those of ,mr4 ,way4 ,they are briefly as follows3 7#a47 ,that calcareous1 dry soils absorb about six times as much ammonia from the liquid manure as the sterile1 sandy soil4 7#b47 ,that the liquid manure in contact with the calcareous soil becomes much richer in lime1 whilst during its passage through the sandy soil it becomes much poorer in this substance4 7#c47 ,that the calcareous soil absorbs much more potash than the sandy soil4 7#d7 ,that chloride of sodium is not absorbed to any considerable extent by either soil1 7#e47 ,that both soils remove most of the phosphoric acid from the liquid4 7#f47 ,that the liquid manure1 in passing through the calcareous soil1 becomes poorer1 and in passing through the sandy soil becomes richer in silica4 ,the ,value of ,sewage4--,this important question1 which has been so ably discussed by ,baron ,liebig in his various works upon ,agricultural ,chemistry1 had a paper devoted to it by ,dr4 ,gilbert at a late meeting 7,february #ast7 of the ,chemical ,society4 ,after entering into the details of his subject1 the author draws the following general conclusions3 #ast4 ,it is only by the liberal use of water that the refuse matters of large populations can be removed from their dwellings without nuisance and injury to health4 #b;d4 ,that the discharge of town sewage into rivers renders them unfit as water supplies to other towns1 is destructive to fish1 causes deposits which injure the channel1 and emanations which are injurious to health1 is a great waste of manurial matter1 and should not be permitted4 #c;d4 ,that the proper mode of both purifying and utilizing sewage-water is to apply it to land4 #dth4 ,that1 considering the great dilution of town sewage1 its constant daily supply at all seasons1 its greater amount in wet weather1 when the land can least bear1 or least requires more water1 and the cost of distribution1 it is best fitted for application to grass1 which alone can receive it the year round1 though it may be occasionally applied with advantage to other crops within easy reach of the line or area laid down for the continuous application to grass4 #fth4 ,that the direct result of the general application of town sewage to grass land would be an enormous increase in the production of milk 7butter and cheese7 and meat1 whilst by the consumption of the grass a large amount of solid manure1 applicable to arable land and crops generally1 would be produced4 #fth4 ,that the cost or profit to a town of arrangements for the removal and utilization of its sewage must vary greatly1 according to its position and to the character of the land to be irrigated2 where the sewage can be conveyed by gravitation and a sufficient tract of suitable land is available1 the town may realize a profit2 but1 under contrary conditions1 it may have to submit to a pecuniary loss to secure the necessary sanitary advantages4 ------ #dbe ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,biology4 ,by ,herbert ,spencer4 ,new ,york3 ,appleton ,co4 #ahff1 ,vol4 ,i4 #abmo4 ,pp4 #dge4 ,we have omitted the long list of works of which ,herbert ,spencer is the author1 works of rare ability in their way1 but essentially false in the philosophical principles on which they are based4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer is naturally one of the ablest men in ,great ,britain1 far superior to the much praised ,buckle1 and equalled1 if not surpassed by ,john ,stuart ,mill1 now member of ,parliament4 ,we have heretofore considered him as belonging to the positivist school of philosophy1 founded by ,auguste ,comte1 and the ablest man of that school2 able1 and less absurd than even ,m4 ,littr4 ,but in a note in the work before us he disclaims all affiliation with ,positivism1 declares that he does not accept ,m4 ,comte's system1 and says that the general principles in which he agrees with that singular man1 he has drawn not from him1 but from sources common to them both4 ,this we can easily believe1 for in the little we have had the patience to read of ,m4 ,comte's unreadable works we have found nothing original with him but his dryness1 dulness1 and wearisomeness1 in which if he is not original1 he is at least superior to most men4 ,yet we have not been able to detect any essential difference of doctrine or principle between the ,frenchman and the ,englishman1 and to us who are not positivists1 ,m4 ,comte1 ,m4 ,littr1 ,george ,h4 ,lewes1 ,herbert ,spencer1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,miss ,evans1 and ,harriet ,martineau belong to one and the same school4 ,it is but simple justice to ,herbert ,spencer to say that he writes in strong1 manly1 and for the most part classical ,english1 and has made himself master of the best philosophical style that we have met with in any ,english or ,american writer4 ,he understands1 as far as a man can with his principles1 the philosophy of the ,english tongue1 and writes it with the freedom and ease of a master1 though not always with perfect purity4 ,he must have been a hard student1 and evidently is a most laborious thinker and industrious writer4 ,but here ends1 we are sorry to say1 our commendation4 ,it is the misfortune1 perversity1 or folly of ,herbert ,spencer to spend his life in attempting to obtain or at least to explain effects without causes1 properties without substance1 and phenomena without noumena or being4 ,in his ,principles of ,philosophy1 he divides the real and unreal into the knowable and the unknowable1 without explaining1 however1 how the human mind knows there is an unknowable2 and to the unknowable he relegates the principles1 origin1 and causes of things2 that is1 in plain ,english1 the principles1 origin1 and causes of things1 are unreal at least to us1 and are not only unknown1 but absolutely unknowable1 and should be banished as subjects of investigation1 inquiry1 or thought4 ,hence the knowable1 that to which all science is restricted1 includes only phenomena1 that is to say1 the sensible or material world4 ,biology1 which is the subject of the volume before us1 is the science of life1 but on the author's principles1 is necessarily confined to the statement1 description1 and classification of facts1 or phenomena of organic as distinguished from inorganic matter4 ,he can admit on his philosophy no vital principle1 but must explain the vital phenomena without it1 by a combination1 brought about nobody knows how1 of chemical1 mechanical and electric changes1 forces1 action1 and reaction--as if there can be changes1 forces1 action1 or reaction where there is no relation of cause and effect6 ,but after all his labor1 and it is immense1 to show what chemical1 mechanical1 and electric changes and combinations1 binary1 tertiary1 etc41 are observed in a living subject1 he explains nothing2 for life1 while it lasts1 is neither mechanical1 chemical1 nor electrical1 but to a certain extent resists and counteracts all these forces1 and the human body falls completely under their dominion only when it has ceased to be a living body1 when by chemical action it is decomposed1 and returns to the several elements from which it was formed4 ,mr4 ,spencer describes very scientifically the entire #dbf process of assimilation2 but what is that living power within that assimilates the food we eat and converts it into chyle1 blood1 and flesh and bone8 ,you see here a principle operating of which no element is found in mechanics1 chemistry or electricity1 or any possible combination of them4 ,the muscles of my arms and shoulder may operate on mechanical principles in raising my arm when ,i will to raise it2 but on what mechanical1 chemical1 or electric principles do ,i will to raise it8 ,that ,i will to raise it1 and in willing to do so perform an immaterial act1 ,i know better than you know that percussion produces detonation in sulphide of nitrogen1 or that explosion is a property of nitro-mannite1 or of nitroglycerine4 ,the simple fact is that the physical sciences are all good and useful in their place1 and for purposes to which they are fitted2 but they are all secondary sciences1 and without principles higher than themselves to give dialectic validity to their inductions1 they are no sciences at all4 ,there is no approach to the science of life in ,herbert ,spencer's ,biology2 there is only a painfully elaborate statement of the principal external facts which usually accompany it and depend on it4 ,indeed1 we had the impression that our most advanced physiologists1 while admitting in their place chemical and electric forces as necessary to the phenomena of organic life1 had abandoned the attempt to expound the science of physiology on chemical1 electric or mechanical principles1 or any possible combination of them4 ,even ,dr4 ,draper1 if he makes no great use of it in his physiology1 recognizes a vital principle1 even an immaterial soul1 in man4 ,we had also the impression that the medical profession were abandoning the chemical theory of medicine1 so fashionable a few years ago4 ,we may be wrong1 but as far as we have been able to keep pace with modern science1 ,mr4 ,spencer is a quarter of a century behind his age4 ,the chapter on genesis1 generation1 multiplication1 or reproduction1 is as unscientific as it is unchristian4 ,we merely note that the author insists on metagenesis as well as parthenogenesis1 that is1 that the offspring may differ in kind from the parents1 and that there are virgin1 or rather1 sexless mothers4 ,some years ago1 in conversing with a scientific friend1 ,i ventured to deny this alleged fact1 on the strength of the theological and scriptural doctrine that every kind produces its like4 ,he laughed in my face1 and brought forward certain well-known facts in the reproduction of the aphid or cabbage-louse4 ,i assured him that if he would take the pains to observe more closely he would find that his metagenesis and parthenogenesis are only different stages in the entire process of the reproduction of the aphid4 ,of course he did not believe a word of it2 but a few days afterwards he came and informed me that he had seen his friend4 ,dr4 ,burnham of ,boston1 a naturalist of rare sagacity1 who told him that naturalists were wrong in asserting metagenesis in the case of aphides4 ,i have1 said he1 been making my observations for some years on these little organisms1 and ,i find that what we have taken for metagenesis is only the different stages in the process of reproduction1 for ,i have discovered the young aphid properly formed and enveloped in the so-called virgin or sexless mother4 ,the naturalist is dead1 but his friend1 my informant1 is living4 ,we have no space to enter into any detailed review of this very elaborate volume4 ,it contains many curious materials of science1 but the author rejects creation1 generation1 formation1 and emanation1 and adopts that of evolution4 ,life is evolved from various elements which are reducible to gases1 and1 upon the whole1 he gives us a gaseous sort of life4 ,his theory seems to be that of ,topsy1 who declared she didn't come1 but growed4 ,we cannot perceive that ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer has made any serious advance on ,topsy4 ,the universe is evolution1 and evolution is growth1 and he must say of himself with ,topsy1 ,i didn't come1 ,i growed4 ,at any rate1 he must be classed with those old philosophers who evolved all things from matter1 some from fire1 some from air1 and some from water1 and made all things born from change or corruption2 or rather1 with ,epicurus1 who evolved all from the fortuitous motion1 changes1 and combination of atoms4 ,those old philosophers were unjustly ridiculed by ,hermias1 or our recent philosophers have less science than they imagine4 ,verily1 there is nothing new under the sun1 and false science only traverses a narrow #dbg circle1 constantly coming round to the absurdities of its starting point4 ,yet ,herbert ,spencer's book has profited us4 ,it has made us feel more deeply than ever the utter impotence of the greatest man to explain anything in nature1 without recognizing ,god and creation4 ,,the ,,christian ,,examiner4 ,may1 #ahff4 ,the first volume of the new series of this periodical is completed in the present number1 and1 we suppose1 is a fair specimen of the way in which we may expect to see its programme carried out4 ,on the whole1 our expectations are quite well satisfied1 particularly with the present number4 ,the first article1 ,the ,unitarian ,movement1 is an expos of the view taken by the conductors of the influence which the ,unitarian movement is expected to exert upon the future destiny of ,christendom and the civilized world4 ,the ,unitarian movement is supposed to represent the generally diffused and accepted theology of the mass of thinking persons in the ,protestant world1 especially of those who give tone to literature1 and are most active in promoting science1 art1 culture1 civilization1 and process in general4 ,the ,catholic ,church is a sect1 because separated from the scientific and progressive movement4 ,the ,unitarian denomination is a useful little institution in a small way1 but is not expected to absorb other bodies into itself4 ,rather it and they are expected to coalesce into a more universal form of organization1 which will be the ,new ,christendom or ,church of the ,future4 ,the principal difficulty we find in the ingenious theories of our ,unitarian friends is1 that they assume a great deal1 and prove but little4 ,they assume to be in advance of all the world in intelligence1 science1 liberality1 etc41 and quietly ignore the whole massive1 colossal fabric of ,catholic theology4 ,the truth is1 the ,unitarian idea1 so far as it is an idea1 and in the way in which any considerable class of ,unitarians represent it1 is not1 and cannot become1 the dominant idea of that portion of the scientific or civilized world which has disowned allegiance to the supreme authority of divine revelation4 ,nor can it be shown that the ,catholic idea will not win again the control partially lost over the intellectual realm4 ,either the human race has a purely natural destiny1 or a supernatural one4 ,if the former1 a ,trinitarian or ,unitarian ,church1 a ,past1 ,present1 or ,future ,church1 is not necessary4 ,the ,state and ,society are the highest and all-sufficient organization of the race4 ,if the latter1 there must be a divinely instituted organization1 possessing continuity of life and fixedness of laws1 from the origin of the race4 ,our friends must admit more or give up more4 ,they are on a road now which will infallibly bring them face to face with the ,catholic ,church4 ,we look with hope to see some of the boldest and most consistent thinkers of the ,unitarians come through into the ,catholic ,church by this road1 and interpret the genuine rationalism of ,christian doctrine to their own people much better than we can do it4 ,dr4 ,brownson has really demonstrated the whole problem from their own axioms and definitions1 if they would but attend to him4 ,but the good ,doctor1 unfortunately for them1 has travelled over the road in seven-league boots1 so fast and so far1 that it will take at least twenty-five years for his ancient compeers to come up with him4 ,in the review of ,tischendorff's ,plea for the ,genuineness of the ,gospels1 ,dr4 ,hedge has given us an essay marked with his sound and solid scholarship4 ,it is a valuable contribution to sacred literature1 and we would gladly see volumes of the same sort from his pen4 ,the sketch of that singular and gifted person1 ,francis ,newman1 the brother of ,dr4 ,newman1 has great interest4 ,it tells us something we are very glad to know1 and could not easily have found out without the help of the writer4 ,these are always the most interesting and valuable articles in reviews4 ,the author cannot help giving a few passing cuts at ,dr4 ,newman4 ,dr4 ,newman seems to annoy a great number of people very much4 ,they seem vexed that he should be a ,catholic1 and yet extort from even the unwilling so much homage to his genius4 ,the ,independent calls him renegade and apostate1 and ,bishop ,coxe's very inharmonious organ1 misnamed the ,gospel ,messenger1 calls him detected thief1 with similar epithets4 ,the ,church ,journal tries to make believe that his letter to ,dr4 ,pusey is a wail of despair4 ,our ,unitarian friend is too much of a gentleman to indulge in such boorish #dbh demeanor1 but still he cannot suppress a well-bred sneer4 ,what has ,dr4 ,newman ever done for ,god's humanity8 ,has the oppression of the ,english masses ever weighed upon his heart8 ,has he ever lifted up his voice in behalf of our down-trodden little ones8 ,has he ever thought of saving men from the great hell of ignorance and superstition1 or are these the safeguards of his precious faith8 ,we have a right to judge of that faith by its fairest fruit4 ,ex pede ,herculem4 ,dr4 ,newman's conversion seems1 in the eyes of ,protestants1 to have such a tremendous moral weight1 and to carry such a force of argument in it for the truth of the ,catholic ,church1 that they are obliged to deny in some plausible way either his intellectual or moral greatness1 in order to escape from it4 ,does not the author of these sentences know well1 that if the ,catholic ,church and her clergy were taken away from the masses and the poor1 they would perish in ignorance and vice while he and his companions were discussing their plans and estimates for the church of the paulo-post future8 ,does he not know that ,dr4 ,newman and a multitude of other gifted men like him are preaching and working every day among the poorest of the people1 while ,unitarian clergymen are ministering to select and intelligent congregations8 ,does he know what ,st4 ,peter ,claver did for the negroes1 and can he point to any ,protestant who has done the like8 ,a little more of ,dr4 ,newman's own conscientiousness in speech would do no harm to some of his critics4 ,the article on ,bushnell on ,vicarious ,sacrifice is ably and fairly written1 and all the writer's positive views are compatible with ,catholic doctrine4 ,he commits the great faux pas1 however1 of ignoring all the post-reformation theology of the ,catholic ,church1 and speaking as if theological science were confined to ,protestants4 ,he appears also to be unaware that ,catholic theologians commonly teach1 after ,st4 ,augustine1 that ,god was not bound by his justice to exact condign satisfaction as the condition of pardoning sin1 but was free to pardon absolutely4 ,it was more glorious both for ,god and man that this pardon should be accorded as the fruit of the noblest and most perfect act of merit possible1 rather than given gratuitously4 ,an ,american in the ,cathedrals of ,europe is an article full of the genuine and pure sentiment with which ,mr4 ,alger's writings abound1 and without a word to mar the pleasure a ,catholic would take in reading it4 ,the notices of ,dr4 ,hall and of the ,university of ,michigan have each their interest and value1 and the literary criticisms are1 as usual1 in good taste4 ,,the ,,apostleship ,,of ,,prayer4 ,by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,ramire1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,translated from the latest ,french edition and revised by a ,father of the ,society4 #abmo1 pp4 #cic4 ,john ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore4 #ahff4 ,a most excellent and thorough treatise on prayer4 ,the spirit and intention of the rev4 author are best gained from a perusal of the introduction1 which warms one's heart and gives a new and stronger impulse to every hope and desire which the ,christian reader may have for the greater glory of ,god4 ,we cannot1 however1 entirely agree with the gloomy and discouraging view which is taken of the success of ,christianity in the world4 ,christianity is not1 nor has it ever been1 a failure2 and it is something to which we cannot subscribe when the author attributes apparent barrenness to the incarnation1 and comparative uselessness to the precious blood of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,neither do we think it suffices to answer the infidel1 ,who hath aided the ,spirit of the ,lord1 or who hath been his counsellor and taught him8 when he points us to the great portion of the world yet unchristianized4 ,and if prayer be good1 both individual and associated2 if it be absolutely necessary1 as it is in the ,christian economy2 if it be1 as it were1 the soul which gives life to every work of the ,christian2 still we do not imagine that of all the means of grace this alone deserves our earnest thought or demands our undivided attention4 ,we are not called upon1 in any sense1 to apologize for ,christianity4 ,it is not worthy of us as men of strong faith to treat of religion as though it were a subject that needed to be excused in the face of the unbeliever1 or which humbly supplicates the notice of the philosopher and the statesman4 ,the truly great minds which have not professed ,christianity have sought rather #dbi to excuse the world for not submitting to the force of its arguments and to the charms of its beauty4 ,christianity is no failure1 if there be anything which deserves the name of success4 ,what other institutions can compare with it for actual and permanent success8 ,the propagation of the faith1 its preservation1 and its enormous diffusion1 may well put all past1 present1 and future works of man to the blush4 ,what else is it now1 but the great ,,fact of the world's history and of the world's present advanced and civilized state8 ,we are not a petty1 insignificant sect of thinkers1 nor a despicable school of philosophers1 seeking a momentary acknowledgment from the great unchristian world4 ,on the contrary1 ,christianity rules the world2 and all that is great and noble in humanity1 all that has sanctified the past1 sustains the present1 and inspires hope for the future2 all that is free1 civilized1 and enlightened in society1 depends now for its life1 as it has received its seed1 from the divine power and light of the ,christian faith4 ,truly1 we must pray1 and that without ceasing1 for those who are not of the fold of ,christ1 and for the coming of the kingdom of ,god upon earth2 and any one who peruses the work before us will feel the depth of this obligation2 and if he has any real1 practical desire for the salvation and sanctification of man1 will not fail to be stimulated to constant and earnest prayer4 ,but have we reflected1 as well as we might1 that before men will pray to ,god they must first believe in him8 ,the man of enlightened faith prays naturally2 the ignorant and the superstitious are noted for their want of confidence in prayer4 ,prayer is the union of the soul with ,god1 and the better ,god is known1 the better is the heart of man prepared for the influences of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,whosoever shall call upon the name of the ,lord shall be saved4 ,but how shall they call on him in whom they have not believed8 ,or how shall they believe him of whom they have not heard8 ,and how shall they hear without a preacher8 ,we may urge our faithful ,christians to pray for the conversion of the world1 and we may mourn that they do not pray for this end more than they do2 but whatsoever arms ,god has placed at our disposal for conquering the world unto himself1 we1 like good soldiers of ,jesus ,christ1 must use them with alacrity1 with zeal1 and1 above all1 with that spirit of sacrifice which our holy faith alone has the power to inspire4 ,whilst we need not neglect the apostolic manner of preaching the word of ,god1 we should also lay to heart the oft-repeated and wise admonition of the ,holy ,father to make diligent use of the providential means of the press1 to diffuse the knowledge of the ,christian faith1 and promulgate the saving principles of strict ,christian morality1 and thus prevent defection from the congregation of the just1 and enlighten them that sit in the darkness and in the shadow of death4 ,the people need more light1 more instruction4 ,the masses among non-,catholics are very ignorant of religion4 ,they are living upon only the poor remnants of ,catholic faith and tradition which have been left to them by the ruthless hand of the despoiler4 ,none have felt this more than the clergy and enlightened laity of our own country1 where religion is thrown upon its own merits for support and progress1 and where the hold upon the ancient ,christian tradition is so slight2 and it is a happy augury for the conversion of the ,american people that these sentiments are beginning to have a practical and encouraging result4 ,we must make the truth known1 for it is that which enlightens man4 ,and ,christianity is truth4 ,there is no form of truth so broad1 so exalting1 so truly progressive1 so noble and so tree4 ,men will accept it when you make it known to them--accept it with joy1 and a reverent enthusiasm4 ,the tone of our remarks must not be misunderstood as attributing to the spirit of the work before us any want of appreciation of the great needs of which we have spoken1 or that we think the rev4 author displays a want of confidence in the power of ,christian truth4 ,on the contrary1 we have seldom met with a book so urgent in earnestness and so fall of faith4 ,we can only say1 in conclusion1 ,god send the church many more such zealous souls as the ,pre ,ramire1 now that the harvest is so full and the laborers are so few4 #dcj ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,trial ,,of ,,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,stokes1 ,,physician1 ,,and ,,mary ,,blenkinsop1 ,,sister ,,superior1 ,,of ,,mount ,,hope ,,institution1 ,,before ,,the ,,circuit ,,court ,,for ,,baltimore ,,county4 ,reported by ,eugene ,l4 ,didier4 #hvo pamphlet1 pp4 #bjb4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 #ahff4 ,the famous ,mount ,hope case1 which was brought to trial in ,february last1 ended in a verdict for the defendants1 and we have here a full report of it4 ,we trust the projectors of this magnificent fiasco are abundantly pleased with the fruits of their endeavors1 although they seem to have forgotten that1 failing to sustain their indictment1 the odium they sought to fix upon others would be sure to recoil upon themselves4 ,hence we think that popular judgment will incline to the belief that the only conspiracy in the case 7if there be any7 was upon the part of the prosecution4 ,the fact that an attempt was made to deprive the defendants of a plea secured to them by positive law would rather favor this opinion4 ,we should be happy to believe that sectarian prejudice had nothing to do in founding this accusation2 but the animus which prompted it will soon be apparent to any one who will take the trouble to read the charge4 ,the estimable and pious ladies1 whose life of sacrifice in the interests of religion and humanity has compelled the admiration of the world1 are deemed unfit to undertake their office of charity because they are women6 because they are religious and governed by a foreign priest6 ,this tells the whole story1 and simply means that ladies of the ,catholic religion1 who choose to unite in a religious order for the purpose of relieving human suffering1 are unworthy of public sympathy or confidence4 ,we strongly doubt if all the testimony sought to be introduced on the trial1 could it have been admitted1 would have materially changed the result4 ,to say nothing of the equivocal character of that evidence1 as coming from persons but recently inmates of the institution1 and whose perfect competency to testify is far from certain1 we know the proneness of those living under the government and direction of others to deem themselves the objects of harsh treatment and neglect4 ,there is not an establishment of such persons in the country1 not even a common boarding-school1 against which similar charges are not constantly made4 ,the well-known character of these admirable sisters and their unwearied efforts to do good--for the most part far removed from human recognition or applause--afford a strong presumption that the management of their asylum will stand the test of rigorous scrutiny4 ,a case not wholly unlike the present1 got up in a similar spirit1 in ,boston1 some years since1 under the ,know-,nothing regime1 is doubtless still fresh in public recollection4 ,affairs directed to the same end as this of ,mount ,hope are got up from time to time1 but they serve only to arouse feelings which had much better lie dormant where they cannot be eradicated1 and invoke a spirit entirely opposed to the plainest dictates of ,christian charity4 ,the report of the trial appears to be very complete1 and we commend it to those who are at all acquainted with the circumstances of the case1 or have felt any interest in its result4 ,,christian ,,missions3 ,their ,agents and ,their ,results4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,m4 ,marshall4 #b volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,sadliers1 ,no4 #ca ,barclay street4 ,reprint from an ,english edition4 ,it is somewhat late to notice this valuable work2 but1 as the publishers have recently sent us a copy1 we take the occasion to recommend it to all who are desirous of knowing what has been accomplished both by ,catholic and ,protestant missionaries4 ,mr4 ,marshall's work has attained a high reputation abroad1 and has been translated into several ,european languages4 ,it is very thorough1 and its statements are backed up by a vast array of citations1 chiefly from ,protestant writers4 ,catholic missions form a beautiful and attractive page of ecclesiastical history4 ,their great success and abundant fruits are demonstrated beyond a cavil by the author1 as they have been many times before4 ,the majority of ,catholics are too indifferent to the great work of missions1 and ought to take a deeper interest in them than they do4 ,the very signal failure of ,protestant missions as a whole is also proved1 by ,mr4 ,marshall1 in such a way that their advocates cannot rebut his evidence4 ,nevertheless1 we think there is an unnecessary amount of satire levelled at the missionaries themselves1 and too dark a shade given to the picture of their labors4 ,many of them are #dca certainly men who1 if they were ,catholic missionaries1 would honor their calling1 and who undertook their hopeless task from high and worthy motives4 ,they have accomplished but little1 yet their labors have not been altogether without results4 ,the same may be said of the ,russian missions4 ,the particular facts stated by ,mr4 ,marshall concerning the low state of a large part of the ,russian clergy1 the violent means used for enforcing conformity to the ,russian ,church1 and the imperfect instruction given to the ostensible converts1 are indubitable4 ,yet we believe there are other facts also to be taken into the account1 which tell on the other side1 and are necessary to a perfectly correct view of the true state of the case4 ,a perfectly just balancing of all the accounts would prove most conclusively that the ,catholic ,church alone is adequate to the task of successfully propagating ,christianity4 ,mr4 ,marshall has gone very far toward success in his effort to make this balance1 and has written with the most perfect honesty of purpose4 ,some of his deductions may be open to criticism1 and his array of facts and testimonies may admit of further completion2 but the general result which he has reached cannot be substantially set aside or altered4 ,one particular portion of his work is just now especially valuable1 to wit1 the estimate he has furnished from ,protestant writers of the vast superiority of ,oriental ,catholics over ,oriental ,schismatics in the ,levant4 ,we recommend this learned and excellent work to all intelligent readers as the best and most complete of its kind which has yet appeared4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,kennett4 ,by ,bayard ,taylor4 #abmo41 pp4 #dah4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahff4 ,this is an ,american story as truly as the ,waverley novels are ,scotch4 ,it has done for ,pennsylvania and the ,quaker traditions what ,hawthorne has for ,massachusetts and ,puritan life and tradition1 and ,cooper for ,western ,new ,york and the fading reminiscences of ,indian and frontier life4 ,the book is redolent with the sweet aroma of pastoral life1 and that healthy temper and character which are the certain fruit of honest1 independent1 and successful frugality and toil4 ,we are grateful to the masters of poetry and romance who will seize and perpetuate the fleeting memories of our beautiful and noble past1 and save for our children those traditions of danger1 daring1 labor1 love1 and self-sacrifice which colored with mystery and beauty the dreams and aspirations of our childhood4 ,mr4 ,taylor is a man of whom we are proud4 ,his experience as a traveller renders his writings more distinctively ,american1 while they are entirely free from any narrowness or provincialism4 ,he deserves the success which follows his literary labors4 ,the book is handsomely got up1 as such a book ought to be4 ,,agnes4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,mrs4 ,oliphant4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,this is an artistic1 highly-finished story1 intensely truthful to nature1 yet sufficiently idealized to give the mind the enjoyment of appreciating a work of art4 ,the authoress makes some very fine points4 ,the contemplation of the ,visitation in the ,pitti gallery by the lonely young wife is a beautiful touch of nature1 such as only a woman could have made4 ,,instruction ,,and ,,catechism ,,for ,,confession4 ,to be used by children preparing to receive the ,sacrament of ,penance4 #cbmo41 pp4 #bd4 ,new ,york4 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahff4 ,we are sure that this little book will prove as useful in every respect as the rev4 author could desire4 ,there has been an undoubted want of some such aid to the ordinary catechism1 and every pastor under whose notice it may come will not fail to welcome it and avail himself of it4 ,we like it because it is short1 to the point1 and written in good plain ,english4 ,,good ,,thoughts ,,for ,,priest ,,and ,,people4 ,translated from the ,german4 ,by ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen4 #abmo4 ,albany4 ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,these are the kind of books which we earnestly desire to see among the good ,catholic books which every family ought to have and read4 ,the clergy will also find these ,good ,thoughts admirably adapted to their wants1 as furnishing suggestive matter for #dcb sermons and parochial instructions4 ,its price1 however1 will1 we fear1 defeat its usefulness in part by confining it to a comparatively limited circulation4 ,,may ,,carols ,,and ,,hymns ,,and ,,poems4 ,by ,aubrey de ,vere4 #a vol41 #cbmo41 pp4 #bcb4 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe4 #ahff4 ,of the two parts comprised in this welcome little volume1 the longest1 and1 to our taste1 by all odds the best1 is that originally published in ,london under the title of ,may ,carols4 ,it is a serial poem1 devoted partly to the praises of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and in a subordinate degree to the thoughts of natural beauty suggested by the most joyous and poetical month of the young year4 ,if it reminds us frequently of ,in ,memoriam1 the resemblance cannot be charged as a plagiarism1 and at most is only superficial4 ,there is a ,tennysonian curtness of phrase1 a pregnant significance and neatness of expression in many of the lines1 which are equally rare and refreshing in devotional poetry4 ,charmingly delicate in execution1 and profoundly religious in sentiment1 ,mr4 ,de ,vere's ,carols are a valuable addition to ,catholic literature1 and will add no little renown to the author's reputation as a poet4 ,the ,hymns and ,sacred ,poems have a value of their own for the thoughts which they contain1 though we cannot accord them the same praise which we cheerfully render to the first and larger portion of ,mr4 ,kehoe's tastefully printed little volume4 ,,in ,,memoriam ,,of ,,rt4 ,,rev4 ,,john ,b4 ,,fitzpatrick4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahff4 ,a neatly executed pamphlet1 containing an account of the funeral obsequies of the late distinguished and beloved bishop of ,boston1 and three funeral discourses3 one by ,archbishop ,mc,closkey at the interment1 another by ,bishop ,de ,goesbriand at the ,month's ,mind1 and a third by the well-known and eloquent ,father ,haskins of ,boston1 delivered in one of the parish churches4 ,the friends of the deceased prelate will find in it a valuable and pleasing memento of the departed4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,ireland1 ,,from ,,the ,,earliest ,,period ,,to ,,the ,,english ,,invasion4 ,by the ,rev4 ,geoffrey ,keating1 ,d4,d4 ,translated from the original ,gaelic1 and copiously annotated by ,john ,o',mahony1 with a map showing the location of the ancient clans1 and a ,topographical ,appendix4 #hvo41 pp4 #gdf4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,b4 ,kirker4 #ahff4 ,this is a new edition of a translation of ,dr4 ,keating's ,history of ,ireland1 published in this city a few years ago4 ,the original work as it came from the pen of ,dr4 ,keating has met with both praise and censure from ,irish scholars4 ,some critics have thought the learned author placed too much faith in the legends of the ancient ,irish4 ,the work1 even if a portion of it must be classified as doubtful1 is a valuable record of the deeds of ,ireland's chiefs when she was a nation4 ,the notes of the translator are voluminous and critical1 and help to throw much light upon passages which1 to the ordinary reader1 are obscure4 ,we regret that the publisher has seen fit to leave out the map showing the location of the ancient clans of ,ireland1 which appeared in the first edition published by ,mr4 ,haverty4 ,from the wording of the title-page1 one would expect to find it in its proper place4 ,but it is not there4 ,,maxwell ,,drewitt4 ,a ,novel4 ,by ,f4 ,g4 ,trafford4 ,harper ,brothers4 ,this is an ,irish tale1 exceedingly well written1 and just and manly in its tone and sentiment4 ,l4 ,kehoe announces the early publication of ,,christine1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems1 by ,george ,h4 ,miles1 ,esq4 ,the volume will be brought out in a superior style of binding and typography1 worthy of the high merit of the poetry4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,james ,o',,kane1 ,new ,york4 ,betsey ,jane ,ward1 7better half to ,artemus7 her ,book of ,goaks with a hull ,akkownt of the ,coartship and ,maridge to ,a #d ,said ,artemus1 and ,mister ,ward's ,cutting-up with the ,mormon fare ,secks with ,pikturs drawed by ,mrs4 ,b4 ,jane ,ward4 #abmo1 pp4 #cab4 ,verbatim2--,transcriber4 ,,from ,,the ,,american ,,news ,,company4 ,doctor ,kemp4 ,the ,story of a life with a ,blemish4 #hvo1 pamphlet4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york4 ,nos4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 and #ag of ,d',artaud's ,lives of the ,popes4 ,from the office of the ,,ave ,,maria1 ,notre ,dame1 ,ind4 ,specimen sheet of the ,golden ,wreath for the month of ,may1 composed of daily considerations on the ,triple ,crown of our ,blessed ,lady's joys1 sorrows1 and glories4 ,with ,hymns set to ,music for ,may devotions4 -------- #dcc ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,iii1 ,,no4 #af-;,,july1 #ahff4 ,,original4 ,,the ,,nearest ,,place ,,to ,,heaven4 ,there are some places in this world nearer to heaven than others4 ,i know of a place which ,i think is the nearest4 ,whether you may think so ,i do not know1 but ,i would like you to see it and judge for yourself4 ,please to go to ,france1 then to ,paris2 then take a walk a little distance outside of the ,barrire de ,vaugirard1 and you will come to a small village called ,issy4 ,when you have walked about five minutes along its narrow and straggling street1 which is the continuation of the ,rue de ,vaurigard1 you win see on your left a high1 ugly stone wall1 and if ,i did not ask you to pull the jangling bell at the porter's lodge and enter1 you might pass by and think there was nothing worthy of your notice about the place4 ,you say you have not time to stop now1 that you have an appointment to dine at the ,htel des ,princes1 in ,paris1 but that some other time you will be most happy1 etc4 ,wait a moment1 perhaps ,i may be able show you something quite as good as a dinner1 even at the ,htel des ,princes4 ,ring the bell4 ,the sturdy oaken door seems to open itself with a click4 ,that is the way with ,french doors2 but it is the porter's doing4 ,when he hears the bell1 he pulls at a rope hanging in his lodge1 which communicates with the lock of the door4 ,you are free to enter4 ,go in4 ,but you cannot pass beyond the porter's lodge without giving an account of your self4 ,you cannot get into this heavenly place without passing through the porter's review1 anymore than you can get into the real heaven without passing the scrutiny of ,st4 ,peter4 ,i hope you are able to satisfy the ,eh2 b'en1 ,m'sieu'8 of good old pre ,hanicq1 who is porter here4 ,he is a pre1 you understand1 by the title of affection and respect1 and not by virtue of ordination4 ,you may not think it worth your while to be over humble and deferential in your deportment towards porters as a general rule2 but ,i think you may be so now2 for1 if ,i do not mistake1 you are speaking to a venerable old man who will die in the odor of sanctity4 ,pre ,hanicq is not paid for his services1 #dcd troublesome and arduous as you would very soon find his to be if you were porter even here4 ,he is porter for the love of ,god4 ,you see he does not stop making the rosary1 which is yet unfinished in his hand1 while he talks to you4 ,he does not recompense himself by that business either1 as shoemaker porters1 tailor porters1 and the like eke out their scanty salaries2 but it enables him to find some well-earned sous to give away to others poorer than himself4 ,you say this lodge is not a very comfortable place1 with its cold brick floor4 ,it is not4 ,neither is that narrow roost up the step-ladder a very luxurious bed4 ,right again1 it is not4 ,but the ,pre ,hanicq is not over particular about these things4 ,besides1 he is not worse off in this respect than the hundred other people who live in this place nearest to heaven4 ,indeed1 most of them have a much narrower and drearier apartment than his4 ,now that you have said a pleasant word to the good old soul1 7for he dearly loves a kindly salutation1 and it is the only imperfection ,i think he has17 you may pass the inner door1 and you observe that you are in a square courtyard1 a three-story irregularly shaped building occupying two sides of it2 stables and outhouses a third1 and the street wall the fourth4 ,before you go further1 ,i would advise you to look into one of those tumble-down looking outhouses4 ,it looks something like a rag and bottle shop4 ,it is a shop1 and the ,almoner of the poor keeps it4 ,here the residents of these buildings may find bargains in old odds and ends of second-hand1 and it may be seventy times seventh-hand furniture1 either left or cast off by former occupants4 ,here the ,almoner1--that voluble and sweet tempered young man in a long black cassock1--disposes of these articles of trade1 enhancing their value by all the superlatives he can remember1 for the benefit of certain old crones and hobbling cripples1 whom perhaps you saw on the right of the courtyard receiving soup and other food from another young man in a long black cassock1 who is the ,almoner's assistant4 ,you don't know it1 perhaps1 but ,i can tell you that the ,almoner's assistant1 as he ladles out the soup and divides the bread and meat1 is mentally going down on his knees and kissing the ragged and worn-out clothes of these old bodies whom he helps1 for the sake of ,him whom they represent1 and who will one day say to him3 ,because you did it unto the least of these my brethren1 you did it unto me4 ,now you may go into the house1 after you have been struck with the fact how completely that high stone wall shuts out the noise of the street4 ,you say1 however1 that you hear a band playing4 ,yes2 that comes from an ,angel ,guardian house over the way1 like ,father ,haskins's house in ,roxbury1 ,massachusetts 7there ought to be angels1 you know1 not far off from the nearest place to heaven71 where the gamins1 as the ,parisians call them1--the mudlarks or dock rats1 as we call them1--are taken care of1 fed1 clothed1 instructed1 and taught an honest trade1 also for the love of ,him who will one day say to the ,pre ,bervanger and to ,father ,haskins what ,i have before said about the ,almoner's assistant4 ,well1 here is the house4 ,this is the first story1 half underground on one side1 and consequently a little damp and dingy4 ,here to the right is the ,prayer ,hall4 ,this has a wooden floor1 7a rare exception17 wooden seats fixed to the wainscoting1 and here and there a few benches made of plain oak slabs1 which look as if they had lately come out of one of our backwoods saw-mills4 ,a large crucifix hangs on the wall1 and a table is near the door1 at which the one who reads prayers kneels4 ,the ninety-nine others kneel down anywhere on the bare floor1 without choosing the softest spot1 if there be any such4 ,those portraits hanging around the walls represent the superiors of a community of men who are entrusted #dce with the guardianship of this place nearest to heaven4 ,the most of those faces1 as you see1 are not very handsome1 as the world reckons handsome1 but ,i assure you they make up for that by the beauty of their souls4 ,the morning prayers are said here at half-past five the year round1 followed by a half hour's meditation1 and the evening prayers at half-past eight4 ,the hundred residents come here too just before dinner1 to read a chapter of the ,new ,testament on their knees1 devoutly kissing the ,word of ,god before and after reading it2 and then each one silently reviews the last twenty-four hours1 and enters into account with himself to see how much he has advanced in that particular ,christian virtue of which his soul stands the most in need4 ,it is a good preparation for dinner1 and ,i would advise you to try it1 even if you cannot do it on your knees4 ,it is a perfect toilette for the soul4 ,here also you will find the afore-mentioned hundred people at half-past six o'clock1 just before supper1 listening to a short reading on some spiritual subject1 followed by a sort of conference given by the ,superior1 or head of the house1 so full of unction and sweet counsel that it fairly lifts the heart above all earthly things1 and seems to hallow the very place where it is spoken4 ,turn now to the left4 ,that door in the corner opens into a chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi4 ,here the ,pre ,hanicq and the few servants of the house hear mass every morning1 and begin the day with the best thought ,i know of1 the thought of ,god4 ,keeping still to the left you pass into the ,recreation ,hall2 and if this be recreation day1 you will see congregated here the liveliest and happiest set of faces that it has ever been your good fortune to meet in this world4 ,billiards1 backgammon1 chess1 chequers1 and other games more simple and amusing in their character1 are here2 and ,i can tell you that they are like a group of merry children playing and amusing themselves before their heavenly ,father4 ,you might pass the recreation days here for many a year before you would hear an angry word1 or a cutting retort1 or witness a jealous frown or a sad countenance4 ,notice that smiling old gentleman with a bald head capped by the black calotte4 ,that is the ,pre ,t----4 ,he is very fond of a game of billiards1 and ,i know he loves to be on the winning side2 the principal reason of which1 however1 you may not divine1 but ,i know3 it gives him a chance to pass his cue to some one who has been beaten1 and obliged to retire4 ,and many learn by that good old father's example to do the same kind and charitable act2 and1 take it all in all1 ,i am inclined to think this room is not much further off from heaven than many other places about this dear old house4 ,of course everybody is talking here1 except the chess-players1 and at such a rate1 that it is quite a din2 but hark6 a bell rings3 all is instantly silent1 the games are stopped1 the very half-finished sentence is clipped in two1 and each one departs to some assigned duty4 ,they are taught that the bell which regulates their daily exercises is the voice of ,god1 and that when he calls there is nothing else worthy of attention4 ,i have no doubt they are right3 have you8 ,there is one other place to visit on this ground floor1 the ,refectory4 ,a long stone-floored hall with two rows of tables on either side1 and one at the upper end where sits the head of the house1 a high old-fashioned pulpit on one side1 the large crucifix on the wall1 and that is the ,refectory4 ,it looks dark and cold1 and so it is2 dark1 because the windows are small and high2 and cold1 because there is no stove or other heating apparatus--a want which may also be felt in the other rooms you have visited2 and as the windows are left open for air some time before these rooms are occupied1 it must be confessed there is a rarity and keenness about the #dcf atmosphere1 and a degree of temperature about the cold stones in mid-winter1 which are not pleasant to delicately nourished constitutions4 ,no conversation ever takes place in the refectory except on recreation days1 or on the occasion of a visit from the ,archbishop of ,paris4 ,at all other times there is reading going on from the pulpit1 either from the ,holy ,scripture or some religions book1 which enables the listeners to free their minds from too engrossing an attention to the more sensual business of eating and drinking3 not that their plain and frugal table ever presents very strong temptations to gourmandize6 ,as you are ,american1 and accustomed to your hot coffee or strong ,english black tea1 with toast1 eggs1 and beefsteak for breakfast1 ,i fear the meal which these hundred young men are making off a little cold vin ordinaire1 well tempered with colder water1 and dry bread1 during the short space of twelve minutes1 7except during ,lent and on other fast days1 when they do not go to the refectory at all before twelve o'clock17 will appear exceedingly frugal1 not to say hasty4 ,you observe1 doubtless1 that short as is the time allotted to breakfast1 nearly every one is reading in a book while he is eating4 ,do you wish to know the reason8 ,i will tell you4 ,it is not to pass away time1 but to make use of every moment of time that passes4 ,none in the world are more alive to the shortness and the value of time than the hundred young men before you4 ,every moment of the day has its own allotted duty2 and when there is an extra moment1 like this one at breakfast1 when two things can be done at once1 they do not fail to make use of it4 ,they take turns with each other in the duty of waiting on the tables1 except on ,good ,friday1 when the venerable ,superior1 and no less venerable fathers1 who are the teachers of these young men1 don the apron1 and serve out the food proper in quantity and quality for that day4 ,now that you have seen the first story1 you may mount1 as the ,french say1 to the second4 ,if you have not been here before1 ,i warn you to obtain a guide1 or amidst the odd stairways and rambling corridors you may lose your way4 ,this is the chapel for the daily ,mass4 ,it is both plain and clean1 and you will possibly notice nothing particular in it save the painted beams of the ceiling1 the only specimen of such ornament1 ,i think1 in the whole house4 ,it is there a long time1 for this is a very ancient building1 having once been the country-seat of ,queen ,margaret of ,anjou2 and this little chapel may have been one of her royal reception-rooms for all you or ,i know4 ,hither1 as ,i have said1 come the young ,levites to assist at the daily sacrifice4 ,i believe ,i have not told you before that this is a house of retreat from the world of prayer and of study for youthful aspirants to the priesthood of the ,holy ,church4 ,i do not know what impression it makes upon you1 but the sight of that kneeling crowd of young men in their cassocks and winged surplices1 absorbed in prayer before the altar at the early dawn of day1 when the ray of the rising sun is just tinging the tops of the trees with a golden light1 and the open windows of the little chapel admit the sound of warbled music of birds1 and the sweet perfumes from the garden just below1 enamelled with flowers1 is to me a scene higher than earth often reveals to us of heaven's peace and rapt devotion in ,god4 ,mass is over now1 and you may go1 leaving only those to pray another half hour who have this morning received the ,holy ,communion4 ,all these rooms which you see here and there1 to the right and to the left1 are the cells of the ,seminarians1 about eight by fifteen feet in size1 and large enough for their purposes1 though certainly not equal to your cosy study at home in ,america1 or to the grand salon you have engaged at the ,htel des ,princes4 ,as you are a visitor1 perhaps you may go in and look at one4 ,there is #dcg no visiting each other's rooms among the young men themselves at any time1 save for charity's sake when one is ill4 ,an iron bedstead1 with a straw bed1 a table1 a chair1 a crucifix1 a vexing old clothes-press1 whose drawers won't open except by herculean efforts1 and when open have an equally stubborn fashion of refusing to be closed2 a broom1 a few books1 paper1 pen and ink1 a pious picture or statue1 and you have the full inventory of any of these rooms4 ,as they need no more1 they have no more3 a rule of life that might make many a one of us far happier than we are1 tortured by the care of a thousand and one things which consume our time1 worry the mind1 and are not of the slightest possible utility to ourselves1 and the cause1 it may be1 of others' envy and discomfort4 ,i am aware that1 as you pass along the corridors1 you think it is vacation time1 or that every one is absent just now from their rooms1 all is so silent4 ,but wait a moment4 ,ah6 the bell again4 ,presto6 ,every door flies open1 and the corridor is alive with numbers of the young men going off to a class or to prayers4 ,now that they are gone1 suppose you peep into one of the rooms again2 that is1 if some newcomer1 not yet having learned the rule to the contrary1 has left the key in his door4 ,ah6 he was just writing as the bell rang2 the pen is yet wet with ink4 ,pardon6 ,i do not intend that you shall read what he has written1 but you may see that he has actually left his paper not only with an unfinished sentence1 but even at a half formed letter4 ,that is obedience1 my friend1 to the voice of ,god1 which ,i have already told you is recognized in the first stroke of that bell4 ,i suppose you may read the inscription he has placed at the foot of his crucifix1 since it is in plain sight4 ,i sat down under the shadow of my ,well-,beloved1 whom ,i desired1 and his fruit was sweet to my palate4 7,cant1 ii4 #c47 ,yes1 you are right4 ,it is a good motto for one who has sacrificed every worldly enjoyment for the sake of that higher and purer joy1 the love of ,jesus crucified4 ,you are noticing1 ,i perceive1 that everything looks very neat and clean1 that the bed is nicely made1 and what there is1 is in order4 ,they have tidy housekeepers1 you say1 here4 ,so they have1 and a large number of them1 too1--one to each room--the ,seminarian himself4 ,i think you may mount another stairway now--when you find it--to the third story4 ,i just wish you to step into that door on the right4 ,it is the ,chapel of ,st4 ,joseph2 and if you happen to enter here after night prayers you will see a few of the young men kneeling before the altar1 over which is a charming little painting representing the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,joseph holding the ,child ,jesus by the hand4 ,they come to pay a short visit in spirit to the ,holy ,family before retiring to rest4 ,beautiful thought6 ,i believe you4 ,i see your eyes are a little dimmed by tears4 ,what is the matter8 ,oh6 nothing2 only ,i was thinking that by coming up a few more steps in this house1 one has mounted a good many steps nearer heaven4 ,not ready to go ,oh6 ,i understand1 you wish to pay a little visit yourself to the ,holy ,family4 ,good4 ,now1 along this corridor1 around this corner1 down that stairway which seems to lead nowhere1--take care of your head6--through those doors1 and you are in a much larger chapel4 ,all finished in polished oak1 as you see1 with a bright waxed floor4 ,the seminarians sit in those stalls which run along the whole length of either side of the chapel4 ,here1 on ,sundays and festivals1 they come to celebrate the divine offices of the ,church4 ,i wish you could hear them responding to each other in the solemn ,gregorian chant4 ,listen2 they are singing1 and only to and for the praise of ,god1 for no strangers are admitted1 so there is no chance for the applause of men4 ,possibly you may be sharp-eyed enough to note those mantling cheeks and detect the thrill of emotion in their voices as the swelling chorus fills the whole building with melody4 ,truly1 #dch ,i wonder not that you are moved1 for the song of praise rises amid the clouds of grateful incense from chaste lips1 and from pure hearts given in the flower and spring-time of life to ,god alone4 ,i can tell you1 that whether their voices are singing the mournful cadence of the ,kyrie1 the exultant sentences of the ,gloria1 the imposing chant of the ,credo1 the awe-struck exclamations of the ,sanctus1 or the plaintive refrain of the ,agnus ,dei2 or whether they respond in cheerful notes to the salutations of the sacrificing priest at the ,altar1 one other song their hearts are always singing here3 ,laetatus sum in his quae dicta sunt mihi1 in domum ,domini ibimus--,i was glad when they said unto me1 we will go into the house of the ,lord4 ,a heavenly joy is filling their ardent souls1 moved by the grace of the ,holy ,ghost1 and is reflected from their countenances as the sunlight sparkles on the ripples of a quiet1 shaded lake1 when its waters are gently stirred by a passing zephyr wafted from the wings of ,god's unseen angel of the winds4 ,now you may go out into the garden4 ,a charming esplanade directly behind the house you have visited4 ,well-kept gravelled walks stretch here and there through a glittering parterre of flowers of every hue and perfume4 ,a pretty fountain sends its sparkling drops into the air in the centre of a basin stocked with gold-fish1 which are very fond of being fed with bread-crumbs from the hand of saintly old ,father ,c----4 ,you do not know the ,pre ,c---- you say4 ,then you may envy me4 ,i know him4 ,shall ,i tell you what he said to me one day8 ,tenez1 mon cher1 on doit prier le1 ,bon ,dieu toujours selon le premier mot de l'office de ,none1 ',mirabilia1' et non pas selon le premier mot de ,tierce1 ',legem pone4' ,god bless his dear old white head6 it makes my heart leap in my bosom to think of him4 ,where were you8 ,oh6 yes1 beside the fountain4 ,on each side of the garden is an avenue of trees and in one corner a little maze1 hiding a pretty statue of the ,blessed ,virgin at whose feet that ,almoner of the poor has placed a little charity-box1 thinking doubtless1 and not without reason1 that here1 hidden by the trees and close shrubbery1 some one1 you for instance1 might like to do something with a holy secrecy which shall one day find its reward from the ,heavenly ,father of the poor1 openly4 ,so ,i will just turn my head while you put in a donation fitting for an ,american who has a suite of rooms at the ,htel des ,princes4 ,i know you are loth to leave this pretty spot4 ,i have had equal difficulty in dragging you away from the other places to which ,i directed your steps2 but you have not seen all4 ,come along4 ,cross the garden4 ,here1 behind the large chapel is a curious grotto all inlaid with shells1 floor1 walls and roof4 ,this is the place where ,bossuet1 ,fnelon and ,mr4 ,tronson held some conferences about a theological subject which need not take up your time now4 ,turn up that winding walk to the left1 and you see a little shrine dedicated to ,our ,lady1 to which the young men go to celebrate the month of ,may2 and it is a quiet little nook where one may drop in a moment and forget the world4 ,the world is not worth remembering all the tune1 you know4 ,as you pass to the middle of the garden again you notice a long archway1 built under a high wall4 ,before you enter it please first notice that fine terra-cotta statue of the ,virgin and ,child near it1 and take off your hat in passing1 as all do here4 ,this archway passes under a road1 which is screened from view by high walls on either side1 which also prevent the grounds you are in from being seen from the road4 ,i have often thought about that high-walled road running through the middle of this place nearest to heaven4 ,how many of us pass along our way of life1 stony1 toilsome1 dry and dusty1 like this road1 and are often nearer heaven and heavenly company than we think2 and how many others there are we know and love1 whose road runs close beside1 #dci if not at times directly through the ,paradise of the ,church of ,god on earth1 and know it not4 ,oh6 if they did but once suspect it1 how quickly would they leap over the wall6 ,now you are through the archway4 ,directly before you is a magnificent avenue of trees1 all trimmed and clipped as it pleases this methodical people1 and here is a fine place for a walk in recreation4 ,the seminarians recreate themselves1 as they do all other acts1 as a duty and by rule4 ,one hour and a quarter after dinner1 ten minutes at half-past four1 and an hour and a half after supper appears to suffice1 although ,i am afraid it is rather a short allowance4 ,silence is the rule during the other twenty-one hours out of the twenty-four1 and broken only by duty or necessity4 ,how do you like it8 ,be assured it is profitable to those who are desirous of living near to ,god4 ,recollect what ,thomas ,kempis says in his ,imitation of ,christ3 ,in silentio et quiete proficit anima devota--,in silence and quiet the devout soul makes great progress4 ,you observe also that the reverend teachers of these young men are taking recreation with them4 ,yes2 and in this as in every other duty of this life of prayer and of study they subject themselves to the same rule that they impose on others4 ,example1 example1 my friend1 is the master teacher1 and succeeds where words cannot4 ,they have learned beforehand in their own school the lessons of chastity1 obedience1 poverty1 patience1 meekness1 humility and charity1 of silence1 and every other ,christian mortification of our wayward senses which they are called upon to teach here4 ,they have a novitiate adjoining this house1 called the ,solitude1 and their motto is inscribed over the little portal in the stone wall which separates the two enclosures4 ,this is it1 ,o beata ,solitude6 ,o sola ,beatitudo6 ,there is a short sentence1 my friend1 which will serve as a subject of meditation for you1 for a longer time than you imagine4 ,look at the ,pre ,m----1 the reverend superior4 ,what gentleness of soul beams from that kindly countenance6 ,it makes one think of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,ah6 and there is the ,pre ,p----1 with a face like ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 and a body like nobody's but his own1 all deformed as it is by rheumatism4 ,i don't ask you to kiss the hem of his cassock for reverence sake1 for that might wound his humility1 and he might moreover knock you down with his crooked elbow1 but if you could see what place the angels are getting ready for him up in heaven1 ,i think you would wish to do so4 ,and all the others1 old or young--bowed with age or strong of arm and firm in step--you will find but little difference in them4 ,they are all cast in about the same mould1 of a shape which only a life1 and a purpose of life such as theirs could form4 ,you would like to know what that young man is about1 would you1 running from one knot of talkers and walkers to another1 saluting them1 and saying something to each8 ,listen2 he is repeating the password of the house4 ,the password8 ,even so4 ,and is it secret8 ,yes1 and a secret too4 ,it is the secret of a holy life1 the holy life to be led here1 and not to be forgotten1 where it is the most likely to be1 in the dissipation of recreation4 ,lay it up to heart1 for it will do you good4 ,messieurs1 ,sursum corda6 ,this building on your right as you come out of the archway is a ball-court4 ,if you will step into the cuisine1 as a sort of wire cage is called1 in which you can see without being in the way1 and the irregular roof of which serves admirably to cause the ball to come down crooked1 and hard to take1 you may see some good ball-playing2 and if you know anything about the game1 ,i am sure all will offer at once to vacate their places and give up the pleasure of playing to please you4 ,somehow1 these seminarians are always seeking to please some one else4 ,fraternal charity1 which prefers the happiness of others to its own1 is cultivated here to such a degree1 that ,i tell you again you will not find a place #ddj nearer heaven2 where charity is made perfect and consummated in ,god4 ,turn down now to the left for a few steps1 and look to the right4 ,another beautiful avenue4 ,the trees branching from the ground rise up and mingle together on all sides so as to form a complete arch4 ,a building at the end4 ,yes2 that is the place of all places in this lovely enclosure the most venerated by all who come to pass a part of their lives in dear old ,issy4 ,it is the chapel of ,lorette4 ,walk up the avenue and examine it4 ,it has a faade1 as you see1 of strict architectural taste4 ,i know that you1 being an ,american1 would very soon scrape the weather-beaten stones1 paint up the wood-work1 and put a new and more elegant window in front1 if you were in charge4 ,perhaps it might improve it1 perhaps not4 ,standing as it does alone1 out there in the midst of extensive grounds1 it makes you think of the ,holy ,house of ,loretto in ,italy1 of which you know something1 ,i suppose1 and of which1 indeed1 the little chapel inside is an exact copy1 and hence has obtained its name4 ,let me say a word about it before you go in1 for no one is expected to break the religious silence which the young levites here are taught should reign about the tabernacle where reposes the sacred and hidden presence of ,jesus ,christ in the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,it is this chapel1 especially dedicated to his own dear and blessed mother1 that they have chosen for his dwelling-place among them1 as her home at ,nazareth was also his4 ,it is what you might expect4 ,the ,mother and the ,son go together4 ,a childlike and tender devotion to her whom he chose for the human source of his incarnate life1 through which we are elevated and born anew unto ,god1 cannot be separated from the profound act of adoration which humanity1 nay1 all creation1 must pay to him who is her ,son1 the first-born of all creatures4 ,his mysterious incarnate presence is with us always in the ,holy ,eucharist1 and will be1 as he promised1 unto the consummation of the world2 and the priest1 by the power of his own divine word1 is its human source4 ,you remember the saying of ,st4 ,augustine3 ,o venerable dignity of the priest1 in whose hands1 as in the womb of the ,virgin1 the ,son of ,god is incarnate every day6 ,enter4 ,on the wall to your left1 just inside the outer door you see this inscription3 ,ilic ,verbum caro factam est1 et habitavit in nobis4 ,footnote #fi ,footnote #fi3 ,here the ,word was made flesh1 and dwelt amongst us4 ,on the wall directly opposite1 this3 ,sta venerabundus1 ,qui allunde ut stares veneris1 ,lauretanam ,deiparae domum admiraturus4 ,angusta tota est1 ,toto tamen ,christiano orbe angusto1 ,,factus ,,est ,,homo4 ,abbreviatum igitur aeterni patris verbum ,hocce in angulo cum angelis adora2 ,silet hic et loquaci silentio3 ,beatae quippe virginis matris sinus4 ,cathedra docentis est4 ,audi verbum absconditum1 et quid sibi velit attende4 ,venerare domum filii hominis1 ,scholam ,christi1 ,cunabula ,verbi4 ,footnote #gj ,footnote #gj3 ,stand in awe1 ye who have come hither from afar to admire the ,lorettan house of the ,mother of ,god4 ,the whole is but narrow and strait3 however1 the whole ,christian world is but narrow in which the ,god made man suffered straitness4 ,wherefore1 adore with the angels the straitened word of the ,eternal ,father4 ,he is silent here1 but with an eloquent silence4 ,for the bosom of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mother is the seat of ,wisdom4 ,hear the ,hidden ,word1 and listen attentively to what he wills of thee4 ,venerate the house of the ,son of ,man1 the school of ,christ1 the cradle of the ,word4 ,the door on the right leads into the sacristy1 where the priest puts on his vestments4 ,on the panel of this door you read3 ,sanctificamini omnes ministri altaris4 ,munda sint omnia4 ,footnote #ga ,footnote #ga3 ,be ye holy1 all ye ministers of the altar4 ,let all things be pure and clean4 ,on the wall over the door is this inscription around a heart3 ,quid volo nisi ut ardeat8--,s4 ,luc4 xii #di4 ,footnote #gb ,footnote #gb3 ,what will ,i but that it burn8 ,opposite the sacristy door is the door of the chapel1 but ,i wish you to read the other inscriptions on these walls before you enter there4 ,there are two more in this entry-way3 ,ilic ,maria1 ,patris ,sponsa1 de ,spiritu ,sancto concepit4 ,footnote #gc ,footnote #gc3 ,here ,mary1 the spouse of the ,father1 conceived of the ,holy ,ghost4 #dda ,sile2 ,huc enim1 dum omnia silerent1 ,omnipotens sermo de regalibus sedibus advenit2 ,vel aeternum aeterni ,patris ,verbum ,siluit2 ,vel otioso ,deum adorat silentio4 ,footnote #gd ,footnote #gd3 ,keep silence3 for hither1 while all things were in silence1 the ,almighty ,word leapt down from heaven from his royal throne4 ,here the ,eternal ,word of the ,eternal ,father became silent1 and adores ,god in tranquil silence4 ,in an adjoining room are several others1 among which ,i think the following are worthy of your notice3 ,signum magnum apparuit in terra4 ,amabile commercium1 admirabile mysterium1 ,,jesus ,,vivens ,,in ,,maria4 ,,venite1 ,,videte1 ,,adorate4 ,,venite ,ad templum ,domini1 ad incarnationis verbi cubiculum1 ,ad sanctuarium ad quo habitat ,dominus4 ,et de quo1 ut sponsus1 procedit de thalamo suo4 ,,videte ,ancillam1 ,patris sponsam1 ,virginem ,dei matrem1 ,adae fillam1 ,spiritus ,sancti sacellum1 ,mariam totius ,trinitatis domiciliam1 ,angelo nuntiante effectam4 ,,adorate ,jesum habitantem in ,matre1 ,ut imperatorem in regno1 ut pontificem in templo1 ,ut sponsum in thalamo4 ,ilic requies1 hic gloria1 hic summa laus conditoris3 ,hic habitabo quoniam elegi eam4 ,footnote #ge ,footnote #ge3 ,a great sign appeared on the earth1 a lovely union1 a wondrous mystery1 ,jesus living in ,mary4 ,come1 see1 adore4 ,come to the temple of the ,lord1 to the cradle of the incarnate ,word1 to the sanctuary in which the ,lord dwelleth4 ,from which he goeth forth as a spouse from his bridal chamber4 ,see1 by the annunciation of the angel1 a handmaiden made spouse of the ,father1 a virgin the ,mother of ,god1 a daughter of ,adam the shrine of the ,holy ,ghost1 ,mary1 the resting-place of the whole ,trinity4 ,adore ,jesus dwelling in his mother1 as an emperor on his throne1 as a priest in the temple1 as a spouse in his chamber4 ,here is the rest1 here the glory1 here the supreme praise of the ,creator4 ,here will ,i dwell1 because ,i have chosen her4 ,omnes ,famelici1 accedite ad escas3 ,domus haec abundat ,punibus4 ,footnote #gf ,footnote #gf3 ,o all ye of the family of ,god1 draw near to the banquet4 ,this house is full of bread4 ,hic ,sapientia ,miscuit ,vinum1 ,posuit mensam1 ,paravit omnia4 ,qui bibunt1 ,non sitlent amplius2 ,qui edunt1 ,nunquam esurient2 ,qui epulantur1 ,vivent in aeternum4 ,bibite ergo et inebriamini1 ,comedite et saturabimini2 ,effundite cum gaudio animas vestras ,in voce confessionis et epulationis ,sonus est epulantis4 ,footnote #gg ,footnote #gg3 ,here the divine wisdom mingleth her wine1 spreadeth her table1 and maketh all things ready4 ,they who drink shall not thirst any more4 ,they who eat shall never hunger4 ,they who feast shall live for ever4 ,drink1 therefore1 and be inebriated4 ,eat and be filled4 ,pour forth your souls with joy in the songs of thanksgiving and rejoicing4 ,there is a sound as of one feasting4 ,omnes ,sitentes1 venite ad aquas2 ,locus iste scaturit ,fontibus4 ,footnote #gh ,footnote #gh3 ,all ye who thirst1 come ye to the waters4 ,this place gushes with fountains4 ,hic ,fons fontium1 ,et acervus tritici1 ,,christus1 ,unde sumunt angeli1 ,replentur sancti4 ,satiantur universi4 ,ilic ,ager fertilis ,et congregatio aquarum1 ,,maria1 ,unde1 velut de quodam ,divinitatis oceano4 ,omnium emanant ,flumina gratiarum4 ,footnote #gi ,footnote #gi3 ,here is the fount of fountains1 and heap of wheat1 ,christ2 of which the angels partake1 the saints are replenished1 and the whole universe is satiated4 ,here is the fruitful field and meeting of the waters1 ,mary2 whence1 as from a kind of ocean of divinity1 flow out the streams of all graces4 ,si ,tu es ,christri bonus odor1 ,accede2 ,caminus ,mariae ,altare thymiamatum est1 ,caminus charitatis1 ,cujus ostium ,hostes non excipit1 ,sed hostias amoris4 ,huc vota1 huc corda1 viatores4 ,huc pectora4 ,footnote #hj ,footnote #hj3 ,if thou art the good odor of ,christ1 draw near4 ,this chamber of ,mary is the altar of incense1 the home of charity1 whose door receiveth not enemies1 but the victims of love4 ,hither1 ye wayfarers1 bring your vows1 your hearts1 and your affections4 ,before you look at the real chapel for which this building was erected1 just step out of that door opposite to the one by which you entered4 ,a little cemetery4 ,here repose1 in simple1 humble graves1 the bodies of the deceased superiors and directors of the congregation of ,st4 ,sulpice1 in whom and whose seminary you have shown so much interest during this visit under the guidance of your humble servant4 ,here1 in this little cemetery1 beneath the shadow of the sacred chapel they have loved so well1 in the very home1 as it were1 where so many holy souls have lived1 and learned the lessons of perfection1 and where1 ,god grant1 many more such may yet live and learn the same1 they have laid themselves down to rest from their #ddb labors1 peacefully resigning themselves to the common fate2 yet privileged in this1 that their dust mingles with earth hallowed by the footsteps of saints4 ,i should like to write an inscription for the door of that cemetery4 ,it is this1 ,et mors1 et vita vestra absconditae sunt cum ,christo in ,deo1 for never in the history of ,christianity1 do ,i think1 have men realized like them1 in their lives and in their death1 so fully those words of ,st4 ,paul4 ,return now to the entry and pass within those gilded doors4 ,this is the chapel4 ,the walls are frescoed1 as you see1 and in imitation of the walls1 now defaced1 of the original chapel at ,loretto4 ,there is a pretty marble altar and tabernacle where reposes the ,holy of ,holies2 and above the altar is a grating filling up the entire width of the chapel1 on which are attached a large number of silver and gilt hearts1 little remembrances left by the departing seminarians at their beloved shrine of ,jesus and ,mary4 ,behind the grate you can discern the statue made many hundred years ago1 and sent to this chapel as a gift from the ,holy ,house at ,loretto in #ahee4 ,i know that your ,american taste will not be gratified by the appearance of either the statue or its decorations2 but--,america is not all the world4 ,keep that in mind1 and it may save you a good deal of interior discomfort1 whether you journey in other lands1 or never stir from home4 ,now ,i leave you1 for ,i know you are tired of sight-seeing and want a moment of' repose--and1 may ,i not also add1 a little time to pray here8 ,the seminarians are coming in to make their daily visit1 for it is a quarter to five o'clock4 ,oh6 sweetest moments of the ,issian's day6 ,here he comes and kneels at the feet of ,jesus and ,mary1 and drinks in those silent lessons which reveal truths to the heart that no man can teach4 ,here the soul is ravished away for a while from earth and all its carking cares1 anxieties1 temptations1 and afflictions1 and reposes peacefully in the loving embrace of its ,god4 ,here1 indeed1 is the home of charity1 whose door receiveth not enemies1 but the victims of love4 ,hither you may bring your vows1 your hearts1 and your affections4 ,remain you1 then1 and pray awhile with them2 for of a truth you are with the congregation of the just1 and not far off from heaven4 ------ ,,original4 ,a ,,may ,,breeze4 ,as fragrant blooms by blushing orchard shed1 ,when spring's advancing season ripens fast1 ,oh6 such the blossoms which the heart has fed ,with all the dewy sweetness of the past4 ,but like those winds whose stormy passage sweeps ,the wailing trees1 yet leaves fair fruit behind1 ,life's changing scenes1 which man still hourly weeps4 ,pledge fruit1 than blooms more constant and more kind4 ------ #ddc ,from the ,lamp4 ,,unconvicted2 ,,or1 ,,old ,,thorneley',s ,,heirs4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,which ,,is ,,elucidatory ,,and ,,retrospective4 ,before resuming the thread of my narrative ,i must needs go back a little1 and see in what relation the different people who are to play the principal parts in this true history stand to one another4 ,i have said that ,hugh ,atherton and ,i had been friends from the time we were boys at school1 he being some five years my junior4 ,he and ,lister ,wilmot were nephews1 on their mother's side1 of old ,gilbert ,thorneley1 and1 as every one supposed1 his nearest relatives4 ,they were both orphans2 both brought up and educated by their uncle1 and both were given to understand that they would equally inherit his immense fortune at his death4 ,but ,thorneley had made his money by the sweat of his brow1--beginning by sweeping his master's office1 and ending by being the possessor of some million of money1--and he did not choose1 as he said1 to leave it to two idle dogs4 ,he had worked1 and so should they3 they might choose their own profession or business1 and he would do all that was requisite to forward them in life2 but work in one way or another they should4 ,hugh1 guided very much by my advice1 went to college1 and then read for the bar4 ,his career at ,oxford had not been a brilliant one1 but he had passed his great go very creditably1 and taken his bachelor's degree with fair honor to himself4 ,then he came to ,london1 took chambers in the ,temple1 and set himself down to read with steady earnestness of purpose2 after a while he was called to the bar and his first brief was held for a client of mine4 ,it was a righteous cause1 and he gained it by his straightforward grappling with the evidence1 his simple yet manly eloquence4 ,at the time when the events happened which are now recorded1 and cast one great lasting shadow over his life and mine1 he was in very fair practice4 ,but one thing ,i ever noticed about him1 and it was that he was almost invariably retained for the defense4 ,i don't think he could have conducted a case for prosecution2 ,i don't think he could have stood up and pleaded for the conviction of any poor wretched miserable criminal shivering at the bar1 brought thither by what crushing amount of degradation1 want1 or luring temptation to sin ,god only knew1--,god only1 in ,his infinite mercy1 would remember4 ,do you recollect that portrait in one of ,mr4 ,dickens's works of the barrister1 who was always retained at the ,old ,bailey by great criminals1 and who never refused to defend them1 guilty or not guilty--that man1 with the unpoetical name of ,jaggers1 who used to wash his hands after coming from the court or dismissing a client8 ,well1 that man always reminded me of ,hugh ,atherton2 and when ,i read the book1 ,i did homage to my friend in his person4 ,you don't see at first what ,mr4 ,dickens is driving at1 nor the whole of his conception in the character of ,jaggers2 but after a while it bursts upon you what a raft he must have been for the poor drowning wretches going to their trial to catch at4 ,with a fund of good common-sense1 a dear head1 and sound judgment1 ,atherton possessed what gave such a charm to him and won so many hearts1--the boyish lightheartedness which clung to him2 with his genial manner1 his kindly words and deeds4 ,he had his faults--he was passionate and hot-headed1 obstinate in his likes and dislikes2 but he #ddd had what few young men of his age could boast1 a freedom from vice1 a guilelessness of soul1 which in the midst of all the corruption1 the temptations1 and snares of ,london life1 carried him through unscathed4 ,i never knew but one other who was like him in that respect1--though indeed ,i have heard that such have been1 but are now gone to their grave1--who1 with the brave undaunted heart of a thoroughly ,english youth1 carried within him the mark of innocence1 and wore it stamped upon his open brow4 ,he is thousands of miles away now1 and these lines may never reach him2 but those who love him and long for his return will recognize the son and brother whose worth1 perchance1 we never fully knew until the parting came4 ,of ,lister ,wilmot ,i had seen comparatively but very little4 ,he was a weak puny lad1 unfit for roughing it in a public school1 and had therefore received his education from private tutors and governors4 ,through his uncle's interest he obtained a civil appointment in one of the government-offices1 and though fond of dress and amusements1 ,i never heard much harm of him1 beyond an inclination to extravagance1 which ,i imagined old ,thorneley knew well how to keep in check4 ,yet1 ,i don't know how it was1 ,i never liked ,wilmot4 ,hugh was fond of him1 and very anxious that he and ,i should be friends2 certainly it was not ,wilmot's fault that a greater amount of cordiality did not exist between us4 ,he was very agreeable1 very civil1 very amiable1 very attentive to me2 but ,i could not bear him4 ,i often took myself severely to task for this unreasonable antipathy2 and ,i decided it could only be because he was such a contrast to ,hugh in everything that ,i did not take to him4 ,not that ,i pitched their relative goodness1 and drew conclusions against him2 as ,i said before1 ,i knew no harm of him1 but simply ,i did not like him4 ,a story went about that his mother 7,thorneley's sister7 had made a very unhappy marriage1 and died soon after her son's birth4 ,what had become of his father no one ever seemed to know2 and if ,wilmot did1 he never named him4 ,about a year before the story opens ,hugh ,atherton was engaged to be married4 ,let me relate all this very clearly1 very calmly2 it is needful ,i should2 and while ,i write1 let me think only1 as before heaven ,i have ever tried to think1 of the interests of two beings who always were and always will be dearest to me on earth4 ,a client of mine left me at his death the joint guardianship with his wife of an only daughter4 ,she was heiress to a considerable fortune2 blest with a mother who was none of the wisest of guides for a young girl who was beautiful1 high-spirited1 and gifted with no ordinary intellect4 ,i fulfilled my dead friend's trust with all the care1 vigilance1 and tenderness in my power4 ,i watched ,ada ,leslie grow up into girlhood1 and from girlhood into womanhood1--for ,i was a young man in years when that charge was committed to me1 though old in character1 and old and grim in looks1--,i saw her beauty of face and form unfold1 her winning gracefulness become more graceful and more winsome2 ,i marked the powers of her mind and intellect develop1 and all the noble qualities of her heart reveal themselves in a thousand ways4 ,i watched her with the solicitude of a father1 with the affection of a brother2 ,i never thought of myself in any other light with regard to her2 but her confidence in me became very precious1 her companionship very sweet4 ,one day ,i took ,hugh ,atherton with me to ,mrs4 ,leslie's1 and in that first visit ,i foresaw how all would end2 it was but the precursor of many more visits1 and after a while they both told me how things stood between them4 ,there was no difficulty4 ,money1 in the mother's eye1 was all that was needed to make a good match1 and ,hugh was well enough off now1 and likely to be a rich man in the future2 money was all that ,gilbert ,thorneley required for his nephew's future bride1 and ,ada ,leslie's fortune was ample1 even to his sordid mind4 ,i knew she could have #dde no worthier man for husband than ,hugh ,atherton4 ,i knew--ah1 who should know better8--that he could find no woman worthier of his tenderest love and honor than my ward2 and so ,i bade ,god to bless them and sanctify their union4 ,if for a while my life was somewhat more lonely than it had seemed before2 if a few years were added to thought and feeling1 and ,i began then more solemnly to realize what a gray old bachelor ,i should appear to ,hugh's little children when they climbed about my knee1--well1 it was but a foolishness that was quickly buried down deep in my heart and would never more rise to the surface4 ,and ,hugh's full tide of happiness and her deep but tender joy soon kindled bright again in the chambers of my soul a light that for a time had been very dim2 and ,i learnt the best lesson life can teach us1 and which in more ways than one is intimated to us by the words1 ,it is more blessed to give than to receive4 ,they would have been married before this1 but ,ada's father bad specified his wish that she should not marry until she was twenty-one1 unless her guardians judged it otherwise expedient1 and she was desirous of abiding by that decision4 ,she would be of age the third of this coming ,december1 and after ,christmas the wedding was to take place4 ,i noticed there was something peculiar in their manner of mentioning to me the day they had fixed on for their marriage4 ,it was the day before ,i started on this last trip to my favorite ,swiss mountains2 we had all gone down to ,kew by water1 and we were strolling about the gardens enjoying the cool of the evening air after a day of unusual sultriness4 ,mrs4 ,leslie1 ,wilmot1 and ,i1 were walking together1 whilst the other two went away by themselves4 ,we had not spoken very much--at least ,i had not1 for many thoughts were busy within me4 ,presently ,ada came back alone1 and putting her arm in mine she drew me aside into a little shady walk where the trees met overhead and the air was laden with the perfume of the lime-blossom4 ,in the last summer of my life1 at eventide ,i shall see that narrow pathway with its leafy covering1 and smell those fragrant trees2 ,i shall hear the nightingale's note as it sang to me 7so ,i thought7 the refrain of a simple ballad ,i had often heard my mother sing in early childhood4 ,loyal je serai durant la vie4 ,dear friend1 said ,ada1 looking up into my face with her soft1 kind1 brown eyes1 so truthful and sincere1 ,hugh and ,i have been speaking of the future2 and the bright warm color came into her cheek1 and the long golden lashes fell as she spoke4 ,yes1 ,ada1 that is right4 ,what says ,hugh8 ,he says we had better settle when it is to be4 ,you know ,i am of age in ,december1 and he thinks of after ,christmas2 and do you know he wants it to be on the day but one after the ,epiphany8 because he says--that funny old ,hugh6--that it is your birthday2 or if it isn't1 that it ought to be2 and insists on it4 ,however1 he has set his mind on it4 ,he wanted to come and ask you1 for ,i said ,i would not have it fixed until you had been asked4 ,and then ,i thought ,i would rather come myself4 ,the kind eyes were looking at me again1 just a little anxiously1 ,i thought4 ,for a moment there seemed to be a choking sensation in my throat4 ,i turned my head away1 and the evening bird sang out once more1 clear and silvery in the calm still air1 ,loyal je serai durant la vie4 ,listen1 ,ada2 do you hear what the nightingale is singing8 ,she is bidding me say ',god bless you both6' ,let it be when ,hugh thinks best4 ,go and tell him so4 ,she took my hand and pressed it to her lips2 there was a warm tear on it when she let it go4 ,i turned aside and walked away for a little while by myself4 ,then ,i went back to them1 and we left the gardens4 #ddf ,hugh and ,i walked home together that night2 and as we parted at his door he told me all was settled between him and ,ada1 very gently1 very softly1 as if he were breaking some news to me4 ,there was no need4 ,i bade him ,god speed with my cheeriest voice1 and told him the heartfelt truth--that to no other man would ,i have trusted her with such perfect trust4 ,i had happy letters from them both whilst ,i was abroad4 ,hugh had taken a very pretty house some ten miles from town2 workmen were busily engaged in alterations1 fittings-up1 and decorations1 whilst he and ,ada were full of the furniture and all those numerous etceteras which help to make the home such a one as should be prepared to receive a fair young bride4 ,mr4 ,thorneley had behaved very liberally to his nephew1 and given him carte blanche in the matter of the expenditure2 if his nature were capable of loving any human being1 ,i think he was fond of ,hugh ,atherton1 and ,i am quite sure that ,hugh1 in his generous oversight of all that must have jarred upon and shocked his mind1 was sincerely and gratefully attached to his uncle1 who1 he often said to me1 had acted a father's part by him4 ,thus1 amidst much sunshine and little shade1 all was hastening on toward the consummation of their union1 and as the new year tided round it was to find them man and wife4 ,and now ,i must relate a circumstance which happened about a fortnight before ,i started for the ,continent4 ,i had been dining at the house of my married sister1 who lived at ,highgate4 ,she was one of those ladies who are very fond of collecting about them the heterogeneous society of all the nondescripts1 hangers-on1 and adventurers who are only too willing to frequent the houses of those gifted with a taste for such companionship4 ,with good-nature verging1 ,i often told her1 on absolute idiotcy1 she could not be made to see how eccentricity of manner1 person1 or conversation was often but the veil thrown over a character too stained or doubtful to be revealed in its proper light4 ,it is true that in many cases her hospitality was rewarded2 equally true that in the majority it was abused2 and my brother-in-law1 good man1 suffered severely for it in the matter of his pocket4 ,to return3 amongst the various guests ,i met at dinner that evening was one man who strangely riveted my attention1 aided by the feeling so well known to most people1 that ,i had somewhere or other seen him before1 but in other guise1 and when a much younger man4 ,his manner was quiet and reserved1 but scarcely gentlemanlike2 and ,i noticed that in many of the little convenances of society he was quite at a loss4 ,i judged him to be about fifty or fifty-five years of age1 his hair was grey1 and he wore a thick beard and moustache2 at first ,i took him for a foreigner until ,i heard him speak1 and then ,i perceived the broad ,irish accent betraying his nationality in a most unmistakable manner4 ,who's your ,irish friend1 ,elinor8 ,i asked of my sister when ,i got her quietly in the drawing-room after dinner4 ,which one do you mean1 ,john8 ,there's the ,o',callaghan of ,callaghan1 who sat by me at dinner2 and there's ,mr4 ,burke1 who writes those spirited patriotic articles in the ,emerald-,green ,gazette2 and there's ,phelim ,o',mara1 the author of ,gems--- ,i know them all1 my dear4 ,then who can you mean1 for there isn't another ,irishman here8 ,these three wouldn't have been asked together--for they are all of different politics1 and ,i have been on thorns all the evening lest they should get into a discussion--but ,i couldn't well avoid it2 for you know-- ,again ,i was obliged to use a brother's delightful privilege and be rude1 for ,elinor1 though an excellent woman and a pattern wife1 was discursive in conversation1 and ,i saw her husband trying to catch her eye for some purpose2 so ,i said3 #ddg ,yes1 ,i know all about it--there's ,henry looking for you4 ,the man ,i mean sat opposite to me2 grey beard--there he is1 standing by ,montague4 ,oh6 he8 he is my last treasure-trove3 he's not ,irish1 my dear2 he's half ,french and half ,english4 ,an author1 but very rich2 has travelled all over the world4 ,here1 beckoning to him1 ,mr4 de ,vos1 allow me to introduce you to my brother1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,o ,elinor1 you good blind soul1 your ,frenchman was no more ,french and no more ,english than the man in the moon1 though certainly ,i am not acquainted with the nationality of that gentleman4 ,i saw it in two minutes4 ,we talked commonplaces for a little1 till some one came up and asked me if it were true that ,atherton was engaged to my ward1 ,miss ,leslie4 ,i answered in the affirmative4 ,you know ,mr4 ,atherton very well then1 ,i conclude1 said ,de ,vos4 ,i have known him from a boy2 no one knows him better than ,i4 ,how very interesting6 he said2 and ,i could not make out whether his tone was earnest or satirical1 for his face betrayed nothing4 ,i have heard of ,mr4 ,atherton from a friend of mine in ,paris4 ,ah6 that little enthusiastic ,gireaud1 ,i dare say1 replied ,i2 for ,i knew all ,hugh's friends1 and he was the only one ,i could think of as being in ,paris4 ,yes1 from ,gireaud2 and he was turning away4 ,how is he8 ,i asked1 meaning ,gireaud2 have you seen him lately8 ,no1 not lately--that is1 three or four months back4 ,this was strange2 it was only a month since the ,frenchman had left ,england1 only three months since we had first made his acquaintance1 and he had been in ,england all the time4 ,i felt suspicious2 ,i often did towards my sister's friends1 by reason of divers small sums borrowed in past times by them from me1 and kept in memoriam ,i suppose4 ,i thought ,i would pursue the inquiry4 ,did you know ,m4 ,gireaud when he was in ,england8 ,no abroad--in ,paris2 and he changed color and shifted uneasily on his feet4 ,did he succeed in tracing out the evidence in that celebrated cause he was conducting8 ,i continued pertinaciously4 ,i really don't know2 excuse me--how very warm this room is6 ,i will go into the balcony and see if it is possible to get a little air2 and he turned on his heel and left me4 ,so so1 thought ,i1 you wanted to fasten yourself upon me with the dodge of knowing my friends1 did you8 ,it won't do1 my fine fellow2 and ,i determined to give my brother-in-law a hint that his wife's last treasure-trove would need watching4 ,but ,i found no opportunity2 and when ,i inquired for ,mr4 de ,vos later in the evening1 ,i heard he had gone away1 feeling very unwell4 ,said ,i to myself1 ,he'll be worse when he meets me again4 ,i little recked the words then1 or what they might import4 ,it was a beautiful ,august night when our party broke up2 and resisting my sister's wish that ,i should sleep there1 ,i determined to enjoy a moonlight walk home1 smoke a cigar1 and think over a difficult case ,i had just then in hand4 ,my nearest way into town from ,elinor's house was down ,swain's ,lane and round by the cemetery2 it was a lonely1 ghostly kind of walk1 not tempting on a dark winter's night2 but with a brilliant harvest-moon overhead1 a stout stick1 and myself standing six feet without shoes1 ,i feared neither man nor ghost4 ,the tombstones looked white and ghastly enough in the bright moonlight1 and the trees cast their heavy shadows across my path1 whilst their tops were stirred by a gentle soughing breeze4 ,i had passed the cemetery1 and was rapidly nearing the end of the lane1 which turns into the high-road by the ,duke of ,st4 ,alban's public-house1 of omnibus notoriety1 when ,i fancied ,i heard the sound of voices pitched high1 as if #ddh in some angry dispute4 ,i took out my watch2 it was just upon twelve o'clock4 ,drunken revellers1 ,i thought1 turned out of the inn4 ,swain's ,lane winds about until you are close upon the road1 and then there is a straight piece with fields upon either side4 ,i looked ahead as ,i came to this latter bit1 but there was no one to be seen1 although the voices sounded closer and closer4 ,i was walking on the turf beside the road1 so that my footsteps falling upon the soft grass were inaudible4 ,i passed a gate leading into a field1 and then ,i became aware that the voices were close to me on the other side of the hedge4 ,not caring to be seen lest ,i should get drawn into some drunken row1 ,i stooped my head and shoulders1 inconveniently high just then1 and was in the act of passing swiftly on when a name arrested me4 ,i tell you ,hugh ,atherton never shall marry that girl6 ,and ,i tell you he will6 ,you let every chance slip by you1 you poor spiritless fool4 ,he'll marry her1 and come in for the best share1 if not the whole of ,gil ,thorneley's money4 ,there was no mistaking the brogue of my ,irish ,anglo-,french acquaintance of this evening--my sister's last treasure-trove1 the talented author1 the rich man4 ,but the other voice1 whose was it8 ,it sounded strange at first2 then light began to dawn upon me4 ,i knew it--yes1 surely ,i knew it4 ,ha1 by ,jove6 ,lister ,wilmot6--it must be ,lister ,wilmot's4 ,they were speaking again1 quite unconscious of their auditor on the other side of the hedge4 ,you are the biggest fool1 and a scoundrel too1 coming here1 dogging my footsteps1 and following me about just to bring ruin upon me with your confounded interference2 going there too1 and meeting the very man you ought to avoid1 that lawyer fellow1 ,kavanagh2 why1 he'll scent you out in less than no time4 7,much obliged to you1 ,mr4 ,wilmot1 thought ,i1 for your involuntary tribute to my shrewdness3 it has been deserved this time at any rate47 ,you must leave ,london at once--to-morrow1 do you hear8--or ,i'll whisper a certain affair about1 which may make this quarter of the world unpleasant to you4 ,i'll not stir without that fifty pounds4 ,you blow upon me1 and ,i'll blow upon you in a quarter you wouldn't care to have those small bits of paper shown that ,i've got in my pocket-book here4 ,the remark seemed to have been untimely4 ,scoundrel6 shouted the other voice ,i believed to be ,wilmot's1 and ,i heard them close together and struggle4 ,at the same moment ,i leaped the gate1 determined to make sure of their identity2 but with singular ill-luck ,i caught my foot against the topmost bar1 and fell with no small force my whole length on the other side4 ,the noise and sight of me disturbed the combatants1 and before ,i could rise or recover myself1 they had separated1 and fled in opposite directions across the field4 ,pursuit was a vain thought4 ,i had twisted my ankle in the fall1 and for a few moments the pain was unbearable2 when ,i could put my foot to the ground both fugitives were out of sight4 ,there was nothing left for me but to hobble back1 gain the road1 and seize upon the first empty cab returning to ,london to convey me to my chambers4 ,i mentioned the adventure to ,atherton on the following morning1 and my conviction that ,lister ,wilmot was one of the two men4 ,it is impossible1 replied ,hugh2 ,lister was with me last evening till eleven o'clock1 and then he went home to bed4 ,did you see him home8 ,i asked4 ,yes1 and went in with him2 saw him undressed1 and ready to get into bed4 ,he was not well1 poor fellow4 ,one of his bad colds seemed to be threatening him1 and he was very out of spirits4 ,i am afraid he's exceeding his allowance1 and getting into debt4 ,he asked me to lend1 him twenty pounds for a month4 #ddi ,which of course you didn't do8 ,which of course ,i did1 and told him he was heartily welcome to it2 but ,i wished he'd draw in his expenses1 for ,i was certain if ,uncle ,gilbert heard of his being in difficulty1 there would be no end to pay4 ,i'll get him to make a clean breast of it some day soon to me1 and see what ,i can do to help him and set him right4 ,so like ,hugh1 with his generous impulses ever ready to do a kindness4 ,well1 but it is very odd4 ,i could have sworn it was ,lister in the field2 as for the other fellow1 why there is not the smallest shadow of a doubt about him4 ,if ,i hadn't recognized his brogue1 why1 the words of his companion pointed him out as the ,de ,vos of the dinner-party4 ,do you know such a man1 ,hugh8 and ,i gave a graphic description of him4 ,hugh shook his head4 ,don't know such a bird as that1 ,jack4 ,can't think who it can be1 nor what they both meant4 ,the 'girl1' indeed6 ,did they mean ,ada1 forsooth8 ,i'd like to punch their skulls for daring to name her4 ,i say1 let's go to ,lister's at once and ask him if he knows a man answering to the name ,de ,vos4 ,we drove to ,wilmot's lodgings in the ,albany--he affected aristocratic-bachelor neighborhoods--and found him over a late breakfast1 looking very pale and haggard4 ,hugh attacked him in his straightforward blunt manner4 ,what did you go up to ,highgate for1 last night4 ,lister1 when ,i thought you were going to bed8 ,wilmot's fork fell on the floor and he stooped to pick it up before answering4 ,then he looked up with an air of the greatest astonishment4 ,go up to ,highgate last night6 ,i6 ,are you mad1 ,hugh8 ,i heard your voice last night in a field close by the ,highgate ,road1 or ,i never was more mistaken in my life1 ,i said4 ,he turned his face to me3 there was the most unaffected surprise and bewilderment written on it as he stared at me4 ,are you out of your senses too8 he asked at last with a loud laugh4 ,why1 ,hugh saw me into bed almost4 ,you must have been wandering1 or ,mr4 ,craven's 7my brother-in-law7 wines were too potent for your sober brain4 ,i was completely at a nonplus4 ,do you know that ,mr4 de ,vos is in ,england8 ,i said1 resolved to try another dodge4 ,who is ,mr4 de ,vos8 was the answer1 given in the most unconcerned tone4 ,hugh broke in3 ,tell him all about it1 ,john4 ,i did so1 relating word for word what ,i had heard1 with my eye fixed upon his face4 ,he never flinched once1 and there was not the smallest embarrassment in his look or manner4 ,you were of course entirely mistaken1 he said2 ,i never left my room last night after ,hugh went away4 ,of this ,mr4 de ,vos ,i know nothing--not even by name4 ,there was nothing for it but to be satisfied1 and yet somehow ,i was not4 ,i suppose my old dislike of ,wilmot got the better of me and made me distrustful4 ,then such dear--such precious interests had been called in question--were perhaps in danger2 and ,i could not rid myself of the great anxiety which oppressed me4 ,the next move was after ,de ,vos4 ,he had utterly and totally disappeared by the time ,i had obtained his address from my sister and hunted out the wretched doubtful sort of lodgings he had inhabited near ,leicester ,square4 ,so the affair died a natural death1 and ,i left ,england for the ,continent4 ,could ,i but have foreseen what my return would bring forth6 #dej ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,day ,,after ,,the ,,wedding4 ,it was all true--dreadfully1 awfully true--and no hideous dream4 ,gilbert ,thorneley was dead--poisoned1 murdered2 and ,hugh ,atherton was in the hands of justice1 suspected1 if not actually accused1 of the murder4 ,when ,i came back1 sick and giddy1 to consciousness1 there was old ,hardy bending over me with a face blanched almost as white as my own must have been1 and ,jones the detective standing by1 the deepest concern written on his countenance4 ,do you know what it is1 that coming to1 as women express it1 after a sudden mental blow has prostrated you and hurled you into the dark oblivion of insensibility8 ,i daresay you do4 ,you know what the return to life is2 what the realization of the stunning evil which has befallen you4 ,but ,god help you if you remember that your last words when conscious criminated the friend you would willingly die to save4 ,god help you if you know you must be forced into admitting what you had rather cut out your tongue than utter1 and which in your inadvertence or brainless stupidity you let pass your lips4 ,i say again1 heaven help you1 for it is one of the bitterest moments of your life4 ,as the physical indisposition wore off1 and the whole situation of affairs became clearer to my scattered senses1 the remembrance of what ,i had done was maddening4 ,oh1 blind fool1 ,i cried1 not to see1 not to know what ,i was doing6 ,jones and ,hardy1 ,i call you both to witness most solemnly that ,i believe as firmly1 as entirely in ,mr4 ,atherton's innocence as ,i do in an eternal life to come4 ,i charge you both1 that1 whatever testimony you may be forced to give1 whatever miserable words have been wrung from me--,i charge you both1 by all you hold most sacred1 to give evidence likewise that ,i believe him innocent4 ,we will1 sir1 said the two men gravely4 ,then a desperate idea seized me1 and ,i motioned ,hardy to leave the room4 ,jones1 ,i said1 when the clerk was gone1 you are a poor man1 ,i know1 and have many children to provide for4 ,get me off attending the inquest1 and ,i will write you a cheque on the spot for any sum in reason you like to name4 ,bless your heart1 sir1 it an't in my power4 ,inspector ,jackson has been in ,wimpole street investigating it all2 and ,i know your name's booked as one of the principal witnesses4 ,you'll have your summons this evening for to-morrow1 as safe as ,i'm here4 ,where is ,mr4 ,atherton8 ,i asked4 ,inspector ,jackson took him to ,marylebone street1 sir4 ,he'll go before the magistrate at two o'clock4 ,they won't get his committal1 though1 ,i expect until after the inquest2 there is not sufficient evidence2 but we're getting it as fast as we can4 ,yes1 ,i said in the bitterness of my heart2 and if ,i had known your errand here1 ,i'd have flung you down the stairs before you should have had access to my rooms4 ,you can't be sorrier than ,i am1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,i believe1 like you1 that he's an innocent man3 but everything looks against him at present4 ,the housekeeper's evidence is enough to hang him4 ,the housekeeper6 ,what1 ,mrs4 ,haag8 ,yes1 sir1 that's her name1 ,i believe4 ,she's only half ,english1 or married a foreigner1 or something of the sort4 ,but ,i think she must be foreign1 for she has a mighty broad accent4 ,yes1 indeed1 sir2 and if ,i may make bold to say it1--,i don't know what your friendship for ,mr4 ,atherton may lead you to do1--but it's of no use your not saying where you saw him last night1 for she saw him go in and come out of that shop1 and she heard him address you1 sir1 by name4 ,a light flashed across me4 ,that was the woman ,i had met in ,vere ,street4 ,i didn't know the housekeeper by sight1 but ,i had often heard both ,atherton and ,wilmot speak of her4 ,wilmot6--another light4 #dea ,did you know that ,mr4 ,thorneley's other nephew was with him last night8 ,he met ,mr4 ,atherton in ,wimpole ,street4 ,yes1 sir1 and left nearly an hour before ,mr4 ,atherton went away4 ,still1 why is he not suspected as much as the other8 ,he had not been traced in and out of a chemist's shop2 he had no dispute with his uncle2 he was not heard to make use of threatening words4 ,i can't tell you more1 sir2 and ,i must be going4 ,i have done what need be done here4 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 believe me ,i am acting only in my official capacity2 and ,i'd rather1 sir1 have been at the bottom of the sea than engaged in this affair4 ,but ,i mustn't forget the message1 sir4 ,what message8 ,from ,mr4 ,atherton4 ,he wanted to write or to send for you to come2 but they wouldn't let him4 ,you see1 sir1 we know you are an important witness against him1 and ,jackson--he's a sharp one--wouldn't have him communicating with you4 ,poor gentleman6 he was stunned-like at first when he was told4 ,then when he saw me1 ',jones1' said he1 'you go to ,mr4 ,kavanagh2 tell him what has happened4 ,tell him ,i'm an innocent man1 so help me ,god6 ,i wouldn't have hurt a gray hair of the old man's head4 ,but ,i was angry with him1 ,i confess4' ,then we warned him not to say anything which might criminate himself1 so he only bent his head reverently1 and said again1 ',my ,god1 ,thou knowest ,i am innocent4' ,then he turned to me suddenly and caught my arm4 ',tell ,mr4 ,kavanagh to go at once to ,mrs4 ,leslie's1 and see that the news doesn't come upon them too suddenly4 ,tell him ,i trust to him4' ,those were his words1 sir1 two or three times1--',tell him ,i trust to him4' ,o ,hugh6 my poor ,hugh2 you might trust me then2 you might have trusted me always4 ,but you didn't4 ,a world of damning doubt and evidence rose up between us1 and it seemed to point at me as your worst enemy1 and never more again would you place confidence in me2 never more would the perfect trust of friendship draw us together1 and make our interests one4 ,ay1 and that too had been one of the despairing thoughts which rushed across my mind as the truth of what had happened forced itself upon me4 ,ada6 ,what if such news were carried suddenly1 inconsiderately to her ears8 ,what if such an awful1 unlooked-for blow fell1 crushing the bright hopes and darkening the radiant happiness of her young life8 ,i tell all this in a bewildered way now2 ,i was far more bewildered then4 ,i was mad4 ,there was the remembrance of the last evening1--my interview with ,thorneley1 the strange secret still ringing in my ears1 the chance meeting with ,hugh1 and what was to come of it2 and the present tidings1--the old man dead1 ,hugh arrested and accused of murdering him2 and ,i in my blindness had helped to corroborate the worst testimony against him4 ,all this was rushing through my brain2 and then1 above all1 the thought of ,ada ,leslie--and the last thought roused me to action4 ,go back1 ,jones1 to ,mr4 ,atherton2 tell him ,i am going off immediately to ,mrs4 ,leslie's1 and that he may trust to me in that4 ,and stay1 has he got legal assistance8 ,no1 sir2 ,i fancy he thought you'd see to all that4 ,he didn't seem to think how it might be with your having to give evidence4 ,you'd better go to ,smith and ,walker's1 and see one of the partners4 ,they must watch proceedings for him to-day4 ,they can't1 sir2 they are to watch on the part of the ,crown4 ,on the part of the ,crown6--whose management is that8 ,i believe they offered and wished it4 ,they feel bound to discover the murderer of their late client2 they couldn't act for the man accused of murdering him4 ,true--too true4 ,i'll send ,hardy to ,mr4 ,merrivale2 he is a great friend #deb of his--,i can trust him4 ,tell ,mr4 ,atherton what ,i say1 and what has been done4 ,very good1 sir2 and ,jones withdrew4 ,it took me less than an hour to reach ,hyde-,park ,gardens1 where ,mrs4 ,leslie and my ward dwelt2 and on the road ,i resolved as well as ,i could how to break the news4 ,pray ,heaven only to give her strength to bear it6 ,i was shown into the dining-room1 for ,i had asked to see ,miss ,leslie alone4 ,there were the sounds of music up-stairs1 and ,i heard ,ada's clear thrilling voice singing one of the beautiful ,german songs ,i knew1 and that he loved so well4 ,presently her light step was on the threshold1 and she burst gaily into the room4 ,oh1 ,hugh1 how late you are6 and then she stopped suddenly1 seeing it was ,i--only ,i4 ,but she came forward in a moment with a kind eager welcome1 a welcome back to ,england1 laughing and blushing at her mistake4 ,i heard the street-door open1 and ran down at once2 for ,hugh said he would come early to take me out this morning1 and ,i thought it was he4 ,oh1 but ,i am so glad to see you1 dear ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,but how dreadfully ill you are looking--what is the matter8 ,perhaps she saw my own misery1 and the unutterable pity and tenderness for her which filled my heart1 written in my face2 but a change passed over her countenance4 ,what is the matter8 she repeated in a breathless sort of manner4 ,hugh sends his love1 ,i said2 hardly knowing1 indeed1 what words were passing my lips1 or that ,i was really breaking it to her2--his dear love2 he is quite well1 but something prevents him from coming to you to-day4 ,to-day6 ,she repeated the same word after me1 still in a breathless way2 and her large eyes were fixed on me as in mute agonized appeal against what was coming4 ,something very important--very painful--has happened to detain him4 ,mr4 ,thorneley died very suddenly last night4 ,i stopped1 and turned away4 ,heaven help me6 ,i could not go on1 with those eyes upon me4 ,there was one deep-drawn sigh of relief4 ,is that all6 ,was it not better to tell the truth to her at once8 ,after all1 he was innocent4 ,i acknowledged that with all the loyalty of my soul--so would she2 and that thought would bear her up4 ,yes1 it would be best to tell her4 ,i took her hand1 and led her to a chair4 ,ada1 it is not all2 can you bear the rest8 ,her white trembling lips moved as if assenting1 but ,i could not hear the words4 ,thorneley died very suddenly--was found dead4 ,it is thought he has been poisoned4 ,i don't know the particulars--,i have only just heard of it4 ,hugh was with him late last night2 it is necessary he should be examined to-day by a magistrate4 ,again ,i paused1 praying that the truth might dawn upon her--that ,i might not have to stab her with the terrible revelation4 ,but--dreading1 fearing1 as ,i could see she was--no shadow of the reality seemed to cross her mind4 ,where is ,hugh now8 at last she asked with startling suddenness4 ,o ,ada1 my poor child6 try to bear it4 ,hugh is as innocent as you are of this fearful crime2 but he has been arrested4 ,the words were said--she knew all now4 ,to my dying day ,i shall never forget the awful change which passed over her face4 ,she did not faint or scream1 but she sat there motionless1 rigid1 white as a marble statue4 ,i took her hand2 it was icy cold1 and lay passive in mine4 ,ada1 for ,god's sake speak to me6 ,shall ,i call your mother to you8 ,her stillness was frightful4 ,there was some water on the sideboard1 and ,i poured out some and brought it to her1 almost forcing the glass between her set teeth4 ,at last she swallowed #dec some1 and then heavy sighs seemed to relieve both heart and brain4 ,i must go to him1 she said at last in a hoarse whisper4 ,you cannot1 ,ada1--at least not today2 they would not suffer it4 ,besides1 my dearest child1 he has need of all his firmness and presence of mind1 and the sight of you would only unnerve him4 ,let him hear how bravely you are bearing it2 let him think of you as believing that our ,father who is in heaven will defend the innocent4 ,i do1 ,i do1 she said1 the hot tears slowly welling from her eyes1 and falling in burning drops upon my hand--and upon my heart4 ,they were blessed tears of relief4 ,but you too will do your utmost for him4 ,you are his dearest friend1 and he would have full confidence in whatever you did4 ,go to him at once6--why do you stay here8 she continued more vehemently2 why are you not with him1 helping and defending him8 ,could ,i tell her the truth now8 ,could ,i undeceive her and say ,i have done as much and perhaps more to condemn him than any one--that ,i should have to bear witness against him8 ,could ,i tell her this1 with her eyes looking into mine in such unutterable anguish1 with her little hand placed in mine so confidingly1 and with the thought of him before me8 ,i could not4 ,i said all should be done for him that was in the power of mortal man to do1 and ,i promised to send messengers constantly to keep her fully informed during the day of all that passed2 ,before going ,i asked her if ,i should tell her mother2 but she refused--she would rather do it herself4 ,tell him1 were her last words1 that my heart is with him1 and my love--oh ,i my dearest love6 ,write it1 ,ada1 ,i said1 it is better he should have that message direct from you4 ,so ,i left her1 bearing her little note to him1 poor fellow4 ,how precious it would be1 that tiny missive1 coming from her loving hand and faithful heart4 ,it was just upon one o'clock when ,i arrived at my chambers1 and at two ,atherton was to be taken before the magistrate4 ,there was no fresh news2 so ,i decided upon going at once to ,merrivale's office1 and seeing him if possible before he went to the police-court4 ,i met him on the stairs returning to his office4 ,i have just been with poor ,atherton1 he said2 and he looked very grave4 ,come in here2 ,i was going to send for you4 ,by the bye1 have you been to the ,leslies8 he is most anxious about that4 ,i don't think he'll be calm enough to think for himself until he knows all is right in that quarter4 ,i have a note from ,miss ,leslie for him1 ,all right4 ,give it to me2 ,i'll enclose it1 and send it at once4 ,merrivale despatched the messenger1 and then locked his room door4 ,the case is dead against him1 he said as he sat down1 and he knows it now1 poor fellow1--he knows it4 ,he is innocent1 ,i said2 ,i could swear he is innocent6 ,yes1 so ,i think1 and so do others2 but the evidence against him is frightfully strong4 ,that woman1 ,mrs4 ,haag1 will make a most criminating statement of what occurred last night4 ,i don't know the particulars1--tell me what they are8 ,you ought to be able to throw considerable light upon it1 said ,merrivale1 unheeding my question4 ,you were with poor old ,thorneley last night1 it seems4 ,just tell me all that passed4 ,in fact1 ,i ought to know every thing4 ,i hear too that you are to be summoned as witness against ,atherton4 ,how is that8 ,i then related to him how ,i had gone to ,wimpole street at ,mr4 ,thorneley's request about a matter of business2 the hour ,i had left him2 my meeting with ,hugh2 his wish to come home with me1 and my refusal2 the meeting also with the woman1 and the conclusions which ,i had drawn from it4 #ded ,what was the nature of the business with ,mr4 ,thorneley8 ,i replied that my word of honor was passed to keep it secret4 ,had it any bearing upon the unhappy catastrophe1 either directly or indirectly8 ,no2 none that ,i could see4 ,would it affect ,atherton or his prospects8 ,i could not answer further1 ,i replied2 but in no way could it touch him either for good or evil in the present unfortunate affair4 ,merrivale was fairly at a nonplus4 ,now1 said ,mr4 ,merrivale1 ,i will tell you what passed after you went away1 as ,i learnt it from ,atherton2 and whatever further light you can throw upon the mystery1 which is my business now to sift to the bottom1 well1 ,i think1 ,kavanagh1 you are bound1 by all the ties of your long friendship with that poor fellow now under arrest1 to speak out openly to me4 ,i felt ,merrivale's sharp searching eyes upon me2 but the time to speak had not come1 and ,i could in no way serve ,hugh by breaking silence--at least ,i did not see that ,i could4 ,after a short pause1 ,merrivale continued3 ,atherton tells me that when he reached his uncle's house1 he found his cousin1 ,lister ,wilmot1 had just arrived2 and they both went to ,thorneley's room together1 ,wilmot said to him on the way1 ',i must get some money to-night out of the governor1 if possible1 for ,i'm dreadfully hard-up4 ,i've had to dodge three duns to-day2 and there'll be a writ out against me to-morrow as sure as ,i'm alive1 if he doesn't fork out handsomely4' ,atherton asked him what he called handsomely1 with a view1 ,i imagine1 to helping him himself if he could2 but ,wilmot mentioned a sum so large that there could be no further thought of his doing so4 ,they found the old man unusually preoccupied and taciturn4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of unfavorable circumstances1 ,wilmot broached the subject of his difficulties to him1 and abruptly asked for #ejjl4 ,thorneley was furious2 and it seems1 curiously enough1 that he turned his fury upon ,atherton2 accused him of leading ,wilmot astray1 of teaching him to be extravagant2 of making a tool of him for purposes of his own2 in short1 making the most unheard-of accusations against poor ,atherton1 and throwing the entire blame on him4 ,atherton says he felt convinced that some one must have been carrying false stories to his uncle1 or in some way poisoning his mind against himself2 but knowing how broken in health he was1 he tried at first to soothe him1 and quietly contradict his assertions1 and ,wilmot indorsed all he said1 distinctly stating that his cousin was entirely free from all blame in the matter1 and that it was his own extravagance which had brought him into difficulties2 and much more to the same effect4 ,and now comes the terrible part4 ,thorneley only waxed wrother and more wroth2 swore at ,atherton1 and told him he might pay his cousin's debts for him2 and if he couldn't out of his own money1 he might get his future wife's guardian to advance him some of hers2 and that if ,wilmot had looked half-sharp he might have married the girl himself4 ,as it was1 he dared say she would marry ,kavanagh in the end4 ,you may suppose this vexed ,atherton not a little2 his blood was up1 and he spoke out hot and angrily to his uncle1 telling him amongst other things that he would bitterly repent on the morrow what he had said last night4 ,he tells me he distinctly remembers the words he used4 ,in the heat of the dispute--he thinks it must have been just at the moment he said this--the housekeeper came in with the tray4 ,it seems that ,thorneley always took bitter-ale the last thing at night1 with hard biscuits4 ,almost directly after he had spoken ,atherton repented having got angry with the old man1 remembering what his temperament was2 and as a sort of propitiatory action1 went and fetched him his glass of ale from the table4 ,gilbert ,thorneley took it from ,atherton's hand1 and--drank it4 ,there was poison in that glass of ale6 #dee ,i sat confronting ,merrivale1 dazed1 sickened1 dumbfounded4 ,now ,i knew the full weight of the evidence ,i should be forced to give4 ,now ,i knew1 when everything was revealed1 the cry that would go up from ,hugh's heart against me4 ,but ,i never swerved from my allegiance to him2 ,i never thought him guilty--no1 not for the brief shadow of an instant4 ,after a while ,merrivale continued1 ,whoever put in that fatal drug1 and whatever it was1 the effects must have taken place subsequent to ,atherton's leaving ,wimpole ,street4 ,he says that ,wilmot went away very shortly after his uncle drank the ale1 receiving a very cold good-night from the latter2 and that after in vain trying to reason with ,mr4 ,thorneley1 and bring him into good-humor again1 he also left him1--the old man utterly refusing to shake hands or to part friends4 ,the poor fellow seems to feel that bitterly2 he is terribly cut up at remembering that the last intercourse with his uncle should have been unfriendly4 ,no2 ,i could venture my oath he is innocent2 his sorrow at ,thorneley's death cannot by put on4 ,however1 the end of it all is1 that ,mr4 ,thorneley went to bed last night directly after ,atherton went away2 and this morning when the servant went into his room as usual at half-past six1 to call him1 and see whether he wanted anything before getting up--he kept to his old early hours as much as possible1 ,i fancy--the man found him dead in his bed4 ,the housekeeper was roused1 and they sent off directly for a doctor4 ,when he came1 he declared his suspicion that he had died from the effects of poison1 and demanded what he had taken last4 ,he had touched nothing since the bitter-ale2 the glass had not been washed1 and traces of strychnine were found in the few drops left in the tumbler4 ,smith and ,walker have called in ,dr4 ,robinson since then2 and he with this doctor who first saw the corpse are making a post-mortem examination now4 ,the contents of the stomach1 to make sure of everything1 are to be sent to ,professor ,t---- for analysis4 ,when the inspectors arrived from ,scotland ,yard1 the housekeeper immediately volunteered her evidence of what ,i have related to you4 ,putting all these facts together1 continued ,merrivale1 looking over his notes1 coupled with the evidence you will be forced to give of where you met him1 ,i apprehend the whole case to be dead against poor ,atherton4 ,yes1 the entire thing will turn upon that visit to the chemist in ,vere street2 if we can dispose of that satisfactorily1 ,i shan't despair4 ,at present it is the most criminating to my mind1 and will just damn him with the jury at the inquest4 ,what account does he give himself of going to the chemist's8 ,simple enough1 to any one who knows him as you and ,i do1 and who would believe a man who never yet lied1--who is1 ,i think1 incapable of a lie to save his own life4 ,he says he went in to purchase some camphor2 he has been taking it lately for headaches2 the bottle was found in his coat-pocket2 but there was also found a small empty paper labelled ',strychnine1' with the ,vere-street chemist's name upon it4 ,of that paper he most solemnly denies all knowledge1 and ,i believe him2 but how will the jury dispose of such circumstantial evidence8 ,no expense must be spared in defending him1 ,merrivale1 ,i said2 draw on me to the last farthing for whatever is wanted4 ,none shall be spared4 ,i have written to ,sir ,richard ,mayne1 whom ,i know very well1 asking for a certain detective officer whoso experience ,i can rely on from past dealings2 and if the dastardly wretch lives who has done this deed1 and thrown the brunt of it on ,atherton1 he or she shall be hunted down and brought to justice4 ,i must be off now4 ,the proceedings to-day will be but nominal4 ,i will come round by your office on my way back4 ,what we have to do at present is to gain time4 ,for this we must #def prepare all the contrary evidence in our power against to-morrow4 ,by the way1 see ,wilmot as soon as you can1 and bring him back with you4 ,i returned home2 wrote a few words1 as comforting and encouraging as ,i could1 to ,ada1 and despatched a messenger with the note2 then ,i went to the ,albany and asked for ,lister ,wilmot4 ,he was out2 had been summoned to the police-court to be present at the inquiry4 ,i left my card1 with a pencilled injunction to come on to me the moment he returned2 and then1 impelled by a horrible fascination1 ,i took my way toward ,marylebone street1 longing1 yet dreading1 to see and hear--my heart aching for a sight of the manly form and noble face of him to whom my soul had cleaved as to a brother4 ,there was a dense crowd outside the gates of the courtyard and round the private door through which the magistrates enter1 when ,i arrived there4 ,with my hat slouched over my brows1 ,i made my way through with difficulty to the door of the court where the proceedings were going on1--the noise and din of the crowd buzzing about me1 and scraps of talk which goes on in such places and among such people as collect there1 reaching me in broken snatches4 ,who'd ha' thought he'd a done it8 such a nice-looking chap as er is4 ,yer see1 it's the money as he wanted4 ,the old man was mortal rich2 they say the ,bank of ,england couldn't 'old 'is money4 ,yes1 the gowld did it4 ,pisen6 ,ah1 he'd be glad of pisen hisself now4 ,what's that feller sayin'8 ,oh1 that's the lawyer wot's defending him4 ,he'll have tough work1 he will4 ,remanded6--that's the way2 why can't they commit him at once8 ,givin' folks all the trouble to come twice afore they knows what to do with un4 ',ere he comes4 ,now1 six-footer1 who pisened the old man8 ,and then came groans and hisses as the mob were made to open and divide themselves1 whilst policemen cleared the way for the prisoner--yes1 it had come to that--the prisoner6--to pass to the van waiting for him4 ,i looked up as he advanced1--we were almost of the same height1 he and ,i2 taller perhaps by some inches than the majority around1 who were mostly women1--and our eyes met4 ,o ,god6 shall ,i ever forget the look he gave me8 ,pale and calm and firm1 he passed on--his noble brow erect1 his clear eyes shining with the light of conscious innocence2 with the whole expression of his countenance subdued--hallowed1 ,i might say--with the sorrow and trouble which had befallen him4 ,on he came1 heedless of the hisses and jeers of the fallen degraded herd who pressed round2 heedless of the jibes and groans uttered by the companions of those for whom1 more then likely1 his genial voice had been raised in defence1 in pleading against the justice they deserved1 but which he had never merited4 ,on he came1 unmindful of everything that was going on about him1 as if his spirit were faraway1 communing with that unseen ,presence that was never absent from his mind4 ,i lifted my hat and stood bareheaded as he passed into that dark dismal van that was polluted with the breath1 contaminated by the touch1 of men whose hands were dyed by the blackest crimes4 ,when it had driven off ,i turned away and hailed a passing cab4 ,just as ,i was stepping into it ,i was arrested by the sound of a voice near me4 ,he's safe to be condemned1 as shure as yer name's ,mike4 ,it was an ,irish voice4 ,i bounded back4 ,disappearing rapidly1 threading in and out of the now-dispersing crowd1 were the high square shoulders1 the gray locks and beard1 the swaggering air of ,mr4 de ,vos1 the treasure-trove1 the hero of ,swain's ,lane4 ,he was gone before ,i was fully aware of his identity4 #deg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,a ,,glimmer ,,of ,,light4 ,a popular writer of the day says there is this to be observed in the physiology of every murder1 that before the coroner's inquest the sole object of public curiosity is the murdered man2 while immediately after that judicial investigation the tide of feeling turns2 the dead man is hurried and forgotten1 and the suspected murderer becomes the hero of men's morbid imaginations4 ,if this be true--as it is--in the generality of cases1 there are also exceptions in which just the contrary takes place4 ,so was it now4 ,amidst the hue and cry which arose against ,hugh ,atherton1 the suspected murderer of his uncle1 ,gilbert ,thorneley1 the murdered man1 was almost forgotten4 ,the announcement in the morning papers of the inquest to be held that same day following the discovery of the murder was hailed but as an acceleration of the justice which was to hunt him down to a felon's death4 ,three executions had taken place during that summer in ,london1 and they had but whetted the public appetite4 ,like a wild beast that had tasted blood1 it ravened and hungered for more2 it could not sicken at the sight of a human creature1 a fellow-man1 strung up like a dog1 strangled like an animal2 it could not shudder to behold the quivering limbs1 the covered face1 the convulsed form1 as it swung from the gibbet4 ,they had become used to the sight1 familiar with the whole scene in its awful solemnity2 but they were far from satiated2 and eagerly did the public voice clamor for another victim on whom to gloat their inhuman eyes4 ,ah6 that is a fearful responsibility which ,england has taken upon herself in these public executions--in baring to such a gaze as that which is fastened upon the small black-draped platform outside the walls of ,newgate the solemn1 awful spectacle of a creature going to meet his ,creator1 of an immortal soul passing into the dread presence of its ,god6 ,much has been said for1 much against1 those exhibitions of public justice2 ,i doubt if a true view will ever be arrived at until the question has been considered as one vitally affecting ,england as a ,christian nation4 ,hugh ,atherton was a suspected man1 and the press did its work well that morning in trying to criminate him4 ,already in those brief four-and-twenty hours his name--the name of one incapable of hurting the tiniest insect that lay across his path--had become a byword and a reproach in the mouths1 not of many1 but of multitudes1 throughout the length and breadth of the land4 ,gilbert ,thorneley had been a rich man--a notedly rich man--a millionaire2 and we may not touch the rich with impunity4 ,he had not been a good man nor a useful man1 nor philanthropic2 none had loved him1 not a few had hated him1 many had disliked and dreaded him2 but he was rich--he had wealth untold1 and it did wonders for him in the eyes of the world after his death4 ,yet withal he was forgotten1 comparatively speaking1 whilst the interest of the public was riveted upon his supposed-to-be-criminal nephew4 ,the scanty evidence elicited at the police-court was twisted and turned against him by ingenious compilers of leading-articles1 and only one journal ventured to raise a dissenting voice in his favor4 ,it was a paper that had vindicated many a man before2 that had done for accused persons what perhaps their poverty would not permit them to do for themselves1--in ventilating facts and clearing up evidence with the care and eloquence of a paid counsel4 ,it was a paper hated by many in authority1 by big wigs and potentates1 and was to many country magistrates a perfect nightmare2 nevertheless its influence told largely upon the public mind and led to the rooting out of many an evil4 #deh ,the inquest on ,gilbert ,thorneley was appointed for two o'clock1 and ,i was cited to appear as one of the witnesses4 ,i had gone late the evening before to ,hyde-,park ,gardens with all the tidings that could be gathered1 and left poor ,ada more calm and composed than could almost have been hoped for4 ,still1 what her fearful grief and anxiety was1 heaven only knew2 for her only thought seemed to be that ,hugh should hear she was keeping up bravely for his sake4 ,after the inquest1 ,i promised to try and obtain that she should see him3 ,but ,i went away1 haunted by her poor pale face1 her heavy sleepless eyes1 her look of suppressed anguish2 haunted by an overwhelming dread of the morrow2 haunted by the vision of a future laden with sorrow and suffering for us all4 ,and at last the morning dawned of the day which would bring forth such important results1 and affect the fate of ,hugh ,atherton so very gravely4 ,i went early to ,merrivale's office1 and found him full of business and very anxious4 ,lister ,wilmot had never appeared2 and repeated messengers sent to the ,albany only brought back word that he had not been home since he went to the police-court the preceding day4 ,he had neither dined nor slept at home4 ,smith and ,walker were savage and taciturn1 refusing all information1 although their clerk let out that ,wilmot had been there several times2 and ,merrivale's hopes were all centred in the detective he was employing1 but who had not been seen since he had received his instructions4 ,the hours wore round1 and at twelve o'clock ,i was to be at the ,leslies'4 ,as ,i left ,mr4 ,merrivale's office in ,lincoln's-,inn ,square1 a man bowed to me in passing4 ,it was ,jones the detective4 ,a sudden thought struck me1 and ,i turned back after him4 ,jones1 ,i said1 do you happen to know a ,mr4 de ,vos1 who lodged some two months ago at ,no4 #ac ,charles street1 ,leicester ,square8 ,no1 sir2 not by that name4 ,what is he like8 ,i described him2 but he shook his head4 ,i don't recognize him1 sir2 but1 if you'll allow me1 ,i'll make a note of it4 ,have you any particular reason for wishing to hear about him8 ,yes2 and ,i should be glad to know anything you can gather concerning the man4 ,i'll be on the look-out1 sir4 ,and ,jones touched his hat and went off4 ,the old butler came to the door in ,hyde-,park ,gardens1 and in answer to my inquiries informed me that ,miss ,leslie was very middling indeed1 and that ,mr4 ,wilmot had just been there4 ,mr4 ,wilmot6 ,yes1 sir2 he wished partiklar to see ,miss ,ada--which he did1 sir1 and her ma too3 very nice gentleman he seems1 and terrible cut up about his poor uncle and his cousin4 ,a shocking thing1 sir1 for you to have to witness against ,mr4 ,atherton4 ,against ,mr4 ,atherton6 ,then it had reached here--this news1 these tidings--that ,i was to help to condemn the man ,i loved best on earth6 ,what was known in the servants'-hall had no doubt been discussed in the drawing-room1 and ,ada must now fully be aware of what ,i had found no courage to tell her yesterday4 ,how had she received the intelligence8 what was she thinking of it--of me8 ,reflecting thus1 ,i followed ,kings into the library1 and found ,mrs4 ,leslie alone4 ,now that lady and ,i never got on as amicably as we might have done2 joint guardians seldom do1 especially when they are of opposite genders2 and this ,i say with no sort of reflection upon the fairer sex1 simply mentioning it as a fact which1 during a long legal course of experience1 has come before me4 ,i considered ,mrs4 ,leslie frivolous1 weak1 and extravagant1 very unlike her child1 very far from fit to be instrusted with the sole guidance of a mind such as ,ada's4 ,but ,i kept my own counsel #dei on the subject1 and tried by action rather than words to counteract and shield ,ada from evils arising from her mother's foolish conduct4 ,she thought me very uncompromising1 very particular and rigid in my notions1 often perhaps very crusty and disagreeable1 nor spared she any pains to conceal her thought4 ,that ,i did not mind2 for ,ada trusted me implicitly in all things1 and it was all ,i cared for4 ,this morning there was a stiffness and less of cordiality than ever in ,mrs4 ,leslie's manner of receiving me4 ,how is ,ada8 ,i asked4 ,she passed a very restless night1 poor dear1 very restless2 and is fit for nothing this morning4 ,indeed1 ,i am almost in the same state myself1 ,i have been so terribly upset by this affair1 and my nerves are very delicate4 ,most trying too6 ,i have had to put off our runion musicale for next ,thursday1 and the ,denison's dinner-party for to-morrow4 ,i can't think how ,hugh came to do it--for of course he must have done it1 though ,ada won't hear a word against him4 ,he did not do it1 ,mrs4 ,leslie6 ,ada is right1 as she always is4 ,ah6 well1 so ,lister ,wilmot tried to make me believe2 but then he says everything is against poor ,hugh1 and that even you feel obliged to give evidence against him4 ,i must say1 ,john ,kavanagh1 that ,i think it very strange of you to have volunteered to give evidence4 ,wilmot was explaining it all to us1 and said you couldn't help yourself2 for the first words you had said to the policeman when he came to you criminated your friend4 ,a glimmer of light was beginning to dawn in my mind2 but its ray was very faint and dim as yet2 and after all it might only prove a will-o'-the-wisp4 ,still ,i would not lose it if possible4 ,wilmot told you that1 did he8 ,does ,ada know8 ,yes2 she was here when he came4 ,he told us everything that had passed all that had been said by his uncle the last evening he saw him alive4 ,he mentioned a great deal which had been kept back--purposely ,i suppose1 and for some motive we don't understand now1 but which will come out by and by1 no doubt1 said ,mrs4 ,leslie with a burst of spite in her voice4 ,would you have the goodness to send word to ,ada that ,i am here8 ,i said very stiffly4 ,oh6 ,i forgot4 ,she desired her kindest regards when you called1 but she could not see you this morning4 ,she will write4 ,i looked at her1 and something convinced me she was telling a lie4 ,i got up very quietly and rang the bell4 ,let ,miss ,leslie know ,i am here1 ,kings4 ,yes1 sir4 ,then ,mrs4 ,leslie's anger broke forth4 ,how dared ,i presume so far-- take such a liberty in her house6 ,i forgot myself2 ,i was no gentleman1 but a meddling1 interfering man1 disappointed and soured because ,i had not secured ,ada and her fortune for myself4 ,she had seen it all along4 ,so she raved on--so ,i let her rave2 and when she ceased ,i answered her3 ,if ,i have taken a liberty in giving an order under your roof and to your servant1 ,i beg your pardon4 ,but this is no time to stop at trifles or considerations of mere etiquette involving no real breach of good breeding4 ,so long as your daughter is a minor ,i shall hold myself responsible for the trust her dead father confided to me conjointly with yourself2 and1 so help me ,god1 ,i will perform the sacred duty to its utmost limits and regardless of human respect6 ,there is foul play going on around us1 and some influence--,i know not yet whose--is at work to undermine the happiness of us all4 ,there is bitter need that no fatal misunderstanding should arise between my ward and myself2 that no subtle representations of interested persons should shake the reliance upon my integrity and honor1 which hitherto ,ada has placed in her father's friend4 ,a life more precious to her than her own1 and #dfj dear to me as a brother's1 is at stake2 and ,i foresee1 though dimly and darkly1 that it imports far more than perhaps we dream of now to keep everything clear between us in our several relations with each other4 ,at any rate ,i will allow no foolish fancies1 no weak pride1 to stand between your daughter and myself1 her legal guardian and sole trustee4 ,i spoke very sternly1 and purposely laid a stress upon my last words1 knowing the woman with whom ,i was dealing1 and the full weight they would have with her4 ,nor was ,i mistaken4 ,she burst into a feeble querulous fit of crying2 and the servant returning at that moment with a message from ,ada asking me to go up-stairs1 ,i left ,mrs4 ,leslie to her reflections4 ,my ward was in her little morning-room4 ,she was writing at the table1 and the room was partially darkened1 as if she could not bear the full sunlight of that bright autumn day4 ,there were birds and flowers and music around her2 but the birds had hushed their song1 the flowers drooped their heads1 as if missing the careful hand that tended them2 and the music that generally greeted one there was silent4 ,oh6 when would she sing again8 ,i felt something about my feet as ,i advanced towards her1 and heard a piteous whine ,i looked down2 it was a little rough shaggy terrier1--,hugh's dog4 ,poor ,dandie6 ,he recognized me1 and looked for one with whom he was so accustomed to see me4 ,i sent for him1 said ,ada1 lifting her weary wan face as ,i stood beside her4 ,i fancied he would be happier here--less lonely2 but he is not--he wants him4 ,the dog seemed to understand her2 for he came and1 putting his forepaws upon her knee1 laid his head upon them1 and looking toward me whined again4 ,she laid her cheek down upon his rough head and caressed him4 ,not yet1 ,dandie1--not yet4 ,we must be patient1 doggie1 and he will come to us again4 ,it was a few moments before ,i could speak2 but time was hastening on apace4 ,whilst ,i stood by the fire thinking how best to begin the subject ,i had at heart1 ,ada came and laid her hand on my arm4 ,i have been wishing for you2 ,i thought you would never come4 ,then her mother had told a lie2 but ,i said nothing4 ,lister ,wilmot has been here this morning1 talking a good deal4 ,she stopped and hesitated4 ,to help her1 ,i said1 ,yes2 so your mother tells me4 ,she looked at me inquiringly4 ,has she told all that passed--all that he said8 ,she told me a great deal2 but ,i would rather hear everything from you4 ,my child1 don't hesitate to confide in me4 ,you don't know how it may help to clear matters up1 which seem to be so fearfully complicated now4 ,i think she understood me1 for she sighed wearily1 and ,i heard her murmur to herself1 ,poor mamma6 ,lister was very kind this morning1 and was in dreadful trouble about --him4 ,he said he had thought of me more than any one1 and would have come yesterday1 but had so much to arrange and see to4 ,and then ,ada went on to relate what passed1 a great deal of which ,i had gathered from ,mrs4 ,leslie4 ,there is one thing1 she concluded1 which ,i did not and would not believe4 ,he says you have volunteered to give evidence against him1 7it seemed as if she could not bring herself to mention ,hugh by name27 but ,i said it could not be1--that there must have been a mistake4 ,what is the worst of all is1 that since ,lister was here1 mamma persists in saying he is guilty2 somehow1 though his words defended1 his tone and manner implied he thought his cousin guilty4 ,ada1 it is true ,i shall have to give evidence which may help to criminate ,hugh2 but it is more than equally false that ,i ever volunteered to bear #dfa witness against him4 ,you were right2 never believe it4 ,then ,i told her how it was1 and how ,i had shrunk from letting her know it before4 ,and now1 my child1 ,i must go4 ,you know the inquest is to take place this afternoon1 and ,i have to be there2 but first ,i must return to ,merrivale's1 and settle many things with him4 ,you will come back to me afterward4 ,surely2 as soon as it is over4 ,do you think he will be present8 ,i trust not1 oh6 ,i trust not6 ,but perhaps he will wish to watch the proceedings himself1 as well as ,merrivale4 ,god be with you1 ,ada1 and good-bye6 ,i was on the threshold of the door when she called me back4 ,i am very foolish1 guardian1 not to have said it before2 but ,i could not--and yet ,i ought and must4 ,her hand was resting on a well-worn morocco case4 ,i knew it well--it was ,hugh's likeness1 and a faint color tinged her white cheeks2 but she mastered the shy feeling1 whatever it was1 and looked clearly and earnestly at me4 ,something was said by ,lister ,wilmot of what had dropped from poor ,mr4 ,thorneley the last night of his life about you and me4 ,i don't know why he should have repeated it2 but as it is1 ,i wanted to ask you not to mind it2 at least1 not to notice what may be said by others--by my mother4 ,i only fear lest anything of the kind being said should come between us1 and destroy our confidence in one another1 because we understand each other so well--you and ,i and ,hugh1--how lingeringly she spoke his name6--and we have no secrets between us that all three may not share4 ,and ,i have feared lest this worse than foolishness1 dragged out publicly1 should change anything in our intercourse1 or prevent you from acting1 as hitherto1 a parent's part toward a fatherless girl4 ,nothing1 ,ada1 can change me toward you2 and when people think of you and then of me1 they will not heed the childish babble that may go about4 ,thanks1 guardian4 ,worse than foolishness6--,i said the words over to myself many times as ,i drove back to ,lincoln's ,inn2 and in the hazy distant future ,i saw a weary wayworn pilgrim slowly toiling along life's lonely road1 who1 looking back to this past year come and gone1 would still repeat1 ,worse than foolishness6 ,i found ,merrivale in deep conference with a mean-looking little man with a short stubbly head of hair that bristled up like a scrubbing-brush1 and of a melancholy cast of countenance1 as if accustomed to view life darkly1 through the medium of duns and such-like evils to which man is heir4 ,his eyes were the only redeeming point about him1 and they really were two of the sharpest1 most intelligent orbs ,i ever saw in my life4 ,they lighted upon me the moment ,i entered the room1 and seemed to take in my whole exterior and interior person with a knowingness that was perfectly alarming4 ,this is the gentleman1 ,i suppose1 sir1 who was with the defunct party the night of the murder1 said a wonderfully soft voice4 ,yes2 ,mr4 ,kavanagh4--,this is ,inspector ,keene1 the very clever officer ,i mentioned to you1 ,kavanagh4 ,i acknowledged ,mr4 ,keene's salute with becoming deference4 ,have you any news8 ,i asked4 ,well1 sir1 with a quick cautious glance at ,merrivale1 ,i have and ,i have not4 ,before ,i say anything further1 ,i should be glad to ask the gentleman a few questions1 ,mr4 ,merrivale1 if agreeable4 ,by all means1 ,i answered4 ,he put me through a sharp cross-questioning on every point with which the reader is acquainted1 making rapid notes of all my answers and remarks4 ,then he sat silently scraping his chin and gnawing his nails for some minutes4 ,at last he looked up suddenly4 ,the funeral1 ,i understand1 is fixed #dfb for next ,tuesday1 and after that is over the ,will is to be read4 ,perhaps that may throw some light on the subject4 ,i could not for the life of me repress a start1 and ,inspector ,keene made a mental note of it1 ,i knew4 ,good-day1 gentlemen4 ,i will call on you1 ,mr4 ,merrivale1 to-morrow4 ,i think ,i am on the scent4 ,come1 said ,merrivale1 we must be off1 or we shall be late4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,,original4 ,,our ,,mother',s ,,call4 ,come home1 ,o weary wanderers1 from error's tangled maze1 ,my mother-heart yearns sore for you in all your troubled ways4 ,i've rest1 and food1 and shelter1 for all the earth can hold-- ,then hasten1 weary wanderers1 home to the single fold4 ,i am the ,master's gamer1 which ever yieldeth more1 ,the more the needy millions receiving from my store2 ,no number's can exhaust me2 no beggar at my gate ,for rest and food and shelter1 shall ever have to wait4 ,if in mine inner chamber the ,master seems to sleep1 ,while fearful storm and peril are out upon the deep4 ,my lightest tone will call him to rescue of his own ,for his dear children's haven ,i am1 and ,i alone4 ,almighty wisdom made me the home upon the rock-- ,the ,saviour's fold of safety to all his ransomed flock4 ,my door is ever open1 and they who enter in4 ,find rest from all their wanderings1 and cleansing from their sin4 ,one thing1 and but one only1 the ,master doth demand4 ,that they who seek shall find him as he himself hath planned2 ,beneath my lowly portal shall bow each haughty head1 ,and to my narrow pathway return each wandering tread4 ,i cannot lift the lintel1 nor widen out the posts1 ,for every stone was fashioned by him1 the ,lord of hosts4 ,my ,master1 and thy ,master if thou wilt hear his voice ,and in his pleasant pastures for evermore rejoice4 ,can human handcraft ever compete in skill with him1 ,whose throne is in the heavens amid the cherubim8 ,then cease your idle toiling another home to raise2 ,he on my fair proportions toiled all his mortal days4 #dfc ,when out of depths of darkness he called the glorious sun ,in all its dazzling splendor1 he spoke and it was done2 ,his sweat and blood were both poured out that he might fashion me ,his sun to souls in darkness till time no more shall be4 ,hold it no light offending that you can turn aside1 ,and scorn in wilful blindness the ,saviour's spotless bride4 ,he who hath full dominion unchecked o'er all the earth1 ,made me the mighty mother of the blest second-birth4 ,come1 weigh ye well the value of his three and thirty years1 ,and number o'er the treasure of all his prayers and tears4 ,and count ye out the life-drops that flowed from his cleft side4 ,and learn the wondrous bounty with which he dowered his bride4 ,rich-dowered for your salvation1 ye dearly bought of earth6 ,by his dying1 and my living1 oh6 weigh salvation's worth1 ,and in the single shelter his mighty love hath given4 ,learn the dear will that maketh the blessedness of heaven4 ,,genevieve ,,sales4 ,,eastertide1 #ahff4 ------ ,,original4 ,,use ,,and ,,abuse ,,of ,,reading4 ,footnote #ha ,footnote #ha3 ,appel aux ,consciences ,chrtiennes contre les abus et les dangers de la lecture4' ,p4 ,toulemont4 ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques et ,literaires4 ,tome #h1 ,n4 ,s4 ,we have been much interested in the grave and earnest essay on the abuses and dangers of reading1 by ,p4 ,toulemont1 in that excellent periodical1 the ,etudes1 so ably conducted by fathers of the ,society of ,jesus1 and we would translate and present it to the readers of the ,catholic ,world in its integrity1 if some portions of it were not better adapted to ,france than to the ,united ,states2 yet much which we shall advance in this article is inspired by it1 and we shall make free use of its ideas1 facts1 authorities1 and arguments4 ,this is a reading age1 and ours is to a great extent a reading country4 ,the public mind1 taste1 and morals are with us chiefly formed by books1 pamphlets1 periodicals1 and journals4 ,the ,american people sustain more journals or newspaper than all the world beside1 and probably devour more light literature1 or fiction1 or trashy novels than any other nation4 ,reading of some sort is all but universal1 and the press is by far the most efficient government of the country4 ,the government itself practically is little else with us than public sentiment1 and public sentiment is both formed and echoed by the press4 ,indeed1 the press is not merely a fourth estate1 as it has been called1 but an estate which has well-nigh usurped the functions of all the others1 and taken the sole direction of the intellectual and moral destinies of the civilized world4 ,the press1 taken in its largest sense1 is1 after speech--which it repeats1 extends and perpetuates--the most powerful influence1 whether for good or for evil1 that man wields or can wield2 and however great the evils which flow from its perversion1 it could not be annihilated or its freedom suppressed without the loss of a still greater good1 #dfd that is1 restrained by the public authorities4 ,in this country we have established the rgime of liberty1 and that rgime1 with its attendant good and evil1 must be accepted in its principle1 and in all its logical consequences4 ,if a free press becomes a fearful instrument for evil in the hands of the heedless or ill-disposed1 it is no less an instrument for good in the hands of the enlightened1 honest1 and capable4 ,the free press in the modern world is needed to defend the right1 to advance the true1 to maintain order1 morality1 intelligence1 civilization1 and cannot be given up for the sake of escaping the evils which flow from its abuse4 ,yet these evils are neither few nor light1 and are such as tend to enlarge and perpetuate themselves4 ,not the least of the evils of journalism1 for instance1 is the necessity it is under in order to live1 to get readers1 and to get readers it must echo public opinion or party feeling1 defend causes that need no defence1 and flatter passions already too strong4 ,instead of correcting public sentiment and laboring to form a sound public opinion or a correct moral judgment1 its conductors are constantly tempted to feel the public pulse to discover what is for the moment popular1 and then to echo it1 and to denounce all who dissent from it or fall not down and worship it2 forgetting if what is popular is erroneous or unjust1 it is wrong to echo it1 and if true and just1 it needs no special defence1 for it is already in the ascendant2 and forgetting1 also1 that it is the unpopular truth1 the unpopular cause1 the cause of the wronged and oppressed1 the poor and friendless1 too feeble to make its own voice heard1 and which has no one to speak for it1 that needs the support of the journal4 ,when ,john the ,baptist sent two of his disciples to our ,lord to ask him1 ,art thou he that is to come1 or are we to look for another8 our ,lord said3 ,go and tell ,john 4 4 4 that the blind see1 the lame walk1 the lepers are cleansed1 the deaf hear1 the dead rise again1 the poor have the gospel preached to them4 ,here was the evidence of his messiahship4 ,they that are whole need not a physician1 but they that are sick4 ,this is not all3 needing to be always on the popular side1 the press not only plants itself on the lowest general average of intelligence and virtue1 but it tends constantly to lower that general average1 and hence becomes low and debasing in its influence4 ,it grows ever more and more corrupt and corrupting1 till the public mind becomes so vitiated and weakened that it will neither relish nor profit by the sounder works needed as remedies4 ,in the moral and intellectual sciences we write introductions where we once wrote treatises1 because the publisher knows that the introductions will sell1 while the elaborate treatise will only encumber his shelves1 or go to the pastry-cook or the paper-maker4 ,not only do the journals flatter popular passions1 appeal to vitiated tastes1 or a low standard of morals1 but books do the same1 and often in a far greater degree4 ,the great mass of books written and published in the more enlightened and advanced modern nations are immoral and hostile not only to the soul hereafter1 but to all the serious interests of this life4 ,a few years since the ,french government appointed a commission to investigate the subject of colportage in ,france and the commission reported after a conscientious examination that of nine millions of works colported eight millions were more or less immoral4 ,of the novels which circulate in the ,english-speaking world1 original or translated1 one not immoral and possible to be read without tainting the imagination or the heart is the rare exception4 ,under pretence of realism nature is oftener exhibited in her unseemly than in her seemly moods1 and the imagination of the young is compelled to dwell on the grossest vices and corruptions of a moribund society4 ,chastity of #dfe thought1 innocence of heart1 purity of imagination1 cannot be preserved by a diligent reader even of the better class of the light literature of the day4 ,this literature so vitiates the taste1 so corrupts the imagination1 and so sullies the heart1 that its readers can see no merit and find no relish in works not highly spiced with vice1 crime1 or disorderly passion4 ,the literary stomach has been so weakened by vile stimulants that it cannot bear a sound or a wholesome literature1 and such works as a ,christian would write1 and a ,christian read1 would find scarcely a market1 or readers sufficiently numerous to pay for its publication4 ,it is boasted that popular literature describes nature as it is1 or society as it is1 and is therefore true1 and truth is never immoral4 ,truth truthfully told1 and truthfully received1 is indeed never immoral1 but even truth may be so told as to have the effect of a lie4 ,but these highly spiced novels--which one can hardly read without feeling when he has finished them as if he had been spending a night in dissipation or debauchery1 and with which our ,english-speaking world is inundated--are neither true to nature nor to society4 ,they give certain features of society1 but really paint neither high life nor low life1 nor yet middle life as it is4 ,they rarely give a real touch of nature1 and seldom come near enough to truth to caricature it4 ,they give us sometimes the sentiment1 sometimes the affection of love with a touch of truth--but1 after all1 only truth's surface or a distant and distorted view of it4 ,they paint better the vices of nature1 man's abuse or perversion of nature1 than the virtues4 ,their virtuous characters are usually insipid or unnatural2 nature has depths their plummets sound not1 and heights to which they rise not4 ,there they forget that in the actual providence of ,god nature never exists and operates alone1 but either through demoniacal influence descends below1 or through divine grace rises above itself4 ,they either make nature viler than she is or nobler than she is4 ,they never hit the just medium1 and the views of nature1 society1 and life the young reader gets from them1 are exaggerated1 distorted1 or totally false4 ,the constant reading of them renders the heart and soul morbid1 the mind weak and sickly1 the affections capricious and fickle1 the whole man ill at ease1 sighing for what he has not1 and incapable of being contented with any possible lot or state of life1 or with any real person or thing4 ,beside books which the conscience of a pagan would pronounce immoral1 and which cannot be touched without defilement1 there are others that by their false and heretical doctrines tend to undermine faith and to sap those moral convictions without which society cannot subsist1 and religion is an empty name or idle form4 ,the country is flooded with a literature which not only denies this or that ,christian mystery1 this or that ,catholic dogma1 that not only rejects supernatural revelation1 but even natural reason itself4 ,the tendency of what is regarded as the advanced thought of the age is not only to eliminate ,christian faith from the intellect1 ,christian morality from the heart1 ,christian love from the soul1 but ,christian civilization from society4 ,the most popular literature of the day recognizes no ,god1 no ,satan1 no heaven1 no hell1 and either preaches the worship of the soul1 or of humanity4 ,christian charity is resolved into the watery sentiment of philanthropy1 and the ,catholic veneration of the ,blessed ,virgin lapses1 outside of the church1 into an idolatrous worship of femininity4 ,the idea of duty is discarded1 and we are gravely told there is no merit in doing a thing because it is our duty2 the merit is only in doing it from love1 and love1 which1 in the ,christian sense1 is the fulfilling of the law1 is defined to be a sentiment without any relation to the understanding or the conscience4 ,not only the authority of the church is rejected in the name of humanity #dff by the graver part of popular literature1 but the authority of the state1 the sacredness of law1 the inviolability of marriage1 and the duty of obedience of children to their parents1 are discarded as remnants of social despotism now passing away4 ,the tendency is in the name of humanity to eliminate the church1 the state1 and the family1 and to make man a bigger word than ,god4 ,in view of the anti-religious1 anti-moral1 and anti-social doctrines which in some form or in some guise or other permeate the greater part of what is looked upon as the living literature of the age1 and which seem to fetch an echo from the heart of humanity1 well might ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi41 of immortal memory1 in the grief of his paternal heart exclaim1 ,we are struck with horror in seeing with what monstrous doctrines1 or rather with what prodigies of error we are inundated by this deluge of books1 pamphlets1 and writings of every sort whose lamentable irruption has covered the earth with maledictions6 ,there doubtless are men1 as ,pre ,toulemont says1 who have very little to fear from the most perfidious artifices of impiety1 as1 prepared by a strong and masculine intellectual discipline1 they are able to easily detect the most subtle sophisms4 ,no subtlety1 no tour de metier1 if ,i may so speak1 can escape them4 ,at the first glance of the eye they seize the false shade1 the confusion of ideas or of words2 they redress at once the illusive perspective created by the mirage of a lying style4 ,the fascinations of error excite in them only a smile of pity or of contempt4 ,yes1 there are such men1 but they are rare4 ,take even men of solid character1 with more than ordinary instruction1 and deeply attached to their faith1 think you1 that even they will be able always to rise from the reading of this literature perfectly unaffected8 ,i appeal to the experience of more than one reader1 if it is not true after having run over certain pages written with perfidious art1 that we find ourselves troubled with an indescribable uneasiness1 an incipient vertigo or bewilderment8 ,we need then1 as it were1 to give a shake to the soul1 to force it to throw off the impression it has received1 and if we neglect to assist it more or less vigorously1 it soon deepens and assumes alarming proportions4 ,no doubt1 unless in exceptional circumstances1 strong convictions are not sapped to their foundation by a single blow1 but one needs no long experience to be aware that this sad result is likely to follow in the long run1 and much more rapidly than is commonly believed1 even with persons who belong to the aristocracy of intelligence4 ,this will be still more the case if we descend to a lower social stratum1 to the middle classes who embody the great majority of ,christian readers4 ,with these mental culture is very defective1 and sometimes we find in them an ignorance of the most elementary ,catholic instruction that is really astounding4 ,what1 at any rate1 is undeniable1 is that their faith is not truly enlightened either in relation to its object or its grounds4 ,it ordinarily rests on sentiment far more than on reason4 ,they have not taken the trouble to render to themselves an account of the arguments which sustain it2 much less still are they able to solve the difficulties which unbelievers suggest against it4 ,add to this general absence of serious intellectual instruction1 the absence not less general of force and independence of character1 and the position becomes frightful4 ,in our days it must be confessed the energy of the moral temperament is singularly enfeebled1 and never perhaps was the assertion of the prophet1 omne caput languidum1 the whole head is sick1 more true than now4 ,robust and masculine habits seem to have given place to a sort of sybaritism of soul1 which renders the soul adverse to all personal effort1 or individual labor4 ,see1 for example1 that multitude which devours so greedily the first books that come to hand4 ,takes it any care to control the things which pass before its eyes1 or to #dfg render to itself any account of them by serious reflection8 ,not at all4 ,the attention it gives to what it reads is very nearly null1 or1 at best1 it is engrossed far more with the form1 the style1 or the term of the phrase1 than with the substance1 or ground of the ideas expressed4 ,the mind is rendered1 so to say1 wholly passive1 ready to receive without reflection any impression or submit to any influence4 ,the great body of the faithful in no country can read the immoral1 heretical1 infidel1 humanitarian1 and socialistic literature of the age without more or less injury to their moral and spiritual life1 or without some lesion even to their faith itself2 although it be not wholly subverted4 ,can a man touch pitch and not be defiled8 ,it is precisely the devouring of this literature as its daily intellectual food1 or as its literary pabulum1 that produces that sybaritism of soul1 that feebleness of character1 that aversion to all manly effort or individual exertion without which robust and masculine virtue is impossible4 ,there is certainly much strong faith in the ,catholic population of the ,united ,states1 perhaps more in proportion to their numbers than in any of the old ,catholic nations of ,europe2 but this strong faith is found chiefly amongst those who have read very little of the enervating literature of the day4 ,in the younger class in whom a taste for reading has been cultivated1 and who are great consumers of yellow covered literature1 and the men who read only the secula and partisan journals1 we witness the same weakness of moral and religious character1 and the same feeble grasp of the great truths of the gospel complained of by ,pre ,toulemont4 ,to a great extent the reading of non-,catholic literature1 non-,catholic books1 periodicals1 novels and journals1 neutralizes in our sons and daughters the influence of ,catholic schools1 academies1 and colleges1 and often effaces the good impression received in them4 ,the prevalence of such a literature1 so erroneous in doctrine1 so false in principle1 and so debasing in tendency1 must be deplored by ,catholics1 not only as injurious to morals1 and too often fatal to the life of the soul1 but as ruinous to modern civilization1 which is founded on the great principles of the ,catholic religion1 and has been in great part created by the ,catholic ,church1 chiefly by her supreme pontiffs1 and her bishops and clergy1 regular and secular4 ,the tendency of modern literature1 especially of journalism1 a very modern creation1 is to reduce our civilization far below that of ancient gentilism1 and it seems hard that we who under ,god have civilized the barbarians once should have to begin our work anew1 and go through the labor of civilizing them again4 ,our non-,catholic countrymen cannot lose ,christian civilization without our being compelled to suffer with them4 ,they drag us1 as they sink down1 after them4 ,this country is our home and is to be the home of our children and our children's children1 and we more than any other class of ,american citizens are interested in its future4 ,it is not1 then1 solely the injury we as ,catholics may receive from an irreligious and immoral literature that moves us2 but also the injury it does to those who are not as yet within the pale of the church1 but between whom and us there is a real solidarity as men and citizens1 and who cannot suffer without our suffering1 and civilization itself suffering1 with them4 ,as men1 as citizens1 as ,christians1 and as ,catholics1 it becomes to us a most grave question--,what can be done to guard against the dangers which threaten religion and civilization from an irreligious and immoral literature8 ,this question is1 no doubt1 primarily a question for the pastors of the church1 but it is1 in submission to them1 also a question for the ,catholic laity1 for they have their part1 and an important part1 in the work necessary to be done4 ,there can be no doubt that bad books and irreligious journals are dangerous companions1 and the #dfh most dangerous of all companions1 for their evil influence is more genial and more lasting4 ,plato and most of the pagan philosophers and legislators required the magistrates to intervene and suppress all books judged to be immoral and dangerous either to the individual or to society1 and in all modern civilized states the law professes either to prevent or to punish their publication4 ,even ,john ,milton1 in his ,areopagitica1 or plea for unlicensed printing1 says he denies not to magistrates the right to take note how books demean themselves1 and if they offend to punish them as any other class of offenders4 ,english and ,american law leaves every one free to publish what he pleases1 but holds the author and publisher responsible for the abuse they may make of the liberty of the press4 ,in all ,european states there was formerly1 and in some continental states there is still1 a preventive censorship1 more or less rigid1 and more or less effective4 ,formerly the civil law enforced the censures pronounced by the church1 but there is hardly a state in which this is the case now4 ,whatever our views of the civil freedom of the press may be1 ecclesiastical censorship1 or censorship addressed to the conscience by the spiritual authority1 is still possible1 and both proper and necessary4 ,the act of writing and publishing a book or pamphlet1 or editing and publishing a periodical or journal1 is an act of which the law of ,god takes account as much as any other act a man can perform1 and is therefore as fully within the jurisdiction of the spiritual authority4 ,so also is the act of reading1 and the spiritual director has the same right to look after what books his penitent reads1 as after what company he keeps4 ,the whole subject of writing1 editing1 publishing1 and reading books1 pamphlets1 tractates1 periodicals1 and journals1 comes within the scope of the spiritual authority1 and is rightly subjected to ecclesiastical discipline4 ,in point of fact1 it is so treated in principle by heterodox communions1 as well as by the church4 ,the ,presbyterians are even more rigid in their discipline as to writing and reading than ,catholics are1 though they may not always avow it4 ,the ,methodists claim the right for their conferences to prescribe to ,methodist communicants what books they ought not to read1 and seldom will you find a strict ,methodist or ,presbyterian reading a ,catholic book4 ,it is much the same with all ,protestants who belong to what they call the church as distinguished from the congregation--a distinction which does not obtain among ,catholics1 for with us all baptized persons1 not excommunicated1 belong to the church4 ,there is no reason why the church should not direct me in my reading as well as in my associations1 or discipline me for writing or publishing a lie in a book or a newspaper as well as for telling a lie orally to my neighbor or swearing to a falsehood in a court of justice4 ,but when the church1 as with us1 is not backed in her censures by the civil law1 when her canons and decrees have no civil effect1 the ecclesiastical authority becomes practically only an appeal to the ,catholic conscience1 and while her censures indicate the law of conscience in regard to the matters censured1 they depend on our conscience alone for their effectiveness4 ,hence our remedy1 in the last analysis1 as ,pre ,toulemont implies1 is in the appeal to ,christian consciences against the dangerous literature of the day2 and happily ,catholics have a ,christian conscience1--though sometimes in now and then one it may be a little drowsy--that can be appealed to with effect1 for they have faith1 do believe in the reality of the invisible and the eternal1 and know that it profiteth a man nothing to gain the whole world and lose his own soil4 ,the church declares by divine constitution and assistance the law of ,god which governs conscience1 and when properly instructed by her1 the ,catholic has not only a conscience1 but an enlightened #dfi conscience1 and knows what is right and what is wrong1 what is useful and what is dangerous reading1 and can always act intelligently as well as conscientiously4 ,pre ,toulemont shows in his essay that it is not reading or literature that the church discourages or condemns1 but the abuse of literature and its employment for purposes contrary to the law of ,god1 or the reading of vile1 debasing1 and corrupting books1 periodicals1 and journals which can only taint the imagination1 sully the purity of the heart1 weaken or disturb faith1 and stunt the growth of the ,christian virtues4 ,the conscience of every ,christian tells him that to read immoral books1 to familiarize himself with a low1 vile1 corrupt and corrupting literature1 whatever may be the beauty of its form1 the seductions of its style1 or the charms of its dictation1 is morally and religiously wrong4 ,pre ,toulemont shows by numerous references to their bulls and briefs that the supreme pontiff have never from the earliest ages ceased to warn the faithful against the writings of heretics and infidels1 or to prohibit the reading1 writing1 publishing1 buying1 selling1 or even keeping impure1 immodest1 or immoral books or publications of any sort or form1 as the civil law even with us prohibits obscene pictures and spectacles4 ,it was to guard the faithful against improper and dangerous reading that ,st4 ,pius the ,fifth established at ,rome the congregation of the ,index2 and that publications by whomsoever written judged by the congregation to be unsafe1 likely to corrupt faith or morals1 are still placed on the ,index4 ,nothing is more evident than that the church1 while encouraging in all ages and countries literature1 science1 and art1 has never allowed her children the indiscriminate reading of all manner of books1 pamphlets1 tractates1 and journals4 ,there are writings the reading of which she prohibits as the careful mother would prevent her innocent1 thoughtless child from swallowing poison4 ,her discipline in this respect is accepted and felt to be wise and just by every man and woman in whom conscience is not extinct or fast asleep4 ,even the pagan world felt its necessity as does the modern ,protestant world4 ,the natural reason of every man accepts the principle of this discipline1 and asserts that there are sorts of reading which no man1 learned or unlearned1 should permit himself4 ,the ,christian conscience once awakened recoils with instinctive horror from immoral books and publications1 and no one who really loves our ,lord ,jesus ,christ can take pleasure in reading books1 periodicals1 or journals that tend to weaken ,christian faith and corrupt ,christian morals1 any more than the pious son can take pleasure in hearing his own father or mother traduced or calumniated2 and what such publications are1 the ,catholic1 if his own instincts fail to inform him1 can always learn from the pastors of his church4 ,the first steps toward remedying the evils of the prevailing immoral literature must be in an earnest appeal to all sincere ,christians to set their faces resolutely against all reading1 whatever its form1 that tends to sap the great principles of revealed truths1 to destroy faith in the great mysteries of the ,gospel1 to subvert morality1 to substitute sentiment for reason1 or feeling for rational conviction1 to ruin the family and the state1 and thus undermine the foundations of civilized society4 ,this1 if done1 would erect the ,christian conscience into a real censorship of the press1 and operate as a corrective of its licentiousness1 without in the least infringing on its freedom4 ,it would diminish the supply of bad literature by lessening the demand4 ,this would be much1 and would create a ,christian literary public opinion1 if ,i may so speak1 which would become each day stronger1 more general1 more effective1 and which writers1 editors1 publishers1 and booksellers1 would find themselves obliged to respect1 as politicians find themselves obliged to treat #dgj the ,catholic religion with respect1 whenever they wish to secure the votes of ,catholic citizens4 ,fidelity to conscience in those who have not yet lost the faith1 and in whom the spiritual life is not yet wholly extinct1 will go far toward remedying the evil1 for the movement begun will gather volume and momentum as it goes on4 ,the next step is for ,catholics to regard it as a matter of conscience to demand and sustain a pure and high-toned literature1 or ample1 savory1 and wholesome literary diet1 for the public4 ,reading1 in modern civilized communities1 has become in some sort a necessary of life1 a necessity1 not a luxury1 and when we take into consideration the number of youth of both sexes which we send forth yearly from our colleges1 academies1 private1 parochial1 conventual1 and public schools1 we cannot fail to perceive that it is1 and must be a growing necessity in our ,catholic community2 and we may set this down as certain1 that when wholesome food is not to be had1 people will feed on unwholesome food1 and die of that which they have taken to sustain life4 ,but if people1 through indifference or negligence take no heed whether the food be wholesome or unwholesome1 or through a depraved appetite prefer the unwholesome because more highly spiced1 very little wholesome food will be offered in the market4 ,many complaints are heard from time to time of our ,catholic press1 because it does not give us journals of a higher order1 more really ,catholic in principle1 of higher moral tone1 and greater intellectual and literary merit4 ,even supposing the facts to be as these complaints assume1 the complaints themselves are unjust4 ,the editors and publishers of ,catholic journals edit and publish them as a lawful business1 and very naturally seek the widest circulation possible4 ,to secure that1 they necessarily appeal to the broadest1 and therefore the lowest average of intelligence and virtue of the public they address4 ,they who depend on public sentiment or public opinion must study to conform to it1 not to redress or reform it4 ,the journals of every country represent the lowest average intelligence and virtue of the public for which they are designed4 ,the first condition of their existence is that they be popular with their own public1 party1 sect1 or denomination4 ,complaints are also frequently heard of our ,catholic publishers and booksellers1 for not supplying a general literature1 scientific and philosophical works1 such as general readers1 who though good ,catholics1 are not particularly ascetic1 and wish to have now and then other than purely spiritual reading1 and also such as scholars and scientific men seek1 in which the erudition and science proper are not marred by theories and hypotheses1 speculations and conjectures which serve only to disturb faith and stunt the growth of the spiritual life4 ,but these complaints are also unjust4 ,the publishers issue the best books that the market will take up4 ,there is no demand for other or better books than they publish2 and such books as are really needed1 aside from bibles1 prayer-books1 and books for spiritual reading1 they can publish only at their own expense4 ,they are governed by the same law that governs editors and publishers of newspapers or journals1 and naturally seek the broadest1 and therefore in most respects the lowest average1 and issue works which tend constantly to lower the standard instead of elevating it4 ,the evil tendency1 like rumor1 crescit eundo4 ,there is no redress but in the appeal to ,christian consciences1 since the public now fills the place of patrons which was formerly filled by princes and nobles1 bishops and monastic or religious houses4 ,the matter cannot be left to regulate itself1 for the public taste has not been cultivated and formed to support the sort of reading demanded1 and will not do it from taste and inclination1 or at all except from a sense of duty4 ,the great majority of the people of ,france are ,catholics1 yet a few years ago there #dga were ,parisian journals hostile to ,catholics1 that circulated each from #dj1jjj to #fj1jjj copies daily1 while the daily circulation of all the ,catholic journals and periodicals in all ,france did not exceed #be1jjj4 ,it should be as much a matter of conscience with ,catholics to open a market for a sound and healthy literature as to refrain from encouraging and reading immoral and dangerous publications4 ,we gain heaven not merely by refraining from evil1 but by doing good4 ,the servant that wrapped his talent in a clean napkin and hid it in the earth was condemned not because he had lost or abused his talent1 but because he had not used it and put it out to usury4 ,the church attaches indulgences to doing good works1 not to abstaining from bad works4 ,the taste of the age runs less to books than to reviews1 magazines1 and especially to newspapers or the daily journals4 ,people are too busy1 in too great a hurry1 for works of long breath4 ,folios and octavos frighten them1 and they can hardly abide a duodecimo4 ,their staple reading is the telegraphic despatches in the daily press4 ,long elaborate articles in reviews are commended or censured by many more persons than read them1 and many more read than understand them1 for people nowadays think very little except about their business1 their pleasures1 or the management of their party4 ,still the review or magazine is the best compromise that can be made between the elaborate treatise and the clever leader of the journal4 ,it is the best literary medium now within reach of the ,catholic public1 and can meet better than any other form of publication our present literary wants1 and more effectively stimulate thought1 cultivate the understanding and the taste1 and enable us to take our proper place in the literature and science of the country4 ,but here again conscience must be appealed to1 the principle of duty must come in4 ,few men can write and publish at their own expense a magazine of high character1 of pure literary taste1 sound morals1 and sound theology1 able in literary and scientific merit1 in genius1 instruction1 and amusement1 to compete successfully with the best magazines going1 and there is at this moment no public formed to hand large enough to sustain such periodical1 and even the men to write it have in some sort to be created1 or at least to be drawn out4 ,it must be for a time supported by men who do not want it as a luxury or to meet their own literary tastes1 but who appreciate its merits1 are aware of the service it may render in creating a taste for wholesome instead of unwholesome reading4 ,that is1 it most be sustained by persons who1 in purchasing it1 act not so much from inclination as from a sense of duty1 which is always a nobler1 and in the long run1 a stronger motive of action1 than devotion to interest or pleasure2 for it is in harmony with all that is true and good1 and has on it the blessing of heaven4 ,it is precisely because ,catholics can act from a sense of duty that we can overcome the evil that is ruining society4 ,no doubt we are here pleading1 to a certain extent1 our own cause1 but we only ask others to act on the principle on which we ourselves are acting4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world is not published as a private speculation1 nor with the expectation of personal gain4 ,our cause is what we hold to be here and now the ,catholic cause1 and it is from a sense of duty that we devote ourselves to it4 ,we are deeply conscious of the need for us ,catholics in the ,united ,states of a purer and more wholesome literature than any which is accessible to the great majority1 and than any which can be produced outside of the ,catholic community1 or by other than ,catholics4 ,we need it for ourselves as ,catholics1 we need it for our country as a means of arresting the downward tendency of popular literature1 and of influencing for good those who are our countrymen1 though unhappily not within our communion4 ,there is nothing personal to us in the cause #dgb we serve1 and it is no more ours than it is that of every ,catholic who has the ability to serve it4 ,if we plead for our magazine1 it is only as it is identified with the ,catholic cause in our country1 and we can be as disinterested in so soliciting support for it as if it was in other hands1 and we solicit support for it no farther than it appeals to the ,catholic conscience4 ,we have seen the danger to the country1 and the destruction to souls threatened by the popular literature of the day1 and we are doing what we can in our unpretending way to commence a reaction against it1 and give to our ,american public a taste for something better than they now feed on4 ,we cannot prevent our ,catholic youth who have a taste for reading from reading the vile and debasing popular literature of the day1 unless we give them something as attractive and more wholesome in its place1 and this cannot be done without the hearty and conscientious cooperation of the ,catholic community with us4 ,catholics are not a feeble and helpless colony in the ,united ,states4 ,we are a numerous body1 the largest religious denomination in the country4 ,there are but two cities in the world that have a larger ,catholic population than this very city of ,new ,york1 and there are several ,catholic nations holding a very respectable rank in the ,catholic world1 that have not so large1 and upon the whole so wealthy a ,catholic population as the ,united ,states4 ,we are numerous enough1 and have means enough to found and sustain all the institutions1 religious1 charitable1 educational1 literary1 scientific1 and artistic needed by a ,catholic nation1 and there is no ,catholic nation where ,catholic activity finds fewer lets and hindrances from the civil government4 ,we are free1 and we have in proportion to our numbers our full share of influence in public affairs1 municipal1 state1 and national2 no part of the population partakes more largely of the general prosperity of the country1 and no part has suffered less from the late lamentable civil war4 ,we have our ,church organized under a regular hierarchy1 with priests rapidly increasing in numbers1 churches springing up all over the land1 and ,catholic emigrants from the old world pouring in by thousands and hundreds of thousands4 ,we are numerous enough and strong enough in all religious1 literary1 and scientific matters1 to suffice for ourselves4 ,there is no reason in the world1 but our own spiritual indolence and the torpidity of our consciences1 why we should continue to feed on the unwholesome literary garbage provided for us by the humanitarianism and pruriency of the age4 ,we are able to have a general literature of our own1 the production of genuine ,catholic taste and genius1 if we will it1 and at present are better able than the ,catholics of any other nation2 for our means are ample1 and the government and civil institutions place no obstacles in our way1 which can be said of ,catholics nowhere else4 ,our ,catholic community is large enough1 and contains readers enough1 to sustain as many periodicals as are needed1 and to absorb large editions enough of literary and scientific works of the highest character to make it an object with the trade to publish them1 as well as with authors to write them4 ,works of imagination1 what is called light literature1 if conceived in a true spirit1 if they tend to give nature a normal development1 and to amuse without corrupting the reader1 ought to find with us a large public to welcome and profit by them4 ,what the people of any ,catholic nation can do to provide for the intellectual and aesthetic wants of a ,catholic people1 we ,catholics in the ,united ,states can do4 ,if we are disposed to set ourselves earnestly about it with the feeling that it is a matter of conscience4 ,and we must do it1 if we mean to preserve our youth to the church1 and have them grow up with a robust faith1 and strong and masculine virtues1 to keep them clear from the humanitarian sentimentality which marks the #dgc age and the country4 ,universal education1 whether a good or an evil1 is the passion of modern society1 and must be accepted4 ,indeed1 we are doing our best to educate all our children1 and the great mass of them are destined to grow up readers1 and will have reading of some sort4 ,education will prove no blessing to them1 however carefully or religiously trained while at school1 if as soon as they leave the school1 they seek their mental nutriment in the poisonous literature now so rife4 ,no base companions or vicious company could do so much to corrupt as the sensation novels1 the humanitarian1 rationalistic1 and immoral books1 magazines1 and journals1 which1 as thick as the frogs of ,egypt1 now infest the country4 ,our children and youth leave school at the most critical age1 and a single popular novel1 or a single sophistical essay1 may undo the work of years of pious training in our colleges and conventual schools4 ,parents have more to apprehend for their children when they have finished their school terms than ever before1 and it is precisely when they have left school1 when they come home and go out into society1 that the greatest dangers and temptations assail them4 ,from their leaving school to their settlement in life is the period for which they most need ample intellectual and moral provision in literature1 and it is precisely for this period that little or no such provision is made4 ,hence the urgency of the appeal to ,catholic consciences first to avoid as much as possible the pernicious literature of the age1 and second to create and provide to the utmost of our ability1 good and wholesome literature for the mass of our people1 such a literature as only they who live in the communion with the saints1 drink in the lessons of divine wisdom1 and feast their souls on celestial beauty1 can produce--a secular literature indeed1 but a literature that embodies all that is pure1 free1 beautiful and charming in nature1 and is informed with the spirit of ,catholic love and truth--a robust and manly literature1 that cherishes all ,god's works1 loves all things1 gentle and pure1 noble and elevated1 strong and enduring1 and is not ashamed to draw inspiration from the cross of ,christ4 ,it will require much labor1 many painful sacrifices to work our way up from the depths to which we have descended1 and our progress will be slow and for a long time hardly perceptible1 but ,catholic faith1 ,catholic love1 ,catholic conscience1 has once succeeded when things were more desperate1 transformed the world1 and can do so again4 ,nothing is impossible to it4 ,it is your faith that overcomes the world4 ,leo ,x4 said when the press was first made known1 ,the art of printing was invented for the glory of ,god1 for the propagation of our holy faith1 and the advancement of knowledge4 ,footnote #hb ,footnote #hb3 ,decree of ,leo ,x4 ,session #aj of the ,council of ,latern4 ------ #dgd ,translated from the ,french4 ,,eug,,nie ,,de ,,gu,,rin',s ,,letters ,,from ,,paris4 ,in the following paper we propose to fill as far as possible the hiatus which occurs between the seventh and eighth books of ,mlle4 de ,gurin's journal1 giving such details from her letters as will satisfy the curiosity that many of her readers must have felt concerning the visit she made to ,paris at the time of her brother's wedding4 ,in a letter to ,m4 ,paul ,juemper1 dated ,march #ae1 #ahch1 ,gurin describes his fiance1 with more accuracy perhaps than ardor1 and yet there can be no doubt that the marriage was one of love and congeniality4 ,in the latter part of his life ,maurice appears to have concealed his deepest emotions as successfully as he had revealed them in earlier years4 ,i find myself on my return better in health1 and full of hope for the future4 ,what does that mean8 ,what novelty is this8 ,nothing but the most common event in the world1 one which takes place every day in every country--namely marriage1 here1 in ,paris1 to a child who was born for me1 eighteen years ago1 six thousand leagues from ,paris1 in ,batavia6 ,she is named ,caroline de ,gervain1 has great blue eyes that light up her delicate face1 a very slender figure1 a foot of oriental minuteness--in short 7without any lover-like vanity71 an exquisite and refined ensemble1 that will suit you very well4 ,her fortune is in ,indian trade3 not large now1 but with every prospect of development4 ,the contracts are drawn up and everything is in order2 we are only awaiting the arrival of some documents from ,calcutta1 indispensable to the celebration of a marriage1 to tie the last knot4 ,if you leave in ,may1 you will be here in time to stand by the death-bed of my bachelorhood1 and to see me cross the ,rubicon4 ,mlle4 de ,gervain lived with her aunt1 ,mlle4 ,martin-,lafort1 in a pavillion in the ,rue ,cherche-,midi1 and it is from this charming ,indian house that ,eugnie's first ,parisian letter is dated4 ,,to ,m4 ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,paris1 ,oct4 #h1 #ahch4 ,oh6 how ,i slept in the little pink bed beside ,caroline6 ,i wished to write to you1 dear papa1 before going to bed1 but they would not let me1 and they said too that the mail would not go out before this morning1 so that you would get the letter no sooner4 ,i should have written to you at each relay if it had been possible1 for ,i said to myself3 ,now papa and ,euphrasie1 ,mimi and ,eran1 are thinking of the traveller4 ,how ,i thought of you all6 you followed me the whole way4 ,at last ,i am here1 out of the way of dust1 diligences and the annoyances of travelling1 and welcomed and cosseted enough to compensate a thousand times over for the four long days of fatigue4 ,i should like to tell you everything1 but there are so many1 many things2--how ,i left you1 and bowled away towards ,paris1 and met them all and fell into a dozen arms4 ,why weren't you on the ,place ,notre ,dame des ,victoires when1 just as ,i was driving off in a carriage with ,charles1 ,i saw ,maurice and ,caro and ,aunt running and calling me1 and kissing me1 one through one window and another through the other8 ,oh6 it was so nice6 ,no one ever entered ,paris more pleasantly4 ,we went as fast as we could to ,rue du ,cherche-,midi1 talking1 laughing and questioning4 ,how is papa8 and his leg8 is he as well as he was last year8 ,maurice1 poor fellow1 cried as he looked at me1 and talked of you all1 ,mimi1 ,eran1 everybody1 they all love you and ask after you4 ,when ,i came down stairs1 ,i distributed your letters1 and then came breakfast1 which was very welcome to me4 ,half through breakfast1 ,auguste entered1 a little surprised that ,i had arrived so early1 and full of kind inquiries for you all 4 4 4 #dge ,i thought ,i should reach ,paris ground to powder1 and here ,i am as fresh as if ,i had just stepped out of a bandbox4 ,the dust was suffocating during the thirty leagues of that tiresome ,sologne1 and the rumbling was like thunder on the paved road from ,orleans to ,paris4 ,it was impossible to sleep that night1 but during the others ,i took naps1 and even slept several hours--but oh6 the difference of sleeping in a rose-colored bed1 and in a diligence1 tossed and jerked about6 ,it was dreadful in the ,sologne1 where we went at a snail's pace1 but fortunately it did not rain--then the passengers have to get out sometimes and push the wheels4 ,after breakfast ,i went to mass at ,st4 ,sulpice1 and then to the ,tuileries when the king was absent4 ,it was very grand and regal2 the throne is superb1 and with my mind's eye ,i saw ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,napoleon4 ,there were a great many visitors1 ,english people1 and some brothers from the ,christian schools4 ,a friend of ,maurice's had got us entrance tickets for yesterday1 and as ,i don't often have a chance to see palaces1 ,i was glad to get the opportunity4 ,good-by1 dear papa2 to-day ,i say only two words of greeting4 ,maurice embraces you all as he embraced me yesterday4 ,this is for ,mimi and ,eran4 ,i send much love to ,euphrasie from myself and from ,maurice1 who is delighted to know she is at ,le ,cayla4 ,all sorts of kind messages to the parsonage and above all to the gimblette maker1--they were very welcome and every one liked them4 ,they asked me if ,augustine had grown tall and if she was mischievous1 and ,i said yes and no2--yes for the height1 you understand1--she is all virtue since her first communion4 ,m4 ,angler came to bid me welcome1 and we are already acquainted2 he looks good and is good4 ,m4 d',a4 is coming this evening4 ,i must leave you1 dear papa4 ,keep well1--take care of yourself2 and don't be uneasy you your traveller1 who has but one trial1 that she cannot see you1 and knows you are two hundred leagues away4 ,two hundred leagues6 but my thoughts ran every instant to ,le ,cayla4 ,we are in such a quiet place that ,i think myself in the country1 and ,i slept without waking once until six o'clock4 ,tell ,jeanne-,marie and ,miou that everyone asks after them4 ,my compliments to the whole household and to all who are interested in me4 ,but this charming picture had its wrong side1 only revealed by ,eugnie to ,mlle4 ,louise de ,bayne1 and to the cousin with whom she lived during part of her stay at ,paris1 ,professor ,auguste ,raynaud4 ,there was a worm at the heart of the bud1 and she knew too well that it must wither without blooming4 ,at the very meeting in the ,place ,notre ,dame des ,victoires1 which she described so gaily in the letter to ,le ,cayla1 the sight of ,maurice's pallor aroused her anxiety1 an anxiety that increased daily and marred the pleasure to which she had looked forward for months with ardent longing4 ,at the time of his marriage1 says ,m4 ,barbey d',aurevilly1 an intimate friend of both brother and sister1 ,maurice was already attacked with the disease of which he died a short time after4 ,he already felt its first sufferings1 its first illusions and early symptoms1 which made his style of beauty more than ever touching2 for among imaginary heads he had that beauty which we may attribute to the last of the ,abencerrages4 ,now what others did not see in the joy and excitement of that day1 she saw1 with those sad1 prophetic eyes that see everything when they love6 ,i want for nothing1 my friend1 she wrote to ,louise de ,bayne2 they love me and treat me most cordially at my future sister-in-law's1 and here my kind cousin and his wife vie with each other in friendly attention4 ,my sister-in-law gets my dresses1 gives me a pink bed1 and a jewel of an oratory next my room1 where one would pray for mere pleasure4 ,oh6 there is enough to make me happy1 and yet ,i am beginning to weary of it1 and to say that happiness is nowhere4 ,write to me2 tell me what you are doing in the mountains4 ,i am waiting impatiently for news from ,le ,cayla4 ,i long to hear about them all1 and to see them in thought4 ,write to ,marie sometime1 it will please her1 and papa too1 who loves you1 you know1 but do not speak of ,maurice's health1 for ,i say nothing to them on the subject1 thinking it useless to alarm them when the trouble may pass off4 #dgf ,this was the one uneasiness that disturbed her enjoyment in ,paris1 the drop of wormwood with which ,god wets the lips of his elect1 that they be robust in virtue and suffering1 as d',aurevilly said4 ,,to ,,mme4 ,,de ,,maistre4 ,oct4 #bc4 ,i have seen many churches1 new and old1 and ,i prefer the old4 ,notre ,dame1 ,saint ,eustache1 ,saint ,roch1 and others whose names ,i forget1 please me more than the ,madeline with its pagan form1 without belfry or confessionals1 expressive of an unbelieving age2 and ,notre ,dame de ,lorette1 pretty as a boudoir4 ,i like churches that make one think of ,god1 with vaulted roofs leading to contemplation1 where one neither sees nor hears people4 ,i am perfectly contented in l',abbaye-aux-,bois1 a simple little church that reminds me of the one at ,andillac4 ,i go there because it is in our parish1 and then1 too1 ,i've found an excellent priest there1 gentle1 devout1 and enlightened1 a disciple of ,m4 ,dupanloup4 ,i should have liked to go to him1 but they told me that he lived at a distance1 and ,i must have everything within my reach1 for ,i am still like a bird just let out of a cage1 hardly daring to stir2 ,i should have lost myself a hundred times in one quarter if ,i had not always had a companion4 ,however1 ,i have scoured ,paris thoroughly in every direction2 first mounting the towers of ,notre ,dame1 whence the eye reaches over the immense city and takes in its general plan1 after which they took me to the ,invalides1 the ,louvre1 and the ,bois de ,boulogne4 ,the dome of the ,invalides1 ,notre ,dame1 and the picture galleries1 struck me most4 ,you ask for my impressions of ,paris--it is all admirable1 but nothing astonishes me4 ,at every step the eye and mind are arrested1 but in the country1 too1 ,i paused over flowers1 grass1 and wonderful little creatures4 ,every place has its wonders--here those of man1 there those of ,god1 which are very beautiful1 and will not pass away4 ,kings may see their palaces decay1 but the ants will always have their dwelling places4 ,having made these reflections ,i will leave you1 and work on a dress4 4 4 4 ,,to ,,mlle4 ,,louise ,,de ,,bayne4 ,all ,saints' ,day1 #ahch4 4 4 4 4 ,i do not send you news4 ,i ought to write to you of what goes on within and around me1 that you might know my life1 and it would be charming to write so1 but time flies like a bird and carries me off on its wings4 ,in the morning3 church1 breakfast1 a little work2 in the afternoon3 a walk or drive1 dinner at five o'clock1 conversation1 music--the day is gone1 and nine and ten o'clock come to make us wonder where it went4 ,we go to bed at ten1 just like good country folk4 ,in that and many other things ,i follow my usual habits1 and live in ,paris as if ,i were not there4 ,good by1 the bell is ringing4 ,seven o'clock4 ,here ,i am1 pen in hand1 sitting by the fire1 with the piano sounding1 people reading1 ,pitt 7our ,criquet7 asleep1 and memories of you mingling with all these things in this ,paris salon4 4 4 4 ,it is not apropos1 but ,i take my recollections of things as they come1 and ,i must not fail to tell you what pleasure you gave me at the ,spanish museum of painting where ,i met you4 ,it was you1 ,louise3 a head full of life1 oval face1 arch expression1 and your eyes looking at me1 your cheeks that ,i longed to kiss4 ,i was so charmed with the likeness that ,i passed by again to see my dear ,spanish maiden4 ,certainly there must be something ,spanish about you1 for ,i see you in ,st4 ,theresa1 and in this noble and beautiful unknown4 ,the museum amused1 or rather interested me extremely1 for one does not get amusement from beautiful things1 or among wonderful works with ascetic faces such as compose this museum of painting4 ,and what shall ,i tell you of the mummies1 the thousand fantastic and grotesque ,egyptian gods--cats and crocodiles--a paradise of idolatry that no one would care to enter8 ,i looked long at some cloth four or five thousand years old1 and at a piece of muslin and a little skein of thread1 all framed under glass--how many ages have they been in existence8 ,i should never end if ,i were learned and could describe these curiosities and antiquities by the thousand--,etruscan vases1 exquisite in form and color1 that look as if they were made yesterday4 ,the ancients certainly possessed the secret of eternal works4 ,this is my life1 seeing and admiring1 and then entering into myself1 or going in search of those ,i love to tell them all that ,i see and feel4 ,if ,i could ,i would write to you forever1 which means very often1 and what should ,i not scribble8 what do ,i not scribble8 ,know that ,i am writing in the midst of musicians1 under ,maurice's eye as he sits laughing over my journal1 and adds for its embellishment the expression of his homage to the ladies of ,rayssac4 ,it was he who noticed that picture first and pointed it out to me4 ,he knows what gives me pleasure and leads me to it4 #dgg ,we always go out together when the weather is good1 sometimes to the ,tuileries1 sometimes to the ,luxembourg2 but ,i like the ,tuileries best with its pretty things-sculpture1 flowers1 children playing about1 swans in a basin1 and looking down on it all the royal chteau illuminated by the setting sun4 ,i begin to know my way about a little in the streets and gardens1 and ,i look upon it as a great triumph to be able to go to l',abbaye-aux-,bois alone1 which is a great convenience1 for ,i can go to week-day mass without troubling any one1 which was a restraint upon me4 ,one can go about here as safely as in ,albi or ,gaillac4 ,they had frightened me about the dangers of ,paris1 when there are really none except for imprudent or crazy people4 ,no one speaks to any person going about his own business4 ,in the evening it is different4 ,i would not go out alone then for the world1 especially on the boulevards1 where they say the devil leads the dance4 ,we pass through sometimes returning from ,mme4 ,raynaud's1 and nothing has ever struck me except the illumination of gas in the cafs1 running along the streets like a thread of fire4 ,i annoyed a ,parisian by saying that the glow-worms in our hedges were quite as effective4 ,mademoiselle1 what an insult to ,paris6 ,it made us laugh1 as one does laugh sometimes at nothing4 ,now ,i am going to the concert2 ,i want to know what music is1 and tell you my impressions4 ------ ,,to ,m4 ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,,paris1 ,,nov4 #f1 #ahch4 ,never was a day more charming1 for it began with ,grembert's arrival1 and it ends with a letter to you1 my dear papa4 4 4 ,the wedding day is fixed for the #aeth4 ,last ,sunday the bans were published for the last time at l',abbaye-aux-,bois4 4 4 ,you ask if ,i have everything ,i need1 and if ,i am satisfied in every respect with my ,parisian life4 ,yes1 dear papa1 in every sense1 and especially for this reason1 that ,i admire the care and assistance that ,providence bestows upon us in all places4 ,i have never been struck so forcibly with the abundant aids to piety anywhere as in ,paris2 every day there are sermons in one place or another1 associations and benedictions4 ,if the devil reigns in ,paris1 perhaps ,god is served there better than in other places4 ,good and evil find here their utmost expression2 it is ,babylon and ,jerusalem in one4 ,in the midst of all this1 ,i lead my customary life1 and find in my ,abbey everything ,i need4 ,m4 ,legrand is a friend of l',abb de ,rivires1 holy and zealous like him1 and full of kindness4 ,he provides me with books and with kind and gentle advice2 it will not be his fault if ,i don't improve very much4 ,one can save one's soul anywhere4 4 4 ,our quarter of ,cherche ,midi is charming4 ,m4 d',aurevilly calls it ,trouve ,bonheur1 an appropriate name so far ,maurice is concerned4 ,he will be happy1 as happy as he can be--at least everything looks hopeful4 ,he could not be allied to better souls4 ,caroline is an angel2 her pure1 tender soul is full of piety4 ,you will be pleased with her1 and with ,maurice too1 who only does things slowly1 as his fashion is2 but there is much to thank ,god for in such conduct1 which is very rare among young ,parisians4 ,m4 ,buquet speaks very highly of him2 he will bless the marriage1 much to our gratification4 ,the great day1 which is to open a new life to our ,maurice1 engrosses us in a thousand ways4 ,he is the most peaceful person concerned1 and regards his future and all these affairs with admirable sang-froid4 ,m4 ,buquet says the fellowship is worth nothing to him1 and that he will find something else for him2 so you see he is established in the good nest ,providence has provided for him1 without troubling yon4 ,have ,i told you everything1 and made you see thoughts1 words1 and actions1 just as you like8 ,eran is reading the paper and warming himself4 ,everybody sends you kisses1 and ,caro her filial affection4 ,yon would do well not to go to ,rayseac when it is cold or rainy4 ,advice given1 and bulletin finished1 ,i throw my arms around your neck1 and pass on to ,mimi4 ---- ,you dear ,mimi1 ,i thank you more than ,i can express for your night letter1 written in defiance of sleep4 ,poor ,mimi1 plagued and busy1 while ,i play the princess in ,paris6 ,this thought comes to me often in the day1 disturbing my repose a little1 my gentle quietude4 ,i say to myself that our time is differently employed1 but ,i help you in my heart4 ,we are as well as possible here and at ,auguste's4 ,don't let ,euphrasie leave you1 ,i beg and beseech2 you would be too lonely without her gaiety and kindness4 ,i put both my arms around her to keep her4 ,m4 le ,cur is very good to come and amuse papa3 it is an act of friendly charity that ,i shall not forget ,remember me to him and to ,mariette4 ,also to ,augustine1 ,jeanne-,marie1 the shepherd1 ,paul1 and ,gilles1 and thank them all for their compliments4 ,good-by1 with a kiss from ,maurice1 ,caro and myself4 ---- ,,to ,,the ,,same4 ,nov4 #g1 #ahch ,i shall write to you every day until ,i receive letters from home1 that you may see that ,i do not forget you1 dear inhabitants of ,le ,cayla4 ,the whirlwind of ,paris will not blow me away yet awhile4 ,that remark of papa's made me laugh1 and showed me that he does not know me yet4 ,i am very sure that you1 ,mimi1 had no such idea4 ,i have told you that ,i lead the same life here as at ,le ,cayla1 and with this #dgh advantage1 that there is nothing to worry me1 for ,i have a church within reach1 and entire liberty4 ,we are all busy with spiritual matters now--our ladies with theirs and ,i with mine4 ,maurice is consigned to ,sunday1 ,m4 ,buquet's only free day4 ,all is going on well in this respect1 and ,caroline is so edifying that she seems to be following in ,mimi's footsteps4 ,in this too ,i admire the workings of ,providence in using this marriage as an occasion of salvation4 ,it is beautiful to-day1 one of those fine days so rare in ,paris1 where the sky is almost always pale and cloudless4 ,this struck me at first1 but now ,i am used to it as to other things that ,i see4 ,i am used to carriages1 and am no more afraid of there running over me than of ,gilles' cart4 ,we shall go in the sunshine to see ,mme4 ,lamarlire ,auguste1 and ,i don't know whom besides1 for there is no end to visits when one is once in train4 ,in going to see our cousin at ,m4 ,laville's1 ,erembert and ,maurice met ,m4 ,lastic1 who is living in ,paris4 ,it is astonishing how many acquaintances one meets in the great world where one thinks one's self unknown4 ,indians visit here1 ,indians without end4 ,a friend of ,maurice's1 ,h4 ,le ,fvre came to spend the evening2 a nice little young man1 who looks very gentle and refined4 ,he asked me when ,i was going to see my good friend ,de ,maistre2 he is a friend of ,m4 ,adrien's1 who is at present wandering amid the snows of ,norway1 so that he can not come to the wedding4 ,we shall muster pretty strong1 though only the indispensable will be there4 4 4 4 #acth4 ,we have just come from the ,pantheon1 a church passed over from ,god to the ,devil1 from ,st4 ,genevieve to the heroes of ,july1 and to ,voltaire and ,rousseau4 ,it is an admirable work of art1 however2 the interior1 the dome1 and the crypts1 gloomy1 secluded1 buried beneath vaults and only lighted here and there with lamps1 are quite effective4 ,the imagination would easily take fright in this darkness of death1 or of glory if you choose1 for all the dead are illustrious there1 as in the ,elysium of which ,voltaire and ,rousseau are the gods4 ,in the depths of the crypt stands the statue of ,voltaire1 smiling apparently at the glory of his tomb1 which is decorated with magnificent emblems4 ,that of ,rousseau is more severe--a sarcophagus1 from which a hand is thrust forth1 bearing a torch1 that illumines and ever shall illumine the world1 according to our guide1 who was a cicerone as brilliant as the lantern he carried4 ,the summit of the dome is at a prodigious elevation1 twice the height of the steeple of ,ste4 ,ccile4 ,paris is seen beautifully from there1 but the picture needed sunlight and there was none4 ,good-by2 to-morrow at this time ,maurice will be married at the ,mayoralty1 and day after tomorrow in church4 #afth4 ,yesterday was the grand and solemn day1 the beautiful day for ,maurice1 ,caro and all of us4 ,we only needed you1 papa1 and ,mimi1 to complete our happiness1 as we all said with sincere regret4 ,you would have been delighted to see this family festival1 the most beautiful ,i ever witnessed4 ,everything went smoothly1 the weather was soft and pleasant1 and ,god seemed to smile on the marriage1 so suitably it was conducted1 and in such a ,christian manner4 ,how pretty ,caro was in her bridal dress1 and wreath of orange flowers under her veil la ,bengali6 and ,maurice looked well too4 ,h4 ,angler was so charmed that he wanted to paint them in church1 kneeling on their crimson ,prie-,dieu4 ,the church displayed all its grandeur1 and the organ playing during mass was very good4 ,m4 ,buquet blessed the marriage1 and said mass1 assisted by ,m4 ,legrand4 ,many of the beau monde were present1 and a dozen carriages stood before the church doors4 ,soeur d',yversen was to be there4 ,m4 ,laurichais1 confessor to our ladies1 in short all the friends and relations united their prayers and good wishes during the ceremony4 ,i send ,m4 ,buquet's discourse1 which every one thought perfect4 ,why can't ,i add to it his kindly voice1 and the look of joy and emotion with which he spoke to ,maurice1 whom he loves sincerely4 ,you will like to know1 papa1 how everything passed off on the memorable day1 and ,i like very much to describe it1 for it seems as if you would be able to share our pleasure1 and see your children in church1 at dinner and at the evening party4 ,the dinner was charming1 like every thing else1 each course served elegantly2 fish1 meats1 dessert and wines4 ,the turkey1 dressed with our truffles was king of the feast4 ,we drank freely and merrily of ,madeira and ,constance1 and it all seemed like the marriage of ,cana4 ,i sat between ,auguste and ,m4 d',aurevilly1 very charming neighbors1 and we talked and laughed very pleasantly1 though ,auguste scolded me for having no poetry1 which he felt disposed to read1 and we had never thought of writing2 there's something bettor for ,caro1 which comes from the heart and will be unfailingly hers every day4 ,how modest she was in church1 and how pretty she looked in the evening6 ,she was quite the queen of the occasion4 ,a dozen ladies came1 all very elegant1 and ,i don't know how many men1 friends of ,maurice's4 ,they were very gracious1 and asked me to dance2 yes--dance6 ,m4 le ,cur had better take holy water and exorcise me4 ,i danced with my groomsman1 ,charles2 it was de rigueur1 and ,i could not decline without being conspicuous1 and playing #dgi the not very amusing part of wall-flower4 ,auguste performed his paternal duties admirably4 ,he begs me to say a word of commendation for him1 and ,i might well say a hundred in praise of his friendship and devotion to us4 ,the friend referred to in the following letter1 and with whom ,mlle4 de ,gurin left ,paris early in the ,december of #ahch1 was the ,marie to whom she wrote the two delightful letters1 introduced into the sixth and seventh books of her journal4 ,mme4 la ,baronne ,henriette ,marie de ,maistre was the sister of ,m4 ,adrien de ,sainte ,marie1 a friend of ,gurin's1 and her intimacy with ,eugnie had its first foundation in ceremonious notes written about ,maurice when he was ill with a fever at ,le ,cayla in #ahcg4 ,mme4 de ,maistre soon became endeared to ,eugnie by her fascinating powers of attraction1 and also by her mental and physical sufferings1 for sufferers belonged to the dove of ,le ,cayla by natural right4 ,,to ,,mlle4 ,,louise ,,de ,,bayne4 ,paris1 ,dec4 #a1 #ahch4 ,m4 de ,frigeville is the most gracious1 amiable1 and obliging of men4 ,at length ,i found out his address1 and sent my parcel with a little note1 which he answered at once1 and followed in person the next day4 ,the good man had taken infinite pains to find me and ended by applying to the police--a last resource that amused us a good deal4 ,we cannot profit by the acquaintance even now1 or by his offers of politeness for anything in his power1 as he expressed himself to our ladies1 for ,i was out when he came1--the fates are against me4 ,mlle4 ,lafort thought him very agreeable and exquisitely courteous4 ,i send this little notice of him for you1 dear friend1 and make use of the chance to write to you up to the last moment4 ,i am going to the country1 to another ,rayssac1 for ,les ,coynes is among the mountains2--shall ,i find another ,louise there8 ,she is a little like you1 ,i think2 but1 my friend1 you will always be my friend4 ,i will write to you from there if you like4 ,whom and what shall ,i see8 ,everything looks very attractive1 and yet ,i go forward with timidity to meet these unknown and known4 ,pity my wandering life1 dragged from place to place2--no1 do not pity me1 for it is the will of heaven1 and all we have to do is to follow the hand that leads us without reasoning3 that alone sustains and consoles us1 teaching us to turn all things to account for heaven4 ,i am less attracted to the world than ever2 there is more calmness and happiness within ,sister ,clementine's door than in any place in the world4 ,i went to see her yesterday1 but she was to be in retreat until ,monday1 much to my regret1 for ,i love to see and listen to these good religious1 these souls set apart from the world4 4 4 ,i should like to send you something charming and worthy of ,paris1 but charming things are rare everywhere2 so rare that ,i have none to spare today4 ,however1 ,i did see the outside of ,versailles2--the king was expected1 so they shut the gates on us4 ,did ,i tell you of this1 and of our royal wrath8 perhaps ,i did in my last letter4 ,i should have described the concert to you this morning1 if ,maurice1 who was to have been my escort1 had not been taken ill just as we were going2--pain instead of pleasure1 no uncommon change in life4 ,his little wife1 quite crimson with emotion1 began to nurse him and make much of him1 and all grew calm under her gentle influence4 ,i hope ,maurice will be happy with her1--,i do not know any woman like her in disposition1 heart1 or face4 ,she is a foreigner1 and ,i study her1 that ,i may adapt myself to her1 and enter into her feelings if she cannot into mine4 ,there must be mutual concessions of taste and ideas among us all1 to ensure affection and family peace3--that you see everywhere1 but we shall have no difficulty with one so amiable and generous4 ,there is not a day when ,i do not receive proofs of affection from my charming foreign sister4 ,they always speak of her to us as the ,indian4 ,mme4 ,lamarlire thought her very charming2--pretty and well dressed4 ,today a bulletin of the visit and her toilette is at ,gaillac1 and ,i am sure that it is all over town by this time that the ,indian wore a dress of soie antique1 a black satin shawl1 trimmed with blond and lined with blue1 a lace collar1 and a black velvet hat with ostrich plume1 overwhelming heaven and earth1 as ,mme4 ,lamarlire says ,good-by1 my dear4 ,i kiss you and say love me1 think of me1 believe me1 write to me1 talk of me4 ,love to you all4 ,one word more2 ,i like to talk to you best because we seem to understand each other4 ,i will say good-by soon1 for two o'clock is striking and ,i have an appointment in my chapel at l',abbaye-aux-,bois1 for ,i wish to put my conscience in order before going away4 ,i do not know to whom ,i shall have recourse in the country1 so far from any church4 ,fortunately1 we #dhj are to spend ,christmas at ,nevers1 and ,i shall try to grow calm1 for ,i am not so today4 ,i tell you this because you are alone with ,pulchri1 whom nothing surprises4 ,pray in the chapel at ,rayssac for your poor friend1 the ,parisian1 who will repay you as well as she can4 ,good-by1 good-by2 till when8 4 4 4 ,,to ,,mlle4 ,,de ,,bayne4 ,,christmas ,,eve1 ,,nevers1 #ahhh4 ,i have only time to date my letter1 dear friend1 for the bells are calling me to midnight mass4 ,i listen to their clashing peals1 and think of the pretty little tinkle of the ,andillac bell4 ,who would have said last year that ,i should be so far away8 but so ,god leads us to things unforeseen4 ,i'm going to the cathedral to pray for all whom ,i love1 and so for you4 ,two days since those lines--two days of festival1 prayer1 offices1 and letters written and received1 without preventing me from being with you1 my dearest4 ,our hearts can always be together before ,god1 and we cannot meet in a better way or in any other way for a long time4 ,i shall not be at ,le ,cayla before the fine weather comes1 and we can have flowers and sunshine to show our ,indian2 far enough we are from that season1 as ,i see by the white earth and pallid sky1 all snowy and cold4 ,how you would love my friend1 dear ,louise6 ,she is so good1 so charming and attractive1 and of such a high order of mind1 that ,i keep congratulating myself upon possessing her friendship and affection4 4 4 ,her father takes the best of care of me1 and even comes to my room to see if ,i have a good fire when ,i say my prayers4 ,he is afraid this cold climate may hurt me1 and said laughing one very cold day1 ,the southern flower will be frozen4 ,good1 holy man6 ,i love him very much1 and he makes me think of your father in his mode of thought and culture4 ,he has read everything1 and he writes too2 some selections from his works1 that he was kind enough to read to me1 might have been written by a ,benedictine4 ,he knows ,carmelites1 ,trappists1 charitable orders1 every one in short who is learned or religious4 ,charles the ,tenth loved him and saw him often2 if he had only listened to him6 ,travellers from ,goritz come here1 among others a ,m4 de ,ch----1 who comes and goes for the exiles1 from ,st4 ,petersburg to ,vienna and sometimes to ,spain1 from one court to another4 ,he charms us with stories of his adventures1 and ,i never saw a man more agreeable1 handsome1 witty or cultivated4 ,he is a learned geologist1 and collects specimens1 goes down into volcanoes and domesticates himself among ruins4 ,he lived a week in ,sallust's room at ,pompeii1 drove about the streets in his carriage1 entered the theatre1 made excavations under the very eyes of the ,duchess of ,berry1 and saw a thief whom the lava had caught while he was stealing a purse1 at which we laughed1 and remarked that iniquity is sooner or later discovered4 ,i have seen his cabinets of natural history1 mineralogy1 and antiques1 and also the borders of ,cicero's dining-hall exquisitely painted with a delicacy inimitable or unimitated4 ,to all these gifts1 ,m4 ,ch---- unites those of a good ,christian2 he turns all his studies and discoveries to advantage for the faith1 and proves that science and faith1 geology and ,genesis1 are of one accord4 ,if you think me very learned1 remember that ,i've seen ,paris1 and that ,paris sharpens one's wits2 however1 most of this ,i have acquired in the neighborhood of ,les ,coques4 ,,to ,,mlle4 ,,marie ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,,nevers ,,january #ab4 ,we return to ,paris early in ,january1 and shall be introduced to the grandeurs of the world4 ,hitherto ,i have known only amiable1 pretty simplicity2 now come baronesses1 duchesses1 princesses1 and as many clever people as ,i choose4 ,it will amuse me like a picture-gallery1 for the heart finds no place among such scenes1 far less the soul4 ,god and the world do not agree4 ,ah me6 how little they think of heaven amid all this rush and sparkle6 ,so says my friend1 who knows the world and is detached from it4 ,m4 d',aurevilly1 in his unpublished reminiscences of ,mlle4 de ,gurin1 gives a graphic description of her as she appeared in the ,parisian world1 where no doubt she was subjected to a close scrutiny as the sister of the elegant and gifted ,maurice de ,gurin4 ,we can affirm1 he says1 that never did creature of worldly attractions appear to us so sweet and lovely as this charming fawn1 reared like ,st4 ,genevieve among pastours4 4 4 4 ,drawn from her country home1 brought in state like a princess into the intimidating light of lustres1 she came without embarrassment or awkwardness1 with a chaste1 patrician self-possession1 that showed in spite of fortune's wrongs for what class in society she was born4 ,without ever having been there1 she was ,faubourg ,saint ,germain1 ,byron tells us in his #dha memoir that he witnessed the introduction of ,miss ,edgeworth into ,london society1 and that she made him think of ,jeanie ,deans4 ,but the country girl of ,la ,cayla was the descendant of the fairest falcon-bearers who appear in the mediaeval chronicles1 gloved with buckskin1 corseleted with ermine1 and wearing a train4 4 4 4 ,this was what we admired1 this was what impressed the world1 astonished at her who did not wonder at them4 ,if1 in speaking of such a woman1 ,i dared to use an expression debased to theatrical uses in our times1 ,i should say that she had a great success wherever she went4 ,women whispered together about her genius for expression and the feeling revealed in her letters2 but no one offered her the prying importunities so coarsely mistaken sometimes for homage4 ,they did not call her interesting or amusing1 as the world says1 patting a proud cheek with its awkward1 familiar hand4 ,they respected her4 ,the world treated her as a woman of the world1 for that is what it holds in highest esteem2 but she knew that she was not so4 ,she knew that there was a second meaning in the world's language that escaped her1 as she said once with her accent in a letter1 but what observer would have guessed it in seeing her8 ,excepting now and then a charming swallow-glance1 piercing the tapestry and seeking the wall at ,le ,cayla covered with honeysuckle and wall-wort1 who would have doubted that this tranquil maiden was a woman of the world1 capable of pleasing it1 and of ruling it too1 had she thought it worth her while8 ,mlle4 de ,gurin had one of those imaginations that are easy to live with4 ,she did not offend common people1 those sensitive1 coarse souls to whom the least distinction causes terrible pain1 and who push their way everywhere1 even in the country4 ,they handled with their rough touch this divine opal with its vaporous shades1 as indifferently as the mock ivory counters on their card-tables4 ,though she did not resemble a sphinx1 this lovely maiden with her lingering smile1 there was perhaps in her placid regularity the immovability of the sphinx1 and immobility suits all things4 ,it lends a mystery to nature1 and takes from human beings the puppet-like gesticulation that ever mars the lofty ,sidera ,vultum4 ,and now we will return to ,eugnie's letters1 dated once more from ,paris1 where she was staying with the ,baroness de ,maistre1 and seeing the world in a more brilliant light than in her visits to the ,rue ,cherche-,midi1 and at the house of ,auguste and ,flicit2 but it never dazzled her eyes1 no matter how brightly it shone and glittered4 ,,to ,m4 ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,paris1 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahci4 ,you have had a line from me almost every day1 dear papa1 but ,i will write more at length to-day4 ,the good ,general called here as soon as he heard of my return from ,nevers2 but to tell the truth his visits are not entirely for me1 for he finds ,caroline so pleasing1 that ,i think our ,indian has her full share of the kind old gentleman's friendship4 ,one day he came when she was dressing a doll in ,indian fashion1 for the little ,de ,maistres1 and he was so delighted that he insisted on working himself1 and wished to stay till the end of the toilette1 which was unluckily interrupted by visitors4 ,the ,marquis left us1 but ,caro wrote to him the next day that the ,indian lady was ready1 and would be charmed to be presented to him1 so the good man came1 passed the afternoon with us1 and offered to take us today to ,m4 ,aquado's museum of painting4 ,we shall go1 for it is said to be very beautiful1 and afterward we are to see the interior of the ,palais ,royal4 ,there is nothing we may not expect of the good ,marquis1 and we owe a great deal of pleasure to ,palchrie1 who has already received my acknowledgments4 ,i send a package to ,rayssac with this one4 ,we have no want of friends in ,paris1 dear papa4 ,how can ,i say enough of the perfect family ,i have just left1 who are untiring in their friendships and kindness6 ,i am engaged1 to go to-morrow1 ,saturday1 to a large and elegant party at ,m4 de ,neuville's1 ,footnote #hc but ,i shall give up my place to ,eran1 who will go with ,mme4 de ,maistre4 ,there will be a sort of reunion of beauties of every country--,english1 ,german1 #dhb ,spanish1 and the lovely ambassadress from the ,united ,states4 ,footnote #hc3 ,ex-,minister to ,charles ,x4 ',twill be a pretty sight for anyone who likes society1 but ,i refuse as often as possible4 ,however1 ,i cannot help going to ,m4 de ,neuville's1 for he has been so gracious to ,erembert4 ,i have seen the ,baroness de ,vaux1 ,henry ,vth's ,joan of ,arc1 who1 in #ahcj1 asked an officer of the ,royal ,guard to rout ,philip1 herself and her sword at their head4 ,she is a man-woman in figure and energy4 ,now she is devoted to ,god1 visiting prisons and exhorting those who are condemned to death4 ,with all this she has a charming simplicity4 ,i am to make other acquaintances1 whom ,i shall describe to you4 ,all this does not prevent my thinking of ,le ,cayla very1 very often1 and longing impatiently for the month of ,may1--,i shall go with ,erembert at the beginning of ,lent if ,i can4 ,mmes4 de ,maistre and de ,st4 ,marie beg to be remembered to you4 ,they think ,caro charming1 as fascinating as possible1 said ,henriette1 and indeed she was radiant the evening they saw her4 ,she is prettier than before her marriage1 and she is an excellent little wife1 as devoted to ,maurice as he is to her4 ,they are happy1 and ,maurice is most exemplary2 a hundred times better than last year1 as he says himself4 ,his confidence in me is unchanged and we talk very intimately2--he longs to see you1 and thinks very often of ,mimi2--we shall all be glad to meet at ,le ,cayla4 ,saturday ,i shall think of you1 ,mimi1 at ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas'1 where we are to hear l',abb ,dupanloup1 ,footnote #hd who is also to give the ,lenten instructions4 ,there is no lack of teaching in ,paris1 but the well taught are very rare2--the more one sees of the world1 the more glaring appears the ignorance of essential things4 ,soeur d',yversen comes now and then to see us2 she has mentioned to me ,mme4 ,l----1 who would like to know us1 but we know1 so many people already1 that ,i've lost all desire for new acquaintances4 ,our whole time slips away in dressing and receiving or making visits1 so that one can hardly read or work at all4 ,the ,lastics have been here1 ,mme4 ,resaudire1 the ,barrys1 an ,english family who like ,maurice very much1 and an infinity of other people whom ,i do not know even by name4 ,then the ,de ,maistres and the acquaintances they make for me2--you see ,i have more than ,i need4 ,footnote #hd3 ,now ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,bishop of ,orleans4 ,oh6 how ,i shall rest at ,le ,cayla4 ,i shall feel the contrast so much1 passing from the whirlwind of ,paris to the calm of the fields1 from the rolling of carriages to the little rumble of carts1 from ,paris noises to the cackling of our hens2--it all seems to me very charming without thinking of you and ,mimi2--how ,i long to kiss you6 ,they treat me very well here1 and ,i am spoiled by everybody4 ,my health is good1 so don't be anxious about me4 ,how does ,winter treat you in the new parlor8 ,better no doubt than it did in the hall4 ,is ,wolff banished from the parquet8 ,maurice asks4 ,passing from parlor to kitchen1 tell me how all our people are4 ,i'm sorry about the partridge4 ,may #ith4--,we heard ,m4 de ,ravignan ,sunday at ,notre ,dame4 ,it is curious to see this assemblage of men1 a sea of people overflowing the immense cathedral to listen to one voice--but such a voice6 ,from time to time some stricken soul1 some young man in doubt or conviction1 seeks the orator as a confessor4 ,then too they rush to see plays1 and ,mlle4 ,rachel draws at least as great a crowd to the theatre as ,m4 de ,r4 does to the cathedral4 ,i'm not surprised at the enthusiasm of the ,castrais about this young marvel4 ,she is ugly1 though1 at least so ,i am told by those who have seen her off the stage4 ,alas6 the profanity of my words in ,lent6 ,,to ,h4 ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,paris2 ,march and ,april1 #ahci4 ,this bit of a letter1 will tell you1 dear papa1 that ,i am with my poor invalid friend1 waiting for ,m4 ,dupanloup1 and that catching sight of an ink-stand1 ,i am going on with my writing at the expense of the sacristy4 ,but ,i will put a sous in the box for my ink1 and my paper too1 as ,i mean to steal a sheet to go with these2 if we are left alone long enough4 ,now and then a peaceable abb or sacristan passes through1 glancing at us1 and looking rather astonished at my office improvised in the sacristy4 ,but ,m4 ,d4's name protects us1 and we need only mention him to get a safe-conduct4 4 4 4 ,never was there such a holy week--continual agitation and running about4 ,andillac is better than ,paris for recollection2 but ,god is everywhere and in all things1 if we know how to find ,him4 ,poor dear papa1 ,i have prayed well for you in these beautiful monuments of ,notre ,dame1 ,st4 ,roch1 and others that we have visited4 ,i thought of yon in the simple little chapel of ,andillac4 ,i suppose they used the new chapel for the tomb1 or ,paradise1 as they call it here4 ,was there ever such a piece of scribbling as this letter--begun1 left1 begun again1 in so many places8 ,now ,i am at ,maurice's1 after sitting five hours for my portrait1 which ,m4 ,angier kindly insists on painting for you1 and for your sake1 ,i have submitted4 ,dear papa1 my painted self will go with ,eran1 who has had his likeness taken too1 and1 happier than ,i am4 #dhc is to see you and kiss you1 and talk to you of ,paris1 and many1 many other things4 ,my absence is to be prolonged more than ,i supposed1 but how could ,i refuse these good friends a request they had such a right to ask8 ,they will be grateful to you1 ,i assure you4 ,i shall bring you the little book of poetry that you care for so much2--it is now in the hands of ,count ,xavier1 which will be its greatest glory1 ,i have been presented to this celebrated and charming man1 who was very kind and gracious2 he loves his cousin1 and under her patronage ,i could not but be well received4 ,we found him alone in his room1 reading the office of ,holy ,week2--he must be religious1 being a worthy brother of his ,brother ,joseph4 ,thus he is consoled for his great griefs1 for the death of his three children at eighteen or twenty years of age4 ,the same evening1 they took me to the great ,valentino concert of eighty musicians4 ,i had been there once before4 ,there is much more to be seen here1 but one might spend a thousand years in ,paris1 and leave many things unseen4 ,i value more the knowledge of persons than of things4 ,i am uneasy about your health1 however well ,mimi may take care of you2 be very careful of yourself4 ,good-by1 dear papa1 good-by1 dear ,mimi4 ,i have no time to write to you4 ,maurice sends to papa ,m4 de ,luzerne's reflections upon the ,gospels4 ,good-by to all4 ,i send a waistcoat to ,pierril and an apron to ,jeanie2 to you and all everything that can reach your hearts4 ,thank ,m4 ,angler for his kindness1 when you write to ,maurice4 ,my portrait must be finished at ,le ,cayla1 for ,i found it impossible to have a sitting to-day4 ,i do not want to leave you1 and yet good-by4 ,i will write to you from ,nevers4 ,erembert will be much pleased to see you again2 ,i see already the happy day of arrival4 ,april #b;d1 in the evening4 ,and here we must leave ,eugnie4 ,eight days later she resumed the journal at ,nevers and wrote that wonderful eighth book1 so pathetically expressive of the pain of waiting--fit prelude of the coming tragedy4 ------ ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,day-,,dreams ,call them not vain and false day-dreams we see ,with spirit-vision of our quicker youth2 ,thoughts wiser in the world's esteem may be ,less near the truth4 ,when against some hard creed of life we raise ,our single cry for what more pure we deem1 ',tis oft the working out in later days ,of some old dream6 ,dream of a world more pure than that we find ,sad is the wak'ning1 but not dull despair1 ,while we can feel that we may leave behind ,one bright ray there4 ,let us work up then to our young ideal1 ,nor weep the present nor regret the past1 ,till the soul1 struggling 'twixt earth's false and real1 ,reach heaven at last4 ------ #dhd ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,the ,,christian ,,schools ,,of ,,alexandria--,,origen4 ,the scholar next comes to the more strictly ethical part of ,origen's teaching4 ,the preliminary dialectics had cleared the ground1 and to a certain extent replanted it2 physics made the process more easy1 pleasant1 and complete2 but the great end of a philosophic life was ethics1 that is1 the making a man good4 ,the making of a man good and virtuous seems now-a-days a simple matter1 as far as theory is concerned1 and so perhaps it is1 if only theory and principles be considered2 though morality is an extensive science1 and one that is not mastered in an hour or a day4 ,but in ,origen's day a science of ,christian ethics did not exist4 ,the teaching of the ,scripture and the voice of the pastors was sufficient1 doubtless1 for the guidance of the faithful2 but science is a different thing4 ,such a science is shadowed out to us by the scholar in the record we are noticing4 ,st4 ,thomas1 the great finisher of scientific ,christian ethics1 embraces all virtues under two great classes1 viz41 the theological and the cardinal4 ,the whole science of morality treats only of the seven virtues included under these two divisions4 ,the master's teaching comprehended1 of course1 faith1 and hope1 and charity2 indeed1 it would be more correct to say that these three virtues were his whole ultimate object2 but the scholar says little of them in particular just because of this very reason1 and also because they were bound up in that piety which he mentions so often4 ,but it is a most interesting fact that the virtues1 and the only virtues1 mentioned in the summary of ,origen's moral teaching given by ,st4 ,gregory1 are precisely the four cardinal virtues1 prudence1 justice1 fortitude1 and temperance4 ,the classification dates1 of course1 from the ,stoics1 but the circumstance that the framework laid down by a father in the beginning of the third century was used and completed by another father in the thirteenth1 gives the early father an undoubted claim to be considered the founder of ,christian ethics4 ,and here we lay our hands on one of the earliest instances of heathen philosophy being made to hew wood and carry water for ,christian theology4 ,the division of virtues was a good one2 all the schools pretended to teach it2 but the distinctive boast and triumph of the ,christian teacher was that he taught true prudence1 true justice1 fortitude1 and temperance1 not such1 says the scholar1 as the other philosophers teach1 and especially the moderns1 who are strong and great in words2 he not only talked about the virtues1 but exhorted us to practise them2 and he exhorted us by what he did far more than by what he said4 ,and here the scholar takes the opportunity of recording his opinion about the other philosophers1 now that he has had a course of ,origen's training4 ,he first apologizes to them for hurting their feelings4 ,he says that1 personally1 he has no ill-will against them1 but he plainly tells them that things have come to such a pass1 through their conduct1 that the very name of philosophy is laughed at4 ,and he goes on to develop what appeared to him the very essence of their faults1 viz41 too much talk1 and nothing but talk4 ,their teaching is like a widely-extended morass2 once set foot in it1 and you can neither get out nor go on1 but stick fast till you perish4 ,or it is like a thick forest2 the traveller who once finds himself #dhe in it has no chance of ever getting back to the open fields and the light of day1 but gropes about backward and forward1 first trying one path1 then another1 and finding they all lead farther in1 until at last1 wearied and desperate1 he sits down and dwells in the forest1 resolving that the forest shall be his world1 since all the world seems to be a forest4 ,this is1 perhaps1 one of the most graphic pictures ever given of the state of mind1 so artificial1 so unsatisfied1 and yet so self-sufficient1 brought about by a specious heathen philosophy1 and the effect of enlightened reason destitute of revelation4 ,the scholar cannot heighten the strength of his description by going on to compare it1 in the third place1 to a labyrinth1 but the comparison brings out two striking features well worthy of notice4 ,the first is1 the innocent and guileless look of the whole concern from the outside2 the traveller sees the open door1 and in he goes1 suspecting nothing4 ,once in1 he sees a great deal to admire1 7and this is the second point in the labyrinth-simile27 he sees the very perfection of art and arrangement1 doors after doors1 rooms within rooms1 passages leading most ingeniously and conveniently into other passages2 he sees all this art1 admires the architect1 and--thinks of going out4 ,but there is no going out for him2 he is fast4 ,all the artifice and ingenuity he has been admiring have been expended for the express purpose of keeping in for ever those foolish people who have been so unwary as to come in at the open door4 ,for there is no labyrinth so hard to thread1 sums up the scholar1 no wood so deep and thick1 no bog so false and hopeless1 as the language of some of these philosophers4 ,in this language we recognize another of of the characteristic feelings of the day--the feeling of profound disgust for the highest teachings of heathenism from the moment the soul catches a ray of the light of the ,gospel ,in ,origen's school the confines of the receding darkness skirted the advancing kingdom of light1 and those that sat in the darkness to-day saw it leaving them to-morrow1 and far behind them the morrow after that2 and all the time the great master had to be peering anxiously into the darkness to see what souls were nearest the light1 and to hold out his hand to win them too into the company of those that were already sitting at his feet4 ,in such days as those1 sharp comparisons between heathen wisdom and the light of ,christ must have been part of the atmosphere in which the catechumens of the great school lived and breathed2 there was a reality and interest in them such as can never be again4 ,and yet the master was no bigot in his dealings with the ,greek philosophies4 ,he was the first and the only one1 says his scholar1 that made me study the philosophy of ,greece4 ,the scholar was to reject nothing1 to despise nothing1 but make himself thoroughly acquainted with the whole range of ,greek philosophy and poetry2 there was only one class of writers he was to have nothing to do with1 and those were the atheists who denied ,god and ,god's providence2 their books could only sully a mind that was striving after piety4 ,but his pupils were to attach themselves to no school or party1 as did the mob of those who pretended to study philosophy4 ,under his guidance they were to take what was true and good1 and leave what was false and bad4 ,he walked beside them and in front of them through the labyrinth2 he had studied its windings and knew its turns2 in his company1 and with their eyes on his lofty and safe teaching1 his scholars need fear no danger4 ,this brief analysis of part of ,st4 ,gregory's remarkable oration will serve to give us some idea of ,origen's method of treating his more learned and cultivated converts1 of whom we know he had a very great many4 ,it will also have admitted us1 in some sort1 into the interior of his school1 #dhf and let as hear the question in debate and the matters that were of greatest interest in that most influential centre of ,christian teaching4 ,it does not1 of course1 deal directly with theology1 or with those great controversies which ,origen1 in a manner1 rendered possible for his pupils and successors of the next century4 ,the scholar1 indeed1 does go on now to speak of his theological teachings2 but he describes rather his manner than his matter1 and rather the salient points of characteristic gifts than the details of his dogmatic system4 ,as this is precisely our own object in these notes1 we need only say that ,st4 ,gregory1 in the concluding pages of his farewell discourse1 sufficiently proves that the great end and object of all philosophic teaching and intellectual discipline in the school of his master was faith and practical piety4 ,to teach his hearers the great first cause was his most careful and earnest task4 ,his instructions about ,god were so full of knowledge and so carefully prepared that the scholar is at a loss how to describe them4 ,his explanations of the prophets1 and of ,holy ,scripture generally1 were so wonderful that he seemed to be the friend and interpreter of the ,word4 ,the soul that thirsted for knowledge went away from him refreshed1 and the hard of heart and the unbelieving could not listen to him without both understanding1 and believing1 and making submission to ,god4 ,it was no otherwise than by the communication of the ,holy ,ghost that he spoke thus1 says his disciple1 for the prophets and the interpreters of the prophets have necessarily the same help from above1 and none can understand a prophet unless by the same spirit wherein the prophet spoke4 ,this greatest of gifts and this splendid destiny he seemed to have received from ,god1 that he should be the interpreter of ,god's words to men1 that he should understand the things of ,god1 as though he heard them from ,god's own mouth1 and that through him men should be brought to listen and obey4 ,two little indications of what we may call the spirit of ,origen are to be found in this address of his pupil4 ,the first is the great value he sets upon purity as the only means of arriving at the knowledge and communion of ,god4 ,we know what a watchword this union with ,god was among the popular philosophers of the day4 ,to attain to it was the end of all the ,neo-,platonic asceticism4 ,it was ,origen's great end as well2 but he taught that purity alone and the subjugation of the passions by the grace of ,god will avail to lead the soul thither1 and that no amount of external refinement or abstinence from gross sin will suffice to make the soul pure in the sight of ,god4 ,the second is1 his devotion to the person of the ,son1 the ever-blessed ,word of ,god4 ,the whole oration of the scholar takes the form of a thanksgiving to the ,master and ,saviour of our souls1 the firstborn ,word1 the maker and ruler of all things4 ,he never misses an opportunity all through it of bursting into eloquent love to that ,prince of the universe2 he cannot praise his master without first praising him1 or ascribe anything to the powers of the earthly teacher without referring it first of all to the heavenly ,giver4 ,he had learned this from ,origen1 the predecessor1 unconsciously certainly1 but in will and in spirit1 of another ,alexandrian1 the great ,athanasius4 ,and here again error was bringing out the truth1 for unless the ,gnostics and the ,neo-,platonists had been at that very time theorizing about their demiurge and their emanations1 we should probably have missed the tender devotion and repeated homage to the eternal ,word which we find in the words of ,origen and his disciple4 ,theodore1 or ,gregory1 as he had been named in baptism1 had to thank his master and to praise him1 and he had1 ,moreover1 to say how sorry he was to leave him4 ,he concludes his speech with the expression of his regrets4 ,he is afraid that all the grand teaching he has received has been to #dhg a great extent thrown away upon him4 ,he is not yet prudent1 he is not just1 he is not temperate1 he has no fortitude1 alas1 for his own native imbecility6 ,but one gift the master has given him he has made him love all these virtues with a love that knows no bounds2 and he has made him love1 over and above them all1 that virtue which is alike their beginning and their consummation--the blessed virtue of piety1 the service and love of ,god4 ,and now1 in leaving him1 he seems to be leaving a garden full of useful trees and pleasant fruits1 full of green grass and cheering sunshine4 ,and he thereupon compares himself1 at considerable length1 to our first parents banished from ,paradise4 ,i am leaving the face of ,god and going back to the earth from whence ,i came2 and ,i shall eat earth all my days1 and till earth--an earth that will produce me nothing but thorn and briers now that it is deprived of its good and excellent tending4 ,he goes on to liken himself to the prodigal son2 and yet he finds himself worse than he1 for he is going away without receiving the due portion of substance1 and leaving behind everything he loves and cares for4 ,again1 he seems to be one of that band of ,jewish captives that hang up their harps on the willows and wept beside the rivers of ,babylon4 ,i am going out from my ,jerusalem1 he says1 my holy city1 where day and night the holy law is being announced1 where are hymns and canticles and mystic speech2 where a light brighter than the sun shines upon us as we discuss the mysteries of ,god1 and where our fancy brings back in the night visions of what has occupied us in the day2 ,i am leaving this holy city1 wherein ,god seems to breathe everywhere1 and going into a land of exile3 there will be no singing for me2 even the mournful flute will not be my solace when my harp is hung on the willows2 but ,i shall be working by river-sides and making bricks2 the hymns ,i remember ,i shall not be allowed to sing2 nay1 it may be that my very memory will play me false1 and my hard work will make me forget them4 ,the youthful heart1 that has left a cloistered retreat of learning and piety1 where masters have been loved1 studies enjoyed1 and ,god tenderly served1 will test these words by itself1 and read in their eloquent painting another proof that nature is the same to-day as yesterday4 ,gregory the wonder-worker was truly a scholar to be proud of1 but the master's pride must have been obliterated in his emotion when he listened to such a description of his school as this4 ,but the scholar1 after all1 will leave with a good heart4 ,there is the ,word1 the sleepless guardian of all men4 ,he puts his trust in him1 and in the good seed that his master has sown2 perhaps he may come back again and see him yet once more1 when the seed shall have sprung up and produced such fruits as can be expected from a nature which is barren and evil1 but which he prays ,god may never become worse by his own fault4 ,and do thou1 ,o my beloved master 7,greek text71 arise and send us forth with thy prayer2 thou hast been our saviour by thy holy teachings whilst we were with thee2 save us still by thy prayers when we depart4 ,give us back1 master1 give us up into the hands of him that sent us to thee1 ,god2 thank him for what has befallen us2 pray him that in the future he may ever be with us to direct us1 that he may keep his laws before our eyes and set in our heart that best of teachers his divine fear4 ,away from thee1 we shall not obey him as freely as we obeyed him here4 ,keep praying that we may find consolation in him for our loss of thee1 that he may send us his angel to go with us2 and ask him to bring us back to thee once more2 no other consolation could be half so great4 ,and so they depart1 the two brothers1 never again to see their master more4 ,they both became great bishops1 ,gregory the greatest2 we find ,origen writing to him1 soon after his departure1 a letter full of affection and good counsel2 and who can tell how much the teaching of the catechist of ,alexandria had to do with that wonderful life and never-dying reputation that distinguish ,gregory ,thaumaturgus among all the saints of the church8 #dhh ,origen presided at ,alexandria for twenty years--that is to say1 from #baa to #bca4 ,in the latter year he left it for ever4 ,during this period he had been temporarily absent more than once4 ,the governor of the ,roman ,arabia1 or ,arabia ,petraea1 had sent a special messenger to the prefect of ,alexandria and the patriarch1 to beg that the catechist might pay him a visit4 ,what he wanted him for is not recorded2 but ,petra1 the capital of the ,roman province1 was not so far from the great road between ,alexandria and ,palestine as to be out of the way of ,greek thought and civilization1 and its interesting remains of art1 belonging to this very period1 which startled modern travellers only a short time past1 prove that it was itself no inconsiderable centre of intellectual cultivation4 ,we may1 therefore1 conjecture that his errand was philosophical1 or1 in other words1 religious4 ,the second time that ,origen was absent from ,alexandria was for a somewhat longer space4 ,the emperor ,caracalla1 after murdering his brother and indulging in indiscriminate slaughter1 in all parts of the world from ,rome to ,syria1 had at last arrived1 with his troubled conscience and his well-bribed legions1 at ,alexandria4 ,the ,alexandrians1 it is well known1 had an irresistible tendency to give nicknames4 ,caracalla's career was open to a few epithets1 and the unfortunate men of ,macedon made merry on some salient points in the character of the emperor and his mother4 ,they had better have held their tongues1 or plucked them out2 for in a fury of vengeance he let loose his bloodthirsty bands on the city4 ,how many were slain in that awful visitation no one ever knew2 the dead were thrown into trenches1 and hastily covered up1 uncounted and unrecorded4 ,the spectre-haunted emperor took special vengeance on the institutions and professors of learning4 ,it would seem that he destroyed a great part of the buildings of the ,museum1 and put to death or banished the teachers4 ,as for the students1 he had the whole youth of the city driven together into the gymnasium1 and ordered them to be formed into a ,macedonian phalanx for his army--a grim retort1 in kind1 for their pleasantries at his expense4 ,origen fled before this storm4 ,had he remained1 he was far too well known now to have been safe for an hour4 ,doubtless obedience made him conceal himself and escape4 ,he took refuge in ,caesarea of ,palestine1 where the bishop1 ,st4 ,theoctistus1 received him with the utmost honor2 and1 though he was yet only a layman1 made him preach in the church1 which he had never done at ,alexandria4 ,when the tempest in ,egypt had gone by1 ,demetrius wrote for him to come back4 ,he returned1 and resumed the duties of his post4 ,after this he took either one or two other journeys4 ,he was sent into ,greece1 and visited ,athens1 with letters from his bishop1 to refute heresy and confirm the ,christian religion4 ,he also stayed awhile at the great central see of ,antioch4 ,on his journey to ,greece1 he had been ordained priest at ,caesarea1 by his friend ,st4 ,theoctistus4 ,when he returned to ,alexandria1 about the year #bca1 ,demetrius1 the patriarch1 was pleased to be exceedingly indignant at his ordination4 ,we cannot go into the controversy here2 we need only say that a synod of bishops1 summoned by the patriarch1 decreed that he must leave ,alexandria1 but retain his priesthood2 which seems to show that they thought he had better leave for the sake of peace1 though they could not recognize any canonical fault2 for if they had1 they would have suspended or degraded him4 ,demetrius1 indeed1 assembled another synod some time later1 and did degrade and excommunicate him4 ,but by this time ,origen had left ,alexandria1 never to return #dhi and was quietly living at ,caesarea4 ,we dare not pronounce sentence in a cause that has occupied so many learned pens2 but we dare confidently say this1 that it is impossible to prove ,origen to have been knowingly in the wrong4 ,we must now follow him to ,caesarea4 ,if some ,levantine merchantman1 manned by swarthy ,greeks or ,syrians1 in trying to make ,beyrout1 should be driven by a north wind some fifty miles further along the coast to the southwest1 she might possibly find herself1 at break of day1 in sight of a strange-looking harbor4 ,there would be a wide semi-circular sweep of buildings1 or what had once been buildings2 there would be a southern promontory1 crowned with a tower in ruins2 there would be the vestiges of a splendid pier2 and there would be rows of granite pillars lying as if a hurricane had come off the land1 and blown them bodily into the sea4 ,an ,arab or two1 in their white cotton clothes1 would be grimly looking about them1 on some prostrate columns2 and a stray jackal1 caught by the rising sun1 would be scampering into some hole in the ruins4 ,our merchantman would have come upon all that is left of ,caesarea of ,palestine4 ,if she did not immediately make all sail to ,jaffa1 or back to ,beyrout1 it would not be because the place does not look ghostly and dismal enough4 ,and yet it was once the greatest port on that ,mediterranean coast1 and far more important than either ,jaffa1 ,acre1 ,sidon1 or even ,beyrout now4 ,it owed its celebrity to ,herod the ,great4 ,twelve years of labor1 and the expenditure of vast sums of money1 made the ancient ,turris ,stratonis worthy to be rechristened ,caesarea1 in honor of ,caesar ,augustus4 ,its great pier1 constructed of granite blocks of incredible size1 afforded at once dwelling-places and hostelries for the sailors and a splendid columned promenade for the wealthy citizens4 ,the half-circle of buildings1 all of polished granite1 that embraced the sea and the harbor1 and terminated in a rocky promontory on either side1 shone far out to sea1 and showed conspicuous in the midst the great temple of ,caesar1 crowned with statues of ,augustus and of the ,roman city4 ,an agora1 a praetorium1 a circus looking out to sea1 and a rock-hewn theatre1 were included in ,herod's magnificent plans1 and fittingly adorned a city that was to become in a few years the capital of ,palestine4 ,we see its importance even as early as the days immediately after ,pentecost4 ,it was here that the ,gentiles were called to the faith1 in the person of ,cornelius the centurion1 a commander of the legionaries stationed at ,caesarea4 ,his house1 three hundred years later1 was turned into a chapel by ,st4 ,paulo1 and must therefore have been recognizable at the time of which we write4 ,it was here that ,herod ,agrippa ,i4 planned the apprehension of ,st4 ,peter and the execution of ,st4 ,james the ,greater2 and it was in the theatre here that the beams of the sun shone upon his glittering apparel1 and the people saluted him as a god1 only to see him smitten by the hand of the true ,god1 and carried to his palace in the agonies of mortal pain4 ,st4 ,paul was here several times1 and last of all when he was brought from ,jerusalem by the fifty horsemen and the two hundred spearmen4 ,here he was examined before ,felix1 and before ,festus1 in the presence of ,king ,agrippa1 when he made his celebrated speech2 and it was from the harbor of ,caesarea that he sailed for ,rome to be heard before ,caesar4 ,for many centuries1 even into the times of the crusaders1 it continued to be a capital and haven of great importance4 ,between #aie and #aih1 it was the scene of one of the earliest councils of the ,eastern ,church1 and1 as the see of ,eusebius1 the founder of church history1 and the site of a celebrated library1 it must always be interesting in ecclesiastical annals4 ,but perhaps it would require nothing more to make #dij it a place of note in our eyes than the fact that when ,origen was driven from ,alexandria1 in #bca1 he transferred to ,caesarea not the ,alexandrian school1 it is true1 but the teacher whose presence and spirit had contributed so much to make it immortal4 ,caesarea1 indeed1 was at that time a literary centre only second to ,alexandria or ,antioch4 ,it was in direct communication with ,jerusalem by an excellent military road1 and with ,alexandria by a road that was longer1 indeed1 but in no way inferior4 ,it was not far from ,berytus both by land and sea4 ,like ,capharnaum and ,ptolemais1 but in a yet higher degree1 it was one of ,herod the ,great's model cities1 in which he had embodied his scheme of ,grecianizing his country by the influence of splendid ,greek art and overpowering ,greek intellect4 ,it was also the metropolis of ,palestine4 ,st4 ,alexander1 bishop of ,jerusalem1 ,origen's fellow-student1 was the intimate friend of ,theoctistus1 bishop of ,caesarea2 and it is clear that bishops1 or their messengers1 from the cities all along the coast1 as for as ,antioch1 and even the distant ,cappadocia and ,pontus1 were not unfrequent visitors to this great rallying-point of the church and the empire4 ,when ,origen1 therefore1 left ,alexandria and took up his abode in a city that was in a manner the diminished counterpart of one he had abandoned1 he did not find himself in a strange land4 ,st4 ,theoctistus received him with delight4 ,it was not long before he journeyed the short distance to ,jerusalem1 to renew his acquaintance with ,st4 ,alexander2 and these two bishops were only too glad to put on his shoulders all the charges that he would accept4 ,they referred to him1 says ,eusebius1 on every occasion as their master2 they committed to him alone the charge of interpreting and teaching ,holy ,scripture and everything connected with preaching the ,word of ,god in the church4 ,from the way in which the historian joins the two bishops together1 it would appear that ,caesarea was a common school for the two dioceses1 and a sort of ecclesiastical seminary whither the clerics from ,jerusalem came1 as to a centre where learning and learned men would abound more than in ruined and fallen ,a,elia4 ,it is certain1 however1 that ,origen1 in a short time1 was teaching and writing as fast as at ,alexandria4 ,his name soon began to draw scholars4 ,firmilian1 bishop of so distant a see as ,caesarea of ,cappadocia1 one of the most stirring minds of his age1 who had controversies on his hands all round the sea-coast to ,carthage in one direction1 and ,rome in the other1 was a friend of ,theoctistus4 ,it is possible that he knew ,origen also1 perhaps from having seen him at ,alexandria1 but more probably from having met him when ,origen travelled into ,greece4 ,at any rate1 he conceived an enthusiastic liking for him4 ,nothing would serve him but to make ,origen travel to his own far-off province to teach and stimulate pastors and people2 and1 not long afterward1 we find himself in ,judaea1 that is1 at ,caesarea1 on a visit to ,origen1 with whom he is stated to have remained some time1 for the sake of bettering himself in divinity4 ,and1 as ,eusebius sums up1 not only those who lived in the same part of the world1 but very many others from distant lands1 left their country and came flocking to listen to him4 ,we need not mention here again the names ,gregory and ,athenodorus4 ,the position now occupied by ,origen at ,caesarea was1 therefore1 one of the highest importance4 ,he was no longer a private teacher1 or even an authorized master teaching in private2 he was no less than the substitute for the bishop himself4 ,in the ,eastern ,church1 indeed1 the custom by which no one but the ,bishop ever preached in the church was not so strictly observed as it was in the ,west2 but if a #dia presbyter did received the commission of preaching1 it was always with the understanding that what he said was said on behalf of the pontiff1 whose presence in his chair was a guarantee for its orthodoxy4 ,when ,origen1 therefore1 on the ,lord's day1 after the reading of the holy ,gospel1 stood forward from his place in the presbytery1 and began to explain either the ,gospel text itself or some passage in the ,old ,testament which also had formed part of the liturgical service1 it was well understood that he was speaking with authority4 ,and this is the first light in which we should view his homilies4 ,it would be saying little to say that ,origen's homilies and commentaries 7for we need not distinguish them here7 marked an era in the exposition of ,scripture4 ,they not only were the first of their kind1 but they may be said to have created the art1 and not only to have created it1 but1 in certain aspects1 to have finished it and to have become like ,aristotle in some of his treatises1 at once the model and the quarry for future generations4 ,it may be true1 as of course it is1 that he was not absolutely the first to write expositions of ,scripture4 ,the splendid eloquence of ,theophilus of ,antioch had already been heard on the four ,gospels1 and his spirit of interpretation seems to have had much more affinity for ,origen's own spirit than for that of the school of his own ,antioch two centuries later4 ,melito had written on the ,apocalypse1 but his direct labors on ,scripture were only an insignificant part of his voluminous works1 if1 indeed1 they were not all rather apologetic and hortatory than explanatory4 ,the ,mosaic account of the creation had occupied a few fathers with its defence against ,gnostic and infidel4 ,but we know from ,origen's own words that he had read and used his predecessors1 as he calls them4 ,and yet we may truly say that he is the first of commentators1 not only because no one before him had dared to undertake the whole ,scripture1 but on account of his novel and regular method4 ,he is turned by one great authority1 ,sixtus ,senensis1 almost self-taught1 so little of what he says can he have gleaned from others4 ,but in estimating how much ,origen owed to those before him1 we should lose a valuable hint towards understanding him if we forgot ,clement of ,alexandria and the great body of tradition1 oral and written1 of which the ,alexandrian school was the headquarters4 ,we know that the ,alexandrian ,jew1 ,philo1 two hundred years before ,clement's time1 had written wonderful lucubrations on the mystical sense of ,holy ,scripture4 ,the ,alexandrian catechetical teachers1 catching and using the spirit of the place1 had always been ,alexandrian in their ,scriptural teachings4 ,clement himself had commented on the whole of the ,scriptures in his book called the ,hypotyposes4 ,origen entered into inheritance4 ,we see the spirit of the time and place in those questionings with which1 in his early years1 he used to puzzle his father4 ,the unrivalled industry that made him collect versions of the sacred text from ,syria1 ,asia1 and even the shores of ,greece1 must have scrupulously sought out and exhausted every source of information and every extant document relating to ,scripture exposition that was at hand for him in his own city4 ,so that ,origen1 though in one sense the founder of a school1 was really the culmination of a series of learned men1 and1 by the influence of his name1 made common to the universal church that knowledge and method which before had been confined to the pupils that had listened to the ,catechisms4 ,although1 however1 we may guess1 we cannot be certain how progressively or gradually a methodical and scientific exegesis had been growing up at ,alexandria2 and we come upon the commentaries of ,origen with all the freshness of a discovery4 ,before him we have been accustomed to writings like those of the apostolic fathers3 we have been reading apologies of the most wonderful eloquence1 whose ,greek shames the rhetoricians1 #dib or whose ,latin has all the spirit1 earnestness1 and tenderness of new language1 but in which ,holy ,scripture is at the most only summarized and held up to view4 ,or1 again1 we have been listening to a venerable priest crushing the heretics with the word of ,god1 or to a philosopher confuting the ,jews out of their own mouth4 ,or1 once more1 we have heard the pagan intellect of the world convinced that truth was nowhere to be found but in ,jesus1 that the writings of the prophets were better than those of the philosophers1 and that the morality of the ,new ,testament cast far into the shade the sayings of ,socrates4 ,splendid ideas1 striking applications1 telling proofs1 grand views1 all these the early fathers found in holy ,scripture1 and all these they used in the exhortations1 apologies1 or refutations that were called for by the several necessities of their times4 ,but sustained1 regular commentary1 as such1 they have none1 or1 what is the same to us now1 none has come down4 ,the explanation of words1 the classification of meanings1 the distinction of senses1 the answering of difficulties and the solution of objections--all this1 done1 not for an odd portion of the text here and there1 but regularly through the whole ,bible1 is what distinguishes the labors of ,origen from those of all who have gone before him1 and makes them so important for all who shall come after him4 ,in making acquaintance with him we feel that we have come across a master1 with breadth of view enough to handle masses of materials in a scientific way1 and with learning enough never to be in want of materials for his science4 ,we see in his ,scripture commentaries the pressure of three forces of unequal strength1 but each of them of marked presence1 the tradition of the church1 the teachings of the great school1 and the needs of his own times4 ,to understand him we must understand this pressure under which he wrote4 ,the first two forces may be passed over as requiring no explanation4 ,we must dwell a little on the latter1 for unless we vividly realize the necessities under which the ,christian teacher in his time lay1 of meeting certain enemies and withstanding certain views1 we shall be led to join in the cry of those who exclaim against ,origen's ,scripture exposition as partly useless and partly dangerous4 ,these necessities arose from two phenomena that appeared almost with the birth of ,christianity1 and which1 with a somewhat wide generalization1 we may call the ,ebionite and the ,gnostic4 ,no one can have looked into early church history without being struck by the difficulty the church seems to have had to free herself from the trammels of ,judaism4 ,we need not allude to ,st4 ,paul1 and his ,epistles to the ,galatians and to the ,romans1 and his various contentions with friend and foe for the freedom of the ,gospel4 ,the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 with its thoroughness of dogmatic exposition and its grand style1 was also addressed to the ,judaizants4 ,nay1 if ,ebion himself ever had an existence1 it is more than probable that he was teaching at ,jerusalem about the very time at which the ,epistle seems to have been written and sent1 if sent1 to the ,christian ,jews of that city4 ,it is certain1 however1 that ,alexandria was one of the very earliest of the churches which shook itself free1 in a marked manner1 from the traditions of the law4 ,the cosmopolitan spirit of the great city was a powerful natural auxiliary in a development which was substantially brought about by the ,holy ,ghost and the pastors of the patriarchal see4 ,the ,hebrew element hardly ever had such a footing at ,alexandria as it had at ,antioch4 ,we can see in the writing of ,justin ,martyr1 7circa #afj17 whose wide experience of all the churches makes his testimony especially valuable1 a4 picture of ,christianity1 young and exuberant1 with its face joyously set to its destined career1 and with the swathing-bands of the synagogue lying neglected behind it4 ,justin had an #dic ,alexandrian training1 and among his many-sided gifts shone pre-eminent that intellectual culture which was the most effectual of the human weapons that beat off the spirit of ,judaism4 ,and in ,clement himself there is no trace of any narrow formalism1 but1 on the contrary1 a grand1 world-embracing charity1 that can recognize the work of the ,divine ,logos in all the manifold varieties of human wisdom and human beauty4 ,so that long before the time that ,origen succeeded his master1 the ,alexandrian church was free from all suspicion of clinging to what ,st4 ,paul calls the yoke of bondage2 and knew no distinction of ,jew or ,greek4 ,but the party that had troubled the ,apostle1 and spread itself through the churches almost as soon as the churches were founded1 was by no means extinct1 even at ,alexandria4 ,since the destruction of ,jerusalem1 the ,jews had become scattered all over the empire4 ,the great towns1 such as ,antioch1 ,caesarea1 and ,alexandria1 each contained a strong ,jewish community4 ,at ,alexandria they were numerous enough to have a quarter to themselves4 ,now1 it is not too much to say that many so-called ,jews and ,christians in such a city were neither ,jews nor ,christians1 but ,ebionites2 that is1 they acknowledged the divine mission of ,christ1 which destroyed their genuine ,judaism1 but denied his divinity1 which was still more fatal to their ,christianity4 ,the consequences of such a state of things to the interpretation of ,scripture are manifest4 ,the law was still good and binding4 ,jerusalem was still the holy city1 the chosen of ,god1 and the spiritual and temporal capital of the world4 ,st4 ,paul was denounced as one who admitted heathen innovations and destroyed the word of ,god4 ,everything in holy ,scripture1 that is1 in the ,old ,testament and in the scanty excerpts from the ,new1 which they admitted1 was to be understood in a rigorously literal sense2 and the ,clementines1 once falsely attributed to ,st4 ,clement of ,rome1 but now considered to belong to the second century1 and to be the work of an ,ebionite1 are the only writings of the period in which the allegorical sense is totally and peremptorily denied4 ,ebionism was not very consistent with itself1 and the ,ebionites of ,st4 ,jerome's time would hardly have saluted their sterner brethren of the apostolic age2 but the name may always be truly taken to typify those whose views led them to hold to the carnal letter of the ,old ,testament4 ,they carried the old ,jewish exclusiveness into ,christianity4 ,they considered the historical parts of the ,scripture to have been written merely because their own history was so important in ,god's sight that he thought it right to preserve its minutest record4 ,the prophecies were only meant to glorify1 to warn1 or to terrify themselves1 and had no message for the ,gentiles4 ,even the parables and figures that occurred in the imagery of the inspired writer were dragged down to the most absurd and literal significations4 ,the adherents of ,ebionism were neither few nor silent in the time of ,origen4 ,but if the ,ebionite party in ,alexandria1 and in the ,church generally1 was strong and stirring1 there was a party not less important1 perhaps1 who1 in their zeal for the freedom of ,christianity against the bonds of ,judaism1 were in danger of going quite as far wrong in a different direction4 ,it is always the case in a reaction1 that the returning force finds it difficult to stop at its due mark4 ,so it had been with the reaction against the ,ebionites1 and especially at ,alexandria4 ,there was a body of advanced ,christians who did not content themselves with not observing the law1 but went on to depreciate it4 ,it was not enough for them to see the ,old ,testament fulfilled by ,jesus ,christ1 but they must needs show that it never had much claim to be even a preparation and a type4 ,it was full of frivolous details1 useless records1 and absurd narrations4 #did ,who cared for the minutiae about ,pharaoh's butler1 ,joseph's coat1 or ,tobias's dog8 ,of what importance to the world were the marchings and counter-marchings1 the stupid obstinacy and the unsavory morality of a few thousand ,hebrews8 ,who was interested to hear how their prophets scolded them1 or their enemies destroyed them1 or their kings tyrannized over them8 ,how could it edify ,christians to know the number and color of the skins of the tabernacles or the names of the masons and blacksmiths that built the ,temple1 or the fact that the ,jewish people considerably varied their carnal piety by intervals of still more carnal crime and idolatry8 ,the state of things represented by the ,old ,testament had passed away1 and they were of no interest save as ancient history2 and therefore1 it was absurd to treasure up the ,pentateuch and the ,prophets as if they were anything more1 and not rather much less1 than the rhapsodies of ,homer and the travels of ,herodotus4 ,in fact--and to this conclusion a considerable party came before long--the ,old ,testament was certainly not divine at all2 at any rate1 it was not the work of the ,father of the ,lord ,jesus1 but of some other principle4 ,and here the ,gnostic interest was at hand with an opportune idea4 ,who could have written the ,old ,testament but the ,demiurge8 ,that primary offshoot of the ,divinity1 just1 but not good1 7this was their distinction17 can never have been more worthily employed than in concocting a series of writings in which there was some skill1 some justice1 and very little goodness4 ,the ,demiurge was certainly a handy suggestion1 and the consigning of the ,old ,testament to his workmanship made all commentary thereon compressive into a very brief space4 ,away with it all1 for a farrago of nonsense1 lies1 and nuisances6 ,of course1 neither of these parties1 when extremely developed1 could lay any claim to ,christianity4 ,but the world of that day had in it ,ebionites and ,gnostics of every degree and every changing hue of error4 ,they were not unrepresented in the very bosom of the ,church4 ,pious ,christians might be found who1 strong in filial feeling to their ,jewish great-grandfathers1 would see in the records of the old covenant nothing but a most interesting family history1 with delightfully long pedigrees and a great deal of strong language about the glory and dignity of the descendants of ,israel4 ,on the other hand1 equally pious ,christians1 and among them a great majority1 perhaps1 of the ,gentile converts1 would consider it an extravagant compliment to read in the house of ,god the sayings and doings of such a very unworthy set of people as the ,hebrews4 ,and the remarkable fact would be1 that both these sets of worthy ,christians would begin with the same fundamental error1 though arriving at precisely opposite conclusions4 ,that the ,old ,testament had a literal meaning1 and no other was the starting-point of both ,ebionite and ,gnostic ,the former concluded1 therefore let us honor it1 for we are a divine race2 the latter1 therefore let us reject it1 for what are the ,jews to us8 ,it would not require many sentences to prove1 if our object in these notes were proof of any sort1 that ,origen's leading idea in his ,scripture exposition is to look for the mystical sense4 ,his very name is a synonym for allegory1 and he is perhaps as often blamed for it as praised4 ,but even blame1 when outspoken and honest1 is better than feeble excuse2 and and unfortunately not a few of the great ,alexandrian's critics have undertaken to excuse him for having such a leaning to allegory4 ,the ,neo-,platonists1 they say1 dealt largely in myths1 and allegorized everything2 somebody allegorized ,homer just about that time4 ,now ,origen was a ,platonist4 ,we might answer1 that ,origen was above all a ,christian1 and knew but very little of ,plato till he was thirty years old2 and that the ,greek allegories #die were invented by a more decorous generation for the purpose of veiling the grossness of the popular mythology2 whereas the ,christian allegory1 as introduced by ,st ,paul1 or indeed by our ,blessed ,saviour1 was a spiritual and mysterious application of real facts4 ,others1 again1 offer the excuse that ,philo had allegorized very much1 and ,origen admired ,philo4 ,this is saying that allegory was very usual at ,alexandria1 as we have said ourselves when speaking of ,st4 ,clement4 ,but it is not saying why allegory was kept up so warmly in the school of the ,catechisms1 or what was the radical cause that made its being kept up there a necessity for the well-being of the ,church4 ,this we have endeavored to state in the foregoing remarks4 ,when ,origen1 then1 announces his grand principle of ,scripture commentary1 in the fourth book of the ,de ,principiis1 we may be excused if we see in it the statement of an important canon1 whereby to understand much that he has written4 ,he says1 ,wherefore1 to those who are convinced that the sacred books are not the utterances of man1 but were written and made over to us by the inspiration of the ,holy ,ghost1 by the will of ,god the ,father of all through ,jesus ,christ1 we will endeavor to point out how they are to read them1 keeping the rules of the divine and apostolic ,church of ,jesus ,christ4 ,this is the key-note of all his exposition1 and derives its significance from the state of opinions among those for whom he wrote2 and a dispassionate application of it to such passages as seem questionable or gratuitous in his writings1 will explain many a difficulty1 and show how clearly he apprehended the work he had to do4 ,if the ,old ,testament be really the word of the ,holy ,ghost1 as1 he says1 all true ,christians believe1 then nothing in it can be trivial1 nothing useless1 nothing false4 ,this he insists upon over and over again4 ,and1 descending more to particulars1 he states these three celebrated rules of interpretation1 which may be called1 with their development1 his contribution to ,scripture exposition4 ,they are so plainly aimed at ,ebionites and ,gnostics1 that we need merely to state them to show the connection4 ,his first rule regards the old ,law4 ,the ,law1 he says1 being abrogated by ,jesus ,christ1 the precepts and ordinances that are purely legal are no longer to be taken and acted up to literally1 but only in their mystical sense4 ,this seems rudimentary and evident nowadays2 but at that period it greatly needed to be clearly stated and enforced4 ,his second rule is about the history and prophecy relating to ,jew or ,gentile that is found in the ,old ,testament4 ,the ,ebionite who kissed the ,pentateuch1 and the ,gnostic who tore it up1 were both foolish because both ignorant4 ,these historic and prophetic details were undoubtedly true in their letter2 but their chief use to the ,christian ,church1 and the main object the ,holy ,spirit had in giving them to us1 was the mystical meaning that lies hidden under the letter4 ,thus the earthly ,pharaoh1 the earthly ,jerusalem1 ,babylon1 or ,egypt1 are chiefly of importance to the ,church from the fact that they are the allegories of heavenly truths4 ,origen's third canon of scriptural exposition is this3 ,whatever in holy ,scripture seems trivial1 useless1 or false1 7the ,gnostics could not or would not see that parabolic narratives are most unjustly called false17 is by no means to be rejected1 but its presence in the divine record is to be explained by the fact that the divine ,author had a deeper and more important meaning in it than appears from the letter4 ,such portions1 therefore1 must be taken and applied in a spiritual and mystical sense1 in which sense chiefly they were dictated by ,almighty ,god4 ,these three rules look simple now2 they were all-important and not so simple then4 ,it was by means of them1 #dif and in the spirit which they indicate1 that the great catechist led his hearers by the hand through the flowery paths of ,god's word1 and in his own easy1 simple1 earnest style1 so different from that of the rhetoricians1 showed them the true use of the ,old ,testament4 ,we hope it is not a fanciful idea1 but it has struck us that1 the difference of circumstances considered1 there are few writers so like each other in their handling of holy ,scripture as ,origen and ,st4 ,john of the ,cross4 ,both treat of deep truths1 and in a phraseology that sounds uncommon--the one because his hearers were intellectual ,greeks1 the other because he is professedly treating of the very highest points of the spiritual life4 ,both use holy ,scripture in a fashion that is absolutely startling to those who are accustomed to rationalistic ,protestantism1 or to what may be called the domestic wife-and-children interpretation of the ,evangelicals4 ,both bring forward1 in the most unhesitating manner1 the mystic sense of the inspired words to prove or illustrate their point1 and both mix up with their more abstruse disquisitions a large amount of practical matter in the very plainest words4 ,from communion with both of them we rise full of a new sense of the presence and nearness of the ,spirit of ,god1 and of reverence for the minutest details of his ,word4 ,finally1 both the ,greek father and the ,spanish mystic interpret the ceremonial prescriptions1 the history1 the allusions to physical nature1 and the incidents of domestic life that occur in the ,old ,testament1 as if all these1 however important in their letter1 had a far deeper and more interesting signification addressed to the spiritual sense of the spiritual ,christian4 ,to illustrate ,origen's principles of ,scripture interpretation by extracts from his works would exceed our present limits1 however interesting and satisfactory the task might be4 ,neither have we space to notice his celebrated division of the meaning of the text into literal1 mystical1 and moral1 a division he was the first to insist upon formally4 ,to answer the objections of critics against both his principles and his alleged practice would also be a distinct task of great length4 ,we must content ourselves with having briefly sketched and indicated his spirit4 ,there are grave theological controversies too1 as is well known1 connected with his name2 and on these we have had no thought of entering4 ,the purpose of this and the preceding articles has not been dogmatical1 but rather biographical4 ,we have attempted to set forth on the one hand the personal character of this great man2 on the other1 the external circumstances by which that character was influenced1 and through which it exercised influence on others4 ------ #dig ,translated from the ,spanish4 ,,perico ,,the ,,sad2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,family ,,of ,,alvareda4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,following the curve formed by the ancient walls of ,seville1 encircling it as with a girdle of stone1 leaving on the right the river and ,las ,delicias1 we reach the gate of ,san ,fernando4 ,from this gate1 in a direct line across the plain1 as far as the ridge of ,buena ,vista1 extends a road which passes the rill upon a bridge of stone1 and ascends the steep side of the hill4 ,to the right of the road are seen the ruins of a chapel4 ,at a bird's-eye view this road looks like an arm which ,seville extends toward the ruins as if to call attention to them2 for though small1 and without a vestige of artistic merit1 they form a religious and historic souvenir4 ,they are an inheritance from the great king1 ,fernando ,,iii41 whose memory is so popular that he is admired as a hero1 venerated as a saint1 and beloved as a king3 thus realizing1 in one grand historic figure the ideal of the ,spanish people4 ,having gained the summit1 the road descends upon the opposite side into a a little valley1 through which runs a narrow stream1 which has washed its channel so clean that you will see in it only shining pebbles and golden sand4 ,fording this stream1 the road touches on its right at a cheerful and hospitable little inn1 and salutes on its left a ,moorish castle seated so haughtily upon the height that it seems as though the ground had risen solely to form a pedestal for it4 ,this castle was given by ,don ,pedro de ,castilla to ,doa ,maria de ,padilla1 whose name it retains4 ,the estate and castle of ,doa ,maria passed in time1 as a pious donation1 to the ,cathedral of ,seville1 the chapter of which has1 in our days1 sold it to a private gentleman4 ,the associations passed for nothing1 since a little while afterward1 the withered1 old1 and furrowed ,doa ,maria appeared clothed in the whitest of lime1 and adorned with brilliants of crystal4 ,let us follow the road which advances1 opening its way through the palmettos and evergreens of some pasture-lands1 until it enters the village of ,dos-,hermanas1 ,footnote #he situated in the midst of a sandy plain1 two leagues from ,seville4 ,footnote #he3 ,dos-,hermanas1 two sisters4 ,one sees here neither river1 nor lake1 nor umbrageous trees1 nor rural houses with green blinds1 nor arbors covered with twining plants1 nor peacocks and ,guinea fowls picking the green turf1 nor grand avenues of trees in straight lines1 like slaves holding parasols1 to provide a constant shade for those who walk beneath4 ,all these are wanting here4 ,sad it is to confess it6 ,all is common1 rude1 and inelegant1 but instead1 one meets good and contented faces1 which prove how little those things are needed to make happiness4 ,one sees1 beside1 flowers in the yards of the houses1 and at their doors gay and healthy children1 even more numerous than the flowers1 and finds that sweet peace of the country1 made up of silence and solitude1 an atmosphere of ,eden and the sky of paradise4 ,the village consists of houses of a single story1 arranged in long1 straight1 though not parallel streets1 which open upon the large1 sandy market-place1 spread out like a yellow carpet before a fine church1 which lifts its lofty tower1 surmounted by a cross1 like a soldier elevating his standard4 #dih ,behind the church we shall find the oasis of this desert4 ,supported by the rear wall of the edifice is a gate1 opening into a wide and vast court1 which leads to the chapel of ,saint ,anna1 the patroness of the place4 ,built against the side of the chapel is the small and humble dwelling of the custodian1 who is both singer and sacristan of the church4 ,in this enclosure we shall see century-old cypresses1 thick foliaged and sombre2 the lilac1 of stem so slight and rapid growth1 lavishing leaves1 flowers1 and perfumes upon the wind1 as if conscious that its life is short2 the orange1 that grand seigneur1 that favorite son of the soil of ,andalusia1 to whom it yields a life so sweet and long4 ,we shall see the vine1 which1 like a child1 needs the help of man to thrive and rise1 and which spreads its broad leaves as if to caress the trellis that supports it4 ,for it is certain that even plants have their individual characters from which we receive different impressions4 ,we can hardly see a cypress without sadness1 a lilac without tenderness1 an orange-tree without admiration4 ,does not the lavender suggest the thought of a neat and peaceful interior2 and the rosemary1 perfume of holy night1 does it not awaken the wholesome and sacred thoughts of that season8 ,to the right and left of the place extend those interminable olive plantations1 which form the principal branch of the agriculture of ,andalusia4 ,the trees being planted well apart from each other give a cheerful air to these groves1 but the ground underneath1 kept so level and free from other vegetation by the plough1 renders them wearisomely monotonous4 ,at certain distances we encounter the groups of buildings which belong to the estates4 ,these are constructed without taste or symmetry1 and we may go all round them without finding the front4 ,there is nothing imposing about these great masses1 or structures1 except the towers of their windmills1 which rise above the olives as if to count them4 ,the most of these estates belong to the aristocracy of ,seville1 but they are generally deserted because the ladies do not like to live in the country1 and are therefore as desolate and as empty as barns1 so that in these out-of-the-way places1 the silence is only broken by the crowing of the cock1 while he vigilantly guards his seraglio1 or by the braying of some superannuated ass1 that1 turned out by the overseer to take his ease1 tires of his solitude4 ,at the close of a beautiful day in ,january1 in the year #ahaj1 might have been heard the fresh voice of a youth of some twenty years1 who1 with his musket upon his shoulder1 was walking with a firm but light step along one of the footpaths which are traced through the olive groves4 ,his figure was straight1 tall1 and slight4 ,his person1 his air1 his walk1 had the ease1 the grace1 and the elegance which art endeavors to create1 and which nature herself lavishes upon the ,andalusians with generous hand4 ,his head1 covered with black curls1 a model of the beautiful ,spanish type1 he carried erect and proudly4 ,his large eyes were black and vivid2 his look frank and full of intelligence4 ,his well-formed upper lip1 shortened with an expression of cheerful humor1 showed his white and brilliant teeth4 ,his whole person breathed a superabundance of life1 health1 and strength4 ,a silver button fastened the snowy shirt at his brown throat4 ,he wore a short jacket of gray cloth1 short trowsers1 tied at the knee with cords and tassels of silk1 and a yellow silk girdle passed several times around his waist4 ,leather shoes and gaiters of the same1 finely stitched1 encased his well-formed feet and legs4 ,a wide-brimmed ,portuguese hat1 adorned with a velvet band and silk tassels1 and jauntily inclined toward the left side1 completed the elegant ,andalusian dress4 ,this youth1 noted for his active disposition1 and for his impulsive and daring character1 was employed by the superintendent of one of the estates to act as guard during the olive gathering4 ,he sang as he went along3 #dii ,the way is short1 my step is light1 ,i loiter not1 nor do ,i weary2 ,the path seems downward--easy trod1 ,when up the hill ,i climb to ,mary4 ,but long the road1 and oh6 how steep6 ,my lingering footsteps slow and weary2 ,the mountains seem before me piled ,when down the hill ,i come from ,mary4 ,arriving at the paling which enclosed the plantation the guard sprang over it without stopping to look for the gate1 and found himself in a road face to face with another youth a little older than himself1 who was also going toward the village4 ,he was dressed in the same manner1 but he was neither so tall nor so erect as the former4 ,his eyes were gray1 and not so vivid1 and his glance was more tranquil1 his mouth was graver and his smile sweeter4 ,instead of a gun he carried a spade upon his shoulder4 ,an ass preceded him without being driven1 and he was followed by an enormous dog1 with short thick hair of a whitish yellow color1 of the fine race of shepherd-dogs of ,estremadura4 ,halloo6 ,is this you1 ,perico8 ,god bless you6 exclaimed the elegant guard4 ,and you1 too1 ,ventura1 are you coming to take a rest8 ,no1 answered ,ventura1 ,i come for supplies1 and besides1 it is eight days-- ,since you saw my sister1 ,elvira1 interrupted ,perico with his sweet smile4 ,very good1 my friend1 you are killing two birds with one stone4 ,you keep still1 ,perico1 and ,i will4 ,he whose house has a glass roof shouldn't throw stones at his neighbor's1 answered the guard4 ,you are happy1 ,ventura1 proceeded ,perico with a sigh1 for you can marry when you like1 without opposition from any one4 ,and what6 exclaimed ,ventura1 who or what can oppose your getting married8 ,the will of my mother1 replied ,perico4 ,what are you saying8 asked ,ventura1 and why8 ,what fault can she find with ,rita1 who is young1 good-looking1 and comes of a good stock1 since she is own cousin to you8 ,that is precisely the reason my mother alleges for not being in favor of it4 ,an old woman's scruples6 ,does she wish to change the custom of the church1 which permits it8 ,my mother's scruples1 replied ,perico1 are not religious ones4 ,she says that the union of such near relations is against nature1 that the same blood in both repels itself1 and distaste is the result2 that sooner or later evils1 misfortunes and weariness follow and overtake them1 and she gives a hundred examples to prove it4 ,don't mind her1 said ,ventura2 let her prophesy and sing evil like an owl4 ,mothers have always something against their sons' marrying4 ,no1 answered ,perico gravely1 no2 without my mother's consent ,i will never marry4 ,they walked along some instants in silence when ,ventura said3 ,the truth is1 ,i am like the captain who embarked the passengers and remained on shore himself1 or like the preacher who used to say1 ',do as ,i tell you and not as ,i do2' for1 in fact1 does not the will of my father hold me1 tied down like a lion with a woollen rope8 ,do you think1 ,perico1 that if it were not for my father1 ,i would not now be in ,utrera1 where the regiment of volunteers is enlisting to go and fight the infamous traitors who steal across our frontier in the guise of friends1 to make themselves masters of the country and put a foreign yoke upon our necks8 ,i am of the same mind1 said ,perico1 but how can ,i leave my mother and sister who have only me to look to8 ,but remember1 if my mother sets herself against my marrying1 ,i'm not going to live so1 and ,i shall go with the other young men4 ,and you will do right1 said ,ventura with energy4 ,as for me1 the day they least expect it1 though they call me1 ,i shall not answer1 and you may be sure1 ,perico1 that on that day there will be a few less ,frenchmen on the soil of ,spain4 #ejj ,and ,elvira8 questioned ,perico4 ,she will do like others1 wait for me--or weep for me4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the house of the family of ,perico was spacious and neatly whitewashed1 both without and within4 ,on each side of the door1 built against the wall1 was a bench of mason work4 ,in the entry hung a lantern before an image of our ,lord which was fixed upon the inner door1 according to the ,catholic custom1 which requires that a religious thought shall precede everything1 and puts all things under some holy patronage4 ,in the midst of the spacious court-yard an enormous orange-tree rose luxuriantly upon its smooth and robust trunk4 ,its base was shielded by a wooden frame4 ,for numberless generations this beautiful tree had been a source of enjoyment to this family4 ,the deceased ,juan ,alvareda1 the father of ,perico1 claimed upon tradition1 that its existence dated as far back as the expulsion of the ,moors1 when1 according to his assertion1 an ,alvareda1 a soldier of the royal saint1 ,fernando1 had planted it1 and when the parish priest1 who was his wife's brother1 would jest him upon the antiquity1 and uninterrupted succession of his lineage1 or make light of it1 he always answered1 without being disturbed or vacillating for an instant in his conviction1 that all the lineages of the world were ancient1 and that1 though the direct line or succession of the rich might often be extinguished1 such a thing never happened with the poor4 ,the women of the family made of the leaves of the orange-tree tonics for the stomach and soothing preparations for the nerves4 ,the young girls adorned themselves with its flowers and made confections of them4 ,the children regaled their palate and refreshed their blood with its fruit4 ,the birds had their quarters-general among its leaves1 and sung to it a thousand cheerful songs1 while its possessors1 who had grown up under its shelter1 watered it unweariedly in summer-time and in winter cut away its withered twigs1 as one pulls the gray hairs from the head of the father he would never see grow old4 ,on opposite sides of the entry were two suites of rooms1 or1 according to the expression of the province1 partidos1 both alike2 consisting1 each1 of a parlor having two small windows with gratings looking toward the street1 and two bedrooms forming an angle with the parlor1 and receiving light from the yard4 ,at the end of the yard was a door which opened into a large enclosure in which were the kitchen1 wash-house1 and stables1 and which paraded in its centre a large fig-tree of so little pretension and self-esteem that it yielded itself without complaint to the nightly roost of the hens1 never having bent its boughs under the inconvenient weight1 even to play them a trick by way of carnival4 ,the master of the house had been dead three years4 ,when he felt his end approaching1 he called his son to him and said3 ,in your care ,i leave your mother and sister2 be guided by the one and watch over the other4 ,live always in the holy fear of ,god1 and think often of death1 so that you may see his approach without either surprise or fear4 ,remember my end1 that you may not dread your own4 ,all the ,alvaredas have been honest men2 in your veins flows the same ,spanish blood and in your heart exist the same ,catholic principles that made them such4 ,be like them1 and you will live happily and die in peace6 ,anna1 his widow1 was a woman distinguished among her class1 and she would have been so in a more elevated one4 ,carefully brought up by her brother the priest1 her understanding was cultivated1 her character grave1 her manners dignified1 and her virtue instinctive4 ,these merits1 united with #eja her easy circumstances1 gave her a real superiority over those who surrounded her1 which she accepted without misusing4 ,her son ,perico1 submissive1 modest1 and industrious1 had been her consolation1 his love for his cousin ,rita being the only disquietude he had ever caused her4 ,her daughter ,elvira1 who was three years younger than ,perico1 was a malva in gentleness1 a violet in modesty and a lily in purity4 ,ill-health in childhood had given to her features1 which closely resembled those of her brother1 a delicacy1 and an expression of calm resignation1 which lent to her a singular attraction4 ,from her infancy she had clung to ,ventura1 the proud and handsome son of ,uncle ,pedro1 who had been the friend and gossip of the late ,alvareda4 ,the wife of ,pedro died in giving birth to a daughter1 who from her infancy had been confided to the care of her mother's sister1 a religious of ,alcala4 ,separated thus from his daughter1 ,pedro had concentrated all his affection upon his son1 and with pride and satisfaction had seen him become the handsomest1 the bravest1 and the most gallant1 of all the youths of the place4 ,directly in front of the house of the ,alvaredas stood the small cottage of ,maria1 the mother of ,rita4 ,maria was the widow of ,anna's brother1 who had been superintendent of the neighboring hacienda of ,quintos4 ,this woman was so good1 so without gall1 so candid and simple1 that she had never possessed enough force and energy to subdue the decided1 haughty1 and imperious character which her daughter had manifested from her childhood1 and these evil dispositions had therefore developed themselves without restraint4 ,she was violent-tempered1 fickle1 and cold-hearted4 ,her face1 extraordinarily beautiful1 seductively expressive1 piquant1 lively1 smiling1 and mischievous1 formed a perfect contrast to that of her cousin ,elvira4 ,the one might have been compared to a fresh rose armed with its thorns2 the other to one of those roses of passion1 which lift above their pale leaves a crown of thorns in token of endurance1 while they hide in the depths of their calix the sweetest honey4 ,in the delineation and classification of the members which composed this family and those connected with them1 we must not omit ,melampo1 the dog we have already seen1 lazily following ,perico on his return home4 ,we must give him his place1 for not all dogs are equal1 even in the eye of the law4 ,melampo was a grave and honorable dog1 without pretension1 even to being a ,hercules or an ,alcides among his race1 notwithstanding his enormous strength4 ,he seldom barked1 and never without good cause4 ,he was sober and in nothing gluttonous4 ,he never caressed his masters1 but never1 upon any pretext1 separated himself from them4 ,he had never1 in all his life1 bitten any person1 and he despised above all things the attacks of those curs that with stupid hostility barked at his heels4 ,but ,melampo had killed six foxes and three wolves2 and one day had thrown himself upon a bull which was pursuing his master1 and obliged him to stop by seizing him by the ear1 as one might treat a bad child4 ,with such certificates of service1 ,melampo slept in the sun upon his laurels4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,when the two youths arrived1 they found ,elvira and ,rita leaning each against a side of the doorway1 wrapped in their mantles of yellow cloth1 bordered with black velvet ribbon1 such as were worn then by the women of the country in place of the large shawls which they use nowadays4 ,they covered the lower part of the face1 allowing only the forehead and eyes to be seen4 ,having wished them good evening1 ,perico said to his sister3 #ejb ,elvira1 ,i warn you that this bird wants to fly2 fasten the cage well 4 4 4 ,he is beside himself to go and fight these gabachos ,footnote #hf who are trying to pass through here like ,pedro through his house4 ,footnote #hf3 ,gabachos1 a term of contempt for ,frenchmen4 ,for they say1 added ,ventura1 that they are approaching ,seville2 and must we stand looking on with our arms crossed1 without so much as saying this mouth is my own8 ,ah goodness6 exclaimed ,elvira1 ,i hope in ,god that this may not happen6 ,do not even speak of it6 ,o my protectress ,saint ,anna6 ,i offer thee what ,i prize so much1 my hair1 which ,i will tie up in a tress with an azure ribbon and hang upon thy altar1 if thou wilt save us from this4 ,and ,i1 said ,rita1 will offer the ,saint two pots of pinks to adorn her chapel1 if it falls out so that you take yourselves off in haste and do not come back soon4 ,don't say that1 even in jest1 exclaimed ,elvira1 distressed4 ,never mind1 let her say it2 the ,saint is sure to prefer the beautiful tress of your hair to her pinks1 observed ,ventura4 ,at this moment the good widow1 ,maria1 approached4 ,she was older than her sister-in-law1 and although hardly sixty years old1 was so small and thin that she appeared much older4 ,children1 she cried1 the night is falling1 what are you doing out here1 freezing yourselves8 ,how freezing ourselves8 answered ,ventura1 unbuttoning his collar1 ,i'm too warm1 the cold is in your bones1 ,aunt ,maria4 ,do not play with your health1 my son1 nor trust in your youth1 for ,death does not look at the record of baptism4 ,this north wind cuts like a knife1 and you are more likely to get a consumption by waiting here than an inheritance from the ,indies4 ,so saying she passed into the house1 all following her1 except ,ventura1 who went to discharge his commissions4 ,they found ,anna seated before the brasier1 the point of reunion round which families gather m winter4 ,the great copper frying-pan shone like gold upon its low wooden bench4 ,the floor of the spacious room was covered with mattings of straw and hemp1 around it were arranged rude wooden chairs1 high-backed and low-seated1 a low pine table upon which burned a large metal lamp1 and a leathern arm-chair1 like those seen in the barbers' shops of the region1 completed the simple furniture of the room4 ,in the alcove were seen a very high bed1 over which was spread a white counterpane with well starched ruffles2 a very large cedar chest1 with supports underneath to preserve it from the dampness of the floor2 a small table of the same wood1 upon which1 in its case of mahogany and glass1 was a beautiful image of ,our ,lady of ,sorrows1 some pious offerings1 and the ,mystic ,garland2 or1 ,lives of the ,saints1 by ,father ,baltasar ,bosch ,centellas4 ,as soon as they were all reunited1 including ,pedro1 the neighbor and friend of ,anna1 the latter began to recite the rosary4 ,when the prayers were finished ,anna took up her distaff to spin1 ,elvira applied herself to her knitting1 and ,pedro1 who occupied the great chair1 employed himself in the preparation of a cigarette2 ,perico in roasting chestnuts and acorns1 which1 when they were done1 he gave to ,rita1 who ate them4 ,did you ever6 said ,perico1 how the rain holds off6 ,the earth has turned to stone and the sky to brass4 ,last year at this time it had rained so much that the ground could not be seen for the grass that covered it4 ,it is true1 said ,uncle ,pedro1 and now the flocks are perishing with hunger1 notwithstanding that last year their table was so well spread4 ,it appears to me1 added ,elvira1 in her sweet voice1 that it is going to rain soon4 ,the river wore its black frown to-day1 and the old people say that these frowns are sleeping tempests1 which1 when the winds awaken them1 drench the world4' #ejc ,of course it is going to rain1 said ,rita2 ,i saw to-night the star of the waters which the storm brings for a lantern4 ,it is a-going to rain1 confirmed ,maria1 aroused from her dose by the abrupt and clear voice of her daughter2 my rheumatic pains announce it to me4 ,indeed1 wind and rain are the fruits of the season1 and they are needed4 ,but ,i am sorry for the poor herdsmen who pass such nights in the inn of the stars4 ,don't trouble yourself about them1 ,maria1 said the jovial ,uncle ,pedro1 who had always a saying1 a proverb1 a story1 or a something1 to bring in support of whatever he asserted4 ,in this world habit is everything1 and that which seems disagreeable to one1 another finds quite to his liking2 custom makes all level as the sea1 and gilds all like the sun4 ,there was once a shepherd that got married to a girl as lovely as a rose1 and as chance would have it1 on the very night of the wedding there arose such a tempest as if all the imps from beneath had been abroad with thunder and lightning1 hurricane and flood4 ,it was too much for the shepherd2 he abandoned his bride and rushed to the window exclaiming as he dashed it open1 ',o blessed night ,i why am ,i not out to enjoy thee6' ,the bride might well be jealous of such a rival1 said ,rita1 bursting into a loud laugh4 ,the clock struck nine1 they recited the animas1 and soon afterward separated4 ,when the mother and her children were left alone ,elvira spread a clean cloth upon the table and placed upon it a dish of salad4 ,anna and her daughter began to sup1 but ,perico remained seated with his head inclined over the brasier1 absently stirring with the shovel the few coals which still glowed among the ashes4 ,are you not going to eat your supper1 ,perico8 said his sister1 extending toward him the fine white bread which she herself had kneaded4 ,i am not hungry1 he answered1 without lifting his head4 ,are you sick1 my son8 asked ,anna4 ,no1 mother1 he replied4 ,the supper was finished in silence1 and when ,elvira had gone out1 carrying the plates1 ,perico abruptly said to his mother3 ,mother1 ,i am going to ,utrera tomorrow to enlist with the loyal ,spanish who are preparing to defend the country4 ,anna was thunderstruck4 ,accustomed to the docile obedience of her son1 who had never failed to keep his word1 she said to him3 ,to the war8 ,that is to say that you are going to abandon us4 ,but it cannot be6 ,you must not do it6 ,you ought not to leave your mother and sister1 and ,i will not give my consent4 ,mother1 said the young man1 exasperated1 it is seen that you always have something to oppose to my desires2 you have subjected my will1 and now you wish to fetter my arm2 but mother1 he proceeded1 growing excited1 and impelled by the two greatest motives which can rule a man--patriotism in all its purity1 and love in all its ardor1 mother1 ,i am twenty-two years old1 and ,i have besides strength enough and will enough1 to break away if you force me to it4 ,anna1 as much astonished as terrified1 clapped her cold and trembling hands in agony1 exclaiming3 ,what6 is there no alternative between a marriage which will make you wretched and the war which will cost you your life8 ,none1 mother1 said ,perico1 drawn out of his natural character1 and hardened by the dread that he should yield in the contest now fairly entered upon4 ,either ,i remain to marry1 or ,i go to fulfil the duty of every young ,spaniard4 ,marry1 then1 said the mother in a grave voice4 ,between two misfortunes ,i choose the least bitter2 but remember1 ,perico1 what your mother tells you to-day2 ,rita is vain and light #ejd an indifferent ,christian1 and an ungrateful daughter4 ,a bad daughter makes a bad wife--your blood and hers will repel each other4 ,you will remember what your mother now says1 but it will be too late4 ,saying these words1 the noble woman rose and went into her room to hide from her son the tears that choked her voice4 ,perico1 who regarded his mother with as much tenderness as veneration1 made a movement as if to retain her4 ,he would have spoken1 but his timidity and the excitement of his mind confused his faculties4 ,he found no words1 and after a moment of indecision rose suddenly1 passed his hand across his damp forehead1 and went out4 ,during this time ,rita1 who waited in vain at the grating of her window for ,perico1 was impatient and uneasy4 ,i won't put up with this6 she said at last1 spitefully1 closing the wooden shutter4 ,you may come now1 but upon my life1 you shall wait longer than ,i have4 ,at this instant a stone rolled against the foot of the wall1 ,this was the signal agreed upon between her and ,perico to announce his arrival4 ,now you may roll all the stones of ,dos-,hermanas and ,i shall not open the shutter1 said ,rita to herself4 ,perhaps you think you have me at your will and pleasure1 like your old donkey1 but this will never do1 my son4 ,another stone came rolling1 and bounded back from the wall with more violence than ,perico was accustomed to use4 ,ho6 said ,rita1 he appears to be in a hurry2 it is well to let him know that waiting has not the flavor of caramels2 ,i'm only sorry it doesn't rain pitchforks4 ,but1 after a moment of reflection1 she added1 ,if we quarrel1 the one to bathe in rose water will be my hypocrite of an aunt2 afterward ,uncle ,pedro's daughter1 ,saint ,marcela1 that the old fox keeps shut up in the convent1 like a sardine in pickle1 will be brought out to dance1 so that she may trap his godson ,perico on the first opportunity4 ,but they shall not see themselves in that glass1 for to frustrate their plans-- ,and suddenly opening the window1 she finished the sentence3 ,i am here4 ,addressing herself to ,perico1 she continued with asperity1 ,look here1 are you determined to throw down the wall8 ,why did you wake me8 ,when ,i am kept waiting ,i fall asleep1 and when ,i am asleep ,i do not thank anyone for disturbing me2 so go back by the way you came1 or by another1 it's all the same to me4 ,and she made a motion as if to shut the blind4 ,rita1 ,rita6 exclaimed ,perico1 ,i have spoken to my mother4 ,you6 said ,rita1 opening again the half-shut blind4 ,you don't say it6 ,why1 this is another miracle like that of ,balaam's ass6 and what answer did this 'mater' not 'amabilis' give you8 ,she says1 yes1 that ,i may marry1 answered ,perico delightedly4 ,says yes6 mocked ,rita4 ,saint ,quilindon help me6 ,how often a key can turn6 ,but it belongs to the wise to change their minds4 ,go along with you6 ,to-morrow ,i will come over and condole with her4 ,perico1 what if1 following the good example of your mother1 as mine exhorts me to1 ,i also should change my mind and now say no8 ,rita1 ,rita6 cried ,perico1 beside himself with joy1 you are going to be my wife4 ,that remains to be seen1 she responded2 the idea is not like a silver dollar1 which1 the oftener you turn it1 the prettier it looks4 ,with these and other absurdities ,rita blotted entirely from the mind of ,perico1 the solemn impression his mother's words had left there4 #eje ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,on the following morning ,anna was sitting alone1 sad and depressed1 when ,uncle ,pedro entered4 ,neighbor1 he said1 here ,i am1 because ,i have come4 ,may it be for good1 neighbor8 ,but ,i have come because ,i have something to talk to you about4 ,talk on1 neighbor1 and the more the better4 ,you must know1 then1 that my wind-mill of a ,ventura has taken it into his head to go and get his hide pierced by those ,french savages1 confound them6 ,gently1 gently1 neighbor2 kill an enemy in fair fight1 but do not curse him4 ,perico also was thinking of the same thing4 ,it is bitter1 old friend1 it is cruel for us1 but it is natural4 ,i do not say the contrary1 my friend4 ,bad luck to the traitors6 but1 in short1 he is my only son1 and ,i would not lose him2 no1 not for all ,spain4 ,i have found but one means to keep him at home and am come to tell you what that is4 ,as he spoke1 ,pedro was seating himself comfortably in the great leathern arm-chair1 gathering up the ends of his cloak1 approaching his feet to the fire1 and settling himself at his ease generally4 ,neighbor1 he said1 at last1 with that profusion of synonymous phrases in which great talkers indulge1 ,i abhor preambles1 which only serve to waste the breath4 ,things ought to be arranged with few words1 and those to the point4 ,one side or the other1 and this is mine1 that which can be said in five minutes1 why waste an hour talking about it8 that which can be done to-day1 why leave it until tomorrow8 ,of all roads the shortest is the best1 but to come to the point1 for ,i neither like circumlocution nor-- ,really1 said ,anna1 interrupting him1 you give occasion to suppose the contrary4 ,do come to the point1 for you have kept me in suspense ever since you entered4 ,patience1 patience6 ,i can't fire myself off like a musket2 by talking folks come to an understanding4 ,what is there to hurry us8 ,good gracious6 neighbor1 if you are not all fire and tow1 and as sudden as a flash4 ,i was saying1 ,mrs4 ,gunpowder1 that ,i had found only one method of keeping this skyrocket of mine from going off2 and that is to take a step which sooner or later ,i should have taken2 in a word1 and to end the matter1 ,i have come to ask of you your ,elvira for my ,ventura1 hoping the son ,i offer you may be as much to your liking as the daughter ,i ask you for is to mine4 ,anna did not attempt to hide the satisfaction she felt at the prospect of a union so suitable and equal in every respect1 a union that had been foreseen by the parents1 and was as much desired by them as by their children4 ,therefore1 like the sensible people they were1 they began at once to discuss the conditions of the contract4 ,neighbor1 said ,anna1 you know what we have as well as ,i do4 ,the only question is how to divide it4 ,this house has always gone to the oldest son2 the vineyard belongs to ,perico by right1 because he has improved it1 and has newly planted the greater part of it2 my cows ,i give to him1 because he has me to support while ,i live4 ,the ass he needs4 ,would you tell me1 companion of my sins1 interrupted ,pedro1 what remains to ,elvira8 for according to these dispositions1 it appears to me she is coming from your hands as our mother ,eve1 may she rest in peace1 came from those of the ,creator4 ,elvira will have the olive-yard1 answered ,anna4 ,that is the patrimony of a princess1 exclaimed ,uncle ,pedro4 ,go along6 an olive-yard the size of a pocket handkerchief1 which hardly yields oil enough for the lamp of the blessed sacrament4 ,twenty years ago it yielded more than a hundred arrobos1 ,footnote #hg observed ,anna4 ,footnote #hg3 ,arroba of liquids1 #cb pints2 of solids1 #bi pounds of #af ounces to the pound4 ,neighbor1 said ,pedro1 that which was and is not1 is the same as if it had never been2 twenty years ago the girls were dying for me4 #ejf ,forty years ago1 you mean1 ,anna remarked4 ,how very exact you are1 neighbor1 pursued ,pedro4 ,let us come to the point4 ,trees are as scarce in that yard as hairs on the head of ,saint ,peter1 and those which remain are so dry that they look like church candlesticks4 ,it is plain1 my friend1 that you have not seen them in a long time4 ,since ,perico has known that the oliveyard was to be his sister's1 the trees have been taken care of like rose-bushes in pots2 each tree would shade a parade ground4 ,elvira will have1 besides1 the fields that skirt and that are watered by the brook which runs through them4 ,and that are so parched and thirsty1 you will take notice1 because the brook is one half the year dry and the other half without water1 added ,pedro4 ,let us understand each other4 ,i like bread1 bread1 and wine1 wine2 neither bran in the one nor water in the other4 ,those fields1 neighbor1 are poor and unproductive2 of no use1 except for the asses to wallow in4 ,but1 since no one overhears us1 did you not sell last year two fat hogs1 each weighing fifteen arrobas1 at a shilling a pound--calculate it1 a hundred bushels of barley at fifteen shillings a bushel1 a hundred skins of wine1 and fifty of vinegar8 ,now this cat which you must have1 shut up in a chest1 without room to breathe1 what better occasion could there be to give it the air8 ,when his majesty1 ,charles ,v41 came to ,jerez 7so the story goes7 they offered him a rich wine4 ,but such a wine6 rather better than that of your grace's vineyard1 and his majesty appears to have been a judge1 for he praised the wine greatly4 ',sir1' said the ,alcalde1 so puffed up that his skin could scarce contain him1 for you must know that the people of ,jerez are more vain of their wine than ,i am of my son1 'permit me to inform your majesty that we have a wine even better than that4' ',yes8' said the king2 'keep it then for a better occasion2' and this1 neighbor1 is the letter ,i write to you2 it is for you to make the application4 ,which is1 said ,anna1 that all this money1 and somewhat more1 ,i have saved and put together for the daughter of my heart4 ,that's what ,i call talking1 exclaimed ,pedro4 ,upon my word1 neighbor1 you are worth a ,peru4 ,as for my ,ventura1 all ,i have is his1 since ,marcela wishes to take the veil1 and you may be sure that he is not shirtless4 ,he will have my house4 ,a mere crib1 said ,anna4 ,my asses4 ,they are old ,my goats4 ,that do not make up to you in milk1 cheeses1 and kids1 what they cost you in fines1 they are so vicious4 ,and my orchard1 continued ,pedro1 without replying to the raillery with which ,anna revenged herself for his jests4 ,in such discussion they arranged the preliminaries of the contract1 remaining afterward1 as they were before1 the best friends in the world4 ,when ,pedro had gone1 ,anna put on her woollen mantle1 and repressing her grief1 and hiding the extreme repugnance she felt1 went to the house of her sister-in-law4 ,maria1 who professed for ,anna1 who was very kind to her1 as much love as gratitude1 and as much respect as veneration1 received her with loquacious pleasure4 ,it does one's eyes good to see you in this house1 she exclaimed1 as ,anna entered4 ,what good thought has brought you1 sister8 ,and she hastened to place a chair for her guest4 ,anna sat down1 and made known the object of her visit4 ,the proposition so filled the poor woman with joy1 that she could not find words to express herself4 ,o my sister6 she exclaimed in broken sentences1 what good fortune6 ,perico6 son of my heart6 ,it is to ,saint ,antonio that ,i owe this good #ejg fortune6 ,and you1 ,anna1 are you satisfied8 ,look here1 sister3 ,rita1 although forward1 is really a good-hearted girl4 ,she is wilful1 but that is my fault4 ,if ,i had brought her up as well as you have ,elvira1 she would be different4 ,she is giddy1 but you will see 7with years and married life7 how steady she will become4 ,all these things are the effects of my spoiling and of her youth4 ,rita6 ,rita6 she cried1 come1 make haste3 here is your aunt--what do ,i say8 your mother1 she wishes to become1 by marrying you to ,perico4 ,rita entered with the self-possession of a banker1 and the composure of a diplomatist4 ,what do you say1 daughter8 cried the delighted mother4 ,that ,i knew it1 replied ,rita4 ,go along1 said the mother in an undertone1 if you are not as calm as if you were used to it1 and cooler than a fresh lettuce4 ,and what would you have me do--dance a fandango1 because ,i am going to be married8 answered ,rita1 raising her voice4 ,anna rose and went out4 ,maria1 extremely mortified by her daughter's rudeness1 went with her sister-in-law as far as the street1 lavishing upon her a thousand expressions of endearment and gratitude4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,preparations were being made for the weddings4 ,that of ,elvira and ,ventura was to take place before that of ,rita and ,perico1 as the former had not to wait for a dispensation from ,rome4 ,pedro wished his daughter ,marcela to assist at her brother's marriage1 before commencing her novitiate1 and determined to go to ,alcal to bring her4 ,maria had a debt to collect there1 and needing all her funds for the expected event1 took advantage of her old friend's going to make the trip in company4 ,the ancient pair1 mounted upon their respective asses1 set out on their journey1 crossing themselves1 and ,maria1 the ,christian soul1 making a prayer to the holy archangel1 ,saint ,raphael1 patron of all travellers1 from ,tobias down to herself4 ,maria1 comfortably seated upon the the cushions of her saddle1 dressed in a wide chintz skirt1 which was plaited at the waist1 a jacket of black woollen cloth1 of which the closely fitting sleeves were fastened at the wrist by a row of silver buttons1 and round her neck1 a white muslin kerchief1 pinned down at the back to keep it from touching her hair1 looked like a burlesque1 anticipated1 upon the mode which was to rule among the fashionables thirty years later4 ,a little shawl covered her head1 the ends being tied under her chin4 ,pedro wore1 with some slight difference1 the dress we have already described in speaking of his son4 ,the cloth was coarser1 the bolt black1 as became a widower1 his clothes all fitted more loosely1 and his hat had a broader brim1 and was without ornament4 ,it is a day of flowers6 said ,maria1 the fields are smiling1 and the sun seems as if he were telling them to be gay4 ,yes1 said ,pedro1 the yellow-haired appears to have washed his face1 and sharpened his rays1 for they prick like pins4 ,he took out a little rabbit-skin bag1 in which was tobacco1 and began to make a cigarette4 ,maria1 said he1 when he had finished it1 my opinion is1 that1 you will come back from ,alcal with your hands as empty as they go4 ,but1 ,christian woman1 who the deuce tempted you to lend money to that vagabond8 ,you knew that he had not so much as a place whereon to fall dead1 and nothing in expectation but alternate rations of hunger and necessity4 ,but1 said ,maria1 to whom shall we lend if not to the poor8 the rich have no need to borrow4 #ejh ,and don't you know1 big innocent1 that 'he who lends to a friend1 loses both the money and the friend6' ,but you1 ,maria1 are always so credulous1 and ,i tell you now that this man will pay you in three instalments3 'badly1 late1 and never4' ,you always think the worst1 ,pedro4 ,that is the reason why ,i always hit the mark2 think ill1 and you will think the truth1 said the crafty ,pedro4 ,presently he commenced droning a ballad1 of which the interminable text is as follows3 ,in my house ,i heard at night1 ,sounds that roused me in affright2 ,quick unsheathed my rapier bright1 ,stole upstairs with footsteps light4 ,searched the dwelling all around1 ,from the rooftree to the ground1 ,listening for the faintest sound-- ,nothing heard ,i1 nothing found4 ,and my story1 being new1 ,i'll repeat it o'er to you4 ,in my house1 etc41 etc4 ,maria said nothing1 nor did she think much more4 ,rocked by the quiet pace of her animal1 she yielded herself to the indolence which the balmy spring day induced1 and went along sleeping4 ,half the road being passed1 they came to a small inn4 ,when they arrived some soldiers were lounging upon the brick seats which were fixed on each side of the door under the projecting roof4 ,as soon as they perceived the approach of our venerable couple1 they began to attack them with facetious sayings1 burlesque provocations1 and railleries1 such as are usual among the country folk1 and especially among the soldiers4 ,uncle1 said one1 where are you going with that ancient relic8 ,aunty1 cried another is the church where you were christened still standing8 ,aunt1 said another1 does your grace retain any recollection of the day you were married8 ,uncle1 asked the fourth1 are you going with this maiden to ,alcal to have the bans published8 ,no1 answered ,pedro1 lazily dismounting1 ,i shall wait for that until ,i am of age1 and the girl has her growth4 ,aunt1 continued the soldiers1 shall we help you down from that gay colt8 ,it is the best thing you can do1 my sons1 responded the good woman4 ,the soldiers approached1 and with kindly attention assisted her to alight4 ,pedro found some acquaintances in the tavern who immediately asked him to drink with them4 ,he did not wait to be urged1 and having drank said to them3 ,it is my turn now1 and since ,i have accepted your treat1 you1 my friends1 and these gentlemen1 whom ,i know only to serve1 will do me the favor to drink a small glass of anisete to my health4 ,uncle ,pedro1 said a young muleteer of ,dos-,hermanas1 tell us a story2 and ,i in the mean while will take care to keep your glass filled so that your throat don't get dry4 ,ah me6 exclaimed ,aunt ,maria1 who after having drank her little glass of anisette ,footnote #hh had seated herself upon some bags of wheat1 have mercy on us1 for if ,pedro lets loose his boneless member1 we shall not get back to our place to-night1 at least1 not without the miracle of ,joshua4 ,footnote #hh3 ,liquor distilled from anise-seed4 ,there is no danger1 ,maria1 answered ,pedro1 but you will sit on those sacks till the corn sprouts4 ,is it true1 ,uncle ,pedro1 what my mother says1 asked the muleteer1 that in old times1 when you were young1 you were a lover of ,maria's8 ,it is indeed1 and ,i feel honored in saying it1 answered ,uncle ,pedro4 ,what a story6 exclaimed ,aunt ,maria1 it is a lie as big as a house4 ,go along with you1 ,pedro1 for a boaster4 ,i never had a lover in my life except my husband1 'may he rest in peace4' ,o ,mrs4 ,maria1 ,mrs4 ,maria6 said ,pedro1 how very poor is your grace's memory6 for you know the song-- #eji ,though you take from him the sceptre1 ,robes of state1 and signet rings1 ,still remains unto the monarch ,this--that he was once a king4 ,it is true1 ,maria answered1 that he made love to me one day at my cousin's wedding1 and that he came one night to my window2 but he got such a fright there that he left me planted1 and ran away as if fear had lent wings to his feet2 and ,i believe he never stopped until he ran his nose against the end of the world4 ,how is that8 exclaimed the audience1 laughing heartily2 is that the way you show your heels when you are frightened1 ,uncle ,pedro8 ,i neither boast of my courage1 replied the latter composedly1 nor do ,i wish to gain the palm from ,francisco ,esteban4 ,that is being more afraid than ashamed1 said ,aunt ,maria1 who was becoming impatient4 ,you see1 sirs1 said ,uncle ,pedro1 slyly winking1 that she has not yet forgiven me1 which proves1 does it not1 that she was fond of me8 ,but ,i should like to know1 he proceeded1 which of you is the ,cid ,campeador that would like to have to do with beings of the other world2 with supernatural things8 ,there was nothing more supernatural than your fears1 interrupted ,maria1 and they had no more cause than the rolling of a stone from the roof1 by some cat that was keeping vigil4 ,tell us about it4 ,uncle ,pedro1 tell us how it happened1 cried the audience4 ,you must know then1 sirs1 began ,uncle ,pedro1 that the window ,maria indicated to me1 was at the back of the house4 ,the house was in a lonesome place on the outskirts of the town2 near by was a picture of purgatory1 with a lamp burning before it4 ,as ,i looked at the light1 something which happened there a short time before came into mind4 ,a milkman used to pass by the picture every night as he went out of town1 carrying the empty skins which he brought in at sunrise every morning1 filled with milk4 ,when he came to this place1 he did not scruple to lower the consecrated lamp to light his cigarette4 ,one night1 it was the eve of ,all ,souls1 when he had taken the lamp down1 as was his custom1 it went out1 and he could not light his cigarette4 ,he found it strange1 for the wind slept1 and the night was clear4 ,but1 what was his astonishment when a moment after1 turning to look back1 he saw the lamp lighted1 and burning more brightly than ever4 ,recognizing in this a solemn warning from ,god--touched1 and repenting of the profanation he had done--he made a vow to punish himself by never smoking another cigarette in his life2 and1 sirs1 added ,pedro1 in a grave voice1 he has kept it4 ,pedro paused1 and for a moment all remained silent4 ,this is an occasion1 presently said ,maria1 to apply the saying1 that when a whole company is silent at once1 an angel has passed by1 and the breath of his wings has touched them with awe4 ,come1 ,uncle ,pedro1 said the muleteers1 let us hear the rest of the story4 ,well1 sirs1 proceeded ,pedro1 in his former jocose tone1 you must know that the lamp inspired me with great respect1 mingled with not a little fear4 ,is it well1 ,i said to myself1 to come here and trifle under the very beards of the blessed souls that in suffering are expiating their sins8 ,and ,i assure you1 that light which was an offering to the ,lord--which appeared to watch and to record--and seemed to be looking at me and rebuking me1 was an object to impose respect4 ,sometimes it was sad and weeping like the ,de ,profundis1 at others immovable like the eye of the dead fixed upon me1 and then the flame rose1 and bent1 and flickered1 like a threatening finger of fire admonishing me4 #eaj ,one night1 when its regards appeared more threatening than ever before1 a stone1 thrown by an invisible hand1 struck me on the head with such force that it left me stupefied2 and when ,i started to run1 though ,i was1 as you might say1 in open field1 it happened with me as with that 'negro of evil fortune' who1 where there were three doors to go out at1 could not find one2 and so1 running as fast as ,i could1 instead of coming to my house1 ,i came to a quarry and fell in4 ,i have always heard of that negro of evil fortune1 said one of the listeners1 but could never find out how he came to be called so4 ,can you tell me8 ,i should think so6 answered ,uncle ,pedro4 ,there was once a very rich negro who lived in front of the house of a fine young woman1 with whom he fell in love4 ,the young woman1 vexed by the soft attentions and endearments of the fellow1 laid the matter before her husband1 who told her to make an appointment with the negro for that evening4 ,she did so1 and he came1 bringing a world of presents4 ,she received him in a drawing-room that had three doors4 ,there she had a grand supper prepared for him4 ,but they were hardly seated at the table when the light was put out1 and the husband came in with a cowhide1 with which he began to lash the negro's shoulders4 ,the latter was so confounded that he could not find a door to escape through1 and kept exclaiming as he danced under the blows3 ,poor little negro1 what evil fortune6 ,where there are three doors1 he cannot find one4' ,at last1 he chanced upon one1 and rushed out like the wind4 ,but the husband was after him1 and gave him a push that sent him from the top of the stairs to the bottom4 ,a servant hearing the noise he made1 ran to ask the cause4 ',what would it be1' answered the black1 'but that ,i went up on my tiptoes and came down on my ribs8' ,que he subido de puntillas4 ,the bajado de costillas4 ,uncle ,pedro1 asked the muleteer1 laughing1 was that the cause of your remaining estranged8 ,no1 said ,pedro1 eight days afterwards1 ,i armed myself with courage and returned to the grating1 but ,maria would not open the window4 ,aunt ,maria did not want you to be stoned to death like ,saint ,stephen1 said the muleteer4 ,it was not that1 boy2 the truth is1 that ,miguel ,ortiz1 who had just completed his term1 returned to the place1 and it suited ,maria to forsake one and take up with another who---- ,was not afraid1 interrupted ,maria1 to talk1 with good intentions1 to a girl in the neighborhood of a consecrated object2 for1 do you suppose that all those souls were spinsters8 ,i think so1 ,maria1 because the married pass their purgatory in this world--the men1 because their wives torment them1 and the women1 through what their children cause them to suffer4 ,well1 sirs1 ,i took the matter so to heart that ,i could not stay in ,dos-,hermanas when the wedding was celebrated1 and ,i went to ,alcal4 ,where he remembered me so well1 that he came back married to another4 ,it is true1 for ,i have always thought it best 'when one king is dead1 to set up another4' ,ah ,pedro6 everlasting talker1 said ,maria getting up1 let us go4 ,yes1 let us go2 for the sun is as hot as if he were flying away from the clouds1 and ,i think it will rain4 ,god forbid6 exclaimed ,maria1 give us the sun and wasps though they sting6 ,why should it rain1 since we are in ,march8 put in the muleteer4 ,and don't you know1 ,jose replied ,uncle ,pedro1 that ,january promised a lamb to ,march1 but when ,march arrived the lambs were so fat and fine that ,january would not fulfil the promise8 ,then ,march was vexed and said to him1 ',with three days left me of my own4 ,and three friend ,april will me loan1 ,i'll pat your sheep in such a state1 ,you'll wish you'd paid me when too late4' #eaa ,and so let us be off4 ,good-by1 gentlemen4 ,what a hurry you are in1 ,aunt ,maria6 said the muleteer4 ,are you afraid you shall take root8 ,no1 but these asses of ours do not go like yours1 ,jose4 ,that is so1 said ,pedro as he assisted ,maria to mount2 with us1 all is old--the horsewoman1 her squire1 and the steeds4 ,my ass is so judicious that she cannot make up her mind upon which foot to limp1 and therefore limps on all four2 and that of ,maria so old1 that1 if she could speak1 she would say 'thee and thou' to us all4 ,well1 gentlemen1 your commands4 ,health and dimes to you1 ,uncle ,pedro4 ,our travellers took the road again1 and when they reached ,alcal1 separated to attend to their respective affairs4 ,an hour afterward they rejoined each other4 ,pedro came accompanied by his daughter1 who threw herself upon ,maria's neck with that tender sentimentality of young girls whose hearts have not been bruised1 wounded1 or chilled1 by contact with the world4 ,you have collected your money8 questioned ,pedro1 as though he doubted it4 ,they offered me half now1 answered ,maria1 or the whole after harvest2 and1 as ,i am in want of my dimes1 ,i preferred the former4 ,not ,solomon1 ,maria6 not even ,solomon6 could have acted more wisely2 for1 'blessed is he that possesses1' and 'one bird in the hand is worth a hundred on the wing4' ,pedro took his daughter up behind him1 and they set out--,maria taking care of her money2 ,marcela of the flowers1 spices1 cakes1 and sweetmeats she had bought as gifts2 and ,pedro looking after them both4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the arrival of ,marcela caused great joy to all except ,rita1 who neither wished nor tried to hide the ill-humor she felt in the presence of one who had been destined by both families to be the wife of ,perico4 ,this hostile disposition1 and the cold reserve which ,rita imposed upon ,perico in his intercourse with ,marcela1 were the first frosts which had ever fallen upon the springtime of that pure spirit4 ,marcela was far from suspecting the base and bitter sentiments of ,rita1 and besides1 she would not have understood them2 for1 though a young woman1 she had the soul of a child4 ,having lived in the convent from her birth1 she had created for herself a sweet existence1 which could not be enlarged by the interests and passions of life1 except at the cost of innocence and happiness4 ,she loved her good religious1 her garden1 her gentle and peaceful duties4 ,she was attached to her devotions1 to her church1 and to her blessed images4 ,she wished to be a nun1 not from spiritual exaltation1 but because she liked the life2 not from misanthropy1 but with joy of heart2 not because she was without convenient place or position in the world1 which many believe to be a motive for taking the veil1 but because her position1 her place1 she found--and preferred it--in the convent4 ,this is what many do not1 or pretend not to comprehend4 ,everything can be understood in this world2 all vices2 all irregularities2 all the most atrocious inclinations2 even the propensity of the ,anthropophagi2 but that the desire for a tranquil and retired life1 without care for the present1 or thought for the future1 can exist1 is denied1 is incomprehensible4 ,in the world everything is believed in--the masculine woman1 the morality of stealing1 the philanthropy of the guillotine1 in the inhabitants of the moon1 and other humbugs1 as the ,english say2 or canards1 as our neighbors have it2 or bubbles and fables1 as we call them4 ,the satirical sceptic1 called the world1 has a throat #eab down which all these can pass1 for there is nothing so credulous as incredulity1 nor so superstitious as irreligion4 ,but it does not believe in the instincts of purity1 in modest desires1 in humble hearts1 and in religious sentiments4 ,no indeed2 the existence of these is all humbug1 a bubble which it cannot receive4 ,this monster has not a throat wide enough for these4 ,marcela1 accompanied by ,anna and ,elvira1 made her first visit to the church1 and to the chapel of ,saint ,anna1 into which the good wife of the sacristan hastened to lead them4 ,the chapel is deep and narrow2 at the extremity is an altar and the effigy of the saint4 ,in a crystal urn1 inserted into the altar1 is seen a wooden cross and a small bell4 ,the effigy of ,saint ,anna is very ancient2 its lower part widens in the form of a bell1 upon its breast it bears an image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which in the same manner bears that of the child ,jesus4 ,the remote origin stamped upon this effigy1 uniting antiquity of idea with age of material1 gives1 as it were1 wings to the devotion it inspires with which to rise and free itself from all present surroundings4 ,on the wall1 at the right hand1 hang two large pictures4 ,in one is seen an angel1 appearing to two girls1 and in the other the same girls1 in a wild and solitary place1 with a man who is digging a hole in the earth4 ,on the left hand an iron railing surrounds the entrance to a cave1 the descent into which is by a narrow stairway4 ,marcela and her companions having performed their devotions1 seated themselves in some low chairs which the sacristan's wife placed for them under the arbor in the court-yard1 and ,marcela asked the obliging and kindly woman to explain to them the two pictures which they had seen in the chapel4 ,the good creature1 who loved to tell the story1 began it very far back1 and related it in the following words4 ,,popular ,,tradition ,,of ,,dos-,,hermanas4 ,in times the memory of which is almost lost1 a wicked king1 ,don ,rodrigo1 ruled in ,spain4 ,it was then customary for the nobles of the realm to send their daughters to court1 and therefore the noble count1 ,don ,julian1 sent his fair daughter ,florinda1 known as ,la ,cava4 ,when the king saw her he was inflamed with passion1 but she being virtuous1 the king obtained by violence that which he could not by consent4 ,when the beautiful ,florinda saw herself dishonored1 she wrote to the ,count--with blood and tears she wrote it1 in these words3 ',father1 your honor and mine are blemished2 more to your renown would it have been1 and better for me1 if you had killed me1 instead of bringing me here4 ,come and avenge me4' ,when the ,count1 ,don ,julian1 read the letter1 he fell down in a swoon1 and when he came to himself he swore1 upon the cross of his sword1 to take a vengeance the like of which had never been heard of1 and one proportioned to the offence4 ,with this intention1 he treated with the ,moors and gave up to them ,tarifa and ,algeciras1 and like a swollen river which breaks its embankments they inundated ,andalusia4 ,they reached ,seville1 known in those times as ,hispalis1 and this place1 then called ,oripo4 ,the ,christians1 before they fled1 buried deep in the earth the venerated image of their patroness ,saint ,anna4 ,and there it remained five hundred years1 until the good king ,fernando1 having made himself master of the surrounding country1 invested ,seville4 ,here1 however1 the ,moors made such a stubborn resistance that the spirit of the monarch began to fail him4 ,then1 in the tower of ,herveras1 now fallen to ruin1 ,our ,blessed ,mother appeared to him in a dream1 animating his valor1 and promising him victory4 ,the good king returned to his camp at ,alcal with renewed courage4 ,he summoned all the artificers that could #eac be found1 and commanded them to make an image1 as nearly as possible in the likeness of his vision1 but to his great chagrin no one succeeded4 ,there then presented themselves1 two beautiful youths1 dressed like pilgrims1 offering to make an image in every particular like the form the good king had seen in his vision4 ,they were conducted to a workshop in which they found prepared for them everything necessary for their work4 ,the following day1 when the king1 stimulated by his impatience1 went in to see how the work was progressing1 the pilgrims had disappeared4 ,the materials were lying on the floor untouched1 and upon an altar was an image of our ,lady1 just as she had appeared to him in his sleep4 ,the king1 recognizing the intervention of the angels1 knelt weeping before the image he had wished for so much1 and which1 by the hands of angels1 their ,queen herself had sent him4 ,afterward1 when the pious chief had reduced ,seville1 he caused this image to be placed in a triumphal car drawn by six white horses1 his majesty walking behind with naked feet1 and deposited in the cathedral of ,seville1 where it is still venerated1 and where it will continue to be venerated until the end of time1 under the invocation of our ,lady of ,kings4 ,in her chapel1 at her feet1 lies the body of the sainted monarch--relics1 of the possessions of which all ,spain may well envy ,seville4 ,soon after the appearance of the vision1 the king with great confidence in the help of ,god prepared to make another attack4 ,he posted himself upon the neighboring heights of ,buena ,vista3 the two wings of his brave army extending on both sides1 like two arms ready to do his will4 ,but the troops were so weary1 and so faint from heat and thirst1 that they had neither strength nor spirit left4 ,in this strait1 the good king built up an altar of arms1 upon which he placed an image of the ,blessed ,virgin which he always carried with him1 calling upon her in these words1 ',aid me6 aid me6 ,holy ,mother1 for if by thy help ,i set up the cross to-day in ,seville1 ,i promise to build thee a chapel in this very spot1 in which thou shalt be venerated1 and ,i will deposit in it the standards under which the city shall be gained4' ,as he prayed1 a beautiful spring began to flow at the foot of the ridge1 sending forth in different directions seven streams4 ,it flows still1 and bears the name of ,the ,king's ,fountain4 ,men and horses refreshed themselves1 and recovered strength and courage4 ,seville was won1 and the ,moorish ,king ,aixa came bearing the keys of the city upon a golden salver1 and presented them to the pious conqueror4 ,they are kept with other precious relics in the treasury of the cathedral4 ,in those times1 proceeded the narrator1 there lived in the province of ,leon two devout sisters1 named ,elvia and ,estefania1 to whom an angel appeared and told them to set out for the purpose of finding an image of ,our ,lady which the ,christians had hidden under the earth4 ,the father of the devout maidens1 ,gomez ,mazereno1 who was as pious as they were1 wished to go with them4 ,but on setting out they were in great trouble1 not knowing what direction to take4 ,then they heard the sound of a bell in the air4 ,they saw no bell1 but followed the ringing until they came to this place1 where it seemed to go down into the ground at their feet4 ,this was then an uncultivated waste of matted thorns and briers1 and was called ',the ,invincible ,thicket1' because the ,moors1 who had all these lands under cultivation could never cut it down2 for1 unseen by them1 an angel guarded it with a drawn sword in his hand4 ,they began zealously to dig1 and digging came to a large flat stone1 which being lifted1 they discovered the entrance to a cave--the same that you saw in the chapel4 ,in it they found the image of the saint1 a cross1 the #ead small bell1 which1 like the star of the eastern kings had led them here1 and a lamp still burning--the very lamp that lights the saint now1 for it hangs in the chapel before her altar6 ,for more than a thousand years it has burned in veneration of our patroness4 ,they took up her image and raised this chapel in her name4 ,houses were built and clustered together round it1 until this village1 which takes the name of ,dos-,hermanas from its founders1 was formed under its shelter4 ,see1 continued the good woman1 rising and reentering the chapel1 see here the image which nothing has been able to injure2 neither the dampness of the earth1 nor dust of the air1 nor the canker of time4 ,in these two pictures are the portraits of the devout sisters4 ,a great quantity of offerings were seen hanging on both sides of altar4 ,of these seven little silver legs1 tied together and suspended by a rose-colored ribbon1 attracted ,marcela's attention4 ,what is the meaning of that offering8 she asked of the sacristan's wife4 ,marcos1 the blacksmith1 brought them here4 ,it happened1 one day1 that the poor fellow was seized with such violent pains in his legs1 that it seemed as though he could neither live nor die4 ,his wife having administered to him without effect all the remedies that were ordered1 took him1 stretched upon a cart1 to ,seville4 ,but neither could the doctors there do anything to relieve him4 ,one day1 after the unfortunate man had spent all he possessed in remedies1 made desperate by his suffering1 and by the cries of his children for the bread which he had not to give them1 he lifted his broken heart to ,god1 claiming as his intercessor our blessed patroness ,saint ,anna1 praying with fervor to be made well until such time as his children should no longer need him2 adding3 ,when my children are grown up ,i will die without murmuring4 ,and if1 until then1 ,i regain my health1 ,i promise1 ,blessed ,saint1 to hang1 every year1 a little silver leg upon thy altar1 in attestation of the miracle4' ,the next day ,marcos came on foot to give thanks to ,god4 ,years passed4 ,the sons of ,marcos had grown up and were earning their living4 ,there remained with him only a young daughter4 ,she had a lover who asked her of her father4 ,the wedding was gay1 only ,marcos seemed to be in deep thought ,on the following day he took his bed1 from which he never rose4 ,what he asked had been granted4 ,his task was done4 ,and these ears of grain8 said ,marcela1 seeing a bunch of wheat tied with a blue ribbon4 ,they were brought by ,petrola1 the wife of ,gomez4 ,these poor people had only the daily wages of the father for the support of eight children4 ,they had begged the use of a small field to sow with wheat1 and in it were sown also their hopes4 ,with what pleasure they watched it1 and with what satisfaction6 for it repaid their care1 growing so luxuriantly that it looked as if they sprinkled it every morning with blessed water4 ,one day a neighbor came from the field and told the poor woman that the locust was in her wheat4 ,the locust6 ,one of the plagues of ,egypt6 ,it was as if a bolt from heaven had struck her4 ,leaving her house and her little ones1 she rushed out wildly1 with her arms extended and not knowing what she did4 ',saint ,anna1' she cried1 'my children's bread6 my children's bread6' ,she reached the field and saw in one corner the track of the locust4 ,this insect destroys the blades from the foot without leaving a sign4 ,but between its track and the rest of the field an invisible wall had been raised to protect the wheat of the pious mother who invoked the saint1 and the locust had disappeared4 ,you can imagine the delight and gratitude of the good woman1 who was so poor that she testified it by the gift of these few blades of the precious grain4 #eae ,anna1 ,elvira1 and ,marcela listened with softened and fervent hearts1 and eyes moistened with tears4 ,with the same emotions the relation has been transmitted to paper4 ,god grant that it may be read in like spirit6 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,may smiled4 ,golden with sunlight1 noisy with the song of its birds and the murmur of its insects2 odorous with its flowers1 laughing1 and happy to be the month1 of all others1 dedicated to ,mary4 ,the wedding day of ,ventura and ,elvira had arrived1 and the sun1 like a friend that hastened to be the first to give them joy1 rose radiant4 ,they were ready to set out for the church4 ,anna pressed to her heart the child of her love1 the gentle ,elvira1 so humble and thoughtful in her gladness that she stood with drooping head and eyes cast down1 as if oppressed and dazzled by so much joy4 ,uncle ,pedro1 who had never been so glad in all his life1 exceeded even himself in jokes1 hints1 and facetious sayings4 ,maria1 transported with her own delight1 and that of others1 shed tears continually--tears1 like the rain drops1 which sometimes fall from a clear sky when the sun is bright4 ,as his rays shine through those drops1 so shone ,maria's smile through her tears4 ,dear sister1 said ,marcela to ,elvira1 next to mine1 my sweet ,jesus1 your bridegroom is the best and most perfect4 ,see my ,ventura1 how well he appears2 if he had only a spray of lilies in his hand1 he would look like ,saint ,joseph in ',the ,espousals4' ,and she had reason to praise her brother1 for ,ventura1 neatly and richly dressed1 more animated and gallant than ever1 hurrying the others to set out1 was the type a sculptor would have chosen for a statue of ,achilles4 ,perico forgot even ,rita4 ,his large1 soft brown eyes were fixed upon his sister with a look of deep and inexplicable tenderness4 ,rita only was indifferent and petulant4 ,they were leaving the house when a strange sound reached their ears4 ,a sound which seemed to be made up of the bellowing of the enraged bull1 the lamentations of the wounded bird1 and the growl of the lion surprised in his sleep4 ,it was the cry of alarm and rage of the flocks of fugitives that were arriving1 and the exclamations of astonishment and indignation of the people of the village that were preparing to imitate them4 ,the ,french had entered ,seville with giant strides1 and were hurrying on in their devastating march toward ,cadiz4 ,perico having foreseen this event1 had prepared a place of refuge for his family1 in a solitary farm-house1 far apart from any public way1 and had horses standing in the stables ready against surprise4 ,while the men rushed into the yard to prepare the animals1 the women1 wild with fear1 gathered and tied together the clothes and whatever else they could carry with them in the panniers4 ,what a sad omen6 said ,elvira to ,ventura2 the day which should join us together separates us4 ,nothing can separate us1 ,elvira1 answered ,ventura2 ,i defy the whole world to do it4 ,go without fear4 ,we are going to prepare ourselves1 and shall overtake you on the road4 ,ventura saw them depart under the protection of ,perico1 and watched them until they were out of sight4 ,but now was heard at the entrance of the village the fatal sound of drums1 which announced the arrival of the terrible phalanx that threw itself upon that poor unarmed people1 taken by surprise1 and treated without mercy4 #eaf ,it came in the name of an iniquitous usurpation of which the precedents belong to barbarous times1 as the resistance it met with belongs to the days of heroism--a resistance against which it dashed and was broken1 fighting without glory and yielding without shame4 ,follow me1 father1 said ,ventura4 ,sister1 come2 we must fly6 ,it is too late1 replied ,pedro1 they are already here4 ,ventura1 hide your sister2 when night comes we will escape1 but now hide yourselves4 ,and you1 father8 said ,ventura1 hesitating between necessity and the repugnance he felt to being obliged to hide himself4 ,i1 answered ,pedro1 remain here4 ,what can they do to a poor old man like me8 ,go1 ,i tell you6 ,hide yourselves6 ,marcela1 what are you doing there1 poor child1 as cold and fixed as a statue8 ,ventura1 what are you thinking of that you do not move8 ,do you wish to be lost8 ,do you wish to lose your sister8 ,ventura6 dear son1 do you wish to kill me8 ,his father's cry of anguish roused ,ventura from the stupor into which he had been thrown by fear1 uncertainty1 and rage4 ,it is necessary1 he murmured1 with clenched hands1 and set teeth4 ,father1 father6 to hide myself like a woman6 while ,i live ,i shall never get over the shame of it6 and taking a ladder1 he lifted it to an opening in the ceiling1 which formed the entrance to a sort of loft or garret1 where they kept seeds1 and worn-out and useless household articles1 helped his sister to mount1 went up himself1 and drew the ladder after him4 ,it was time1 for there was a knocking at the door4 ,pedro opened it1 and a ,french soldier entered4 ,prepare me1 he said in his jargon1 food and drink3 give me your money1 unless you want me to take it1 and call your daughters1 if you do not wish me to look them up4 ,the blood of the honorable and haughty ,spaniard rose to his face1 but he answered with moderation1 ,i have nothing that you ask me for4 ,which means that you have nothing1 you thief8 ,do you know whom you are talking to1 and that ,i am hungry and thirsty8 ,pedro1 who had expected to pass the whole of this long wished-for day of his son's marriage in ,anna's house1 and had therefore nothing prepared1 approached the door which communicated with the interior of the house1 and pointing to the extinguished hearth1 repeated1 ,as ,i have already told you1 there is nothing to eat in the house1 except bread4 ,you lie6 shouted the ,frenchman in a rage2 it is because you do not mean to give it to me4 ,pedro fixed his eyes upon the grenadier1 and in them burned1 for an instant all the indignation1 all the rage1 all the resentment he harbored in his soul2 but a second thought1 at which he shuddered1 caused him to lower them1 and say in a conciliating tone3 ,satisfy yourself that ,i have told you the truth4 ,on hearing this continued refusal1 the soldier1 already exasperated by the glance ,pedro had cast at him1 approached the old man and said2 ,you dare to face me2 you refuse to comply with your obligation to supply me4 ,ha6 and worse than all1 you insult me with your tranquil contempt4 ,upon my life1 ,i will make you as pliant as a glove6 and raising his hand1 there resounded through the house1 dry and distinct1 a blow on the face4 ,like an eagle darting upon its prey1 ,ventura dropped down1 threw himself upon the ,frenchman1 forced the sword from his hand1 and ran it through his body4 ,the soldier fell heavily1 a lifeless bulk4 ,boy1 boy1 what have you done8 exclaimed the old man1 forgetting the affront in the peril of his son4 ,my duty1 father4 ,you are lost6 ,and you are avenged4 ,go1 save yourself6 do not lose an instant4 #eag ,first1 let me take away this debtor1 whose account is settled4 ,if they find him here1 you will have to suffer1 father4 ,never mind1 never mind1 exclaimed the father1 save yourself1 that is the first thing to be thought of4 ,without listening to his father4 ,ventura took the corpse upon his shoulder1 threw it into the well1 turned to the old man1 who followed him in an agony of distress1 asked for his blessing1 sprang with one bound1 upon the wall which surrounded the yard1 and to the ground on the other side4 ,the poor father1 mounted upon the trunk of a fig-tree1 holding on by its branches1 with bursting heart1 and straining eyes1 and breath suspended1 saw his son1 the idol of his soul1 pass with the lightness of a deer1 the space which separated the village from an olive plantation1 and disappear among the trees4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,,original4 ,,sapphics4 ,,suggested ,,by ,,the ,,quip ,,of ,,george ,,herbert ,stratus in terram meditans jacebam2 ,saeculum molle et petulans procaxqae1 ,asseclas tristem stimulabat acri ,laedere lusu4 ,pulchra1 quam tinxit ,cytherea1 rosa1 ,cujus1 quaeso1 inquit1 manus1 infaceta ,carpere inaudax8 ,tibi linquo causam1 ,victor ,iesu6 ,tinnitans argentum3 ,melos istud audi3 ,musicae nostine modes suaves8 ,inquit et fugit4 ,tibi linquo causam1 ,victor ,iesu6 ,gloria tunc tollens caput et coruscans1 ,sericis filis crepitans1 me figit ,oculis limis4 ,tibi linquo causam1 ,victor ,iesu6 ,gestiit scomma sceleratis aptum1 ,callida lingua acuisse ,ira2 ,conticescat jam4 ,tibi linquo causam1 ,victor ,iesu6 ,attamen cum ,tu1 die constituto1 ,eligisti quos ,tibi vindicassis1 ,audiam o1 dextro lateri statatus1 ,euge fidelis ,sti4 ,lodoiel1 in ,ascensione ,domini1 #ahff4 ,r4 ,a4 ,b4 ------ #eah ,,original4 ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,revelation ,,of ,,god ,,in ,,the ,,creed ,,demonstrated ,,in ,,the ,,constitutive ,,idea ,,of ,,reason4 ,as soon as we open the eye of reason we become spectators of the creation4 ,the word creation in this proposition is to be understood not in a loose and popular sense1 but in a strict and scientific one4 ,we intend to say1 not merely that we behold certain existing objects1 but that we behold them in their relation to their first and supreme cause4 ,we are witnesses of the creative act by which the ,creator and his work are simultaneously disclosed to the mind4 ,this is the original constitutive principle of reason1 its primal light preceding all knowledge and thought1 and being their condition4 ,it is the idea which contains in itself1 radically and in principle1 all possible development of thought and knowledge1 according to the law of growth connatural to the human intelligence4 ,it includes--,god with all his attributes3 the work of ,god or the created universe2 and the relation between the two1 that is1 the relation of ,god to the universe as first cause in the order of creation1 and final cause in the order of the ultimate end and destination of things4 ,the different portions of this idea are inseparable from each other4 ,that is1 our reason cannot affirm ,god separately from the affirmation of the creative act1 or affirm the creative act separately from the affirmation of ,god4 ,the being of ,god is disclosed to us only by the creation1 and the creation is intelligible to us only in the light given by the idea of ,god4 ,footnote #hi ,god reveals himself to our reason as creator1 and by means of the creative act4 ,this is the limit of our natural light1 and beyond it we cannot see anything by a natural mode1 either in ,god1 or in the universe4 ,footnote #hi3 ,a careful attention to the succeeding argument will show that by the idea of ,god given to intuition1 is not meant the evolved idea1 but the idea capable of evolution1 or the idea of infinite1 necessary being1 which is shown to be the ,idea of ,god by demonstration4 ,the idea of ,god must not be confounded with that distinct and explicit conception which a philosopher or well-instructed ,christian possesses4 ,if the human mind possessed this knowledge by an original intuition1 every human being would have it1 without instruction1 from the very first moment of the complete use of reason1 and could never lose it4 ,the idea of ,god is the affirmation of himself as pure1 eternal1 necessary being1 the original and first principle of all existence1 which he makes to the reason in creating it1 and which constitutes the rational light and life of the soul4 ,this constitutive1 ideal principle of the soul's intelligence exists at first in a kind of embryonic state4 ,the soul is more in a state of potentiality to intelligence1 than intelligence in act4 ,the idea of ,god is obscurely enwrapped and enfolded in the substance of the soul1 imperfectly evolved in its most primitive acts of rational consciousness1 and implicitly contained but not actually explicated in every thought that it thinks1 even the most simple and rudimental4 ,the intelligence must be educated1 in order to bring out this obscure and implicit idea of ,god into a distinct conception in the reflective consciousness4 ,this education begins with the action of the material1 sensible world on the soul through the body1 and specifically through the brain4 ,the human soul was not created to exist and act under the simple conditions of pure spirit2 but as is incorporated in a material body4 ,the body is not a temporary habitation1 like the envelope of a larva1 but an integral part of man4 ,the #eai intelligence is awakened to activity through the senses1 and all its perceptions of the intelligible are through the medium of the sensible4 ,the sensible world is a grand system of outward and visible signs representing the spiritual and intelligible world4 ,language is the science and art of subsidiary signs1 the equivalents of the phenomena of the sensible world and of all that we apprehend through them2 and forming the medium for communicating thought among men4 ,for this reason1 all language so far as it represents the conceptions of men concerning the spiritual word is metaphorical2 and even the word spirit is a figure taken from the sensible world4 ,when the obscure idea is completely evolved1 and the soul educated1 through these outward and sensible media1 the reflective consciousness attains to the distinct conception of ,god4 ,this education may be imperfect1 and the reflective consciousness may have but an incomplete conception expressed in language by an inadequate formula2 but the idea is indestructible1 and the mental conception of it can never be totally corrupted4 ,this would be equivalent to the cessation of all thought1 the annihilation of all conception of being and truth1 and the extinction of all rational life in the soul4 ,it is a mere negation of thought1 which cannot be thought at all1 and a mere non-entity4 ,there is no such thing as absolute scepticism4 ,partial scepticism is possible4 ,revelation may be denied as to its complete conception1 but the idea expressed in revelation cannot be utterly denied4 ,the being of ,god may be denied1 as to its complete conception1 but not completely as to the idea itself4 ,no sceptic or atheist can make any statement of his doubt or disbelief1 which does not contain an affirmation of that ultimate idea under the conception of real and necessary being and truth4 ,much less can he enunciate any scientific formulas respecting philosophy1 history1 or any positive object1 without doing so4 ,vast numbers of men are ignorant of the true and formed conception of ,god1 but every one of them affirms the idea in every distinct thought which he thinks2 and every human language1 however rude1 embodies and perpetuates it under forms and conceptions which are remotely derived from the original and infallible speech of the primitive revelation4 ,although the mass of mankind cannot evolve the idea of ,god into a distinct conception1 and even gentile philosophy failed to enunciate this conception in an adequate form1 yet when this conception is clearly and perfectly enunciated by pure theistic and ,christian philosophy1 reason is able to recognize it as the expression of its own primitive and ultimate idea4 ,it perceives that the object which it has always beheld by an obscure intuition1 is ,god1 as proposed in the first article of the ,christian formula4 ,the ,christian church1 in instructing the uninstructed or partially instructed mind in pure theism1 interprets to it1 and explicates for it1 its own obscure intuition4 ,thus it is able to see the truth of the being of ,god2 not as a new1 hitherto unknown idea1 received on pure authority1 or by a long deduction from more ultimate truths1 or as the result of a number of probabilities2 but as a truth which constitutes the ultimate ground of its own rational existence1 and is only unfolded and disclosed to it in its own consciousness by the word and teaching of the instructor1 who gives distinct voice to its own inarticulate or defectively uttered affirmation of ,god4 ,so it is1 that ,god affirms himself to the reason originally by the creative act which is first apprehended by the reason through the medium of the sensible1 and interpreted by the sensible signs of language to the uninstructed4 ,thus we know ,god by creation1 and the creation comes into the most immediate contact with us on its sensible side4 ,it has been said above1 that we cannot separate the creative act from ,god in the primitive idea of reason4 ,it is not meant by this that reason has #ebj an intuition of ,god as necessarily a creator4 ,what is meant is1 that the idea of ,god present to an intelligent mind distinct from ,god1 presupposes the creative act affirming to it an object distinct from itself1 and itself as distinct from the object4 ,when the subject is conscious of this truth1 ,god affirms himself to me1 there are two terms in the formula1 ,god1 and ,me2 involving the third uniting term of the creative act4 ,the perception of other existences is simultaneous with the perception of himself1 but logically prior to it2 and his first rational act apprehends the existence of contingent1 created substances1 as well as the being of the absolute1 uncreated essence4 ,the elements of ,god and creation are in the most ultimate and primitive act of reason1 and therefore in its constitutive idea4 ,the creation is the idea of finite essences in ,god externized by the ,word who speaks them into existence4 ,by the same ,word1 the intelligent1 rational portion of creation is enlightened with the knowledge of this idea4 ,it beholds ,god1 as he expresses this idea in the creative act1 and in no otherwise4 ,it cannot see immediately1 the necessity of his being1 or1 so to speak1 the cause why ,god is and must be1 but only the affirmation of this necessity in the creative act4 ,but this affirmation is necessarily in conformity with the truth4 ,it presents being as absolute1 and creation as contingent1 and therefore not necessary4 ,false conceptions may not discriminate accurately between the two terms1 being and existence2 but when these false conceptions are corrected1 and the idea brought fully into light1 the very terms in which it is expressed clearly indicate ,god as alone necessary1 creation as contingent1 and the creative act as proceeding from the free will of the ,creator4 ,god1 and creation1 are thus simultaneously affirmed in the creative act constituting the soul2 although ,god is affirmed as first and creation second1 in the logical order3 ,god as cause and creation as effect2 and although creation may be first distinctly perceived and reflected on1 as being more connatural to the reflecting subject himself1 and more directly in contact with his senses and reflecting faculties4 ,the knowledge of ,god is limited to that which he expresses by the similitude of himself exhibited in the creation4 ,our positive conceptions of ,god in the reflective order are therefore derived from the imitations1 or representations of the divine attributes in the world of created existences4 ,an infinite1 and1 to natural powers1 impassable abyss1 separates us from the immediate intuition of the ,divine ,essence4 ,the highest contemplative cannot cross this chasm2 and the ultimatum of mystic theology is no more than the confession that the essence of ,god is unseen and invisible to any merely human intuition1 unknown and unknowable by the natural power of any finite intelligence4 ,we know ut ,deus sit1 sed non quid sit ,deus--that ,god is1 but not what he is4 ,we know that ,god is1 by the affirmation of his being to reason4 ,footnote #ij ,we form conceptions that enable our reflective faculties to grasp this affirmation1 by means of the created objects in which he manifests his attributes1 and through which1 as through signs and symbols1 images and pictures1 he represents his perfections4 ,footnote #ij3 ,that is1 after we have demonstrated that which is involved in the idea of being4 ,this is the doctrine of ,st4 ,paul1 the great father of ,christian theology4 ,quis enim hominum1 scit quae sunt hominis1 nisi spiritus hominis qui in ipso est8 ,ita1 et quae ,dei sunt1 nemo cognovit1 nisi ,spiritus ,dei4 ,for what man knoweth the things of a man1 but the spirit of man which is in him8 ,so the things also that are of ,god1 no one knoweth but the ,spirit of ,god4 ,we understand this to mean1 that ,god alone has naturally the immediate intuition of his own essence and of the interior life and activity of his own being within himself4 #eba ,quod notum est ,dei manifestum est in illis1 ,deus enim illis manifestavit4 ,invisibilia enim ipsius1 a creatura mundi1 per ea quae facta sunt intellecta1 conspiciuntar2 sempiterna quoqne ejus virtus et divinitas4 ,that which is known of ,god is manifest in them4 ,for ,god hath manifested it to them4 ,for the invisible things of him1 from the creation of the world1 are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made2 his eternal power also and divinity4 ,that is1 ,god affirms himself distinctly to the reason by the creative act1 and simultaneously with the showing which he makes of his works4 ,videmus nunc per speculum in enigmate4 ,we see now through a glass in an obscure manner1 or more literally1 in a riddle1 parable1 or allegory4 ,footnote #ia ,footnote #ia3 #a ,cor4 ii4 #aa2 ,rom4 i4 #ai1 #bj2 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab4 ,that is1 we understand the attributes and interior relations of ,god as these are made intelligible to our minds by analogies derived from created things1 in which1 as in a mirror1 the image of ,god is reflected4 ,the original and obscure idea of ,god given to reason in its constitution--but given only on that side of it which faces creation1 including therefore in itself creation and its relation to the creator--may be represented in various forms4 ,it must be distinctly borne in mind that our natural intuition is not an intuition of the substance or essence of the divine being1 or an intuition of ,god by that uncreated light in which he sees himself and his works4 ,god presents himself to the natural reason as ,idea1 or the first principle of intelligence and the intelligible1 by the intelligibility which he gives to the creation4 ,he does not disclose himself in his personality to the intellectual vision1 but affirms himself to reason by a divine judgment4 ,our natural knowledge of ,god is therefore exclusively in the ideal order4 ,the intuition from which this knowledge is derived may be called the intuition of the infinite1 the eternal1 the absolute the necessary1 the true1 the beautiful1 the good1 the first cause1 the ultimate reason of things1 etc4 ,real and necessary being1 considered as the ground of the contingent and as facing the created intellect1 adequately embraces and represents all4 ,this intuition enters into all thought and is inseparable from the activity of the intelligent mind4 ,the intellect always does and must apprehend1 the real1 which is identical with the ideal1 in its thought2 and when this reality or verity which it apprehends is reflected on1 it always yields up two elements1 the necessary and the contingent1 the infinite and the finite1 the absolute and the conditioned4 ,in apprehending ,god1 we necessarily apprehend that the soul which apprehends and the creation by which it apprehends him1 must exists4 ,in apprehending creation1 we apprehend that ,god must be in order that the creation may have existence4 ,if we could suppose reason to begin with the idea of ,god1 pure and simple1 we could not show how it could arrive at any idea of the creature4 ,neither could we1 beginning with the exclusive idea of the conditioned1 deduce the idea of the absolute and necessary4 ,we can never arrive by discursive reasoning1 by reflection1 by logic1 by deduction or induction1 at any truth1 not included in the principles or intuitions with which we start4 ,demonstration discovers no new truth1 but only discloses what is contained in the intuitions of reason4 ,it explicates1 but does not create4 ,all that we know therefore about being and existences is contained implicitly in our original intuition4 ,real being is the immediate object apprehended by reason1 as ,st4 ,thomas teaches1 after ,aristotle4 ,ens namque est objectum intellectus primum1 cum nihil sciri possit1 nisi ipsum quod est ens in actu1 ut dicitur in #i ,met4 ,unde nec oppositum ejus intelligere potest intellectus1 non ens4 ,for being is the primary object of the intellect1 since nothing can be known but that which is being in act1 as it is said in the #i ,met4 ,wherefore the intellect cannot #ebb apprehend its opposite or not being4 ,footnote #ib ,this appears to be plain4 ,either the intelligible which the intelligence apprehends is real or unreal1 actual being or not being1 entity or nonentity1 something or nothing4 ,if the intelligence apprehends the unreal1 not being1 not entity1 no thing2 it is not intelligence1 it does not apprehend4 ,these very terms are unstatable except as negations of a positive idea4 ,i must have the idea of the real1 or of being in act1 before ,i can deny it4 ,i must have the idea of my own existence before ,i can deny ,i existed a century ago4 ,if ,i deny or question my present existence1 ,i must affirm it first1 before ,i deny it1 by making myself the subject of a certain predicate1 non-existence1 or dubious existence4 ,footnote #ib3 ,opus4 cxiii4 c4 #a4 ,there is only one door of escape open1 which is the affirmation of an intuition of possible being4 ,but what is the intuition of the possible without the intuition of the actual8 ,how can ,i affirm that being is possible1 unless ,i have an intuition of a cause or reason situated in the very idea of being which makes it possible1 and if possible necessary and actual8 ,the very notion of absolute being which is possible only1 that is1 reducible to act but not reduced to act1 is absurd4 ,for it is not reducible to act except by a prior cause which is then itself actual1 necessary being1 and ultimate cause4 ,potentiality or possibility belongs only to the contingent1 and is mere creability sic or reducibility to act through an efficient cause4 ,wherefore we cannot apprehend possible existence except in the apprehension of an ultimate1 creative cause4 ,all that is intelligible is either necessary being1 or contingent existence having its cause in necessary being4 ,the abstract or logical world is only a shadow or reflection of the real in our own minds1 and instead of preceding and conditioning intuition1 it is its product4 ,the real object apprehended by reason has various aspects1 but they are aspects of the same object4 ,the intuition of one aspect of being is called the intuition of truth or of the true1 including truth both in the absolute and the contingent order4 ,truth1 in regard to finite things1 is the correspondence of a conception to an objective reality4 ,this finite reality cannot be apprehended as true without a simultaneous apprehension of necessary and eternal truth as its ground and reason4 ,the mathematical truths1 for instance1 in their application to existing things1 express the relations of finite numbers and quantities4 ,they are1 however1 apprehended as necessarily and eternally true in an order of being independent of time1 space1 and all contingent existences2 which order of being is absolute3 the type of all existing things1 the ultimate ground of truth1 the intelligible in se4 ,the intuition of the beautiful1 which is the splendor of the true1 is the intuition of a certain type and the conformity of existing things to it1 causing a peculiar complacency in the intellect4 ,this complacency is grounded on a judgment of the eternal fitness and harmony of things1 that is1 of an absolute and necessary reason of their order in eternal truth1 that is1 in absolute being4 ,the intuition of the good is an intuition of being considered as the necessary object of volition1 and of existences as having in their essence a ground of desirableness or an aptitude to terminate an act of the will4 ,hence good and being are convertible terms4 ,the absolute good is absolute being1 and created good is a created existence conformed to the type of the good which is necessary and eternal4 ,the intuition of the infinite reduces itself in like manner to the intuition of absolute being accompanied by the intuition of the finite or relative with which it is compared4 ,the absolute is being in its plenitude1 the intelligible as comprehended by intelligence in its ultimate act1 neither admitting of any increase4 ,the finite is that which can be thought as capable of increase1 but1 increased indefinitely1 never reaches #ebc the infinite4 ,the term infinite1 as ,fnlon well observes1 though negative in form--expressing the denial of limitation--is the expression of a positive idea4 ,herbert ,spencer proves the same in a luminous and cogent manner1 even from the admissions of philosophers of the sceptical school of ,kant4 ,footnote #ic ,the intuition of the infinite gives us that which is not referable to an idea of a higher order1 but is itself that idea to which all others are referred as the ultimate of thought and being4 ,this intuition of the infinite always presents itself behind every conception1 and makes itself the first element of every thought4 ,footnote #ic3 ,first ,principles of a ,new ,system of ,philosophy4 ,this is clearly seen in the conceptions1 commonly called the ideas1 of space and time4 ,the intuition of the infinite will never permit us to fix any definite1 unpassable limits to these conceptions1 but forces us to endeavor perpetually to grasp infinity and eternity under an adequate mental representation1 which we cannot do4 ,we must1 however1 if we are faithful to reason1 recognize behind these conceptions of space that cannot be bounded and time that cannot be terminated either by beginning or end1 the idea of being infinite as regards both1 the reason of the possibility of finite things bearing to each other the relations of co-existence and successive duration4 ,the same intuition is at the root of the conception of the impossibility of limiting the divisibility of mathematical quantity4 ,whichever way we turn1 the idea of the infinite presents itself4 ,we can never reach the boundary of multiplicability1 nor can we reach the boundary of divisibility1 which is only another form of multiplicability4 ,the conception of ideal space and number is rooted in the idea of the infinite power of ,god to create existences which have mathematical relations to each other4 ,the positive multiplication or division of lines and numbers must always have a limit1 but the radical possibility must always remain infinite1 because it is included in the idea of ,god1 which transcends all categories of space1 time or limitation4 ,the intuition of cause is in the same order of thought4 ,necessary being and contingent existence cannot be apprehended in the same idea1 without the connecting link of the principle of causation4 ,it has been fully proved by ,hume and ,kant1 that we cannot certainly conclude the principle of causation from any induction of particular facts4 ,we always assume it1 before we begin to make the induction4 ,it is an a priori judgment that everything which exists must have a cause1 and that all finite causes1 receive their causality from a first cause or causa causarum4 ,for every finite cause has a beginning1 which comes from a prior cause1 and an infinite series of finite causes being absurd1 the idea of causation necessarily includes first cause1 and is incapable of being thought or stated without it4 ,existence is not intelligible in itself1 but in its cause1 absolute being4 ,absolute being1 though intelligible in itself1 is not intelligible to human reason1 except by the causative act terminated in existences1 and making them intelligible4 ,that is1 being and existence1 in the relation of cause and effect1 are presented1 and affirmed to reason1 as the one complex object of its original intuition1 and its constitutive idea4 ,this is the point of co-incidence of the a priori and a posteriori arguments1 demonstrating the ,christian theistic conception4 ,they analyze the synthetic judgment of reason1 and show its contents4 ,the argument1 a priori analyzes it on the side of being1 showing what is contained in being1 or ens4 ,the argument a posteriori analyzes it on the side of existence1 existentia4 ,but either argument implicitly contains the other4 ,it is impossible to reason on either the first or last term of the synthetic judgment1 without taking in the middle term of causation1 which implies the third term1 existence1 if you begin #ebd with being1 and the first term1 being1 if you begin with existence4 ,the theistic conception is ,god ,creator4 ,the theologian who begins to prove the proposition1 ,god creates the world1 cannot deduce creation by showing what is contained in the pure and simple idea of necessary1 self-existing being4 ,the idea of ,god includes the creative power1 but not the creative act1 which is free1 and cannot be deduced from the primitive intuition1 unless ,god affirms it to the reason in that intuition2 and even the creative power1 or the possibility of creation1 cannot be deduced by human reason from the idea of necessary being4 ,thus1 the argument a priori really does not conclude the effect1 that is1 creation1 by demonstrating it from the nature of the cause alone1 but assumes it as known from the beginning4 ,in like manner1 the theologian1 who argues from the creation up to the creator1 or from effect to cause1 assumes that the creation is really created1 and the effect of a cause exterior to itself2 otherwise1 the term existence could never conduct him to the term being4 ,we cannot demonstrate beyond what is given us in intuition1 for all demonstration is a simple unfolding of the intuitive idea4 ,the idea presents to us the creative act4 ,if we reflect the causative or creative principle1 whatever we logically explicate from it is indubitably true1 because in conformity with the idea of first cause4 ,if we reflect the terminus of the causative act1 or creation1 whatever we logically explicate from it respecting the nature of eminent cause is indubitably true1 for the same reason4 ,in both cases we reason validly1 and demonstrate all that is demonstrable in the case4 ,in the first instance1 we demonstrate what is really contained in the idea of necessary being1 and bring this idea--under the form of a distinct conception--face to face with the reflective reason4 ,in the second instance1 we demonstrate the order of the universe1 and the manifestation in it of divine power1 wisdom and goodness4 ,we demonstrate that the theistic conception1 or the conception of ,god and his attributes1 contained in ,christian ,theology1 is that which we know intuitively in the light of the primitive idea1 logically explicated and represented by analogy in language4 ,what we do not demonstrate1 is the objective reality of the idea2 for this is indemonstrable1 as being the first principle of all demonstration4 ,the idea is intelligible in itself1 and illuminates the reason with intelligence4 ,the office of logic and reasoning is to inspect and scrutinize the idea1 to represent in reflection that which is intelligible4 ,by this process the idea of necessary being evolves itself1 necessarily1 into the complete theistic conception of ,god1 as is shown most amply in the treatises of theologians and religious writers4 ,footnote #id ,we will endeavor to sum up their results in as brief and universal a synopsis as possible4 ,footnote #id3 ,it will be seen1 therefore1 that the arguments a priori and a posteriori demonstrating the ,christian doctrine of ,god1 as stated by the great ,catholic ,theologians1 have not been impugned1 but1 on the contrary1 vindicated from the misrepresentation of a more modern and less profound school of philosophers4 ,beginning at this point1 real necessary being is in itself the intelligible2 we lay down first that which is most radical and ultimate in the conception of the living1 personal ,god and ,creator2 namely1 absolute1 infinite intelligence4 ,the absolute intelligible being must be absolute intelligent being4 ,the intelligible is only intelligible to intelligence4 ,what is the idea1 or ideal truth or being1 without an intelligent subject8 ,what is infinite idea1 or infinite object of thought1 without infinite intelligent subject8 ,that which is intelligible in itself necessarily1 absolutely1 and infinitely1 must necessarily be the terminating object of intelligence equal to itself1 that is infinite4 ,this intelligence cannot be created1 for then it would be finite4 ,it must be included in absolute being4 #ebe ,being includes in itself all that is4 ,it therefore includes intelligence4 ,it contains in itself all that is necessary to its own perfection4 ,its perfection as intelligible requires its perfection as intelligent4 ,absolute being is therefore infinitely intelligible and intelligent in its own nature and idea4 ,it is the intelligible being which is intelligent being1 and only intelligent spirit1 which is in its very essence intelligence1 can be necessarily and infinitely intelligible2 for only self-existent infinite spirit has the absolute infinite activity necessary to irradiate the light of the intelligible4 ,the light of the intelligible irradiates our created intelligence by an act which constitutes it rational spirit4 ,this act must be the act of supreme1 absolute1 infinite intelligence4 ,whatever is in the creature1 must be infinite in the creator4 ,the world of finite1 intelligent spirits can only proceed from an infinite1 intelligent spirit1 as first and eminent cause4 ,the sensible and physical world also is apprehended by our reason as intelligible1 and is intelligible1 only in intelligent cause2 which throws open the vast and magnificent field of demonstration from the order and harmony of nature4 ,the intelligible in the order of the finite1 is a reflection of the intelligible in the order of the infinite4 ,the intelligible in the order of the infinite1 is the adequate object of infinite intelligence4 ,the intelligible in se is identical with being in its plenitude2 and being in plenitude is necessarily infinite1 intelligent spirit4 ,footnote #ie ,footnote #ie3 ,because1 if we conceive of any essence that it is not spiritual1 we can conceive of one that is more perfect1 namely1 that which has these two attributes2 and if we conceive of one that is finite in intelligence1 we can conceive of one that is superior1 or has greater plenitude of being1 until we reach the infinite4 ,the very conception of being in plenitude is being that excludes the conception of the possibility of that which is greater than itself4 ,from this point the way is clear and easy to verify all that theologians teach respecting the essential attributes of ,god4 ,we have merely to explicate the idea of intelligent spirit possessing being in its plenitude4 ,all that has being--that is1 every kind of good and perfection that the mind can apprehend in the divine essence by means of creatures--must be attributed to ,god in the absolute and infinite sense4 ,we cannot grasp plenitude of being fully under one aspect or form4 ,we are obliged to discriminate and distinguish qualities or attributes of being in ,god4 ,but this is not by the way of addition or composition of these attributes with the idea of the simple essence of ,god4 ,it is by the way of identification4 ,thus1 being is identified with the intelligible and with intelligence4 ,all the attributes of ,god are identified with each other and with his being4 ,this is what is meant by saying that ,god is most simple being1 ens simplicissimum4 ,the pure and simple idea of being contains in itself every possible predicate3 hence we can predicate nothing of it that can add to it1 or combine with it1 to make a composite idea greater than the idea of being in its simplicity4 ,it comes to the same1 when we say that ,god is most pure act1 actus purissimus1 which merely ascribes to him actual being in eternity to the utmost limit of possibility1 or to the ultimate comprehensibility of the idea of being by the infinite intelligence of ,god4 ,in the first place1 then1 we demonstrate the unity of ,god4 ,there can be but one infinite being4 ,for the intelligible being of ,god is the adequate object of his intelligence4 ,therefore there is no other infinite1 intelligible object of infinite intelligence4 ,god is absolutely good4 ,for his own being is the adequate object of his volition1 and the definition of good is adequate object of volition1 so that being is identical with good4 ,god is all-powerful4 ,for there is no intelligible idea of power1 which transcends the knowledge ,god has of his own being as including the ability to create4 ,god is infinitely holy4 ,for the intellect and the will of ,god terminate upon the same object1 that is1 upon his #ebf own being1 and consequently agree with each other2 and the very notion of the sanctity of ,god is the perfect harmony of his intellect and will in infinite good4 ,god is immutable4 ,for any change or progression implies a movement toward the absolute plenitude of being1 and is inconsistent with the necessary and eternal possession of this plenitude4 ,god is infinite and eternal2 above all categories of limitation1 succession1 time or space2 for this is only to say that he is most simple being1 and most pure act4 ,god is absolute truth and beauty1 for these are identical with being4 ,he is infinite love1 for he is the infinite object of his own intelligence comprehended as the term of his own volition4 ,for the same reason1 he is infinite beatitude1 since beatitude simply expresses the repose and complacency of intelligence and will in their adequate object and is identical with love4 ,god is an ocean of boundless1 unfathomable good and perfection1 to whom everything must be attributed that can increase our mental conception of his infinite being4 ,we can go on indefinitely1 explicating this conception1 and every proposition we can make which contains the statement of anything positive and intelligible1 is self-evident2 requiring no separate proof1 but merely verification as truly identifying something with the idea of being4 ,we shall say much and yet shall want words2 but the sum of our words is1 ,,he ,,is ,,all4 ,footnote #if ,nevertheless1 our reason is not brought face to face with ,god by any direct intuition or vision of his intimate1 personal essence4 ,every word1 every conception1 every thought expressing the most complete and vivid act of the reflective consciousness on the idea of ,god is derived from the creation1 and gives only a speculative and enigmatical representation of the being of ,god itself1 as mirrored in the perfections of created1 contingent existences4 ,though we see all things by its light1 the sun itself1 the original source of intelligible light1 is not within our rational horizon4 ,the creation is illuminated by it with the light of intelligibility1 and by this light we become spectators of the creative act of ,god4 ,footnote #if3 ,ecclus4 xiiii4 #ii4 ,the creative act is not a transient effort of power1 but a durable1 continuous1 ever-present act1 by which ,god is always creating the universe4 ,the creation has its being not in itself but in ,god4 ,all that we witness therefore and come in contact with1 is but the radiation of light1 life1 truth1 beauty1 happiness2 physical1 mental1 and spiritual existence2 from ,god1 the source of being4 ,we see the architecture which proceeds from his mighty designs2 we behold the infinitely varied and ever shifting pictures and sculptures in which he embodies his infinite idea of his own beauty4 ,we hear the harmonies that echo his eternal blessedness2 the colossal machinery of worlds plays regularly and resistlessly by the force which he communicates around us2 his signs1 emblems1 and hieroglyphics are impressed on our senses2 the perpetual affirmation of his being is always making itself heard in the depth of our reason4 ,the perpetual influx of creative force from him is every instant giving life and existence to our body4 ,we breathe in it1 and see by it1 and move through its energy4 ,it is every instant creating our soul4 ,when our soul first came out of nothing into existence1 it was created by a whisper of the divine word1 which simultaneously gave it existence and the faculty of apprehending that whisper1 by which it was made4 ,god whispered in the soul the affirmation of his own being as the author of all existence4 ,this whisper is perpetual1 like the creative act4 ,it constitutes our rational life and activity4 ,by its virtue we think and are conscious4 ,it concurs with every intellectual act4 ,when the soul is stillest and its contemplation of truth the most profound1 then it is most distinctly heard2 but it cannot be drowned by any #ebg tumult or clamor4 ,in ,god we live1 and move1 and have our being4 ,we float in the divine idea as in an ocean4 ,it meets us everywhere we turn4 ,we cannot soar above it1 dive beneath it1 or sail in sight of its coasts4 ,it is our rational element1 in which our rational existence was created1 in which it was made to live1 and we recognize it in the same act in which we recognize our own existence4 ,it is necessary to the original act of self-consciousness1 and enters into the indestructible essence of the soul1 as immortal spirit4 ,the ,creed1 therefore1 when it proposes its first article to a child who is capable of a complete rational act1 only brings him face to face with himself1 or with the idea of his own reason4 ,it gives him a distinct image or reflection of that idea1 a sign of it1 a verbal expression for it1 a formula by which his reflective faculty can work it out into a distinct conception4 ,as soon as it is fairly apprehended1 he perceives its truth with a rational certitude which reposes in the intimate depths of his own consciousness4 ,it is true that he cannot arrange and express his conceptions1 or distinctly analyze for himself the operations of his own mind1 in the manner given above4 ,this can only be done by one who is instructed in theology4 ,but although he is no theologian or philosopher1 he has nevertheless the substance of philosophy or sapientia1 and of theology1 in his intellect2 deeper1 broader and more sublime than all the measurements and signs of metaphysicians can express4 ,we have taken the child as creditive subject in this exposition1 in order to exhibit the ultimate rational basis of faith in its simplest act1 and1 so to speak1 to show its genesis4 ,but we do not profess to stop with this simple act which initiates the reason in its childhood into the order of rational intelligence and faith2 rather we take it as only the terminus of starting in the prosecution of a thorough investigation of the complete development which the intelligent faith unfolds in the adult and instructed reason of a ,christian fully educated in theological science4 ,hence we have given the conception ,god in its scientific form1 but as the scientific form of that which is certainly and indubitably apprehended in its essential substance by every mind capable of making an explicit and complete act of rational faith in ,god as the creator of the world4 ,in the language of ,wordsworth1 ,the child is father of the man4 ,a complete rational act in a child has in it the germ of all science4 ,he is as certain that two and two make four1 as is the consummate mathematician4 ,a complete act of faith in a child is as infallible as the faith of a theologian1 and has in it the germ of all theology4 ,he is able to say ,credo in ,deum with a perfect rational certitude2 and this conclusion is the goal toward which the whole preceding argument has been tending4 ,but here we are met with a difficulty4 ,the principle of faith cannot itself fall under the dominion of faith1 or be classed with the credenda1 which we believed on the veracity of ,god4 ,how then can ,credo govern ,deum4 ,the necessity for an intelligible basis for faith has been established1 and this basis located in the idea of ,god evolved into a conception demonstrable to reason from its own constitutive principles4 ,it would therefore seem that instead of saying ,i believe in ,god1 we ought to say ,i know that ,god is1 and is the infinite truth in himself1 therefore ,i believe1 etc4 only on you4 ,this formula does really express a process of thought contained in the act of faith1 and implied in the signification of ,credo4 ,credo includes in itself intelligo4 ,divine faith presupposes1 and incorporates into itself1 human intelligence and human faith1 on that side of them which is an inchoate capacity for receiving its divine1 elevating influence4 ,hence the propriety of using the word ,credo1 leaving intelligo understood but not expressed4 ,the symbol of faith is not intended to express any object of our knowledge1 #ebh except as united to the object of faith4 ,for this reason it does not discriminate in the proposition of the verity of the being of ,god1 that which is the direct object of intelligence1 but presents it under one term with those propositions concerning ,god which are only the indirect object of intelligence through the medium of divine revelation4 ,when we say ,credo in ,deum1 if we consider in ,deum only that which is demonstrable by reason concerning ,god1 the full sense of ,credo is suspended1 until the revelation of the superintellible sic s introduced in the succeeding articles4 ,the term ,deum terminates ,credo1 only inasmuch as it is qualified by the succeeding terms2 that is1 inasmuch as we profess our belief in ,god as the revealer of the truths contained in the subsequent articles4 ,the foregoing statement applies to the use of the word ,credo in relation with ,deum in the first article of the ,creed1 taking ,credo in its strictest and most exclusive sense of belief in revealed truths which are above the sphere of natural reason4 ,in addition to this1 it can be shown that there is a secondary and subordinate reason on account of which the mental apprehension of that which is naturally intelligible in ,god is included under the term faith1 taken in a wider and more extensive sense4 ,this intelligible order of truth1 or natural theology1 was actually communicated to mankind in the beginning1 together with the primitive revelation4 ,we are1 therefore1 instructed in it1 by the way of faith4 ,the conception of ,god1 and the words which communicate to us that conception1 and enable us to grasp it1 come to us through tradition1 and are received by the mind before its faculties are fully developed4 ,we believe first1 and understand afterward2 and the greater part of men never actually attain to the full understanding of that which is in itself intelligible1 but hold it confusedly1 accepting with implicit trust in authority1 many truths which the wise possess as science4 ,moreover1 the term faith is often used to denote belief in any reality which lies in an order superior to nature and removed from the sphere of the sensible1 although that reality may be demonstrable from rational principles4 ,in a certain sense we may say that this region of truth is a common domain of faith and reason4 ,but we have now approached that boundary line where the proper and peculiar empire of faith begins1 and like ,dante1 left by his human guide on the coasts of the celestial world1 we must endeavor under heavenly protection to ascend to this higher sphere of thought4 ------ ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,the ,,king ,,and ,,the ,,bishop4 ,before ,roskilde's sacred fane1 7,the first the land has known47 ,attended by his courtier train1 ,and decked1 as on his throne1 ,in costly raiment1 glittering gay ,beneath the noon-day sun2 ,all fresh and fair1 as though the day ,had seen no slaughter done-- #ebi ,as though the all-beholding eye ,of that ,omniscient ,deity1 ,whom1 turning from the downward way ,his heathen fathers trod1 ,he guided by a purer ray1 ,hath chosen for his ,god-- ,had seen no darker1 dreader sight1 ,twixt yester morn and yester night1 ,beheld by his approving eye1 ,who1 now1 would draw his altar nigh2 ,ay1 fresh and fair as to his soul ,no taint of blood did cling1 ,as though in heart and conscience whole1 ,stands ,swend1 the warrior-king4 ,on his1 as on a maiden's cheek1 7,though bearded and a knight17 ,the royal hues of ,denmark speak ,footnote #ig-- ,the crimson and the white2 ,but mark ye how the angry hue ,keeps deepening1 as he stands1 ,and mark ye1 too1 the courtly crew1 ,with lifted eyes and hands6 ,footnote #ig3 ,the ,danish king1 ,swend1 soon after his entrance into the ,christian church1 slew some of his jaris without a trial1 and1 on presenting himself1 after the commission of this crime1 at the portal of the newly-built cathedral of ,roskilde1 in ,zealand1 found it barred by the pastoral staff of the ,english missionary and bishop who had converted him4 ,after receiving the rebuke given in the poem1 and forbidding his attendants to molest the bishop1 he returned whence he came1 and shortly after1 made his reappearance in the garb of a penitent1 when he was received by the prelate1 and1 after a certain time of penance1 absolved2 after which they became fast friends4 ,across the portal1 low and wide1 ,a slender bar from side to side4 ,the bishop's staff is seen2 ,and holding it1 with reverent hands ,and head erect1 the prelate stands1 ,a man of stately mien4 ,go back6 he cries1 and fronts the king4 ,whilst clear and bold his accents ring ,throughout the sacred fane-- ,and ,echo seems their sound to bring ,triumphant back again-- ,go back1 nor dare1 with impious tread1 ,into the presence pure and dread4 ,thy guilty soul to bring1 ,impenitent--,o thou1 who art ,a murderer1 though a king6 ,a murmur1 deepening to a roar1 ',mid those who were clust'ring round the door3 ,a few disjointed but eager words-- ,a sudden glimmer of naked swords2 ,and the bishop raised his longing eyes1 ,in speechless praise1 to the distant skies2 #ecj ,for he thought his labor would soon be o'er4 ,and his bark at rest1 on the peaceful shore2 ,and he pictured the crown1 the martyrs wear1 ,floating slowly down1 on the voiceless air2 ,till he almost fancied he felt its weight ,on his brows--as he stood1 and blessed his fate4 ,with a calm1 sweet smile on his face1 he bowed ,his reverend head to the raging crowd-- 7,oh6 the sight was fair to see67 ,and ,strike6 he cried1 whilst they held their breath4 ,to hear his words2 ,for ,i fear not death ,for him who has died for me6 ,king ,swend looked up1 with an angry glare1 ,at the dauntless prelate1 who braved him there1 ,though he deemed his hour near2 ,and he saw1 with one glance of his eagle eye4 ,that that beaming smile and that bearing high ,were never the mask of fear6 ,right against might had won the day2-- ,and he bade them sheathe their swords2 then turned1 ,whilst an angry spot on his cheek still burned1 ,from the house of ,god away4 ,ere the hour had winged its flight1 once more1 ,behold6 there stood1 at the temple door1 ,a suppliant form1 with its head bowed down4 ,and ashes were there1 for the kingly crown2 ,and the costly robes1 which had made erewhile ,so gallant a show in the sunbeams' smile4 ,had been cast aside1 ere its glow was spent1 ,for the sackcloth worn by the penitent6 ,the bishop came down the crowded nave2 ,his smile was bright1 though his face was grave1 ,he paused at the portal1 and raised his eyes4 ,yet another time to those sapphire skies1 ,but he thought not now1 that the look he cast ,to that radiant heaven would be his last2 ,and he thanked his ,master again--but not ,for the martyrdom that should bless his lot2 ,for the close to the day of life1 whose sun ,was to set in blood1 on his rest was won3 ,far other than this was his theme of praise1 ,as he murmured3 ,o thou1 in thy works and ways ,as wonderful now as when ,israel went ,through the sea1 which is ,pharaoh's monument3 ,though ,i pictured death in the flashing steel1 ,and ,i looked for the glory it should reveal1 ,yet oh6 if it be1 as it seems to be1 ,thy will1 that ,i stay to glorify thee1 ,to add to thy jewels1 one by one2 ,then1 ,father in heaven1 that will be done6 #eca ,then on the monarch's humbled brow ,the kiss of peace he pressed4 ,and led him1 as a brother1 now1 ,a little from the rest-- ,here1 as is meet1 thy penance do1 ,and as thy penitence is true1 ,so ,god will make it light6 ,then mayst thou work with me1 that thus ,the light that he hath given us ,may rise on ,denmark's night6 ,m4 ,t4 ,f4 ------ ,translated from ,le ,correspondant ,,the ,,youth ,,of ,,saint ,,paul4 ,by ,l',,abbe ,,louis ,,baunard4 ,at the time when ,jesus ,christ came into this world1 the ,jews were scattered over the whole surface of the earth4 ,from the narrow valley in which their religious law had confined them for the designs of ,god1 these people of little territory had overflowed into all the provinces of the ,roman empire4 ,captivity had been the beginning of their dispersion4 ,numerous ,israelitish colonists1 who had formerly settled in the land of their exile1 were still existing in ,babylon1 in ,media1 even in ,persia2 others had pushed their way further on to the extreme east1 even as far as ,china4 ,finally1 under the reign of ,augustus1 they are found everywhere4 ,footnote #ih ,footnote #ih3 ,v4 ,remond ,histoire de la ,propagation du ,judaisme1 ,leipzig1 #aghi ,grost1 ,de ,migrationibus ,hebr4 extra patriam1 #ahag4 ,jost1 ,histoire des ,isralites depuis les ,machabes1 etc4 ,it was the solemn hour in which1 according to the parable of the gospel1 the ,father had gone forth to sow the seed4 ,the field1 that is the world1 was filled with it already1 and the time was not far distant when the ,lord1 seeing the countries ripe for the harvest1 would send out his journeymen to reap1 and gather the wheat into his barns4 ,one of these families of the dispersion1 as they were styled1 inhabited the city of ,tarsus in ,cilicia4 ,of this once famous city nothing now remains but a few ruins1 and the modern ,tarsous falls vastly short of that high rank which the ancient ,tarsus held among the cities of the ,east4 ,even at present1 however1 it is called the capital city of ,caramania4 ,situated on a small eminence covered over with laurels and myrtles1 at a distance of about ten miles from the ,mediterranean sea1 it is washed by the rapid and cold waters of the ,kara-sou1 and its population during winter amounts to more than thirty thousand souls4 ,in summer it is almost a desert4 ,chased away by the burning heats which prevail at this season from the sea-coast1 men1 women and children abandon their homes and emigrate to the surrounding heights1 where they fix their camp under lofty cedars1 which afford them shelter1 shade1 and coolness4 ,footnote #ii ,footnote #ii3 ,p4 ,belon1 ,voyages--cit dans ,malte-,brun4 #ecb ,it were difficult to draw1 from what it is at present1 an exact picture of the ancient ,tarsus4 ,instead of the sad1 disconsolate look of a ,turkish city1 there was then in it the movement1 the ardor1 the splendor of the ,greek city1 proud of her politeness and her recollections4 ,according to ,strabo1 ,tarsus was a colony of ,argos4 ,as a proof of the high state of its culture1 the ,greeks related that the companions of ,triptolemus1 perambulating the earth in search of ,io1 stopped at that place1 charmed by its richness and beauty4 ,others traced its origin further back1 to the old kings of ,assyria4 ,at one of the gates of ,tarsus there had been seen for a long time the tomb of ,sardanapalus with the following inscription under his statue3 ,i1 ,sardanapalus1 have built ,tarsus in one day4 ,passenger1 eat1 drink1 and give thyself a good time2 the rest is nothing4 ,footnote #ajj ,history1 however1 has written there other remembrances4 ,it was not far from ,tarsus that the intrepid ,alexander had nearly perished in the icy waters of the ,cydnus4 ,it was there upon the sea1 at the entrance of the river1 that the memorable interview and the fatal alliance of ,antony and ,cleopatra had just taken place in the midst of voluptuous feasts4 ,the wise providence that provides reparations for all our pollutions1 had chosen the city of a ,sardanapalus and of an ,antony to be the cradle of ,st4 ,paul4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,strabo1 liv1 xvi4 ,for the rest1 ,tarsus was a city perfectly well built and of remarkable beauty4 ,from the fertile hill on which she rested1 she could contemplate the direction toward the north and west of an undulating line1 which traced rather than hid the horizon4 ,this was the outline of the first ascending grades1 of the mountains of ,cilicia4 ,at a short distance from the city the waters of numerous living springs met together and formed a rapid river1 deeply enchased1 which soon reached and refreshed that portion of her which the historians call the ,gymnasium1 and we would name the ,quarter of the schools4 ,further on there was a harbor of peculiar and distinctly marked outline4 ,philostratus has described in a striking and picturesque manner the different habitudes of the men of traffic and of the literary class1 representing the former as slaves to avarice1 the latter to voluptuousness4 ,all their talk1 says he1 consisted in reviling1 taunting1 and railing at each other with sharp-biting words3 whence one might have easily seen that it was only in their dress they pretended to imitate the ,athenians1 but not in prudence and praiseworthy habits4 ,they did nothing else all day but walk up and down on the banks of the river ,cydnus1 which runs across this city1 as if they were so many aquatic birds1 passing their time in frolicsome levities1 inebriated1 so to speak1 with the pleasing delectation of those sweet-flowing waters4 ,footnote #aja ,footnote #aja3 ,philostrate1 ,de la ,vie d',apollonius ,thyanan traduction de ,blaise de ,vigenre1 liv4 iv4 ch4 ix4 p4 #ajc1ajd4 ,paris1 #afaa4 ,such1 then1 was the city in which a vast multitude of young men1 elegant1 voluptuous and witty1 crowded and pressed each other like a swarm of bees1 for ,tarsus was the most brilliant intellectual focus of that time and country4 ,the following is the description of it1 given by ,strabo3 ,she carries to such a height the culture of arts and sciences1 that she surpasses even ,athens and ,alexandria4 ,the difference between ,tarsus and these two cities is1 that in the former the learned are almost all indigenous4 ,few strangers come hither2 and even those who belong to the country do not sojourn here long4 ,as soon as they have completed the course of their studies in the liberal arts1 they emigrate to some other place1 and very few of them return to ,tarsus afterward4 ,the best masters regarded it as an honor to teach in the schools of this city of arts4 ,there were in it such grammarians as ,artemidorus and ,diodorus2 such brilliant poets and professors #ecc of eloquence as ,plutiades and ,diogenes2 such philosophers of the sect of the stoics as the two ,athenodori2 of whom the first had been ,cato's friend in life1 and his companion in death1 and the second had been the instructor of ,augustus1 who1 in token of gratitude1 appointed him governor of ,tarsus4 ,for1 it was the fate of this learned city to be under the administration of men of letters1 and of philosophers4 ,she had been ruled by the poet ,boethus1 the favorite of ,antony4 ,nestor1 the ,platonic philosopher1 had also governed her4 ,it is easily seen1 however1 that such men are better prepared for speculations in science1 than for the administration of public affairs1 so that1 in their hands1 ,tarsus felt more than once those intestine commotions1 of which cities of schools have never ceased to be the theatre4 ,it was in this city1 and under these circumstances1 almost upon the frontiers of ,europe and ,asia1 in the very heart of a great civilization1 that ,st4 ,paul was born1 about the twenty-eighth year of ,augustus' reign1 two years before the birth of ,christ4 ,footnote #ajb ,he himself informs us that he was a ,jew of the tribe of ,juda1 ,footnote #ajc born in the ,greek city of ,tarsus1 and a ,roman citizen3 so that by parentage1 by education1 and by privilege1 he belonged to the three great nations who bore rule over the realm of thought and of action4 ,the grave historian ,footnote #ajd who exhausts the catalogue of the illustrious men of ,tarsus1 never suspected what man--very differently illustrious--had just appeared there1 and of what a revolution he was to become the zealous defender as well as the martyr4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,this would be so1 if ,st4 ,paul lived to the age of sixty-eight years1 as is stated in a ,homily of ,st4 ,john ,chrysostom1 vol4 vi4 of his complete works4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,benjamin4 ,see ,rom4 xi #a4--;,ep4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,strabo1 liv4 xiv ,the ,jewish origin of the ,doctor of ,nations was1 as is easily understood1 of vast importance for fulfilment of the designs of ,god4 ,the religion of ,jesus ,christ proceeds from ,judaism1 continues and perfects it4 ,it was1 therefore1 well worthy of the wisdom of ,god that his apostles should belong to the one as well as to the other covenant1 and that he should thus extend his hand to all ages1 as he was to extend it to all men4 ,this purity of origin was so considerable a privilege1 that it is by it one may account to one's self for the rage and fury with which the ,ebionite ,jews in the first age of our era labored to deprive him of it4 ,adhering to the last rubbish of the law of ,moses1 and1 for this reason1 irreconcilable enemies to the great apostle of the ,gentiles1 these sectarians maliciously invented the following fable1 according to the relation of ,st4 ,epiphanius4 ,footnote #aje ,they say that he was a ,greek1 that his father was a ,greek as well as his mother4 ,having come to ,jerusalem in his youth1 he had sojourned there for a certain time4 ,having there known the daughter of the high priest1 he had desired to have her for his wife2 and to this end he had become a ,jewish proselyte4 ,as he could not1 however1 obtain the young maiden even at that price1 he had conceived a burning resentment1 and commenced to write against the circumcision1 the sabbath1 and the law4 ,it seems to me that ,st4 ,epiphanius confers too great an honor upon this romance1 by merely exposing and refuting it4 ,footnote #aje3 ,adv4 ,haeret liv4 ii4 t4 i4 p4 #adj1 ,no4 xvi4 ,i know on what foundation ,st4 ,jerome affirms1 on the contrary1 that ,st4 ,paul was a ,jew not only by descent1 but also by the place of his birth4 ,according to him1 ,st4 ,paul's parents dwelt in the small town of ,girchala in ,juda1 when the ,roman invasion compelled them to seek for themselves a home somewhere else4 ,therefore they took their son1 yet an infant1 with them1 and fled to ,tarsus1 where they remained1 waiting for better days4 ,footnote #ajf ,footnote #ajf3 ,de ,viris ,illustrib4 ,catalog4 ,script4 ,eccles4 t4 i4 p4#hdi ,the declaration of ,st4 ,paul himself1 however1 allows no doubt to be #ecd entertained as to his origin4 ,born in ,tarsus1 he was circumcised there on the eighth day after his birth1 and received the name of ,saul1 which he exchanged afterward for that of ,paul1 probably at the time when ,sergius ,paulus had been converted by him to the ,christian faith4 ,his parents failed not to instruct him in the law2 for1 how distant soever from their mother country might have been the place in which they lived1 the ,jews did not cease to render to the ,god of their fathers worship1 more or less pure1 but faithful4 ,like all other great cities of the ,roman empire1 ,tarsus had her synagogue where the ,law was read1 and where the religious interests of the ,israelitic people were discussed4 ,it was there that prayers were solemnly made with the face turned toward the holy city3 for there was no temple anywhere but in ,jerusalem1 whither numerous and pious caravans from all the countries of ,asia went every year to celebrate in ,sion the great festivals of the ,passover and ,pentecost1 to pay there the double devotion1 and present their victims4 ,the bond of union was thus fastened more firmly than ever between the colonies and the metropolis1 in which great things were soon expected to take place4 ,jerusalem was not only the country of memorials1 but to ,jewish hearts she was also the land of hope1 and every eye was turned toward the mountain whence salvation was to come4 ,saul grew up in ,tarsus4 ,we must not seek in the youth of ,saul for those signs which reveal in advance a great man4 ,in individuals of this sort1 devoted to the work of ,god1 all greatness is from him1 the instrument disappearing in the hand of the divine artificer4 ,whatever illusion iconography may have impressed us with upon the point1 ,saul did not carry1 either in stature of body or in beauty of features1 the reflection of his great soul1 and at first sight the world saw in him only an insignificant person1 as he himself testifies1 aspectus corporis infirmus1 ,beside1 he was a man of low condition1 exercising a trade1 and earning his daily bread by the sweat of his face4 ,the rabbinical maxims said that1 not to teach one's son to work1 was the same thing as to teach him to steal4 ,saul was1 therefore1 a workman1 and everything leads us to believe that he1 who was to carry light to nations1 passed1 like his master1 the whole of his obscure youth in hard work4 ,he made tents for the military camps and for travellers4 ,this was an extensive industry in the ,east2 and a great trade in these textures was carried on in ,tarsus with the caravans starting from the ports of ,cilicia and journeying though ,armenia1 ,persia1 the whole of ,asia ,major1 and beyond4 ,footnote #ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,these conjectures and regard to ,st4 ,paul's birth and parentage are not founded on any solid basis1 but on the contrary appear to be quite improbable4 ,the author's citation from the ,rabbinical maxims overturns the argument which he derives from the fact that ,st4 ,paul practised a handicraft4 ,all ,jews1 whatever their birth or wealth1 learned a trade4 ,st4 ,paul's knowledge of the tent-maker's trade1 therefore1 does not prove that he was of low birth1 or belonged to the class of artisans4 ,on the contrary1 his possession of the privileges of ,roman citizenship1 which he must have inherited1 and which could only have been conferred on account of some great service rendered to the state by one of his ancestors1 together with his thorough education1 go to show that he belonged to one of the most eminent ,jewish families of ,tarsus4--,ed4 ,c4,w4 ,manual occupation1 however1 did not absorb the whole time1 nor the whole soul of the young ,israelite2 since the tradition of the fathers points to him as frequenting the schools of ,tarsus1 and joining that studious swarm of young civilians who crowded there to attend the lectures delivered by the professors of science and literature4 ,footnote #ajh ,his ,epistles retain some traces of these his first studies4 ,in these he quotes now and then words of the ancient poets1 ,menander1 ,aratus1 ,epimenides4 ,he expressed himself with equal facility in the three great languages of the civilized world1 the ,hebrew1 the ,greek1 and the ,latin2 and it is manifest that he knew the secrets of the art of eloquence1 for which he #ece retained in later times only a magnanimous contempt4 ,he was also initiated in philosophy1 under the teachers whom ,i have named already4 ,besides ,stoicism1 whose patrons and success in ,tarsus ,i have mentioned1 ,platonism flourished there under the protection of ,nestor1 a man of great distinction1 who had been the preceptor of that illustrious youth ,marullus1 who was sung by ,virgil1 and bewailed by ,augustus4 ,is it not1 at this period1 that a young man of ,tyana1 himself destined to acquire a strange celebrity1 came to ,tarsus in his fourteenth year1 and passionately embraced there the precepts of ,pythagorean doctrine8 ,the uncertainties of the history1 which was written by ,philostratus afterward1 do not permit us to say anything definite upon this point2 but one cannot help thinking that it is from the same place1 and at the same time1 that those two extremes of the power of good and of the power of evil have set out--,apollonius of ,tyana1 and ,saint ,paul4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,sancte ,hieronymi1 t4 vi4 #cbb4--;,comm4 ,epist4 ad ,galat4 ,finally1 not far from there the oriental doctrines drove to their several beliefs respectively the multitudes of ,asia1 and invaded also the ,greek cities of ,asia ,minor and the ,islands4 ,thus ,parsism on the one hand1 and ,hellenism on the other1 met in ,tarsus with ,judaism4 ,by its position1 as well as by its commerce1 the birthplace of ,st4 ,paul was the point of confluence of the two currents of ideas1 which shared the world between themselves4 ,from this centre the future apostle was able to embrace in one view all those different sorts of minds which he was to embrace in his zeal afterwards4 ,such were his beginnings4 ,in them ,saul plays an insignificant part2 but ,god a great one2 ,god does not act openly as yet2 he prepares4 ,but what preparation6 ,what a concurrence of circumstances manifestly providential6 ,what greatness even in this obscurity6 ,the seal of predestination is visibly impressed upon that soul appointed to regenerate the world by the faith4 ,the place1 the time1 the means1 everything seems disposed1 consecrated in advance1 as it were1 for a great scene4 ,god incarnate was to fill it1 but he had chosen ,saul of ,tarsus to be in it the actor most worthy of him4 ,,ii4 ,the second education of ,saul took place in ,jerusalem4 ,he was yet young when his parents1 yielding to that instinct which recalled the ,jews to their native country1 sent him1 or1 perhaps1 went and took him with themselves1 to the holy city1 in order to fix their residence there4 ,there occur in history some solemn epochs2 but that in which ,saul arrived at ,jerusalem possesses a consecration which cannot belong to any but to itself alone3 it was what ,st4 ,paul called1 afterward1 the fulness of the times4 ,the seventy weeks determined by ,daniel1 entered then into the last phasis of their accomplishment4 ,the sceptre had been taken away from ,judah1 and1 at a few steps from the temple1 a centurion1 with the vine-stock in his hand1 quietly walked around the residence of a ,roman proconsul4 ,people were waiting to see from what point the star of ,jacob was to appear4 ,it had risen already1 and the young workman of ,tarsus1 while going to ,jerusalem1 might have met on his way with a workman like himself1 who1 sitting at the foot of some unknown hill1 preached in parables to the people of his own country and of his condition4 ,this was in fact taking place under the second ,herod4 ,saul was then twenty-nine years old1 and the ,word made flesh dwelt among us full of grace and truth4 ,did ,saul have the happiness to see his divine ,master during his mortal life8 ,grave historians formally affirm it1 ,footnote #aji and some passages in the ,epistles allow us to believe it4 ,others think #ecf that what they refer to is only the vision on the road to ,damascus4 ,footnote #aji3 ,alzog1 ,histoire ,universelle de l',eglise1 t4 i4 p4 #aeg4 ,but1 whatever may be the difference of opinions upon this point1 it appears impossible that the fame of ,jesus' teaching and miracles did not reach the ears of ,saul1 while living in ,judea3 it is even probable that ,saul might have endeavored to see him4 ,we have known the ,christ according to the flesh1 he himself wrote to the ,corinthians4 ,footnote #aaj ,this last testimony leaves yet some doubt as to the interpretation2 but1 when one reflects on the repeated utterance of these expressions1 as well as upon the coincidence of dates and names1 one cannot help starting at the thought1 that on some unknown hour the ,god and the apostle must have met1 and that ,jesus1 piercing into the future1 bestowed on the youth that deep and tender look which he gave the young man spoken of in the ,gospel2 and that the ,pharisee1 who was to become a vessel of election1 then condemned himself to the regret of having that day neglected and mistaken the blessed ,god1 of whom he was afterward to say in that language invented by love1 ,mihi vivere ,christus est1 ,for me to live1 is ,christ4 ,footnote #aaj3 #a ,cor4 ix4 #a and #b ,cor4 v4 #af ,when ,saul entered ,jerusalem for the first time1 the pious ,israelite must doubtless have been astonished and saddened at the same time4 ,herod the ,ascalonite had rendered her1 according to ,pliny's testimony1 the most magnificent city of the ,east2 but by the profane character of her embellishments1 she had lost much of her holy originality4 ,the prince courtier had erected near by a circus and a theatre1 where festivals in honor of ,augustus were celebrated every fifth year4 ,he had repaired and transformed the temple1 but also profaned it2 and over the principal gate of the holy place one saw the glitter of the golden eagle of ,rome and of ,jupiter1 a double insult to religion and liberty4 ,jerusalem was likely to become a ,roman city2 her part was on the point of being played out2 her priesthood was expiring1 she began to cast off its insignia1 and one saw the line gradually disappear which separated her from the cities of paganism4 ,beside1 ,saul found her torn in pieces by religious sects which had in these latter times fastened to the body of ,judaism1 as parasitical plants stick to the trunk of an old tree4 ,religious opinion was divided between the ,pharisees and the ,sadducees4 ,i speak not of the ,herodians1 for in the order of ideas flatteries are not taken into account1 for this reason--because to flatter is not to dogmatize4 ,sadduceeism1 a sort of ,jewish ,protestantism1 rejected all tradition2 would admit of nothing but the text of the ,pentateuch2 denied an after-life because it was not found formally enough inculcated by ,moses1 and consequently endeavored to make this present one as comfortable as possible4 ,it was ,epicureanism under the mask of religion4 ,pharisaism1 on the contrary1 was the double reaction both in religion and nationality4 ,in order to enhance the law1 it multiplied practices and rites2 in order to save the dogma1 it burdened it with an oral tradition1 to serve as a commentary1 an interpreter1 and a supplement to the law4 ,under the name of ,mishna1 this tradition proceeded1 according to her account1 from secret instructions of ,moses himself1 and composed a kind of sacred science1 of which the doctors only possessed the key4 ,the sect of the ,pharisees was1 on the other hand1 the great political as well as doctrinal power of the nation4 ,the people venerated them1 the inces sic treated them with regard1 and ,josephus informs us that ,alexander ,jannacus1 being at the point of death1 spoke of them to his wife in the following manner3 ,allow the ,pharisees a greater liberty than usual2 for they1 he told her1 would1 for the favor conferred on them1 reconcile the nation to her interest2 that they had a powerful influence over the ,jews1 and were in #ecg a capacity to prejudice those they hated and serve those they loved4 ,footnote #aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,antiq41 liv4 xili4 eh1 xv4 p4 #efe4 ,the ,young ,saul enrolled himself with the ,pharisees3 among them1 however1 he chose his school4 ,being sensible of the fact that foreign ideas were insinuating themselves into the bosom of ,judaism1 some choice minds were at this epoch in search of ,i know not what compromise between ,moses's doctrine and philosophy1 in which compromise the two elements might be fused together1 and thus form a religion at the same time rational and mystic4 ,this fusion is one of the signs by which this period is distinguished4 ,uneasy and attentive1 every mind was laboring under the want of a universality and unity of belief1 whose painful child-birth1 twenty times miscarried1 was yet submitted to without relaxation4 ,one hundred and fifty years before the epoch we are now in1 ,aristobulus had attempted this eclecticism1 and ,philo was soon after to reduce it to system in ,alexandria and give it a widely spread popularity in ,egypt4 ,another man1 however1 took upon himself the business of planting it in the very heart of ,palestine4 ,this man was the famous rabbi ,gamaliel1 the beloved teacher of ,saint ,paul4 ,it must be admitted that no man could be better qualified to render it acceptable than he was1 on account of his position and character4 ,he was the grandson of ,doctor ,hillel1 whose science as well as his consideration and holiness he had inherited4 ,he was the oracle of his time1 and on his death1 the ,talmud says1 the light of the law was extinguished in ,israel4 ,the ,talmudists add that he had been vested with the title of ,nasi1 or chief of the council1 and the ,gospel agrees with the ,jewish authors1 recognizing in him a just man1 wise1 moderate1 impartial1 an enemy to violence1 and ruling the different parties by a moral greatness1 which secured to him the confidence of all and the unanimity of their regards4 ,he was the first who caused the text of the ,bible to be read in ,greek at ,jerusalem4 ,this innovation was of itself an immense progress1 as it removed that barrier which ,pharisaism had raised between the ,hellenist and the ,judaizing ,jews4 ,he dreamed not1 however1 of transforming ,moses into a ,socrates4 ,he gave up nothing of pure ,judaism4 ,but1 having a thorough knowledge of the ,greek1 ,oriental and ,egyptian philosophies1 he held them all in check2 he took out of each of them what could be reconciled with the law of ,god1 enriched with it the inheritance of tradition1 and boldly applying to ideas that generous and accommodating toleration which he made use of in social life1 he allowed them entrance into the ,synagogue4 ,footnote #aab ,footnote #aab3 ,niemeyer1 ,characteristik der ,bibel1 p4 #fch4 ,gamaliel1 it seems1 kept in ,jerusalem what certain authors call an academy4 ,it was frequented1 for men of such a character possess a great power of attraction4 ,young ,israelites brought to his feet1 and placed at his disposal1 for the service of his and their ideas1 the intemperate zeal and warm convictions of their age--,christian tradition acquaints us with the names of some of them2 among others1 of ,stephen and ,barnabas1 whom we shall soon see disciples of a greater master4 ,footnote #aac ,but the most ardent of them all was1 without contradiction1 the young ,saul of ,tarsus4 ,proud1 fiery1 enthusiastic1 he seems to have been passionately fond of the ,pharisaism of ,gamaliel1 but mixing with the zeal a violent asperity which1 certainly1 he had not from his master4 ,no man could be more attached1 than he was1 to the ancient traditions2 it is himself who says so1 adding that his proficiency in the interpretation of the law placed him at the head of the men of his time4 ,footnote #aad ,footnote #aac3 ,cornel4 a ,lapide1 in ,act4 v4 #cd4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,epist4 to the ,galatians1 i4 #ad4 ,these ,jewish as well as these ,greek studies were not lost time in the education of the apostle4 ,they #ech made ,saul sensible of the pressing need of a revealer which the world was then laboring under2 and they caused those groanings to reach his ears from all parts1 which he himself called the groaning of creation in childbed of her redeemer4 ,they did also reveal to him1 seeing the inability of sects for it1 that redemption could not be the work of man1 and they left in his mind that haughty contempt of human wisdom1 which would be despair1 if ,god had not come to reveal a better one possessing the promises both of this world and of the next4 ,now1 whilst young ,saul and the ,jewish rabbins were agitating these questions in the dust of schools and synagogue1 our ,lord ,jesus ,christ was giving the solution of them in his own life and by his death4 ,his death was even more fruitful than his life1 and when the ,pharisees believed they had put an end to his doctrine1 as they had to his life1 it was a great surprise to them to see twelve fishermen1 wholly unknown the day before1 suddenly appear1 preaching that the ,son of ,god had risen from the dead1 that they had seen him gloriously ascending into heaven1 and that1 in order to give testimony of it to the world1 they were ready and would be happy to die4 ,their miracles1 their doctrine1 the conversions which they wrought by multitudes1 their baptism conferred on thousands of disciples1 the enthusiasm of some1 the perplexity of others1 the hatred of many1 stirred up the politicians and the magistrates4 ,the great council met under these circumstances4 ,it seems that there was held in it a decisive deliberation1 in which the destinies of ,christianity were solemnly discussed4 ,the question was to know1 whether the new religion should be drowned in blood1 or whether it should be allowed the liberty and time of dying by a natural death4 ,it did not occur to any one's thought that it could live2 and much less that it could be true3 and it is remarkable that not a word was said on the doctrinal question1 the most important of all6 ,thus some of them advised to put those men to death1 others feared lest violence should excite a sedition1 and there was division of counsel in the assembly1 when ,gamaliel rose up in it4 ,silence followed1 the ,scripture relates1 because he was the sage of the nation4 ,he made no speech4 ,he cited only the names of some seditious men very well known in the city1 the false prophet ,theodas1 and ,judas of ,galilee1 who1 after a little noise1 had left no trace behind them4 ,hence he concluded that the new religion would have the same fortune if it was from man1 and that if it was1 on the contrary1 the work of ,god1 it would prove invincible against all human efforts4 ,his advice appeared for a moment to prevail1 on account of its wisdom2 and the apostles1 confiding in the future1 readily accepted the challenge4 ,god had other designs in regard to his church1 and it was not peace but war that he had come to bring with him4 ,wisdom had decided2 passion executed4 ,after reciting the advice of ,gamaliel1 the ,scripture adds that1 before being dismissed1 the ,apostles were scourged1 and that they went from the presence of the council rejoicing that they were accounted worthy to suffer reproach for the name of ,jesus4 ,the signal had thus been given1 and a pure victim was about to open the era of the martyrs4 ,we have thus far related only the human history of ,st4 ,paul4 ,we now begin to enter into his supernatural and divine history4 ,saul had put himself at the head of those who persecuted the ,christians4 ,hence it is that the ,scripture represents him to us as laying everything waste1 like a rapacious wolf1 spreading consternation amidst the flock4 ,his very name was terror to the newly born church2 above all the others1 however1 one ,christian roused his jealous rancor4 ,it was a young man whose name ,i have already mentioned1 and who is believed to have been of the same #eci country with ,saul1 and his relative4 ,footnote #aae ,he was called ,stephanos1 which we have modified into ,stephen4 ,footnote #aae3 ,corn4 a ,lapide1 in ,act4 ,apost4 vi4 #ah4 ,stephen1 as everything indicates1 was a ,greek1 and of the number of those who were then called ,hellenistic ,jews4 ,in all probability1 he belonged to that synagogue of ,cilicians of which ,saul1 his friend and countryman1 must likewise have been a member4 ,some of the ancients have even believed that he also belonged to the school of ,gamaliel2 and this is confirmed by the old tradition1 which makes the remains of the great rabbin and those of the first martyr rest in the same grave4 ,footnote #aaf ,all these relations between ,stephen and ,saul1 who persecuted him1 are worthy of being taken into account4 ,they throw a great light over those events1 and define with precision the circumstances of which they give the key4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,inventio ,corporis ,s4 ,stephani1 ,visio ,s4 ,luciani1 viii4 te ix4 ,the same tradition has taken a pleasure in surrounding the young neophyte with every gift and accomplishment that could make him a most precious victim4 ,the memory which the fathers have preserved of ,stephen is that of a youth of rare beauty1 in the flower of his age1 endowed with wonderful eloquence1 and with a candor of soul yet more charming4 ,he was a virgin1 ,st4 ,augustine says of him1 and this purity of heart reflecting upon his features imparted to his face an angelic expression4 ,st4 ,john ,damascene speaks in the same strain of that excellent nature which made the light of grace shine with more brilliant lustre4 ,such souls are very near to ,christianity4 ,stephen had become a ,christian4 ,st4 ,epiphanius affirms that he was such during the life of ,jesus ,christ1 and that he was one of the seventy-two disciples4 ,footnote #aag ,st4 ,augustine doubts of it4 ,footnote #aah ,footnote #aag3 ,haer4 #ba4 ,footnote #aah3 ,sermo xciv4 ,de ,diversis4 ,what we are informed of in the ,book of the ,acts concerning this point is1 that moved by a murmuring of the ,greeks against the ,hebrews for that their widows were neglected in the daily ministration1 the apostles caused seven men of that nation to be chosen1 whom they appointed over that business4 ,the first named 7and perhaps the most preminent7 among them was ,stephen1 characterized by the inspired historian as a man full of faith and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,this conversion raised storms in the bosom of the synagogue2 and as ,st4 ,paul1 according to his own account1 occupied a preminent rank among the young men of that time1 it was easy for him no doubt to breathe his own burning flame into them4 ,besides1 everything announced a violent crisis1 and the whole city experienced that agitation and anxiety which1 in troubled times1 precede and portend a near commotion and a desperate struggle4 ,as the disciples had not yet been outlawed1 as they did not even have any peculiar name which distinguished them from the rest of the people1 and their religious belief enjoyed as yet its freedom1 they joined everywhere the ,jewish assemblies1 instilled there their doctrine1 taught even in the temple1 where they went to pray like the rest4 ,but a deep-rooted dissension1 pregnant with tempests1 was growing in the heart of every synagogue4 ,these were most numerous at ,jerusalem1 as it is said that well-nigh five hundred different ones were there in existence1 each people possessing their own1 about in the same manner as now in the city of ,rome every ,catholic nation possesses her proper church1 for her own use1 and in her own name4 ,the synagogue of the ,cilicians1 is expressly mentioned in the holy ,scripture and signalized as one of the most disturbed1 and most opposed to the new sect4 ,footnote #aai ,interpreters are of opinion that it was there ,saul and the deacon ,stephen met together in the midst of other ,asiatic ,jews1 their countrymen1 #edj hot-headed and subtle1 as are all of that country4 ,footnote #abj ,they were of the same age1 according to computations made for the purpose1 and of equal learning2 but ,stephen's eloquence had no rival6 ,it was1 the ,acts say1 something at once sweet and powerful1 that attracted by its grace1 and bore away the soul by its force4 ,one felt in it a higher spirit1 it is said1 and it was in vain that disputants from all the synagogues arose against ,christ and his faith2 none could resist that word1 full of wisdom and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,some ,greek copies add that he reprehended the ,jews with such an assurance that it was impossible not to see the truths which he announced4 ,footnote #aai3 ,act4 vi4 #i ,footnote #abj3 ,dom ,calmet1 ,comm4 sur les ,actes1 vi4 #i4 ,his words gave displeasure on account of this freedom2 as they could not refute him they soon resolved to calumniate him1 waiting for a pretext to get rid of him4 ,witnesses were found2 they are found everywhere4 ,stephen had preached that a more perfect worship was about to take the place of the worship of ,moses1 that the glory and the reign of the temple were soon to have an end1 and that a better ,jerusalem of larger destinies1 was on the point of being built4 ,it was but too easy to turn these words from their spiritual meaning1 and convert them into threats against the city and the people4 ,a purely moral and peaceful revolution was a thing1 on the other hand1 so entirely novel in the history of the world1 that one would have naturally persisted in confounding it with a political and civil revolution4 ,it was this gross and voluntary mistake that had furnished the text to the pretended lawsuit against our ,lord ,jesus ,christ2 it was equally the foundation of that which his disciples have been subjected to4 ,to these accusations they took care to add that ,stephen intended to change the ancient traditions1 which thing in the eyes of the ,pharisees was decisive4 ,the young deacon was therefore brought before the high-priest1 that same ,caiaphas by whom ,jesus had suffered4 ,when the accusers had been heard1 the pontiff requested ,stephen to answer them3 ,are these things so8 ,he rose up1 and as soon as he could be seen1 the book of the ,acts observes1 all the eyes in the assembly were fixed on him4 ,did he have already a glimpse of the martyr's crown1 and did this vision transfigure him in advance8 ,i know not1 but it is said that his face appeared to their eyes as the face of on angel4 ,it was1 says ,st4 ,hilary of ,aries1 the flame of his heart overspreading itself upon his forehead2 the candor of his soul was reflected on his features in a perfect beauty2 and the ,holy ,ghost residing in ,stephen's heart threw upon his face a jet of supernatural light4 ,the speech of ,stephen was simple1 but peremptory4 ,to those who charged him with breaking off from the religion of his fathers1 he opposed at the very beginning a long profession of faith from the books of ,moses4 ,but the question relating to the temple1 whose fall he had foretold1 was more serious4 ,he viewed it firmly4 ,he did not retract himself2 but presently rising from the region of facts to that of superior principles which facts obey1 he began to demonstrate that a material temple is nowise necessary to the honor of ,god4 ,as a proof of this he pointed back to the times in which the patriarchs made their prayers on the top of the high places2 when the ,lord manifested his presence in a flame of fire in a bush2 and when the ,hebrew people carried through the desert the tabernacle1 which was the sanctuary and the altar at the same time4 ,when he had come to the time of the first temple he concluded1 and his discourse suddenly assumed the character of a vivid and eloquent exaltation4 ,elevating himself from the imperfection of a national worship to the ideal of a universal and spiritual one1 which would #eda have its sanctuary chiefly within man's soul1 he said3 ,yet the ,most ,high dwelleth not in houses made by hands1 as the prophet saith3 ',heaven is my throne1 and the earth my footstool2 what house will you build me1 saith the ,lord1 or what is the place of my resting8 ,hath not my hand made all these things8 ,such a harangue was a manifesto4 ,he did not abolish every temple1 nor every worship1 as some people are pleased to insinuate2 but he erased at a single stroke the exclusive privilege of the temple of ,jerusalem1 he extended it's boundaries1 and for the old ,jewish monopoly substituted the catholicity of a new church1 as large as the world4 ,the ,jews understood him too well4 ,they were already trembling with rage against him1 when1 from the accused becoming the accuser1 ,stephen charged them with the murder of the prophets1 and principally with that of the ,god1 our ,saviour1 whom they had crucified4 ,you have received the law by the disposition of angels1 he said to them1 and have not kept it4 ,on hearing these words1 their rage1 incapable of longer restraint1 burst out2 they were cut to the heart1 and they gnashed with their teeth at him1 as the ,acts relate4 ,stephen felt that his last hour was at hand4 ,the ,holy ,ghost filled him as it were with a holy rapture4 ,he looked steadfastly to heaven1 where the glory of ,god began to shine on him1 and there1 in the midst of that glory1 recognizing and saluting ,jesus ,christ1 who extended his hand to him1 ,behold1 he exclaimed1 ,i see the heavens opened1 the ,son of ,man standing on the right hand of ,god4 ,these words sealed his doom4 ,on hearing him1 the ,jews1 shaking with horror1 cried out with a loud voice1 stopped their ears1 and with one accord ran violently upon him1 as wild beasts do on their prey4 ,no judgment was passed on him4 ,a text in the book of ,deuteronomy allowed any one to be put to death1 who enticed the people into idolatry4 ,this summary justice sometimes tolerated by the ,roman pro-consul1 was termed the judgment of zeal4 ,to apply this judgment to the young deacon1 was found more convenient than to go through the formalities of a regular sentence2 and they seized him to put him to death4 ,by a last relic of ,pharisaism1 however1 they took care to observe the practices of the law1 even in such an arbitrary and cruel deed4 ,to the end1 therefore1 that the holy city should not be stained with blood1 the innocent victim was cast forth without the walls of ,jerusalem4 ,they went out by the northern gate along that side which leads to country of ,kedar4 ,at the west of the valley crossed by the ,kedron1 on a desolate places and at the right of the distant mountains of ,galaad1 the crowd stopped4 ,the witnesses began by raising their hands over the head of ,stephen1 which was the rite of devoting a victim to death2 then stones innumerable1 as thick as hail1 fell upon him4 ,the atrocious deed went on with unrelenting fury1 and the body of the heroic martyr was now noting but a wound2 but he held his eyes immovably fixed on that celestial vision1 and as life was gradually receding from his breast1 he was ever invoking and saying1 ,lord ,jesus1 receive my spirit6 ,the ,acts of the ,apostles conclude this narrative1 with giving us the name of the person who was the most noted accomplice in this murder3 ,saulus autem erat consentiens neci ejus4 ,st4 ,luke1 the disciple of ,st4 ,paul1 says nothing further concerning his master in this business4 ,but ,st4 ,paul came afterward1 who1 humbly giving a public testimony of his cruel error1 denounced himself as the instigator of that iniquity4 ,when the blood of ,stephen was shed1 he said one day to the ,jews1 ,i was the first1 and over the others1 ,super ad stabam4 ,footnote #aba ,it is the sense of the ,greek text4 ,had #edb he for such a thing a mandate of the ,sanhedrim1 as we shall soon see him vested with full powers against the brethren of ,damascus8 ,everything would make one believe so4 ,the fathers and commentators say1 it was for this reason that he kept the garments of those men of blood3 and they1 in fact1 show us those murderers as going the one after the other1 deferentially to lay their garments at the feet of ,saul1 as an homage1 so to speak1 paid to him1 from whom they had the power and the command to strike4 ,footnote #aba3 ,act4 xxii4 #bj4 ,stephen saw him1 and revenged himself in his way--the divine way4 ,at the point of death1 covered with blood1 he lowered his eyes to the earth for the last time1 and sadly resting them on his persecutors1 perhaps he saw through their impious crowd one of them apart1 more furious than the rest4 ,he was moved to compassion for his soul2 and then it was that falling on his knees1 he cried with a loud voice1 not of anger1 but of grace1 and said3 ,lord1 lay not this sin to their charge4 ,he rose no more1 and so saying1 ,stephen fell asleep in the ,lord4 ,he could sleep in peace1 indeed1 for he had just made a magnificent conquest4 ,if ,stephen had not prayed1 ,st4 ,augustine says1 the church had not won ,st ,paul2 the martyr fell1 the ,apostle rose4 ,footnote #abb ,these substitutions are the most mysterious secrets of ,providence4 ,by an admirable law of a bond in solido1 of fraternity and of love1 ,god has willed that we1 like himself1 can1 at the price of a little blood1 or even of some tears1 pay the ransom of souls1 and secure to them a future for which they are indebted to us4 ,he has permitted that the life and the death of ,christians1 like those of their ,master1 should be a redemption1 completing the great redemption of ,calvary1 according to the saying of ,st4 ,paul himself4 ,coloss4 i4 #bd ,footnote #abb3 ,st4 ,aug4 ,sermo #a4 ,de ,sanctis4 ,it was meant that this should be the first apostleship of all1 and the most fruitful4 ,in the midst of scaffolds1 ever full of victims1 and the catacombs which incessantly recruited new children of ,god1 ,tertullian proclaimed that the blood of the martyrs was a seed of ,christians4 ,he gave thus form to a beautiful law1 which the blood of ,stephen1 after the blood of ,god himself1 had before inaugurated4 ,the soul of ,saul1 therefore1 was that day a conquered soul4 ,it is in vain that on the road to ,damascus he struggles and kicks against the goad3 he is under the yoke of ,god2 he carries a mark of blood on him which points him out1 and which saves him2 and ,jesus1 whenever he will1 has only to show himself to throw him down and make him obey4 ,this is admirable4 ,moses had written in the book of ,leviticus1 ,the priest shall command him that is to be purified to offer for himself two living sparrows which it is lawful to eat1 4 4 4 4 and he shall command one of the sparrows to be immolated1 4 4 4 4 but the other that is alive he shall dip 4 4 4 4 in the blood of the sparrow that is immolated2 4 4 4 4 and he shall let go the living sparrow1 that it may fly into the field4 7,levit xiv4 #d-g47 ,it was according to this rite that the transaction was accomplished4 ,stephen had been the chosen victim2 and when ,saul had covered himself with his redeeming blood1 that blood set him free3 he had no more to do but to spread his wings1 and to start on his flight4 ------ #edc ,from ,chambers's ,journal ,,the ,,cuckoo ,,and ,,the ,,nightingale4 ,our oldest poet1 and almost our best1 unites in one sweet song the cuckoo and the nightingale--the former to be chidden1 and spoken of despitefully2 the latter to be made the theme of fervent praise1 as the singer and harbinger of love4 ,taken altogether1 the cuckoo1 in fact1 is far from being an attractive bird4 ,somehow1 it has in all countries been regarded as a symbol of matrimonial infidelity1 probably because it introduces itself into and defiles the nests of other1 birds4 ,shakespeare1 who loved to make eternal the fancies and prejudices of mankind1 exclaims3 ,cuckoo6 cuckoo6 ,o word of fear6 ,unpleasing to a married ear6 ,loved or hated1 however1 it is a creature about which we know less than any other winged animal4 ,it comes and goes in mystery1 no one being able to decide what is its original country1 how far it extends its travels1 to what peculiarity in its structure or constitution it owes its restless propensity1 or why1 almost as soon as born1 it becomes a sort of feathered ,cain1 murdering its foster-brethren1 and1 according to some1 devouring the very dam that fed it4 ,wide1 indeed1 are its wanderings4 ,it is heard on the banks of the ,niger and the ,senegal in the heart of ,africa2 it is familiar to the dwellers on the ,obi and the ,irtish2 it flies screaming forth its harsh dissyllables over the ,baltic surge2 it repeats them untiringly in the perfumed air of ,andalusia and ,granada1 among the ruins of the ,alhambra and the ,generaliffe2 it startles the woodman in the forests of ,france2 it amuses the school-boy in the green vales of ,kent1 of ,gloucestershire1 and of ,devonshire4 ,our associations with the cuckoo are1 in some cases1 pleasant2 it comes to us with the first of those peregrinating birds that usher in the summer2 its cry is redolent of sunshine1 of the scent of primroses1 of lindens1 of oaks1 and elms1 of solitary pathways1 of the lilied banks of streams4 ,occasionally1 we know not why1 it flies early in the morning over the skirts of great cities1 as if to invite their inmates to shake off drowsiness1 and look forth upon the loveliness of the young day4 ,not many weeks ago1 we heard it in ,london1 just as the clouds were parting in the east to make way for the first beams of dawn4 ,many summers back1 we heard the self-same notes echoing among the pinnacles of the ,alps1 before the morning-star had faded from behind the ,jungfrau4 ,the cuckoo is a sort of familiar chronicler1 that gathers up the events of our lives1 and brings them to our memory by his well-known voice4 ,as he shouts over our heads1 we call to mind the many summers the sweet scents of which we have inhaled1 the rambles we have taken in the woods1 our idolatry of nature1 our innocent pleasures4 ,the cuckoo and the nightingale constitute the opposite poles of the ornithological world2 one the representative of eternal monotony1 the other of infinite variety4 ,among men1 there are cuckoos and nightingales--individuals whose ideas are few1 who think invariably after the same pattern1 who repeat day after day the formulas of the nursery and the school-room1 who1 from their swaddling-bands to their shrouds1 never break away from the social catechism dinned into them at the outset2 while there are others who seem1 at least in their range of thought1 to know no limit but that of creation1 to generate fresh swarms of ideas every moment1 now to hover among the nebulas on the extreme verge of the #edd universe1 and now to nestle in the chalice of the violet1 where even ,ariel could scarcely find room for the tip of his pinion4 ,naturalists may be fanciful1 like poets2 and if this liberty be ever allowable1 it is surely so when they speak of the nightingale4 ,the organization of this winged miracle1 whose whole weight does not exceed an ounce1 may in truth be looked upon as one of the most remarkable in the whole scale of animal life4 ,the roar of the gorilla can1 it is said1 be heard a full mile4 ,but the gorilla is a colossus1 equalling in stature one of the sons of ,anak2 while ,philomela1 not exceeding in bulk the forejoint of the monster's thumb1 is able at night1 when all the woods are still1 to cause the liquid melody of her notes to be heard at an equal distance4 ,consider the organ1 measure the length of country1 and the ecstacy of the listening ear1 and you will perhaps acknowledge that there are few phenomena familiar to our experience more astonishing than this4 ,we have stood at midnight on a mountain in the south of ,france1 and at a distance quite as great1 we think1 as that mentioned above1 have heard the notes of the songstress of darkness borne up to us1 on the breeze from the depths of an unwooded valley4 ,faintly and gently they came through the hushed air1 but there could be no mistake about their identity2 no other mortal mixture of earth's mould than her throat could have given forth such sounds1 crisp1 clear1 long-drawn1 melancholy1 as if she were still lamenting the sad hap that overtook her amid die solitudes of ,hellas4 ,the ,french1 down even to the peasants1 love the nightingale2 and wild country girls1 who in their whole lives never read a page of poetry1 will sit out half the night on a hillside to listen to their favorite bird4 ,a priest once invited us to pass a week with him in his village presbytre1 and in enumerating the inducements1 mentioned first that there were nightingales in the neighborhood4 ,his home was in the valley of ,mortagne1 in the ,bocages of ,normandy1 where these birds are in fact as plentiful as sparrows4 ,in ,italy1 especially in ,tuscany and the ,venetian states1 the nightingale trills her notes with more than ordinary beauty4 ,the great ,roman naturalist who perished amid the lava-floods of ,vesuvius1 often1 we may be sure1 enjoyed her song from his nephew's garden in this part of the peninsula4 ,no description of the wonders she achieves can approach the one he has left us for truth or eloquence1 and it was written in all likelihood by the light of some antique lamp between the prolonged gushes of her music4 ,unhappily1 it is true1 as he says1 that the nightingale's song can only be heard in perfection during fifteen out of the three hundred and sixty-five days of the year4 ,the female bird is then sitting in her nest1 imparting vital heat to the musicians of future years2 and her lover1 fully impressed with the importance of her duty1 intoxicates her with his voice1 to dispel the tedium of confinement4 ,in spite of natural history1 however1 poetry transfers to the mute female the singing powers of her lord3 ,nightly she sings from yon1 pomegranate-tree4 ,pliny1 too1 after stating the fact1 that it is the male that sings1 immediately avails himself of the aid supplied by metonymy1 and changes the sex of the musician4 ,let us take his description1 as honest ,philemon ,holland supplies it in the language of ,elizabeth's time3 ,is it not a wonder1 he says1 that so loud and clear a voice should come from so little a body8 ,is it not as strange that she should hold her breath so long1 and continue with it as she doth8 ,moreover1 she alone in her song keepeth time and measure truly2 she riseth and falleth in her note just with the rules of music and perfect harmonic3 for one while in one entire breath she draweth out her tune at length treatable2 another while she quavereth1 and goeth away as fast in her running points2 sometimes she maketh stops and short cuts in her notes1 another time she gathereth in #ede her breath and singeth descant between the plain song2 she fetcheth her breath again1 and then you shall have her in her catches and divisions2 anon1 all on a sudden1 before a man would think it1 she drowneth her voice1 that one can scarce hear her2 now and then she seemeth to record to herself2 and then she breaketh out to sing voluntarie4 ,in some she varieth and altereth her voice to all keys2 one while full of her larges1 longs1 briefs1 semibriefs1 and minims2 another while in her crotchets1 quavers1 semiquavers1 and double semiquavers1 for at one time you shall hear her voice full and loud1 another time as low2 and anon shrill and on high3 thick and short when she list2 drawn out at leisure again when she is disposed2 and then 7if she be so pleased7 she riseth and mounteth up aloft1 as it were with a wind-organ4 ,thus she altereth from one to another1 and singeth all parts1 the treble1 the meane1 and the base4 ,to conclude2 there is not a pipe or instrument again in the world 7devised with all the art and cunning of man so exquisitely as possibly might be7 that can afford more music than this pretty bird doth out of that little throat of hers4 ,we have persons here in ,england who earn their livelihood by catching nightingales4 ,it is the same in most other countries4 ,near ,cairo1 there is1 or used to be1 a pretty grove of mingled mimosas1 palms1 and sycamores1 where the netters of nightingales station themselves at night1 in the proper season1 to take the bird when in full song4 ,according to their report1 which there is no reason to discredit1 the male bird becomes so intoxicated by the scented air1 by love1 and by his own music1 that the cap-net1 fixed at at the summit of a long reed1 may be raised and closed about him before he is sensible of his danger4 ,from the free woods he is then transferred to a cage1 where in nine cases out of ten1 he dies of nostalgia4 ,nor is this all4 ,the female bird1 accustomed not only to be cheered by his song1 but likewise fed by his industry1 pines and perishes with all her brood4 ,the wren1 the swallow1 the titlark intermit the business of incubation1 and leave their nests for a minute or a minute and a half to help themselves while they are sitting1 or to assist the male in feeding the young after the eggs are hatched3 but the female nightingale used1 like an eastern sultana1 to be provided for entirely by her lord1 feels her utter helplessness when she is deserted1 and leaning her little head and neck over the edge of the nest1 with her eyes fixed in the direction in which he used to come1 dies in that attitude of expectancy4 ,the reason is1 that the instinct of pairing1 which is strong in many other birds1 reaches its culminating point in the nightingale--the same males and females keeping together for years without ever seeking other mates4 ,the cuckoo1 as we have said1 offers the most striking contrast in the development of its instincts4 ,it does not pair at all1 and as there are more males than females1 we may often see two or three of the former sex following one of the latter1 and fighting for her favors4 ,as the parents care not for one another1 neither do they care for their young4 ,it was long supposed that the cuckoo laid only one egg in the season2 but this has been found to be an error1 for though they leave no more than one egg in one nest--we mean generally--they have been observed to make deposits in various nests1 and then fly away to a distant part of the country1 or even to other lands4 ,in the female cuckoo1 therefore1 the maternal instinct is entirely wanting1 which1 though it acts in obedience to an imperious law of nature1 makes it a hateful bird4 ,as soon as it quits the shell1 it begins to exhibit its odious qualities4 ,when the cuckoo's egg is placed in the nest of the hedge-sparrow1 for example1 the deluded mother perceives no difference between the alien production and her own4 ,she sits1 therefore1 on what she finds1 and having no idea of numbers1 of course never thinks of counting the eggs4 #edf ,when hatching-time arrives1 however1 she is made the witness of an extraordinary scene4 ,the villainous young cuckoo1 which often escapes from the shell a whole day before the others1 immediately begins to clear the nest by pitching out the unhatched eggs2 or if the young ones have made their appearance1 forth they are thrown in like manner4 ,nature has fabricated the little monster with a view to this ungrateful proceeding1 for in its back there is a hollow depression1 in which egg or chick may be placed while he is rising to shunt it over the battlements4 ,the process is extremely curious3 the young assassin1 putting shoulder and elbow to the work1 keeps continually thrusting against his victim till he gets it on his back2 he then rises1 and placing his back aslant1 tumbles it out into empty space4 ,this done1 and finding that he has all the dwelling to himself1 he subsides quietly into his place1 and waits with ever-open bill for the dole which the foolish sparrow wears itself almost to death in providing for the faithless wretch4 ,when the nest happens to be situated in a high hedge1 you may often see the young sparrows spiked alive on the thorns1 or the eggs still palpitating with living birds lying unbroken on the soft grass below4 ,this inspires naturalists with no pity2 they observe that neither the eggs nor the young birds are thrown away1 since various reptiles that feed on such substances make a comfortable meal of what is thus placed within their reach4 ,as the cuckoo does nothing in life but eat1 scream1 and lay eggs for other birds to hatch1 it needs no education1 and receives none4 ,on the other hand1 the nightingale1 having to perform the highest functions allotted to the class aves1 requires much training and discipline1 study and preparation4 ,the young nightingale does not sing by mere instinct4 ,if taken from the nest soon after it is hatched1 and brought up among inferior creatures1 it is incapable of performing its lofty mission1 and deals in vulgar twittering like them2 just as a baby1 if removed from the society of speech-gifted mortals1 and entrusted to the care of dumb persons1 will lack that divine quality of expressing ideas which distinguishes man from the brute4 ,the nightingale needs and receives a classical education4 ,when the grass is dewy--when the leaves are green and fresh--when the soft breath of the morning steals over the woods like incense1 the old bird takes forth the young ones1 before it is quite light1 and placing them on some bough1 with strict injunctions to listen1 goes a little way off1 and begins his song4 ,in this he commences with the easier notes1 and is careful to keep the whole in a comparatively narrow compass4 ,he then pauses to watch the result of his first instructions4 ,after a brief delay1 during which they are turning over the notes in their minds1 the young ones take up the lay one by one1 and go through it1 as our neighbors say1 tant bien que mal4 ,the teacher watches their efforts with attention2 applauds them when right2 chides them when they have done amiss2 and goes on day by day reterating his lessons till he considers his pupils quite equal to the high duties they have to perform4 ,mankind1 of course1 imagine that those duties consist in soothing their ears1 and driving away melancholy4 ,but apropos of the performances of another bird1 our philosophic poet inquires3 ,is it for thee the lark ascends and sings8 ,and replies3 ,joy tunes his voice1 joy animates his wings4 ,so with the nightingale-- ,loves of his own and raptures swell the note4 ,some one speaking of our own species1 says3 ,we think1 we toil1 we war1 we rove4 ,and all we ask is--woman's love4 ,it is to win the love of ,philomela that the male nightingale studies1 watches1 and pours forth his soul in song4 ,he had much rather that men did not listen2 he is a shy1 solitary1 and timid bird1 and takes his love away into #edg the forests1 where1 undisturbed by the sounds of vulgar life1 he ravishes her ears with music4 ,it is a question much discussed by poets and naturalists1 whether the nightingale's song be joyous or melancholy4 ,it probably derives its character from the frame of mind in which the listener happens to be--to the joyous it is mirthful1 to the sorrowful it is sad--but in its real nature it is what ,milton suggests-- ,she all night long her amorous descant sung4 ,still it must be owned that they who discover melancholy in her long1 low1 meltingly sweet notes1 seem to approach nearer the truth than they who describe her as a merry bird4 ,it is superstition1 perhaps1 that attributes to her the strange philosophy which makes anguish the well-spring of pleasure4 ,when desirous1 it is said1 of reaching the sublimest heights of song1 she leans her breast against a thorn1 in order that the sense of pain may tone down her impetuous rapture into sympathy with human sorrow4 ,another strange notion is1 that the nightingale fixes her eyes-- ,her bright1 bright eyes2 her eyes both bright and full-- on some particular star1 from which she never withdraws them till her song is concluded1 unless she be alarmed by the approach of some footstep1 or other sound indicative of danger4 ,we remember once1 in ,kent1 going forth to spend a night in the fields to enjoy the strange delight imparted by the nightingale's notes4 ,we placed ourselves on a little eminence overlooking a valley1 covered at intervals by scattered woods4 ,it was the dead watch and middle of the night2 silence the most absolute brooded over the earth4 ,we stood still in high expectation4 ,presently1 one lordly nightingale flung forth at no great distance from the summit of a lofty tree his music on the night4 ,the lay was not protracted1 but a rich1 short1 defiant burst of melody2 he then1 like the ,roman orator1 paused for a reply4 ,the reply came1 not close at hand1 but1 as it seemed1 from some copse or thicket far down in the valley4 ,if one might presume to judge on the spur of the moment1 the second songster did really outdo the first4 ,the notes came forth bubbling1 gushing1 quivering1 palpitating1 as it were1 with soul1 for nothing material ever resembled it4 ,he went over a broad area of song1 with a sort of wilderness of melody2 his notes followed each other so rapidly1 high1 low1 linked1 broken--now sweeping away like a torrent1 now sinking till it sounded like the scarcely audible murmur of a distant bee4 ,he then stopped abruptly1 confident that he had given his rival something to reflect upon4 ,we now waited to hear that rival's answer1 but he appeared to consider himself defeated1 and remained silent4 ,another champion now stepped forward1 and took up the challenge4 ,he must surely have been the prince of his race4 ,from a tree on the slope of a height1 not far to the right of our position1 he gave us a new specimen of the poetry of his race4 ,the former two1 evidently younger and more inexperienced1 had been in a hurry4 ,he took up his parable at leisure1 beginning with a few light flourishes by way of preface1 after which he plunged into his epic1 seeming to carry on the subject from the epoch of ,deucalion and ,pyrrha1 down to that moment1 displaying all the resources of art1 and presenting us with every form into which music could be moulded4 ,what he might have achieved at last1 or to what pitch he might have raised our ecstasy1 must remain a mystery1 for before he had concluded his song1 a thundering railway train1 belching forth fire and smoke as it advanced1 seemed to be on the very point of annihilating the songsters2 so they all took to flight1 or at least remained obstinately silent4 ,we waited hour after hour1 now pacing in one direction1 now in another2 stopping short1 pausing in our talk1 listening till the streaky dawn1 climbing slowly up the eastern hills1 revealed to us the inutility of further hope4 #edh ,the first time we heard the nightingale was from the deck of a vessel in the ,avon1 near ,lee ,woods4 ,it was a starlight night2 we were leaning on the bulwarks1 speculating on the reception we were to meet with in ,england--in which we had that day arrived for the first time4 ,as we were chewing the cud of sweet and bitter fancy1 from an indenture in the woods1 called1 as we have since learned1 ,nightingale ,valley1 there burst forth at once a flood of sound1 the strangest1 the sweetest1 the most intoxicating we had ever heard--it must be1 it was the voice of the nightingale--- ,to the land of my fathers that welcomed me back4 ,years not a few have rolled by since then1 but we remember as distinctly as if it were yesternight the pleasure of that exquisite surprise4 ,we heard the nightingale in ,england before the cuckoo--a circumstance which1 according to ,chaucer1 should portend good-luck2 and so it did--good-luck and happy days4 ,perhaps much of the pleasure tasted in such cases is derived from the time of year--for both the cuckoo and the nightingale belong to the spring--when the air is full of balm1 when the foliage is thick1 when the grass is green and young--and when1 especially in the morning1 delicate odors ascend from the earth1 which produce a wonderful effect upon the animal spirits4 ,through these scents1 the cry of one bird and the song of the other invariably come to us3 the one flitting at early dawn over the summits of woods1 the other in loneliest covert hid1 making night lovely1 and smoothing the raven down of darkness till it smiles4 ------ ,,original4 ,,hymn4 ,spirit of ,god1 thyself the ,lord1 ,out of the depths ,i call on thee4 ,above1 ,i view thy gleaming sword4 ,around1 thy works of love ,i see4 ,spirit of ,god1 that hovering high ,didst watch the primal waters roll1 ,brood o'er my heart1 and verify ,the turbid chaos of my soul6 ,spirit of ,god1 oh6 bid me fear1 ,that blessed fear thy love can calm2 ,transfix me with thy shining spear ,and heal me with thy holy balm6 ,spirit of ,god1 oh6 fill my breast1 ,and sear me with the sign of heaven4 ,the glorious brand of sin confessed1 ,the glorious seal of sin forgiven4 ,f4,a4,r4 ------ #edi ,from the ,irish ,industrial ,magazine ,,the ,,industrial ,,arts ,,of ,,our ,,ancestors4 ,,by ,m4 ,,haverty1 ,,esq4 ,that the early inhabitants of ,ireland possessed sundry kinds of manufacture is a point that can scarcely be disputed2 for1 besides frequent passages in ancient and authentic historical documents referring to the matter1 we have satisfactory evidence in those specimens of the manufactured articles themselves which have been preserved to the present day1 and which bear testimony to the skill and industry that produced them4 ,a visit to the ,museum of the ,royal ,irish ,academy must convince us of the excellent workmanship of the ancient ,irish bronze swords1 and other weapons1 and of certain ancient gold ornaments--both bronze and gold articles belonging to a date anterior to the introduction of ,christianity into ,ireland4 ,from the early ,christian ages we have received many of the old ecclesiastical ornaments that have been preserved2 and some of them exhibit that peculiar and exquisite kind of interlaced ornamentation which began at a remote period to be known as opus ,hibernicum1 or the ,irish style4 ,we know that the ancient ,irish were skilled in the manufacture of their musical instruments1 as well as in the use of them2 and in the preparation of parchment1 as well as in the almost unrivalled beauty of penmanship of which that parchment has preserved so many specimens4 ,then we must return to much more ancient times for the manufacture of gold and silver goblets1 and1 above all1 for those beautiful fibulae1 or brooches1 which have afforded models for some of the most graceful and costly articles of female decoration at the present day4 ,we may very naturally conclude that these charming fibular were not employed to hold together mantles of the coarsest possible manufacture1 or1 rather1 that there was some proportion between the texture of the cloth and the beautiful workmanship of the brooch which clasped it round the person of the wearer2 and1 in a word1 we are justified in presuming that some manufactures1 besides those of which specimens were durable enough to have been preserved to the present day1 existed in the country4 ,the incessant warfare of the ,danish period1 and of the centuries following the ,anglo-,norman invasion1 must have been destructive to the industrial arts2 yet we meet occasionally with some external evidence of their existence even then4 ,some eighty years ago1 the ,earl of ,charlemont lighted on a curious passage relating to the subject in an ,italian poem of the fourteenth century4 ,from this and other authorities he was able to show1 in a paper published in the first volume of the ,transactions of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 that ,ireland produced a fine woollen fabric called serge1 which enjoyed an ,european reputation at the very time the ,flemish weavers were brought over by ,edward ,,iii4 to establish the woollen manufacture in ,england1 and consequently before it could have been introduced here from the latter country4 ,the investigation of such scattered facts as these would be interesting1 and no doubt would flatter national vanity4 ,it may1 perhaps1 occupy us on some future occasion2 but for the present we shall confine our inquiry to a somewhat more modern epoch1 and more tangible evidences4 ,strangely enough1 the first writer we have had on the natural history and industrial resources of ,ireland happens #eej to have been a ,dutchman4 ,dr4 ,gerard ,boate--a resident of ,london1 though by birth1 it appears1 a ,hollander--obtained the post of state physician in ,ireland from the ,commonwealth1 in #afdi and having purchased1 as an adventurer1 a few years earlier1 some of the forfeited lands in ,leinster and ,ulster1 applied himself to the subject of his book1 with a view originally to the improvement of his own property4 ,his information1 however1 was obtained1 not from personal experience1 but from ,irish gentlemen whom he had met in ,london1 such as ,sir ,william and ,sir ,richard ,parsons2 and from his brother1 ,dr4 ,arnold ,boate1 who had practiced as a physician in ,dublin for many years2 but he himself1 unfortunately1 died a few months after his arrival in ,ireland to enter on the duties of his office1 before he was able to carry out more than half the original design of his work1 which1 though written in #afde1 was not published until some years after his death4 ,he collected his information and wrote while the great civil war was still raging1 and when all his feelings and interests must have been strongly enlisted against the native race1 so that we are not to be surprised at the acerbity of some of his expressions about them4 ,our concern is1 not with his feelings or opinions1 but with the facts which he relates1 and the descriptions and statistics which he supplies4 ,on the state of metallurgy in ,ireland in his time1 ,dr4 ,boate gives us some very curious information4 ,he denies any knowledge of the subject on the part of the native ,irish1 and asserts that all the mines in ,ireland were discovered by the ,new ,english4 ,the ,old ,english in ,ireland1 he says1 that is1 those who are come in from the time of the first conquest until the beginning of ,queen ,elizabeth's reign1 have been so plagued with wars from time to time--one while intestine among themselves1 and another while with the ,irish--that they could scarce ever find the opportunity of seeking for mines4 4 4 4 4 4 ,and the ,irish themselves1 as being one of the most barbarous nations of the whole earth1 have at all times been so far from seeking out any1 that even in these last years1 and since the ,english have begun to discover some1 none of them all1 great or small1 at any time hath applied himself to that business1 or in the least manner furthered it2 so that all the mines which to this day are found out in ,ireland1 have been discovered 7at least1 as far to make any use of them7 by the ,new ,english1 that is1 such as are come in during and since the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 7,thom's ,collection of ,tracts and ,treatises1 vol4 i4 #ajb47 ,he adds1 that several iron mines had been discovered in various parts of the kingdom1 and also some of lead and silver1 during the forty years' peace1 from the death of ,elizabeth to the outbreak of the great rebellion--the longest peace1 he remarks1 that ,ireland ever enjoyed1 either before or after the coming of the ,english4 ,the great extent to which smelting was carried on during a portion of that time may be concluded from the almost incredible destruction of the ,irish woods1 to make charcoal for the purpose4 ,this ,dr4 ,boate describes in a preceding chapter2 ,as long as the land was in the full possession of the ,irish themselves1 he says1 and we know the fact from many other sources1 all ,ireland was very full of woods on every side2 but the ,english cleared away a great deal of these1 both to destroy the lurking places of their foes1 and to convert the land into tillage and pasture4 ,besides the woods cleared for these purposes1 a vast amount of timber was felled1 as ,boate tells us1 for merchandise1 and to make charcoal for the iron works4 ,the timber comprised under the former head does not appear to have been for building1 but simply for pipe staves and the like1 of which1 he says1 great quantities were exported even in former times2 and1 he adds1 during the last peace a mighty trade was driven in them1 and whole shiploads sent into foreign countries yearly2 while1 as for the charcoal1 he #eea continues1 it is incredible what quantity thereof is consumed by one iron work in a year 4 4 4 so that it was necessary from time to time to fell an infinite number of trees1 all the loppings and windfalls being not sufficient for it in the least manner4 ,the result of all this was1 that even in ,boate's time1 that is1 over #bjj years ago1 the greater part of ,ireland was left totally bare of woods2 the inhabitants could obtain no wood for building1 or even for firing2 and in some parts one might travel whole days without seeing any trees1 except a few about gentlemen's houses4 ,for a distance of over three score miles from north to south1 in the counties of ,louth and ,dublin1 one doth not come near any woods worth speaking of2 and in some parts thereof you shall not see so much as one tree in many miles4 ,for the great woods which the maps do represent unto us upon the mountains1 between ,dundalk and ,nurie1 are quite vanished1 there being nothing left of them these many years since but one only tree1 standing close by the highway1 at the very top of one of the mountains1 so far as it may be seen a great way off1 and therefore serveth travellers for a mark4 ,at that period iron mines were worked extensively near ,tallow1 on the borders of ,cork and ,waterford1 by the famous ,earl of ,cork2 in the county of ,clare1 some six miles from ,limerick2 at a place called ,desert1 in the ,king's ,county1 by ,sergeant-,major ,pigott2 at ,mountrath and ,mountmellick1 in the ,queen's ,county2 on the shores of ,lough ,allen1 both on the ,roscommon and ,leitrim sides--the mountains of ,slieve-an-ieran1 or the ,iron ,mountain1 in the latter county1 having obtained its name1 in the remotest ages1 from the presence of that metal2 on the shores of ,lough ,erne1 in ,fermanagh2 in ,cavan2 at ,lissan1 on the borders of ,tyrone and ,londonderry1 where the works were carried on by ,sir ,thomas ,staples1 the owner of the soil2 at the foot of ,slieve ,gallen1 in the county of ,derry2 and in several other places4 ,iron smelting works and foundries were erected1 not only in the vicinity of the mines1 but in other places on the coast1 and elsewhere1 where the convenience of water carriage and the supplies of charcoal afforded inducements4 ,to some of these works on the sea-coast1 the ore was brought even from ,england2 but the principal iron works appear to have been those belonging to the ,earl of ,cork1 in ,munster2 to ,sir ,charles ,coote1 at ,mountrath1 and in ,roscommon and ,leitrim2 to the ,earl of ,londonderry1 in his own county2 to ,lord ,chancellor ,loftus1 ancestor of the ,marquis of ,ely1 at ,mountmellick2 to ,sir ,john ,dunbar1 in ,fermanagh2 ,sir ,leonard ,blennerhassett1 on ,lough ,erne2 and a company of ,london merchants in ,clare4 ,we are not told whether these last were the representatives of the ,london ,mining ,company1 to which ,queen ,elizabeth granted the royalties of the precious metals that might be discovered within the ,english ,pale4 ,mr4 ,christopher ,wandsworth1 who had been ,master of the ,rolls for ,ireland1 and acted as ,lord ,deputy under the ,earl of ,strafford1 erected a foundry in the county of ,carlow1 where ordnance were cast1 and also a kind of small round furnaces1 pots1 and other articles made4 ,it was estimated that the owners of the iron works--we do not here refer to the mines--made a profit of forty per cent in the year2 and ,boate was assured1 by persons who were particularly well informed on the subject1 that the ,earl of ,cork cleared #ajj1jjj by his iron works4 ,sir ,charles ,coote--that zealous and famous warriour in this present warre against the ,irish rebells1 in the first year of which war he fell--appears to have been quite as famous as an iron-master as he was as a warrior1 and his iron-works at ,mountrath were a model at that time4 ,a ton of the ore called rock mine cost him1 at the furnace head1 #es4 #f;d42 and a ton of white mine1 or ore dug from a mountain1 #gs4 ,the two ores were mixed in the #eeb proportion of one of rock mine to two of white mine1 and three tons of the mixed ore yielded one ton of good bar iron1 which was conveyed in rude1 small boats called cots1 on the ,river ,nore to ,waterford1 and thence shipped to ,london1 where it was sold for #af1 and sometimes for #ag1 or even #ag #ajs42 the whole cost of the iron to ,sir ,charles ,coote1 including that of digging it out of the mine and every expense until it reached the ,london market1 ,custom ,house duty included1 being between #aj and #aa per ton4 ,in most places the cost of the ore at the furnace varied from #es4 to #fs4 per ton2 and when the ore was particularly rich1 #b-a_/b tons produced one ton of good iron2 but ,boate tells us that few of the iron smelters carried on their work as profitably as ,sir ,charles ,coote4 ,in ,boate's time1 only three lead and silver mines appear to have been known in ,ireland4 ,one of these was in the county of ,antrim1 and was very rich1 yielding #a lb4 of silver to #cj lbs4 of lead2 another was situated in ,cony ,island1 at ,sligo2 and the third1 the only one which was worked1 was the famous silver mines of the barony of ,upper ,ormond1 in ,tipperary1 about twelve miles from ,limerick4 ,this mine had been discovered about forty years before1 and was at first supposed to be merely a lead mine2 some of the first lead it produced being used by the ,earl of ,thomond to roof his house at ,bunratty4 ,it was worked in the shape of open pits1 several fathoms deep1 but still sloping so gradually1 that the ore was carried to the surface in wheelbarrows4 ,each ton of ore at this mine yielded #c lbs4 of pure silver2 but our authority does not inform us how much lead4 ,the silver was sold in ,dublin for #es4 #b;d4 per oz41 and the lead for #aa per ton1 though it is stated to have brought #ab in ,limerick2 and the royalty1 or king's share1 was a sixth part of the silver1 and a tenth of the lead4 ,the rest was the property of those who farmed the mine1 and who cleared an estimated profit of #bjjj per annum4 ,the works at this mine1 and in general all the smelting works which we have mentioned throughout the country1 were of course destroyed in the civil war4 ,so much for the practical metallurgy of ,ireland1 as it existed two hundred years ago4 ,of the knowledge of the original inhabitants on the subject1 ,sir ,william ,wilde 7,catalogue of ,antiquities1 etc41 vol4 i4 p4 #cea7 says--and his opinion is the result of all the investigation that is practicable in the matter--,when1 and how1 the ,irish people discovered metals and their uses1 together with the art of smelting and casting1 has not been determined by archaeologists2 but a few remarkable and suggestive facts on the subject may be mentioned4 ,manuscripts1 themselves five or six hundred years old1 and purporting to give information handed down from the most remote antiquity1 make frequent mention of the knowledge and use of metals among the ancient ,irish4 ,thus the old annalists say1 that gold was first smelted in ,ireland in ,fotharta-,airthir-,liffe1 a woody district in ,wicklow1 east of the ,river ,liffey1 supposed to coincide with the present well-known auriferous tract in that county4 ,indeed1 it is most probable that gold was the first metal known to the ,irish1 as well as to all people in early stages of civilization1 as1 besides its glittering quality1 it is almost the only metal found in a native state upon the surface1 and consequently obtainable without the art of smelting4 ,dr4 ,boate writes3 ,i believe many will think it very unlikely that there should be any gold mines in ,ireland2 but a credible person hath given me to understand1 that one of his acquaintances had several times assured him that out of a certain rivulet1 in the county of ,nether-,tirone1 called ,miola1 he had gathered about one dram of pure gold4 ,we also know from the celts1 and other articles in these metals which have been preserved1 that the ancient ,irish possessed #eec copper1 which they were able to convert into brass and bronze2 and also that they had silver1 tin1 lead1 and iron4 ,the ,irish version of ,nennius mentions1 as the first wonder of ,ireland1 that ,lough ,lein--the ,lake of ,killarney--is surrounded by four circles1 viz41 a circle of tin1 and a circle of lead1 and a circle of iron1 and a circle of copper--an indication not only that these metals were known to the people1 but that some rude idea had been formed of the mineralogy of the district4 ,,their ,,agriculture4 ,grain1 in one shape or other1 formed a main ingredient in the food of the ,irish from the earliest historic period2 and we may1 consequently1 include ,agriculture among the earliest of their industrial arts4 ,we are not aware of any time at which they were exclusively a flesh-eating people2 and we find it clearly stated1 with reference to periods not altogether very remote1 that the native ,irish subsisted to a great extent on the milk and butter of their large herds of cattle1 seldom killing the animals for their flesh4 ,on the other hand1 we know that vast numbers of cattle were slain and consumed in the constant petty wars of the country2 and that the lawless dwellers in the cranogues1 or lake habitations--whatever period they belong to--were decidedly carnivorous1 as the immense accumulations of the bones and horns of cattle found in their insulated haunts testify4 ,but the fact we contend for is1 that the ancient ,irish were a granivorous quite as much as a carnivorous race1 if not more so2 and some ethnologists have concluded1 from an examination of very ancient ,irish crania1 that the teeth were chiefly employed in masticating grain in a hard state4 ,it is a curious and well-known fact that in many parts of ,ireland traces of tillage are visible on the now barren sides or summits of hills1 in places which have been long since abandoned to savage nature1 and in a soil which would appear never to have been susceptible of cultivation4 ,some such elevated spots1 now covered with grass1 are known to have been cultivated some years since1 when the rural population was much denser than at present2 but we are referring to other places where we find well-marked ridges and furrows on hillsides1 four or five hundred feet above the sea level1 or even more2 and which are now covered with heath1 and so denuded1 by ages of atmospheric action on the steep slopes1 as to retain only the least quantity of vegetable surface1 wholly inadequate at present to nourish any kind of grain4 ,when1 and by whom1 were these wild spots cultivated8 ,the country people have lost all tradition on the subject1 and substitute their own conjectures4 ,it is not probable that the population of ,ireland was ever so dense as to have necessitated such extreme efforts to eke out the arable land2 or that the people were ever so crowded as to have been compelled1 as it were1 like the ,chinese1 to ,terrace the hill-sides to grow food4 ,mr4 ,thom has collected1 in his admirable ,statistics of ,ireland1 all the authentic accounts of ,irish census returns4 ,taking these in their inverse order1 we find that the #h1age1abd of #ahda was only #f1hja1hbg in #ahba2 #e1icg1hef in #ahad2 #d1jhh1bbf in #agib2 #b1edd1bgf in #agfg2 #b1cji1ajf in #agbf2 #a1jcd1ajb in #afie2 and #a1cjj1jjj in #afgb4 ,these latter early returns were merely the estimates of the hearth-money collectors1 and are generally deemed to be unreliable4 ,newenham1 in his ,enquiry1 expresses his disbelief in them1 and shows from the statements of ,arthur ,young1 and from official returns1 that they were clearly under the truth4 ,yet the returns recently found by ,mr4 ,hardinge1 of the ,landed ,estates ,record ,office1 among the papers of ,sir ,william ,petty1 in the library of the ,marquis of ,lansdowne1 would reduce the population to a #eed much lower figure still at an epoch only a little earlier than the date last enumerated above4 ,mr4 ,hardinge shows that the ,petty returns must have been made in #afeh or #afei2 and1 supplying a proportional computation for some omitted counties and baronies1 he finds that the total population of ,ireland at that date was only half a million6 ,it is true that this was immediately after the close of the long and desolating civil war which commenced in #afda2 and at a time when1 as ,mr4 ,hardinge observes1 one province had been so utterly depopulated as to leave its lands vacant for the transplanted remnants of the people of two other provinces2 yet1 even under all the circumstances1 the number is incredibly small4 ,going further back1 we may conclude that the population could not have been considerable during the constant civil wars which wasted the entire country throughout the long reign of ,elizabeth2 nor was there any time from the ,anglo-,norman invasion to that period in which the circumstances of the country were favorable to the social or numerical development of the population2 while in earlier times matters can hardly be said to have been a whit better4 ,there is no period of ancient ,irish history in which the native annalists do not record almost an annual recurrence of internecine wars in all the provinces--wars equally inveterate and sanguinary1 whether the country was infested by foreign foes1 or not 7vide the ,four ,masters passim7--while1 on the other hand1 we know that the population of a country never multiplies excessively except in long intervals of peace4 ,it may be urged that the remains of the innumerable raths and cahirs1 or caishels1 which cover the land1 and of the abbeys and small churches which dot the country1 indicate periods of very dense population3 but this is a mistaken notion2 for at the time when the raths were inhabited1 it can scarcely be said there were any towns in ,ireland2 and even when the monasteries were built1 the population was almost wholly rural1 and scattered2 while a great many of the very small religious edifices through the country were only the isolated oratories of hermits4 ,the poet1 ,spenser1 writing about ,a4,d4 #aeif1 would seem to give us the best clue to the time in which those mountain wildernesses we have been referring to were subjected to a kind of cultivation4 ,in his ,view of the ,state of ,ireland1 he makes ,irenaeus relate how the most part of the ,irish fled from the power of ,henry ,,ii4 into deserts and mountains1 leaving the wyde countrey to the conquerour1 who in their stead eftsoones placed ,english men1 who possessed all their lands1 and did quite shut out the ,irish1 or the most part of them3 and how they the ,irish continued in that lowlinesse untill the time that the division betweene the two houses of ,lancaster and ,york arose for the crowne of ,england2 at which time all the great ,english lords and gentlemen1 which had great possessions in ,ireland1 repaired over hither into ,england4 4 4 4 4 4 ,then the ,irish whom before they had banished into the mountains1 where they only lived on white meates1 as it is recorded1 seeing now their lands so dispeopled and weakened1 came downe into all the plaines adjoyning1 and thence expelling those few ,english that remained1 repossessed them againe1 since which they have remained in them1 etc4 ,it is most probable1 then1 that it was during that early period of refuge in the mountains that the wild tracts we have alluded to were cultivated by the ,irish2 and it is worth remarking that when1 in ,spenser's own time1 the ,english recovered a portion of the plain at the foot of ,slieve ,bloom1 in the ,o',moore's country1 of which the ,irish had been for several years in quiet possession1 they were surprised at the high state of cultivation in which they found it4 #eee ,the ancient ,irish ploughed with oxen1 as appears from many unquestionable authorities--among others1 from a reference to the subject in the volume of ,brehon ,laws recently published by ,government1 page #abc2 but in subsequent times they were brought so low1 that in some places1 and among the poorest sort1 the barbarous practice prevailed of yoking the plough to a horse's tail6 ,it is a mistake to suppose1 on the one hand1 that this was a mere groundless calumny on the people2 or1 on the other1 that it was anything like a general national custom4 ,the preamble to the ,act of the ,irish ,parliament 7#aj and #aa ,charles ,i41 chap4 #ae7 passed in #afce1 to prohibit the practice1 says3 ,whereas in many places of this kingdome there hath been a long time used a barbarous custome of ploughing4 4 4 4 and working horses1 mares1 etc1 by the taile1 whereby 7besides the cruelty used to the beasts7 the breed of horses is much impaired in this kingdome1 to the great prejudice thereof2 and whereas also divers have and yet do use the like barbarous custom of pulling off the wool yearly from living sheep1 instead of clipping or shearing of them1 be it therefore enacted1 etc41 etc4 ,that this ,act1 as well as the subsequent ,act1 chap4 #ae1 to prevent the unprofitable custom of burning of corne in the straw1 instead of threshing out the grain1 was regarded as a popular grievance1 appears from the fact1 that the repeal of these ,acts was made one of the points of negotiation with the ,marquis of ,ormond during the ,civil ,war2 but they remained on the ,statute ,book until repealed1 as obsolete1 in #ahbh1 by #i ,geo4 ,,iv4 c4 #ec4 ,boate1 writing about ,ireland1 more than two hundred years ago1 labors to show that the soil and climate are better suited for grazing than for tillage4 ,although ,ireland1 he quaintly observes1 almost in every part bringeth good corn plentifully1 nevertheless hath it a more naturall aptness for grass1 the which in most places it produceth very good and plentiful6 of itself1 or with little help2 the which also hath been well observed by ,giraldus1 who of this matter writeth--',this iland is fruitfuller in grass and pastures than in corn and graines4 ,and farther on he continues3 ,the abundance and greatness of pastures in ,ireland doth appear by the numberless number of all sorts of cattell1 especially kine and sheep1 wherewith this country in time of peace doth swarm on all sides4 ,he remarks1 that1 although the ,irish kine1 sheep1 and horses were of a small size1 that did not arise from the nature of the grass1 as was fully demonstrated by the fact that the breed of large cattle brought out of ,england did not deteriorate in point of size or excellence4 ,sir ,william ,petty states that the cattle and other grazing stock of ,ireland were worth above #d1jjj1jjj in #afda1 at the outbreak of the civil war2 and that in #afeb the whole was not worth #ejj1jjj4 ,john ,lord ,sheffield1 in ,observations on the ,manufactures1 etc41 of ,ireland1 ,dublin1 #aghe1 writes that ,ireland1 which had so abounded in cattle and provisions1 was1 after ,cromwell's settlement of it1 obliged to import provisions from ,wales4 ,however1 it was sufficiently recovered soon after the ,restoration to alarm the grazing counties of ,england2 and in the year #afff the importation of live cattle1 sheep1 swine1 etc1 from ,ireland was prohibited4 4 4 4 4 ,ireland turned to sheep1 to the dairy1 and fattening of cattle1 and to tillage2 and she shortly exported much beef and butter1 and has since supplanted ,england in those beneficial branches of trade4 ,she was forced to seek a foreign market2 and ,england had no more than one fourth of her trade1 although before that time she had almost the whole of it4 #eef ,arthur ,young1 whose ,agricultural ,tours in ,ireland in #agge1 etc41 did so much for the improvement of this country1 always advocated tillage in preference to grazing4 ,referring to the former1 he says3 ,the products upon the whole of ,ireland are much inferior to those of ,england though not more so than ,i should have expected2 not from inferiority of soil1 but from the extreme inferiority of management4 4 4 4 ,tillage in ,ireland is very little understood4 ,in the greatest corn counties1 such as ,louth1 ,kildare1 ,carlow1 and ,kilkenny1 where are to be seen many very fine crops of wheat1 all is under the old system1 exploded by good farmers in ,england1 of sowing wheat upon a fallow and succeeding it with as many crops of spring corn as the soil will bear4 4 4 4 ,but keeping cattle of every sort is a business so much more adapted to the laziness of the farmer1 that it is no wonder the tillage is so bad4 ,it is everywhere left to the cotters1 or to the very poorest of the farmers1 who are all utterly unable to make those exertions upon which alone a vigorous culture of the earth can be founded2 and were it not for potatoes1 which necessarily prepare for corn1 there would not be half of what we see at present4 ,while it is in such hands1 no wonder tillage is reckoned be unprofitable4 ,profit in all undertakings depends on capital2 and is it any wonder that the profit should be small when the capital is nothing at all6 ,every man that has one gets into cattle1 which will give him an idle lazy superintendence instead of an active attentive one4 ,how much of this is just as applicable to the state of things in our own times1 as it was eighty or ninety years ago6 ,young would appear to be describing accurately the state of agriculture in ,ireland just before the last destructive famine2 but happily he would find at the present moment a considerable improvement4 ,one change1 however1 which he would find would not be much to his taste4 ,he would see even the humblest tenant farmer1 as well as the large land occupier1 placing almost his whole confidence in pasturage1 and compelled to abandon tillage by the uncertainty of the seasons1 the low price of grain1 and the increasing price of labor4 ------ ,,original4 ,,claims4 ,nay1--claim it not1 the lightest joy that throws ,its transient blushes o'er the beaming earth ,or the sweet hope in any living thing ,as thine by birth4 ,no precious sympathy1 no thoughtful care1 ,no touch of tenderness1 however near2 ,but watch the blossoming of life's delight ,with sacred fear4 ,have joy in life1 and gladden to the sense ,of dear companionship1 in thought1 in sight2 ,but oh6 as gifts of heaven's abounding love1 ,not thine by right4 ---- #eeg ,from ,the ,month4 ,,sealskins ,,and ,,copperskins4 ,captain ,hall1 unconvinced by the evidence published by ,captain ,m',clintock in #ahei1 undertook his expedition in search of the surviving members of ,sir ,john ,franklin's crew1 7if such there were27 or in the hope of clearing up all doubt about the history of their end1 in the event of their having perished4 ,he was baffled in his attempt to reach the region in which he hoped to find traces of the objects of his search1 by the wreck of the boat which he had constructed for the enterprise2 and his ship being beset with ice in a winter which set in earlier than usual1 he spent more than two years--the interval between ,may1 #ahfj1 and ,september1 #ahfb--;among the ,esquimaux on the western coast of ,davis's ,strait1 in order to acquire their language and familiarize himself with their habits and mode of life4 ,he is at present once more in the arctic regions1 having returned thither in order to prosecute his enterprise4 ,he is now accompanied by two intelligent ,esquimaux1 whom he took back with him to ,america2 and who1 having now learnt ,english1 will serve him as interpreters as well as a means of introduction to the various settlements of ,esquimaux whom he may have occasion to visit in his travels4 ,the results of his present expedition will probably be more interesting than those of his first4 ,if we test the success of his first voyage by the discoveries to which it led1 these were confined to correcting the charts of a portion of the western coast of ,davis's ,strait1 and to proving that the waters hitherto laid down as ,frobisher's ,strait are in fact not a strait1 but a bay4 ,as a voyage of discovery1 its importance falls far short of that undertaken for the same object in #aheg by ,captain ,m',clintock4 ,captain ,hall1 however1 was enabled1 by comparing the various traditions among the ,esquimaux1 to arrive at the spot where ,frobisher1 in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 attempted to found a settlement on ,kodlunarn that is1 ,white man's ,island1 7the ,countess ,warwick's ,island1 of ,english maps17 where he found coal1 brick1 iron implements1 timber1 and buildings still remaining4 ,this success in tracing out1 by means of information supplied by the natives1 the relics of an expedition undertaken more than three centuries ago1 makes him confident of obtaining a like success in unravelling the mystery in which the fate of ,sir ,john ,franklin and his companions is still wrapped1 by a similar residence among the ,esquimaux of ,boothia and ,king ,william's ,island1 which were the last known points in their wanderings4 ,this is the region he is now attempting to reach for the second time4 ,but the real value of his present volume is the accurate and faithful record it gives of the author's impressions1 received from day to day during a residence within the arctic zone1 and the details it gives of the habits and character of the ,esquimaux4 ,the origin of this people is1 we believe1 unknown4 ,another arctic traveller has suggested that they are the missing link between a ,saxon and a seal4 ,they are rapidly decreasing in numbers2 yet1 if measured by the territory which they inhabit1 they form one of the most widely-spread races on the face of the earth4 ,mr4 ,max ,mller might help us to arrive at the ethnological family to which they belong1 were he to study the specimens of their language with which ,captain ,hall supplies us4 ,judging from the physiognomy of two of them1 whom the author has photographed for his frontispiece1 we should say that #eeh they certainly do not belong1 as ,m4 ,brard and1 we believe1 ,baron ,humboldt have supposed1 to those ,mongol races1 which1 under the names of ,laps and ,finns1 inhabit the same latitudes of the ,european continent4 ,they seem rather to approach the type of some of the tribes of the ,north ,american ,indians2 and the resemblance of their habits of life and traditions points to the same conclusion4 ,they are small of stature1 five feet two inches being rather a high standard for the men1 but of great strength and activity1 and they have a marvellous power of enduring fatigue1 cold1 and hunger4 ,the name ,esquimaux1 by which we designate them1 is a ,french form of on ,indian word1 ,aish-ke-um-oog 7pronounced ,es-ke-moag7--meaning in the ,cree language1 ,he eats raw flesh2 and in fact they are the only race of ,north-,american savages who live habitually and entirely on raw flesh4 ,in their own language they are called ,innuit that is1 the people par excellence4 ,formerly they had chiefs1 and a sort of feudal system among them2 but this has disappeared1 and they have now no political organization whatever1 and no authority among them1 except that of the husband over his wives and children4 ,their theology--so far as we can arrive at it--teaches that there is one ,supreme ,being1 whom they call ,anguta1 who created the material universe2 and a secondary divinity1 7the daughter of ,anguta17 called ,sidne1 through whose agency he created all living things1 animal and vegetable4 ,the ,innuits believe in a heaven and a hell1 and the eternity of future rewards and punishments4 ,success and happiness1 and benevolence shown to others1 they consider the surest marks of predestination to eternal happiness in the next world2 and they hold it to be as certain that whoever is killed by accident or commits suicide goes straight to heaven1 as that the crime of murder will in all cases be punished eternally in hell4 ,they seem hardly to secure the attribute of omnipotence to their ,supreme ,being2 for1 in their account of the creation of the world1 they affirm that his first attempt to create a man was a decided failure--that is to say1 he produced a white man4 ,a second attempt1 however1 was crowned with entire success1 in the production of an ,esquimaux on ,innuit--the faultless prototype of the human race4 ,a tradition of a deluge1 or extraordinary high tide1 which covered the whole earth1 exists among the ,esquimaux2 and they have certain customs which they observe with religious reverence1 although they can give no other reason or explanation of them except immemorial tradition4 ,the first ,innuits did so1 is always their answer when questioned on the subject4 ,thus1 when a reindeer1 or any other animal1 is killed on land1 a portion of the flesh is always buried on the exact spot where it fell--possibly the idea of sacrifice was connected with this practice2 and when a polar bear is killed1 its bladder must be inflated and exposed in a conspicuous place for three days4 ,and many such practices1 equally unintelligible1 are scrupulously adhered to2 and any departure from them is supposed to bring misfortune upon the offending party4 ,though the ,esquimaux own neither government nor control of any kind1 they yet yield a superstitious obedience to a character called the ,angeko1 whose influence they rarely venture to contravene4 ,the ,angeko is at once physician and magician4 ,in cases of sickness the ,esquimaux never take medicine2 but the ,angeko is called1 and if his enchantments fail to cure1 the sick person is carried away from the tents1 and left to die4 ,the ,angeko is also called upon to avert evils of all kinds2 to secure success for hunting or fishing expeditions1 or any such undertaking2 to obtain the disappearance of ice1 and the public good on various occasions2 and in all cases the efficacy of his ministrations is believed to be proportioned to the guerdon which he receives4 ,captain ,hall #eei mentions only two instances1 as having occurred in his experience1 of resistance being made by ,esquimaux to the wishes of the ,angeko2 and in both cases the parties demurred to a demand that they should give up their wives to him4 ,though more commonly they have but one wife1 owing to the difficulty of supporting a number of women1 polygamy is allowed and practised by the ,esquimaux4 ,their marriage is without ceremony of any kind1 nor is the bond indissoluble4 ,exchange of wives is of frequent occurrence2 and if a man becomes1 from sickness or other cause1 unable to support them1 his wives will leave him1 and attach themselves to some more vigorous husband4 ,for the rest1 the ,esquimaux are intelligent1 honest1 and extremely generous to one another4 ,when provisions are scarce1 if a seal or walrus is killed by one of the camp1 he invites the whole settlement to feast upon it1 though he may be in want of food for himself and his family on the morrow in consequence of doing so4 ,they are very improvident1 and rarely store their food1 but trust to the fortunes of the chase to supply their wants1 and are generally during the winter in a constant state of oscillation between famine and abundance4 ,the ,esquimaux inhabit the extreme limits of the globe habitable by man1 and they have certain peculiarities in their life consequent on the circumstances of their climate and country2 but in other respects they resemble the rest of the nomad and savage races which people the extreme north of ,america4 ,in summer the ,esquimaux live in tents called tupics1 made of skins like those used by the ,indian tribes1 and these are easily moved from place to place4 ,as winter sets in1 they choose a spot where provisions are likely to be plentiful1 and there they erect igloogs1 or huts constructed of blocks of ice1 and vaulted in the roof4 ,if they are obliged to change their quarters during the winter1 either permanently or temporarily1 they build fresh igloos of snow cut into blocks1 which soon freeze1 and in the space of an hour or two they are thus able to provide themselves with new premises4 ,the only animals domesticated by the ,esquimaux are their fine and very intelligent dogs4 ,they serve them as guards1 as guides1 as beasts of burden and draught1 as companions1 and assist them in the pursuit of every kind of wild animal4 ,the women have the care of all household affairs1 and do the tailor's and shoemaker's work1 and prepare the skins for all articles of clothing and bedding--no unimportant department in such a climate as theirs3 the men have nothing to think of but to supply provisions by hunting and fishing4 ,sporting1 which in civilized society is a mere recreation and amusement1 is the profession and serious employment1 as well as the delight1 of the savage4 ,and we find in the rational as well as in the irrational animal1 when in its wild state1 the highest development of those instincts and sensible powers with which ,god has endowed it for its maintenance and self-preservation1 and which it loses1 in proportion as it ceases to need them1 in civilized society or in the domesticated state4 ,the arctic regions1 though ill-adapted for the abode of man1 teem with animal life4 ,the seal1 the walrus1 and the whale supply the ordinary needs of the ,esquimaux4 ,in the mouth of their rivers they find an abundance of salmon2 various kinds of ducks and other aquatic birds inhabit their coasts in multitudes2 reindeer and partridges are plentiful on the hills2 while the most highly prized as well as the most formidable game is the great polar bear1 whose flesh affords the most dainty feast1 and whose skin the warmest clothing1 to these children of the ,north4 ,captain ,hall lived1 for months at a time1 alone with the ,esquimaux4 ,he acquired some proficiency in their language and shared their life in all respects4 ,he became popular with them1 and even gained some influence over them4 ,he experienced some #efj difficulty in his first attempt to eat raw flesh1 7some whale's blubber1 which was served up for dinner27 but on a second trial1 when urged by hunger1 he made a hearty meal on the blood of a seal which had just been killed1 which he found to be delicious4 ,after this1 cooking was entirely dispensed with4 ,those who have visited new and unsettled countries will be able to testify how easily man passes into a savage state1 and how pleasant the transition is to his inferior nature4 ,there is a charm in the freedom1 in the total emancipation from the artificial restraints1 the feverish collisions1 and daily anxieties of civilized society which is one of the most secret1 but also one of the most powerful agents in advancing the colonization of the world4 ,captain ,hall's enthusiasm1 which begins to mount at the sight of icebergs1 whales1 and the novelty and grandeur of arctic scenery1 reaches its climax when he finds himself in an unexplored region1 the solitary guest of this wild and eccentric people1 and depending1 like them1 for his daily sustenance on the resources of nature alone4 ,the ,esquimaux are sociable and cheerful1 and1 in ,greenland and the neighboring islands1 hospitable to strangers2 but those of their race who inhabit the continent of ,america have a character for ferocity1 and are the most unapproachable to ,europeans of all the savage tribes of ,america4 ,even ,captain ,hall himself expresses uneasiness from time to time lest he should become an object of suspicion to them1 or give them a motive for revenge4 ,they are one of the few peoples of the extreme north with whom the ,hudson's ,bay ,company have hitherto failed to establish relations of commerce4 ,many travellers and traders have been murdered by them on entering their territory1 and the missioners of ,north-,america regard them as likely to be the last in the order of their conversion to ,christianity4 ,skilful boatmen and pilots1 perfectly familiar with their coasts1 with great intelligence in observing natural phenomena1 and knowing by experience every probable variation of their inhospitable climate1 as well as the mode of providing against it1 they formed invaluable assistants to an expedition for the scientific survey of a region as yet imperfectly known to the geographer4 ,their sporting propensities were the chief hindrance to their services in the cause of science4 ,no sooner were ducks1 or seals1 or reindeer in view1 than all the objects of the expedition were entirely forgotten till the hunt was over4 ,no motive is strong enough to restrain an ,esquimaux from the chase so long as game is afoot3 ,canis a corio nunquam absterrebitur uncto4 ,seals are captured by the ,esquimaux in various ways4 ,some are taken in nets4 ,at other times they are seen in great numbers on the ice1 lying at the brink of open water1 into which they plunge on the first alarm1 and much skill is then required in approaching them4 ,in doing this1 the ,esquimaux imitate the tactics of the polar bear4 ,the bear or the savage1 as the case may be1 throws himself flat upon the ice and imitates the slow jerking action of a seal in crawling toward his game4 ,the seal sees his enemy approaching1 but supposes him to be another seal2 but if he shows any signs of uneasiness1 the hunter stops perfectly still and talks to him--that is1 he imitates the plaintive grunts in which seals converse with one another4 ,reassured by such persuasive language1 the seal goes to sleep4 ,presently he starts up again1 when the same process is repeated4 ,finally1 when within range1 the man fires1 or the bear springs upon his victim4 ,but the ,esquimaux confess that the bear far surpasses them in this art1 and that if they could only talk as well as ,ninoo1 7that is1 ,bruin17 they should never be in want of seal's flesh4 ,when the winter sets in1 and the ice becomes thick1 the seal cuts a passage #efa through the ice with his sharp claws with which its flippers are armed1 and makes an aperture in the surface large enough to admit its nose to the outer air for the purpose of respiration4 ,this aperture is soon covered with snow4 ,when the snow becomes deep enough1 and the seal is about to give birth to its young1 it widens the aperture1 passes through the ice1 and constructs a dome-shaped chamber under the snow1 which becomes the nursery of the young seals4 ,this is called a seal's igloo1 from its resemblance to the huts built by the ,esquimaux4 ,it requires a dog with a very fine nose to mark the bathing-place or igloo of a seal by the taint of the animal beneath the snow2 but when once it has been discovered1 the ,esquimaux is pretty sure of his prey4 ,if an igloo has been formed1 and the seal has young ones1 the hunter leaps with a run upon the top of the dome1 crushes it in1 and1 before the seals can recover from their astonishment1 he plunges his seal-hooks into them1 from which there is no escape4 ,if there be no igloo1 but a mere breathing-hole1 he clears away the snow with his spear and marks the exact spot where the seal's nose will protrude at his next visit1 an aperture only a few inches in diameter2 then with a seal-spear strongly barbed in his hand1 and attached to his belt by twenty yards of the thongs of deer's hide1 he seats himself over the hole and awaits the seal's blow4 ,the seal may blow in a few minutes1 or in a few hours1 or not for two or three days2 but there the ,esquimaux remains1 without food1 and whatever the weather may be1 till he hears a low snorting sound2 then1 quick as lightning1 and with unerring aim1 he plunges the spear into the seal1 opens the aperture in the ice with his axe till it will allow the body of the seal to pass1 and draws it forth upon the ice4 ,the mode of spearing the walrus is more perilous4 ,the walrus are generally found among broken ice1 or ice so thin that they can break it4 ,if the ice is thin1 they will often attack the hunter by breaking the ice under his feet4 ,in order to do this1 the walrus looks steadily at the man taking aim at him1 and then dives2 the ,esquimaux1 aware of his intention1 runs to a short distance to shift his position1 and when the walrus rises1 crashing through the ice on which he was standing only a moment before1 he comes forward again and darts his harpoon into it4 ,ordinarily the ,esquimaux selects a hole in the ice where he expects the walrus to vent1 and places himself so as to command it1 with his harpoon in one hand1 a few coils of a long rope of hide1 attached to the harpoon1 in the other1 the remainder of the rope being wound round his neck1 with a sharp spike fastened at the extreme end of it4 ,as soon as the walrus rises to the surface1 he darts the harpoon into its body1 throws the coils of rope from his neck1 and fixes the spike into the ice4 ,a moment's hesitation1 or a blunder1 may involve serious consequences4 ,if he does not instantly detach the rope from his neck1 he is dragged under the ice4 ,if he fails to drive the spike firmly into the ice before the walrus has run out the length of the line1 he loses his harpoon and his rope4 ,but the sport which rouses the whole spirit of an ,esquimaux community begins when a polar bear comes in view4 ,ninoo is the monarch of these arctic deserts1 as the lion is of those of the ,south4 ,the person who first shouts on seeing ,ninoo1 whether man1 woman1 or child1 is awarded with the skin1 whoever may succeed in killing him4 ,dogs are immediately put upon his track1 and1 on coming up with him1 are taught not to close with him1 but to hang upon his haunches and bring him to bay4 ,the men follow as best they can1 and with the best arms that the occasion supplies4 ,the sagacity and ferocity of this beast make an attack upon him perilous1 even with fire-arms2 but great nerve1 strength1 and skill are required1 when armed #efb only with a harpoon or a spear1 to meet him hand to hand in his battle for life1 ,or to his den1 by snow-tracks1 mark the way1 ,and drag the struggling savage into day4 ,the polar bear it amphibious1 and often takes to the sea4 ,then if boats can be procured1 it becomes a trial of speed between rowing and swimming1 and an exciting race of many miles often takes place4 ,in the open sea ,ninoo has a poor chance of escape1 unless he gets a great start of his pursuers2 but the arctic coasts are generally studded with islands1 and1 when he can do so1 he makes first for one island1 then for another1 crossing them1 and taking to the water again on the opposite side1 while the votes have to make the entire circuit of each4 ,the sagacity of these animals is marvellous1 and proverbial among the ,esquimaux1 who study their habits in order to get hints for their own guidance4 ,when seals are in the water1 the bear will swim quietly among them1 his great white head assuming the appearance of a block of floating ice or snow1 and when close to them he will dive and seize the seals under the water4 ,when the walrus are basking on the rocks1 ,ninoo will climb the cliffs above them and loosen large masses of rock1 and then1 calculating the curve to a nicety1 launch them upon his prey beneath4 ,when a she-bear is attended by her cubs1 the ,esquimaux will never attack the cubs until the mother has been despatched2 such is their fear of the vengeance with which1 in the event of her escaping1 she follows up the slaughter of her offspring by day and night with terrible pertinacity and fury4 ,the ,esquimaux stalk the reindeer much as we do the red deer in the ,highlands of ,scotland2 but the snow which lies in arctic regions during the greater part of the year enables them to follow the same herd of deer by their tracks for several days together4 ,such1 then1 are the life1 the habits1 the pursuits of the ,esquimaux4 ,pagan in religion1 the stand in need of that phase which alone is able to save their race1 now perishing from the face of the earth4 ,their life is a constant struggle with the climate in which they live and the famine with which they are perpetually threatened4 ,a hardy race of hunters1 they exhibit many natural virtues1 considerable intelligence1 and a strong nationality4 ,the true faith1 if they embraced it1 while it secured their eternal interests1 would at the same time be to them1 as it has been to so many savage races1 the principal of a great social regeneration4 ,at present they are wasting away as a race1 and will soon become extinct4 ,polygamy has always been found to cause the decrease and decay of a population2 and any human society1 however simple1 will fall to pieces when it is not animated by ideas of order and justice4 ,the ,esquimaux occupy the extremities of human habitation in ,north ,america2 and if we pass from their territory to the south1 we enter upon that vast realm called ,british ,america--a region sufficient in extent and resources1 if developed by civilization1 to constitute an empire in itself4 ,of this vast territory the two ,canadas alone1 on the north bank of the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river and the chain of mighty lakes from which it flows1 have been colonized by ,european settlers4 ,the remainder is inhabited by the nomad tribes of ,indians and the wild animals upon which they subsist1 the ,british government being there unrepresented except by the occasional forts and stations established by the ,hudson's ,bay ,company as centres for the traffic in furs1 which the ,indians supply in the greatest abundance and variety4 ,the ,french1 who were among the first to profit by the discovery of ,columbus and to settle as colonists in the new hemisphere1 have in their conquests always planted the cross of ,christ side by side with the banner of ,france4 ,though they have failed to retain the dominion of those colonies #efc which they founded1 yet1 to their glory be it said1 their missioners have not only kept alive that sacred flame of faith which they kindled in their former possessions1 but have spread it from one end of the ,american continent to the other1 beyond the limits within which lucre leads the trader1 and even among the remote tribes who as yet reject all ordinary intercourse with the white man4 ,monseigneur ,faraud1 now ,bishop of ,anemour and ,vicar-,apostolic of ,mackenzie1 has published his experiences during eighteen years of missionary labor as a priest among the savages of the extreme north of ,america1 ,footnote #abc with the view of giving information to future missioners in the same regions1 and inspiring others to undertake the conversion of this portion of the heathen world4 ,the proceeds of the sale of his book will be devoted to founding establishments for works of corporal and spiritual mercy among the tribes of ,indians in his diocese4 ,the narrative of his apostolic life is highly interesting4 ,born of an old legitimist family in the south of ,france1 some of whose members had fallen victims to the ,reign of ,terror in #agic1 and carefully educated under the eye of a pious mother1 he offered himself to the service of ,god in the priesthood4 ,being of a vigorous constitution and of an enterprising spirit1 he was drawn to the work of the foreign missions1 and at the age of twenty-six he started for ,north ,america4 ,landing at ,new ,york1 he passed through ,montreal to ,st4 ,boniface1 a settlement on the ,red ,river1 a few miles above the point where it discharges its waters into the great ,lake ,winnipeg4 ,here he fixed his abode for seven months1 studying the language1 and acquiring the habits and mode of life of the natives4 ,at the end of this time the ,indians of the settlement started on their annual expedition at the end of the summer to the prairies of the west to hunt the buffalo--an important affair1 on which depends their supply of buffalo-hides and beef for the winter4 ,footnote #abc3 ,dix-huit ,ans chez les ,sauvages4 ,voyages et ,missions de ,mgr4 ,faraud dans le ,nord de l',amrique ,britannique4 ,regis ,ruffet et ,cie4 ,paris1 #ahff4 ,for this expedition1 which was organized with military precision and most picturesque effect1 one hundred and twenty skilful hunters were selected1 armed with guns and long couteaux de chasse1 and mounted on their best horses4 ,a long train of bullock-carts followed in the rear1 with boys and women as drivers1 carrying the tents and provisions for encampment1 and destined to bring home the game4 ,the priest accompanied them1 saying mass for them every morning in a tent set apart as the chapel1 and night-prayers before retiring to rest in the evening4 ,in this way they journeyed for a week1 making about thirty miles in the day1 and camping for the night in their tents4 ,let the reader1 in order to conceive an ,american prairie1 imagine a level and boundless plain1 reaching in every direction to the horizon1 fertile and covered with luxuriant herbage1 and unbroken except by swelling undulations and here and there occasional clumps of trees sprinkled like islets on the ocean1 or oases on the desert4 ,after marching for a week across the prairie1 they came upon the tracks of a herd of buffaloes4 ,the ,indians are taught from childhood1 when they encounter a track1 to discern at once to what animal it belongs1 how long it is since it passed that way1 and to follow it by the eye1 as a hound does by scent4 ,for two days they marched in the track of the buffaloes1 and the second night the hunters brought a supply of fresh beef into camp--they had killed some old bulls4 ,these old bulls are found single1 or in parties of two or three1 and always indicate the proximity of a herd4 ,accordingly1 on the following morning the herd was discovered in the distance on the prairie1 like a swarm of flies on a green carpet4 ,the hunters now galloped to the front1 and called a council of war behind some undulating ground about a mile and a half #efd from the buffaloes1 who1 in number about three thousand1 were grazing lazily on the plain4 ,all was now animation4 ,it would be difficult to say whether the keener interest was shown by the men or the horses1 who now1 with dilated eyes and nostrils1 ears pricked1 and nervous action1 pawed the ground1 impatient as greyhounds in the slips and eager for the fray4 ,the plan of action was soon agreed upon--a few words were spoken in a low tone by the chief1 and the horsemen vanished with the rapidity of the wind4 ,in about a quarter of an hour they reappeared1 having formed a circle round the buffaloes1 whom they now approached at a hand-gallop1 concentrating their descent upon the herd from every point of the compass4 ,the effect of this strategy was that1 though they were soon discovered1 time was gained4 ,whichever way the herd pointed1 they were encountered by an approaching horseman1 and they were thus thrown into confusion1 until1 massing themselves into a disordered mob1 they charged1 breaking away through the line of cavalry4 ,then began the race and the slaughter4 ,a good horse1 even with a man on his back1 has always the speed of a buffalo2 but the skill of a hunter is shown 7besides minding his horse lest he gets entangled in the herd and trampled to death1 and keeping his presence of mind during the delirium of the chase17 in selecting the youngest and fattest beasts of the herd1 in loading his piece with the greatest rapidity--the ,indians have no breech-loaders--and taking accurate aim while riding at the top of his speed4 ,in the space of a mile a skilful buffalo-hunter will fire seven1 eight1 nine shots in this manner1 and at each discharge a buffalo will bite the dust4 ,on the present occasion the pursuit continued for about a mile and a half1 and above eight hundred buffaloes were safely bagged4 ,when the chase was over1 there was a plentiful supply of fresh beef1 the hides were carefully stowed on the carts1 the carcasses cut up1 the meat dried and highly spiced and made into pies1 in which form it will keep for many months1 and forms a provision for the winter4 ,the buffalo 7which in natural history would be called a bison7 is the principal source of food and clothing to the ,indians who live within reach of the great western prairies4 ,but the forests also abound with elk1 moose1 and reindeer1 as well as the smaller species of deer1 and smaller game of other kinds1 and the multitudes of animals of prey of all sizes which supply the markets of ,europe with furs4 ,the abundance of fish in the lakes and rivers is prodigious4 ,the largest fish in these waters is the sturgeon4 ,this fish lies generally near the surface of the water3 the ,indian paddles his canoe over the likely spots1 and when he sees a fish darts his harpoon into it1 which is made fast by a cord to the head of the canoe2 the fish tows the canoe rapidly through the water till he is exhausted1 and is then despatched4 ,besides many other inferior kinds of fish1 they have the pike1 which runs to a great size in the lakes1 and two kinds of trout--the smaller of these is the same as that found in the rivers of ,england2 the larger is often taken of more than eighty pounds in weight4 ,the ,indians take these with spears1 nets1 and baskets2 but a trout weighing eighty pounds would afford considerable sport to one of our trout-fishers of ,stockbridge or ,driffield1 if taken with an orthodox rod and line4 ,a fortnight was devoted to the chase2 and between two and three thousand buffaloes having been killed1 and the carts fully laden1 the party returned to ,st4 ,bonifice4 ,the settlement of ,st4 ,bonifice was founded by ,lord ,selkirk1 who sent out a number of his ,scotch dependents as colonists1 and induced some ,canadian families to join them4 ,it was originally intended as a model ,protestant colony2 but the demoralization and vice which broke out in the new settlement brought it to the verge of temporal ruin4 ,lord ,selkirk then called ,catholics to his aid1 #efe and three priests were sent there4 ,religion took the place of fanaticism1 and ever since this epoch the colony has never ceased to flourish and increase1 and has become the centre of numerous settlements in the neighborhood of friendly ,indians converted to the faith4 ,this is one of many instances which might be quoted in which the noxious weed of heresy has failed to transplant itself beyond the soil which gave it birth4 ,st4 ,boniface has been the residence of a bishop since #ahah1 and is now the resting-place and point of departure for all missioners bound for the northern deserts of ,america4 ,it was here that ,mgr4 ,faraud spent eighteen months studying the languages of the northern tribes of ,indians4 ,lord ,bacon says that he that goeth into a strange laud without knowledge of the language goeth to learn and not to travel4 ,this1 which is true of the traveller1 is much more true of the missioner1 as ,mgr4 ,faraud soon found by experience4 ,he made several essays at intercourse with neighboring tribes1 like a young soldier burning with zeal and the desire to flesh his sword in missionary work4 ,but the reception he met with was most mortifying1 being generally told not to think of teaching men as long as he spoke like a child4 ,he applied himself with renewed energy to acquire the native language4 ,the dialects of most of the tribes of the extreme north of ,america 7with the exception of the ,esquimaux7 are modifications of two parent languages1 the ,montaignais and the ,cree4 ,by acquiring these ,mgr4 ,faraud was able to make himself understood by almost any of these tribes after a short residence among them4 ,eighteen months spent at ,st4 ,boniface served as a novitiate for his missionary work1 at the end of which time he received orders to start1 early in the following month1 for ,isle de la ,crosse1 a fort on the ,beaver river1 about #cej leagues to the ,n4,w4 of ,st4 ,boniface4 ,on his way thither he was the guest of the ,governor of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 at ,norway ,house1 where he was most hospitably entertained4 ,mgr4 ,faraud bears witness to the liberal and enlightened spirit in which the authorities of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 as well as the government officials in ,canada1 render every aid and encouragement in their power to the ,catholic missioners2 and he quotes a speech made to him by ,sir ,edmund ,head 7then ,governor of ,canada7 showing the high estimation1 and even favor1 in which the ,catholic missioners are held by them4 ,whatever permanence and stability our missions possess in these vast deserts is owing to the protection and kind assistance rendered to them by the ,british authorities2 while1 on the other hand1 it would be hardly possible for this powerful company of traders to maintain their present friendly relations with ,indian tribes1 upon which their trade depends1 without the aid of the ,catholic missioners4 ,after five months spent at ,isle de la ,crosse1 and three years after his departure from ,europe1 ,mgr4 ,faraud left for ,atthabaska1 one of the most northerly establishments of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 whither the various tribes of ,indians1 spread over an immense circuit #djj leagues in diameter1 come twice in the year1 early in spring and late in the autumn1 to barter their furs1 the produce of their winter and summer hunting4 ,this was his final destinatibn and field of apostolical labor1 it is often said that it is the happiness of the ,red ,indian to be totally ignorant of money2 and this1 in a certain sense is true4 ,but money has no necessary connection with the precious metals or bank-notes2 and any medium of circulation which by common agreement can be made to represent a determined value becomes money1 in fact1 if not in name4 ,thus the market value of a beaver's skin in ,british ,america varies little1 and is nearly equivalent to an ,american dollar4 ,the ,hudson's ,bay ,company have adopted this as the unit of their currency1 and the value of other furs #eff is reckoned in relation to this standard4 ,the following are some of the prices given to the ,indians for the furs ordinarily offered by them for sale3 ,the skin of a black bear values from six to ten beavers2 the skin of a black fox1 about six beavers2 the skin of a silver fox1 about five beavers2 the skin of an otter1 from two to three beavers2 the skin of a pecari1 from one to four beavers2 the skin of a martin1 from one to four beavers2 the skin of a red or white fox1 about one beaver1 and so forth4 ,twice in the year the steamers and canoes of the company1 laden with merchandise1 work their way up the lakes and rivers to these stations1 where the ,indians assemble to meet them1 and receive an equivalent for their furs in arms1 ammunition1 articles for clothing1 hardware1 and trinkets4 ,two of our countrymen1 ,viscount ,milton1 and ,dr4 ,cheadle1 have lately published an account of their travels in ,british ,america1 of which we give a notice in another part of this number4 ,footnote #abd ,the description they give of the privations they endured and the difficulties they had to overcome in merely traversing the country as travellers1 furnished as they were with all the resources which wealth could command1 while it reflects credit on their ,british pluck and perseverance in attaining the object they had in view1 gives us some idea of the obstacles which present themselves to a missioner in these regions1 who has to take up his abode wherever his duty may call him1 and without any means of maintaining life beyond those which these districts supply4 ,the object of these gentlemen was to explore a line of communication between ,canada and ,british ,columbia1 with a view to suggesting an overland route through ,british territory connecting the ,pacific with the ,atlantic--a most important project in a political point of view1 upon which the success of the rising colony of ,columbia appears eventually to depend4 ,the territory administered by the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 reaching as it does from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 from the coasts of ,labrador on the ,n4,e41 to ,vancouver's ,island on the ,s4,w41 contains an area nearly equal to that of the whole of ,europe4 ,footnote #abd3 ,the ,north-,west ,passage by ,land4 ,by ,viscount ,milton1 ,m4,p41 and ,w4 ,b4 ,cheadle1 ,m4,d4 ,london4 #ahfe4 ,mgr4 ,faraud remained fifteen years at ,atthabaska4 ,he found it a solitary station-house1 in the midst of deserts inhabited by idolatrous savages2 it is now a flourishing mission1 with a vast ,christian population advancing in civilization1 the capital of the district to which it gives its name1 and a centre of operation from which missioners may act upon the whole north of ,british ,america1 over which he now has episcopal jurisdiction4 ,such results1 as may be supposed1 have not been attained without labor and suffering4 ,in the commencement the mission was beset with difficulties and discouragements4 ,his first step was to build himself a house with logs of wood1 an act which was accepted by the savages as a pledge that he intended to remain with them4 ,a savage whom he converted and baptized soon after his arrival1 acted as his servant and hunted for him2 while with nets and lines he procured a supply of fish for himself when his servant was unsuccessful in the chase4 ,in this manner he for some time maintained a life alternately resembling that of ,robinson ,crusoe and ,st4 ,paul4 ,he soon made a few conversions in his neighborhood1 and in the second year1 with the aid of his catechumens1 built a wooden chapel1 ninety feet long by thirty broad4 ,he was now able1 when the tribes assembled in the spring and autumn1 to converse with them1 and preach to them4 ,they invited him to visit them in their own countries1 often many hundreds of miles distant2 and these visits involved long and perilous journeys1 in which he several times nearly perished4 ,in the fourth year he began building a large church1 surmounted by a steeple1 from which he swung a #efg large bell1 which he procured from ,europe through the agents of the company4 ,it was regarded as a supernatural phenomenon by the savages when the sound of the church-going bell was heard for the first time to boom over their primeval forests4 ,as soon as a savage became his catechumen1 he taught him to read1 at the same time that he instructed him in religion4 ,the soil was gradually cultivated1 crops were reared1 and cows and sheep introduced4 ,in the tenth year a second priest was sent to his aid1 who was able to carry on his work for him at home while he was absent on distant missions4 ,there are thirteen distinct tribes inhabiting ,british ,america1 and ,mgr4 ,faraud devotes a chapter to the distinctive characteristics of each4 ,but a general idea of these savages may be easily arrived at4 ,most of us are familiar with the lively descriptions of the red man in the attractive novels of ,mr4 ,fenimore ,cooper2 and1 though the stories are fiction1 these portraits of the ,indians are drawn to the life4 ,we have most of us been struck by their taciturnity1 their profound dissimulation1 the perseverance with which they follow up their plans of revenge1 the pride which prevents them from betraying the least curiosity1 the stoical courage with which they brave their enemies in the midst of the most horrible sufferings1 their caution1 their cruelty1 the extraordinary keenness and subtlety of their senses4 ,the ,indian savage is profoundly selfish2 gratitude and sympathy for others do not seem to enter into the composition of his nature4 ,the same stubborn fortitude with which he endures suffering seems to render him indifferent to it in others4 ,intellectually he is slow in his power of conception and process of reasoning1 but is endowed with a marvellous power of memory and reflection4 ,he has a great fluency of speech1 which often rises to real eloquence2 and there is a gravity and maturity in his actions which is the fruit of meditation and thought4 ,cases of apostasy in religion are very rare among the ,indians4 ,a savage visited ,mgr4 ,faraud soon after his arrival at ,atthabaska4 ,he had come from the shores of the ,arctic ,ocean1 where his tribe dwelt1 a distance of above six hundred miles1 and asked some questions on religious subjects4 ,after listening to the priest's instruction on a few fundamental truths1 ,i shall come to you again1 he said1 when you can talk like a man2 at present you talk like a child4 ,three years afterward he kept his promise2 and immediately on arriving he presented himself to the priest1 and placed himself under instruction4 ,on leaving after the first instruction1 he assembled a number of heathen savages1 at a short distance in the forest1 and preached to them for several hours4 ,this continued for many weeks4 ,in the morning he came for instruction2 in the afternoon he preached the truths he had learned in the morning to his countrymen4 ,mgr4 ,faraud had the curiosity to assist unseen at one of these sermons1 and was surprised to hear his own instruction repeated with wonderful accuracy and in most eloquent language4 ,in this way a great number of conversions were made2 and the instructions given to one were faithfully communicated to the rest by this zealous savage4 ,the name of this savage was ,dngonusy4 ,when the time arrived for his tribe to return to their own country1 the priest proposed that he should receive baptism4 ,no1 he said2 ,i have done nothing as yet for ,almighty ,god4 ,in a year you shall see me here again1 and prepared for baptism4 ,punctual to his promise1 he returned the following spring4 ,in the mean time he had converted the greater portion of his tribe2 he had taught them to recite the prayers the priest had taught him2 and he brought the confessions of all the people who had died in the mean time among his own people1 which he had received on their death-beds1 and which his wonderful memory enabled him now to repeat word for word to the #efh priest1 baking him to give them absolution4 ,dngonusy was now told to prepare for baptism2 but he again insisted on preliminaries4 ,first1 that he was to take the name of ,peter1 and wait to receive his baptism on ,st4 ,peter's day--,because1 he said1 ,st4 ,peter holds the keys of heaven1 and is more likely to open to one who bears his name and is baptized on his feast2 secondly1 that he was to be allowed to fast before his baptism forty days and nights1 as our ,blessed ,lord did4 ,on the vigil of ,st4 ,peter's day he was so weak that he walked with difficulty to the church2 but on the feast1 before daybreak1 he knocked loudly at the priests door and demanded baptism4 ,he was told to wait till the mass was finished4 ,when mass was over1 the priest was about to preach to the people2 but ,dngonusy stood up and cried out1 ,it is ,st4 ,peter's day2 baptize me4 ,the priest calmed the murmurs which arose from the congregation at this interruption1 and the eyes of all were suddenly drawn to the figure of this wild neophyte of the woods standing before the altar to receive the waters of regeneration4 ,a ray of light seemed to play round his head and rest upon him1 as though the ,holy ,ghost were impatient to take up his abode in this new temple4 ,cases are not unfrequent of half-caste ,indians reared in the woods as savages claiming baptism from the priest as their birthright4 ,they have never met a priest before1 nor ever seen their ,catholic parent4 ,they are not ,christians1 and do not know even the most elementary doctrines of the church4 ,yet they have this strange faith 7as they say by inheritance7 through some mysterious transmission of which ,god alone knows the secret4 ,one of these half-castes met ,mgr4 ,faraud one day as he was travelling through the forest1 and asked him to baptize him4 ,i have the faith of my father1 he said1 and demand my birthright4 ,then1 inviting him to his house1 he added3 ,my wife also desires baptism4 ,the priest accompanied him to his hunting-lodge1 and was presented to his wife1 a young savage lady of some twenty years4 ,she was a veritable ,amazon1 a perfect model of symmetry of form and feminine grace2 there was a savage majesty in her gestures and gait2 she was a mighty huntress1 tamed the wildest steeds1 and was famed far and near for her prowess with the bow and spear4 ,she welcomed the stranger with courtesy1 and immediately presented him with a basket full of the tongues of elks which had been the spoil of her bow in the chase of the previous day4 ,but as soon as she learned the errand on which he had come1 her manner changed to profound reverence1 and1 throwing herself on her knees with hands clasped in the attitude of prayer1 she asked him for a crucifix1 to help me in my prayers1 she said4 ,the ,indians do not pray4 ,her husband did not know one article of the creed4 ,who taught her to pray8--to venerate a priest8--to adore the mystery of the cross8--to desire baptism1 and yearn for admission to the unity of ,god's church8 ,the three principal difficulties in the missioner's work among the ,indians are to stamp out 7to use a recently-invented phrase7 the influence of their native magicians1 and the practices of polygamy and cannibalism--though several of the tribes are free from the last-named vice4 ,the magician1 as we might expect1 is always plotting to counteract his advances and to revenge them when successful4 ,when a man has been possessed of half-a-dozen wives1 and perhaps as yet barely realized to himself the ,christian idea of marriage1 it is a considerable sacrifice to part with all but one1 and sometimes perplexing to decide which he will retain and which he will part with4 ,then the ladies themselves have generally a good deal to say upon this question1 and combinations arise in consequence1 which are often very serious and oftener still very ludicrous4 ,at ,fort ,resolution1 on the great ,slave ,lake1 the missioner met with a #efi warm reception from the neighboring tribes of ,indians2 and as the greater part of them embraced ,christianity1 he set himself to work in instructing them4 ,he explained to them that ,christian marriage was a free act1 and could never be valid where it was compulsory1 and that in this respect the wife was as independent as the husband4 ,this was quite a new doctrine to the savages1 with whom it was an inveterate custom to obtain their wives either by force or by purchasing them from their parents4 ,the doctrine1 however1 was eagerly received by the women1 who felt themselves raised by it to equal rights with their husbands4 ,the men were then instructed that the ,christian religion did not permit polygamy1 and that as many of them as had more than one wife must make up their minds which of them they would retain1 and then part with the rest4 ,it would be difficult to explain the reason why marriage1 which is a serious and solemn contract1 and which in mystical signification ranks first among the sacraments1 is the subject of jests1 and provokes laughter in all parts of the world4 ,the savages were no exception to this rule2 and while they set themselves to obey the commands of the church1 they made their doing so the occasion of much merriment4 ,the following morning a crowd of them waited upon the priest1 each of whom brought the wife with whom he intended to be indissolubly united4 ,after an exhortation1 which dwelt upon the divine institution1 sacramental nature1 and mutual obligations of matrimony1 each couple was called up to the priest after their names had been written down in the register4 ,the first couple who presented themselves were ,toqueiyazi and ,ethikkan4 ,toqueiyaza1 said the priest1 will you take ,ethikkan to be your lawful wife8 ,yes1 was the answer4 ,ethikkan1 will you take ,toqueiyazi to be your lawful husband8 ,no1 said the bride1 on no account4 ,then turning to the bridegroom1 who shared the general astonishment of all present1 she continued1 ,you took me away by force2 you came to our tent and tore me away from my aged father2 you dragged me into the forests1 and there ,i became your slave as well as your wife1 because ,i believed that you had a right to make yourself my master3 but now the priest himself has declared that ,god has given the same liberty to the woman as to the man4 ,i choose to enjoy that liberty1 and ,i will not marry you4 ,great was the sensation produced by this startling announcement4 ,a revolution had taken place4 ,the men beheld the social order which had hitherto obtained in their tribe suddenly overthrown4 ,the women trembled for the consequences which this daring act might bring upon them4 ,for a moment the issue was doubtful2 but the women1 who always get the last word in a discussion1 in this case got the first also2 they cried out that ,ethikkan was a courageous woman1 who had boldly carried out the principles of the ,christian religion regardless of human respect2 and what she had done was in fact so clearly in accordance with what the priest had taught1 that the men at length acquiesced1 and the rights of woman were thenceforward recognized and established on the banks of the great ,slave ,lake4 ,in one of his winter journeys through the snow1 attended by a party of ,indians and sledge drawn by dogs1 ,mgr4 ,faraud was arrested by a low moaning sound which proceeded from a little girl lying under a hollow tree covered with icicles4 ,her hands and feet were already frostbitten1 but she was still sufficiently conscious to tell him that her parents had left her there to die4 ,it is a common practice with the savages to make away with any member of the family who is likely to become a burden to them4 ,the priest put the child on the sledge1 carried her home1 and1 with proper treatment1 care1 and food1 she recovered4 ,she was instructed and baptized1 receiving the name of ,mary4 ,this child became the priest's consolation and joy1 #egj a visible angel in his house1 gay and happy1 and a source of happiness and edification to others4 ,she was one of those chosen souls on whom ,god showers his choicest favors1 and whom he calls to a close familiarity with himself4 ,but after a time the priest was obliged to leave on a distant mission1 having been called to spend the winter with a tribe who wished to embrace ,christianity1 and whose territory lay at a distance of several hundreds of miles4 ,what was to be done with ,mary8 ,to accompany him was impossible--to remain behind was to starve4 ,there was at that time1 among his savage catechnmens1 an old man and his wife whose baptism he had deferred till the following spring4 ,this seemed to be the only solution of the difficulty4 ,they had no children of their own2 they would take charge of ,mary1 and bring her safe back to the man of prayer in the spring4 ,bitter was the parting between little ,mary and the priest2 but there was the hope of an early meeting in the following spring4 ,the spring came1 and the priest returned2 but the old savages and ,mary came not4 ,for weeks the priest expected them1 and then started to seek their dwelling1 about fifty miles distant from his own4 ,he found their house empty1 and the man could nowhere be discovered4 ,but in searching for him through the forest1 he descried an old woman gathering fuel4 ,it was his wife4 ,where was ,mary8 ,the old woman made evasive replies until the sternness of the priest's manner terrified her into confession4 ,the winter had been severe--they had run short of provisions--and--and-- in short1 they had eaten her4 ,but if the difficulties1 disappointments1 and sufferings of the missioner in these ,american deserts are great1 requiring in him great virtue and an apostolic spirit1 his consolations are great also4 ,the grace of ,god is always given in proportion to his servants' need2 and in this virgin soil1 where spurious forms of ,christianity are as yet unknown1 the effects it produces are at time astounding4 ,the missioner is alternately tempted to elation and despair4 ,he must know1 to use the words of the ,apostle1 how to be brought low1 and how to abound4 ,monseigneur ,faraud has now returned to his diocese to reap the harvest of the good seed which he has sown1 and to carry a ,christian civilization to the savages of the extreme north of ,america4 ,he has left his volume behind him to invite our prayers for his success1 and to remind those generous souls who are inspired to undertake the work of evangelizing the heathen1 that in his portion of the ,lord's field the harvest is great and the laborers few4 ------ ,,miscellany4 ,the ,zoological ,position of the ,dodo4--,at a meeting of the ,zoological ,society on the #ith of ,january last1 ,professor ,owen read a paper on the osteology of the ,dodo1 the great extinct bird of the ,mauritius4 ,our readers will remember that this bird has given rise to a good deal of discussion from time to time as to its true affinities4 ,when ,professor ,owen was ,curator of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons' ,museum1 he classed the ,dodo along with the ,raptorial birds4 ,this arrangement led to the production of the huge volume of ,messrs4 ,strickland and ,melville1 in which it was very ably demonstrated that the bird belongs to the ,columbae or pigeon group4 ,it is highly creditable therefore to ,professor ,owen that upon a careful examination of the specimens of the dodo's bones which have lately come under his observation1 he has consented to the view long ago expressed by ,dr4 ,melville4 #ega ,the materials upon which ,professor ,owen's paper was based consisted of about one hundred different bones belonging to various parts of the skeleton1 which had been recently discovered by ,mr4 ,george ,clark1 of ,mahberg1 ,mauritius1 in an alluvial deposit in that island4 ,after an exhaustive examination of these remains1 which embraced nearly every part of the skeleton1 ,professor ,owen came to the conclusion that previous authorities had been correct in referring the dodo to the ,columbine order1 the variations presented1 though considerable1 being mainly such as might be referable to the adaptation of the dodo to a terrestrial life1 and different food and habits4--,popular ,science ,review4 ,native ,borax4--,a lake about two miles in circumference1 from which borax is obtained in extremely pure condition and in very large quantity1 has recently been discovered in ,california4 ,the borax hitherto in use has been procured by combining boracic acid1 procured from ,tuscany1 with soda4 ,it is used in large quantities in ,england1 the potteries of ,staffordshire alone consuming more than #aajj tons annually4 ,fall of the ,temperature of ,metals4--,at the last meeting of the ,chemical ,society of ,paris1 ,dr4 ,phipson called attention to the sudden fall of temperature which occurs when certain metals are mixed together at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere4 ,the most extraordinary descent of temperature occurs when #bjg parts of lead1 #aah of tin1 #bhd of bismuth1 and l1#fag of mercury are alloyed together4 ,the external temperature being at #agj centigrade at the time of the mixture1 the thermometer instantly falls to--#aj below zero4 ,even when these proportions are not taken with absolute rigor1 the cold produced is such that the moisture of the atmosphere is immediately condensed on the sides of the vessel in which the metallic mixture is made4 ,the presence of lead in the alloy does not appear to be so indispensable as that of bismuth4 ,dr4 ,phipson explains this fact by assuming that the cold is produced by the liquefaction at the ordinary temperature of the air of such dense metals as bismuth1 etc41 in their contact with the mercury4 ,greek and ,egyptian ,inscriptions4--,the discovery of a stone bearing a ,greek inscription with equivalent ,egyptian hieroglyphics1 by ,messrs4 ,lepsius1 ,reinisch1 ,rsler1 and ,weidenbach1 four ,german explorers1 at ,sane1 the former ,tanis1 the chief scene of the grand architectural undertakings of ,rameses the ,second1 is an important event for students of ,egyptology4 ,the ,greek inscription consists of seventy-six lines1 in the most perfect preservation1 dating from the time of ,ptolemy ,energetes ,i4 7#bch ,b4,c47 ,the stone is twenty-two centimetres high1 and seventy-eight centimetres wide1 and is completely covered by the inscriptions4 ,the finders devoted two days to copying the inscriptions1 taking three photographs of the stone1 and securing impressions of the hieroglyphics4 ,egyptologists are therefore anxiously looking forward to the production of these facsimiles and photographs4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,miscellanea3 comprising ,reviews1 ,lectures1 and ,essays1 on ,historical1 ,theological1 and ,miscellaneous ,subjects1 ,by ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,fourth edition4 #b vols4 #hvo4 ,pp4 #hjg4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahff4 ,this work has attained a well deserved popularity in the ,catholic community2 and we hail with pleasure this new and enlarged edition of it4 ,dr4 ,spalding has obtained the first place amongst the few of our popular writers2 and by his contributions to ,catholic literature will leave after him evidences of a good fight for the truth and faith of ,christ4 ,the ,miscellanea is a book for the times1 such as the ,church always needs1 and of which in later years we have sadly felt the want4 ,the prolific ,anti-catholic press has deluged the country with #egb publications of all sizes and of every character1 unfair in their statements of our doctrine and practice1 and but too often marked by bitter invective and wilful misrepresentation4 ,the prejudices thus engendered and deepened must be quickly and pointedly met before the poison has had time to spread4 ,we must not be content with a passive confidence in the inherent strength of truth4 ,in the long run truth will prevail1 we know2 but there is no reason why truth should not also prevail in the short run4 ,our ,american style of making a mental meal is not very far different from that of our physical meal4 ,we read as fast as we eat1 and are not over dainty4 ,it is perfectly marvellous what hashes of literary refuse your anti-church1 anti-papal1 and liberal 7sic7 caterer has the impudence to set before a people hungering after righteousness and truth3 and it is equally marvellous that these same people so hastily gulp down the newly spiced dish1 without evincing any suspicion of their having once or twice before seen and rejected the same well-picked bones and unsavory morsels4 ,experience proves the necessity of providing for the ,american mind good solid food1 cooked a la hte1 and served with few accompaniments4 ,they are not partial to long introductory soups1 and totally disregard all side-dish references and quotations4 ,comparisons aside1 we need quick and popular answers to these popular and hasty accusations4 ,the difficulty we experience is in the fact that the books1 pamphlets1 and tracts which disseminate error1 contain such a mass of illogical reasoning1 and are based upon so many contradictory principles1 that to answer them all fully and logically would require as many octavos as they possess pages4 ,to give a fair1 unsophistical1 and popular response to the questions of the day1 as presented to us in the forms we have mentioned1 requires no little critical skill1 and real literary genius4 ,in the perusal of the work before us we have had frequent occasion to admire these characteristics of the distinguished author4 ,his trenchant blows decapitate at once a host of hydra-headed errors1 and he displays a happy faculty of marking and dealing with those particular points which would be noticeable ones for the reader of the productions which come under the judgment of his pen4 ,we have cause to congratulate ourselves that we have in him a popular writer for the ,american people4 ,an ,american himself1 he understands his countrymen1 appreciates their merits1 and is not blind to their failings4 ,it is true we find in these pages many qualifications of the motives of ,protestant antagonists and of ,protestant movements generally which we wish might be read only by those to whom they apply2 still the intelligent reader will not fail to observe that they were called forth by the temper of the times in which these different essays were written4 ,the author himself observes in his preface to this edition3 ,as some of them were written as far back as twenty years1 it is but natural to suppose that they occasionally exhibit more spirit and heat in argument1 than the cooler temper and riper taste of advancing years would fully approve4 ,and he very justly adds3 ,while ,i am free to make this acknowledgment1 justice to my own convictions and feelings requires me to state1 that in regard to the facts alleged1 ,i have nothing to retract1 or even1 materially to modify1 and that in the tone and temper ,i do not even now believe that ,i set down aught in malice1 or with any other than the good intent of correcting error and establishing truth1 without assuming the aggressive except for the sake of what ,i believed to be the legitimate defence of the ,church of ,god4 ,what the learned writer here hints at1 we feel to be his own profound convictions at the present day1 and the wisdom of which the aspect of controversy as it is now successfully being carried on here and in ,europe1 also proves1 that it is better to convince and to teach1 than to silence4 ,we are not1 however1 altogether averse to sharp reproof or good-natured ridicule where it is well deserved4 ,fools are to be answered1 says the ,holy ,scripture1 according to their folly2 and fools not unfrequently attack the truth and do a deal of mischief4 ,when a writer or public orator presumes to talk nonsense1 or appeals to the vulgar prejudices or the fears of the ignorant1 it becomes necessary to exhibit both his character and motives4 ,calm and unimpassioned argument is thrown away upon him1 and is looked upon by the unthinking masses as a confession of weakness4 ,few instances1 if any1 can be shown where a ,catholic polemic writer has treated an honorable #egc antagonist with discourtesy3 and we venture to say that the scathing criticisms which are to be found in the work before us were richly merited1 and on the whole will be so judged by the dispassionate reader4 ,this edition contains upward of one hundred and sixty pages of new matter1 of equal interest with that of the fore-going editions4 ,we give it our humble and earnest commendation1 heartily wishing that it may be widely circulated and read2 confidently assured as we are that it will do good1 and advance the cause of truth4 ,,christianity1 ,its ,influence on ,civilization1 and its ,relation to ,nature's ,religion3 the ,harmonial or ,universal ,philosophy4 ,a ,lecture4 ,by ,caleb ,s4 ,weeks4 ,new ,york3 ,w4 ,white ,co4 #ahff4 ,what a pity ,mr4 ,caleb ,s4 ,weeks was not born earlier6 ,the whole world has been running for nineteen centuries after the ,nazarene1 and his religious system1 when it might have been running after ,mister ,weeks1 and his shallow spiritualistic humanitarian philosophy6 ,who knows8 ,reading effusions of this kind1 we are reminded of ,beppolo's ,fanfarone3 ,what is't that boils within me8 ,is't the throes of nascent genius2 or the strength ,of high immortal thoughts to find vent2 ,or1 is it wind8 ------ ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,childhood ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,,annals ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,childhood1 etc4 #ahff4 ,we are in receipt of the above in ,french and in ,english1 together with various circulars and pictures illustrating and recommending the extensive and admirable work of charity1 called ,the ,holy ,childhood ,it was founded by the ,bishop of ,nancy in ,france1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,forbin-,janson3 and its object is principally to rescue the abandoned children of the ,chinese1 baptize them1 and educate them as ,christians4 ,chinese parents have irresponsible control over the life and death of their children1 and hence the crime of infanticide is very common amongst them1 and that in its most revolting forms1 the heartless parents drowning them1 leaving them to die by exposure1 and even to be eaten alive by dogs and swine4 ,the poor will sell their young children for a paltry sum1 apparently without much regret4 ,it was impossible that ,catholic charity should forever pass by unnoticed such a plague-spot upon humanity4 ,wherever humanity suffers1 she knows how to inspire devoted souls with an ardent desire for the alleviation of its misery4 ,founded only since #ahdc1 the association of the ,holy ,childhood has rescued and baptized three millions of these children4 ,the report for this year gives the number of those under education at twenty-three thousand four hundred and sixteen4 ,such a noble work1 so truly ,catholic in its spirit1 needs no commendation of ours4 ,we are sure that all ,catholic children1 who are the ones particularly invited to be members of it1 and to contribute to its support1 will vie with each other in their prayers and offerings for its success4 ,catholic charity effects great things with little means4 ,the entire annual expenditures of the ,society for the ,propagation of the ,faith1 with which we hope our readers are well acquainted1 did not amount1 a few years since1 to more than eight thousand dollars4 ,the ,society of the ,holy ,childhood asks for a contribution of only one cent a month from each of its members1 and requires each one to say daily a ,hail ,mary and an invocation to the child ,jesus1 to have pity upon all poor pagan children4 ,we have been much interested in looking over the number of the annals sent us1 but we are sorry to see certain ,religious ,orders singled out by name as not yet having made this enterprise a part of their work4 ,those holy and devoted men need no stimulation of this kind to do all that comes within their sphere for ,god's greater glory1 and the salvation of mankind3 and one does not like one's name called out as a delinquent by him who solicits1 but has not yet obtained our name for his subscription-list ,it is1 to say the least1 injudicious2 but we hope that the well-known zeal and ardent charity of the ,directors of this pious work will be sufficient apology for the incautious remark4 #egd ,a ,,brief ,,biographical ,,dictionary4 ,compiled and arranged by the ,rev4 ,charles ,hole1 ,b4,a41 ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge2 with additions and corrections by ,william ,a4 ,wheeler1 ,m4,a41 assistant editor of ,webster's ,dictionary1 author of ,a ,dictionary of ,noted ,names of ,fiction1 etc4 #abmo1 pp4 #dec4 ,new-,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahff4 ,we have here a most convenient little volume for reference1 and one that is also pretty accurate and complete4 ,it merely gives the name of the person1 his country1 profession1 date of birth and death4 ,the ,american editor has done his work well1 as well as it is possible1 humanly speaking1 to compile such a work2 but he certainly should have added the name of ,dr4 ,j4,v4 ,huntington to the ,appendix1 which contains the names of those omitted by ,mr4 ,hole1 ,he has placed names there that are not half so well known to men of letters as that of the late lamented ,dr4 ,huntington4 ,we make special mention of his name1 as the ,american editor of this useful little book is the author of ,a ,dictionary of ,noted ,names of ,fiction1 and must have read of the author of ,alban1 ,the ,forest1 ,rosemary1 ,pretty ,plate1 ,blonde and ,brunette1 etc41 etc4 ,there may be other omissions1 but this author being one of the most prominent of our deceased ,american ,catholic writers1 there can be no good excuse for the exclusion of his name4 ,,devotion ,,to ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin ,,mary ,,in ,,north ,,america4 ,by the ,rev4 ,xavier ,donald ,macleod4 ,with a ,memoir of the author by the ,most ,rev4 ,john ,b4 ,purcell1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,cincinnati4 #hvo1 pp4 #dfg4 ,virtue ,yorston1 ,new-,york4 ,few ,americans are well acquainted with the religious history of their own country4 ,it is to be regretted1 for in the religious history of any nation we find a revelation of life no less interesting1 and far more important than the detail of its political fortunes4 ,indeed1 we believe that history written so as to exclude the mention of religion and its influence upon the social character1 civilization1 and the national peculiarities of a people1 would be as incomplete as it would be unintelligible4 ,americans are educated to believe that this country1 with the exception of ,mexico1 has been a ,protestant country from the start2 that its religious activity has been purely ,protestant2 that ,catholicity has been chiefly hitherto a work confined to the spiritual ministrations of foreign priests to a foreign immigrant population2 and he is surprised to learn that the only missionary work done on this continent worthy of record on the page of its history is wholly ,catholic4 ,and we venture to affirm that the only picture of the religion of ,america1 either of its early or its later days1 which will be looked upon by future generations with pleasure and pride1 will be that which the ,catholic ,church presents in the apostolic labors of her missionaries1 through which the savage ,indian becomes the docile ,christian2 the rude1 uneducated masses1 whether white or black1 are guided1 instructed1 and saved2 the truth and grace of the holy faith is preached in hardship1 toil1 privation1 persecution1 and death4 ,it is true that the book before as treats of religion in ,america with only the devotion toward our ,blessed ,lady as its particular theme1 but it necessarily offers us a view of the progress of the ,catholic religion in every part of the continent4 ,it is written in a most charming style1 replete with graphic descriptions1 and marked throughout by that tone of enthusiastic loyalty to the faith so characteristic of the gifted and lamented author4 ,there is no portion of the work we have read with greater interest than that which concerns the conversion and religious life of the ,indians4 ,there has been no truer type of the ,catholic missionary than is displayed by those devoted priests1 who came to this country burning with the desire to win its savage aborigines to the faith of ,christ4 ,let us give a little extract3 ,for thirty years now has ,father ,sebastian ,rasle dwelt in the forest1 teaching to its wild1 red children the love of ,god and ,mary4 ,he is burned by sun and tanned by wind until he is almost as red as his parishioners4 ,the languages of the ,abenaki and ,huron1 the ,algonquin and ,illinois1 are more familiar to him than the tongue in which his mother taught him the ,ave ,maria4 ,the huts of ,norridgewock contain his people2 the river ,kennebec flows swiftly past his dwelling to the sea4 ,there he has built a church--handsome1 he thinks and says2 perhaps it would not much excite our luxurious imagination4 ,at any rate1 the altar is handsome2 and he has gathered a store of copes and chasubles1 albs and embroidered stoles for the dignity of the holy service4 ,he has trained1 also1 as many as forty ,indian boys in the ceremonies1 and1 in their crimson cassocks and white surplices1 they aid the sacred pomp4 ,besides the church1 there are two chapels1 one on the road which leads to the forest1 #ege where the braves are wont to make a short retreat before they start to trap and hunt2 the other on the path to the cultivated lands1 where prayers are offered when they go to plant or gather in the harvest4 ,the one is dedicated to the guardian angel of the tribe1 the other to our most holy mother1 ,mary ,immaculate4 ,to adorn this latter is the especial emulation of the women4 ,whatever they have of jewels1 of silk stuff from the settlements1 or delicate embroidery of porcupine-quill1 or richly tinted moose-hair1 is found here2 and from amidst their offerings rises1 white and fair1 the statue of the ,virgin2 and her sweet face looks down benignantly upon her swarthy children1 kneeling before her to recite their rosaries4 ,one beautiful inanimate ministrant to ,god's worship they have in abundance--light from wax candles4 ,the wax is not precisely opus apium1 but it is a nearer approach to it than you find in richer and less excusable places4 ,it is wax from the berry of the laurels1 which cover the hills of ,maine4 ,and to the chapel every night and morning come all the ,indian ,christians4 ,at morning they make their prayer in common1 and assist at mass1 chanting1 in their own dialect1 hymns written for that purpose by their pastor4 ,then they go to their employment for the day2 he to his continuous1 orderly1 and ceaseless labor4 ,the morning is given up to visitors1 who come to their good father with their sorrows and disquietudes2 to ask his relief against some little injustice of their fellows2 his advice on their marriage or other projects4 ,he consoles this one1 instructs that1 reestablishes peace in disunited families1 calms troubled consciences1 administers gentle rebuke1 or gives encouragement to the timid4 ,the afternoon belongs to the sick1 who are visited in their own cabins4 ,if there be a council1 the black-robe must come to invoke the ,holy ,spirit on their deliberations2 if a feast1 he must be present to bless the viands and to check all approaches to disorder4 ,and always in the afternoon1 old and young1 warrior and gray-haired squaw1 ,christian and catechumen1 assemble for the catechism4 ,when the sun declines westward1 and the shadows creep over the village1 they seek the chapel for the public prayer1 and to sing a hymn to ,st4 ,mary4 ,then each to his own home2 but before bed-time1 neighbors gather again1 in the house of one of them1 and in antiphonal choirs they sing their beads1 and with another hymn they separate for sleep4 ,the work does not need any commendation at our hands2 it will assuredly become popular wherever it is introduced1 whether it be into the libraries of colleges or literary associations1 or into the family circle4 ,,life ,,and ,,campaigns ,,of ,,lieut4-,,general ,u4 ,s4 ,,grant1 from his ,boyhood to the ,surrender of ,general ,lee2 including an accurate account of ,sherman's great march from ,chattanooga to ,washington1 and the final official ,reports of ,sheridan1 ,meade1 ,sherman1 and ,grant2 with portraits on steel of ,stanton1 ,grant and his ,generals1 and other illustrations4 ,by ,rev4 ,p4,g4 ,headley1 author of ,life of ,napoleon1 ,life of ,josephine1 etc41 etc4 #hvo1 pp4 #gbj4 ,new ,york3 ,derby ,miller ,publishing ,co4 #ahff4 ,the title of this work is sufficiently ambitious to justify the expectation that it is really a valuable contribution to our national historical literature4 ,such is1 however1 not the case4 ,the only valuable portions of the book are the reports of different commanding generals1 which are appended4 ,the style is of the inflated1 mock-heroic order1 of which we have had a surfeit1 especially since the commencement of the late war4 ,the descriptions of battles remind us of a certain class of cheap battle pictures1 in which smoke1 artillery horses1 and men are arranged and rearranged to suit any desired emergency4 ,one is left in doubt in reading the account of the famous charge on the left at ,fort ,donelson1 whether ,c4 ,f4 ,smith or ,morgan ,l4 ,smith was the officer in command4 ,morgan ,l4 ,smith was a brave and valuable officer1 but the decisive charge in question was led by ,c4 ,f4 ,smith1 and was one of the most remarkable and brilliant military exploits of the war4 ,we cannot pretend to wade through all the crudities1 platitudes1 and mistakes of this bulky volume1 manufactured to order1 not written4 ,there is one glaring blunder or intentional perversion1 in the desire to please every body1 which all cannot pass over4 ,the relief of ,major-,general ,mc,clernand in front of ,vicksburg is made to appear to be a reluctant act on the part of ,general ,grant4 ,mr4 ,headley represents ,general ,grant as complying with an urgent military necessity1 at the cost of his friend4 ,this is all sheer nonsense4 ,there was and could be no friendship between ,grant and ,mc,clernand4 ,one might as well expect fellowship between light and darkness4 ,there was a military necessity to remove ,mc,clernand1 for every day that he commanded a corps imperilled the safety of the whole army4 ,sherman and ,mc,pherson united in demanding his removal1 #egf and ,general ,grant chose the right moment to relieve him--when he had demonstrated his incapacity1 or worse1 to the mind of every soldier on the field1 and ruined forever the false popularity he had acquired as a politician of the lowest grade4 ,mr4 ,headley makes an unsuccessful effort to glaze over ,general ,wallace's unaccountable delay in coming up to the field of' ,shiloh4 ,in fact1 he deals in indiscriminate praise for an obvious reason1 and like all such people is certain to get very little himself from his critics4 ,the book no doubt sells1 and will probably stimulate a desire to read the authentic histories which will in due season appear1 and of which ,wm4 ,swinton's ,history of the ,army of the ,potomac 7not without its faults7 is a specimen4 ,we expect a first-class scientific ,history of the ,war4 ,major-,general ,schofield is the man to write it1 when the proper time arrives4 ,,poetry1 ,,lyrical1 ,,narrative1 ,,and ,,satirical1 ,,of ,,the ,,civil ,,war4 ,selected and edited by ,richard ,grant ,white4 #abmo1 pp4 #chd4 ,american ,news ,co4 ,mr4 ,white's preface to this volume of selected poetry is the best criticism which the book could have1 and is an exhaustive and elegant essay4 ,it is a remarkably complete collection of the pieces which have appeared from time to time in the progress of the war4 ,the value of such a work is in its completeness less than in the merits of the compositions selected4 ,we should be glad to see another edition1 containing some which have been overlooked or omitted4 ,the value of such a collection increases with time1 and it will be eagerly sought for and highly prized when the hateful1 painful1 and commonplace features of the struggle have softened into the elements of pleasing reminiscence and romance1 and become the incentives to heroism and patriotism to unborn children4 ,a ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,physiology4 ,for the use of ,schools and ,colleges1 being an ,abridgement of the author's larger work on ,human ,physiology4 ,by ,john ,william ,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 author of ,a ,treatise on ,human ,physiology1 and ,a ,history of the ,intellectual ,development of ,europe1 etc4 #abmo1 pp4 #cgf4 ,harper ,brothers1 #ahff4 ,a ,,text ,,book ,,on ,,chemistry4 ,for the use of ,schools and ,colleges4 ,by ,henry ,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,professor ,adjunct of ,chemistry and ,natural ,history in the ,university of ,new ,york4 #abmo1 pp4 #ejg4 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahff4 ,the ,drapers1 father and sons1 present the rare example in this materialistic age and most materialistic city1 of a whole family devoted to literary and scientific pursuits1 and working in that harmony which the sincere and loyal pursuit of science is sure to produce4 ,although we have had occasion to differ with ,professor ,draper in his philosophical and some of his political deductions1 we admire his intellect and attainments1 and in the purely scientific order consider him entitled to the highest consideration and respect4 ,he is a close student and an original observer1 and we believe him ardently and faithfully devoted to the ascertainment of exact scientific truth4 ,his sons are men of great promise1 and have already done more in their short lives in the respective departments of natural science than many of twice their age4 ,catholicity courts scientific investigation and verification in every department of inquiry1 and delights to honor all men who devote their lives to these self-denying labors4 ,there is1 so to speak1 a sanctity of science4 ,science inevitably tends toward religion1 and is the most powerful safeguard of society and civilization next to religion4 ,the two manuals whose titles are given above are excellent of their kind1 and we cordially recommend them to our schools and colleges4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new-,york4 ,the ,annual ,cyclopaedia and ,register of ,important ,events of the ,year #ahfe4 #hvo1 pp4 #hej4 ,from ,hurd ,houghton1 ,new-,york4 ,revolution and ,reconstruction4 ,two ,lectures delivered in the ,law ,school of ,harvard ,college1 in ,january1 #ahfe1 and ,january1 #ahff1 by ,joel ,parker4 #hvo1 pamphlet1 pp4 #hi4 ,shakespeare's ,delineations of ,insanity1 ,imbecility1 and ,suicide4 ,by ,a4 ,o4 ,kellogg1 ,m4,d41 ,assistant ,physician ,state ,lunatic ,asylum1 ,utica1 ,n4,y4 #abmo4 pp4 #bjd4 ,pictures of ,country ,life4 ,by ,alice ,cary4 #ahmo1 pp4 #hei4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co41 ,new-,york4 ,parts #ah4 #ai1 and #bj of ,d',artaud's ,lives of the ,popes2 and ,vol ,,ii4 of ,catholic ,anecdotes4 ,from ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new-,york4 ,nos4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 and #cc of ,darras's ,history of the ,catholic ,church4 ,from ,a4 ,d4 ,f4 ,randolph1 ,new-,york4 ,the ,lady of ,la ,garaye4 ,by the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,norton1 #abmo1 pp4 #aae4 ,from ,j4 ,j4 ,o',connor ,co41 ,newark1 ,n4,j4 ,jesus and ,mary4 ,a ,catholic hymn-book4 ,selected from various sources1 and arranged for the use of the children of ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral1 ,newark1 ,n4,j4 #abmo1 pp4 #gf1 paper4 ------ #egg ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,iii41 ,,no4 #ag4--;,,august1 #ahff4 ,,original4 ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,v4 ,,the ,,revelation ,,of ,,the ,,supernatural ,,order1 ,,and ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,primitive ,,idea ,,of ,,reason4 ,our reason in apprehending the intelligible is advertised at the same time of the existence of the super-intelligible4 ,it is necessary to explain here the sense in which this latter term is used4 ,it is evident that it can be used only in a relative and not in an absolute sense4 ,that which is absolutely without the domain of the intelligible is absolutely unintelligible and therefore a non-entity4 ,the super-intelligible must therefore be something which is intelligible to ,god1 but above the range either of all created reason1 or of human reason in its present condition4 ,it will suffice for the present to consider it under the latter category4 ,our reason undoubtedly apprehends in its intelligible object the existence of something which is above the range of human intelligence in its present state4 ,the intimate nature of material and spiritual substances is incomprehensible4 ,much more1 the intimate nature or essence of the infinite divine being4 ,all science begins from and conducts to the incomprehensible4 ,any one who wishes to satisfy himself of this may peruse the first few chapters of ,mr4 ,herbert ,spencer's ,principles of ,philosophy4 ,that portion of the first article of the creed which reason can demonstrate2 namely1 the being of ,god1 the ,creator of the world1 in which is included also the immortality of the soul1 and the principle of moral obligation2 advertises therefore1 of an infinite sphere of truth which is above our comprehension4 ,the natural suggests the supernatural1 in which it has its first and final cause1 its origin and ultimate end4 ,the knowledge of the natural1 therefore1 gives us a kind of negative knowledge of the super-natural1 by advertising us of its own incompleteness1 and of the want of any principle of self-origination or metaphysical finality in itself4 ,a system of pure naturalism which represents the idea of reason under a form which satisfies completely the intelligence without introducing the supernatural1 is impossible4 ,what is nature1 and what do we mean by the natural8 ,nature is simply the aggregate of finite entities1 and the natural is #egh what may be predicated of these entities4 ,a system of pure naturalism would therefore give a complete account of this aggregate of finite entities1 without going beyond the entities themselves1 that is1 without transcending the limits of space1 time1 the finite and the contingent4 ,such a system is not only incapable of rational demonstration1 but utterly unthinkable4 ,for1 when the mind has gone to its utmost length in denying or excluding every positive affirmation of anything except nature1 there remains always the abyss of the unknown from which nature came and to which it tends1 even though the unknown may be declared to be unknowable4 ,those who deny the super-intelligible and the supernatural1 therefore1 are mere sceptics1 and cannot construct a philosophy4 ,those who affirm a ,first ,cause1 in which second causes and their effects are intelligible1 affirm the supernatural4 ,for the first and absolute ,cause cannot be included under the same generic term with the second causes and finite forces of nature4 ,the more perfectly and clearly they evolve the full theistic conception of pure reason1 the more distinctly do they affirm the supernatural1 because the idea of ,god as the infinite1 intelligible object of his own infinite intelligence is proportionately explicated and apprehended4 ,it is explicated and apprehended by means of analogies derived from finite objects1 but these analogies suggest that there is an infinite something behind them which they represent4 ,by these analogies we learn in a measure the meaning of the affirmation ,ut ,deus sit4 ,we do not learn ,quid sit ,deus1 but still we cannot help asking the question1 ,what is ,god1 what is his essence8 ,we know that he is the adequate object of his own intelligence and will1 and therefore we cannot help asking the question what is that object1 what does ,god see and love in himself1 in what does his most pure and infinite act consist1 what is his beatitude8 ,our reason is advertised of an infinite truth1 reality1 or being1 which it cannot comprehend1 that is1 of the super-intelligible4 ,those who base their philosophy on pure theism1 or a modified rationalistic ,christianity1 are therefore entirely mistaken when they profess to be anti-supernaturalists1 and to draw a distinctly marked line between themselves and the supernaturalists4 ,the distinction is only between more or less consistent supernaturalists4 ,those who are at the remotest point from the ,catholic idea1 see that those who are a little nearer have no tenable standing-point1 and these see it of those who are nearer than they are1 and so on1 until we come to the ,anglicans and the ,orientals4 ,but the extremists themselves have no better standing-point than the intermediaries1 and in their theistic conception have admitted a principle from which they can be driven by irresistible and invincible logic to the ,catholic ,church4 ,for the present1 we merely aim to show that they are compelled to admit the supernatural when they affirm ,god as the first and final cause of the world4 ,in affirming this1 they affirm that nature has its origin and final reason in the supernatural1 or in an infinite object above itself1 which human reason cannot comprehend4 ,that is1 they affirm super-intelligible and super-natural relations1 of man and the universe4 ,these relations must be regulated and adjusted by some law4 ,this law is either the simple continuity of the original creative act which explicates itself through con-creative second causes in time and space1 or it is this1 and in addition to this1 an immediate act of the ,creator completing his original1 creative act by subsequent acts of an equal or superior order1 which concur with the first towards the final cause of the creation4 ,whoever takes the first horn of this dilemma is a pure naturalist in the only sense of the word which is intelligible4 ,that is1 while he is a supernaturalist1 in maintaining that nature has its first and final cause in the supernatural1 or in #egi ,god2 he is a naturalist in maintaining that man has no other tendency to his final cause except that given in the creative act that is essential to nature1 and no other mode prescribed for returning to his final cause than the explication of this natural tendency1 according to natural law4 ,consequently1 reason is sufficient1 without revelation2 the will1 without grace2 humanity1 without the incarnation2 society1 or the race organized under law1 without the church4 ,it is precisely in the method of treating this thesis of naturalism that the divarication takes place between the great schools of ,catholic theology and between the various systems of philosophy1 whether orthodox or heterodox1 which profess to base themselves on the ,christian idea1 or to ally themselves with it4 ,it is not easy to find the clue which will lead us safely through this labyrinth and preserve us from deviating either to the right hand or to the left1 by denying too much on the one hand to the naturalists1 or conceding too much to them on the other4 ,nevertheless it is necessary to search for it1 or to give up all effort to discuss the question before us1 and to prove from principles furnished by nature and reason the necessity of accepting a supernatural revelation4 ,the true thesis of pure naturalism or rationalism is1 that ,god in educating the human race for the destiny in view of which he created it1 merely explicates that which is contained in nature by virtue of the original creative act1 without any subsequent interference of the divine1 creative power4 ,he develops nature by natural laws alone1 in one invariable mode4 ,the physical universe evolves by a rigid sequence the force of all the second causes which it contains4 ,the rational world is governed by the same law1 and so also is the moral and spiritual world4 ,the intellectual and spiritual education of the human race develops nothing except natural reason1 and the natural1 spiritual capacity of the soul4 ,reason extends its conquests by a continual progress in the super-intelligible realm1 reducing it to the intelligible1 and eternally approaching to the comprehension of the infinite and absolute truth4 ,the spiritual capacity advances constantly in the supernatural realm1 reducing it to the natural1 and eternally approaching the infinite and absolute good or being4 ,all nature1 all creation1 is on the march1 and its momentum is the impulsive force given it by the creative impact that launched it into existence and activity4 ,planting themselves on this thesis1 its advocates profess to have priori principle by which they prove the all-sufficiency of nature for the fulfilment of its own destiny1 and reject as an unnecessary or even inconceivable intrusion1 the affirmation of another divine creative act1 giving a new impact to nature1 superadding a new force to natural law1 subordinating the physical universe to a higher end1 implanting a superior principle of intelligence and will in the human soul1 and giving to the race a destination above that to which it tends by its own proper momentum4 ,they refuse to entertain the question of a supernatural order1 or an order which educates the race according to a law superior to that of the evolution of the mere forces of nature2 and in consequence of this refusal1 they logically refuse to entertain the question of a supernatural revelation disclosing this order1 and of a supernatural religion in which the doctrines1 laws1 institutions1 forces and instruments of this order are organized1 for the purpose of drawing the human race into itself4 ,this is the last fortress into which heterodox philosophy has fled4 ,the open plains are no longer tenable4 ,the only conflict of magnitude now raging in ,christendom is between the champions of the ,catholic faith and the tenants of this stronghold4 ,it is a great advantage for the cause of truth that it is so4 ,the controversy is simplified1 the issues are clearly marked1 the opportunity is favorable for an #ehj unimpeded and decisive collision between the forces of faith and unbelief1 and the triumph of faith will open the way for ,christianity to gain a new and mighty sway over the mind1 the heart1 and the life of the civilized world4 ,this stronghold is no more tenable than any of the others which have been successively occupied and abandoned4 ,its tenants have gained only a momentary advantage by retreating to it4 ,they escape certain of the inconsistencies of other parties and evade the ,catholic arguments levelled against these inconsistencies4 ,but they can be driven by the irresistible force of reason from their position1 and made to draw the ,catholic conclusion from their own premises4 ,we do not say this in a boastful spirit1 or as vaunting our own ability to effect a logical demolition of rationalism4 ,rather1 we desire to express our confidence that the reason of its advocates themselves will drive them out of it1 and that the common judgment of an age more enlightened than the present will demolish it4 ,it is our opinion1 formed after hearing the language used by a great number of men of all parties1 and reading a still greater number of their published utterances1 that the most enlightened intelligence of this age in ,protestant ,christendom has reached two conclusions2 the first is1 that the ,catholic ,church is the true and genuine church of ,christianity2 and the second1 that it is necessary to have a positive religion which will embody the same idea that produced ,christianity4 ,the combination and evolution of these two intellectual convictions promise to result in a return to ,catholicism4 ,and there are to be seen even already in the writings of those who have given up the positive ,christianity of orthodox ,protestantism1 indications of the workings of a philosophy which tends to bring them round to the positive supernatural faith of the ,catholic church4 ,it is by these grand1 intellectual currents moving the general mind of an age1 that individual minds are chiefly influenced1 more than by the thoughts of other individual minds4 ,individual thinkers can scarcely do more than to detect the subtle element which the common intellectual atmosphere holds in solution1 to interpret to other thinkers their own thoughts1 or give them a direction which will help them to discover for themselves some truth more integral and universal than they now possess4 ,therefore1 while confiding in the power of the integral and universal truth embodied in the ,catholic creed to bear down all opposition and vanquish every philosophy which rises up agamst it1 we do not arrogate the ability to grasp and wield this power1 and to exhibit the ,catholic idea in its full evidence as the integrating1 all-embracing form of universal truth4 ,it is proposed in an honorable and conciliatory spirit to those who love truth and are able to investigate it for themselves4 ,many things must necessarily be affirmed or suggested in a brief1 unpretending series of essays1 which admit of and require minute and elaborate proof1 such as can only be given in an extensive work1 but merely sketched here after the manner of an outline engraving which leaves out the filling up belonging to a finished picture4 ,to return from this digression4 ,we have begun the task of indicating how that naturalism or pure rationalism which affirms the theistic conception logically demonstrable by pure reason1 can only integrate itself and expand itself to a universal ,theodicy or doctrine of ,god1 in a supernatural revelation4 ,if the opposite theory of pure naturalism were true1 it ought to verify itself in the actual history of the human race1 and in the actual process of its education4 ,the idea of the supernatural ought to be entirely absent from the consciousness of the race4 ,for1 on the supposition of that theory1 it has no place in the human mind--and no business in the world4 ,if unassisted nature and reason suffice for #eha themselves they ought to do their work alone1 and do it so thoroughly that there would be no room for any pretended supernatural revelation to creep in4 ,the history of mankind ought to be a continuous1 regular evolution of reason and nature1 like the movements of the planets2 the human race ought to have been conscious of this law from the beginning1 and never to have dreamed of the supernatural1 never to have desired it4 ,philosophy ought to have been1 from the first1 master of the situation1 and to have domineered over the whole domain of thought4 ,the reverse of this is the fact4 ,the history of the human race1 and the whole world of human thought1 is filled with the idea of the supernatural4 ,the philosophy of naturalism is either a modification and re-combination of principles learned from revelation1 or a protest against revelation and an attempt to dethrone it from its sway4 ,it has no pretence of being original and universal1 but always pre-supposes revelation as having prior possession1 and dating from time immemorial4 ,now human nature and human reason are certainly competent to fulfil whatever task ,god has assigned them4 ,they act according to fixed laws1 and tend infallibly to the end for which they were created4 ,the judgments of human reason and of the human race are valid in their proper sphere4 ,and therefore the judgment of mankind that its law of evolution is in the line of the supernatural is a valid judgment4 ,revelation has the claim of prescription and of universal tradition4 ,naturalism must set aside this claim and establish a positive claim for itself based on demonstration1 before it has any right even to a hearing4 ,it can do neither4 ,it cannot bring any conclusive argument against revelation1 nor can it establish itself on any basis of demonstration which does not pre-suppose the instruction of reason by revelation4 ,it cannot conclusively object to revelation4 ,the very principle of law1 that is1 of the invariable nexus between cause and effect1 which is the ultimate axiom of naturalism1 is based on the perpetual concurrence of the first cause with all secondary causes1 that is1 the perpetuity of the creative act by which ,god perpetually creates the creature4 ,there is no reason why this creative act should explicate all its effects at once or merely conserve the existences it has produced1 and not explicate successively in space and time the effects of its creative energy4 ,the hypothesis that the creative power can never act directly in nature except at its origin1 and must afterwards merely act through the medium of previously created causes in a direct line1 is the sheerest assumption4 ,some of the most eminent men in modern physical science maintain the theory of successive creations4 ,there may be the same direct intervention of creative power in the moral and spiritual world4 ,miracles1 revelations1 supernatural interventions for the regeneration and elevation of the human race1 are not improbable on any priori principle4 ,the artifice by which the entire tradition of the human race is set aside1 and a demand made to prove the supernatural de novo1 is unwarrantable and unfair4 ,the supernatural has the title of prescription1 and the burden of proof lies only upon the particular systems1 to show that they are genuine manifestations of it1 and not its counterfeits4 ,the existence of a reality which may be counterfeited is a fair postulate of reason1 until the contrary is demonstrated1 and something positive of a prior and more universal order is logically established from the first principles of reason4 ,we are not to be put off with assurances like a fraudulent debtor's promises of payment1 that our doubts and uncertainties1 will be satisfied after two thousand or two hundred thousand years4 ,exclude the supernatural1 and natural reason will have1 and can have nothing in the future1 beyond the universal data and principles which we have now and have had from the beginning1 with which to solve its problems4 ,the #ehb connection between mind and matter1 the origin and destination of the soul1 the future life1 the state of other orders of intelligent beings1 the condition of other worlds1 will be as abstruse and incapable of satisfactory settlement then as now4 ,if we are to gain any certain knowledge concerning them1 it must be in a supernatural way4 ,and what conclusive reason is there for deciding that we may not8 ,who can prove that some of that infinite truth which surrounds us may not break through the veil1 that some of the intelligent spirits of other spheres may not be sent to enlighten and instruct us8 ,footnote #abe ,footnote #abe3 ,that is1 who can prove it from reason alone1 without the evidence of ,revelation itself that it is already completed8 ,one of the ablest advocates of naturalism1 ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,alger1 has admitted that it is possible1 and oven maintains that it has already taken place4 ,in his erudite work on the ,history of the ,doctrine of a ,future ,life1 he maintains the opinion that ,jesus ,christ is a most perfect and exalted being1 who was sent into this world by ,god to teach mankind1 who wrought miracles and really raised his body to life in attestation of his doctrine1 although he supposes that he laid it aside again when he left the earth4 ,he distinctly asserts the infallibility of ,christ as a teacher1 and of the doctrine which he actually taught with his own lips4 ,here is a most distinct and explicit concession of the principle of supernatural revelation4 ,to those who heard him he was a supernatural and infallible teacher4 ,in so far as his doctrine is really apprehended it is for all generations a supernatural and infallible truth4 ,it has regenerated mankind1 and ,mr4 ,alger believes it is destined1 when better understood1 to carry the work of regeneration to a higher point in the future4 ,it is true1 he does not acknowledge that the apostles were infallible in apprehending and teaching the doctrine of ,christ4 ,but he must admit1 that in so far as they have apprehended and perpetuated it1 and in so far as he himself and others of his school now apprehend it more perfectly than they did1 they apprehend supernatural truth and appropriate a supernatural power4 ,besides1 once admitting that ,christ was an infallible teacher1 it is impossible to show why he could not do what so many philosophers have done1 communicate his doctrine in clear and intelligible terms1 so that the substance of it would be correctly understood and perpetuated4 ,miss ,frances ,cobbe1 admitted to be the best expositor of the doctrine of the celebrated ,theodore ,parker1 in her ,broken ,lights1 and other similar writers1 give to the doctrine and institutions of ,christ a power that is superhuman and that denotes the action of a superhuman intelligence4 ,those who prognosticate a new church1 a new religion1 a realization of ideal humanity on earth1 cannot integrate their hypothesis in anything except the supernatural1 and must suppose either a new outburst of supernatural life from the germ which ,christ planted on the earth1 or the advent of another superhuman ,redeemer4 ,dr4 ,brownson while yet only a transcendental philosopher on his road to the ,church1 exhibited this thought with great power and beauty1 in a little book entitled ,new ,views4 ,the dream of a new redemption of mankind in the order of temporal perfection and felicity was never presented with greater argumentative ability or portrayed in more charming colors1 at least in the ,english language2 and never was any thing made more clear than the necessity of superhuman powers for the actual fulfilment of this bewitching dream4 ,footnote #abf ,footnote #abf3 ,that is1 bewitching to those who do not believe in something for more sublime1 the restoration of all things in ,christ1 foretold in the ,scriptures4 ,whether we look backward or forward1 we confront the idea of the supernatural4 ,this is enough to prove its reality4 ,there are no universal pseudo-ideas1 deceits1 or illusions4 ,that which is universal is true4 ,we have #ehc therefore only to inspect the idea of the supernatural1 to examine and explicate its contents1 to interrogate the universal belief and tradition of mankind1 to study the history of the race1 and unfold the wisdom of the ancients1 and the result will be truth4 ,we shall obtain true and just conceptions of the original1 universal1 eternal idea1 in which all particular forms of science1 belief1 law1 and human evolution in all directions1 coalesce and integrate themselves as in a complete whole including all the relations of the universe to ,god1 as ,first and ,final ,cause4 ,we must now go back to the point where we left off1 after establishing as the first principle of all science and faith the pure theistic doctrine respecting the first and final cause1 or the origin and end of all things in necessary being1 that is1 ,god4 ,we have to show the position of this doctrine in the conception of supernatural revelation1 and its connection with the other doctrines which express the supernatural relation of the human race and the universe to ,god4 ,the conception of the supernatural in its most simple and universal form1 is the conception of somewhat distinct from and superior to the complete aggregate of created forces or second causes4 ,in this sense1 it is identical with the conception of first and final cause4 ,it may be proper here to explain the term ,final ,cause1 which is not in common use among ,english writers4 ,it expresses the ultimate motive or reason for which the universe was created1 the end to which all things are tending4 ,when we say that ,god is necessarily the final cause1 as well as the first cause1 of all existing things1 we mean that he could have had no motive or end in creating1 extrinsic to his own being4 ,all that proceeds from him as first cause must return to him as final cause4 ,from this it appears that the conception of nature in any theistic system implies the supernatural2 because it implies a cause and end for nature above itself4 ,the supernatural can only be denied by the atheist1 who maintains that there is nothing superior to what the ,theist calls second causes1 or by the ,pantheist1 who either identifies ,god with nature1 or nature with ,god4 ,a ,theist cannot form any conception of pure nature or a purely natural order1 except as included in a supernatural plan2 because his natural order originates in a cause and tends toward an end above and beyond itself1 and is not therefore its own adequate reason4 ,as we have already seen1 reason1 by virtue of its original intuition of the infinite1 is advertised of something infinitely beyond all finite comprehension4 ,by apprehending its own limitation1 and the finite1 relative1 contingent existence of all things which are1 it is advertised of an infinite unknown1 and thus has a negative knowledge of the supernatural4 ,by the light of the creative act in itself and in the universe1 it apprehends the being of ,god as reflected in his works and made intelligible by the similitude of created existences to the ,creator4 ,it apprehends that there is an infinite being1 whose created similitude is in itself and all things2 a primal uncreated light1 the cause of the reflected light in which nature is intelligible4 ,therefore it apprehends the supernatural4 ,but it does not directly and immediately perceive what this infinite being or uncreated light is1 and cannot do so4 ,that is1 by explicating its own primitive idea1 and bringing it more and clearly into the reflective consciousness1 and by learning more and more of the universe of created existences1 it may go on indefinitely1 apprehending ,god by the reflected light of similitudes1 per speculum1 in aenigmate2 but it must progress always in the same line3 it has no tendency toward an immediate vision of ,god as he is intelligible in his own essence and by uncreated light4 ,therefore1 it has only a negative and not a positive apprehension of the supernatural4 ,god dwells in a light inaccessible to created #ehd intelligence1 as such4 ,there is an infinite abyss between him and all finite reason1 which cannot be crossed by any movement of reason1 however accelerated or prolonged4 ,therefore1 although there is no science or philosophy possible which does not proceed from the affirmation of the supernatural1 that is1 of the infinite first and final cause of nature1 yet it is not properly called supernatural science so long as it is confined to the limits of that knowledge of causes above nature which is gained only through nature4 ,its domain is restricted to that intelligibility which ,god has given to second causes and created existences1 and which only reflects himself indirectly4 ,therefore1 theologians usually call it natural knowledge1 and in its highest form natural theology1 as being limited within the bounds above described4 ,they call that the natural order in which the mind is limited to the explication of that capacity of apprehending ,god1 or of that intuitive idea of ,god1 which constitutes it rational1 and is therefore limited to a relation to ,god corresponding to the mode of apprehending him4 ,the term supernatural is restricted to an order in which ,god reveals to the human mind the possibility of apprehending him by the uncreated light in which he is intelligible to himself1 and coming into a relation to him corresponding therewith2 giving at the same time an elevation to the power of intelligence and volition which enables it to realize that possibility4 ,this elevation includes the disclosure of truths not discoverable otherwise1 as well as the faculty of apprehending them in such a vivid manner that they can have an efficacious action on the will1 and give it a supernatural direction4 ,in this sense1 rationalists have no conception of the supernatural4 ,none have it1 except ,catholics1 or those who have retained it from ,catholic tradition4 ,when we ascribe to rationalists a recognition of the supernatural1 we merely intend to say that they recognize in part that immediate interference of ,god to instruct mankind and lead it to its destiny which is really and ultimately1 although not in their apprehension1 directed to the elevation of man to a sphere above that which is naturally possible4 ,therefore they cannot object to revelation on the ground of its being an interference with the course of nature or not in harmony with it1 and cannot make an priori principle by virtue of which they can prejudge and condemn the contents of revelation4 ,but we do not mean to say that they possess the conception of that which constitutes the supernaturalness of the revelation1 in the scientific sense of the term as used by ,catholic theologians4 ,even orthodox ,protestants possess it very confusedly4 ,and here lies the source of most of the misconceptions of several abstruse ,catholic dogmas4 ,it is in the restricted sense that we shall use the term supernatural hereafter1 unless we make it plain that we use it in the general signification4 ,we are now prepared to state in a few words the relation of the conception of ,god which is intelligible to reason1 to the revealed truths concerning his interior relations which are received by faith on the authority of his divine veracity4 ,how does the mind pass through the knowledge of ,god to belief in ,god2 through ,cognosco ,deum to ,credo in ,deum8 ,footnote #abg ,footnote #abg3 ,i know ,god4 ,i believe in ,god4 ,we have already said that ,cognosco is included in ,credo4 ,the creed begins by setting before the mind that which is self-evident and demonstrable concerning ,god1 in which is included his veracity4 ,it then discloses certain truths concerning ,god which are not self-evident or demonstrable from their own intrinsic reason1 but which are proposed as credible1 on the authority of ,god4 ,the word ,credo expresses this4 ,i believe in ,god1 means not merely1 ,i affirm the being of ,god1 but also1 ,i believe certain truths regarding ,god 7whose being is made known to me by the light of reason7 on the authority of his ,word4 #ehe ,these truths must have in them a certain obscurity impervious to the intellectual vision2 otherwise1 they would take their place among evident and known truths1 and would no longer be believed on the simple motive of the veracity of ,god revealing them4 ,that is1 they are mysteries1 intelligible so far as to enable the mind to apprehend what are the propositions to which it is required to assent1 but super-intelligible as to their intrinsic reason and ground in the necessary and eternal truth1 or the being of ,god4 ,in the ,creed these mysteries1 foreshadowed by the word ,credo1 and by the word ,deum1 considered in its relation to ,credo1 which indicates a revelation of mysterious truths concerning the ,divine ,being to follow in order after the affirmation of the being and unity of ,god2 begin to be formally expressed by the word ,patrem4 ,in this word there is implicitly contained the interior1 personal relation of the ,father to the ,son and ,holy ,ghost in the blessed ,trinity1 and his exterior relation to man as the author of the supernatural order of grace1 or the order in which man is affiliated to him in the ,son1 through the operation of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,these relations of the three persons of the blessed ,trinity to each other1 and to man1 include the entire substance of that which is strictly and properly the supernatural revelation of the ,creed1 and the direct object of faith4 ,before proceeding1 however1 to the consideration of the mysteries of faith in their order1 it is necessary to inquire more closely into the process by which the intellect is brought to face its supernatural object1 and made capable of eliciting an act of faith4 ,the chief difficulty in the case is to find the connection between the last act of reason and the first act of faith1 the medium of transit from the natural to the supernatural4 ,the ,catholic doctrine teaches that the act of faith is above the natural power of the human mind4 ,it is strictly supernatural1 and possible only by the aid of supernatural grace4 ,yet it is a rational act1 for the virtue of faith is seated in the intellect as its subject1 according to the teaching of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,it is justifiable and explicable on rational grounds1 and even required by right reason4 ,the truths of revelation are not only objectively certain1 but the intellect has a subjective certitude of them which is absolute1 and excludes all suspicion or fear of the contrary4 ,now1 then1 unless we adopt the hypothesis that we have lost our natural capacity for discerning divine truth1 by the fall1 and are merely restored by divine grace to the natural use of reason1 there are several very perplexing questions on this point which press for an answer4 ,rejecting this hypothesis of the total corruption of reason1 which will hereafter be proved to be false and absurd1 how can faith give the mind absolute certitude of the truth of its object1 when that truth is neither self-evident nor demonstrable to reason from its own self-evident principles8 ,given1 that the intellect has this certitude1 how is it that we cannot attain to it by the natural operation of reason8 ,once more1 what is the evidence of the fact of revelation to ordinary minds8 ,is it a demonstration founded on the arguments for credibility8 ,if so1 how are they capable of comprehending them1 and what are they to do before they have gone through with the process of examination8 ,if not1 how have they a rational and certain ground for the judgment that ,god has really revealed the truths of ,christianity8 ,suppose now the fact of revelation established1 and that the mind apprehends that ,god requires its assent to certain truths on the virtue of his own veracity4 ,the veracity of ,god being apprehended as one logical premiss1 and the revelation of certain truths as another1 can reason draw the certain conclusion that the truth of these propositions is necessarily contained in the veracity of ,god or not8 ,if it can1 why is not the mind capable of giving them the firm1 unwavering #ehf assent of faith by its own natural power1 without the aid of grace8 ,if not1 how is it that the assent of the intellect to the truth of revealed propositions does not always necessarily contain in it a metaphysical doubt or a judgment that the contrary is more or less probable1 or at least possible8 ,if it is said that the will1 inclined by the grace of ,god1 determines to adhere positively to the proposed revelation as true1 what is meant by this8 ,does the will merely determine to act practically as if these proposed truths were evident1 in spite of the lesser probability of the contrary8 ,then the assent of the intellect is merely a judgment that revelation is probably true1 and that it is safest to follow it1 which does not satisfy the demand of faith4 ,for faith excludes all fear or suspicion that the articles of faith may possibly be false4 ,does the will force the intellect to judge that those propositions are certain which it apprehends only as probable8 ,how is this possible8 ,the will is a blind faculty1 which is directed by the intellect1 ,nil volitum nisi prius cognitum4 ,footnote #abh ,there is no act of will without a previous act of knowledge4 ,the will can not lawfully determine the intellect to give any stronger assent to a proposition than the evidence warrants4 ,footnote #abi ,in a word1 it is difficult to show how the intellect has an absolute certitude of the object of faith1 without representing the object of faith as coincident with the object of knowledge1 or the intuitive idea of reason1 and thus naturally apprehensible4 ,it is also difficult to show that faith is not coincident with knowledge1 and thus to bring out the conception of its supernaturalness1 without destroying the connection between faith and reason1 subverting its rational basis1 and representing the grace of faith as either restoring a destroyed faculty or adding a new one to the soul1 whose object is completely invisible and unintelligible to the human understanding before it is elevated to the supernatural state4 ,the difficulty lies1 however1 merely in a defective statement1 or a defective apprehension of the statement of the ,catholic doctrine1 and not in the doctrine itself4 ,in order to make this plain1 it will be necessary to make one or two preliminary remarks concerning certitude and probability4 ,footnote #abh3 ,nothing is willed unless previously known4 ,footnote #abi3 ,this is the statement of an objection1 not a proposition affirmed by the author4 ,there is first1 a metaphysical certitude excluding all possibility to the contrary4 ,such is the certitude of mathematical truths4 ,such also is the certitude of self-evident and demonstrable truths of every kind4 ,the sphere of this kind of certitude is diminished or extended accordingly as the mind has before it a greater or lesser number of truths of this order4 ,some of these truths present themselves to every mind so immediately and irresistibly that it cannot help regarding them just as they are1 and thus seeing their truth4 ,for instance1 that two and two make four4 ,others require the mind to be in a certain state of aptitude for seeing them as they are1 and to make an effort to bring them before it4 ,there are some truths self-evident or demonstrably certain to some minds which are not so to others2 yet these truths have all an intrinsic1 metaphysical certitude which reason as such is capable of apprehending1 and the failure of reason to apprehend them is due in individual cases merely to the defective operation of reason in the particular subject4 ,the operation of reason can never be altogether deficient while it acts at all1 for it acts only while contemplating its object or primitive idea4 ,but its operation can be partially defective1 inasmuch as the primitive idea or objective truth may be imperfectly brought into the reflective consciousness4 ,and thus the intellect in individuals may fail to apprehend truths which can be demonstrated with metaphysical certitude1 and which the intellect infallibly judges to be absolutely certain in #ehg those individuals who are capable of making a right judgment4 ,in this operation of apprehending metaphysical truths there is no criterion taken from experience1 or from the concurrent assent of all men1 but the truth shines with its own intrinsic light1 and reason judges by its inherent infallibility4 ,next to metaphysical certitude comes moral demonstration1 resulting from an accumulation of probabilities so great that no probability which can prudently be allowed any weight is left to the other side1 but merely a metaphysical possibility4 ,for instance1 the ,copernican theory4 ,then comes moral certainty in a wider sense2 where there is probable evidence on one side without any prudent reason to the contrary1 but not such a complete knowledge of all the facts as to warrant the positive judgment that there is really no probability on the other side4 ,this kind of certainty warrants a prudent1 positive judgment1 and furnishes a safe practical motive for action2 but it varies indefinitely according as the data on which the judgment is based are more or less complete1 and the importance of the case is greater or less4 ,then come the grades of probability1 where there are reasons balancing each other on both sides1 which the mind must weigh and estimate4 ,to apply these principles to the question in hand4 ,first1 we affirm that the being and attributes of ,god are apprehended with a metaphysical certitude4 ,second1 that the motives of credibility proving the ,christian revelation are apprehended1 when that ,revelation is sufficiently proposed1 with a varying degree of probability1 according to varying circumstances in which the mind may be placed1 but capable of being increased to the highest kind of moral demonstration4 ,third1 that the logical conclusion which reason can draw from these two premises1 although hypothetically necessary and a perfect demonstration--that is1 a necessary deduction from the veracity of ,god1 on the supposition that he has really made the revelation--is really not above the order of probability1 on account of the second premiss4 ,it is not above the order of probability1 although1 as we have already argued1 it is capable of being brought to a moral demonstration by such an accumulation of proofs within that order1 that reason is bound to judge that the opposite is altogether destitute of probability4 ,from this it appears1 both how far reason with its own principles can go in denying1 and how far it can go in assenting to revealed truth4 ,we see1 first1 how it is1 that the truth of revelation does not compel the assent of all minds by an overwhelming and irresistible evidence4 ,the first premiss1 which affirms the being of ,god1 although undeniable and indubitable in its ultimate idea1 may be in its distinct conception1 so far denied or doubted by those whose reason is perverted by their own fault1 or their misfortune1 as to destroy all basis for a revelation4 ,the second premiss1 much more1 may be partially or completely swept away1 by plausible explanations of its component probabilities in detail4 ,and thus1 revelation may be denied4 ,the influence of the will on the judgment which is made by the mind on the revealed truth is explicable in this relation1 and must be taken into the account4 ,it is certain that the moral dispositions by which voluntary acts are biased1 bias also the judgment4 ,the self-determining power of the will which decides positively which of its different inclinations to follow1 controls the judgment as well as the volition4 ,this is an indirect control1 which is exerted1 not by imperiously commanding the judgment in a capricious manner to make a blind1 irrational decision1 but by turning it toward the consideration of that side toward which the volition or choice is inclined4 ,this influence and control of volition over judgment increases as we descend in the order of truth from primary and self-evident principles1 and diminishes as we #ehh approach to them4 ,in the case of truth which is morally or metaphysically demonstrable1 its control is exerted by turning the intellect partially away from the consideration of the truth and hindering it from giving it that attention which is necessary1 in order to its apprehension4 ,in the case of divine revelation1 various passions1 prejudices1 interests1 or at least intellectual impediments to a right operation of reason1 act powerfully upon a multitude of minds in such a way1 that the mirror of the soul is too much obscured to receive the image of truth4 ,but1 supposing that reason and will both operate with all the rectitude possible to them1 without supernatural grace2 how far can the mind proceed in assenting to divine revelation8 ,as far as a moral demonstration can take it4 ,it can assent to divine truth1 and act upon it1 so far as this truth is adapted to the perfecting of the intellect and will in the natural order4 ,but it lacks capacity to apprehend the supernatural verities proposed to it1 as these are related to its supernatural destiny4 ,the revelation contains an unknown quantity4 ,the will cannot be moved toward an object which the intellect does not apprehend4 ,therefore1 a supernatural grace must enlighten the intellect and elevate the will1 in order that the revealed truth may come in contact with the soul4 ,this supernatural grace gives a certain con-naturality to the soul with the revealed object of faith1 by virtue of which it apprehends that ,god speaks to it in a whisper1 distinct from his whisper to reason1 and catches the meaning of what he says in this whisper4 ,it is this supernatural light1 illuminating the probable evidence apprehended by the natural understanding1 which makes the assent in the act of faith absolute1 and gives the mind absolute certitude4 ,it is1 however1 the certitude of ,god revealing1 and not the certitude of science concerning the intrinsic reason of that which he reveals4 ,this remains always inevident and obscure in itself1 and the decisive motive of assent is always the veracity of ,god4 ,it is not1 however1 altogether inevident and obscure1 for if it were1 the terms in which it is conveyed would be unintelligible4 ,it is so far inevident1 that the intellect cannot apprehend its certainty1 aside from the declaration of ,god4 ,but it is partially and obscurely evident1 by its analogy with the known truth of the rational order4 ,it is so far evident that it can be demonstrated from rational principles that it does not contradict the truths of reason4 ,further1 that no other hypothesis can explain and account for that which is known concerning the universe4 ,and1 finally1 that so far as the analogy between the natural and the supernatural is apprehensible1 there is a positive harmony and agreement between them4 ,this is all that we intend to affirm1 when we speak of demonstrating ,christianity from the same principles from which scientific truths are demonstrated4 ,let us now revert once more to ,jesus ,christ and the pagan philosopher4 ,the pagan first perceives strong1 probable reasons1 which increase by degrees to a moral demonstration1 for believing that ,christ is the ,son of ,god1 and his doctrine the revelation of ,god4 ,the supernatural grace which ,christ imparts to him1 enables him to apprehend this with a permanent and infallible certitude as a fixed principle both of judgment and volition4 ,he accepts as absolutely true all the mysteries which ,christ teaches him1 on the faith of his divine mission and the divine veracity4 ,we may now suppose that ,christ goes on to instruct him in the harmony of these divine verities with all scientific truths1 so far1 that he apprehends all the analogies which human reason is capable of discerning between the two4 ,he will then have attained the ultimatum possible for human reason elevated and enlightened by faith1 in this present state4 ,science and faith will be coincident in his mind1 as far as they can be4 ,that is1 faith will be coincident #ehi with science until it rises above its sphere of vision1 and will then lose itself in an indirect and obscure apprehension of the mysteries1 in the veracity of ,god4 ,in the case of the child brought up in the ,catholic ,church1 the ,church1 which is the medium of ,christ1 instructs the child through its various agents4 ,the child's reason apprehends1 through the same probable evidence by which it learns other facts and truths1 that the truth presented to him comes through the church1 and through ,christ1 from ,god1 who is immediately apprehended in his primitive idea4 ,the light of faith which precedes in him the development of reason1 illuminates his mind from the beginning to apprehend with infallible certitude that divine truth which is proposed to him through the medium of probable evidence4 ,this faith is a fixed principle of conscience1 proceeding from an illuminated intellect1 inclining him to submit his mind unreservedly to the instruction of the ,catholic ,church on the faith of the divine veracity4 ,it rests there unwaveringly1 without ever admitting a doubt to the contrary or postponing a certain judgment until the evidence of revelation and the proofs of the divine commission of the church have been critically examined4 ,it may rest there during life1 and does so1 with the greater number1 to a greater or lesser degree2 or1 it may afterward proceed to investigate to the utmost limits the rationale of the divine revelation1 not in order to establish faith on a surer basis1 but in order to apprehend more distinctly what it believes1 and to advance in theological science4 ,some one may say3 ,you admit that it is impossible to attain to a perfect certitude of supernatural truth without supernatural light2 why1 then1 do you attempt to convince unbelievers that the ,catholic doctrine is the absolute truth by rational arguments8 ,to this we reply1 that we do not endeavor to lead them to faith1 by mere argument2 but to the preamble of faith4 ,we aim at removing difficulties and impediments which hinder those from attending to the rational evidence of the faith2 at removing its apparent incredibility4 ,we rely on the grace of the ,holy ,spirit alone to make the effort successful1 and to lead those who are worthy of grace beyond the preamble of faith to faith itself4 ,this grace is in every human mind to which faith is proposed1 in its initial stage2 it is increased in proportion to the sincerity with which truth is sought for2 and is given in fulness to all who do not voluntarily turn their minds away from it4 ,if we did not believe this1 we would lay down our pen at once4 ,footnote #acj ,footnote #acj3 ,the doctrine taught by ,cardinal de ,lugo and ,dr4 ,newman1 in regard to which some dissent was expressed in a former number1 seems to the author1 on mature reflection1 to be1 after all1 identical with the one here maintained4 ------ #eij ,from ,once ,a ,week4 ,a ,,day ,,at ,,abbeville4 ,,by ,,bessie ,,raynor ,,parkes4 ,twenty years ago1 we posted into ,abbeville by night1 and were deposited in an old-fashioned inn1 with a large walled garden4 ,in the morning we posted further on across country to ,rouen4 ,since then1 many a lime has the ,chemin de ,fer du ,nord borne us flying past the ancient city oft visited by ,english kings and ,english men-at-arms2 not1 perhaps1 deigning to stop to take in water2 for ,abbeville1 once upon the highway of nations1 now lies just1 as it were1 a shade to one side2 just a shade--the distance between the station and the ramparts4 ,yet this is enough to cause the matre d'htel to shake his head and say in a melancholy accent1 ,abbeville est presque dtruite4 ,on asking for the ,htel de l',europe1 ,i was told that the ,htel ,tte de ,boeuf was all the same4 ,which1 however1 was far from being the case1 as neither the building nor the master was what we had known twenty years ago4 ,query as to the degree of affinity required by the ,french intellect to produce the degree of identity8 ,in fact1 the ,htel de l',europe no longer existed4 ,the house was possessed by a body of religious1 the sisters of ,st4 ,joseph1 and their large school for young ladies4 ,the ,tte de ,boeuf had been a small chteau2 two still picturesque brick turrets bearing witness of its ancient state4 ,in the morning ,i walked over almost the length and breadth of ,abbeville1 surprised to find it so large and1 apparently1 flourishing2 and yet1 in spite of tall chimneys upon the circumference1 full of the quaintest old houses in the centre4 ,some of them have richly carved beams running along the edge of the overhanging stories4 ,such may still be seen in a few ,english towns2 ,i remember them at ,booking1 in ,essex4 ,the glory of the place is its great church1 or rather the nave1 for this is all that ever got completed of the original design of the time of ,louis ,,xii41 the king who married our ,princess ,mary1 sister of ,henry ,,viii4 ,the choir has been patched on1 and is about half the height of the nave4 ,the latter is a glorious upshoot of traceried stone1 with two towers2 perhaps all the more impressive from having been thus arrested in the very act of creation4 ,it is like a forest tree which has only attained half its development2 and one feels as if it ought to go on growing1 pushing out fresh buttresses and arches1 till its fair proportions stood complete4 ,there is an excellent stone staircase up one of the towers1 and from the top a wide view of the town and the fields of ,picardy1 even to the sharp cliff marking where the sea-line must be4 ,the windings of the ,somme may be traced for many miles4 ,i was told that the tide used to swell almost up to the town1 and that several little streams1 once falling into the river1 were dried up4 ,even now1 as there are several branches1 one is here and there reminded of ,bruges1 by the little old-fashioned bridges1 crossing a canal in the middle of a street4 ,a broad girdle of water seemed to me to surround great part of the town2 but ,i could obtain no map and no guide-book1 though ,i anxiously inquired at the best shop4 ,only a history of ,abbeville was dug out of the museum at the ,htel de ,ville1 which building had a strong but plain tower reported of the eleventh century4 #eia ,the ,abbevillois care little apparently for their antiquities1 though they are many and curious4 ,this ground1 though somewhat bare and barren in appearance1 has been thickly occupied by humanity from the earliest ages of history4 ,keltic barrows have been found here in abundance1 and though many of them have been destroyed in the interests of agriculture1 enough remain to delight the antiquary by their flint hatchets and arrows1 their urns1 and their burnt bones4 ,one such barrow1 near ,noyelles-sur-,mer1 when opened1 was found to contain a large number of human heads1 disposed in a sort of cone4 ,in #aghg1 one was opened at ,crcy1 and in it were found two sarcophagi of burnt clay1 in each of which was an entire skeleton4 ,each had been buried in its clothes1 and one bore on its finger a copper ring2 its dress being fastened likewise by a brooch or hook of the same metal4 ,endless indeed is the list of primitive instruments in flint1 in copper1 in iron1 in bronze1 found hereabouts2 likewise vases full of burnt bones1 not only of our own race1 but of various animals--mice1 water-rats1 and such small deer2 and in the near neighborhood1 of boars1 oxen1 and sheep4 ,succeeding to these wild people and wild animals came the ,romans4 ,before they pounced down upon us1 before they crossed over to ,porta ,lymanis1 and drew those straight lines of causeway over ,england which make the ,roman ,itinerary look something like ,bradshaw's railway map1 7only straighter17 they settled themselves firmly in the north of ,france2 notably1 they staid so long near ,st4 ,valery1 7at the mouth of the river which runs through ,abbeville17 that they buried there their dead in great numbers1 whereof the place of sepulchre is at this day yet to be seen4 ,their own nice neat road also had they1 cutting clean through the ,graulic forests4 ,it came from ,lyons to ,boulogne1 passing through ,amiens and ,abbeville1 and was in continuation of one which led from ,rome into ,gaul6 ,and wherever this people of conquerors travelled1 thither they carried their religious ceremonies and their domestic arts1 so that we find still all sorts of medals1 vases of red1 grey1 or black clay1 little statuettes1 ex votos1 and sometimes larger groups of sculpture1 such as one in bronze representing the combat of ,hercules and ,antaeus4 ,carthaginian medals have also been turned up here1 brought from the far shores of the ,mediterranean2 and those of ,claudius1 ,trajan1 ,caracalla1 and ,constantine4 ,this long catalogue is useless1 save to mark the rich floods of human life which have successively visited the banks of the ,somme4 ,in the first year of the fifth century the barbarians made their way up to the ,somme1 fighting the ,romans inch by inch4 ,attila burst upon this neighborhood1 and fixed his claws therein2 the tide of ,rome rolls back upon the south1 and new dynasties begin1 and with them comes in ,christianity2 not1 however1 without much difficulty4 ,the faith appears to have gradually spread from ,amiens1 where ,st4 ,finius preached as early as #cja2 but even #agi years later1 ,st4 ,germain1 the ,scotchman1 was martyred1 and ,st4 ,honor1 the eighth bishop of ,amiens1 labored daily1 for thirty-six years1 in conjunction with ,irish missionaries1 to infuse ,christianity into the minds of people equally indisposed1 whether by ,frankish paganism or ,roman culture1 to accept the doctrines of the ,cross4 ,indeed1 the learned historian of this part of the country1 ,m4 ,louandre1 believes that even ,rome itself had never been able to destroy the old ,keltic religion4 ,he says that1 as late as the seventh century1 the antique trees1 woods1 and fountains were still honored by public adoration in this part of ,france2 and ,st4 ,rignier hung up relics to the trees to purify them1 just as in ,rome itself the old pagan temples were exorcised4 ,and after a time the old gods of all sorts were known either as idols or demons2 no particular distinctions being drawn among them2 they lie as dbris beneath the religious soil of this part of ,picardy1 just as the bones of those who adored them are confounded in one common dust4 #eib ,late in the seventh century appears ,st4 ,rignier1 a great saint in these parts4 ,he was converted and baptized by the ,irish missionaries1 and thereupon became a most austere ,christian indeed2 only1 says his legend1 eating twice a week--,sundays and ,thursdays4 ,king ,dagobert invited the saint to a repast1 which the holy man accepted1 and preached the ,gospel the whole time they sat at table--a day and a night6 ,we must now take a great leap to the days of ,charlemagne1 because in his days the ,abbey of ,st4 ,rignier1 near to ,abbeville1 was very famous indeed1 both as monastery and school1 and contained a noble library of #bef volumes2 the greater part whereof were ,christian1 but certain others were pagan classics2 let us1 for instance1 be grateful for the ,eclogues of ,virgil and the ,rhetoric of ,cicero4 ,of this library but one volume remains2 ,i have seen it1 and with astonishment4 ,it is a copy of the ,gospels1 written in letters of gold upon purple parchment4 ,it was given by ,charlemagne to the ,count-,abbot1 ,saint ,augilbert4 ,this one precious fragment of the great library is in the museum of ,abbeville4 ,the school was1 indeed1 an ecclesiastical ,eton and ,oxford4 ,the sons of kings1 dukes1 and counts came here to learn the letters1 of which ,charlemagne made such great account4 ,now the town of ,abbeville first gets historic mention in the century succeeding ,charlemagne4 ,it is called ,abbatis ,villa1 and belonged to this great monastery of ,st4 ,rignier2 wherefore ,i have introduced both the good saint and his foundation4 ,it grew1 as almost all the towns of the middle ages did grow1 from a religious root--a tap-root1 striking deep in the soil4 ,of course1 having thus begun to grow1 its history has made interesting chapters a great deal too long to be copied or even noted here2 it will not be amiss1 however1 to look for its points of occasional contact with ,england4 ,firstly1 then1 it was from ,st4 ,valery1 the seaport of the ,somme1 that ,william the ,conqueror set out for ,england4 ,then1 in #abei1 our ,henry ,,iii4 met ,st4 ,louis at ,abbeville1 and ,henry did homage for his ,french possessions4 ,then1 in #abgb1 our great ,king ,edward ,i4 married ,eleanor1 heiress of ,ponthieu--she who sucked the poison from her husband's wound2 and the burgesses of ,abbeville1 misliking the transfer1 quarreled violently with the king's bailiff1 and killed some of the underlings4 ,eleanor's son1 ,edward ,,ii41 married ,isabel1 the ,she-wolf of ,france1 with unrelenting fangs4 ,that tearest the bowels of thy mangled mate4 ,this unamiable specimen of her sex lived at ,abbeville in #acab2 but during her reign and residence1 and that of her son ,edward ,,iii41 the inhabitants of ,abbeville ceased not to kick indignantly4 ,the ,king of ,france1 her brother1 struck into the contest pour comforter la main de ,madame d',angleterre4 ,the legal documents arising from these quarrels partially remain to us4 ,so they go on1 quarreling and sometimes fighting1 until the great day of ,crcy1 when ,edward ,,iii41 the late king's nephew1 tried to get the throne4 ,the oft-told tale we need not tell again4 ,in #acic1 ,france being in worse extremities1 we find ,charles ,,vi4 at ,abbeville1 and ,froissart there at the same time4 ,perhaps1 in respect of battles and quarrels1 those few notices are sufficient2 ,i only wished to indicate that ,abbeville was on the borderland between the ,english and the ,french1 and came in for an ample share of fighting4 ,two royal ceremonials enlivened it in the course of centuries1 whereof particular mention is made in the history4 ,louis ,,xii4 here met and married ,mary of ,england1 in #aead3 ,la ,reine ,blanche1 as she was afterward called1 from her white widow's weeds4 ,in the ,htel de ,cluny at ,paris is still shown the apartments she occupied4 ,louis was old1 and ,mary young1 when they married2 but the ,french historian recounts her exceeding complaisance and politeness to the king1 and his great delight therein4 #eic ,in #afeg1 young ,louis ,,xiv4 came here with his mother1 and lodged at the ,htel d',oignon4 ,monsieur ,d',oignon1 the noble owner1 had everything in such beautiful and ceremonious order for their reception1 that he became a proverb at ,abbeville--,as complete and well arranged as ,m4 d',oignon4 ,a sort of rich ,richard4 ,the antiquarian who goes to ,abbeville and dips into the history 7by ,m4 ,louandre7 at the ,museum1 will find plenty of interesting matter about the manners and customs of the ,abbevillois1 rendered all the more striking by so many of the old houses being yet just where they were1 and as they were4 ,but few impressions of the book seem to have been printed off1 for it is no longer sold1 though the obliging librarian did say he knew where a few copies remained at a high price4 ,this for the benefit of any long-pursed antiquary1 curious in local histories4 ,it is such a book as can only be written by a devoted son of the soil digging away on the spot4 ,in the ,revolution1 ,abbeville fortunately escaped any great horrors2 but the trials of the middle ages afford plenty2 especially one of a certain student1 condemned for sacrilege4 ,now1 it is a peaceful1 well-governed town1 busy in making iron pots and cans1 and other wrought articles from raw materials brought by the railway4 ,it proves to be only in respect of the hotel interest that ,abbeville est presque dtruite4 ------ ,translated from the ,french ,,god ,,bless ,,you6 ,,by ,,jerome ,,dumoulin4 ,thank you1 master ,jerome6 my reader replies2 yes1 to be sure1 may ,god bless me6 ,but ,i have not sneezed1 that ,i know of1 for a quarter of an hour1 at least2 and apropos de quoi do you say that8 or rather1 why and wherefore do they always say so to people who sneeze8 ,i suspect that you want to talk about it1 and1 in fact1 ,i should not be displeased to hear you discuss for a little while this odd custom2 so begin1 master ,jerome4 ,very well1 dear reader1 such is my idea1 and ,i think you will not find uninteresting the little history of it which ,i intend to give2 and ,i assure you beforehand1 that if ,i fail to convince you1 you must be very difficult4 ,settle it first in your mind1 that in whatever you may have heard heretofore upon this subject1 there was not one word of truth4 ,among the most probable histories of this kind is that of a pestilence1 which in the time of ,pope ,saint ,gregory1 ravaged ,italy1 the peculiar characteristic of which was to cause the sick person to die suddenly by sneezing4 ,when the patient sneezed1 which was for him1 the passage from life to death1 the assistants gave him this fraternal benediction1 saying to him1 ,god bless you6 which was the equivalent or translation of ,requiescat in pace4 ,this account1 ,i repeat1 would be much more acceptable1 if it were not contradicted by a positive fact1 namely1 that the use of the expression is many centuries anterior to ,pope ,saint ,gregory2 anterior even to the ,christian era1 and borrowed1 of course1 from the pagans1 as ,i am about to prove from authentic testimony4 #eid ,but in the first place1 let us remark that in the highest antiquity sneezing was a circumstance in regard to which they drew auguries1 especially if a person sneezed many times consecutively4 ,xenophon relates that one of his corporals having sneezed1 he drew from it a good augury by a process of reasoning which ,i did not quite understand1 but which his troops1 apparently1 found sufficiently conclusive4 ,going back again some eight centuries1 we find in the ,odyssey an adventure of the same kind1 but more droll4 ,in the eighteenth book of this poem1 the divine ,homer relates that one day ,telemachus began to sneeze in such a manner as to shake the whole house4 ,that put madam ,penelope in good humor1 who calling her faithful ,eumacus the swineherd3 ,do you hear1 old fellow1 she said2 he is well cared for6 and what an augury of happiness the gods have given us4 ,jupiter has spoken by the nose of my dear ,telemachus1 and he announces to us that we are about to be freed from these scamps of gallants who bore me with their pursuits1 and who beside put to sack our poor civil list2 for every hour our cattle1 goats1 and little pigs1 which you love like so many children1 are sacrificed to the voracity of these rascals4 ,now1 my good fellow1 ,i have an idea3 go you to the door of the palace1 where for some days ,i have seen that beggar that you know4 ,take him from me these pantaloons and this shirt1 which ,i am sure he needs very much2 and promise him beside a magnificent frock-coat1 which he will have only if he shall answer in a satisfactory manner the questions which ,i shall propose4 ,in fact the good queen suspected that the ragged peasant might be the wise ,ulysses in disguise4 ,but let us proceed with our subject4 ,in the second chapter of his twenty-eighth book1 the elder ,pliny expresses himself thus3 ,cur sternumentis salutamus8 ,quod etiam ,tiberium ,caesarem in vehiculo exegisse tradunt1 et aliqui nomine quoque consalutare religiosius putant4 ,thus the custom was already established among the ,romans of wishing health and good fortune to persons who sneezed1 and the last word but one of the phrase indicates that this wish had a religious character4 ,in many authors health is wished to persons who sneeze2 salvere jubentur1 is the consecrated expression1 which corresponds to ,god guard you2 and according to the passage cited above1 it appears that when ,tiberius1 driving in his chariot1 sneezed1 then1 and only then1 the populace were obliged to cry4 ,long live the emperor6 a formula which included the impetration of life and health by the protection of the gods4 ,this custom existed then at the time of ,pliny1 and going back still further among the ,romans1 let us see what we find4 ,here then is a story extracted from the ,veterum ,auctorum ,fragmenta1' and inserted by ,father ,strada in his ,prolusiones ,academicae4 ,i give a free translation1 it is true1 but ,i will guarantee the perfect exactitude of the substance1 and of the formulas4 ,one day when ,cicero was present at a performance at the ,roman opera1 the illustrious orator began to sneeze loudly4 ,immediately all rose1 senators and plebeians1 and each one taking off his hat1 they cried to him from all parts of the house3 ,god bless you6 ,omnes assurrexere--salvere jubentes4 ,upon which three young men1 named severally ,fannius1 ,fabalus1 and ,lemniscus1 leaning upon their elbows in one of the boxes1 began the interchange of a succession of absurd remarks1 and finally started the question of the origin of this custom4 ,each gave his own opinion1 and the three agreed at once that the usage dated back as far as ,prometheus4 ,it was then1 at ,rome1 a common tradition of very ancient date1 as we see1 according to some1 even as ancient as the epoch of the tower of ,babel4 #eie ,but if they were agreed as to the groundwork1 they embellished their canvas in very different fashions4 ,the stories related by ,fannius1 and by ,fabalus ,i will spare you for the sake of brevity and for other reasons2 contenting myself only with the version of ,lemniscus1 which will suffice for our object4 ,following then1 this respectable authority3 ,the son of ,japetus moulded1 as every one knows1 with pipe-clay1 a statue which he proposed to animate with celestial fire1 and his work finished1 he put it into a stove in order that it should dry sufficiently2 but the heat was very great1 and acted so well1 or so ill1 that independently of other damages1 the nose of the work became cracked and shrunken in a manner very unfortunate for a nose which had the slightest self-consciousness4 ,when the artist returned to the stove and saw this stunted nose1 he began to swear like a pagan as he was2 but perceiving that the flat-nose gained nothing thereby1 he took the wiser part of re-manipulating the organ1 adding thereto fresh clay1 and in order to facilitate the work of restoration1 he conceived the idea of inserting a match in one of the nostrils of his manikin4 ,but the mucous membrane1 already provided with sensibility and life1 was irritated at the contact of the sulphuric acid1 and the consequence was such a tremendous sneezing that all the teeth1 not yet quite solid in the jaw1 sprang out into the face of the operator4 ,dismayed by this deluge of meteors1 and expecting to see his little man get out of order from top to bottom ,ah6 cried ,prometheus1 may ,jupiter protect you6--,tibi ,jupiter adsit6 ,and from this you see two things1 continued ,lemniscus3 ,first1 why they always say to people who sneeze1 ',may ,jupiter assist you6' and also1 why this morning1 in a similar case1 ,i said nothing at all to this old mummy ,crispinus1 since from time immemorial his last tooth has taken flight4 ,he might sneeze like an old cat without the slightest danger to his jaw4 ,here terminates the colloquy of our young men4 ,i am far from intending to guarantee the contents1 either as to the conduct and exploits of ,prometheus1 or the misfortunes of his little man1 since ,i have not under my eye the authentic records2 but what follows incontestably from this recital1 is1 that at the time of ,cicero1 the usage of which we speak was already very ancient1 since they traced it back to one of the most ancient heroes of fable4 ,but moreover1 and this it is which renders this passage particularly precious1 we find in it the precise form of salutation which other passages contain in the generic phrase--salvere jubent4 ,this formula consists in these three words3 ,tibi ,jupiter adsit6 ,i do not intend to say that this wish and this deprecatory formula were only used in the special case of which we speak4 ,undoubtedly1 in a thousand other circumstances1 persons addressed each other as a mark of good will4 ,deus tibi faveat6 ,dii adsint6 ,tibi adsit ,jupiter6 etc1 etc42 but in the special case of sneezing1 the phrase was obligatory among persons of gentle breeding4 ,now1 reader1 attention6 and will you enter into a ,roman school1 in the time of ,camillus or ,coriolanus8 ,there we shall find in the midst of about fifty pupils1 an honest preceptor bearing the name of ,stolo1 or ,volumnus1 or ,pomponius1 perhaps4 ,very well1 let it be ,pomponius4 ,now on a certain day the good man began to sneeze1 but magisterially1 and in double time1 following the form still used among the moderns1 that is to say1 he emitted this nasal interjection----ad----sit6 which you have observed and practised a thousand times4 ,upon which one of the young rogues1 remarking the homophony of the thing with one of the three words of the deprecatory formula which he had heard in numberless cases1 added1 in a mocking tone--tibi ,jupiter6and instantly all the crowd repeated in chorus after him1 ad--sit--tibi ,jupiter4 ,here you have1 dear reader1 the solution of the enigma4 ,but let us observe the sequel4 ,what did master #eif ,pomponius under the fire of this gay frolic8 ,somewhat astonished at first1 he immediately recovered himself1 and took the thing in good part2 and being something of a wag himself1 that style of benediction suited his humor4 ,i see him now running his glance along the restless troops1 raising the right hand1 then the fore-finger1 which he carries to his nose1 then calming their terrors by these soothing words3 ,fear not1 my little friends3 ,you often have committed ,offenses much more grave4 ,ah well6 how often and whenever ,i shall happen to make--ad---sit6 ,cry you all3 ,jupiter adsit6 ,you will not suppose that the little boys failed in this duty4 ,from the school of ,pomponius it passed through all the line of the university establishments1 and improving upon it1 the children saluted with--,jupiter ad----sit6----first the heads of their classes1 then fathers1 mothers1 and all respectable persons4 ,the elders failed not to imitate the little ones3 it permeated the whole of society4 ,then came ,christianity1 which changed ,jupiter into ,god2 and the formula1 ,jupiter protect you6 was naturally transformed into ,god bless you6 ,thus it is verified that this formula is of ,roman origin2 and if anything is simple1 natural1 and manifest1 it is its derivation from the physiological phenomena with which it is connected1 and of which it represents phonetically the energetic expression4 ,if any of my readers can find a better explanation of it1 ,i beg him to address me his memorandum by telegraph4 ,i owe you now the quotation from the ,anthology1 which ,i promised above4 ,among the ,greek epigrams of all epochs1 of which this collection is composed1 there is one which relates precisely to the custom of which we speak4 ,the ,zeu ,soson of this epigram is the translation of the ,jupiter adsit of the ,latins4 ,i say the translation and not the original4 ,for this is not one of those fragments which may be of an epoch anterior to that in which we have placed1 and in which we have a right to place master ,pomponius and his little adventure4 ,in extending their empire over the countries of the ,greek tongue1 the ,romans imported there a great number of their customs and social habits3 the ,jupiter adsit must have been of this number1 and therefore we find it under ,greek pens4 ,i dare not venture here upon the ,greek text of the ,anthology1 which would perhaps frighten our fair readers1 and ,i give only the ,latin translation in two couplets3 ,dic cur ,sulpicius nequeat sibi mungere nasum8 ,causa est quod naso sit minor ipsa manus4 ,cur sibi sternutans1 non clamat1 ,jupiter adsit8 ,non nasum audit qui distat ab aure nimis4 ,very well6 ,i yet have scruples in regard to my ,latin1 which may not be understood by some of the ladies and especially by the bachelors of the bifurcation4 ,therefore1 to put it into good ,french verse1 ,i have had recourse to the politeness of our friend ,pomponius1 and the excellent man has willingly given the following translation of the second distich1 which alone relates to the circumstance3 ,on demande pourquoi notre voisin ,sulpice ,eternue1 et jamais ne dit3 ,dien me bnisse6 ,serait-ce1 par hasard1 qu'll n'entend pas tres-blen8 ,du tout1 l'oreille est bonne et fonctionne merveille2 ,mais son grand nez s'en va--si loin de son oreille1 ,que quand il fait--ad--sit6 celle-ce n'entend rien4 ,you demand why our neighbor ,sulpice ,sneezes and never says1 ,god bless me6 ,it is1 perhaps1 because he does not hear well3 ,not at all1 his ear is good1 and acts to a marvel2 ,but his great nose goes away--so far from his ear1 ,that when he makes--ad--sit6 this last hears nothing4 ,this epigram1 undoubtedly1 is not much more than two thousand years old2 and why may it not have been written by ,pomponius the ancient8 ,for the ,pomponius of our day1 to him also1 how often and whenever1 he shall sneeze--and without that even1 ,god bless him6 ------ #eigeih ,,original4 ,,therein4 ,a ,,song4 ,i know a valley fair and green1 ,wherein1 wherein1 ,a dear and winding brook is seen1 ,therein2 ,the village street stands in its pride ,with a row of elms on either side1 ,therein2 ,they shade the village green4 ,in the village street there is an inn4 ,wherein1 wherein1 ,the landlord sits in bottle-green1 ,therein4 ,his face is like a glowing coal1 ,and his paunch is like a swelling bowl2 ,therein ,is a store of good ale1 therein4 ,the inn has a cosy fireside4 ,wherein1 wherein1 ,two huge andirons stand astride1 ,therein4 ,when the air is raw of a winter's night1 ,the fire on the hearth shines bright ,therein4 ',tis sweet to be therein4 ,the landlord sits in his old arm-chair ,therein1 therein2 ,and the blaze shines through his yellow hair ,therein4 ,there cometh lawyer ,bickerstith1 ,and the village doctor1 and the smith4 ,therein ,full many a tale they spin4 ,they talk of fiery ,sheridan's raid ,therein1 therein2 ,and hapless ,baker's ambuscade ,therein2 ,the grip with which ,grant throttled ,lee1 ,and ,sherman's famous march to the sea4 ,therein ,great fights are fought over therein4 ,the landlord has a daughter fair ,therein1 therein4 ,in ringlets falls her glossy hair ,therein4 ,when they speak in her ear she tosses her head2 ,when they look in her eye she hangs the lid1 ,therein4 ,she does not care a pin4 ,i know the maiden's heart full well4 ,therein1 therein1 ,pure thoughts and holy wishes dwell ,therein4 ,i see her at church on bended knee2 ,and well ,i know she prays for me ,therein4 ,sure1 that can be no sin4 ,our parish church has a holy priest1 ,therein1 therein4 ,when he sings the mass1 he faces the east4 ,therein4 ,on ,sunday next he will face the west1 ,when my ,nannie and ,i go up abreast1 ,therein1 ,and carry our wedding-ring4 ,and when we die1 as die we must2 ,therein1 therein1 ,the priest will pray o'er the breathless dust1 ,therein2 ,and our graves will be planted side by side4 ,but the hearts that loved shall not abide ,therein1 ,but love in ,heaven again4 ,c4,w4 ------ #eii ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,unconvicted2 ,,or1 ,,old ,,thorneley',s ,,heirs4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,verdict ,,at ,,the ,,inquest ,from the time that suspicions as to the manner of ,gilbert ,thorneley's death had been communicated to ,scotland ,yard1 the house in ,wimpole street was taken possession of by the police1 and all egress or ingress not subject to the knowledge and approval of the officer in charge was prohibited4 ,merrivale had been allowed on the previous day to see the body of poor old ,thorneley1 but with much difficulty1 as the police had strict orders not to allow any strangers access to the chamber of death4 ,he told me this on our way to the inquest4 ,by the by1 he said1 did you know that ,wilmot is acting as sole executor of his uncle1 and has taken upon himself the responsibility of ordering everything about the funeral8 ,i asked ,atherton about it yesterday evening1 and he says ,wilmot came to him and asked what was to be done1 as ,smith and ,walker had said that he and ,atherton1 as only relatives of the deceased1 were the proper persons to open the will1 and see who were left his executors4 ,atherton1 with his usual thoughtlessness for his own interests1 bade him act as he considered right in everything1 and was too much overwhelmed with his own sorrow to think of anything else4 ,wilmot then went to ,smith's and opened the will1 which was deposited there1 and finds he is left sole executor2 and1 mind you1 ,i fancy he's sole heir likewise1 for he's as coxy as ever he can be4 ,mark my words1 ,kavanagh1 there'll be a hitch about that will as sure as ,i'm alive4 ,i felt that ,merrivale spoke with a purpose2 but ,i answered him coolly3 ,i think so too2 and ,wilmot will find himself in the wrong box4 ,if ,i thought it was any use1 continued he1 ,i would ask you once more to confide to me the nature of the business which took you to ,thorneley's on ,tuesday evening4 ,it will transpire in due time1 ,merrivale4 ,i pass you my word it is utterly useless knowledge now2 nor does it in any way affect ,hugh ,atherton's present position4 ,god knows that nothing should keep me silent if ,i thought that silence would injure in the smallest degree one so dear to me--,will he be present to day8 ,i asked in a little while4 ,yes2 he seemed very anxious to watch the proceedings2 and on the whole ,i thought it better he should4 ,i never saw such a man1 said ,merrivale1 with a burst of enthusiasm very unlike his usual dry1 cold manner2 he thinks of every one but himself4 ,he is principally anxious to be there that he may detect any flaw in the evidence1 or find any clue that may lead to the discovery of the real murderer of his uncle1 apparently without any thought of saving himself1 as if that were a secondary consideration4 ,he seems to think more of the old man's death and take it to heart than of anything which has happened to himself2 except when he speaks of ,miss ,leslie1 and then he breaks down entirely4 ,i have prepared him for having to hear your evidence1 and ,i likewise mentioned that his uncle had sent for you the night of his death2 and that you considered yourself bound in honor not to mention yet what transpired at the interview1 but you had assured me it would throw no light upon our present darkness4 #fjj ,darkness1 indeed6 ,o my poor ,hugh6 ,he expressed great surprise1 and said2 ',well1 this will be the first and only secret affecting either of us which ,john has ever kept from me4 ,wilmot hinted that some one had been at work who was not friendly to me2 but ,i told him ,i didn't believe ,i had an enemy3 and ,i don't and won't believe it now4' ,then ,i asked him if he wouldn't like to see you1 and ,i think in his heart he would2 but he seemed to hesitate1 and at last said3 ',no1 it is best not1 best for us both--at least until after this1'--meaning the inquest--'is over4' ,the first secret6 ,no1 not the first1 ,hugh1 not the first2 but the other could never have divided us1 could never have raised one shadow between us1 ,i had buried it deep down in its lonely grave1 and laid its ghost by the might of my strong love for you1 my friend and brother6 ,the house in ,wimpole street looked gloomy enough1 with its close-shut blinds and the two policemen keeping guard on either side the door1 suggestive of death--of murder6 ,there was a small crowd collected round2 not such a crowd as had assembled before the police-station1 but something like4 ,street-children1 errand-boys1 stray costermongers with their barrows1 passing tradesmen with their carts or baskets1 and women--slatterns from neighboring alleys and back-streets1 ,irish women from the ,marylebone courts and slums2 and each arrival caused fresh agitation and excitement amidst that crowd of upturned eager faces gathered there1 waiting for the verdict4 ,that's him1 cried a voice as our cab drove up to the door--that's ,corrinder ,javies6' ,no1 it an't1 bless yer innercence6 the corrinder wears a scarlet gownd and a gold-laced 'at4 ,tell ye he don't2 he wears a black un1 and ers got it in his bag4 ,yah6--the lawyer1 the nevy's lawyer6 followed by a yell of imprecations4 ,the nearest gamin on the door-step had heard ,merrivale give his name to the policemen and demand admission1 and had handed it down to his fellows4 ,so1 with the sounds of the brutal mob ringing in our ears1 we passed the threshold of the murdered man's house4 ,a cold shudder seized me as ,i stood in the hall1 and ,i seemed to feel as if the spirit of the dead were hovering about in disquiet1 and unable to rest4 ,a superintendent of the police received us in the hall1 and we asked him if we could go up to see the body4 ,after some demur he went up-stairs with us1 and unlocked the chamber of death4 ,there in his shell lay all that remained of ,gilbert ,thorneley1 he whose name and fame had been world-wide4 ,fame1 for what8 ,for amassing wealth2 for grinding down the poor2 for toiling1 slaving1 wearing himself out in the busy march of life1 with no thought but for that life which perishes heaping up riches which must be relinquished on the grave's brink2 which could bring him no comfort nor solace in the valley of the shadow2 which perchance1 in the inscrutable designs of providence1 had been used as an instrument of retribution against him4 ,i looked at his worn face--seamed with the lines of care1 furrowed with the struggles that had brought so little reward--and remembered that last evening when ,i had seen and spoken with him--of the secret he had confided to me1 of what he had so darkly hinted at2 and ,i fancied ,i could read in his unplacid face that death had visited him in all its intensity of bitterness1 that the bodily suffering had been nothing compared to the ocean of remorse which had swept over his soul4 ,he rested from his weary labors1 and the fruits of them had not followed him4 ,god alone knew the complete history of his life2 ,god only could supply what had been wanting from the treasures of his mercy2 ,god only could tell whether that last flood of remorseful anguish had been the sorrow that could be accepted for the sake of ,one who had died for him4 #fja ,whilst we yet stood gazing on the corpse1 word was brought us that the coroner had arrived1 and was going to open proceedings4 ,the superintendent once more turned the key upon the dead2 and we descended to the first-floor4 ,i must divide you1 gentlemen1 now1 said he4 ,you1 sir1 to ,merrivale1 will please to come with me to the inquest-room2 and you1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 must wait in this back drawing-room until we send for you4 ,i thought you'd prefer being alone1 to going along with the other witnesses4 ,yes1 ,i said2 ,i should much prefer it4 ,i avail myself of the newspaper-reports1 together with ,mr4 ,merrivale's notes1 for an account of the inquest2 and ,i have also used his observations made on the personal appearance1 manner1 etc1 of the witnesses and others who took part in it4 ,for myself1 ,i remained in that dark dingy back-room until my turn came to give evidence4 ,i heard the dull tramp of the jury-men as they went up-stairs and entered the room overhead to view the body1 and their hushed murmurs as they came down4 ,i heard the hum of voices in the front drawing-room1 where the witnesses were assembled1 and the distinct orders issued at intervals by the police4 ,i remember standing at the window looking into the dismal back-garden1 noting mechanically the various small sights in the back-gardens opposite4 ,i remember staring for a quarter of an hour at two cats fighting on the wall--a black and a tabby2 and listening to their dismal squalls4 ,if they had been two tigers tearing each other to pieces on that back garden-wall in the midst of this eminently civilized city1 ,i don't think it would have made more impression on my brain than did those two specimens of the feline race4 ,and last1 ,i remember walking1 as in a dream1 into the dining-room1 where sat the coroner at the head of the long table1 and ranged on either side of him the twelve jury-men4 ,i remember seeing a man whom ,i recognized as one of the deceased's solicitors1 ,mr4 ,walker1 occupying a chair at a small side-table with his clerk1 and on the opposite side of the room at another table sat ,merrivale3 while just behind him1 guarded--ay1 guarded--by a policeman1 sat ,hugh ,atherton2 and that as ,i came and took a chair placed for me at the other end of the long table1 he raised his eyes and looked full upon me1 and that ,i knew then the deadly influence which had been at work--for it was no longer the friendly1 trustful look of old2 ,i knew--yes1 ,i knew that our warm friendship had died the death1 that a traitor's hand had helped to slay it4 ,i knew1 and knowing it the pain was so intense1 so like a knife entering my heart1 that unconsciously ,i raised my hand as though to ward off the agony that had come upon me1 and a cry escaped my lips--,hugh1 ,hugh6 ,and then ,i heard the coroner addressing me in the calm business tones of a man accustomed to do his terrible work4 ,the first witness called was ,mr4 ,evans1 surgeon4 ,he said3 ,i am a member of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons1 and live at #ach ,wimpole street4 ,i was summoned to ,mr4 ,thorneley's house about seven o'clock on the morning of the #bdth2 and was taken up into deceased's room4 ,he was in bed1 lying on his back1 the eyes partially open1 and the forehead and mouth contracted1 as though great pain had preceded death4 ,he had apparently been dead some hours4 ,there was a stiffness1 however1 about the body1 and an unusual rigidity of the limbs1 which excited my suspicion4 ,the feet were likewise arched4 ,the housekeeper and the man-servant were in the room with the deceased at the time ,i arrived4 ,i asked what he had taken last before going to bed4 ,the housekeeper replied he had taken his bitter #fjb ale as usual about nine o'clock4 ,i asked to see the bottle out of which he had taken the ale4 ,the housekeeper bade the man go down to his master's study and fetch up the tray4 ,on it were a pint-bottle of ,bass's bitter ale1 a tumbler1 and a plate of hard biscuit4 ,there were a few drops at the bottom of the glass4 ,i smelt and tasted them2 there was no peculiar smell1 but the taste was unusually bitter4 ,it suggested to me that strychnine might have been introduced4 ,in the bottle about half a tumblerful of ale was left4 ,i took possession of it for the purpose of analysis1 with the tumbler still containing a few drops4 ,i said to the housekeeper3 ',information must be sent at once to the police4' ,this was done4 ,i remained until the superintendent arrived1 and then proceeded to my house with the ale-bottle and glass4 ,i immediately subjected the contents of both to the usual process4 ,in the few drops contained in the glass ,i discovered the appearance of strychnine4 ,the contents of the bottle were perfectly free4 7,sensation47 ,i then went back to ,mr4 ,thorneley's house1 and reported the results to the police-officer1 who communicated with ,scotland ,yard1 the deceased's relative ,mr4 ,wilmot1 and his lawyers4 ,i demanded that the family medical man should be summoned4 ,on his arrival we made a post-mortem examination1 and removed the stomach with its contents1 sealed and despatched them to ,professor ,t---- for analysis4 ,we both refused a death-certificate until the results of that analysis had been ascertained4 ,we agreed ourselves in suspecting death had originated through poison1 and that the poison had been strychnine4 ,there was no appearance of any disease in either heart1 lungs1 or brain1 which should cause sudden death4 ,all three organs were in a perfectly healthy state4 ,dr4 ,robinson1 physician1 and the usual medical attendant of deceased1 corroborated the above evidence in every particular4 ,professor ,t---- next deposed that he received the stomach of deceased with its contents from ,dr4 ,robinson and ,mr4 ,evans4 ,that he had analyzed the latter1 and had detected and separated strychnine in very minute quantities2 on further test1 positive proof of the existence of the poison was afforded by the colors produced4 ,upon introducing some of the suspected matter into the body of a frog1 death had been produced from tetanic convulsions2 thus demonstrating the existence of strychnine4 ,his opinion was that deceased had died from the effects of strychnine administered in bitter ale2 that the quantity administered had been about one grain1 not more--it might be less4 ,mrs4 ,haag1 the housekeeper1 was then examined4 ,she was a woman past fifty in appearance2 her face was remarkable2 so perfectly immobile and passionless in its expression4 ,her hair1 eyebrows1 and eyelashes were of a pale sandy color2 and her drooping eyelids had that peculiar motion in them which novelists call shivering4 ,she gave her answers in clear low tones2 but seldom raising her eyes to the interrogator2 they were of a cold bluish-gray1 with a dangerous scintillating light in them4 ,her manners and appearance were those of a woman above her station in life2 her language quite grammatical1 though tinctured by a slightly foreign idiom and accent2 her deportment perfectly self-possessed4 ,she deposed that the deceased had appeared in the same health as usual up to the evening previous to his death1 when on taking in his bitter ale and biscuits she observed that he looked very much flushed and agitated1 and his voice had sounded loud and angry as she came up the stairs4 ,he and ,mr4 ,atherton seemed to be having a dispute2 and as she came into the room she distinctly heard ,mr4 ,atherton say to her master1 ,you will bitterly repent to-morrow what you have said to-night4 ,she could swear to the words1 for they made an #fjc impression upon her4 ,had not heard ,mr4 ,wilmot speak whilst in the study4 ,the ale had been brought up from the cellar by ,barker1 who uncorked it down-stairs1 as usual1 in presence of the other servants4 ,barker had accompanied her to the study-door1 and opened it for her4 ,always took in the ale when her master was alone1 or when only the young gentlemen 7,wilmot and ,atherton7 were there2 and waited to receive his orders for the next day4 ,deceased always took bitter ale at nine o'clock1 with hard biscuits4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,did you not pour some ale out into the tumbler before taking it up-stairs8 ,i did not4 ,would you swear you did not8 ,certainly ,i would swear it4 ,evidence continued3 ,to her knowledge he had taken nothing since the ale4 ,the young gentlemen never took bitter ale3 ,mr4 ,atherton didn't like it1 and ,mr4 ,wilmot could not drink it4 ,only one tumbler had been brought up4 ,the tray had remained in the study just as ,mr4 ,thorneley had left it1 and had not been touched until the following morning1 when the doctor asked to have the bottle and glass brought to him4 ,barker1 the man-servant1 had fetched the tray from the study4 ,no one had entered the study from the time ,mr4 ,thorneley had gone to bed1 until ,barker had gone there for the tray the next morning4 ,she had locked the door on the outside as she went up to bed1 but had not gone into the room4 ,on the morning of the #bdth she was roused by a violent knocking at her door1 and by ,barker saying1 in a very agitated manner1 ,for ,god's sake get up directly1 ,mrs4 ,haag1 and come to master2 for ,i fear he's dead6 ,had hurried on a few clothes1 and gone instantly to ,mr4 ,thorneley's room4 ,the deceased was in bed1 the eyes partially open1 and the mouth contracted1 as if in an agony of pain4 ,she had touched his hand and found it quite cold4 ,then they both had stooped to listen if he breathed2 but he did not4 ,barker said3 ,i fear it's all up with him2 he must have had a fit and died in the night4 ,what's to be done1 ,mrs4 ,haag8 ,replied1 ,send at once for a doctor4 ,the other servants now came crowding in1 and one of them ran off immediately for the nearest surgeon4 ,he arrived in less than half an hour4 ,no one had touched the body until the arrival of the doctor2 they had all feared lest they might do harm by touching it4 ,had lived in the service of deceased nearly thirty years2 he had been a severe but just master to her4 ,was a ,belgian by birth2 but had lived nearly all her life in ,england4 ,was a widow2 had no children living1 nor any relations alive that she knew of4 ,examined as to what had transpired before taking the ale to the study1 ,mrs4 ,haag deposed that ,mr4 ,john ,kavanagh had called on ,mr4 ,thorneley at seven o'clock1 and been closeted with him for an hour2 that a short time before he went away the study-bell rang1 which was answered by ,barker1 who came down into the servants'-hall and told ,thomas the coachman to go up with him to his master's room4 ,when they came down1 they said they had been signing their names as witnesses to some paper1 which both of them had supposed was a will2 but that neither their master nor ,mr4 ,kavanagh had told them so4 ,she had put on her things whilst they were upstairs1 and just after they returned she went out--,questioned as to her errand1 said she went to buy some ribbon she wanted at a shop in ,oxford street2 that returning home by ,vere street she saw ,mr4 ,atherton coming out of the chemist's shop at the corner of ,oxford street1 and heard him speak to ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,heard the words ,kavanagh1 ,atherton1 and saw them shake hands4 ,could swear to their identity4--,questioned by ,mr4 ,merrivale1 solicitor for the prisoner1 as to how it had come about that she had been witness to the meeting between the two gentlemen at #fjd the corner of ,vere street and ,oxford street1 and yet was met only in the middle of ,vere street--a very short street--at least five minutes afterwards by ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 denied meeting ,mr4 ,kavanagh at all in ,vere street2 had passed the two gentlemen at the corner1 and gone straight home4 ,had worn no veil that evening4--,examination resumed by the coroner3 ,had not seen her master since taking the ale into the study2 had gone to the door after the gentlemen had left1 but found it locked1 and received for answer1 he was busy1 and did not require anything4 ,mr4 ,wilmot had left some time previous to ,mr4 ,atherton2 she had seen neither to speak to them that evening4 ,this was the pith of the housekeeper's evidence4 ,john ,barker was the next witness called1 who corroborated everything deposed by ,mrs4 ,haag4 ,asked by a juryman if it was he who signed the paper on the evening before ,mr4 ,thorneley's death1 replied it was4 ,was he aware of the nature of the document8 ,no2 but both he and ,thomas the coachman1 who had likewise signed1 fancied it must be a will4 ,had lived nearly twenty years with his master1 and often witnessed business papers1 but never asked what they were4--,questioned by ,mr4 ,merrivale as to whether he had noticed any conversation which passed between ,mr4 ,wilmot and ,mr4 ,atherton in the hall the night before the deceased died1 replied he had caught one or two words4--,told by the coroner to repeat them4 ,after seeming to recollect himself for a moment or two1 said he had heard ,mr4 ,wilmot say he must get some money out of the governor2 to which ,mr4 ,atherton had replied in rather a low voice2 but he had heard the words1 won't live long1 and to be worried1 and our affairs4--,asked by the prisoner if the sentence had not been1 ,he is getting very old1 and won't live long2 he ought not to be worried with our affairs8 ,replied he could not say2 it might have been so2 but what he had repeated was the whole of what he had distinctly heard4 ,he wished to say that he believed ,mr4 ,atherton to be innocent2 for he was very fond of poor master1 and his uncle always seemed more partial to him than to any one else--much more than to ,mr4 ,wilmot4 ,thomas ,spriggs the coachman1 the cook1 and the housemaid1 were then examined respectively1 and their evidence corroborated every statement made before2 only one fresh feature presented itself4 ,the cook volunteered to state that she had been awoke1 in the middle of the night on which her master died1 by some noise1 and had fancied she heard stealthy footsteps on the stairs4--,questioned upon this1 said that she meant the stairs leading from the third story where the women-servants slept1 to the second story44 ,were they front or back-stairs8 ,front-stairs2 the back-stairs only reached the second floor4 ,that the housekeeper occupied one room to herself1 she and the housemaid another1 and the third was empty4 ,she had not dared to get out of bed1 believing it was the ghost4 ,what ghost8 ,oh6 the house was haunted2 all the servants know it and believed it1 except the housekeeper1 who had laughed at her shameful1 and called her a superstitious woman4 ,but then they had never been what she might call comfortable nor friendly together2 for ,mrs4 ',aag 'eld herself 'igh and 'orty with all the company in the 'all4 ,couldn't say at what hour she had been awoke2 had drawed the clothes over her 'ed1 and said her prayers1 and supposed she had fell asleep again1 being that way inclined by natur'4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,have you and the housekeeper ever fallen out1 cook8 ,witness3 ,well1 no1 sir4 ,i can't say as we ever 'ave2 and ,i've nothing to bring against her except as she was 'igh and close1 which isn't agreeable1 sir1 when the position of parties is #fje ekally respectable1 which mine is1 sir1 'aving come of a greengrocer's family as kep' their own wehicle and drove theirselves2 and whose mother could afford to be washed out1 and never sat down to tea on ,sunday without s'rimps or 'winkles or something to give a relish4 ,coroner3 ,that is enough1 cook4--,bring in the next witness4 ,mr4 ,lister ,wilmot1 who appeared much agitated1 next deposed3 ,i went to visit my deceased uncle on the evening of ,tuesday last1 and whilst taking off my outer coat in the hall1 my cousin1 ,mr4 ,atherton1 arrived4 ,we went into my uncle's study together4 ,very little conversation passed between us4 ,i mentioned my intention of asking my uncle for some money that evening1 which ,i needed1 having some pressing bills to pay4 ,my cousin replied something to the effect that he1 my uncle1 would probably not live long1 and we ought not to worry him with our affairs4 ,i think he simply said it with a view to stopping me from making the application3 he thinks ,i am extravagant4 ,he asked me how much ,i wanted4 ,i said1 #ejj4 ,he said3 ',that is a large sum1 ,lister2 we shall never get the governor to come down as handsome as that4' ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,did ,mr4 ,atherton say1 'we shall1' or 'you will'8 ,witness 7hesitating37 ,i am not quite clear1 but ,i think he said 'we shall4' ,it was simply a kindly way of speaking4 ,we found my uncle more than usually taciturn and abstracted2 but ,i was so hard pressed ,i was obliged to brave him1 and ask him for money4 ,to my astonishment1 instead of venting his anger on me1 he turned it all upon my cousin ,hugh1 and accused him of leading me into extravagance4 ,coroner3 ,was this so8 ,it was not4 ,hugh and ,i are the best of friends2 but our pursuits and tastes are totally opposite4 ,i said so to my uncle1 and tried to appease him in vain4 ,at last he worked himself into such a rage that he seemed quite reckless of what he said2 and hinted that ,hugh might pay my debts for me1 and if he couldn't do so out of his own pocket1 he might get ,kavanagh to advance me some out of his future wife's dividends2 that ,i might have got the girl for myself if ,i had chosen2 but as it was1 he dared say ,kavanagh would marry her in the long-run1 for it was easy to see how the wind lay in that quarter4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,can you swear to those words8 ,i can4 ,my cousin got very angry at this1 and said3 ',you have no right to make such remarks or draw any such conclusions2 they are false4 ,you will repent of this to-morrow4' ,i can swear to those words4 ,just then ,mrs4 ,haag1 the housekeeper1 brought in my uncle's ale and biscuits1 as usual4 ,barker opened the door for her3 ,i remember that fact4 ,there was only one tumbler with the bottle brought up4 ,neither myself nor my cousin ever touch that beverage4 ,when ,mrs4 ,haag had left the room1 ,hugh got up and went to the table where the tray had been placed1 and brought a glass of ale to my uncle with a plate of hard biscuits4 ,coroner3 ,did you see the prisoner pour out the ale8 ,where was he standing with regard to yourself8 ,he had his back toward us2 ,i was sitting by the fire opposite my uncle2 the table was in the middle of the room4 ,to get the ale ,hugh must turn his back to us4 ,how long was he at the table8 ,witness1 7after a moment's thought37 ,a minute or more2 but ,i could not speak positively4 ,sufficient time to have put anything in the ale8 ,witness1 7much agitated37 ,am ,i obliged to answer this8 ,you are not obliged2 but an unfavorable interpretation might be put upon your silence4 ,witness 7in a very low voice37 ,there was time4 #fjf ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,did you not observe that some ale was poured out in the tumbler when it was brought up8 ,i did not observe it2 it might have been so1 but ,i could not say for certain either way4 ,mr4 ,merrivale to the coroner3 ,my client desires me to state distinctly that a small quantity1 about a quarter of a glassful1 was already poured out when he went to the tray4 ,he supposes it was done to save the overflow from the bottle4 ,coroner3 ,i will note it4 ,evidence continued3 ,my uncle drank half the ale at a draught1 shook his bead1 and said3 ',it is very bitter1 to-night4' ,we neither made any remark upon it4 ,he likewise took a biscuit and ate it4 ,soon afterward ,i rose to go4 ,he would not say good-night to me4 ,hugh came to the door with me--the study-door--and whispered1 ',i'll try to appease him and make it all right for you4' ,i went straight down-stairs and out of the house4 ,i remember seeing my cousin's coat hanging in the hall2 it was a brown-tweed waterproof one2 but ,i did not touch it4 ,the coachman came the following morning with the sad news to my chambers4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,are you acting as sole executor1 ,mr4 ,wilmot8 ,i am2 my cousin is aware of it4 ,mr4 ,walker3 ,it is illegal to ask for any depositions about the deceased's will here4 ,coroner3 ,i am the best judge of that1 ,mr4 ,walker4 ,anything which throws light upon what we have to find out must be received as evidence4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,were you aware what the contents of your late uncle's will were before you opened it at ,messrs4 ,smith and ,walker's8 ,i was not2 but both ,hugh ,atherton and myself were led to anticipate what the tenor of it would be4 ,have the results fulfilled your anticipations8 ,i don't consider myself warranted in answering such a question4 ,coroner3 ,have you any thing else to state1 ,mr4 ,wilmot8 ,nothing1 except that ,i believe in my cousin's innocence4 ,mr4 ,john ,kavanagh was then called1 and1 after the usual preliminaries1 stated that on his return from a tour in ,switzerland on the afternoon of ,tuesday1 the #bc;d1 he found a note from ,mr4 ,thorneley1 which he now produced4 7,note read by the coroner and passed on to the jurymen47 ,that upon receipt of it he had gone to ,mr4 ,thorneley's at the hour appointed1 and had been shown at once into that gentleman's study4 ,had found him very much altered for the worse and aged since last he had seen him1 some months since4 ,he looked as if some heavy trouble were upon him1 weighing him down4 ,he had transacted the business required1 which occupied1 he should say1 an hour1 and had then left him as calm and as well as when he 7witness7 first entered the room4 ,he had chosen to walk home1 and1 stopping to light a segar at the corner of ,vere street1 had met ,mr4 ,atherton coming out of the chemist's shop4 ,mr4 ,atherton had offered to accompany him home1 but he 7,witness7 had refused1 and they had parted1 ,mr ,atherton stating his intention of coming to see him on the morrow4 ,that the moment after1 he had repented his refusal and hurried back to ask him to return2 but being near-sighted and the night dark1 had not been able to distinguish his figure1 and had given up the pursuit4 ,returning down ,vere street1 about half-way he had met a female walking very fast1 but who in passing had almost stopped1 and stared very hard at him4 ,she had on a thick veil1 so he could not see her face1 nor did he recognize her figure4 ,the circumstance had passed from his mind until detective ,jones had told him that ,mr4 ,thorneley's housekeeper had been in ,vere street that evening1 and seen his meeting with ,mr4 ,atherton1 and then it had struck him it might have been she4--7,here ,mr4 ,merrivale was seen to confer very earnestly with the #fjg prisoner1 and afterward to pass a slip of paper to the coroner1 who after reading it bowed1 as if in assent1 and then beckoned to a policeman1 who left the room47 ,he had gone straight home to his chambers1 and being tired went early to bed1 and did not wake till very late the following morning1 when his clerk had told him the news of ,mr4 ,thorneley's death1 and detective ,jones had called upon him shortly afterward4 ,by the coroner3 ,what was the nature of the business which you transacted with deceased8 ,i am bound over very solemnly not to mention it until a certain time4 ,was it a will you called the two servants to witness8 ,i am not at liberty to answer4 ,i pass my word as a gentleman and a man of honor that in no way do ,i consider this to affect my friend ,mr4 ,atherton's present position2 and that when it does ,i shall consider myself free to speak4 ,mr ,walker3 ,we shall compel you1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 to speak in another place than this4 ,the breach of etiquette you have committed will not be passed over by us as the family and confidential legal advisers of the deceased gentleman4 ,we shall both act as we think right1 ,mr4 ,walker4 ,the prisoner here in a very hollow voice said ,for ,god's sake1 and for the sake of one who is dear to us both1 ,i entreat you1 ,john ,kavanagh1 to reveal any thing that may help to clear an innocent man from this frightful imputation4 ,i will1 ,hugh1 so help me ,god6 ,but it would avail you nothing to speak now4 ,coroner3 ,have you anything further to state8 ,nothing1 save my most solemn religious conviction that ,mr4 ,atherton is innocent1 and that he is the victim of the foulest plot4 ,mr4 ,walker here appealed to the coroner1 and said he objected to such insinuations being made there2 that ,mr4 ,kavanagh had done his best to criminate the prisoner1 and that he was now trying to cast the blame upon others4 ,mr4 ,kavanagh was about to make some violent answer1 when the coroner called to order4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,will you have the goodness1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 to look toward the end of the room1 and see if you identify any one there8 ,mr4 ,kavanagh3 ,my ,god6 ,it is she6 ,coroner3 ,who8 ,the woman ,i met in ,vere street that night4 ,standing opposite to the witness1 with the light full upon her1 was a female figure1 closely veiled4 ,i never met you1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh6 it was the woman who spoke1 loudly1 vehemently4 ,coroner to witness3 ,i see you are using your eyeglass now2 were you using it when you say you met this person in ,vere street8 ,i was4 ,could you swear that the figure standing before you now and the woman you met are one and the same8 ,i would swear that the appearance of that woman standing before me now and that of the figure ,i met is one and the same--the same height1 the same carriage1 the same veiled face4 ,i never met you1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh6 repeated the woman1 with a passionate gesture4 ,coroner3 ,mrs4 ,haag1 you can retire4 7,it was the housekeeper47 ,mr4 ,walker3 ,i don't see how this affects the case4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,probably not1 sir2 but you will see by and by4 ,i am much obliged to you1 ,mr4 ,coroner4 ,mr4 ,kavanagh is replaced by ,inspector ,jackson1 detective officer1 who deposed that from information received at ,scotland ,yard on the morning of the #bdth instant1 he had been desired by his superintendent to proceed to #ajj ,wimpole street1 the residence #fjh of the deceased gentleman1 and examine into the case1 accompanied by detective ,jones4 ,from information received from the housekeeper and other servants1 and after a conference with the surgeon called in1 his suspicions had fallen upon ,mr4 ,atherton4 ,he had left a policeman in charge from the nearest station-house1 and gone with ,jones direct to ,mr4 ,atherton's chambers in the ,temple4 ,on breaking the nature of his visit to that gentleman1 together with the news of ,mr4 ,thorneley's death1 he had been terribly overcome1 and exclaimed that he was an innocent man1 ,god was his witness2 that he would not have hurt a hair of the old man's head2 but certainly he had been angry with him the night before4 ,cautioned not to say anything which might criminate himself1 ,mr4 ,atherton had again said1 in very solemn tones3 ,my ,god1 thou knowest ,i am innocent6 ,witness had searched ,mr4 ,atherton's room and clothes2 in the pocket of his coat had found a small empty paper labelled ,,strychnine--,,poison2 with the name of ,davis1 chemist1 #bj ,vere street1 corner of ,oxford street4--,questioned by ,mr4 ,merrivale as to which coat-pocket the packet was found in1 replied the overcoat which ,mr4 ,atherton wore on the previous evening4 ,by a juryman3 ,how do you know it was the identical coat worn that evening8 ,the man-servant1 ,john ,barker1 swears to it2 he took it from ,mr4 ,atherton when he came to ,mr4 ,thorneley's house1 and hung it up in the hall to dry4 ,the prisoner3 ,yes1 ,i did wear that coat2 but ,i know nothing of the paper found in it4 ,by the coroner3 ,have you been in communication with the chemist in ,vere street8 ,witness3 ,i have1 sir2 he remembers-- ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,i object to this evidence coming from the mouth of ,mr4 ,inspector4 ,the chemist is here and should be examined himself4 ,mr4 ,walker1 one of the solicitors of deceased ,i think that the evidence should be received from both the inspector and the chemist4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,i still object4 ,the coroner3 ,on what ground1 ,mr4 ,merrivale8 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,on the ground that the inspector having a preconceived notion when he communicated with the chemist1 the latter may have been misled by his questions4 ,i should at least wish that ,davis should be examined first1 and his evidence received direct4 ,the coroner3 ,very well4 ,is there anything else1 ,mr4 ,inspector8 ,nothing else1 except that ,mr4 ,atherton denied all knowledge at once of the paper found4 ,by ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,did you not find also a bottle of camphorated spirits8 ,i did2 but on the table4 ,it was a fresh bottle1 unopened1 and bore the same label1 from ,mr4 ,davis's4 7,witness dismissed47 ,mr4 ,merrivale here demanded to have the man ,barker recalled1 which was done4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,can you swear to the overcoat which ,mr4 ,atherton wore the last evening he came to ,wimpole street8 ,certainly1 sir4 ,it was a brown tweed waterproof1 with deep pockets4 ,i know it well4 ,is that the coat8 7,coat produced47 ,it is1 sir4 ,can you swear to it8 ,i can1 sir4 ,how long was it between the time ,mr4 ,wilmot went away and the time ,mr4 ,atherton left the house8 ,about half an hour or three quarters1 ,i should say4 ,did you let him out8 ,no1 sir4 ,nor ,mr4 ,atherton8' ,no1 sir4 ,did you hear or know of any one being in the hall for any length of time whilst ,mr4 ,atherton was with his uncle8 #fji ,no one could have been in the hall1 sir1 we servants were all at supper4 ,was the housekeeper with you8 ,no1 sir2 she has her supper in her own sitting-room always4 ,then how are you sure that she did not go into the hall8 ,i should have heard her door open and her footsteps pass along the passage4 ,the servants' hall door was open that ,i might hear master's bell4 ,you feel certain of this8 ,i do1 sir4 ,i have no more to ask this witness1 ,mr4 ,coroner4 ,thomas ,davis1 chemist1 was then called4 ,he deposed that on the evening of the #bc;d he perfectly well remembered a gentleman coming into his shop and buying a small bottle of spirits of camphor4 ,could not swear to him1 but thinks it may have been the prisoner4 ,it was a tall gentleman4 7,upon being shown the bottle of camphor1 immediately identified it as the one sold4 ,the paper found in ,mr4 ,atherton's pocket was now produced1 and he likewise identified it as coming from his shop47 ,the paper and label were the same as he used4--,questioned as to whether he recollected selling any strychnine either on or before the #bc;d1 replied he could not remember selling any2 but that he had found a memorandum in his day-book of one grain sold on the #bc;d4 7,sensation47 ,was quite sure it had been sold1 or the entry would not have been made2 always made those entries himself4 ,his assistant reported to him of anything sold during his absence from the shop1 and he then entered it in his day-book as a ready-money transaction4 ,his assistant might have sold the strychnine on that day2 but he had questioned him and found he did not remember any particulars4 ,could swear that he himself remembered nothing about it4--by ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,was generally absent from the shop an hour at dinner-time--from one to two--and from five to half-past for tea2 again at night from nine to half-past4 ,closed at ten4 ,mr4 ,merrivale here asked that ,mr4 ,wilmot and ,mrs4 ,haag might severally be brought in2 to which ,mr4 ,walker objected4 ,the objection was overruled by the coroner1 and ,mr4 ,wilmot was summoned4 ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,do you remember having seen this gentleman before1 ,mr4 ,davis8 ,i do not1 sir4 ,nor remember his coming into your shop8 ,no1 sir4 ,the housekeeper was then called1 with the same results4 ,examination of witness continued3 ,his assistant was a remarkably steady and able young man1 intrusted with making up very important prescriptions2 his word could be relied on2 had been with him for five years4 ,he himself was a licensed member of ,apothecaries' ,hall4 ,the last witness summoned was ,james ,ball1 assistant to ,mr4 ,davis1 the chemist4 ,in reply to the coroner1 he never remembered having sold any strychnine on the #bc;d1 though he might have done so2 in which case he would report it to ,mr4 ,davis1 who would have entered it in the day-book4 ,was in the habit of mentioning each item as soon after it was sold as opportunity permitted4 ,could not identify either ,mr4 ,wilmot or ,mrs4 ,haag as having seen them in the shop4--,by ,mr4 ,walker3 ,remembered the prisoner coming into the shop on the evening of the #bc;d2 they did not often see such a tall gentleman4 ,his employer1 ,mr4 ,davis1 had served him with the camphor4 ,by ,mr4 ,merrivale3 ,do you mean to say that a customer whom you did not serve1 buying camphor1 made an impression on your mind1 and yet you have no recollection of any one coming to your shop and asking for such a remarkable and dangerous thing as strychnine8 ,after a moment's consideration3 #faj ,i remember that gentleman1 7pointing to the prisoner17 because ,i wondered what his height might be1 and what a jolly thing it must be to be so tall1 especially with such a high counter to serve over4 7,laughter4 ,james ,ball was considerably below the middle height7 ,i don't recollect anything at all about the strychnine4 ,by the coroner3 ,it is a question probably of life or death1 ,james ,ball1 to that gentleman1 ,mr4 ,atherton2 and ,i conjure you to strive to the utmost of your power to call to mind any circumstance concerning the sale of that poison which may throw some light upon the subject ,take your time now to consider1 for ,i see you can recollect things4 ,after some moments of dead silence1 ,james ,ball replied1 ,i remember nothing further than what ,i have already stated4 ,this closed the evidence1 and coroner1 summing up1 addressed the jury4 ,he commented upon the awfulness of the crime which had been committed2 on the fearful increase of the use of poisons of every kind for the purpose of taking away human life4 ,he said in this case the principal facts they had to deal with were1 that it was proved on evidence that poison had been administered to deceased in the bitter ale1 which he had taken before going to bed4 ,that the poison was pronounced to be strychnine1 which it was well known would probably not take effect until an hour or so after it had been imbibed4 ,that the glass of bitter ale in which the strychnine had been detected was poured out and given to deceased by his nephew1 ,mr4 ,hugh ,atherton1 in presence of his other nephew1 ,mr4 ,wilmot4 ,that it had been proved by medical evidence that in the ale remaining in the bottle no strychnine had been detected4 ,all suspicions therefore were confined to the ale which had been poured out4 ,that ,mr4 ,atherton had been heard to use angry1 if not threatening1 language to the deceased1 7he repeated the words17 and had been seen by two witnesses coming out of the chemist's shop kept by the identical man whose name was on the paper labelled ,strychnine1 and found in the prisoner's pocket4 ,the prisoner's legal adviser had stated that a portion of the ale was already poured out in the tumbler1 when he 7the prisoner7 approached the table for the purpose of helping his uncle2 but no evidence had been adduced of the fact4 ,mrs4 ,haag1 the housekeeper1 had stated to the contrary4 ,still the prisoner was entitled to the benefit of the doubt4 ,there had been positive evidence that the deceased had died from the effects of poison2 it rested with the jury to decide whether the other evidence was sufficiently conclusive to warrant their finding a verdict against the prisoner as having administered the poison4 ,after a consultation of some quarter of an hour1 the jury returned a verdict of ,wilful ,murder against ,mr4 ,hugh ,atherton4 ,merrivale brought me the news in that dull back-room where ,i waited1 heaven only knows with what crushing1 heart-sick anxiety1 and we left the house--that doomed house of death1 of woe and desolation to the living4 ,the crowd outside had thickened and densified2 but their cries and clamors were meaningless sounds for me4 ,as we stood on the pavement whilst ,merrivale hailed a cab1 ,i felt something thrust into my hand--a piece of paper4 ,i looked round and saw a man disappearing amongst the throng1 who presently turned and held up his hand to me4 ,he was in plain clothes and somewhat disguised2 but ,i recognized ,jones the detective4 ,when in the cab ,i unfolded the paper1 and read1 hastily scrawled in pencil3 ,meet me1 sir1 please1 on the ,surrey end of ,london ,bridge to-night at nine o'clock4 ,a4 ,jones4 #faa ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,in ,,blue-,,anchor ,,lane4 ,nine o'clock was striking1 as ,i hurried along the footway of ,london ,bridge1 hustled and jostled by the many passengers who seem to be forever treading their weary road of business1 care1 or pleasure--for even pleasure brings its toil2 nine o'clock resounding loud and clear in the night-air from the dome of ,st4 ,paul's1 and echoed from the neighboring church-steeples4 ,it sounds romantic enough to please the most enthusiastic devourers of pre-,radcliffe novels1 or to capture the imagination of the most ardent votaries of fiction4 ,but it was far otherwise to me on the night of that ,thursday which had seen ,hugh ,atherton branded with the name of murderer4 ,it was far otherwise to me--weighed down with the crushing knowledge that the companion of my youth1 the friend of my later years1 although an innocent man1 was being gradually hurried on to a felon's death2 and that ,i--,i who loved him so well--had helped to his destruction1 though ,heaven could witness how unwillingly and unconsciously4 ,no2 there was no romance for me that night as ,i dragged my weary steps over the bridge1 with the sight of him before my eyes1 and the sound of heart-bursting grief from the lips of that poor stricken girl1 his betrothed bride1 ringing in my ears2 for ,i had been to tell her the results of this day's work4 ,oh6 why had ,i not yielded to his wish the evening ,i met ,hugh ,atherton in that fatal street1 and taken him home with me8 ,why had ,i not more earnestly followed up the impulse--nay1 dare ,i not call it inspiration8--to return after him and bid him come back with me8 ,ah me6 my selfishness1 my blindness--could any remorse ever atone for them and the terrible evil they had brought about8 ,my ,god1 thou knowest how my heart cried out to thee then in bitterness and sorrow3 ,smite me with thy righteous judgments2 but spare him--spare her6 ,and now what new scene in this drama of life was ,i going to see unfolded8 ,i could not tell2 ,i knew nothing2 ,i could only pray that if ,providence pointed out to me any track by which ,i might penetrate the awful mystery that hung round us1 ,i might pursue it with all fidelity1 with utter forgetfulness of self4 ,i had gone with ,merrivale after we left ,wimpole street to the ,house of ,detention where ,atherton was lodged1 and desired him to ask that ,i should see ,hugh2 but he had come out looking puzzled and perplexed1 and said3 ,i can't make it out2 ,atherton refuses to see you1 and gives no reason except that it is 'best not4' ,no help was there1 then1 but to trust to time and unwearied exertion to remove the cloud between us4 ,i found ,jones waiting for me at the other end of the bridge1 and anxiously on the look-out4 ,i am right glad to see you1 sir2 ,i was fearful you mightn't come1 seeing that ,i gave you no reason for doing so4 ,i trusted you sufficiently1 ,jones1 to belive you wouldn't have brought me on a useless errand at such a time of awful anxiety4 ,bless you1 sir1 ,i wouldn't--not for a thousand pounds2 and ,i've had that offered to me in my day by parties as wished to get rid of me or shut me up4 ,no1 indeed1 sir2 ,i'd not add to your trouble if so be ,i could not lighten it4 ,but we have no time to lose1 and we have a goodish bit before us4 ,you asked me this morning whether ,i knew any thing of a ,mr4 de ,vos4 ,i did not then1 but ,i do now2 and a strange chance threw me across him4 ,if1 sir1 you will trust yourself entirely to me to-night1 ,i think ,i can be of use to you4 ,but you must confide in me1 and allow me to take the lead in everything4 ,and first1 will you let me ask you one or two questions8 ,i told him he might ask anything he pleased2 if ,i could not answer1 ,i would tell him so2 that ,i would trust him implicitly4 #fab ,then1 sir1 will you condescend to honor me by coming home first for a few minutes8 ,my missus expects us4 ,she's in a terrible way about ,mr4 ,atherton3 she never forgets past kindness4 ,we turned off the bridge1 straight down ,wellington street1 ,high street ,borough1 and then into ,king street1 where ,jones stopped before a respectable-looking private house1 and knocked4 ,the door was opened by his wife--with whom1 under other circumstances1 ,i had been acquainted before--and we entered their neat little front-parlor4 ,evidently we were expected1 for supper was laid--homely1 but substantial1 and temptingly clean4 ,you must excuse us1 sir1 said ,jones2 but ,i fancied it was likely you had taken little enough to-day1 and ,i told ,jane to have something ready for us4 ,please to eat1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh2 we have a short journey before us1 and ,i want you to have all your wits and energies about you4 ,i was faint and sick1 true enough2 for ,i had touched nothing save a biscuit and a glass of wine since the morning2 but my stomach seemed to loathe food2 and though ,i drew to the table1 not wishing to offend the good people1 ,i felt as if to swallow a morsel would choke me4 ,jones cut up the cold ham and chicken in approved style1 whilst his wife busied herself with slicing off thin rounds of bread and butter2 but ,i toyed with my knife and fork1 and could not eat4 ,not so ,jones2 he took down incredible quantities of all that was before him with the zest of a man who knows he is going to achieve luck's victory4 ,presently he threw down his tools1 and looked hard at me4 ,this'll never do1 sir2 you must eat4 ,i shook my head and smiled4 ,jane1 said he to his wife1 bring out ,black ,peter2 no one ever needed him more than ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,mrs4 ,jones opened a cupboard and brought forth a tapery-necked bottle1 out of which her husband very carefully poured some liquid into a wineglass1 and then as carefully corked it up again4 ,drink this1 sir2 ,i've never known it to fail yet4 ,i lifted the glass to my lips4 ,why1 it's the primest ,curaoa6 ,i cried4 ,that it may be1 sir1 for all ,i know4 ,a poor ,german1 to whom ,i once rendered a service1 sent me two bottles1 and ,i've found it the best cordial ,i ever tasted4 ,i call it ,black ,peter--his name was ,peter1 and he was uncommonly black1 to be sure--but ,i never heard its right name before4 ,drink it off1 sir1 and you'll feel a world better presently4 ,i did1 and the effects were as ,jones prognosticated4 ,the cold1 sick shivering left me1 and ,i was able in a little while to take some food4 ,now1 ,jane1 said the good man to his wife1 when he saw ,i was getting on all right1 shut up your ears2 ,mr4 ,kavanagh and ,i are going to talk business4 ,mrs4 ,jones laughed1 picked up some needle-work1 and sat down to a small table by the fire4 ,my wife's a true woman1 sir1 in every thing but her tongue2 she don't talk3 ,i'll back her against ,sir ,richard himself for keeping dark on a secret case4 ,now1 sir1 will you please to tell me1 if you can1 why you are anxious to find out about this ,mr4 de ,vos8 ,i related to him about my meeting ,de ,vos at my sister's1 what ,i had heard and witnessed in ,swain's ,lane1 the impressions made upon me then1 and how ,i had caught sight of the man outside the police-court on the preceding day4 ,jones listened very attentively1 and made notes of it all4 ,exactly1 said he1 when ,i ended by saying that ,mr4 ,wilmot had denied all knowledge of ,de ,vos and the rendezvous in ,swain's ,lane4 ,just what ,i expected4 ,of course he would4 ,what6 ,do you think he did know1 and that it was ,wilmot's voice ,i heard8 #fac ,i think nothing1 sir said be1 with a curious smile2 but ,i guess a good deal4 ,we have a terribly-tangled skein to unravel2 but ,i think in following up this man we have got the right end of it4 ,i must now tell you how ,i stumbled upon him to-day4 ,i heard from inspector ,keene that he was engaged by ,mr4 ,merrivale to see into this murder of old ,mr4 ,thorneley2 and knowing how partial ,i was to ,mr4 ,atherton--good reason too--he asked me if ,i'd like to help him1 and if so1 he'd speak about me to ,sir ,richard ,mayne4 ,i said ,i would1 above all things1 for ,i'd had a hand in taking him1 though ,i believed he was innocent2 and now ,i'd give much to help him back to his liberty again4 ,to cut short with the story1 it was settled ,i should hang about the house to-day during the inquest in disguise1 to pick up any stray information that might be let drop2 for there's a deal more known1 sir1 about rich folks and their households by such people as those who were crowded round the house today than ever you'd think for2 and we gather much of our most valuable information by mixing in these crowds unknown1 and listening to the casual gossip that goes on in them4 ,so ,i made myself up into a decent old guy1 and took my way to ,wimpole street4 ,whilst waiting to cross ,oxford street two men came up behind me1 and ,i heard a few words drop which made me turn round to look at them4 ,sure enough1 one answered most perfectly your description of this ,mr4 ,de ,vos4 ,i thought to myself1 ',here's game worth following2' and ,i did follow1 and heard them make an appointment for to-night on this side the water4 ,now1 sir1 do you see why ,i asked you to meet me8' ,i do4 ,we must be present at the meeting4 ,just so1 sir2 and we have no time to lose1 for the hour mentioned was soon after ten o'clock4 ,if you'll take nothing else we will go4 ,we must go made up2 and you'll trust entirely to me4 ,you mean disguised8 ,i do1 sir2 if you'll come up-stairs1 ,i'll give you what is necessary4 ,up-stairs we went1 and ,jones produced from a chest of drawers a rough common seaman's jacket1 a pair of duck trowsers1 a woollen comforter1 a tarpaulin hat1 and a false black beard1 in which he rigged me out2 and then proceeded to make similar change in his own attire1 with the exception of a wig of shaggy red hair and a pair of whiskers to match4 ,leave your watch1 sir1 and any little articles of jewelry you may have about you1 in my wife's charge2 keep your hat well slouched over your face and your hands in your pockets1 give a swing and swagger to your walk1 and you'll do4 ,why1 where upon earth are we going1 ,jones8 ,to ,blue-,anchor ,lane1 sir1 if you know where that very fashionable quarter lies4 ,i did not know exactly where it was1 saying from police-reports1 which named it as one of the lowest parts of that low district lying between ,bermondsey and ,rotherhithe4 ,i had been somewhere near it once1 having occasion to call on one of the clergy belonging to the ,catholic ,church in ,parker's ,row2 but that was quite an aristocratic part1 for a wonder1 compared with ,blue-,anchor ,lane4 ,yes1 ,parker's ,row ,i had visited2 and1 thanks to my having grown and gentlefolked to the height of six feet odd1 ,i had managed to pull the bell and get admitted to the convent behind the church1 where dwell the good ,sisters of ,mercy1 walled-in all tight and trim4 ,but down ,blue-,anchor ,lane ,i had never penetrated2 and ,i asked ,jones if it were not considered a favorite haunt for characters of the worst description4 ,it is so1 sir2 and we must be careful and cautious to-night in all we do4 ,i noticed that he put his staff and alarum in his pocket1 and furnished me with similar implements4 ,in case of necessity1 sir1 he said1 #fad laughing1 you must act as special constable with me4 ,i wouldn't take you into the smallest danger2 but1 you see1 ,i don't know but what your presence is of absolute necessity1 and that you may be able to gather a clue in this case quicker than ,i should4 ,not that ,i yield in quickness at twigging most things to any man1 said ,detective ,jones1 with a bit of professional pride quite pardonable2 but you must identify the man for certain yourself1 sir1 before ,i can act in the matter with anything like satisfaction4 ,it was just upon ten o'clock when we left ,king street1 and proceeded to ,london ,bridge2 whence we took the train to ,spa ,road4 ,it takes1 as every one knows1 but a few minutes in the transit2 and leaving that dark1 dismal1 break-neck hole of a station1 we turned to the left up ,spa ,road1 down ,jamaica ,row1 and so into ,blue-,anchor ,lane4 ,it is needless to describe what that place is at night2 it is needless to picture in words all the degrading vice that walks forth unmasked in some of the streets of this capital1 which ranks so high amidst the great cities o the world4 ,is our exterior morality to be so far behind1 so infinitely below1 that of tribes and nations on whom we stoop to trample8 ,can such things be1 and we not waken from our lethargic sleep1 remembering what our account will one day be8 ,can our rulers so calmly eat and drink1 take their pleasure1 hunt their game1 pursue their gentlemanlike sports1 knowing1 as assuredly they do too well1 that thousands of their people are living lives more degraded1 more brutal1 more shamelessly inhuman1 more full of sin1 ignorance1 and every kind of squalor and misery1 than the wildest savages we have set our soldiers to hunt out of the lands in which ,god placed them8 ,what can the man be doing in such a place as this8 ,i whispered to ,jones1 as he stopped before the door of a small low-looking house of entertainment1 half coffee-shop and half public-house1 that rejoiced in the name of ,noah's ,ark4 ,that's just what we've got to find out1 sir4 ,somehow it strikes me he's better acquainted with such haunts as these than you and ,i are with ,regent street or ,piccadilly4 ,if ,i haven't seen his face before1 and that not ten yards from the ,old ,bailey1 ,i'm blest if ,i was ever more mistaken in my life4 ,but hush6 here he is4 ,and swaggering along1 with his hat stuck on one side1 and murmuring a verse of ,rory ,o',moore1 came ,mr4 de ,vos1 my sister ,elinor's treasure-trove1 evidently somewhat airy in the upper regions1 and elated by good cheer4 ,jones had taken out a short clay pipe1 and whilst seemingly intent on filling it ,i saw he was watching ,de ,vos with a keen observant glance4 ,the latter gentleman was far from being intoxicated2 he was merely what is called elevated1 and quite wide awake enough to be wary of anything going on around him4 ,i saw him start perceptibly as his eye fell upon me1 though my slouched hat and high collar must have gone a good way toward concealing my features4 ,fine night1 mate1 said ,jones in a bluff1 loud voice1 lighting and pulling vigorously at his pipe4 ,deed and it is so1 answered ,de ,vos1 halting just opposite to us1 and once more turning his scrutiny upon me4 ,are you game for a dhrop of whiskey8 addressing himself especially to me4 ,i was about to answer in feigned tones1 when ,jones took the word out of my mouth1 and replied3 ,no use asking him--he's too love-sick just now to care for drink2 he's parted with his sweetheart1 and is off for the ,west-,indies by five in the morning from the ,docks4 ,something now seemed to attract ,de ,vos's attention to ,jones1 for he became suddenly very grave4 ,i've not seen you here before1 said he1 peering into the detective's face4 #fae ,may be you have1 may be you haven't4 ,i don't need to ask any man's leave to drink a pint at ',noah's ,ark1' and watch a game of skittles4 ,this1 as ,jones told me afterward1 was quite a random shot2 however1 it took effect4 ,i believe you1 said ,de ,vos with all the boastfulness of his nature4 ,you'll not see a betther bowler through the country entirely than meself4 ,i'll back the odds against any man this side the ,channel1 and bedad to it4 ,i dare say now it's here on ,monday last you were to see me play8 ,ay1 ay1 mate1 sang out ,jones2 right enough4 ,ah6 thin it was small shiners ,i went in for then2 but ,i'll lay a couple of fivers now against a brad1 and play you fair to-morrow against any of them in there1 with a back-handed wave to the house1 whence unmistakable sounds of noisy mirth were proceeding4 ,is it done8 ,i'll consider your offer--shiver my timbers but ,i will6 said ,jones1 with a burst of ,jack-tar-ism--and let you know in the morning4 ,just as you please2 you pays your money and you takes your choice2 and nodding to ,jones1 who responded to the salute in approved style1 ,de ,vos passed into the tap-room of the ,ark4 ,is it he8 hurriedly whispered ,jones when he was out of hearing4 ,yes1 without doubt1 answered ,i1 in the same tones4 ,then follow me1 sir2 and keep silent unless ,i speak to you2 and we likewise entered through the swing-doors of the gayly-lighted bar4 ,a glance sufficed to show us that the man we sought was not there2 but ,jones was far from being disconcerted2 indeed he seemed most thoroughly up to the mark in the task before him1 and threw himself into the part he had assigned himself with all the genius and facility of a ,billington or ,toole4 ,three or four men with physiognomies that would not have disgraced the hangman's rope were drinking1 smoking1 and exchanging low badinage with a flashy-looking young woman1 who stood behind the bar-counter4 ,woman1 did ,i say8 ,angels pity her6 ,there was little of womanly nature left in the fierce glitter of her eyes1 in the hard lines of premature age which dissipation and sin and woe had left carved upon her forehead and around her mouth4 ,little enough of this though1 no doubt1 thought ,detective ,jones1 intent upon his own purposes1 as he quickly made up to her1 and asked with all the swaggering audacity of a jolly tar1 for two stiff glasses of the primest pine-apple rum-and-water4 ,jones extracted a long clay pipe from the lot standing before us in a broken glass1 and passed it to me1 and handed his pouch of tobacco1 with an expressive glance that told me ,i was to smoke4 ,whilst filling the pipe and lighting it1 the woman returned with the rum-and-water1 which she placed ungraciously before us with a bang and clatter that caused the liquid to spill out of the glasses4 ,look here1 miss1 said ,jones in his most insinuating tones2 ,i'll forgive you for upsetting the grog1 and give you five bob to buy a blue ribbon for your pretty hair1 if you'll manage to get me and my mate a snug comer inside there1 pointing to a door on the left1 whence issued voices2 for we've a bit of money business to settle to-night1 and he's off first thing in the morning for the ,indies4 ,the woman seemed to hesitate for a moment1 and then holding out her hand for the promised tip1 she beckoned us to pass inside the bar1 and led the way to the door4 ,before she opened it she said in a low voice3 ,i am doing as much as my place is worth2 but ,i want the money2 take the table in the corner at the top here2 keep yourselves quiet1 and don't take no notice of nobody1 least of all of him who'll be next you4 #faf ,she now opened the door1 and ,i saw ,jones slip some more money into her hand1 which she received with a short grunt and a nod1 and then closed the door upon us4 ,the room was divided like that of an ordinary coffee-shop into box compartments2 the one in the right-hand corner by the door was empty1 and we entered it1 carrying our glasses and pipes with us4 ,we seated ourselves at the end of the two benches opposite each other1 and then glanced round4 ,in the box vis--vis were two rough-looking fellows1 whom ,i took to be real followers of our pretended calling--the sea4 ,they returned our gaze suspiciously enough1 and we could hear one whisper to the other1 ,who's them coves8 and the answer ,dunno2 none of us4 ,but the next moment my attention was diverted to the voices in the box next to ours4 ,did you see her8 ,it was ,de ,vos who spoke1 ,i felt sure4 ,not ,i1 my ,god6 not ,i1 answered a deep hoarse voice4 ,it's ten years since she and ,i met1 and ,i'd go to my grave sooner than we should meet again4 ,mind you1 the day when her cold cruel eyes rest on me will be a fatal day for me4 ,faugh6 ,i've passed through as much bloodshed as it's ever given one man to encounter in his life1 and never flinched2 but ,i tell you1 ,sullivan1 the thought of meeting her face to face seems to freeze the life-blood of my heart4 ,do you think she had a hand in this1 ,o',brian8 ,who can tell8 ,she did not pause once2 what should stop her again8 ,the fear of you4 ,she sees no reason to fear4 ,she believes ,i'm still over there1 where she sent me4 ,and the young fellow1 my man1 does he know anything8 ,again how can ,i tell8 ,but ,i should say not4 ,how could she enlighten him8 ,then he is-- ,their son4 ,a pause succeeded4 ,meanwhile ,jones had engaged in a sort of dumb-show with me to throw the men opposite off the scent1 by passing papers and money backwards and forwards1 and apparently making calculations with his pencil2 in reality ,i saw he was taking notes4 ,presently ,de ,vos spoke again4 ,well1 let's drink to the heir1 old boy2 and so long as ,i can make him play the piper1 why thin it's myself that will1 and bedad to him4 ,his ,irishisms1 be it observed1 were intermittent4 ,long life to the heir6 cried the two voices simultaneously2 and there was a clash of glasses4 ,what's the time of day by your ticker8 asked ,de ,vos a few moments afterward4 ,just upon eleven4 ,the lad was to be here by then1 wasn't he8 ,yes1 by eleven4 ,i'd like to know what he wants with me now4 ,jones here took up his cap1 buttoned his coat1 quietly opened the door1 and went out2 ,i following him1 of course4 ,he threw a good-humored nod to the woman1 who still stood behind the bar1 and ,i did the same2 but he never spoke until we were some yards from ,noah's ark4 ,you may be thankful1 sir1 he then said in a low voice1 to have got out safely and unmolested4 ,that's the worst haunt of some of the worst characters in ,london2 and they're banded together so as to shut out every one as don't belong to them4 ,there's been a ,providence1 sir1 in it all1 raising his cap1 depend upon it4 ,now we must see if we can stop this lad whom they are expecting4 ,we'll talk the matter over afterward4 ,just then a boy came up running at full speed4 ,halt6 cried ,jones1 laying his hand on the lad's shoulder4 ,what makes you so late8 ,what's the odds to you8 ,let me go1 replied the boy1 with a mixture of impudence and cunning in his face4 ,i'm not not bound for you4 ,you're bound for ',noah's ,ark1' though4 #fag ,are you ,mr4 ,sullivan8 ,of course ,i am4 ,oh6 then here's the letter1 and you're to see if it's all right4 ,all right1 said ,detective ,jones1 opening the note and glancing at its contents2 tell the gentleman ,i'll be there4 ,here's for you1 young ,codlings1 dropping a half-crown into the boy's hand4 ,five shillings1 and not a stiver less1 is my fare4 ,here you are then1 you small imp of iniquity2 and another coin of similar value found its way into the ragamuffin's pocket4 ,he cut a caper1 turned head over heels1 and was gone4 ,and now ,jones tore on breathlessly till we were safe out of ,blue-,anchor ,lane and had reached ,paradise ,row1 where a policeman was standing at the corner4 ,jones took him aside for a minute1 and then rejoined me4 ,we'll hail the first cab1 sir1 in ,spa ,road1 and drive to your home1 if you've no objection4 ,this we did2 and as soon as we had started he took a small candle-lantern from his pocket1 lit it1 and then handed me the note to read which he had taken from the boy4 ,it contained but few words2 no names used1 no address1 no signature1 and simply desired the person addressed to meet the writer the following day at the usual place and hour4 ,what clue was there in that to the dark mystery we were bent on solving8 ,only this1 and ,i put it into words3 ,great heavens6 it is ,lister ,wilmot's handwriting6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,,original4 ,,the ,,martyr4 ,serene above the world he stands1 ,uplift to heaven on wings of prayer3 ,across his breast his folded hands ,recall the cross he loved to bear4 ,upon his upturned brow the light ,flows like the smile of ,god3 he sees ,a flash of wings that daze his sight1 ,he hears seraphic melodies4 ,in vain the cruel crowd may roar1 ,in vain the cruel flames may hiss3 ,like seas that lash a distant shore1 ,they faintly pierce his sphering bliss4 ,he hears them1 and he does not hear-- ,his fleshly bonds are loosened all-- ,no earthly sound can claim the ear ,that listens for his ,father's call4 ,it comes--and swift the spirit spurns1 ,his quivering lips and soars away2 ,the blind crowd roars1 the blind fire burns1 ,while ,god receives their fancied prey4 ,d4 ,a4 ,c4 ------ #fah ,from ,the ,month4 ,,ecce ,,homo4 ,footnote #aca ,footnote #aca3 ,ecce homo4 ,a ,survey of the ,life and ,work of ,jesus ,christ4 ,macmillan4 #ahff4 ,the ,london ,reader says the following article is from the pen of the ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newman4--,ed4 ,c4,w4 ,the word remarkable has been so hacked of late in theological criticism--nearly as much so as earnest and thoughtful--that we do not like to make use of it on the present occasion without an apology4 ,in truth1 it presents itself as a very convenient epithet1 whenever we do not like to commit ourselves to any definite judgment on a subject before us1 and prefer to spread over it a broad neutral tint to painting it distinctly white1 red1 or black4 ,a man1 or his work1 or his deed1 is remarkable when he produces an effect2 be he effective for good or for evil1 for truth or for falsehood--a point which1 as far as that expression goes1 we leave it for others or for the future to determine4 ,accordingly it is just the word to use in the instance of a volume in which what is trite and what is novel1 what is striking and what is startling1 what is sound and what is untrustworthy1 what is deep and what is shallow1 are so mixed up together1 or at least so vaguely suggested1 or so perplexingly confessed1 which has so much of occasional force1 of circumambient glitter1 of pretence and of seriousness1 as to make it impossible either with a good conscience to praise it1 or without harshness and unfairness to condemn4 ,such a book is at least likely to be effective1 whatever else it is or is not2 and if it is effective1 it may be safely called remarkable1 and therefore we apply the epithet remarkable to this ,ecce ,homo4 ,it is remarkable1 then1 on account of the sensation which it has made in religious circles4 ,in the course of a few months it has reached a third edition1 though it is a fair-sized octavo and not an over-cheap one4 ,and it has received the praise of critics and reviewers of very distinct shades of opinion4 ,such a reception must be owing either to the book itself or to the circumstances of the day in which it has appeared1 or to both of these causes together4 ,or1 as seems to be the case1 the needs of the day have become a call for some such work2 and the work1 on its appearance1 has been thankfully welcomed1 on account of its professed object1 by those whose needs called for it4 ,the author includes himself in the number of these2 and1 while providing for his own wants1 he has ministered to theirs4 ,this is what we especially mean by calling his book remarkable4 ,disputants may maintain1 if they please1 that religious doubt is our natural1 our normal state2 that to cherish doubts is our duty that to complain of them is impatience2 that to dread them is cowardice2 that to overcome them is inveracity2 that it is even a happy state1 a state of calm philosophic enjoyment1 to be conscious of them--but after all1 necessary or not1 such a state is not natural1 and not happy1 if the voice of mankind is to decide the question4 ,english minds1 in particular1 have too much of a religious temper in them1 as a natural gift1 to acquiesce for any long time in positive1 active doubt4 ,for doubt and devotion are incompatible with each other2 every doubt1 be it greater or less1 stronger or weaker1 involuntary as well as voluntary1 acts upon #fai devotion1 so far forth1 as water sprinkled1 or dashed1 or poured out upon a flame1 ,real and proper doubt kills faith1 and devotion with it2 and even involuntary or half-deliberate doubt1 though it does not actually kill faith1 goes far to kill devotion2 and religion without devotion is little better than a burden1 and soon becomes a superstition4 ,since1 then1 this is a day of objection and of doubt about the intellectual basis of revealed truth1 it follows that there is a great deal of secret discomfort and distress in the religions portion of the community1 the result of that general curiosity in speculation and inquiry which has been the growth among us of the last twenty or thirty years4 ,the people of this country1 being ,protestants1 appeal to ,scripture1 when a religious question arises1 as their ultimate informant and decisive authority in all such matters2 but who is to decide for them the previous question1 that ,scripture is really such an authority8 ,when1 then1 as at this time1 its divine authority is the very point to be determined1 that is1 the character and extent of its inspiration and its component parts1 then they find themselves at sea1 without possessing any power over the direction of their course4 ,doubting about the authority of ,scripture1 they doubt about its substantial truth2 doubting about its truth1 they have doubts concerning the objects which it sets before their faith1 about the historical accuracy and objective reality of the picture which it presents to us of our ,lord4 ,we are not speaking of wilful doubting but of those painful misgivings1 greater or less1 to which we have already alluded4 ,religious ,protestants1 when they think calmly on the subject1 can hardly conceal from themselves that they have a house without logical foundations1 which contrives indeed for the present to stand1 but which may go any day--and where are they then8 ,of course ,catholics will tell them to receive the canon of ,scripture on the authority of the church1 in the spirit of ,st4 ,augustine's well-known words3 ,i should not believe the gospel1 were ,i not moved by the authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,but who1 they ask1 is to be voucher in turn for the church and ,st4 ,augustine8 is it not as difficult to prove the authority of the church and her doctors as the authority of the ,scriptures8 ,we ,catholics answer1 and with reason1 in the negative2 but1 since they cannot be brought to agree with us here1 what argumentative ground is open to them8 ,thus they seem drifting1 slowly perhaps1 but surely1 in the direction of scepticism4 ,it is under these circumstances that they are invited1 in the volume before us1 to betake themselves to the contemplation of our ,lord's character1 as it is recorded by the evangelists1 as carrying with it its own evidence1 dispensing with extrinsic proof1 and claiming authoritatively by itself the faith and devotion of all to whom it is presented4 ,such an argument1 of course1 is as old as ,christianity itself2 the young man in the ,gospel calls our ,lord ,good ,master1 and ,st4 ,peter introduces him to the first ,gentile converts as one who went about doing good2 and in these last times we can refer to the testimony even of unbelievers in behalf of an argument as simple as it is constraining4 ,si la vie et la mort de ,socrate sont d'un sage1 says ,rousseau1 la vie et la mort de ,jsus sont d'un ,dieu4 ,and he clenches the argument by observing1 that1 were the picture a mere conception of the sacred writers1 l'inventeur en serait plus tonnant que le hros4 ,its especial force lies in its directness2 it comes to the point at once1 and concentrates in itself evidence1 doctrine1 and devotion4 ,in theological language1 it is the motivum credibilitatis1 the objectum materiale and the formale1 all in one2 it unites human reason and supernatural faith in one complex act2 and it comes home to all men1 educated and ignorant1 young and old4 ,and it is the point to which1 after all #fbj and in fact1 all religious minds tend1 and in which they ultimately rest1 even if they do not start from it4 ,without an intimate apprehension of the personal character of our ,saviour1 what professes to be faith is little more than an act of ratiocination4 ,if faith is to live1 it must love2 it must lovingly live in the author of faith as a true and living being1 in ,deo vivo et vero2 according to the saying of the ,samaritans to their towns-woman3 ,we now believe1 not for thy saying1 for we ourselves have heard him4 ,many doctrines may be held implicitly2 but to see him as if intuitively is the very promise and gift of him who is the object of the intuition4 ,we are constrained to believe when it is he that speaks to us about himself4 ,such undeniably is the characteristic of divine faith viewed in itself2 but here we are concerned1 not simply with faith1 but with its logical antecedents2 and the question returns on which we have already touched1 as a difficulty with ,protestants--how can our ,lord's life1 as recorded in the ,gospels1 be a logical ground of faith1 unless we set out with assuming the truth of those ,gospels2 that is1 without assuming as proved the original matter of doubt8 ,and ,protestant apologists1 it may be urged--,paley for instance--show their sense of this difficulty when they place the argument drawn from our ,lord's character only among the auxiliary evidences of ,christianity4 ,now the following answer may fairly be made to this objection2 nor need we grudge ,protestants the use of it1 for1 as will appear in the sequel1 it proves too much for their purpose1 as being an argument for the divinity not only of ,christ's mission1 but of that of his church also4 ,however1 we say this by the way4 ,it may be maintained then1 that1 making as large an allowance as the most sceptical mind1 when pressed to state its demands in full1 would desire1 we are at least safe in asserting that the books of the ,new ,testament1 taken as a whole1 existed about the middle of the second century1 and were then received by ,christians1 or were in the way of being received1 and nothing else but them was received1 as the authoritative record of the origin and rise of their religion4 ,in that first age they were the only account of the mode in which ,christianity was introduced to the world4 ,internal as well as external evidence sanctions us in so speaking4 ,four ,gospels1 the book of the acts of the ,apostles1 various ,apostolic writings1 made up then1 as now1 our sacred books4 ,whether there was a book more or less1 say even an important book1 does not affect the general character of the religion as those books set it forth4 ,omit one or other of the ,gospels1 and three or four ,epistles1 and the outline and nature of its objects and its teaching remain what they were before the omission4 ,the moral peculiarities1 if particular1 of its ,founder are1 on the whole1 identical1 whether we learn them from ,st4 ,matthew1 ,st4 ,john1 ,st4 ,peter1 or ,st4 ,paul4 ,he is not in one book a ,socrates1 in another a ,zeno1 and in a third an ,epicurus4 ,much less is the religion changed or obscured by the loss of particular chapters or verses1 or even by inaccuracy in fact1 or by error in opinion1 7supposing per impossible such a charge could be made good17 in particular portions of a book4 ,for argument's sake1 suppose that the three first ,gospels are an accidental collection of traditions or legends1 for which no one is responsible1 and in which ,christians put faith because there was nothing else to put faith in4 ,this is the limit to which extreme scepticism can proceed1 and we are willing to commence our argument by granting it4 ,still1 starting at this disadvantage1 we should be prepared to argue1 that if1 in spite of this1 and after all1 there be shadowed out in these anonymous and fortuitous documents a teacher sui generis1 distinct1 consistent1 and original1 then does that picture1 thus accidentally resulting1 for the very reason #fba of its accidental composition1 only become more marvellous2 then he is an historical fact and again a supernatural or divine fact--historical from the consistency of the representation1 and because the time cannot be assigned when it was not received as a reality2 and supernatural1 in proportion as the qualities1 with which he is invested in those writings1 are incompatible with what it is reasonable or possible to ascribe to human nature viewed simply in itself4 ,let these writings be as open to criticism1 whether as to their origin or their text1 as sceptics can maintain2 nevertheless the representation in question is there1 and forces upon the mind a conviction that it records a fact1 and a superhuman fact1 just as the reflection of an object in a stream remains in its definite form1 however rapid the current1 and however many the ripples1 and is a sure warrant to us of the presence of the object on the bank1 though that object be out of sight4 ,such1 we conceive1 though stated in our own words1 is the argument drawn out in the pages before us1 or rather such is the ground on which the argument is raised2 and the interest which it has excited lies1 not in its novelty1 but in the particular mode in which it is brought before the reader1 in the originality and preciseness of certain strokes by which is traced out for us the outline of the divine teacher4 ,these strokes are not always correct2 they are sometimes gratuitous1 sometimes derogatory to their object2 but they are always determinate2 and1 being such1 they present an old argument before us with a certain freshness1 which1 because it is old1 is necessary for its being effective4 ,we do not wonder at all1 then1 at the sensation which the volume is said to have caused at ,oxford1 and among the ,anglicans of the ,oxford school1 after the wearisome doubt and disquiet of the last ten years2 for it has opened the prospect of a successful issue of inquiries in an all-important province of thought1 where there seemed to be no thoroughfare4 ,distinct as are the liberal and catholicising parties in the ,anglican ,church1 both in their principles and their policy1 it must not be supposed that they are as distinct in the members that compose them4 ,no line of demarcation can be drawn between the one collection of men and the other1 in fact2 for no two minds are altogether alike1 and1 individually1 ,anglicans have each his own shade of opinion1 and belong partly to this school1 partly to that4 ,or1 rather1 there is a large body of men who are neither the one nor the other2 they cannot be called an intermediate party1 for they have no discriminating watch-words2 they range from those who are almost ,catholic to those who are almost liberals4 ,they are not liberals1 because they do not glory in a state of doubt2 they cannot profess to be ,anglo-,catholics1 because they are not prepared to give an eternal assent to all that is put forth by the church as truth of revelation4 ,these are the men who1 if they could1 would unite old ideas with new2 who cannot give up tradition1 yet are loth to shut the door to progress2 who look for a more exact adjustment of faith with reason than has hitherto been attained2 who love the conclusions of ,catholic theology better than the proofs1 and the methods of modern thought better than its results2 and who1 in the present wide unsettlement of religious opinion1 believe indeed1 or wish to believe1 scripture and orthodox doctrine1 taken as a whole1 and cannot get themselves to avow any deliberate dissent from any part of either1 but still1 not knowing how to defend their belief with logical exactness1 or at least feeling that there are large unsatisfied objections lying against parts of it1 or having misgivings lest there should be such1 acquiesce in what is called a practical belief1 that is1 believe in revealed truths1 only because belief in them is the safest course1 because they are probable1 and because belief in #fbb consequence is a duty1 not as if they felt absolutely certain1 though they will not allow themselves to be actually in doubt4 ,such is about the description to be given of them as a class1 though1 as we have said1 they so materially differ from each other1 that no general account of them can be applied strictly to any individual in their body4 ,now1 it is to this large class which we have been describing that such a work as that before us1 in spite of the serious errors which they will not be slow to recognize in it1 comes as a friend in need4 ,they do not stumble at the author's inconsistencies or shortcomings2 they are arrested by his professed purpose1 and are profoundly moved by his successful hits 7as they may be called7 toward fulfilling it4 ,remarks on the gospel history1 such as ,paley's they feel to be casual and superficial2 such as ,rousseau's1 to be vague and declamatory3 they wish to justify with their intellect all that they believe with their heart2 they cannot separate their ideas of religion from its revealed object2 but they have an aching dissatisfaction within them1 that they apprehend him so dimly1 when they would fain 7as it were7 see and touch him as well as hear4 ,when1 then1 they have logical grounds presented to them for holding that the recorded picture of our ,lord is its own evidence1 that it carries with it its own reality and authority1 that his revelatio is revelata in the very act of being a revelatio1 it is as if he himself said to them1 as he once said to his disciples1 ,it is ,i1 be not afraid2 and the clouds at once clear off1 and the waters subside1 and the land is gained for which they are looking out4 ,the author before us1 then1 has the merit of promising what1 if he could fulfil it1 would entitle him to the gratitude of thousands4 ,we do not say1 we are very far from thinking1 that he has actually accomplished so high an enterprise1 though he seems to be ambitious enough to hope that he has not come far short of it4 ,he somewhere calls his book a treatise2 he would have done better to call it an essay2 nor need he have been ashamed of a word which ,locke has used in his work on the ,human ,understanding4 ,before concluding1 we shall take occasion to express our serious sense1 how very much his execution falls below his purpose2 but certainly it is a great purpose which he sets before him1 and for that he is to be praised4 ,and there is at least this singular merit in his performance1 as he has given it to the public1 that he is clear-sighted and fair enough to view our ,lord's work in its true light1 as including in it the establishment of a visible kingdom or church4 ,in proportion1 then1 as we shall presently find it our duty to pass some severe remarks upon his volume1 as it comes before us1 so do we feel bound1 before doing so1 to give some specimens of it in that point of view in which we consider it really to subserve the cause of revealed truth4 ,and in the sketch which we are now about to give of the first steps of his investigation1 we must not be understood to make him responsible for the language in which we shall exhibit them to our readers1 and which will unavoidably involve our own corrections of his ailment1 and our own coloring4 ,among a people1 then1 accustomed by the most sacred traditions of their religion to a belief in the appearance1 from time to time1 of divine messengers for their instruction and reformation1 and to the expectation of one such messenger to come1 the last and greatest of all1 who should also be their king and deliverer as well as their teacher1 suddenly is found1 after a long break in the succession and a period of national degradation1 a prophet of the old stamp1 in one of the deserts of the country---,john1 the son of ,zachary4 ,he announces the promised kingdom as close at hand1 calls his countrymen to repentance1 and institutes a rite symbolical of it4 ,the people seem disposed to take him for the destined ,saviour2 but he points out to them a #fbc private person in the crowd which is flocking about him2 and henceforth the interest which his own preaching has excited centres in that other4 ,thus our ,lord is introduced to the notice of his countrymen4 ,thus brought before the world1 he opens his mission4 ,what is the first impression it makes upon us8 ,admiration of its singular simplicity both as to object and work4 ,such of course ought to be its character1 if it was to be the fulfilment of the ancient1 long-expected promise2 and such it was1 as our ,lord proclaimed it4 ,other men1 who do a work1 do not set about it as their object2 they make several failures2 they are led on to it by circumstances2 they miscalculate their powers2 or they are drifted from the first in a direction different from that which they had chosen2 they do most where they are expected to do least4 ,but our ,lord said and did4 ,he formed one plan and executed it1 7p4 #ah74 ,next1 what was that plan8 ,let us consider the force of the words in which1 as the ,baptist before him1 he introduced his ministry2 ,the kingdom of ,god is at hand4 ,what was meant by the kingdom of ,god8 ,the conception was no new one1 but familiar to every ,jew1 7p4 #ai47 ,at the first formation of the nation and state of the ,israelites the ,almighty had been their king2 when a line of earthly kings was introduced1 then ,god spoke by the prophets4 ,the existence of the theocracy was the very constitution and boast of ,israel1 as limited monarchy1 liberty1 and equality are the boast respectively of certain modern nations4 ,moreover1 the gospel proclamation ran1 ,poenitentiam agite2 for the kingdom of heaven is at hand2 here again was another and recognized token of a theophany2 for the mission of a prophet1 as we have said above1 was commonly a call to reformation and expiation of sin4 ,a divine mission1 then1 such as our ,lord's1 was a falling back upon the original covenant between ,god and his people2 but next1 while it was an event of old and familiar occurrence1 it ever had carried with it in its past instances something new1 in connection with the circumstances under which it took place4 ,the prophets were accustomed to give interpretations1 or to introduce modifications of the letter of the law1 to add to its conditions and to enlarge its application4 ,it was to be expected1 then1 that now1 when the new prophet1 to whom the ,baptist pointed1 opened his commission1 he too1 in like manner1 would be found to be engaged in a restoration1 but in a restoration which should also be a religious advance2 and that the more if he really was the special1 final prophet of the theocracy1 to whom all former prophets had looked forward1 and in whom their long and august line was to be summed up and perfected4 ,in proportion as his work was to be more signal1 so would his new revelations be wider and more wonderful4 ,did our ,lord fulfil these expectations8 ,yes1 there was this peculiarity in his mission1 that he came not only as one of the prophets in the kingdom of ,god1 but as the king himself of that kingdom4 ,thus his mission involves the most exact return to the original polity of ,israel1 which the appointment of ,saul had disarranged1 while it recognizes also the line of prophets1 and infuses a new spirit into the law4 ,throughout his ministry our ,lord claimed and received the title of king1 which no prophet ever had done before4 ,on his birth1 the wise men came to worship the king of the ,jews2 thou art the ,son of ,god1 thou art the king of ,israel1 cried ,nathanael after his baptism2 and on his cross the charge recorded against him was that he professed to be king of the ,jews4 ,during his whole public life1 says the author1 he is distinguished from the other prominent characters of ,jewish history by his unbounded personal pretensions4 ,he calls himself habitually king and master4 ,he claims expressly the character of that divine ,messiah for which the ancient prophets had directed the nation to look1 7page #be47 #fbd ,he is1 then1 a ,king1 as well as a ,prophet2 but is he as one of the old heroic kings1 ,david or ,solomon8 ,had such been his pretension1 he had not1 in his own words1 discerned the signs of the times4 ,it would have been a false step in him1 into which other would-be champions of ,israel1 before and after him1 actually fell1 and in consequence failed4 ,but here this young ,prophet is from the first distinct1 decided1 and original4 ,his contemporaries1 indeed1 the wisest1 the most experienced1 were wedded to the notion of a revival of the barbaric kingdom4 ,their heads were full of the languid dreams of commentators1 the impracticable pedantries of men who live in the past1 7p4 #bg47 ,but he gave to the old prophetic promises an interpretation which they could undeniably bear1 but which they did not immediately suggest2 which we can maintain to be true1 while we can deny them to be imperative4 ,he had his own prompt1 definite conception of the restored theocracy2 it was his own1 and not another's2 it was suited to the new age2 it was triumphantly carried out in the event4 ,in what1 then1 did he consider his royalty to consist8 ,first1 what was it not8 ,it did not consist in the ordinary functions of royalty2 it did not prevent his payment of tribute to ,caesar2 it did not make him a judge in questions of criminal or of civil law1 in a question of adultery1 or in the adjudication of an inheritance2 nor did it give him the command of armies4 ,then perhaps1 after all1 it was but a figurative royalty1 as when the ,eridanus is called fluviorum rex1 or ,aristotle the prince of philosophers4 ,no2 it was not a figurative royalty either4 ,to call one's self a king1 without being one1 is playing with edged tools--as in the story of the innkeeper's son1 who was put to death for calling himself heir to the crown4 ,christ certainly knew what he was saying4 ,he had provoked the accusation of rebellion against the ,roman government3 he must have known that the language he used would be interpreted so4 ,was there then nothing substantial in the royalty he claimed8 ,did he die for a metaphor8 7p4 #bh47 ,he meant what he said1 and therefore his kingdom was literal and real2 it was visible2 but what were its visible prerogatives1 if they were not those in which earthly royalty commonly consists8 ,in truth he passed by the lesser powers of royalty1 to claim the higher4 ,he claimed certain divine and transcendent functions of the original theocracy1 which had been in abeyance since that theocracy had been infringed1 which even to ,david had not been delegated1 which had never been exercised except by the ,almighty4 ,god had created1 first the people1 next the state1 which he deigned to govern4 ,the origin of other nations is lost in antiquity1 7p4 #cc27 but this people1 runs the sacred word1 have ,i formed for myself4 ,and ,he who first called the nation did for it the second work of a king3 he gave it a law1 7p4 #cd7 ,now it is very striking to observe that these two incommunicable attributes of divine royalty1 as exemplified in the history of the ,israelites1 are the very two which our ,lord assumed4 ,he was the maker and the lawgiver of his subjects4 ,he said in the commencement of his ministry1 ,follow me2 and he added1 and ,i will make you--you in turn--fishers of men4 ,and the next we read of him is1 that his disciples came to him on the ,mount1 and he opened his mouth and taught them4 ,and so again1 at the end of it1 ,go ye1 make disciples of all nations1 teaching them4 ,thus the very words for which the ,jewish nation chiefly hymned their ,jehovah1 he undertook in his name to do4 ,he undertook to be the father of an everlasting state1 and the legislator of a world-wide society1 7p4 #cf27 that is1 showing himself1 according to the prophetic announcement1 to be ,admirabilis1 consiliarius1 pater futuri saeculi1 princeps pacis4 #fbe ,to these two claims he adds a third3 first1 he chooses the subjects of his kingdom2 next1 he gives them a law2 but thirdly1 he judges them--judges them in a far truer and fuller sense than in the old kingdom even the ,almighty judged his people4 ,the ,god of ,israel ordained national rewards and punishments for national obedience or transgression2 he did not judge his subjects one by one2 but our ,lord takes upon himself the supreme and final judgment of every one of his subjects1 not to speak of the whole human race 7though1 from the nature of the case1 this function cannot belong to his visible kingdom47 ,he considered1 in short1 heaven and hell to be in his hand1 7p1 #dj47 ,we shall mention one further function of the new ,king and his new kingdom3 its benefits are even bound up with the maintenance of this law of political unity4 ,to organize a society1 and to bind the members of it together by the closest ties1 were the business of his life4 ,for this reason it was that he called men away from their home1 imposed upon some a wandering life1 upon others the sacrifice of their property1 and endeavored by all means to divorce them from their former connections1 in order that they might find a new home in the church4 ,for this reason he instituted a solemn initiation1 and for this reason he refused absolutely to any one a dispensation from it4 ,for this reason1 too 4 4 4 he established a common feast1 which was through all ages to remind ,christians of their indissoluble union1 7p4 #ib47 ,but cui bono is a visible kingdom1 when the great end of our ,lord's ministry is moral advancement and preparation for a future state8 ,it is easy to understand1 for instance1 how a sermon may benefit1 or personal example1 or religious friends1 or household piety4 ,we can learn to imitate a saint or a martyr1 we can cherish a lesson1 we can study a treatise1 we can obey a rule2 but what is the definite advantage to a preacher or a moralist of an external organization1 of a visible kingdom8 ,yet ,christ says1 ,seek ye first the kingdom of ,god1 as well as his justice4 ,socrates wished to improve men1 but he laid no stress on their acting in concert in order to secure that improvement2 on the contrary1 the ,christian law is political1 as certainly as it is moral4 ,why is this8 ,it arises out of the intimate relation between him and his subjects1 which1 in bringing them all to him as their common ,father1 necessarily brings them to each other4 ,our ,lord says1 ,where two or three are gathered together in my name1 ,i am in the midst of them4 ,fellowship between his followers is made a distinct object and duty1 because it is a means1 according to the provisions of his system1 by which in some special way they are brought near to him4 ,this is declared1 still more strikingly than in the text we have just quoted1 in the parable of the vine and its branches1 and in that 7if it is to be called a parable7 of the ,bread of ,life4 ,the ,almighty ,king of ,israel was ever1 indeed1 invisibly present in the glory above the ,ark1 but he did not manifest himself there or anywhere else as a present cause of spiritual strength to his people2 but the new king is not only ever present1 but to every one of his subjects individually is he a first element and perennial source of life4 ,he is not only the head of his kingdom1 but also its animating principle and its centre of power4 ,the author whom we are reviewing does not quite reach the great doctrine here suggested1 but he goes near it in the following passage3 ,some men have appeared who have been as 'levers to uplift the earth and roll it in another course4 ,homer by creating literature1 ,socrates by creating science1 ,caesar by carrying civilization inland from the shores of the ,mediterranean1 ,newton by starting science upon a career of steady progress1 may be said to have attained this eminence4 #fbf ,but these men gave a single impact like that which is conceived to have first set the planets in motion4 ,christ claims to be a perpetual attractive power1 like the sun1 which determines their orbit4 ,they contributed to men some discovery1 and passed away2 ,christ's discovery is himself4 ,to humanity struggling with its passions and its destiny he says1 cling to me--cling ever closer to me4 ,if we believe ,st4 ,john1 he represented himself as the light of the world1 as the shepherd of the souls of men1 as the way to immortality1 as the vine or life-tree of humanity1' 7p4 #agg47 ,he ends this beautiful passage1 of which we have already quoted as much as our limits allow1 by saying that ,he instructed his followers to hope for life from feeding on his body and blood4 ,o si sic omnia6 ,is it not hard1 that1 after following with pleasure a train of thought so calculated to warm all ,christian hearts1 and to create in them both admiration and sympathy for the writer1 we must end our notice of him in a different tone1 and express as much dissent from him and as serious blame of him as we have hitherto been showing satisfaction with his object1 his intention1 and the general outline of his argument8 ,but so it is4 ,in what remains to be said we are obliged to speak of his work in terms so sharp that they may seem to be out of keeping with what has gone before4 ,with whatever abruptness in our composition1 we must suddenly shift the scene1 and manifest our disapprobation of portions of his book as plainly as we have shown an interest in it4 ,we have praised it in various points of view4 ,it has stirred the hearts of many2 it has recognized a need1 and gone in the right direction for supplying it4 ,it serves as a token and a hopeful token1 of what is going on in the minds of numbers of men external to the church4 ,it is substantially a good book1 and1 we trust1 will work for good4 ,especially1 as we have seen1 is it interesting to the ,catholic as acknowledging the visible church as our ,lord's own creation1 as the direct fruit of his teaching1 and the destined instrument of his purposes4 ,we do not know how to speak in an unfriendly tone of an author who has done so much as this2 but at the same time1 when we come to examine his argument in its details1 and study his chapters one by one1 we find1 in spite of1 and mixed up with what is true and original1 and even putting aside his patent theological errors1 so much bad logic1 so much of rash and gratuitous assumption1 so much of half-digested thought1 that we are obliged to conclude that it would have been much wiser in him if1 instead of publishing what he seems to confess1 or rather to proclaim1 to be the jottings of his first researches upon sacred territory1 he had waited till he had carefully traversed and surveyed and mapped the whole of it4 ,we now proceed to give a few instances of the faults of which we complain4 ,his opening remarks will serve in illustration4 ,in p4 #da he says1 ,we have not rested upon single passages1 nor drawn from the fourth gospel4 ,this1 we suppose1 must be his reason for ignoring the passage in ,luke ii4 #di1 ,did you not know that ,i must be about my father's business8 for he directly contradicts it1 by gratuitously imagining that our ,lord came for ,st4 ,john's baptism with the same intention as the penitents around him2 and that1 in spite of his own words1 which we suppose are to be taken as another single passage1 ,so it becometh us to fulfil all justice1 7,matt4 iii4 #ae47 ,it must be on this principle of ignoring single passages such as these1 even though they admit of combination1 that he goes on to say of our ,lord1 that in the agitation of mind caused by his baptism1 and by the ,baptist's designation of him as the future prophet1 he retired into the wilderness1 and there he matured the plan of action which we see him executing from the moment of his return into society1 7p4 #i27 and that not till then was he conscious of miraculous power1 #fbg 7p4 #ab47 ,this neglect of the sacred text1 we repeat must be allowed him1 we suppose1 under color of his acting out his rule of abstaining from single passages and from the fourth gospel4 ,let us allow it2 but at least he ought to adduce passages1 single or many1 for what he actually does assert4 ,he must not be allowed arbitrarily to add to the history1 as well as cautiously to take from it4 ,where1 then1 we ask1 did he learn that our ,lord's baptism caused him agitation of mind1 that he matured his plan of action in the wilderness1 and that he then first was conscious of miraculous power8 ,but again3 it seems he is not to refer to single passages or the fourth gospel2 yet1 wonderful to say1 he actually does open his formal discussion of the sacred history by referring to a passage from that very gospel--nay1 to a particular text1 which is only not a single text1 because it is half a text1 and half a text1 such that1 had he taken the whole of it1 he would have been obliged to admit that the part which he puts aside just runs counter to his interpretation of the part1 which he insists on4 ,the words are these1 as they stand in the ,protestant version3 ,behold the ,lamb of ,god1 which taketh away the sin of the world4 ,now1 it is impossible to deny that which taketh away1 etc41 fixes and limits the sense of the ,lamb of ,god2 but our author notices the latter half of the sentence1 only in order to put aside the light it throws upon the former half2 and instead of the ,baptist's own interpretation of the title which he gives to our ,lord1 he substitutes another1 radically different1 which he selects for himself out of one of the psalms4 ,he explains the lamb by the well-known image1 which represents the ,almighty as a shepherd and his earthly servants as sheep--innocent1 safe1 and happy under his protection4 ,the ,baptist's opinion of ,christ's character1 then1 he says1 is summed up for us in the title he gives him--the ,lamb of ,god1 taking away the sins of the world4 ,there seems to be1 in the last part of this description1 an allusion to the usages of the ,jewish sacrificial system2 and1 in order to explain it fully1 it would be necessary to anticipate much which will come more conveniently later in this treatise4 ,but when we remember that the ,baptist's mind was doubtless full of imagery drawn from the ,old ,testament1 and that the conception of a lamb of ,god makes the subject of one of the most striking of the psalms1 we shall perceive what he meant to convey1 by this phrase1 7pp4 #e1 #f47 ,this is like saying1 ,isaiah declares1 'mine eyes have seen the king1 the lord of hosts2' but1 considering that doubtless the prophet was well acquainted with the first and second books of ,samuel1 and that ,saul1 ,david1 and ,solomon are the three great kings there represented1 we shall easily perceive that by 'seeing the king1' he meant to say that he saw ,uzziah1 king of ,judah1 in the last year of whose reign he had the vision4 ,as to the phrase 'the lord of hosts1' which seems to refer to the ,almighty1 we will consider its meaning by and by3--but1 in truth1 it is difficult to invent a paralogism1 in its gratuitous inconsecutiveness parallel to his own4 ,we must own1 that1 with every wish to be fair to this author1 we never recovered from the perplexity of mind which this passage1 in the very threshold of his book1 inflicted on us4 ,it needed not the various passages which follow it in the work1 constructed on the same argumentative model1 to prove to us that he was not only an incognito1 but an enigma4 ,ergo is the symbol of the logician--what science does a writer profess1 whose symbols1 profusely scattered through his pages1 are probably1 it must be1 doubtless1 on the hypothesis1 we may suppose1 and it is natural to think1 and that at the very time that he pointedly discards the comments of school theologians8 ,is it possible that he can mean us to set aside the glosses of all who went #fbh before in his own favor1 and to exchange our old lamps for his new ones8 ,men have been at fault1 when trying to determine whether he was an orthodox believer on his road to liberalism1 or a liberal on his road to orthodoxy3 this doubtless may be to some a perplexity2 but our own difficulty is1 whether he comes to us as an investigator or a prophet1 as one unequal or superior to the art of reasoning4 ,undoubtedly1 he is an able man2 but what can he possibly mean by startling us with such eccentricities of argumentation as are familiar with him8 ,addison somewhere bids his readers bear in mind1 that if he is ever especially dull1 he always has a special reason for being so2 and it is difficult to reconcile one's imagination to the supposition that this anonymous writer1 with so much deep thought as he certainly evidences1 has not some recondite reason for seeming so inconsequent1 and does not move by some deep subterraneous processes of argument1 which1 if once brought to light1 would clear him of the imputation of castle-building4 ,there is always a danger of misconceiving an author who has no antecedents by which we may measure him4 ,taking his work as it lies1 we can but wish that he had kept his imagination under control2 and that he had more of the hard head of a lawyer and the patience of a philosopher4 ,he writes like a man who cannot keep from telling the world his first thoughts1 especially if they are clever or graceful2 he has come for the first time upon a strange world1 and his remarks upon it are too obvious to be called original1 and too crude to deserve the name of freshness4 ,what can be more paradoxical than to interpret our ,lord's words to ,nicodemus1 ,unless a man be born again1 and of the necessity of external religion1 as a lesson to him to profess his faith openly and not to visit him in secret8 7p4 #hf47 ,what can be more pretentious1 not to say gaudy and even tawdry1 than his paraphrase of ,st4 ,john's passage about the woman taken in adultery8 ,in his burning embarrassment and confusion1 he says1 he stooped down so as to hide his face4 4 4 4 ,they had a glimpse perhaps of the glowing blush upon his face1 etc4 7p4 #ajd47 ,we should be very sorry to use a severe word concerning an honest inquirer after truth1 as we believe this anonymous writer to be2 and we will confess that ,catholics1 kindly as they may wish to feel toward him1 are scarcely even able1 from their very position1 to give his work the enthusiastic reception which it has received from some other critics4 ,the reason is plain2 those alone can speak of it from a full heart1 who feel a need1 and recognize in it a supply of that need4 ,we are not in the number of such2 for they who have found have no need to seek4 ,far be it from us to use language savoring of the leaven of the ,pharisees4 ,we are not assuming a high place1 because we thus speak1 or boasting of our security4 ,catholics are both deeper and shallower than ,protestants2 but in neither case have they any call for a treatise such as this ,ecce ,homo4 ,if they live to the world and the flesh1 then the faith which they profess1 though it is true and distinct1 is dead2 and their certainty about religious truth1 however firm and unclouded1 is but shallow in its character1 and flippant in its manifestations4 ,and in proportion1 as they are worldly and sensual will they be flippant and shallow4 ,but their faith is as indelible as the pigment which colors the skin1 even though it is skin-deep4 ,this class of ,catholics is not likely to take interest in a pictorial ,ecce ,homo4 ,on the other hand1 where the heart is alive with divine love1 faith is as deep as it is vigorous and joyous2 and1 as far as ,catholics are in this condition1 they will feel no drawing toward a work which is after all but an arbitrary and unsatisfactory dissection of the object of their devotion4 ,that individuals in their body maybe #fbi harassed with doubts1 particularly in a day like this1 we are not denying2 but1 viewed as a body1 ,catholics from their religious condition1 are either too deep or too shallow to suffer from those elementary difficulties1 or that distress of mind1 in which serious ,protestants are so often involved4 ,we confess1 then1 as ,catholics1 to some unavoidable absence of cordial feeling in following the remarks of this author1 though not to any want of real sympathy2 and we seem to be justified in our indisposition by his manifest want of sympathy with us4 ,if we feel distant toward him1 his own language about ,catholicity1 and 7what may be called7 old ,christianity1 seems to show that that distance is one of fact1 one of mental position1 not any fault in ourselves4 ,is it not undeniable1 that the very life of personal religion among ,catholics lies in a knowledge of the ,gospels8 ,it is the character and conduct of our ,lord1 his words1 his deeds1 his sufferings1 his work1 which are the very food of our devotion and rule of our life4 ,behold the ,man1 which this author feels to be an object novel enough to write a book about1 has been the contemplation of ,catholics from that first age when ,st4 ,paul said1 ,the life that ,i now live in the flesh1 ,i live in the faith of the ,son of ,god1 who loved me1 and delivered himself for me4 ,as the ,psalms have ever been the manual of our prayer1 so have the ,gospels been the subject-matter of our meditation4 ,in these latter times especially1 since ,st4 ,ignatius1 they have been divided into portions1 and arranged in a scientific order1 not unlike that which the ,psalms have received in the ,breviary4 ,to contemplate our ,lord in his person and his history is with us the exercise of every retreat1 and the devotion of every morning4 ,all this is certainly simple matter of fact2 but the writer we are reviewing lives and thinks at so great distance from us as not to be cognizant of what is so patent and so notorious a truth4 ,he seems to imagine that the faith of a ,catholic is the mere profession of a formula4 ,he deems it important to disclaim in the outset of his work all reference to the theology of the church4 ,he eschews with much preciseness1 as something almost profane1 the dogmatism of former ages4 ,he wishes to trace our ,lord's biography from point to point1 and accept those conclusions--not which church doctors or even ,apostles have sealed with their authority--but which the facts themselves1 critically weighed1 appear to warrant4 7,preface47 ,now1 what ,catholics1 what church doctors1 as well as ,apostles1 have ever lived on1 is not any number of theological canons or decrees1 but we repeat1 the ,christ himself1 as he is represented in concrete existence in the ,gospels4 ,theological determinations about our ,lord are far more of the nature of landmarks or buoys to guide a discursive mind in its reasonings1 than to assist a devotional mind in its worship4 ,common-sense1 for instance1 tell us what is meant by the words1 ,my ,lord and my ,god2 and a religious man1 upon his knees1 requires no commentator2 but against irreligious speculators1 ,arius or ,nestorius1 a denunciation has been passed in ecumenical council1 when science falsely so-called encroached upon devotion4 ,has not this been insisted on by all dogmatic ,christians over and over again8 ,is it not a representation as absolutely true as it is trite8 ,we had fancied that ,protestants generally allowed the touching beauty of ,catholic hymns and meditations2 and after all is there not that in all ,catholic churches which goes beyond any written devotion1 whatever its force or its pathos8 ,do we not believe in a presence in the sacred tabernacle1 not as a form of words1 or as a notion1 but as an object as real as we are real8 ,and if in that presence we need neither profession of faith nor even manual of devotion1 what appetite can we have for the teaching of a writer who not only exalts his first thoughts about our #fcj ,lord into professional lectures1 but implies that the ,catholic ,church has never known how to point him out to her children8 ,it may be objected1 that we are making too much of so chance a slight as his allusion in his preface to church doctors involves1 especially as he mentions apostles in connection with them2 but it would be affectation not to recognize in other places of his book an undercurrent of antagonism to us1 of which the passage already quoted is but a first indication4 ,of course he has quite as much right as another to take up an anti-catholic position1 if he will2 but we understand him to be putting forth an investigation1 not a polemical argument and if1 instead of keeping his eyes directed to his own proper subject1 he looks to the right or left to hit at those who view it differently from himself1 he is damaging the ethical force of a composition which claims to be1 and mainly is1 a serious and manly search after religious truth4 ,why cannot he let us alone8 ,of course he cannot avoid seeing that the lines of his own investigation diverge from those drawn by others1 but he will have enough to do in defending himself1 without making others the object of his attack4 ,he is virtually opposing ,voltaire1 ,strauss1 ,renan1 ,calvin1 ,wesley1 ,chalmers1 ,erskine1 and a host of other writers1 but he does not denounce them2 why then does he single out1 misrepresent1 and anathematize a main principle of orthodoxy8 ,it is as if he could not keep his hand off us1 when we crossed his path4 ,we are alluding to the following magisterial passage3 ,if he 7our ,lord7 meant anything by his constant denunciation of hypocrites1 there is nothing which he would have visited with sterner censure than that short cut to belief which many persons take1 when1 overwhelmed with the difficulties which beset their minds1 and afraid of damnation1 they suddenly resolve to strive no longer1 but1 giving their minds a holiday1 to rest content with saying that they believe1 and acting as if they did4 ,a melancholy end of ,christianity indeed6 ,can there be such a disfranchised pauper class among the citizens of the ,new ,jerusalem8 7p4 #gi47 ,he adds shortly afterward3 ,assuredly1 those who represent ,christ as presenting to man an abstruse theology1 and saying to them peremptorily1 'believe or be damned1' have the coarsest conception of the ,saviour of the world1 7p4 #hj47 ,thus he delivers himself2 ,believe or be damned is so detestable a doctrine1 that if any man denies it is detestable1 ,i pronounce him to be a hypocrite2 to be without any true knowledge of the ,saviour of the world2 to be the object of his sternest censure2 and to have no part or place in the holy city1 the ,new ,jerusalem1 the eternal heaven above4 ,pretty well for a virtuous hater of dogmatism6 ,we hope we shall show less dictatorial arrogance than his1 in the answer which we intend to make to him4 ,whether there are persons such as he describes1 ,catholic or ,protestants1 converts to ,catholicism or not--men who profess a faith which they do not believe1 under the notion that they shall be eternally damned if they do not profess it without believing--we really do not know--we never met with such2 but since facts do not concern us here so much as principles1 let us1 for argument's sake1 grant that there are4 ,our author believes they are not only many1 but enough to form a class2 and he considers that they act in this preposterous manner under the sanction1 and in accordance with the teaching1 of the religious bodies to which they belong4 ,especially there is a marked allusion in his words to the ,athanasian creed and the ,catholic ,church4 ,now we answer him thus3 ,part of his charge against the teachers of dogma is1 that they impose on men as a duty1 instead of believing1 to act as if they did believe2 now in fact this is the very #fca kind of profession which1 if it is all that a candidate has to offer1 absolutely shuts him out from admission into ,catholic communion4 ,we suppose1 that by belief of a thing1 this writer understands an inward conviction of its truth2 this being supposed1 we plainly say that no priest is at liberty to receive a man into the church1 who has not a real internal belief1 and cannot say from his heart1 that the things taught by the church are true4 ,on the other hand1 as we have said above1 it is the very characteristic of the profession of faith made by numbers of educated ,protestants1 and it is the utmost extent to which they are able to go in believing1 to hold1 not that ,christian doctrine is certainly true1 but that it has such a semblance of truth1 it has such considerable marks of probability upon it1 that it is their duty to accept and to act upon it as if it were true beyond all question or doubt3 and they justify themselves1 and with much reason1 by the authority of ,bishop ,butler4 ,undoubtedly1 a religious man will be led to go as far as this1 if he cannot go further2 but unless he can go farther1 he is no catechumen of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we wish all men to believe that her creed is true2 but till they do so believe1 we do not wish1 we have no permission1 to make them her members4 ,such a faith as this author speaks of to condemn--7our books call it practical certainty7-- does not rise to the level of the sine qu non1 which is the condition prescribed for becoming a ,catholic4 ,unless a convert so believes that he can sincerely say1 after all1 in spite of all difficulties1 objections1 obscurities1 mysteries1 the creed of the ,church undoubtedly comes from ,god1 and is true1 because he is the truth1 such a man1 though he be outwardly received into her fold1 will receive no grace from the sacraments1 no sanctification in baptism1 no pardon in penance1 no life in communion4 ,we are more consistently dogmatic than this author imagines2 we do not enforce a principle by halves2 if our doctrine is true1 it must be received as such2 if a man cannot so receive it1 he must wait till he can4 ,it would be better1 indeed1 if he now believed2 but1 since he does not as yet1 to wait is the best he can do under the circumstances4 ,if we said anything else than this1 certainly we should be1 as the author thinks we are1 encouraging hypocrisy4 ,nor let him turn round on us and say that by thus proceeding we are laying a burden on souls1 and blocking up the entrance into that fold which was intended for all men1 by imposing hard conditions on candidates for admission2 for we have already implied a great principle1 which is an answer to this objection1 which the gospels exhibit and sanction1 but which he absolutely ignores4 ,let us avail ourselves of his quotation4 ,the ,baptist said1 ,behold the ,lamb of ,god4 ,again he says1 ,this is the ,son of ,god4 ,two of his disciples heard him speak1 and they followed ,jesus4 ,they believed ,john to be a man sent from ,god to teach them1 and therefore they believed his word to be true4 ,we suppose it was not hypocrisy in them to believe in his word2 rather they would have been guilty of gross inconsistency or hypocrisy1 had they professed to believe that he was a divine messenger and yet had refused to take his word concerning the ,stranger whom he pointed out to their veneration4 ,it would have been saying that they believed1 and not acting as if they did2 which at least is not better than saying and acting4 ,now1 was not the announcement which ,john made to them a short cut to belief8 and what the harm of it8 ,they believed that our ,lord was the promised prophet1 without making direct inquiry about him1 without a new inquiry1 on the ground of a previous inquiry into the claims of ,john himself to be accounted a messenger from ,god4 ,they had already accepted it as truth that ,john was a prophet2 but again1 what a prophet said must be true2 #fcb else he would not be a prophet2 now1 ,john said that our ,lord was the ,lamb of ,god2 this1 then1 certainly was a sacred truth4 ,now it might happen1 that they knew exactly and for certain what the ,baptist meant in calling our ,lord a ,iamb2 in that case they would believe him to be that which they knew the figurative word meant1 as used by the ,baptist4 ,but1 as our author reminds us1 the word has different senses2 and1 though the ,baptist explained his own sense of it on the first occasion of using it1 by adding1 that taketh away the sin of the world1 yet when he spoke to the two disciples he did not thus explain it4 ,now let us suppose that they went off1 taking the word each in his own sense1 the one understanding by it a sacrificial lamb1 the other a lamb of the fold2 and let us suppose that1 as they were on the way to our ,lord's home1 they discovered this difference in their several interpretations1 and disputed with each other which was the right interpretation4 ,it is clear that they would agree so far as this1 namely1 that1 in saying that the proposition was true1 they meant that it was true in that sense in which the ,baptist spoke it2 moreover1 if it be worth noticing1 they did after all even agree1 in some vague way1 about the meaning of the word1 understanding that it denoted some high character1 or office1 or ministry4 ,any how1 it was absolutely true1 they would say1 that our ,lord was a lamb1 whatever it meant2 the word conveyed a great and momentous fact1 and if they did not know what that fact was1 the ,baptist did1 and they would accept it in its one right sense1 as soon as he or our ,lord told them what it was4 ,again1 as to that other title which the ,baptist gave our ,lord1 the ,son of ,god1 it admitted of half a dozen senses4 ,wisdom was the only begotten2 the angels were the sons of ,god2 ,adam was a son of ,god2 the descendants of ,seth were sons of ,god2 ,solomon was a son of ,god2 and so is the just man4 ,in which of these senses1 or in what sense1 was our ,lord the ,son of ,god8 ,st4 ,peter knew1 but there were those who did not know--the centurion who attended the crucifixion did not know1 and yet he confessed that our ,lord was the ,son of ,god4 ,he knew that our ,lord had been condemned by the ,jews for calling himself the ,son of ,god1 and therefore he cried out1 on seeing the miracles which attended his death1 indeed this was the ,son of ,god4 ,his words evidently imply3 ,i do not know precisely what he meant by so calling himself2 but what he said he was1 that he is2 whatever he meant1 ,i believe him2 ,i believe that his word about himself is true1 though ,i cannot prove it to be so1 though ,i do not even understand it2 ,i believe his word1 for ,i believe him4 ,now to return to the passage which has led to these remarks4 ,our author says that certain persons are hypocrites1 because they take a short cut to belief1 suddenly resolving to strive no longer1 but to rest content with saying they believe4 ,does he mean by a short cut1 believing on the word of another8 ,as far as our experience goes of religious changes in individuals1 he can mean nothing else2 yet how can he mean this with the gospels before him8 ,he cannot mean it1 because the very staple of the sacred narrative is a call on all men to believe what is not proved to them1 merely on the warrant of divine messengers2 because the very form of our ,lord's teaching is to substitute authority for inquiry2 because the very principle of his grave earnestness1 the very key to his regenerative mission1 is the intimate connection of faith with salvation4 ,faith is not simply trust in his legislation1 as this writer says2 it is definitely trust in his word1 whether that word be about heavenly things or earthly2 whether it is spoken by his own mouth1 or through his ministers4 ,the angel who announced the ,baptist's birth said1 ,thou shalt be dumb because thou believest not my words4 ,the #fcc ,baptist's mother said of ,mary1 ,blessed is she that believed4 ,the ,baptist himself said1 ,he that believeth on the ,son hath everlasting life2 and he that believeth not the ,son shall not see life1 but the wrath of ,god abideth on him4 ,our ,lord1 in turn1 said to ,nicodemus1 ,we speak that we do know1 and ye receive not our witness2 he that believeth not is condemned already1 because he hath not believed in the name of the only-begotten ,son of ,god4 ,to the ,jews1 ,he that heareth my word1 and believeth on him that sent me1 shall not come into condemnation4 ,to the ,capharnaites1 he that believeth on me hath everlasting life4 ,to ,st ,thomas1 ,blessed are they that have not seen and yet have believed4 ,and to the apostles1 ,preach the gospel to every creature2 he that believeth not shall be damned4 ,how is it possible to deny that our ,lord1 both in the text and in the context of these and other passages1 made faith in a message1 on the warrant of the messenger1 to be a condition of salvation2 and enforced it by the great grant of power which he emphatically conferred on his representatives8 ,whosoever shall not receive you1 he says1 nor hear your words1 when ye depart1 shake off the dust of your feet4 ,it is not ye that speak1 but the spirit of your ,father4 ,he that heareth you1 heareth me2 he that despiseth you1 despiseth me2 and he that despiseth me1 despiseth him that sent me4 ,i pray for them that shall believe on me through their word4 ,whose sins ye remit they are remitted unto them2 and whose sins ye retain1 they are retained4 ,whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven4 ,i will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven2 and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven1 and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven4 ,these characteristic and critical announcements have no place in this author's gospel2 and let it be understood1 that we are not asking why he does not determine the exact doctrines contained in them--for that is a question which he has reserved 7if we understand him7 for a future volume--but why he does not recognize the principle they involve--for that is a matter which falls within his present subject4 ,it is not well to exhibit some sides of ,christianity1 and not others2 this we think is the main fault of the author we have been reviewing4 ,it does not pay to be ecclectic in so serious a matter of fact4 ,he does not overlook1 he boldly confesses that a visible organized church was a main part of our ,lord's plan for the regeneration of mankind4 ,as with ,socrates1 he says1 argument is every thing1 and personal authority nothing2 so with ,christ personal authority is all in all and argument altogether unemployed1 7p4 #id47 ,our ,lord rested his teaching1 not on the concurrence and testimony of his hearers1 but on his own authority4 ,he imposed upon them the declarations of a divine voice4 ,why does this author stop short in the delineation of principles which he has so admirably begun8 ,why does he denounce short cuts1 as a mental disfranchisement1 when no cut can be shorter than to believe and be saved8 ,why does he denounce religious fear as hypocritical1 when it is written1 ,he that believeth not shall be damned8 ,why does he call it dishonest in a man to sacrifice his own judgment to the word of ,god1 when1 unless he did so1 he would be avowing that the ,creator knew less than the creature8 ,let him recollect that no two thinkers1 philosophers1 writers1 ever did1 ever will1 agree in all things with each other4 ,no system of opinions1 ever given to the world1 approved itself in all its parts to the reason of any one individual by whom it was mastered4 ,no revelation is conceivable1 but involves1 almost in its very idea1 as being something new1 a collision with the human intellect1 and demands1 accordingly1 if it is to be accepted1 a sacrifice of private judgment4 #fcd ,if a revelation be necessary1 then also in consequence is that sacrifice necessary4 ,one man will have to make a sacrifice in one respect1 another in another1 all men in some4 ,we say1 then1 to men of the day1 take ,christianity1 or leave it2 do not practise upon it2 to do so is as unphilosophical as it is dangerous4 ,do not attempt to halve a spiritual unit4 ,you are apt to call it a dishonesty in us to refuse to follow out our reasonings1 when faith stands in the way2 is there no intellectual dishonesty in your own conduct8 ,first1 your very accusation of us is dishonest2 for you keep in the back-ground the circumstance1 of which you are well aware1 that such a refusal on our part is the necessary consequence of our accepting an authoritative revelation2 and next you profess to accept that revelation yourselves1 while you dishonestly pick and choose1 and take as much or as little of it as you please4 ,you either accept ,christianity or you do not3 if you do1 do not garble and patch it2 if you do not1 suffer others to submit to it as a whole4 ------ ,,original4 ,,holy ,,saturday4 ,through that ,jewish ,sabbath day1 ,through our ,holy ,saturday1 ,thus he lay3 ,in his linen winding-sheet1 ,wrapped in myrrh and spices sweet1 ,angels at his head and feet2 ,angels1 duteous alway1 ,watched the wondrous beauteous clay ,as he lay4 ,through that ,jewish ,sabbath day1 ,through our ,holy ,saturday4 ,thus he lay ,and our mother ,church this day ,doth with solemn ,office keep ,that strange day's mysterious sleep2 ,her ,exultet breaks the sadness ,with triumphant strains of gladness2 ,paschal hope presaging morn1 ,as in east just streaks the dawn2 ,darkest night ere brightest day2 ,such is ,holy ,saturday4 ------ #fce ,translated from the tudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques et ,littraires4 ,,east-,,indian ,,weddings4 ,,letter ,,from ,,father ,,guchen ,,of ,,the ,,madura ,,mission4 ,a very days ago ,i blessed a marriage in which great pomp was displayed1 and ,i will describe the festival to you1 that you may have an idea of what takes place on such occasions1 for the same ceremonial is always scrupulously observed4 ,indeed1 every action of an ,indian's life from the cradle to the grave is irrevocably ordered by custom4 ,the solemnity ,i am speaking of now is called here1 a grand marriage4 ,my ,christians are generally too poor to have to do with any but little marriages1 which are performed very quietly1 though with some attendant circumstances that perhaps deserve a slight notice4 ,a remarkable peculiarity1 and one that belongs to both kinds of marriage1 is that the bride and bridegroom do not know each other1 do not even see or speak to each other1 until it is too late to draw back4 ,this is the decision of custom1 and has its good and bad side1 like many other things in this world4 ,why have you come here8 ,i asked the other day of a little girl hardly twelve years old1 who was led into church4 ,my father said ,i was to be married1 so ,i came1 she replied4 ,a few hours later arrived the young man1 pale1 exhausted1 and writhing in the grasp of pangs unutterable4 ,begging me to serve him first in the quality of physician1 he told me his story3 ,i had just done dinner and was going out to my palm-trees1 when my father told me to go to the church1 and be married2 so ,i took my bath of oil immediately1 which interfered with my digestion and caused my illness4 ,the bath of oil is a necessary preliminary on these occasions4 ,that over1 the bridegroom arrays himself in his finest garments4 ,two cloths1 about one foot three inches wide1 and four or five times as long1 ornamented with a fringe1 compose his costume2 one covers his loins and the other is wrapped around him2 a red kerchief is rolled about his head1 and three pendants1 nearly two inches long1 and wide in proportion1 adorn each ear4 ,if he is too poor to own these jewels1 he borrows them of his neighbors1 and thus apparelled1 goes to the church and presents himself before the sonami1 7missionary47 ,the maiden also lavishes oil or butter upon her toilette1 but on the wedding day1 she is so completely swathed in the ten or eleven yards of cloth that form her raiment1 that neither her jewels nor her face can be distinguished4 ,not only is she invisible1 but she is supposed to see nothing herself1 and when she wishes to change her place1 the person who accompanies her1 often a poor old woman hardly able to stand leads her by clasping her round the waist4 ,i have sometimes beheld the singular spectacle of a score of little girls from twelve to fifteen years of age1 muffled in cloth and crouched against the wall of the church1 repeating their prayers to satiety as they waited for me to come and hear them recite4 ,they pass their examination2 both bride and bridegroom know faultlessly the pater1 ave1 credo1 the commandments of ,god and the church1 the act of contrition1 the confiteor1 etc42 they #fcf recite the seven chapters1 that is to say the little catechism1 quite well2 ,i hear their confessions1 and the next morning at mass ,i bless their union1 following in every respect the rubrics of the church1 so that there is nothing especial to notice excepting that the married pair have no wedding-ring4 ,in its place they have a golden jewel1 rather clumsy in form1 through which passes a cord intended to be fastened round the bride's neck4 ,this jewel is called tali4 ,it is the sign of matrimonial union1 and every married woman wears one2 when her husband dies1 the relations assemble1 and remove the tali from the widow's neck by breaking the cord4 ,but pardon me for carrying you without transition from a wedding to a funeral--let us leave the graveyard and return to the church4 ,having blessed the tali1 applying to it the prayer indicated in the ritual for the blessing of the ring1 ,i return it to the young man who presents it to the maiden2 she receives it on her out-stretched hands1 and her companion1 or if the latter is too old1 any other woman present1 fastens it about her neck4 ,mass is celebrated2 the bride and bridegroom receive communion and the benediction1 and then withdraw4 ,the bride remains hooded through the whole of the festive day2 on the next day after she shows her face1 and the husband can for the first time behold her features3 a young man of my acquaintance learned twenty-four hours after marriage1 that his wife had but one eye4 ,i forgot to mention another custom1 which is quite generally observed1 and seems to me charming4 ,the bridegroom buys a nuptial cloth1 which is blessed by the priest at the same time with the tali1 and in this the bride arrays herself1 when the marriage ceremonial is ended4 ,she wears this cloth during the days of festivity1 but the husband gives her no other garments1 and the parents continue to furnish their daughter's wardrobe until she brings her first child into the world4 ,but it is time ,i arrived at the ceremonies of the grand marriage that ,i blessed on the eleventh of this month4 ,the young man belonged to ,anacarei1 and the maiden to ,santancoulam1 a little town where we have a ,christian settlement4 ,as she had been baptized only two years before1 she still numbered many pagans among her circle1 a fact which made me willingly accede to the desire of her parents that the marriage should be celebrated in the presence of her family4 ,even before dawn1 two bands of musicians1 making their instruments resound in noble emulation of each other1 announced to the whole town that on that day there was to be a grand festival in the ,catholic ,church4 ,on their side1 with one accord1 the ,christians devoted themselves to the preparation of the church and altar2 the only outlay in decoration was upon flowers1 but of those there were enough to load a coach4 ,at last all was ready1 and wearing the alb and stole1 ,i went forward to receive the consent of the betrothed1 who were accompanied by their relations and friends4 ,they joined their right hands1 and ,i pronounced over them the sacramental words1 after which the tali was blessed and given first to the bridegroom and by turn to the bride1 but without being fastened about her neck1 as that ceremony was to take place afterward at home4 ,i began mass4 ,in the lectern1 two chanters were shaking the walls of the church with a clamor most delightful to ,indian ears1 for singing is valued here in proportion to the volume of voice brought to bear upon it4 ,indeed never before at ,santancoulam had anything so admirable been heard4 ,after mass the husband and wife withdrew in different directions1 and the whole day was spent in festive preparations4 ,in the house of the young girl a great tent was built of the branches and leaves of trees1 draped with cloth of various colors4 ,in the middle of this tent1 which is called the ,pandel1 upon a mound a #fcg foot and a half in height1 and about eight square feet in extent1 arose an elegantly decorated pavilion supported on four little columns4 ,it was truly an exhibition of painted cloth and parti-colored paper of every hue and every shade1 surpassing the rainbow in brilliancy4 ,there1 upon this mound and under this pavillion1 the bridegroom was to give the tali to his bride4 ,in the mean time a palanquin had been constructed elsewhere1 even more elegant and magnificent than the pavilion of the ,pandel4 ,at ten o'clock in the evening1 by the light of thirty or forty blazing torches1 the bridegroom entered the palanquin1 and1 borne upon the shoulders of four men1 made the tour of the town1 a band of music opening the way and summoning the curious who hastened at the call4 ,after promenading the principal streets with slow steps for two or three hours1 they turned toward the bride's home4 ,the young man ascended the mound and seated himself1 upon the ground1 you understand1 for among ,indians there are neither chairs nor lounges4 ,but do not be afraid that he soiled his fine clothes--a litter of straw covered the whole surface of the mound4 ,in this country they know no better way of making an apartment presentable1 and all ,indian parquets are polished after this fashion4 ,the bride came in her turn1 her father leading her by the hand4 ,when he had seated her face to face with the young man who had been his son-in-law for twenty-four hours1 he declared in a loud1 clear voice that he had given his daughter in marriage to so and so1 living in such and such a place1 that he announced it to her relations and friends1 begging them to give their consent4 ,the assistants standing about the mound extended their hands in succession1 and touched the tali with the tips of the fingers in token of approval4 ,the catechist intoned the litany of the ,blessed ,virgin1 to which the ,christians made the responses1 then he gave the tali to the husband1 who held it near his wife's neck1 and the bride's sister-in-law1 standing behind her1 took the cord and tied it4 ,the ceremonies and festivities were ended for that night1 and every one withdrew to take a little repose4 ,the next evening there was a grand wedding collation1 after which the festival1 properly speaking1 the grand festival1 began4 ,the newly married pair seated themselves in the palanquin1 facing each other1 but separated by a little curtain4 ,the bride1 freed from her veil now1 held the curtain with both hands1 trying to conceal her face with it4 ,by the light of torches even more numerous than the night before1 and to the sound of music quite as vociferous1 they went to the church1 where all the candles were lighted4 ,the chanters and myself intoned the litany of the ,blessed ,virgin and the salve regina2 the catechist recited a few prayers4 ,i gave the benediction to the assembly with a crucifix1 having no statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and the ceremony closed with a tamoul chant4 ,the husband and wife re-entered the palanquin1 and then began in the streets a veritable triumphal march called here patana-pravesam 7entrance into the town17 which ended only when the day began4 ,what lends to this march a character of beauty and originality is the calliel1 a dance accompanied by songs and the clashing of little staves1 and performed before the palanquin for the whole length of the march4 ,do not imagine anything resembling a ,french ball2 here dancing1 so called1 is a disgrace1 and is only permitted to the ,bayadres engaged in the service of the pagodas4 ,the calliel is quite another thing4 ,fancy a dozen well-formed1 robust young people1 with turbaned heads1 and loins girt with a long strip of cloth draped like a scarf1 some of them wearing rings of bells upon their arms and legs1 and all carrying in each hand a little staff about a foot long1 with which they strike the staves of the dancers1 whom they meet face to face4 ,on leaving the church1 our young dancers begged me to #fch witness their gambols in the presence of the bride and bridegroom1 who were looking down upon the assembly from their high palanquin4 ,the clashing cadence of the staves1 the monotonous but purely harmonious chant of the dancers1 their free1 elastic bounds and graceful twirls1 the passing and repassing of this troop1 who spring forward and draw back1 falling and rising as they drop on their knees and rear themselves up again1 this whirlwind where all is ordered1 timed1 and measured---all presents a spectacle that enchants ,hindoos and may well delight a ,frenchman4 ,meanwhile the big drum1 tambourine1 tam-tam1 clarionet1 bagpipe1 etc1 etc41 announced with joyous din that the crowd must turn their steps elsewhere1 and show to others all this paraphernalia of rejoicing4 ,the palanquin was borne toward the streets4 ,from time to time the march was suspended1 the music ceased1 and the young dancers resumed and continued for nearly an hour their agile feats of strength4 ,so the night passed1 and the first rays of the sun announced that it was time to end it all4 ,the husband and wife descended from the palanquin to hear mass1 and then entered upon real life2 the wedding was over4 ,in the evening a car drawn by two magnificent oxen1 transported the bride1 accompanied by several relatives1 to the village of her husband1 who escorted the family1 mounted upon a pretty white horse4 ,,amacarei1 ,sept #bith1 #ahfe4 ------ ,from the ,dublin ,review ,,rome ,,the ,,civilizer ,,of ,,nations4 #a4 ,le ,parfum de ,rome4 ,par ,louis ,veuillot4 #cme edition4 ,paris3 ,gaume ,frres4 #ahfb4 #b4 ,rome et la ,civilisation4 ,par ,,eugene ,,mahon ,,de ,,monaghan4 ,paris3 ,charles ,douniol4 #ahfc4 ,the useful little work which stands at the head of this article1 by ,m4 ,mahon de ,monaghan1 7whose name would1 perhaps1 be more correctly printed ,m4 ,mac,mahon de ,monaghan17 may be regarded as a supplement to the more important volume of the ,abb ,balmez4 ,the study of church history in its relations with civilization1 he told us1 is still incomplete2 and the writer before us seems to have taken this as a hint1 and to have conceived the laudable plan of pursuing further some of the ,spanish divine's arguments1 and strengthening them by new illustrations gathered from history4 ,le ,parfum de ,rome is a work of another description1 but bearing on the same subject4 ,it consists of many discursive reflections on ,rome1 as the residence of the ,vicar of ,christ1 and is full of point1 brilliancy1 and humor4 ,when a ,catholic1 who has enjoyed the advantage of a good education1 and is accustomed to habits of reflection1 arrives for the first time in ,rome1 he is usually overwhelmed by the multitude of objects offered to his attention1 and requires time to select1 arrange1 and analyze them4 ,the light is too vivid1 the colors are too varied1 the perfume is too strong4 ,two thousand years1 richly laden with historic events1 crowd his memory2 the united #fci glories of the past and the present kindle his imagination2 the sublime mysteries of religion1 marvellously localized1 exercise his faith2 long galleries thronged with the rarest productions of art court his gaze1 and a presence peculiar to the spot1 which he feeds1 but cannot yet define1 completes his pleading bewilderment in heart and brain4 ,by degrees the tumult of thought subsides1 and order begins to rise out of chaotic beauty4 ,the traveller is resolved to render his sensations precise1 and he asks himself emphatically1 ,whence springs the resistless charm of ,rome8 ,wherein does the true glory of ,rome consist8 ,what is this nameless presence that mantles all things with divinity8 ,where does the ,shekinah reside8 ,then more and more clearly1 the voice of ,rome herself is heard in reply3 ,this is the home of the vicar of ,christ1 the throne of the fisherman1 the seat of that long line of pontiffs who1 like a chain of gold1 bind our erring globe to ,emmanuel's footstool4 ,this garden is fertilized by the blood of ,peter and ,paul1 and of thirty ,popes3 hence all its amazing produce2 hence its exquisite fragrance and perennial bloom4 ,these are the head-quarters of the commander-in-chief of the church militant2 and ,christ himself is present here in the person of his viceroy1 promulgating a law above all human laws1 inflexible1 uniform1 merciful1 and strict4 ,he diffuses this grateful perfume2 he colors every object with rainbow tints2 he sheds this dazzling light which causes ,rome to shine like a gem with a myriad facets4 ,the ,lord loveth the gates of ,rome more than of old he loved the gates of ,zion2 he lives in the solemn utterances of his high priest1 and speaks by him as of old he spoke by the ,urim and ,thummim that sparkled on ,aaron's breast4 ,here he so multiplies sacraments1 that all you see becomes sacramental2 and here you find1 in the father of the faithful1 the most perfect representation of your ,incarnate ,god1 and the most certain pledge of his resurrection4 ,if the peculiar presence of ,christ thus hallows ,christian ,rome1 it cannot be matter of surprise that she also should be an enigma to the world1 and have a twofold character2 that she should be one thing to the eye and another to the mind2 one thing to ,gibbon and ,goethe1 ,footnote #acb and another thing altogether to ,chateaubriand and ,schlegel2 that she should have her seasons of gloom and jubilee1 of persecution and triumph2 should require in each to be interpreted by faith2 and that every page of her history should share in this double aspect4 ,thus ,rome resembles ,christ2 and in this resemblance lies her glory and her strength4 ,other glories she has which do not directly come from him4 ,she had them of old before he came2 the inroad of barbaric hordes1 age after age1 could not trample them out1 and they endure abundantly to this day4 ,these the world understands2 these she extols with ceaseless praises1 and sends her children from every clime in troops to do homage at their ancient shrines4 ,the worldling1 enamoured of these1 exclaims3 ,o ,rome6 my country6 city of the soul6 ,the orphans of the heart must turn to thee1 ,lone mother of dead empires4 ,footnote #acc ,footnote #acb3 ,parfum de ,rome1 p4 #g ,footnote #acc3 ,childe ,harold1 canto iv4 ,but the orphan who turns to her as ,byron did1 remains an orphan4 ,rome is no mother to him1 and he finds no father in the patriarch who rules there4 ,to the devout ,catholic she is the mother of arts and sciences as truly as the ,pope is the father of the ,christian family4 ,she is1 and has been for eighteen hundred years1 the centre of true civilization1 because she is the central depository of the faith4 ,from her1 as from a fountain1 the streams of salvation have flowed through all lands1 and1 having the promise both of this life and that which is to come1 they have indirectly produced a large amount of material well-being1 and also an infinity of #fdj artistic and scientific results4 ,rome civilizes as ,christ civilized1 by sowing the seeds of civilization4 ,she does not aim directly at material well-being2 she does not any more than he teach astronomy or dynamics2 she propounds no system of induction2 she invents neither printing-press1 steam-engines1 nor telegraphs2 but she so raises man above the brute1 curbs his passions1 improves his understanding1 instils into him principles of duty1 and a sense of responsibility1 so hallows his ambition and kindles his desire for the good of his kind and the progress of humanity1 that under her influence he acquires insensibly an aptitude even for the successful pursuit of physical science1 such as no other teacher could impart4 ,he looks abroad into the spacious field of nature1 and finds in every star and in every drop of dew an unfathomable depth of creative design4 ,his heart quickens the energies of his brain1 and he says1 smiling1 ,my ,father made them all2 he made them that ,i may1 to the best of my feeble powers1 investigate and classify them1 and that he may be glorified in science as in religion4 ,he rises to higher studies than those of physical science2 he looks within1 and analyzes his complex nature4 ,he sees that human minds in the aggregate are capable of indefinite development as time goes on1 and he concludes that1 as the works of nature can be investigated to the glory of the ,creator1 so may the mind of man be developed to the glory of its ,redeemer--be trained in philosophy1 and exercised also in the application of science to the wants and usages of social life4 ,thus1 to his apprehension1 the links are clear which connect ,rome--the centre of civilization--with matters which appear at first sight absolutely distinct from religion1 with sewing-machines and electric cables1 with ,huyghens's undulatory theory of light1 and ,guthrie's researches into the relative sizes of drops and of bubbles4 ,but here1 perhaps1 we shall be met by an objection4 ,science1 it will be said1 surely not merely appears1 but is independent of religion1 as the experience of ancient and modern times will show4 ,still more is independent of ,papal ,rome1 which has always been on the alert to check its progress1 condemned ,bishop ,virgil for teaching the existence of the antipodes1 and ,galileo for maintaining the heliocentric system4 ,egypt under the ,ptolemies1 ,etruria and ,mexico1 ,aristotle1 ,lord ,bacon1 and ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 alike scatter your assertion to the winds2 and if any doubt on the subject could linger in the mind of any one1 the late encyclical would the sufficient to disabuse him of his fond delusion4 ,to this we reply3 ,we will not allow that even in ancient times attainments in physical science were made irrespectively of religion4 ,without religion1 man lives in a savage state akin to brutes4 ,natural religion1 on which revealed religion is founded1 exalts him in a degree1 and qualifies him for intellectual pursuits4 ,yet1 even with its assistance1 so corrupt is his nature1 that philosophy and science can obtain no permanent command over his passions1 and his highest degrees of refinement are always succeeded by periods of degradation1 and no steady advance is made4 ,as natural religion placed the heathen in a condition somewhat favorable to the pursuit of science1 so revealed religion1 or1 in other words1 ,roman ,catholicism1 did the like more completely1 in consequence of its divine origin and perfect adaptation to the needs of mankind4 ,it brought society step by step out of a state of semi-barbarism1 and overcame the resistance offered to its social improvements by the ,roman people and ,emperors1 by ,huns and ,vandals1 by ,islamism1 ,iconoclasts1 and ,feudalism4 ,it covered ,europe with seats of learning1 and kindled the student's lamp in the monastic recesses of deep valleys and vast forests4 ,it created a body of theological science1 and of philosophical in connection with it1 #fda which the more profound even of infidel thinkers admit to have been among the most marvellous products of the human mind2 and this scientific system--over and above its higher purposes--was the very best intellectual training possible under the circumstances of the period4 ,then1 as time went on1 religion accepted gratefully and employed in its own service the art of printing1 and prepared the human mind for those most energetic thoughts and often misdirected efforts which have been made1 from the fifteenth century downward1 for the discovery of physical truth4 ,it is therefore manifest to all whose thoughts reach below the surface of things1 that the services which ,lord ,bacon rendered to philosophy and ,newton to ,science1 were indirectly due to the ,catholic ,church4 ,rome1 the central civilizer of society1 exerts an influence far beyond her visible domain4 ,the earth is hers1 and the fulness thereof4 ,whatsoever things are true and holy in faith and morals among her truants1 whatever portions of her divine creed they carry away with them to build up their sects1 whatever books or texts of the mutilated scriptures they retain1 whatever graces shine forth in them1 and in part redeem their delinquency1 are all to be ascribed to her as the primary channel of communication between earth and heaven1 and all belong to her as their chartered proprietress1 although they have been wrested from her hands4 ,there is nothing right1 useful1 pleasing 7jucundum7 in human society1 which the ,roman pontiffs have not brought into it1 or have not refined and fostered 7expoliverint et foverint7 when introduced4 ,footnote #acd ,heresy is always blended with truth1 and the truth is always ,rome's1 while the heresy is theirs who have corrupted it4 ,whatever is good and true in ,protestantism is of ,rome2 and as ,protestants would have no ,bible but for the councils which settled its canon1 and the despised monks who transcribed it age after age1 so ,protestant churches would never have been founded if the great old church had not overspread ,europe4 ,nay1 the ,novum ,organon and ,principia would in all probability never have seen the light4 ,christianity1 on the whole1 keeps science alive2 and but for the popes1 ,christianity would soon vanish from the face of the earth4 ,as far as ,bacon and ,newton are indebted to ,christianity for their philosophy1 just in so far are they indebted to ,rome as its fountain-head4 ,whatever stress is to be laid on the fact of their being ,christians1 glorifies ,rome indirectly as the source of civilization4 ,it is her very greatness and her perfect system of doctrine which brings her into collision with every form of spiritual rebellion2 but those who fly off from her authority are still her children1 in so far as they continue members at all of the family of ,god4 ,the prodigal son1 amid all his degradation and wanderings1 is yearned over by his father1 and belongs to his father's house in a certain sense4 ,footnote #acd3 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,letter to ,m4 ,mahon de ,monaghan4 ,as to ,rome being the enemy of physical science1 it is not difficult to see the causes which have led to so extreme a misconception4 ,she has ever protested1 and that most energetically1 against the prevalent tendency to give physics a supremacy over theology1 where the two seem to clash2 and she has also steadfastly resisted the pretension so constantly made by physical science to thrust into a corner some higher branches of human philosophy4 ,her conduct in the latter case has been simply in accordance with what is now a growing conviction in the philosophical world2 while in the former case she has done nothing more than uphold as infallibly certain the doctrinal deposit committed to her charge4 ,but with these most reasonable qualifications1 she has ever been active in stimulating the keenest physical researches4 ,well may the present pope say that it is impudently bruited abroad that the ,catholic #fdb religion and the ,roman pontificate are adverse to civilization and progress1 and therefore to the happiness which may thence be expected4 ,footnote #ace ,to harp upon ,virgil and ,galileo1 proves how few and slender are the arguments which our accusers can adduce in support of their charge4 ,if we defer to facts1 and regard the entire history of ,christendom1 we can certainly name ten persons distinguished for physical discoveries in our own communion1 for every one whom ,protestantism can boast4 ,in no ,catholic country is such science discouraged1 but its professors are1 on the contrary1 everywhere rewarded and honored4 ,nowhere among us has any recent science1 such as geology1 been prohibited1 or even combated1 except by individuals4 ,its conclusions1 when really established1 have been admitted by all learned ,catholics notwithstanding they appeared at first sight to run counter to the words of inspiration4 ,cardinal ,wiseman's ,lectures on ,science and ,revealed ,religion abundantly illustrate what is here stated2 and his whole life was a refutation of the calumny with which his creed is so often assailed4 ,new arts1 which are each the visible expression of a corresponding science1 have been welcomed abroad as readily as in ,england2 and ,belgium could be traversed by steam long before the ,great ,western line between ,london and ,bristol was completed4 ,if it so happened that the greatest ,english astronomer1 naturalist1 or mathematician1 were a ,catholic1 his co-religionists would be the most forward of all ,englishmen to extol his genius4 ,his scientific pursuits would never make him an object of suspicion with us1 provided his loyalty to the church were complete2 nor would his zeal be damped by any ecclesiastical authority1 so1 long as his conclusions involved nothing adverse to religion4 ,the ,catholic1 it is true1 can never make the claims of science paramount to those of faith1 but the restraint thus imposed on him is of the most salutary kind1 and will be no real check on his liberty of thought2 for science and revelation1 though it may for a while be difficult to harmonize some of their statements1 must ever be found to agree strictly on closer examination4 ,footnote #ace3 ,pius ,,ix4 ,letter to ,m4 ,mahon de ,monaghan4 ,it would be easy to mark the successive stages in ,european civilization by the pontificates of popes remarkable for their energy of character and the brightness of their abilities4 ,the average length of the reigns of the first thirty-seven was rather less than ten years2 and during this time they had to struggle for something infinitely more important than art and science4 ,they were penetrated with a deep sense of their sublime mission1 and neither old age1 infirmities1 nor persecution1 paralyzed their labors4 ,they employed their revenues in maintaining the poor1 the sick1 the infirm1 the widows1 orphans1 and prisoners1 in burying the martyrs1 in erecting and embellishing oratories1 in comforting and redeeming confessors and captives1 and in sending aid of every description to the suffering churches of other provinces4 ,footnote #acf ,thus1 in the wise order of providence1 papal civilization began in the moral world before it extended to the intellectual4 ,yet in the middle of the fourth century1 the pope and his coadjutors in different quarters of the globe1 presented a striking spectacle1 when considered merely in their intellectual aspect4 ,st4 ,damasus1 the thirty-eighth pope1 occupied the see of ,st4 ,peter4 ,while he zealously promoted ecclesiastical discipline1 he won for himself general admiration by his virtues and his writings4 ,his taste for letters carried him beyond the sphere of theological labor2 he composed verses1 and wrote several heroic poems4 ,footnote #acg ,he was the light of ,rome1 while ,st4 ,augustine1 the brightest star that ever adorned the ,catholic episcopate1 shone at ,hippo4 ,st4 ,ambrose1 at the same time1 was the glory of ,milan2 ,st4 ,gregory taught at ,nyssa2 ,st4 ,gregory ,nazianzen #fdc wrote in ,constantinople2 ,st4 ,martin evangelized the ,gauls2 ,st4 ,basil composed his ,moralia and his ,treatise on the study of ancient ,greek authors at ,caesarea2 ,st4 ,hilary and ,st4 ,paulinus bore witness to the truth in ,poitiers and ,trves2 ,st4 ,jerome unfolded the sacred stores of his learning in ,thrace1 ,bithynia1 ,cappadocia1 and ,pontus2 ,st4 ,cyril wrote beside his ,saviour's tomb2 and ,st4 ,patrick converted ,ireland from the darkness of ,druidic paganism4 ,footnote #acf3 ,j4 ,chantrel1 ,la ,royaut ,pontifieale1 p4 #gd ,footnote #acg3 ,st4 ,jerome1 ,de ,illustr4 ,eccles4 ,script4 ,every faithful prelate at that period--nay1 every true ,christian2 however humble his condition--stood out more prominently from the mass of society than we can now imagine4 ,christianity has produced among us a certain general level of morality4 ,but it was not so then4 ,the masses were still heathen1 and ,christians were often in a very small minority4 ,their principles and conduct1 therefore1 were so distinct from those around them1 that each attracted attention1 and exerted more influence than he was aware of4 ,each ,roman ,catholic--for we joyfully accept a designation which is erroneously supposed to limit our claims--each ,roman ,catholic was then a light shining in a dark place1 and1 in his measure1 an apostle of civilization4 ,he promoted science1 even though he had never heard its name1 for he diminished that amount of moral depravity1 on the ruins of which alone science can build her gorgeous fanes4 ,he was member of a church1 which1 wherever it was established1 protested by its institutions against the excessive indulgence of carnal affections4 ,a celibate priesthood1 societies of monks and nuns1 hermits1 and vows of chastity observed by persons living in the world1 like ,st4 ,cecilia and ,st4 ,scholastica1 and expiring in the arms of wife or husband without ever having done violence to the pure intentions which marked their bridal--these things formed a spectacle so extraordinary to the heathen1 who had been accustomed to make sensual indulgence a feature in their religious solemnities1 that it could not but excite inquiry1 and issue in affixing a fresh stamp of divinity on the faith of ,christ4 ,what would have become of society by this time if the elements of decomposition which then existed had been allowed to work unchecked by the laws of ,christian marriage1 the prohibition of divorce1 and lastly by monasticism--monasticism not forced on any one as a duty1 but freely chosen as a privilege--a higher and purer state1 best suited for communion with ,god and activity in his service6 ,in the fifth century1 the efforts which had been made by ,popes ,innocent1 ,boniface1 ,celestine1 and ,sixtus ,,iii4 for the conversion of the barbarians who overran the fairest portions of ,europe1 were continued with extraordinary perseverance by the great ,st4 ,leo4 ,he formed the most conspicuous figure in his age4 ,no element of greatness was wanting to his character1 and the complicated miseries of the times only threw into stronger relief the energy of his mind and will4 ,his reign1 from first to last1 is a chapter in the history of civilization4 ,attila1 crossing the ,jura mountains with his numerous hordes1 fell upon ,italy4 ,valentinian ,,iii4 fled before him1 and ,leo alone had weight and courage equal to the task of interceding with the resistless devastator4 ,on the #aath of ,june1 #deb1 he set forth to meet him1 and found him on the banks of the ,mincio4 ,rome was saved1 and with it religion and the hopes of society4 ,three years after1 ,genseric with his ,vandals stood before its gates2 and though ,leo could not this time altogether stay the destroyer1 he saved the lives of the citizens1 and ,rome itself from being burnt4 ,if she had not been possessed of a hidden and supernatural life1 far transcending that idea of a civilizing agent which it so abundantly includes1 she would already have been razed to the ground1 as she was afterward by the ,ostrogoths under ,totila1 and from neither devastation would she ever have been #fdd able to revive4 ,at this moment she would be numbered with ,nineveh and ,sidon1 the foxes would bark upon the ,aventine as when ,belisarius rode through the deserted ,forum1 and shepherds would fold their flocks upon the hills where ,st4 ,peter's and ,st4 ,john ,lateran now dazzle the eye with splendor4 ,footnote #ach ,footnote #ach3 ,monsignor ,manning1 ,the ,eternity of ,rome4--,lamp1 ,nov4 #ahfc4 ,happily great popes never fail4 ,all are great in their power and influence1 and almost all have been good1 while from time to time ,providence raises up some one also who makes an impression on his age1 and is acknowledged by friends and foes alike to be gifted with those qualities which entitle him to the epithet great4 ,pelagus ,i4 supplied the ,romans with provisions during a long siege1 and after the example of ,st4 ,leo1 obtained from ,totila some mitigation of his barbarous severities2 ,john ,,iii4 and ,benedict ,i4 ministered largely to the ,italians who were dying of want1 and driven from their homes by the remorseless ,lombards2 and writers the most adverse to the papacy--,gibbon1 ,daunou1 ,footnote #aci ,sismondi--testify to the disinterested benevolence of these and other pontiffs during the church's struggle with northern devastators4 ,just a century and a half had elapsed since ,leo the ,great's elevation1 when ,st4 ,gregory ascended the papal throne amid the people's acclamation4 ,he was at the same time doctor1 legislator1 and statesman2 and the plain facts of his pontificate might be so related as to appear a panegyric rather than a sober history4 ,in the midst of personal weakness and suffering1 the strength of his soul and intellect were felt in every quarter of ,christendom and while he composed his ,pastoral and his ,dialogues1 or negotiated with the ,lombards in behalf of his afflicted country1 news reached him frequently of the success of his missions amongst distant and barbarous people4 ,footnote #adj ,to one of these we owe the conversion of our ,anglo-,saxon forefathers2 and the results it produced extort from ,macaulay the admission that the spiritual supremacy assumed by the pope effected more good than harm1 and that the ,roman ,church1 by uniting all men in a bond of brotherhood1 and teaching all their responsibility before ,god1 deserves to be spoken of with respect by philosophers and philanthropists4 ,footnote #ada ,footnote #aci3 ,essai ,historique1 t4 i4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see ,chantrel1 ,hist4 ,populaire des ,papes1 t4 v4 ,footnote #ada3 ,hist4 of ,england1 chap4 i4 ,sabinian1 ,boniface ,,iii4 and ,,iv41 ,john ,,iv4 and ,,vii41 ,theodore1 ,martin1 ,eugene1 and ,benedict ,,ii41 trod firmly in the steps of ,st4 ,gregory1 and encouraged the clergy everywhere in repairing the evils wrought by the barbarians1 and in re-establishing law and order4 ,footnote #adb ,the bishops became the natural chiefs of society1 and the administration of justice was often placed in their hands by common consent4 ,their counsel was taken by untutored kings1 and they gradually impressed them with a sense of the distinction between temporal and spiritual power1 and of the right of the latter to control the undue exercise of the former4 ,they raised by turns all the great questions that interest mankind1 and established the independence of the intellectual world4 ,footnote #adc ,such is the impartial testimony of writers unhappily prejudiced against the institution they applaud4 ,footnote #adb3 ,gibbon1 ,decline and ,fall1 chap4 ixv4 ,footnote #adc3 ,guizot1 ,hist4 de la ,civilisation en ,europe4 ,hist4 de la ,civilisation en ,france4 t4 ii4 ,in their protracted conflict with ,islamism1 the ,roman pontiffs were the champions of social improvement4 ,it needs only to survey the opposite coasts of the ,mediterranean1 in order to gain some idea of the paralyzing influence which the creed of ,mohammed would have exerted over human progress1 if it had not been vigorously resisted4 ,its prevailing dogma being fatalism1 and its main precept sensuality1 it has1 after a lapse of twelve centuries1 failed to ameliorate the condition of the tribes who profess it4 ,if1 in any respects1 they enjoy advantages unknown to their forefathers1 these are due1 not to ,mohammedanism1 but to that #fde very anti-,saracenic movement which the popes headed1 and which1 under different conditions1 they carry forward to this day4 ,permanent degradation was all that ,islamism could promise4 ,the ,arabs alone kindled for a while the lamp of learning1 but even their subtlety and genius did not suffice to keep its flame alive4 ,everywhere1 and with all the forces at their command1 the popes repelled its encroachments4 ,more than once they girded on the sword1 and led their warriors to the charge against the ,moslem host4 ,during a hundred and seventy years--from #ajif to #abgj--they roused and united the nations again and again in the common cause4 ,other statesmen were unable to form extensive combinations1 but they were often successful where diplomacy failed4 ,in eight successive crusades1 the flower of ,europe's chivalry was marshalled on the ,syrian plains1 and if ,catholic arms failed in retaining possession of the city of ,jerusalem and the sepulchre of ,christ1 they at all events saved the cause of ,european civilization1 and ultimately drove back the intruder from the vineyards of ,spain and the gates of ,vienna1 and sank their proud galleys in the waves of ,lepanto4 ,when the zeal of crusaders died away1 the ,roman pontiffs ever tried to rekindle it1 constantly rebuked the princes who made terms with the false prophet1 and exhorted them to expel the conquered ,saracens from their soil4 ,such was the policy of ,clement ,,iv41 under whom1 in #abfh1 the last crusade was set on foot4 ,footnote #add ,two centuries later1 ,calixtus ,,iii4 was animated with the same sentiments4 ,he was appalled1 as his predecessor had been1 at the progress the ,turks made in ,europe after the capture of ,constantinople1 and made a strenuous appeal to the ,catholic kingdoms against the ,mussulman invasions4 ,at an advanced age he preserved in his soul the fire of youth1 sent preachers in every direction to rouse the slumbering zeal of the faithful1 and himself equipped an army of #fj1jjj men1 which he sent under the command of ,campestran1 his legate1 to the help of the noble ,hunyad in ,hungary4 ,pius ,,ii4 succeeded him in #adeh4 ,he was at once theologian1 orator1 diplomatist1 canonist1 historian1 geographer1 and poet4 ,he struggled hard to organize a crusade against the ,ottomans1 formed a league to this end with ,mathias ,corvin1 king of ,hungary1 pressed the king of ,france1 the duke of ,burgundy1 and the republic of ,venice into the cause1 and placed himself at the head of the expedition4 ,he was on the point of embarking at ,ancona1 and in sight of the ,venetian galleys1 waiting to transport him to the foreign shore1 when fever surprised him1 and he died4 ,no doubt1 he said1 war is unsuitable to the weakness of old men1 and the character of pontiffs1 but when religion is ready to succumb1 what can detain us8 ,we shall be followed by our cardinals and a large number of bishops4 ,we shall march with our standard unfolded1 and with the relics of saints1 with ,jesus ,christ himself in the holy ,eucharist4 ,the spectacle would certainly have been grand1 if ,pius ,,ii4 had thus appeared before the walls of ,constantinople2 but ,providence had not willed it so4 ,footnote #add3 ,see his letter to the ,king of ,arragon4 ,fleury1 ,hist1 ,eccles4 ,an4 #abff4 ,these are but a few of the great names which lent weight to the appeal in behalf of the harassed pilgrims in ,palestine1 the outraged tomb of the ,redeemer1 and the ,christian lands overran by ,saracens and ,turkish hordes4 ,to whatever causes the worldly-wise historian may attribute the overthrow of the ,ottoman power in ,europe1 the ,catholic will ascribe it without hesitation to the untiring activity of the popes4 ,divided as the petty kingdoms and principalities of the west were by mutual jealousy and ceaseless warfare1 they would never have been able to oppose a compact front to the advances of ,islamism1 if they had not been persuaded by popes and prelates1 by ,peter the hermit1 ,st4 ,bernard1 and #fdf ,foulque1 to lay aside their miserable disputes1 and unite against the common enemy4 ,thus1 by the crusades1 immediate benefit accrued to ,european society1 and the character of the church as a ruler and leader was never borne in upon the minds of men with greater force than when ,adhmar1 the apostolic legate1 put himself at the head of the ,crusade under ,urban ,,ii41 wore by turns the prelate's mitre and the knight's casque1 and proved the model1 the consoler1 and the stay of the sacred expedition4 ,footnote #ade ,the presence of bishops and priests among the soldiery impressed on the ,crusades a religious stamp favorable to the enthusiasm and piety of the combatants1 and corrective of the evils which never fail to follow the camp4 ,footnote #adf ,nations learned their ,christian brotherhood1 which former ages had taught them to forget2 minds were enlarged by travel1 and prejudices were dispelled2 civilizing arts were acquired even from the infidel1 and brought back to western towns and villages as the most precious spoil4 ,as ,rome had1 at an earlier period1 resisted the superstition and rapacity of ,leo the ,isaurian1 ,footnote #adg and rescued ,christian art from the hands of the image-breakers1 so now she opened the way to commerce with the east and rewarded the zeal of ,catholic populations with the costly bales and rich produce of ,arabia and ,syria4 ,footnote #ade3 ,michaad et ,poujouiat1 ,hist4 des ,croisades4 ,footnote #adf3 ,see ,heeren1 ,essai sur l',influence des ,croisades4 ,footnote #adg3 ,parfum de ,rome1 t4 i4 p4 #abd4 ,having turned the feudal system to good account in its conflict with ,mohammedanism1 the ,church1 with ,rome for its centre1 rejoiced to find that system1 at the close of the struggle1 considerably weakened4 ,it had grown to maturity in a barbarous age1 and was but a milder form of that slavery which had so deeply disgraced the institutions of ,pagan ,rome4 ,footnote #adh ,it perpetuated the distinctions of caste1 and the privilege enjoyed by one family of oppressing others4 ,it was selfishness exalted by pride--the right of the strong over the weak4 ,it exacted forced tribute1 and held in its own violent hands the moral1 mental1 and material well-being of its subjects4 ,it required blind and absolute submission1 and often refused to dispense justice even at this price4 ,immobility was its ruling principle1 and there was nothing on which it frowned more darkly than amelioration and progress4 ,in all these particulars it was at variance with the religion of ,christ1 and for this reason ,rome never ceased to combat its manifold abuses4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,rome under ,paganism1 etc41 vol4 #a4 pp4 #ej-ec4 ,at the close of the ,crusades the nobles began to learn their proper place4 ,petty fiefs and small republics disappeared1 and one strong and regal executive swallowed up a multitude of inferior and vexatious masteries4 ,the barons became the support of the throne whose authority they had so long weakened1 and ceased to oppress the people as they had done for ages4 ,cities multiplied1 and rose to opulence2 municipal governments flourished1 acquired and conferred privileges1 and afforded to the industrious abundant scope for wholesome emulation1 and laudable ambition4 ,all the arts of life were brought into exercise1 and a new and middling class of society was called into being4 ,the merchants1 the tradesmen1 and the gentry obtained their recognized footing in the community1 and numberless corporations1 guilds1 and militia testified to the growing importance of the burgess as distinguished from the noble and the villain4 ,footnote #adi ,footnote #adi3 ,see ,mably1 ,observations sur l',histoire de ,france1 iii4 #g4 ,well-ordered governments on a large scale involved of necessity the cultivation of the soil4 ,myriads of acres which1 before the ,crusades1 had been barren or baneful1 now smiled with waving corn1 or bore rich harvests of luscious grapes4 ,the want of bulky transports to convey large cargoes of men and munitions to the ,east had caused great alteration and improvement in the construction of ships4 #fdg ,navigation and commerce gained fresh vigor2 maritime laws and customs came to be recognized1 and were reduced1 about the middle of the thirteenth century1 into a manual called ,consolato del mar1 ,footnote #aej ,venice1 ,genoa1 ,pisa1 and ,marseilles rose to wealth and splendor2 sugar and silks were manufactured2 stuffs were woven and dyed2 metals were wrought2 architecture was diversified and improved1 medicine learned many a precious rule and remedy from ,arab leeches2 geography corrected long-standing blunders2 and poetry found a new world in which to expatiate4 ,none of these results were unforeseen by the prescience of ,rome4 ,she knew that it was her mission to renew the face of the earth2 nor1 in pursuing her unwavering policy in reference to ,islamism1 did she ever forget that it was given her from the first to suck the breasts of the ,gentiles1 and to assimilate to her own system all that is rich and rare in nature1 wonderful in science1 beauteous in art1 wise in literature1 and noble in man4 ,the ,roman ,church had ever been the friend and patron of those slaves whom ,cato and ,cicero1 with all their philosophy1 so heartily despised4 ,footnote #aea ,she did not indeed affirm that slavery was impossible under the ,christian law1 but she discouraged it4 ,at length1 says ,voltaire1 whose testimony on such a point none will suspect1 ,pope ,alexander ,,iii41 in #aafg1 declared in the name of the ,council that all ,christians should be 7devaient tre7 exempt from slavery4 ,this law alone ought to render his memory dear to all people1 as his efforts to maintain the liberty of ,italy should make his name precious to the ,italians4 ,footnote #aeb ,lord ,macaulay has spoken frankly of the advantage to which the ,catholic ,church shows in some countries as contrasted with our forms of ,christianity1 and says it is notorious that the antipathy between the ,european and ,african races is less strong at ,rio ,janeiro than at ,washington4 ,footnote #aec ,on the authority of ,sir ,thomas ,smith1 one of ,elizabeth's most able counsellors1 he assures us that the ,catholic priests up to that time had used their most strenuous exertions to abolish serfdom4 ,confessors never failed to adjure the dying noble who owned serfs to free his brethren for whom ,christ died4 ,thus the bondsman became loosened from the glebe which gave him birth2 many during the ,crusades left their plough in the furrow1 and their cattle at the trough1 and escaped from service they had long detested2 and many knights and lords who returned from the ,holy ,land emancipated their serfs of their own accord4 ,free hirelings took the place of hereditary bondsmen2 and the peasant's life assumed a pleasant and civilized aspect4 ,in proportion as ,rome's genuine influence prevails in any country over clergy and people1 the traces of the fall diminish1 and those of paradise are restored4 ,footnote #aej3 ,e4 ,m4 de ,monaghan1 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #aea3 ,cic4 ,orat de ,harusp1 ,resp4 xii4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,sur les ,moeurs1 ch4 #hc4 ,footnote #aec3 ,hist4 of ,england1 chap4 i4 ,the ,roman pontiff have often been accused of interfering in the private affairs of princes4 ,but the charge is unjust4 ,it is part of their mission to repress all moral disorders1 and especially to punish the licentiousness of sovereigns whose bad example promotes immorality among their subjects4 ,their jurisdiction is fully admitted2 their right of granting or refusing a divorce no ,catholic prince disputes any more than their right of inflicting penances in case of adultery or incest4 ,to deny them1 therefore1 the opportunity of investigating the very cases on which they must ultimately decide1 would be manifestly inconsistent and absurd4 ,when ,lothaire ,,ii4 of ,lorraine drove away from his court the virtuous ,teustberghe1 and accused her of disgraceful crimes1 who can blame ,nicholas ,i4 for having espoused the cause of this persecuted queen1 and excommunicated in council her unjust lord8 ,did the popes interfere in such matters otherwise than in the interests of humanity2 and if they had #fdh consulted their own ease and comfort1 would they not have abstained from such interference altogether8 ,let the world call it papal aggression1 usurpation1 political scheming1 or what other hard name it will1 the true ,christian will see in it nothing but disinterested devotion to the voice of conscience and the good of society4 ,god himself seems to have declared in favor of ,pope ,nicholas in the affair alluded to2 for when ,louis le ,germanique took up arms to avenge his brother1 and marched on ,rome1 the pontiff met his armies with fasting and litanies1 and with no other standard than the crucifix given by the ,empress ,helena containing a fragment of the true cross4 ,the victorious king was overcome by these demonstrations1 and1 imploring the pope's pardon1 submitted to all his conditions4 ,footnote #aed ,we hesitate not to affirm that the interference of the popes in temporal affairs has more than once saved ,europe from ,islamism1 even as at the present time they are saving her from total infidelity4 ,whether successful or unsuccessful1 they struggled with equal constancy and valor against that formidable power4 ,about the year #hgf ,mussulman hordes infested the country around ,rome to such an extent that at last scarcely a hamlet or drove of oxen remained to suffer by the widespread disaster4 ,three hundred ,saracen galleys menaced the mouth of the ,tiber1 and ,john ,,viii41 deserted and betrayed by neighboring dukes1 implored by letter the aid of ,charles the ,bald and the ,emperor ,charles of ,germany4 ,yet he failed1 and that not so much through the strength of the ,mohammedans as through the base conduct of princes called ,christian1 who cast him into prison1 and then drove him to find refuge in ,france4 ,often have the popes been obliged to follow the example of ,john ,,viii41 and look forth from their retirement in foreign lands on the tempest they have braved and escaped4 ,his #cbj letters show how much temporal affairs occupied his attention1 because ,god willed that his spiritual authority should show forth its civilizing tendency in temporal intervention4 ,his conflict with ,islamism1 which seemed unproductive at the time1 bore fruit in after ages4 ,footnote #aed3 ,milman's ,hist4 of ,latin ,christianity4 ,the differences which arose and lasted so long between the popes and the emperors of ,germany are constantly misrepresented by writers adverse to the ,church4 ,their origin lay in the attachment of the ,roman pontiffs to principles which they can never abandon4 ,the investiture quarrel was a long struggle of spiritual authority against imperial aggression1 and the apparent compromise in which it issued left the divine prerogatives of the ,holy ,see intact4 ,simony was one great plague of the middle ages1 and but for the popes the princes of ,europe would have filled the ,lord's temple with impious traffic4 ,but for the popes1 too1 many of them would have been unchecked in their proud dreams of universal empire1 which1 if realized1 would have been as injurious to the liberties of mankind as to the free action of the church4 ,frederick ,,ii41 who was born in ,italy1 and lived to spend long years in its delicious climate1 without once visiting his ,german domains1 desired to establish in her the throne of the ,caesars4 ,this was the secret of all his disputes with the pope1 and this ambitious project every successor of ,st4 ,peter felt bound to resist4 ,but amid all these struggles1 from ,gregory ,,vii4 to ,calistus ,,ii41 the life of the church was a continual child-bearing1 and while the popes battled with crowned princes1 they labored also for the souls of the poor4 ,if you would find the inexhaustible mine of that salt which keeps the whole world from corruption1 you must seek it in the hill where ,paul was buried1 and ,peter expired on his inverted cross4 ,proceeding thus by regular stages in the work of improvement1 the ,roman ,church had the satisfaction of seeing every formula of enfranchisement signed by prince or baron in the name of religion4 ,it was #fdi always with some ,christian idea1 some hope of future recompense1 some recognition of the equality of all men in the sight of ,god1 that the strong voluntarily loosened the bonds of the weak4 ,absurd and barbarous legislation was gradually reformed under the same influence2 and trials by single combat1 oaths without evidence1 and passing through fire or cold water as a test of innocence1 were supplanted by more rational processes4 ,m4 ,gnizot has pointed out the great superiority of the laws of the ,visigoths over those of other barbarous people around them2 and he ascribes this difference to their having been drawn up under the direction of the ,councils of ,toledo4 ,they laid great stress on the examination of written documents in all trials1 accepted mere affirmation on oath only as a last resource1 and distinguished between the different degrees of guilt in homicide1 with or without premeditation1 provoked or unprovoked1 and the like4 ,if ,m4 ,guizot's observation is well founded in the case of an ,arian code1 how much more weight would it have1 if made in reference to laws framed under ,catholic influence4 ,civilization and theology went hand in hand4 ,every question was considered in its theological bearing4 ,the habits1 the feelings1 and the language of men continually bespoke religious ideas4 ,barbaric wisdom was guided by the ,star of the ,east to ,bethlehem1 and matured in the school of ,christ4 ,the public penances imposed by the church became the form to which penal inflictions were moulded by the law2 the repentance of the culprit1 and the fear of offending inspired in bystanders1 being the twofold object kept in view4 ,the progress made by the nations under such tutelage has been allowed by many ,protestant historians1 and it would be easy to cite the testimony of ,robertson1 ,sismondi1 ,leibnitz1 ,coquerel1 ,ancillon1 ,footnote #aee and ,de ,muller1 ,footnote #aef to the truth of our statements4 ,duels in the middle ages1 and even down to the time of ,louis ,,xiv41 raged like an epidemic1 produced deadly feuds between families1 abolished all just decision of disputes1 and gave the advantage to the more agile and skilful of the combatants4 ,from #aehi to #afjg no less than #djjj ,french gentleman lost their lives in duels4 ,footnote #aeg ,the genius of ,sully and ,richelieu was unequal to the task of crushing this two-fold crime of suicide and murder4 ,but the church had never ceased to denounce it1 and1 in the ,council of ,trent especially1 launched all her thunders against it4 ,footnote #aeh ,at length temporal princes were guided by her voice in this matter4 ,charles ,v4 forbade it in his vast dominions2 in ,portugal it was punished with confiscation and banishment to ,africa2 and in ,sweden it was visited with death4 ,footnote #aee3 ,tableau des ,rvolutions4 ,footnote #aef3 ,hist4 ,universelle4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,bell on ,feudalism4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,sess4 xxv4 c4 #ai4 ,the pitiless character of human legislation was exhibited for ages in the practice of refusing those who were condemned to death the privilege of confession2 and it was not till the reign of ,philip the ,bold1 in #acig1 that this cruel restriction was removed4 ,the church had always protested against it1 and her remonstrances at last prevailed4 ,chivalry itself owed something to her inspiration4 ,mingled as it was with rudeness and violence1 it had also many noble elements1 which religion encouraged4 ,it was a step toward higher civilization1 because it vindicated the dignity of womankind2 true gallantry sprang from honest purposes and virtuous conduct1 and if ,sir ,galahad said-- ,my good blade carves the casques of men1 ,my tough lance thrusteth sure1 he added-- ,my strength is as the strength of ten1 ,because my heart is pure4 ,sir ,james ,stephen1 in a paper on ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 ,footnote #aei has avowed his conviction that the centralization of the ecclesiastical power did more than counterbalance the isolating tendency of feudal oligarchies4 ,but for the #fej intervention of the papacy1 he says1 the vassal of the west1 and the serf of eastern ,europe would1 perhaps to this day be in the same state of social debasement1 and military autocrats would occupy the place of paternal and constitutional governments4 ,feudal despotism strove to debase men into wild beasts or beasts of burden1 while the despotism of ,hildebrand1 whether consistent or no1 sought to guide the human race by moral impulses to sanctity more than human4 ,if the popes had abandoned the work assigned them by ,providence1 they would have plunged the church and world into hopeless bondage4 ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 found the papacy dependent on the empire1 and he supported it by alliances with ,italian princes4 ,he found the chair of the apostles filled1 when vacant1 by the clergy and the people of ,rome1 and he provided for less stormy elections by making the pope eligible by a college of his own nomination4 ,he found the ,holy ,see in subjection to ,henry1 and he rescued it from his hands4 ,he found the secular clergy subservient to lay influence1 and he rendered them free and active auxiliaries of his own authority4 ,he found the highest dignitaries of the church the slaves of temporal sovereigns1 and he delivered them from this yoke1 and bound them to the tiara4 ,he found ecclesiastical functions and benefices the spoil and traffic of princes1 and he brought them back to the control of the sovereign pontiff2 ,he is justly celebrated as the reformer of the profane and licentious abuses of his time1 and we owe him the praise also of having left the impress of his giant character on the history of the ages that followed4 ,such are the candid admissions of a professor in the ,university of ,cambridge4 ,the highest eulogies of ,rome are often to be found in the writings of aliens4 ,footnote #aei3 ,edinburgh ,review1 #ahde4 ,up to the time of the ,reformation the ,roman church was manifestly in the forefront of civilization4 ,after that terrible revolution she was still really so1 but not always manifestly4 ,her position was the same1 but that of society had changed4 ,it no longer accepted her laws2 it cavilled at her authority1 ort openly spurned it4 ,people forgot their debt of gratitude to the power which had always interfered in behalf of the oppressed1 and princes jibed at the restraints which the papacy imposed on their absolute rule4 ,the printing-press was wrested from the church's hands1 and made the chief engine for propagating misbelief4 ,a new and spurious civilization was set up1 and was so blended with real and amazing progress in many of the sciences and the arts of life1 that when the popes opposed what was corrupt in it and of evil tendency1 they often appeared adverse to what was genuine4 ,of this their enemies took every advantage1 and constantly represented them as the mortal foes of the liberty1 enlightenment1 and progress of mankind4 ,pontiff after pontiff protested against this wilful misrepresentation1 which has lasted three hundred years1 and continues in full force to this day4 ,seldom has it been put forward more speciously than in reference to the recent ,encyclical of ,pius ,,ix4 ,we shall endeavor to show its utter falsity in the remainder of this article4 ,thrown back in her efforts to evangelize ,europe1 the church turned with more ardor than ever toward the other hemisphere4 ,already ,alvarez di ,cordova had planted the cross in ,congo4 ,idolatry vanished before it almost entirely in the ,african territory recently discovered1 and upon its ruins rose the city of ,san ,salvador4 ,the ills inflicted on the ,americans by the first ,spanish settlers were repaired by the ,benedictine ,bernard di ,buil1 and other missionaries who trod in his steps4 ,the ,dominicans set their faces sternly against reducing the ,indians to the rank of slaves1 and ,father ,monterino1 in the church of ,st4 ,domingo1 inveighed against it in the presence of the governor1 with all #fea the fervor of popular eloquence4 ,footnote #afj ,the life of ,bartholomew de ,las ,casas was one long struggle against the cupidity and cruelty of ,spanish masters and in favor of ,indian freedom4 ,the labors and successes of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier are too well known to require recapitulation in this place2 it is more to the purpose to remark that the missionaries of ,rome1 from ,mexico and the ,philippine islands1 to ,goa1 ,cochin-,china1 and ,japan1 everywhere exposed to adverse climate1 hardship1 and martyrdom1 carried with them the two-fold elements of civilization--religion and the arts of life4 ,the ,jesuit who started for ,china was provided with telescope and compass4 ,he appeared at the court of ,pekin with the urbanity of one fresh from the presence of ,louis ,,xiv41 and surrounded with the insignia of science4 ,he unrolled his maps1 turned his globes1 chalked out his spheres1 and taught the astonished mandarins the course of the stars and the name of him who guides them in their orbits4 ,footnote #afa ,buffon1 ,footnote #afb ,robertson1 and ,macaulay have alike extolled the missionary zeal of the ,jesuit fathers1 and have ascribed to them1 not merely the regeneration of the inward man1 but the cultivation of barren lands1 the building of cities1 new high roads of commerce1 new products1 new riches and comforts for the whole human race4 ,footnote #afj3 ,robertson1 ,hist4 of ,america4 ,footnote #afa3 ,gnie du ,christianisme4 ,footnote #afb3 ,hist4 ,naturelle de l',homme4 ,in teaching barbarous nations the arts of life and the elements of scientific knowledge1 the missionaries acted in perfect accordance with the spirit of the papacy and the example of the religious orders4 ,each of these had its appointed sphere1 and each civilized mankind in its own way4 ,the templars1 the knights of ,st4 ,john1 the ,teutonic knights1 and half a dozen other now forgotten military orders1 defended civilization with the sword2 the ,chartreux1 the ,benedictines1 the ,bernardines1 in quiet and shady retreats1 preserved from decay the precious stores of heathen antiquity1 compiled the history of their several epochs1 and gave themselves1 under many disadvantages1 to the study of natural philosophy2 the ,redemptorists1 the ,trinitarians1 and the ,brothers of ,mercy devoted themselves to the redemption of captives and the emancipation of slaves4 ,voltaire cannot pass them over without a burst of admiration1 when touching on their benevolent career during six centuries4 ,footnote #afc ,some orders made preaching and private instruction their special work1 and among these were the ,dominicans1 the ,franciscans1 the ,carmelites1 and the ,augustines4 ,the pulpit is the lever that raises the moral world2 and it civilizes city1 village1 and hamlet the more effectually because its work is constant and systematic4 ,it explains1 ,sunday after ,sunday1 and festival after festival1 the sublimest and deepest of all sciences1 while it guides society1 with persuasive might1 in the path of moral improvement4 ,with all that social science has devised for the comfort and welfare of mankind1 nothing that it has ever invented is so essentially civilizing1 so dignified and lovely1 so unpretending and strong1 as the self-denying labors of brothers and sisters of charity1 sacrificing youth1 beauty1 prospects1 tastes1 and indulgence1 on the altar of religion1 and passing their days among the lepers and the plague-stricken1 the ignorant1 the degraded1 the squalid and the infirm4 ,footnote #afc3 ,sur les ,moeurs1 ch4 cxx4 ,and of these orders1 none1 be it observed1 has railed against knowledge4 ,by no rule1 in any one of them1 has ignorance been made a virtue and science a sin4 ,all have admired the beauty of knowledge--the fire on her brow--her forward countenance--her boundless domain4 ,all have wished well to her cause1 and have maintained only that she should know her place2 that she is the second1 not the first2 that she is not wisdom1 but #feb wisdom's handmaid2 that she is of earth1 and wisdom is of heaven2 she is of the world for the church1 and wisdom is of the church for the world4 ,severed from religion1 they regarded her as some wild ,pallas from the brain of demons2 but science guided by a higher hand1 and moving side by side with revelation1 like the younger child1 they believed to be the most beautiful spectacle the mind could contemplate4 ,to repeat these things in the ears of well read ,catholics1 is to iterate a thrice-told tale4 ,but there are others who need often to be reminded of facts of history which our adversaries are apt to ignore4 ,besides the vast body of priests and religious orders1 whose office was to disseminate thought and piety through the world1 the papacy constantly sought new vehicles by which to promote science4 ,the greater part of the universities of ,europe owe their existence to this agency4 ,oxford1 ,cambridge1 ,glasgow1 ,naples1 ,padua1 ,vienna1 ,upsal1 ,lisbon1 ,salamanca1 ,toulouse1 ,montpellier1 ,orleans1 ,nantes1 ,poictiers1 and a multitude beside1 were made centres of human knowledge under the patronage of the popes1 and ,clement ,v41 ,gregory ,,ix41 ,engenius ,,iv41 ,nicholas ,v41 and ,pius ,,ii41 were among the most illustrious of their founders4 ,the writings of ,leonardo da ,vinci were not published till a century after his death1 and some of them at a still later period4 ,they are more like revelations of physical truths vouchsafed to a single mind1 than the fabric of its reasoning on any established basis4 ,he laid down the principle of ,bacon1 that experiment and observation must be our chief guides in the investigation of nature4 ,venturi has given a most interesting list of the truths in mechanism apprehended by the genius of this light of the fifteenth century4 ,footnote #afd ,he was possessed in the highest degree of the spirit of physical inquiry1 and in this department of learning was truly a seer4 ,footnote #afd3 ,estai sur lea ,ouvrages ,physico-,mathmatiques de ,lonard de ,vinci4 ,paris4 #agig4 ,hallam's ,literary ,history1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbb-e4 ,let the reader transport himself in idea to the beautiful borders of the ,henares1 and there1 in the opening of the sixteenth century1 look down on the rising ,university of ,alcal4 ,let him admire and wonder at the varied energy of its founder--,ximenes1 the prelate1 the hermit1 the warrior1 and the statesman4 ,there1 in his sixty-fourth year1 he laid the corner-stone of the principal college1 and was often seen with the rule in hand1 taking the measurement of the buildings1 and encouraging the industry of the workmen4 ,the diligence with which he framed the system of instruction to be pursued1 the activity of mind he promoted among the students1 the liberal foundations he made for indigent scholars and the regulation of professors' salaries1 did not withdraw him from the affairs of state1 or the publication of his famous ,bible1 the ,complutensian ,polyglot4 ,when ,francis ,i41 visited ,alcal1 twenty years after the university was opened1 #gjjj students came forth to receive him1 and by the middle of the seventeenth century the revenue bequeathed by ,ximenes had increased to #db1jjj ducats1 and the colleges had multiplied from ten to thirty-five4 ,footnote #afe ,most of the chairs were appropriated to secular studies1 and ,alcal stands forward as a brilliant refutation of the calumnies against ,catholic prelates as the patrons of ignorance4 ,footnote #afe3 ,quintanilla3 ,archetype4 ,prescott's ,ferdinand and ,isabella1 ii4 #hbf4 ,the same country and epoch which produced ,ximenes gave birth also to ,columbus4 ,it was neither accident nor religion1 but nautical science and the intuitive vision of another hemisphere1 that piloted him across the ,atlantic to the ,west-,india shores4 ,amerigo ,vespucci followed in his wake1 emulous of like discoveries4 ,he published a journal of his earlier voyages at ,vicenza in #aejg1 and gave his name #fec to the continent of the western world4 ,thus1 while two great navigators1 each of them ,catholics1 explored new lands on the surface of our globe1 ,copernicus at the same time1 and ,galileo not many years after1 presaged the motion of the planets round the sun1 and the twofold rotation of the earth4 ,to ,galileo1 indeed1 far more is due4 ,to him we owe the larger part of experimental philosophy4 ,he first propounded the laws of gravity1 the invention of the pendulum1 the hydrostatic scales1 the sector1 a thermometer1 and the telescope4 ,with the last he made numberless observations which changed the face of astronomy4 ,among these1 that of the satellites of ,jupiter was one of the most remarkable4 ,he came1 it is true1 into a certain collision with the church1 but it is remarkable1 that all the provocation given by ,galileo never reduced authority to the unjustifiable step of impeding the fullest scientific investigation of his theory4 ,nay1 those astronomers who taught on the ,copernican hypothesis were more favored at ,rome than their opponents4 ,it was at ,galileo's request that ,urban appointed ,castelli to be his own mathematician1 and the letter in which the pontiff recommended ,galileo to the notice of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 after his condemnation1 abounds with expressions of sincere friendship4 ,as to the dungeon and the torture1 they are simply fabulous4 ,during the process ,galileo was permitted to lodge at the ,tuscan embassy instead of in the prison of the holy office--a favor not accorded even to princes4 ,his sentence of imprisonment was no sooner passed1 than the ,pope commuted it into detention in the ,villa ,medici1 and1 after he had resided there some days1 he was allowed to install himself in the palace of his friend1 ,ascanio ,piccolomini1 archbishop of ,sienna4 ,subsequently he retired to his own house and the bosom of his family2 for1 as ,nicolini's correspondence with him testifies1 his holiness treated ,galileo with unexpected and1 perhaps1 excessive gentleness1 granting all the petitions presented in his behalf4 ,footnote #aff ,these facts are surely sufficient to prove that physical science received all due honor at this period in ,rome4 ,in due time--long after ,galileo's death--his theory was scientifically established2 and not very long afterward the ,congregational decree was suspended by ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,galileo's famous dialogue was published entire at ,padua in #agdd with the usual approbations2 and in #ahah ,pius ,,vii4 repealed the decrees in question in full consistory4 ,what could the church do more8 ,it was her duty to guard the ,scriptures from irreverence and unbelief1 and to prohibit the advocacy of theories absolutely unproved which seemed to oppose them4 ,to her physical science is dear1 but revealed truth is infinitely dearer4 ,already she had opposed astrology as a remnant of paganism1 and had studied the motions of the moon and planets to fix ,easter and reform the ,julian calendar4 ,already ,gregory ,,xiii4 had brought the calendar which bears his name into use2 and the works of ,aristotle1 translated into ,arabic and ,latin1 had become the model of theological methods of disputation and treatise4 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas had written commentaries on them1 and on ,plato2 and thus1 as well as by his essay on aqueducts and that on hydraulic machines1 had proved how inseparable is the alliance between sound theology and true science4 ,the sceptre of science1 says ,joseph de ,maistre1 belongs to ,europe only because she is ,christian4 ,she has reached this high degree of civilization and knowledge because she began with theology1 because the universities were at first schools of theology1 and because all the sciences1 grafted upon this divine subject1 have shown forth the divine sap by immense vegetation4 ,footnote #afg ,footnote #aff3 ,british ,review4 #ahfa4 ,martyrdom of ,galileo4 ,footnote #afg3 ,soires de ,st4 ,ptersbourg1 ,xme entretien4 #fed ,voltaire has observed that the sovereign pontiffs have always been remarkable among princes attached to letters1 and the remark is equally true as regards science and art4 ,silvester ,,ii4 was so learned that the common people attributed his vast erudition to magic4 ,he collected all the monuments of antiquity he could find in ,germany and ,italy1 and delivered them into the hands of copyists in the monasteries4 ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 conceived the design of rebuilding ,st4 ,peter's1 and gathered around him all the first architects of his day4 ,gregory ,,ix4 interfered in behalf of the ,university of ,paris1 and1 as ,guillaume de ,nangis says1 prevented science and learning1 those treasures of salvation1 from quitting the kingdom of ,france4 ,nicolas ,v4 was a great restorer of letters1 and ,macaulay speaks of him as one whom every friend of science should name with respect4 ,sixtus ,,iv4 conferred the title of ,count ,palatine on the printer ,jenson1 to encourage the noble art1 then in its infancy4 ,pius ,,iii4 enriched ,sienna with a magnificent library1 and engaged ,raphael and ,pinturicchio to adorn it with frescoes4 ,paul ,v4 endowed ,rome with the most beautiful productions of sculpture and painting1 with splendid fountains and enduring monuments4 ,urban ,,viii4 loved all the arts1 succeeded in ,latin poetry1 and filled his court with men of learning4 ,under his pontificate the ,romans1 as ,voltaire says1 enjoyed profound peace1 and shared all the charms and glory which talent sheds on society4 ,benedict ,,xiv4 cultivated letters1 composed poems1 and patronized science4 ,the infidel himself just mentioned paid him homage1 and professed profound veneration for him1 when sending him a copy of his ,mahomet4 ,footnote #afh ,every pope in his turn has been a ,maecenas4 ,not one in the august line has lost sight of the interests of society and the prerogatives of mind4 ,the useful and the beautiful were always present to their thoughts2 and even in those few instances where they failed in good personally1 they encouraged in their official capacity whatsoever things are true1 lovely1 and of good fame4 ,footnote #afh3 ,letter to ,pope ,benedict ,,xiv4 ,many names dear to science and religion occur to us in illustration of these remarks--names of men who1 in the two last and in the present century1 have devoted their lives to secular learning without losing their allegiance to the ,catholic faith1 or confounding it with other sciences which lie within human control for their extension and modification4 ,of these honorable names we will mention a few only by way of example1 feeling sure that our readers' memory will supply them with many others4 ,cassini1 among the astronomers1 enjoyed so high a reputation at ,bologna that the ,senate and the pope employed him in several scientific and political missions4 ,colbert invited him to ,paris1 where he became a member of the ,academy of ,sciences1 and died at a good old age in #agab1 crowned with the glory of several important discoveries1 among which were those of the satellites of ,saturn and the rotation of ,mars and ,venus4 ,his son ,james followed in his footsteps1 and bequeathed his name to fame4 ,andr ,ampre1 again1 a sincere ,catholic1 was one of the most illustrious disciples of electro-magnetism4 ,he developed the memorable discovery of ,oersted1 ranged over the entire field of knowledge1 and acquired a lasting reputation by his theory of electro-dynamic phenomena drawn from experience4 ,when between thirteen and fourteen years of age1 he read through the twenty folio volumes of ,d',alembert and ,diderot's ,encyclopaedia1 digested its contents wonderfully for a boy and could long afterwards repeat extracts from it4 ,but his reading was not confined to such books4 ,a biography of ,descartes1 indeed1 by ,thomas1 inspired him with his earliest enthusiasm for mathematics and natural philosophy2 but his first communion also left an indelible stamp on his memory and character4 ,the love of religion then1 once #fee and for ever1 took possession of his soul1 and fired him through life1 like the electric currents into which he made such profound research4 ,when his days1 which were fall of trouble1 came to a close at ,marseilles in #ahcg1 he told the chaplain of the college that he had discharged all his ,christian duties before setting out on his journey2 and when a friend began reading to him some sentences from ,the ,imitation of ,christ1 he said1 ,i know the book by heart4 ,these were his last words4 ,by the lives and labors of such men the church's mission on earth is effectually seconded4 ,they inspire the thinking portion of society with confidence in religion1 and though1 from their constant engagement in secular pursuits1 they frequently err in some minor point1 and cling to some crotchet which ecclesiastical authority cannot sanction1 yet in consideration of their loyal intentions and exemplary practices1 the clergy everywhere regard them as able and honorable coadjutors4 ,true civilization1 7observe the epithet17 far from being adverse1 must ever be favorable to the salvation of souls4 ,many writers still living1 or who have recently passed away1 have united happily ,catholicism with science4 ,santarem1 in his long exile1 gave his mind to the history of geography and the discoveries of his ,portuguese fellow-countrymen on the western coast of ,africa4 ,caesar ,cant1 in his historical works1 uniformly defended the cause of the popedom in ,italy1 and persisted in holding it forward as his country's hope4 ,m4 ,capefigue1 among his numerous works on ,french history1 has included the life of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul2 and ,cardinal ,mai has rendered incalculable service to the study of ,greek ,,mss4 ,but for his diligence and sagacity1 the palimpsests of the ,vatican would never have yielded up their all-but obliterated treasures4 ,saint-,hilaire1 eminent alike as a zoologist and natural philosopher1 who demonstrated so clearly the organic structure in the different species of animals was destined in his youth for holy orders2 but although he preferred a scientific career1 he retained his affection for the clergy1 and saved several of them1 at the risk of his own life1 during the massacres of ,september1 in #agib4 ,blainville1 another great naturalist1 and ,cuvier's successor in the chair of comparative anatomy1 was deeply religious4 ,he felt the importance of rescuing physical science from the hands of infidelity1 by which it is so often perverted into an argument against revelation4 ,epicurus is said to have maintained that our knowledge of ,deity is exactly commensurate with our knowledge of the works of nature1 and to have allowed no other measure of our theology out sic physics4 ,lucretius devoted the whole of his beautiful but atheistic poem1 ,de ,rerum ,natur to the task of proving that the soul is mortal1 that religion is a cheat1 and that natural causes sufficiently account for all the phenomena of the universe4 ,in our day the disciples of ,epicurus and ,lucretius are legion1 but they are not always so plain spoken as their masters4 ,happily they are everywhere opposed by men who recall physics to their true place1 and make them a corollary of revealed truth--the science of the ,creator1 as ,catholicism may be termed the science of the ,divine ,redeemer and ,ruler4 ,but useful as such laborers in the field of secular learning are1 the truth cannot be too often repeated1 that the vivifying principle of civilization lies in the cross and the ministry of reconciliation1 of which the ,pope is the head4 ,no man whose knees have never bent on ,calvary is truly civilized4 ,if his passions chance to be tamed1 his reason is rampant1 or his conscience is asleep4 ,he has no clear perception of things divine1 and his views of things earthly and human are erroneous and confused4 ,oh6 that philosophers would learn that the glory of their intellect consists in its dutiful subordination to the church6 ,then would she shine forth more conspicuously in the sight of all men as the #fef civilizer of nations4 ,then1 and then only1 should we be able to encourage without reserve or misgiving the speculations of science and the enterprises of art1 and should join with loud voices and full hearts in the ardent aspirations of the poet3 ,fly1 happy happy sails1 and bear the ,press2 ,fly1 happy with the mission of the ,cross2 ,knit land to land1 and blowing havenward ,with silks1 and fruits1 and spices1 clear of toll1 ,enrich the markets of the golden year4 ,that which delays the golden year1 and prevents the knitting of land to land in the bonds of religious brotherhood1 is the want of unity among nations called ,christian4 ,the terrible disruptions effected under ,photins1 ,luther1 and ,henry ,,viii41 have rendered the conversion of the world for the present morally impossible4 ,but if the ,east and ,west were again united under their lawful lord and pope2 if ,protestant sects were deprived of regal support1 rebsorbed into the ,catholic body1 or so reduced in numerical importance as to be all but inactive and voiceless2 if the vaunted utility of association were duly exemplified2 if ,european populations were emulous of spiritual conquests in distant countries2 if under the guidance and control of a common idea each of them launched its missionary ships on the waters in quick succession2 if each town and university sent its quota of zeal and learning to the glorious work2 if missionaries in large numbers went forth cheered with the apostolic benediction1 and on whatever shore they might converge found other laborers in fields already white for the harvest1 speaking with many tongues of one ,lord1 one faith1 one baptism--then would the heathen no longer be stupefied by the feeble front and incongruous claims of those who now call them to repentance1 nor would infidels scoff and jeer at a religion which has been made the very symbol of disunion2 unbelieving nations1 astonished at the strict coincidence of testimony borne by preachers arriving from every quarter of the globe1 would distrust their prophets1 desert their idols1 and seek admission into the one ubiquitous fold4 ,then1 also1 the moral and intellectual energies of ,european prelates would be no longer engrossed by resisting aggression and weeding out disaffection nearer home1 but would have leisure to organize missions on a large scale1 and to fortify them with every auxiliary modern art and science can supply4 ,the honor and glory of civilization would then be given to her to whom it belongs of right2 and the nations1 at length disabused of popular fallacies1 would perceive that ,protestantism and spurious liberty really hinder the progress they are supposed to promote4 ------ #fegfehfei ,,original4 ,,the ,,curse ,,of ,,sacrilege4 ,in the suburbs of the ancient and curious city of ,angers in ,france is a beautiful chateau1 situated in the midst of extensive and fertile grounds4 ,the chapel contains some very remarkable pieces of statuary1 now nearly eight hundred years old4 ,the place was formerly a convent of monks1 and wrested from them during the great revolution4 ,the family into whose possession it came1 has ever since been afflicted with the sudden death and insanity of its members4 ,the death of the last male heir1 a youth of great promise1 which occurred but a few years ago1 is described in the following verses4 ,a youth of twenty summers ,sat at his mother's knee2 ,ne'er saw you a youth more noble1 ,nor fairer dame than she4 ,half-reclining he swept the lute-strings1 ,murmuring an olden rhyme2 ,while the clock in the castle tower ,rang out a morning chime3 ,in the bright and happy spring-time ,ring the bells merrily2 ,when the dead leaves fall in autumn1 ,then toll the bell for me4 ,the face of the lady-mother1 ,writhed as with sudden pain3 ,oh6 sing not1 my son1 so sadly1 ,choose thou a happier strain4 ,sang the youth1 ,when the summer sunshine ,falls o'er the lake and lea1 ,and the corn is springing upward1 ,then you'll remember me4 ,the matron smiled on the singer3 ,my dear and my only one ,when ,i shall not remember1 ,the light will forget the sun4 ,yet her eyes smiled not1 but were standing1 ,brimful of glimmering tears1 ,tell-tales of secret anguish1 ,dead hopes and living fears4 ,for he was the heir1 and the only ,child of the house of ,la ,barre2 ,a name that was known for its sorrows1 ,by all1 both near and far4 ,lay in a charming valley ,its rich and fair domain2 ,but a curse seemed to hang around it1 ,worse than the curse of ,cain4 ,for this was a holy convent ,of monks in olden time2 ,from ,god men had dared to wrest it1 ,nor recked the awful crime4 ,the mild men of ,god were driven ,houseless and homeless afar3 ,and he who rifled their cloister1 ,became the ,lord of ,la ,barre4 ,but a curse came down on his household1 ,that time did not abate3 ,and ne'er did the mourning hatchment ,pass from the castle gate ,the ,lord of ,la ,barre fell suddenly ,dead in his banquet-hall2 ,and madness seized his first-born1 ,bearing the funeral pall4 ,calamity sudden and fearful4 ,haunted the sacred place4 ,striking the lords and their children1 ,and blighting their hapless race4 ,one is thrown from his saddle1 ,dashing his brains on the ground2 ,one in his bridal chamber4 ,dead by his bride is found2 ,one is caught by the mill-wheel4 ,and cruelly torn in twain2 ,one is lost in the forest1 ,ne'er to return again4 ,death-traps for wolves1 the herdsmen ,set in the woods with care2 ,the wolves devour the master1 ,caught in the fatal snare4 ,killed by the forkd lightnings2 ,drowned in the flowing ,loire2 ,crushed by some falling timbers2 ,conquered and slain in war4 ,idiots and still-born children1 ,come as the first-born heirs4 ,those are seized with madness1 ,whom death a few years spares4 ,thus did they all inherit ,a curse with the rich domain1 ,who dared on the holy convent ,to lay their hands profane4 ,the autumn winds are blowing ,across the lake and lea1 ,as the youth of twenty summers ,sings at his mother's knee4 ,he ceased1 and from him casting ,his lute upon the floor1 ,listened1 as sounds from the court-yard ,came through the open door4 ,hearing the dogs' loud barking1 ,as their keeper his bugle wound2 ,to-day ,i go a hunting1 ,said he1 with hawk and hound4 ,the rustling of dead leaves only ,heard the ,lady of ,la ,barre1 ,and thought of her lordly husband ,drowned in the flowing ,loire4 ,the autumn winds were moaning ,among the yellow trees1 ,stay1 ,ernest1 said she sadly1 ,my soul is ill at ease4 ,shadows of dire mischances ,fall on my widowed heart2 ,i could not live if danger ,thy life from mine should part4 ,fear not1 said he1 while laughing ,he kissed her sad fair face2 ,i hear the hounds' loud baying ,all eager for the chase4 ,over the hill by the river ,i'll bring the quarry down1 ,and homeward pluck the roses ,to weave for thee a crown4 ,the rose-crown1 my child1 will wither1 ',tis but a passing toy2 ,but thou art the crown of thy mother-- ,her only life and joy4 ,follow the hunt to-morrow-- ,with me1 love1 stay to-day2 ,for dark and sad forebodings ,my anxious heart affray4 ,the autumn winds are blowing1 ,the dead leaves downward fall1 ,the lawn and flowers covering ,like a funeral pall4 ,but he heedeth not the warning1 ,and hies with haste away4 ,the lady seeks the chapel1 ,with heavy heart1 to pray4 ,may ,god and his blessed ,mother ,spare me my only one4 ,yet teach me and strengthen me ever ,to say1 ,thy will be done6 ,well may the lady tremble1 ,hearing the wind again2 ,the dead leaves are falling in showers ,like to a summer rain4 ,hark6 a sound from the court-yard ,blanches the lady's cheek-- ,the huntsmen call not surely ,in such a fearful shriek6 ,say1 ,thy will be done1 ,o lady6 ,as thou e'en now hast said1 ,for the last of thy race is lying ,stark in the court-yard1 dead4 ------ #ffj ,translated from the ,spanish ,,perico ,,the ,,sad2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,alvareda ,,family4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,autumn had shortened the days1 and winter was knocking at the door with fingers of ice4 ,it was the hour when laborers return to their homes1 and the sun casts a last cold glance upon the earth he is abandoning4 ,perico came slowly1 preceded by his ass1 and followed by ,melampo1 who rivalled his ancient friend and companion in gravity4 ,the latter still remembered with horror the entry of the ,french1 though six years had passed since2 for the flight of her masters caused her the wildest gallop she had taken in her whole life4 ,she had not yet recovered from the fatigue4 ,when they entered their street1 two little children1 brother and sister1 ran to meet ,perico1 but at the moment they reached him1 the deep and solemn sound of a bell called to prayer4 ,perico stood still and uncovered his head4 ,the ass and the dog1 that from long habit knew the sound1 stopped also1 and the little ones remained immovable4 ,when their father had concluded the prayers of the mystery of the annunciation1 the children drew near and said-- ,your hand1 father4 ,may ,god make you good6 answered ,perico1 blessing his children4 ,the boy1 who was impatient to be mounted on the ass1 asked his father why people must be still when the bell rung for prayer4 ,don't you remember1 said his sister ,angela1 what ,aunt ,elvira tells us1 that when it strikes this hour dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 our guardian angels stand still1 and if we go on then1 we shall be alone--without them8 ,that is true1 sister1 answered the boy1 giving1 with all his little might1 a blow to the ass upon which his father had placed him1 a blow of which1 fortunately1 the patient creature took not the least notice4 ,six years had passed since the occurrence of the sorrowful events we have related4 ,to make the remembrance of them still more sorrowful1 the unhappy ,marcela1 who witnessed from her hiding-place the insult to her #ffa father1 the terrible vengeance taken by her brother1 and the flight of the latter1 had gone mad4 ,no tidings of ,ventura had ever been received1 and all believed that he was dead4 ,notwithstanding1 in their tenderness for ,elvira and their friendship for ,pedro1 the others spoke to them in the words of a hope which did not exist in their own hearts4 ,time1 the great dissolvent1 in which joys and griefs alike are lost--as in water disappear both the sugar and the salt--had made those memories1 if not less bitter1 at least more endurable4 ,only from ,pedro's lips1 instead of his lively songs and habitual jokes1 was often heard1 ,my poor son6 my poor daughter6 ,elvira1 alone1 was excepted from this influence of time4 ,she was wasting in silence1 like those light clouds in the sky1 which1 instead of falling to the earth in noisy torrents1 rise softly and gradually until they are lost from sight4 ,she never complained1 nor did the name of ,ventura1 of him upon whom she had looked as the companion the church would give her1 pass her lips4 ,a worm is gnawing at her heart1 said ,anna to her son2 the rest do not see it1 but it is not hidden from me4 ,but1 mother1 he answered1 where do you see it8 ,she complains perhaps8 ,no1 my son1 no3 but1 ,perico1 a mother hears the voice of the dumb daughter1 replied ,anna with sadness4 ,rita and ,perico were happy1 because ,perico1 with his loving heart1 his sweet temper1 and his conciliatory character1 made the happiness of both4 ,a year after their marriage1 ,rita had given birth to twins4 ,on that occasion1 she was at death's door1 and owed her life to the tender care of her husband and his family4 ,she remained for a long time feeble and ailing1 but at the moment in which we take up the thread of our story1 she was entirely restored1 and the roses of youth and health bloomed more brightly than ever upon her countenance4 ,when they were reunited that evening1 ,maria exclaimed3 ,blessed mother1 what a fearful storm we had last night6 ,i was so frightened that my very bed shook with me6 ,i recalled all my sins and confessed them to ,god4 ,i prayed so much that ,i think ,i must have awakened all the saints3 and ,i prayed loud1 for ,i have always heard say that the lightning loses its power from where the voice of praying reaches4 ,to the ,moors6 ,to the ,moors6 ,i said to the tempest1 go to the ,moors1 that they may be converted and tremble at the wrath of ,god6 ,not until day-break1 when ,i saw the rainbow1 was ,i consoled3 for it is the sign ,god gives to man that he will not punish the world with another flood4 ,why do men not fear when they see these warnings of ,god6 ,and why would you have them tremble1 mother1 for a thing which is natural1 said ,rita4 ,natural6 retorted ,maria4 ,perhaps you will also tell me that pestilence and war are natural6 ,do you know what the lightning is8 ,for ,i heard a farmer say that it is a fragment of the air set on fire by the wrath of ,god4 ,and where does not the air enter8 ,and where is the place the wrath of ,god does not reach8 ,and the thunder--the thunder1 said a certain preacher1 is the voice of ,god in his magnificence2 and that ,god is to be feared above all when it thunders4 ,the rain has been welcome1 ,mamma ,maria1 for the ground is thirsty1 said ,perico4 ,the ground is always thirsty1 observed ,rita1 as thirsty as a sot4 ,father1 said ,angela1 hear what ,i sung to-day when ,i saw the pewets running to the pools1 and the little girl began to sing3 ,open your windows1 ,god of ,christians6 ,let the rain come down1 ,see the ,blessed ,virgin comes riding ,from the inn of the little town2 ,riding a horse of snowy whiteness4 ,over the fields so brown1 ,lighting all the fields with the brightness ,of the glory which shines around4 ,blessing the fields1 the fields of the king3 ,ring from the big church1 let all the bells ring6 #ffb ,angel1 not wishing to let his sister1 who was the brighter of the two1 gain the palm--instantly said3 ,and ,i1 father1 sung3 ',rain1 my ,god1 ,i ask it from my heart4 ,have pity on me1 ,for ,i am little1 and ,i ask for bread4' ,enough1 enough1 cried ,rita1 you are as noisy as two cicadas1 and more tiresome than frogs4 ,may we play a game1 mother8 said the boy4 ,play with the cat's tail1 responded ,rita4 ,mamma ,maria1 said the girl1 ,i will say the catechism to you1 if you will tell us a story4 ,now hear me3 ',the enemies of the soul are three1 the devil1 the world1 and the flesh4' ,i like that enemy1 said the boy4 ,hush1 little one2 it don't mean the flesh in the stew4 ,what then8 asked the boy4 ,learn the words now1 answered his grandmother1 and when you know more1 apply what you have learned4 ,for the present1 ,i will tell you that your flesh1 that is to say1 your appetite1 tempts you to be so gluttonous1 and that gluttony is a mortal sin4 ,they are seven1 said the girl quickly1 and recited them4 ,i1 ,mamma ,maria1 said ,angel1 know the ,three ,persons1 the ,father who is ,god1 the ,son who is ,god1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 who is a dove4 ,how stupid you are6 exclaimed his mother4 ,daughter1 remarked ,maria1 no one is born instructed4 ,child1 she continued1 the ,dove is a symbol1 the ,holy ,spirit is ,god1 the same as the ,father and the ,son4 ,each child pulling at its grandmother as it spoke3 ,i know the commandments of ,god1 said one4 ,and ,i1 those of the church1 said the other4 ,i the sacraments4 ,and ,i the gifts of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,i-- ,enough1 and too much1 exclaimed ,rita2 you are going to say the whole catechism2 or perhaps this is an infant school6 ,what a pleasant diversion6 ,is it possible1 said ,maria1 grieved1 for she had been in her glory listening to the children1 is it possible1 ,rita1 that you do not love to hear the word of ,god1 and that it does not delight you in the mouths of your children8 ,i remember how ,i cried for joy1 the first time you said the whole of ,our ,father4 ,that is so1 said ,rita2 you are capable of crying at a fandango4 ,the poor mother did not answer2 but1 turning to the children1 said3 ,i am so pleased with you because you know the catechism so well1 that ,i am going to tell you the prettiest story ,i know4 ,the children seated themselves on a low bench in front of their grandmother1 who began her story thus3 ,when the angel warned the holy patriarch ,joseph to flee into ,egypt1 the saint got his little ass and set the mother and child upon it4 ,then they started on their journey through woods and briery fields4 ,once1 when they were in the thickest part of a forest1 the lady was afraid because the way was so dark and lonesome4 ,by and by they came to a cave4 ,out of it ran a band of robbers and surrounded the holy family4 ,when the mother and child were going to get down from the ass1 the captain of the band1 whose name was ,demas1 looked at the child2 as he looked1 his heart smote him1 and he turned to his companions and said3 ',whoever touches as much as a thread of this lady's garment will have me to do with1' and then he said to the holy pair3 ',the night is coming on stormy2 follow me1 and ,i will shelter you4' ,they went with the robber1 and he gave them to eat and drink1 and the holy pair accepted what he offered them1 for ,god himself receives the worship of all the bad as well as #ffc the good4 ,and for this reason1 children1 never cease to pray1 even though you should be in mortal sin2 for this robber1 when at last he was taken and condemned to die1 found repentance and pardon on the cross itself1 which served him for expiation1 as it served our ,lord for sacrifice4 ,he was converted and was the first of all to enter into glory1 as ,christ promised him when he was dying for him4 ,meantime1 the wind howled without in prolonged gusts4 ,the doors shook1 moved by an invisible hand4 ,the old orange-tree murmured in the court1 as if remonstrating with the wind for disturbing its calm4 ,listen1 said ,perico1 the very nettles will be swept from the ground4 ,and how it rains6 added ,pedro4 ,the clouds are torn to bits4 ,the river is going to overflow the fields4 ,did you see how the clouds ran this afternoon8 said ,angela to her brother4 ,they looked like greyhounds4 ,yes1 answered the boy1 and where were they going8 ,to the sea for water4 ,is there so much water in the sea8 ,yes indeed1 and more than there is in ,uncle ,pedro's pond4 ,the voice of the wind seems to me like the voice of the evil spirit1 that comes leading fear by the hand1 said ,maria4 ,you are always frightened1 mother1 remarked ,rita4 ,i don't know when your spirit will rest4 ,look here1 lazy-bones1 she proceeded1 giving a push to the boy who had reclined against her1 lean upon what you have eaten4 ,the child1 being half asleep1 lost his balance4 ,elvira gave a cry1 and ,perico1 springing forward1 caught him in his arms4 ,anna dropped her distaff1 but took it up again without a word4 ,if you ever lose your son1 said ,pedro1 indignant1 you will not weep for him as ,i do for mine4 ,you have that advantage over me4 ,she is so quick1 so hasty1 said ,maria1 always ready to excuse and slow to blame1 that she keeps me in hot water4 ,so1 then1 ,mamma ,maria1 ,perico hastened to say1 yon are afraid of everything--and witches8 ,no2 oh6 no1 my son6 ,the church forbids the belief in witches and enchanters4 ,i fear those things which ,god permits to punish men1 and1 above all1 when they are supernatural4 ,are there any such things8 ,have you seen any8 asked ,rita4 ,if there are any8 ,and do you doubt that there are extraordinary things8 ,not at all4 ,one of them is the day you do not preach me a sermon4 ,but the supernatural ,i don't believe in4 ,i am like ,saint ,thomas4 ,and you glory in it6 ,it is a wonder you do not say also that you are like ,saint ,peter in that in which he failed6 ,but1 madam1 have you seen anything of the kind1 or is it only because you can swallow everything1 like a shark8 ,it is the same1 to all intents1 as if ,i had seen it4 ,aunt1 what was it8 asked ,elvira4 ,my child1 said the good old woman1 turning toward her niece1 in the first place1 that which happened to the ,countess of ,villaoran4 ,her ladyship herself told it to me when we were superintending her estate of ,quintos4 ,this lady had the pious custom of having a mass said for condemned criminals at the very hour they were being executed4 ,when the infamous ,villico was in those parts1 committing so much iniquity1 she allowed herself to say that if he should be taken1 she would not send to have a mass said for him1 as she had for others4 ,and when he was executed1 she kept her word4 ,not long alter1 one night when she was sleeping quietly1 she was awakened by a pitiful voice near the head of her bed1 calling her by name4 ,she sat up in bed terrified1 but saw #ffd nothing1 though the lamp was burning on the table4 ,presently she heard the same voice1 even more pitiful than at first1 calling her from the yard1 and before she had fairly recovered from her surprise1 she heard it a third time1 and from a great distance1 calling her name4 ,she cried out so loudly that those who were in the house ran to her room1 and found her pale and terrified4 ,but no one else had heard the voice4 ,on the following day1 hardly were the candles lighted in the churches when a mass was being offered for the poor felon1 and the countess1 on her knees before the altar was praying with fervor and penitence1 for the clemency of ,god1 which is not like that of men1 excludes none4 ,and now ,rita1 what do you think8 ,i think she dreamed it4 ,goodness1 goodness6 what incredulity1 said ,uncle ,pedro4 ,rita will be like that ,tucero1 who1 the preachers say1 separated from the church4 ,ave ,maria6 ,do not say that1 ,pedro1 exclaimed ,maria1 even in exaggeration6 ,mercy6 you may well say1 what perverseness1 for she talks so just to be contrary4 ,a noise in the direction of the door which opened into the back-yard1 caused ,maria's lips to close suddenly4 ,what is that8 she said4 ,nothing1 ,mamma ,maria1 answered ,perico1 laughing2 what would it be8 ,the wind which goes about to-night moving everything4 ,mother1 said ,angela1 hold me in your lap1 as father does ,angel1 for ,i am afraid4 ,this is too much1 exclaimed ,rita1 who was in bad humor4 ,go along and sit on the lap of earth1 and don't come back till you bring grandchildren4 ,i should like to know1 said ,pedro1 if those who laugh at that which others fear have never felt dread4 ,perico6 ,perico6 cried ,maria1 in terror1 there is a noise in the yard4 ,mamma ,maria1 you are excited and frightened4 ,don't you hear that it is the water in the gutter8 ,i1 for my part1 said ,pedro1 in a low voice1 as if to himself1 ever since there was a stain of blood in my house-- ,pedro6 ,pedro6 are we always to go back to that8 ,why will you make yourself wretched8 ,of what use is it to return to the past1 for which there is no remedy8 said ,anna4 ,the truth is1 ,anna1 what ,i suffer at times overwhelms me1 and ,i must give it vent4 ,often at night1 when ,i am alone in my house1 it falls upon me4 ,anna1 believe me1 many a night1 when all is still and sleep flies from me1 ,i see him2 yes1 ,i see him--the grenadier my son slew4 ,i see him just as ,i saw him alive1 in his grey capote and fur cap1 rise out of the well and come into the room where he was killed1 to look for the stains of his own blood4 ,i sec him before my eyes1 tall1 motionless1 terrible4 ,at this moment the door opened1 and a figure1 tall1 motionless1 terrible1 with a grey capote and a grenadier's cap stood upon the threshold4 ,all remained for an instant confounded and fixed in their places4 ,god protect us6 exclaimed ,maria4 ,angel clung to his father's breast1 ,angela to the skirts of her grandmother4 ,ventura6 murmured ,elvira1 as her eyes closed and her head fell upon her mother's bosom4 ,the woman for whom there had been no forgetfulness1 had recognized him4 ,pedro rose impetuously and would have fallen1 the poor old man not having strength to sustain himself2 but ,ventura1 who had thrown off his cap and capote1 sprung forward and caught him in his arms4 ,the scene which followed1 a scene of confusion1 of broken words1 of exclamations of surprise and delight1 of tears and fervent thanks to heaven1 is more easily comprehended than described4 ,when ,ventura had freed himself from the embrace of his father1 who was long in undoing his arms from #ffe the neck of the son whom he could hardly persuade himself he held in them1 he fixed his eyes upon ,elvira4 ,she was still supported by her mother1 who held to her nostrils a handkerchief wet with vinegar4 ,but she was no longer the ,elvira he had left at his departure4 ,pale1 attenuated1 changed1 she appeared as if bidding farewell to life4 ,ventura's brilliant eyes became softened and saddened with an expression of deep feeling1 and1 with the frank sincerity of a countryman1 he said to her3 ,have you been sick1 ,elvira8 ,you do not look like yourself4 ,now she will be better1 exclaimed ,pedro1 in whom joy had awakened some of the old festive teasing humor4 ,your absence1 ,ventura1 and not hearing from you1 nothing less1 has brought her to this4 ,why1 in heaven's name1 did you not send us a letter1 to tell us where you were8 ,why1 our sergeant wrote at least six for me1 replied ,ventura1 and besides1 ,i have been in ,france1 ,i have been a prisoner4 ,all that is long to tell--,but how well you look1 ,rita1 he said1 regarding the latter1 who1 from the moment he entered1 had not taken her eyes from the gallant youth1 whom the moustache1 the uniform1 and the military bearing became so well4 ,bless me6 but you have become a fine woman6 ,the good care ,perico takes of you--and you ,perico1 always digging8 ,are these your children8 ,how handsome they are6 ,god bless them6 ,hey6 come here1 ,i am not a ,frenchman nor a bluebeard4 ,ventura sat down to caress the children4 ,maria1 coming behind him at this moment1 caught his head in her hands1 and covered his face with tears and kisses--,ventura in the mean while saying1 ,maria1 how much you have prayed for me6 ,i suppose you have made a hundred novenas1 and more than a thousand promises4 ,yes1 my son1 and to-morrow ,i shall sell my best hen1 to have said in ,saint ,anna's chapel the thanksgiving mass ,i have promised4 ,aunt ,anna is the one who has nothing to say1 observed ,ventura4 ,are you not glad to see me1 madam8 ,yes my son1 yes2 ,i was minding my ,elvira4 ,god knows1 she continued1 observing the pallid countenance of her child1 how glad ,i am of your return1 and what thanks ,i give him for it1 if it is for the best4 ,and why not1 exclaimed ,pedro1 for the best8 for all except my kids and your fowls1 which are going to give up the ghost within a month1 the time it will take to publish the bans4 ,don't be so hasty1 answered ,anna1 smiling1 a wedding1 neighbor1 is not a fritter to be turned1 tossed1 and fried in a moment4 ,well1 'every owl to his own olive1' said ,pedro after a while4 ,good people1 there is a wicket in the street that is tired of being solitary4 ,to-night1 ,uncle ,pedro1 said ,rita1 laughing1 the horrors will go to the bottom of the well with the ,frenchman1 never to return4 ,amen1 amen4 ,i hope so1 responded the good old man4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,the next evening1 ,ventura brought with him to their reunion a small black water-dog1 called ,tambor4 ,never before had a strange dog been permitted at one of those meetings1 so that he had hardly entered1 wagging his tail1 well washed1 well combed1 and with all the confidence of an exquisite1 when ,melampo1 who held these graces to be of very little consequence1 and an idler in lowest estimation1 flew at him with might and main1 and with a single blow of his paw flattened the creature2 but without the remotest ambition to affect in this action1 either the attitude or the air of the lion of ,waterloo4 ,in the first place1 said ,perico1 will you tell me1 ,ventura1 how you managed to appear here yesterday1 as if you had leaked through the roof1 without any one's opening the door to you8 #fff ,well1 it is difficult to guess1 answered ,ventura4 ,when ,i arrived ,i went to the house1 and ,aunty ,curra1 to whom my father gives a home for taking care of him1 opened the door1 and to get here sooner1 and take you all by surprise1 ,i jumped over the wall of the yard1 as ,i used to when ,i was a boy4 ,i was sure last night1 observed ,maria1 that ,i heard the door of the enclosure1 and some one walking in the yard4 ,now1' said ,perico1 tell us what has happened to you4 ,have you been wounded8' ,he has been wounded1 cried ,uncle ,pedro4 ,look at his breast1 and you win see a hole1 which is the scar left by a ball that he received there1 and that did not lay him dead1 thanks to this button which deadened its force4 ,see how it is flattened and hollowed out like the pan of a fire-lock4 ,look at his arm2 look at the wound-- ,and what matter1 father1 interrupted ,ventura1 since they are cured now8 ,when ,i ran1 he continued1 ,i took my course down river1 reached ,sanlcar1 and embarked for ,cadiz4 ,there ,i enlisted in the regiment of guards commanded by the ,duke del ,infantado4 ,i struck up a friendship with a young man of noble family1 who was serving as a private1 and we loved each other like brothers4 ,we soon embarked for ,tarifa1 for the purpose of approaching the ,french in the rear1 while the ,english attacked them in front4 ,the result was the battle of ,barrosa1 from which the ,french fled to ,jerez1 and we took possession of their camp4 ,in the midst of the fight1 ,i said to my friend1 ',come1 let us take from that ,frenchman the eagle he carries so proudly1 it is continually vexing my eyes1 come2' and without recommending ourselves to ,god1 we threw ourselves upon the bearer1 killed him1 and took the ugly bird2 but as we turned we found ourselves surrounded by ,frenchmen1 friends of the eagle4 ',comrades1' said we1 'it's of no use2 as for the bird1 he is caged and shall not go out even if ,pepe ,botellas ,footnote #afi or ,napoleon himself1 the big thief1 should come for him4' ,footnote #afi3 ,pepe ,botellas1 ,bottle ,joe2 ,joseph ,napoleon was so called by the people1 because1 they said1 he used to get drunk4 ,we set it up against a wild olive1 and placed ourselves before it1 and now1 we said1 ,come and get him--and they came1 for those demons1 the worse the cause the more impetuous they are4 ,they killed my poor friend1 and had nearly killed me1 for they were many4 ,what ,i felt at the thought of losing the bird6 but it was the will of heaven that it should never sing the mambrui ,footnote #agj in ,french1 for our men came and drove them back4 ,they conducted me with my trophy before the colonel1 who said that ,i had behaved well1 and should receive the cross of ,san ,fernando1 for having captured the eagle4 ',i did not capture it1 my colonel1' ,i answered1 'it was my friend1 the young noble1 who is killed4 ,and ,i fainted4 ,when came to1 ,i found myself in the hospital and without the cross4 ,footnote #agj3 ,mambrui1 a humorous military song1 popular among the ,spanish soldiers4 ,that was your own fault1 said ,rita4 ,why did you tell the colonel it was not you8 ,ventura looked at her as if he could not comprehend what she was saying4 ,you did your duty1 said ,pedro4 ,a tear ran down ,elvira's cheek4 ,i was hardly convalescent when we embarked for ,huelra1 and ,i found myself in the battle of ,albuera against the division of ,marshal ,soult4 ,i was soon after taken prisoner2 made my escape1 and joined the army of ,granada1 commanded by the ,duke del ,paryne1 in which ,i remained1 pursuing the enemy beyond the ,pyrenees4 ,then ,i returned to ,madrid1 where ,i have been waiting until now for my dismissal4 #ffg ,goodness6 ,ventura1 said ,maria1 in astonishment1 you have been further than the storks fly6 ,i--no1 answered ,ventura1 but ,i know one1 and he indeed1 he had been with ,general ,la ,romana1 far in the north1 where the ground is covered with snow so deep that people are sometimes buried under it4 ,maria ,santissima6 said ,maria1 shuddering4 ,but they are good people1 they do not carry knives4 ,god bless them6 exclaimed ,maria4 ,in that land there is no oil1 and they eat black bread4 ,a poor country for me1 observed ,anna1 for ,i must always eat the best bread1 if ,i eat nothing else4 ,what kind of gazpachos ,footnote #aga can they make with black bread1 and without oil8 asked ,maria1 quite horrified4 ,footnote #aga3 ,gazpacho4 ,dish made of bread1 oil1 onions1 vinegar1 salt and red-pepper mixed together in water4 ,they do not eat gazpacho1 replied ,ventura4 ,then what do they eat8 ,they eat potatoes and milk11 he answered4 ,much good may it do them1 and benefit their stomachs4 ,the worst is1 ,aunt ,maria1 that in all that land there are neither monks nor nuns4 ,what are you telling me1 my son8 ,what you hear4 ,there are very few churches1 and those look like hospitals that have been plundered1 for they are without chapels1 without altars1 without images1 and without the blessed sacrament4 ,mercy1 mercy6 exclaimed all1 except ,maria1 who remained as if turned to stone with surprise4 ,but presently crossing her hands1 she exclaimed1 with satisfied fervor4 ,ah my sunshine6 ,ah my white bread6 ,my church6 ,my blessed ,mother6 ,my country1 my faith1 and my ,god in his sacrament6 ,happy a thousand times1 ,i1 who have been born1 and through divine mercy1 shall die here6 ,thank ,god1 my son1 that yon did not go to that country1 a land of heretics6 ,how dreadful6 ,and is heresy catching1 mother1 like the itch8 asked ,rita ironically4 ,i do not say that1 ,god forbid1 answered the good ,maria2 but-- ,everything is catching1 except beauty1 said ,pedro1 and one is better off in his own country4 ,i will bet my hands that those who have been there1 will bring us nothing good4 ,what do not the poor soldiers have to pass through6 sighed ,elvira4 ,that must be the reason why ,i have always been so fond of them1 added ,maria4 ,that1 and because they defend the faith of ,christ4 ,and therefore1 ,i am also very devoted to ,san ,fernando1 that pious and valiant leader4 ,i have him framed in my parlor1 and around him on the wall1 ,i have stuck little paper soldiers1 thinking it would be pleasing to the saint1 who all his life saw himself surrounded by soldiers4 ,when ,rita was about twelve years old1 ,i went to ,sevilla1 and she gave me a shilling to buy her a little comb4 ,i passed by the shop of an old man who had a lot of little paper soldiers exposed for sale4 ,what a guard for my saint1 ,i thought2 but my quarters were all spent4 ,i had nothing left but ,rita's shilling4 ,the price of the set was a shilling4 ,go along1 said ,i to myself1 it is better that ,rita should do without the bauble than my saint without his guard2 and ,i bought them4 ,i told ,rita1 and it was the truth1 that my money did not hold out4 ,the next day when ,i was taking them out to stick them up around the picture of the king1 ,rita came into the room4 ',so then1' she said1 'you had money enough to buy these dirty soldiers1 and not enough for my little comb1' and she snatched them from my hands to throw them out of the window4 ',child1' ,i screamed1 'you are throwing my heart into the street with the soldiers6' ,and seeing that she paid me no attention1 ,i caught up the broom and beat her4 ,the only time ,i ever beat her in my life4 #ffh ,it would have been better for you1 said ,pedro1 if you had left the marks of your fingers upon her sometimes4 ,who can please you1 ,uncle ,pedro8 said ,rita4 ,my mother erred in not chastising her child1 and ,i err in not spoiling mine4 ,daughter6 replied ,pedro1 neither ,hei6 till they run away1 nor ,whoa6 till they stop short4 ,but since you like soldiers so much1 mother1 proceeded ,rita1 why did you take such trouble to prevent my cousin ,miguel from becoming one8 ,i love soldiers because they suffer and pass through so much1 and for the same reason1 ,i wished to save my nephew4 ,how ,i laughed then6 continued ,rita1 directing her conversation to ,ventura4 ,her grace burned lights to all the saints while the lots were being drawn4 ,as she had not candlesticks1 she stuck empty shells to the walls with cement2 put wicks in them2 filled them with oil1 and began to pray4 ,while she was praying1 in came ,miguel's mother1 and told her that he had been drafted4 ,my mother1 on hearing that1 put out the lights1 as if to say to the saints1 ',stay in the dark now1 ,i need you no longer6' ,how you talk1 ,rita1 answered the good ,maria4 ,i trust that ,god does not so judge our hearts4 ,i resigned myself1 my daughter4 ,i resigned myself1 because he had made known his pleasure1 and when ,god will not1 the saints cannot4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,the joy of ,elvira was as brief as it had been keen4 ,what can escape the eyes of one who loves8 ,is it not known that there are things1 which1 like the wind of ,guadarrama1 though scarce a breath1 yet kill4 ,before either ,rita or ,ventura had acknowledged even to their own consciousness1 the mutual attraction which they exercised upon each other1 ,elvira was offering to ,god1 for the second time1 the pangs of her lost love4 ,this time1 however1 without a remote hope4 ,the prudent and patient girl looked upon a rupture as the sure forerunner of some catastrophe1 and1 like a martyr1 endured without daring to repulse them1 the evidences of an affection as pale and feeble as she was herself2 an affection that was vanishing before the vivid flame of a new love1 which already sparkled1 active1 brilliant1 and beautiful like the object that inspired it4 ,while the visits at the grating became every night colder and less' prolonged1 there was no occasion that did not1 by gesture1 look1 or word1 bring into contact those two beings1 who1 like moths1 took pleasure in approaching the flame1 drawn by an instinctive impulse1 which they obeyed1 but did not pause to define2 of which no one warned them1 because among the people1 a married woman unfaithful to her duties1 or a lover neglectful of his1 is an anomaly2 and one which1 in the family whose history we are relating1 would have been looked upon as incredible to the point of impossibility4 ,but ,rita acknowledged no rein1 and the life of a soldier had been a school of evil habits to ,ventura4 ,one day ,perico1 on setting out for the field1 found ,elvira in the yard1 and said to her3 ,here is money1 sister1 to buy yourself colored dresses4 ,you have fulfilled your promise to wear the habit of our ,lady of ,sorrows till ,ventura came back1 and now ,i wish to see your face1 your dress--everything about you gay4 ,elvira answered1 with difficulty repressing her tears3 ,keep your money1 brother1 every day ,i feel myself worse4 ,it is better for me to think of making my peace with ,god1 than of buying wedding clothes1 or of changing the colors which are to wrap me in the coffin4 #ffi ,do not say that1 sister6 exclaimed ,perico4 ,you break my heart6 ,it has become a habit with you to be melancholy4 ,when you and ,ventura are as happy as ,rita and ,i1 when you have two little ones like these of ours1 to occupy you1 your apprehensions will fly away4 ,come1 he added1 catching the children1 come and play with your aunt4 ,elvira's eyes followed her brother4 ,her heart was torn with grief2 grief all the more agonized and profound for being repressed4 ,she considered that a complaint from her would be like an indiscreet cry of alarm at an inevitable misfortune4 ,aunt1 said ,angel1 nothing can keep ,melampo when father goes4 ,he does what he ought1 like the good dog he is1 answered ,elvira4 ,and why is he called ,melampo8 the child continued1 with that zeal for asking questions which older people ridicule1 instead of respecting and encouraging4 ,he is called so1 answered ,elvira1 because ,melampo is the name of one of the dogs that went to ,bethlehem with the shepherds to see the child ,jesus4 ,there were three of them1 ,melampo1 ,cubilon1 and ,tobina1 and the dogs that bear these names never go mad4 ,aunt1 said ,angela1 running after a little bird1 ,i can't catch this swallow4 ,that is not a swallow4 ,swallows do not come till spring1 and these you must never catch nor molest4 ,why not1 aunt8 ,because they are friends to man1 they confide in him and make their nests under his eaves4 ,they are the birds that pulled the thorns out of the ,saviour's crown when he hung upon the cross4 ,at this moment ,angel fell and began to cry4 ,rita rushed impetuously out of her room and snatched him up1 exclaiming3 ,what has he done to himself8 what is the matter with mother's glory8 ,wiping his face1 which was dirty1 with her apron1 she continued3 ,what is the matter8 ,sweet little face1 covered with mud4 ,bless his pretty eyes and his mouth1 and his poor little hands6 ,and covering him with kisses1 passionate caresses1 she took him and his sister into her mother's house4 ,returning presently she went into the back-yard to wash4 ,it has already been said that this yard was next to that of uncle ,pedro1 separated from it by a low wall4 ,rita according to the popular custom began to sing4 ,among the people of ,andalucia1 one can hardly be found whose memory is not a treasury of couplets2 and these are so varied that it would be difficult to suggest an idea1 for the expression of which a suitable verse would not immediately be found4 ,a fine voice1 well modulated and dear1 answered ,rita from the adjoining yard2 in this manner a musical colloquy was carried on1 concluded by the male voice in this couplet1 which indicated the wings that the preceding one had given to his desires3 ,with no loss of time1 ,to succeed ,i intend2 ,without sigh to the air1 ,or complaint to the wind4 ,in the mean time ,elvira sat sewing beside her mother4 ,her sweet and placid countenance betrayed none of the pain and anguish of her heart4 ,nevertheless1 ,anna looked at her with the penetrating eyes of a mother1 and thought1 ,will the hopes fail which ,i placed in ,ventura's return8 ,does our ,lord want her for himself8 ,at this moment the children rushed in1 wild with delight4 ,mamma ,anna6 ,aunt ,elvira6 they shouted4 ,uncle ,pedro says the ass had a little colt last night4 ,she is in the stable with it1 and we did not know it here4 ,come and see it6 come and see it6 ,and one pulling at the grandmother and the other at the aunt1 they went1 to the yard and threw the door wide open4 #fgj ,what a two-edged dagger for the heart of ,anna1 the honorable woman1 the loving mother6 ,ventura was there with ,rita6 ,quick as lightning ,ventura stepped upon the wheel of a cart which stood close to the wall1 and with one spring disappeared4 ,rita1 enraged1 continued her washing1 and with unparalleled effrontery began to sing3 ,no mother-in-law plagued ,eve2 ,no sister-in-law worried ,adam2 ,nor caused their souls to grieve1 ,for in ,eden they never had them4 ,the children had run on to the stable without stopping4 ,anna led her daughter1 almost fainting1 into the house1 and there upon the bosom of her mother1 from whom the cause of her grief was no longer a secret1 ,elvira burst into sobs4 ,and you knew it1 said her mother2 silent martyr to prudence4 ,weep1 yes1 weep1 for tears are like the blood which flows from wounds1 and renders them less mortal4 ,i knew what she was and warned him4 ,i knew that reprobation must follow the union of kindred blood1 and ,i told him so4 ,he would not listen4 ,it would have been better to let him go to the war4 ,but the heart errs as well as the understanding4 ,in the mean time the impudent woman went on singing3 ,mothers-in-law1 and sisters-in-law1 ,see a cargo passing go2 ,what a famous load 'twould be4 ,for ,satan's regions down below4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,after a night of sleepless anguish1 ,anna rose1 apparently more tranquil2 drawing some slight hope from the determination she had taken to speak with ,rita2 show her the precipice toward which she was running blindly1 and persuade her to recede4 ,anna had a dignity that would have impressed any one in whom the noble quality of respect had not been suffocated by pride--the worst enemy of man because the most daring2 no other like it elevates itself in the presence of virtue2 no other is so obstinate and so lordly2 no other so hides perversity under forms of goodness2 no other so falsifies ideas and qualifies and condemns as servile that sentiment of respect which entered into the world with the first benediction of ,god4 ,pride sometimes wishes to elevate itself into dignity1 but without success1 for dignity never seeks to set itself up at the cost of another1 but leaves and maintains everything in its own place2 its attitude being even more noble when it honors than when it is honored4 ,dignity owes its place neither to riches nor knowledge1 and least of all is it indebted to pride4 ,it is the simple reflection of an elevated soul which feels its strength4 ,it is natural1 like the flush of health2 not put on like the color of those who paint4 ,but there are beings who place themselves above everything else1 and rest with portentous composure upon a fake and insecure base1 parading an intrepidity and an arrogance which they do not assume who rest on the firm rock of infallible justice and eternal truth4 ,rita1 treading a crooked path with fearless step and serene countenance1 was one of these beings4 ,the good sense of the villager1 who felt profoundly what we have expressed1 and understood perfectly the character of both women1 defined it better in their concise laconism when1 in speaking of ,anna1 they said1 ,aunt ,anna teaches without talking2 and of ,rita1 ,she fears neither ,god nor the devil4 ,rita was sewing when ,anna entered4 ,the latter deliberately drew the bolt of the door and sat down facing her daughter-in-law4 ,you already know1 ,rita1 she said calmly1 ,that ,i was never pleased with your marriage4 ,and have you come to receive my thanks8 ,without noticing the question ,anna continued3 ,i had penetrated your character4 ,it was not necessary to be a seer to do that1 replied ,rita1 ,i am perfectly open and frank4 ,i say what ,i think4 #fga ,the evil is not in saying what you think1 but in thinking what you say4 ,it is plain that it would be better for me to play the dead fox1 or still water1 like some who appear flakes of snow1 but are in reality grains of salt4 ,this was a fling at ,elvira which ,anna fully understood1 but of which she took no notice1 and proceeded4 ,notwithstanding1 ,i was deceived4 ,i had not entirely fathomed you4 ,go on1 said ,rita1 there is a squall to-day4 ,i never thought that what has come to pass would happen4 ,now it escapes and rains pitchforks1 said ,rita4 ,since1 proceeded ,anna1 you do not fear to deceive my son-- ,ho1 is that the matter8 said ,rita coolly4 ,and kill my poor daughter-- ,that will do1 interrupted ,rita1 there is where the shoe pinches2 because ,ventura does not want to marry a spectre1 that to go out has to ask permission of the gravedigger1 ,i must answer for it4 ,and for no other reason than because he is gay and likes better to jest with one who is cheerful like me than to drink herb-tea with her1 can ,i help it8 ,anna allowed ,rita to conclude1 her countenance showing no alteration except a mortal paleness4 ,rita1 she said1 when the latter had finished1 a woman cannot be false to her marriage vows with impunity4 ,what are you saying6 exclaimed ,rita1 springing to her feet and throwing away her work1 her cheeks and eyes on fire4 ,what have you said1 madam8 ,i fake to my marriage vows8 ,to that which your eyes did not see you have brought in your hand6 ,i false6 ,i6 ,you have always borne me ill-will1 like a mother-in-law in fact1 and a bad mother-in-law1 but ,i never knew before that the saint-eaters bore such testimony4 ,i do not say that you are so1 replied ,anna1 in the same grave and moderate tone which she had observed from the beginning1 but that you are in the way1 that you are going to be false if ,god does not prevent it by opening your eyes4 ,now1 as formerly1 and always a prophetess1 ,jonah in person1 and 7she added between her teeth7 may the whale swallow you also4 ,yes1 ,rita1 yes1 said ,anna1 and ,i have come-- ,to threaten me8 asked ,rita1 with an air of bold defiance4 ,no1 ,rita1 no1 my daughter2 ,i have come to beg of you in the name of ,god1 for the love of my son1 for the sake of your children1 and for your own sake1 to consider what you are doing1 to examine your heart while there is yet time4 ,did ,perico send you8 ,no1 my dear son suspects nothing1 ,god forbid that we should awaken a sleeping lion4 ,well1 then1 why do you put yourself into so wide a garment8 ,go along6 ,the one who is being hanged does not feel it but the witness feels it6 ,perico1 madam1 is not and never has been jealous2 neither does he suspect the fingers of his guests1 or go in quest of trouble4 ,he is no dirty hypocrite1 crying to heaven because people joke1 and he does not bully because somebody draws a few buckets of water for his wife when she is washing4 ,do you think that ,i shall lose my soul for that8 ,rita1 ,rita1 do not trifle with men4 ,nor you with women4 ,good heavens6 it would seem that ,i am scandalizing the town4 ,consider1 ,rita1 continued ,anna with increased severity1 that with men an affront is often the cause of bloodshed4 ,you would bathe in rose-water1 responded ,rita if matters seemed to be running a little toward the fulfilment of those predictions of yours about kindred blood not harmonizing1 and others of the same kind1 by which you wished to prevent your son from marrying2 and you were disappointed2 #fgb and you will be now if you attempt1 as ,i see you are attempting1 to make trouble between us4 ,i know what ,i am doing2 ,perico is a lover of quiet1 and knows the wife he has4 ,leave us in peace1 and we will live so1 if you do not heat your son's skull by your meddling2 you take care of the wedding finery of your daughter1 the flower of the family4 ,at this string of taunts and insults1 the prudent long-suffering of that respectable matron1 wavered for an instant2 but the angel of patience that ,god sends to women from the moment they become mothers1 to help them bear their crosses1 vanquished1 and ,anna went out1 looking at ,rita with a sad smile1 in which there was as much or more compassion than contempt4 ,the worthy woman remained in a state of depression and anguish1 on account of the failure of the step she had taken1 and determined to open her heart to ,pedro1 in order to have him send his son away4 ,finally there was a guard wanting at the estate on which ,ventura had served1 and he was called to fill the place4 ,this absence1 though interrupted by frequent visits to the village1 gave some respite to the afflicted ,anna1 who said to herself1 a day of life is life4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,in the mean time the happy ,christmas holidays arrived4 ,they had arranged for the children a beautiful birth-place1 which occupied the whole front of the parlor1 covering it with aromatic pistachio1 rosemary1 lavender1 and other odorous plants and leaves4 ,perico brought these things from the field with all the pleasure of a lover bringing flowers to his bride4 ,on ,christmas day1 ,perico heard mass early1 and went to take a walk to his wheat-field1 having been told that there were goats in the neighborhood4 ,he returned home about ten o'clock1 and found the children alone4 ,how glad we are1 father1 that you have come1 they shouted1 running joyfully toward him4 ,they have all gone and left us4 ,where then are ,mamma ,anna1 and ,aunt ,elvira8 ,they went to high mass4 ,who staid with you8 ,mother4 ,and where is she8 ,how do we know8 ,we were in the parlor with her grace1 dancing before the birth-place4 ,ventura came in1 and mother told us to go somewhere else with the music1 for it made her head ache1 and when we were going out ,ventura told her1 ,i heard it1 father1 that she did right to put the door between1 for the little angels of ,god were the devil's little witnesses4 ,is it true1 father1 are we the devil's little witnesses8 ,to whom has it not happened1 at some time in his life1 in great or in less important circumstances1 that a single word has been the key to open and explain2 the torch to illuminate the present and the past2 to bring out of oblivion and light up a train of circumstances and incidents which had transpired unperceived1 but which now unite1 to form an opinion1 to fix a conviction or to root a belief8 ,such was the effect upon ,perico of the words1 which the decree of expiation seemed to have put into the mouth of innocence4 ,late1 but terrible1 the truth presented itself to the eyes which good faith had kept closed1 and doubt took possession of the heart so healthy and so shielded by honor that a suspicion had never entered it4 ,father1 father6 cried the children1 seeing him tremble and turn pale4 ,perico did not hear them4 ,mamma ,anna1 they exclaimed1 as the latter entered1 hurry1 father is sick6 #fgc ,as he heard his mother enter1 ,perico turned his perplexed eyes toward her1 and seemed to read again in her severe countenance the terrible sentence she had once pronounced upon a future from which her loving foresight would have preserved him3 ,a bad daughter will be a bad wife4 ,overwhelmed1 he rushed out of the house1 muttering a pretext for his flight which no one understood4 ,anna put her head out of the window1 and felt relieved as she saw that he went toward the fields4 ,could any one have told him that goats have broken into the wheat8 ,it is very likely1 mother2 he suspected it yesterday1 answered ,elvira4 ,but dinner-time came1 and ,perico did not appear4 ,it was strange1 on ,christmas day2 but to country people1 who have no fixed hours1 it was not alarming4 ,in the evening ,maria arrived at the usual time4 ,did ,ventura not come to the village to-day8 asked ,anna4 ,yes1 answered ,pedro1 but there is an entertainment1 and his friends carried him off4 ,he has always been so fond of dancing that he would at any time leave his dinner1 for a fandango4 ,and ,rita1 said ,elvira1 was she not at your house4 ,aunt ,maria8 ,she came there1 my daughter1 but wanted to go with a neighbor to the entertainment4 ,i told her she had better stay at home1 but as she never minds me-- ,and you told her right1 ,maria1 added ,pedro1 an honest woman's place is in the house4 ,they were oppressed and silent when ,perico abruptly entered4 ,the light was so deadened by the lamp-shade that they did not perceive the complete transformation of his face4 ,dark lines1 which appeared the effect of long days of sickness1 encircled his burning eyes1 and his lips were red and parched like those of a person in a fever4 ,he threw a rapid glance around1 and abruptly asked1 ,where is ,rita8 ,all remained silent2 at length ,maria said timidly1 ,my son1 she went for a little while to the feast with a neighbor--she must be here soon--she took it into her head--and as it was ,christmas day-- ,without answering a word1 ,perico turned suddenly1 and left the room4 ,his mother rose quickly and followed1 but did not overtake him4 ,i tell you1 ,maria1 said ,pedro1 that ,perico ought to beat her well4 ,i would not say a word to stop him4 ,don't talk so1 ,pedro1 answered ,maria1 ,perico is not the one to strike a woman4 ,my poor little girl6 we shall see4 ,what harm is there in giving two or three hops8 ,old folks1 ,pedro1 should not forget that they have been young4 ,at this moment ,anna entered1 trembling4 ,pedro1 she said1 go to the feast6 ,i8 answered ,pedro2 you are cool6 ,i am out of all patience with that same feast4 ,if ,perico warms his wife's ribs1 he will be well employed2 she shall not dry her tears upon my pocket-handkerchief4 ,pedro1 go to the feast6 said ,anna again1 but this time with such an accent of distress1 that ,pedro turned his head and sat staring at her4 ,anna caught him by the arm1 obliged him to rise1 drew him aside1 and spoke a few rapid words to him in a low voice4 ,the old man as he listened gave a half-suppressed cry1 clasped his hands across his forehead1 caught up his hat and hastily left the house4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,ventura and ,rita were dancing at the feast1 animated by that which mounts to heads wanting in age or wanting in sense2 by that which blinds the eyes of reason1 silences prudence1 and puts respect to flight2 that is to say1 wine2 a love entirely material1 a voluptuous dance1 executed without restraint1 amid foolish drunken applauses4 #fgd ,in truth they were a comely pair4 ,rita moved her charming head1 adorned with flowers1 and tossed her person to and fro with that inimitable grace of her province1 which is at will modest or free4 ,her black eyes shone like polished jet1 and her fingers agitated the castanets in defiant provocation4 ,she had in ,ventura a partner well suited to her4 ,never was the fandango danced with more grace and sprightliness4 ,the excited singers improvised 7according to custom7 couplets in praise of the brilliant pair3 ,throw roses1 red roses1 ,the belle of the ball1 ,for her beauty and grace ,she merits them all ,and to-night in the feast1 ,by public acclaim4 ,to her and ,ventura ,is given the palm4 ,during the last changes when the clappings and cheers were redoubled1 ,perico arrived and stopped upon the threshold4 ,occupied as all were with the dance1 no one noticed his arrival1 and ,ventura conducting ,rita to a room where there were refreshments passed close beside him as he stood in shadow1 without being aware of his presence4 ,as they passed he heard words between them which confirmed the whole extent of his misfortune2 all the infamy of the wife he loved so fondly1 of the mother of his children2 all the treachery of a friend and brother4 ,the blow was so terrible that the unhappy man remained for a moment stunned2 but recovering himself1 he followed them4 ,rita stood before a small mirror arranging the flowers that adorned her head4 ,withered1 said ,ventura1 why do you put on roses8 ,is it not known that they always die of envy on the head of a handsome woman8 ,look here1 ,ventura1 said one of his friends1 you appear to like the forbidden fruit better than any other4 ,i1 responded ,ventura1 like good fruit though it be forbidden4 ,that is an indignity1 said a friend of ,perico's4 ,one of those present took the speaker by the arm1 and said to him1 as he drew him aside4 ,hush1 man6 don't you see that he is drunk8 ,who gave you a candle for this funeral8 ,what is it to you if ,perico1 who is the one interested1 consents8 ,who dares to say that ,perico ,alvareda consents to an indignity8 said the latter presenting himself in the middle of the room1 as pale as if risen from a bier4 ,at the sound of her husband's voice1 ,rita slid like a serpent among the bystanders and disappeared4 ,he comes in good time to look after his wife1 said some hair-brained youths1 who formed a sort of retinue to the brilliant dancer and valiant young soldier1 bursting into a laugh4 ,sirs1 said ,perico1 crossing his arms upon his breast with a look of suppressed rage1 have ,i a monkey show in my face8 ,that or something else which provokes laughter1 answered ,ventura1 at which all laughed4 ,it is lucky for you1 retorted ,perico1 in a choked voice1 that ,i am not armed4 ,shut your mouth6 exclaimed ,ventura1 with a rude laugh4 ,how bold the pet lamb is getting6 ,leave off bravado1 pious youth2 don't be picking quarrels1 but go home and wipe your children's noses4 ,at these words ,perico precipitated himself upon ,ventura4 ,the latter recoiled before the sudden shock1 but immediately recovered himself1 and with the strength and agility which were natural to him1 seized ,perico by the middle1 threw him to the ground1 and put his knee upon his breast4 ,fortunately ,perico did not carry a knife1 and ,ventura did not draw his2 but instead the latter clenched both hands upon ,perico's throat1 repeating furiously3 #fge ,you6 ,you6 that ,i can tear to pieces with three fingers2 do you lay your hands upon me8 ,you6 a killer of locusts1 a coward1 a chicken1 brought up under your mother's wing4 ,you to me6 to me6 ,at this instant ,pedro entered4 ,ventura6 he shouted1 ,ventura6 ,what are you doing8 what are you doing1 madman8 ,at the sight of his father1 ,ventura loosed his grasp upon ,perico and stood up4 ,you are drunk1 continued ,pedro1 beside himself with indignation and grief4 ,you are drunk1 and with evil wine4 ,footnote #agb ,go home1 he added pushing ,ventura by the shoulder1 go home1 and go on before me4 ,footnote #agb3 ,drunk with evil wine1 said when the drunken person is ill-tempered4 ,ventura obeyed without answering1 for with ,pedro's words1 it was not alone the voice of his father that reached his ears1 it was the voice of reason1 of conscience1 of his own heart4 ,his noble instincts were awakened1 and he blushed for the affair which had just taken place1 and for the cause which had occasioned it4 ,therefore he lowered his head as in the presence of all he respected1 and went out1 followed by his father4 ,in the mean while they had raised ,perico1 who was gradually recovering from the vertigo caused by the pressure of ,ventura's fingers4 ,he passed his hand across his forehead1 cast upon those who surrounded him the glance of a wounded and manacled lion1 and left the room1 saying in a hollow voice1 ,he has destroyed us both4 ,as ,ventura had gone1 accompanied by his father1 those present allowed ,perico to leave without opposition4 ,this is not the end1 said one1 shaking his head4 ,that is clear1 said another4 ,first deceived1 and afterward beaten2 who is the saint that could bear it8 ,perico went home muttering in disjointed and broken sentences--,chicken6 ,coward6 ,something in my face which provokes laughter6 ,and he tells me so1 he6 ,pet lamb6 ,no one cast a doubt upon my honor until you spat upon it and trampled it under your feet6 ,oh6 we shall see6 ,he entered his room and seized his gun4 ,father6 called the little voice of ,angela from the next apartment1 father1 we are alone4 ,you will be yet more alone1 murmured ,perico1 without answering her4 ,the children's voices kept on calling ,father1 father6 ,you have no father6 shouted ,perico1 and went out into the court4 ,he placed his gun against the trunk of the orange-tree1 in order to take out ammunition to load it1 but1 as if the ancient protector of the family repulsed the weapon1 it slid and fell to the ground4 ,the leaves of the tree murmured mournfully4 ,were they moved by some dismal presentiment8 ,perico was leaving the court when he found himself face to face with his mother1 who1 made watchful by her inquietude1 had heard her son enter4 ,where are you going1 ,perico8 she asked4 ,to the field4 ,i have told you already that there were goats around4 ,did you go to the feast8 ,yes4 ,and ,rita8 ,was not there4 ,mamma ,maria dotes4 ,anna breathed more freely2 still1 the unusual roughness of her son's tone and the asperity of his replies surprised the already alarmed mother4 ,don't go now to the field1 my child1 she said in a supplicating voice4 ,not go to the field1 and why8 ,because ,i feel in my heart that you ought not1 and you know that my heart is true4 ,yes1 ,i know it6 he answered1 with such acerbity and bitterness that ,anna began to fear that although he might not have found ,rita at the feast1 he had1 nevertheless1 his suspicions4 ,well1 then1 since you know it1 do not go1 she said4 #fgf ,madam1 answered ,perico1 women sometimes exasperate men by trying to govern them4 ,they say that ,i have been brought up under your wing4 ,i intend now to fly alone1 and he went toward the gate4 ,is this my son8 cried the poor mother4 ,something is the matter with him6 ,something is wrong6 ,as ,perico opened the gate1 his faithful companion1 the good ,melampo1 came to his side4 ,go back6 said ,perico1 giving him a kick4 ,the poor animal1 little used to ill treatment1 fell back astonished1 but immediately1 and with that absence of resentment which makes the dog a model of abnegation in his affection1 as well as of fidelity1 darted to the gate in order to follow his master4 ,it was already shut4 ,then he began to howl mournfully1 as if to prove the truth of the instinct of these animals when they announce a catastrophe by their lamentations4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,on the following day1 when sleep had dispelled from ,ventura's brain the remaining fumes that confused his reason1 he rose as deeply ashamed as he was sincerely penitent4 ,he1 therefore1 listened to the just and sensible charges which his father made against his proceedings1 past and present1 without contradicting them4 ,all you say is true1 father1 he answered1 and ,i can only tell you that ,i did not know what ,i was doing1 but ,i feel it enough now6 ,the wine1 the cursed wine6 ,i will ask ,perico's pardon before all the village4 ,i owe it more to myself than even to him ,i have offended4 ,you promise1 then1 to ask his pardon8 ,a hundred times1 father4 ,you will marry ,elvira8 ,with all my heart4 ,and treat her well8 ,by this cross1 said ,ventura making the sign with his fingers4 ,you and she will go to ,alcal8 ,yes1 sir1 if it were to ,peon4 ,footnote #agc ,footnote #agc3 ,gibraltar1 in other words1 to the end of the world4 ,pedro looked at him a moment with deep emotion1 and said3 ,well1 then1 ,god bless you1 my son4 ,both went to ,anna's in search of ,perico1 but he had gone out1 ,anna told them4 ,at sight of them1 but still more on noticing the joy and satisfaction which shone in ,pedro's face1 ,anna's vague but distressing fears were tranquillized1 and1 more than all1 ,ventura's manner filled her with hope1 for she saw that he approached ,elvira and talked to her with interest and tenderness1 while ,pedro said1 with a mysterious air and winking toward ,ventura1 ,that young fellow is in a hurry to be married4 ,you mustn't take so long to prepare the wedding things1 neighbor2 young people are not so sluggish as we old ones4 ,they soon left1 ,ventura for the hacienda at which he was employed2 ,pedro1 who was going to his wheat-field1 accompanied him1 their road being the same4 ,the wheat was very fine1 not full of weeds4 ,the weeds are awake1 said ,ventura4 ,give them time1 replied ,pedro1 and they will vanquish the wheat1 because they are the legitimate offspring of the soil4 ,the wheat is its foster child4 ,but1 with the favor of ,god1 wheat will not be lacking in the house for us and for more that may come4 ,they separated and ,ventura disappeared in the olive-grove4 ,pedro remained looking after him4 ,not even a king1 he said to himself1 has a son like mine4 ,nor is there his equal in all ,spain4 ,if he is noble in person1 he is more noble in soul4 ,ventura had advanced but few steps into the grove when he saw ,perico at a little distance1 coming from behind a tree with his gun4 #fgg ,i have something in my face1 thanks to you1 he shouted1 that provokes laughter4 ,i have also something in my hand that stops laughter4 ,i am a coward and a killer of locusts1 but ,i know how to rid myself of the reproach you have put upon me4 ,perico1 what are you doing8 cried ,ventura1 running toward him to arrest the action4 ,but the shot had been sent on its dreadful errand1 and ,ventura fell mortally wounded4 ,pedro heard the report and started4 ,what is that8 he exclaimed1 but what would it be8 he added upon reflection4 ,ventura has perhaps shot a partridge4 ,it sounded near4 ,i will go and see4 ,he hurriedly follows the path his son has taken1 sees a form lying upon the ground2 approaches it--,god of earth and heaven6 ,it is a wounded man6 and that man is his son6 ,the poor old man falls down beside him4 ,father1 ,ventura says1 ,i have some strength left2 calm yourself and help me get to the hacienda2 it is not far and let them send for a confessor1 for ,i wish to die like a ,christian4 ,the ,god of pity gives strength to the poor old man4 ,he raises his son1 who1 leaning upon his shoulder walks a few steps1 repressing the groans which anguish wrings from his breast4 ,at the hacienda1 they hear a pitiful voice calling for succor2 all run out and see1 coming along the path1 the unfortunate father supporting upon his shoulder his dying son4 ,they meet and surround them4 ,a priest6 a priest6 moans the exhausted voice of ,ventura4 ,a suitable person1 mounted on the fleetest horse1 leaves for the village4 ,the surgeon1 bring the surgeon6 calls the father4 ,and the magistrate6 adds the superintendent4 ,in this manner passes an hour of agony and dread4 ,but now they hear the swift approach of horses' feet1 and the messenger comes accompanied by the priest4 ,the aid which arrives first is that of religion4 ,the priest enters1 carrying in his bosom the sacred host4 ,all prostrate themselves4 ,the wretched father finds relief in tears4 ,they leave the priest with the dying man1 and through the house1 broken only by the sobs of ,pedro1 reigns a solemn silence4 ,the minister of ,god comes out of the room4 ,a sweet calm has spread itself over the face of the reconciled4 ,the surgeon enters1 probes the wound1 and turns silently with a sad movement of his head toward those who are standing by4 ,pedro awaiting1 with hands convulsively clasped1 the sentence of the man of science1 falls to the floor1 and they carry him away4 ,sir magistrate1 the surgeon says1 he is not capable of making a declaration1 he is dying4 ,these words rouse ,ventura4 ,with that energy which is natural to him1 he opens his eyes and says distinctly3 ,ask1 for ,i can still answer4 ,the scribe prepares his materials and the magistrate asks3 ,what has been the cause of your death8 ,i myself1 distinctly replied ,ventura4 ,who shot you8 ,one whom ,i have forgiven4 ,you then forgive your murderer8 ,before ,god and man4 ,these were his last words4 ,the priest presses his hand and says1 ,let us recite the creed4 ,all kneel1 and the guardian angel embraces as a sister1 even before hearing the divine sentence1 the parting soul of him who died forgiving his murderer4 #fgh ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,the women were together in ,anna's parlor1 and although not one of them1 except ,rita1 knew of the events of the night before1 they sat in oppressive silence1 for even ,maria was wanting in her accustomed loquacity4 ,i don't know why1 she said at last1 nor what is the matter with me1 but my heart to-day feels as though it could not stay in its place4 ,it is the same with me1 said ,elvira1 ,i cannot breathe freely4 ,i feel as if a stone lay on my heart4 ,perhaps it is the air4 ,is it going to rain1 ,aunt ,maria8 ,my poor child1 thought ,anna1 the remedy comes too late4 ,earth is calling her body and heaven her soul4 ,well1 ,i feel just as usual1 said ,rita1 who was in reality the one that could hardly sit still for uneasiness4 ,angela had made her a rag baby1 which she was rocking in a hollow tile by way of cradle1 and the painful silence which followed these few words was only broken by the gentle voice of the little girl as she sung1 in the sweet and monotonous nursery melody to which some mothers lend such simple enchantment1 and such infinite tenderness1 these words3 ,i hold thee in my arms1 ,and never cease to think4 ,what would become of thee1 my angel1 ,if ,i should be taken from thee4 ,the little angels of heaven-- ,the childish song was interrupted by a heavy solemn stroke of the church bell4 ,its vibration died away in the air slowly and gradually1 as if mounting to other regions4 ,his ,majesty6 said all1 rising to their feet4 ,anna prayed aloud for the one who was about to receive the last sacraments4 ,for whom can it be8 said ,maria4 ,i do not know of any one that is dangerously sick in the place4 ,rita looked out of the window and asked of a woman that was passing1 who was the sick person8 ,i do not know1 she answered1 but it is some one out of the village4 ,another woman cried as she approached1 ,mercy6 it is a murder1 for the magistrate and the surgeon have followed the priest as fast as they could6 ,god help him6 they all exclaimed1 with that profound and terrible emotion which is excited by those awful words1 a murder6 ,and who can it be8 asked ,rita4 ,no one knows1 answered the woman4 ,then the bell tolled for the passing soul2 solemn stroke2 stroke of awe2 voice of the church1 which announces to men that a brother is striving in weariness1 anguish1 and dismay1 and is going to appear before the dread tribunal--momentous voice1 by which the church says to the restless multitude1 deep in frivolous interests which it deems important1 and in fleeting passions which it dreams will be eternal3 ,stand still a moment in respect for death1 in consideration of your fellow-being who is about to disappear from the earth1 as you will disappear tomorrow4 ,they remained plunged in silence1 but nevertheless deeply moved1 as happens sometimes with the sea1 when its surface is calm1 but its bosom heaves with those deep interior waves which sailors call a ground-swell4 ,and not they alone4 ,the whole village was in consternation1 for death by the hand of violence always appalls1 since the curse which ,god pronounced upon ,cain continues1 and will continue1 in undiminished solemnity throughout all generations4 ,how long the time is6 said ,maria1 at length4 ,it seems as if the day stood still4 ,and as if the sun were nailed in the sky1 added ,elvira4 ,suspense is so painful4 ,perhaps robbers have done it4 ,it may have been unintentional1 answered ,maria4 ,mamma ,anna1 who has killed a man1 and what made him do it8 asked the little ,angela4 ,who can tell1 replied ,anna1 what is the cause1 or whose the daring hand that has anticipated that of ,god in extinguishing a torch which he lighted4 #fgi ,at that instant they heard a distant rumor4 ,people moved by curiosity are running through the street1 and confused exclamations of astonishment and pity reach their ears4 ,what is it8 asked ,rita1 approaching the window4 ,they are bringing the dead man this way1 was the answer4 ,elvira felt herself irresistibly impelled to look out4 ,come away1 ,elvira1 said her mother1 you know that you cannot bear the sight of a corpse4 ,elvira did not hear her1 for the crowd1 that drawn by curiosity1 sympathy1 or friendship1 had surrounded the body and its attendants1 was coming near4 ,anna and ,maria1 also placed themselves at the grating4 ,the corpse approached1 lying across a horse and covered with a sheet4 ,an old man follows it1 supported by two persons4 ,his head is bowed upon his breast4 ,they look at him--merciful ,god6 it is ,pedro6 and they utter a simultaneous cry4 ,pedro hears it1 lifts his head and sees ,rita4 ,despair and indignation give him strength4 ,he frees himself violently from the arms that sustain him1 and precipitates himself toward the horse1 exclaiming3 ,look at your work1 heartless woman6 ,perico killed him4 ,saying this1 he lifts the sheet and exposes the body of ,ventura1 pale1 bloody1 and with a deep wound in the breast4 ------ ,from the ,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,,irish ,,folk ,,books ,,of ,,the ,,last ,,century4 ,in the eighteenth century ,ireland did not possess the boon of ,commissioners to prepare useful and interesting school books4 ,however1 as the mass of the peasantry wished to give their children the only education they could command1 namely1 that afforded by the hedge schools1 and as young and old liked reading stories and popular histories1 or at least hearing them read1 some ,dublin1 ,cork1 and ,limerick printers assumed the duties neglected by senators1 and published ,primers1 ,reading-made-easie's1 ,child's-new-play-thing1 and the widely diffused ,universal ,spelling ,book of the magisterial ,daniel ,fenning1 for mere educational purposes4 ,these were adorned with cuts1 but the transition from stage to stage was too abrupt1 and the concluding portions of the early books were as difficult as that of the ,universal ,spelling ,book itself1 which the author1 in order to render it less practically useful1 had encumbered with a dry and difficult grammar placed in the centre of the volume4 ,two ,dublin publishers1 ,pat4 ,wogan1 of ,merchants' quay1 and ,william ,jones1 #ge ,thomas street1 were the educational and miscellaneous ,alduses of the day1 and considered themselves as lights burning in a dark place for the literary guidance of their countrymen and countrywomen1 of the shop-keeping1 farmer1 and peasant classes4 ,in the frontispiece of some editions of the spelling-book grew the tree of knowledge1 laden with fruit1 each marked with some letter1 and ardent climbers plucking away4 ,beneath was placed this inscription3 ,the tree of knowledge here you see4 ,the fruit of which is ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,but if you neglect it like idle drones1 ,you'll not be respected by ,william ,jones4 #fhj ,that portion of the work containing spells and explanations was thoroughly studied by the pupils4 ,the long class was arranged in line in the evening1 every one contributed a brass pin1 and the boy or girl found best in the lesson1 and most successful at the hard spells given him or her by the others1 and most adroit in defeating them at the same exercise1 got all the pins except two1 the portion of the second in rank1 7the queen17 and one1 the perquisite of the third1 7the prince47 ,every neighborhood was searched carefully for any stray copies of ,entick's or ,sheridan's small square dictionaries1 7pronounced ,dixhenry's by the eager students17 for hard spells and difficult explanations to aid them in their evening tournaments4 ,the grave ,mr4 ,fenning was censuruble for admitting into some editions the following jest 7probably imported from ,joe ,miller7 among his edifying fables and narratives3 ,a gay young fellow once asked a parson for a guinea1 but was stiffly refused4 ',then1' said he1 give me at least a crown4' ',i will not give thee a farthing1' answered the clergyman4 ',well1 father1' said the rake1 'let me have your blessing at all events4' ',oh ,i yes3 kneel down1 my son1 and receive it with humility4' ',nay1' said the other1 ',i will not accept it1 for were it worth a farthing you would not have offered it4' ,we cannot1 however1 quit the school-books without mention of the really valuable treatise on arithmetic1 composed by ,elias ,vorster1 a ,dutchman naturalized in ,cork1 and subsequently improved by ,john ,gough1 of ,meath street1 one of the society of ,friends4 ,book-keeping by ,double ,entry1 written by ,dowling and ,jackson1 was so judiciously arranged that it is still looked on as a standard work4 ,the same followers longo intervallo of ,stephens and ,elzevir published1 besides prayer and other devout books1 a series of stories and histories1 and literary treatises such as they were1 printed with worn type1 on bad grey paper1 cheaply bound in sheep-skin1 and sold by the peddlers through the country at a tester 7#f-a_/b;d47 each4 ,of history1 voyages1 etc41 the peddler's basket was provided with ,hugh ,reilly's ,history of ,ireland1 ,adventures of ,sir ,francis ,drake1 ,the ,battle of ,aughrim1 and ,siege of ,londonderry1 7the two latter being dramas17 ,life and ,adventures of ,james ,freney the ,robber1 ,the ,irish ,rogues and ,rapparees1 ,the ,trojan ,wars1 and ,troy's ,destruction1 ,the ,life of ,baron ,trenck1 and ,the ,nine ,worthies--,three ,jews1 ,three ,heathens1 and ,three ,christians4 ,the fictional department embraced1 chiefly in an abridged state1 ,the ,arabian ,nights1 ,the ,history of ,don ,quixote1 ,gulliver's ,travels1 ,esop's ,fables1 ,adventures of ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,robin ,hood's ,garland1 ,the ,seven ,champions of ,christendom1 ,the ,history of ,valentine and ,orson1 ,the ,seven ,wise ,masters and ,mistresses of ,rome1 ,royal ,fairy ,tales1 etc41 etc4 ,in the department of the ,belles ,lettres may be classed1 ,lord ,chesterfield's ,letters to his ,son1 ,the ,academy of ,compliments1 ,the ,fashionable ,letter ,writer1 ,hocus ,pocus1 or the ,whole ,art of ,legerdemain1 ,joe ,miller's ,jest ,book1 etc4 ,the list would not be complete without mention of the books of ballads4 ,these were sold in sheets1 each forming #h pages1 #ahmo1 and adorned with cuts1 never germain to the ballads they illustrated4 ,some of these sheets contained only one production1 the ,yarmouth ,tragedy1 or some early ,english ballad sadly disfigured4 ,one related how a servant-man was accused by an envious liveried brother1 of being a confirmed card-player4 ,on being examined he obtained a complete victory over the informer1 convincing his master that what he1 the master1 called cards1 was to him a prayer-book1 a catechism1 a calendar1 and what not4 ,the different numbers reminded him of the six days of the creation1 the seven churches of ,asia1 the ten commandments1 the twelve ,apostles1 etc4 ,the #fha king recalled to him the duty he owed that supreme magistrate1 the ace of hearts1 the love due to ,god and our neighbor4 ,how1 is it1 said the master1 that you have always passed over the knave in your reckoning8 ,ah6 ,i wished to speak no ill of that crooked disciple that went to backbite me to your honor4 ,the reader anticipates the victory of the ingenious rogue4 ,the purchasers of these sheets sewed them as well as they could in a book form1 but they were so thumbed and abused1 that it is at this date nearly impossible to procure one of those repertories of song printed toward the close of the last or the beginning of the present century4 ,of all these works that we delight in most at present1 7it was not so when we were young17 is the unmatched ,academy of ,compliments1 which was the favorite of boys and girls just beginning to think of marriage1 or its charming preliminary1 courtship4 ,very feelingly did the writer in his preface insist on the necessity of eloquence4 ,even quick and attractive wit1 as he thoughtfully observed1 is often foiled for want of words1 and makes a man or woman seem a statute or one dumb4 ,he candidly acknowledges that several treatises like his have been published1 but he assures the courteous reader that none have arrived to the perfection of this1 for good language and diversion4 ,this is the receipt for accosting a lady1 and entering into conversation2 with her3 ,i believe ,nature brought you forth to be a scourge to lovers1 for she hath been so prodigal of her favor toward you1 that it renders you as admirable as you are amiable4 ,another form3 ,your presence is so dear to me1 your conversation so honest1 and your humour so pleasing1 that ,i could desire to be with you perpetually4 ,the author directs a slight departure from this form1 in case the gentleman has never seen the lady before1 and yet has fallen passionately in love with her4 ,if you accuse me of temerity1 you must lay your own beauty in fault1 with which ,i am so taken1 that my heart is ravished from me1 and wholly subjected to you4 ,decent people would scarcely thank us for troubling them with many of the witty questions and answers for the improvement of conversation4 ,a few must be quoted1 however1 with discreet selection4 ,q4 ,what said the tiler to the man when he fell through the rafters of his house8 ,a4 ,well done1 faith2 ,i like such an assistant as thou art1 who can go through his work so quickly4 ,q4 ,what said the tailor's boy to the gentleman who1 on his presenting his bill1 said tartly1 he was not running away8 ,a4 ,if you are not1 sir1 ,i am sorry to say my master is4 ,q4 ,why is a soldier said to be of such great antiquity8 ,a4 ,because he keeps up the old fashions when the first bed was upon the bare ground4 ,,the ,,battle ,,of ,,aughrim4 ,it may appear strange that ,the ,battle of ,aughrim1 written by an adherent to the ,hanoverian succession1 should so long have continued a popular volume among the ,roman ,catholic peasantry4 ,this has1 perhaps1 been due to the respectful style in which the author treated the officers of ,irish extraction4 ,all his contempt and dislike were levelled at ,st4 ,ruth1 the ,french ,general1 and his masters1 ,english ,james and ,french ,louis4 ,though the style of the rhymed play is turgid enough1 there are in it occasional passages of considerable vigor and beauty1 and a brisk movement in the conduct of the piece2 and sentimental youth have an opportunity of shedding a tear over the ill starred love of ,godfrey and ,jemima4 ,it was scarcely fair of the author to represent ,st4 ,ruth as a stabber in cold blood1 but hear the moving periods he makes ,sarsfield utter3 ,o heavens6 can nature bear the shocking sound ,of death or slavery on our native ground4 ,why was ,i nurtured of a noble race1 ,and taught to stare destruction in the face8 ,why was ,i not laid out a useless scrub1 ,and formed for some poor hungry peasant's cub4 ,to hedge and ditch1 and with unwearied toil ,to cultivate for grain a fertile soil1 ,to watch my flocks1 and range my pastures through1 ,with all my locks wet with the morning dew1 ,rather than being great1 give up my fame1 ,and lose the ground ,i never can regain8 #fhb ,those ,irishmen1 who1 like ourselves1 have read and enjoyed this drama in early boyhood1 before the birth of the critical faculty1 will find it out of their power to divest themselves of early impressions when endeavoring to form a just estimate of its merits4 ,we vainly strive to forget the image of a comely and intelligent country housewife1 spiritedly reciting the interview of the ,irish and ,english officers after the day was decided1 and bravely holding out the tongs at the point where ,sarsfield presents his weapon4 ,talmash1 ,mackay1 and ,sir ,charles ,godfrey confront the ,irish chiefs1 ,dorrington1 ,o',neil1 and ,sarsfield1 and ,talmash courteously addresses them4 ,take quarters1 gentlemen1 and yield on sight4 ,or otherwise prepare to stand the fight4 ,yet pray1 take pity on yourselves and yield4 ,for blood enough has stained the sanguine field4 ',tis ,britain's glory1 you yourselves can tell1 ,to use the vanquished hospitably well4 ,sarsfield-- ,urge not a thought1 proud victor1 if you dare4 ,so far beneath the dignity of war4 ,i am a peer1 and ,sarsfield is my name4 ,and where this sword can reach ,i dare maintain4 ,life ,i contemn1 and death ,i recommend2 ,he breathes not vital air who'd make me bend ,my neck to bondage1 so1 proud foe1 decline ,the length of this1 7extending his sword17 because the spot is mine4 ,talmash4--,if you are ,sarsfield1 as you bravely show1 ,you're that brave hero whom ,i longed to know1 ,and wished to thank you on the reeking plain ,for that great feat of blowing up our train4 ,then mark1 my lord1 for what ,i here contend2 ',tis ,britain's holy church ,i now defend4 ,great ,william's right1 and ,mary's crown1 these three4 ,sarsfield4--,why1 then fall on--,louis and ,james for me4 7,they fight47 ,sarsfield's declaration ends the animated discussion rather lamely2 but what poet has maintained a uniform grandeur or dignity8 ,the writer was a certain ,robert ,ashton4 ,the play when printed was dedicated1 circa #agef1 to ,lord ,carteret1 and if peasant tradition can be trusted1 it was only acted once4 ,the ,jacobite and ,hanoverian gentlemen in the pit drew their swords on one another1 probably at the scene just quoted1 and bloodshed ensued4 ,this is not confirmed by the written annals of the time4 ,the ,siege of ,londonderry was1 and still is bound up with ,the ,battle of ,aughrim1 but there is nothing whatever in it to recommend it to the sympathies of the populace4 ,there is nothing but mismanagement and bad feeling on the part of the native officers from beginning to end2 and if fear or disloyalty shows itself in one of the besieged1 his very wife cudgels him for it4 ,there is something very nave and old-fashioned in the observation inserted at the end of the list of the dramatis personae3 ,cartel agreed upon--,no exchange of prisoners1 but hang and quarter on both sides4 ,,don ,,bellianis ,,of ,,greece2 ,,or ,,the ,,honor ,,of ,,chivalry4 ,the re-perusal of portions of this early favorite of ours has not been attended with much pleasure or edification4 ,there is a sad want of style1 accompanied by a complete disregard of syntax1 orthography1 and punctuation4 ,the objects to be attained are so many and so useless1 one adventure branches off into so many others1 and there arc so many knights and giants to be overcome1 and emperors so carelessly leave their empresses in the dark woods exposed to so many dangers1 while they go themselves to achieve some new and futile exploit that the narrative has scarcely more continuity and consistence than a dream4 ,the author had ten times as many separate sets of adventures to conduct simultaneously as ever had the estimable ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james4 ,so he was frequently obliged to suspend one series1 and take up another1 a mode of composition which all novelists who read this article1 are advised to eschew4 ,leaving ,don ,bellianis investing the emperor of ,trebizond1 who stoutly disputed the possession of the fair ,florisbella's hand with him1 he proceeds to tell what happened at the joustings of ,antioch in consequence of the happy union of ,don ,brianel and the peerless ,aurora4 ,thither came #fhc ,peter1 the knight of the ,keys1 from ,ireland4 ,he was son to the king of ,monster1 and1 being anxious to seek foreign adventures1 embarked at ,carlingford1 and performed prodigies of valor in ,britain and ,france1 and then sailed for ,constantinople4 ,being within sight of that city1 a storm forced his ship away and drove it to ,sardinia1 where ,peter won the heart of the fair princess1 ,magdalena1 by his success in the tournament1 and his beauty of features when he removed his helmet after the exercise4 ,the princess has a claim upon our indulgence1 for as the text has it1 he looked like ,mars and ,venus together4 ,the knights of those happy times being as distinguished for modesty as courage1 the princess ran no risk in desiring an interview with the peerless ,peter1 and they vowed constancy to each other till death4 ,a neighboring king demanding the hand of the lady for his son1 the lovers decamp1 and find themselves on a strange island in a day or two4 ,peter having given the princess a red purse containing some jewels1 she happened to let it fall by her1 and it was at once picked up by a vulture1 on the supposition of its being a piece of raw meat4 ,flying with it to a tree overhanging the river1 and finding his mistake1 he dropped it into the water1 and there it lay on the sandy bottom in sight of the lovers4 ,the knight1 arming himself with a long bough1 and getting into the boat1 would have fished up the purse1 only for the circumstance of being unprovided with oars4 ,the tide having turned1 he was carried out to sea1 and by the time he had got rid of his armor he was nearly out of sight of the poor princess1 now left shrieking behind1 who was conveyed away after a day and a night's suffering1 in a ship bound for ,ireland1 where she took refuge in a nunnery1 and in time became its superioress4 ,this was near the palace of her lover's parents1 and to match this strange coincidence by another equally strange1 their cook1 one day preparing a codfish for dinner1 discovered within it the identical purse of jewels carried away by their son1 and lost in the manner described in the distant ,mediterranean4 ,they gave him up then for lost1 but he was merely searching through the world for his mistress1 jousting at ,antioch1 killing a stray giant here or there1 and rescuing from the stake at ,windsor an innocent countess accused of a faux pas--all these merely to keep his hand in practice4 ,don ,clarineo with whom he had fraternized at ,antioch is also engaged on the same quest1 and comes to ,ireland in the course of his rambles4 ,in that early time ,owen ,roe ,o',neill was chief king1 ,mac,guire1 father of ,peter1 was king of ,munster as before stated1 ,owen ,con ,o',neill and ,owen ,mac,o',brien ruled two of the other provinces1 but the territory claimed by each is not pointed out4 ,the compiler was probably not well up in the old chronicles2 he would else have given ,o',brien the territory of ,munster1 and settled ,mac,guire somewhere near ,loch ,erin4 ,be that as it may1 the reigning king of ,ulster refusing his fair daughter to the prince of ,connaught1 was minded to bestow her on the terrible giant ,fluerston1 whose inhospitable abode was in the mountains of ,carlingford4 ,the father of the rejected prince determined to resist this family compact1 sent out knights and squires to impress every knight errant they met into his service4 ,being rather more earnest than polite on meeting with ,don ,clarineo1 he slew about a score of them1 and after he succeeded in learning their business with him he was inclined to slay another score for their stupidity in not being more explicit at the beginning1 whereas he would have devoted ten lives if he had them to the cause of prince versus giant4 ,having easily massacred the ,carlingford ogre1 he began to bestir himself in his quest for the lost princess1 and so quitted the ,connaught court which according to our author was held at that era in ,dublin1 and his #fhd loyalty was suitably rewarded in discovering his own true love4 ,it was originally written in ,spanish1 and part translated into ,french by ,claude de ,beuil1 and published by ,du ,bray1 ,paris1 #afbe in an #hvo4 ,,the ,,new ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,trojan ,,warriors ,,and ,,troy',s ,,destruction4 ,the compiler of this ,burton did not share in ,homer's excusable prejudices in favor of his countrymen2 he was a ,trojan to the backbone4 ,this might be excused in compliment to the noble and patriotic ,hector1 but he disturbs commonly received notions of family relationship among the ancients1 a thing not to be pardoned4 ,after proposing the true histories of ,hercules1 ,theseus1 the destruction of ,ilion1 and other equally authentic facts1 he proceeds to relate-- ,how ,brute1 ,king of the ,trojans1 arrived in ,britain1 and conquered ,albion and his giants1 building a new ,troy where ,london now stands1 in memory of which the effigies of two giants in ,guildhall were set up1 with many other remarkable and very famous passages1 to revive antiquity out of the dust1 and give those that shall peruse this elaborate work1 a true knowledge of what passed in ancient times1 so that they may be able readily to discourse of things that had been obliterated from the memories of most people1 and gain a certainty of the famous deeds of the renowned worthies or the world4 ,our truthful historian then relates with many corrections of the legendary accounts of the lying ,greeks1 the histories of ,hercules1 ,theseus1 ,orpheus1 ,jason1 and the other ,ante-,trojan heroes2 and either through mere whim1 or better information1 tells us that ,proserpine at the time she was snatched away to hell1 was the bride of the enamored ,orpheus1 and the wicked ,king ,pluto putting armor on his equally wicked followers--the giant ,cerberus and others--and festal garments over the armor1 carried her away despite the resistance of the bridal party4 ,orpheus obtained her1 as mentioned by the fabulists1 but looking back1 ,cerberus1 who was close behind arrested her progress1 and the unfortunate husband returned to upper air half-dead4 ,thereupon ,theseus and ,pirithous tried the adventure1 but the giant ,cerberus slew the last named1 and would have slain ,theseus1 but ,hercules closely following1 gave the giant such a knock of his club as left him lying in a swoon for some hours4 ,advancing to the throne of the black tyrant1 he administered another crushing blow on his helm1 and leaving him for dead1 conducted the trembling but delighted ,proserpine to her mother and husband in the pleasant vales of ,sicily1 and if they didn't live happy that we may6 ,as for the traitor ,cerberus1 he was presented to ,hippodamia1 the disconsolate widow of the murdered ,pirithous1 who found a melancholy satisfaction in putting him to death after first subjecting him to well-deserved tortures4 ,in the rest of the history of ,hercules our compiler does not think it necessary to depart from the statements of the early writers4 ,he gives him indeed as second wife1 ,joel1 daughter of ,king ,pricus1 neither of whose names we recollect4 ,our authority being keenly alive to the injustice done by ,homer to the ,trojans1 corrects his statements on sundry occasions4 ,well disposed as we are to rectify prejudices1 he has not convinced us that the knights on both sides1 mounted1 armed in plate1 and setting their strong spears in rest1 charged each other in full career in the manner of ,cranstoun and ,william of ,deloraine4 ,these are his words3 ,hector and ,achilles advanced in the front of either army1 and ran at each other with great fury with their spears1 giving such a shock as made the earth to tremble1 with which ,achilles was thrown from his horse2 whereupon the noble ,hector scorning to kill a dismounted man1 passed on1 making lanes through the enemy's troops1 and paving his way with dead bodies1 so that in a fearful manner they fled before him4 #fhe ,by this time ,achilles being remounted by his ,myrmidons1 a second time encountered the victorious ,hector1 who notwithstanding his utmost efforts1 again bore him to the earth1 and went on making a dreadful havoc as before4 ,it is probable that this account of the death of ,hector will prove the least digestible of his emendations to the admirers of the early ,greek poets4 ,the version here given appears to depend on the sole authority of our compiler1 and we do not feel here at liberty to interpose in the literary quarrel sure to arise on the publication of this article3 ,hector1 having taken prisoner ,menesteus1 ,duke of ,athens1 who had on a curious silver armor1 he was conveying him out of the battle when thinking himself secure1 and being overheated with action1 he threw his shield behind him1 and left his bosom bare4 ,achilles1 spying this opportunity1 ran with all his might his spear at the breast of the hero1 which piercing his armor1 entered his undaunted heart1 and he fell down dead to the earth4 ,and this not satisfying the ungenerous ,greek1 he fastened his dead body to the tail of his horse1 and dragged him three times round the city of ,troy in revenge for the many foils and disgraces he had received of him4 ,the rest of the narrative corresponds tolerably with the old accounts1 but we have not heart to accompany the author through the burning of ,troy1 the adventures of ,eneas1 and those of ,brutus in his descent on ,britain1 and his victory over ,albion1 ,gog1 and ,magog4 ,besides1 the death of the ,guardian ,dog of ,troy has disturbed our equanimity1 for we acknowledge as great an esteem for ,hector and as strong a dislike to the ruthless ,achilles1 as was ever entertained by the compiler of the ,new ,history of the ,trojan ,wars4 ,the prejudices of the romancers of the middle and later ages in favor of the ,trojans were probably due to the history of the war supposed to have been written by ,dares1 a ,phrygian priest mentioned by ,homer4 ,it is in ,greek1 and the work of some ingenious person of comparatively recent times4 ,it was translated by ,postel into ,french1 and published in ,paris #aeec4 ,the first edition in ,greek came out at ,milan in #adgg4 ,another spurious book on the same subject in ,latin1 was attributed to ,dictys1 a follower of ,idomeneus1 ,king of ,crete4 ,the first edition of it was printed at ,mayence1 but without date4 ,,the ,,irish ,,rogues ,,and ,,rapparees4 ,the literary caterers for our peasantry1 young and old1 hare been blamed for submitting to their inspection the lives of celebrated highwaymen1 tories1 and rapparees4 ,without undertaking their defence we cannot help pointing out a volume appropriated to gentry of the same class in the ,family ,library issued by ,john ,murray1 whom no one could for a moment suspect of seeking to corrupt the morals of families or individuals4 ,we find in ,burns' and ,lambert's cheap popular books1 another given up to these minions without an apprehension of demoralization ensuing among the poor or the young who may happen to read it4 ,so it is probable that ,j4 ,cosgrave contemplated no harm to his generation by publishing his ,irish ,rogues and ,rapparees4 ,it were to be wished that the motto selected for his work had either some attic salt or common-sense to recommend it3 ,behold here's truth in every page expressed2 ,o',darby's all a sham in fiction dressed1 ,save what from hence his treacherous master stole1 ,to serve a knavish turn1 and act the fool4 ,the reader will please not confound the terms tory and rapparee4 ,the tories1 though that generic for ,irish robbers is as old as ,elizabeth1 are yet most familiarly known as legacies left us by the ,cromwellian wars1 and chiefly consisted of those rascals who1 pretending to assist the parliamentary cause1 plundered the mere ,irish farmers1 and every one of both sides who had anything worth taking4 ,they were a detestable fraternity4 ,the rapparees were the ,irish outlaws in the ,jacobite and ,williamite wars1 including many a scoundrel no doubt1 but many also who1 while they supported themselves in outlawry1 at the expense of those who in their eyes were disaffected to the rightful king1 yet kept their hands unstained by #fhf vulgar theft or needless bloodshed4 ,many who at first kept to the hills and the bogs as mere outlaws1 and exacted voluntary and involuntary black mail for mere support1 according as the assessed folk were ,jacobites or ,williamites1 gradually acquired a taste for the excitement and license of their exceptional life1 and became bona fide plunderers1 preferring 7all other things being equal7 to wasting the ,sassenach rather than the ,gael1 and that was all4 ,such a gentleman-outlaw was ,redmond ,count ,o',hanlon1 who flourished after the conclusion of the ,cromwellian wars4 ,redmond was worthy of a place beside ,robin ,hood and ,rob ,roy1 and has been made the hero of two stories1 one by ,william ,carleton and the other by ,w4 ,bernard ,m',cabe4 ,we now proceed to quote a few of the exploits of those troublesome individuals of high and low degree1 who disturbed their country in the end of seventeenth and first half of the eighteenth century and furnished amusement to the peasantry and their children1 during the golden days of the peddlers4 ,the great ,captain ,power of the ,south travelled northward to meet and try the skill of ,redmond1 and they had a shrewd encounter with broadswords for nearly half an hour1 neither gaining a decided advantage4 ,they swore to befriend each other in all future needs1 and1 in consequence1 ,redmond rescued his brother from the soldiers when they were conducting him to execution4 ,power coming into ,leinster1 lodged at the house of a small farmer1 whom he observed to be very dejected all the evening4 ,on inquiry he found that his landlord and the sheriff were expected to make a seizure next day for rent and arrears amounting to #fj4 ,after some further discourse1 ,power offered to lend him the sum on his note of hand1 and the offer was gratefully accepted4 ,next day the farmer1 after much parleying1 acknowledged that he had #fj given him to keep1 and that he would produce it rather than have his little property distrained1 and trust to ,god's goodness to be enabled to put it together again4 ,the landlord1 after sufficiently abusing him1 gave him a receipt in full1 and1 parting company with the sheriff's posse1 returned home4 ,in a lonely part of the way1 he was set on by ,power and robbed of the #fj and his watch and other valuables4 ,in a day or two the robber called on the farmer1 said he was going away1 and the promissory note would be of no use to him4 ,so he took it out and tore it in pieces4 ,how the unreflecting hearts of the fireside group glow over such quasi-generous deeds of robbers1 and how little they think on the selfish and abandoned and iniquitous portions of the lives of their favorites6 ,bah6 they took from the rich that could afford it1 and gave to the poor that wanted it4 ,dickens a bit o' me 'ud betray ,redmond ,o',hanlon or ,captain ,power if ,i got a stocken' o' goold by it4 ,strong ,john ,mac,pherson is admitted among the ,irish worthies by ,mr4 ,j4 ,cosgrave1 though he was more probably a ,highlandman4 ,there was much of the milk of human kindness about strong ,john4 ,if a horseman would not lend1 7,john merely requested a loan17 he never used the ugly words stand and deliver1 he pulled him off his horse and gave him a squeeze4 ,if that failed1 he carried him away from the highway1 giving the horse his liberty1 and rifled him in some quiet nook4 ,being set on one night by a crowd in an inn kitchen1 he threw the hostess over his shoulder1 and no better shield could be4 ,making his escape1 he laid her on the ground1 set his foot apparently on her body--it was only on her gown1 however--and extorted twenty pieces from her friends before he released her4 ,strong ,john was in no instance guilty of murder4 ,he never even struck but in self-defence1 and always betook himself to defence by a woman when practicable4 ,he met the usual destiny of his tribe about #afgh4 #fhg ,will ,peters1 born among the romantic scenery of the ,slieve ,bloom mountains1 might have lived and died a respectable man1 or at least have acquired the fame of a highwayman1 had it not been for two trifling impediments4 ,his father was a receiver of stolen cattle1 which1 being commonly kept in a neighboring field1 whose owner remained out of sight1 the crime could not be brought home to him4 ,the other mischance consisted in his staying at school only till he had mastered ,reynard the ,fox4 ,it was the opinion of ,mr4 ,j4 ,cosgrave that if he had got through ,don ,bellianis1 the ,seven ,champions1 and ,troy's ,destruction1 he would have arrived at the honors of the high-road4 ,after a few mistakes in his cattle-stealing apprenticeship1 he became acquainted with the renowned ,charley of the ,horse1 and thus made use of him4 ,he was placed in durance for stealing a sorrel horse with a bald face and one white foot1 and committed to ,carlow jail1 the horse being intrusted to the care of the jailer4 ,peters' pere1 on hearing of the ugly mistake1 revealed the family sorrow to the great ,cahir1 and he being fully informed of the marks1 color1 etc41 of the beast1 sent a trusty squire of his to the assize town a few days before the trial1 mounted on a mare with the same marks as those above noted4 ,the jailer's man took the horse down to the ,barrow's edge every morning to drink1 and the agent1 making his acquaintance1 invited him to take a glass at a neighboring shebeen the morning before the trial4 ,while they were refreshing themselves1 the squire's double mounted on the mare approached where the horse was tied outside1 substituted his own beast1 and rode off on the other4 ,the refreshed man1 on coming out1 observed nothing changed1 and rode the new-comer home to the stable4 ,the trial coming on1 the prosecutor swore home to his property1 but ,mr4 ,william ,peters said he was as innocent of the theft as the lord lieutenant4 ,my lord1 said he1 ax him1 if you plase1 what did ,i steal from him4 ,the answer came out that was expected1 a sorrel horse1 such and such marks4 ,it wasn't a sorrel mare you lost8 ,no4 ,my lord1 will you plase to send for the baste1 and if it's a horse1 let me be swung1 as high as ,gildheroy4 ,the animal was sent for1 the whole court burst into a roar1 and ,will ,peters demanded compensation1 but did not get it4 ,being taken up again he was executed1 as far as hanging for fifteen minutes could effect it4 ,however1 being at once taken away by his people1 he was resuscitated4 ,once more he was seized and conveyed to ,kilmainham1 whence he escaped rather than be transported4 ,being at last secured in ,kilkenny for running away with a roll of tobacco from a poor huckster-woman1 he was once more placed on the drop and hung4 ,such were the unedifying subjects presented to the consideration of the young in ,mr4 ,j4 ,cosgrave's collection4 ,he certainly had no evil in his mind when composing it1 but its moral effect was at best questionable4 ,it would be a book very ill suited for rustic fire-side reading in our day4 ,the same may be said of the ,wars of ,troy1 though no indication of evil intention is apparent4 ,we subjoin the names of those books that still continue in print4 ,why they should still find buyers seems strange1 when such care is expended in supplying useful1 pleasant1 and harmless reading for the lower classes4 ,however1 any evil inherent in them is slight compared to that of some of the ,london halfpenny and penny journals4 ,the following still form portions of the peddler's stock3 ,the ,academy of ,compliments1 ,the ,arabian ,nights1 ,the ,battle of ,aughrim1 ,esop1 ,gulliver1 ,o',reilly's ,ireland1 ,hocus ,pocus1 ,irish ,rogues1 ,james ,freney1 ,robin ,hood's ,garland1 ,seven ,champions1 ,tales of the ,fairies1 ,the ,trojan ,wars1 ,valentine and ,orson1 and the ,seven ,wise ,masters and ,mistresses of ,rome1 some of them absolutely harmless4 #fhh ,in the whole collection1 there was not one volume racy of the ,irish soil1 or calculated to excite love of the country1 or interest in its ancient history1 or literature1 or legends4 ,the eighteenth century was certainly a dreary one in many respects4 ,formality1 affectation1 and cynicism prevailed in the manners and literature of the upper classes1 and the lower classes were left to their own devices for mental improvement4 ,it says something for the sense of modesty inherent in the ,celtic character1 that there were so few books of a gross or evil character among their popular literature4 ------ ,translated from the ,french4 ,,asses1 ,,dogs1 ,,cats1 ,,etc ,i4 ,i am not a member of the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals1 but ,i deserve to be2 for no one has praised the worthy efforts of these gentlemen more than ,i have2 and no one sees with greater satisfaction1 how justice sometimes gets hold of those brutal drivers who wreak their uncontrolled anger upon their poor steeds1 guilty only of not being able to help themselves4 ,and if1 even1 in place of their being condemned to pay a paltry fine1 they were paid back in kind for the undeserved blows which these afflicted animals receive from their hands1 ,i for one would make not the slightest objection4 ,it would be contrary to the progress and civilization of the nineteenth century1 ,i agree1 but it would not be contrary to justice1 civilized or uncivilized4 ,however1 who knows how things may turn out8 ,considering the miseries and sufferings of those uncomplaining creatures when they are unfortunate enough to get under the lash of the unfeeling boors who ought to be in their place1 it would not surprise me over much1 if it should turn out that-- ,that--what8 ,wait a moment1 ,i'll tell you4 ,one day1 as ,i happened to be out walking along a certain road1 ,i noticed an ass tied to a post1 around which1 within the full length of his rope1 there was not a single blade of grass to crop4 ,the poor fellow was slabsided1 and his skin scraped1 and half tanned by the frequent application of bark on the living wood2 evidently getting few caresses of a softer kind1 but enjoying in the most complete sense of the word1 the right to work4 ,naturally1 ,i stopped a moment to bid him good-day and ask after his ass-ship's health1 after which ,i plucked a fine thistle growing within tantalizing reach of his rope1 and gave it to him4 ,he gobbled it down with great gusto4 ,how do you like that1 my old chap8 said ,i to him1 mechanically4 ,first rate1 said he1 hand us another4 ,i jumped back in astonishment4 ,what6 you can talk1 can you1 my ,bucephalus1 and in ,english too8 ,that is something new4 ,not so new as you think1 my dear sir1 for ,i will let you into a little bit of a secret4 ,ass as ,i am1 and as you see me to be1 ,i was a man in my time and a butcher by trade4 ,i had an ass that ,i treated most scurvily1 just as they do me now2 giving him his bellyful of blows and kicks1 but of very little #fhi else4 ,poor ,jack--that was his name--kept ,lent all the year round1 it being in the interest of my customers1 as ,i often said to myself1 to quiet the qualms of conscience when ,i gave him but half what he could eat4 ,let him stuff himself said ,i1 and he will get fat and lazy1 the meat will come late to the cook1 the cook will be late with the dinner1 and the hungry family will lose their temper1 and ,i shall lose their custom1 while good doses of the oil of strap will help his digestion wonderfully1 and keep him lively4 ,however1 this last end was not attained1 for the poor ass kicked the traces--professional term1 you understand--and went to the bone-boilers before his time4 ,when it came to my turn to tie up--again professional--and go off the cart1 my soul was condemned to go into an ass's body to suffer for a certain time the punishment of retaliation4 ,drubbing for drubbing1 kicks of hobnailed shoes for kicks of peg boots1 ,i got what ,i gave1 and good measure too1 ,i assure yon4 ,do you see that half starved1 thin-flanked old horse over there8 ,well1 he is a companion in misery to me4 ,in his time he was a hack-driver1 and many a time in his fits of anger and drunkenness1 he made an anvil of the backbone or the jaws of his horses4 ,only in those times1 now and then1 you understand1 but those times happened often enough1 say once an hour or so1 every day4 ,as to hay and oats1 he tried to teach them1 but without success1 to go without those articles of luxury4 ,when his turn came to pay up old debts1 his soul was condemned to go into that sorry old carcass1 in which he passes many a miserable quarter of an hour4 ,he is a ragpicker's property now4 ,how do you like that specimen of 'the noblest conquest that man has ever made'8 ,as to me1 ,sawney1 at your service1 ,i think the end of my punishment is not far off4 ,it was given me to understand that when a benevolent gentleman would offer me a thistle for friendship's sake1 it would end1 and it is to you ,i owe this act of kindness1 my dear ,mr4 ,miller4 ,good again1 you are a wiser ass than ,i took you for4 ,how do you know my name1 master ,sawney8 ,this way1 sir4 ,the other day ,i chanced to be tied to a post1 near a hedge1 on the other side of which1 in a meadow1 some folks were having a little picnic on the grass4 ,after a while a tall lady in spectacles took out some papers and began to read for the company4 ,she seemed to be reading1 from what ,i could make out1 in some magazine or other4 ,i soon understood that the subject was asses1 and then of course ,i cocked up my ears to their full height4 ,it was true1 it was about us1 abused and misunderstood beasts that we are4 ,the articles read by the tall lady were so full of kindness1 and contained such flattering remarks upon our species1 that it almost brought the tears to my eyes4 ,the name signed to those articles was ,jeremiah ,miller4 ,oh6 said ,i to myself1 that is a man whom one could call a man4 ,there is one at least who understands us and loves us2 ,i promise myself that if ,i ever have the good fortune to meet him ,i will give him--in lieu of anything better--my blessing4 ,you see that when you spoke to me just now so kindly1 ,i said to myself1 ,i wonder if this be not ,mr4 ,jeremiah ,miller1 and then ,i called you by that name1 and ,i see that ,i have just hit it4 ,but--my reader will say of course you don't tell this story for a true one6 ,you would never have the face to ask us to believe that this brayer actually spoke to you8 ,and1 pray1 why not8 ,but1 after all it is possible ,i fell asleep on a mossy bank1 in a meadow1 near where an ass was tied1 and that ,i dreamed what ,i have told you4 ,but dreams with the eyes shut are not always so very unlike the dreams we sometimes have when our eyes are open4 ,as for myself1 whenever ,i see a poor beast of burden brutally maltreated by another beast1 who strikes and kicks as if he #fij meant murder1 ,i allow my fancy to be tickled with a vision of this latter brute obliged to creep into the skin of a horse or ass1 and take his turn at being unjustly whipped1 without having any attention paid to his bray or his neigh of expostulation or defence4 ,you see that ,i am in every respect worthy of figuring among the members of the society for the prevention1 etc41 etc41 but-- ,,ii4 ,but--,i hold to the great principles of '#gf1 and first of all to that of equality4 ,if we must have a law for the protection of domestic animals against the men who torment them1 ,i would like to see a law devised to protect men against the animals who are a pest to poor humanity1 for the shoe sometimes gets on the other foot4 ,for example2 look at that pack of dogs of all sizes1 of all tastes1 7,i mean human17 and in every stage of canine civilization1 which their masters permit to run at large in the streets of our city1 even in the worst of the dog days1 without counting the free and independent dogs who know no master but themselves4 ,you have a friend who is a diligent reader of the chapter of accidents in the daily papers4 ,he tells you about this or that dog who was seen running mad1 that he had bitten two or three persons1 one of whom has since died of hydrophobia1 and adds with a peculiar relish that the dangerous animal is still at large6 ,these gentlemen--,i mean the owners of the dogs--are provokingly careless and indifferent about the muck which their dogs are running in the midst of a population biteable to any extent4 ,you are kindly informed that if you happen to get bitten by some suspicious-looking cur--and what cur is not of a suspicious character in these days--it will be necessary to squeeze the wound1 wash it1 then cauterize it with a red hot iron1 or cut it out1 and then1 etc41 etc4 ,these are most excellent recipes1 ,i have no doubt1 but ,i think ,i know of a better1 which would be to prevent the bites altogether4 ,but1 you say1 there is the proclamation of his ,honor1 the ,mayor1 and there is the police1 etc41 etc4 ,dogs at large are to be muzzled or held by a chain4 ,oh6 yes2 very fine1 indeed1 when they are4 ,the proclamation is very good1 but since the dog owners pay so little heed to it1 it is not surprising that the dogs themselves pay no more respect to it than they do to the proclamations of patent medicines pasted on the lamp-posts or fences4 ,as to the country places outside of the city1 whither we of the heated streets and close shops fly to get a breath of fresh air1 and a moment of repose--there you will see fat men and thin ladies who never dream1 either asleep or awake1 of muzzling their favorite bull-dogs1 lap-dogs1 pointers1 setters1 tan terriers or greyhounds4 ,muzzle their dogs6 that would make the poor dogs1 and their owners too1 very uncomfortable4 ,a pretty piece of impudence indeed for a village constable to presume to carry out the law against the dog1 errant in delicto1 which is the property of a ,mr4 or a ,mrs4 or a ,miss who is a somebody1 as if they were nobodies4 ,mr4 ,constable knows better than that1 and so does ,mr4 ,puffer1 the magistrate4 ,besides1 there is a learned doctor of the society for the prevention1 etc41 who deplores with astonishment mingled with grief1 etc41 etc41 that any one should be so inhumane as to gag man's companion and friend for the sake of the prevention of a few despicable cases of hydrophobia4 ,he has never been bitten by a mad dog1 and don't expect to be4 ,he does not see why anybody else need expect to be4 ,then there are our nurses and the children1 whose daily promenade is embittered by the sight and often the attacks of some ,snarleyow4 ,it was as good as a play1 says ,snarleyow's master2 ,snarley nearly frightened them to death1 ,i thought ,i should die of laughter to see them #fia scamper4 ,it was great fun for ,snarley4 ,very well1 gentlemen1 there is also something which is great fun for me too1 and that is to kick ,snarley whenever he presumes to be too playful with me or my particular friends the children4 ,protect your friends of man if you will1 gentlemen1 but don't let them interfere with my friends1 or--- ,,iii4 ,permit me here to make a digression1 which is not altogether one2 ,man is defined1 a reasonable animal4 ,now the question arises whether woman is included in this definition4 ,don't get angry1 ladies--the horrid men1 you know1 are so curious6 ,,iv4 ,from the friend of man let us pass to the subject of the friend of woman4 ,and here ,i find myself face to face with a celebrated document which produced such a deep1 or rather such a lively impression upon the public1 a few weeks since4 ,who is there in the whole five parts of the world that has not heard of the noted cat trial8 ,that learned decision and sentence given by ,squire ,pouter1 justice of the peace in ,dullville1 is yet ringing in my ears1 by which were avenged1 as far as a fine from five cents to a dollar could avenge1 a litter of fifteen cats illegally drowned4 ,illegally6--that at least was the opinion of the wise magistrate1 who rendered his judgment at great length1 and after his well known comprehensive style1 citing his authors1 complimenting the one1 and refuting the others1 bringing under contribution the code of ,justinian1 the ,english common law1 the state statutes1 and the discussions of the ,legislature at ,albany4 ,in short1 our modern ,solon decided as follows3 ,the cat1 in its nature1 is both a domestic and wild animal4 ,as a wild animal1 it is true1 it is lawful game for the hunter2 but1 as a domestic animal1 it has a right to live1 and is under the august protection of the law4 ,now1 since the wild part of its nature revolts against captivity1 it has a right to come and go according to its instinctive desire for daily exercise1 and housekeepers are not bound in conscience to make a raid upon them in their tender feline infancy under pretence that some day or other they will make a raid upon their pantry4 ,raids of prevention in the times of peace are unheard of in the history of the republic4 ,therefore they are condemned 7the raiders1 in the present case1 not the cats7 to pay such and such fines1 for the benefit of the fifteen victims1 or their heirs or assigns4 ,yes1 indeed1 this splendid judgment made a good deal of noise1 and well it might4 ,i1 who am speaking to you reside in my own house1 and have no evil intentions toward any one1 but--there are three cats who come each evening from as many points of the compass for the purpose of making strategic attacks upon my eatables4 ,infinite are the precautions that ,i am forced to take to save my daily bread from the enemy4 ,i must keep up an incessant fight1 and a running fire1 not to speak of the difficulty ,i experience in vain attempts to sleep with one eye open and my ear1 which is not on the pillow1 on the alert4 ,i will not speak of their defiant caterwauling and spiteful spitting when they find my barricades impassable2 it is too painful a subject for me to dwell upon4 ,who are the victims of oppression1 most eminent and sage magistrate8 ,is civilized man positively to be given over in the name of the society for the prevention1 etc41 as a victim to the instincts and caprices of cats8 ,not at all1 not at all1 ,o illustrious ,pouter6 ,i will see you and the cats--well--some distance1 if not further1 first4 ,bring on your grimalkins1 for my soul burns to avenge the rights of man6 #fib ,it is not all4 ,here1 for example1 next door1 lives ,miss ,lambkin2 age unknown4 ,she1 by some unexplained perversion of taste1 is keeping something in her house which is either an old sheep or a middle-aged goat4 ,this cud-chewer1 who lapses into ennui despite the charms of its mistress1 bleats incessantly three times a minute1 several thousands of times in the twenty-four hours4 ,is such an eternal see-saw of sound bearable8 ,is not my life a burden to me8 ,is not my liberty to think1 to play my violin1 to take my usual nap after dinner abridged by the liberty of ,miss ,lambkin's detestable foster child8 ,and if ,i happen to be sick1 or suffering from the tooth-ache or the headache1 or melancholy1 or perchance am sentimental1 this beast1 ,i suppose1 must not be thwarted in its monotonous sing-song4 ,mister ,pouter1 is there liberty for wolves8 for most assuredly ,i shall soon play the part of one6 ,i have not finished yet4 ,since the first of ,may a family has come to live in the house on the other side of mine4 ,with father1 mother and furniture comes a tall1 wasp-waisted damsel who now passes hours1 yes1 hours banging upon an aged piano4 ,it is her method of bleating1 and it is full as amusing as the other1 if not a little less4 ,will the president of the society for the prevention1 etc41 inform us if there is any protection for aged pianos8 ,a society for the protection of men and pianos would find in me one of its most eloquent orators1 diffuse writers1 and active members4 ,i would have all wandering ,jews of unmuzzled dogs executed on the spot1 knocked on the head or drowned1 at choice4 ,these at least have not the fifty cents in their pockets to pay for a living release4 ,as to the cats1 ,i intend to memorialize the supreme court to declare the decision of our immortal justice of the peace non-constitutional4 ,i wish it to be legal to kill1 drown1 or otherwise destroy any cat or cats found on strange premises1 understood1 of course that they are to be buried at the killer's expense1 and the government not to be made liable to pay handsomely for public obsequies with military procession4 ,bleating goats1 or sheep1 or parrots1 et tutti quanti1 to be invited to keep still1 and not to speak until spoken to4 ,lastly1 as to the piano-bangers1 ,i acknowledge the case is a little delicate1 and any remedy whatsoever has its difficulties4 ,i am not malicious1 and am inclined to the side of resignation and toleration4 ,for after all1 you know1 they are ladies1 and when you say that1 it is enough4 ,without association you cannot accomplish anything nowadays2 and where in the world could be found a sufficient number of men to form a society for their protection against them4 ,after that1 ,i do not see that it is necessary ,i should say anything further4 -------- ,from the ,dublin ,university ,magazine ,,carol ,,from ,,cancionero4 ,vista ciegs1 luz occura--,cancionero ,general4 ,valencia1 #aeaa4 ,lightsome darkness1 seeing blindness4 ,life in death1 and grief in gladness1 ,cruelty in guise of kindness1 ,doubtful laughter1 joyful sadness1 ,honeyed gall1 embittered sweetness1 ,peace whose warfare never endeth1 ,love1 the type of incompleteness1 ,proffers joy1 but sorrow sendeth4 ------ #fic ,translated from the ,french ,,the ,,pearl ,,necklace4 ,there lived at ,cordova1 many years ago1 an old ,jew who had three passions3 he loved science1 he loved gold1 he loved his only child1 who bore the sweet name of ,rachel4 ,he loved science1 not for its own sake1 not because it was the means of the acquisition of truth1 but for himself1 that is to say1 through pride4 ,he loved gold1 a little perhaps because it was gold1 very much because it gave him the means of providing luxuries for his darling child1 greatly also because without it he could not have made the costly experiments necessary in the pursuit of science4 ,he loved his daughter alone1 with the pure and disinterested1 but passionate tenderness of paternal love4 ,in a word he was a savant1 a father1 a ,jew4 ,his name was ,rabbi ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 and he practised medicine4 ,he wrought such wonderful cures that very soon his fame spread throughout ,spain1 and from all parts of the kingdom the people came in crowds to consult him4 ,he received his patients in the afternoon4 ,in the morning he slept1 it was said2 but how his nights were passed none knew1 and many were the speculations concerning it4 ,this only was known1 that they were passed in a secret chamber1 of which he alone possessed the key1 and it had been observed that this mysterious apartment was sometimes illuminated with many-colored flames1 blue1 or red1 or green1 while a dense smoke issued from the chimney4 ,the police of the kingdom at length resolved to penetrate the mystery1 which seemed to them very suspicions4 ,everything is suspicious to the police of all countries4 ,one evening1 ,rabbi ,ben-,ha-,zelah saw two dark1 grave men watching his house4 ,he listened and heard these words of sinister import3 ,to-morrow1 at dawn1 we will know whether this wretch is a money-coiner or a magician4 ,the conscience of the poor old ,jew did not reproach him1 for his life was pure and innocent2 but he had had great experience of the world1 and held as on axiom that innocence is worth absolutely nothing in a court of justice4 ,he went still further1 he considered it an aggravating circumstance4 ,he often quoted the old ,arabian proverb3 ,if ,i were accused of having stolen and pocketed the grand mosque at ,mecca1 ,i would immediately run off as fast as ,i could4 ,he said that justice was a game of cards--and he was no player4 ,what misanthropic ideas6 ,how different would his conclusions have been had he lived nowadays6 ,however1 as he had not the happiness of living in that ,eden of justice1 ,france of #ahff1 he put the philosophy of the proverb into practice1 and left ,cordova that very night1 taking with him all his treasures4 ,the next morning at dawn the two dark1 grave men1 found an uninhabited1 dismantled dwelling2 which made them still more dark and grave4 ,,ii4 ,rabbi ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 disguised as a merchant and mounted on a strong mule1 passed rapidly through ,spain4 ,on either side of his saddle1 and securely fastened to it was a long wicker #fid basket1 in the shape of a cradle4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah looked from time to time at these baskets with satisfaction1 mingled with sadness1 and then urged on his mule1 casting many a backward glance1 to be quite sure he was not pursued4 ,in one of the baskets were his treasures and his books2 in the other slept peacefully the young daughter of the fugitive4 ,having reached a small seaport town1 the old ,jew took passage in a vessel which was about to sail for ,egypt4 ,rabbi ,ben-,ha-,zelah had often heard of the caliph ,achmet ,reschid1 who was celebrated throughout the ,east for his love of science1 and the high consideration in which he held scientific men4 ,as for impostors1 charlatans and empirics1 he held them in sovereign contempt and took real pleasure in impaling them4 ,this good prince reigned in ,cairo4 ,thither ,ben-,ha-,zelah bent his steps2 for he believed himself1 and with reason1 to be a true savant4 ,the profound and extensive acquirements of the old ,jew1 together with his astonishing skill in everything appertaining to the healing art1 soon made him as famous in ,cairo as he had been in ,cordova1 and he was at once made court physician4 ,the caliph ,achmet ,reschid was never weary of admiring the almost universal knowledge of the old man1 and often invited him to the palace to converse with him for hours upon the secrets and marvels of nature4 ,suddenly a terrible plague broke out in the city1 and threatened to decimate the population4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah compounded a wonderful lotion1 which cured six times in seven4 ,he contended that in nothing could evil be conquered in a greater proportion than this2 that a seventh was a minimum of disorder1 of sorrow1 of vice1 in the imperfect organization of this world1 and that when the proportion of evil in the human body1 in the soul1 in society1 in nature1 had been reduced to a seventh1 all the progress possible in this world had been made4 ,however that may be1 he was summoned one night in great haste to the palace2 the wife and son of the caliph were stricken down by the pestilence4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah applied the miraculous lotion and the son was restored to health--but the wife died4 ,the caliph ,achmet ,reschid was overcome with gratitude for so signal a service and throwing himself into the arms of the old physician1 exclaimed3 ,venerable old man ,i to thee ,i owe the life of my son and my happiness6 ,as a proof of my gratitude1 ,i appoint thee ,grand ,vizier6 ,the old ,jew prostrated himself on the ground before his generous benefactor4 ,yes1 continued the caliph1 who had a truly noble heart2 yes1 ,i need a friend in whom ,i can confide1 as ,i have1 one after another1 beheaded all those whom ,i had in a moment of impulse honored with that title4 ,thanks1 mighty caliph6 humbly replied ,ben-,ha-,zelah4 ,how shall ,i find fitting words to thank my gracious prince for such unmerited condescension6 ,surely never did kindness like this rejoice the earth6 ,thou sayest well and truly1 child of ,jacob1 answered the puissant caliph4 ,time1 far from diminishing the love of the caliph for ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 only increased it4 ,the jealousy of the courtiers had always succeeded in poisoning the mind of the caliph against any one on whom he had conferred the dignity of ,grand ,vizier2 but the prudence of the old ,jew baffled all their schemes1 and ,achmet ,reschid had learned how to guard against calumniators4 ,at the first word breathed against the new favorite that benevolent prince and faithful friend ordered the rash slanderer to be beheaded1 and very soon the courtiers vied with each other in their praises of the ,grand ,vizier4 ,the good caliph1 seeing the harmony of feeling among his people with regard to the new favorite1 congratulated himself on his firmness4 #fie ,i knew very well1 said he1 that the whole court would at last do him justice4 ,i talk of him with every one and no man says aught against him4 ,,iii4 ,as for ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 he seemed to be perfectly indifferent to the immense power which his favor with the caliph gave him in the state4 ,in vain did the courtiers try to entangle him in the intrigues of the court4 ,in vain did the noblemen of the kingdom1 in hopes of gaining his protection1 lay costly gifts at his feet4 ,he gently refused them all4 ,devoid of ambition1 and prudent to excess1 the old ,jew withdrew as much as possible from public affairs4 ,he even begged the caliph to excuse his attendance at the palace1 except at certain hours of the day1 that he might devote himself more uninterruptedly to scientific pursuits4 ,the love of the caliph grow day by day1 and the courtiers as well as the common people1 seeing the humility and disinterestedness of the ,grand ,vizier1 acknowledged him to be indeed a sage4 ,at court1 as everywhere else1 he was clad in a coarse brown robe1 and was in no way distinguishable from the crowd1 had not the intellectual expression of his face1 and the strange brilliancy of his eyes1 revealed at a glance a superior mind4 ,he might often be seen in the streets of ,cairo1 carrying in his own hands the metals1 stones or medicinal plants1 which he bought in the bazaars1 or gathered in his solitary rambles4 ,wherever he went he heard his own praise2 but never did he in any way betray that it was agreeable to him4 ,no one is so poor and humble1 said the common people to each other1 as the ,grand ,vizier of our high and mighty caliph4 ,the truth was1 however1 that with the exception of ,achmet ,reschid1 no one in ,cairo possessed such vast riches as the poor ,vizier2 but after the manner of the ,jews he carefully concealed them1 and lived in a very modest mansion situated outside the walls of the city4 ,this humble dwelling was completely hidden by the palm and cedar trees which surrounded it1 and for still greater security was enclosed by a high wall4 ,in this quiet and mysterious retreat1 where he admitted no guests1 he had centered all that made his life2 there dwelt his child1 the young ,rachel1 just budding into womanhood4 ,when1 after passing weary hours in the unmeaning ceremonial of the court1 he reached his garden gate1 and stealthily opened it1 his usually impassive face was suddenly illumined as with a sunbeam4 ,it was as if he had passed from death unto life4 ,his daughter1 clad like a queen of the east1 ran to meet him1 and embraced him so tenderly that it seemed as if a portion of her young life was breathed into the worn and exhausted frame of the aged father4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah forgot his sorrows and his cares1 and seemed to revive as with the breath of spring4 ,i gave thee life1 my daughter2 thou dost restore it to me6 murmured the old man4 ,rachel was just entering her sixteenth year4 ,her hair was of the beautiful golden color which people love4 ,her eyes1 her voice1 her smile1 her bearing1 carried with them an irresistible charm4 ,she looked1 it was a ray of light2 she spoke1 it was a strain of music2 she smiled1 it was the opening of a gate of ,paradise4 ,her heart was pure and innocent as was that of the ,rachel of old1 whom ,jacob loved4 ,can we wonder that the heart of her father was bound up in her8 ,who indeed1 could help loving a being so pure and bright8 ,,iv4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah was old1 but his was a vigorous old age--and the young daughter and aged father1 as they walked under the grand old trees of the garden1 made a beautiful picture4 ,the long white head1 piercing eyes1 #fif eagle nose1 and broad brow of the old man1 formed a striking contrast to his humble dress1 and when no longer under constraint1 it revealed a mysterious and profound satisfaction in his own personality and intelligence4 ,there was so much pride that there was no place for vanity in his soul4 ,what cared he for the admiration or contempt of others1 the vain clamors of the multitude1 whom he considered infinitely his inferiors8 ,when he said to himself1 ,i am ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 the rest of the world no longer existed for him4 ,his pride was like that of ,lucifer3 it was not relative but absolute2 he contemplated himself with a terrible satisfaction4 ,thence his disdain for all the miserable trifles which gratify the self-love of inferior men4 ,the pride of seeming comes when the pride of being is not absolute4 ,whence then came the gigantic pride of the old ,jew8 ,rabbi ,ben-,ha-,zelah was the most learned man of his time4 ,he had carried his investigations far beyond those of the most scientific men of the age2 he was well versed in physics1 mechanics1 dynamics1 arithmetic1 music1 astronomy1 medicine1 surgery1 and botany2 but the science he most loved1 was that which1 at first known under the name of alchemy1 was destined to become the greatest science of modern times--chemistry4 ,he passed night after night shut up in his laboratory1 as he had formerly done at ,cordova1 seeking to penetrate one after the other all the mysteries of nature4 ,there1 bending over his glowing furnaces1 surrounded with retorts and crucibles of strange shapes1 filled with metals in a state of fusion1 by all sorts of instruments and alembics1 old ,ben-,ha-,zelah interrogated matter and demanded the mystery of its essence2 he pursued it from form to form1 he tore it with red-hot pincers2 he melted it in the glowing fires of his furnaces2 he made it solid only to reduce it again to a liquid state1 decomposing it a hundred times in a hundred different ways4 ,he tortured it1 as does the lawyer the prisoner at the bar1 that he may wring from him his most hidden secrets4 ,matter1 thus pursued by the indefatigable alchemist1 had revealed more than one of its mysterious laws1 which he had made useful in the practice of his profession1 so that he was considered in ,cairo little less than a demi-god4 ,however1 in his labors he sought not the good of his fellow-men1 but the barren satisfaction of the passion which was consuming him1 the pride of knowledge2 he sought to penetrate the secrets of the most high ,god4 ,the promise of the tempter to our first parents2 ,eritis sicut dei1 scientes1 ,you shall be as gods1 knowing good and evil1 had penetrated his soul2 and he desired to plant in his garden that fatal tree to which the first-born of our race stretched out their guilty hands4 ,like his ancestor ,jacob1 he wrestled with ,jehovah4 ,one can readily understand that the old man1 absorbed in this gigantic struggle1 was dead to all vanity1 so far as men were concerned4 ,he had reached such dizzy heights that he had almost lost sight of them4 ,to him they were like the brute beasts which crossed his path2 he believed them to be of an inferior nature to him1 who had been gifted with such vast genius--such indefatigable industry4 ,his high thoughts were not for such miserable pigmies4 ,sometimes seating himself in dreamy mood in his garden1 at the foot of a grand old cedar1 his favorite seat1 and taking in his hand a pebble1 a blade of grass or a flower he was plunged in profound meditation4 ,what makes this a body thought he4 ,this body is brown1 heavy1 hard1 square1 or has many other properties which come under my notice4 ,but it is evident that neither the color1 weight1 cohesion1 nor form constitute its essence4 ,they are its manner of beings--not its being4 ,if ,i modify it1 destroy it even1 it will still #fig be the same body1 and ,i shall1 after all1 have only attacked its manner of being2 the essence which heretofore has always escaped me--the soul of the body1 if ,i may say so--will have suffered no change4 ,it is as if ,i were suddenly to become hunchback1 lame1 idiotic--,i would still be the same man4 ,i must discover the substance quod sub stat2 in the first place1 what causes this to be2 in the second place1 what constitutes it a body2 and finally1 what makes it this particular body which ,i hold in my hand and not another4 ,the problem was formidable2 it was the mystery of the omnipotence of the ,god who created the world1 and nevertheless this unknown ,prometheus shrank not from the task1 and flattered himself he could wring from created matter the secrets of its ,creator4 ,in his experiments' ,ben-,ha-,zelah had started with the axiom that all bodies were formed from certain elements which were invariable1 but combined in different ways4 ,moreover1 his researches had proved to him that many elements1 formerly believed to be primary1 were composed of different elements into which they might again be readily resolved4 ,so that seeing their number decrease as his investigations became more abstruse and his analyses more delicate1 he had arrived at the conclusion that there existed an original and absolute substance of which all bodies1 even those apparently the most different1 were only variations4 ,he affirmed the identity of the base under the infinite variety of the forms4 ,this primary substance which he considered as coternal with ,god1 was1 he thought1 that on which ,jehovah breathed in the beginning1 and in his ,satanic pride he believed two things--first that the ,almighty had combined the atoms of matter in so wondrously complex a manner only to conceal from man the secret of its creation--and secondly1 that the ,rabbi-,ben-,ha-,zelah would be able to baffle the precautions of the ,almighty1 and by analysis after analysis1 at length succeed in finding the simple primary substance from which all things were originally formed4 ,such were the thoughts which continually filled his mind--such the gigantic plan he had conceived4 ,again and again he said to himself that by taking from a body one after the other its contingent qualities1 as one takes the bark from a nut1 he would succeed at length in penetrating its most hidden depths1 to that matter essence from which was made1 as he believed1 all that existed in the universe4 ,he had inscribed on the door of his laboratory ,materia1 mater4 ,and as soon as he should be able to imprison in his alembics this primary matter he could at will1 disposing it after certain forms1 make in turn bronze1 stone1 wood1 or gold4 ,nay more1 he hoped to surprise with the same blow the mystery of life--and then1 thought he in his impious pride1 ,i shall be a creator1 like unto ,him before whom every knee bends in adoration4 ,i shall be ,god6 ,eritis sicut dei4 ,the old man1 lost in the vain search for the absolute basis of matter1 little suspected that the final word of all science is2 ,the essence of matter is immaterial4 ,however1 he devoted himself most zealously to the great work he had undertaken1 and passed night after night in the recesses of his laboratory which would have reminded one of the entrance to the infernal regions but for the sweet presence of the young and lovely ,rachel1 who glided in and out1 bringing order out of confusion1 and in the evening beguiled the long hours by singing to her father snatches of the old ,hebrew songs of which such touching and beautiful fragments have come down to us4 #fih ,v4 ,one night1 ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 regardless of fatigue1 was still bending over his glowing furnaces4 ,for more than a week he had allowed himself no sleep1 nor had he permitted his eyes to wander from the vast crucible which had been heated to white beat for six consecutive months4 ,he had discovered phenomena hitherto unknown4 ,his bony hands clutched convulsively the handle of the bellows1 and his eager1 care-worn face was illuminated with a two-fold radiance1 that from the purple light of the furnace and from the interior flame which consumed his soul4 ,he was motionless from intensity of emotion4 ,at last then he was about to attain the aim and desire of his whole life6 ,the primary substance1 the absolute essence of matter1 he was about to seize it--to be its lord4 ,the old man still watched2 a whitish vapor rose slowly from the crucible2 matter decomposed in this crucible seemed to be a prey to a fearful travail--to struggle in an internal conflict4 ,the old man raised his tall form to its full height and at that moment appeared like a second ,lucifer4 ,he shouted in triumph1 ,i have created6 ,then rushing to the casement he gazed upward to the starry heavens1 not in prayer1 but in defiance4 ,i have created6 he repeated1 ,i have created6 ,i have conquered6 ,i am the equal of ,god6 ,a noise1 slight in reality1 but to the excited senses of ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 louder than the crash of thunder1 was heard behind him4 ,he turned with agitated countenance4 ,the crucible1 unwatched during his delirium of pride1 had fallen1 and was shivered to atoms4 ,all was lost2 the creation of him who aspired to an equality with the ,most ,high was but a heap of ashes4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah was stunned by this unlooked-for calamity4 ,he fell back fainting1 as if1 while he rashly sought to penetrate the mystery of life1 pale death1 entering his dwelling had touched him with her sombre wing4 ,,vi4 ,when consciousness returned1 the fire of the furnace1 which had been fed with so much care for six weary months1 was extinguished4 ,through the open casement he saw myriads of stars blazing in the firmament4 ,the majestic silence of the night hovered over the unchanged immensity4 ,the old man was seized with an indefinable terror4 ,he understood that he was punished for his pride1 and he had a presentiment that the sudden failure of the labor and research of so many years was but the beginning of his punishment4 ,it seemed to him that in the midst of the thick darkness the living ,god had looked into the depths of his guilty soul and had stretched out his all-powerful hand to smite him4 ,suddenly1 as by a revelation1 there came to him a knowledge of the point where ,god was about to strike him4 ,my child6 my child6 cried he1 in a voice broken by terror and remorse4 ,he ran to the chamber of his daughter4 ,the old man opened the door gently1 taking1 in spite of his terror1 a thousand paternal precautions not to awaken the sleeper4 ,the trembling light of a small alabaster lamp cast its faint rays about the apartment4 ,gently he drew back the curtains of the bed and gazed fondly upon his child4 ,rachel slept profoundly1 her breathing was as peaceful as innocence4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah looked upon the sweet1 calm face with a transport of delight4 ,the tranquillity of this peaceful sleep of childhood was communicated to him1 and for a moment stilled the agitation of his soul4 ,he leaned fondly over the sleeping form2 listened joyfully to the calm breathing of his darling child1 to the regular beating of her heart2 then stooping1 imprinted a kiss of fatherly love on the beautiful brow4 ,rachel remained immovable1 and her sleep was unbroken4 ,it is strange she has not awakened1 said the old man to himself looking at her again4 ,sleep is so like death4 #fii ,as he allowed this thought to take form a vague terror took possession of him4 ,bah6 she sleeps6 ,i hear her breathing1 said he aloud4 ,the secret indefinable fear which he could not banish1 and for which he could not account1 still remained2 he could no longer contain himself4 ,rachel6' cried he in a loud voice4 ,the young girl slept on4 ,rachel6 my child6 he cried again1 at the same time shaking her gently by the arm4 ,still the calm sleep was unbroken2 and the peaceful breathing which at first had delighted the fond father now seemed like a fatal spell4 ,rachel6 ,rachel6 ,he took her in his arms2 he placed her on a couch2 he tried to make her walk2 and in vain essayed with his trembling fingers to open the sealed eyelids4 ,the young girl slept on2 her respiration as calm1 and the rhythm of her heart still preserved its frightful monotone4 ,all the efforts of the despairing father were vain4 ,day dawned1 night came1 the next day1 and weeks and months1 and ,rachel awoke not4 ,,vii4 ,the distracted father1 remembering that he was a physician1 sought in medical science a remedy for this strange malady4 ,he tried every known medicine1 he essayed new ones2 but nothing could break the fearful sleep4 ,he no longer went to the palace of the caliph1 but his days and nights were passed in his laboratory as they had formerly been at ,cordova2 his researches1 however1 were no longer to feed his pride4 ,sorrow concentrated his mighty genius on one thought--to discover a remedy for his idolized child4 ,bitterly did be expiate the old anxieties of his pride by the torturing perplexities of this new sorrow4 ,more than six months passed thus4 ,a last and desperate remedy to which he had recourse1 had1 like all the others failed2 ,ben-,ha-,zelah on a night like that on which this weight of sorrow had come upon him1 was in his laboratory bending as ever over his retorts4 ,he had made every research1 every experiment that genius1 quickened by affection1 could suggest1 and had failed in all4 ,rachel still slept4 ,then the broken-hearted old man1 convinced of his own impotence1 let fall his arms at his sides and burst into tears4 ,at that moment he heard a voice which seemed to come at once from the depths of immensity1 and from the inmost recesses of his own heart4 ,all thy efforts are vain1 said the voice4 ,thou wilt cure thy child1 only by passing about her neck1 a pearl necklace1 not the pearls which bountiful nature gives1 and ,god makes1 but pearls which thou thyself hast fashioned4 ,thou thoughtest thyself the equal of ,god1 the equal of ,him who created the world2 and he punishes thee1 by condemning thee to create only a few pearls1 and he is willing to lend thee all the riches and treasures of his beautiful world4 ,go and seek6 ,and when thou hast made enough of these pearls to fill the box beside thee1 make a necklace of them4 ,put it on the neck of thy child1 and she will awake4 ,it was not an illusion4 ,the old man had seen no one1 but the box was there beside him4 ,it was a little box1 of a wood unknown to him1 which exhaled a delicious odor4 ,on the lid inscribed in letters of gold1 was a ,hebrew word1 meaning ,treasure of ,god4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 re-kindled the fires of his furnaces and again applied himself to explore the arcana of alchemy4 ,he took from his coffers all the pearls he possessed1 and after having analyzed them1 tried in vain to form them again2 but the secret of omnipotence which he attempted to grasp1 fled from him4 ,he decomposed precious stones and succeeded only in making a gross calcareous substance4 ,again and again he flattered himself1 he had penetrated the mystery of the ,creator2 but all his hopes ended in nothingness4 #gjj ,nature1 which he had once attempted to conquer to satisfy his pride as a savant1 he now wooed in vain to still the passionate yearnings of his fatherly heart4 ,one day he said to himself3 ,my knowledge is very little2 and with the very little ,i know1 ,i shall never succeed in solving this problem1 and nevertheless it is possible6 ,the voice which spoke to me is a voice which does not deceive4 ,then an inspiration came to him which lighted with a pale ray of hope1 the sorrowful face long unused to happiness4 ,the idea occurred to him1 that if he should go and study the shells of the ,persian gulf where pearls are formed1 he might succeed in winning from nature the mystery which he had so much interest in learning4 ,he set out the next morning on his long and wearisome journey1 leaving his child to the faithful care of the old ,jewish slave who had been so many years in his service1 and in whom he reposed the most perfect confidence4 ,she had been the nurse of ,rachel1 and loved her almost with a mother's love4 ,he spent two months in studying the pearl oyster of the ,persian gulf2 but there1 as in his laboratory1 all his efforts were vain4 ,providence1 thought he1 7he no longer said nature17 ,providence has secrets which will never be known to mortals6 ,convinced of the utter folly of his painful researches--anxious1 moreover1 to see his poor child again4 ,he sadly turned his face homeward4 ,,viii4 ,as he slowly and sadly pursued his way toward ,egypt1 he saw on the second day of his journey across the desert1 a group in the distance1 apparently just in his route2 continuing to advance1 he saw a dead camel covered with blood1 beside him the dead body of a knight1 pierced with sabre-strokes2 on the road-side a woman1 apparently dying1 holding in her arms a young infant4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah1 moved with compassion1 approached and accosted the woman4 ,she told him that in crossing the desert with her husband and child1 they had been attacked by brigands1 who had killed her husband1 left her mortally wounded1 and had rifled them of all their treasures2 even their water-bottles--more precious than all in the desert4 ,i am dying1 said she1 but my bitterest sorrow is in leaving my poor little babe1 who must perish thus alone in the desert4 ,the poor mother for one moment thought of asking the kind old man to take her child1 but she saw that one of his water-bottles had been broken by some accident1 and that he had hardly enough water to cross the desert4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah had had the same thought1 but he calculated the quantity of water remaining to him1 and and to himself that it was impossible4 ,the woman was dying4 ,there1 in the presence of the mother's despair1 with the wail of the infant so soon to be an orphan1 in his ears1 he thought of his own child4 ,woman1 said he1 ,i will take your babe1 and will care for him as for my own4 ,i will save his life1 even at the cost of my own4 ,the mother died1 invoking blessings on his head4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah resumed his journey across the desert1 placing before him on the saddle1 the infant1 who at first wept1 then laughed in infantile glee1 then amused himself by teasing the patient nurse1 pulling his beard1 or tangling the reins of the camel4 ,the old man who had become as gentle as a mother1 sought every means which affection could suggest to amuse the helpless little creature1 so strangely given to his charge--sometimes with the gold tassels of his bridle1 sometimes with his bright fire-arms1 sometimes by rattling in his ears the gold sequins in his purse4 ,again he would sing to him a lullaby1 long-forgotten4 #gja ,the child was pleased with each new amusement devised by the old savant1 but it was only for a few moments1 and was again looking about for something he had not yet seen4 ,how much we all resemble children6 ,poor old ,ben-,ha-,zelah knew not what to do to satisfy this restless craving for amusement4 ,suddenly he thought of the beautiful little box1 which the child had not seen1 and drew it out from the folds of his robe4 ,the child eagerly grasped this new plaything and turned it about in every possible way4 ,to the amazement of the old ,jew1 there was a slight sound1 as of some small object rolling about in the box4 ,the child shouted with delight4 ,the old man was breathless and trembling4 ,he grasped the box convulsively from the hands of the infant1 who held it out to him1 smiling4 ,he opened it4 ,his blood froze in his veins1 with an emotion not of terror but of joy and hope4 ,he beheld in the box a pearl1 pure and more beautiful than any he had ever seen4 ,speechless with emotion he could only raise his eyes to heaven in a wordless prayer of gratitude4 ,then he heard a voice which seemed to fill the immensity of the desert1 and nevertheless1 was as low and sweet as the loving murmur of a fond mother4 ,o ,ben-,ha-,zelah6 every tear which thou shalt dry1 is a pearl which thou dost create4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah looked about him4 ,all around him was the desert4 ,before him1 in his arms1 the little babe1 suddenly grown calm1 and smiling in his face4 ,a few more days and his journey through the desert was ended4 ,but many were the privations he endured that the helpless little infant1 now so dear to him1 might not want4 ,ben-,ha-,zelah was rich1 and now he was good4 ,his goodness made use of his riches to dry the tears of misfortune--there are as many1 alas6 in this world of suffering1 as there are dewdrops on a summers morning-- and very soon his box was quite full4 ,when he again saw his child1 the mysterious sleep was unbroken4 ,she came not to welcome him1 but he put the pearl necklace about her beautiful throat1 and she awoke1 smiling4 ,oh6 what a lovely necklace1 papa1 she cried4 ,it is the first ,i have ever given thee1 my darling1 said the happy father1 but ,i hope it may not be the last4 ,my pearl-casket is now empty1 but ,i trust in ,god that ,i may fill it many times before ,i die4 ------ #gjb ,,original4 ,,the ,,gipsies4 ,footnote #agd ,footnote #agd3 ,a ,history of the ,gipsies3 with ,specimens of the ,gipsy ,language4 ,by ,walter ,simson4 ,edited1 with preface1 introduction1 and notes1 and a disquisition on the past1 present1 and future of ,glpsydom4 ,by ,james ,simson4 #abmo1 pp4 #ege4 ,new ,york3 ,m4 ,doolady4 ,london3 ,sampson ,low1 ,son1 ,marston4 #ahff4 ,about the beginning of the #aeth century there appeared in ,germany a strange mysterious people1 such as had never been seen in ,europe before2 ,a vagrant crew1 far straggled through the glade1 ,with trifles busied1 or in slumbers laid4 ,no man knew who they were or whence they came4 ,their swarthy complexions1 long black hair1 sharp eyes1 high cheek-bones1 narrow mouths and fine white teeth1 were marks of an eastern origin4 ,they spoke a language which had never been heard in ,europe before1 and followed a strange way of life1 which savored more of the rude nomadic habits of primitive ,asia1 than the comparatively civilized customs of the country into which they had come4 ,they travelled about in bands or tribes1 each under the command of a leader1 slept at night in tents or abandoned out-houses1 and occupied themselves by day in a simple sort of smith work1 basket-weaving1 tinkering1 fortune-telling1 juggling1 and stealing4 ,vagabonds as they were1 filthy in their habits1 and addicted to the eating of carrion and other disgusting things1 they were fond of wearing gay dresses1 whenever they could beg1 buy1 or steal them1 and many of the women1 with their lithe and agile figures1 were not without a certain dark sort of beauty which found many admirers4 ,whether they knew anything about their own origin or not1 is doubtful2 but if they did1 they kept it so carefully' secret1 that the knowledge has been completely lost4 ,at all events they made their first appearance in ,france in #adbg1 with a great lie in their months1 and a forged confirmation of it in their pockets4 ,they called themselves ,christian pilgrims from ,lower ,egypt1 who had been expelled by the ,saracens4 ,they had unfortunately committed a few sins on the way1 and having confessed to ,pope ,martin ,v41 his holiness had enjoined upon them as a penance to traverse the world for seven years without sleeping in beds4 ,in support of this story they exhibited documents purporting to be issued by the holy see1 but they had probably manufactured these testimonials themselves4 ,however1 the world was not very wise in those days1 and the mysterious strangers were accepted for what they professed to be2 and for some years the wandering penitents pursued a brilliant career of theft and imposture1 while their leaders galloped over the continent with the high-sounding titles of dukes1 counts1 and lords of ,little ,egypt4 ,when they first came to ,paris they had among them a duke1 a count1 and ten lords4 ,the authorities would not let them enter the city1 but assigned them quarters at ,la ,chapelle near ,st4 ,denis1 where they were consulted on occult matters by great numbers of the citizens4 ,but our ,egyptian pilgrims were soon found to be such incorrigible rascals that the bishop of ,paris caused them to be removed1 and excommunicated those who had consulted them4 ,similar treatment was shown them in other parts of ,europe4 ,for a time their forged credentials had enabled them to obtain passports and letters of #gjc security from various ,european potentates2 but the wanderers everywhere made themselves nuisances1 and were banished under threats of the severest punishments4 ,fortunately for them1 however1 these edicts were not published simultaneously all over ,europe1 so that they were not exactly driven into the ocean1 but only exiled from one part of the continent to another4 ,in ,germany they were called ,zigeuner1 or wanderers2 in ,holland1 ,haydens1 or heathens1 in ,spain1 ,gitanos2 in ,italy1 ,zingari2 in ,france1 ,bohemians1 because they entered that country from ,bohemia4 ,the name of gipsy1 by which they were known in ,england and ,scotland1 is evidently a corruption of their self-chosen appellation ,egyptians4 ,more than four hundred years have passed since these swarthy penitents made their seven years' pilgrimage of cheating and pilfering through ,europe1 and they are still a people as distinct from all other races in their essential characteristics as they were on the day they first humbugged our ancestors4 ,the general improvement of society all over the world has compelled them to abandon many of their vagabond ways4 ,they have no longer that complete organization in tribes and companies which they used to preserve2 they no longer claim the privilege of governing themselves in all things by their own laws1 and their earls and captains no longer exercise the authority of life and death over their subjects4 ,a large gipsy encampment is a rare sight nowadays1 and even the gipsy features1 owing to frequent intermarriages between the tribes and the ,european race1 are in a fair way of being obliterated4 ,but there are still many thousands of gipsies roaming about ,europe in small companies2 they still preserve their ancient customs in secret2 and under all the restraints of civilization1 even the most orderly of them cherish their old vagabond propensities4 ,the ,gipsy physiognomy is quite as marked as the ,jewish1 and the gipsy race is far more distinctly separated from the rest of the world than are the children of ,abraham4 ,their speech1 which is not1 as some people suppose1 a mere farago of slang or thieves' latin1 but a genuine language1 has been handed down from mother to child1 and is still a living tongue--a fact which is not a little remarkable1 because the language has no literature1 and can only be perpetrated by tradition4 ,the gipsies have no written characters4 ,and yet it would be hard to find a gipsy who cannot speak the language1 though few of them are willing to acknowledge it4 ,the problem of the origin of this strange people has exercised learned brains ever since the civilized world became civilized enough to perceive that there was a mystery about their presence in the midst of ,christendom4 ,it seems to be pretty well agreed that they came into ,europe from ,hindostan2 but why they came1 and why they called themselves ,egyptians are matters of dispute4 ,grellman in ,germany1 and ,hoyland and ,borrow in ,england have hitherto been the most esteemed authorities on the subject of gipsies2 but we have now a new work1 by ,walter and ,james ,simson1 which promises to shove the older books aside4 ,it is a rather outlandish production1 but on that very account perhaps more appropriate to its subject1 ,mr4 ,walter having spent some seventeen years poking about gipsy encampments1 peeping into their huts1 studying their cookery1 scraping up odds and ends of their language1 learning how they picked pockets1 told fortunes1 robbed hen-roosts1 stole horses1 married their wives and divorced them1 fought with each other1 protected their friends1 and pursued their enemies with unrelenting vengeance2 having gathered up a great store of interesting anecdotes and historical notes1 and got to know1 in fine1 more about the gipsies of ,scotland than any other man1 probably1 who ever lived--having done all this1 ,mr4 ,walter ,simson died one day and left an ill-digested manuscript #gjd book on his pet subject1 which ,mr4 ,james ,simson took up1 annotated1 enlarged1 and published4 ,mr4 ,walter's book1 if it was not a model of literary neatness1 was unpretentious1 entertaining1 and full of valuable information4 ,mr4 ,james1 however1 must needs add to it1 first an advertisement1 then a preface1 then an introduction1 and lastly a long-drawn disquisition1 all of which are tiresome to the last degree1 and not worth a tenth of the space they fill4 ,besides1 ,mr4 ,james ,simson has a bad temper1 and it is not pleasant to read his arguments1 even when he argues against an imaginary adversary4 ,he has a theory of his own about the origin of the gipsies1 to which we do not purpose to commit ourselves2 but it is curious enough to be stated1 so that our readers may judge of it for themselves4 ,an intelligent gipsy once told ,mr4 ,simson that his race sprang from a body of men-a cross between the ,arabs and ,egyptians--who left ,egypt in the train of the ,jews4 ,now we read in ,exodus xii4 #ch1 that a mixed multitude went up also with them1 i4e41 with the ,jews out of ,egypt2 and from the fact stated in ,numbers xi4 #d1 that the mixed multitude that was among them fell a lusting for flesh1 it would appear that these refugees had not amalgamated with the ,jews1 but only journeyed in company with them4 ,since this multitude were not children of the promise1 and had no call from ,god to go out from among the ,egyptians and journey to a land of peace and plenty1 their condition in ,egypt must have been a hard one1 or they would not have entered upon a long and painful wandering to escape from it4 ,no doubt1 says ,mr4 ,simson1 they were slaves1 like the ,jews2 probably descendants of the ,hyksos1 or ,shepherd ,kings1 who possessed the land before its conquest by the ,pharaohs2 perhaps descendents of these ,hyksos by ,egyptian women4 ,god had promised ,canaan1 however1 only to the ,israelites2 the mixed multitudes could have no share in the inheritance2 so they probably separated from the ,jews in the wilderness1 and wandered eastward into ,hindostan4 ,coming into that country from a long servitude1 they would naturally have been timid of mixing with the native inhabitants1 disposed to cling together for mutual protection1 loose in their notions of right and wrong and the laws of property4 ,every man's hand would have been against them1 and they would have been no man's friend4 ,the lawless and migratory habits engendered by their isolation would soon have become fixed and hereditary2 and so1 to hasten to a conclusion1 the mixed multitude of ,egyptians would have grown to be1 in the course of a few hundreds of generations1 more or less1 a race of horse-thieves and fortune-tellers4 ,this theory accounts for the fact that the gipsies call themselves ,egyptians1 while their language and many other peculiarities are strongly redolent of ,hindostan4 ,it is true that no ,egyptian words have been detected in their speech1 while its resemblance to ,hindostance dialects is very strong2 but then just think what an unconscionably long time it is since they came away from ,egypt1 and how easy it would have been for them1 in the absence of an alphabet and a literature1 to forget the language of captivity and acquire that of freedom4 ,why they came out of ,hindostan into ,europe1 or why they waited to come until the fifteenth century1 is purely matter of conjecture4 ,but that ,hindostan was their last abiding place before their appearance in ,germany1 about #adag1 there is1 for various reasons which we need not here enumerate1 no reasonable doubt4 ,of their history and character in continental ,europe1 ,mr4 ,simson tells us but little1 and that little is not new4 ,we pass at once therefore to the portion of his book which is devoted to the ,scottish gipsies2 and when we have read that1 we shall have a pretty clear idea of the peculiarities of the race all over the world4 #gje ,it is not certain when they first appeared in ,great ,britain2 but they were in ,scotland at least as early as #aejf in which year they so far imposed upon ,king ,james ,,iv41 that his majesty addressed a letter of commendation to the ,king of ,denmark1 in favor of ,anthonius ,gawino1 ,earl of ,little ,egypt1 and the other afflicted and lamentable tribe of his retinue1 who1 having been pilgriming by command of the pope1 over the ,christian world1 were now anxious to cross the ocean into ,denmark4 ,but1 concluded the ,scottish monarch1 with beautiful simplicity1 we believe that the fates1 manners1 and race of the wandering ,egyptians are better known to thee than to us1 because ,egypt is nearer thy kingdom4 ,we see from this that the vagabonds still kept up the fiction of a penitential pilgrimage1 though it must have seemed a long seven years' wandering which1 beginning about #adag1 was not finished in #aejf4 ,in #aedj a still more remarkable document appears on record1 being nothing less than a sort of league or treaty between ,james ,v4 and his loved ,john ,faw1 ,lord and ,earl of ,little ,egypt1 whereby the officers of the realm were commanded to assist the said ,john ,faw in execution of justice upon his company and folk1 conform to the laws of ,egypt1 and in punishing of all them that rebel against him4 ,but this state of things did not last long4 ,james1 as we all know1 liked to go a masquerading now and then1 in the character of the ,gaberlunzie ,man1 ,footnote #age or the ,guid ,man of ,ballangiegh1 and on one occasion1 while in this dignified disguise1 he fell in with a gang of gipsies carousing in a cave1 near ,wemyss1 in ,fifeshire4 ,his majesty heartily joined in the revels2 but before long a scuffle ensued1 in the course of which one of the men came crack over the royal head with a bottle4 ,nor was this indignity enough1 for suspecting that the guid man was a spy1 the trampers treated him with the utmost harshness1 and when they resumed their march compelled him to go along with them1 loaded with their budgets and wallets1 and leading an ass4 ,the king passed several days in this disgusting captivity1 but at length found an opportunity to send a boy with a written message to some of his nobles at ,falkland4 ,he was then rescued4 ,two of the gipsies he caused to be hanged at once2 a third1 who had treated him with some kindness1 he let go free2 and he caused an edict to be published banishing the whole race from the kingdom under penalty of death4 ,james died the next year1 however1 and the edict was never enforced2 nor were subsequent laws1 of equal severity1 able either to got the gipsies out of the country or to check their wandering and thievish propensities4 ,a great many of the race attached themselves1 nominally as clansmen1 to chieftains and noblemen1 who were willing and able to afford them protection4 ,but a great many were nevertheless hanged merely for being by habit and repute ,egyptians4 ,so they got to look upon themselves as a persecuted race4 ,they learned to deny their origin1 to keep their language a secret1 and to resent with all the savage fierceness of their fiery natures1 the slightest attempt on the part of the gorgios1 7as they called the ,europeans among whom they had cast their lot7 to pry into the hidden mysteries of gipsy life4 ,footnote #age3 i4e4 ,ragged begger4 ,in this country we know little about gipsies except what we have learned from novels1 and from those curious books by ,mr4 ,borrow1 on the gipsies of ,spain1 in which tact and fiction are so strangely blended that it is difficult to tell them apart4 ,the gipsy1 to the average ,american mind1 is a dark-featured woman in a red skirt1 and with a shawl drawn over her head2 who tells fortunes and steals little babies2 who lives in a tent and cooks her meals in the open air1 with the aid of an iron pot suspended from two crossed sticks4 ,and the picture is not very far from the truth after all2 for all the actions it paints1 the gipsies have many a time performed4 #gjf ,child-stealing1 however1 they are not so much given to as we commonly suppose2 for they have too many children of their own to indulge in such a costly luxury2 nor do many of them profess palmistry1 although the few who do lay claim to a knowledge of the mysterious art drive a thriving business in it4 ,we purpose to collect from ,mr4 ,simson's book on account of the ,scottish gipsies as he found them2 but we ought to warn our readers that the author wrote many years ago1 and that the progress of society in ,scotland has made great changes in the condition of the tribe4 ,if wandering gipsies1 however1 are not so numerous as they were1 and if they do not practice their peculiar arts and customs so openly as they formerly did1 they are very far from being extinct2 and1 according to ,mr4 ,james ,simson1 have merely carried unsuspected1 into the bosom of orderly and respectable society1 the vagabond propensities1 itching palms1 savagery1 wickedness1 appetite for loathsome carcasses--nay1 even that dark unwritten language1 spoken by none but a gipsy of the true blood--which characterized them in the days of ,meg ,merrilies or the ,gaberlunzie man4 ,the ,scottish gipsies almost always traversed the country in bands of twenty1 thirty1 or more1 though so many were seldom seen together on the road4 ,while travelling they broke up into parties of twos and threes1 having according to all appearance no connection with each other1 and at night they used to meet in some spot previously agreed upon4 ,it was not their general custom to sleep in tents4 ,they preferred for their lodgings deserted kilns1 or barns or out-houses4 ,the usual way was for one of the women to precede them1 if possible with a child in her arms1 and coax from some tender-hearted farmer permission to shelter herself for the night in one of the farm buildings4 ,when the family awoke in the morning they were pretty sure to find the one miserable vagrant surrounded by a gang of sturdy trampers1 and some twenty or thirty asses tethered on the green4 ,for twenty-four hours after their arrival they expected to receive food gratis from the family on whose land they halted4 ,after that1 no matter how long they remained1 they provided for themselves4 ,the farmers generally found it for their interest to treat the gipsies kindly1 for these curious people never robbed their entertainers4 ,a farmer's wife whom ,mr4 ,simson knew1 on granting the customary privilege of lodging to one of the tribe1 added by way of caution3 ,but ye must not steal anything from me then4 ,we'll no play any tricks on you1 mistress1 was the reply2 but others will pay for that4 ,the men of the band seldom or never set foot within the door of the farmhouse1 but kept aloof from observation4 ,they employed themselves in repairing broken china1 and utensils of copper1 brass1 and pewter2 and making horn spoons1 wool-cards1 smoothing-irons1 and sole-clouts for ploughs1 which the women then disposed of4 ,a good deal of their time was passed in athletic exercises4 ,they were famous leapers and cudgel players1 and despite their instinct of retirement they could rarely resist a temptation to throw the hammer1 cast the putting-stone1 or beat the farm laborers at quoits1 golf1 and other games4 ,they were musicians1 too1 and their skill with the violin and the bagpipes often assured them a night's lodging or a hearty welcome at fairs1 weddings1 and other country merry-makings4 ,working in horn was their favorite and most ancient occupation1 and such was the care they bestowed upon it that one tribe could always distinguish the handiwork of another4 ,their devotion to the art of tinkering obtained for them the name of ,tinklers1 by which they are generally known in ,scotland4 ,they were also great horse-dealers1 or1 what in their case meant very nearly the same thing1 horse-thieves4 ,they were not scrupulous as to how they obtained #gjg the animals1 but they were rare hands at selling them to advantage1 though when a customer trusted to their honor many of them would serve him with strict honesty4 ,the women concerned themselves in domestic cares and in helping the men to sell the articles they had made4 ,it was the women who managed all their intercourse with the farmers and other country people1 and who did most of the begging4 ,in this art they displayed an aptitude which partook of the character of genius4 ,they never closed a bargain without demanding a present of victuals and drink1 which they called boontith2 and as they were ready enough to take by foul means what they could not get by fair1 the closest-fisted housewife in ,scotland seldom resisted their importunities very long4 ,the fortune-telling1 of course1 fell to the women4 ,but petty larceny1 after all1 was their principal means of support4 ,they were expert pickpockets and daring riflers of hen-roosts4 ,the bolder spirits rose to the dignity of highwaymen1 coiners1 and cattle thieves4 ,the children were trained from infancy to thievish pursuits1 and almost every gipsy encampment was a school of practice like that kept by ,fagin the ,jew1 to which poor little ,oliver ,twist was introduced by the ,artful ,dodger4 ,when legitimate business was dull1 they picked each other's pockets in a friendly way1 just for the sake of keeping their hands in4 ,sometimes a pair of breeches was hung aloft by a string1 and the children were required to abstract money from the pockets without moving the garments4 ,if the young rascal succeeded1 he was praised and rewarded2 if he failed1 he was beaten4 ,having passed through this stage of his probation1 the neophyte was admitted to a higher degree4 ,a purse was laid down in an exposed part of the encampment1 in plain view of all the gang1 and while the older members were busied in their daily pursuits1 the children exercised all their ingenuity and patience to carry off the purse without being perceived4 ,the instructor in this training-school was generally a woman4 ,by the time he was ten years old1 the gipsy boy was thought fit to be let loose upon the community1 and became a member of an organized band of thieves4 ,the captains1 whose dignity was usually hereditary1 dressed well1 carried themselves gallantly1 and could not be taken for what they really were1 especially as they never showed themselves in the company of their men4 ,the inferior thieves travelled to fairs1 singly1 or at most two together1 and as fast as they collected their booty repaired with it to the headquarters of their chief4 ,this latter personage always had some ostensible business--such as that of a horse dealer--and it was easy for the gang to communicate with him under cover of a bargain1 without arousing suspicion6 ,for ripping pockets open they had a short steel blade attached to a piece of leather1 like a sail-maker's palm1 and concealed under their sleeves2 or the women wore upon their forefingers large rings containing sharp steel instruments which were made to dart forth by the pressure of a spring1 when the hand was closed4 ,of the dexterity of these light-fingered gentry ,mr4 ,simson tells the following story3 ,a principal male gipsy1 of a very respectable appearance1 whose name it is unnecessary to mention1 happened1 on a market day1 to be drinking in a public house1 with several farmers with whom he was well acquainted4 ,the party observed from the window a countryman purchase something at a stand in the market1 and1 after paying for it1 thrust his purse into his watch-pocket1 in the band of his breeches4 ,one of the company remarked that it would be a very difficult matter to rob the cautious man of his purse1 without being detected4 ,the gipsy immediately offered to bet two bottles of wine that he would rob the man of his purse1 in the open and public market1 without being perceived by him4 ,the bet was taken1 and the gipsy proceeded about the difficult and delicate business4 ,going up to the unsuspecting man1 he requested as a particular favor1 if he would ease the stock about his neck1 which buckled behind--an article of dress at that time in #gjh fashion4 ,the countryman most readily agreed to oblige the stranger gentleman--as he supposed him to be4 ,the gipsy1 now stooping down1 to allow his stock to be adjusted1 placed his head against the countryman's1 stomach1 and1 pressing it forward a little1 he reached down one hand1 under the pretense of adjusting his shoe1 while the other was employed in extracting the farmer's purse4 ,the purse was immediately brought into the company1 and the cautious1 unsuspecting countryman did not know of his loss1 till he was sent for1 and had his property returned to him4 ,at one time the gipsies had all ,scotland divided into districts1 each of which was assigned to a particular tribe1 and wo to the ,tinkler who attempted to plunder within the limits of any other territory than his own6 ,the chieftains issued tokens to the members of their respective hordes when they scattered themselves over the face of the country1 and these tokens protected the bearers within their proper districts4 ,a safe-guard from the ,baillie family1 who held a royal rank among the gipsies1 was good all over ,scotland4 ,besides their common ,scottish ,christian and surnames1 they had names in their own language1 as well as various pseudonyms which they assumed from time to time in different parts of the country4 ,when they were travelling they used to take new names every morning1 and retain them till money was received in one way or another by every member of the company1 or at least until noon-tide2 for they considered it unlucky to set out out on a journey under their own names4 ,they appear never to have at a loss for the best of eating and drinking1 and might sometimes be seen seated at their dinner on the sward1 and passing about their wine1 for all the world like gentlemen4 ,sir ,walter ,scott's father was once forced to accept the hospitality of a party of gipsies carousing on a moor1 and found them supplied with all the varieties of game1 poultry1 pigs1 and so forth4 ,that rich and savory decoction known to the modern cuisine as potage la ,meg ,merrilies de ,derncleugh1 is a soup of gipsy invention1 composed of many kinds of game and poultry boiled together4 ,their style of cookery seems rather barbarous1 but we must admit that it is admirably adapted to the wants of a rude and barbarous people1 among whom ovens1 spits1 pots1 and stew-pans are unknown and often unattainable luxuries4 ,to cook a fowl1 they wind a strong rope of straw tightly around the body of the bird1 just as it has been killed1 with its feathers on and its entrails untouched4 ,it is then covered with hot peat ashes1 and a slow fire is kept up around it till it is sufficiently done4 ,when taken out1 the half-burnt straw and feathers peel off like a shell1 and those who have tasted the food thus prepared1 say it is very palatable4 ,one advantage the method certainly has3 it affords a safe way of cooking a stolen fowl unperceived4 ,meat is roasted in a similar manner4 ,the flesh is covered with a wrapping of rags1 and then encased in well-wrought clay4 ,being now covered with hot ashes or turned before a fire1 it stews in its own juices1 which1 being saved from escape by the clay1 combine with the rags1 ,mr4 ,simson says1 to form a thick sauce or gravy4 ,a gipsy has a keen zest for this juicy dish2 but we doubt whether most people would devour it with a very good appetite4 ,their favorite viand of all1 however1 can certainly not be relished outside of the tribe4 ,this is a kind of mutton called braxy1 being nothing less than the flesh of a sheep which has died of a certain disease4 ,it has a sharp flavor which tickles their palates amazingly4 ,so fond of it are they1 that ,mr4 ,simson attributes the great number of gipsies in ,tweed-dale partly to the abundance of sheep in that district1 and the consequent plenty of braxy4 ,the flesh of a beast which ,god kills1 say the gipsies1 must be better than that of one which man kills4 ,nevertheless they are not loath1 on occasion1 to take the killing into their own hands1 by stuffing wool down a sheep's throat1 so that #gji it may die as if by disease2 and then they beg the carcass from the owner4 ,as far as can be ascertained1 the gipsies have no religious sentiments whatever1 so that an old proverb runs3 ,the gipsy church was built of lard and the dogs ate it4 ,they have a word in their language for devil1 but none for ,god4 ,of late years it has been common for them to have their children baptized1 and sometimes they attend the service which seems to be most in repute in the place where they happen to be2 but this is only because they do not want to be known as gipsies4 ,they marry very young1 seldom remaining single beyond the age of twenty4 ,their courtship used to be performed somewhat after the ,tartar fashion1 the most approved way of getting a wife being to steal one2 not that the girl was unwilling1 but they seemed to have a natural propensity to carry their dishonest practices into all the relations of life4 ,one ,matthew ,baillie1 a celebrated chieftain of the tribe in the latter part of the #ahth century used to say that the toughest battle he ever fought 7and he fought many7 was when he stole his bride from her mother4 ,the ceremonies of marriage are very curious1 and also1 we must add1 very disgusting4 ,the marital relation seems to have been on the whole pretty well respected1 though there is an old reprobate named ,george ,drummond1 mentioned in ,mr4 ,simson's book1 who used to travel about the country with a number of wives in his company1 and chastise them with a cudgel1 so that the blood followed every blow4 ,sometimes1 after he had knocked them senseless to the ground1 he would call out to them1 ,what the deevil are ye fighting at--can ye no' 'gree8 ,i'm sure there's no sae mony o' ye6 ,divorces1 however were very common1 and were attended with great parade and many curious ceremonies4 ,the act of separation took place over the body of a horse sacrificed for the occasion4 ,the rites were performed if possible at noon1 when the sun was at his height4 ,a priest for the nonce was chosen by lot1 and the horse1 which must be without blemish and in no manner of way lame1 was then led forth4 ,the priest1 with a long pole or staff in his hand1 ,footnote #agf walks round and round the animal several times2 repeating the names of all the persons in whose possession it has been1 and extolling and expatiating on the rare qualities of so useful an animal4 ,it is now let loose1 and driven from their presence to do whatever it pleases4 ,the horse1 perfect and free1 is put into the room of the woman who is to be divorced2 and by its different movements is the degree of her guilt ascertained4 ,some of the gipsies now set off in pursuit of it1 and endeavor to catch it4 ,if it is wild and intractable1 kicks1 leaps dykes and ditches1 scampers about and will not allow itself to be easily taken hold of1 the crimes and guilt of the woman are looked upon as numerous and heinous4 ,if the horse is tame and docile1 when it is pursued1 and suffers itself to be taken without much trouble1 and without exhibiting many capers1 the guilt of the woman is not considered so deep and aggravated2 and it is then sacrificed in her stead4 ,but if it is extremely wild and vicious1 and cannot be taken without infinite trouble1 her crimes are considered exceedingly wicked and atrocious2 and my informant said instances occurred in which both horse and woman were sacrificed at the same time2 the death of the horse1 alone1 being then considered insufficient to atone for her excessive guilt4 ,the individuals who catch the course bring it before the priest4 ,they repeat to him all the faults and tricks it had committed2 laying the whole of the crimes of which the woman is supposed to have been guilty to its charge2 and upbraiding and scolding the dumb creature1 in an angry manner1 for its conduct4 ,they bring1 as it were1 an accusation against it1 and plead for its condemnation4 ,when this part of the trial is finished1 the priest takes a large knife and thrusts it into the heart of the horse2 and its blood is allowed to flow upon the ground till life is extinct4 ,the dead animal is now stretched out upon the ground4 ,the husband then takes his stand on one side of it1 and the wife on the other2 and1 holding each other by the hand1 repeat certain appropriate sentences in the gipsy language4 ,they then quit hold of each other1 and walk three times round the body of the horse1 contrariwise1 passing and crossing each other1 at certain points1 as they proceed in opposite directions4 ,at certain parts of the animal1 #gaj 7the corners of the horse1 was the gipsy's expression17 such as the hind and fore feet1 the shoulders and haunches1 the head and tail1 the parties halt1 and face each other2 and again repeat sentences1 in their own speech1 at each time they halt4 ,the two last stops they make1 in their circuit round the sacrifice1 are at the head and tail4 ,at the head1 they again face each other1 and speak2 and lastly1 at the tail1 they again confront each other1 utter some more gipsy expressions1 shake hands1 and finally part1 the one going north1 the other south1 never again to be united in this life4 ,footnote #agg ,immediately after the separation takes place1 the woman receives a token1 which is made of cast-iron1 about an inch and a half square1 with a mark upon it resembling the ,roman character1 ,t4 ,after the marriage has been dissolved1 and the woman dismissed from the sacrifice1 the heart of the horse is taken out and roasted with fire1 then sprinkled with vinegar1 or brandy1 and eaten by the husband and his friends then present2 the female not being allowed to join in this part of the ceremony4 ,the body of the horse1 skin and every thing about it1 except the heart1 is buried on the spot2 and years after the ceremony has taken place1 the husband and his friends visit the grave of the animal to see whether it has been disturbed4 ,at these visits1 they walk round about the grave1 with much grief and mourning4 ,footnote #agf3 ,it appears all the gipsies1 male as well as female1 who perform ceremonies for their tribe1 carry long staffs4 ,in the ,institutes of ,menu1 page #bc1 it is written3 ,the staff of a priest must be of such a length as to reach his hair2 that of a soldier to reach his forehead2 and that of a merchant to reach the nose4 ,footnote #agg3 ,that ,i might distinctly understand the gipsy1 when he described the manner of crossing and wheeling round the corners of the horse1 a common sitting-chair was placed on its side between us1 which represented the animal lying on the ground4 ,the husband may take another wife whenever he pleases1 but the female is never permitted to marry again4 ,footnote #agh ,the token1 or rather bill of divorce1 which she receives1 must never be from about her person4 ,if she loses it1 or attempts to pass herself off as a woman never before married1 she becomes liable to the punishment of death4 ,in the event of her breaking this law1 a council of the chiefs is held upon her conduct1 and her fate is decided by a majority of the members2 and if she is to suffer death1 her sentence must be confirmed by the king1 or principal leader4 ,the culprit is then tied to a stake1 with an iron chain1 and there cudgelled to death4 ,the executioners do not extinguish life at one beating1 but leave the unhappy woman for a little while1 and return to her1 and at last complete their work by despatching her on the spot4 ,footnote #agh3 ,bright1 on the ,spanish gipsies1 says3 ,widows never marry again1 and are distinguished by mourning-veils1 and black shoes made like those of a man2 no slight mortification1 in a country where the females are so remarkable for the beauty of their feet4 ,it is most likely that divorced female gipsies are confounded here with widows4--,ed4 ,i have been informed of an instance of a gipsy falling out with his wife1 and1 in the heat of his passion1 shooting his own horse dead on the spot with his pistol1 and forthwith performing the ceremony of divorce over the animal1 without allowing himself a moments's time for reflection on the subject4 ,some of the country-people observed the transaction1 and were horrified at so extraordinary a proceeding4 ,it was considered by them as merely a mad frolic of an enraged ,tinkler4 ,it took place many years ago1 in a wild1 sequestered spot between ,galloway and ,ayrshire4 ,the burial ceremonies of the tribes are not very fully described2 but we are told that the funeral is1 or used to be1 preceded by a wake1 during which furious feasting and carousing went on for several days4 ,in ,england1 at one time1 the gipsies burned their dead1 and they still keep as close as they can to that ancient practice1 by burning the clothes and some of the other effects of the deceased4 ,it is the custom of some of them to bury the corpse with a paper cap on its head1 and paper around its feet4 ,all the rest of the body is bare except that upon the breast1 opposite the heart1 is placed a cockade of red and blue ribbons4 ,the country people stood in dreadful awe of the savage hordes1 and in many places the magistrates themselves were afraid to punish them4 ,their honors did not disdain now and then to share a convivial bowl with the wandering ,tinklers1 and the man who sat to-day with his legs under the provost's mahogany1 may have slept last night in a deserted lime-kiln1 and dined yesterday off a sharp-flavored joint of braxy4 ,as we have said already1 the farmers knew it was safer to be the friend of the gipsy than his enemy1 for he was equally generous to those he liked1 and vindictive toward those he hated4 ,mr4 ,simson tells many an anecdote of favors shown by the tribe to their neighbors and favorites4 ,a widow who had often given shelter to a chief named ,charlie ,graham1 was in great distress for want of money to pay her rent4 ,charlie lent her the amount required1 then stole it back again from the agent to whom it had been pad1 and gave #gaa the widow a full discharge for the sum she had borrowed of him4 ,this same ,graham was hanged at last1 and when asked before his execution if he had ever performed any good action to recommend him to the ,mercy of ,god1 replied that he remembered none but the incident we have just narrated4 ,a dissolute old rogue of a gipsy1 named ,jamie ,robertson1 had been often befriended by a decent man named ,robert or ,robin ,gray4 ,one day a countryman passed him on the road1 and as he trudged along was singing ,auld ,robin ,gray1 which unfortunately ,jamie had never heard before4 ,the only ,robin ,gray he knew of was his kind-hearted friend1 and he made no doubt the song was intended as an insult4 ,when the unconscious stranger came to the words ,auld ,robin ,gray was a kind man to me1 the gipsy started to his feet with a volley of oaths1 felled the poor man to the ground1 and nearly killed him with repeated blows4 ,auld ,robin ,gray was a kind man to him1 indeed1 exclaimed ,jamie in his wrath2 but it was not for him to make a song on ,robin for that6 ,the gipsy chieftains often gave safeguards to their particular friends1 which never failed to protect them from robbery or violence at the hands of any of the gang4 ,these passports were generally knives1 tobacco-boxes1 or rings bearing some peculiar mark4 ,to those who had ever injured them or their people1 and to vagrants of another race who were found poaching on their allotted district1 they were savagely vindictive4 ,a man named ,thomson1 who had offended them by encroaching on one of their supposed privileges--that of gathering rags through the country1 was roasted to death on his own fire4 ,but the most terrible instances of gipsy ferocity were witnessed in their frequent battles among themselves--battles by the way1 in which the women bore their full share of wounds and glory4 ,it was in an engagement of this sort in the shire of ,angus1 where the ,tinklers fought with ,highland dirks1 that the celebrated gipsy ,lizzie ,brown met with the mishap which spoiled her once comely face1 and obtained for her the sobriquet of ,snippy4 ,when her nose was struck off by the sweep of a dirk1 she clapped her hand to the wound1 as if little had befallen her1 and cried out in the heat of the scuffle to those nearest her3 ,but in the middle of the meantime1 where is my nose8 ,in the spring of the year #aggb or #aggc an awful battle was fought between two tribes at the bridge of ,hawick3 ,on the one side1 in this battle1 was the celebrated ,alexander ,kennedy1 a handsome and athletic man1 and head of his tribe4 ,next to him1 in consideration1 was little ,wull ,ruthven1 ,kennedy's father-in-law4 ,this man was known all over the country by the extraordinary title of the ,earl of ,hell1 ,footnote #agi and1 although he was above five feet ten inches in height1 he got the appellation of ,little ,wull to distinguish him from ,muckle ,william ,ruthven1 who was a man of uncommon stature and personal strength4 ,footnote #ahj ,the earl's son was also in the fray4 ,these were the chief men in ,kennedy's band4 ,jean ,ruthven1 ,kennedy's wife1 was also present1 with a great number of inferior members of the clan1 males as well as females1 of all ages1 down to mere children4 ,the opposite band consisted of old ,rob ,tait1 the chieftain of his horde1 ,jacob ,tait1 young ,rob ,tait1 and three of old ,rob ,tait's sons-in-law4 ,these individuals1 with ,jean ,gordon1 old ,tait's wife1 and a numerous train of youths of both sexes and various ages1 composed the adherents of old ,robert ,tait4 ,these adverse tribes were all closely connected with one another by the ties of blood4 ,the ,kennedys and ,ruthvens were from the ancient burgh of ,lochmaben4 ,footnote #agi3 ,this seems a favorite title among the ,tinklers4 ,one of the name of ,young1 bears it at the present time4 ,but the gipsies are not singular in these terrible titles4 ,in the late ,burmese war1 we find his ,burmese majesty creating one of his generals ,king of ,hell1 ,prince of ,darkness4--,see ,constable's ,miscellany4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,a friend1 in writing me1 says3 ,i still think ,i see him 7,muckie ,wall7 bruising the charred peat over the flame of his furnace1 with hands equal to two pair of hands of the modern day1 while his withered and hairy shackle-bones were more like the postern joints of a sorrel cart-horse than anything else4 #gab ,the whole of the gipsies in the field1 females as well as males1 were armed with bludgeons1 excepting some of the ,taits1 who carried cutlasses and pieces of iron hoops notched and serrated on either side1 like a saw1 and fixed to the end of sticks4 ,the boldest of the tribe were in front of their respective bands1 with their children and the other members of their clan in the rear1 forming a long train behind them4 ,in this order both parties boldly advanced1 with their weapons uplifted above their heads4 ,both sides fought with extraordinary fury and obstinacy4 ,sometimes the one band gave way1 and sometimes the other2 but both1 again and again1 returned to the combat with fresh ardor4 ,not a word was spoken during the struggle2 nothing was heard but the rattling of the cudgels and the strokes of the cutlasses4 ,after a long and doubtful contest1 ,jean ,ruthven1 big with child at the time1 at last received1 among many other blows1 a dreadful wound with a cutlass4 ,she was cut to the bone above and below the breast1 particularly on one side4 ,it was said the slashes were so large and deep that one of her breasts was nearly severed from her body1 and that the motions of her lungs1 while she breathed1 were observed through the aperture between her ribs4 ,but1 notwithstanding her dreadful condition1 she would neither quit the field nor yield1 but continued to assist her husband as long as she was able4 ,her father1 the ,earl of ,hell1 was also shockingly wounded2 the flesh being literally cut from the bone of one of his legs1 and1 in the words of my informant1 'hanging down over his ankles1 like beefsteaks4' ,the earl left the field to get his wounds dressed1 but1 observing his daughter1 ,kennedy's wife1 so dangerously wounded1 he lost heart1 and1 with others of his party1 fled1 leaving ,kennedy alone to defend himself against the whole of the clan of ,tait4 ,having now all the ,taits1 young and old1 male and female1 to contend with1 ,kennedy1 like an experienced warrior1 took advantage of the local situation of the place4 ,posting himself on the narrow bridge of ,hawick1 he defended himself in the defile1 with his bludgeon1 against the whole of his infuriated enemies4 ,his handsome person1 his undaunted bravery1 his extraordinary dexterity in handling his weapon1 and his desperate situation1 7for it was evident to all that the ,taits thirsted for his blood and were determined to dispatch him on the spot17 excited a general and lively interest in his favor among the inhabitants of the town who were present and had witnessed the conflict with amazement and horror4 ,in one dash to the front1 and with one powerful sweep of his cudgel1 he disarmed two of the ,taits1 and1 cutting a third to the skull1 felled him to the ground4 ,he sometimes daringly advanced upon his assailants and drove the whole band before him pell-mell4 ,when he broke one cudgel on his enemies1 by his powerful arm1 the town's people were ready to hand him another4 ,still the vindictive ,taits rallied and renewed the charge with unabated vigor1 and every one present expected that ,kennedy would fall a sacrifice to their desperate fury4 ,a party of messengers and constables at last arrived to his relief1 when the ,taits were all apprehended and imprisoned1 but as none of the gipsies were actually slain in the fray1 they were soon set at liberty4 ,footnote #aha ,footnote #aha3 ,this gipsy battle is alluded to by ,sir ,walter ,scott1 in a postscript to a letter to ,captain ,adam ,ferguson1 #afth ,april1 #ahai4 ,by the by1 old ,kennedy1 the tinker1 swam for his life at ,jedburgh1 and was only1 by the sophisticated and timed evidence of a seceding doctor1 who differed from all his brethren1 saved from a well-deserved gibbet4 ,he goes to botanize for fourteen years4 ,pray tell this to the ,duke1 7of ,buccleuch17 for he was an old soldier of the duke and the duke's old soldier4 ,six of his brethren were1 ,i am told1 in the court1 and kith and kin without end4 ,i am sorry so many of the clan are left4 ,the cause of the quarrel with the murdered man was an old feud between two gipsy clans1 the ,kennedys and ,irvings1 which1 about forty years since gave rise to a desperate quarrel and battle at ,hawick-green1 in which the grandfather of both ,kennedy and the man whom he murdered were engaged4--,lockhart's ,life of ,sir ,walter ,scott4 ,alexander ,kennedy was tried for murdering ,irving at ,yarrows-ford4 ,this gipsy fray at ,hawick is known among the ,english gipsies as the ,battle of the ,bridge4--,ed4 ,in this battle1 it was said that every gipsy1 except ,alexander ,kennedy1 the brave chief1 was severely wounded1 and that the ground on which they fought was wet with blood4 ,jean ,gordon1 however1 stole unobserved from her band1 and1 taking a circuitous road1 came behind ,kennedy and struck him on the head with her cudgel4 ,what astonished the inhabitants of ,hawick the most of all1 was the fierce and stubborn disposition of the gipsy females4 ,it was remarked that1 when they were knocked down senseless to the ground they rose again1 with redoubled vigor and energy1 to the combat4 ,this unconquerable obstinacy and courage of their females is held in high estimation by the tribe4 ,i once heard a gipsy sing a song which celebrated one of their battles1 and in it the brave and determined manner in which the girls bore the blows of the cudgel over their heads was particularly applauded4 ,the battle at ,hawick was not decisive to either party4 ,the hostile bands a short time afterward came in contact in ,ettrick ,forest1 at a place on the water of ,teema called ,deephope4 ,they did not1 however1 engage here1 but the females on both sides1 at some distance from one another1 with a stream between them1 scolded and cursed1 and1 clapping their hands1 urged the males again to fight4 ,the men1 however1 more cautious1 only observed a sullen and gloomy silence at this meeting4 ,probably both parties1 from experience1 were unwilling to renew the fight1 being aware of the consequences which would follow should they again close in battle4 ,the two clans then separated1 each taking different roads1 but both keeping possession of the disputed district4 ,in the course of a few days1 they again met in ,eskdale moor1 when a second desperate conflict ensued4 ,the ,taits were here completely routed and driven #gac from the district1 in which they had attempted to travel by force4 ,the country people were horrified at the sight of the wounded ,tinklers after these sanguinary engagements4 ,several of them1 lame and exhausted in consequence of the severity of their numerous wounds1 were1 by the assistance of their tribe1 carried through the country on the backs of asses1 so much were they cut up in their persons4 ,some of them1 it was said1 were slain outright1 and never more heard of4 ,jean ,ruthven1 however1 who was so dreadfully slashed1 recovered from her wounds1 to the surprise of all who had seen her mangled body1 which was sewed in different parts by her clan4 ,the ,ruthvens mentioned in this extract belonged to a distinguished family among the gipsies4 ,their male head1 in those days1 was a man over six feet in height1 who lived to the age of one hundred and fifteen4 ,in his youth he wore a white wig1 a ruffled shirt1 a blue ,scottish bonnet1 scarlet breeches and waistcoat1 a fine long blue coat1 white stockings1 and silver shoe-buckles4 ,the male gipsies at that time were often very handsomely dressed1 and so too were the women4 ,a favorite color with them was green4 ,mary ,yorkston1 or ,yowston1 the wife of the same ,matthew ,baillie1 whose rough manner of courting we mentioned just now1 went under the appellation of my lady1 and the duchess1 and bore the title of queen among her tribe4 ,her appearance on the road1 when she was pretty well advanced in life1 is thus described3 ,she was full six feet in height1 of a stout figure1 with harsh1 strongly-marked features1 and altogether very imposing in her manner4 ,she wore a large black beaver hat tied down over her ears with a handkerchief2 a short dark blue cloak1 of ,spanish cut2 petticoats of dark blue camlet1 barely reaching to her calves2 dark blue worsted stockings1 flowered and ornamented at the ankles with scarlet thread2 and silver shoe-buckles4 ,sometimes instead of this garb she wore a green gown trimmed with red ribbons4 ,all her garments were of excellent1 substantial quality1 and there was never a rag or rent to be seen about her person4 ,her outer petticoat was folded up round her haunches for a lap1 with a large pocket dangling at each side2 and below her cloak she carried1 between her shoulders1 a small pack containing her valuables4 ,she bore a largo clasp-knife1 with a long1 broad blade1 like a dagger1 and in her hand was a pole or pike-staff that reached a foot above her head4 ,the male branches of the royal gipsy family of the ,baillies1 a hundred years ago1 used to traverse ,scotland on the best horses to be found in the country1 booted and spurred1 and clad in the finest scarlet and green1 with ruffles at their wrists and breasts4 ,they wore cocked hats on their heads1 pistols at their belts1 and broad-swords by their sides2 and at their horses' heels followed greyhounds and other dogs of the chase4 ,they assumed the manners and characters of gentlemen with wonderful art and propriety4 ,the women attended fairs in the attire of ladies1 sitting their ponies with all the grace and dignity of high-bred women4 ,two chieftains of inferior degree to the ,baillies were ,alexander ,mc,donald and ,james ,jamieson1 brothers-in-law1 remarkable for their fine personal appearance and almost incredible bodily strength4 ,they were often attired in the most elegant and fashionable manner1 and ,mc,donald frequently changed his dress three or four times in one market-day4 ,now he would appear in the best of tartan1 as a ,highland gentleman in full costume4 ,again he might be seen on horseback1 with boots1 spurs1 and ruffles1 like a body of no little importance4 ,and not infrequently he wandered through the fair in his own proper garb1 as a travelling ,tinkler4 ,he had a piebald horse which he had trained to help him in his depredations4 ,at a certain signal it would crouch to the ground like1 a hare1 and so conceal itself and its rider in a ditch or a hollow1 or behind a hedge4 ,there was a gallant gipsy in the seventeenth century named ,john ,faa1 #gad who1 if tradition is to be trusted1 won the heart of a fair countess of ,cassilis1 so that she absconded with him4 ,many years later there was an extensive mercantile house at ,dunbar1 the heads of which1 named ,fall1 were descendants of this same gay deceiver4 ,one of the ,misses ,fall married ,sir ,john ,anstruther1 of ,elie1 baronet1 but her prejudiced ,scottish neighbors could not forget that she carried ,tinkler blood in her veins1 and poor ,jenny ,faa1 as they persisted in calling her1 was exposed to many an insult4 ,sir ,john was once a candidate for election to ,parliament1 and whenever ,lady ,jenny entered the burghs during the canvass1 the streets resounded with the old song of ,johnny ,faa1 the gipsy laddie1 which recounts how-- ,the gipsies came to my ,lord ,cassilis' yett1 ,and oh6 but they sang bonnie2 ,they sang sae sweet1 and sae complete4 ,that down came our fair ladie4 ,it was not all a romance of love1 and fine dresses1 and free ranging up and down the realm1 this life of the gipsies4 ,magistrates were found pretty often1 not only to punish their repeated crimes of robbery and murder1 but even to put in force the old savage law against such as were by habit and repute ,egyptians--namely1 that their ears be nailed to the tron or other tree1 and cut off4 ,it is an odd fact that in this act were denounced not only gipsies1 but such as make themselves fools1 strolling bards1 and vagabond scholars of the universities of ,st4 ,andrew's1 ,glasgow1 and ,aberdeen1 not licensed by the rector and dean of faculty to ask alms4 ,there was an old ,john ,young1 an uncle of the ,charlie ,graham before mentioned1 who had seven sons1 and when asked where they were1 he used to say ,they are all hanged4 ,it was a pretty family record1 but a just one4 ,peter1 one of the seven1 was captain of a band of thieves whose exploits were long remembered in the north of ,scotland4 ,he was several times taken and sentenced to the gallows1 but managed to escape4 ,once being recaptured at a distance from the jail out of which he had broken1 the authorities were about to hang him on the spot1 when some one in the crowd cried out1 ,peter1 deny you are the man2 whereupon he insisted that his name was ,john ,anderson4 ,strange as it may appear1 he managed to get off by this device1 as there was no one present who could or would identify him4 ,alexander ,brown1 a dashing fellow1 but a dreadful rascal1 and one of the principal members of ,charlie ,graham's band1 after repeated escapes1 was hanged at last at ,edinburgh1 together with his brother-in-law1 ,wilson4 ,martha ,brown1 the mother of one of the prisoners1 and mother-in-law of the other1 was apprehended in the act of stealing a pair of sheets1 while attending their execution4 ,when ,charlie ,graham was hanged1 it was reported that the surgeons meant to disinter his body and dissect it4 ,to prevent this his wife or sweetheart filled the coffin with hot lime1 and then sat on the grave1 in a state of beastly intoxication1 until the corpse was destroyed4 ,the last part of the volume before us1 namely1 the editor's disquisition1 we approach in fear and trembling4 ,old ,mr4 ,walter ,simson seems to have been a good sort of a gentleman1 for whom we cannot help feeling a kindness1 even though he did not write quite as well as ,addison2 but this ,mr4 ,james ,simson1 editor1 is a terrible fellow4 ,he assures us that all creation is full of unsuspected gipsies1 who have crept into every circle of society1 insidiously intruded themselves into the most respectable trades and professions2 and contaminated the best blood in ,christendom4 ,no matter where we live now1 or where our ancestors came from2 it is quite possible--we are not sure that ,mr4 ,james does not consider it almost as good as certain--that we may all of us have some of that dark blood in our veins4 ,our great-grandfathers may have been #gae hanged for horse-stealing1 and our grand-mothers1 horrible thought6 ,may have eaten braxy4 ,england1 ,ireland1 ,scotland1 and ,wales1 ,france1 ,spain1 ,germany1 and ,italy1 all have contributed their quotas to the gipsy population of the world1 and even ,america itself is infested with descendants of the vagabond tinklers of the last century4 ,it is only about a fortnight since the newspapers told us of the arrival of a band of wandering ,egyptians at ,liverpool1 on their way to the ,united ,states1 fugitives from the advancing civilization of ,scotland1 to the new settlements and free woods and plains of the great west4 ,now and then1 though not very often1 gipsy encampments of the old orthodox kind are seen in this country1 and there have been tented gipsies near ,baltimore1 says ,mr4 ,simson1 for the last seventy years4 ,he adds that a colony of them has existed in ,new ,england for a hundred years1 and has always been looked upon with a singular feeling of distrust and mystery by the inhabitants1 who are the descendants of the early emigrants1 and who did not suspect their origin till lately4 4 4 4 ,they follow pretty much the employments and mode of life of the same class in ,europe2 the most striking feature being that the bulk of them leave the homestead for a length of time1 scatter in different directions1 and reunite periodically at their quarters1 which are left in charge of some of the feeble members of the band4 ,pennsylvania and ,maryland contain a great many ,hungarian and ,german gipsies1 who leave their farms to the care of hired hands during the summer1 and proceed ,south with their tents4 ,in the ,state of ,pennsylvania1 there is a settlement of them1 on the ,j---- river1 a little way above ,h----1 where they have sawmills4 ,about the ,alleghany mountains1 there are many of the tribe1 following somewhat the original ways of the race4 ,in the ,united ,states generally there are many gipsy peddlers1 ,british as well as continental4 ,there are a good many gipsies in ,new ,york1 ,english1 ,irish1 and continental1 some of whom keep tin1 crockery1 and basket stores2 but these are all mixed gipsies1 and many of them of fair complexion4 ,the tin-ware which they make is generally of a plain1 coarse kind2 so much so1 that a gipsy tin store is easily known4 ,they frequently exhibit their tin-ware and baskets on the streets1 and carry them about the city4 ,almost all1 if not all1 of those itinerant cutlers and tinklers1 to be met with in ,new-,york1 and other ,american cities are gipsies1 principally ,german1 ,hungarian1 and ,french4 ,there are a good many gipsy musicians in ,america4 ',what6' said ,i to an ,english gipsy1 'those organ-grinders6' ',nothing so low as that ,gipsies don't grind their music1 sir2 they make it4' ,but ,i found in his house1 when occupied by other gipsies1 a hurdy-gurdy and tambourine2 so that gipsies sometimes grind music1 as well as make it4 ,i know of a ,hungarian gipsy who is a leader of a negro musical band1 in the city of ,new-,york2 his brother drives one of the avenue cars4 ,there are a number of gipsy musicians in ,baltimore1 who play at parties1 and on other occasions4 ,some of the fortune-telling gipsy women about ,new-,york will make as much as forty dollars a week in that line of business4 ,they generally live a little way out of the city1 into which they ride in the morning to their places of business4 ,i know of one1 who resides in ,new-,jersey1 opposite ,new-,york1 and who has a place in the city1 to which ladies1 that is1 females of the highest classes1 address their cards1 for her to call upon them4 ,we forbear quoting more about the ,american gipsies3 the information becomes fearfully suggestive1 and it is all the more terrifying because these people never acknowledge their descent1 and however sharply we may suspect them1 we have no way of bringing the offence home to them4 ,the friend who shakes our hand today may be the grandson of a vagabond who camped on our grandfather's farm1 stole our grandmother's eggs and poultry1 and picked our great-uncle's pocket4 ,the ancestor of that beautiful girl we danced with at the last ball may have had his ears nailed to the tree and then cut off1 and the gentleman who asks us to dinner to-morrow1 may purpose entertaining us with sharps-flavored mutton and a savory stew of beef juice and old rags4 ------ #gaf ,,new ,,publications4 ,,thirty ,,years ,,of ,,army ,,life ,,on ,,the ,,border4 ,comprising descriptions of the ,indian ,nomads of the ,plains2 explorations of new territory2 a trip across the ,rocky ,mountains in the winter2 descriptions of the habits of different animals found in the ,west1 and the methods of hunting them2 with incidents in the life of different frontier men1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,colonel ,r4 ,b4 ,marcy1 ,u4,s4,a41 author of ,the ,prairie ,traveller4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,new-,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahff4 ,colonel ,marcy1 as appears from the title of his book1 has passed the greater portion of his life among the trappers and ,indians of the frontier4 ,his descriptions are consequently authentic1 and his lively1 picturesque style makes them also extremely interesting and agreeable4 ,when we add to this the pleasant accompaniment of fine typographical execution and numerous spirited illustrations1 we have said enough to recommend the book to the lovers of information combined with entertainment1 and will leave the following specimen to speak for the whole work4 ,,the ,,colorado ,,ca,,on4 ,i refer to that portion of the ,colorado1 extending from near the confluence of ,grand and ,green rivers1 which is known as the ,big ,caon of the ,colorado4 ,this caon is without doubt one of the most stupendous freaks of nature that can be found upon the face of the earth4 ,it appears that by some great paroxysmal1 convulsive throe in the mysterious economy of the wise laws of nature1 an elevated chain of mountains has been reft asunder1 as if to admit a passage for the river along the level of the grade at the base4 ,the walls of this majestic defile1 so far as they have been seen1 are nearly perpendicular2 and although we have no exact data upon which to base a positive calculation of their altitude1 yet our information is amply sufficient to warrant the assertion that it far exceeds anything of the kind elsewhere known4 ,the first published account of this remarkable defile was contained in the works of ,castenada1 giving a description of the expedition of ,don ,francisco ,vasquez de ,coronado in search of the seven cities of ,cibola--in #aedj-a4 ,he went from the city of ,mexico to ,sonora1 and from thence penetrated to ,cibola2 and while there despatched an auxiliary expedition1 under the command of ,don ,garcia ,lopez de ,cardenas1 to explore a river which emptied into the ,gulf of ,california1 called ,rio del ,tison1 and which1 of course1 was the ,rio ,colorado4 ,on reaching the vicinity of the river1 he found a race of natives1 of very great stature1 who lived in subterranean tenements covered with straw or grass4 ,he says1 when these ,indians travelled in very cold weather1 they carried in their hands a firebrand1 with which they kept themselves warm4 ,captain ,sitgreaves1 who in #ahfb met the ,mohave ,indians on the ,colorado river1 says they are over six feet tall2 and ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,kern1 a very intelligent and reliable gentleman1 who was attached to the same expedition1 and visited the lower part of the great caon of the ,colorado1 says3 ,the same manners and customs 7as those described by ,castenada7 are peculiar to all the different tribes inhabiting the valley of the ,colorado1 even to the use of the brand for warming the body4 ,these ,indians1 as a mass1 are the largest and best-formed men ,i ever saw1 their average height being an inch over six feet4 ,the ,spanish explorer says he travelled for several days along the crest of the lofty bluff bordering the caon1 which he estimated to be three leagues high1 and he found no place where he could pass down to the water from the summits4 ,he once made the attempt at a place where but few obstacles seemed to interfere with the descent1 and started three of his most active men4 ,they were gone the greater part of the day1 and on their return informed him that they had only succeeded in reaching a rock about one third the distance down4 ,this rock1 he says1 appeared from the top of the caon about six feet high1 but they informed him that it was as high as the spire of the cathedral at ,seville in ,spain4 ,the river itself looked from the summit of the caon1 to be something like a fathom in width1 but the ,indians assured him it was half a league wide4 ,antoine ,lereux1 one of the most reliable and best informed guides in ,new ,mexico1 told me in #aheh1 that he had once been at a point of this caon where he estimated the walls to be three miles high4 #gag ,mr4 ,kern says1 in speaking of the ,colorado3 ,no other river in ,north ,america passes through a caon equal in depth to the one alluded to4 ,the description 7,castenada's7 is made out with rare truth and force4 ,we had a view of it from the ,san ,francisco mountain1 ,n4 ,m41 and judging from our own elevation1 and the character of the intervening country1 ,i have no doubt the walls are at least fire thousand feet in height4 ,the mountaineers in ,utah told me that a party of trappers many years since built a large row-boat1 and made the attempt to descend the river through the defile of the caon1 but were never heard from afterward4 ,they probably dashed their boat in pieces1 and were lost by being precipitated over sunken rocks or elevated falls4 ,in #ahe- ,lieutenant ,ives of the ,united ,states ,engineers1 was ordered to penetrate the caon with a steamer of light draught4 ,he ascended the river from the gulf as high as a little above the mouth of the gorge1 but there encountered rapids and other obstacles of so serious a character that he was forced to turn back and abandon the enterprise1 and no other efforts have since been made under government auspices to explore it4 ,a thorough examination of this caon might1 in my opinion1 be made by taking small row-boats and ascending the river from the debouche of the gorge at a low stage of water4 ,in this way there would be no danger of being carried over dangerous rapids or falls1 and the boats could be carried round difficult passages4 ,such an exploration could not1 in my judgment1 prove otherwise than intensely interesting1 as the scenery here must surpass in grandeur any other in the universe4 ,wherever we find rivers flowing through similar formations elsewhere1 as at the dalles of the ,columbia and ,wisconsin rivers1 and in the great caons of ,red and ,canadian rivers1 although the escarpments at those places have nothing like the altitude of those upon the ,colorado1 yet the long continued erosive action of the water upon the rock1 has produced the most novel and interesting combinations of beautiful pictures4 ,imagine1 then1 what must be the effect of a large stream like the ,colorado1 traversing for two hundred miles a defile with the perpendicular walls towering five thousand feet above the bed of the river4 ,it is impossible that it should not contribute largely toward the formation of scenery surpassing in sublimity and picturesque character any other in the world4 ,our landscape painters would here find rare subjects for their study1 and ,i venture to hope that the day is not far distant when some of the most enterprising of them may be induced to penetrate this new field of art in our only remaining unexplored territory4 ,i am confident they would be abundantly rewarded for their trouble and exposure1 and would find subjects for the exercise of genius1 the sublimity of which the most vivid imaginations of the old masters never dreamed of4 ,a consideration1 however1 of vastly greater financial and national importance than those alluded to above1 which might and probably would result from a thorough exploration of this part of the river1 is the development of its mineral wealth4 ,in #ahdi ,i met in ,santa ,f that enterprising pioneer1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,x4 ,aubrey1 who had just returned from ,california1 and en route had crossed the ,colorado near the outlet of the ,big ,caon1 where he met some ,indians1 with whom1 as he informed me1 he exchanged leaden for golden rifle-balls1 and these ,indians did not appear to have the slightest appreciation of the relative value of the two metals4 ,that gold and silver abound in that region is fully established1 as those metals have been found in many localities both east and west of the ,colorado4 ,is it not therefore probable that the walls of this gigantic crevice will exhibit many rich deposits8 ,companies are formed almost daily1 and large amounts of money and labor expended in sinking shafts of one1 two1 and three hundred feet with the confident expectation of finding mineral deposits2 but here nature has opened and exposed to view a continuous shaft two hundred miles in length1 and five thousand feet in depth4 ,in the one case we have a small shaft blasted out at great expense by manual labor1 showing a surface of about thirty-six hundred feet1 while here nature gratuitously exhibits ten thousand millions of feet1 extending into the very bowels of the earth4 ,is it1 then1 at all without the scope of rational conjecture to predict that such an immense development of the interior strata of the earth--such a huge gulch1 if ,i may be allowed the expression1 extending so great a distance through the heart of a country as rich as this in the precious metals1 may yet prove to be the ,el ,dorado which the early ,spanish explorers so long and so fruitlessly sought for2 and who knows but that the government might here find a source of revenue sufficient to liquidate our national debt8 ,regarding the exploration of this river as highly important in a national aspect1 ,i in #aheh submitted a paper upon the subject to the ,war ,department1 setting forth my views somewhat in detail1 and offering my services to perform the work2 but there was then no appropriation which could be applied to that object1 and the ,secretary of ,war for this reason declined ordering it4 ,,christine2 ,a ,,troubadour',s ,,song1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,miles4 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe4 #ahff4 ,mr4 ,miles's poem1 ,christine1 has #gah been already before our readers1 in the pages of the ,catholic ,world1 and we are sure that its appearance in book form will be welcomed by all who have perused its beautiful verses4 ,it is the work of an artist1 and as such1 one likes to have it1 as it were1 completely under view1 and not scattered in fragments amidst other productions which intrude upon our vision1 and interrupt its continuity4 ,mr4 ,miles has given us a poem of no ordinary merit4 ,powerfully dramatic1 it not only paints the scenes of the story in strong1 vivid colors1 but brings the actors into a living reality as they pass before us4 ,few writers of our day possess much dramatic power1 and this accounts for their short-lived fame4 ,he who would write for fame must give us pictures of real life1 and not pure reflective sentiment4 ,poetry and its more subtle-tongued sister1 music1 are as much nobler and worthier of immortality than are painting or sculpture1 as the reality is superior to the image4 ,poetry and music are the true clothed in the beautiful1 whilst painting and sculpture can only give us beautiful yet lifeless images of the true4 ,the ,psalms of ,david remain1 but the ,temple of ,solomon and all its glory is departed4 ,poetry1 the purest form of language1 is also the best expression of divine1 living and eternal truth1 in so far as humanity can express it4 ,being the expression of absolute truth1 poetry and music are the truly immortal arts which will live in heaven4 ,no one ever yet imagined that the blessed1 in presence of the ,unveiled ,truth1 will express their beatitude in painted or sculptured images2 but the revealed vision of the inspired poet1 who drew his inspiration at the ,source of truth1 upon whose bosom he leaned1 telling us of the saints1 harping upon their harps of gold1 and singing the song of the ,lamb1 finds a responsive assent in all our minds4 ,caught up into the embrace of the infinitely true1 and the infinitely beautiful1 they must necessarily give expression to that upon which the soul lives1 and with which it is wholly enlightened4 ,there1 too1 they must possess a quasi creative power of expression of the true1 7in so far as they are thus endowed by virtue of their union with ,god1 who is pure act1 through the ,word made ,flesh17 just as we possess it here in germ by the dramatic form1 which actualizes to us the otherwise abstract truth expressed4 ,hence the superiority of the dramatic1 in which of course we include the descriptive1 over the sentimental4 ,mr4 ,miles possesses this genius in no mean degree1 as he has already shown in his ,mahomet4 ,the poem before us abounds in dramatic passages of rare beauty4 ,let our readers turn to the third song1 and read the flight of ,christine4 ,they will find it to be a description unsurpassed in the ,english language4 ,the death of faithful ,kaliph1 and the knight's tender plaint over his gallant grey1 forgetful of even his rescued spouse1 introduced to us in the flush of victory over the demon foe1 just when our stronger passions are wrought up to the highest pitch of enthusiasm1 is one of those sudden and thrilling transitions from the sublime to the pathetic which may crown ,mr4 ,miles as a master of the poet's pen4 ,raphael ,sanzio dying1 the first of the additional poems1 possesses much of the merit we have signalized1 but its versification and wording are too harsh for the subject4 ,it is not the death of him whom we have known as ,raphael4 ,it reads as though told by one who was forced to admire1 yet did not love1 the great artist4 ,there is a charming little poem1 entitled1 ,said the ,rose1 which is worth all the minor poems put together1 if poetry can be valued against poetry4 ,we may say1 at least1 that it alone is worth many times the price of the whole volume2 and our readers1 who may have already enjoyed the perusal of ,christine in our pages1 will not fail to thank us for this hint to purchase the complete volume4 ,mr4 ,kehoe1 the publisher1 is giving us some creditable books1 as the ,life and ,sermons of ,father ,baker1 the ,may ,carols of ,aubrey de ,vere1 and ,the ,works of ,archbishop ,hughes1 bear testimony4 ,the present one is got up in a superior manner1 both in type1 paper1 and binding1 and is a worthy dress for author's work4 ,,history ,,of ,,england1 ,,from ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,wolsey ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,elizabeth4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 ,vols4 ,v4 and ,,vi4 #hvo1 pp4 #dgd1 #die4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 ,mr4 ,froude's thorough-going ,protestantism is by this time too familiar to our #gai readers for them to expect a very lively satisfaction in reading the story of the reigns of ,edward ,,vi4 and ,mary which he has given in these volumes4 ,we have neither the space nor the inclination to follow him in his review of those melancholy times4 ,we prefer to accord a hearty recognition to the undoubted merits of his work2 his graphic and picturesque style2 his artistic eye for effect2 his excellent judgment in the examination of old-time witnesses2 and the rare self-control which in the midst of his abundance of hitherto unused material has saved him from encumbering his pages and overloading his narrative with facts and illustrations of only minor interest4 ,he gives us sometimes little bits of truth where we had least reason to look for them4 ,cordially as he detests ,mary the queen1 he is tenderer than most historians of his ultra sort to ,mary the woman4 ,from the passions which in general tempt sovereigns into crime1 he says1 she was entirely free2 to the time of her accession she had lived a blameless1 and in many respects a noble life2 and few men or women have lived less capable of doing knowingly a wrong thing4 ,philip's conduct1 which could not extinguish her passion for him1 and the collapse of the inflated imaginations which had surrounded her supposed pregnancy1 it can hardly be doubted1 affected her sanity4 ,those forlorn hours when she would sit on the ground with her knees drawn to her face2 those restless days and nights when1 like a ghost1 she would wander about the palace galleries1 rousing herself only to write tear-blotted letters to her husband2 those bursts of fury over the libels dropped in her way2 or the marchings in procession behind the ,host in the ,london streets6--these are all symptoms of hysterical derangement1 and leave little room1 as we think of her1 for other feeling than pity4 ,the persecution1 for which her reign is remembered was partly the result1 ,mr4 ,froude thinks1 of the too natural tendency of an oppressed party to abuse suddenly recovered power4 ,moreover1 the rebellions and massacres1 the political scandals1 the universal suffering throughout the country during ,edward's minority1 had created a general bitterness in all classes against the ,reformers2 the ,catholics could appeal with justice to the apparent consequences of heretical opinions2 and when the ,reforming preachers themselves denounced so loudly the irreligion which had attended their success1 there was little wonder that the world took them at their word1 and was ready to permit the use of strong suppressive measures to keep down the unruly tendencies of uncontrolled fanatics4 ,mr4 ,froude's history will be completed in two more volumes4 ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church3 from the ,commencement of the ,christian ,era until the ,present ,time4 ,by ,m4 l',abb ,j4 ,e4 ,darras4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new-,york4 ,the period comprised by the third volume of this admirable history extends from the pontificate of ,sylvester ,,ii4 ,a4,d4 #ajjj to that of ,julius ,,ii4 a4d4 #aeac4 ,to our mind the terrible struggle which the church sustained during those four eventful centuries is more wonderful than her deadly strife in the days of ,roman persecution and martyrdom4 ,the church is a divine-human institution2 and inasmuch as it is human1 it must suffer from human infirmity1 but the ,spirit of ,god abideth for ever in it1 preserving the truth amidst heresies1 the purity of the ,christian law amidst moral degradation1 and at last crowning4 ,his spouse with new glories for her patiently borne sufferings4 ,on every page of the church's history1 and on none more clearly than that which records her life from the eleventh to the sixteenth century1 is that promise written1 ,and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it4 ,we again add our cordial commendation of the work of ,m4 ,darras1 and hope its publication will prove to the enterprising publisher as successful as it is opportune4 ,,the ,,american ,,annual ,,cyclopaedia ,,and ,,register ,,of ,,current ,,events ,,of ,,the ,,year #ahff4 ,vol4 ,v4 ,new-,york3 ,d4 ,appleton4 #ahfg4 ,this is a valuable compendium of information respecting the current events of the year4 ,it is particularly complete as regards ,american politics and the literature of the ,english language4 ,on other topics it is more general and superficial1 especially so in its history of the progress of science4 ,for instance1 there is no record whatever of the history of geology during the year4 ,the great defect of the ,cyclopaedia1 as a whole1 is an unnecessary minuteness in regard to #gbj persons and things of our own time and country which have no real and permanent interest1 and a corresponding lack of minuteness in regard to matters of other times and countries which are really important4 ,it would be a good idea for the publishers to invite all the scholars in the country to send in a list of titles of articles whose absence they have noticed in consulting the work for information1 and from these to prepare a supplementary volume4 ,in regard to all questions relating to the ,catholic ,church1 the ,cyclopaedia is remarkable throughout for its fairness and impartiality--a merit which is to be ascribed in great measure to its learned and genial editor1 ,mr4 ,ripley4 ,,aunt ,,honor',s ,,keepsake4 ,a ,chapter from ,life4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,,ten ,,stories ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,balleydier4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,,the ,,exile ,,of ,,tadmor1 ,,and ,,other ,,tales4 ,translated by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,,tales ,,and ,,stories4 ,translated from the ,french of ,viscount ,walsh4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,,valeria1 ,,or ,,the ,,first ,,christians1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,translated from the ,french of ,balleydier and ,madame ,bowdon4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,,the ,,blighted ,,flower1 ,,and ,,other ,,tales4 ,translated from the ,french of ,balleydier4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ,,stories ,,on ,,the ,,beatitudes4 ,by ,agnes ,m4 ,stewart1 authoress of ,stories on the ,virtues1 etc4 ,new-,york3 ,d4,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahff4 ---- ,a ,,father',s ,,tales ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution4 ,first ,series4 ,by the author of ,confessors of ,connaught4 ,,ralph ,,berrien1 ,,and ,,other ,,tales ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,revolution4 ,second ,series4 ,by the author of ,grace ,morton1 ,philip ,hartly1 etc4 ,,charles ,,and ,,frederick1 ,,or ,a ,,mother',s ,,prayer1 ,,and ,,rose ,,blanch1 ,,or ,,twelfth ,,night ,,in ,,brittany4 ,,the ,,beauforts4 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,alleghenies4 ,by ,cora ,berkley4 ,,silver ,,grange4 ,a ,,catholic ,,tale1 ,,and ,,phillipine1 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,compiled by the author of ,grace ,morton4 ,,helena ,,butler4 ,a story of the ,rosary and the ,shrine of the ,star of the ,sea4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham4 ,these volumes are a valuable addition to our list of books for ,catholic children4 ,aunt ,honor's ,keepsake1 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier1 presents a vivid picture of the wrongs and outrages suffered by ,catholic children and parents from the agents of the so-called ,juvenile ,reformatories4 ,we also have a translation of several instructive tales from the ,french by the same talented writer4 ,agnes ,stewart gives us a number of well-written stories on the beatitudes4 ,we heartily commend this effort to provide suitable reading for ,catholic children4 ,it is a pressing want4 ,their active minds eagerly demand something to read4 ,if we do not provide safe and proper reading for them1 they will find that which is not so4 ,we have also an addition of six new volumes to the ,young ,catholic ,library1 published by ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia4 ,the subjects are well chosen and most of the stories beautifully written4 ,we notice1 however1 at times1 a straining after high-sounding expressions--an absence of that simplicity so necessary in such tales for children4 ,there is also a tendency in writers for children to sprinkle in so much of the romantic and unreal as to make their story a kind of novelette4 ,such reading creates in the mind of the young a feverish desire for romance1 which can only be satisfied in after years by the novel4 ,there is enough in the realities of life to startle and fix the attention of any child if properly presented4 ,we trust a larger number of books suitable for children may be provided by those writers who have the time and talent requisite for the work4 ,we know of no way in which they can more usefully employ their pen4 ,the style in which these volumes are issued makes them suitable for gift-books and is creditable to the publishers4 ,we would also like to see some in plain1 durable bindings1 better suited for the hard usage they receive in a ,sunday-school or parish library4 ,,books ,,received ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,the ,bit ,o',writin'1 and ,other ,tales4 ,mayor of ,wind-,gap and ,canvassing1 by the ,o',hara ,family4 #abmo1 pp4 #djf and #dad 7,the above are two new volumes of ,banim's works47 ,parts #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 and #bd of d',artaud's ,lives of the ,popes4 ,from ,p4 ,donohue4 ,boston4 ,annual ,report of the ,association for the ,protection of ,destitute ,roman ,catholic ,children in ,boston1 from ,january #a1 #ahfe1 to ,january #a1 #ahff4 ,pamphlet4 ,from ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham1 ,philadelphia4 ,alphonso2 or1 the ,triumph of ,religion4 ,a ,catholic ,tale4 #abmo1 pp4 #hgh4 ,from ,robert ,h4 ,johnston ,co41 ,new-,york4 ,the ,valley of ,wyoming3 ,the ,romance of its ,poetry4 ,also specimens of ,indian ,eloquence4 ,compiled by a native of the valley4 #abmo1 pp4 #aec4 ------ #gba ,,the ,,catholic ,,world ,,vol1 ,,iii41 ,,no4 #ah4--,,september1 #ahff4 ,,original4 ,,the ,,doctrine ,,of ,,the ,,episcopal ,,church ,,concerning ,,the ,,necessity ,,of ,,episcopal ,,ordination4 ,footnote #ahb ,footnote #ahb3 ,a ,vindication of the ,doctrine of the ,church of ,england1 or the ,validity of the ,orders of the ,scotch and ,foreign ,non-,episcopal ,churches4 ,by ,w4 ,goode1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,rector of ,all ,hallows the ,great and ,less4 ,london4 #aheb4 ,does the ,episcopal ,church teach the ,exclusive ,validity of ,episcopal ,orders8 ,by ,william ,goode1 ,m4 ,a4 ,new ,york4 #ahe- ,vox ,ecclesiae2 or1 ,the ,doctrine of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church on ,episcopacy1 etc4 ,philadelphia4 #ahff4 ,within the past few years1 certain circles of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church have been thrown into no small commotion by a controversy which has arisen between the two great parties1 into which she is divided1 over the question1 ,whether or not it is her doctrine that episcopal ordination is necessary to constitute a valid ministry8 ,the contest seems to have been opened by the ,rev4 ,william ,goode1 rector of ,all ,hallows1 ,london1 who in the year #aheb published a treatise maintaining the negative of the proposition2 ,is it the doctrine of the ,church of ,england that episcopal ordination is a sine qua non to constitute a valid ministry8 ,in support of his position1 he adduced those articles and other formularies of his church1 which relate to this subject2 the testimony of those divines who drew up these standards1 as interpreting the same1 together with the sense in which they were received by their successors in the clerical office for the ensuing hundred years2 and the conduct of the church toward the ,continental ,protestant societies and in the ordering of her own hierarchy for the same period of time4 ,so successful was this author in his argument1 and so triumphant was his vindication of this peculiar principle of the ,low ,church party1 that his work was at once hailed by them1 in ,england and in ,america1 as the ,end of ,controversy upon this point2 was adopted by their publication societies as an unanswerable defence of the validity of non-episcopal orders1 and was claimed by one of their leading journals to be effectual in banishing and driving away the last doubt1 which hung upon some minds1 from the boldness and continuity of assertion that the ,episcopal ,church disallowed the validity of other than episcopal orders4 #gbb ,how completely banished and driven away from some minds that last doubt was1 events of a startling character soon made manifest4 ,certain clergymen of the diocese of ,new ,york adopted a course destined to change the settled practice of the church1 if not to change its whole character4 ,they turned their backs upon all existing laws and all previous usage in connection with such matters1 and openly admitted to their pulpits ministers who had not had episcopal ordination4 4 4 4 4 ,of course1 an innovation so startling and so daring occasioned much excitement4 ,the ,bishop of the diocese issued a pastoral letter1 in which1 in the kindest language and most reasonable spirit1 he pointed out to those gentlemen the unlawfulness of their course4 ,and there1 if they had been lovers of order and of peace1 the whole matter might have rested4 ,but1 however gentle the reproof or remonstrance1 it was still an exercise of authority1 and that was hard to bear4 ,therefore the reverend gentlemen rushed into print at once1 and strove to give to the whole matter the air of simple controversy1 on equal terms1 between the ,bishop and themselves4 ,they represented him as the advocate of a narrow partisan policy1 and not as their ecclesiastical superior to whom they had solemnly promised obedience1 and whose duty compelled him to give them a reproof4 ,their 'letters1' 'reviews1' and 'replies to the pastoral' have been sent everywhere throughout the country1 and have served to show that some ,episcopalians pay but little respect 'to those who are over them in the ,lord2' that they are not much disposed to 'submit to their judgment1' and 'to follow with a glad mind and will their godly admonitions4' 7,vox ,ecclesiae1 vi47 ,such was the state of affairs1 when a reply to ,goode on ,orders issued from the ,philadelphia press1 professing to demolish its conclusions and to clear the doctrine of the ,episcopal ,church1 on the point in question1 from all ambiguity4 ,this was the work of an elegant and judicious but anonymous writer1 who1 though disclaiming all tendencies to ,puseyism1 is1 nevertheless1 manifestly a ,high ,churchman of strong and well-founded principles1 and who has received on account of this reply1 the highest commendations from many of the bishops and clergy of his church4 ,his book is entitled ,vox ,ecclesiae4 ,the proposition he seeks to demonstrate is1 ,that the answer of the ,episcopal ,church to the question1 ',what is the true and scriptural mode of church government1 and what constitutes a true and proper organization8' would be1 ',that episcopal government and ordination by bishops are the only modes of government or ordination recognized by that church as scriptural or proper4' ,in support of this1 he also1 like his antagonist1 relies upon the doctrinal and devotional standards of the church2 her laws and principles as set forth in her canons and other official acts2 those works which by her special endorsement have been raised to a semi official authority2 and1 lastly1 the opinions of her eminent divines4 ,the conclusion1 which this exhaustive argument claims to have established1 is that the church of ,england never recognized the validity of ,presbyterian orders1 as such1 but1 on the contrary1 has ever held the doctrine of episcopacy by divine right and apostolical succession2 a conclusion diametrically opposite to that of the first writer1 whose book has1 by this one1 in the language of the ,american ,churchman1 been ,so effectually answered that we believe it will ask no more questions for all time to come4 ,this work in its time has received the highest encomiums from the ,right ,rev4 ,bishops ,hopkins1 ,kemper1 ,atkinson1 ,coxe1 ,williams1 ,clark1 and ,randall1 the ,rev4 ,drs4 ,coit1 ,adams1 ,morton1 ,mason1 ,wilson1 ,meade1 and other leaders of that party of the ,episcopal ,church1 whose views it professes to embody1 is already catalogued by them among the best standard works of the church1 and has been gratuitously circulated in its general seminary at ,new ,york1 as a thorough antidote to the dangerous heresy of ,mr4 ,goode4 ,from these two works1 it might fairly be presumed1 that we may1 at last1 gain a tolerably correct idea of the doctrine of the episcopal ,church concerning the necessity of episcopal ordination4 ,goode on ,orders is the unanswerable organ of one great party of that church4 ,vox ,ecclesiae is the equally unanswerable organ of the other4 ,and in these two great parties1 and in the #gbc undefinable middle ground between them1 may be ranked at least ninety-nine one handredths of the laity and nearly all the clergy of that large and influential religious body4 ,to us ,catholics it certainly1 at first sight1 seems a little singular1 that in a church which bases upon an unbroken episcopal succession its whole claim to external unity with the primitive ,catholic ,church1 there should be any doubt whether or not that church herself believes and teaches that such an unbroken succession is essential to the existence of a visible church2 that in a denomination1 which1 for ages1 has claimed superiority to other ,protestant sects on almost the sole ground of her episcopally ordained ministry1 there should be any controversy as to her doctrine on the necessity of such a ministry4 ,but it is only one of those anomalies which meet us everywhere outside the ,ark of ,peter2 which are the inevitable results of deviation1 however slight1 from the true source of apostolic unity4 ,the ocean is as deep beneath the ,ship of ,christ as it is miles away4 ,he that goes down under her very shadow is as effectually drowned as he that perishes beneath a sky whose horizon is unbroken by a single sail4 ,it is as well among those who are most near us as among those who are most removed that we must look for the old marks of error1 and this boldness of assertion and internal doubt is one of them4 ,before we close1 it may be given us to show that this doubt is indeed well grounded and that this inconsistency is more consistent with the actual status of the ,episcopal ,church than many1 even of her enemies1 would dream4 ,upon that fundamental principle which underlies the whole fabric of an organized ,christian society1 namely1 the necessity of some authoritative ordination1 there seems to be no question in the ,episcopal ,church4 ,that man cannot originate a church2 that ,christ did originate one2 that1 conveying his power of mission and orders to his apostles1 he left it to them to convey to their successors2 that by them and by their successors it ever has been so conveyed2 and that1 at this day1 no man has any right or power to fulfil the office of a minister of ,christ unless he has received authority through this source2 are tenets common to all ,christians who recognize a visible church and believe in and maintain a regular ministry4 ,however they may differ as to the channel through which this power has descended3 whether1 like the ,presbyterians1 denying the existence of a third order in the ministry1 they claim that priests and bishops are the same1 and thus that presbyters are the appointed agents of ,christ in perpetuating the line of ,christian teachers1 or whether1 like denominations far more radical1 they confer on individual preachers1 of whatever grade1 the right to raise others at their pleasure to the same dignities and power--this principle is still maintained4 ,it is1 therefore1 but natural1 that while ,mr4 ,goode and his ,low ,church followers scout the title ,apostolical ,succession as monstrous and heretical1 their whole ailment should presuppose the existence of the very state of facts1 to which1 in its most general construction1 that title is applied1 and should admit the necessity of such a succession1 through some channel1 as the basis of all external1 collective ,christian life4 ,that the ,high ,church party also abide in this doctrine every page of ,vox ,ecclesiae makes manifest1 and from what one thus necessarily implies and the other expressly declares1 we feel safe in concluding that succession in the mission and authority of the apostles is held and taught by the ,episcopal ,church as necessary to the existence of a valid ministry4 ,we may even go a step farther4 ,if tactual succession signifies merely that some visible or audible commission must pass from the minister ordaining to the man ordained1 without supposing any particular act or word to be necessary to such tactual succession1 we may regard this also as #gbd being a point upon which ,episcopalians raise no issue4 ,the ,high ,churchman may know no other tactual ordination than the laying on of hands4 ,mr4 ,goode and his party might perhaps scruple to adopt such an interpretation1 for1 though scriptural and primitive1 it is not of the essence of the ministerial commission4 ,but that succession1 perpetuated by means of some actual commission1 visibly or audibly moving from the ordainer to the ordained1 is necessary1 neither of these adversaries will deny4 ,here1 however1 all acknowledged unity of doctrine ceases4 ,what is the appointed channel of this ministerial authority8 ,is it confined to one rank of the ministry1 or possessed by two8 ,is episcopal succession necessary to the validity of holy orders8 are questions on which their disagreement appears1 to them1 irreconcilable4 ,the organs of both parties here speak with no uncertain sound4 ,each denounces the teachings of the other with unsparing acerbity4 ,mr4 ,goode characterizes the doctrines of his opponents as at variance with the spirit of ,christian charity and the facts of ,god's providence1 as having no foundation in ,holy ,scripture1 and leading to consequences so dreadful that it is simply monstrous in any one to teach them4 ,the voice of the church with equal plainness of speech replies1 ,he who looks upon ,episcopacy as a thing of expediency1 who talks of parity between bishop and presbyter1 and who denounces ',apostolical succession' as a monstrous theory1 has no place among them4 ,,he ,,is ,,not ,a ,,low ,,churchman8 he is not an ,episcopalian in any proper sense at all4 7p4 #dhg47 ,the formal statement of the ,low ,church doctrine1 as explained by ,mr4 ,goode1 may thus be made3 ,that the highest order of ministers1 appointed by ,christ or enjoying any direct scriptural authority1 is that of presbyters or elders1 in which order inheres1 ex ordine1 the powers of government and ordination2 that the apostles1 selecting from among the presbytery certain men called bishops1 appointed them to exercise these powers2 that1 consequently1 government by bishops and episcopal ordination rest upon apostolic precedent1 and are sanctioned by the constant observance of fifteen hundred years2 that this appointment1 however1 in no wise conferred upon such bishop any power of order which he had not before1 or deprived the remaining presbyters of those equal powers which they possessed already3 and1 therefore1 that ordination by presbyters alone1 although not regular or in accordance with established precedent1 is truly valid1 and confers upon the person so ordained all the rights and authority of a minister of ,christ4 ,this doctrine is essential ,presbyterianism4 ,on the questions of historical fact--whether the apostles did appoint bishops and confine to them the office of ordaining others1 and whether such practice was adhered to unvaryingly from their day till that of ,calvin2 as1 also1 on the relative weight and importance of such a precedent1 if it does historically exist--they certainly disagree4 ,but on the main question their decision is identical3 that ordination is a power of the presbyter by divine institution and of the presbyter only1 and that the episcopate1 wherever it exists1 possesses these powers solely by virtue of the presbyterate which it includes4 ,the doctrine of the ,high ,church party1 on the other hand1 is thus laid down in ,vox ,ecclesiae3 ,that ,christ instituted1 either by his own act or that of his apostles1 three several orders of ministers in his church1 and to the first of these1 called bishops1 and to them alone1 intrusted the power and authority of ordaining pastors for his flock2 that this episcopate is1 therefore1 of divine commandment1 and cannot be neglected or abolished without sin1 neither can any ordination be valid or confer authority to preach the word or minister the sacraments unless performed by bishops2 that1 consequently1 presbyterian orders1 being bestowed #gbe by men who have no power or commission to ordain1 are1 ipso facto1 void3 ,,except in cases of real necessity1 where1 if episcopal ordination cannot be obtained1 presbyters may validly ordain4 ,this doctrine is1 in the main1 that which we have always supposed the great majority of ,episcopalians help4 ,as we have never seen the exception so fully stated in any authoritative work as it is in this1 we give it in the author's own language1 as it occurs in several portions of his book4 ,thus on page #fb-- ',necessitas non habet legem' was a ,roman proverb1 the propriety and force of which must be acknowledged by all4 ,in reference to our present subject1 one of the most eminent of the defenders of our church uses almost the very words1 viz4 ',nisi coegerit dura necessitas cui nulla lex est posita4' 7,hadrian ,saravia's reply to ,beza47 ,the principle then is fully admitted4 ,necessity excuseth every defect or irregularity which it really occasions4 ,on page #cac1 an extract from the same ,saravia is given1 as follows3 ,although ,i am of opinion that ordinations of ministers of the church properly belong to bishops1 yet ,,necessity causes that1 when they are wanting and ,,cannot ,,be ,,had1 orthodox presbyters can1 in case of necessity1 ordain a presbyter2 and the author says of it1 ,we take this as ,mr4 ,goode gives it4 ,it is the strongest sentence in the whole passage1 and yet it contains no more than what nine tenths of all ,episcopal writers gladly allow1 viz41 7to use the words of ,archbishop ,parker17 ,extreme necessity in itself implieth dispensation with all laws4 ,again1 on page #gj1 after noticing certain objections to this plea of necessity1 put forward by individual writers in the church1 he continues2 ,there is great force in these objections3 nevertheless we think it far better to grant all that the foreign churches claimed in the way of necessity1 inasmuch as the ,english ,church certainly did so at the time4 ,a still more definite statement of the same exception occurs on pages #hb and #hc3 ,as regards the question before us1 the ,high ,churchman and the ,low ,churchman unite in considering episcopacy a divine institution1 and a properly derived authority a sine qua non to lawful ministering in the church4 ,they also agree in believing that real necessity in this1 as in every other matter1 abrogates law and makes valid whatever is performed under it4 ,we have no wish to multiply quotations1 but on this important point we desire to fall into no error and to be guilty of no misrepresentation4 ,we have preferred to give the voice of the church in its own words1 rather than in ours1 and have no hesitation in repeating the definition we have already given1 as setting forth the ,high ,church doctrine1 strictly according to its acknowledged organ3 ,episcopacy is a divine institution1 and necessary1 where it can be had4 ,where it cannot be had1 presbyters may validly ordain4 ,the doctrine of the ,episcopal ,church1 as a church1 if1 as a church1 she has any doctrine on the subject1 must lie within these definitions4 ,mr4 ,goode must be wholly right1 and the ,vox ,ecclesiae wholly wrong1 or vice versa1 or else both must have the truth1 mingled in each case with more or less of falsehood and confusion4 ,if we can reconcile the two1 or if the teaching of either has that in it which disproves itself1 we may at last define the real position of their church upon the question which involves her life4 ,and here we must premise1 that the words order1 ,office1 etc41 which seem to be the gist of much of this controversy1 are names1 not things4 ,they mean1 in the mouth1 or on the pen1 of any ,individual1 just what that individual means by them1 no less1 no more4 ,they have never been defined authoritatively by ,scripture or by any other tribunal to which these parties own allegiance4 ,when ,mr4 ,goode uses them1 they may imply one thing4 ,in the pages of ,vox ,ecclesiae1 they may signify another4 ,the whole contest1 therefore1 so far as #gbf it relates to the number of orders1 or whether that of the bishop is a different order1 or only a different office1 from that of the presbyter1 is1 in our view1 one of names and titles only4 ,the real question stands thus3 ,has a bishop1 by divine institution1 a power which the presbyter has not1 or is the same power resident in both1 and ordinarily made latent in the one1 and operative in the other1 by virtue of ecclesiastical law and usage8 ,the answer to this question will show how far the ,high and ,low ,church party really differ from each other1 and what is the variance1 if any1 between the ,vox ,ecclesiae and ,mr4 ,goode4 ,it seems to us that the ,,exception1 which1 equally with the rule1 is admitted by the ,high ,church doctrine to be fundamental law1 answers this question once for all4 ,for if1 in any supposable emergency1 presbyters may validly ordain1 and if persons so by them ordained have power to preach the word and minister the sacraments1 then either 7#a47 ,necessity confers a power to ordain upon those who have it not1 or else 7#b47 ,the power to ordain is resident alike in presbyters and bishops1 and the restrictions on its exercise by presbyters are1 by that necessity1 removed4 ,if the second of these positions truly represent the ,high ,church theory1 then1 between them and ,mr4 ,goode's adherents1 there is no essential difference1 and their war1 with all its bitterness and pertinacity1 is one of human words and human facts1 and not of ,christian doctrine4 ,if1 to avoid this fate1 the first alternative be the one adopted1 the following difficulties must be met and answered4 #a4 ,it overthrows the entire doctrine of succession4 ,this fundamental law of organic1 collective1 ,christian life presupposes the existence of an unbroken chain of ministers1 transmitting their authority1 through generation after generation1 from ,christ's day to our own4 ,it presupposes that every man1 who has himself possessed and transmitted this authority1 has received it in his turn from some other man who possessed it and transmitted it to him1 and so on back to ,christ himself4 ,christ thus becomes the sole source1 and man the sole channel1 of ecclesiastical authority1 and the right or power of any individual to exercise the functions of the ministerial office depends on his reception of authority therefor from this only source and through this only channel4 ,but if necessity can also confer authority1 or rather1 to put the case in words more expressive of its real character1 if1 whenever the appointed channel cannot be had and necessity of ministers exists1 ,god will himself from heaven confer the authority in need1 the value of this succession amounts to nothing4 ,orders1 wherever necessary1 will be had as well without it as with it1 and they who have it can never with any certainty deny the validity of orders which have it not4 ,christ still may be the sole source1 but man is not the only1 nay1 nor the most perfect and available1 channel of this authority4 ,there is another1 surer1 nearer1 more direct1 conveying1 only to proper persons1 the gifts of ,god1 and free from all the doubts and dangers which result from a residence of heavenly treasure in earthen vessels1 and the necessity which demands it is the sole condition of its use4 ,the ,high ,church party1 if they adopt this position1 must1 therefore1 become more radical than any ,christian church upon the globe4 ,they out-,herod even their great ,herod1 ,mr4 ,goode1 and are more dangerous to the cause of apostolic order and ecclesiastical authority than any ,low ,churchmen or ,separatist that ever lived4 #b4 ,it elevates human necessity above divine law4 ,the law1 by which holy orders exist1 and by which their transmission from man to man is regulated1 is unquestionably divine4 ,vox ,ecclesiae goes so far as to claim that their transmission1 from bishop to bishop only1 is of divine precept1 but1 waiving that1 it is acknowledged by all parties1 with whom we have to do at #gbg present1 that whatever be the human channel1 it is of ,christ's appointment1 and rests upon divine authority4 ,it is thus a divine law which necessity abrogates1 a positive institution and command of ,god which is to be disregarded and disobeyed1 and that because necessity demands it4 ,but this necessity is a merely human one4 ,orders confers on the ordained only the power to preach and to administer the sacraments1 and it is only that those things may be done1 that ,god's law is despised and set aside4 ,yet1 though the eternal salvation of the human soul may ordinarily depend upon the preaching of the word and on the sacraments1 still nothing is absolutely necessary to eternal life that may not take place between the soul and ,god1 independently of bishop1 priest1 or church4 ,it is thus no necessity of ,god's creation1 no necessity inevitably involving the eternal destinies of man1 that substitutes itself for the admitted law of ,god1 but a mere earthly need1 a need based upon human views and customs and opinions1 which never received endorsement from on high1 and finds no sanction for its existence in ,holy ,writ4 ,there is no irregularity which such a position would not justify1 no departure from ,god's ordinances which it could consistently condemn4 ,it would come with fearful self-rebuke from that portion of the ,episcopal ,church1 who for three hundred years have practically ignored their brother ,protestants1 because they judged of their own necessities and set aside the institutions of ,god in order that those necessities might be supplied4 #c4 ,it legitimates every form of error and schism4 ,for1 if necessity confers orders1 the sole question in every case is1 whether the necessity existed4 ,if there was such necessity in ,germany and ,switzerland in the sixteenth century1 then ,lutheran and ,calvinistic orders were as valid as ,episcopal1 and if that necessity continues1 they are valid still4 ,if there was such necessity in ,scotland1 after the abolition of the prelacy1 and that necessity continues1 the orders of the kirk are valid at this day4 ,if there was such necessity when ,john ,wesley ordained ,dr4 ,coke1 and that necessity continues1 ,methodist orders are as valid as his ,grace of ,canterbury's are4 ,there is no stopping-place for these deductions4 ,if necessity confers orders1 not even the channel of presbyters is necessary4 ,no human instrument at all stands between ,god and the recipient of his extraordinary favor4 ,in every case where the necessity exists1 there ,god confers the power of orders1 and there is no sect so wild and heretical1 no ministry so dangerous and erratic1 that may not claim validity upon this ground1 and that must not1 on these principles1 when necessity is proven1 be adjudged legitimate4 ,but of this necessity who shall be the judge8 ,shall ,god1 who1 of course1 knows all the circumstances of mankind and estimates them at their proper value8 ,but then1 to us his judgment is useless without expression1 and his expression is revelation4 ,are those who allow the force of this plea of necessity prepared to admit all who claim it1 for the sake of ,christian charity1 or will they demand a revelation from ,god to satisfy them that the necessity was real8 ,yet1 if ,god be the only ,judge1 they must admit all or reject all until he speaks from heaven1 and in the latter case1 the ,,exception might as well have been left unmade4 ,or shall the church judge8 ,and if so1 what church8 ,the church1 from which ,luther1 and ,calvin1 and ,cranmer1 and ,parker separated8 ,she had her bishops ready to ordain all proper men1 and if her judgment had been taken1 there would have been no occasion for men to plead necessity4 ,the church1 from which came forth the ,puritans and ,methodists8 ,she also had her bishops1 and in her view no necessity could ever have existed4 ,so with every church4 ,none that are founded in ,episcopacy could ever #gbh admit a necessity without supplying it in the appointed way4 ,and none that reject ,episcopacy would care to inquire whether or not there was any such necessity4 ,the church could1 therefore1 be no judge4 ,she is1 in every issue of this sort1 a party1 not an umpire2 but1 were she competent to judge1 wherein is her decree less valid1 when from ,rome she excommunicates the ,church of ,england1 than when from ,london or ,new ,york she denies ministerial authority to ,presbyterians and ,universalists8 ,or is it the individual8 ,there can be no doubt in this answer4 ,it must be4 ,no man can judge of a necessity except he who is placed in it4 ,a little colony of ,christians1 cast away on some ,pacific island1 must decide for themselves1 whether they will ordain a pastor for their flock or utterly dispense with ,christian teaching4 ,a man1 whose creed differs from that of the church in which he lives1 and yet who feels an inward call to preach the ,gospel1 as he understands it1 must be the sole judge of the necessity of call1 upon the one hand1 which commands him to preach1 and of conscience1 on the other1 which forbids him to subscribe the creed which is the unrelenting condition of his ordination by authority4 ,extend it to societies and communities of men1 and the rule is the same4 ,these societies become themselves the judges1 whether or not1 in their case1 necessity exists1 and no other can judge for them4 ,the law is universal4 ,if necessity be a justification1 it must be necessity as judged of by the parties in necessity1 and not as judged of by ,god1 unknown to men1 or by a church which either will supply the need or treat the whole matter as of little moment4 ,there thus becomes no limit to necessities4 ,they are moral as well as physical4 ,they grow out of duties and responsibilities1 as well as out of distances and years4 ,obedience to the voice of conscience is an indispensable condition of salvation1 and no necessity is greater or more potent than the necessity of that obedience4 ,when the ,rev4 ,gardiner ,spring was moved1 as he believed it1 by the ,holy ,ghost1 to do the work of a minister in the church of ,god1 there was not a regularly ordained bishop in the world who would have ordained him1 while holding the doctrines he professed4 ,in his case1 without a violation of his conscience and the loss of his soul1 bishops ,,could ,,not ,,be ,,had1 and presbyters must have validly ordained4 ,when ,charles ,spurgeon1 rejoicing in the new-found light of the ,gospel1 burned to tell other men the good that ,god had done to him1 the moral necessity was the same1 a necessity which compelled him to disobey what he believed to be a command of ,god1 or to receive orders from non-,episcopal hands4 ,is there any need of multiplying instances8 ,where is the imaginable limit to which validity must be acknowledged and beyond which it must cease8 ,the ,high ,churchman who starts with the admission1 that in case of necessity1 ,god confers the power of order1 can never stop till he has bowed the knee before every ,baal which claims the name of ,christian and opened the gifts of ,god to every man who demands priestly recognition at his hands4 ,there are other objections to this theory1 equally insuperable with those already suggested4 ,it can hardly be necessary1 however1 to mention them4 ,no candid mind1 after seeing the real bearing of this position on the whole question of a visible church1 can hesitate a moment to reject it4 ,there remains only the other alternative1 namely1 that necessity renders operation in presbyters a power possessed by1 but latent in1 them1 by removing the restrictions which1 in ordinary circumstances1 apostolic precedent and ecclesiastical usage have imposed2 and as this is essentially the position advocated by ,mr4 ,goode1 and as the difference between these parties is thus reduced1 in every case1 to a question of historic or contemporaneous fact1 which no one but the individuals who plead it can adequately settle1 we conclude that #gbi the sole contest as to doctrine is one of words and definitions1 and that on all material points of theory and faith they perfectly agree4 ,we thus feel justified in the conclusion that the ,episcopal ,church of the present age has a doctrine concerning the necessity of episcopal ordination1 and that her doctrine is no less1 no more1 than this3 ,the power of order is resident in bishops and presbyters both1 ex ordine1 and is operative1 under ordinary circumstances1 in bishops only1 though in cases of necessity1 presbyters may exercise that power and validly ordain4 ,this doctrine is logical1 coherent1 and conservative4 ,no divine institution is thereby set aside for a mere human necessity4 ,no destructive principle antagonistic to the doctrine of succession is thereby introduced2 no gate is thereby opened for a multitudinous throng of orthodox and heretics1 ordained and unordained1 to bring disorder and confusion into the ,church of ,god4 ,however fatal to the high pretensions of the ,episcopal ,church in generations past1 and to any claim of exclusive apostolicity at present1 this doctrine is1 nevertheless1 most consistent with her actual status in the religious world4 ,thoroughly ,protestant in doctrine and in worship1 all her affinities and tendencies are toward the ,presbyterian and other non-,episcopal denominations of the age4 ,no church on earth1 whose episcopal succession can be traced to any apostolic source1 has ever recognized hers as beyond question1 or admitted her claim to be a portion of the ,catholic ,church of ,christ4 ,her very episcopate itself is1 practically1 as the recent events in ,new ,york have shown1 a rank of honor and of office not of power4 ,her alleged superiority1 for her bishops' sakes1 can never bring her one step nearer to the ,catholic ,church1 while she retains her heresies or remains in schism2 and1 on the other hand1 her alienation from her protesting sisters must increase with every generation while this allegation is maintained4 ,far better1 far more accordant with her actual position1 is her doctrine as thus evolved by ,mr4 ,goode and ,vox ,ecclesiae1 and while its enunciation cannot change her in our estimation1 it will doubtless draw nearer to her1 in the bonds of love and brotherhood1 all those by whom she is surrounded and to whose fraternity she naturally belongs4 ,it is only a matter of regret that the barrier now destroyed was not broken down long ago1 and that the good influences1 which the ,episcopal ,church is so well calculated to exert1 have not been working on the masses of our non-,catholic brethren in ,america during all the past eighty years4 ,nothing now remains but to retrieve that past4 ,let it be understood that the ,episcopal ,church does not deny the validity of presbyterian orders1 but that at most she holds them irregular1 and only that when not given in necessity2 that men of other denominations have clergymen and sacraments equally beneficial with her own4 ,let her throw open her doors to all religious bodies who thus preserve the succession1 and unite with them in prevailing on those to receive it who have it not1 and make common cause with all such in stemming the tide of infidelity and liberalism which is deluging our land4 ,then may her self-adopted mission1 however faulty in its origin1 however riskful in its progress1 fulfil at least one portion of the work of ,christ's ,church in the world1 and1 if she cannot feed men with the bread of truth1 she may preserve them from the more fearful poisons4 ,in conclusion1 we desire to correct an error into which the author of ,vox ,ecclesiae has fallen1 concerning the view of this same question taken by ,catholics4 ,on page #eg1 he says3 ,the exaggerated or ,romish theory is1 that the possession of the ,apostolical ,constitution and a properly transmitted succession is enough to constitute a true and perfect church4 ,thus succession is held to be everything1 etc4 #gcj ,in one sense of these words1 namely1 that to be the actual organization founded by ,christ and constituted1 as he left it1 in the hands of the apostles1 is to be a true and perfect church2 they are the faith of ,catholics4 ,but this is not the sense in which the author uses them4 ,the idea he thus expresses is1 that we regard an external succession in the line of apostolic orders as sufficient to make a man a priest or bishop1 as the case may be1 and that such a succession constitutes a church4 ,this is a very prevalent1 but very thoughtless1 error4 ,it is true that we believe apostolic orders1 in the apostolic line1 to be so absolutely necessary that no man1 under any circumstances1 can perform any ,i without them4 ,but we do not believe1 that the possession of such orders by any organization makes it a true church4 ,cranmer was lawfully ordained as priest and bishop of the ,catholic ,church1 and1 whether as a schismatic under ,henry1 or a heretic under ,edward1 his orders went with him and rendered every act in pursuance of them valid4 ,the bishops he consecrated were bishops1 the priests he ordained were priests1 and if ,archbishop ,parker were in fact consecrated by ,barlow and ,hodgkins1 and either of them were consecrated by ,cranmer1 and if the ,english succession be otherwise unbroken1 then every priest of that succession is a true priest1 and every bishop a true bishop4 ,their acts are valid acts1 whatever their doctrine or their schism4 ,but this does not make the ,church of ,england a true and perfect church4 ,if the fact of her full apostolical succession were established to-day1 beyond the shadow of a doubt1 and we would it could be1 her position would differ nothing1 in our view1 from that of the ,arian and ,donatist churches of the fourth century1 or of the ,greek ,church for the past nine hundred years1 churches whose orders were all valid1 whose doctrines were more or less at variance with ,catholic truth1 whose sacraments conferred grace1 but who were cut off from the body of ,christ's ,church by their state of schism4 ,the ,catholic test of ,catholicity is short and simple1 ,ubi ,petrus1 ibi ,ecclesiae1 said ,ambrose of ,milan1 7,comm4 in ,ps4 xl417 and wherever ,peter is1 ,peter1 who1 like an immovable rock1 holds together the structure and mass of the whole ,christian fabric1 7,ambrosii serm4 xlvii417 and who1 down to the present time and forever1 in his successors lives and judges1 7,care ,eph4 ,a4,d4 #dca1 serm4 ,phil417 wherever ,peter is1 there1 and there only1 do we see the church4 ,catholics1 collectively and individually1 say with ,st4 ,jerome1 ,whoever is united with the ,see of ,peter is mine1 and1 throughout the world1 whatever church1 society or man is joined by the bonds of visible communion with the ,roman ,see1 is in and of the body of the ,catholic ,church1 they and none others4 ,no union with that ,see is possible to those who do not profess1 at least implicitly1 the entire ,catholic doctrine1 and submit to the legitimate discipline of the church4 ,no validity of orders without true doctrine1 no truth of doctrine and validity of orders without union with the ,apostolic ,see1 can remedy the evil4 ,to all outside that unity1 however similar to us in one point or another1 we must repeat the words which ,st4 ,optatus of ,mela wrote to the ,african ,donatists about ,a4,d4 #chd3 ,you know that the ,episcopal ,see was first established for ,peter at the city of ,rome1 in which ,see ,peter1 the head of all the apostles1 sat1 and with which one ,see unity must be maintained by all2 that the apostles might not each defend before you his own see1 but that he should be both a schismatic and a sinner who should set up any other against that one ,see4 7,adr4 ,donat4 ii47 ,would that1 of all who know the truth of that which ,optatus has written1 and whom a thousand hindrances are keeping from that rock of unity1 we might say1 as ,st4 ,cyprian wrote of ,antonianus1 in the first ages1 to the ,holy ,pope ,cornelius1 7ad auton17 ,he is in communion with you1 that is1 with the ,catholic ,church4 ------ #gca ,from ,all the ,year ,round4 ,,statistics ,,of ,,virtue4 ,small presents1 it has been shrewdly said1 prevent the flame of friendship from dying out4 ,a ,stilton cheese1 a bouquet of forced flowers1 a maiden copy of a just-published book1 a pte de foie gras1 a basket of fruit that will keep a day or two1 a salmon in spring1 or a fresh-killed hare in autumn--any thing that answers1 as a feed of corn or a bait of hay1 to one's own private hobby-horse--very rarely indeed gives offence4 ,be the influence such offerings exert ever so small1 it is attractive rather than repulsive in its tendency4 ,they are silken fibres which draw people together1 almost without their knowing it2 and although the strength of any single one may be slight1 by multiplication they acquire appreciable power4 ,even if they come from evidently interested motives1 they are a tribute which flatters the receiver's self-esteem1 for they are an unmistakable proof that he is worth being courted4 ,they are a mutual tie which bind friendly connections into a firmer bundle of sticks than they were before4 ,the giver even likes the person given to all the better for having bestowed gifts upon him4 ,there may exist no thought or intention to lay him under an obligation2 but there always must1 and properly may1 arise the hope of increasing his good-will and attachment4 ,it is clear that1 when it is desirable that kindly relations should exist between persons1 any honorable means of promoting such relations are not only expedient but laudable4 ,one stone of an arch may fit its fellow-stones perfectly1 but a little cement does their union no harm4 ,as there is a reciprocal social attraction between individuals of respectability and worth1 so also there ought to be a gravitation of every individual toward certain excellences of character and conduct4 ,and here likewise small inducements1 trifling bribes1 minor temptations1 help to increase the force of the tendency4 ,virtue is1 and ought to be its own reward2 still1 an additional bonus of extraneous recompense cannot but help the moral progress of mankind4 ,it sounds like a truism to say that a motive is useful as a mover to the performance of any act or course of action4 ,the fact is implied by the meaning of the word itself4 ,if good deeds can be rendered more frequent by increasing the motives to their practice1 the world in general will be all the better and the happier for that increase4 ,the problem in ethics to be solved1 is1 simply1 how men and women may be most easily led to behave like very good boys and girls4 ,we urge children to do their best by rewards of merit4 ,why should not the minds of adults be stimulated by similar persuasive forces8 ,nor can worldly motives1 if pulling in the same direction as moral and religious motives1 be productive of anything but good4 ,and we want motives to excite the good to become still more persistently and exemplarily good1 all the more that terror of punishment is unfortunately insufficient to make the bad abstain from deeds of wickedness4 #gcb ,with this view a philanthropic ,frenchman1 ,m4 de ,montyon1 founded in #ahai annual prizes for acts of benevolence and devotedness1 which1 beside addressing our higher feelings1 appeal to two strong passions1 interest and vanity4 ,and why should integrity pass unrewarded8 ,why should bright conduct be hid under a bushel8 ,in a darksome night1 how far the little candle throws his beams6 ,so ought to shine a good deed in a naughty world4 ,most undoubtedly1 to do good by stealth is highly praiseworthy2 but there is no reason why the blush which arises on finding it fame should necessarily be a painful blush4 ,far better that it should be a glow of pleasure4 ,more than forty years have now elapsed since these prizes for virtue were instituted1 during which period more than seven hundred persons have received the reward of their exemplary conduct4 ,the ,french ,academy which distributes the prizes1 has decided 7doing violence to the modesty of the recipients 7 to publish their good deeds to the world4 ,after the announcement of their awards1 a livret or list in the form of a pamphlet is issued1 recounting each specific case with the same simplicity with which it was performed4 ,these lists are spread throughout all ,france and further1 in the belief that the more widely meritorious actions are known1 the greater chance there is of their being imitated4 ,the awards made by the ,french ,academy up to the present day to virtuous actions give an average of about eighteen per annum4 ,these eighteen annual crowns have been competed for by more than seventy memorials coming from every point of ,france1 mostly without the knowledge of the persons interested4 ,in short1 since the foundation of the prizes1 the ,academy has had to read several thousand memorials4 ,to ,monsieur ,v4 ,p4 ,demay 7,secretary and ,chef des ,bureaux of the ,mairie of the #ahth ,arrondissement of ,paris7 the idea occurred of collecting the whole of these livrets into a volume1 so as to furnish an analytical summary of the distribution of the prizes throughout the empire1 and of appending to it flowers of philanthropic eloquence culled from the speeches made at the ,academic meetings4 ,the result is a book entitled ,les ,fastes de la ,vertu ,pauvre en ,france1 ,annals of the ,virtuous ,poor in ,france4 ,no one1 before ,m4 ,demay1 thought of undertaking the ,statistics of ,virtue4 ,the subject has not found a place on any scientific programme1 ,french or international2 whether through forgetfulness or not1 the fact remains indisputable4 ,and be it remarked that the seven hundred and thirty-two laureats to whom rewards have been decreed1 represent only a fraction of the number of highly deserving persons4 ,in all their reports ever since #ahbj1 the ,french ,academy has declared that it had only the embarrassment of choosing between the candidates while awarding the prizes1 so equally meritorious were their acts4 ,therefore1 to the seven hundred and thirty-two nominees ought to be added the two thousand four hundred and forty competitors whose cases were considered during that period1 making altogether a total of three thousand one hundred and seventy-two instances of conduct worthy of imitation which had been brought to light by the agency of the prizes4 ,the book1 not more amusing than other statistics1 is nevertheless highly suggestive4 ,serious thought is the consequence of opening its pages4 ,it is a touching book1 and goes to the heart4 ,after reading it1 many will feel prompted to go and do likewise by some effort of generosity or self-denial4 ,in any case1 it cannot be other than a moralizing work to bring to light so many instances of devotion1 and to set them forth as public examples4 ,in some of his speculations our author1 perhaps1 may be considered as just a little too sanguine4 ,certainly1 if there are tribunals for the infliction of punishment1 there is no reason why tribunals should not exist for the conferring of recompenses4 ,how far they are likely to become general1 is a question for consideration4 ,also1 it is #gcc true that newspapers give the fullest details of horrid crimes1 while they are brief in their usual mention of meritorious actions4 ,but before ,m4 ,demay1 somebody said1 ,men's evil manners live in brass1 their virtues we write in water2 and it is to be feared he is somewhat too bright-visioned a seer1 when he hopes that1 through ,napoleon the ,third's and ,baron ,haussmaun's educational measures1 coupled with the influence of the ,montyon prizes1 at no very distant day1 the words penitentiary1 prison1 etc41 will exist only in the state of souvenirs--painful as regards the past1 but consolatory for the future4 ,to give the details of such a multitude of virtuous acts is simply impossible4 ,m4 ,demay can only rapidly group those which present the most striking features1 and which have appeared still more extraordinary--for that is the proper word--than the others1 conferring on their honored actors surnames recognized throughout whole districts4 ,it is the ,table of ,honor of ,virtuous ,poverty1 crowned by the verdict of popular opinion4 ,among these latter are 7the parentheses contain the name of their department73 the ,mussets1 husband and wife1 salt manufacturers1 at ,chteau ,salins1 7,meurthe17 surnamed the ,second ,providence of the ,poor2 ,suzanne ,gral1 wife of the keeper of the lockup house1 at ,florae1 7,lozre7 surnamed the ,prison ,angel2 ,david ,lacroix1 fisherman1 at ,dieppe1 7,seine-,infrieure17 surnamed the ,sauveur1 instead of the ,sauveteur the rescuer1 after having pulled one hundred and seventeen people out of fire and water --he has the cross of the ,legion of ,honor2 ,marie ,philippe2 ,widow ,gambon1 vine-dresser1 at ,nanterre1 7,seine47 surnamed la ,mre de bon ,secours1 or ,goody ,helpful2 ,madame ,langier1 at ,orgon1 7,bouche-du-,rhne17 surnamed la ,quteuse1 the ,collector of ,alms4 ,in the spring of #ahci almost the whole canton of ,ax 7,arige7 was visited by the yellow fever1 which raged for ten months1 and carried off a sixth of the population4 ,it1 was especially malignant at ,prades4 ,terror was at its height2 those whom the scourge had spared were prevented by their fears from assisting their sick neighbors1 menaced with almost certain death4 ,nevertheless1 a young girl1 ,madeleine ,fort1 who had been brought up in the practice of good works1 exerted herself to the utmost in all directions4 ,during the course of those ten disastrous months she visited1 consoled1 and nursed more than five hundred unfortunates2 and if she could not save them from the grave1 she followed them1 alone1 to their final resting-place4 ,two ,sisters of ,charity were sent to help her2 one was soon carried off1 and the second fell ill4 ,the car died1 and was replaced by another4 ,the latter1 finding himself smitten1 sent for ,madeleine4 ,one of the flock had to tend the pastor4 ,those disastrous days have long since disappeared2 but if the traveller1 halting at ,prades1 asks for ,madeleine ,fort's dwelling1 he will be answered1 ,ah6 you mean our ,sister of ,charity8 ,suzanne ,bichon is only a servant4 ,her master and mistress were completely ruined by the negro insurrection in ,st4 ,domingo2 but the worthy woman would not desert them--she worked for them all1 and took care of the children4 ,on being offered a better place1 that is1 a more lucrative engagement1 she refused it with the words1 ,you will easily find another person1 but can my master and mistress get another servant8 ,the ,academy gave their recompense for fifteen years of this devoted service4 ,her mistress wanted to go and take a place herself2 she would not hear of it1 making them believe that she had means at her command1 and expectations4 ,but all her means lay in her capacity for work1 while her expectations were--,providence4 ,it is not to be wondered at that she was known as ,good ,suzette4 #gcd ,such attachments as these on the part of servants are a delightful contrast to what we commonly see in the course of our household experience4 ,they can hardly be looked for under the combined regime of register-offices1 a month's wages or a month's warning1 no followers1 ,sundays out1 and crinoline4 ,we look for virtue amongst the clergy4 ,the devotion1 self-denial1 and resignation often witnessed amongst them are matters of notoriety4 ,nevertheless1 it is right that one of its members should find a place on a list like the present4 ,in #ahcd1 the ,abb ,bertran was appointed cure of ,peyriac1 7,aude47 ,he was obliged1 so to speak1 to conquer the country of which he was soon to be the benefactor4 ,for two years he had to struggle with the obstinate resistance which his parishioners opposed to him4 ,his evangelical gentleness succeeded in vanquishing every obstacle2 henceforth he was master of the ground1 and could march onward with a firm step4 ,at once he consecrated his patrimony to the restoration of the church and the presbyter4 ,he bought a field1 turned architect1 and soon there arose a vast building which united the two extremes of life--old age and infancy4 ,he then opened simultaneously a girls' school1 an infant school1 and a foundling hospital4 ,he sought out the orphans belonging to the canton1 and supplied a home to old people of either sex4 ,to effect these objects the good pastor expended seventy thousand francs1 7nearly three thousand pounds17 the whole of his property3 he left himself without a sou4 ,but he had sown his seed in good ground1 and it promised to produce a hundred-fold4 ,rich in his poverty1 his place is marked beside ,vincent de ,paul and ,charles ,borromeo4 ,goodness may even indulge in its caprices and still remain good4 ,marguerite ,monnier1 surnamed la ,mayon1 7a popular term of affection in ,lorraine17 seems to have selected a curious specialty for the indulgence of her charitable propensities4 ,it is requisite to be infirm or idiotic to be entitled to receive her benevolent attentions4 ,when quite a child1 she selects as her friend a poor blind beggar1 whom she visits every day in her wretched hovel4 ,she makes her bed1 lights her fire1 and cooks her food4 ,while going to school1 she remarks a poor old woman scarcely able to drag herself along1 but1 nevertheless1 crawling to the neighboring wood to pick up a few dry sticks4 ,she follows her thither1 helps her to gather them1 and brings back the load on her own shoulders4 ,grown to womanhood1 and married1 ,marguerite successively gives hospitality to an idiot1 a crazy person1 a cretin1 several paralytic patients1 orphans1 strangers without resources1 and even drunkards1 7one would wish to see in their falling an infirmity merely47 ,every creature unable to take care of itself finds in her a ready protector4 ,such are her lodgers1 her clients1 her customers6 ,ever cheerful1 she amuses them by discourse suited to their comprehension4 ,all around her is in continued jubilation1 and ,marguerite herself seems to be more entertained than any body else4 ,it may be said1 perhaps1 that a person must be born with a natural disposition for this kind of devotedness4 ,granted2 but his claim to public gratitude is not a whit the less for that4 ,catherine ,vernet1 of ,saint-,germain1 7,puy-de-dme17 is a simple lace-maker1 who1 after devoting herself to her family1 has for thirty years devoted herself to those who have no one to take care of them4 ,her savings having amounted to a sufficient sum for the purchase of a small house1 she converted it into a sort of hospital with eight beds always occupied4 ,situated amongst the mountains of ,anvergne1 this hospital is a certain refuge for perdus1 travellers who have lost their way4 ,it is an imitation of the ,saint ,bernard2 and if it has not attained its celebrity1 it emanates from the same source1 charity4 #gce ,in looking through the lists and comparing the several departments of ,france1 it would be hard to say that one department is better than another2 because their population1 and other important influential circumstances1 vary immensely between themselves4 ,but what strikes one immediately1 is the great preponderance of good women--rewarded as such--over good men4 ,thus1 to dip into the list at hazard1 we have--,meuse1 one man1 five women2 ,seine1 thirty-one men1 ninety-eight women2 ,loire1 two men1 six women2 ,cte-d',or1 three men1 eleven women2 and so on4 ,the nature of the acts rewarded--also taken by chance--are these3 reconciliations of families in vendetta1 7,corsica27 maintenance of deserted children2 rescues from fire and water2 faithfulness to master and mistress for sixteen years2 adoption of seven orphans for fifteen years2 maintenance of master and mistress fallen into poverty2 devotion to the aged2 nursing the sick poor2 killing a mad dog who inflicted fourteen bites4 ,when inexhaustible charity and succor to the indigent are mentioned1 one would like to know whether they consisted in mere alms-giving4 ,probably not2 because by charity ,montyon understood1 not the momentary impulse which causes us to help a suffering fellow-creature1 and then dies away1 but the constant1 durable affection which regards him as another self1 and whose device is ,privation1 ,sacrifice4 ,in the period1 then1 between #ahai and #ahfd seven hundred and seventy-six persons received ,montyon rewards1 two hundred and eleven of whom were men1 and five hundred and sixty-five women4 ,in ,m4 ,demay's opinion1 the disproportion ought to surprise nobody2 for if man is gifted with virile courage1 which is capable of being suddenly inflamed1 and is liable to be similarly extinguished1 woman only is endowed with the boundless1 incessant1 silent devotion which is found in the mother1 the wife1 the daughter1 the sister4 ,this dear companion1 given by ,god to man1 is conscious of the noble mission allotted her to fulfil on earth4 ,we behold the results in her acts1 and in what daily occurs in families4 ,abnegation1 with her1 is a natural instinct4 ,she may prove weak1 no doubt2 she may even go astray3 but1 be assured1 she always retains the divine spark of charity1 which only awaits an opportunity to burst forth into a brilliant flame4 ,let us abstain1 therefore1 from casting a stone at temporary error2 let us pardon1 and forget4 ,our charity will lead her back to duty more efficaciously than all the moral stigmas we could possibly inflict4 ,the years more fruitful in acts of devotion appear to have been #ahea1 #aheb1 and #aheg1 in which twenty-seven and twenty-eight prizes were awarded4 ,their cause is1 that previously the ,academy received memorials from the authorities only4 ,but after making an appeal to witnesses of every class and grade1 virtue1 if the expression maybe allowed1 overflowed in all directions4 ,lives of heroism and charity1 hidden in the secrets of the heart1 were suddenly brought to the light of day1 to the great surprise of their heroes and heroines4 ,during the same period there were distributed1 in money1 three hundred and sixty-four thousand francs1 7sixteen thousand pounds27 in medals1 four hundred and eighteen thousand five hundred and fifty francs1 7sixteen thousand seven hundred and forty-two pounds27 total1 seven hundred and eighty-two thousand five hundred and fifty francs1 7thirty-two thousand seven hundred and forty-two pounds47 ,the ,montyon prizes are worth having1 and not an insult to the persons to whom they are offered4 ,the sums of money given range as high as one1 two1 three1 and even four thousand francs2 the medals vary in value from five and six hundred to a thousand francs3 but even a five hundred franc or twenty-pound medal is a respectable token of approbation and esteem4 ,in some few cases1 both money and a medal are bestowed4 #gcf ,it may be said that the persons to whom these prizes are given would have done the same deeds without any reward4 ,true2 and therein lies their merit4 ,and ought money to be given to recompense virtuous acts8 ,yes1 most decidedly2 because it will confer on its recipients their greatest possible recompense--the power of doing still more good4 ,money gifts are not to be depreciated so long as there are orphans to sustain1 sick poor to nurse1 and infirm old age to keep from starvation4 ,finally1 is charity the growth of one period of life rather than of another8 ,on inspecting the lists1 we find children1 six1 twelve1 thirteen years of age1 and close to them octogenarians1 one nonagenarian1 one centenarian6 ,if noble courage does not want for fulness of years1 it would appear not to take its leave on their arrival4 ------ ,,original4 ,,the ,,christian ,,crown4 ,,by ,,john ,,savage4 ,i4 ,ten centuries and one had trod ,jerusalem1 since when1 ,in mortal form1 the ,son of ,god ,died for the sons of men4 ,,ii4 ,and they who in the ,martyr found ,their ,saviour1 wailed and wept1 ,that gorgeous horrors should abound ,where ,christ the ,blessd slept4 ,,iii4 ,from clam'rous towns1 and forests' hush4 ,as cascades from the gloom ,of caves1 crusaders eastward rush ,to win the holy tomb4 ,,iv4 ,their corselets1 steel and silver bright1 ',neath swaying plumes displayed1 ,now dance1 like streams1 in lines of light4 ,now loiter on in shade4 #gcg ,v4 ,their crosses glow in every form ,inspiring vale and mart1 ,as through earth's arteries they swarm1 ,like blood back to the heart4 ,,vi4 ,tis mid-day of midsummer's heat2 ,faith crowns the live and dead3 ,jerusalem is at their feet4 ,brave ,godfrey at their head4 ,,vii4 ,within the walls1 the ramparts ring ,as proudly they proclaim ,great ,godfrey de ,bouillon as king6 ,a king in more than name4 ,,viii4 ,the ruby-budding crown to bind ,about his head1 they stood3 ,another crown is in his mind2 ,for rubies1 blobs of blood4 ,,ix4 ,no4 no6 and back the bauble flings1 ,no gold this brow adorns ,where willed ,he1 ,christ1 the ,king of kings1 ,to wear a crown of thorns4 ,x4 ,let not the glorious truth depart ,brave ,godfrey handed down3 ,a king whose crown is in his heart1 ,needs wear no other crown4 ------ #gch ,from ,the ,lamp ,,unconvicted2 ,,or1 ,,old ,,thorneley',s ,,heirs4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,the ,,reading ,,of ,,the ,,will4 ,nearing the brink of a discovery1 yet dreading to approach the edge1 lest a false step should precipitate you into a chaos of darkness2 holding the end of an intricate web in your hand1 yet not daring to follow the lead1 lest you should lose yourself in its mazes--so ,i felt on the morning succeeding my visit with ,detective ,jones to ,blue-,anchor ,lane2 so1 likewise1 had that astute officer and faithful friend expressed himself when we had parted the night before4 ,you see1 sir1 he said1 the whole of what we have gathered this evening may only mean that ,mr4 ,wilmot has got mixed up with this ,de ,vos or ,sullivan in some-gambling transaction1 who1 hearing that he's left sole heir to poor ,thorneley's fortune1 means to hold whatever knowledge he possesses as a threat over him to extort money4 ,then1 as to what passed at ',noah's ,ark1' why1 it may mean a good deal1 and it may just mean nothing1 as not referring to the parties we know of4 ,i don't wish to raise your hopes1 sir2 and until ,i've consulted with ,inspector ,keene and seen what he's ferreted out1 ,i wouldn't like to say that we'd gained as much as ,i thought we should from our move tonight4 ,on my table ,i found a broad black-bordered letter4 ,it was a formal invitation on the part of ,lister ,wilmot1 as sole executor1 to attend old ,thorneley's funeral on the following ,tuesday4 ,the intervening days were dark1 and blank with the blankness of despair4 ,vigilant1 energetic1 and penetrating as was that secret1 silent search of the detectives1 no real clue was found to the mystery of the murdered man's death2 no light thrown upon the black page in the history of that fatal ,tuesday evening1 save what our own miserable suspicions or fallacious hopes suggested4 ,de ,vos had entirely disappeared from the scene1 leaving no truce of his whereabouts4 ,wilmot's public movements1 though closely watched by the lynx-eyed functionaries of the law1 were perfectly satisfactory3 and the housekeeper remained closeted in her own room1 intent1 apparently1 upon making up her mourning garments for her late master1 and fairly baffling ,inspector ,keene in his insidious attempts to elicit a word further1 or at variance to what she stated at the inquest1 by her cool1 collected1 and straightforward replies to his 'cute cross-questioning4 ,and yet1 in concluding the short interviews between ,mr4 ,inspector and ,merrivale1 at which ,i was generally present1 after a silent scrape at his chin1 and a hungry crop at his nails1 he would still repeat with a certain little air of quiet confidence1 ,good-day1 gentlemen4 ,i think ,i am on the scent4 ,meanwhile the verdict at the inquest had gone forth and done its work2 and ,hugh ,atherton was fully committed for trial next sessions at the ,old ,bailey4 ,these were to take place early in ,november1 and the thought of how terribly short a time was left till then filled us with a fearful1 heart-sickening dread lest all1 upon which hung the issues of life or death1 could not be accomplished in so little space4 ,true that a respite #gci might be asked1 and the trial postponed until the following sessions2 but upon what plea could the request be preferred8 ,some evidence not yet forthcoming4 ,what evidence could we hope for8 upon what future revelation could we rely8 ,at present there was nothing1 absolutely nothing1 but our vague conjectures1 our blind belief in the acuteness of the police officers whom we were employing4 ,and ,ada ,leslie1 what of her8 ,every day1 and twice a day1 ,i went to ,hyde-,park ,gardens1 sometimes with ,merrivale1 sometimes alone1 repeating every detail1 every minute particular1 every circumstance1 and going though everything with her said or done by each one concerned4 ,it seemed to be her only comfort and support1 after that better and higher consolation promised to the weary and heavy-laden1 and which both she and ,hugh knew well how to seek4 ,tell me all1 she would say--the good and bad4 ,i can bear it better if ,i know nothing is kept back4 ,to deceive me would be no real kindness2 and who has a better right to know everything than ,i1 who am part of himself8 ,we shall be man and wife soon1 in the sight of ,god and the world1 and then nothing can separate us in other men's minds3 but till then ,i am truly and faithfully one with him2 and what touches him touches me1 only infinitely more because it is for him4 ,don't you know what the idyl says about the fame and shame being mine equally if his8 ,but better and holier words still have been spoken1 and ,i say them often to myself now when ,i think of the time which is coming3 ',they two shall be one flesh4' ,strangely enough1 though fully conscious of ,atherton's danger1 of the awful position in which he stood1 she never seemed to take count for one instant that the simple plea of innocence on his part1 and the belief of it on ours1 would not weigh one feather's weight in the heavy balance of evidence against him4 ,since my encounter with ,mrs4 ,leslie1 that lady and ,i had been cold and distant1 conversing the least possible within our power1 and avoiding one another by mutual consent4 ,but one thing ,i noted1 that come when ,i would1 early or late1 with news or without1 alone or accompanied by ,merrivale1 whose visits seemed a great comfort to ,ada1 ,lister ,wilmot was certain to have forestalled me1 and given in his version1 either personally or by letter1 of whatever had happened4 ,and ,i found the effect of this was1 that ,mrs4 ,leslie was speaking of ,hugh as guilty1 though poor ,lister still persists in trying to think him innocent2 and was publishing about wherever she could that ,i had volunteered to give evidence against him4 ,ada took a different view of ,wilmot's conduct4 ,i think1 guardian1 that ,lister is almost mad1 she said one day4 ,he talks quite wildly sometimes to me4 ,we never thought he had a very clear head2 and now he seems to be so incoherent and contradictory in all he says1 and this confuses mamma1 and makes her get wrong notions about it all4 ,but he is so kind and good to me now4 ,once ,i thought he didn't like me2 but he is quite changed now4 ,on the ,saturday she was allowed to see ,hugh1 now lodged in ,newgate ,prison4 ,she went with ,wilmot and her mother2 but she saw him alone1 with only the warder present4 ,contrary to my expectations1 she was calmer and happier1 if one can use such a word1 knowing all the anguish of the heart1 than before4 ,they had mutually strengthened and comforted each other4 ,she repeated to me a great deal of what passed when ,i saw her in the evening2 but she never said one word of what had passed about myself2 she never brought me any message2 and when ,i asked her if ,hugh had expressed a wish to see me1 she only replied1 ,no1 he thinks it is best not--at least at present4 ,the same reply came through #gdj ,merrivale1 who seemed puzzled by it2 the same through ,lister ,wilmot1 who was offensively regretful for me4 ,i could not bear it1 and ,i gave utterance to the pent-up feeling which raged within me4 ,i told him that none of his meddling was needed between myself and ,hugh ,atherton1 and ,i hinted that the rle he had taken upon himself to play now would before many days were over be changed in a very unpleasant manner4 ,a covert sneer curled his thin lips1 and there was an evil light in his eyes1 as he replied that he was not afraid of any plot that might be hatched against him1 and he could make excuses for my excited feelings ,as to myself1 he concluded1 ,i am prepared for everything4 ,tuesday1 the day appointed for the burial of ,gilbert ,thorneley1 at last arrived2 and those invited to attend assembled for the time in ,wimpole street to pay their tribute of homage to the man who had swept his master's office in his youth1 and died worth more than a million of money in the ,funds4 ,they flocked thither at the bid of his nephew and reported heir2 his comrades on 'change1 his compeers in wealth1 his fellow-citizens2 those men who had passed through the same evolutions of barter and exchange1 of tare and tret1 of selling out and buying in1 of all that busy tumult of money-making in which the dead man lying in his silver-plated coffin upstairs1 and covered by the handsome velvet pall1 had borne his share even to the fullest4 ,for ,wilmot had given orders for the funeral to be conducted on a scale befitting the magnificence of the fortune which his uncle left behind him2 and the management of the affair had been placed in the hands of an undertaker whose reputation for conducting people to their grave with every mournful splendor of state and style was irreproachable4 ,but amid those funeral plumes1 those heavy trappings1 those sombre mantles1 those long hat-bands new and scarfs of richest silk1 there was no eye wet with sorrow1 no brow shadowed by regret1 no heart that was heavier for the loss of the one going to his grave4 ,it was a funeral without a mourner4 ,on ,lister ,wilmot's face was the half-concealed triumph and elation1 under an affected grief too evidently put on for the dullest man to believe in2 and the only one who would have mourned1 nay who did mourn1 for the murdered man1 lay in his cell within the walls of ,newgate1 stigmatized with the brand of wilful murder of him4 ,so the gloomy pageant set out with its hearse-and-four1 its dozen mourning-coaches1 its string of private carriages belonging to the rich men invited there that day4 ,so we went to ,kensal ,green and laid ,gilbert ,thorneley in the new vault prepared for him1 lonely and alone--dust to dust1 ashes to ashes--until the resurrection4 ,when the last solemn words had been read over the open grave and the earth thrown with hollow sound upon the coffin1 we turned to depart4 ,a greater portion of the large assembly dispersed in their carriages on their various ways1 and a few were asked to return to ,wimpole street and be present at the reading of the will4 ,whether bidden or not1 ,i had a reason for being there likewise1 and had made up my mind what to do2 but to my surprise ,mr4 ,walker came up as we were leaving the cemetery1 and invited me in ,wilmot's name to go back with them4 ,in the dining room where the inquest had been held we gathered once again--some dozen of ,thorneley's oldest acquaintances1 the two doctors1 the rector of the parish with his three curates1 myself1 the housekeeper1 and the other servants of the dead man's household4 ,the guests grouped themselves in different knots round the room1 talking and gossiping together on the money market1 the state of the country1 of trade1 of politics1 of ,i know not what1 but mostly of the past and future concerning the house in which we were assembled1 of #gda the murdered and the supposed murderer1 whilst we waited for ,lister ,wilmot and his two lawyers4 ,the servants placed themselves in a row near the door1 the housekeeper somewhat apart behind the rest1 as if shrinking from notice4 ,very striking she looked in her deep mourning1 gown1 fitting with perfect exactitude1 her light hair streaked here and there with silver threads braided beneath a close tulle-cap1 very pale very self-possessed1 but with that dangerous look in the cold blue eyes and peculiar motion of the eyelids which ,merrivale had described as a scintillating light and a shivering4 ,in less than a quarter of an hour the three came in--,thorneley's executor and two lawyers2 ,smith1 the senior partner--one of those pompous old men who are met up and down the world1 embodying1 only in a wrong sense1 the conception of a late spiritual writer of a man of one idea1 that idea being self--carrying in his hand a large parchment folded in familiar form and indorsed in the orthodox caligraphy of a law-office4 ,the hum of conversation ceased as they entered and advanced to the top of the room1 where a small table was placed1 upon which the lawyer deposited the document4 ,i glanced round the room4 ,all eyes were turned upon the three1 who were now seating themselves at the table in question1 with the eager curiosity of men going to hear news4 ,the expression of triumph upon ,lister ,wilmot's face had deepened yet more visibly2 but underneath ,i fancied ,i perceived a lurking anxiety1 and especially when his eye fell with a quick1 sharp glance upon myself1 and then as quickly looked away4 ,the two lawyers appeared very full of their own importance1 and were very obsequious to their new client4 ,lastly ,i looked at the housekeeper4 ,two hectic spots now burned upon her singularly pale cheeks1 and her lips were tightly compressed2 her hands1 delicate and white for a woman in her position1 wandered restlessly over each other4 ,perhaps it was but very natural agitation1 for those who had served so long and faithfully were no doubt expecting to be remembered in the will of their late master4 ,are you ready1 ,mr4 ,wilmot8 asked ,smith1 wiping his gold spectacles and adjusting them on his nose4 ,wilmot bowed assent2 and the lawyer unfolding the parchment1 read in loud1 high1 nasal tones1 ,the last will and testament of the late ,gilbert ,thorneley1 squire1 of #ajj ,wimpole street1 in the parish of ,st4 ,mary-le-bone1 ,london1 and of the ,grange1 ,warnside1 ,lincolnshire4 ,a dead silence reigned throughout the room2 as the saying is1 you might have heard a pin drop4 ,one thing only was audible to my ear1 sitting a few feet distant1 and that was the heavy pant of the housekeeper's breathing4 ,smith read on4 ,the said ,gilbert ,thorneley bequeathed to his nephew1 ,hugh ,atherton1 the sum of #ejjj1 free of legacy-duty2 to his housekeeper an annuity of #ajj per annum for life2 to his butler and coachman annuities of #ej per annum for life1 all free of legacy-duty1 and #bj to the other servants for mourning1 with a twelvemonth's wages2 to his nephew1 ,lister ,wilmot1 the whole of his landed property1 all moneys vested in the ,funds1 all personal property1 furniture1 carriages1 horses1 and plate1 as sole residuary legatee4 ,this was the gist and pith of ,gilbert ,thorneley's will1 which further bore date of the #aith of ,august in the present year1 and was witnessed by ,william ,walker1 of the firm of ,smith and ,walker1 and ,abel ,griffiths1 ,smith and ,walker's clerk4 ,by it ,lister ,wilmot came into an annual income of something like #ajj1jjj2 by it ,hugh ,atherton was cut off with a mere nominal sum from the joint inheritance which his uncle had from his boyhood upward in the most unequivocal manner and words taught him to expect4 ,a murmur of surprise ran through the company assembled4 #gdb ,the equal position of the two nephews with regard to their uncle had been too publicly known for the present declaration not to excite the most unbounded astonishment4 ,so certain did it seem that the cousins would be co-heirs of ,thorneley 'a enormous wealth1 that whispers had gone about pretty freely of that being the motive which induced ,hugh ,atherton to commit the crime imputed to him--the desire of entering into possession of the old man's money4 ,i gathered the thought in each person's mind by the broken words which fell from them4 ,then why did he do it8 ,i heard one of the curates whisper to the other1 and ,i knew that they thought and spoke of ,hugh1 believing him to be guilty4 ,i waited for a few minutes after ,mr4 ,smith had finished his pompous delivery of this document1 purporting to be the last will and testament of the late ,gilbert ,thorneley1 and then ,i rose from the remote comer where ,i had placed myself and confronted the two lawyers4 ,gentlemen1 ,i said1 ,i take leave to dispute that will which has just been read4 ,a thunderbolt falling in the midst of us could not have had a more astounding effect than those few words4 ,dispute the will6 shouted old ,smith1 purple in the face4 ,dispute the will6 echoed ,walker4 ,dispute the will6 reverberated all round4 ,god bless my soul1 sir6 continued ,smith1 rising from his chair and literally shaking with excitement1 what do you mean by that8 ,dispute this will6 striking the open parchment with his closed hand2 upon what grounds1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh--upon what grounds and by what authority do you dare to dispute it1 made by us1 witnessed by us1 and which we know to be the genuine and latest testament of our late client8 ,what do you mean by it8 ,i dispute that will on the ground of there existing another and a later will of ,mr4 ,thorneley2 and ,i dispute it on the part of those in whose favor it is made4 ,gentlemen1 ,i have a statement to make1 to the truth of which ,i am prepared to affix my oath4 ,involuntarily ,i glanced at ,lister ,wilmot4 ,he was deadly pale2 but he returned my gaze very steadily1 and ,i noticed the same evil light in his eye as ,i had once before seen4 ,smith drew himself up and settled his thick bull-throat in his white choker1 whilst his junior partner ran his hand through his hair1 and seemed to prepare himself for whatever was coming with a sort of ,do your worst--,i don't care for you air4 ,i hold in my hand1 ,i continued1 a memorandum from my journal1 and dated ,october #bc1 #ahe--1 last ,tuesday1 gentlemen2 and ,i beg your particular attention to the extract ,i am going to read to you--',received a note from ,mr4 ,gilbert ,thorneley1 of #ajj ,wimpole street1 requesting me to call on him this evening4 ,went at seven o'clock2 made and executed a will for the same1 under solemn promise not to reveal the transaction until after his funeral had taken place4 ,in case of my death1 to leave a memorandum of the same addressed to ,mr4 ,hugh ,atherton4 ,saw the will signed by ,mr4 ,thorneley and witnessed by his footman and coachman4 ,made memorandum of same for ,h4 ,a41 as desired4 ,put it with private papers1 addressed to ,h4 ,a4' ,that will1 gentlemen1 being of later date1 will1 if forthcoming1 upset the will just read1 and which is dated two months back4 ,there was a profound silence for some moments1 broken only by the two servants4 ,barker the footman and ,thomas the coachman1 who both murmured in low but distinct tones1 ,right enough1 sir2 we did put our names to that there dockiment4 #gdc ,i don't quite understand your 'statement1' ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 said ,smith at last1 with an air which plainly said1 ,and ,i consider myself insulted by your making it4 ,it is quite plain and straightforward1 ,mr4 ,smith1 though1 of course1 you are taken by surprise4 ,allow me to hand you this copy of the memorandum ,i have read to you1 and to which ,i have signed my name4 ,but where is that will1 sir8 ,statements and memoranda go for nothing1 if you can't produce your proofs2 and the will itself is the only proof4 ,where it is1 ,i replied1 is best known to ,mr4 ,wilmot1 or yourselves1 or to both4 ,i never saw it after leaving ,mr4 ,thorneley's study on the evening of the #bc;d4 ,the two lawyers turned simultaneously to ,wilmot4 ,did you know anything of this transaction1 sir8 asked ,walker4 ,only so far as came out at the inquest yesterday4 ,where is the will8 ,i ask4 ,let ,mr4 ,kavanagh produce it4 ,there was a world of defiance in his glittering eyes as he rose and faced me4 ,yes1 he cried again1 with a hard1 ringing voice1 let ,mr4 ,john ,kavanagh produce it4 ,gently1 ,mr4 ,wilmot1 said ,walker in an insinuating voice4 ,allow us to deal with this matter2 it is really only proper that we should4 ,only proper that we should1 echoed old ,smith in his peculiar nasal twang4 ,but ,lister ,wilmot waved them both imperiously aside2 and advancing a step forward1 he said with an evident effort to control himself3 ,i don't see1 ,kavanagh1 what you can gain by bringing forward this absurd statement4 ,of course we all imagined that the mysterious business upon which you saw my deceased uncle the last evening of his life was in some way connected with making his will2 and ,mr4 ,smith1 ,mr4 ,walker1 and myself searched through his papers with the utmost care1 and with this idea in our minds2 but no will1 no codicil1 no letter1 nor memorandum of later date than the one just read could anywhere be found4 ,knowing what an eccentric character he was1 we came to the conclusion that1 if any will posterior to this were made1 he had destroyed it immediately afterward4--,is this not so8 he turned to the two lawyers4 ,it is so1 answered ,walker1 for self and partner4 ,we made the minutest investigation1 and were all three together when the seals were removed which had been placed on everything by the police in charge of the house4 ,nothing could have been tampered with4 ,i was fairly baffled1 and stood considering what was the next best thing to do1 when an old gray-headed man stepped forward and said that1 if he might suggest1 it would be satisfactory to hear in what particulars the deed ,i had drawn up differed from the one just made known4 ,yes1 said ,wilmot1 with something like a sneer2 let us hear what were the contents of this will which you say you drew up4 ,wilmot1 ,i answered1 the one whom that will1 to my mind1 most affected1 for reasons which will presently be obvious to all who listen to me now1 was the only one who loved the old man in life whose remains we have just followed to the grave--the only one who1 ,i know1 mourns his death with all the sincerity of his true and noble heart4 ,in his presence ,i would never publicly have dragged forward a history which is full of sin1 of sorrow1 of remorse4 ,but he lies in a felon's cell1 charged1 through a dark mysterious combination of events1 and ,i firmly believe a deeply-laid scheme to work his ruin1 with a felon's crime4 ,in his interest therefore1 first of all1 ,i must speak4 ,there is also that of another concerned1 who comes before most of those present as a complete stranger2 whether to all ,i know not4--,gentlemen1 ,i1 like you1 believed until this day week that ,gilbert ,thorneley died childless and a bachelor4 #gdd ,five-and twenty years ago he married a young and beautiful girl1 an orphan1 but possessed of an immense fortune4 ,he married her for her money4 ,it was a joyless marriage1 without love1 without happiness4 ,one son was born to them1 and shortly after the young wife died4 ,the boy grew up an idiot1 hated1 loathed by his father1 who sent him far away from his sight1 and who for more than fifteen years before he died never saw his child's face4 ,remorse at last seems to have surged up in his heart1 and he took a resolution to make what reparation he could for his past neglect4 ,this is all which the deceased1 ,mr4 ,thorneley1 confided to me in plain words2 at the rest ,i can only darkly guess2 but that much more might have been told which never passed his lips1 that some terrible secret of the past remains still unrevealed1 ,i am bound to say ,i feel convinced from the manner in which that little was revealed to me4 ,gentlemen1 the will which ,i executed last ,tuesday evening1 and saw witnessed by the two servants now present1 after bequeathing #aj1jjj a year to his nephew1 ,hugh ,atherton1 left the whole and entire of ,gilbert ,thorneley's property1 landed1 personal1 and in the funds1 to his idiot son1 ,francis ,gilbert ,thorneley1 now living2 and constituted ,hugh ,atherton as sole guardian of his cousin4 ,with the exception of the same small legacies to the domestics of his household1 no other bequest whatever was made2 no other name mentioned4 ,this will was executed as a tardy reparation for some wrong done to his dead wife4 ,there was the sound of a dull1 heavy fall1 and a cry from one of the women in the room4 ,mrs4 ,haag1 the housekeeper1 had fainted away4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,inspector ,,keene ,,sees ,,daylight ,,at ,,last4 ,and pray1 may ,i ask who was left executor in this wonderful will1 since that item seems to have been omitted from an otherwise well-concocted story8 said ,mr4 ,walker1 as soon as the housekeeper had been carried out of the room1 and order restored4 ,mr4 ,atherton and myself were named executors4 ,for which little business1 he continued with unutterable irony1 you were doubtless to receive some small compensation8 ,you are mistaken1 ,i replied quietly2 my name is not otherwise mentioned than as being appointed to act with ,hugh ,atherton4 ,no legacy was left to me1 and ,i did not even receive the usual fee for drawing up the will4 ,i mention this to remove any false impression which my previous statement may have given4 ,most disinterested conduct on your part1 ,i am sure1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 was the reply in the same sarcastic tones4 ,it was1 however1 probably understood that the securing #aj1jjj a year to your friend would not pass unrewarded by him4 ,i was losing my temper under the man's repeated insults1 and an angry reply had risen to my lips1 when ,wilmot interposed4 ,he had entirely regained his usual self-possession1 and more than his usual confidence4 ,evidently1 he had resolved to change his tactics1 and treat me civilly4 ,we don't wish to dispute your word1 ,kavanagh1 but you must own there is some excuse for our unbelief4 ,here are all three of us--,smith1 ,walker1 and myself--ready to take oath that no other will save the document just read was or is to be found amongst my late uncle's papers2 not so much as a hint of such a thing existing4 ,and here are you1 without a shadow of proof in your hand1 stating that a will1 posterior to this one lying here1 was made by you on the evening previous to my uncle's death4 ,the natural inference drawn is1 that that will must now exist2 we know it does not exist1 or we must have found it1 unless my uncle destroyed it immediately #gde after it was made1 namely1 before he went to bed this day week4 ,do ,i put the case clearly and fairly1 gentlemen8 he continued1 turning to the assembled company4 ,the same old gentleman who had spoken before now again advanced4 ,i have known ,gilbert ,thorneley1 he said1 more than thirty years2 but that he was ever married1 or had a child living1 is as great news to me as to any here present who had known him but as a recent acquaintance4 ,still1 if what ,mr4 ,kavanagh says be true--and no offence to him--that son of whom he speaks must be living now1 and must be found4 ,you1 ,mr4 ,wilmot1 have asked1 as proof of this strange statement being true1 where is the will8 ,i now ask likewise1 as proof of its genuineness1 where is the heir8 ,where is the son of my old friend8 ,where is ,francis ,gilbert ,thorneley8 ,i was fearfully staggered by the question4 ,never before had it occurred to me that there would be a difficulty in finding the poor idiot when the time came for him to enter upon his inheritance4 ,no doubt1 no passing misgiving1 had crossed my mind but that1 along with the will ,i had drawn up1 papers would be left and found1 giving all-sufficient information of his whereabouts4 ,for the first time the thought flashed across me that perhaps1 after all1 ,i had not acted wisely in maintaining the silence which had been exacted from me by solemn promise4 ,and that solemn promise6 ,what had been old ,thorneley's motive in exacting it8 ,why should he wish such inevitable risks to be run1 as he1 a shrewd man of the world1 would know must be run1 of that final will being suppressed by the parties interested in the other one lodged at his lawyers'8 ,of what1 of whom1 had he been afraid8 ,was the secret and mystery of the will in any way connected with the secret and mystery of the murder8 ,as these questions crowded themselves upon me during the brief moment which succeeded the last speaker's queries1 ,i looked round unconsciously on the eager1 curious faces turned upon us1 the actors in this scene2 and suddenly my eye lighted upon a little man dressed in a dapper black suit1 with a profusion of curly brown hair1 and long beard1 standing behind a group near the door4 ,his eyes were fixed on mine--sharp1 intelligent1 piercing1 black eyes--with an expression in them which plainly bespoke a desire of attracting my attention2 eyes that were familiar to me1 whilst the rest of the man's face and appearance was that of a stranger4 ,then one hand was lifted to his lips1 and ,i saw him give a voracious bite at his nails4 ,in a moment light broke upon darkness1 and ,i knew him in spite of flowing wig and beard1 in spite of funeral black and well-fitting clothes1 to be ,inspector ,keene4 ,i suppose he saw a gleam of intelligence pass over my countenance1 for he began a series of evolutions on his closely-cropped fingers1 and ,i1 luckily1 could spell the words3 ,close this2 see ,merrivale4 ,i seized the idea1 and turning to ,wilmot and his lawyers1 ,i said1 ,this matter is too serious to be dealt with otherwise than in legal form and place4 ,mr4 ,merrivale or myself will communicate with ,messrs4 ,smith and ,walker4 ,there is nothing further to be said at present2 and ,i left the room1 exchanging another glance with the inspector1 who ,i knew would quickly follow me4 ,nor was ,i mistaken4 ,i drove to ,merrivale's1 and whilst in full tide of relating what had transpired in ,wimpole street1 the little man arrived1 still in mourning trim1 but minus his wig and beard2 and ,i am bound to confess that1 despite the seriousness of the moment1 ,i was almost overpowered by the ludicrous change which the doffing of those appendages had wrought in him--he looked so like a broom that had had its bristles cut short off4 ,you are a clever fellow1 ,keene1 said ,merrivale2 how upon earth did you contrive to pass muster amongst those city swells8 #gdf ,the inspector bowed to the compliment1 but seemed no way abashed4 ,i showed the inside of your purse1 ,mr4 ,merrivale1 ,there was no difficulty in sight of that4 ,please go on1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 and ,i'll wait4 ,i concluded in as few words as possible1 anxiously desiring to hear what ,keene had to say2 and immediately that ,i had finished1 ,merrivale turned toward him3 ,what do you think of it all1 in heaven's name8 ,mr4 ,inspector scraped his chin1 and waited some moments before replying1 his bright keen eyes glancing alternately from one to another of us4 ,if ,i were to tell you1 sirs1 all ,i think1 you'd be tired of hearing me1 for ,i've been thinking as hard as my brains could go for the last week past4 ,if you'd have made a friend1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 of ,mr4 ,merrivale or your humble servant in the matter you just now revealed1 it might have helped me not a trifle--not a trifle4 ,however1 ,i believe you did it for the best2 and after all ,i think we'll be even with them yet4 ,but it is as confoundedly black a business as it ever fell to my lot to deal with2 and ,i've had businesses1 gentlemen1 as black as--well1 as old ,harry himself4 ,you see there's three points to follow up2 and if we can tackle one securely1 why1 ,i consider we shall tackle all1 for ,i believe they hang together4 ,first1 checking it off on his thumb1 there's the murder2 and the point there is to find who really bought that grain of strychnine which the chemist has booked4 ,it rests between master and man to reveal2 and ,i incline to the latter1 and have my eye on him4 ,never tell me1 said the detective1 warming with his subject1 that neither of them don't know2 ,i tell you one of them does know1 and my name's not ,keene if ,i don't have it out of them yet4 ,that's one point1 an't it1 ,mr4 ,merrivale8 ,merrivale assented4 ,then the second1 checking number two off on his stumpy fore-finger1 includes four parties1 and their connection with each other2 the man ,de ,vos or ,sullivan1 the man ,o',brian1 ,mr4 ,lister ,wilmot1 and the housekeeper4 ,the housekeeper1 ,mrs4 ,haag6 ,i exclaimed4 ,yes1 sir2 ,mrs4 ,haag1 if that's her name4 ,you think it is not8 ,i know it isn't4 ,you know it8 ,i do4 ,when ,jones showed me his notes1 and repeated to me what you and he had heard in ,blue-,anchor ,lane last ,thursday night1 ,i smelt a rat1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 and ,i followed my nose1 sir4 ,when ,i said ,i was on the scent1 ,i meant it4 ,from that hour ,i wrote down in my note-book1 ',mrs4 ,haag1 alias ,bradley--,bradley1 alias ,o',brian2 her husband1 escaped convict from ,new ,south ,wales4' ,for ,jones identified that man by a description in the hands of all of us in the force4 ,to have taken him there and then would simply have been madness1 and insured your both being murdered in that villainous hole4 ,but to follow out the connection between the housekeeper and him1 him and ,sullivan1 ,sullivan and ,mr4 ,wilmot1 is another point1 an't it1 ,mr4 ,merrivale8 ,again ,merrivale assented1 his usually impassible face now stirred with the deepest1 most anxious interest4 ,is ',sullivan' ,de ,vos's right name8 he asked4 ,i believe it is1 sir4 ,he's thoroughly ,irish2 but ,o',brian isn't1 though he's taken an ,irish name4 ,sullivan's been known to the police also in his time1 and ,i fancy there's a little matter in the wind which might introduce him again to us4 ,they've both had their warning1 though1 from some quarter1 and are in safe hiding somewhere or other as yet4 ,have you more to tell us about ,o',brian8 ,nothing more1 sir1 at present4 ,there's some dark secret and mystery hanging over him--a terrible story1 ,i am afraid2 but ,i can't speak for certain just now4--,mr4 ,kavanagh1 suddenly glancing up at me1 did you never see a likeness to any one in ,mr4 ,wilmot8 #gdg ,no1 not that ,i know of4 ,we have often said he was like none of his relatives living1 that was his uncle and cousin4 ,have you8 ,it's fancy1 sir1 no doubt4 ,his mother died when he was very young1 didn't she8 and his father8 ,mrs4 ,wilmot died soon after his birth4 ,his father ,i never heard of4 ,he was a mauvais sujet1 ,i believe4 ,ah6 ,the inspector drew a long breath and relapsed into one of his silent moods1 during which the process of scraping and gnawing was resumed with avidity4 ,and your third point8 said ,i1 to arouse him4 ,my third point1 gentlemen1 waking up lively1 and dabbing at his middle finger1 which1 considering ,mr4 ,atherton's position at the present moment1 seems to be the least important or pressing1 is1 nevertheless1 the one ,i am for pursuing immediately1--to find this heir of whom mention has been made1 ,mr4 ,thorneley's idiot son4 ,surely there is no hurry about that6 we both exclaimed4 ,it would appear not1 gentlemen1 perhaps to you1 but there does to me4 ,supposing1 said the detective1 leaning forward1 and speaking very much more earnestly than he had hitherto done--supposing that the will you made1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 was stolen1 then secreted or destroyed on the night of ,mr4 ,thorneley's death1 that being what ,i might call the dead evidence of the truth of what you stated publicly to-day1 and supposing the parties who suppressed that will knew of the whereabouts of the heir1 they would1 ,i conclude1 be equally anxious to suppress the living evidence also--to get him out of the way4 ,do you follow me1 gentlemen8 ,yes1 yes1 we both exclaimed1 for we felt he had a purpose in speaking2 you are right4 ,then1 sirs1 we must prosecute a search for this poor idiot fellow4 ,i see my way at present very dimly and darkly2 but something tells me that on our road to find ,mr4 ,francis ,gilbert ,thorneley we shall find also other links in the broken chain we are trying to piece together4 ,how do you propose setting to work1 ,keene8 asked ,merrivale4 ,mr4 ,atherton1 being situated as he is1 cannot act2 it is therefore for ,mr4 ,kavanagh to take it upon himself1 being named executor4 ,i have ascertained that ,mr4 ,thorneley never went near his place in ,lincolnshire4 ,why8 ,because his son lived there4 ,do you follow me1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh8 ,i do4 ,you think ,i must visit the ,grange immediately8 ,yes1 sir4 ,light then at last seemed to be gleaming on our darkness2 not only a glimmer1 but a full bright ray4 ,there was consistency and connection in all that the inspector had put before us1 though only as yet1 to a great degree1 in supposition4 ,merrivale1 agreeing with me that he would send us on no wild-goose chase1 it was settled ,i should go down by the five-o'clock express train4 ,in less than an hour ,i was standing at ,king's ,cross ,terminus1 and five minutes past five ,i was whirling away from ,london at the rate of thirty miles an hour4 ,at ,peterborough we stopped for half-an-hour to change carriages1 and ,i went into the waiting-room to get some refreshment4 ,it was very full1 for numbers of passengers were travelling by that train to be present at some local races1 and for some minutes ,i could not approach the counter4 ,at last ,i contrived to edge in next to a rather tall man1 very much enveloped in wraps1 wearing a travelling-cap and blue spectacles4 ,i asked for a cup of coffee and a sandwich4 ,every one knows the degree of heat to which railway coffee is brought2 and waiting awhile for the sake of my throat before drinking it1 ,i suddenly bethought myself of setting my watch by the clock in the room4 ,i put up my glass to look for it2 it #gdh was at the opposite end1 and ,i turned my back upon my tall neighbor whilst altering the watch4 ,when ,i turned round he was gone4 ,i finished my coffee and paid for it4 ,bah6 how mawkish a taste it had left in my mouth2 what stuff they sell in ,england for real ,mocha6 ,so ,i thought as ,i stepped out on the platform and walked up and down1 awaiting the train and reading in a sort of dreamy1 unconscious manner the advertisements and placards covering the walls4 ,taylor ,brothers1 ,parkins and ,gotto1 ,heal and ,son1 ,mudie's ,library1 and all the rest1 so well known ,ha6 what is this8 ,,murder3 #ajj ,reward1 for information leading to the detection of the murderer of ,mr4 ,gilbert ,thorneley2 and beneath1 another1 ,reward of #ej offered for the apprehension of ,robert ,bradley1 alias ,o',brian1 escaped convict1 with a full description of his personal appearance appended4 ,inspector ,keene's work1 thought ,i to myself4 ,one solitary female figure stood before me1 reading the placard2 a neat trim figure1 clad in deep mourning garments1 motionless1 mute1 and absorbed as it were in the interest of what she was perusing4 ,what was it that made me start and shiver as my eye fell upon that statue-like form8 what was it that1 amidst an overpowering and unaccountable drowsiness creeping over me1 seemed to sting me into life and vigilance8 ,the answer was plain before me3 staring at me with wildly-gleaming eyes1 with a face startled out of its habitual calmness and self-possession1 with fear and rage and a hundred passions at work in her countenance1 was old ,thorneley's housekeeper4 ,mrs4 ,haag6 ,i exclaimed2 and almost as ,i spoke1 a change sudden and rapid as thought took place in her1 and she regained the cold passionless expression ,i had noticed that same afternoon4 ,the same1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh2 and1 inclining her head1 she was passing on4 ,stay6 ,i said1 catching her by the arm4 ,what are you doing here8 ,where are you going8 ,by what right do you ask me1 sir8 was the reply in very calm and perfectly respectful tones4 ,by what right6 ,i cried with headlong impetuosity4 ,by the best right that any man could have--the right of asking1 or saying1 or doing anything that may help me to detect the guilty and clear the innocent4 ,woman1 there is some deadly mystery hanging around yon1 some guilty secret in which you have played your part1 and which1 by the heavens above us1 ,i will unearth and bring to light6 ,i will1 ,i will6 ,what was the matter with me8 ,my brain was dizzy2 the lights1 the station1 the faces around me1 the woman ,i was addressing1 seemed to be going round and round1 and ,i became conscious that my speech was getting incoherent4 ,you have been drinking1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 ,i heard a hard voice saying to me1 with a slight foreign accent4 ,then a bell rang1 and ,i was hurried forward by the crowd who were flocking on the platform2 hurried on toward a train that had come into the station whilst ,i had been engaged with the housekeeper4 ,i remember entering a carriage and sinking down on a cushioned seat2 then ,i lost all consciousness1 until ,i heard a voice shouting in my ear1 ,your ticket1 sir1 please4 ,i started up4 ,where am ,i8 ,lincoln2 ticket--quick1 sir4 ,i handed out my ticket4 ,this is for ,stixwould1 four stations back on the line4 ,two extra shillings to pay4 ,good heavens6 ,i must have been asleep4 ,how am ,i to get back8 ,don't know1 sir2 no train tonight4 ,the money is paid1 the door banged to1 and we are shot into ,lincoln station at nine o'clock4 ,there was no help for it now but to make my way to the nearest hotel1 and see what #gdi means were to be had of returning to ,stixwould--the nearest station to the ,grange1 and that was ten miles from it--or else pass the night here and take the earliest train in the morning4 ,i bade a porter take my bag1 and show me to some hotel2 and ,i followed him1 shivering in every limb1 my head aching as ,i had never felt it ache before--sick1 giddy1 and scarcely able to draw one foot after another4 ,then ,i knew what had happened to me2 it flashed across me all in a moment4 ,that man1 disguised and in spectacles1 standing next to me at the refreshment-counter at ,peterborough1 was ,de ,vos1 and he had dragged my coffee4 ,i felt not a doubt of it4 ,in ten minutes we stopped at the ,queen's ,hotel1 and after engaging a room1 ,i despatched a porter for the nearest doctor4 ,to him ,i confided the object of my journey1 what ,i believed had occurred to me1 and the necessity there was for my taking such prompt remedies as should enable me to recover my full strength1 energies1 and wits for the morrow4 ,following his advice1 after swallowing his medicine1 ,i relinquished all notion of proceeding that night on my journey1 and went to bed4 ,the next morning ,i awoke quite fresh and well2 but what precious hours had been lost6 hours sufficient to ruin all hope of my journey bearing any fruits1 of finding even a shadowy clue to the tangled web that seemed closing in around us4 ,and ,hugh ,atherton lay in prison and ,ada1 my poor sorrowful darling1 was breaking her heart beneath the load of misery which had come upon her4 ,by eight o'clock ,i had started for ,stixwould1 and in half an hour alighted at that small station4 ,i was the only passenger for that place1 and ,i had to wait whilst the train moved off for the solitary porter to take my ticket4 ,just as the bell had rung1 a man passed out from some door and went up to one of the carriages4 ,could you oblige me with a fusee1 sir8 ,i heard him say4 ,some one leaned forward and handed out what was asked for2 it was the tall man in spectacles who had stood next to me at ,peterborough station4 ,the train moved off just as ,i rushed forward1 rushed almost into the arms of the other man who had asked for the fusee4 ,wonders would never cease6 ,it was ,inspector ,keene4 ,thank ,god1 it is you6 ,yes1 sir--myself4 ,in a moment--,i must telegraph up to town2 and he ran into the office4 ,now1 sir1 he said when he came out1 what has happened to bring you here this morning from ,lincoln8 ,i told him1 and expressed my astonishment at seeing him4 ,we heard last night that ,mrs4 ,haag had left ,london and taken her ticket for this place4 ,i took the night mail to look after the lady and warn you1 sir4 ,now we had best post off directly for the ,grange4 ,i've already ordered a fly and a pair of horses4 ,we'll bribe the man1 and be there in something less than an hour and a half4 ,that man you spoke to in the train was ,de ,vos1 ,i said when we had started4 ,i know it1 sir4 ,he was sent to watch you1 ,i suspect2 and treat you to that little dose in your coffee4 ,and the housekeeper8 ,oh6 she1 ,i imagine1 is safe ahead there at the ,grange4 ,at any rate1 she has not returned up the line2 every station has been watched1 and they would have telegraphed to me4 ,o the dreariness of that drive6 ,rain poured down from the leaden1 lowering sky and concentrated into a thick midst over the dismal wolds4 ,patter1 patter1 slush1 slush1 as we drove along the wet miry roads1 the horses urged on to the utmost of their wretched1 broken-down speed2 and the damp chill air penetrating the old rotten vehicle and entering the very marrow of one's bones4 ,so we arrived at last before a low stone lodge that guarded some ponderous iron gates4 ,a gaunt ill-favored man came out at the sound of the wheels1 and stared at us in no friendly manner4 #gej ,whar are ye from8 ho called out4 ,from ,mr4 ,wilmot1 answered the inspector4 ,dunna b'lieve ye4 ,orders is for ne'run to go up to the house4 ,keene opened the door of the fly and sprang out4 ,look here1 my man1 he said1 producing his staff2 ,i'm a police-officer from ,london1 and ,i've come down here about the murder of your master4 ,open the gate in the name of the law6 ,the man stared1 pulled the keys out of his pocket1 unlocked the gates and threw them open4 ,the inspector jumped up beside the driver and bade him go on4 ,a short avenue1 lined on either side with magnificent trees1 brought us to the gate of extensive but ill-kept pleasure-grounds1 and so to the stone portico of the ,grange4 ,a peal of the bell brought an old woman to the door1 who peered out suspiciously1 and demanded what we wanted4 ,i am a detective-officer from ,london1 and have a warrant for searching this house2 and ,keene putting the old hag aside1 we passed into the hall4 ,ye mun show me yer warrant or ,i'll have ye put out agin in double-quick time1 she said1 scowling at the inspector4 ,for reply the staff of office was again out of his pocket in a twinkling1 and flourished before her eyes4 ,you take yourself off and show us over the house instantly1 or it will be the worse for you4 ,the woman cowered1 and muttering to herself1 led the way across the spacious hall1 and threw open a door on the left4 ,the house apparently was a low rambling building of ancient date1 with panelled walls and high casement-windows4 ,we traversed several rooms1 bare in furniture and that struck one with a sense of utter cheerlessness and want of comfort4 ,this1 then1 was the desolate isolated house which ,gilbert ,thorneley had owned and yet shunned so carefully during life2 this was the place where his idiot boy had probably dragged on the greater number of his miserable years4 ,but ,i need not dwell upon our search through the house4 ,high and low ,inspector ,keene ranged2 looking into cupboards and dark closets1 sounding the panelled walls and poking at imaginary trapdoors4 ,with the exception of the old crone1 who accompanied us1 and a great tabby cat lying before the kitchen-fire1 no trace of living soul was visible4 ,where's young ,mr4 ,thorneley8 said the inspector to her when our visitation was made4 ,never heard on him4 ,who lives here8 ,only myself4 ,where's the lady who came here yesterday evening8 ,a curious gleam shot from the old woman's eyes4 ,dunno2 no lady here4 ,i shall take you into custody1 if you won't tell4 ,then you mun do it--,i'se nothing to say4 ,keene turned to me4 ,our visit has been useless1 sir4 ,i used the threat1 but ,i can't take the woman on no charge2 there is nothing left but to-- ,hark6 what sound was that which rang out upon our ears1 which made our hair stand on end1 and our hearts stand still6 ,shriek upon shriek of the most horrible1 wild1 unearthly laughter pealing from somewhere overhead4 ,the old woman made a dash forward to the staircase1 and called some name that was drowned in the echoes of that terrible mirth4 ,but in a second we had bounded past her and up the flight of stairs1 and there1 at the far end of the corridor1 gesticulating and jabbering at us as we approached him with all the fearful1 revolting madness of idiocy1 was the man in whose features was stamped the perfect likeness of old ,gilbert ,thorneley4 #gea ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,trial4 ,inspector ,keene's third point had been followed up and worked out3 ,francis ,gilbert ,thorneley1 the lost heir was found2 and the living evidence in favor of the will ,i had made was in our actual possession4 ,that it should be so seemed a merciful interposition of ,providence2 for we had little doubt but that it had been intended ,i should1 under the influence of the stupefying drug administered by ,do ,vos1 be delayed on my journey1 and so give time for him or the housekeeper1 or both1 to visit the ,grange and effect whatever purpose they had in view4 ,what had defeated them1 or caused their failure1 remained as yet a mystery4 ,equally mysterious was the way in which both the conspirators had managed to elude the vigilance of the police2 and bitter seemed the ,inspector's disappointment when1 on arriving in ,london1 he found no intelligence awaiting him of either man or woman4 ,we brought up the poor idiot with us2 and ,i took him to my own chambers1 engaging a proper attendant to take charge of him1 recommended by the physician whom ,i called in to examine him4 ,he seemed to be perfectly harmless1 and tractable as a child1 but totally bereft of sense or reason1 amusing himself with toys1 picture-books1 and other infantile diversions1 by the hour4 ,we tried to get some coherent account of himself from him1 but to no purpose2 he knew his name and the name of the old man and woman who had been his sole guardians and companions1 apparently for years4 ,but beyond that1 no information could be elicited2 and to all questions he would reply with some sort of childish babble or jabber4 ,this was the heir to old ,thorneley's immense wealth4 ,there now remained the two other points marked by the ,inspector to follow up4 ,oh6 how time was fast rushing on6--time that was so precious for life or death--and so little done as yet toward clearing away all that mountain of condemning evidence which would infallibly1 in the eyes of any ,english jury1 bring sentence of death upon the suspected murderer4 ,the question forever rang in my ears1 ,who bought that grain of strychnine on the #bc;d of ,october8 ,upon the discovery and identification of that person both ,merrivale and myself1 as also the counsel whom he had engaged for the defence1 felt everything would hang4 ,but up to the present moment1 except in our own minds1 not the shadow of a clue could be found4 ,the #afth ,november1 the day appointed for the trial of ,hugh ,atherton1 approached with terrible nearness2 and our confidence in all but ,god's mercy and justice was ebbing fast away4 ,after finding and bringing the lost heir to ,london1 ,i wrote to ,atherton by ,merrivale1 detailing all that old ,thorneley had confided to me1 the contents of the will1 and my journey into ,lincolnshire4 ,i wrote1 entreating him to see me2 to let no cloud come between us1 who had been such close friends from boyhood1 at such a moment2 to turn a deaf ear to all influence that might suggest that ,i was acting otherwise than ,i had always done toward him4 ,i wrote all the bitter sorrow of my heart at having been forced involuntarily to give evidence that might be turned against him2 all the self-reproach ,i felt for not having yielded to his wish of returning home with me that terrible evening4 ,he answered me in cold distant words1 that under the circumstances it was best we should not meet2 that ,merrivale would act for him in all as he judged best2 that he did not wish to be disturbed again before his trial4 ,i showed the letter to ,merrivale1 and he told me he could not make it out1 for that ,hugh was quite unreserved with him on all points save this1 and #geb to every suggestion he had made to him of seeing me1 he had invariably given the same reply1 and declined to enter upon the subject4 ,then ,i had recourse to ,ada ,leslie2 but she only obtained the same result4 ,i told him1 guardian1 she said1 how true you were to him1 how earnest and indefatigable in doing all you could for him1 how sure ,i was that you loved him better than any thing on earth4 ,but all the answer ,i got was1 ',no1 ,ada2 not better than anything4 ,don't let us say anything more on the subject4' ,what can he mean8 for ,i am sure he meant something particular4 ,was it hard to look in her face1 meet her clear trusting eyes1 and answer back1 ,you were right1 ,ada2 he is laboring under some delusion8 ,were they false words ,i spoke1 my own heart giving them the lie8 ,thank ,god1 no4 ,i was true to her1 true to him4 ,the time between my journey into ,lincolnshire and the day of the trial seems1 on looking back1 to be one dead blank1 inasmuch as1 do what we would1 we were no nearer the solution of the mystery after those three weeks of research and watchfulness than we were on the morning succeeding the murder4 ,there were the prolonged conferences of lawyers with counsel1 of counsel with prisoner1 of both with the detectives2 and day by day ,i saw ,merrivale's face growing more careworn1 stern1 and anxious2 ,i saw both ,inspector ,keene's and ,jones's baffled looks2 and--worse1 far worse than all--,i saw ,ada ,leslie wasting away before me1 withering beneath the blighting sorrow that had fallen upon her young life4 ,oh6 the terrible anguish written upon that wan1 worn face that would be lifted up to mine each time ,i saw her1 the unspeakably painful eagerness of her tones as she would ask1 is there any news8 and the touching calmness of her despairing look succeeding the answer which blasted the hopes that kept cruelly rising in her breast only to be crushed6 ,so the morning of the #afth of ,november dawned upon us4 ,for the defence ,merrivale had engaged two of the most acute lawyers and most eloquent pleaders then practising at the ,english bar1 ,sergeant ,donaldson and ,mr4 ,forster1 ,q4,c4 ,they were both personal friends of ,hugh ,atherton1 both equally convinced of his innocence4 ,on the part of the ,crown the ,solicitor-,general1 ,sergeant ,butler1 and a ,mr4 ,frost were retained--all eminent men4 ,the judges sitting were the ,lord ,chief-,justice and ,baron ,watson4 ,although we arrived very early1 the ,court was crowded to suffocation2 and it was only by help of the police-officers and authorities that we could find entrance1 although engaged in the principal case coming on4 ,special reporters of the press1 for ,london and the country1 were eagerly clamoring for seats in the reporters' bench2 and even foreign journals had sent over their own correspondents1 such a general stir and sensation had the murder of ,gilbert ,thorneley made far and near4 ,two or three trivial cases of embezzlement and stealing came first before the ,common ,sergeant1 whilst preparations for the one great trial were made1 the witnesses collected1 and the counsel on either side holding their final conferences4 ,at a quarter to eleven the ,chief-,justice1 followed by his brother judge1 entered amidst profound silence and took his seat4 ,they were both men who had grown old and gray in the administration of justice1 who had for years sat in judgment upon the guilty and the not guilty--men whose ears were familiar with the details of almost every misery and crime known to human nature--men who had had their own griefs and trials2 and on the venerable face of the superior judge many a deep furrow had been left to tell its tale1 whether engraven by private sorrow1 or sympathy for the mass of woe and suffering which passed so constantly before his eyes4 ,i had the honor of being personally acquainted #gec with his lordship4 ,how well ,i remembered an evening1 not so long ago1 spent at his house with ,hugh ,atherton2 when he1 that eminent judge1 that distinguished lawyer1 had come up to me and talked of ,hugh1 of his talents1 his eloquence1 his growing reputation6 ,i remembered the sad1 wistful expression of his eye as it dwelt upon my friend1 and the tone of his voice1 as he said with a deep sigh1 ,if my boy had lived1 ,i could have wished him to have been such a one as he4 ,he remembered it also1 if ,i might judge from the sorrowful gravity of his countenance4 ,i was standing beside ,merrivale beneath the prisoner's dock1 facing the judge's chair2 and in a few moments there was a rustle and stir throughout the court1 and ,i saw the ,chief-,justice pass his hand before his eyes for a brief second4 ,then was heard the loud harsh voice of the clerk of the court addressing some one before him3 ,philip ,hugh ,atherton1 you stand there charged with the wilful murder of your uncle1 ,mr4 ,gilbert ,thorneley4 ,how say you1 prisoner at the bar--are you guilty or not guilty8 ,a voice1 low1 deep-toned1 and thrilling in its distinctness1 replied3 ,not guilty1 my lord2 not guilty1 so help me1 ,o my ,god6 and turning round1 once again my eyes met those of ,hugh ,atherton4 ,a great change had been wrought in him during the last three weeks1 he had grown so thin and worn2 and amongst the waving masses of his dark hair ,i could trace many and many a silver thread4 ,twenty years could not have aged him more than these twenty days passed in that felon's cell1 beneath the imputation of that savage crime4 ,who could look at him and think him guilty2 who could gaze upon his open1 manly face1 so noble in its expression of mingled firmness and gentleness1 in its guileless innocence and conscious rectitude of purpose1 and say1 ,that man has committed murder8 ,my heart went out to him1 as ,i looked on his familiar face once more1 with all the love and honor with which ,i had ever cherished his friendship4 ,a special jury were then sworn in4 ,all passed unchallenged2 and the ,solicitor-,general rose to open the case for the prosecution1 and began by requesting that all the witnesses might be ordered to leave the court4 ,it is needless to say that ,i had been subpoenaed by the crown to repeat the wretched evidence already given at the inquest2 needless also to say that1 not being personally present during the whole trial1 ,i have drawn from the same sources as before for an account of it4 ,we had been given to understand that no other witnesses than those examined before the coroner would be called against the prisoner2 why should they want more8 ,they had enough evidence to bring down condemnation twice over4 ,on the part of the defence ,i have before said up to that morning nothing fresh had been discovered that could in any way be used as a direct refutation of what had already been adduced1 and would be brought forward again on this day4 ,after the examination of the medical men ,i was called into the witness-box1 and examined by the ,solicitor-,general4 ,to my former evidence ,i now added an account of what had passed between myself and the murdered man on the evening of the #bc;d1 the contents of the will1 my journey to the ,grange1 and the discovery of ,thorneley's idiot son4 ,i likewise gave an account of my visit with ,jones to ,blue-,anchor lane4 ,i noticed that this was ill-received by the ,crown counsel2 but the judges overruled the ,solicitor-,general's attempt to squash my statements1 and insisted upon my having a full hearing4 ,at the end ,sergeant ,donaldson rose to cross-question me4 ,did ,mr4 ,thorneley mention in whose favor his previous will had been made8 ,he did not4 ,simply that he intended the will drawn up then to cancel all others4 #ged ,can you remember the words in which he alluded to his wife and son8 ,perfectly2 ,i wrote them in the memorandum addressed to ,mr4 ,atherton1 and which ,mr4 ,merrivale has communicated to you4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,read the extract1 brother ,donaldson4 ,sergeant ,donaldson read as follows3 ',five-and-twenty years ago ,i married one much younger than myself1 an orphan living with an aunt1 her only relative1 and who died shortly after our marriage4 ,my ruling passion was speculation2 and ,i married her1 not for love1 but for her fortune1 which was large2 ,i coveted it for the indulgence of my passion4 ,she was not happy with me1 and ,i took no pains to make her happier4 ,few knew of our marriage4 ,i kept her at the ,grange till she died4 ,only ,i and one other person were with her at her death4 ,she gave birth to one child1 a boy4 ,ho grew up an idiot1 and ,i hated him4 ,but ,i wish to make reparation to my dead wife in the person of her son--not out of love to her memory1 but to defeat the plans of others1 and in expiation of me wrong done to her4 ,i have never loved any one in my life but my twin-sister1 ,hugh ,atherton's mother3 and him for her sake and his own4' ,and then1 my lord1 follow the instructions for the will given to ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,to the witness3 ,did ,mr4 ,thorneley give you any clue to the 'other person' who was with him at his wife's death8 ,none at all4 ,when you met the prisoner in ,vere street1 did he say he was going to visit his uncle then8 ,no2 on the contrary1 he seemed anxious to come home with me4 ,i should imagine it was an after-thought4 ,mr4 ,wilmot has stated that you volunteered to give evidence against the prisoner3 is it so8 ,no2 it is most false4 ,i was surprised by detective ,jones into an admission2 and when ,i found that it would be used against ,mr4 ,atherton1 ,i did all in my power to get off attending the inquest4 ,rexamined by the ,solicitor-,general3 ,it was against your consent that the prisoner was engaged to your ward ,miss ,leslie1 was it not8 ,against my consent6 ,assuredly not4 ,she bad my consent from the beginning4 ,you may go1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh4 ,the witness who succeeded me was the housekeeper4 ,it was observed that she did not maintain the same calmness as at the inquest2 but her evidence was perfectly consistent1 given perhaps with more eagerness1 but differing and varying in no essential point from her previous depositions4 ,questioned as to whether she had been aware of ,mr4 ,thorneley's marriage1 replied she had not1 having always been in charge of his house in town1 first in the city and afterward in ,wimpole street4 ,he had often been from home for many weeks together1 but she never knew where he went4 ,cross-examined4--,could swear she had poured no ale out in the tumbler before taking it into the study--,barker had been with her all the time--nor yet in the room4 ,sergeant ,donaldson3 ,now1 ,mrs4 ,haag1 attend to me4 ,how long have you been a widow8 ,fifteen years4 ,what was your husband8 ,a commercial traveller4 ,he was not successful1 and ,i went into service soon after ,i married4 ,had you any children8 ,one son4 ,he died4 ,when8 ,years ago4 ,how many years ago8 ,twenty years ago4 ,is ,haag your married name8 ,yes4 ,did you bear the name of ,bradley8 ,i never bore such a name4 ,i am a ,belgian2 so was my husband4 #gee ,a paper was here passed in to ,sergeant ,donaldson1 and handed by him to the judges4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,this is a certificate of marriage celebrated at ,plymouth between ,maria ,haag1 spinster1 and ,robert ,bradley1 bachelor1 dated ,june1 #ahbi1 and witnessed in proper legal form4 ,witness3 ,i know nothing of it4 ,my name is ,haag by marriage4 ,i am very faint2 let me go away4 ,a chair and glass of water were brought to the witness4 ,in a few moments she had recovered and the cross-examination was renewed4 ,how came it that you were met in the middle of ,vere street1 when1 by your own showing1 you must then have turned out of the street before ,mr4 ,kavanagh could have overtaken you8 ,mr4 ,kavanagh did not meet me4 ,i have so said before4 ,i went straight home after passing him and ,mr4 ,atherton at the chemist's shop4 ,he is mistaken4 ,what took you to ,peterborough on the #cjth of last month8 ,i went to visit a friend at ,spalding4 ,how was it1 then1 that you returned to ,london by the twelve o'clock train the following day--,i mean arrived in ,london at that hour8 ,witness hesitated for some time1 and at last looked up defiantly4 ,what right have you to ask me such a question8 ,baron ,watson3 ,you are bound to answer1 ,mrs4 ,haag4 ,witness confusedly3 ,i did not find my friend at home4 ,sergeant ,donaldson3 ,do you mean to say you took that journey with the chance of finding your friend away8 ,i did4 ,to the ,chief-,justice3 ,my lord1 ,i am informed by ,inspector ,keene1 of the detective service1 that ,mrs4 ,haag never visited ,spalding at all2 that she took a ticket for ,stixwould1 at which station she got out1 and from which station she returned the following day4 ,baron ,watson3 ,i don't see what you are trying to prove1 brother ,donaldson4 ,i am trying to prove1 my lord1 that ,mrs4 ,haag is not a witness upon whose veracity we can rely4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,you must be well aware1 ,mrs4 ,haag1 that the mystery of this second will1 and discovery of your late master's son1 bear direct influence upon the charge of which the prisoner is accused4 ,i think it highly necessary that you should be able to give a clear account of that journey of yours on the #cjth of last month4 ,for your own sake1 do you understand8 ,witness violently3 ,of what do you suspect me8 ,i have related the truth4 ,sergeant ,donaldson3 ,excuse me1 my lord1 ,i shall call two witnesses presently who will throw some light upon this person's movements4 ,i have no further questions to put to her now4 ,barker the footman and the other servants were next examined1 and deposed as before1 with no additions nor variations4 ,mr4 ,forster in cross-examination drew from the cook a yet more confident declaration that she had heard footsteps on the front-stairs leading from the third to the second floor on the night of the murder4 ,also that the housekeeper had gone on awful at her for saying so2 but she had stuck to her word and told ,mrs4 ',aag as she wasn't a-going to be badgered nor bullied out of her convictions for any 'ousekeeper2 and that afterwards ,mrs4 ',aag had come to her quite soft and civil1 your lordships1 and said1 ',here's a suverin1 cook1 not to mention what you heerd2 for if you says a word about them steps1 why1' says she1 'you'll just go and put it into them lawyers' 'eads as some of us did it1' says she4 ,but a oath's a oath1 my lordships2 and a being close and confined is what ,i could never abide or abear2 and that's every bit the truth1 and here's her suverin back again1 which ,i never touched nor broke into4 #gef ,baron ,watson3 ,on your oath1 then1 you declare you heard a footstep on the front-stairs during the night of the #bc;d but you don't know at what hour8 ,as certain sure1 my lord1 as that you are a sittin' on your cheer4 ,after eliciting a few more confirmatory details1 the witness was dismissed and ,mr4 ,wilmot called4 ,nothing further was got out of him than what he had stated before the coroner4 ,either he was most thoroughly on his guard1 or he really was1 as he professed to be1 ignorant of his cousin ,thorneley's existence up to the day of the funeral2 ignorant of the contents of his uncle's will1 until it was opened at ,smith and ,walker's2 totally unacquainted with the man ,sullivan or ,de ,vos2 innocent of having written the note seized upon the boy in ,blue-,anchor ,lane by detective ,jones1 all knowledge of or complicity with which he absolutely and solemnly denied4 ,questioned as to his motive for saying that ,miss ,leslie had been refused the consent of her guardian1 ,mr4 ,kavanagh1 to her marriage1 replied he had been distinctly told so by ,mrs4 ,leslie1 who had mentioned also that ,mr4 ,kavanagh was attached to ,miss ,leslie himself1 and had tried to make her break off the engagement4 ,inspector ,jackson and ,thomas ,davis1 the chemist1 next gave evidence4 ,the latter was cross-questioned by ,sergeant ,donaldson4 ,could not swear he did not leave the shop on the evening of the #bc;d between the time when he had sold the camphor and nine o'clock1 his supper-hour2 had tried hard to recollect since attending at the inquest1 and had spoken to his wife and his assistant4 ,the former thought he had2 that she had heard him go into the back-parlor whilst she was down in the kitchen2 the latter had said he had not left the shop until nine o'clock4 ,could swear he had sold no strychnine himself that day4 ,the entry was1 however1 in his own handwriting4 ,he had talked over the matter repeatedly with ,james ,ball1 his assistant1 but had gathered no light on the subject4 ,the latter had been in a very odd state of mind since then4 ,the murder seemed to have taken great effect upon him4 ,he had become very nervous1 forgetful1 and absent2 and he 7,davis7 had been obliged to admonish him several times of late1 that if he went on so badly he must seek another situation4 ,james ,ball replaced his master in the witness-box4 ,he looked very haggard and excited1 and answered the questions put to him1 in an incoherent1 unsatisfactory manner1 very different from his conduct at the inquest4 ,admonished by the ,chief-justice that he was upon his oath and giving evidence in a matter of life and death1 had cried out passionately that he wished he had been dead before that wretched evening4--,ordered to explain what he meant1 became confused1 and said he had felt ill ever since the inquest4 ,cross-questioned by ,mr4 ,forester3 ,does your master keep an errand-boy8 ,yes4 ,was he in the shop on the evening of the #bc;d8 ,i don't remember4 ,oh6 you don't remember6 ,do you remember receiving a letter on the afternoon of the #bdth containing a ,bank-of-,england #aj note8 ,i did not receive any letter4 ,but you received what is called an 'enclosure' of a #aj note1 did you not8 ,no answer4 ,did you hear my question1 sir8 ,did you or did you not receive it8--on your oath1 remember6 ,no answer4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,you must answer that gentleman1 ,james ,ball4 ,still no answer4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,once more ,i repeat my learned brother's question4 ,did you or did you not receive that #aj note on the #bdth of ,october last8 ,if you do not answer1 ,i shall commit you for contempt of court4 #geg ,witness1 defiantly3 ,well1 if ,i did1 what's that to any one here8 ,i suppose ,i can receive money from my own mother4 ,mr4 ,forster3 ,you know very well that it did not come from your mother1 but that it was hush-money sent you by the person to whom you sold the grain of strychnine on the evening of the #bc;d4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,is this so8 ,speak the truth1 or it will be the worse for you4 ,witness 7in a very low voice73 ,it is4 ,mr4 ,forster3 ,who was the person8 ,i don't know--indeed ,i don't2 but it wasn't he1 7pointing to the prisoner47 ,was it a man or a woman8 ,a woman4 ,was it the housekeeper8 ,i don't know4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,let ,mrs4 ,haag be summoned into court4 ,the housekeeper was brought in and confronted with the witness4 ,she was unveiled1 and she looked ,ball steadily in the face1 the dangerous dark light in her eyes4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,is that the person8 ,no2 ,i can't identify her4 7,the witness spoke with more firmness and assurance than he had done47 ,mr4 ,forster1 to ,mrs4 ,haag3 ,is this your handwriting8 7,a letter is passed to her47 ,no2 it is not ,on your oath8 ,on my oath4 ,you can leave the court1 ,mrs4 ,haag4 ,now1 witness1 relate what took place about that strychnine4 ,a lady came into the shop that evening1 just before that gentleman came in for the camphor1 and asked for a grain of strychnine4 ,i refused to sell it4 ,she said1 ',it's for my husband2 he's a doctor1 and wants to try the effect on a dog4' ,i said1 ',who is he8' ,she said1 ',he's ,mr4 ,grainger1 round the corner1 at the top of ,vere ,street4' ,i knew ,mr4 ,grainger lived there--a doctor4 ,i thought it was all right1 and gave her one grain of strychnine4 ,i said1 ',i shall run round presently and see if it's all right' ,she said1 ',very well2 come now if you like4' ,i made sure now more than ever that it was all right4 ,she paid me and left the shop4 ,i told my master of selling it1 along with a lot of other medicines4 ,in the morning ,i heard that ,mr4 ,thorneley had been poisoned by strychnine1 and in the afternoon ,i received by post a ten-pound note and that letter4--7,letter read by ,mr4 ,forster3 ,say nothing1 and identify no one4 ,you shall receive this amount every month47--,i guessed then it was from the person who had bought the strychnine1 and that they had murdered old ,thorneley4 ,i am very poor1 and my family needed the money4 ,that is all4 ,mr4 ,forster3 ,i have nothing further to ask4 ,the ,chief-,justice3 ,remove the witness1 and let him be detained in custody for the present4 ,the ,solicitor-,general3 ,this1 my lord1 closes the evidence for the prosecution4 ,sergeant ,donaldson then rose to address the jury for the defence4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ #geh ,,original4 ,,problems ,,of ,,the ,,age4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,trinity ,,of ,,persons ,,included ,,in ,,the ,,one ,,divine ,,essence4 ,the full explication of the ,first ,article of the ,creed requires us to anticipate two others1 which are its complement and supply the two terms expressing distinctly the relations of the ,second and ,third ,persons to the ,first ,person or the ,father1 in the ,trinity4 ,credo in ,unum ,deum ,patrem1 gives us the doctrine of the ,divine ,unity1 and the first term of the ,trinity1 viz41 the person of the ,father4 ,et in ,unum ,dominum ,jesum ,christum ,filium ,dei ,unigenitum1 et ex ,patre natum ante omnia saecula2 ,deum de ,deo1 ,lumen de ,lumine2 ,deum ,verum de ,deo ,vero2 ,genitum non ,factum1 consubstantialem ,patri1 per quem omnia facta sunt3 gives us the second term or the person of the ,son4 ,et in ,spiritum ,sanctum1 ,dominum et ,vivificantem1 qui ex ,patre ,filioque procedit1 quicum ,patre et ,filio simul adoratur et conglorificacur3 gives us the third term or the person of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,both these are necessary to the explanation of the term ,patrem4 ,the proper order is1 therefore1 to begin with the eternal1 necessary relations of the ,three ,persons to each other in the unity of the ,divine ,essence1 and then to proceed with the operations of each of the ,three ,persons in the creation and consummation of the ,universe4 ,our purpose is not to make a directly theological explanation of all that is contained in this mystery1 but only of so much of it as relates to its credibility1 and its position in regard to the sphere of intelligible truth4 ,with this mystery begins that which is properly the objective matter of revelation1 or the series of truths belonging to a super-intelligible order1 that is1 above the reach of our natural intelligence1 proposed to our belief on the veracity of ,god4 ,it is usually considered the most abstruse1 mysterious1 and incomprehensible of all the ,christian dogmas1 even by believers2 though we may perhaps find that the dogma of the ,incarnation is really farther removed than it from the grasp of our understanding4 ,be that as it may1 the fact that it relates to the very first principle and the primary truth of all religion1 and appears to confuse our apprehension of it1 namely1 the ,unity of ,god--causes us to reflect more distinctly upon its incomprehensibility4 ,many persons1 both nominal ,christians and avowed unbelievers1 declare openly1 that in their view it is an absurdity so manifestly contrary to reason that it is absolutely unthinkable1 and1 of course1 utterly incredible4 ,how then is the relation between this mystery and the self-evident or demonstrable truths of reason adjusted in the act of faith elicited by the believer8 ,what answer can be made to the rational objections of the unbeliever8 ,if the doctrine be really unthinkable1 it is just as really incredible1 and there can be no act of faith terminated upon it as a revealed object4 ,of course1 then1 no inquiry could be made as to its relation with our knowledge1 for that which is absurd and incapable of being intellectually conceived and apprehended cannot have any relation to knowledge4 ,it is impossible for the human mind to believe at one and the same time that a proposition is #gei directly contrary to reason1 and also revealed by ,god4 ,no amount of extrinsic evidence will ever convince it4 ,human reason cannot say beforehand what the truths of revelation are or ought to be2 but it can say in certain respects what they cannot be4 ,they cannot be contradictory to known truths and first principles of reason and knowledge4 ,therefore1 when they are presented in such a way to the mind1 or are by it apprehended in such a way1 as to involve a contradiction to these first truths and principles1 they cannot be received until they are differently presented or apprehended1 so that this apparent contradiction is removed4 ,this is so constantly and clearly asserted by the ablest ,catholic writers1 men above all suspicion for soundness in the faith1 that we will not waste time in proving it to be sound ,catholic doctrine4 ,footnote #ahc ,of course all rationalists1 and most ,protestants1 hold it as an axiom already4 ,if there are some ,protestants who hold the contrary1 they are beyond the reach of argument4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,see among others1 ,archbishop ,manning on the ,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,catholic believer in the ,trinity apprehends the dogma in such a way that it presents no contradiction to his intellect between itself and the first principles of reason or the primary doctrine of the unity of the divine nature4 ,god1 who is the ,creator and the ,light of reason1 as well as the author of revelation1 is bound by his own attributes of truth and justice1 when he proposes a doctrine as obligatory on faith1 to propose it in such a way that the mind is able to apprehend and accept it in a reasonable manner4 ,this is done by the instruction given by the ,catholic ,church1 with which the supernatural illumination of the ,holy ,spirit concurs4 ,the ,catholic believer is therefore free from those crude misapprehensions and misconceptions which create the difficulty in the unbelieving mind4 ,he apprehends in some degree1 although it may be implicitly and confusedly1 the real sense and meaning of the mystery1 as it is apprehensible by analogy with truths of the natural order4 ,what it is he apprehends1 and what are the analogies by which it can be made intelligible1 will be explained more fully hereafter4 ,it is enough here to note the fact4 ,this apprehension makes the mystery to him thinkable1 or capable of being thought4 ,that is1 it causes the proposition of the mystery in certain definite terms to convey a meaning to his mind1 and not to be a mere collocation of words without any sense to him4 ,it makes him apprehend what he is required to assent to1 and puts before him an object of thought upon which an intellectual act can be elicited4 ,it presents no contradiction to reason1 and therefore there is no obstacle to his giving the full assent of faith on the authority of ,god4 ,it is otherwise with one who has been brought up in ,judaism1 ,unitarianism1 or mere ,rationalism2 or whose merely traditional and imperfect apprehension of ,christian dogmas has been so mixed up with heretical perversions that his mature reason has rejected it as absurd4 ,there is an impediment in the way of his receiving the mystery of the ,trinity as proposed by the ,catholic ,church1 and believing it possible that ,god can have revealed it4 ,he may conceive of the doctrine of the ,trinity as affirming that an object can be one and three in the same identical sense1 which destroys all mathematical truth4 ,or he may conceive of it1 as dividing the divine substance into three parts1 forming a unity of composition and not a unity of simplicity4 ,or he may conceive of it as multiplying the divine essence1 or making three co-ordinate deities1 who concur and co-operate with each other by mutual agreement4 ,these conceptions are equally absurd with the first1 although it requires more thought to discern their absurdity4 ,it is necessary then to remove the apparent absurdity of the doctrine1 before any evidence of its being a #gfj revealed truth is admissible4 ,the first misconception is so extremely crude1 that it is easily removed by the simple explanation that unity and trinity are predicated of ,god in distinct and not identical senses4 ,the second1 which is hardly less crude is disposed of by pointing out the explicit statements in which the simplicity and indivisibility of the divine substance in all of the ,three ,persons is invariably affirmed4 ,the third is the only real difficulty1 the only one which can remain long in an educated and instructed mind4 ,the objection urged on theological or philosophical grounds by really learned men against the dogma of the ,trinity1 is1 that it implies ,tritheism4 ,the simplest and most ordinary method of removing this objection1 is by presenting the explicit and positive affirmation of the church that there is but one eternal principle of self-existent1 necessary being1 one first cause1 one infinite substance possessing all perfections4 ,this is sufficient to show that the church denies and condemns ,tritheism1 and affirms the strict unity of ,god4 ,but1 the ,unitarian replies1 you hold a doctrine incompatible with this affirmation1 viz41 that there are three ,divine ,persons1 really distinct and equal4 ,this is met by putting forward the terms in which the church affirms that it is the one1 eternal1 and infinite essence of ,god which is in each of the ,three ,persons4 ,the ,unitarian is then obliged to demonstrate that this distinction of persons in the ,godhead is unthinkable1 and that unity of nature cannot be thought in connection with triplicity of person4 ,this he cannot do4 ,the relation of personality to nature is too abstruse1 especially when we are reasoning about the infinite1 which transcends all the analogies of our finite self-consciousness1 to admit of a demonstration proving absolutely that unity of nature supposes unity of person1 and vice versa1 as its necessary correlative4 ,the church affirms the unity of substance in the ,godhead in the clearest manner1 sweeping away all ground for gross misconceptions of a divided or multiplied deity2 but affirms also trinity in the mode of subsistence1 or the distinction of ,three ,persons1 in each one of whom the same divine substance subsists completely4 ,this affirmation is above the comprehension of reason1 but not contrary to reason4 ,even ,unitarians1 in some instances1 find no difficulty in accepting the statement of the doctrine of the trinity made by our great theologians1 when it is distinctly presented to them2 and in the beautiful ,liturgical ,book used in some ,unitarian congregations1 the orthodox doxology1 ,glory be to the ,father1 and to the ,son1 and to the ,holy ,ghost1 has been restored4 ,the absurd misconception of what the church means by the word ,trinity being once removed1 the evidence that her doctrine is revealed1 or that ,god affirms to us the eternal1 necessary distinction of three subsistences in his infinite being1 becomes intelligible and credible4 ,reason cannot affirm the intrinsic incompatibility of the proposition1 ,god reveals himself as subsisting in three persons1 with the proposition1 there is one ,god2 and therefore cannot reject conclusive evidence that he does so reveal himself through the ,catholic ,church4 ,for aught reason can say1 he may have so revealed himself4 ,if satisfactory evidence is presented that he has done so1 reason is obliged1 in consistency with its principles1 to examine and judge of the evidence1 and assent to the conclusion that the ,trinity is a revealed truth4 ,this is enough for all practical purposes1 and as much as the majority of persons are capable of4 ,but is this the ultimatum of reason8 ,is it not possible to go further in showing the conformity of the revealed truth with rational truths8 ,several eminent theologians have endeavored to take this further step1 and to construct a metaphysical argument for the doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,some of the great contemplatives of the church1 who are really the most profound and sublime of her #gfa theologians and philosophers1 have also through divine illumination appeared to gain an insight into the depths of this mystery4 ,for instance1 ,st4 ,ignatius and ,st4 ,francis de ,sales both affirm that the truth and the mutual harmony of all the divine mysteries were made evident to their intelligence in contemplation4 ,in modern times1 ,bossuet1 ,lacordaire1 and ,dr4 ,brownson have reasoned profoundly on the rational evidence of the ,trinity1 and a ,roman priest1 the ,abbate ,mastrofini1 has published a work entitled ,metaphysica ,sublimior1 in which he proposes as his thesis1 ,given divine revelation1 to prove the truth of all its dogmas by reason4 ,the learned and excellent ,german priest ,gnther attempted the same thing1 but went too far1 and fell into certain errors which were censured by the ,roman tribunals1 and which he himself retracted4 ,it is necessary to tread cautiously and reverently1 like ,moses1 for we are on holy ground1 and near the burning bush4 ,we will endeavor to do so1 and1 taking for our guide the decisions of the ,church and the judgment of her greatest and wisest men1 to do our best to state briefly what has been attempted in the way of eliciting an eminent act of reason on this great mystery1 without trenching on the domain of faith4 ,first1 then1 it is certain that reason cannot discover the ,trinity of itself4 ,it must be first proposed to it by revelation1 before it can apprehend its terms or gain anything to reason upon4 ,secondly1 when proposed1 its intrinsic necessity or reason cannot be directly or immediately apprehended4 ,if it can be apprehended at all1 it must be mediately1 or through analogies existing in the created universe4 ,are there such analogies1 that is1 are there any reflections or representations of this divine truth in the physical or intellectual world from which reason can construct a theorem parallel in its own order with this divine theorem8 ,creation is a copy of the divine idea4 ,it represents ,god as a mirror4 ,does it represent him1 that is1 so far as the human intellect is capable of reading it1 not merely as he is one in essence1 but also as he is three in persons8 ,assuming the ,trinity as an hypothesis1 which is all we can do in arguing with an unbeliever1 can we point out analogies or representations in creation of which the ,trinity is the ultimate reason and the infinite original8 ,if we can1 do these analogies simply accord and harmonize with the hypothesis that ,god must subsist in three persons1 or do they indicate that this is the most adequate or the only conceivable hypothesis1 or that it is the necessary1 self-evident truth1 without which the existence of these analogies would be unthinkable and impossible8 ,do these analogies1 as we are able to discover them1 represent an adequate image of the complete ,catholic dogma of the ,trinity1 or only an inadequate image of a portion of it8 ,it is evident1 in the first place1 that some analogical representation of the ,trinity must be made in order to give the mind any apprehension whatever of a real object of thought on which it can elicit an act of faith4 ,the terms in which the doctrine is stated1 as for instance4 ,father1 ,son1 ,holy ,spirit1 eternal generation1 procession or spiration1 person1 etc41 are analogical terms1 representing ideas which are otherwise unspeakable1 by images or symbols4 ,it is impossible for the mind to perceive that a proposed idea is simply not absurd1 without apprehending confusedly what the idea is1 and possessing some positive apprehension of its conformity to the logical1 that is1 the real order4 ,every distinct act of belief in the ,trinity1 therefore1 however rudimental and imperfectly evolved into reflective cognition1 contains in it an apprehension of the analogy between it and creation4 ,if we proceed1 therefore1 to explicate this confused1 inchoate conception1 we necessarily proceed by way of explicating the analogy spoken of1 because we must proceed by explaining the terms in which the doctrine is stated1 #gfb which are analogical2 and by pointing out what the analogy is which the terms designate4 ,what is meant by calling ,god ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit8 ,why is the relation of the ,son to the ,father called filiation8 ,why is the relation of the ,holy ,spirit to both called procession8 ,the ,niceno-,constantinopolitan and ,athanasian ,creeds1 all the other definitions of the church respecting the ,trinity1 and all ,catholic theology deduced from these definitions and from ,scripture and tradition by rational methods1 are an explication of the significance of these analogical terms4 ,the only question which can be raised then1 is1 in regard to the extent of the capacity of human reason to discern the analogy between inward necessary relations of the ,godhead1 and the outward manifestation of these relations in the creation4 ,the hypothesis of the ,trinity assumes that this analogy exists1 and is to some extent apprehensible4 ,we will now proceed to indicate the process by which ,catholic theologians show this analogy1 beginning with those terms of analogy which lie in the material order1 and ascending to those which lie in the order of spirit and intelligence4 ,first1 then1 it is argued1 that the law of generation in the physical world1 by which like produces like1 represents some divine and eternal principle4 ,ascending from the lower manifestation of this law to man1 we find this physical relation of generation the basis of a higher filiation in which the soul participates4 ,man generates the image of himself1 in his son1 who is not merely his bodily offspring1 but similar and equal to himself in his rational nature4 ,as ,st4 ,paul says1 the principal of this paternity must be in ,god1 and must therefore be in him essential and eternal4 ,but this principle of eternal1 essential paternity1 within the necessary being of ,god1 is the very principle of distinct personal relations4 ,again1 the multiplicity of creation indicates that there is some principle in the ,divine ,nature1 corresponding in an eminent sense and mode to this multiplicity4 ,the relations of number are eternal truths1 and have some infinite transcendental type in ,god4 ,if there were no principle in the ,divine ,nature except pure1 abstract unity1 there would be no original idea1 from which ,god could proceed to create a universe2 which is necessarily multiplex and constituted in an infinitude of distinct relations1 yet all radically one1 as proceeding from one principle and tending to one end4 ,here is an analogy indicating that unity and multiplicity imply and presuppose one the other4 ,these two arguments combine when we consider the law of generation and the principle of multiplicity as constituting human society and building up the human race4 ,society1 love1 mutual communion1 reciprocal relations1 kind offices1 diversity in equality1 constitute the happiness and well being of man2 they are an image and a participation of the divine beatitude4 ,all the good of the creature1 all the perfections of derived1 contingent existences1 have an eminent transcendental type in ,god4 ,love1 friendship1 society1 represent something in the divine nature4 ,if there were no personal relations in ,god1 but a mere solitude of being existing in a unity and singularity exclusive of all plurality and society1 it would seem that1 supposing creation possible1 the rational creature would copy his archetype1 be single of his kind1 and find his happiness in absolute solitude4 ,it is otherwise1 however1 with the human race4 ,the human individual is not single and solitary4 ,human nature is one in respect of origin and kind1 derived from one principle which is communicated by generation and exists in plurality of persons4 ,society is necessary to the perpetuation1 perfection1 and happiness of the human race4 ,this society is constituted primarily in a three-fold relation between the father1 the mother1 and #gfc the child1 which makes the family2 and the family repeated and multiplied makes the tribe1 the nation1 and the race4 ,taking now the hypothesis of three persons in one nature as constituting the ,godhead1 it is plain that we have a clearer idea of that in ,god which is represented and imitated in human society1 and which is the archetype of the life1 the happiness1 the love1 existing in the communion of distinct persons in one common nature1 than we can have in the hypothesis of an absolute singularity of person in the deity4 ,that good which man enjoys by fellowship with his equal and his like1 is a participation in the supreme good that is in ,god4 ,in that supreme good1 this participated good must exist in an eminent manner4 ,god must have in himself infinite1 all-sufficing society1 fellowship1 love4 ,he must have it in his necessary and eternal being1 for he cannot be dependent on that which is contingent and created4 ,supposing therefore that it is consistent with the unity of his nature to exist in three distinct and equal persons1 not only is the analogy of his creation to himself more manifest1 but the conception we can form of the perfection of his being is more complete and intelligible4 ,there is another analogy in the intellectual operation of the human mind4 ,the intellective faculty generates what may be called the interior word1 or image of the mind1 the archetype of that which is outwardly expressed in a philosophical theory1 a poem1 a picture1 a statue1 or a work of architecture4 ,through this word1 the great creative mind lives and attains to the completion and happiness of intellectual existence4 ,it loves it as proceeding from and identical with itself4 ,through it1 it acts upon other minds1 controls and influences their thought and life2 and thus the spirit proceeding from the creative mind1 through its generated word1 is the completion of its inward and outward operation4 ,thus1 argue the theologians1 the ,father contemplating the infinitude of his divine essence generates by an infinite thought1 the ,word1 or ,son4 ,being infinite and uncreated1 his necessary act is infinite and uncreated1 in all respects equal to himself1 and therefore the ,word is equal to the ,father2 possesses the plenitude of the divine essence1 intelligence and personality4 ,the divine act of generation is not a purely intellectual cognition1 but a contemplation in which love is joined with knowledge4 ,the ,father beholds the ,son1 and the ,son looks back upon the ,father1 with infinite love1 which is the spiration of the divine life4 ,this spiration or spirit1 proceeding from the ,father and the ,son1 is the consummating1 completing term of their unity1 and contains the divine being which is in the ,father and the ,son in all its plenitude2 constituting a third person1 equal to the first and second4 ,the operation of a limited1 finite1 created soul presents only a faint1 imperfect analogy of the ,trinity1 because it is itself limited1 as being the operation of a soul participating in being only to a limited extent4 ,individual existences possess each one a limited portion of being4 ,but in ,god1 it is not so4 ,there is no division in his nature1 because the eternal1 self-existing cause and principle of its unity is a simultaneous cause of its absolute plenitude by which it exhausts all possible being4 ,this plenitude of being is in the eternal generation of the second person1 and the eternal spiration of the third person in the ,godhead1 on account of the necessary perfection of the most pure act in which the being of ,god consists2 wherefore personality is predicable1 as one of the perfections of being1 of each of the three terms of relation in ,god4 ,the word of human reason and its spirit1 are not equal to itself1 or personal1 because of the limited and imperfect nature of human reason1 and its operations4 ,the ,word or ,son of the ,eternal ,father1 and the ,holy ,spirit1 are equal to him and personal1 because the ,father is ,god1 and his act is infinite4 #gfd ,this prepares the way for a different method of presenting the argument from analogy1 based on the conception of ,god as actus purissimus1 or most pure act4 ,this is clearly and succinctly stated by ,dr4 ,brownson as follows3 ,the one1 or naked and empty unity1 even in the ,unitarian mind is not the equivalent of ,god4 ,when he says one1 he still asks1 one what8 ,the answer is1 one ,god1 which implies even with him something more than unity4 ,it implies unity and its real and necessary contents as living or actual being4 ,unity is an abstract conception formed by the mind operating on the intuition of the concrete1 and as abstract1 has no existence out of the mind conceiving4 ,like all abstractions1 it is in itself dead1 unreal1 null4 ,god is not an abstraction1 not a mere generalization1 a creature1 or a theorem of the human mind1 but one living and true ,god1 existing from and in himself1 ad se et se4 ,he is real being1 being in its plenitude1 eternal1 independent1 self-living1 and complete in himself4 ,to live is to act4 ,to be eternally and infinitely living is to be eternally and infinitely acting1 is to be all act2 and hence philosophers and theologians term ,god1 in scholastic language1 most pure act1 actus purissimus4 ,but act1 all act demands1 as its essential conditions1 principle1 medium1 and end4 ,unity1 then1 to be actual being1 to be eternally and purely act in itself1 must have in itself the three relations of principle1 medium1 and end1 precisely the three relations termed in ,christian theology ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost--the ,father as principle1 the ,son as medium1 and the ,holy ,ghost as end or consummation of the divine life4 ,these three interior relations are essential to the conception of unity as one living and true ,god4 ,hence the radical conception of ,god as triune is essential to the conception of ,god as one ,god1 or real1 self-living1 self-sufficing unity4 ,there is nothing in this view of the ,trinity that asserts that one is three1 or that three are one2 nor is there anything that breaks the divine unity1 for the triplicity asserted is not three ,gods1 or three divine beings1 but a threefold interior relation in the interior essence of the one ,god1 by virtue of which he is one actual1 living ,god4 ,the relations are in the essence of the one ,god1 and are so to speak the living contents of his unity1 without which he would be an empty1 unreal abstraction2 one--nothing4 ,footnote #ahd ,footnote #ahd3 ,brownson's ,review1 ,july1 #ahfc1 pp4 #bff1 #bfg4 ,there is still another way of stating the argument1 founded on the necessary relation between subject and object4 ,in the rational order1 subject is that which apprehends and object that which is apprehended4 ,intelligence is subject and the intelligible is object4 ,the mere power or capacity of intelligence1 if it is conceived of in an abstract manner as existing alone without relation to its object1 must be conceived of as not in actual exercise4 ,intelligence in act implies something intelligible which terminates the act of intelligence4 ,even supposing that the object of the intelligence is identical with the subject1 that is1 that the rational mind contemplates itself as a really existing substance1 nevertheless there is a distinction between the mind considered as the subject which contemplates1 and the mind considered as the object which is contemplated4 ,the reason contemplated must be projected before itself and regarded as an object distinct from the contemplating reason in the act of contemplation4 ,the eye which sees objects external to itself1 does not actually see or bring its visual power into act until an object is presented before it2 and the individual does not become conscious that he can see or is possessed of a visual faculty1 except in the act of seeing an object4 ,the eye cannot see itself immediately by the mere fact that it is a visual organ1 but only sees itself as reflected in a mirror and made objective to itself4 ,god is the absolute intelligence and the absolute intelligible1 as has been proved in a previous chapter4 ,he contemplates and comprehends himself1 and in this consists his active being and life4 ,thus in the divine being there is the distinction of subject and object4 ,god considered as infinite intelligence is subject1 and considered as the infinite intelligible is his own adequate object4 ,the hypothesis of the ,trinity presents to us ,god as subject for intelligence in the person of the ,father1 as object1 or the intelligible1 in the person of the ,son4 ,the ,son is the image of the ,father1 as the reflection of a man's form in the mirror is the image of himself4 ,the eternal generation of the ,son is the #gfe eternal act of the ,father contemplating his own being1 and is terminated upon the person of the ,son as its object4 ,as this act is within the divine being1 the image of the ,father is not a merely phenomenal1 apparent1 unsubstantial reflection of his being1 but real1 living1 and substantial4 ,the ,son is consubstantial with the ,father4 ,the being of ,god is in the act of intelligence or contemplation1 whether we consider ,god as the subject or the object in this infinite act1 that is1 as intelligent and contemplating1 or as intelligible and contemplated4 ,the consummating principle of love1 complacency1 or beatitude1 which completes this act1 vivifies it1 and unites the person of the ,father with the person of the ,son in one indivisible being1 is the ,holy ,spirit1 equal to the ,father and the ,son1 and identical in being1 because a necessary term of the most pure act in which the divine life and being consists4 ,all that is within the circle of the necessary1 essential being of ,god1 as most pure1 intelligent1 living act1 is uncaused1 self-existent1 infinite1 eternal4 ,by the hypothesis1 we must conceive of ,god as subsisting in the three persons1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 in order to conceive of him as ens in actu1 or in the state of actual1 living1 concrete being1 and not as a mere abstraction or possibility existing in thought only2 as infinite intelligence1 and the adequate object of his own intelligence1 self sufficing and infinitely blessed in himself4 ,therefore the ,father is ,god1 the ,son is ,god1 and the ,holy ,ghost is ,god4 ,it is only by this triplicity of personal relations that the unity of ,god as a living1 concrete unity1 or the unity of one1 absolute1 perfect1 infinite being1 containing in himself the actual plenitude of all that is conceivable or possible1 can subsist or be vividly apprehended4 ,therefore there cannot be1 by the hypothesis1 a separate and distinct ,godhead in each of the three persons1 since triplicity of person enters into the very essential idea of ,godhead4 ,the hypothesis of the ,trinity1 therefore1 absolutely compels the mind to believe in the unity of ,god1 and shuts out all possibility that there should be more ,gods than one1 because it shuts out all possibility of imagining any mode or form of necessary being which is not included in the three personal relations of the one ,god4 ,unity and plurality1 singularity and society1 capacity of knowing1 loving1 and enjoying the true1 the beautiful1 and the good1 and the adequate object of this capacity1 or the true1 beautiful1 and good in se1 the subject and the object of intelligent and spiritual life and activity1 intelligence and the intelligible1 love and the loved1 blessedness and beatitude1 subsist in him in actual being1 which is infinite and exhausts in its most pure act all that is in the uncreated1 necessary1 self-existent principle of being and first cause4 ,the adequate reason and type of all contingent and created existences is demonstrated also to be in the three personal relations of the one divine essence1 in such a way1 that the hypothesis of the ,trinity1 as a theorem1 satisfactorily takes up1 accounts for1 and explains all discoverable truths as well in regard to the universe as in regard to ,god4 ,this last statement indicates the answer which we think is the most correct one to the question proposed in the beginning of this chapter1 as to the full logical force of the rational argument for the ,trinity4 ,that is1 we regard it as a hypothesis which in the first place is completely insusceptible of rational refutation4 ,in the second place1 contains certain truths which are established by very strong probable arguments and analogies4 ,in the third place1 suggests a conception of ,god which harmonizes with all the truth we know1 or can see to be probable1 and at the same time is more perfect and sublime than any which can be made1 excluding the hypothesis4 ,we do not claim for it the character of a strict demonstration4 ,to certain minds it seems to approach #gff very near a demonstration1 probably because their intellectual power of vision is unusually acute4 ,to others it appears nearly or quite unintelligible4 ,probably but few persons comparatively can grasp it in such a way as to attain a true intellectual insight into the relation between the doctrine of the ,trinity and philosophy4 ,yet all those who have thought much on the doctrine1 and who find their great difficulty in believing it to consist in a want of apparent connection with other truths1 ought to be able to appreciate the philosophical argument by which the connection is shown4 ,they must have an aptitude for apprehending arguments of this nature1 otherwise they would not think on the subject so intently4 ,all they can justly expect is that the impediment in their minds against believing that the doctrine is credible1 or not incredible1 supposing it revealed1 should be removed4 ,this is done by the arguments of ,catholic theologians4 ,if the doctrine be revealed1 it is credible2 that is1 an intelligent person can in perfect consistency with the dictates of reason assent to the proposition that ,god has revealed it1 and that it is therefore credible on his veracity4 ,the ground of the positive and unwavering assent of the mind is in the veracity of ,god1 and remains there1 no matter how far the reasoning process may be carried2 for without the revelation of ,god1 the conception of the ,trinity1 supposing it once obtained1 would for ever remain a mere hypothesis1 though the most probable of all which could be conceived4 ,as already explained1 it is only by a supernatural grace that the mind is elevated to a state in which it clearly and habitually contemplates the object of faith as revealed by ,god4 ,by divine faith1 the intellect believes without doubting the mystery of the three persons in one divine nature1 and incorporates this belief into its life1 as a vivifying truth and not a dead1 inert1 abstract speculation or theorem4 ,when it is thus believed1 and taken as a certain truth1 the intellect1 if it is capable of apprehending the argument from analogy1 may be able to see that the ,trinity is really that truth which is the archetype that has been copied in creation1 and is indicated in the analogies already pointed out4 ,it may see that one cannot think logically unless he is first instructed in the doctrine of the ,trinity and proceeds from it as a given truth or datum of reasoning4 ,thus1 he may by the light of faith attain an elevated kind of science1 or eminent act of reason1 which really rests on indubitable principles4 ,yet it will not be properly science or knowledge of the revealed mysteries1 since one of these indubitable principles on which all the consequences depend1 is revelation itself1 which really constitutes the mind in a certitude of that which on merely rational principles remains always inevident4 ,probably this is what is meant by those who maintain that the ,trinity can be rationally demonstrated4 ,given1 that the ,trinity is a revealed truth1 it explains and harmonizes in the sphere of reason what is otherwise inexplicable4 ,it is the same with other revealed truths1 and to prove that it is so is the principal object of this essay4 ,presented in this light1 the ,catholic dogma of the ,trinity vindicates its claim to be a necessary part of religious belief2 an essential dogma of ,christianity1 revealed and made obligatory for an intelligible reason1 and essential to the formation of a complete and adequate theology and philosophy4 ,it is no longer regarded as a naked1 speculative1 isolated proposition2 to which a merely intellectual assent is required by a precept of authority1 and which has no living relation to other truths or to the practical1 spiritual life of the soul4 ,it is shown to be a universal and fundamental truth1 the basis of all truth and of the entire real and logical order of the universe4 #gfg ,this can be shown much more easily1 and to the majority of minds more intelligibly1 in relation to the other truths of ,christianity1 than to those truths which are more recondite and metaphysical4 ,it is necessary to an adequate explication of the creation1 of the destiny of rational existences1 of the supernatural order1 of the character and mission of ,christ1 of the regeneration of man through him1 and of his final end or supreme and eternal beatitude and glorification in the future life1 as will be shown hereafter4 ,deprived of this dogma1 ,christianity is baseless1 unmeaning1 and worthless2 and is infallibly disintegrated and reduced to nihilism1 by the necessary laws of thought4 ,this is true also of theism1 or natural theology4 ,and this suggests a powerful subsidiary argument in a different line of reasoning1 proving that the doctrine of the ,trinity is necessary to the perfection and perpetuity of the doctrine of the unity of ,god4 ,the same universal tradition which has handed down the pure1 theistic conception1 and has instructed mankind in the true1 adequate knowledge of ,god1 has handed down the ,trinity1 and traces of it are even found in heathen theosophy and the more profound heathen philosophy4 ,wherever the doctrine of the ,trinity has been preserved1 there the clear conception of the one ,god and his attributes has been preserved4 ,and where this doctrine has been corrupted or lost1 the conception of ,god as one living being of infinite perfection1 the first and final cause of all things1 has passed away into polytheism or pantheism or scepticism4 ,wherever ,god is apprehended as the supreme creator and sovereign1 the supreme object of worship1 obedience1 and love1 in intimate personal relations to man1 he is apprehended in the personal relations which subsist in himself1 that is1 in the ,trinity4 ,his interior personal relations are the foundation of all external personal relations to his creatures4 ,this is even true of ,unitarians1 so long as they retain the ,christian ethical and spiritual temper which connects them with the ,christian world of thought and life1 and do not slide into some form of infidelity4 ,they retain some imperfect conception of the relations of ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 and in proportion as they become more positive in religion1 they revive and renew this conception4 ,the effort to make a system of living1 practical theistic religion is feeble and futile1 and what little consistency and force it has is derived from the conception of the fatherhood of ,god borrowed from ,christian theology2 but imperfect without the two additional terms which constitute the complete conception of the ,trinity4 ,all this is a powerful argument for a ,theist or a ,unitarian in favor of the divine origin and authority of the ,catholic dogma4 ,the instruction which completes the inward affirmation of ,god in the idea of reason1 and is the complement of the creative act constituting the soul rational1 must be from the ,creator4 ,he alone can complete his own work4 ,it is contrary to all rational conceptions of the wisdom of ,god to suppose that he has permitted that the same instruction which teaches mankind to know1 to worship1 to love1 and to aspire after himself1 should hand down in inseparable connection with the eternal truth of the unity of his essence1 the doctrine of the threefold personal relations within this unity1 if this were an error diametrically its opposite1 and not a truth equally necessary and eternal4 ------ #gfh ,from ,the ,month4 ,,cairo ,,and ,,the ,,franciscan ,,missions ,,on ,,the ,,nile4 ,on the #beth ,november1 #ahf--1 a small but crowded steamer was seen ploughing its way through the waves at the entrance to the port of ,alexandria4 ,its living freight was of a motley description3 there were the usual proportion of ,indian passengers--,indian officers returning with their wives after sick-leave2 engineer officers going out to lay down the electric telegraph--one of whom1 young in years but old in knowledge1 whose distinguished merit had already raised him to the first place in his profession1 was never again destined to see his native shores4 ,then there were others seeking health1 and about to exchange the damp1 foggy climate of ,england for the warm1 dry1 invigorating air of ,nubia and the ,upper ,nile4 ,they had had a horrible passage1 in a small and badly-appointed steamer1 of which all the port-holes had to be closed on account of the gale1 leaving the wretched inhabitants of the cabins in a state of suffocation difficult to describe4 ,so that it was with intense joy that the jetty was at last reached2 and in the midst of a noise and confusion impossible to describe1 the passengers were landed on the dirty quay1 and were dragged rather than led into the carriages which were to convey them to the hotel4 ,it was the feast of ,st4 ,catharine1 the patron saint of ,alexandria1 to whom the great cathedral is dedicated2 and in consequence the town was more than usually gay4 ,towards evening a beautiful procession was formed1 and ,benediction sung in the cathedral1 which is served by the ,lazarist fathers4 ,it was the best day to arrive at ,alexandria1 and the prayers of the virgin saint and martyr were earnestly invoked by some of the party for a blessing on their voyage and a safe and happy return4 ,to one who has been for a long time in the ,east1 ,alexandria appears a motley collection of half ,european1 half ,arabian houses1 and the refuse of the populations of each2 but on first landing1 everything appears new1 beautiful1 and strange4 ,the long files of camels1 the veiled women1 the variety of the dresses are all striking2 but the one thing which even the most hackneyed ,nile traveller cannot fail to admire is the vegetation4 ,enormous groves of date-palms and bananas1 with an underwood of poncettias1 their scarlet leaves looking like red flamingos amid the dark-green leaves1 and ipomeas of every shade-- lilac1 yellow1 and above all turquoise-blue--climbing over every ruined wall1 and exquisite in color as in form1 delight an eye accustomed to see such things carefully tended in hothouses only1 or paid for at the rate of five shillings a spray in ,covent ,garden4 ,the sisters of ,charity of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul have two very large establishments here--one a hospital1 to which is attached a large dispensary1 attended daily by hundreds of ,arabs2 the other a school and orphanage of upwards of #ajjj children4 ,there are thirty-seven sisters1 and their work is bearing its fruit1 not only among the ,christian but the native population4 ,to our ,english travellers the very sight of their white cornettes was an assurance of love and kindness and welcome in this strange land2 and it was with a glad and thankful heart that they found themselves once more kneeling in their chapel1 and felt that no bond is like that of charity1 uniting as in one great family every nation upon earth4 #gfi ,after a couple of days' rest1 our ,english party started by the railroad for ,cairo4 ,this journey was not as commonplace as it sounds2 for at each station the train was besieged by ,arabs1 clamoring for passages1 between #cjj and #djj at a time2 so that it required all the efforts of the guards and their dragoman to prevent their carriage being taken from them by main force4 ,the beauty of ,cairo is the theme of every writer on ,egypt and the ,nile2 but it would be impossible to exaggerate its extreme picturesqueness1 the exquisite carving of its mosques and gateways2 the oriental character of its narrow streets and bazaars and courts2 the beauty of the costumes1 and of the fretted lattice casements overhanging the streets2 the gorgeous interior fittings of the mosques1 one of which is entirely lined with oriental alabaster2 the magnificent fountains in the outer courts of each2 the graceful minarets--all seen in the clearness and beauty of this perfectly cloudless sky1 leave a picture in one's mind which no subsequent travel can efface4 ,outside the town is a perfect city of the dead2 all the pashas and their families are interred there1 and people live among the tombs1 as described in the ,gospels2 while on ,fridays the ,mohammedans have services there for their dead1 that they may be loosed from their sins2 one of those curious fragments of ,christianity which are continually cropping out of this strange ,mohammedan worship4 ,one of the most interesting expeditions made by our travellers was to ,heliopolis4 ,they passed through a sandy plain full of cotton1 date-palms1 and bananas1 and by a succession of miserable native huts1 7which consist of mud walls1 with a roof of ,indian corn1 and a hole left in the wall for light17 until they came to an obelisk1 and from thence to a garden1 in the centre of which is a sycamore tree1 carefully preserved1 under which the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,joseph are said to have rested with the infant ,saviour on their flight into ,egypt4 ,it is close to a well of pure water1 and surrounded with the most beautiful roses and ,egyptian jasmine4 ,the ,mohammedans have the greatest veneration for the ,sitt ,miriam1 as they call the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,they proof her immaculate conception from the ,koran1 and keep a fast of fifteen days before the ,assumption2 therefore no surprise was felt at seeing the care with which this grand old tree is tended and watered by them4 ,another expedition made by the travellers was to ,old ,cairo1 where1 near the famous ,nilometer1 is the ,coptic convent and chapel built over the house of the ,blessed ,virgin and ,st4 ,joseph1 where they are said to have lived for two years with our ,blessed ,lord4 ,there are some very beautiful ancient marble columns and fine olive-wood carvings1 inlaid with ivory1 in this church1 and a staircase leads down to the ,virgin's ,house1 which is now partly under water from the rise of the ,nile4 ,it is curious how persistently all early tradition points to this spot as the site of our ,saviour's ,egyptian sojourn1 and it was with a feeling of simple faith in its authenticity that one of the party knelt and strove to realize this portion of the sacred infancy4 ,there are three ,catholic churches in ,cairo1 the cathedral being a fine large building4 ,the sisters of the ,good ,shepherd have also a large convent near the cathedral1 and an admirable day-school and orphanage4 ,many dark-eyed young girls whom our travellers saw kneeling at benediction there had been rescued by the kind ,mother from worse than ,egyptian slavery4 ,the condition of the fellahs1 or lower orders1 in ,egypt1 is appalling from its misery and degradation2 and the good sisters have very uphill work to humanize as well as christianize these poor children4 #ggj ,nothing can be more wretched than the position of the women1 especially throughout ,egypt4 ,if at all good-looking1 they are brought up for the harems2 if not1 they are kept as hewers of wood and drawers of water2 and the idea of their having souls seems as little believed by the ,mohammedan as by the ,chinese1 whose incredulity on the subject the ,abb ,hue mentions so amusingly in his missionary narrative4 ,before leaving ,cairo the ,english ladies were invited to spend an evening in the royal harem1 and accordingly at eight o'clock found themselves in a beautiful garden1 with fountains1 lit by a multitude of variegated lamps1 and conducted by black eunuchs through trellis-covered walks to a large marble-paved hall1 where about forty ,circassian slaves met them and escorted them to a saloon fitted up with divans1 at the end of which reclined the pasha's wives4 ,one of them was singularly beautiful1 and exquisitely dressed1 in pink velvet and ermine1 with priceless jewels4 ,another very fine figure was that of the mother1 a venerable old princess1 looking exactly like a ,rembrandt just come out of its frame4 ,great respect was paid to her1 and when she came in1 every one rose4 ,the guests being seated1 or rather squatted1 on the divan1 each was supplied with long pipes1 coffee in exquisite jewelled cups1 and sweetmeats1 the one succeeding the other1 without intermission1 the whole night4 ,the ,circassian slaves1 with folded hands and downcast eyes1 stood before their mistresses1 to supply their wants4 ,some of them were very pretty1 and dressed with great richness and taste4 ,then began a concert of ,turkish instruments1 which sounded unpleasing to ,english ears1 followed by a dance1 which was graceful and pretty2 but this again followed by a play1 in which half the female slaves were dressed up as men1 and the coarseness of which it is impossible to describe4 ,the wife of the foreign minister kindly acted as interpreter for the ,english ladies1 and through her means some kind of conversation was kept up4 ,but the ignorance of the ladies in the harem is unbelievable4 ,they can neither read nor write2 their whole day is employed in dressing1 bathing1 eating1 drinking1 and smoking4 ,the soire lasted till two in the morning1 when the royalty withdrew1 and the ,english ladies returned home1 feeling the whole time as if they had been seeing a play acted from a scene in the ,arabian ,nights1 so difficult was it to realize that such a way of existence was possible in the present century4 ,the ,sunday before they left1 curiosity led them after mass to witness the gorgeous ceremonial of the ,coptic ,church4 ,the men sat on the ground with bare feet1 the women in galleries above the dome1 behind screens4 ,the patriarch--who calls himself the successor of ,st4 ,mark1 and is the leader of a sect whose opinions are almost identical with those condemned by the council of ,chalcedon as the ,eutychian heresy--was gorgeously attired in a chasuble of green and gold1 with a silver crosier in one hand1 7,st4 ,george and the dragon being carved on the top17 and in the other a beautiful gold crucifix1 richly jewelled1 wrapped in a gold-colored handkerchief1 which every one stooped to kiss1 after the reading of the gospel and the creed1 the people joined with great fervor in the litanies2 and then began the consecration of the sacred species1 which lasted a very long time4 ,the holy eucharist was given in a spoon to each communicant1 the bread being dipped in the wine1 and the patriarch laying his hand on the forehead of each person while he gave the blessing4 ,at the same time1 blessed bread stamped with a cross1 and with the name of ,christ1 was handed round to the rest of the congregation1 like the pain bnit in village churches in ,france4 ,the ,copts boast that there has never been the slightest alteration in their religious rites since the fourth century1 and they are undoubtedly the only descendents of the ancient ,egyptians4 #gga ,the following morning a portion of our travellers started by train for ,suez1 across a waving1 billowy-looking tract of interminable sand4 ,except the half-way house1 7a miserable shed17 there is no human habitation all the way1 and nothing to be seen but long files of camels slowly wending their way across the desert4 ,after enjoying for a few minutes the first sight of the ,red ,sea1 the consul obligingly lent them horses to ride to the ,lesseps ,canal1 which was then completed to within six miles of ,suez4 ,upward of #ejjj ,arabs had been pressed into the service by the pasha1 and the poor creatures were toiling under the burning sun1 with no pay and wretched food1 and1 when night came1 sleeping under the banks4 ,the mortality among them was frightful2 but it was in this way that the pasha paid for his shares6 ,our travellers tasted the water1 the first that had ever been brought to ,suez1 except by camels1 or1 of late1 by the water-train4 ,it is difficult to realize the fact of a town of this size being entirely without fresh water until now1 which accounts for the absence of the least kind of vegetation4 ,the next morning a steamer took our party early to the wells of ,moses1 about nine miles up the gulf1 where they landed1 being carried through the surf by the ,chinese rowers4 ,each of the wells is enclosed in a little fence1 and belongs to a ,suez merchant4 ,it is a wonderful spot1 so green and so lovely in the midst of such utter desolation4 ,there are dates and banians1 roses and pomegranates1 salads and other vegetables1 all growing in the greatest luxuriance4 ,long strings of camels filed across the sand on their way to ,mount ,sinai1 and the coloring of the mountains was exquisite4 ,the shore was covered with coral and shells4 ,after spending an hour or two there1 and reading the ,bible account of the spot1 our travellers returned to the ship1 and went across the gulf to see the exact place where the ,israelites crossed the ,red ,sea when pursued by ,pharaoh4 ,the view was beautiful1 and the ,hill of ,barda stood out brightly with its jagged points dear and purple against the glowing sky4 ,the ,catholics have a small church at ,suez1 but are building a larger one1 as their mission is greatly on the increase4 ,our travellers returned that evening to ,cairo and for the first time slept on board their boats1 or daha-bih4 ,the first sensation was of discomfort at the smallness of the cabins2 but soon they got used to their floating homes1 and the beauty of the weather enabled them to live all day long on the awning-covered poop2 so that they soon ceased to feel cramped and uncomfortable4 ,the following day1 the wind being contrary1 ,latifa ,pasha1 the head of the ,admiralty1 gave them a steamer to tow them up to ,gizeh1 from whence they were to visit the ,pyramids4 ,the excessive depth of each stone makes the ascent an arduous one for women2 but the view amply repays one for the exertion4 ,on one side is the interminable desert2 on the other1 the fertile ,land of ,goshen4 ,owing to the recent inundations1 the party had continually to dismount from their donkeys and be carried across the water on men's backs4 ,the next few days passed quickly1 our travellers landing every morning to walk and sketch1 while the men were tracking along the shore1 and making acquaintance with all the people and places of interest as they passed4 ,at ,el-,atfeh was a remarkable dervish of the tribe they had seen dancing in ,cairo1 who showed them his house1 in the court of which was the tomb of his predecessor1 hung with ostrich-eggs1 canoes and other votive offerings1 but hideously painted in bright green4 ,at ,bibbeh there was a very fine ,coptic church1 with a picture of ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon1 who is the favorite saint throughout the ,east1 and venerated alike by ,christian and ,moslem4 ,again1 on their way to ,minieh1 they passed by a fine ,coptic convent on the top of a #ggb cliff1 and two of the monks swam to the boats to ask for alms and offerings1 which are never refused them4 ,on the #bjth ,december they reached ,sawada1 which is a village somewhat inland1 but containing a large ,coptic convent and church1 served by six priests1 and with a congregation of upwards of #ajjj ,christians4 ,it was also an important burial-place1 and there were multitudes of little domes looking like children's sand-basins reversed1 but each surmounted with a cross4 ,one of the ladies was sketching this picturesque village from a palm-grove at the entrance of the principal gateway1 when a venerable priest approached her and made that sign which in the ,east is the freemasonry of brotherhood--the sign of the ,cross4 ,the lady instantly responded1 and the old priest1 joyfully clapping his hands1 led her into the church1 showing her all its carious carvings and decorations1 and several very ancient ,,mss4 ,there are some fine mountains at the back1 in which the gentlemen of the party discovered some wolves4 ,the next day brought them to ,beni-,hassan4 ,the caves1 which are about three miles from the shore1 were originally used as tombs by the ancient ,egyptians1 and are covered with paintings and hieroglyphics2 but their chief interest arises from their having been the great hiding-place of the ,christians during the persecutions1 and also used as cells by ,st4 ,anthony1 ,st4 ,macarius1 and other anchorites4 ,a little farther on1 near ,manfaloot1 is the cave of ,st4 ,john the ,hermit1 venerated to this hour as such by the natives4 ,on ,christmas-day our travellers arrived at ,sioot1 and found there a ,catholic church served by the ,franciscan mission1 which is under the special protection of the ,emperor of ,austria1 who has sent some very good pictures for the altars there4 ,the mass was reverently and well sang1 and about #aej ,catholics were present4 ,after mass1 the ,italian padre gave them coffee4 ,he had been educated at the ,propaganda1 but had been twenty-four years in ,egypt2 so that he had almost forgotten every language except ,arabic4 ,he said that they had now obtained a union with the ,copts1 and a ,coptic mass followed the ,latin one4 ,the mission had been established at ,sioot four years before1 by the intervention of ,said ,pasha1 but had encountered great opposition at first from the ,moslems4 ,two bodies of ,christian saints with all the signs of martyrdom had been lately discovered in the caves above the town2 but the ,mohammedans would not allow the ,christians to have them4 ,the good old ,franciscan had studied medicine1 and thus first made his way among the people4 ,now he seems to be universally respected and beloved4 ,our party rode through the dirty bazaars of this so-called capital of ,upper ,egypt1 and ascended to the caves4 ,but the ,city of the ,dead1 a little beyond the town1 is mournfully beautiful and silent4 ,it is composed of streets of tombs1 of white stone or marble1 the only sign of life being the jar of water left in front of each1 to water the aloes planted in picturesque vases at the gate of each tomb4 ,a whole poem might be written on the thoughts suggested by those silent streets4 ,it was this ,city of the ,dead which is said to have occasioned the valuable lesson given by ,st4 ,macarius to the young man who had asked him how he could best learn indifference to the world's opinion8 ,he directed him to go to this place1 and first upbraid and then flatter the dead4 ,the young man did as he was bid4 ,when he came back1 the saint asked him what answer they had made8 ,the young man replied1 ,none at all4 ,then said ,st4 ,macarius3 ,go and learn from them neither to be moved by injuries or flatteries4 ,if you thus die to the world and to yourself1 you will begin to live to ,christ4 #ggc ,here for the first time our travellers realized the horrors of an ,egyptian conscription4 ,a number of villagers coming in to the ,sunday's market were at once seized1 chained together1 and thrown on the ground like so much dead stock to be packed off on board a government vessel1 when the fall complement had been secured4 ,the screams and howls of their wives and daughters1 throwing dirt on their heads and tearing their hair1 in token of despair1 when their frantic efforts to release them from the recruiting-sergeants were found ineffectual1 were most piteous to hear4 ,the poor fellows rarely survive to return to their homes2 and their pay and food are so miserably small and scanty1 that to be made a soldier is looked upon as worse than death4 ,they maim themselves in every way to escape it--cutting off their forefingers1 putting out their eyes1 and the like4 ,scarcely a man on board the boats is not mutilated in this manner4 ,in the evening1 being ,christmas-day1 all the boats were illuminated with ,chinese lanterns and avenues of palms2 while the sailors made crosses and stars of palm-leaves1 to hang over the cabin-doors4 ,a beautiful moon-light night added to the effect of these decorations1 as the party rowed round the different dahabihs1 and the ,adeste fidelis sounded softly across the water4 ,the following morning1 after early mass1 a favorable wind carried them on to ,ekhnim1 where there is also a ,catholic ,franciscan missionary and church4 ,the priest was a ,neapolitan1 and had begun his labors at ,suez4 ,his only companion was a native ,copt1 who had been educated at the ,propaganda4 ,they had about five hundred ,catholics in their congregation1 and a school of about fifty children4 ,the church was of the fifteenth century1 and under the protection of a ,christian sheik1 to whom our travellers were introduced1 and who courteously invited them into his house4 ,the courtyard of the ,catholic church was crowded with native ,christians who had escaped from the conscription1 and were safe under the roof of the priest4 ,the sheik conducted his guests to his house1 the only good one in ,ekhnim1 and furnished more or less in ,european style1 as he had been at ,cairo1 and attached to the household of the late viceroy4 ,they sat on the divan1 with pipes and coffee1 talking ,italian with the priest1 when the sheik1 as a great honor1 allowed them to see his wife1 and afterward his daughter1 a bride of thirteen1 married to the son of the ,copt bishop4 ,she was dressed in red1 as a bride1 with a red veil and a profusion of gold ornaments and coins strung round her neck and arms4 ,the sheik and the whole population escorted our travellers back to their boats with every demonstration of respect1 and then the principal chiefs with the priests were invited to come on board and have coffee1 which they accepted4 ,the ,franciscan father had been for seven years at ,castellamare1 and felt the change terribly1 but said that the climate was good1 and that the comfort of feeling he was working for ,god strengthened his hands when he was inclined to despond4 ,he complained of the lamentable ignorance of the ,coptic priests1 who knew nothing of the history of their interesting old churches and convents1 and only tell you they were built before their fathers were born6 ,the two large ,coptic convents formerly existing in the mountains above the town are deserted2 but their church at ,ekhnim is the oldest now remaining in ,egypt1 and full of curious carving and very ancient pillars4 ,on ,new ,year's day our travellers arrived at ,denderah1 and spent it in the wonderful temple of ,athor4 ,the heat was very great1 and it required some courage to attempt to sketch4 ,at five the following morning the boats arrived at ,keneh1 and some of the party went on shore to mass1 that being also a ,franciscan station4 ,the church is small1 but very nicely kept2 the place is1 however1 unhealthy1 and the good ,franciscan father was very low at the mortality among his comrades4 ,he has lately started a school and has about twenty children2 but his life is a very desolate one1 having #ggd no ,european to speak to1 or any one to sympathize in his work4 ,after mass he took our travellers to see the making of the goolehs1 or water-bottles1 which are so famous throughout ,egypt1 and are made solely in this place1 of the peculiar clay of the district1 mixed with the ashes of the halfeh grass4 ,they are beautiful in form1 and keep the water deliciously cool4 ,after a breakfast of coffee and excellent dates at the sheik's house1 the party rembarked1 and arrived that evening at ,negaddi4 ,here again they found a ,catholic mission4 ,the superior1 ,padre ,samuele1 had been laboring there for twenty-three years4 ,he was of the ,lyons mission1 and was the only one who had survived the climate4 ,four of his brethren had died within the last twelvemonth1 and he had just dug a grave for the last4 ,they had a large and devout congregation1 and a school of one hundred and fifty children1 and had been building a new church of very fine and good proportions4 ,but now the good father has to labor and live alone4 ,he said1 however1 that he had written to ,europe for fresh workers1 whom he was anxiously expecting4 ,negaddi is remarkable for its turreted pigeon-houses1 painted white and red1 which form an amusing contrast to the miserable mudholes in which the inhabitants live4 ,the following evening found our travellers at ,thebes4 ,the town itself is a surprise and disappointment4 ,there are literally no shops1 no bazaar1 no houses but the two or three belonging to the consuls1 and built in the midst of the temples4 ,but the said temples are unrivalled for interest and beauty4 ,karnac1 either by daylight or moonlight1 is a thing apart from all others in the world for vastness of conception and magnificence of design4 ,there were giants in those days4 ,the same may be said of the ,tombs of the ,kings1 of the ,vocal ,memnon1 of the ,memnouium1 of ,medemet ,haboo1 and the rest4 ,the marvel is1 what has become of the people who created such things2 who had brought civilization1 arts1 and manufactures to such perfection that nothing modern can surpass them4 ,is it not a lesson to our pride and our materialism1 when we think of them and of ourselves1 and then see the degraded state of the modern ,egyptian1 the utter extinction of the commonest art or even handicraft among them1 so that it is scarcely possible1 even in ,cairo1 to get an ordinary deal table made with a drawer in it8 ,there is no ,catholic mission at ,thebes1 but a ,coptic bishop1 who received our travellers very kindly1 showed them his church1 and gave them coffee on a terrace overlooking the ,nile4 ,this evening was twelfth-night1 and the boats were again illuminated and decorated with palms1 the whole having a beautiful effect reflected in the water4 ,after spending a week at ,thebes1 ,our travellers sailed on to ,assouan1 visiting the temples of ,esneh1 ,edfoo1 and ,komom-,boo on their way1 and coming into the region of crocodiles and pelicans1 and of the ,theban or dom palm--less graceful than the date palm1 but still beautiful1 and bearing a large1 nut-like fruit in fine hanging clusters4 ,between ,edfoo and ,thebes are shown some caves1 in one of which ,st4 ,paul1 the first hermit1 passed so many years of penitence and prayer4 ,he was discovered by ,st4 ,antony in his old age1 when tempted to vain-glory1 ,god having revealed to him that there was a recluse more perfect than himself1 whom he was to go into the desert and seek4 ,a beautiful picture in the gallery at ,madrid by ,velasquez represents the meeting of the two venerable saints1 the dinner brought to them by the raven1 and the final interment of ,st4 ,paul by ,st4 ,antony in the cloak of ,st4 ,athanasius1 the lions assisting to dig the grave6 ,assouan is1 as it were1 the gate of the ,cataracts1 and is on the borders of ,nubia1 the great desert of ,syene being to the left of the village4 ,the ,nubian caravans were tented on the shore1 and tempting the ,europeans with daggers1 knives1 #gge ostrich-eggs1 poisoned arrows1 rhinoceros hide shields1 lances and monkeys4 ,the climate was delicious4 ,there is no country in the world to be compared with ,egypt at this time of the year1 because1 in spite of the heat1 there is a lightness and exhilaration in the air which makes every one well and hungry4 ,to an artist the coloring is equally perfect4 ,no one who has not been there can imagine what the sunrises and sunsets are1 especially the after-glow at sunset4 ,no artificial red1 orange1 or purple can approach it4 ,then the gracefulness of the palms on the banks1 the rosy color of the mountains1 the picturesque sakeels or water-wheels1 and the still prettier shadoof1 with its mournful sound1 which seems as the wail of the patient slave who works it day and night1 and thereby produces the exquisite tender green vegetation on the banks of the river1 due to this artificial irrigation alone--all are a continual feast to the eye of the painter4 ,and if all this is felt below ,assouan1 what can be said of ,philae--beautiful ,philae--that dream of loveliness1 as a modern writer justly calls it8 ,our travellers1 while waiting for the interminable arrangements with the ,reis of the ,cataracts1 took the road along the shore2 and after passing through a succession of curious and picturesque villages1 arrived at one called ,mahatta1 where they hired a little boat to take them across to the beautiful island4 ,rocks of the most fantastic shapes are piled up on both sides of the shore2 but when once you have emerged from these into the deep water1 ,pharaoh's ,bed and the other temples stand out against the sky in all their wonderful beauty4 ,philae was the burial-place of ,osiris1 and ,by him who sleeps in ,philae was the common oath of the old ,egyptians4 ,the temples are too well known by drawings to need description2 but what is less often mentioned by travellers is that the larger one1 originally dedicated to the sun1 was used for a long time by the ,christians as a church4 ,consecration crosses are deeply engraved on every one of these grand old pillars2 and at one end is an altar1 with a cross in the centre1 in white marble1 and a piscina at the side1 with a niche for the sacred elements2 and above this recess is a beautiful cross deeply cut in the stone1 together with the emblem of the vine4 ,the cross is also let into the principal gateways4 ,there was an ,italian inscription commemorating the arrival of the first ,roman mission sent by ,gregory ,,xvi41 and a tablet in ,french recording the arrival of the ,french army there under ,napoleon in #agii1 signed by ,general ,davoust4 ,the gentlemen of the party decided to pitch their tents in the island till the question of the passing of the ,cataracts was decided2 and while this operation was going on1 one of the ladies sat down to sketch4 ,she was quietly painting1 luxuriating in the beauty and silence around her1 and watching the sun setting gloriously behind the temple1 when all of a sudden a deep bell boomed across the water and was repeated half-a-dozen times4 ,it was the ,angelus4 ,even the least ,catholic of the party was struck and impressed by this unexpected sound1 so unusual in a country where bells are unknown1 and the only call for prayer is from the minaret top4 ,instinctively they knelt1 and then arose the question ,where could the bell come from8 ,there was no sign of habitation or human beings either on the island itself or on the opposite shores1 and the dragoman himself was equally at fault4 ,at last1 on questioning the boatmen1 they found that behind some hills a short distance off was a convent--sort of convalescent home for the sick monks of the ,barri mission4 ,the ,english lady decided at once to go and see it1 and on arriving at the long low stone building1 found that the ,franciscan father1 who was almost its solitary occupant1 had just returned from the ,white ,nile1 being one of a mission to the blacks in the ,barri country1 a month's journey south of ,khartoun4 #ggf ,he had been at death's door from fever2 and on leaving ,khartoun for ,philae1 an eighteen days' ride on camels1 had been attacked by dysentery1 and left for dead in the burning desert by the caravan2 only a faithful black convert remained by his side1 and he felt that his last hour was come2 when the arrival of poor ,captain ,speke1 on his way home from one of his last explorations1 changed the state of things4 ,with true ,christian charity our countryman at once ordered a halt1 and devoted himself to the nursing and doctoring of the dying monk2 so that in a few days he was so far recovered as to be able to resume his journey1 and arrived safely at ,philae4 ,he said he owed his life1 under ,god1 entirely to the kindness of this ,englishman2 and his only anxiety seemed to be to show his gratitude by doing everything he could for those of his nation4 ,he invited our travellers to take up their abode in the convent1 and gave them a most interesting account of the missionary work of his order4 ,they have chartered a small vessel1 which they have called the ,stella ,matutina1 and which plies up and down the river1 and enables them to visit their stations on each bank4 ,but they have every kind of hardship to encounter from the treachery or stupidity or positive hostility of the different tribes1 from the intense heat1 and above all1 from the deadly malaria which had carried off seventy of their brothers in three years4 ,but there are ever fresh soldiers of this noble army ready and eager to fill up the ranks4 ,the ladies rode home by the way of the desert1 and reached their boats in safety4 ,the next morning1 at five o'clock1 the same road was resumed by two of the party who were anxious to to reach the convent in time for the early mass4 ,they met nothing on their seven-miles' ride but a hyaena1 who was devouring a camel which they had left dying the night before4 ,the little convent chapel was very nice2 and among the vestments sent by the oeuvre apostolique and worked by the ladies of the ,leopoldstadt mission1 one of the party recognized a court-dress which had been presented for the purpose by a ,hungarian friend of hers at ,rome4 ,it was strange to find it again in the depths of ,nubia4 ,the mass was served by two little woolly-haired negro boys from the good old father's school1 whose attachment to him was like that of a dog to its master4 ,he was in some trouble as to finding clothes for them4 ,the ,nubians dispense with every thing of the kind except a fringed leathern girdle round the loins1 decorated with shells4 ,the children have not even that4 ,however1 in the dahabih a piece of rhododendron-patterned chintz was found1 carefully sent from ,england for the covering of the divans2 and with that1 certain articles of dress were manufactured1 gorgeous in coloring1 and therefore perfect in native eyes1 however ludicrous and incongruous they might appear to ,europeans4 ,the following day was fixed for one of the boats to go up the cataracts1 and the party started early for what is called the first gate1 to see the operation4 ,no one who has not lived for some months with this peuple criard1 as ,lamartine calls them1 can imagine the din and screaming of the ,arabs as each dangerous rapid is passed2 the ,reis all the time shouting and storming and leaping from one stone to the other like one possessed4 ,but the ascent is child's play compared to the descent4 ,so many accidents have happened in the latter1 and so many boats have been swamped1 that the captains now insist on the passengers landing on an island near1 while their boats rush down the rapids4 ,it is a beautiful sight1 the way those apparently unwieldy vessels are steered1 and clear the rocks as it were with a bound1 amidst the frantic yells and cheers of the whole population4 ,a number of men1 for a trifling baksheesh1 swam down the current on logs2 one with his little child before him2 but an ,englishman1 attempting #ggg to do it a year or two ago1 was caught in the whirlpool and instantly drowned4 ,after watching this exciting operation1 the party dined together at ,philae in their tent1 and then rowed round and round the island by moonlight1 which exceeded in loveliness all they had hitherto seen2 the vividness of the reflections were beyond belief2 and reading or writing was easy in the brilliant light4 ,our traveller availed herself of the kind ,father ,michael ,angelo's proposal1 and slept at the convent4 ,he gave them some curious arms1 and hippopotamus-teeth from the ,white ,nile1 and some ostrich-eggs arranged as drinking-vessels1 with shells and leather strips3 his sole furniture in his native tent4 ,the ,english1 in return1 gave him a quantity of medicines1 which he eagerly accepted for his mission1 to which he was hoping to return4 ,after early mass the next day1 he escorted them to see the ,island of ,biggeh with its picturesque temple1 and then to the quarries of ,syene1 where an uncut obelisk of great size still remains embedded in the sand4 ,some idea was entertained in ,england of using it for ,prince ,albert's monument2 but the difficulty of carriage and the distance from the river would make its transfer almost impossible4 ,far simpler would be the proposal of taking the ,luxor obelisk1 already given to the ,english by ,mehemet ,ali1 the sister one to that successfully transported to ,paris by the ,french4 ,it is a thousand pities to leave it where it is1 and to miss the occasion of adding so unique and valuable a monument to our art-treasures4 ,this1 the last day of our traveller's stay at ,assouan1 was spent in making a few last purchases1 visiting the old castle overlooking the river1 and exploring the island of ,elephantine1 which offers beautiful sketching4 ,but the inhabitants are even more importunate as beggars than their confraternity at ,thebes2 and it required all the eloquence of the good priest to prevent their appropriating the contents of the traveller's paint-box4 ,she purchased from them many strings of bright beads1 which constitute their sole idea of female dress4 ,a curious funeral took place in the evening1 an empty boat being carried for the dead man1 who was buried with his arms and his spear2 while a funeral dirge was sung over him by his tribe4 ,it was curious1 as being identical with the hieroglyphics of similar scenes in the tombs of the kings4 ,many of the customs of these people are purely pagan2 for instance1 when an ,arab makes his coffee1 he pours out the first three cups on the ground as a libation to the sheik1 who first invented the beverage4 ,the slave-trade1 though nominally abolished by the viceroy1 is carried on vigorously at ,assouan4 ,the governor goes through the form of confiscating the cargo and arresting the owners of the ship2 but1 after a few days1 a handsome baksheesh on the part of the slave-owner and captain settles the matter2 and their live cargo is transported to ,cairo1 there to be disposed of in the harems or elsewhere4 ,to the ,catholic traveller in this country nothing can be more melancholy than the utterly degraded condition of the people1 who are really very little removed from the brute creation4 ,years of ill-usage1 hardship1 and wrong have ground down the ,fellah to the abject condition of a slave2 and the utter extinction of ,christianity among them seems to preclude all hope of their rising again4 ,yet ,egypt was once the home of saints4 ,from ,alexandria1 the seat of all that was most learned and refined1 the see of ,st4 ,athanasius1 and ,st4 ,alexander1 and ,st4 ,cyril1 and ,st4 ,john the ,almoner1 and a whole string of holy patriarchs1 bishops1 and martyrs1 up to the very desert of ,syene1 peopled with anchorites1 the whole land teemed with saints4 ,and now1 the little handful of ,franciscan fathers1 scattered here and there1 sowing once more the good seed at the cost of their lives1 is all that remains to bear witness to the truth4 ------ #ggh ,,original4 ,,thy ,,will ,,be ,,done ,i4 ,my soul a little kingdom is1 ,where ,god's most holy will ,shall reign in undivided sway1 ,potent and grand and still4 ,i'll kneel before the crystal throne1 ,and kiss the golden rod2 ,o peace unspeakable1 to bow ,before the will of ,god6 ,what though my weary feet should fail4 ,my tongue refuse to praise1 ,god knows my soul will steadfastly ,still follow in his ways4 ,,ii4 ,the time has come1 my soul1 the time has come ,to prove the depth of thy oft-vaunted love2 ,a sullen gloom hangs round us like a fog1 ,and lowering clouds are drooping from above4 ,would it were light1 or dark1 not this grey gloom2 ,would that the terror of some sudden crash ,might break this stifling1 dumb monotony6 ,o for some deafening peal or blinding flash6 ,weary and old and sick1 like ancient ,job1 ,i crouch in haggard woe and scan the past1 ,or drag the leaden moments at my heels1 ,mocking wise fools who say that life runs fast4 #ggi ,nothing to conquer now--no call for strength2 ,naught to contend with--only to wait and bear1 ,and see my withering powers and blighted gifts-- ,no room to act--nothing to do or dare3 ,speak now1 my soul1 if thou hast aught to say ,if thou seest light or any hope of day4 ,,iii4 ,fret not this holy stillness with thy cries-- ,patience1 perturbed clay6 ,lest thou should'st drown the voice of the ,all-wise ,with clamorous dismay4 ,thinkest thou that clouds and mists are less ,god's work1 ,than sun or moon or stars8 ,his will is good1 whether it bind the free ,or sunder prison bars4 ,his hand has measured out each feather's weight ,of this most grievous load2 ,he bore the cross we bear1 his heart1 like ours1 ,once in life's furnace glowed4 ,we shall in heaven sing a psalm of joy ,for every earth-wrung moan2 ,one little hour more1 the work well done4 ,and we are all ,god's own4 -------- ,,contrasts ,there is no sound of anguish in the air1 ,bees hum1 birds sing1 the breeze is balmy-sweet ,and from the blooming hawthorn overhead ,a rosy shower droppeth at my feet4 ,no matter6 ,god be praised--some untried heart1 ,sweet with the dewy freshness of life's dawn1 ,is gathering a glad presage of success ,from this bright1 pitiless1 resplendent morn4 ------ #ghj ,from the ,irish ,industrial ,magazine4 ,,the ,,industrial ,,arts ,,of ,,our ,,ancestors4 ,,by ,m4 ,,haverty1 ,,esq4 ,,arts ,,of ,,construction4 ,in considering the building arts1 as practised by the inhabitants of this country in past ages1 we must necessarily divide the subject according to epochs4 ,the ethnologist would of course begin with his favorite scientific classification of the ,stone1 the ,bronze and the ,iron periods2 but this division is1 to say the least of it1 a very arbitrary1 very indefinite1 and very doubtful one4 ,it leaves much too wide a scope for imagination1 and offers no satisfactory explanation of social development2 and the following obvious and natural order of periods1 in the present instance1 will answer our purpose1 namely3 #a4 ,the ,pre-,christian period1 extending from some indefinite epoch of the pre-historic ages1 down to the establishment of ,christianity in ,ireland1 in the fifth century2 #b4 ,the early ,christian period1 extending from the last-mentioned epoch to the commencement of the ,danish wars1 in the beginning of the ninth century2 #c4 ,the period of obscurity and barbarism into which this country was plunged by those fierce and long-protracted wars1 and from which it began to emerge in the reign of ,brian1 and after the battle of ,clontarf1 in #ajad2 #d4 ,the period which followed that just mentioned1 and which extends beyond the ,anglo-,norman invasion until the native ,irish ceased to act as a distinct people2 and1 sic--no #e4 #f4 ,the period which was inaugurated by the aforesaid ,anglo-,norman epoch1 and descended to modern times1 embracing the ages1 first of noble ,gothic abbeys1 and feudal keeps of ,norman barons1 and walled towns2 and then of the fortified bawns and strong solitary towers of new proprietors1 in the ,tudor1 ,stuart1 and ,williamite times4 ,in the first of these periods there was no stone and mortar masonry known in ,ireland1 nor was there any knowledge of the arch4 ,of cyclopean masonry--masonry in which huge stones were frequently employed1 but never any cement--some stupendous and wonderful examples belonging to this first period still remain2 but there was no cemented work4 ,this we may take as absolutely certain1 notwithstanding the notions of some modern antiquaries about the supposed pre-,christian origin of the round towers4 ,this pagan theory of the round towers is a pure creation of what we may call the conjectural school of ,irish antiquaries4 ,the ancient ,irish never dreamt of it4 ,it was suggested at a time when scarcely anything was known of the original native source of ,irish history2 and it has seldom been advocated except by those who are either still unacquainted with these sources of our history1 or else who are carried away by false ideas of early ,irish civilization1 and visionary theories of ancient ,irish fire-worship and ,orientalism2 for all which there is not the slightest foundation in the actual history of the country4 ,it is right that this should be distinctly understood3 without entering into lengthened arguments on the subject1 which would be out of place here1 it ought to be quite sufficient for any rational person to know1 that the character of all the remains of undoubted pagan buildings in ,ireland is utterly inconsistent with the #gha supposition that the same people who built them also built the round towers2 and that such knowledge as we actually possess of the manners and customs of the pagan ,irish shows the absurdity of the notion that the round towers were built by them4 ,the passages of ancient ,irish writings which may be adduced to show that the round towers were built by ,christians are extremely numerous1 while there is not one single iota of evidence in the written monuments of ,irish history1 either printed or ,,ms41 for their pagan origin--nothing1 in fact1 but wild1 unsupported conjecture and imagination4 ,and such being the case1 and all the writings and researches of such distinguished ,irish historical scholars as ,petrie1 ,o',donovan1 and ,o',curry1 who have passed away1 and of ,wilde and ,todd1 and ,graves and ,reeves1 and ,ferguson1 etc41 tending to overturn the visionary theories of ,irish antiquities1 of which the round tower phantasy has been the most noted1 it is time to abandon this last remnant of a false and exploded system4 ,what1 then1 are the remains which we have of the buildings or structures of the ancient ,irish belonging to the first1 or pagan1 period8 ,they are various1 and exceedingly numerous4 ,in the first place1 there are the raths1 or earthen forts1 with which the whole face of the country is still absolutely dotted4 ,these raths were the dwelling-places of the ,irish1 not only indeed1 in pagan times1 but much more recently4 ,they were originally rather steep earthworks1 surrounded by a ditch1 and topped by a strong paling or stockade2 sometimes there was a double or treble line of intrenchment1 and within the inner fence the family or families of the occupants dwelt in timber or hurdle houses1 of which1 from the perishable nature of the materials1 no traces of course remain4 ,the cattle1 too1 were driven for safety within the inclosure1 when it was known that an enemy was abroad2 and it is probable that the position of a great many of the raths on a sloping surface was selected for purposes of drainage1 seeing that the cattle were so frequently to be inclosed4 ,it is also worthy of note1 that these earthen forts were always polygonal1 generally octagonal1 and we have never seen one of them actually round2 although it would have been much easier to describe the plain circle than the regular polygonal figure adopted4 ,when the inclosures were constructed of stone2 they were called cahirs or cashels4 ,it has been stated by antiquaries that the stone forts were built by the early ,irish colonists1 called ,firbolgs1 and the earthen forts by the subsequent colony of ,tuath de ,danaans2 but it is probable that each colony built their strongholds of the materials which they found most convenient4 ,in the rich plains of ,meath1 where there are very few surface stones that could have been employed for the purpose1 we find none but earthen forts2 and in the ,isles of ,arran1 where there is little indeed besides solid rock1 the ,firbolgs necessarily constructed their famous duns of stone4 ,these vast ,firbolg duns of ,arran must have been impregnable in those days1 if defended by sufficient garrison2 and their size and number in a place so small and barren show that almost the whole remnant of the race must have been compelled by hard necessity to seek shelter there against their pressing foes4 ,it would also appear that the abundant supply of stone induced the occupants of those ,arran forts to substitute stone houses in their interior for the habitations of timber and wattles used elsewhere2 as we here find numerous remains of the small beehive houses1 called cloghanes1 formed by the overlapping of flat stones1 laid horizontally1 until they meet at top1 thus roofing in the house without an arch4 ,both cloghanes and forts are built1 of course1 without cement2 and no one could for a moment imagine that the ,round ,tower1 of which a portion still #ghb remains in the largest island1 could possibly have been the work of the same masons4 ,the style of building is the same in the ,duns of ,aran2 in ,staig ,fort1 in ,kerry2 in the ,greenan of ,aileach1 in ,donegal2 and in general in any of the primitive cahirs or cashels1 wherever they exist in ,ireland2 nor is there any material difference between these and the similar structures to be found in ,wales--such as the ,castell-,caeron over ,dolbenmaen1 in ,caernarvonshire4 ,the same ,irish word1 ,saor1 7pronounced ,seer17 originally signified both a carpenter and a mason2 and in an ,irish poem1 at least eight hundred and fifty years old1 we have a list of the ancient builders1 who erected the principal strongholds of pagan times in ,ireland3 such as--,casruba1 the high-priced cashel-builder1 who employed quick axes to smoothen stones2 and ,rigriu and ,garvon1 son of ,ugarv1 the cashel-builders of ,aileach1 and ,troiglethan1 who sculptured images1 and was the rath-builder of the ,hill of ,tara2 while every one familiar with the native ,irish traditions has heard the name of ,grubban-,saor1 to whose skill half the ancient castles of ,ireland were1 without any reference to chronology1 supposed to owe their strength4 ,an ,irish antiquary of the seventeenth century1 who enjoyed the friendship of ,sir ,james ,ware1 writes as if he believed that the ancient pagan ,irish understood the use of cement1 although1 as he confesses1 no vestige of stone and mortar work by them remained in his day4 ,but his mode of arguing1 as it will be perceived1 is very inconclusive4 ,after enumerating several of the ancient raths and cashels of ,ireland1 he writes3 ,we have evidence of their having been built like the edifices of other kingdoms of the times in which they were built2 and why should they not8 for there came no colony into ,erin but from the eastern world1 as from ,spain1 etc42 and it would be strange if such a deficiency of intellect should mark the parties who came into ,ireland1 as that they should not have the sense to form their residences and dwellings after the manner of the countries from which they went forth1 or through which they travelled4 ,see ,introduction to ,dudley ,mac ,firbis's great ,book of ,genealogies1 translated in ,o',curry's ,lectures1 pp4 #bbb1 etc4 ,it is quite certain that the early colonizers of ,ireland1 to whom ,mac ,firbis thus alludes1 were a portion of that great ,celtic wave of population which passed from ,east to ,west over ,europe1 leaving the same earthern mounds and cyclopean stone structures behind as monuments wherever they went2 but it is equally certain1 that if these ancient colonies visited ,assyria1 and ,egypt1 and ,greece in their peregrinations1 as ,mac ,firbis believed they did1 they did not carry with them ,assyrian1 or ,egyptian1 or ,grecian masonry or architecture into ,ireland4 ,the raths and cashels which they constructed were exceedingly simple in their character1 and in very few indeed of the former is there the slightest grace of stonework to be discovered4 ,caves were very often formed under the raths2 and ,mac ,firbis states that under the rath of ,bally ,o ,dowda1 in ,tireragh1 he himself had seen nine smooth stone cellars1 and that its walls were still of the height of a good cow-keep4 ,nor were the contents of the ancient ,irish dwellings less simple than the buildings themselves2 for we find by the ,brehon ,laws that the ,seven valuables of the house of a chieftain were--a caldron1 vat1 goblet1 mug1 reins1 horse-bridle1 and pin2 the first-mentioned articles indicating clearly the usages of hospitality1 which always formed the predominating institution of the ,irish4 ,the same book of ,brehon ,laws refers to a house with four doors1 and a stream through the centre1 to be provided for the sick--such1 apparently1 being the ideas at that time of what a hospital should be4 #ghc ,it is hard to say when the popular notion originated which attributes the ancient raths and mounds to the ,danes4 ,it is quite dear that ,mac ,firbis knew very well they were not ,danish1 though the idea must have prevailed when he wrote1 7,a4,d4 #afej27 for his contemporary1 ,lord ,castlehaven1 speaks of withdrawing his troops1 during the civil war of #afde1 within one of the ,danish forts1 which were so numerous in the country2 and such was the fashion of attributing all our antiquities to a people who had impressed the memory of the nation with such terrible and indelible traditions of themselves1 that even ,archdeacon ,lynch1 the author of ,cambrensis ,eversus1 supposes the ,danes to have been the builders of the round towers4 ,dr4 ,molyneux1 who wrote toward the close of the same century1 treats us to a whole book about the ,danish ,forts and ,mounds2 but we know perfectly well that the ,danes of ,ireland resided only in the seaport towns and their vicinities1 and had no dwellings1 and consequently no raths or mounds in the interior of the country4 ,besides the earthen and stone forts1 which1 it must be remembered1 were inhabited in the early ,christian as well as in the pagan times1 and down to a period which it is impossible now to define1 we have several remains of the early ,irish habitations1 called cranogues4 ,these were small stockaded and generally artificial islands1 in the smaller lakes1 and were only accessible by means of boats1 ancient specimens of which1 hewn out of a single tree1 have been found in the vicinity of the cranogues in recent times4 ,some of these cranogues are known to have been occupied in comparatively modern times2 and the strong timber stakes by which they were generally surrounded are1 in a few instances1 still found singularly fresh1 and with indications of having been connected by a strong framework4 ,of the state of the building arts in ,ireland during the early ,christian period we are enabled to form a tolerably accurate idea1 both by the large number of remains still existing1 and by the notices on the subject which we find in historical documents4 ,many of the very earliest ,christian edifices devoted to religion in ,ireland were built of stone2 but it is clear1 nevertheless1 that the national fashion was to construct them of timber2 and this fashion the ,irish had in common with the ,britons1 or1 we should rather say1 with the ,celtic nations generally4 ,strabo says the houses of the ,gauls were constructed of poles and wattle work2 and we learn from ,bede1 that among the ,britons building with stone was regarded as a characteristic ,roman practice4 ,we know that both in ,ireland and ,britain there was a national prejudice in favor of the custom of employing timber to construct their churches4 ,the first three churches erected in ,ireland--those1 namely1 constructed by ,st4 ,palladius in his unsuccessful mission immediately before ,st ,patrick--were of oak4 ,long after this time1 in the sixth century1 ,st4 ,columba lived in a wooden cell in the island of ,hy1 as his biographer1 ,st4 ,adamnan1 relates2 and the use of timber for their religious edifices was much in favor with the ,columbian monks wherever they settled4 ,so late as the year #aadb1 when ,st4 ,malachy was building the church of the famous ,cistercian ,abbey of ,mellifont1 in ,louth1 he received some opposition from one of the local magnates1 because he had undertaken to erect it in an expensive and solid manner of stone2 the argument of this person being1 that they were ,scots1 not ,frenchmen1 and that a wooden oratory in the old ,irish fashion would have sufficed4 ,it is a curious circumstance connected with this ,abbey of ,mellifont1 that it is the only ,irish edifice of a date older than the ,anglo-,norman period in the ruins of which ,dr4 ,petrie discovered any bricks to have been used2 and we know that it was erected by monks whom ,st4 ,malachy had sent to study in the monastery of ,st4 ,bernard1 in ,france2 whence the allusion to #ghd ,frenchmen made by the ,irishman who had objected to the style of the building4 ,still it is plain that the ecclesiastical edifices of stone were very numerous in the country at that very time2 for a few years after ,st4 ,gelasius1 the ,archbishop of ,armagh1 caused a limekiln of vast dimensions to be constructed1 in order1 as the annalists say1 to make lime for the repairs of the churches of ,armagh which had been allowed to fall into decay4 ,the primitive wooden churches were1 at least in some instances1 constructed of planed boards1 and were thatched with reeds1 the walls being also frequently protected by a covering of reeds1 for which1 in later times1 a sheeting of lead was sometimes substituted4 ,this use of lead sheeting became very general in ,england2 but we may presume that it was employed in comparatively few cases in ,ireland4 ,sometimes1 instead of boards or hewn timber1 wattles were employed1 and these were plastered with mud1 the wattles being formed of strong twigs interlaced4 ,we shall presently see that the use of wattles for building purposes was in vogue in ,ireland up to comparatively modern times4 ,it is stated in the life of ,st4 ,patrick1 that when that apostle visited ,tyrawley1 in the county of ,sligo1 finding that timber was not abundant1 he erected a church of mud--so ancient is the custom of employing that material for building in ,ireland--a material1 however1 which never could be rendered as suitable for the purpose in our moist climate1 as it is found to be in some of the southern portions of ,europe4 ,from the very introduction of ,christianity1 we repeat1 stone and mortar were frequently employed for the building of churches in ,ireland4 ,a building of this description was always called in ,irish ,damhliag1 a word literally signifying stone church4 ,this term is still preserved in the name of ,duleek in the county of ,meath1 where the old stone church so called1 and which is supposed1 on good authority1 to have been the very first such edifice erected in ,ireland1 is still in good preservation2 it was built by ,st4 ,kienan1 a disciple of ,st4 ,patrick1 who died in #dij2 and its age is thus established beyond any doubt4 ,the stone building1 or ,damhliag1 as ,dr4 ,petrie has remarked1 is always latinized by the old ,irish writers templum1 ecclesia1 or basilica2 while the wooden building is simply called oratorium4 ,the ancient ,irish churches are almost invariably small1 seldom exceeding #hj feet in length1 and not usually being more than #fj feet4 ,the great church or cathedral of ,armagh was originally #adj feet long2 but this was almost a solitary exception4 ,the smaller churches are simple oblong quadrangles1 while in the larger ones there is a second and smaller quadrangle at the east end1 which was the chancel or sanctuary1 and which is separated from the nave by a large semicircular arch4 ,the entrance door was always originally in the west end1 and square-headed1 the top lintel being generally formed of a single very large flat stone2 but in every instance the square-headed western doorway was in process of time built up1 and another doorway1 in the pointed style1 opened in the south wall1 near its western extremity4 ,the windows are extremely small1 and very few1 generally not more than three1 two of which are in the sanctuary1 and all being in the south wall2 they are frequently triangular-headed1 formed by two flat stones leaning against each other2 and it is probable that in many cases they were never glazed4 ,the sides of the doorways and windows are inclined1 in the manner of the cyclopean buildings--a style of architecture with which they have more than one point in common2 for enormous stones are frequently used1 the single stone being made to form both faces of the wall4 ,polygonal stones are employed1 without any attempt to build in courses2 and even flat stones are often placed at angles1 when1 with the aid of very little skill1 they might have #ghe been placed horizontally2 while another singular feature often to be observed in the oldest ,irish stone churches is1 that the side walls and ends are built up independently1 and not bound together at the corners by any interlapping stones4 ,all these peculiarities are to be found1 in a very marked degree1 in the extremely curious specimens of seventh and eighth century buildings in the ,south ,islands of ,arran2 and1 with the exception of some ,christian cloghanes1 and some stone-roofed oratories like those near ,dingle1 all these early ,christian edifices have been built with lime cement4 ,from the rudeness of the masonry in the buildings of the early ,christian period1 a very curious argument has been adduced in favor of the ,pagan origin of the ,round ,towers4 ,some persons1 in fact1 do not hesitate to argue that1 as the ,round ,towers frequently exhibit a better style of masonry than the ruined churches in their neighborhood1 they must have been erected by some earlier race of builders1 thus adopting the very opposite to the correct and natural conclusion which the premises would suggest4 ,such persons must have a very misty idea of ,irish history2 they do not appear to be aware that there is no country in ,europe1 except ,greece and ,rome1 of which the ancient history can boast of such a clear and consecutive series of written and traditional annals as that of ,ireland4 ,this is the acknowledged opinion of the most learned investigators4 ,there is1 then1 no room whatever for any such conjectural race or epoch as that which the theory in question would suppose in ,irish history2 there is no room for such wild hypotheses as may be framed1 for instance1 to account for the remains of extinct civilized races in the interior of ,north ,america4 ,any one who has the singularly distinct chain of ancient ,irish chronicles present to his mind must be aware of this fact1 and must know perfectly well that there was no mysterious unknown race in ,ireland before the introduction of ,christianity who could have built the round towers--even if it were probable that such a race would have built these1 and left no other fragment of stone and mortar work in the land6 ,as to the disparity sometimes to be observed in the masonry of the towers and the ancient churches beside them1 it can be explained without any such absurd hypothesis4 ,it is clear from the mouldings of the windows1 and other architectural details1 and even from the statements of our annalists1 that some of the ,round ,towers are not older than the eleventh or twelfth century1 and consequently their masonry might well be superior to that of churches built some four or five hundred years before them4 ,but1 even when the builders were contemporary1 they were not such dull craftsmen as not to have understood perfectly well that a more careful style of workmanship was required in an edifice which they should carry to a height of #abj or #acj feet than in one of which the walls would not exceed #aj or #ad feet in elevation4 ,in fact1 a little consideration must show any enlightened man that the theory to which we have referred is utterly untenable4 ,mr4 ,parker1 a high authority on questions of architectural antiquity1 has1 in his valuable series of papers on the subject in the ,gentleman's ,magazine1 thrown considerable light on ,irish mediaeval architecture4 ,one point1 of which he has been decidedly the first observer1 is1 that all the details of an ancient building in ,ireland seldom or never belong to the period at which the building was1 according to record1 erected4 ,this is an extremely carious fact2 and there can be no doubt of ,mr4 ,parker's accuracy on the point2 but it appears to us that he invariably finds his remark verified in castles and abbeys of the ,anglo-,norman period in ,ireland4 ,to what1 then1 is the peculiarity to be attributed8 ,could the architects have been ,irish1 and could they have adopted their principles from the study of older edifices #ghf in ,england8 ,on this point we are not aware that he comes to any conclusion2 but1 in describing the interesting details of ,cormac's ,chapel1 on the ,rock of ,cashel--one of the most valuable remains of mediaeval architecture in the empire1 and which was built some fifty years before the ,anglo-,norman invasion--he says1 ,it is neither earlier nor later in style than buildings of the same date in ,england2 and with the exception of a few particulars1 agrees in detail with them4 ,from this we may conclude1 that before the arrival of the ,anglo-,normans the ,irish architects were fully up to the contemporary state of their art1 though subsequently the ,anglo-,irish fell into the anachronisms which ,mr4 ,parker so frequently points out4 ,when ,henry ,,ii4 resolved on spending the ,christmas of #aaga in ,dublin1 there was no building in that old capital of the ,ostmen sufficiently spacious to accommodate his court2 and a pavilion was accordingly constructed for the purpose of plastered wattles1 in the ,irish fashion1 on a site at the south side of the present ,dame street ,this mode of constructing houses must have been very convenient in times when the face of a country was liable every other year to be devastated by war1 and when it would have been folly to erect a habitation intended to be permanent4 ,the destruction of all the dwellings in a territory at that time1 was not quite so ruinous a catastrophe as it might seem to us1 especially as it was a very usual thing to have the granaries under ground4 ,the employment of wattles for one purpose or other1 in the construction of buildings1 appears to have been very long retained in ,ireland2 and they seem to have been constantly used by the masons as centering in the building of arches1 as may be seen from an examination of any of the ruined abbeys or castles throughout the country1 where the impression of the interwoven twigs will always be found in the mortar of the vaulted roofs and arches4 ,mr4 ,parker appears to have been particularly struck by this circumstance1 which1 however1 is familiar to every ,irish antiquary2 but he tells us that he has found the same thing in a few instances in ,england4 ,a ,french gentleman1 who travelled through ,ireland in #afdd1 has left us a curious account of the mode of constructing their habitations employed at that time by the rural population4 ,he writes3 ,the towns are built in the ,english fashion1 but the houses in the country are in this manner3 two stakes are fixed in the ground1 across which is a transverse pole1 to support two rows of rafters on the two sides1 which are covered with leaves and straw4 ,the cabins are of another fashion4 ,there are four walls the height of a man1 supporting rafters1 over which they thatch with straw and leaves2 they are without chimneys1 and make the fire in the middle of the hut1 which greatly incommodes those who are not fond of smoke4 ,the writer goes on to describe the fortified domiciles of the gentry4 ,he says3 ,the castles or houses of the nobility consist of four walls extremely high1 thatched with straw2 but1 to tell the truth1 they are nothing but square towers without windows1 or1 at least1 having such small apertures as to give no more light than there is in a prison2 they have little furniture1 and cover their room with rushes1 of which they make their beds in summer1 and of straw in winter2 they put the rushes a foot deep on their floors1 and on their windows1 and many of them ornament the ceilings with branches4 7,the ,tour of ,m4 ,de la ,boullaye le ,gouz47 ,this description is applicable to those numerous1 solitary1 and gloomy buildings called castles1 the ruins of which are so conspicuous in every part of the country1 and a considerable number of which were erected by the ,undertakers1 in the reign of ,james ,i42 while it must be confessed that the mode of constructing the hovels of the peasantry1 as described in the preceding extract1 has not undergone much improvement1 up to the present day1 in many parts of ,ireland4 ------ #ghg ,translated from the ,spanish4 ,,perico ,,the ,,sad2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,alvareda ,,family4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,a tempestuous night covered the sky with flying clouds1 which were rushing further on to discharge their torrents4 ,sometimes they separated in their flight1 and the moon appeared between them1 mild and tranquil1 like a herald of concord and peace in the midst of the strife4 ,in the short intervals1 during which this placid light illumined earth and heaven1 a pale and emaciated man might have been seen making his way along a solitary road4 ,the uncertainty of his manner1 his apprehensive eyes1 and the agitation of his face1 would have shown clearly that he was a fugitive4 ,a fugitive indeed6 for he fled from inhabited places2 fled from his fellow-men2 fled from human justice2 fled from himself and from his own conscience4 ,this man was an assassin1 and no one who had seen him fleeing1 as the clouds above were fleeing before the invisible force which pursued them1 would have recognized the honorable man1 the obedient son1 the loving husband and devoted father of a few days since1 in this miserable being1 now fallen under the irremissible sentence of the law of expiation4 ,yes1 this man was ,perico1 not seeking a peace now and for ever lost1 but fleeing from the present and in dread of the future4 ,he had passed days of despair and nights of horror in the most solitary places1 sustaining himself on acorns and roots2 shrinking from the light of day1 which accused1 and from the eyes of men1 that condemned him4 ,but no darkness could hide the images that were always before him1 no silence awe their clamors4 ,his unhappy sister2 his disconsolate mother2 the bereaved old man1 his father's friend1 haunted his vision2 the reprobation of his honorable race oppressed his soul2 and more appalling than all these1 the solemn1 mournful1 and warning note of the passing bell1 which he had heard calling to ,heaven for mercy upon his victim1 sounded continually in his ears4 ,in vain pride insinuated1 through its most seductive organ1 worldly honor1 that he had1 and that not to vindicate himself would have been a reproach2 that the injuries were greater than the reprisal4 ,a voice which the cries of passion had silenced1 but which became more distinct and more severe in proportion as they1 like all that is human1 sank and failed--the eternal voice of conscience1 said to him1 ,o that thou hadst never done it6 ,there came1 borne upon the wind1 an extraordinary sound1 now hoarser1 now failing and fainter1 as the gusts were more or less powerful4 ,what could it be8 ,everything terrifies the guilty soul4 ,was it the roar of the wind1 the pipe of an organ1 or a voice of lamentation8 ,the nearer ,perico approached it1 the more inexplicable it seemed4 ,the road the unhappy man was following led toward the point from whence the sound proceeded4 ,he reaches it1 and his terror is at his height when1 unable to distinguish anything--for a black cloud has covered the moon--he hears directly above his bead the portentous wail1 so sad1 so vague1 so awful6 #ghh ,at this moment the clouds are broken1 and over all the moonlight falls1 clear and silvery1 like a mantle of transparent snow4 ,every object comes out of the mystery of shadows4 ,he sees reija asleep in its valley like a white bird in its nest4 ,he lifts his eyes to discover the cause of the sound4 ,o horror6 ,upon five posts he sees five human heads6 ,from these proceed the doleful lamentation1 a warning from the dead to the living4 ,footnote #ahe ,footnote #ahe3 ,various witnesses have testified to this frightful phenomenon1 which is naturally explained1 the sound being caused by the wind passing through the throat1 month1 and ears of heads placed as located above4 ,perico starts back aghast1 and perceives1 for the first time1 that he is not alone4 ,a man is standing near one of the posts4 ,he is tall and vigorous1 and his bearing is manly and erect4 ,he is dressed richly after the manner of contrabandists4 ,his bronzed face is hard1 bold1 and calm4 ,he holds his hat in his hand1 inclining uncovered before these posts of ignominy a head which never was uncovered in human respect2 for it is that of an outlaw1 of a man who has broken all ties with society1 and respects nothing in the world4 ,but this man1 although impious1 believes in ,god1 and although criminal1 is a ,christian1 and is praying4 ,when from an energetic and indomitable nature1 emancipated from all restrain1 there issue a few drops of adoration1 as water oozes from a rock1 what do you call it unbelievers8 ,is it superstitious fear8 ,to this man fear is a word without a meaning4 ,is it hypocrisy8 ,only the heads of five dead men witness it4 ,is it moral weakness8 ,he has strength of soul unknown in society1 where all lean upon something2 he stands alone4 ,is it a remembrance of infancy1 a tribute to the mother who taught him to pray8 ,there exists no such memory for the abandoned orphan1 who grew up among the savage bulls he guarded4 ,what is it then that bends his neck and detains him to pray in the presence of the dead8 ,after some moments the man concluded his prayer1 replaced his hat1 and turning to ,perico said1 ,where are you going1 sir8 ,perico neither wished nor was able to answer4 ,a vertigo had seized him4 ,where are you going1 ,i say8 again asked the unknown4 ,perico remained silent4 ,are you dumb8 proceeded the questioner1 or is it because you do not choose to answer8 ,if it is the last1 he added1 pointing to his gun1 here is a mouth which obtains replies when mine fails4 ,perico's situation rendered him too desperate for reflection1 and the brand of cowardice which had been stamped upon his forehead1 still burned like a recent mark of the ignominious iron4 ,he therefore answered instantly1 seizing his firelock4 ,and here is another that replies in the tone in which it is questioned4 ,the intentions of the unknown were not hostile1 nor had he any idea of carrying out his threat1 though he did not lack the courage to do it4 ,another so daring as he did not tread the soil of ,andalucia4 ,but the arrogance of the poor worn youth pleased instead of offending him4 ,comrade1 he said1 ,i always like to take off my hat before drawing my sword1 but it suits me to know with whom ,i speak and whom ,i meet on the road4 ,you must have courage to be walking here2 for they say that ,diego and his band are in this neighborhood1 and you know1 for all ,spain knows1 who ,diego is2 where he puts his eye he puts his ball4 ,the leaves tremble upon the trees at sight of him1 and the dead in their graves at the sound of his name4 ,all this was said without that ,andalucian boastfulness1 so grotesquely exaggerated in these days1 but with the naturalness of conviction1 and the serenity of one who states a simple truth4 ,what do ,i care for ,diego and his band8 exclaimed ,perico1 not with bravado1 but with the most profound dejection4 #ghi ,as with failing voice he pronounced these words1 he tottered and leaned his head upon his gun4 ,what has taken you8 ,what is the matter8 asked the stranger1 noticing his weakness4 ,perico did not reply1 for so great was his exhaustion and such the effect of his recent emotions that he fell down senseless4 ,the unknown knelt down beside him and lifted his head4 ,the moon shone full upon that face1 beautiful notwithstanding its mortal paleness1 and the traces of passion1 anguish1 and grief which marred it4 ,he is dead1 said the stranger to himself1 placing his rough hand upon ,perico's heart4 ,the heart which1 a few days before1 was as pure as the sky of ,may4 ,no1 he continued1 he is not dead1 but will die here1 like a dog1 if he is not taken care of4 ,and he looked at him again1 for he felt awakening in his heart that noble attraction which draws the strong toward the weak1 the powerful toward the helpless2 for let skeptics say what they will1 there is a spark of divinity in the breast of every human creature4 ,he rose to his feet and whistled4 ,he is answered by the sound of a brisk gallop1 and a beautiful young horse1 with arched neck and rolling mane1 comes up and stops before his master1 turning his fine head and brilliant eyes as if to offer him the stirrup4 ,the unknown raises the inanimate ,perico in his robust arms1 throws him across the horse1 springs up beside him1 presses his knees gently to the animal's flanks1 and the noble creature darts away1 gayly and lightly1 as if unconscious of the double weight4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,in a solitary hostel1 standing like a beggar beside the highway1 the innkeeper and his wife were seated before their fire1 in the dull tranquillity of persons as accustomed to the alternations of noisy life by day and complete isolation by night as the inhabitants of marshy places are to their intermittent fevers4 ,may evil light on that hard-skulled sailor who took it into his head that there must be a new world1 and never stopped till he ran against it1 said the woman4 ,had not the king already cities enough in this8 ,what good has it done8 ,taken our sons off there1 and sent us the epidemic4 ,do say1 ,andres1 and don't sit sleeping there like a mole1 if it has been of any other use4 ,yes1 wife1 yes1 answered the innkeeper1 half' opening his eyes1 the silver comes from there4 ,plague take the silver6 exclaimed the woman4 ,and the tobacco1 added the husband1 slowly and lazily1 again closing his eyes1 ,a curse upon the tobacco6 said the wife angrily4 ,do you think1 you unfeeling father1 that the silver or the tobacco are worth the lives they cost and the tears8 ,son of my soul6 ,god knows what will become of him in that land where they kill men like chinches1 and where everything is venomous1 even the air6 ,they heard at this moment a peculiar whistle4 ,the innkeeper1 springing to his feet1 caught up the light and ran toward the door1 exclaiming1 ,the captain6 ,as he presented himself on the threshold1 the rays of the lamp fell upon a man on horseback1 with another man that looked like a corpse lying across the horse in front of him4 ,help me take this fellow down1 said the rider1 in the rough tone of a man of few words4 ,the innkeeper handed the lamp to his wife1 who had approached1 and made haste to obey4 ,mercy to us6 ,a dead man6 said she4 ,for the love of the ,blessed ,mother1 sir1 do not leave him in our house6 #gij ,he is not dead1 said the horseman1 he is sick2 nurse him up--that is what women ore good for4 ,here is money to pay for the cure4 ,saying this1 he threw down a piece of gold1 and disappeared1 the resounding and measured gallop of his horse dying away gradually in the distance4 ,if this is not a cool proceeding6 grumbled ,martha4 ,what will you bet that he1 with his own hands1 has not put the man in this state8 and he takes himself off and leaves him on ours6 ',you cure him6' as if it were nothing to cure a man who is dead or dying6 ,as if this inn were an hospital6 ,the bully thinks he has only to command1 as if he were the king6 ,hush6 exclaimed the innkeeper1 alarmed1 will you be still1 long-tongue6 ,talk that way of ,diego6 ,women are the very devil6 ,what is the use of grumbling1 since you know there is nothing for it but to do as these people tell us6 ,besides1 this is a work of charity1 so let's be about it4 ,they prepared1 as well as they could1 a bed in a garret4 ,he has no sign of blow or wound1 said ,andres1 as he was undressing the patient2 so you see1 wife1 it is a sickness like any other4 ,look1 look1 ,andres6 exclaimed ,martha2 he has the scapular of our ,lady of ,carmel around his neck4 ,and as if the sight or influence of the blessed object had awakened in her all the gentle sentiments of ,christian humility1 or as if the sacred precept1 ,thy neighbor as thyself1 uttered by the brotherhood in united devotion1 had resounded clearly1 she began to exclaim3 ,you were right1 ,andres1 it is a work of charity to assist him1 poor fellow6 ,how young he is1 and how forsaken6 ,his poor mother6 ,come1 come1 ,andres1 what are you doing1 standing there like a post8 ,go6 hurry6 bring me some wine to rub his temples2 and kill a hen1 for ,i am going to make him some broth4 ,so it is1 soliloquized ,andres1 as he went out--at first1 wouldn't have him in the house2 now she will turn the house out of the windows for him4 ,that's the way with women4 ,it is hard to understand them4 ,on the following night1 a man of evil face and repugnant aspect came to the inn4 ,this man had been in the penitentiary1 and was nicknamed the convict4 ,god be with you1 sir1 said the innkeeper1 with more fear than cordiality1 what might be your pleasure8 ,a whim of the captain's1 curse him6 for haven't ,i come to ask after the sick1 like the porter of a convent8 ,he is not doing very well1 answered the innkeeper2 he is in a raging fever1 is out of his mind1 and talks of a murder he has done--of dead men's heads4 ,ho6 so then he is a man that can handle arms1 said the convict4 ,let's have a look at him4 ,they mounted to the garret1 and the innkeeper continued3 ,all day long ,i have been in a cold sweat with fear4 ,there have been people in the house1 and even soldiers--if they had heard him6 ,the convict1 who had been examining the delicate and wasted form of ,perico1 interrupted with a movement of disdain4 ,well1 if he makes too much noise for you1 quarter him upon the king4 ,footnote #ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,put him into the street4 ,no1 indeed6 cried ,martha1 poor unfortunate6 ,i have a son in ,america who may be at this very hour in the same condition1 abandoned by every one1 and calling1 as this one calls1 for his mother4 ,no1 no1 sir1 we shall not desert him4 ,neither ,our ,lady1 whose scapular he wears1 nor ,i4 ,buy him sweetmeats1 said the convict1 and went down4 ,what news8' he asked of the innkeeper4 ,they say that a reward is to be offered for ,diego's head4 #gia ,what8 asked the convict again1 with quick and unusual interest4 ,the innkeeper repeated what he had said4 ,the convict considered a moment1 and then continued1 ,where do they think we are8 ,near ,despenaperros4 ,are they after us8 ,yes1 there is a cavalry company at ,sevilla1 one of infantry at ,cordoba1 and another of the mountain soldiery at ,utrera4 ,there will be some shoes worn out before they see our faces1 and if they do get to see them it will cost them dear4 ,yes1 yes1 ,andres replied2 we know that whoever puts himself in ,diego's way may as well look for his grave2 but then--there may be so many of them 4 4 4 ,perhaps you would like to get a crack of my fist on your bugle8 said the bandit4 ,not at all1 said ,andres1 retreating a step or two4 ,put more ballast in your tongue then--and hurry up with the bread --quick now6 ,andres hastened to obey4 ,the bandit was going away when he heard ,martha's voice calling after him4 ,it slipped my mind--you take this money1 she said1 handing him the piece of gold4 ,give it to the captain1 and tell him that what ,i do for this lad ,i do for charity1 and not for interest4 ,i shall be sure to give him such a reason4 ,he accepts ',no' neither when he says give1 nor when he says take2 but to settle it between you1 ,i will keep the money2 and setting spurs to his horse1 he disappeared4 ,you have done a wise thing6 said the innkeeper impatiently4 ,will the money1 you foolish good-for-nothing1 be better in the hands of that big thief than in ours8 ,women6--ill hap to them6 ,only the devil understands them4 ,i understand myself and ,god understands me1 said the good woman1 returning to the garret4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the care of the innkeeper's wife and the youth and robust constitution of ,perico vanquished the fever4 ,at the end of a fortnight he was able to rise4 ,perico evinced all his gratitude to ,martha in a manner more heartfelt than fluent4 ,you must not thank me said the good woman1 for truly1 the face ,i put on when ,i saw you brought was not one of welcome2 but ,i have taken a liking to you because ,i see that you are a good son and a good ,christian4 ,perico hung his head in deep grief and humiliation4 ,his physical weakness had deadened in him the blind and furious impulse which had exalted him1 as such impulse does sometimes exalt gentle and timid natures to a point past the limit which strong-minded and even violent men respect4 ,all that effervescence which caused such a surging of his passions1 as gas causes the juice of the grape to ferment1 had ceased1 as the foam subsides upon the wine1 leaving reflection1 which1 without diminishing the greatness of his wrongs1 condemned his method of redressing them4 ,all the horror which the future inspired returned to ,perico with returning strength1 and it was not lessened when ,andres1 taking the occasion one day when his wife was about her work1 said to him3 ,my friend1 now that you are recovered you must seek your living somewhere else1 for--the more friendship1 the more frankness1 sir--when you were out of your head you talked of a murder you had committed4 ,if it is true1 and they find you here1 we shall suffer for it1 and that will not be right2 the just ought not to pay for sinners2 well-regulated charity1 let ,martha1 who pretends to know better1 say what she will1 begins at home4 ,nobody but that pumpkin-headed wife of mine is capable of sustaining that ,christian charity begins with one's neighbor4 ,as to me1 ,i tell you the truth1 ,i want nothing to do with justice1 for she has a heavy hand4 #gib ,perico did not reply1 but went with tearful eyes to take leave of ,martha4 ,the good soul felt his departure1 for she had become fond of him4 ,the memory of her son had attached ,martha to the unfortunate young man1 and the memory of his own mother had drawn ,perico toward the woman who acted toward him a mother's part4 ,he took his gun1 and was going out when he met the convict4 ,which way8 said the robber4 ,do you clear out in this fashion1 without so much as ,may ,god reward you6 to the compassionate soul who picked you up8 ,this isn't the right thing1 comrade4 ,besides1 where can you go hereabouts8 ,are you in a hurry to be put in the lock-up8 ,perico remained silent2 he neither thought nor reasoned--had no will of his own4 ,courage6 and come along1 proceeded the convict4 ,here we are taking more trouble to help you than you will take to let yourself be helped4 ,perico followed him mechanically4 ,look1 ,martha1 said ,andres1 seeing ,perico at a distance in company with the robber1 look at your pet--and what a jewel he is1 to be sure6 ,there he goes with the convict4 ,and what of it8 responded ,martha4 ,i tell you1 ,andres1 that he is a good son and a good ,christian4 ,an impostor and a vagabond1 that has eaten up my hens--and you see where he is going1 and yet say that he is good6 ,the devil only understands women6 ,perico and the convict1 making their way through thickets and difficult places1 came at last to an elevation1 upon which stood the captain leaning on his gun1 and guarding the slumbers of eight men1 who were lying around him on the slope4 ,near him grazed his beautiful horse1 which lifted its head from time to time to regard its master4 ,here is this young man1 said the convict as they drew near4 ,without changing his position1 the captain slowly turned his eyes and examined the new arrival from head to foot4 ,his scrutiny finished1 he asked1 ,are you a fugitive from justice8 ,perico inclined his head1 but did not answer4 ,there is no cause for fear1 proceeded his questioner1 and presently1 in brief phrases1 added1 ,men have fatal hours1 and of these some are as red as blood and some as black as darkness itself4 ,one is enough to destroy a man1 and turn his heart to a stone which has neither pulse nor feeling1 only weight4 ,he remains lost1 for the past is past1 and there is nothing to do but bear it with pluck4 ,life is a fight1 in which one must look before him1 like a brave man1 and not behind1 like a poltroon4 ,i cannot do it1 exclaimed ,perico vehemently4 ,if you knew-- ,the captain1 with an imperative gesture1 extended his arm to silence him1 and continued4 ,here1 each one carries his own secrets within himself1 a sealed packet1 without awakening in the others either curiosity or interest4 ,if you have nowhere to go1 stay with us2 here we defend all we have left1 our life4 ,mine ,i do not guard because ,i value it1 but to keep it from the headsman4 ,but you rob8 said ,perico4 ,we must do something1 responded the bandit1 returning1 like a tortoise1 into his hard and impenetrable shell4 ,perico neither accepted nor refused the proposition1 he remained without volition1 an inert body2 chance disposed of his wretched existence1 as the winds dispose of the dry and heavy sands of the desert4 #gic ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,but while ,perico1 after the occurrences which we have related1 was dragging out a miserable existence among a band of criminals1 what became of the other individuals of this family8 ,to what extremes had they been carried by resentment1 grief1 despair1 and revenge8 ,pedro1 from the fatal day on which he lost his son1 had shut himself in his own house with his sorrow4 ,the parish priest and some of his friends went from time to time to keep him company--not to console him1 that was impossible1 but to talk with him about his trouble1 like those who relieve vessels of the bitter water of the sea1 not to right them but to keep them from sinking4 ,they had tried to persuade him to renew his intercourse with the family of ,perico1 but without success4 ,no1 no1 he would answer on such occasions4 ,i have forgiven him before ,god and men2 but have to do with his people as though it had not been1 ,i cannot4 ,pedro1 ,pedro1 that is not forgiveness1 said the priest4 ,it is the letter but not the spirit of the law4 ,father1 replied the poor man1 ,god does not ask what is impossible4 ,no1 but what he requires is possible4 ,sir1 you want me to be a saint1 and ,i am not one2 it is enough for me to be a good ,christian1 and forgive4 ,have ,i molested them8 ,have ,i sought justice8 ,what more can ,i do8 ,pedro1 returning good for evil1 wise men walk in peace4 ,mercy1 mercy1 father6 why shave so close as to lay bare the brains8 ,god help and favor them2 but each in his own house1 and ,god with us all4 ,maria had hidden herself with her daughter in the retirement of her cottage1 covering the despair and shame of the latter with the sacred mantle of maternal love1 her only refuge from the unanimous disapproval and condemnation which she justly merited4 ,the unfortunate victims1 ,anna and ,elvira1 remained alone1 but sustained in their immense affliction by their religion and their conscience4 ,many months passed in this way4 ,at length two ,capuchins came to the village to hold a mission4 ,these missions were instituted for the conversion of the wicked1 the awakening of the luke-warm1 the encouragement of the good1 and the consolation of the sorrowful4 ,the missionaries preached at night1 and the church was filled with people who came to hear the word of ,god1 which teaches men to be pious and humble4 ,the good ,maria succeeded in persuading her daughter to go to the missions1 and ,rita1 hard1 bitter1 and selfish1 in her shame and desperation1 found in them repentance1 with tears for the past1 penance and humiliation for the present1 and for the future the divine hand1 which lifts the fallen one1 who1 bathed in tears1 and prostrate in ashes1 implores its help4 ,one night the subject of the sermon was the forgiveness of injuries4 ,magnificent theme6 ,holy and sublime beyond all others6 ,the earnest preacher knew how to improve it1 and the believing people how to understand it4 ,at the conclusion the good missionary knelt before the crucifix1 and with fervent zeal and ardent charity promised the ,lord of mercy1 in the name of that multitude kneeling at his feet1 that on the succeeding night there should not be in the temple a single hard and unreconciled heart4 ,a burst of exclamations and tears confirmed the promise of the devoted apostle4 ,the day which followed was one of peace and love1 according to the spirit of the evangel4 ,the most deeply-rooted enmities were ended2 the most irreconcilable foes embraced each other in the streets2 the angels in heaven had cause for rejoicing4 ,pedro went to see ,anna4 ,terrible to the unhappy man was the entering into that house4 ,he approached ,anna and embraced her in silence4 ,the afflicted mother shook1 and tried in vain to overcome her emotion4 ,but when ,pedro turned toward ,elvira1 as she stood wringing her thin hands1 worn to a shadow and bathed in tears--when #gid he pressed to his paternal heart her whom he had looked upon and loved as a daughter1 all his grief broke forth in the cry3 ,daughter6 daughter6 you and ,i loved him6 ,rita1 also1 went to ,anna's to beg for that which ,pedro went to carry4 ,when she found herself in the presence of the mother-in-law she had outraged1 she fell upon her knees4 ,i1 she exclaimed1 beating her breast1 have been the cause of all6 ,i have not come to ask a forgiveness ,i do not deserve1 but to beg of you to reprimand without cursing me4 ,when she turned to ,elvira1 it was not enough to remain on her knees1 she bent her face to the floor1 moaning amidst her sobs4 ,since you are an angel1 forgive6 ,maria supported her prostrate child1 and implored ,anna with her looks and tears4 ,anna and ,elvira1 without a word of reproach1 raised and embraced her who had done so much to injure them2 striving all they could from that day to reanimate her1 for she was the most wretched of the three1 because the guilty one4 ,all the people looked with charity upon the woman who had sincerely and publicly repented1 for although the society called cultivated finds in religious demonstrations another cause for vituperation1 adding to the condemnation of faults which it never forgets the reproach of hypocrisy upon those who turn to ,god1 the people1 more generous and more just1 honor the open evidence of penitence and humiliation4 ,therefore1 when they saw ,rita abase herself and weep1 their indignation was exchanged for compassion1 and the epithet infamous6 for the pitiful words poor child6 ,this was because the common people1 though they know not what philanthropy means1 know well1 because religion teaches them1 what is ,christian charity4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,to ,perico1 the life into which he found himself drawn by necessity1 and by the vigorous influence ,diego exercised over him1 was one of misery2 ,diego also had been drawn into a life of crime by a terrible misfortune2 but having entered1 he adopted it as a warrior does his iron armor1 without heeding either its hardness or its oppressive weight4 ,perico followed his wicked companions while he detested them4 ,he was like the silver fish of some peaceful inland lake which1 caught by some fatal current1 is carried away into the bitter and restless waters of the sea1 where it agonizes without the power to escape4 ,at times1 when a crime was committed under his eyes1 he wished in his desperation to end his torments at once1 by giving himself up to justice2 but shame1 and want of energy to overcome it1 held him back4 ,the others hated him1 and surnamed him ,the ,sad1 but he was sustained by ,diego's powerful protection4 ,diego felt attracted toward the man whose life he had saved1 and who was1 he felt1 good and honest4 ,for the rough and austere ,diego was of a strong and noble nature that had not yet descended to the lowest grade of evil1 which is hatred of the good4 ,in one of their raids1 when the band had approached ,tas ,yentas1 near ,alocaz1 a spy arrived in breathless haste from ,utrera1 telling them that a company of mountain soldiery had just left the latter place in the direction of ,tas ,yentas1 informed of their whereabouts by some travellers they had lately pillaged4 ,they made haste to take refuge in an olive grove1 but had hardly entered it when they were surprised by a troop of cavalry4 ,a deadly contest then commenced1 sustained by these men1 who were fighting for their lives with terrible bravery4 #gie ,perico1 said ,diego1 now or never is the occasion to prove that you do not eat your bread without earning it4 ,this is a fair fight4 ,at them1 if you are a man6 ,on hearing these words1 ,perico1 confused1 and like a drunken man1 threw himself in the way of the balls1 firing upon the poor soldiers--men who were sacrificing everything for the good of society1 which1 in its egotism1 does not even thank them2 for it happens to them as to the confessors and doctors1 who are laughed at in health1 and anxiously called upon when there is any danger4 ,one of the bandits was killed1 two of the soldiers wounded1 and a ball of ,perico's1 fired at a great distance1 killed the commander of the troop4 ,the consternation which followed this catastrophe gave the robbers an opportunity to escape4 ,they fled beyond ,utrera1 passed through the haciendas of ,la ,chaparra and ,jesus-,maria1 and arrived exhausted at nightfall in ,valobrega4 ,this valley1 not far from ,alcal is surrounded by ridges and olive slopes4 ,in the most retired part of it1 on the margin of a brook1 are still standing the ruins of a ,moorish castle called ,marchenilla4 ,men and horses threw themselves upon the turf at the base of these solitary ruins4 ,they quenched their thirst in the brook1 and when night set1 in lighted a fire1 and all except ,diego and ,perico lay down to sleep4 ,an evil day1 ,corso1 said ,diego1 caressing his horse1 which lowered and then lifted his beautiful head as if to assent to his master's words1 and say to him1 ,what matter since ,i have saved you8 ,i treat thee shamefully1 my son1 continued the chief1 who loved his horse the more fondly because he loved no other creature4 ,the horse1 as if he had understood1 neighed gaily1 and1 rising on his hind feet1 balanced himself1 and then dropped down upon all four beside his master1 presenting his head to be caressed4 ,what will become of thee if l am taken8 said the robber1 leaning his head against the neck of the animal1 which now stood motionless4 ,truly1 said ,diego1 seating himself by the fire in front of ,perico1 it is to you we owe our escape to-day with so little loss4 ,to me8 asked ,perico surprised4 ,yes1 answered the captain2 the troop was commanded by a brave officer1 who knew the country1 and did not mean child's play4 ,the son of the ,countess of ,villaoran4 ,he would have given us work if you had not killed him4 ,god have mercy on me6 exclaimed ,perico1 springing to his feet and raising his clasped hands to heaven4 ,what are you saying8 ,the son of the countess was there1 and ,i killed him8 ,what shocks you8 replied ,diego4 ,perhaps you thought we were firing sugar-plums8 ,heavens6 he added impatiently1 you exasperate me6 ,one would take you for a travelling player1 with all your attitudes and extravagances4 ,by all that's sacred1 the convict is right4 ,you missed your vocation2 instead of choosing a life of freedom you should have turned friar4 ,come6 keep watch1 he added1 wrapping himself in his mantle1 and lying down with a stone under his head and his carbine between his knees4 ,his words were lost upon ,perico4 ,the unhappy man tore his hair and cursed himself in his despair4 ,he had killed the son of the mistress and benefactress of his uncles1 his own companion of childhood4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,how vividly1 during that gloomy night did the tranquil scenes of his lost domestic happiness present themselves to ,perico6 ,and for what had he exchanged them8 ,his present frightful existence4 ,all around him was motionless4 ,he saw in the sad monotony of the night the changeless monotony of his misery2 in the fire #gif burning before him1 his consuming conscience2 and in the cold and impenetrable obscurity beyond1 his dark and cheerless future4 ,power of ,god6 he cried1 can ,i see and remember1 and feel all this1 and yet live8 ,the red and wavering flame threw from time to time a glare of light across the strange wild forms of the ruins1 presently leaving them in deep shadow1 appearing to take refuge within1 as a dying memory flashes up and then buries itself in the oblivion of the past4 ,he heard his own breathing exaggerated by the silence1 he saw horrible shapes in the obscurity4 ,fingers threatened him--eyes glared at him--reproachful voices accused him4 ,and no1 he was not mistaken1 by the clearer light of the flames1 now blown by the wind1 he saw1 beyond a remnant of wall1 a pair of hard black eyes fixed upon him4 ,startled1 and doubtful between the imaginary and the real1 ,perico did not know whether he ought to put himself under the protection of heaven1 by making the sign of the cross1 or to call for earthly help by giving the signal of alarm4 ,before he could act1 there came from behind the stone ruin a ruin of humanity2 from behind the degradation of time1 a wreck of human degradation--an old1 filthy1 and disgusting gipsy woman4 ,the tint of the brown woollen skirts which covered her fleshless limbs blended with that of the ruin2 she wore about her neck a kerchief1 and over her faded locks a black cloth mantilla4 ,perico was struck motionless as a stone1 or as if the repulsive face had been that of the ,medusa4 ,don't be uneasy1 said the vision1 approaching1 there is nothing to be afraid of4 ,i have not come with bad motive1 and you need not be on the watch4 ,i knew that you were here1 and have caused it to be rumored that you were making your way in the direction of the ,sierra de ,ronda1 and that people had seen you near ,espera and ,villa-,martin4 ,but why have you come here8 exclaimed ,perico1 instinctively alarmed at the aspect of the woman4 ,to put you in the way of securing1 at a stroke1 a fortune that will last you your lifetime1 she replied4 ,that which you are likely to offer does not inspire much confidence1 said ,perico4 ,why should ,i wish to harm you8 said the gipsy2 and as to my looks1 a poor cloak may cover a hail companion4 ,i bring a treasure to your very hands2 you have only to extend them4 ,a treasure1 said ,perico1 in whom the word1 instead of exciting covetousness1 only suggested the idea that the woman was mad1 a treasure1 and where is it8 ,the old wretch1 who saw in the question only what she expected to find1 avidity and thirst for gold1 approached ,perico as if she feared the breath of night might intercept her words1 and the anathemas of heaven dissolve them in the air1 and whispered in his ear1 ,in the church4 ,perico1 utterly shocked1 gave a step backward1 but recovering himself1 rushed upon the woman like a tiger1 and pushing her with all his might1 exclaimed1 ,go6 ,i will not go1 she said1 unintimidated2 ,i came to speak with the captain and the convict1 and ,i will speak with them4 ,in his anguish lest she should do it1 and to force her to go1 ,perico drew a dagger and flashed its shining blade in the firelight4 ,the gipsy shrieked and the robbers woke4 ,what is this8 shouted ,diego2 what has happened8 ,perico1 are you going to kill a woman8 ,no1 no1 ,i do not want to kill her1 only to drive her away4 ,and because1 said the old woman1 ,i have come so far1 through danger and fatigue1 to put you in a way to leave this slavish life you are leading1 like the ,blond of ,espera1 who committed one robbery so great that he had enough to go beyond the seas and pass the rest of his days in comfort4 #gig ,the robbers grouped themselves around her2 the convict presenting her with a fragment of the wall as a seat4 ,do not listen6 do not listen6 cried ,perico1 beside himself2 she purposes a sacrilege6 ,sir1 said the convict to ,diego1 oblige that agonizing priest to hold his tongue1 he is like the dog in the manger4 ,let this good woman speak1 and we shall know what she has to say--a regiment of horse couldn't silence that dismal screech-owl4 ,diego hesitated1 but finally turned toward the hag1 and ,perico1 knowing then that hope was lost1 for the bandit always followed his first impulses1 rushed away1 running hither and thither among the olives like a madman4 ,the gipsy had calculated everything1 and her measures were well taken4 ,the great advantages so exaggerated1 the difficulties so easily overcome1 the well-arranged precautions1 upon which she amplified so largely1 produced their effect4 ,the temptation which offers flowers with one hand and with the other hides the thorns1 convinced some and seduced others4 ,all the plans were settled1 and the hours and signals agreed upon1 and before the cocks1 day's faithful sentinels1 announced his coming1 the band was on its way to the solitary hacienda of ,el ,cuervo1 and the old witch crawling like a cunning and venomous snake to her den in the wood of ,alcal1 where in the depths of the earth she had conceived the crime to which amidst darkness and ruins she had persuaded evil-doers--the crime which was to be perpetrated in the temple of ,god4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,heavily passed the hours of the succeeding day to the idle guests of ,el ,cuervo4 ,all ,perico's representations and prayers had failed to dissuade ,diego from his impious design4 ,diego would never turn back2 and this stupid tenacity in pursuing a course which he knew to be wrong1 had cost him respect and honor1 and was still to cost him liberty and life4 ,it had1 moreover1 at the instigation of the convict1 forced ,perico1 who had at last resolved to leave the band1 to accompany it on this atrocious expedition--that vile man suggesting to ,diego that there was no other means of preventing the saint from denouncing them4 ,all mounted and at midnight reached the ruined castle of ,alcal4 ,diego whistled three times4 ,directly after1 the gipsy1 holding a dark lantern1 emerged from one of the vaults which open at the base of the castle4 ,they dismounted and followed her4 ,perico would have escaped by flight from the evil pass in which he found himself1 but his companions surrounded him and dragged him with them whither the woman led4 ,she1 after saluting the robbers in a fawning voice1 opened with a picklock the door of a rude court filled with rubbish and timbers4 ,from the court a postern leads into the vestry1 and through this the sacrilegious band entered the church1 not without dread and trembling even at the sound of their own footsteps4 ,what a sublime and tremendous spectacle--a deserted temple in the dead of night6 ,under its influence even the purest and most pious souls sink in profound awe and devotion2 and no amount of incredulity is sufficient to sustain the heart of him who presumes to violate it4 ,how immense appeared those shadowy naves6 ,how far above them the corbels1 which1 upheld by giants of stone1 seemed almost lost in the mysterious gloom of a sky without stars6 ,there in a deep and lonesome niche1 stretched prostrate and mute1 slept a cold effigy upon a sepulchre4 ,its outlines were hardly discernible1 but the very obscurity seemed to lend them motion4 #gih ,the high altar1 still perfumed with the flowers and incense of the morning1 gleamed through the darkness4 ,the altar1 centre of faith1 throne of charity1 refuge of hope1 shelter of the defenceless1 exhaustless source of consolations1 attracting all eyes1 all steps1 all hearts4 ,before the tabernacle burned the lamp1 solitary guardian of the sacrarium--burned only to light it1 for light is the knowledge of ,god4 ,holy and mysterious lamp--continual holocaust--aflame1 tranquil like hope--silent1 like reverence--ardent1 like charity--and enduring like eternal mercy4 ,the gleams and reflections of this light caught and relieved the prominent points of the carvings and mouldings of the gilded altarpiece1 giving them the look of eyes keeping religious watch4 ,there was nothing to distract the mind1 the perfect fixedness1 the unbroken stillness1 effected as it were a suspension of life1 which was not sleep--which was not death1 but the peacefulness of the one and the deep solemnity of the other4 ,such was the interior of the church of ,alcal when the spoilers entered1 lighted by the gipsy's lantern and dragging with them1 by main force1 the unfortunate ,perico4 ,let him go1 and lock that door1 said ,diego4 ,he will shout and betray us1 said the others4 ,let him go1 ,i say1 retorted the captain4 ,what can he do8 ,he can shriek1 answered ,leon1 who1 assisted by the gipsy1 was stripping the high altar of the silver furniture which adorned it4 ,guard him1 then1 said the captain4 ,two of the men approached ,perico4 ,off with your hats1 for you are in ,god's house1' he cried4 ,gag him1 commanded the captain1 ,resistance was useless4 ,they instantly stopped his mouth with a handkerchief4 ,but notwithstanding the handkerchief1 which suffocated him1 when ,perico saw that ,leon and the gipsy were breaking open the sacrarium he made one desperate effort1 and falling on his knees shouted1 ,sacrilege6 ,sacrilege666 ,terrible was the voice that resounded in the chapels1 that echoed like thunder along the vaults1 that awakened the grand and sonorous instrument which on other occasions accompanies the imposing ,de profundis and the glorious ,te ,deum1 and died away in its metal tubes like a doleful wail4 ,it caused a moment of cold terror to those miserable wretches4 ,even ,diego trembled6 ,have mercy1 ,lord1 have mercy6 moaned the unhappy ,perico4 ,make haste1 said ,diego1 the night is becoming clearer1 and we may be seen going out from here4 ,in fact1 the clouds were breaking away1 and a ray of the moon falling at this moment through a lofty skylight kissed the feet of an image of our ,blessed ,lady4 ,curse the moon6 exclaimed the gipsy2 and frightened at seeing each other by the clear and sudden illumination1 they hastened the work of spoliation4 ,at last they left the church1 and the gipsy1 when she had seen them ride away loaded with riches1 turned and again hid herself in the earth4 ,before the sun brightened the ,giralda the robbers reached the outskirts of ,seville with their booty1 ,they left their horses in an olive grove in charge of the convict1 and each entered the city by a different gate1 reuniting in an out-of-the-way place which the gipsy had indicated1 where a silver-smith1 who was in the secret1 received1 weighed1 and paid for the valuables4 ,but when they returned to the place where they had left the convict with the horses1 they found it deserted4 ,that dog has sold us1 said one4 ,for what8 said ,diego1 when his part1 which is likely to be worth more than his treason1 is here4 ,perhaps he has seen people1 and has gone to hide in ,el ,cuervo1 said another4 ,they set out in the direction of the hacienda1 avoiding roads and beaten paths1 and keeping within the shelter of the trees2 but neither there did they find the convict4 #gii ,my poor ,corso6 said ,diego1 and a bitter tear shone for a moment in his eyes2 but instantly recovering himself he said1 ,we are sold3 but1 courage6 and let us save ourselves4 ,down the river2 to the frontier2 to ,ayamonte2 to ,portugal4 ,some day ,i shall find him1 and on that day he will wish he had never been born6 ,they were leaving1 when the gipsy presented herself to claim her share of the money4 ,all assailed her with questions respecting the disappearance of the convict2 but she knew nothing1 and manifested much uneasiness4 ,you are not safe here1 and ought to get away as soon as may be1 she said4 ,the elder son of the ,countess of ,villaoran has sworn to avenge his brother4 ,he has got a troop from the captain-general1 and is out after you4 ,i am afraid he has surprised the convict4 ,as for me ,i am going1 the ground burns under my feet4 ,oh6 that it would burn you up6 exclaimed one4 ,oh6 that it would swallow you6 exclaimed another4 ,the old hag silently disappeared among the olives1 like a viper which crawls away1 leaving its venom in the bite it has inflicted4 ,a robbery in the house of ,god6 said the first4 ,the sacrarium violated6 said the other4 ,come1 hold your tongues6 shouted ,diego4 ,make the best of what can't be undone4 ,let's be off4 ,but now they heard the tramp of horses1 and ,perico1 who had been stationed to watch1 came hastily in and informed them that the convict was coming4 ,his arrival was greeted with shouts of joy4 ,he said that he had seen a troop of horsemen1 and had hidden himself2 that in order to return he had been obliged to make large circuits4 ,but1 now1 he added1 we have no time to lose1 they are on our track4 ,here1 captain1 is ,corso1 ,i have taken good care of him for you2 ,i know how fond of him you are4 ,diego joyfully caressed the noble creature vowing within himself never again to be separated from him4 ,they hastened their departure1 when1 suddenly1 before them1 behind them1 above their heads1 resounded a formidable demand1 ,surrender to the king6 ,they were surrounded by a party of cavalry4 ,two pistols were pointed at ,diego's breast1 and a man held the bridle of his horse4 ,diego cast his eyes around him with no feigned composure6 ,knowing the ability of the horse1 which he had trained to this end1 he drew his dagger with the quickness of light1 and cut the hands which held the reins1 pressed his knees strongly against the animal's sides1 and1 caressing his neck1 cried1 ,hey6 ,corso1 save your master6 ,the noble and intelligent creature made one effort1 but fell back upon his haunches powerless4 ,he was hamstrung6 ,diego comprehended the blow1 and knew the hand that had dealt it4 ,frantic with rage1 he sprang to the ground1 but the traitor had disappeared among the troop which crowded the pass4 ,they took ,diego1 who made no useless resistance4 ,as they left the defile1 the bandit turned his head1 and cast a last look upon the horse1 that1 always immovable1 followed him with his large liquid eyes4 ,the soldiers disarmed the bandits1 and tied their arms behind their backs4 ,which is the one8 asked the ,count of ,villaoran when he saw them together--which is the one that killed my brother8 ,the robbers were silent at a look from ,diego1 who1 though a prisoner and bound1 still awed them4 ,which was it8 asked the count again1 in a voice choked with rage4 ,it was ,i1 said ,perico4 ,the count turned toward the drooping youth1 who had not before attracted his notice2 but when he fixed his eyes upon him a cry of horror escaped his lips4 #hjj ,you6 ,perico ,alvareda6 ,iniquity without name6 ,perversity without example6 ,poor ,anna6 wretched mother that bore you6 ,unfortunate little ones6 ,unhappy ,rita6 ,know1 infamous man1 continued the count with vehemence1 that your wife has worked with incessant zeal and activity to procure your pardon4 ,she was always at the feet of the judges4 ,ventura forgave you before he died4 ,pedro has forgiven you4 ,my poor brother was the zealous and tireless agent of your friends4 ,he obtained your pardon of the king4 ,all were anxiously seeking you1 and he more than all the rest1 and ,i--would to ,god ,i had never found you6 ,diego1 who saw the immense grief which the coldness and pallor of death painted upon the changing countenance of ,perico1 and noticed that he was tottering1 said to the count3 ,sir1 do you see that you are killing him8 ,i will not anticipate the executioner1 answered the count1 mounting his horse4 ,courage6 murmured ,diego in the ear of the sinking ,perico4 ,look at us4 ,we are all going to die1 and we are all serene4 ,they entered ,seville amidst the maledictions of the populace1 horrified by their recent crimes4 ,but the indignation with which the crowd saw the vile traitor who had sold his companions1 walking among them free1 was beyond measure4 ,this traitor was the convict1 who by betraying the others had bought his own pardon1 and obtained the reward promised to the person who should secure the arrest of the notorious robber ,diego1 who had so long laughed at the efforts of his pursuers4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,the prison of ,seville was at that time badly situated1 in a narrow street in the most central part of the city4 ,it was an ill-looking structure1 scaly and mean2 wanting in its style the dignity of legal authority and the outward respect which humanity owes to misfortune1 even when it is criminal4 ,a few steps from this centre of hardened wickedness and beastly degradation the street ends in the grand plaza of ,san ,francisco--an irregular oblong area1 bounded by those edifices which make it the most imposing plaza of the famed deanery of ,andalucia1 ,on the right are the chapter-houses whose exquisite architecture renders them in the eyes of both ,sevillans and strangers the finest ornaments of the city4 ,on the left1 forming a projecting angle1 stands the regular and severe edifice of the ,audiencia1 the tribunal to which justice gives all power4 ,surmounting it1 like a signal of mercy1 is its clock--ten minutes too slow2 venerable illegality1 which gives ten minutes more of life to the criminal before striking the cruel hour named for his execution4 ,thus all the laws and customs of ancient ,spain have the seal of charity4 ,ten minutes1 to him who is passing tranquilly along the road of life1 are nothing2 but to him who is about to die1 they are priceless4 ,upon the threshold of death1 ten minutes may decide his sentence for eternity4 ,ten minutes may bring an unhoped-for but possible pardon4 ,but even though these considerations1 spiritual and temporal1 did not exist2 though this impressive souvenir of our forefathers were nothing more than the grant of ten minutes of existence to him who is about to die1 it would still prove that1 even to their most severe decrees1 our ancestors knew how to affix the seal of charity4 ,as such it is recognized by the people1 who understand and appreciate it1 for it is one of the customs which they hold in highest reverence4 ,o ,spain6 what examples hast thou not given to the world of all that is good and wise6 thou that to-day art asking them of strangers6 #hja ,on one side of the town-hall1 forming a receding angle1 is seen the great convent of ,san ,francisco with its imposing church4 ,the other fronts form arches that1 like stone festoons1 adorn the sides of the plaza4 ,at the end opposite the point first mentioned is an immense marble fountain1 of which the flow of waters is as changeless and lasting as the material of the basin which receives it4 ,one day the plaza of ,san ,francisco and the streets leading to it were covered with an unusual multitude4 ,what drew them together8 ,why were they there8 ,to see a man die--but no1 not die2 to see a man kill his brother6 ,to die is solemn1 not terrible1 when the angel gently closes the sufferer's weary eyes and gives his soul wings to rise to other regions4 ,but to see a man killed1 by a human hand1 in travail of spirit1 in agony of soul1 in tortures of pain1 is appalling4 ,and yet men go1 and hasten1 and crowd each other1 to witness the consummation of legal doom4 ,but it is neither pleasure nor curiosity that attracts the awe-struck multitude4 ,it is that fatal desire of emotion which takes possession of the contradictory human heart4 ,this might have been read in those faces1 at once pale1 anxious1 and horrified4 ,an indistinct murmur ran through the dense multitude1 in the midst of which rose that pillar of shame and anguish2 that usurper of the mission of death2 that foothold of the forsaken1 which no one but the priest treads voluntarily--the fearful scaffold1 built at night1 by the melancholy light of lanterns1 because the men who raise it are ashamed to be seen by the light of ,god's sun and the eyes of their fellowmen4 ,the crowd shuddered at intervals at the mournful strokes of the bell of ,san ,francisco1 pealing for a being who no longer existed except to ,god1 for the world had blotted him from the list of the living4 ,its notes1 now rising to ,god in supplication for a soul1 now descending to mortals in expressive admonition1 forming part of the overwhelming solemnity which was inhaled with the air and oppressed the breast1 seemed to say1 ,die1 guilty ones die in expiatory sacrifice for this sinful humanity4 ,only the pure and limpid fountain continued its sweet and monotonous song1 unconscious as childhood and innocence of the terrors of the earth4 ,o innocence1 emanation of ,paradise1 still respired in our corrupted atmosphere by children and those privileged beings who have1 like faith1 a bandage upon their eyes1 that they may believe without seeing1 and another upon their hearts1 that they may see and not comprehend2 who have1 like charity1 their heart in their hand1 and1 like hope1 their eyes fixed on heaven1 thou art always surrounded by reverence1 love1 and admiration1 which1 as the daughter of heaven1 thou meritest4 ,there are two classes of charity3 one relieves material sufferings in a material way1 and with money--this is beautiful and liberal1 but easy1 and a social obligation4 ,the other is that which relieves moral anguish1 morally4 ,this is sublime and divine4 ,of the latter class1 one that has not been sufficiently praised by society1 which finds so many occasions for censure and so few for eulogy1 is the ,brotherhood of ,charity4 ,and who compose this admirable congregation8 ,those1 perhaps1 who waste so much paper and phraseology in favor of humanity1 philanthropy1 and fraternity8 ,no1 not one of them condescends to enter this corporation1 which is formed principally of the aristocracy of those places where it has been established4 ,the truth is1 that between theory and practice1 as between saying and doing1 there is a great space4 ,in ,seville1 a short time after the events related in the last chapter1 several gentlemen of distinction were seen passing through the streets1 each holding out a small basket1 as he repeated in a grave voice1 ,for the unfortunates who are to be put to death4 #hjb ,diego and his band were assembled in the chapel of the prison1 constantly attended by some of the brotherhood1 who1 leaving their homes1 their pleasures1 and their occupations1 came to take part in this prolonged agony1 consoling the last moments of these sinful men2 anticipating their wishes with more attention than those of kings are anticipated1 and pouring balsam into the wound inflicted by the sword of justice4 ,two of the most zealous and devoted of the brotherhood1 the ,count of ,cantillana and the ,marquis of ,greffina1 had been to the tribunal1 which is established and remains in session in the jail while the condemned are being prepared and led to the scaffold1 and during the execution1 to ask of it the bodies of those who were to suffer4 ,the following is the formula adopted by this noble and affecting ,catholic institution3 ,we come1 in the name of ,joseph and of ,nicodemus1 to ask leave to take the body down from the place of punishment4 ,the judge grants the prayer1 and they withdraw4 ,each prisoner was accompanied by his confessor--a blessed staff to sustain the steps that are turned toward the scaffold4 ,when ,perico had finished his sacramental confession1 he said to the venerable religious who assisted him3 ,my name is not known2 they call me ',perico the ,sad2' but1 since between earth and heaven nothing is hidden1 my family will1 sooner or later1 know my fate4 ,have the charity1 father1 to fulfil my last desire1 and be yourself the one to carry the news to my mother4 ,tell her that ,i died repentant and contrite1 and not so criminal as ,i appear4 ,an evil life is a ravine into which one is drawn by the first crime4 ,that crime which has weighed and is weighing so heavily upon me1 ,i committed because ,i preferred a vain thing which men call honor1 and which has sometimes to be bought with blood1 to the precepts of the gospel1 which make a virtue of forbearance and command us to forgive4 ,o father6 how different appear the things of life on the threshold of the tomb6 ,tell my poor sister1 whose bridegroom ,i killed1 that ,i commend her to another and immortal ,one1 who will never deceive her4 ,tell ,pedro that ,i know he has forgiven me1 as did his son1 and that ,i carry this consolation to the grave1 and my gratitude to ,god4 ,tell ,rita that ,i lived and died loving her1 and that1 if ,i had lived1 ,i never would have reminded her of the past1 since she has repented of it4 ,ask my mother-in-law1 who is so good1 to recommend me to ,god 4 4 4 4 and my poor children 4 4 4 my orphans 4 4 4 4 ,oh6 if it were possible that they might never know 4 4 4 4 the fate of their father 4 4 4 4 who 4 4 4 4 blesses them 4 4 4 ,here his bursting heart found vent in sobs4 ,the priest who heard him1 convinced of the innocence of his heart1 seeing how he had been surprised into crime by all that exasperates and blinds the reason of a husband1 a brother1 and a brave man1 and forced into an evil life by circumstances1 necessity1 and his natural want of firmness1 felt as one who without means or power to save it sees a fair vessel dashing to pieces at his feet4 ,rita's constant and energetic movements to discover the whereabouts of ,perico1 whose pardon1 with the assistance of charitable souls1 she had obtained from the king1 brought her1 with her mother1 that day to ,seville4 ,attempting to pass the plaza of ,san ,francisco they encountered the great crowd which had gathered there1 and1 asking the cause of the tumult1 were shown the scaffold4 ,they would have retired1 but could not for the press behind them4 ,one of the condemned is approaching2 all burst into exclamations of pity--,poor boy6 ,this is the one they call ',perico the ,sad2' they say that his wife1 a good-for-nothing1 was the ruin of him4 ,rita's heart beats violently--the criminal passes--she sees--she recognizes him4 ,a shriek1 another such was never uttered1 rends the air--heard in all the market-place4 #hjc ,perico stops3 ,father1 he says1 it is she6 it is ,rita6 ,my son1 replies the priest1 think only of ,god1 in whose presence you are going to appear1 contrite1 reconciled1 and happy1 carrying with you your expiation4 ,father1 if ,i could only see her before ,i die8 ,my son1 think of the bitter punishment and of the glorious illumination you are going to receive from man1 who is the instrument of ,god in your destiny4 ,perico wishes to turn ,forward6 orders the sergeant4 ,he mounts the scaffold and kneels to the spiritual father1 who with a calm face1 but a heart sorely oppressed1 blesses him4 ,he kisses the crucifix1 that other scaffold1 upon which the ,man-,god expiated the sins of others1 still turning his eyes toward the place from which the voice sounded that pierced his heart2 seats himself upon the bench2 the executioner1 who stands behind him1 places the garrote around his neck2 the priest intones the creed2 the executioner turns the screw1 and a simultaneous cry1 ,ave ,maria purissima6 sounds in the plaza4 ,with this invocation to the ,mother of ,god1 humanity takes leave of the condemned at the moment that he is separated from it by the hand of the law4 ,the executioner covers the face of the victim with a black cloth1 and the black shadow of the wings of death falls upon the hushed multitude4 ,some compassionate persons carried ,rita away senseless4 ,her situation was terrible beyond expression4 ,the convulsions which shook her left her but few moments of consciousness1 and in these moments she gave way to her despair in a way so frightful that they were obliged to hold her as if she had been mad4 ,for some days it was impossible to move her4 ,at length her relatives brought a cart to take her away4 ,they laid her in it1 upon a mattress1 but not one of them would accompany her for shame4 ,maria went alone with her child1 sustaining her head upon her lap4 ,rita's long black hair fell around her like a veil1 covering her from the glances of the indiscreet and curious4 ,there goes1 they said1 as they saw her pass1 the wife of the criminal1 who by her indiscretion sent him to the scaffold4 ,but the oxen did not hasten their deliberate steps4 ,it seemed as if they also had a mission to fulfil1 in prolonging the punishment of reprobation to her who hid provoked it with so much audacity4 ,maria went like a resigned martyr4 ,her gentle heart had been made as it were elastic1 in order to contain without bursting an immensity of suffering4 ,from time to time ,rita shuddered and broke into lamentations1 pressing convulsively her mother's knees4 ,the latter said nothing1 for even she found no words of consolation for such grief4 ,they reached the village as night was coming on4 ,the cart stopped before their house1 and ,rita was lifted out4 ,she sees a window wide open in her mother-in-law's house2 through this window an unusual light is shining4 ,she breaks away from the arms that sustain her and rushes to the grating4 ,in the middle of the room which she inhabited in happy times1 stands a bier4 ,four wax candles throw their solemn light upon the calm form of ,elvira4 ,she is as white as her shroud2 her hands are crossed1 and through her right arm passes a palm branch--emblem consecrated to virginity4 ,thus in simple grace1 and in the attitude of prayer1 lies the pious village maiden4 ,in the front part of that melancholy room were still seen the withered plants which on a happier day had formed the mimic ,bethlehem4 ,at the extremity of the room sits ,anna1 as pale and motionless as the corpse itself4 ,on one side of her is ,pedro1 and on the other the priest who accompanied ,perico to the scaffold4 #hjd ,years after the events we have related1 the ,marquis of ---- went to spend some days at one of the haciendas of ,dos-,hermanas4 ,one evening1 when he was returning from the estate of a relative1 he noticed as he passed near an olive-tree that the overseer and the guard who accompanied him uncovered their heads4 ,he glanced upward1 and saw nailed to the tree a red cross4 ,has there been a murder in this quiet place8 he asked4 ,yes1 sir1 answered the guard1 here was killed the handsomest and bravest youth that ever trod ,dos-,hermanas4 ,and the murderer1 added the overseer1 was the best and most honorable young man of the place4 ,but how was that8 questioned the marquis4 ,through wine and women1 sir1 the cause of all misfortunes1 replied the guard4 ,and as they went along they told the story we have repeated1 with all its circumstances and details4 ,do any of the family still live in the place8 asked the marquis1 extremely interested in the recital4 ,uncle ,pedro died that year2 ,perico's wife would have let herself die of grief1 but the priest that assisted her husband persuaded her to try to live to fulfil the will of ,god and her husband1 by taking care of her children2 but to stay here where every one knew and loved her husband1 she must have had a brazen face indeed2 she went with her mother to the sierra1 where they had relatives4 ,one who came from there awhile since1 and had seen her1 says that she does not look like the same person4 ,the tears have worn furrows in her cheeks2 she is as thin as the scythe of death1 and her health is destroyed4 ,poor aunt ,anna died only the day before yesterday4 ,she looked like a shadow1 and walked bent as if she were seeking her grave as a bed of rest4 ,they had now reached the village1 and as they were passing a large gloomy building1 the overseer said1 ,this is her house4 ,the marquis paused a moment1 and then entered4 ,an old woman1 a relation of the deceased1 lived alone in the sad and empty house1 over which1 at that instant1 the moon cast a white shroud4 ,how these vines are dying6 said the marquis4 ,they were not so1 answered the woman1 when that poor dear child took care of them4 ,they used to be covered with flowers that flourished like daughters under the hand of a mother4 ,but she closed her eyes1 never again to open them in this world1 the day she heard of her brother's fate4 ,oh6 exclaimed the gentleman1 what a pity6 this magnificent orange-tree is dead4 ,yes2 it is older than the world1 sir1 and was used to a great deal of petting and care4 ,after poor ,anna lost her children1 neither she nor any one else minded it1 and it withered4 ,and this dog8 asked the marquis1 seeing a dog1 old and blind1 lying in one comer4 ,the poor ,melampo1 from the time he lost his master he grew melancholy and blind4 ,anna1 before she died1 begged me to take care of him2 it was almost the only thing the dear soul spoke of2 but there will be no need2 when they took away her corpse he began to howl1 and since then he will not eat4 ,the marquis drew nearer4 ,melampo was dead4 ------ #hje ,from ,the ,month4 ,,buried ,,alive4 ,it may be asserted without hesitation1 that no event is so terribly well calculated to inspire the supremeness of bodily and mental distress as is burial before death4 ,the unendurable oppression of the lungs2 the stifling fumes of the damp earth2 the clinging to the death-garments2 the rigid embrace of the narrow house2 the blackness of the absolute night2 the silence like a sea that overwhelms2 the unseen but palpable presence of the conqueror worm--these things1 with thoughts of the air and grass above1 with memory of dear friends who would fly to save us1 if but informed of our fate1 and with consciousness that of this fate they can never be informed2 that our hopeless portion is that of the really dead--these considerations1 ,i say1 carry into the heart which still palpitates a degree of appalling and intolerable horror from which the most daring imagination must recoil4 ,footnote #ahg ,footnote #ahg3 ,e4,a4 ,poe's ,premature ,burial4 ,i have chosen this sentence from a writer whose forte is the terrible and mysterious for my introduction1 because it sums up1 in a few expressive words1 the thoughts which arise in our minds on hearing or reading the words ,buried ,alive4 ,to avert so fearful a doom from a fellow-creature would surely be worth any trouble2 and yet it is to be feared that the very horror which the thought inspires causes most of us to turn aside from it1 and to accept the comfortable doctrine that such things are not done now1 whatever may have formerly been the case4 ,were this true1 ,i should not feel justified in bringing before the readers of the ,month a ghastly subject1 which could be acceptable only to a morbid curiosity2 but it is unfortunately but too certain that persons are now and then buried alive1 and that1 therefore1 this fate may be possibly our own4 ,the subject is one which naturally excites more attention abroad2 for in ,england the custom of keeping deceased relatives above ground for many days after their death1 has long prevailed1 and incurs the opposite danger of injuring the health of the survivors who thus indulge their grief4 ,we believe no important work has ever been published in this country on the subject2 for ,dr4 ,hawe's pamphlet is not up to the present standard of medical information1 and contains instances of very doubtful authenticity4 ,the tales of premature interment which can be collected in conversation1 or occasionally noticed in the public journals1 are not very numerous2 few of them are circumstantial enough to have any scientific interest2 and some prove the supposed fact by the hair or nails having grown1 and the body having moved when in its coffin-- things which are well known to happen now and then after death has undoubtedly taken place1 and being therefore no proofs at all4 ,after examination1 ,i have1 then1 come to the conclusion that no estimate of the frequency of premature interment can be obtained4 ,indeed1 the only statistics which we possess are from ,germany1 and they are not very reassuring4 ,in some of the largest towns of that country1 mortuary chambers 7in which the dead are placed for some days before burial7 have long been established2 and we learn from a report of one in ,berlin1 that in the space of only thirty-months ten people1 who had been supposed dead1 were there found to be alive1 and thus saved from true death #hjf in its most horrible form4 ,but in ,france and ,italy1 especially during the summer months1 the dead are buried so very early that fears are frequently entertained4 ,in ,france1 indeed1 the law prescribes a delay of twenty-four hours after death before interment1 and also requires a certificate of death from an inspector1 who in large towns is usually a physician with no other employment 7le mdecin des morts27 but so many instances of carelessness and of incapacity on the part of the country inspectors have been noticed1 that the ,chamber of ,peers1 during ,louis ,philippe's reign1 and lately the ,senate of the ,empire1 have received many petitions praying for an inquiry1 and for further precautions4 ,to these the answer has generally been1 that the existing law provides sufficient safeguards2 and in this the ,senate only followed the prevailing opinion of men of science in ,france4 ,for1 some years ago1 ,dr4 ,manni1 a professor in the ,university of ,rome1 offered a prize of #ae1jjj francs1 to be given by the ,french ,academy of ,sciences to the author of the best essay on the signs of death and the means to be taken to prevent premature interment4 ,the prize was obtained in #ahdi by ,m4 ,bouchut1 an eminent physician in ,paris1 who1 after a very detailed examination of the question1 came to these two conclusions3 first1 that when the action of the heart could be no longer heard by means of the stethoscope1 death was certain2 and secondly1 that not a single case of interment before death has ever been clearly and satisfactorily made out3 and the learned body1 who awarded the prize to him1 entirely assented to these opinions4 ,since that time1 however1 cases have been quoted1 by some ,french doctors of note1 in which the action of the heart could not be detected1 and yet life was in the end restored4 ,their observations have been summed up in a pamphlet by ,m4 ,jozat4 ,this gave a fresh impulse to the subject2 and on the #bgth of ,february last1 ,m4 de ,courvol presented a petition to the ,senate of the same tenor as those mentioned above4 ,this would have received the same answer as they did1 and the matter would have been again shelved1 if several of the senators present had not quoted instances which had fallen under their own observation1 and in which death was escaped only by some happy accident4 ,the most remarkable of these was narrated by ,cardinal ,donnet1 as having happened to himself2 and his story was copied into most ,english newspapers at the time4 ,it is1 however1 so much to the purpose of this paper1 that ,i make no apology for quoting it in his own words3 ,in #ahbf1 a young priest was suddenly struck down1 unconscious1 in the pulpit of a crowded cathedral where he was preaching4 ,the funeral knell was soon after tolled1 and a physician declared him to be certainly dead1 and obtained leave for his burial next day4 ,the bishop of the cathedral where this event had occurred1 had recited the ',de ,profundis' by the side of the bier2 the coffin was being already prepared4 ,night was approaching2 and the young priest1 who heard all these preparations1 suffered agonies4 ,he was only twenty-eight years old1 and in perfect health4 ,at last he distinguished the voice of a friend of his childhood2 this caused him to make a superhuman effort1 and produced the wonderful result of enabling him to speak4 ,the next day he was able to preach again4 ,this remarkable account1 coming almost from the grave1 produced a very great impression2 and1 as is not unusual in deliberative assemblies1 the ,senate yielded to striking individual cases what it had before refused to argument1 forwarding the petition to the ,minister of the ,interior1 and so implying that it considered the existing law insufficient4 ,the plan which finds most favor in ,france is the establishment of mortuary houses1 like those in ,germany4 ,although some of the highest authorities in #hjg ,france are opposed to them1 there can be no doubt1 if the statistics quoted above are to be believed1 that they would be the means of saving many lives1 especially in cases where 7as in hotels and lodging-houses7 the funeral is now hurried as much as possible4 ,the only precautions which need be taken in ,england are of a simple kind1 and will be more evident after the description ,i shall now proceed to give of the two diseased states which most nearly simulate death4 ,in the first of these1 called catalepsy1 the patient lies immovable and apparently unconscious2 the limbs are rigid and cold2 the eyes are fixed1 sometimes remaining open2 and the jaw sometimes drops4 ,but the resemblance to death goes no farther2 the face has not a corpse-like expression2 although the limbs are cold1 the head continues to be warm1 or is even warmer than when in the usual state2 the pupils are never completely dilated1 and are1 sometimes at least1 contracted by exposure to light4 ,the pulse and breathing1 although slow and irregular1 can always be noticed2 and the muscles are so far stiffened as to keep the limbs1 during the whole course of the attack1 in the position 7however constrained and inconvenient7 in which they chance to be at the time of seizure1 or may be placed in by bystanders during the fit4 ,this state of the muscular system is a decisive proof that the case is one of catalepsy4 ,were this rare and curious disease the only cause of error1 the physician called upon to discern in a given case between life and death would have a comparatively easy task2 but there is a still rarer condition1 which gives rise to most of the lamentable mistakes that are made2 the state of trance or prolonged syncope1 is a far more perfect counterfeit of death4 ,the patient is motionless1 and apparently unconscious1 although he is usually aware of all that is passing around him2 the pulsation of the heart and arteries1 and the breathing gradually diminish in force and frequency1 until they become at last quite imperceptible2 the whole surface of the body grows cold2 and all this may last even for many days4 ,how is one in such a condition known not to be dead8 ,in the first place1 it is noticed that this disease is rare in a previously healthy person2 it has been generally preceded by some cause producing great weakness1 7especially long-continued fevers1 great loss of blood1 severe mental affliction1 or bodily pain47 ,it almost invariably1 too1 occurs suddenly1 without any preparation1 and of course without the signs which immediately precede death4 ,sometimes mere inspection will convince the physician that the person is still alive4 ,thus1 the face1 although fixed1 may not have the look of death2 the mouth may be firmly closed1 the eye not glazed1 and the pupil not entirely dilated4 ,supposing1 however1 that every one of these signs of life is absent1 and that the pulse and breathing are imperceptible by the ordinary means of observation1 careful examination of the chest with a stethoscope will detect the heart-sounds1 if life be not quite extinct1 in almost every case4 ,i dare not1 in view of the cases cited by ,m4 ,jozat1 say that absence of the heart-sounds in this state never occurs2 but all medical men will agree with me that it must be exceedingly rare4 ,it also seems to me probable that1 in the cases on which ,m4 ,jozat relies1 the movements of the heart were so few and far between that the chest happened to be ausculted only during the intervals2 at any rate1 it would of course be advisable to make frequent and prolonged examinations before deciding that no sound could be heard4 ,the late ,dr4 ,hope suggested that the second sound of the heart might be detected1 although the first was quite inaudible2 but this is merely theoretical4 ,again1 although the surface of the body be quite cold1 it is probable that a thermometer introduced far into the mouth would show that some internal warmth #hjh remained in every case of trance4 ,at a variable time after death the muscles lose their irritability1 7that is1 their power of contracting under galvanic stimulation27 and this change is speedily followed by another--the stiffness which is noticed all over the body4 ,it is to be remembered that loss of muscular irritability1 and rigidity of the whole body1 may both be noticed and yet the person be alive2 still1 if these two symptoms are not present at first1 and only appear soon after supposed death1 they will afford strong presumption that the person is dead2 which will be strengthened if the skin be slightly burned1 and yet no bleb forms in consequence4 ,every one1 however1 of the signs enumerated is open to exceptions2 although1 of course1 the concurrence of many1 or of all1 tending in the same direction1 will make death or life almost certain2 but the only absolutely conclusive evidence of death is putrefaction1 which is sometimes much delayed by the previous emaciation of the deceased1 or by cold dry weather1 but which sooner or later removes all doubt4 ,the first indications of decay are in the eyeball1 which becomes flaccid1 and in the discoloration of the skin of the trunk2 its later ones are well known to every one4 ,one ,m4 ,mangin 7who contributed a notice of this subject to the ,correspondant for ,march #beth last1 to which ,i am indebted for several facts ,i have mentioned7 supposes that the buzzing1 humming noise which is heard over all the body of a living person would furnish a certain means of distinguishing real from apparent death4 ,he does not seem to be aware that ,m4 ,collongues1 the principal authority for what is called dynamoscopy1 has found that this noise is absent in some cases of catalepsy and trance1 for which it is proposed as a test4 ,certain authorities1 both in ,england and ,france1 have thought that microscopal examination of the blood would be decisive2 but unfortunately irregularity in shape and indentation of the red disks 7on which they would rely7 occur sometimes during life1 and are only among the earliest signs of putrefaction after death4 ,these1 as far as ,i know are the only means which science has hitherto suggested for distinguishing a living body from a corpse2 and we have seen that none of them1 save putrefaction1 are invariably certain4 ,in a doubtful case1 therefore1 time should always be allowed for this change to take place1 so that the body may be interred in perfect security4 ,if this is done under the direction of a medical attendant of ordinary information1 relatives and friends may be convinced that no mistake is possible2 and their plain duty is to urge this salutary delay in the very few cases where it can possibly be required4 ,it is particularly important to urge this delay1 when necessary1 in the case of persons who have apparently died of some contagious disease1 and who might otherwise have been buried alive4 ,it is indeed1 much to be feared that persons in the collapse stage of cholera have been sometimes buried as dead2 especially 7,cardinal ,donnet remarks7 when they are attacked in hotels or lodgings1 where a death from such a cause would be particularly prejudicial4 ,m4 ,mangin mentions one such case of a medical student in ,paris1 who apparently died of cholera in #ahcb1 and for whose funeral all preparations were made1 when a friend applied moxas to the spine4 ,he recovered consciousness at once1 and survived many years2 and there is something grimly amusing in reading that he told the narrator3 ,je me suis chauff avec le bois de mon cercueil6 ,those1 again1 who have read ,mr4 ,maguire's ,life of ,father ,mathew1 will not soon forget his graphic description of a similar case1 in which ,father ,mathew rescued a young man from the hospital dead-house during the same epidemic at ,cork1 just as he was being wrapped in a tarred sheet and placed in his coffin4 #hji ,poe1 in the tale from which ,i have quoted above1 gives an instance of burial during typhus fever1 probably in one of the long periods of unconsciousness and immobility occasionally occurring in that disease4 ,the unfortunate man remained in the grave for two days1 when his body was disinterred by the body-snatchers1 for the purpose of enabling his medical attendants to make a post-mortem examination4 ,a casual application of the galvanic current revived him1 and he was soon after restored to his friends1 alive and in good health4 ,this is said by ,poe to have happened to a ,mr4 ,edward ,stapleton1 a ,london solicitor1 in #ahca4 ,i have been unable to obtain any verification of this marvel1 but give it for what it may be worth4 ,it is very remarkable that the state of prolonged syncope1 or trance1 can sometimes be produced by a mere effort of the will4 ,one of the best-described cases is given by ,st4 ,augustine4 ,footnote #ahh ,it is that of a priest named ,restitutus1 who used frequently1 in order to satisfy the curiosity of friends1 to make himself totally immovable1 and apparently unconscious1 so that he did not feel any pricking1 pinching1 or even burning2 nor did he appear to breathe at all4 ,he used afterward to say that he could hear during the attack what was said very loud by bystanders1 as if from afar4 ,he brought on the attack ad imitatas quasi lamentantis cujuslibet voces2 a sentence which is unfortunately of rather uncertain meaning4 ,another case is recorded by ,dr4 ,cheyne1 a fashionable ,bath physician of the last century4 ,a patient of his1 one ,colonel ,townsend1 in order to convince ,dr4 ,cheyne's incredulity1 one day voluntarily induced this state of death-like trance by composing himself as if to sleep4 ,he then appeared perfectly dead2 and neither ,dr4 ,cheyne nor another physician4 ,dr4 ,bayard1 nor the apothecary in attendance1 could detect any pulsation at the heart or wrist1 or any breathing whatever4 ,they were just about to give him up for dead1 when1 at the end of half an hour1 he gradually recovered4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xiv4 cap4 #bd4 ,but these performances are quite thrown into the shade by those of certain fakeers in ,india4 ,mr4 ,braid1 in his very interesting ,observations on ,trance1 or ,human ,hybernation1 collected several of these almost incredible tales from ,british officers1 who spoke as having been themselves eye-witnesses of them in ,india4 ,in the most wonderful of them ,sir ,claude ,wade 7formerly ,resident at the court of ,runjeet ,singh7 says that he saw a fakeer buried in an underground vault for six weeks3 the body had been twice dug up by ,runjeet ,singh during this period1 and found in the same position as when first buried4 ,in another case1 ,lieutenant ,boileau 7in his ,narrative of a ,journey in ,rajwarra in #ahce7 relates that he saw a man buried for ten days in a grave lined with masonry and covered with large slabs of stone2 and the fakeer declared his readiness to be left in the tomb for a twelvemonth4 ,in all these cases it is said that the body1 when first disinterred1 was like a corpse1 and no pulse could be detected at the heart or the wrist2 but warmth to the head and friction of the body soon revived the bold experimenter4 ,supposing that the watch 7which was carefully kept up during each of these curious interments7 was not eluded by some of the jugglery in which ,indians excel1 we have here proofs that the state of trance cannot only be voluntarily induced1 but prolonged over a very long time4 ,the rationale of such phenomena is not very difficult to comprehend4 ,st4 ,augustine was undoubtedly right when he explained the case that fell under his own observation by the supposition that some persons have a remarkable and unusual power of the will over the action of the heart4 ,dr4 ,carpenter suggests that the state of syncope could be kept up much longer #haj in a vault in a tropical climate1 where the body would not lose too much of its natural heat1 than in more temperate countries2 and ,mr4 ,braid compares this condition to the slowness of respiration and circulation during winter in hybernating animals4 ,but whatever may be the explanation1 ,i cannot at least be accused of digression in ending this gloomy paper with an account of men who are voluntarily buried alive4 ------ ,translated from ,le ,correspondant4 ,a ,,celtic ,,legend4--,,herv4 ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,m4 ,,augustin ,,thierry4 ,,by ,h4 ,,de ,,la ,,villemarqu4 ,i was one day walking in the country with a book in my hand4 ,it was in a district of that land where ,la ,fontaine has said1 fate sends men when it wishes to make them mad4 ,fate had not1 however1 sent me there in order to make me mad4 ,i found1 on the contrary1 in the charming scenes which on all sides presented themselves to my view1 and in the original population which surrounded me1 a thousand reasons for not sharing the sentiment of the morose narrator of fables4 ,a peasant accosted me in the familiar but at the same time respectful style habitual to those of that country1 and1 pointing to my book with his finger3 ,is it the ,lives of the ,saints1 he said to me1 'that you are reading there8 ,a little surprised at this address1 which1 however1 by no means explained my reading1 ,i remained silent1 thinking of this opinion of the ,breton peasants1 according to whom the ,lives of the ,saints is the usual reading of all those who know how to read2 and1 as my interlocutor repeated his question1 ,well1 yes1 ,i replied1 to humor his thought1 there is sometimes mention made of the saints in this book4 ,and what one's life are you reading now8 he continued obstinately4 ,i mentioned at random the name of some saint1 and thought ,i had quieted his curiosity1 but ,i had not satisfied his faith4 ,what was he good for8 he asked4 ,for an instant ,i stopped short2 what reply to offer to a man who judged the saints by their practical utility8 ,i turned upon him3 ,and your own patron1 ,i replied1 what maladies does he care8 ,oh6 a great number1 he said2 those of men as well as those of animals4 ,although during his life he was only a poor blind singer1 he has a beautiful place in paradise1 ,i assure you4 ,the day he entered heaven the sky was all illuminated4 ,and1 accompanying it with commentaries1 he chanted for me the legend of the patron of his parish4 ,i knew it already by ,latin and ,french publications2 but ,i was well pleased to collect it fresh from the living spring of popular tradition4 ,by the aid of this later source and of the written record1 ,i have reconstructed the account about to be read4 ,it presents1 if ,i do not deceive myself1 a somewhat interesting page in the history of ,christian civilization in ,armorica1 in the sixth century2 so judged the great historian1 my teacher and my friend1 to whom ,i dedicate it4 ,moral truth shines through all the legend as a light shines through a veil4 ,footnote #ahi ,footnote #ahi3 ,the most ancient compilation of this legend1 written six hundred years after the death of ,saint ,herv1 which is placed on the #bb;d ,june in the year #efh1 exists in the ,imperial ,library1 in the portfolio of the ,blanc-,manteaux4 ,no #ch1 p4 #hea3 the two more modern are1 one of ,p4 ,albert le ,grand1 who has taken for his model ,jacques de ,voragine2 the other by ,dom ,lobineau1 who has fallen into the contrary extreme4 #haa ,i4 ,it was the custom of the ,frank kings to have a large number of poets and musicians at their court2 they often had them come from foreign countries1 taking pleasure1 mingled with a barbarous pride1 in listening to verses sung in their honor1 of which they understood not a word4 ,among them were seen ,italians1 ,greeks1 and even ,britons1 who1 uniting their discordant voices with the singers of the ,german race1 emulated each other in flattering the not critical ears of the ,merovingian princes4 ,welcomed to their palace1 after having been driven from his own country by the ,lombards1 the ,italian ,fortunatus has preserved for us recollections of these singular concerts at which1 lyre in hand1 he performed his part while the ,barbarian1 he says1 added the harp1 the ,greek the instrument of ,homer1 and the ,briton the ,celtic rote4 ,the rote had the same fate as the lyre2 it sought in ,gaul an asylum from the invaders of the ,british ,isle1 of whom it might be said with equal truth as by the ,italian poet of the conquerors of his country1 that they did not know the difference between the gabble of the goose and the song of the swan4 ,the ,merovingian kings piqued themselves on having more taste4 ,among the ,britons who took refuge with them1 and who continued to play in ,gaul nearly the same part that they played in the dwellings of their native chiefs1 there was a young man1 named ,hyvarnion4 ,this name1 which signifies just judgment1 had been given him in his own country on the following occasion3 ,he was in a school where he was only known as the petit savant1 and had for his teacher one of the sages of the ,british nation1 both monk and poet1 named ,kadok1 now known in ,armorica as ,saint ,cado4 ,at the end of the fifth century this successor of the last ,latin rhetors of ,albion1 instructed the young islanders in grammar1 rhetoric1 philosophy1 poetry1 and music1 mingling1 as it appears1 with the methods of instruction transmitted by classic antiquity1 the traditions of the ancient ,druids4 ,the master disputed one day with his little scholar after the manner of the ,druids1 the subject of debate being3 ,what are the eighteen most beautiful moral virtues8 ,kadok indicated eighteen1 but he purposely omitted the principal1 wishing to leave to his pupil the pleasure of finding them out for himself4 ,for my part1 said the scholar1 ,i believe that he possesses the eighteen virtues par excellence1 who is strong in trials and in tribulations2 gentle in the midst of suffering2 energetic in execution2 modest in glory and in prosperity2 humble in conduct2 persistent in good resolutions2 firm in toil and in difficulties2 eager for instruction2 generous in words1 in deeds1 and in thoughts2 reconciler of quarrels2 gracious in his manners and affable in his house2 on good terms with his neighbors2 pure in body and in thought2 just in words and deeds2 regular in his manners2 but above all1 charitable to the poor and afflicted4 ,thine the prize6 cried ,kadok1 thou hast spoken better than ,i4 ,not so1 replied the petit savant1 not so2 ,i wished to carry it over thee1 and thou hast given a proof of humility2 thou art the wiser1 and thine the palm4 ,footnote #aij ,footnote #aij3 ,myvyrian archaeology of ,wales1 iii4 p4 #de4 ,this just judgment brought good fortune to the young scholar4 ,it procured for him the fine name by which he was afterward designated1 and under which he is presented to us in the ,armorican legends4 #hab ,once passed over to the continent1 ,hyvarnion became henceforth only a vague remembrance in the minds of the islanders4 ,his countrymen knew very little of his history1 and it may be believed that he would have been wholly forgotten had not a ,cambrian poet consecrated to him three verses recalling the memorable sayings of the great men of his nation4 ,hast thou heard1 said he1 what sang the petit savant seated at table with the bards8 ,the man with a pure heart has a joyous countenance4 ,the table which is here mentioned is that of the ,frank king ,childebert4 ,hyvarnion sat there for four years1 probably from the year #eac to the year #eag4 ,in the midst of the debaucheries and the scandals of that court he appeared calm and serene in conscience and in countenance1 and like the children in the furnace1 he sang4 ,his songs and his verses rendered him agreeable to the king1 says a hagiographer who charitably claims that the bard merited the esteem of the king even more by his virtues than by his talents4 ,whatever might be the esteem of the murderer of the sons of ,chlodimer for the virtues of the poet of his court1 ,childebert showed himself as generous to him as were the island chiefs to their household minstrels4 ,but not precious stuffs1 nor gold1 nor mead1 the three gifts most dear to a poet1 could retain in the court of ,paris a young man in whose eyes purity of soul and of body1 regularity of manners1 and justice were among the most beautiful of virtues4 ,under pretext of returning to his own country1 where a brilliant and decisive victory of ,arthur over the ,saxons had restored security1 he asked permission of the king to leave him4 ,he departed loaded with presents1 even carrying1 we are assured1 a letter to ,kon-,mor1 or great chief1 who governed ,armorica in the name of ,childebert1 in which the king ordered that a ship should be placed at the service of the ,british bard4 ,hyvarnion had been three days at the court of the ,frank officer1 and the ship1 which was to conduct him to the ,british isle was ready to sail1 when three dreams1 followed by a meeting which he had probably made after his arrival in ,armorica1 prevented his embarkation4 ,a young girl of the country1 as remarkable for her beauty as for her talent for poetry and music1 appeared to him in his sleep4 ,seated on the border of a fountain she sang in a voice so sweet that it pierced his heart4 ,somewhat troubled on awaking1 he drove away the dangerous and too charming recollection2 but the following night1 the same young girl1 more beautiful still1 if possible1 and singing even more sweetly than before1 appeared to him a second time4 ,then1 says an author1 he seriously feared that it was some wile or snare of the spirit of fornication1 and the night coming1 he prayed the ,lord to deliver him from this dream1 if it came not from him4 ,if on the contrary1 it is thou who dost send it to me1 said he1 let me know clearly what it is thou wouldst that ,i should do4 ,and he sought his bed4 ,but behold6 scarcely had he slept than he had a third dream4 ,he saw a young man surrounded with light1 who entered his room and thus spoke to him3 ,fear not to take for your wife her whom you have seen seated on the border of the fountain1 and whom you will see again4 ,like you1 she is pure and chaste1 and ,god will bless your love4 ,the ,frank officer to whom the bard related his dream1 wished1 without doubt1 to be agreeable to one recommended by the king1 and took upon himself to realize the prophecy4 ,he proposed a hunting party to the young man1 where1 he said1 he would meet a certain marvellous hare1 called the silver hare1 but with the secret purpose of contriving a meeting with the #hac young girl of his dream4 ,his hope was not deceived4 ,as they entered the forest where lodged the pretended silver hare1 they heard a voice singing in the distance4 ,the young man trembled and reined up his horse4 ,i hear1 said he1 ,i hear the voice singing which ,i heard last night4 ,without replying to him the royal officer turned himself toward the part of the forest whence the voice proceeded1 and following a footpath which wound along the side of a stream1 they reached a spring1 near to which a young girl was occupied in gathering simples4 ,the young girl sat by the fountain1 says a poet4 ,white was her dress1 and rosy her face4 ,so white her dress1 so rosy her face1 that she seemed an eglantine flower blooming in the snow4 ,and she did naught but sing3 ',although ,i am1 alas6 but a poor iris on the banks of the water1 they call me its ,little ,queen4 ,the ,lord ,count said to the young girl as he approached her1 ',i salute you1 ,little ,queen of the ,fountain4 ,how gaily thou dost sing1 and how fair thou art6 ',how fair thou art1 and how gaily thou dost sing4 ,what flowers are those you gather there8' ',i am not fair1 ,i sing not gaily1 and these are not flowers that ,i gather2 ',these are not flowers that ,i gather1 but different kinds of salutary plants2 ',one is good for those who are sad2 for the blind1 the other is good2 and the third1 if ,i can find it1 is that which will cure death4' ',little ,queen1 ,i pray thee1 give me the first of these plants4' ',save your grace1 my ,lord1 ,i shall give it only to him whom ,i shall marry4' ',thou hast given it6 ,give it then1' cried the royal officer1 ',thou hast given it to this young man1 who has just come to ask thee in marriage4' ,and the ,little ,queen of the ,fountain gave to the bard1 in pledge of her faith1 the plant which produces gaiety4 ,footnote #aia ,footnote #aia3 ,the ,breton text of the legend of ,saint ,herv1 in verse appears in the fifth edition of the ,barsas88 ,breis1 ,chante populaires de la ,bretagne4 ,if we may credit the legend1 it was even in the same mind that ,rivanone1 as she was called1 went to the fountain2 for she also had a dream the preceding night1 a dream altogether like the bard's4 ,she herself confessed it1 and if she had not avowed it1 we could divine it1 ,those who love1 have they not dreams8 ,an qui amant1 ipsi sibi somnia fingunt8 ,seeing in this a certain proof of the will of heaven1 the ,frank count brought the brother of ,rivanone1 an ,armorican chief1 in whose manor the young girl had lived since the death of her father and mother1 and having related to him all that had passed1 he demanded of him his sister in marriage for the favorite of the king4 ,thus was settled this well-assorted union1 and the wedding was celebrated at the court of the ,frank count4 ,tradition has described it in a manner almost epic4 ,the small as well as the great1 the poor as well as the rich1 were guests at the feast2 churchmen and warriors1 magistrates and common people1 arrived there from all sides4 ,neither wine1 nor hydromel1 drawn from casks1 was wanting to the guests4 ,two hundred hogs were immolated1 and two hundred fat bulls1 two hundred heifers1 and one hundred roebucks1 two hundred buffalos1 one hundred black1 one hundred white1 and their skins divided among the guests4 ,a hundred robes of white wool were given to the priests1 one hundred collars of gold to the valiant warriors1 and blue mantles without number to the ladies4 ,the poor had also their part2 there was for them a hundred new suits2 they could not receive less at the marriage of a poet who placed duty to them at the head of the most beautiful virtues4 ,but in order worthily to do him honor for himself--in order properly to celebrate the union of the ,armorican muse #had with the genius of the island bards--a hundred musicians did not seem too many--a hundred musicians who from their high seats played for fifteen days in the court of the count4 ,in order to complete this by an act destined to crown the glory of the young couple1 we are assured the king of the bards of the sixth century1 the last of the ,druids1 the famous ,meri1 finally celebrated the marriage4 ,be this as it may1 in regard to an honor which another popular tradition appears to claim with more reason for the heroes of another legend of the same century1 the wedding at last at an end1 the bride1 accompanied by a numerous suite1 was conducted with her husband to the manor of her brother1 and if the ,armorican customs of our days already existed at that epoch1 the minstrels at the wedding played on their way a tender and melancholy air1 named the ,air of the ,evening before the ,festival1 which always brought tears to the eyelids of the bride4 ,god console the inconsolable heart1 the heart of the girl on her wedding night4 ,it is said that ,rivanone shed several tears in the midst of her joy4 ,had she not for ever bid adieu to the sweet and simple girlish beliefs which had surrounded her8 to her dear fountain1 on the banks of which her companions the fairies danced at night in white robes1 with flowers in their hair1 in honor of the new moon8 to those graceful dances which she herself1 perhaps1 had led1 and to her songs in the wood8 to her salutary plants less brilliant but more useful and more durable than flowers8 to the herb which causes the union of hearts and produces joy1 which1 wet in the waters of the fountain by a virgin hand1 she had shaken upon the brow of the man whom she was to take for her husband8 to the golden herb which spreads light1 and in opening the eyes of the body and the mind1 opens to the knowledge of things of the future8 finally1 had she not renounced the search for the plant called the herb of death1 which would be better named the herb of life1 because those die not who once have found it8 ,but no6 ,god console the inconsolable heart1 the heart of the girl on her wedding night6 ,the spring of the fountain will cease not to flow2 the charming apparitions will desert not its borders2 there shall be ever seen there gliding through the night a luminous shadow of which the moon will be but an imperfect image--the shadow of that immaculate ,virgin whom the ,druids seem to have prophesied when they raised an altar to her under the name of the ,virgin ,mother1 and the white fairies of ,armorica less white1 less pure than she1 bending before their patroness1 will sing ,ave ,maria6 ,no plant shall wither there1 not the lemon-plant which produces joy1 for it is at the foot of the cross of ,jesus ,christ1 that it will spring henceforth2 it is to ,him it owes its virtue1 and shall be called the herb of the cross2 nor slago which gives light1 for it is from the aureole of the saints that it borrows its rays1 and to discover it1 it is necessary to be a saint2 nor1 more than all1 the herb of life1 for he has shown it1 he has given it as a legacy to his disciples1 to whom he has said2 ,i am the life2 whosoever believeth in me shall not die4 ,and no more than the living spring which nourishes the herbs by its side shall be exhausted that which sustains the fruits of the ,spirit2 the soul shall not be stifled1 it shall be purified2 and for a moment bent under regrets1 as a rose under the rain1 the ,druid muse shall be transformed and awake a ,christian4 ,rivanone so awoke2 ,god had consoled the inconsolable heart1 the heart of the girl on her wedding-night4 #hae ,,ii4 ,god consoles in his own way2 he blesses in the same4 ,three years after their marriage1 ,rivanone and ,hyvarnion rocked the cradle of a crying infant whom they endeavored to put asleep with their songs4 ,now this infant was blind2 and in remembrance of their sorrow they had named him ,huerv or ,herv1 that is to say1 bitter or bitterness4 ,but1 if his mother did not try upon his eyes the better appreciated virtue of the herb which should cure the blind2 if she asked of her ,christian faith surer remedies to give light to her son1 she found1 at least1 at the foot of the cross1 the herb which sweetens bitterness2 and her husband himself without doubt recollected that he had said in his childhood that one of the most beautiful of virtues is strength in trials and tribulations4 ,two years afterward this strength was even more necessary by the side of the cradle of the blind2 a single hand rocked that cradle1 a single voice sang there--the other voice sang in heaven4 ,the father had already found the true plant which gives life4 ,with death1 misery entered the house of the bard1 misery all the more cruel that it had known only prosperity4 ,it is always in this way that it comes to those who live by poesy4 ,happily ,providence is a more charitable neighbor than the ant in the fable4 ,he did not fail the widow of the poet who had been the friend of the poor and afflicted4 ,it was not from the palace of the ,frank count1 henceforth indifferent to the fortunes of a family his master had forgotten1 nor from the manor of ,rivanone's brother1 which she charmed no more with her songs1 that assistance came4 ,it came from that cradle1 watered with tears1 where slept a poor orphan4 ,it is always from a cradle that ,god sends forth salvation4 ,one day the orphan said to his sick mother1 clasping her in his little arms3 ',my own dear mother1 if you love me1 you will let me go to church2 ',for here am ,i full seven years old1 and to church ,i have not yet been4' ',alas6 my dear child1 ,i cannot take you there1 when ,i am ill on my bed4' ',when ,i am ill of an illness which lasts so long that ,i shall be forced to go and beg for alms4' ',you shall not go1 my mother1 to beg for alms2 ,i will go for you1 if you will permit me4 ',i will go with some one who will lead me1 and in going ,i will sing4 ',i will sing your beautiful canticles1 and all hearts will listen6' ,and he departed finally to seek bread for his mother who could not walk4 ,now1 whatever it was1 it must have been a hard heart that was not moved on the way to church2 ,seeing the little blind child of seven years without other guide than his little white dog4 ,hearing him sing1 shivering1 beaten by the wind and the rain1 without covering on his little feet1 and his teeth chattering with cold4 ,it was the festival of ,all ,saints1 as the legend tells us2 the festival of the ,dead follows it1 and is prolonged during the second night of this month which the ,bretons call the ,month of the ,dead4 ,having feasted the blessed1 every one goes to the cemetery to pray at the tomb of his parents1 to fill with holy water the hollow of their gravestone1 or1 according to the locality1 to make libations of milk4 ,it is said that on this night the souls from ,purgatory fly through the air as crowded as the grass on the meadow2 that they whirl with the leaves which the wind rolls over the fields1 and that their voices mingle with the sighs of nature in mourning4 ,then1 toward midnight1 these confused voices become more and more distinct1 and at each cottage door is heard this melancholy canticle4 ,in the name of the ,father1 of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 greeting to you1 people of this house1 we come to you to ask your prayers4 #haf ,good people1 be not surprised that we have come to your door2 it is ,jesus who has sent us to wake you if you sleep4 ,if there is yet pity in the world1 in the name of ,god1 aid us4 ,brothers1 relatives1 friends1 in the name of ,god1 hear us2 in the name of ,god pray1 pray2 for the children pray not4 ,those whom we have nourished have long since forgotten us2 those whom we have loved have left us destitute of pity4 ,bands of mendicant singers1 poor souls in trouble1 they also1 wanderers like those of the dead1 go by woods and graves1 to the sound of funereal bells1 lending their voices to the unhappy of the other world4 ,the blind orphan1 who1 from the bed of his sick mother1 went to kneel on the couch of his dead father1 commenced in their company his apprenticeship as a singer1 and if it is believed1 as is claimed1 that the chant des ames1 such as it has come to us1 was composed by a blind singer1 under the inspiration of his father1 whom he would have delivered from pain1 the blind singer should be ,herv1 and the inspirer ,hyvarnion4 ,the impression which the sainted child produced on the men of his time is better founded2 it has left traces in the popular imagination which have been translated into touching narratives3 ,the evening of ,all ,souls1 long before the night1 the child returned to his mother1 after his circuit4 ,and he was very tired1 so tired that he could not hold himself on his feet--all the route was slippery with ice4 ,so tired that he fell on his mouth1 and his mouth vomited blood1 blood with broken teeth4 ,now these broken teeth did not give birth to furious warriors1 like those of the dragon in the fable2 they were changed into diamonds which shone from far in the darkness4 ,such is the language of the tradition4 ,can we better paint the songs drawn forth by the sorrow of the son of ,hyvarnion1 these songs of a ,christian muse which cleared away the shadows no less crowded than those of the night of ,all ,souls8 ,but these shadows were not dissipated instantly2 the resistance made to ,christianity by the remains of ,armorican paganism is not less clearly indicated in traditional recollections than by the action and influence of the little ,christian singer4 ,as he passed the cross-roads of a village where the inhabitants have to this day preserved the sobriquet of paganiz1 that is to say1 heathens1 he fell in the midst of a circle of young peasants1 who1 interrupting their dance1 ran after him1 hooting at him1 throwing dirt upon him1 and crying3 ,where are you going1 blind one1 blind one6 ,where are you going1 blind brawler8 ,i'm going out of this canton1 because ,i must1 replied ,herv1 but cursed be the race that comes from you4 ,and1 indeed1 the little mockers1 struck by the anathema1 returned to the dance1 and they must dance1 it is said1 to the end of the world1 without ever resting or ever growing1 becoming like those dwarfed imps whom the ,armoricans adored1 and whose power the ,breton peasants still fear4 ,nature herself1 that great ,celtic divinity1 took the side of the imps against ,herv1 while the mother of the saint1 in beholding him preaching the gospel1 could say with the church3 ,how beautiful are the feet of those who come from the mountains6 ,the granite earth on which he walked1 refused to carry him1 tearing his naked feet1 and no one1 says the complaint1 no one wiped the blood from his wounds1 only his white dog with his tongue1 who washed the feet of the saint1 and warmed them with his breath4 ,then1 as he had cursed the mocking spirits1 the saint cursed also the stony ground which would arrest his steps1 and it was rendered harder than iron2 when1 going1 according to his promise1 into a district where the rocks were such1 the legend assures us1 that iron #hag nor steel could ever pierce them1 that is to say1 the inhabitants were obstinate and incorrigible barbarians1 he returned to the saint who inspired and enlightened him4 ,my mother1 for seven or eight years ,i have gone over this country1 and have gained nothing from these hard and cruel hearts4 ,i would be in some solitary place where ,i should hear only songs2 where every day1 my mother1 ,i should hear only the praises of ,god4 ,thou wouldst be a cleric1 my son1 to be later a priest6 ,god be praised6 ,how sweet it would be to me to hear you say mass6 ,it is not1 my mother1 to be a priest2 the priest's state is a great responsibility1 and it frightens my weak spirit2 besides the charge of my own soul ,i should have the charge of other souls2 but ,i would like far better to live my life in the depths of the forest with the monks1 and to be instructed how to serve ,god by those who serve him4 ,rivanone agreed to the wishes of her son2 the forest which he chose for his retirement was inhabited by one of her uncles4 ,herv sought him1 while his mother asked an asylum for herself of some pious women who lived in community in another solitary place1 having no intercourse with the world except with the sick and infirm to whom they were a providence4 ,,iii4 ,an ancient ,breton ballad represents a magician going over the fields of ,armorica at the dawn of day1 accompanied by a black dog4 ,i do not know what ,christian voice addresses him3 ,where are you going this morning with your black dog8 ,i go to find the red egg1 the red egg of the sea-serpent1 on the edge of the river in the crevice of the rock4 ,vain search6 ,this egg1 a sacred symbol to the ancient priests of ,gaul and other heathen worship1 had been crushed with the serpent of the ,druids2 the day was about to appear and put to flight the magician1 darkness1 and the black dog4 ,when1 on the contrary1 ,herv put himself1 guided by his white dog1 on the way to his uncle's hermitage1 the last shades of night had disappeared1 the day had risen1 and he was to find in the ,christian school more precious talismans than the egg of the ,druid serpent4 ,saint ,herv went to the school the sun encircled his brow with a circle of light1 the doves sang along his road1 and his white dog yelped for joy4 ,arrived at the door of the hermitage1 the dog barked louder and louder1 so that the hermit1 hearing it1 came forth to receive his niece's child4 ,may ,god bless the orphan who comes in good faith to my school1 who has sought me to be my clerk2 my child1 may blessings be on thy head4' ,footnote #aib ,footnote #aib3 ,same ,breton legend of ,saint ,herv4 ,this great unde of ,herv was named ,gurfoed2 like many other hermits he brought up the children of ,armorica4 ,among the grammarians whom he made them learn by heart1 the ecclesiastical writers indicate ,martianus ,capella1 the author of the ,noces de ,mercure et de la ,philologie1 of whom they make a monk1 and among the subjects of his instruction they specially mention poetry and music4 ,music took a sufficiently high place in the schools and in the tastes of that age1 as is proved by a synod assembled at ,vannes in the middle of the sixth century1 which believed it necessary to call the attention of the ,armorican bishops to that point1 and drew up an article on the necessity of adopting1 in the whole province1 a uniform chant4 ,besides1 in introducing it into the ,christian ceremonies1 and giving it place even in the choir of the temple1 the church has shown the esteem which she has for this art4 ,herv perfected himself in it more and more2 he even became so clever in it1 observe the hagiographies1 that he took the prize from all his fellow-students4 #hah ,after seven years of study passed at a distance from his mother1 he wished to see her and receive new force and new light from her counsels4 ,according to some1 ,gurfoed conducted him to her2 according to the popular legend1 she came herself to seek her son4 ,and she said on approaching him3 ,i behold a procession of monks advancing1 and ,i hear the voice of my son2 though a thousand were singing1 ,i should know the voice of ,herv2 ,i behold my son dressed in gray1 with a cord of hair for his belt4 ,god be with you1 my son1 the clerk6 ,god be with you1 my beloved mother6 ,god is good2 the mother is faithful to her son4 ,coming from so far to see me1 although you could not walk6 ,and now that ,i have come1 and ,i see you1 my son1 what have you to ask of me8 ,i have nothing to ask of you1 my mother1 but the permission to remain here to pray to ,god day and night1 that we may meet each other in paradise4 ,we shall meet in paradise or its surroundings1 with the help of ,god1 my son4 ,when ,i go there you shall have warning2 you shall hear the song of the angels4 ,in fact1 continues the ,french legend1 the evening of her decease and the next day1 all those that were near saw a brilliant ladder by the side of her oratory1 one end reaching to the skies1 by which angels ascended and descended singing the most melodious motets and canticles4 ,the pious woman-poet1 who had given to the church such a saint as ,herv1 well deserved that ,god's angels should sing1 making a festival for her last hour4 ,herv1 guided by ,gurfoed1 arrived at the bedside of his dying mother1 in time1 if not to see her1 7he could never see her except in heaven17 at least to receive her blessing1 and to mingle his canticles with those of the pious companions of ,rivanone1 truly angelic choirs4 ,,iv4 ,after the death of his mother1 ,herv returned to the hermitage of his uncle2 but ,gurfoed1 wishing to live a still more retired life1 abandoned his dwelling1 and buried himself in the forest4 ,aided by some pious men1 who1 in order to work and pray under his direction1 had built their cabins by the side of his1 the saint continued to hold the school of his predecessor4 ,this school prospered2 and every evening could be seen a crowd of children coming from it1 who assembled there in the morning from all the manors1 as well as from all the surrounding cottages2 a crowd as noisy1 says a poet1 as a swarm of bees issuing from the hollow of an oak4 ,the master1 being blind1 could not teach them their letters2 but he taught them canticles1 maxims in verse1 religious and moral aphorisms1 without omitting those precepts of pure civility1 so necessary to coarse natures2 and while exercising their memory he cultivated their understanding and their heart3 he polished their rude manners2 he endeavored1 finally1 to make men of them while bending their restless natures under the curb of his discipline4 ,lessons of wisdom were not clothed in other form in those heroic times2 poetry and music1 inseparable from each other1 had always been considered by the ancients as necessary to cultivation1 not only on account of the harmony which they produced1 but for utility1 instruction1 and civilization of the people4 ,herv in taking them for the basis of his instruction1 followed1 without doubt1 the counsels of ,aristotle4 ,it is said that ,orpheus thus civilized people by his songs4 ,those of ,hesiod have come to us1 and present us with valuable examples of that didactic poetry1 the first with all nations4 ,but though we have left us some poems of ,saint ,herv1 they are very few in number2 the most were composed rather in his #hai spirit and according to his rules than by himself4 ,they give him the honor of those aphorisms to which his name is given1 which1 at least1 have the strong imprint of the instructive poetry of the monks2 they turn upon three of the virtues which the religions principally endeavored to inculcate in their ,ignorant pupils1 idle and independent1 as are all barbarians1 namely1 the love of instruction1 the love of work1 and the love of discipline1 elements which are the strength of all civilized society4 ,it is better to instruct a little child than to amass riches for him4 ,saint ,cado1 the teacher of ,herv's father1 said the same thing in other terms1 ,there is no wealth without study2 and he added1 ,there is no wisdom without science1 no independence without science1 no liberty1 no beauty1 no nobleness1 no victory without science1 and1 giving to science its true foundation1 he thus terminated his eloquent enumeration3 ,no science without ,god4 ,the second axiom credited to ,saint ,herv is this3 ,he who is idle in his youth heaps poverty on the head of his old age4 ,the ,breton mariners have retained the third maxim of which ,saint ,herv passers as the author3 ,the words of ,herv are words of wisdom1 they say2 ,who yields not to the rudder will yield to the rock4 ,i have also seen attributed to him a moral song1 widely spread in ,brittany1 in which1 perhaps1 there are several couplets of his1 but in any case modernized in language and style4 ,come to me1 my little children1 come to me that you may hear a new song1 which ,i have composed expressly for you4 ,take the greatest pains in order that you may retain it entire4 ,when you wake in your bed1 offer your heart to the good ,god1 make the sign of the cross1 and say1 with faith1 hope1 and love3 ',my ,god1 ,i give you my heart1 my body1 and my soul4 ,grant that ,i may be an honest man1 or that ,i may die before the time4' ,when you see a raven flying1 remember that the devil is as black as wicked2 when you see a little white dove1 remember that your angel is as gentle as white4 ,remember that ,god sees you like the sun in the midst of the sky2 remember that ,god can make you bloom as the sun makes bloom the wild roses of the mountains4 ,at night1 before going to bed1 recite your prayers2 do not fail1 so that a white angel will come from heaven to guard you until morning4 ,behold1 dear children1 the true means of living as good ,christians4 ,put my song into practice and yon will lead a holy life4 ,such lessons1 where were so effectively found some of the practices which make a man strong1 that is to say1 ,christians2 where there was so much freshness and grace2 where the sun1 and the flowers1 the birds and the angels1 all the most smiling images were purposely united1 captivated and charmed the young barbarians4 ,i am no longer surprised if the legend assures us that ,herv tamed the savage beasts2 if it recounts that one day he forced a thief of a fox to bring back1 without hurting her1 his hen which he had carried off1 and another time a robber of a wolf who had eaten up his ass--others say his dog--to serve and follow him like a spaniel4 ,this new style of spaniel was seen in a crowd of bas-reliefs held in leash by the saints1 and as elsewhere mothers threatened their children with the wolf1 the ,breton ,mothers frightened their brats with ,herv's spaniel4 ,orpheus is thus represented followed by tamed tigers2 and another bard1 a half pagan1 whom we have seen before accompanied by his black dog1 is painted1 running through the woods with a wolf which he calls his dear companion4 ,tu ,lupe1 care comes4 ,the poets of the primitive times were supposed to be in a perpetual union with nature1 #hbj and to have reconquered the power1 lost since leaving the ,garden of ,eden1 of making all animals obedient to them4 ,herv was considered to be endowed with the same power2 but poetry and music were not the only form which the ,christian gave to his charms4 ,his true magic was prayer4 ,see how he chanted when he was exposed to the snares or the ferocity of animals or of men3 ,o ,god6 deign to preserve me from snares1 from oppression1 from evil1 from the fox1 the wolf1 and the devil4 ,not more than men and wild beasts1 could nature resist the force of his prayer4 ,somewhat troubled in his retreat1 and above all in his humility1 by the too noisy veneration of the ,armorican chiefs1 who sent their sons to him1 he plunged into the forest1 as had ,gurfoed1 seeking the hermitage1 and the counsels of his former teacher2 but the grass and fern had effaced the path which led there1 and all ,herv's researches had been in vain1 when he came to an opening in the forest where a moss-covered rock was raised up on four stones2 the ruins of a cabin where the badgers had made their nests1 were seen near at hand2 briers1 thickets of holly and thorns encumbered the ground4 ,before these ruins the saint1 struck with a secret presentiment1 prostrated himself1 his arms in the form of a cross1 and cried three times3 ,in the name of ,god1 rock1 split2 in the name of ,god1 earth1 open1 if you hide from me my light4 ,his prayer was scarcely terminated when the earth trembled1 the rocks split1 and through the opening came a soft odor1 which revealed to him the sepulchre of him whom he was seeking4 ,such is the popular narrative2 but1 if it is intended to show his power over nature1 it shows still more his humility4 ,it is exhaled from this legend1 as perfumes from the tomb of him whom he sought as his light4 ,i remember a song in which a kind of ,druidess gives the assurance that she knows a song which can make even the earth tremble3 after a frightful display of magical science1 she finishes by saying1 that with the help of her light1 as she calls her master she is able to turn the earth in the contrary way4 ,here it is the pagan pride which vaunts itself2 but a voice from heaven is heard1 ,if this world is yours1 the other belongs to ,god6 and the sorceress was confounded4 ,herv1 on the contrary1 who is humble1 and who prays2 ,herv1 who speaks1 not in his own name1 but in the name of ,god1 is heard and exalted4 ,it is verifying the words of the ,gospel3 ,and the humble shall be exalted4 ,as he advanced in age1 the saint continued to realize this promise4 ,we have up to this moment seen him glorified under the tatters of a vagabond singer1 as well as under the poor robe of an instructor of little barbarians2 we are now to see him as an agriculturist1 even architect1 but always all the strongest when he would wish to appear weakest in the eyes of men1 always the greatest when he would wish to be the lowest4 ,the counsels which ,herv had gone to ask of his old teacher1 he received from his bishop1 a wise and holy man1 who came from ,britain to the country of ,lon4 ,the bishop judged him worthy to be a priest1 and wished to confer upon him the ecclesiastical character2 but the hermit1 who from childhood had considered himself unworthy of this great responsibility1 persisted in his humble sentiments1 and he would consent to be promoted only to the lowest orders1 to those called minor orders4 ,it is easy to believe that his bishop induced him to definitely fix his dwelling somewhere with his disciples1 and to give to the ,armoricans the example of a sedentary life1 of manual labor1 the cultivation of the earth1 and building1 all things which are at the foundation of all society1 and which the barbarians little liked2 for he went to work to seek a place where he could establish a small colony4 #hba ,v4 ,about half a century before1 another bard also blind1 and his hair whitened by age1 journeyed in ,armorica from canton to canton1 seated on a small horse from the mountains1 which a child led by the bridle4 ,he sought1 like ,herv1 a field to cultivate and in which he could build4 ,knowing what herbs were produced by good ground1 and what herbs by bad ground1 he asked from time to time of his guide3 ,seest thou the green clover8 ,and always the child replied3 ,i see only the fox-glove blossoms4 ,for at that epoch1 ,armorica was a wild country4 ,well1 then1 we will go farther1 replied the old man4 ,and the little horse went on his way4 ,at last the child cried out3 ,father1 ,i see the clover blooming4 ,and he stopped4 ,the old man dismounted1 and seating himself on a stone1 in the sun1 he sang the songs of labor in the fields1 and of their culture in different seasons4 ,this agricultural bard was invested with a venerated character by the ancient ,bretons4 ,they regarded him as a pillar of social existence2 but his heart1 open to the cultivation of nature1 was closed to the love of humanity4 ,with one of his brethren he said willingly3 ,i do not plough the earth without shedding blood on it4 ,he thirsted for the blood of ,christian monks and priests1 and he offered it with joy as sacrifice to the earth4 ,to the wisest lessons in agriculture he added the most ferocious predictions1 ,the followers of ,christ shall be tracked2 they shall be hunted like wild beasts1 they shall die in bands and by battalions on the mountain4 ,the wheel of the mill grinds fine2 the blood of the monks will serve as water4 ,scarcely sixty years had rolled away1 and these same monks whom the bard cursed as usurpers of the ,celtic harp and as stealers of the children of the ,bretons1 advanced peaceably over the ruins of a religion of which he was the last minister1 ready to shed blood also1 but their own2 ready to perform prodigies1 but of intelligence and of love4 ,their chief was not on horseback1 he walked with bare feet1 7he went always unshod1 says his historian17 and having journeyed for a long time1 he spoke thus to his disciples3 ,know1 my brothers1 it wearies me to be always running and wandering in this way2 pray to ,god that he will reveal to us some place in which we can live to serve him for the rest of our days4 ,they all commenced to pray1 and behold a voice was heard saying3 ,go even toward the east1 and where ,i shall three times tell thee to rest1 there thou wilt dwell4 ,they commenced then on the road to the east1 and when they had gone very far1 having found a field filled with high green wheat1 they sat down in its shade4 ,now1 as he was thus reposing1 a voice was heard which said three times3 ,make your dwelling here4 ,filled with gratitude1 they knelt to thank ,god1 and being thirsty with the heat and the travel1 the saint by his prayers obtained a fresh fountain4 ,but the possession of the land was not easy to obtain from the avaricious proprietor1 whom the ,french legend charitably calls an honest man4 ,herv demanded of him1 however1 only a little corner in which to erect a small monastery4 ,bless my soul1 bless my soul6 cried the owner1 but my wheat is still all green1 and so if you cut it now it will be lost4 ,no1 no1 said ,saint ,herv1 it shall not be so1 for as much wheat as ,i cut now so much will ,i render to you ripe and in the sack at harvest time4 #hbb ,to this he agreed1 and commenced to cut down the wheat1 which he tied in bundles and sheafs and laid apart2 and ,god so favored them1 that at the time of the harvest1 these sheafs which had been cut all green1 not only became ripe1 but had blossomed and so multiplied that where there had been one there were now two4 ,the owner of the field seeing this1 gave thanks to ,god1 who had sent these holy men to him1 and gave the whole field to the saint4 ,footnote #aic ,footnote #aic3 ,albert le ,grand4 ,thus the toil and intelligence of the monks made the earth render double the ordinary crops1 and1 conquered by such miracles1 the barbarians1 who1 moreover1 did not lose anything1 gave willingly all that was asked of them4 ,the good religious from whom ,i have borrowed the translation of the preceding narrative even assures us that the proprietor went so far as to promise ,herv to build him a beautiful church at his own expense4 ,this new miracle1 however1 was only half carried out2 for we see ,herv1 once the land had been conceded to him1 going to work with his disciples to procure the wood necessary for the construction of his church and convent4 ,he made a collection for this end1 not only in the country of ,lon1 but even in the mountains of ,aiez1 and in ,cornwall1 visiting the manors of the chiefs and the richest monasteries4 ,everywhere1 it is said1 he was well received1 thanks to the benefits that he spread along his passage1 and all the nobles to whom he applied caused as many oaks to be cut down for him in their forests1 as he desired4 ,it is1 however1 probable1 notwithstanding the assertions of the legendaries1 that he found many but little disposed to aid in the building of a ,christian church1 and that all those whom he visited did not show themselves very eager to cut down the trees1 so venerated in ,armorica2 for in the following century1 a council held at ,nantes near the year #feh1 attests that no one dared break a branch or offshoot of one4 ,the legend itself allows us to see imperfectly some stumbling-blocks which the holy architect found in his way2 they must have torn his feet as cruelly as those which we have seen him punish by hardening them1 in the days when he was a public singer4 ,at first there was a rude chief who passed near him with a great train of men1 dogs1 and horses1 without saluting him1 even without looking at him2 again there was another who did not believe in his miracles1 and said so out loud at supper before a large company1 and in the face of the saint4 ,at that same banquet1 at the commencement of the repast1 while ,herv was singing with the harp to bless the table1 a new kind of adversary1 the frogs1 commenced also to sing1 to defy him1 to sing their vespers1 as a ,breton poet explains it1 provoking the laughter of the guests4 ,at another banquet1 a cup-bearer who was a demon in disguise1 one of those who excited to intemperance1 to gluttony1 to idleness and noise1 to discord and quarrels1 wishing to kill him1 served him1 together with the other guests1 a beverage the effect of which was to make them cut each other's throats4 ,this evil spirit followed the holy architect even to the midst of a monastery1 with the intention of deceiving him more surely4 ,taking the form of a monk1 he offered his services to help him in building his church4 ,what is thy name8 ,herv asked of him4 ,i am a master carpenter1 sir4 ,thy name1 ,i tell thee1 returned the saint4 ,sir1 ,i am a mason1 locksmith1 able to work at any trade4 ,thy name8 ,for the third time1 ,i command thee in the name of the living ,god1 to tell thy name4 ,hu-,kan6 ,hu-,kan6 ,hu-,kan6 cried the demon2 and he threw himself1 head foremost1 from a rock into the sea4 ,thus did the ,druid superstitions vanish before ,herv1 having for a moment resisted him1 and sought to deceive him under different disguises4 #hbc ,this ,hu-,kan1 that is to say1 ,hu the genius1 is no other than the god ,hu-,kadarn of the ,cambrian traditions4 ,the devil who incites to idleness and debauchery is the ,celtic divinity corresponding to the ,liber or ,bacchus of the ,romans4 ,there is in these frogs who chanted their vespers a recollection of ,armorican paganism4 ,the saint silenced them as suddenly as if he had cut their throat says a hagiographer1 adding1 he left voice but to one1 who ever since has continued to croak4 ,now1 by a sort of prodigy of tradition1 a popular song1 entitled the ,vespers of the ,frogs1 has come to us2 it is the work of the pagan poets of ,armorica1 represented in common recitatives under the grotesque figure of these beastly croakers4 ,it offers a summary of the ,druid doctrines of the fourth century2 and it seemed so necessary to the first ,christian missionaries to destroy it1 that they made a ,latin and ,christian counterpart1 as if they would raise the cross in the face of the heathen pillars4 ,one of these missionaries1 ,saint ,gildas1 was so opposed to the pagan music of his time that he qualified its croaking with the sweet and gentle music of the children of ,christ2 and his disciple ,talisin1 the great poet baptized in the sixth century1 hushed at a banquet1 as ,saint ,herv had done1 the infamous descendants of the priests of the god ,bel1 who wished to put him to defiance4 ,the sound of ,christian music was to be heard from all the vaults of the church1 for the construction of which ,saint ,herv had made so many journeys4 ,twelve columns of polished wood were erected to hold the low and arched framework2 three large stones formed the altar2 the spring with which he had refreshed his disciples furnished the water necessary to the sacrifice2 the wheat sown by them1 the bread for consecration2 and the wines of some richer monastery1 more exposed to the sun1 the eucharistic wine2 for it was an ancient and touching custom that those who had vineyards gave wine to those who had not1 and in exchange1 the owners of bees furnished wax to those who lacked it4 ,herv1 according to his biographers1 himself superintended the workmen1 or rather incited the laborers by his words1 and sustained them by his songs4 ,like another poet of antiquity1 he built1 with his songs1 not a city for men1 but a house for ,god4 ,,vi4 ,the fathers of an ,armorican council of the fifth century terminated their canons by these noble words3 ,may ,god1 my brethren1 preserve for you your crown4 ,a last flower seemed wanting to that of ,herv4 ,he was now to obtain it4 ,the poor shoeless child1 the poet of the wretched1 the school-teacher of little children1 the wandering agriculturist1 the mendicant architect1 was to become the equal--what do ,i say8--the corrector of bishops and kings4 ,at that time there reigned a ,kon ,mor in ,brittany1 who had rendered himself abominable to the men of that country by his tyranny and cruelties4 ,unable to endure him1 they flocked in great numbers from all parts of ,armorica to their bishop1 the blessed ,samson2 and as he saw them at his door1 silent and with lowered heads1 he asked them3 ,what has happened to the country8 ,then answered the more respectable among them3 ,the men of this land are in great desolation1 sir4 ,and why so8 asked ,samson4 ,we had a good chief of our own race1 and born on our own land1 who governed us by legitimate authority2 and now there has come over us a foreign ,kon ,mor1 a violent man1 an enemy to justice1 possessed of great power2 he holds us under the most odious oppression2 he has killed our national chief1 and dishonored his widow1 our queen4 ,he would hare killed their ,sun1 had not the poor child taken to flight and sought refuge in ,france4 #hbd ,the bishop1 moved with pity1 promised the deputies that he would aid them1 and seeking a means to re-establish their rightful chief1 he resolved to begin by striking the usurper with the terrible arm of excommunication4 ,he therefore sent letters to all the ,armorican bishops to unite with him in devising some means of frightening the tyrant4 ,the place of reunion was a high mountain much venerated by the bards and the people1 named the ,run-bre1 and situated in the heart of the country governed by the ,kon ,mor4 ,although only prelates should have been present1 ,herv was sent there1 and even the venerable assembly were not willing to enter into deliberation until he came1 notwithstanding the opposition of one member of the meeting1 less humble and less patient than the others4 ,this courtier bishop1 as the legend styles him1 finding that ,herv made them wait a long time1 ,is it proper that men like us1 he exclaimed1 should remain here indefinitely on account of a wretched blind monk8 ,at this moment1 the saint arrived4 ,his bare feet1 his miserable hermit's robe made of goat-skin1 in the midst of the men and horses richly apparelled1 belonging to the prelate of the court1 drew perhaps a smile of proud disdain to the lips of many4 ,hearing the impious words of which he was the object1 the saint was not irritated1 but said gently to the bishop3 ,my brother1 why reproach me with my blindness8 ,could not ,god have made you blind as well as me8 ,do you not know well that he makes us as he pleases1 and that we should thank him that he has given us such a being as he has8 ,the other bishops1 continues the legend1 strongly rebuked this one1 and he was not long in feeling the heavy hand of ,god2 for he immediately fell to the ground1 his face covered with blood1 and lost his sight2 but the good saint1 wishing to render good for evil to this proud mocker1 prayed to ,god for the unfortunate2 and then1 rubbing his eyes with salt and water1 restored him his sight2 he gave him understanding also2 according to the remark of another hagiographer1 understanding1 that light of the soul1 obscured by pride1 more precious still and not less difficult to recover than the light of the body4 ,after this they proceeded to the ceremony of excommunicating the great chief of the ,armoricans4 ,standing on a rock1 at the summit of the mountain1 a lighted taper in his hand1 and surrounded by the nine bishops of ,armorica1 each one holding a blessed taper1 the saint pronounced1 in the name of all1 according to the formula of the times1 these terrible words against the foreign tyrant3 ,we in virtue of the authority which we hold from the ,lord1 in the name of ,god the ,father1 of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 do declare the great chief of the ,armoricans excommunicated from the threshold of the holy church of ,god1 and separated from the society of ,christians2 that1 if he comes not quickly to repentance1 we crush him beneath the weight of an eternal malediction1 and condemn him by an irrevocable anathema4 ,may he be exposed to the anger of the sovereign ,judge1 may he be torn from the heritage of ,god and his elect1 that in this world he may be cut off from the communion of ,christians1 and that in the other he may have no part in the kingdom of ,god and his saints2 but that1 bound to the devil and his imps1 he may live devoted to the flames of vengeance1 and that he may be the prey1 even in this world1 to the tortures of hell4 ,cursed be he in his own house1 cursed in his fields1 cursed in his stomach1 cursed be all things that he possesses1 from his dog that howls at his appearance even to his cock who insults him by his crowing4 ,may he share the lot of ,dathan and ,abiron whom hell swallowed alive2 the lot of ,ananias and of ,sapphira1 #hbe who lied to the ,apostles of the ,lord1 and were struck with instant death2 the lot of ,pilate and ,judas1 who were traitors to ,god2 may he have no other sepulchre than have the asses1 and may these tapers which we extinguish be the image of the darkness to which his soul is condemned4 ,amen4 ,footnote #aid ,footnote #aid3 ,this formula of excommunication of the sixth century has been discovered and recently translated by ,m4 ,alfred ,ram1 in an article1 the ,melanges d',histoire et d',archaeologie ,bretonne1 a commendable publication4 ,the bishops repeated three times1 ,amen2 and the president of the synod1 having extinguished under his foot the candle which he held in his hand1 all the prelates did the same4 ,but this dying candle1 the image of the extinguished light of the great chief1 was not so easily relighted as that of the haughty prelate4 ,once the tyrant's head was under the bare foot of the mendicant monk1 tyranny was dishonored and humanity avenged4 ,herv does not appear to have long survived this great act of national and religious justice1 in which he performed the greatest part2 he saw1 however1 the result1 and could hail the dawn of a noble reign which would assure1 without the effusion of blood1 say the historians1 the death of the usurper4 ,another dawn was rising for the saint4 ,it is related that being shut up in the church which he had built1 fasting and praying for three days1 separated from his disciples and his pupils1 the heavens opened above his head1 and with the heavens his eyes were opened to contemplate the celestial court4 ,ravished to ecstasy1 he chanted a ,breton canticle1 which was later put into writing1 and has received its modern form from the last apostle of the ,armoricans1 ,michel ,le ,nobletz4 ,i see heaven opened1 heaven my country2 ,i would that ,i might fly there as a little white dove6 ,the gates of ,paradise are opened to receive me2 the saints advance to meet me4 ,i see1 truly ,i see ,god the ,father1 and his blessed ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,how beautiful she is1 the ,holy ,virgin1 with the twelve stars which form her crown4 ,each with his harp in his hand1 ,i see the angels and the archangels1 singing the praises of ,god4 ,and the virgins of all ages1 and the saints of all conditions1 and the holy women1 and the widows crowned by ,god6 ,i see radiant in glory and beauty1 my father and my mother2 ,i see my brothers and my countrymen4 ,choirs of little angels flying on their light wings1 so rosy and so fair1 fly around their heads1 as a harmonious swarm of bees1 honey-laden in a field of flowers4 ,o happiness without parallel6 the more ,i contemplate you1 the more ,i long for you6 ,the heavens did not close again until the canticle was finished1 as if they had taken pleasure in the song of the predestined son of ,hyvarnion and ,rivanone1 who heard him with smiles and called him to them4 ,,vii4 ,before the ,revolution there was preserved in the treasury of the ,cathedral of ,nantes a silver shrine1 enriched with precious stones1 a present from an ancient ,breton chief4 ,in great judicial cases it was carried in procession to the judges to receive the solemn vows which they afterward made upon the book of the ,evangelists4 ,a king of ,france and a duke of ,brittany1 after long wars1 united under this shrine their reconciled hands and swore to live in peace4 ,at the same time there was seen1 in the depths of lower ,brittany1 in the sacristy of a little country church1 an oaken cradle1 with nothing about it remarkable unless its age4 ,the inhabitants of the parish1 however1 venerated it as much as the silver shrine4 ,the mendicant singers1 above all1 have #hbf for it an especial affection4 ,they love to touch it with their great musical instruments1 their traveller's goods1 their rosaries1 their staffs1 all that they have which is most precious4 ,kneeling before this cradle1 they kiss it with respect1 and arriving sad1 they depart joyous4 ,now1 the silver shrine contained1 wrapped in purple and silk1 the relics of ,saint ,herv4 ,the oaken cradle was the same in which he slept to the songs of the bard and his poet-wife1 whom ,god had given him for father and mother4 ,to-day the ducal reliquary is no longer in existence4 ,the metal1 thrice consecrated by sanctity1 justice1 and royalty1 was stolen and melted down in that sadly memorable epoch when these three things1 trampled under foot1 were valued less than a bit of silver4 ,but the wooden cradle of the humble patron of the singers of ,brittany1 that poor worm-eaten cradle1 so like his fate on earth1 exists still1 and more than one mendicant having respectfully pressed his lips upon it1 as in other times1 goes away singing with a clearer voice and a comforted heart4 -------- ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,lost ,,for ,,gold4 ,she stood by the hedge where the orchard slopes ,down to the river below2 ,the trees all white with their autumn hopes ,looked heaps of drifted snow2 ,they gleamed like ghosts through the twilight pale4 ,the shadowy river ran black2 ,it's weary waiting1 she said1 with a wail1 ,for them that never come back4 ,the mountain waits there1 barren and brown1 ,till the yellow furze comes in spring ,to crown his brows with a golden crown1 ,and girdle him like a king4 ,the river waits till the summer lays ,the white lily on his track2 ,but it's weary waiting nights and days ,for him that never comes back4 ,ah6 the white lead kills in the heat of the fight4 ,when passions are hot and wild2 ,but the red gold kills by the fair fire-light ,the love of father and child4 ',tie twenty years since ,i heard him say1 ,when the wild ,march morn was airy1 ,through the drizzly dawn--',i m going away1 ,to make you a fortune1 ,mary4' #hbg ,twenty springs1 with their long grey days4 ,when the tide runs up the sand1 ,and the west wind catches the birds1 and lays ,them shrieking far inland4 ,from the sea-wash'd reefs1 and the stormy mull1 ,and the damp weed-tangled caves3-- ,will he ever come back1 ,o wild sea-gull4 ,across the green salt waves8 ,twenty summers with blue flax bells1 ,and the young green corn on the lea1 ,that yellows by night in the moon1 and swells ,by day like a rippling sea4 ,twenty autumns with reddening leaves1 ,in their glorious harvest light ,steeping a thousand golden sheaves1 ,and doubling them all at night4 ,twenty winters1 how long and drear6 ,with a patter of rain in the street4 ,and a sound in the last leaves1 red and sere2 ,but never the sound of his feet4 ,the ploughmen talk by furrow and ridge1 ,i hear them day by day2 ,the horsemen ride down by the narrow bridge1 ,but never one comes this way4 ,and the voice that ,i long for is wanting ther1 ,and the face ,i would die to see1 ,since he went away in the wild ,march air1 ,ah6 to make a fortune for me4 ,o father dear ,i but you never thought ,of the fortune you squandered and lost2 ,of the duty that never was sold and bought4 ,and the love beyond all cost4 ,for the vile red dust you gave in thrall ,the heart that was ,god's above2 ,how could you think that money was all1 ,when the world was won for love8 ,you sought me wealth in the stranger's land1 ,whose veins are veins of gold2 ,and the fortune ,god gave was in mine hand1 ,when yours was in its hold4 ,if ,i might but look on your face1 she says1 ,and then let me have or lack2 ,but it's weary waiting nights and days ,for him that never comes back4 ------ #hbh ,from ,the ,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,,the ,,solution ,,of ,,the ,,nile ,,problem4 ,footnote #aie ,footnote #aie3 ,the ,albert ,n',yanza1 ,great ,basin of the ,nile1 and ,exploration of the ,nile ,sources4 ,by ,samuel ,white ,baker1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,london3 ,macmillan4 ,co4 #ahfe4 ,for some time the complaint of those who have been everywhere1 and seen everything men of travel and of fashion ought to see1 has been that the world is used-up for the tourist4 ,where can he now go for a fresh sensation8 ,asia and ,america remain no more untrodden fields than ,europe2 and as for the isles of the farthest sea1 rich and idle fugitives and vagabonds have braved as many dangers among savage tribes as the early missionaries1 from impulse no nobler than restlessness4 ,whither next shall they direct their strides8 ,iceland stood in favor for a year or two2 but the cooks are bad there1 and the inhabitants speak ,latin4 ,japan has novelties1 but bland ,daimios are not trustworthy4 ,the sightseeker has no relish for being among a people who1 on very slight provocation1 may perform upon him a process akin to their own happy despatch4 ,in the exhaustion of interest in mere horizontal locomotion1 the ,cain-like race we form part of try the effect of ascension to the highest and hugest cloud-capped peaks2 but ,matterhorn accidents have rather brought these mountains-of-the-7full7-moon performances into disfavour4 ,pending the discovery of some new wonder or feat1 to occupy many vacant minds and stir a few energetic ones1 and during the crisis of a ,continental war1 the migratory section amongst us must bear their misery as best they can4 ,it may console them to hope that the flying-machine will yet be perfected1 and air-sailing supersede ,alpine climbing4 ,probably it would be quite as exciting1 and it would not tire the limbs4 ,if there be one geographical problem still left unsolved1 it must be to find the site of that cave of ,adullam which has sorely puzzled numbers of erudite ,parliamentarians1 one of whom was heard to make answer to a query regarding its locality that he never was a geographer4 ,for the purpose of stimulating the curiosity of the gentleman1 and of guiding him in his search among the lore of school-boy days1 we may take from a book well known a real1 and not figurative1 description of the ,cave in which shelter was lately found by some forty wayfarers uncertain as to their route in a difficult country4 ,leaving our horses1 says an ,adullamite1 who long preceded them1 in charge of wild------1 and taking one for a guide1 we started for the cave1 having a fearful gorge below1 gigantic cliffs above1 and the path winding along a shelf of the rock1 narrow enough to make the nervous among us shudder4 ,at length1 from a great rock hanging on the edge of this shelf1 we sprang by a long leap into a low window which opened into the perpendicular face of the cliff4 ,we were then within the hold of1 ------ and creeping half-doubled through a narrow crevice for a few rods1 we stood beneath the dark vault of the first grand chamber of this mysterious and oppressive cavern4 ,our whole collection of lights did little more than make the damp darkness visible4 ,after groping about as long as we had time to spare1 we returned to the light of day1 fully convinced that with ------ and his lion-hearted followers inside1 all the strength of ------ under ------ could not have forced an entrance4 ,next to a search for the celebrated cave1 we can #hbi imagine no geographical extravagance equal to one for those ,nile ,sources that have been the dream of ancients and moderns4 ,the undertaking possessed an the attraction of freshness4 ,your ,north-west passage is a mere track through a waste1 without the possibility of novelty4 ,what its dangers and privations1 its few monotonous sights and events1 were to half-a-dozen navigators they would be to half-a-dozen more4 ,but in passing upward to the huge plateau in ,central ,africa where the ,nile ,basin lies1 itself again overtopped by the lofty range of the ,blue ,mountains1 down which giant cascades ceaselessly roll in unwitnessed splendor1 the traveller encounters perils enough1 but relieved with a human interest4 ,the tribes he meets are many and unique in their habits1 strangely unlike each other1 within short distances1 and having about them an extraordinary mixture of an incipient civilization with some of the most depraved of the customs of savage life4 ,in the journey1 too1 there is endless variety4 ,the expedition up the river1 with its hunting episodes1 its difficulties with mutinous servants and seamen1 its devices to appease native cupidity and circumvent native cunning1 and its encounters with those vilest of the pursuers of commerce1 the slave-traders1 forms one part of the interest2 and next come inland rides through tangled forest shades1 rude villages of cone-shaped huts1 suspicious hordes of naked barbarians1 to whom every new face is that of a plunderer of slaves or cattle1 and situations in which it is impossible for the honest traveller to escape sharp contests with a party of ,turkish marauders1 for whose sins against the commandment he would otherwise be held responsible by the relentless javelin-men of the desert4 ,all this offers adventure of a genuine description to him who has the love of it in his disposition2 and such a man is ,mr4 ,samuel ,white ,baker4 ,his impulses are irrepressible3 nature made him a traveller4 ,he is the modern counterpart of those primitive personages1 the ,columbuses of the times just succeeding the flood1 whose purposeless wanderings into far space from the spot where the ,mesopotamian cradle of mankind was rocked1 peopled lands lying even beyond great seas2 men whose feats were such that the philosophers of five thousand years after can hardly believe they performed them4 ,if ,mr4 ,baker had been a dweller in ,charran1 he would have begged the patriarch ,abraham to give him camels1 water-bags1 and bushels of corn1 and would have set off for the eastern margin of the globe1 and the shores of the loud-sounding sea4 ,arrived there1 he would have burned a tree hollow1 and launched boldly forth upon the deep1 to go whithersoever fortune listed4 ,all his life a traveller in the true sense1 ,mr4 ,baker last conceived the idea of securing for ,england the glory of discovering the sources of the ,nile4 ,this bit of patriotic sentiment undoubtedly added to the zest of the undertaking1 to which1 as has been said1 he was impelled by instinct4 ,he is a man of resolute will1 and to think and to do are with him simultaneous acts4 ,his preparations were instantly in progress1 and from that moment his motto1 come what might1 was--,forward4 ,part of this perseverance no doubt was due to the encouragement of ,mrs4 ,baker's presence4 ,that lady is the model explorer's wife1 and we could wish for such a race of women if there were any problems geographical left to be solved4 ,she set out with ,mr4 ,baker from ,cairo1 determined to go through all dangers with him1 and well knowing their nature2 and she successfully accomplished the task1 and has returned to share his renown4 ,to a full share of it she is really entitled2 for ,mrs4 ,baker was much more than a companion to her husband on his wanderings4 ,she assisted him materially1 not only tending him when sick1 not only conciliating the natives by her kindness1 but contributing to remove difficulties by wise #hcj counsel1 bearing all hardships uncomplainingly1 and--rare virtue6--submitting to her lord's authority when he was warranted in deciding what was best to be done1 or left undone4 ,mrs4 ,baker could also somewhat play the ,amazon when occasion required4 ,if she did not actually take the shield and falchion1 and go to the front of the fight1 she spread out the arms1 loaded and prepared the weapons1 and rendered brave and effective aid on an occasion when the ,discoverer of the ,great ,basin of the ,nile was likely to have become1 if he did not succeed in intimidating his foes by the parade of his armory1 a sweet morsel for the palate of the ,latookas4 ,mr4 ,baker speaks with manly tenderness of his wife1 and the picture drawn of her in his incidental references1 will gain for her hosts of friends among his readers4 ,the narrative is quiet until he reaches ,gondokoro4 ,there1 in ,march1 #ahfc1 he met ,speke and ,grant1 who were descending the ,nile1 having completed the ,east ,african expedition4 ,when there the report reached him on a certain morning that there were two white men approaching who had come from the sea4 ,these were the travellers from the ,victoria ,n',yanza1 the other1 and smaller1 source of the ,nile4 ,they had undoubtedly solved the mystery4 ,still they had left something for ,baker to do1 and candidly declared to him that they had not completed the actual exploration of the ,nile sources4 ,in ,n4 lat4 #b #ag' they had crossed the river which they had tracked from the ,victoria ,lake2 but it had there 7at ,karuma ,falls7 taken an extraordinary bend westward1 and when they met it again it was flowing from the ,w4,s4,w4 ,there was clearly another source1 and ,kamrasi1 ,king of ,unyoro1 had informed them that from the ,victoria ,n',yanza the ,nile flowed westward for several days' journey1 and fell into another lake called the ,luta ,n',zige1 from which it almost immediately emerged again1 and continued its course as a navigable river to the north4 ,speke and ,grant would have tracked out this second source had not the tribes in the districts been at the time at fend1 and on such occasions they will not abide the face of a stranger4 ,mr4 ,baker1 guided by their hints1 set out to complete what they had begun4 ,gondokoro is a great slave-market--,mr4 ,baker says a perfect hell1 a colony of cut-throats4 ,the ,egyptian authorities wink at what goes on1 in consideration of liberal largesses4 ,there were about six hundred traders there when ,mr4 ,baker visited it1 drinking1 quarrelling1 and beating their slaves4 ,these ruffians made razzias on the cattle of the natives1 who are a cleanly and rather industrious race of the picturesque type of savage4 ,their bodies are tattooed all over1 and an immense cock's feather1 rising out of the single tuft of hair left upon their shaven crowns1 gives them rather an imposing appearance4 ,their weapons of defence are poisoned arrows1 with which the traders at times make deadly acquaintance4 ,of course ,mr4 ,baker had unforeseen difficulties on setting out4 ,what traveller ever started on an expedition without meeting with his most irritating obstacles at the threshold8 ,mr4 ,baker1 however1 was an old hand1 and it took a good deal to daunt him4 ,his escort were as troublesome a set of vagabonds as could have been collected together probably in ,africa itself4 ,he had a mutiny to quell ere many days2 and it is at this point we come to see what sort of man is our explorer4 ,he is a muscular ,christian of the stoutest type4 ,heavy fell his hand on skulls of sinning niggers--it was the readiest implement1 and down went the offender under the blow so signally that his fellows saw and trembled4 ,mr4 ,baker was a great packer4 ,his asses and camels carried a vast amount of stuff1 but so arranged and fitted that no breakdown occurred in the most trying situations for man and beast4 #hca ,the ,latookas were the first race of savages ,mr4 ,baker encountered4 ,they are about six feet high1 and muscular and well-proportioned4 ,they have a pleasing cast of countenance1 and are in manner very civil4 ,they are extremely clever blacksmiths1 and shape their lances and bucklers most skilfully4 ,one of the most interesting passages of the whole book is the author's account of this tribe3 ,far from being the morose set of savages that ,i had hitherto seen1 they are excessively merry1 and always ready for either a laugh or a fight4 ,the town of ,tarrangott contained about three thousand houses1 and was not only surrounded by iron-wood palisades1 but every house was individually fortified by a little stockaded courtyard4 ,the cattle were kept in large kraals in various parts of the town1 and were most carefully attended to1 fires being lit every night to protect them from flies1 and high platforms in three tiers were erected in many places1 upon which sentinels watched both day and night1 to give the alarm in case of danger4 ,the cattle are the wealth of the country1 and so rich are the ,latookas in oxen1 that ten or twelve thousand head are housed in every large town4 4 4 4 ,the houses of the ,latookas are bell-shaped4 ,the doorway is only two feet and two inches high1 and thus an entrance must be effected on all-fours4 ,the interior is remarkably clean1 but dark1 as the architects have no idea of windows4 ,mr4 ,baker notices the fact that the circular form of hut is the only style of architecture adopted among all the tribes of ,central ,africa1 and also among the ,arabs of ,upper ,egypt2 and that although there are variations in the form of the roof1 no tribe has ever yet dreamt of constructing a window4 ,the ,latookas are obliged constantly to watch for their enemy1 a neighboring race of mule-riders1 whose cavalry attacks they can hardly withstand1 although of war-like habits1 and accordingly-- ,the town of ,tarrangott is arranged with several entrances in the shape of low archways through the palisades3 these are closed at night by large branches of the hooked thorn of the bitter bush1 7a species of mimosa47 ,the main street is broad1 but all others are studiously arranged to admit only of one cow1 single file1 between high stockades4 ,thus1 in the event of an attack1 these narrow passages can be easily defended1 and it would be impossible to drive off their vast herds of cattle unless by the main street4 ,the large cattle kraals are accordingly arranged in various quarters in connection with the great road1 and the entrance of each kraal is a small archway in the strong iron-wood fence1 sufficiently wide to admit one ox at a time4 ,suspended from the arch is a bell1 formed of the shell of the ,dolape palm-nut1 against which every animal must strike either its horns or back on entrance4 ,every tinkle of the bell announces the passage of an ox into the kraal1 and they are thus counted every evening when brought home from pasture4 ,the toilet of the natives is of the simplest1 except in one particular4 ,the ,latooka savage is content that his whole body should be naked1 but expends the most elaborate care on his headdress4 ,every tribe in this district has a distinct fashion of arranging it1 but the ,latookas reduce it to a science4 ,mr4 ,baker describes the process and the result3 ,european ladies would be startled at the fact1 that to perfect the coiffure of a man requires a period of from eight to ten years6 ,however tedious the operation the result is extraordinary4 ,the ,latookas wear most exquisite helmets1 all of which are formed of their own hair1 and are1 of course1 fixtures4 ,at first sight it appears incredible2 but a minute examination shows the wonderful perseverance of years in producing what must be highly inconvenient4 ,the thick crisp wool is woven with fine twine1 formed from the bark of a tree1 until it presents a thick network of felt4 ,as the hair grows through this matted substance it is subjected to the same process1 until1 in the course of years1 a compact substance is formed1 like a strong felt1 about an inch and a half thick1 that has been trained into the shape of a helmet4 ,a strong rim of about two inches deep is formed by drawing it together with thread1 and the front part of the helmet is protected by a piece of polished copper1 while a piece of the same metal1 shaped like the half of a bishop's mitre1 and about a foot in length1 forms the crest4 ,the framework of the helmet being at length completed1 it must be perfected by an arrangement of beads1 should the owner of the head be sufficiently rich to indulge in the coveted distinction4 ,the beads most in fashion are the red and the blue porcelain1 about the size of small peas4 ,these are sewn on the surface of the felt1 and so beautifully arranged in sections of blue and red1 that the entire helmet appears to be formed of beads1 and the handsome crest of polished copper1 surmounted by ostrich plumes1 gives a most dignified and martial appearance to this elaborate head-dress4 #hcb ,with ,commoro1 chief of the ,latookas1 ,mr4 ,baker had a religious conversation4 ,the savage was clever1 even subtile4 ,he does not appear1 however to have shaken the faith of the traveller4 ,probably had ,mr4 ,baker been a ,bishop 7,colenso7 trained in the theology of the schools1 he might have been driven crazy by this mid-,african counterpart of the famous ,zulu4 ,the natives exhume the bones of their dead1 and celebrate a sort of dance round them2 and ,mr4 ,baker asked his ,latookan friend-- ,have you no belief in a future existence after death8 ,is not some idea expressed in the act of exhuming the bones after the flesh is decayed8 ,commoro 7loq47--,existence after death6 ,how can that be8 ,can a dead man get out of his grave unless we dig him out8 ,do you think a man is like a beast that dies and is ended8 ,commoro4--,certainly4 ,an ox is stronger than a man1 but he dies1 and his bones last longer2 they are bigger4 ,a man's bones break quickly2 he is weak4 ,is not a man superior in sense to an ox8 ,has he not a mind to direct his actions8 ,commoro4--,some men are not so clever as an ox4 ,men must sow corn to obtain food1 but the ox and wild animals can procure it without sowing4 ,do you not know that there is a spirit within you more than flesh8 ,do you not dream and wander in thought to distant places in your sleep8 ,nevertheless1 your body rests in one spot4 ,how do you account for this8 ,commoro 7laughing47--,well1 how do you account for it8 4 4 4 ,if you have no belief in a future state1 why should a man be good8 ,why should he not be bad1 if he can prosper by wickedness8 ,commoro4--,most people are bad2 if they are strong1 they take from the weak4 ,the good people are all weak2 they are good because they are not strong enough to be bad4 ,extremes meet2 there are sages of modern days whose much learning has brought them up to the intellectual pitch of the savage's materialism4 ,they might1 ingenious as they are1 even take a lesson in sophistry from the ,latookan4 ,when driven into a corner by the use of ,st4 ,paul's metaphor1 the astute ,commoro answered3 ,exactly so2 that ,i understand4 ,but the original grain does not rise again2 it rots1 like the dead man1 and is ended4 ,the fruit produced is not the same grain that was buried1 but the production of that grain4 ,so it is with man4 ,i die1 and decay1 and am ended2 but my children grow up1 like the fruit of the grain4 ,some men have no children1 and some grains perish without fruit2 then all are ended4 ,nevertheless1 the ,latookans continue to dig out the bones of their kindred1 and to perform a rite around them which is manifestly a tradition from the time when a belief in the immortality of the soul existed among them4 ,it was impossible for ,mr4 ,baker to reach the ,lake toward which he pressed without appeasing ,kamrasi1 ,king of the ,unyoros4 ,but to do this was not easy when his stock of presents was getting low1 and his men were so few and weak as to inspire no barbarian prince with the slightest fear4 ,yet1 though debilitated with fever1 his quinine exhausted1 and ,mrs4 ,baker stricken down in the disease1 he pressed on with an unquenchable zeal--one would almost write worthy of a better cause4 ,finally1 he was abundantly rewarded4 ,hurrying on in advance of his escort he reached at last1 ere the sun had risen on what proved afterward a brilliant day1 the summit of the hills that hem the great valley occupied by the vast ,nile ,source4 ,there it lay a sea of quicksilver far beneath1 stretching boundlessly off to the vast ,blue ,mountains which1 on the opposite side towered upward from its bosom1 and over whose breasts cascades could be discerned by the telescope tumbling down in numerous torrents4 ,standing #aejj feet above the level of the ,lake1 ,mr4 ,baker shouted for joy that ,england had won the ,sources of the ,nile6 and called the gigantic reservoir the ,albert ,n',yanza4 ,the ,victoria and ,albert ,lakes1 then1 are the #hcc ,nile ,sources4 ,clambering down the steep--his wife1 just recovered from fever1 and intensely weak1 leaning upon him--,mr4 ,baker reached the shore at length of the great expanse of water1 and rushing into it1 drank eagerly1 with an enthusiasm almost reaching the ancient ,egyptian point of ,nile-worship4 ,mr4 ,baker describes the ,albert ,lake as the grand reservoir1 and the ,victoria as the ,eastern source4 ,the ,nile1 cleared of its mystery1 resolves itself into comparative simplicity4 ,the actual basin of the ,nile is included between about the #bb and #ci east longitude1 and from #c south to #ah north latitude4 ,the drainage of that vast area is monopolized by the ,egyptian river4 4 4 ,the ,albert ,n',yanza is the great basin of the ,nile3 the distinction between it and the ,victoria ,n',yanza is1 that the ,victoria is a reservoir receiving the eastern affluents1 and it becomes the starting-point or the most elevated source at the point where the river issues from it at the ,ripon ,falls2 the ,albert is a reservoir not only receiving the western and southern affluents direct from the ,blue ,mountains1 but it also receives the supply from the ,victoria and from the entire equatorial ,nile basin4 ,the ,nile1 as it issues from the ,albert ,n',yanza is the entire ,nile2 prior to its birth from the ,albert ,lake it is not the entire ,nile4 4 4 4 ,ptolemy had described the ,nile sources as emanating from two great lakes that received the snows of the mountains in ,ethiopia4 ,there are many ancient maps existing upon which these lakes are marked as positive4 ,there can be little doubt that trade had been carried on between the ,arabs from the ,red ,sea and the coast opposite ,zanzitan in ancient times1 and that the people engaged in such enterprises had penetrated so far as to have gained a knowledge of the existence of the two reservoirs4 ,the interest of ,mr4 ,baker's volumes of course culminates with his account of the ,great ,lake4 ,he embarked in a canoe of the country1 and with his party in another1 navigated it for a long distance1 encountering storms and weathering them with a skill and courage which show him as cool and experienced a traveller on sea as on land4 ,on his return overland he was again in perils oft4 ,but the same undying spirit which supported him through a dozen fevers carried him through every danger triumphantly4 ,the ,english nation has reason to be proud of such men1 and of such women as ,mrs4 ,baker still more4 ,devotion like hers honors the sex4 ,there is an end1 however1 of ,nile voyaging with the old object4 ,if the ,victoria and ,albert ,lakes are revisited it will be in pursuit of other ends than mere geographical inquiry or curiosity4 ,mr4 ,baker seems to think that missionaries may be the first to follow in the track he has made1 and it is a fact that next to professional explorers 7if even second to them7 those influenced by religious zeal have made the most daring expeditions into unknown regions4 ,livingstone has done even more in another part of ,africa than ,baker did on the great level1 which1 as he thinks1 from its altitude1 escaped being submerged at any previous part of the world's history1 and may contain at this moment the descendants of a pre-,adamite race4 ,on the ethnology of the central ,africans he can throw no light1 and his mere speculations are worthless1 but he is doubtless right in considering that commerce must precede religious propagandism among those races1 if anything is really to be done for their benefit4 ,for commerce there are large opportunities1 if only the abominable slave-trade1 which makes fiends of the natives1 were effectually suppressed4 ,mr4 ,baker writes warmly on this point1 and none knows better the character and extent of the evil4 ,a more interesting book of travel was never written than his ,albert ,n',yanza3 in every page there is fresh and vivid interest4 ,the author1 who is admirable in many things1 is a model narrator1 and there is no romance at all equal in attraction to the simple and unvarnished1 but full and picturesque1 account of his protracted and exciting travels4 -------- #hcd ,translated from the ,french4 ,,three ,,women ,,of ,,our ,,time4 ,,eug,,nie ,,de ,,gu,,rin--,,charlotte ,,bront--,,rahel ,,levin4 ,,by ,,gabriel ,,cerny4 ,it is now quite a number of years since it became the fashion to study women1 and writers of note have called to life more than one who would have preferred being left to oblivion under her cold tombstone4 ,is it not enough to have lived once even if we have lived wisely8 ,no one would accept an existence that was to last forever1 said a philosopher who had suffered from the injustice of mankind4 ,it seems1 for example1 as if the heroines of the seventeenth century must smile in pity to see the pettiest actions of their lives as well as the deepest inspirations of their hearts given up for food to the indiscreet curiosity and vivid imagination of the eminent philosopher who had so lovingly resuscitated them4 ,and the intellectual women who came after them1 are not they not often wounded by the judgments passed upon them by the most inquisitive and fertile of critics8 ,in two works entirely devoted to woman1 a fantaisiste who was once an historian1 has tried to explain the best means to insure happiness to the fairer half of the human race1 with a minuteness very tender in intention but often quite repugnant to our taste4 ,he states in detail the hygienic care indispensable to creatures weak in body1 feeble in mind1 and so helpless when left to themselves that in truth there are but two conditions in the world suitable for them--to be courtesans if they are beautiful1 and maid-servants if they are destitute of physical charms2 nay1 such is the arrogance of this literary ,cladon that he would assign to the wife an inferior position and leave the husband to superintend not only business affairs but household matters4 ,in short1 when we read these books we seem to be attending a session of the ,naturalization ,society1 teaching the public to rear and domesticate some valuable animal much to be distrusted4 ,not even the toilettes of the eighteenth century have failed to arouse the interest of two authors of our day1 who1 displeased perhaps with the slight success of their book1 have now abandoned the range of realities for the dreary delusions of a lawless realism4 ,in a work as long as it is tiresome1 they have described with feminine lucidity the various costumes of the ladies of the court of ,louis ,,xv41 of the ,revolution1 and the ,empire4 ,a book has now appeared which1 according to its title1 promises to show us the ,intellect of ,women of our own ,time1 but in reality confines itself to giving three interesting biographies4 ,the author was already known to the public through a romance which reveals true talent ,daniel ,blady1 the story of a musician1 is written in the ,german style1 and shows an elevation of sentiment1 a straightforward honesty of principle1 and above all a simplicity of devotion rarely to be met with in the world4 ,m4 ,camille ,selden admires modest women1 incapable of personal ambition or vanity1 who consecrate all the tender and enlivening faculties of soul and reason to the service of a husband1 father1 or brother1 and such a woman he portrays in ,daniel ,blady4 #hce ,in order to represent fairly the women of our day ,m4 ,selden has selected three different characters2 three names worn modestly1 usefully1 and honorably2 three contrasts of position1 race1 doctrine1 and education3 a ,french ,catholic1 an ,english ,protestant1 a ,german ,jewess3 ,eugnie de ,gurin1 ,charlotte ,bront1 and ,rachel ,varnhagen von ,ense4 ,they were all affectionate1 devoted1 and self-forgetful2 two of them married1 and the ,french-woman alone had the happy privilege of restoring to ,god a heart and soul that had belonged to no one4 ,i4 ,eugnie de ,gurin du ,cayla was born and bred en province1 although of a truly noble family1 of ,venetian origin it is said4 ,her mode of life was that of a woman of the middle class 7bourgeoise7 enjoying that comparative ease which we see in the country2 a large house scantily furnished1 a garden less cultivated than the fields1 and servants of little or no training1 who seem to form a part of the family4 ,mlle4 de ,gurin lost her mother early1 and having two brothers and a sister younger than herself1 became burthened with the care of a household and family4 ,her letters and journal show her to us as she was at twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age1 not one of those persons of morose and frigid virtue who are good for nothing but to mend linen and take care of birds1 but a woman of intelligent and unembarrassed activity4 ,she made fires1 visited the poultry-yard1 prepared breakfast for the reapers1 and when her work was done1 betook herself in all haste to a little retreat which she dignified with the name of study1 where she ran through some book or wrote a few pages--always charming1 always strong--of a sort of journal of the actions of her life4 ,eugnie's especial favorite was her brother ,maurice1 who was five years younger than herself1 and it would be impossible to speak of her without recalling the passionate maternal tenderness with which from her earliest youth she regarded this brother whom she had loved to rock and nurse in infancy4 ,i remember that you sometimes made me jealous1 she wrote to him one day1 it was because ,i was a little older than you1 and ,i did not know that tenderness and caresses1 the hearts milk1 are lavished on the little ones4 ,devotion was the principle motive-power of ,eugnie's actions2 ardent prayer and charity profoundly moved her2 wind1 snow1 rain-storms1 nothing checked her when she knew that in some corner of the village there were miseries to be relieved1 tears to be wiped away4 ,she felt sympathy with all living creatures1 even if they were inanimate like trees and flowers2 she sighed when the wind bowed them down2 she pitied them1 comparing them to unhappy human beings bending beneath misfortune1 and imitating the example of the great saint1 ,francis of ,assisi1 she would gladly have conversed with lambs and turtle-doves4 ,mlle4 de ,gurin pitied the educated peasants who knew how to read and yet could not pray4 ,prayer to ,god1 she said1 is the only fit manner to celebrate any thing in this world4 ,and again1 ,nothing is easier than to speak to the neglected ones of this world2 they are not like us1 full of tumultuous or perverse thoughts that prevent them from hearing4 ,she loved religion with its festivals and splendors2 and breathed in ,god with the incense and flowers on the altar1 nor could she ever have understood an invisible1 abstract ,god1 a ,god simply the guardian of morality as ,protestants believe him to be4 ,most women become useful only through some being whom they love and to whom they refer the actions of their lives2 it is their noblest and most natural instinct to efface and lose themselves in another's glory4 ,having no husband or children1 ,mlle4 de ,gurin attached herself to her brother ,maurice1 a delicate nature1 a sad #hcf and suffering soul1 destined to self-destruction1 a lofty but unquiet spirit that was never to find on earth the satisfaction and realization of his hopes4 ,you are the one of all the family1 he wrote to her1 whose disposition is most in sympathy with my own1 so far as ,i can judge by the verses that you send me1 in all of which there is a gentle reverie1 a tinge of melancholy1 in short1 which forms1 ,i believe1 the basis of my character4 ,mlle4 de ,gurin's letters to her brother were not only tender and consoling1 but strong and healthy in their tone4 ,indeed1 he needed them1 for terrible were his sufferings from the ill-will and indifference of others4 ,he wrote and tried to establish himself as a critic2 but some publishers rejected him and others evaded his proposals with vague promises1 until with despair he saw every issue closed to him1 and knew not what answer to make to his father1 who grew impatient at the constant failure of his expectations4 ,though ignorant of the world1 ,mlle1 de ,gurin did not the less suspect the dangers that ,christian faith may encounter4 ,one day1 a voice that seemed to come from heaven told her that ,maurice no longer prayed2 and then we find her trembling and uneasy4 ,i have received your letter1 she says1 and ,i see you in it1 but ,i do not recognize you2 for you only open your mind to me1 and it is your heart1 your soul1 your inmost being that ,i long to see4 ,return to prayer1 your soul is full of love and craves expansion2 believe1 hope1 love1 and all the rest shall be added4 ,if ,i could only see you a ,christian6 ,oh6 ,i would give my life and everything else for that4 4 4 4 ,like all persons who try to dispense with the divine restraints of the precepts of the gospel1 poor ,maurice struggled in a dreary world2 his sensitive and poetic soul saw ,god everywhere except in his own heart2 he longed sometimes to be a flower1 or a bird1 or verdure2 his brain and imagination ran away with him1 and his soul poured itself forth without restraint1 and lost its way through wandering from the veritable ,source of life4 ,this passion for nature led him to write a work which shows genuine power even if it be unproductive2 a prose poem in which ,christianity is forgotten for the sake of fable and antiquity4 ,but thanks to his sister's prayers1 ,maurice was one of those who return to ,god4 ,he passed away without agitation or suffering1 smiling on all1 and begging his sister ,eugnie to read him some spiritual book4 ,at the bottom of his heart he had never ceased to love ,god1 and he returned to him as a little child returns to its mother4 ,eugnie did not give herself up to vain despair after ,maurice's death4 ,thinking perpetually of him whom she had loved so deeply1 she busied herself with the writings which he had left behind him1 and prayed for his soul1 recommending him also to the prayers of her friends4 ,she still addressed herself to him1 and oppressed with sadness unto death1 communed with his absent soul1 imploring him to come to her4 ,maurice1 my friend1 what is heaven1 that home of friends8 ,will you never give me any sign of life8 ,shall ,i never hear you1 as the dead are sometimes said to make themselves heard8 ,oh6 if it be possible1 if there exist any communication between this world and the other1 return to me6 ,but one day she grew weary of this unanswered correspondence1 and a moral exhaustion took possession of her4 ,let us cast our hearts into eternity1 she cried4 ,these were her last words1 and she died1 glad to see her life accomplished1 confiding in the mercy of ,god1 in his goodness who reunites the soul which he has severed here below1 but never has forgotten in their bereavement4 #hcg ,,ii4 ,charlotte ,bront1 7,currer ,bell17 whom ,m4 ,camille ,selden offers to us as a type of energy and virtue1 was the daughter of a country clergyman4 ,sad was the childhood and sad the youth of the poor ,english girl4 ,her mother was an invalid1 her father a man of gloomy and almost fierce disposition1 their means were so limited as to border upon poverty1 and as if to complete the dreary picture1 the scenery about the parsonage was austere and lugubrious to contemplate1 like the sea beneath an impending tempest4 ,in ,england the clerical profession is totally unlike the holy mission of a ,catholic clergyman4 ,the ecclesiastical life there is a career1 not a vocation4 ,mr4 ,bront never left home unarmed1 a singular method of preaching peace to the world and reconciliation among brethren4 ,he was a good father1 no doubt--almost all ,englishmen are so4 ,but he kept his family at a distance1 and spoke to them seldom1 and then in a curt and supercilious manner4 ,his morose spirit did not relish the society of children1 and if he became the preceptor of his little family1 it was rather in order to fulfil a duty and conform himself to custom1 than from a feeling of tenderness or even solicitude for their future welfare4 ,thus the minister's children lived amid influences which were cold and serious1 but upright1 and in a certain sense strengthening4 ,there are so many children in every ,english family that parents of the middle class are obliged to treat them less as subordinates than as auxiliaries4 ,the children are less familiar with their parents but more respectful than among us2 life is not so easy and gentle1 education more masculine4 ,independence is the goal toward which all young ,english people tend1 and both girls and boys are early taught that labor alone can lead them to it4 ,in ,france we long impatiently for the time to shut up our children in the high-walled barracks which we dignify with the name of boarding-schools2 for it is extremely necessary1 we say1 to be rid of idle1 noisy boys4 ,girls are generally educated at home1 but either through weakness or indifference1 they are treated with far too much indulgence4 ,poor little things6 we say pathetically2 who can tell what fate awaits them in married life8 for in this country we so far forget ,christian duty as to make marriage a necessity1 an obligation1 a matter of business1 instead of seeking therein1 as the ,english do1 a basis of true happiness4 ,children1 educated as they are in ,england1 early acquire habits of observation and reflection2 sitting around the tea-table in the evening1 they listen to the conversation of their grandparents1 and are often questioned upon the most serious subjects4 ,this is ,protestantism1 you say4 ,not at all3 it is the remains of the ,christian spirit anterior to the ,reformation4 ,this spirit is exhibited in habits as in laws4 ,if family life among us were truly catholic1 we should possess all this and in greater perfection4 ,there is another practice in ,england which is often beneficial1 and which we do not dare to adopt openly in ,france4 ,i mean the habit of writing out one's impressions4 ,this seems to be as natural in ,england as thought2 and mothers1 young girls1 and men consider it a duty to keep an account of the good ideas that occur to them or of the interesting facts they may observe4 ,in ,france1 on the contrary1 true literary culture is closed to women1 and there is a general outcry whenever any woman takes the liberty of publishing a work under her own name4 ,it is thought quite natural that a young girl1 with a dress outrageously decollete and her head covered with flowers1 should appear upon a stage and sing a bravura2 but let her venture to write1 and the world accuses her of want of reserve4 ,a ,frenchman has such a horror of anything methodical and serious that he prefers to educate his daughters without thought or reflection1 at hap-hazard and with no provision for #hch the future4 ,frenchwomen understand everything without study1 it is said2 this may be true1 and the merit is not so great as to make it worth while to deny the assertion4 ,what a superficial method6 what an incredible way to acquire knowledge and judgment6 ,englishwomen on the contrary1 devote themselves to a regular course of instruction2 they read a great deal1 making extracts and critical notes1 and thus avoid idleness and ennui1 those two terrible diseases that affect womankind4 ,unfortunately abuses glide into their reading1 and novels or even newspapers hold a place there which they ought not to occupy4 ,this is a fruit of ,protestantism1 of free inquiry1 and if our faith were firm and practical1 we should know how to avoid the abuse and accept the useful side of this custom4 ,but there is again a situation which ,englishwomen meet with a better grace than ,frenchwomen--we mean the misfortune of remaining unmarried at twenty-eight or thirty years of age--of becoming old maids4 ,with us1 as soon as a daughter comes into the world we begin to think of amassing her dower2 for it is the value of this dower which is to secure a good or bad marriage for her4 ,we persuade her that it is almost a disgrace to remain unmarried1 but by a tacit agreement we conceal from her the fact that marriage1 as the ,church instituted it1 is the union of two souls equal in the sight of ,god1 and that in giving her hand to a man1 she becomes half of himself and flesh of his flesh4 ,no1 it is not a question of heart or of duty2 she marries a man whom she has known scarcely two months1 and her family triumphantly congratulate themselves on being freed from the unpleasant possibility of harboring an old maid4 ,to avoid this1 some marriages are a mere sale1 a present shame1 a future misery1 and a final sin4 ,as in ,england daughters have no dower1 and sons are valued much more highly1 young women are early prepared not to marry1 and are neither sadder nor more unfortunate on that account4 ,care of the little ones in the family2 that pleasant occupation belonging by right to maiden aunts1 7tantes berceuses17 study1 attentive observation of men and things1 and the consciousness of intellectual worth1 sustain the ,englishwomen until the moment1 often distant1 and never to arrive for many a one1 when a good1 sincere1 and intelligent man shall unite her lot to his2 but as she has self-respect and does not consider loss of youth as loss of caste1 she does not accept the suitor unless she knows him well and is certain that he does not wish to take her or buy her pour faire une fin4 ,charlotte1 like ,eugnie and like ,rahel1 of whom we shall speak in her turn1 was rather insignificant in appearance2 her features were irregular1 her forehead prominent1 and her eyes small but deep and piercing in expression4 ,she was educated with two of her sisters in a boarding-school1 where the regimen was hard and unhealthy1 the uniform coarse1 and the food insufficient and ill cooked4 ,mr4 ,bront turned a deaf ear to his eldest daughter's complaints for a long time1 and did not decide to take his children home until one of them had already sunk under the injudicious treatment4 ,charlotte was then placed with ,miss ,w----1 with whom she lived eight years as pupil and second teacher4 ,and here ,m4 ,camille ,selden gives us some excellent remarks upon the difference existing between the ,french lay pension with its supplementary course1 and the ,english boarding-school4 ,in the former1 as in a well-disciplined army1 every movement1 every manoeuvre must be executed in union1 even the recess is subject to rules4 ,in the midst of her battalion of teachers and sub-mistresses1 the ,french directress1 en grande tenue1 resembles a brilliant colonel marching proudly at the head of his squadron in a review4 #hci ,the object of education in ,england is at once simpler and gentler4 ,it is thought there to be the duty of a woman1 as of a man1 to develop the judgment by study2 that reflection and observation are equally necessary to teach both sexes how to live wisely and think justly4 ,therefore we never hear of courses of study where under the pretext of maternal education1 gentlemen in black coats give out bribes for history1 geography--nay1 even philosophy1 to little girls who come there apparently to study under maternal supervision1 but in reality to learn to receive company and dress tastefully2 in one word1 to rehearse the worldly comedy which a little later they will be condemned to enact4 ,the author should have completed his picture by giving an exact account of our houses of religious education2 but ,i think he knows little about them1 and cares little to get information concerning them1 which accounts for certain wants in his book4 ,poor ,charlotte ,bront was never young1 partly because of her childish sufferings1 but chiefly because of her serious and inquiring nature1 which applied its powers to investigating and analyzing the sources of everything4 ,she did not indulge in the childish ideas of a school girl1 and being free from the dangerous enthusiasm that imagination engenders1 she understood the full extent of human misery without exaggerating it1 and if she was deprived of illusions at least she was spared disappointment4 ,and yet she suffered2 her vigorous soul1 her fertile intellect imprisoned in this common-place situation1 were stifled as in a cage2 and to complete her misery came religious terrors1 frightful visions of failing grace and impossible salvation1 until her awe-struck heart recoiled in affright4 ,like all souls ardently loving goodness and thirsting from the true love1 she sighed after the bliss of heaven3 ,i would be willing1 she exclaimed1 ,i would be willing to exchange my eighteen years for gray hairs--or even to stand on the verge of the grave1 if by that means ,i could be assured of the divine mercy2 but alas6 in the practices of that dry and personal religion in which each one answers to himself for himself1 and whence confidence is banished as a weakness1 where should she look for help8 ,meanwhile the circle of poverty was drawing closer and closer about ,charlotte and her sisters1 and a thousand thoughts sprang up in the brain of the courageous girl3 ,i wish to make money1 no matter how--if only the means be honest6 nothing would discourage me1 said she2 but ,i should not care to be a cook--,i should prefer being housemaid4 ,in the evening1 when every one else was in bed1 she used to meet her sisters in the little parlor1 and they would read to each other their literary efforts in a low voice4 ,they decided with one accord that ,charlotte must write to ,southey and send him a book of her poems4 ,the poet saw no great merit in these effusions and tried to discourage ,charlotte1 giving her at the same time excellent moral advice upon the nothingness of celebrity and the dangers of ambition4 ,she decided then to make a journey to ,belgium in order to study ,french1 but she was almost immediately recalled home4 ,the old aunt who had kept house during her absence was dead1 her father was becoming blind1 and her brother was subject to attacks of delirium in which he threatened his father's life4 ,it was amid these terrible calamities that ,miss ,bront wrote ,jane ,eyre1 the most powerful of her novels4 ,the next plan was that she and her sisters should all write together and get a volume printed at their own expense under the names of ,ellis1 ,acton1 and ,currer ,bell4 ,it may well be imagined that this unfortunate book1 sent out like a foundling into the literary world1 met with no success1 for if the beginnings of any career are precarious1 the obstacles presented by literature are insurmountable to any one #hdj not possessed of immense energy4 ,we know ,charlotte well enough to feel sure that she was not a woman to waste away in the dejection of sterile discouragement2 she began to write again1 and composed ,the ,professor4 ,alas6 the poor little book travelled about from publisher to publisher without finding rest anywhere2 and such was the navet of its author1 that in her eagerness to send her rejected book to each new bookseller1 she forgot to remove the old postage stamps from the package--not an encouraging recommendation to any editor to accept the leavings of his confrres6 ,it was at ,manchester1 during six weeks that she passed there with her father1 who was forced to undergo an operation for cataract1 that ,miss ,bront finished ,jane ,eyre4 ,messrs4 ,smith and ,elder of ,london accepted the manuscript without hesitation1 and from that time the obscure young girl was a celebrity whom every one longed to know and to receive4 ,charlotte's literary success brought a ray of joy into ,mr4 ,bront's melancholy household1 but it was of short duration4 ,twice within two months the inhabitants of ,haworth saw the window-blinds of the parsonage closed1 and heard the bell toll a death-knell4 ,charlotte's brother1 prostrated by excesses1 and consumed internally1 died in the course of fifteen minutes2 but they were minutes of awful anguish2 in the grasp of the death-agony the dying man started to his feet1 crying out that he would die standing1 and that his will should give way only with his breath4 ,her elder sister1 ,emily1 left home for the last time when she followed his bier to the grave2 and another sister1 the youngest and ,charlotte's well-beloved1 ,anna ,bront1 sustained herself awhile by dint of care and tenderness1 but her lungs were affected and she soon began to languish2 she too declined and died4 ,poor ,charlotte now found herself alone with her father who had lost five of his six children4 ,she devoted herself to writing1 as much to distract her grief as to deceive the long hours of the day2 and henceforth her personality presented two distinct faces4 ,she was a conscientious ,englishwoman1 a clergyman's daughter attached to her duties1 and an authoress1 ardent and active in defence of her convictions1 and not without a certain obstinacy4 ,her success continued1 and she was obliged to submit to the exhibition to which ,english enthusiasm and bad taste subject their favorites4 ,miss ,bront had to go to dinner-parties1 and to reunions of unlooked-for luxury and splendor2 but the distinction that flattered her most was being placed by ,thackeray in the seat of honor to hear the first lecture of this celebrated author at ,willis's ,rooms4 ,but solitude which had been the foundation and habit of her life1 rendered her unfit for the world4 ,miss ,bront had suffered too much to preserve that serenity of temper and freedom of spirit necessary to enable one to talk easily and agreeably1 and often would she sit silent amid a cross-fire of conversation all around her ,i was forced to explain1 she said1 that ,i was silent because ,i could talk no more4 ,charlotte ,bront had arrived at the age of thirty-eight years without having had her heart touched with any emotion stronger than dutiful affection for her family4 ,but--and here prose intrudes itself a little--her father had a vicar1 and what could an ,english vicar do but be married8 ,he loved ,charlotte1 and moreover1 she had become a good match2 but on one hand the fear of a refusal1 and on the other the dread of the embarrassment for a clergyman of sharing the existence of a literary woman1 prevented him from declaring his affections4 ,at last1 however1 he took courage1 and ,i ask myself if this courage was not rendered more attainable by ,charlotte herself4 ,at all events she accepted his offer without hesitation2 but her father1 who was too selfish to allow his daughter to occupy herself with any one but himself1 opposed the marriage1 and the enamored vicar left ,haworth4 #hda ,the privation that ,mr4 ,bront experienced after his vicar's departure--a privation that ,miss ,bront's temperament must have made him feel more sensibly--was such that he recalled the suitor1 and the marriage took place4 ,it was a dreary ceremony3 no relations1 no friends1 so that the bride positively had no one to lead her to the altar2 for her father had refused to be present at the marriage for fear of feeling agitated1 faithful to the end to the dry and egotistical line of conduct he had marked out for himself4 ,the wife devoted herself bravely to seconding her husband in the duties of his ministry4 ,she visited the poor1 had a ,sunday-school1 improvised prayers and knew the ,bible by heart4 ,she was happy--but her happiness was of short duration1 for physical and moral sufferings had exhausted her1 and she died just as life had become harmonized according to her wishes4 ,a celebrated author1 a strong and courageous woman1 aspiring after a ,christian life1 she gave all that a heart can give which is not possessed of the true light2 and ,m4 ,selden is right in saying at the close3 ,charlotte is better than her heroines4 ,there are few authors of whom one could say as much4 ,,iii4 ,from ,england with its maintien compass1 and cold religious tenets1 ,m4 ,camille ,selden takes us to ,germany1 the land of sentiment and intellectual research1 and introduces us to a ,jewess in ,berlin1 that we may see what a ,german salon was at the end of the eighteenth century4 ,rahel ,levin was only twenty years old when she lost her father1 a wealthy ,israelite1 gloomy and violent in his bearing at home1 but amiable and attractive in society4 ,the young ,rahel1 endowed with great intelligence and unerring tact1 united to a truly kind heart1 was valued and sought by every one as soon as she appeared in society4 ,she was exceedingly amiable1 full of an obliging good temper that made her anticipate wishes1 divine annoyances in order to relieve them1 and forget herself in seeking to make others happy4 ,rare too was her loyalty2 not only was her soul incapable of falsehood1 but of any want of sincerity4 ,her husband who had the good taste not to be jealous of his wife's superiority and success1 said of her that she did not think to lose by showing herself as ,god had made her1 or gain by hiding anything4 ,natural candor1 absolute purity of soul1 and sincerity of heart are the only things worthy of respect--the rest is only external regularity and conventionality1 she often said to those who lavished upon her expressions of respect and admiration4 ,unhappily for ,mlle4 ,levin1 circumstances concurred in alienating her from her family4 ,her mother and brothers1 notwithstanding their ample fortune1 showed a rapacity worthy of their race1 and most unlike ,rahel's broad and generous ideas2 and her position would have been pitiable1 but for the illustrious friends who frequented her mother's house4 ,among them the young girl forgot the petty meanness of her home life2 and inexhaustible in ideas1 perceptive faculty1 and wit1 she handled the gravest subjects with delicate skill1 and almost as if she were playing with them4 ,full of unfailing good temper1 she could discuss the most varied1 the most opposite subjects1 without dogmatism or eccentricity4 ,but this want of union with her family1 which had deprived her of the domestic happiness so indispensable to every affectionate woman had rendered her paradoxical and even a little sceptical4 ,see1 for example1 what she wrote to her youngest sister1 who had consulted her about a proposal of marriage3 ,the want of durability in everything1 and the inevitable separation between an object and its #hdb motive1 afford1 you see1 the final explanation of all that is human4 ,you do not wish to belong to humanity2 very well1 destroy yourself4 ,i feel quite differently3 only transitory things1 only what is human can tranquillize and console me4 ,how at variance is this bitterness with the ardent hopefulness of the spiritual ,eugnie de ,gurin6 and how excellent a proof1 if we needed any new one1 that true happiness is unattainable without that deep religious feeling which raises us above all passing things6 ,charlotte ,bront had at least that ,protestant severity which stifles all tender quailing of the heart and soul1 like a miser trembling lest he should lose a farthing of the merits of his sacrifice2 but poor ,rahel possessed only the intellectual resources of the mind1 and they can do little for us4 ,goethe1 whose countrywoman she was so proud of being2 ,goethe1 little inclined to exaggerate the value of a woman's mind1 took pleasure in calling her a generous girl4 ,she has powerful emotions and a careless way of expressing them1 he said3 the better you know her1 the more you feel yourself attracted and gently enthralled4 ,but it was a long time before she enthralled any one4 ,at last one of her friends1 ,varnhagen von ,ense1 a young man twenty-six years old1 offered her his hand4 ,let him describe to us the charm of his first interview with ,rahel4 ,from the first1 ,i must say that she made me experience a very rare happiness1 that of contemplating for the first time a complete being--complete in intelligence and heart1 a perfect union of nature and cultivation4 ,everywhere ,i saw harmony1 equilibrium1 views as nave as they were original1 striking in their grandeur as in their novelty1 and always in accordance with her slightest actions4 ,and all was pervaded with a sentiment of the purest humanity1 guided by an energetic sense of duty1 and heightened by a noble self-forgetfulness in the presence1 of the joys and griefs of others4 ,rahel was then thirty-six years old1 and this great disparity of age1 added to her want of beauty and fortune1 must have inspired her with doubts of the duration of a feeling1 which perhaps her heart1 accustomed to independence1 did not at first reciprocate4 ,but in ,germany marriages are not made as they are in ,france2 people do not marry without knowing each other1 or with a precipitation which might lead one to suppose that on both sides there was something to conceal1 or that the intention was to make a good bargain of duty4 ,according to the fashion of their country the two friends were betrothed1 and were then forced to separate4 ,i am not afraid2 ,i will wait for you2 ,i know you will never forsake me1 wrote the indulgent ,rahel eight years later1 when a ,frenchwoman would have lost patience a thousand times over4 ,in ,france1 where dower1 beauty1 name1 or position1 rank before affection1 such a separation would certainly have proved fatal4 ,had he no cause to fear that some one else might supplant him with ,rahel8 ,was she untroubled by dread of the cruel dangers that threaten and disturb the affections8 ,might not her heart1 naturally sceptical1 and shaken by contact with the world1 distrust the effect of opinion upon so young a man8 ,but true love has nothing to fear from worldly talk or material considerations2 a whiff of a passing breeze cannot destroy strongly rooted affections1 whose living germ lies sheltered in the depths of the heart4 ,such love can wait1 for it does not know how to change4 ,such love was ,rahel's2 was it ,varnhagen's8 ,we shall see4 #hdc ,rahel was not an author1 and had no thought of publication2 it was only after her death that her husband sought some slight consolation in publishing her letters4 ,these letters which make three volumes1 were written in the course of forty years1 and therefore they reveal the different phases of development in the young girl1 the independent woman1 and the matron4 ,through the generous feelings which she expresses1 with a soul sympathizing with all sorts of interests1 there pierces a certain delicate irony which seems to find pleasure in following out to the end any singular or original idea3 ,we feel painfully that this woman has lost much1 suffered deeply4 ,in the life of ,rahel the ,jewess1 as in that of ,charlotte the ,protestant1 we discern the absence of our ,saviour's cross2 we see nowhere the gentle vision of the ,virgin ,mother4 ,in one of her letters1 ,mlle4 ,levin describes the impression which a visit to a ,catholic convent had made upon her mind4 ,she had entered into the services in the chapel like an artist3 ,i would gladly go there again1 if it were only to hear the music1 and breathe in the odor of the incense1 said she4 ,but the mortifications of the religious seemed to her more eccentric than touching2 she pitied them for having to fulfil the functions of gardener and cook1 to prepare medicines and feel the pulse of their patients4 ,without exception their hands looked coarse1 she said1 and their masculine tread sounded like the tramp of a patrol4 ,and yet later in life ,rahel was to perform1 voluntarily1 the same work as these nuns1 and moreover she had a true sentiment of piety1 which sometimes rose to an expression of faith4 ,in moments of suffering1 she wrote1 how happy faith makes me feel6 ,i love to rest upon it as on a downy pillow4 ,we read these words so full of simple piety1 with a full heart1 thinking sadly how little assistance this woman would have needed to become an ardent convert to the true religion4 ,it is really surprising that she should not have sought out ,christianity4 ,never try to suppress a generous impulse1 or to crowd out a genuine feeling1 she wrote to a friend3 despair or discouragement are the only fruits of dry reasoning2 examine yourself carefully1 and dread above all things the decisions of wisdom unenlightened by the heart4 ,rahel and ,varnhagen had agreed to meet again one day2 but absence is often fatal to the strongest ties1 and more than once this one was on the point of snapping4 ,a woman who has passed thirty1 says our author1 may well fear lest youth1 proved by the parish register1 should win the day against youth of mind and soul4 ,it would have been very hard to find a rival to a woman so gifted as ,rahel2 but the first moment of enthusiasm over1 ,varnhagen began to think that his betrothed had been very prompt in her acceptance of the promises by which he had bound himself when a young and inexperienced man2 and perhaps his memory recalled certain confidences of ill-matched pairs1 who had assured him that generosity is a snare4 ,for nothing in the world1 of course1 would he have renounced this affection of which he was proud2 but he thought that she would accept his fidelity without his name1 and he presumed to offer his devotion in lieu of the projected union4 ,rahel could not accept a compromise as humiliating to her heart as dangerous to her reputation4 ,she refused it1 but--and this was less dignified--she refused sadly and plainly to free ,varnhagen from his engagement4 ,this was what she wrote3 ,bitterness at least equals suffering1 when you1 the single1 solitary soul who knows me thoroughly1 would turn away from me1 or what is the same thing1 when you would be false to yourself1 and forsake me3 hard words1 my friend1 but none the less true4 ,i must be severe to the only being who has given me a right to expect anything from him4 ,in you alone had ,i hoped1 and ,i think ,i should insult you in saying that ,i had ceased to hope4 #hdd ,to this bitter trial was added another one1 which was very severe1 though merely connected with material matters1 especially for a person who was no longer young4 ,half abandoned1 and half exploite by her family1 ,rahel had become poor4 ,valiant and strong1 she had long succeeded in hiding from her friends the privations which she imposed upon herself1 in order to maintain her household properly4 ,she had just lost her mother1 and one of her brothers1 who died blessing her for her devotion1 and these afflictions must be added to the money troubles1 which increased every day4 ,alas6 there was no consolation in this distress1 for ,rahel could not say like the august daughter of a great king1 ,i thank ,god for two things2 first1 for having made me a ,christian1 and next1 for having made me unhappy4 ,economy was not her chief virtue1 and kindness1 that luxury which she could not live without1 led her to deprive herself of the necessaries of life1 in order that her servants might want for nothing4 ,it is mere selfishness1 she said1 laughing2 ,i prefer spoiling them to spoiling myself4 ,the misfortunes of war completed the ruin of her purse and her health4 ,she assisted her countrymen by collecting contributions1 and when money failed1 she paid with personal exertions1 fulfilling the admirable precept1 ,when you have given everything1 give yourself4 ,the vehemence of her feelings exhausted her strength1 and her frail health gave way beneath the excess of privation and fatigue4 ,she fell ill1 and was forced to keep her bed for three months4 ,her resources were exhausted1 and poverty approached with great strides4 ,she decided to ask one of her brothers1 who was rich1 to send her a little money2 but he not only refused1 but took a cruel pleasure in taunting the poor girl1 with what he called her crazy liberality4 ,for six months the war intercepted all communications1 so that she could receive no tidings of him whom she still called her betrothed4 ,but this anxiety was the last4 ,on waking one morning ,rahel saw a letter which had just been brought in1 and by a sudden inspiration1 worthy of one who had never despaired1 she guessed what this note contained3 a living hope1 which never dies out in valiant souls1 cried out that at last she had grasped happiness2 and the hope proved true3 ten days later she married ,august ,varnhagen1 who having recovered from his hesitation1 fulfilled his vows with a good will4 ,you will never repent marrying me1 she wrote to him1 with navet1 a little while before her marriage2 ,love me1 or love me not1 as ,god wills2 whatever happens ,i shall be yours for ever1 you can rely on me3 ,i am constant1 as you have been constant4 ,rahel shall never fail you4 ,her husband was afterward made ,prussian minister1 and ,rahel as ambassadress was once more surrounded as in the pleasantest days of her youth4 ,she was sixty-two years old when the disease attacked her of which she died4 ,varnhagen never left her1 or ceased trying to make her forget her sufferings by reading the books to her which she loved best2 and ,heinrich ,heine1 learning that she was ordered to apply fresh rose-leaves to her inflamed eyes1 sent her his first poems1 lying at the bottom of a basket of exquisite roses4 ,madame von ,varnhagen had always loved the ,bible1 and1 especially1 ,jewess though she was1 the ,new ,testament4 ,she was never tired of listening to the history of the sufferings and death of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,one day finding herself more feeble1 she said1 taking her husband's hand and pressing it on her heart3 ,i feel better1 my friend4 ,i have been thinking a long time of ,jesus1 and it seems as if ,i had never felt as at this moment how truly ,he is my brother1 and the brother of all men4 ,it has comforted me4 4 4 4 ,these were her last words4 #hde ,do these women explain the women of our times8 ,it is at least disputable2 but we must recognize in them three interesting characters4 ,we will not try to compare them2 the differences between them are self-evident2 and certainly though ,eugnie de ,gurin1 the ,frenchwoman and the ,catholic1 played in a worldly sense the most obscure part1 no person of elevated views can contest the fact that hers was the most beautiful life of the three4 -------- ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,henri ,,perreyve4 ,the ,church of ,france sustained a great loss when1 in the flower of his age1 ,henri ,perreyve was cut off4 ,had his life been prolonged he would doubtless have attained a high position in the diocese of ,paris1 and done a very great work4 ,a memorial of him--for it can hardly be called a ,life--has been recently given to the world by his friend and confidant1 ,pre ,gratry of the ,french ,oratory2 and thus the record of this young priest is now made immortal by the eloquent pen of one of the greatest spiritual writers in ,france4 ,henri ,perreyve was born in ,april1 #ahca1 and died ,june1 #ahfe4 ,his was1 therefore1 but a brief life--brief1 but brilliant1 like a short1 bright summer-day4 ,the comparison is not an inapt one4 ,the life of this young man was1 compared to that of the minority of his fellow-creatures1 a bright and happy one4 ,no great exterior sorrows met him during his earthly career2 and for the interior1 there could not be much real suffering for one who from his early childhood had given himself to ,god1 and who followed the standard of his ,divine ,master with a courage that could not be dismayed1 with an ardor which was never cooled4 ,he was a son of ,christian parents1 who early discerned his genius1 and gave no opposition to the workings of ,god's grace in him4 ,he was educated at the ,lyce ,st4 ,louis2 but he did not distinguish himself there4 ,he was1 however1 at the head of the catechism-class in ,st4 ,sulpice2 for the child's heart was given to ,god1 and he could not devote himself ardently to secular studies until he had learnt to consecrate even them to the service of ,god4 ,at twelve years old he made his first communion4 ,this act1 which is the turning-point in the life of so many1 proved such to him4 ,in after-years he thus described it3 ,may #bi1 #ahei4 ,you know that ,i always date from my first communion the first call from ,god to the ecclesiastical state4 ,this thought gives me happiness4 ,i can recall now1 as if it were yesterday1 the blessed moment when1 having received our ,lord at the holy table1 ,i returned to my place1 and there kneeling on that red-velvet bench1 which ,i can see now1 ,i promised our ,lord1 with a movement of sincere affection to belong to him always1 and to him only4 ,i feel still the kind of certainty ,i had from that moment of being accepted4 ,i feel the warmth of those first tears for the love of ,jesus1 which fell from my childish eyes2 and the ineffable shrinking of a soul1 which for the first time had spoken to ,god1 had seen him and heard him4 ,intimate and profound joy of the sacerdotal espousals6 ,as years passed on1 he kept his faith with his ,lord4 ,naturally seeking his friends from among those like-minded with himself1 he became soon surrounded by and closely bound to some of the most remarkable and #hdf devoted men of the day4 ,the ,pre ,gratry was the guide of his youth2 and among those who followed his direction were a group of young ardent men1 burning to devote themselves to the cause of ,god and his ,church4 ,meeting a little later on with the ,pre ,pttot1 they became the foundation-stones of the newly-revived ,french ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,henri ,perreyve was obliged1 however1 before long1 by the feebleness of his health1 to withdraw from the congregation2 but he was ever linked to it by the ties of the closest affection4 ,pre ,charles ,perraud1 one of the ,oratorians1 was throughout life his bosom friend4 ,they learnt together and prayed together1 and were called together to serve ,god in the priesthood4 ,charles ,perraud was the first to attain this dignity2 and on the occasion of his saying his first mass1 ,henri thus wrote to him4 ,hyres1 ,dec4 #af1 #aheg4 ,may the ,lord be with thee6 ,these are the sacramental words of the deacon1 the only ones ,i have the right of addressing to you1 my dear friend and brother1 before the holy altar4 ,i address them to you with all the fulness of my heart1 and with all the deep meaning that befits these holy words4 ,yes1 may the ,lord be with you1 dear brother6 ,with you this morning at the altar of your first mass1 to accept your bridal promise1 and reply to your perpetual vow by that reciprocal love which passes all other love4 ,with you during the whole of this great day1 to maintain the perfume of celestial incense in your soul1 and the odor of the sacrifice which has begun1 but which--thanks be to ,god6--has no ending4 ,with you to-morrow1 to make you feel that joy in ,god has somewhat of eternity in it1 and that it differs from the joys of earth because we can taste it constantly without ever exhausting it4 ,with you when1 soon after your holy ecstasy of joy1 you will feel that you must be a priest for men2 and you will go down from ,mount ,tabor to go to those who suffer1 to those who are ignorant1 to those who are hungering and thirsting for the true light and the true life4 ,with you in your sorrows to console you2 with you in your joys to sanctify them2 with you in your desires to make them fruitful4 ',memor sit omnis sacrificii tui1 et holocaustum tuum pingue fiat4' ,with you1 my ,charles1 if you are alone in life1 if our friendship be taken from you1 if you have to walk on leaning only on the arm of a ,divine ,friend4 ,with you1 young priest1 with you growing old in the conflicts of the priesthood1 and in the service of ,god and men4 ,with you on the day of your death1 which shall bring to your lips1 by the hands of another1 that same ,jesus who has so often been carried to others by your trembling hands4 ,o my friend6 ,i gather up all that my heart can contain of happy desires1 wishes1 and hopes for you4 ,i gather them all up in one single wish3 ,may the ,lord be with thee always6 ,it will be the life of a holy priest on earth2 one day it will be heaven4 ,the ,lord be with thee6 ,my ,charles1 bless me6 ,i embrace yon tenderly1 and feel myself with you pressed against the ,heart of the ,divine ,master1 beloved for ever4 ,henri ,perreyve4 ,henri ,perreyve was advancing rapidly toward manhood when the ,providence of ,god threw him in the path of one who was to exercise a powerful influence over his future4 ,while ,henri was a boy at school4 ,father ,lacordaire held the pulpit of ,notre ,dame2 and it might truly be said1 ,all ,paris was moved4 ,what those wonderful conferences did toward undoing the fatal spiritual havoc wrought at the ,revolution1 and in subsequent years1 cannot be recorded in any mortal history4 ,it was given to men to see somewhat of the result of the labor2 but the seeds of eternal life are scattered broadcast by a preacher's hand1 and fall hither and thither unknown to any but ,god4 ,henri ,perreyve1 as a boy of thirteen1 found his delight in listening to the conferences4 ,six years passed by1 and found him still the attentive disciple at the feet of the great master of minds at that period2 but he was too diffident and retiring to seek a personal acquaintance4 ,one day1 however1 a friend insisted on introducing him4 ,father ,lacordaire was busy1 and the interview lasted but a moment2 but ,henri ,perreyve resembled the ideal we may not unreasonably form of the young man on whom our ,lord looked and loved4 ,nature had been prodigal of her gifts1 and genius and innocence lent additional charm to his exterior beauty4 ,lacordaire's keen eye had discerned the treasures that could be developed in that ardent soul4 #hdg ,a few days after this hasty introduction1 ,henri was astonished by the entrance of the great ,dominican into his room4 ,i received you very ill the other day1 he said2 ,i come to ask your pardon1 and talk with you4 ,from that day began the closest friendship and intimacy between them4 ,they were literally like father and son2 and at the death of ,lacordaire he bequeathed to his dear friend all that a poor monk had to leave--his letters and papers4 ,henri ,perreyve is said to have been the being on earth best loved by ,lacordaire4 ,you shall be1 wrote the latter to him1 forever in my heart as a son and as a friend4 ,henri1 by the pure devotion of his early youth to ,god1 had deserved some great gift1 and it was given to him in the friendship of ,lacordaire4 ,that the rest of his life was spent in an earnest endeavor to imitate his friend1 we can scarcely wonder at ,had he lived1 no doubt he would have been a second ,lacordaire2 but the sword wore out the sheath1 the frail body could not sustain the burning soul within4 ,lacordaire died in the prime of life1 ,perreyve in the flower of his youth4 ,a few more years from the time we are speaking of and he was made priest4 ,work poured in on him4 ,the work of ten priests was offered to him day by day4 ,he refused a good deal2 but what he reserved would have been enough for three1 and he had most feeble health4 ,he was preacher at the ,sorbonne1 director of the ,conferences of ,st4 ,barbe1 sermons everywhere1 special works on all sides1 endless correspondence1 confessions1 directions1 reunions of young people1 incessant visits4 ,frequent illness attacked him1 and obliged him to withdraw for a time from his labors2 but he returned to them with new zest4 ,of his literary works the one most generally admired is the ,journe des ,malades4 ,here his genius was aided by that personal experience of illness which enables a person so readily to enter into the feelings of another4 ,but many can know and feel the weariness and temptations which beset a sick person1 and be very incapable of putting it into words1 while ,m4 ,perreyve's ,journe des ,malades will comfort many a heart4 ,his ,rosa ,ferrucci1 an exquisitely written little biography1 is already to some extent known to our readers4 ,he likewise published ,mditations sur le ,chemin de la ,croix2 ,entretiens sur l',eglise ,catholique2 and he edited with the greatest care1 and wrote an introduction for1 the celebrated ,letters from ,father ,lacordaire to young people4 ,he also wrote a ,station at the ,sorbonne1 and ,poland1 besides various little brochures4 ,the chief work of the ,abb ,perreyve was the guidance and influence over young men and boys4 ,the ,conferences at ,st4 ,barbe were listened to by a most attentive auditory of this class1 and his power over his hearers was large and increasing4 ,he possessed in a rare degree1 says ,pre ,gratry1 that sacred art of speaking to men1 of speaking to each one1 and yet speaking to all4 ,hence the universal success of his discourses4 ,one of the great orators of the day1 after hearing him preach at the ,sorbonne1 exclaimed1 ,he who has not heard that1 does not know how far human eloquence can go4 ,the ,count de ,montalembert was one day among the audience4 ,he wrote afterward3 ,i have been touched and delighted in a way ,i have not been for twenty years2 since the time when he of whom you are the worthy successor enchanted my youth at ,ntre ,dame4 ,but as the ,pre ,gratry justly observes1 his success in colleges such as the ,lyce ,st4 ,louis and ,st4 ,barbe is still more remarkable than that at the ,sorbonne4 ,one secret of it might be found in an acknowledgment that he made to his friend4 ,he had for these #hdh young people such a love1 such a respect1 such an idea of the possible future of each soul1 such an esteem of the hidden treasures in each heart1 that he seemed to hold the key of their souls1 and to come before them as the friend of each4 ,on one occasion he had to speak on the most delicate and difficult topic it was possible a priest could have to deal with before such an assembly4 ,he told a story3 he spoke of a death which he had witnessed1 and of the crime which had caused that death2 a crime which is not punished by human laws1 but which works ruin and death on all sides4 ,and this man1 said he1 with that voice of his which thrilled to the hearts of his hearers--and this man is in society honorable and refined2 perhaps even not without religion4 ,gentlemen1 is this the honor that shall be yours1 and is this the religion which you will have8 ,never can those who heard him that day forget it2 they were moved to the very depths of their souls1 and tears flowed from the eyes of those who are not easily made to weep4 ,when he had concluded1 many of his auditors gathered around him said3 ,thanks1 sir2 you have opened our eyes for ever4 ,the popularity of ,m4 ,perreyve survived even the severe trial of having to address the boys of the preparatory school and the students of ,st4 ,barbe at an hour on ,sunday which would otherwise have been at their own disposal4 ,the sermon was to be given every fortnight1 and the audience the first time were in anything but an amiable mood4 ,the next day a petition was sent up by them that the sermons might be given every week4 ,thus his life passed away2 and the end hurried on all too rapidly for those who loved him and hung upon his words4 ,his lungs were again affected1 and he passed the last winter of his life m the south of ,france4 ,there he thought he had improved1 and wrote flattering accounts of himself2 so that when he returned to ,paris on ,palm ,sunday1 ,april the #ith1 his family and friends were in consternation at his altered looks4 ,doctors could not reassure them1 and the complaint made rapid progress4 ,it was a terrible confirmation of his relatives' fears when they found he was unconscious of his danger1 and1 like all those in the same fatal disease1 busy in making plans for the future4 ,he planned how he should resume his sermons at the ,sorbonne1 even while he was too weak to bear the fasting necessary for his ,easter ,communion2 and it was with great difficulty1 and leaning on the arm of his friend the ,abb ,bernard1 that he communicated on ,may #ast in the little chapel of our ,lady of ,sion1 close to his home4 ,he then went into the country1 where he rallied for a short time1 and then grew rapidly worse4 ,the news of his change spread amongst those who loved him because they knew him1 and those who loved him because they knew his worth in the ,church4 ,a league of prayers was organized for his recovery1 and ,henri began to realize his state4 ,he looked the prospect calmly in the face4 ,fame1 opportunities for doing good1 the love and esteem of friends1 were instantly and willingly resigned4 ,i think of death1 and accept it without regret or fear4 ,i am grateful for all these prayers for me2 but ,i do not desire life4 ,i cannot pray with that intention4 ,then he thought of his sins1 and his unworthiness1 and of the ,divine ,face he was about to behold2 and he shrank back4 ,he was reminded of the mercy of ,god4 ,truly1 he said1 ,i who have so often preached to others the mercy of ,god ought to trust in it myself4 ,his greatest grief was the rarity of his communions4 ,he consoled himself by saying3 ,missionaries are often obliged to pass a long time without communion1 and then one feels ,god also by privation4 #hdi ,a love of solitude began to grow on him1 for he was preparing himself to be alone with ,god4 ,when begged to try a new treatment1 he consented1 saying1 ,i ask myself1 as ,i often do1 what would ,pre ,lacordaire have done in my place8 ,it seems to me he would have thought it an indication of ,providence4 ,he returned to ,paris2 and every effort of medical science was made to arrest the malady1 but all in vain4 ,an alarming fainting fit on the #adth of ,june made his friends fear death was nearer to him than they had imagined1 and the ,abb ,bernard thought it right to warn him4 ,you surprise me1 he said quietly4 ,i thought myself very ill1 but not so near death2 but it is so much the better2 you must give me the holy viaticum and extreme unction4 ,the abb went to fetch the blessed sacrament and holy oils from ,st4 ,sulpice1 the parish church of their childhood1 of their first communion1 where they had prayed and wept together1 where they had asked many things from ,god1 where they had together been consecrated priests4 ,there their whole ,christian life had run by2 and now one had come to fetch for the other divine succor for his last hours4 ,the invalid insisted on rising1 and was dressed in his cassock to receive the holy sacraments4 ,pre ,gratry and other friends were present4 ,i can see him now1 says the former1 as full of grace and energy as ever1 smiling as usual1 and saying1 ',i am in perfect peace1 dear father--in perfect peace4' ,i shall remember that sight all my life1 thank ,god2 that noble bearing1 that face pale as marble1 those large speaking eyes1 his tender glance1 and his last words1 'in perfect peace4' ,he made his profession of faith1 begged pardon of all whom he had offended or scandalized1 thanked all for the kindness they had shown him2 and implored them not to say1 as was too often done1 'he is in heaven2' but to pray much for him after his death4 ,then he said the ,te ,deum in thanksgiving for all the mercies of his life2 and at last he said to his friend1 ,you cannot think what interior joy ,i feel since you told me ,i was going to die4 ,the next day the ,archbishop of ,paris came to see him4 ,he would be dressed in his cassock to receive the visit1 and would kneel for the bishop's blessing4 ,he then had a long private conversation with him4 ,to this dying chamber came some of the most celebrated names in ,paris3 ,pre ,pttot1 the ,count do ,montalembert1 the ,prince de ,broglie1 ,augustin ,cochin1 ,mgr4 ,buguet1 the ,vicar-general1 the cur of ,st4 ,sulpice1 ,general ,zamoiski1 and a hundred others4 ,one of them said1 ,we are a long way off from knowing now what he is4 ,we shall know it one day4 ,dear friend1 said he to ,father ,adolphe ,perreud of the ,oratory1 we shall not cease to work together for the cause of ,god and his church4 ,before you leave me1 give me your blessing4 ,on condition you give me yours1 said the ,oratorian2 and blessing each other1 the friends parted for ever on earth4 ,his bodily sufferings were severe4 ,his bones were nearly through his skin1 and his cough shook him to pieces4 ,he grew weaker and weaker1 and at last the end came4 ,give me the crucifix1 sister1 said he to the nursing sister who attended on him2 not mine1 but yours1 that has so often rested on dying lips4 ,if ,i die to-morrow1 mother1 it will be my first communion anniversary4 ,dear child1 she answered1 weeping1 we were both happy that day4 ,well1 he answered1 we must be still happier to-morrow4 ,the agony came on2 he kissed the crucifix again and again1 murmuring1 ,lord1 have pity on me2 ,jesus1 take me soon2 ,jesus1 soon4 ,suddenly a great terror seized him2 his eyes were dilated with fear1 gazing at something invisible to all around2 and he cried out1 ,i am afraid1 ,i am afraid4 #hej ,the ,abb ,bernard said1 ,you most not fear ,god2 abandon yourself to his mercy1 and say1 ,in thee1 ,lord1 have ,i hoped2 let me not be confounded for ever4 ,he looked at him and said1 ,it is not ,god whom ,i fear2 oh6 no4 ,i fear that they will prevent my dying4 ,then he grew calm4 ,the abb brought him the cross of ,pre ,lacordaire1 and said1 ,my ,god1 ,i love thee with all my heart in time and in eternity4 ,oh6 yes1 with all my heart1 he said1 kissing the image of his ,lord4 ,it was his last act and his last words4 ,depart1 ,o ,christian soul6 prayed his friends ,charles and ,adolphe ,perreud4 ,i absolve thee from all thy sins1 said the ,abb ,bernard2 and in a few minutes the last struggle was over1 and his soul was set free4 ,among his papers was found the following3 ,in the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost4 ,i die in the faith of the ,catholic ,church1 to whose service since ,i was twelve years old ,i have had the happiness of consecrating my life4 ,i tenderly bless my relations and friends2 ,i implore all those who remember me to pray for a long time for my soul1 that ,god1 turning away from the sight of my sins1 may deign to receive me into the place of eternal rest and happiness4 ,i bless once again all those who are dear to me--my relations1 my benefactors1 my masters1 my fathers and brothers in the priesthood1 my spiritual sons1 the number of dear young people who have loved me1 all the souls to whom ,i have been united on earth by the tie of the same faith and the same love in ,jesus ,christ4 ,the inscription on his tomb was chosen by himself3 ,lord1 when ,i have seen thy glory1 ,i shall be satisfied with it4 ,these words were as a key to his life4 ,an insatiable1 ardent desire for ,god had possessed him1 animated his actions2 and at last the very ardor of his longings wore out the feeble body that enclosed so grand and beautiful a soul4 -------- ,from ,the ,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,,sonnet4 ,upon a rose-tree bending o'er a river ,a bird from spring to summer gaily sang2 ,for love of its sweet friend1 the rose1 for ever ,its beating heart with happy music rang1 ,in sunshine warm and moonlight by the shore1 ,whose waves afar its voice melodious bore1 ,blent with its own4 ,but when1 alas6 the sere ,grey autumn came1 withering those blooms so dear1 ,still full of love but full of sadness too1 ,changed the sweet song as changed the rose's hue ,mourning each day some rich leaf disappear ,until the last had dropped into the stream1 ,anguished by wintry breezes blowing keen4 ,then1 on the bough forlorn1 mute as a dream4 ,awhile the poor bird clung1 and soon was seen no more4 ---------- #hea ,from ,once a ,week4 ,,cardinal ,,tosti4 ,,by ,,bessie ,,raynor ,,parker4 ,it was in the afternoon of ,friday1 the #bc;d of ,march1 that ,rome heard of the death of the learned and venerable ,tosti4 ,this aged cardinal1 long the director of the great establishment of ,san ,michele1 7which is a hospital and school combined17 had attained to nearly ninety years4 ,now he was dead1 and laid out in state in his own room at ,san ,michele1 whither we went about five o'clock1 and1 threading the vast corridors1 which run round a court blossoming with oranges and lemons1 ascending a long flight of stone stairs1 got into upper regions filled with a perceptible hum1 soldier sentinels stationed by the opened doors1 who motioned us on from room to room till we came to the last of all4 ,these rooms were perfectly empty of all furniture1 save a few book-cases under glass2 but the yellow satin walls of one1 and the delicately-tinted panels of another1 showed that they had but lately formed the private apartments of him who was gone4 ,three or four temporary altars were erected in the empty space1 adorned by tall unlighted candles4 ,a thrill crept over us as we neared that last open door1 a silent sentinel at either side2 as we crossed the antechamber1 and came in a direct line with the aperture1 we saw a figure1 splendidly attired1 reposing on a great sloping couch of cloth of gold4 ,the face of this figure indicated extreme age2 the brow was surmounted by the bright scarlet berretta1 which caught the light from the setting sun4 ,the shrunken frame was clothed in the soft purple of its ecclesiastical rank4 ,the hands were crossed and held a crucifix2 the feet were turned up in new and pointed shoes4 ,there he lay1 ,cardinal ,tosti1 who for five-and-twenty years was the handsomest of all the ,sacred ,conclave1 and towered above his brethren when they walked in procession1 drawing the admiration of beholders4 ,there was no sound1 as we knelt by the dead man's couch2 through the window could be seen the swift ,tiber1 swollen by the recent rains1 and on the other side of the river rose the green slopes of the half-deserted ,aventine1 with its few solitary churches1 ,santa ,sabina1 ,santa ,alessio1 and its gracious crown of trees4 ,here had ,tosti dwelt for many a year1 in rooms which looked to the golden west4 ,here he occupied himself with his books1 and with the school for industrial and artistic pursuits which was due to his efforts at ,san ,michele4 ,i have never seen anything so marvellously picturesque and impressive as that dead man1 lying on his couch of cloth of gold1 the closing scene of a long life1 which stretched back far beyond the wars of the first ,napoleon1 even to the period when ,papal ,rome received the royal refugees of the ,french ,revolution4 ,presently1 a group of white-robed priests entered1 and began reciting the office for the dead4 ,this was the signal for the gathering of a little crowd of ,romans4 ,brown-cowled monks1 peasant women with their children in arms1 boys and girls with large wondering dark eyes4 ,together they crowded to the door of the dead man's chamber1 and knelt upon the floor1 so that above and #heb beyond their bowed heads could be seen that pale splendor upon its shining couch4 ,we left with reluctant footsteps1 feeling a fascination in the picture which it is hard to describe4 ,late in the evening1 an hour after the ,ave1 the corpse was to be conveyed by torch-light to ,santa ,cecilia1 the cardinal's titular church2 and at ,santa ,cecilia we found ourselves in the starry night4 ,the torches were just entering the church as we drove up2 and for some minutes the doors were inexorably shut1 and we feared we had lost all chance of an entrance4 ,but we were presently admitted1 and saw indeed a striking scene6 ,the small church of ,santa ,cecilia in ,trastevere1 famous as being built upon the site of the young martyr's dwelling1 was draped in black and gold from ceiling to pavement1 and where the altar-piece is generally to be seen was a great flat gold cross on a black ground4 ,the sanctuary was greatly enlarged for the morrow's service1 and hung with black2 and in the nave1 not very far from the great portal1 rose a large empty couch1 exactly resembling that which we had seen in the cardinal's private chamber4 ,at its foot was a low bier1 whereon now lay the same white image of a man in its purple robes1 and a group of attendants crowded reverentially around it1 flashing torches in their hands1 which formed a centre of light in the dark church1 reminding one of the famous ,correggio2 only1 instead of the new-born ,babe1 the illumination of humanity for all time to come1 was the aged dead1 no longer capable of communicating the living light of intelligence or of faith1 but lying in a pale reflection under the torches1 and gathering into itself all the meaning of the whole scene4 ,we perceived that something remarkable was about to take place1 and retired discreetly behind a pillar1 that our accidental presence might attract no notice4 ,the truth was1 that the cardinal was about to be laid out for the great funeral service of the morrow2 and by chance we had gained admission at this purely private hour4 ,the body was taken on the little bier into the sacristy1 and there we supposed that some change was made in the raiment2 when it was brought back the hands were gloved1 and instead of the scarlet berretta was a plain skull-cap4 ,then1 with difficulty and much consultation1 but with perfect reverence of intention1 the straight image was lifted on to the great couch2 the assistant men being grouped on ladders1 and an eager voluble monsignore directing the whole4 ,the ladders1 the torch-light1 the mechanical difficulty of the operation1 again reminded me of one of those great depositions in which the actual scene of the ,cross is so vividly brought out by art4 ,at length the dead cardinal lay placidly upon his cloth of gold1 and they fetched his ring to put upon his hand1 and his white mitre wherewith to clothe his gray hairs4 ,we left them performing the last careful offices1 making the strangest1 the most gorgeous torch-light group in the middle of that dark church that poet or artist could conceive4 ,the next morning the ,pope and the ,college of ,cardinals came to officiate at the funeral mass4 ,the square court in front of ,santa ,cecilia was filled with an eager crowd of ,romans and ,forestieri1 with the splendid costumes of the ,papal ,guard1 with prancing horses and old-fashioned chariots1 gorgeous with gilding and color4 ,they were much such a company of equipages as may be seen in our ,kensington ,museum1 but so fresh and well-appointed in spite of the extreme antiquity of their design1 that one felt as if carried back to the days of ,whittington1 ,lord ,mayor of ,london4 ,into ,santa ,cecilia itself we could not penetrate1 by reason of the crowd and the stern vigilance of the soldiers1 who1 attired in the red-and-yellow costume designed by ,michael ,angelo1 kept a considerable space in the nave empty for the moment when the ,pope should walk from the altar to the bier4 ,but #hec through the open door we saw the lights upon the black-draped altar and in front of that gorgeous couch1 with its motionless occupant1 his white mitre being now the conspicuous point in the picture4 ,and when the ,pope left the dim church and came out into the sunshine1 the brilliant rays fell upon his venerable white hair and scarlet cap1 while the weapons flashed and the crowd shouted1 as he ascended his wonderful chariot with the black horses1 and drove away4 -------- ,,miscellany4 ,microscopic ,plants the ,cause of ,ague4--,owing to the prevalence of ague in the malarial district of ,ohio and ,mississippi1 ,dr4 ,salisbury undertook a series of experiments in #ahfb1 with a view to determine the microscopic characters of the expectorations of his patients4 ,he commenced his experiments by examining the mucous secretions of those patients who had been most submitted to the malaria1 and in these he detected a large amount of low forms of life1 such as algae1 fungi1 diatomaceae1 and desmidiae4 ,at first he imagined that the presence of these organisms might be accidental1 but repeated experiments convinced him that some of them were invariably associated with ague4 ,the bodies which are constantly present in such cases he describes as being minute oblong cells1 either single or aggregated1 consisting of a distinct nucleus1 surrounded with a smooth cell-wall1 with a highly clear1 apparently empty space between the outer cell-wall and the nucleus4 ,from these characters ,dr4 ,salisbury concludes that the bodies are not fungi1 but belong properly to the algae1 in all probability being species of the genus ,palmella4 ,whilst the diatomaceae and other organisms were found to be generally present the bodies just described were not found above the level at which the ague was observed4 ,in order to ascertain exactly their source1 he suspended plates of glass over the water in a certain marsh which was regarded as unhealthy4 ,in the water which condensed upon the under surface of these plates1 he found numerous palmella-like structures1 and on examining the mould of the bog1 he found it full of similar organisms4 ,from repeated researches ,dr4 ,salisbury concludes3 7#a47 ,cryptogamic spores are carried aloft above the surface at night1 in the damp exhalations which appear after sunset 7#b47 ,these bodies rise from thirty to sixty feet1 never above the summit of the damp night-exhalations1 and ague is similarly limited4 7#c47 ,the day-air of ague districts is free from these bodies4 ,use of ,lime in ,extracting ,sugar4--,peligot long ago demonstrated that owing to the insoluble nature of the compound formed of lime with sugar1 the former substance would be a most valuable agent in the manufacture of the latter4 ,peligot's suggestion is now being carried out on a large scale in ,,mm4 ,schrtter and ,wellman's sugar-factory at ,berlin4 ,the molasses is mixed with the requisite quantity of hydrate of lime and alcohol in a large vat1 and intimately stirred for more than half an hour4 ,the lime compound of sugar which separates is then strained off1 pressed1 and washed with spirit4 ,all the alcohol used in the process is afterward recovered by distillation4 ,the mud-like precipitate thus produced is mixed with water and decomposed with a current of carbonic acid1 which is effected in somewhat less than half an hour4 ,the carbonate of lime is removed by filtration1 and the clear liquid1 containing the sugar1 evaporated1 decolorized with animal charcoal1 and crystallized in the usual manner4 ,the sugar furnished by this method has a very clear appearance1 and is perfectly crystalline4 ,it contains1 according to polarization analysis1 sixty-six per cent of sugar1 twelve per cent of water1 the remainder being uncrystallizable organic matter and salts4 ,the yield1 of course1 varies with the richness and degree of concentration of the raw material2 on an average1 thirty pounds of sugar were obtained from one hundred pounds of molasses4 #hed ,russian ,coal ,resources4--,recent explorations and surveys appear to show that the ,russian coal resources are much vaster even than those of the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,in the ,oural district coal has been found in various places1 both in the east and west sides of the mountain-chain2 its value being greatly enhanced by the fact that an abundance of iron is found in the vicinity4 ,there is an immense basin in the district of which ,moscow is the centre1 which covers an area of one hundred and twenty thousand square miles1 which is therefore nearly as large as the entire bituminous coal area of the ,united ,states4 ,the coal region of the ,don is more than half as large as all of our coal measures4 ,besides these sources1 coal has lately been discovered in the ,caucasus1 ,crimea1 ,simbirsk1 the ,kherson1 and in ,poland4 -------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,medical ,recollections ,of ,the ,army ,of ,the ,potomac4 ,by ,jonathan ,letterman1 ,m4,d41 late ,surgeon ,u4,s4,a41 and ,medical ,director of the ,army of the ,potomac4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #hvo1 pp4 #aid4 ,the preface to this volume announces the intention of its author3 ,it is written in the hope that the labors of the medical officers of the army may be known to an intelligent people1 with whom to know is to appreciate2 and as an affectionate tribute to many1 long my zealous and efficient colleagues1 who1 in days of trial and danger which have passed1 let us hope never to return1 evinced their devotion to their country and the cause of humanity without hope of promotion or expectation of reward4 ,it is a sketch of the ,medical ,department of the army of the ,potomac under ,dr4 ,letterman's administration1 from ,july1 #ahfb1 to ,january1 #ahfd1 and affords a concurrent view of the military movements of that army during the period specified4 ,without infringing upon military details properly so called1 an excellent general idea is given of the battles fought1 and the strategic value of the great changes of position which were executed with such remarkable promptitude and precision4 ,dr4 ,letterman confines himself strictly to the period of his own administration1 and the account of the alterations and improvements introduced under his direction1 and chiefly through his means1 in the working of the medical department4 ,the system which he adopted became the system substantially of all the armies of the ,united ,states1 and with occasional modifications to suit particular occasions has proved to be the best and most efficient as well as manageable that could have been devised4 ,to ,dr4 ,letterman belongs the great praise of having studiously and laboriously perfected the principles and details of these changes1 and succeeded in securing their recognition and enforcement4 ,the total inadequacy of the old system was painfully obvious to all competent and thoughtful observers at the breaking out of the war4 ,it was especially so to those who were placed in responsible executive positions at the front1 while the authority in the rear remained bound to its old ideas1 and incapable of understanding the great issues involved1 and the expenditure of independent intelligence and matrial necessary to accomplish any adequate result4 ,the immediate consequence was an unnecessary waste of life1 of national strength and resources1 and an amount of misery inflicted and suffering endured which can never be computed and had best now be dismissed for ever4 ,these causes led early in the war to the appointment of a young1 vigorous1 bold1 and undeniably able man as ,surgeon-,general4 ,he made a complete reformation in the department1 and shared the fate of reformers4 ,he was sacrificed as a victim to the genius of indifference1 neglect1 parsimony1 and cruelty1 which had hitherto held undisputed or but feebly disputed sway over the fallen on battlefields and the sick of armies4 #hee ,this is not the time or place to discuss ex-,surgeon-,general ,hammond2 but it is due to him at all hands1 that he has probably been the means of mitigating the horrors of war as respects the sick and wounded1 and promoting the sacred cause of humanity in these particulars to a greater degree than any man who ever lived4 ,the magnitude of the reforms accomplished1 the magnificent scale on which preparation was made1 and the courage to order the necessary expenditures in the face of the time-honored but mean and timid traditions of the ,surgeon-,general's office1 and the habits of thought and action engendered thereby in the bureaus of administration and supply1 cannot be appreciated until some learned and philosophical physician shall write the medical history of the war from its humane and social points of view4 ,we are disposed to give ,dr4 ,letterman all the merit which his book would seem to claim1 and a much higher degree of praise than his well-known modesty would expect1 but we cannot pass over in silence the gigantic and unrequited labors of his predecessor1 ,colonel ,chas4 ,s4 ,tripler1 ,surgeon ,u4,s4,a41 the first ,medical ,director of the army of the ,potomac1 which paved the way for the improved methods ,dr4 ,letterman had the honor of introducing4 ,we are aware that many of the most important were in contemplation1 and if we mistake not1 the ambulance system originated with ,dr4 ,tripler4 ,the terrible experiences of the ,seven ,days and the ,chickahominy opened the eyes of the military authorities to the tremendous necessities of the case1 and made the work of medical reform comparatively easy4 ,there is no teacher like suffering1 for ,generals as well as mortals4 ,the military mind is to a great degree governed by the traditions of the middle ages1 when surgery was an ignoble because ignorant and consequently cruel craft4 ,the rights and privileges of rank have been slowly and reluctantly conceded1 and every effort has been made to deprive the surgeon of the dignity which belongs to the combatant and a participation in common toils and dangers4 ,these prejudices have given way rapidly during the late war1 where the courage1 skill1 and self-sacrificing charity of medical officers have been most conspicuous4 ,many surgeons have proved their manhood in most trying scenes1 and have certainly stood fire as well as the line and staff4 ,the record of killed and wounded places them on a level with any staff corps in these respects4 ,military prejudice in the regular army1 and the ignorance1 stupidity1 and arrogance of many volunteer officers1 were an obstacle to the medical department in the beginning4 ,they gradually gave way under the steady pressure of intelligence1 courage1 and determination1 till in the end ambulances became as much respected as battery wagons1 and every able and good officer the friend1 supporter1 and defender of the medical department4 ,dr4 ,letterman has done an excellent service to his profession at large by his book1 which is another vindication of the claims of legitimate medicine upon the respect1 confidence1 and gratitude of the public4 ,the work is well written and handsomely issued4 ,it is a great subject1 and capable of being developed to a much1 higher degree in extent and scope1 which we hope ,dr4 ,letterman will have time and opportunity to do4 ,,the ,,new-,,englander1 ,july1 #ahff4 ,this periodical emanates from the venerable and classic shades of ,yale ,university1 and is edited by some of the younger professors1 two of whom are inheritors of the distinguished names of ,dwight and ,kingsley4 ,it is marked by the refined literary taste1 polished style1 and amenity of spirit which are characteristic of the ,new ,haven circle of scientific and clerical gentlemen4 ,there is very much in the general tone of its principles and tendencies which gives us pleasure and awakens our hope for the future4 ,we may indicate particularly1 as illustrations of our meaning1 the principle of the divine institution and authority of government2 the sympathy manifested with an ideal and spiritual system of philosophy1 and the decided opposition to the new ,english school of anti-biblical rationalism4 ,there are several notices of recent ,catholic publications which are written in a courteous style1 contrasting very favorably with that employed by most ,protestant periodicals4 ,dr4 ,brownson's ,american ,republic receives a respectful and moderately appreciative notice4 ,the ,memoir and ,sermons of ,f4 ,baker is also honored with one which is very #hef kind and sympathetic1 expressing the intense and mournful interest of the writer in the book1 and still more in its author1 for which no doubt he will be duly grateful1 although we know of no reason why his friends should go into mourning for him during his lifetime4 ,the writer1 after remarking that the arguments contained in the book are chiefly addressed to ,episcopalians1 and therefore need not trouble any other ,protestants1 throws out a couple of rejoinders to what he supposes the author might say to these last1 if he were disposed4 ,one of these remarks is an assertion that the ,paulists and their brethren of the ,catholic clergy do not preach ,christ4 ,does the writer really know nothing of the ,catholic system of practical religion except what he has read in ,d',aubign and the ,schnberg-,cotta romance8 ,if not1 we recommend him to acquire more correct information from our best writers4 ,if he has it already1 we cannot understand how he could make such a statement4 ,his winding-up apostrophe to the ,paulists1 ,o foolish ,paulists1 who hath bewitched you8 you observe days and months and times and years1 is more witty than wise4 ,the ,paulists observe1 in common with other ,catholics1 sixty days in the year as obligatory1 and of these fifty-two are observed with much greater rigor than we insist upon by the ,congregationalists of ,new ,haven4 ,when the writer gives us a good explanation of his doctrine of the ,christian ,sabbath in harmony with ,st4 ,paul's teaching to the ,galatians1 we will cheerfully undertake the vindication of the other eight holidays1 and will endeavor to convince him that it is just as reasonable to have handsome altars1 statues1 pictures1 and flowers1 in churches1 as it is to have fine churches1 marble pulpits1 frescoed ceilings1 well-dressed clergymen1 and handsome houses with pretty flower-gardens for these clergymen4 ,in our view1 there is better work for the learned scholars of ,new ,haven to do than to indulge in light skirmishing with ,catholics and ,episcopalians4 ,they have all the treasures of science and learning at command1 with leisure and ability to use them4 ,there are great questions respecting the agreement between science and revelation1 the authenticity and credibility of the sacred books1 the fundamental doctrines of philosophy and religion1 pressing on the attention of every man who thinks and cares about ,god and his fellow-men4 ,the people around us are drifting rapidly into infidelity and sin4 ,there is no remedy for this but a restablishment of first principles2 and we would like to see our learned friends apply themselves to this work4 ,it may justly be expected from such an old and world-renowned university as ,yale ,college1 that it should produce the most solid works1 not merely in classic lore and physical science1 but in the higher branches of metaphysics and theology4 ,dr4 ,dwight was a great theologian1 and is so styled by ,dllinger4 ,drs4 ,taylor and ,fitch were1 both1 able and acute metaphysicians4 ,since their day1 we are afraid that our friends have fallen asleep in these departments4 ,they set out to reform ,calvinism1 to reconcile orthodox ,protestantism with reason1 and to find a method of bringing the practical truths of ,christianity to bear on men universally4 ,in spite of their able and zealous efforts in this direction1 religious belief and practice have been steadily on the wane around them4 ,as for morality1 the article on ,divorce1 which we shall make the topic of a separate article hereafter1 makes disclosures which are indeed startling4 ,we would like to have them resume their work1 therefore1 once more1 from the beginning1 and go back to the most ultimate principles4 ,in what state was man originally created8 ,what is the relation of the race to ,adam8 ,what is original sin8 ,whence the need of a ,divine ,redeemer and a revelation8 ,what are the means established by ,jesus ,christ for the regeneration and salvation of mankind8 ,what is the remedy for the present deplorable condition of both ,christendom and heathendom8 ,of course1 the discussion of these fundamental questions will involve a thorough sifting of the ,catholic doctrines4 ,we are anxious to have it made1 and when the discussion is carried on upon fundamental grounds1 a result may be hoped for which cannot be gained by skirmishing around the outposts4 ,the clergy and people of ,new ,haven1 and of ,connecticut generally1 have always been remarkable for their friendly behavior toward ,catholics4 ,there has never been any disposition to persecute them1 and1 at present1 the relations between the ,catholic and non-,catholic sections of the population are just what they should be in a land of religious freedom4 ,a judge in ,new ,haven has recently pronounced1 in open court1 his decision that the ,catholic religion is just #heg as much the religion of the state as the ,protestant2 and the last ,legislature has passed the most just and favorable law regulating the tenure of church property that exists in the ,united ,states4 ,the conductors of the ,new-,englander will surely join us in the wish that all the people of the state may ere long become one in the belief and practice of the pure and complete ,christian faith as ,christ revealed it4 ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,the ,,queen',s ,,english4 ,stray ,notes on ,speaking and ,spelling1 by ,henry ,alvord1 ,d4,d41 ,dean of ,canterbury4 ,tenth thousand4 ,alexander ,strahan4--,,the ,,dean',s ,,english4 ,a ,criticism on the ,dean of ,canterbury's ,essays on the ,queen's ,english4 ,by ,g4 ,washington ,moon1 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society of ,literature4 ,fourth edition4 ,alexander ,strahan4 ,among the critics of the ,english press there seems to be but one opinion concerning the merits of the two combatants in this literary joust2 that the ,dean is deservedly castigated1 and that ,mr4 ,moon is an unapproachable paragon of literary effulgence4 ,however1 this is not to be wondered at4 ,these same critics1 and the ,english press to which they contribute1 sadly need a champion1 if we may believe his reverence of ,canterbury4 ,gross inaccuracies in syntax1 unpardonable faults in style1 and frequently occurring examples of slip-shod sentences would appear1 from the ,plea for the ,queen's ,english1 to be1 on the whole1 characteristic of the modern ,english press4 ,we1 transatlantic barbarians that we are1 of course know nothing of the ,english language1 and have not the presumption1 we hope1 to think that we can either speak or write one faultless sentence of the language which we inherit as a means of intercommunion with our fellows4 ,it is our duty to feel umble1 and we do feel umble4 ,but1 while perusing these two books1 we have had an 'umble and an 'arty laugh in the depths of our 'umiliation4 ,it may have been very sinful in us1 we know1 but we could not help it4 ,as the youthful culprit replied1 when caught laughing in church1 we say1 'umbly of course1 ,we didn't laugh1 it laughed itself6 ,at the risk of not being believed by those who have not yet read these1 two books1 we give the astounding information that even an ,englishman1 an educated ,englishman1 a dignitary of the ,english church1 a poet1 whose verses we republished in ,america1 7and1 confound us1 left out the u's17 not only speaks and writes bad ,english1 but also on his own showing1 by the light of ,mr4 ,moon's volume1 presumes to teach others to do the same4 ,yes1 these published lessons of the ,very ,rev4 ,dean1 in speaking and spelling1 are so outrageously ungrammatical1 and so faulty in style1 that we should not be surprised if the prediction of his antagonist would come true1 that henceforth people will speak of bad ,english as ,dean's ,english4 ,yet with all its faults it is a useful book2 and we think that neither ,mr4 ,moon nor the newspaper critics have done the author justice4 ,we do not like ,dean's ,english1 and it is humiliating1 even to an ,american1 to discover that he has carelessly spoken or written it2 but we like the ,dean's book better than we do ,mr4 ,moon's4 ,we like the schoolboy's walk better than the schoolmarm's4 ,mr4 ,moon's style is faultlessly prim and precise1 and defies literary criticism2 but we have felt1 more than once1 a wish to take up some of his exact sentences and give them a good shaking1 so as to get a little of the stiffness out of them4 ,the ,dean has written as most people speak2 ,mr4 ,moon writes as nobody ever did or ever will speak4 ,we should write correctly1 it is true1 but there is a comparison 7however paradoxical it may appear7 even in correctness4 ,mr4 ,moon aims to write most correctly1 and we think that his style is far less pleasing than it would have been if he had simply written correctly4 ,there is such a thing as punctiliousness in all its stolidity1 without any application of the sound or effect of one's sentences4 ,as is his style1 so is his criticism4 ,nothing escapes his eye2 the want of a comma1 a sentence a trifle too elliptical1 a careless tautology1 7,mr4 ,moon would have us say--a carelessly written tautological expression17 are blemishes at which he turns away his face in rhetorical disgust4 ,nevertheless1 we say again1 we like the ,dean's book4 ,it deserves to be studied by all our young writers1 who need to be warned against the use of many popular phrases1 and have their attention directed to common faults in construction4 ,it is a lively1 chatty book1 and keeps us in a good humor from the first to the last page4 #heh ,the sharp criticism of ,mr4 ,mood is well worth reading4 ,it furnishes us with an index to the blunders of the ,very ,rev4 ,dean4 ,so closely has he examined these faults and calculated their guilt1 that he actually sums up for us1 in one instance1 the number of possible readings of one unfortunate sentence4 ,it contains only ten lines1 and may be read ten thousand two hundred and forty different ways1 as ,mr4 ,moon shows us4 ,severely as he was attacked1 and despite certain personal innuendos1 not by any means creditable to his adversary1 the good-natured ,dean 7we are sure of his good nature1 from his book7 comes off victor1 in our opinion1 by inviting his enemy to dinner4 ,when a little time shall have healed the bruises of the literary castigation he has received1 he will doubtless re-write his book1 and give us under another form the profitable hints and helps which at present need a more exact classification4 ,,cosas ,,de ,,espa,a4 ,illustrative of ,spain and the ,spaniards as they are4 ,by ,mrs4 ,wm4 ,pitt ,byrne1 author of ,flemish ,interiors1 etc4 #b vols4 #abmo4 ,alexander ,strahan1 ,london and ,new ,york4 #ahff4 ,the publications of ,mr4 ,strahan are well known for the taste and elegance displayed in their exterior dress4 ,the book before us merits a full meed of praise in this respect2 but it is one of the most wretched pieces of ,english composition that has come under our notice4 ,it has a preface of forty pages1 which prefaces nothing1 being in fact nothing more than a few statistics of railways1 the army1 the mineral and other products of ,spain1 jumbled together1 with no attempt at order or classification4 ,the first chapter1 styled introductory1 is jumble number two1 on national character1 entertainments1 manufactures1 railways again1 infanticide1 education1 authors and authoresses1 sobriety and smoking4 ,in the second chapter we are surprised to find the authoress has not yet left ,dover4 ,we thought we were in ,spain long ago4 ,it is not until the middle of the third chapter that we are permitted to get to the frontier1 and by this time we confess we are tired of our gentle guide1 and decline going any further4 ,when we are conversing with an ,englishman or an ,englishwoman1 we prefer the ,english language to that affected jargon which consists in italicizing and translating into a foreign language every emphatic word4 ,it is scarcely an exaggeration to say that there are three or four such italicized foreign words1 ,french1 ,spanish1 ,latin1 or ,greek1 on each and every page of these two volumes4 ,our readers may wish to see a specimen4 ,the first obstacle that met us on this same bridge was a crowd of ouvriers in blouses1 p4 #bf4 ,the cathedral rather disappointed us1 quoad its outward aspect1 and offers nothing very remarkable within1 p4 #bg4 ,there are1 it is true1 some districts which present a very curious and interesting picture en bird's eye1 p4 #bh4 ,one day it was a fiesta1 on which we made sure of admission1 because the entre is libre on ,sundays1 and in all else1 a fiesta is synonymous with a ,sunday2 and finally1 at the last attempt we made1 on the right day1 hour1 etc41 p4 #da1 vol4 ii4 ,boleros and ,fandangos are national dances1 but they are among the dlassements of the plebs1 p4 #ade1 vol4 ii4 ,scattered here and there through these intolerable pages we find numerous examples of wit unequalled in dreariness4 ,speaking of ,spanish authoresses the writer facetiously remarks1 ,one or two have so far exceeded the ordinary limits of female capacity in ,spain1 as even to dip the tip of their hose into the cerulean ink-bottle4 ,of the domestic pottery she says3 ,there is what we may call a jar-ring incongruity between the roughness of the material and the striking elegance of the form4 ,aquatic gambolling at ,biarritz1 we are told1 is not the only gambling to be seen there4 ,a visit to the tomb of an archbishop elicits the following3 ,it is an object of great attraction1 and renders the spot chosen by the archbishop an excellent site for a tomb1 as it cannot fail to keep the memory of him whose bones it covers before all who frequent the church1 and there can be now little left besides his bones4 ,this is as it should be4 ',de mortuis nil nisi bonum4' ,had the book been expurgated of the hundreds of foreign words1 and of all these dead-and-alive puns1 which deface its pages1 and the subject matter been arranged with the slightest view to order1 it would have been quite readable1 for the authoress is good-natured and communicative1 and has an eye for the beautiful and the picturesque1 as well as #hei intelligence to appreciate the moral and the useful2 but1 as it is1 we think the quotations we have made from it are quite sufficient to prove the justice of our opinion concerning it4 ,,letters ,,of ,,eug,,nie ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,edited by ,g4 ,s4 ,trebutien4 #abmo1 pp4 #dec4 ,london3 ,alexander ,strahan2 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe4 #ahff4 ,our readers have already been presented in our pages with several articles and notices of ,eugnie de ,gurin's character and writings1 and they are doubtless sufficiently familiar with both to waive any further reflections upon either in this place4 ,the volume of letters before us is1 like her journal1 a delicious literary repast1 from which we rise with mind and heart equally gladdened and refreshed4 ,our space will not permit us to give but one or two short extracts4 #bc;d ,december1 #ahfc4 ,i write to you1 dear ,louise1 to the sound of the ,nadalet1 to the merry peal of bells1 announcing the sweetest festival of the year4 ,it is1 indeed1 very beautiful this midnight celebration1 this memorial of the manger1 the angels1 the shepherds1 of ,mary and the infant ,jesus1 of so many mysteries of love accomplished in this marvellous night4 ,i shall go to the midnight mass1 not in hope of a pie1 coffee1 and such a pleasant dish as your nocturnal cavalier2 nothing of the kind is to be found at ,cahuzac1 where ,i only enjoy celestial pleasures1 such as one experiences in praying to the good ,god1 hearing beautiful sermons1 gentle lessons1 and1 in a quiet corner of the church1 giving oneself up to rapturous emotion4 ,happy moments1 when one no longer belongs to earth1 when one lets heart1 soul1 mind1 wing their way to heaven6 ,the following to ,m4 de la ,morvonnais he must have received and read with intense emotion3 ,cayla1 #bhth ,july1 #ahce4 ,did you imagine1 ,monsieur1 that ,i should not write to you any more8 ,oh6 how mistaken you would have been6 ,it was your journey to ,paris1 and1 after that1 other obstacles1 which prevented my speaking to you earlier of ,marie4 ,but we will speak of her to-day2 yes1 let us speak of her1 always of her2 let her be always betwixt us4 ,it is for her sake ,i write to you3 first of all1 because ,i love her and find it sweet to recall her memory2 and then1 because it seems to me that she is glad you should sometimes hear terms of expression that vividly recall her4 ,i come1 then1 to remind you of that sacred resemblance so sweet to myself when it strikes you4 ,how ,i bless ,god for having bestowed it upon me1 and thus enabled me to do you some good6 ,this shall be my mission with regard to you1 and with what delight shall ,i fulfil it6 ,do not say that there is any merit or act of profound charity in this acceptation4 ,my heart goes out quite naturally toward those who weep1 and ,i am happy as an angel when ,i can console4 ,you tell me that your life will no longer have any bright side1 that ,i can elicit nothing from you but sadness4 ,i know this2 but can that estrange me--,i1 who loved the ,marie you weep8 ,ah6 yes2 let us weep over her2 lean on me the while1 if you will4 ,to me it is not painful to receive tears3 not that my heart is strong1 as you believe1 only it is ,christian1 and finds at the foot of the cross enough to enable it to support its own sorrows and those of others4 ,marie did the same 4 4 4 4 let us seek to imitate the saints4 ,you will teach this to your daughter beside the cross on that grave whither you often lead her4 ,poor little one6 how ,i should like to see her1 to accompany her in that pilgrimage to that tomb beside the sea1 and under the pines1 to pray1 to weep there1 to take her on my knees and speak to her of heaven and of her mother4 ,this would be a joy to me3 you know that there are melancholy ones4 ,we give only these little tastes of the charming volume1 which will find its way1 after the journal1 into many a circle1 to afford in its perusal the most unqualified delight to all its readers4 ,,the ,,valley ,,of ,,wyoming2 the ,romance of its ,history and its ,poetry2 also ,specimens of ,indian ,eloquence4 ,compiled by a ,native of the ,valley4 #abmo1 pp4 #aec4 ,new ,york3 ,r4 ,h4 ,johnston ,co4 #ahff4 ,this little volume1 says the author in his prefatory note1 has not the slightest claim to be either a history or a study of romance4 ,we are sorry that it has not1 for we cannot see that 7apart from the republication of ,campbell's ,gertrude of ,wyoming7 it has the slightest claim to be anything else4 ,we thank the author1 however1 for giving us the following amongst the specimens of ,indian eloquence4 ,it is part of the reply of the celebrated chief ,red ,jacket to a ,protestant missionary1 #hfj ,brother1 continue to listen4 ,you say you are sent to instruct us how to worship the ,great ,spirit agreeably to his mind1 and that if we do not take hold of the religion which you teach1 we shall be unhappy hereafter4 ,how do we know this to be true8 ,we understand that your religion is written in a book4 ,if it was intended for us as well as you1 why has not the ,great ,spirit given it to us3 and not only to us1 but why did he not give to our forefathers the knowledge of that book1 with the means of rightly understanding it8 4 4 4 4 ,brother1 you say that there is but one way to worship and serve the ,great ,spirit4 ,if there is but one religion1 why do you white people differ so much about it8 ,why not all agree1 as you can all read the book8 ,we should like to know what answer the missionary made1 or could make1 to that argument4 ,,shakespeare',s ,,delineation ,,of ,,insanity ,,and ,,suicide4 ,by ,a4 ,o4 ,kellogg1 ,m4,d41 ,assistant ,physician ,state ,lunatic ,asylum1 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y4 #abmo1 pp4 #bjd4 ,new-,york3 ,hurd and ,houghton4 #ahff4 ,dr4 ,kellogg's essays upon some of the characters in ,shakespeare are the evidence of an expert in support and illustration of the intuitive apprehension and scientific fidelity of genius to truth4 ,the difference between the creations of genius and those of industry is1 to a certain degree1 the difference between the limning of the sea and the laborious skill of the engraver4 ,the mind gives its unquestioning and conscious assent to the psychological delineations of ,shakespeare1 but it is doubtful if ,shakespeare ever made it a special subject of study4 ,he was undoubtedly a thorough reader of the ancient classics1 and a close and critical observer of the persons and events of his own time1 and that we believe to have been the substance of his education1 properly so called4 ,the essay on ,hamlet is the best1 and we quite agree with ,dr4 ,kellogg's conclusion on this much disputed subject1 that the dramatist meant to describe a mind unsettled by distress1 and gradually culminating in complete madness4 ,if we were allowed to draw a personal conclusion from reading this book1 we should say that ,dr4 ,kellogg is admirably adapted for that department of his noble profession which he has chosen4 ,the volume is well printed and beautifully bound4 ,,homes ,,without ,,hands4 ,being a ,description of the ,habitations of ,animals1 classed according to their ,principles of ,construction4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s41 etc4 ,with new designs by ,w4 ,f4 ,keyle and ,e4 ,smith4 #hvo1 pp4 #fea4 ,new ,york3 ,harper and ,brothers4 #ahff4 ,this is a delightful book1 full of scientific knowledge communicated in the most pleasing and attractive style4 ,it is admirably calculated to awaken a love for natural science and original collection and exploration4 ,we consider this class of studies of the highest value1 especially on account of their reflex action on the mind and character1 and their powerful influence in the direction of morality and religion4 ,we would suggest this book as an admirable one for prizes in our ,catholic boarding-schools1 and we wish natural science were more prized and cultivated in them than it at present seems to be4 ,it is printed and bound in a very handsome manner4 ,a ,,practical ,,grammar ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,language4 ,by ,t4,e4 ,howard1 ,a4,m4 ,metropolitan ,series4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahff4 ,this is an excellent little manual for our schools1 and we doubt not that it will come into extensive use4 ,it bears throughout the unmistakable signs of having come from the hand of an experienced teacher1 from whose pen books of this character must come to possess any practical worth4 ,the style in which it is published is1 to our thinking1 and according to our experience1 unfit for a school-book4 ,the copy sent us would be in tatters in the hand of a school boy before he had studied one tenth of it4